1891.] ii n ONMMTS: i iii

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

On Excavations Made by Sea-Urchins. J. WALTER FEWKES ......- z

Instances of the Effects of Musical Sounds on kabiak- Rogert E. C.

RUNG a a E as ee re me eee 22, 123, 236

The History of Garden Trone ~ L. Proma a a Oy LaS 313, 719

Remarks on the Brain of the Seals. E. C. Sprrzka........-+..

— of the Pr ae = a LL Seba erai PEPEE for the Year

Calon B REYES o a eA eh ee een E S 31

Autotomy in the nye 4 uk ) E. A. Arpkiw o oo +s. 138

On Certain shui! a in the Flora of the phar EA Islands. J.

W è PONE Oe ee aa a a ea a a e ee 215

The Teeth as Saints of Evolution. W.C. CANHA. 2 2% «ss - ee 224

Genesis 5 the Actinocrinidæ. (Zllustrated.) EFS mus B. Keyes. 2...

On the T san Character of the St. Louis reas (Titustrated. )

2H.

Pe ea ae? ate) F wae “cag? Samy wien a. Sigs Chet SE ert i, SoA SPN ARR I ee ia te peed

The Knees of ‘the fecola Mop pe Behe ue ae ) Roperr H. Lamporn 333

From Brute to Man. CHARLES MORBIS ..... +++ + + + +s + e

Record of American Tooker. I S. K . 351, 489, ad 811, 1037, 1157

The Homologies of the Fins of Fishes. “(Ulasirated) i E D. Cop ; 401

A Zoological Reconnoissance in Grand Mañan: TER B iee eee

Erosive Agents in the Arid Regions. RALPH 8. Tan Aes Cee er o’ 455

The Concrescence Theory of the Vertebrate. ‘Mabey: * (Ilustrated. ) CHARLEs-

S pm a a a eS 501, 702

The es of Plant ax Animal Life Under Changing Conditions of

nment. PRRsimon PAASER =. =i ee aa ee 517 -

On the Cl cee tion of the Tastedinaté: Groon BAUR SS. o es 530

The — e Evidence for the Transmission of paee Characters.

a a Fis a a aa

Henry F. Oss

Methods ee Models in Geographic Teaching. Witwam M. Davis... . 566

A New Cattle-Pest. (Tustrated. A GoW. Waonros re e ee riS 584

On a Few California Medusæ. (Ilustrated. ) H WALTER FEWKES. . . . . 591

Notes on the Habits of Some Amblystomas. 0O. P. Hay... .. - ee

The Extinct Sirenia. (Jilustrated.) E. D. Cope ..- +--+ +++ ==> 697

The Notes of Some of Our Birds. Jons Vance CHENEY... ..--.-

A Means of Preserving the Purity and Establishing a a ie for the Ameri-

n for the Future. Dr Soat S a Se eee 7

Origin of the Pla ne-Trees Luster F. Wamp. i) 05. ne ee

Newly Se Glacial Phenomenai in the as eave Valley. P. Max SOREA e

aad te Me i Se a A a e e E EE

The Distribution of Plants. E BPN o 632s ee a 19

The Mesoder sna the Ccclom of Varisli ien (Illustrated.) CHARLES-

abr wine 2 Sees, a ee Se 77

The hese of “Min nd. E. D. Cop BS eee ie eer oe eee "399, 1000

The est Spiders of North kaa ae meee): Capano M. WEED ma

A crc’ from Nova Scotia. (Jd/ustrated.) ae EWKES

Three Cases of Hypospadias in which ihe Sex s Undeterminable ‘until

Puberty. Des. L.H.and W.H.Luce . 2. + oe ts ees < 1016

ly The American Naturalist. [January,

Morphology of the Blood-Corpuscles. CHARLES- Sse Minor . - . « 1020

Probable Causes of Polygamy Among Birds. Samu mee o Ven geo sae 1024

The Naticoid Genus Strophostylus. (J/lustrated.) aR BE Key SeH

Contri he as on to the Knowledge of the Termites. qiiar i hiss

Ainii < of Pelecypoda, FR estate gon y Ropert Tracy Jackson ..... 1132

Annelid Des ns rigin 4 Metamerism and the Significance of the

Mesoderm. ‘ee ok Pee CCE eS Serge eo we ee ee 1143

EDITORIAL. PAN rte as to the Essential Nature of Organic Evolution ; Four

NABE cal Surveys in the South, 49—Exposition of Abuses Amo ong

Proposed Classes of the U. S. National Academy of sence ae

Á SA

iet;

Public, 747—The gorena set of A. A. A. 8.; The Committee

on ee Congress of Geologi s, 831—Limitation in Scientific

Work; Entomology at Vadtinkpelia Meeting of A. A. os he New York’s

Electric E od w, 918—Scientific Nomencla ‘Politics and

Geology ; Science-Teaching i in American — Botany oaks Pot,

047—The Tariff on Scientific Books Proposed Association of Mor

phologists ; ; The palra on of Amiens Agricultural Colleges nnd

Experiment Stations ; The Cardinal Vedalia . ......... 1160

Recent Books AND Pampuiets.—54y 162, 261, 552, 614, 649, 748, 833, 922,

DOE re eC eas ee ee ee 1173

pP re dite sg

Igarum ; Gremli’s Flora a Be

hy Lubbock’s ae. of “Antal 52—Challenger Voyage; W.

Siaden’s Asteroidea, 160—A Now Text-Book of animal ESS

New Hand- Books f Paleontology,

zig,

est rticulatus

on Brolution; Geddes and Thompson on Evolution of ee 751—

amic Influences in Evolution; Poulton on the Colors of

patat Billet. on the Life-History of Bacteria ; and Coral

Islands, 924—G. H. Williams’s Elements of Crystallography ; ; Britton’s

Catalogue of New ae Plants; The West American Oaks; The Flora

i Physikalische Esjotaliceraphis: Catalogue ‘of Minerals ;

Ri Bite) en hia wg a aig ie e én ee ae a ae

L Nores.— Geography and Travel : Africa: Notes Concerning Stan-

ley; Wadai and Darfur; The Uban ngi and Ngala; Madagascar; Ger-

man East Africa; Mr. Arnot and Garen Asia: Ascents in the

Dis Not es from Prjevalsky’s Last Journey ; —— —America :

Dr. Nansen’ s Journey across Greenland. News: Ameri

y ; a, ica: Lake

The Bissougas ; Stanley’s Discoveries ; Seater ote he ; The Italian

Protectorate ; Lake Rudolph—Asia: "The Bahrein Islands; The Pre-

1891.) __ Contents. v

PAGE

jevalsky Expedition—Europe: Cyprus ; The Caucasus ; Arctic Regions

—Miscellaneous, 263—Col. Stanton’s Recent Descent of the Colorado

River, 463—Africa : The Ports of German East Africa ; The Boundaries

State—Asi i i 1

— Afri

hes Dauvergne’s Journeyings—Geographical News: rica; Asia

scellaneous Geographical News, 836—Honduras, 989... Headores

paeme 1060—Alaska: Mount St. Elias, ...... oe we «© 1198

Geology and Paleontology: Archean Characters of the See of the

Nucleal Ranges of the Antilles; The Tertiary and Cretaceous of Ala-

bama; A. Smith Woodward on Ccelorhynchus _Agassiz— Geckes ical

News: Paleozoic; Devonian; Mesozoic; Creta tacic; Jurassic ; iie-

Re: i ure, &

; M

way Guide; A Catalogue of British Fossil Vertebrata: The Čret

Saurians of New rA at Syracuse, New York—6

graphical News: Paleozoic ; ; Carbonic; Jurassic; ; Cen

rpms Plistocene, 946—On a New Dog ‘from the e Loup Fork SA

tra New nsi

Rock i in Fl Pe ea oe Pg ee oe 1182

Mineralogy and Petrography : Hadai News; New Minerals, 69—

Petrographical News iges eralogical News; Miscellaneous, 170—Pet-

aphical News; New inerals; Miscel llaneous, 860—Min neral

News ; neralogical

News; pene phical News; New Minerals ;

Miscellaneo Petrographical News ; Mineralogica 1 News ; Min-

eral Syntheses, 5 Lo70—Petrographical News ; Mineralogical News;

General; anit; New Books, sa. Se Se es

Botany: Uredinial Parasites ; The Lichens e Guinea Islands; The

Flora of Central Nebraska (Gontinaed) Bailey's Studies of Carex, 75—

Cell Characters in the Classifica of the Uredinex; Peculiar

ed ¢ ed); of Box ate merg Cheyenne Counties

Nebraska, 177—Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club;

i ; Ellis’s “North American Fungi” ; The New Gray’s

vi The American Naturalist. [January

PAGE

Manual, 276—Three Suggestions on Botanieal ae —

vision of the Se ene Sachs’s History of polair; Phot

graphs of Dr. Parry, 369—The j PESEE TA of Carbon by Green Plants

from Certain Organi ser mpounds; The on Weter aom

Atlas of French Plants: Tae. Characew of Germ any, 473— e Rea-

sons for Varieties Not Soo g Out e Causes = erste

Knees, 577; The Flora of peel pr Pia Note on a New Spe-

cies of Actinoceps B. and Br.; Note on the Cañon Flora of Northw a

Nebraska; Botanical News, 777—Botany at the In oe n

ings, 958—Notes on Rare East korenr Lichens; Bota the

British Museum; The- Word “ Herbarium” ; The nii dneni of

Sphagnum; The Species of aia " Fertilization of the Grape;

s uds and

unding Part orth American Species of Tylostoma; Watson’s

er w Aaa Botany ; New North American Fungi, . . . 1196

Zoology: The Zoological —— of Palawan; Bahaman Sea Anemi mones ;

The Siphonophores ; senteries in the Antipatiars The Eyes

of Limulus: Note on ss pane ng Habits of Cermatia forceps Raf ; The

Scottish Fishing Board’; Coluber obsoletus Say; Hesperiphona vesper-

tina; Note on the Seve nth Cervical Vertebra of the Cat—Zoological

News: Protozoa rusta ertebrata ;

shes; Birds, 79—The U. S. Fish Commissi on ; Anthozoa and Echino-

derm of Spongilla ; Cotan Marks in Seide. New anita in ‘the

mip mbryo; Abdomina.

Zoological News: General; i Worms ; Mollu Fishe es;

epti poda ; irds ;

ntera

oa — Birds; ; Mamma ls, 27 S Ja Actinian ; Ento-

ishes; A Two-Tailed Earthw Tortoises Sold in

the Markets of of Philadelphia Zoologica cal News: Nev mes; Arthropods ;

and Nephridia in Palæmon ; Fishes: Reptiles ; Mammalia, 581— Prof.

H. Gadow on the Homologies of the ye a “Ossi icles ; Prof. Lankester

on | ioxus; Notes on Ammocoetes branchialis (Linn .) —Zoological

seen et Nir: Detela of Mitlepora ; Rotifera ; Echinodermata; Mollusca;

ee Arthropoda ; Vertebrata, 636—Snakes ot High Places; Snakes in

ae md es, eliotropism in A

o he ogic: ewe: V

A 964—A New Phoronis ; The Arth uel oon: Mollusean Not The

ae. Pisce of Wertewstes SITENE Tampa Bay, 1083—Fresh-Water

1891.] Contents. vii

Sponges; Notes on Earthworms; Teredos in Telegraph een ; Scarcity

of Oysters; Hermaphroditic Anlage in Insects; Studies on the Wrist

and Ankle; Skull of Sharks; g> Saep nA: Stejneger on ars lenti-

ginosus ee ; Notes on the Clawed Frog, Xenopus ; Anat tomy of

Heloderma; Birds; The Name of an Kangaroo ; Possibl nee of

the Wolverine i in Ohio a Sa Se ee a ee a ee ey 1200 -

Embryology : A etait ae of Heredity and Variation, 85—

The Placentation of the Hedge-Hog and the Phylogeny of the Placenta,

3876—The Continuity of the Prim: g Matrix of the Scales and the Ac-

ee of Teleosts, 489—Prof. Weismann on the Tra saps oa of

Acquired be ilepsy , 586— —Homologues in Embryo Hemiptera of the

Appendages of the First Abdominal Segment of nas Insect Embryos ;

Denevsaichi on the Fanali of tba Ga NO oT a aa 644

rrent ; Effects of Ato on the Chorda irasra

ali t k

Functions of Mammalian Sympathetic keea ia, 193—Electrical Phe-

nomena in Beating rege Relation of Nerve-Fibres and Ganglion Cells ;

bs anar (ae Prize, 379—Heart-Sounds: Mechanism of Tricuspid

Valve ; Innervation 1 of Renal a Vessels; bade ges. of the Heart

a the ‘Snake, 648— —Temperatu rves ; Neuroke: ii rat te

ess of Joints; te th è Self Regulation of Tana , 1086—Ti

Relations of Menta Trae rs Text-Book of Pinki: ;

The Brain of Laura Peagwien: en “of Sensory Fibres Ar esa 1207

Entomology: Rectal Glands ia or 100— h (Zilus-

trated), 200—Recent Literature; A New Phalangium iceaebie ; Injur-

ies to Buffalo Tree Hopper latratd The Maple-Bark Louse, 782—

ng-legged Harv

er (Ilustrated); ner Plants of as

jover-Stem Borer ; pty i omic Entomol t Lite

re, 866Entome ogy et ra

70—An Outlet for Memoirs, Monographs, and Faunal Lists ;

Parasites, 1088—Meeting of Economie Entomologists

Worm; North American Phycitidæ; New Foot-Plant of Rheiobanas

13-punctatus (illustrated) ; Elm m ea eee 1211

Psychology: The American Society for Psychical Research, 284—The

Effect of Whistling on Seals, 382—Jastrow on a Writing Test. . 973

ie Microscopy : Certain Improvements in Born’s Method of Reconstructing

Objects from Serial Sections; Katschenko’s Apparatus, 98—Professor

Biitschli’s Sereinent ntal Imitation of Protoplasmic Movement, 492—

Methods for the Preservation of Marine Organisms Employed at ae

i —Dem vbromoso

Caryokinetic eure: Direct Division of the we: Spermatoge-

nesis in the Hermaphrodite Gland of Limar agr: ; Con, njugation in

: e Sooners 984—Lumbricus, Egg-Laying, mat p Preparstins of the

aes Embryos of Lumbricus, 1100- Diret pees Asemeni of the Nucleus in the

er Enteric Epithelin m of Rhabdonema ; Culture of the

Laryæ idians, Worms, Echinoderms, T. ; Preservation of

Siphonophora ; For T racing Nerve-Fibres in the Brain ; New Method

of Staining Nerves with Methylblue......-..-+.++-+- 1217

viii

The A Meritan Naturalist. [January,

siere and Ethnology : The Discovery Mi g~ Pool of Bethesda, Jeru

96—Congresses held in Paris duri e French Exposition of

1889; British Museum ; SSe Ta historic C Oocupation i n Cambodia

Shell-Heaps in Asia; Poli nts in ‘the Nat ical

m, 286— mgs rt akong Ohio iota, 383 —The Use of the

Pho maps ph in the Stu dy of the ea ga of the American Indians,

495 Classification of Arrows or Spe ds or Knives in the Na tional

Museum ; stole rcheological ote toning ; Archæo lo ogi or Archzeologi-

1?; Human and Animal Remains, 589—Aboriginal Remains near

Old chic sie, pria (Ilustrated), Se of the American

Association for f Scie at In viaii , 976—

Rigveda St cin gerer Seadion of Zuni "Songs and Rituals with

the I Phonograph; The Aryan Cradle-Land ............

PAGE

1092

PROCEEDINGS OF Sorawinsie Soctetiszs, 102, 289, 385, 497, 595, 869, 987, 11038, 1220

Screntiric News, 111, 304, 388, 498, 598, 786, 875, 993, 1108,

1225

1891.]

Index. ix

INDEX.

2 a t77:

violæ, 779.

eid:

African Travel, 836, 839, 840.

Alvarenga Prize, 696

Anoplonassa posos 700.

Arachnida, 356.

Archaster bairdi, 185.

Archæoceti, 601.

re copa Ppa 55.

Archeol ogie: cal Association of the Uni-

versity 0 of Pen na., 59.

oe Specimens from Totten-

kee eee of the Rocks of the

ax,

Arfvedsoni te, 74, 1

Ari. purpurea, 182.

Arius baronii, 771.

tarde

Arsenic a advil, 1076.

Arnot , 59.

piia ri 73.

re 1076, 1193.

Artemisia ee

Sethian antiqua, 132.

Arthur, J. C., Apparatus for Vegetable

ts $

Ascent of Mount Elbruz, 66.

Ascent of Finisterre Mountains, 65.

Ascent of Ixtaccihuatl, 763

Ascent of Man, F. H. Ba ker, 975.

Ascent of Nevada de Toluca, 764.

atide,

PEAS thelypteri is, 77.

Asp m filix-foemina, 77.

hk . C. Douls, 64.

Assimilation of Carbon by recs Plants

ertain Organic Compounds,

EAA of American Agricultural

Colleges and Experiment Stations,

Association. of American Anatomists,

212.

Association * Sci gee cai 1170.

Ast 85

Astrogonium

peta 573.

Astrophyton esar og 185.

oscopus anoplus, 375, 538.

Atlas of os Plants, 475.

Atriplex hor

petina etda of of Mesta in the Paris and

Hempstead Beds,

rving the Purity of

the pe erat Bison, 787.

Autotomy in the Crab, E. i Andrews,

138.

Avalanche i in onig ase

nana megaterium, 777.

, 983.

Bacterium jalani, 932, 933.

osteophilum, 932, 933.

iticum, 932.

‘termo, 958.

erpa ase Anemones, 80.

Bahrein Islands, 266.

Bailey’s Eron of Carex, Bessey, 78.

x The American Naturalist.

oe T a Ascent ‘of Man, 975.

Baleen

alanus convexus, 771.

Balistes aculeatus, 282.

Balticina ee 184.

Barbour on the Paleontological

aan of the U. S. Geologi-

cal Survey under Prof. Marsh,

888.

Barkevicite, 575, 1073.

Barnes, C. R., A Key to the Mosses,

1197:

sarysite, 776.

sasalts a 773.

saoo

Bathyactis coach 184.

inus, 254.

satrachia, 539.

homyia, 192.

“SATS oy 489.

Jats in -> Wyandotte Cave, Indiana,

Pig R Er a woh

Col 89.

Baur, ie Clasitcation of the Testudi-

Gana of the Cheloniidz, 486.

Genera of the ce ar 482.

New aug a of Chelys, 957.

Note on the pate E i and

Miu s, 484.

Prof. Ma A on Hallopus and other

Din rs, 569.

Review of Charges Against the

Paleontological Department pe

_ the United States Geological Sur-

vey, and of the Defence Made by

Distribution

its, 768.

, Notes on Earthworms, |

1200.

see Prof., Preservation of ape

Pigg se 121 18.

Composition, 1191. a

gare’ :

[January,

Bessey, Bailey’ s Studies of Carex, 78.

Completion of Saccardo’s Sylloge

ungorum, 675.

Pesrhios of Gremli’s Flora of

Switzerland, 53.

sot cath fron De Toni’s Sylloge Al-

Pax’s slant Morphology 1082.

Forage the Plains, 959.

Note. on Meas ge North ANA

ungi,” Lad 3

Note on Missouri Botanical Garden,

sa a Sach’s History of Botany,

Not on “Seymour and Earle’s

Eco onomic Fungi,” 277.

Notice of Photographs of Dr. Parry,

372

Re — of Britton’s New Jersey

Plants, 1054.

ackel’s “ ee of

the Kmbieceroneas 370.

Review of Johnson’s ‘* How Crops

row,” 258.

Review of erred s West Ameri-

Perse „i ks, 1051

of the

aa, > 278.

Some Bad ea toa A 1197.

— Some Elementary Botanies, 673.

Watson’s Contributions to American

tany, Sgt

« New Gray’s

Wheat S 197.

Yellow Ha Crowtoot 475.

Beyrichia devonica,

Bibliograp phy of Ta Entomology,

Bibliographical Catalogue of the De-

scribed Transformations of the

American Lepidoptera,

782.

Billet, A., veasna of Bacteria, 932.

Binocular Microscope, 366.

Biological Results of the Plankton Ex-

pedition, 279.

Biological Bocieiy of Washington, 296,

5, 595, 691, 1103, 1220.

Birds, 1206.

Birds from New Guinea, 282.

Birds of Jan Mayen, 270.

americanus, 548.

alticornis, 393.

at Syracuse, New York, L. M.

Underwood, 953.

bonasus, 170.

ee 264. a

Bodil T 195

ily emperatare of Lesions, A

Bokhara, 61

_ Bra

1891.]

Bolley, L. H., The ony Scab, a Bac-

terial Disease,

Posto Se a 963.

ea tuedix,

= * oss i in ‘Asia, 841.

ete

eave’

Bos americanas 954.

s, 283

Boston paete of Natural Science, 205.

Bos gore: of Natural History, 294,

Botanical Con gress at Paris, 114.

Ras a a oe Studie es, 66.

Botan -177 , 869, 4738, 673,

196

m, 1079.

the a ge Meeting o

., C. E. Bessey, os

Boveri, pemali of Chromosomes,

Index.

Bovista cireumeissa Te.

Black Har st Spider, Weed, 6

Blastocyst of the Rabbit of os Days, |

Plastodermic Vesicle with Two Layers,

Blastodermic Vesicles with Primitive

4 reaks,

Blast ic Vesicles with Primitive

Streak and Head-Process, 707.

pea 713.

a Man

and a Chimpanzee

m amaret, . G. Wilder, 980.

Brain of Laura Br idgman 1208.

eee, pachyeephalus, 951.

Èe

Poy

A ANR =

: RoT S32

a ©

ss TA

sgis

aes &

3 oo

čo

+ 9

American aes |

Breunerite, 173.

Brinachite, 1194.

Brissopsis lyrifera

British fai R

nt of Science, Haeting, 1889 ;

Advane

Assoc’ sane Meeting

Britton, N. ra v Cata _— of New cue

Plants

| Calciferous

| Valle

Calkins

Museum, Wilson, 199. |

General Distribution of North

American Plants, 961.

Note on Genus Rhynchospora in

North America, 962.

Notes on a Monograph of the Genus

Lechea, 962.

a State as adane Botany

n Nort a, 961.

Ru ae i a is

Brochure on Obere gars EIE

S paoa in Zoology in the

rsity at Chai pales Hi,

Brock, G., z Dimorphism i in Antipatharia,

Brookville pe Society of Natural His-

Brii nel z eating Apparatus, 1195.

Bucklandite,

Buchloë aa i T 181,279.

iginosus, 540.

Bunge von e eraai , 1108.

umpus, Sasy ate Professor of Zoology

t Brown University,

Burmeister’s Fossil Mammalia, 274.

Burri , Note on the Rotting of

toto, ‘

e Genus Bacterium,

New Species Salun-

r from Indiana, 966.

Butschli, fitis from, 492.

a a Tenitation of Proto-

c Movement, 492.

maia (Fossil), 957.

Cae Teeth as Evidence of Eyolu-

tio

Calamospiza melanocorys, 5 ;

Formation in $ Sra

z > :

Calciothorite, 75.

Calcite, 173.

Calendula pia 314.

Notes on Rare East

Ten a Lichens, 1078.

ra abnormi lobatum, 560.

caru.

PTA 560.

cycloides, 560.

aqueum,

re 560.

e, 560.

PE x tons nuttallii, T79.

Calvin, S., — Actinospherium

eichhornii, 964.

Calamine, 1193.

_ Xii

Comoliosaurus ee te 665.

culus, 327.

Campbell, D. H., Germination of the

Spores and the Prothallia of

unda.—Notes ven-

= Buds of Lye m.—Notes

n the Archegonia of Ferns, 963. |

Contributions to the Life- Bitor

of Isoé

Methods a Gr owth of the Pro-

thallia Filicinæ, 960.

Camptosaurus, 473.

Canidex, 119.

70.

aravan Route from Zeila to Anpebr,

Caravella maxima, 965.

Carbonic, 955.

Cardin Vedalia, hs

2, 767.

Catalogue of Building Stones, 366.

ogue of Fauna of North America,

Fossil Fishes in the

of the

ritish Museum, 169.

ze of the Fossil Cephalopoda,

69.

Catostomus labiatus, 255.

ET“ = aa English & Co.,

Catalogue of New Jersey Plants, N. L.

Britton, 1054.

The American Naturalist.

[January,

Drea sr 1194.

s, 170.

Coes Aint Cor e, 599.

Cetophis Pete roti, 605, 606.

Cetotherium capel i, 612.

B12.

“ Challenger’ aes ” Voyage. Sladen’s As-

160.

teroidea

eta in the Scene, 464

76.

ara,

Characeæ of Sy; 475.

, 78.

hy we

Ch heranthu cheiri, 475.

Chelo

Chelopus insculptus, 874.

Chelydra serpentina, 374.

Chelys fimb "n Schneid, 967.

, 869.

Chale New f Species, G. Baur, 967.

Chenopodium quinoa, 320.

Cheney: Notes of Some of Our Birds,

745.

Chicago Academy of Sciences, 294, 5

Institute for Instruction in ea

d Religion, 295.

imera ro a, 412.

Accounts of the Mammoth,

Chlorite-gneiss, na

tura caudaca,

1891.]

Classification of the Testudinata, Baur,

Clathrocystis rosea-persica, 82.

ee E. sh , Plant Colonists at Ak-

o, 963.

Clea Ship’ = une rtz, 1191.

Clematis ligusticifolia, 78.

ochroleuca, 698.

Cleome in integrifo olia, 278.

ee Ea 273.

Patt 73.

pee donensis is, 273.

bei. i Chine of Cypress Knees,

cro Cope, 953.

Clupea vectensis, 169, 957.

Coan Range Rocks in California, Beck-

N A., Nematodes in Australia,

Oe ta

ilala aflii, 644.

seit <p

‘celom and Nepheidie i in Palemon, 585.

m bulbosum, 143.

hens

aes, 441.

olinus

Cobb,

SSSSsPes

agi, 543.

ollett, Rats i in the Wyandotte Cave,

Ind., 189.

Cons letiva of F Saccario's pt Fun-

Composite.

Compound aren f Arthropods, 373.

Compound Spherulites, 1188.

Cone ny Fishes,503.

Elasmobranchs, 506.

Mam

Marsipobranche, Ganoids, and Ba-

astepaien 511.

cresce:

Congo Railway, 264.

Continuity of the Primary Matrix of

wledge o of the

naear e Fritz Mi eres. 1118.

Pasturage

Index.

xiii

Cope, E. D., The coe Sirenia, 607.

A New Bs Ze the Loup Fork

Mioc 1067..

A New Danis from Indiana,

r on Evolution, 751.

Homologics of the Fins of Fishes,

401.

On Two New Species of Mustelide

from the Loup Fork Miocene of

~ a 950.

Revi f New wberry’s Paleozoic

Fishes m North America, 844.

Review of Poulton on the Colors of

Animals,

on of the Fossil Rep-

Biti and Osborn on the Fauna of

*s Park Eocene, 470.

Snakes in Banana Bunches, 782.

he Cetacea,

The Evolution of Mind, 899, 1000.

Tortoises Sold in the Markets of

Philadelphia, 374.

Co;

Copiapit e, 362.

Copadeiaesy Marks in — 186.

Coral and Coral Islands, James Dana,

933.

Corallorhiza innata, 779.

multiflora,

Cordierite, 69.

from Calvarienberg, 774.

ordley, A. B., ;

eilein Connellite, 1075.

varia, 781.

‘ortico ‘ee "76.

orundum, 672, 1076, 1193.

otton Worm

oulter, ri í. ‘Distribution of the

North American Umbelliferæ,

ACACA 44

Forest Trees of Indiana, 959.

Geographical Distribution of North

American Corn

Course of Sensory Fibres, 1209.

Coville, F. V., A Serviceable Collecting

ife, 963.

Notice of a Descriptive List of the

Junci of Texas, 963, `

Report on the Botanical Exchange

Club, 963.

Work of the Botanical Division of

the Dept. of sae 961.

Crambe maritima, 644

Crampel’s Journey, 65.

Craters = Cimino and Lagodivico,

471.

xiv

eung Insects, 686.

Crayon Drawing for Photo-Engraving,

Freda Detmers, 972.

Creodonta, 470.

Cretaceous Echin Spain, 274.

Fora tiita of New dey, 172.

Formation in Dakot:

Plants from Martha’ i ape,

289.

News, 956.

of the Texas—-Arkansas Region,

956.

Voleano i in Texas, 1189.

Cribrella,

Crinoids. vom Indiana, Nevada, and

Towa, 790.

yithmum maritimum

“ates = emperature 3 ae 1191.

(

Crocu 633.

Crecidgite Optical Properties, 1192.

Crossaster, 4,

Cross, Hornblendes and Pyroxenes,

73.

Crustacea, 355, 488, 499.

Cryptoperthite, 57 4.

Cryptodisa, 530, 5

Crystalline Sehists of the Black Hills of

= a, 291.

Schi vn Hise, 1075.

reread fe eames of, G- B.

liams,

Ctenodiscus, 428.

discus crispatus, 4,

Cuboides Zone, 766.

and its Fauna,: 290.

Cucurbita, 318.

rites, 75.

Curtice, Dr., pete Puuna of Sheep,

terrae gic 587.

ealeeola, 488,

Cynomys arizonensis, 586

Cyprinus carpio, 538.

_ Cyprus,

tide, 169.

: “Ghana T.

a ; )ACTY LOPSILA pal rts

Dall, Wm, Dynamic Influences in Evo-

lution, 924. _

Damourite, 1194.

The American Naturalist.

[January,

Dana, a D., Coral and Coral Is-

s, 933.

Decapo' aoe Crustaia kit 281.

Dechen, Notice of Death, 114.

Delphinapterus orcinus, 610.

s, 610.

PE eiria prefers 167.

inidæ, 609.

Delphini

Delphinus ealvertensis, 606.

Demonstra of the Chromosomes,

Boveri, "984.

Dendræca virens, 543.

Dendragapus obscurus Son 008 545.

rophycus desorii B 1068.

a? 1105.

s Newb., J. S. Newberry,

ea 530.

Described Aranex of North America,

DeSaulesite, 71.

De Toni’s aA D Extract,

esse

Deyeuxia canadensis, 182.

Dewey 99

Diabase, 1072, 11

os from Nova Seotia, 773,

urnz, l

Dia ay ‘of David Lindsay, 267.

Die argent AN, "MeCook, 400.

Dimeriez

morphism i in Antipatharia, G. Brook,

Diniehihye er 167.

167.

ots 477.

Dioplotherium, 69

Diopside ye eee 672.

Diorite, 1072.

Diorites i in saat oe 861.

Ss ese

Diplopoda nai, 666.

Dip we ne album, 7 oe

Dipodom. s chapmanii, 58

586.

Stent

Diptera, 454,

piers? of the Pool of Bethesda,

rusalem, Hen , 96.

mry Gillman

Dinichopiim gracile, 184.

Sonny $ 8G. Billet on the Life-History

3 ruscinensis,

| Dolomi te Crystals, 1074.

1891.]

Dophyphyllum simeoénse, 136.

Dorocidaris pap ge ta, 185.

Dorsalis Group,

Dorsal alle > Nudibranchs, 583

Doryeri 54,

Do sa Flowers in Wild Morning Glory,

963.

Diomotropism, 367.

Dryopithecus fontanii, 571.

Druce, G. C e Word Herbarium,

—

Dudgeonite, 72.

Dugong Placentat ion, 969.

Dumerilia madagascariensis, 482.

Duty on Scientific Books, 1169.

Dykes from Highland Co., Va., 774.

Dynamic Influences in Evolution, Dall,

Earthwork near Foster’s, Ohio, 983.

pen, Their Holes in the Rocks,

Behinocaris whidbornet, 1

Echinodermata of the pe

Echinoder rms, 853, 427, 499.

Echi

Editorial, 49, "168, ‘$65, 856, 460, 747,

831 , 918, 1047, 116

Effect of See on the Chords Tym-

i, Ma Johnson, 93.

Whistling o on Seals, F. F. Payat,

382. '

Egyptian Stone Age, 64.

gag 1072,

on Evolution, Cope, 757.

Eise spine r, 1075. °

Elæagnus paisa a

Elasmosaurus, Cope,

Electrical Execution rae W, , 9, 18.

Phenomena in Beating Hearts, 380.

Electrical go poate ie in Human Skin,

Hou bipinnulatus, 875, 538.

Eleme f Classification, 244.

Ellis’ noah American Fungi, Note on,

Besse: =

Ellis, J. B., | B. M. Everhart, New

North “American Vides see 1199.

Ellychnia Sorrwet t,

Ely

sey 183.

Emery, C., Studies on the Wrist and

Index.

— 484.

iridis, 484.

Er Bria minimus, 543.

Enandropogoneæ, 370.

Enchytrædes marioni, 281

Endidymite, 57

Endoceratidæ, 169

dris marina, w

Entomological Club A: 8.696.

Entomology, ont 500, 633, 783, 866,

Entomophora eis 783.

echar sieg

of Mar ne Fishes, 373.

Bodiadema alee 167.

m egyptiacum, 700.

Epeira wert A a, 585.

Ephestia kuhnie iella, 200.

Sarasi "oe, agi 782.

Epidote

Epihippus EAIN:

Epilobium coloratum, 972.

Roose: anconeus, 976.

Equus andium, 27

Eragrostis tenuis, 11, 182.

Erdm 44,

ees. pee 545.

Errata, 1226.

a, e .

Erosive Agents in the Arid Regions, R

455.

. Tarr, 455.

— Gneisses, 1072.

Erymn ochelys, 483

Eryops owenii, 770. -

Etheridge’s Catalogue of Fossils, 166.

Etheostoma rex, 585.

Et agn meekii, 955.

Eukairite, 1192.

Eukotite tit paite | -

Eupemphiz trinitatis, 540.

ee sees Se Peace 475,

1109.

pram Glacial Epochs, 771.

yeti m Embryology and Rudi imentary

Organs, 231

from “Paleo ntology, 230.

Evolution of Mind, by E. D. Cope, 899,

1000.

of Sex, by Geddes and Thompson,

754.

xvi

pienso = Investigation of Strych-

Poisoning, Goff,

Excretory prety of Protozoa, ‘Griffith,

Expedition to the Cockscomb Moun-

Explorations in . West Australia, 66.

n New

Extinct Bisnis, ‘Cope, 697.

uadrumana, 57

Eyes of Limulus 81.

PaE candicans, 270.

amily Characeæ, 476.

Families of Ribbon- Fishes, Gill, 481.

arre, Alphonse, 1108.

Fauna in the Vicinity of Burlington,

Function of Mammalian Sympathetic

lia, 196.

Felide,

Fergusonite, 670.

Fernald, n Rectal Glands in Coleoptera,

Fernow, B. E., Notes on Nomenclature,

T J. W., Additional Studies of

ñi Songs and Rituals with the

, Phonograph, 1094.

A Pictograph from Nova Scotia,

On Cert ain Peculiarities in the

Flora of the Santa Barbara Is-

yo Excavations Made in Rocks by

s, l.

Sea Urchin Wo at Guay-

, Mexico, 478.

Use of the Phonograph i in the mer

ofthe Languages of the Am

Flora ge Oii Nebraska, Webber,

oraof Central Nebraska, Arthur, 1057.

| Garnet from al, 173

at Marburg, | Gaskell, Origin of the Vertebrata, 1085.

Flora” to be Published at

The American Naturalist.

[January,

Forbes, American Terrestial Leech, 646.

te on an a n Species of

Phreoryctus, 4

Note on the aye Habits of Cer-

ns sar s, 81.

The i Grub: 1091.

oc. p the Middle Cretaceous,

Fornicata,

Fort Ancient, Ohio, Wilson, 383.

rehea

year isadi rai Samos, 169.

Plan nts, 170.

Tort 666.

Foster’ k Text-Book of Physiology, 1207.

Fouquéite, 73.

Four Geological Surveys, 51.

Fran neces, M., The Screw Worm, 1213.

Fragaria vesca, 76.

Frazer, id on “Archean Characters of

Rocks of the Nucleal Ranges

ot oes Antilles,”

A. B; Meeting of, 1890, 987.

Frater aad:

riedel, C. and G., sults Muscovite

Treated with Alkalies , 1077.

Fritillaria ats 779.

mace By M. J. R., Honduras, 939,

1060.

Frelichia ploridana, 78.

Frogs Eating Sn akes, Abbott, 188.

From Brute to Man, Morris, 341.

Fro een ore Instructor of Biology in

ersity at Nebraska, 786.

Bruits i in S Worth Carolina, 1103.

Fulmarus glacialis, 270.

Functions of Cent ral Nervous System

antonio: 682.

Fusispori rum, 950.

ABBROS, Greenstones,

Lizard, England, 773.

etc., from

Galena, 173.

e; B. T., Life-History of Unci-

a spir iralis B. and G.,

Notes send ea a Destructive Oat Dis-

Black-Rot of the Cape

Game Preserves, 255.

. Gamopetale,

O78.

Garman, = An American Frit Fly,

Arend

Geddes and Thompson on the Evolution

Gedrite

Generic irn, 246.

Genera of the Cheloniidæ, Baur, 486.

Podocnemidi , 482,

1891.]

General Morphological Supe 245.

Generic Relationships

Genesis of the patenis ie OR.

Ke 43.

eyes

Genesis of the Aristidas 557.

Geographical New 2 843.

Geography a el, 57, 263, 463,

761, 836, 939, 1060, 1178.

Geological News, 166, 664, 768, 954.

Geologic Distribution of the Actinocrin-

hs piso

, 248.

Geologien and ai rE E ce

n Southern and West

10,

Nor way,

Geology and Paleontology, 67, 164, be

271, 467, 661, 766, 844,

a. l the ee Mountains, Mon-

a, 290

arated of Indre, 168.

King Sages $ s d, 270.

n iny Lake Region, 170.

ia, Geological Survey i in, 114.

ca, 59.

tectorage in Southeast Africa,

Geyser i in Yellowstone Park, 176.

Gilbert, Strength of the Earth’ s Crust,

Gillichthys. guaymasiz, 539,.

¥-cauda, 539.

Gillman, Discovery of the Pool of Be-

th em,

Gill, T., Cyelupterchden, 1103.

Families of Ribbon-Fishes, 481.

lacial Features of Parts of the Yukon

and Mackenzie Basins, 208.

Phenomena in ada, 771.

Phenomena i in ateei Valley, 816.

Glaciation of the Lind and Jhelam Val-

leys, 667.

Glass Inclusions, 672 a

Glennie, 7 s. Sos The ge Cradle-

> 1098.

tal In nvestigation of

Kart a E 92.

Muscle Curre: t, 93.

xvii

ae ra aae, 1076.

, 169.

Sah hee tee 132.

pease 367,

paar 739.

seal e, 1190.

PASE ee , 429,

wear On the Brece ated Character of

e St. Louis Tineikoks, 305.

Duma arboreum, 1080.

barba — e 1080.

herbaceum, 1080

roiie L; 1081.

Göthite, 1193.

Gramma orrustus, 84.

Grammicolepis brachiusculus, 85.

Gramineæ

Gra nite sg iee of Morbihan, France,

Grasses of Box Butte and Cheyen

County, Nebraska, Smith, 181.

Gray's Manut, 780.

Great Cent tral Trade Route, Asia,

Greenstones i in Ireland, 773.

Gremli’s Flo ora of Switzerland, de-

y,5

Griffith, H. G., Keyes’ Synopsis of

American Carbonic Calyptra

dæ, 1185.

ndela squarrosa, 278.

Gronophilus porphyriticus, 966.

pe pi , 135.

; o L., 1206.

weni as Test of Minerals in German

Bis —* Africa, 1075.-

angium ‘lavarorme 780.

Gyrolite. Ceyeiale, 3

Gyrinophilus maculicdtine Cope, 967.

HS BENARIA bracteata, 779.

Habia ludoviciana, 542.

Hackel’s Fe of the Andropogone,

Review by Bessey, 370.

, 783.

Halitheriams, ee

- S., Mongol Invasion of

Indo-China, 841.

Halstead, B. Bae A Supposed Hybrid

betw porrifolius

and Ty , 963.

Peculiarities of the agen of Epi-

lobium palustre iganthum,

—

Some Varieties Not

for

Wearing Out Out, 577.

XViil

The American Naturalist.

[January,

Reserve Food oe in Buds | Sootna of the Fins of Fishes, E. D

1197. Co

The Migra

gaea major,

n, Dr, Acanthocephali, 966.

Ae TA 575.

Hancock, J. L., Brain-Weight of Birds,

Hargitt . Notes on Isopyrum bi-

aka Hing

Harvey, F. L.. n the Apple Maggot,

Heat-Cen 195.

ébert, Notice a Death, 498.

—: Colony, 842.

iaioa Remains, J. L.

rtman, 592.

Heights of Ca by

ountains in Guinea, 268,

Height of Khan Tengri, 6 “66.

opocatepetl, 761

Heliophytite, 775.

Helitropism in Animals, 964.

Helminthophage erysoptera, 544.

teueobronchialis, 544.

Honiatite, 6

Hemi sei fodiens, 699.

nae 968.

= oe Indian Origin. of

977.

Heteroceru ! í

Hexapoda, Note on, Kingsley, 84.

iy S,

Heymons, y Hermaphrodite Anlage

: i s, 1201.

) ' TIR.

History of ( en Vegetables, E. L.

i Sturtevant, s 30, 143, 313, 629.

a castilloi,

fee W ms Aboriginal al Stone Ta

plement of the Potomac Valley,

p inmana Blastocyst, 709.

Homilite,

Hondur ak Fritzgeertner,939, 1060.

Hopl pees cores 372, 476, 508.

Hordeum ju 2, 183.

Horn py Structure of, 282.

073.

Hornblend

Howell, J. K, amate of Uromyces

Poe

Hoyer, Prof, Division of

"Dire et the

in the Enteric Epithe-

me ‘of Rhabdoneura nigroveno-

sum

Hydr ring geaffroyana, 484.

gi oi

radiolata; ‘es

rufipes,

tuberosi, on

waglerii. 484.

Hydrocerussite, 670.

Hydromedusa, 485.

ps ETEO 73.

Hymenoptera, 444.

of Co saig do, 686.

Hypersthene, 119

Hypo spadias, Three Cases of, L. H. and

1016.

Hudson at a 955.

Hulst, G. D., North American Phycitide,

1215.

1a YA preiei 783.

iene An a 665.

prey ‘S73, 665.

hollingtoniensis,

mantellit, 665.

Iguan nissagied ho

Immigran sayy gene

ndiana ieee of Scienee, 106, ped

Indigo Bird, 745.

pid, 465.

Infusoria Conjugation, Maupas, 986.

In Iceland, 282.

Injuries of Buffalo Tree Hopper, Weed,

ne Injurious to Young Trees, 783.

n Iceland,

Stearns, 22, 123, 236.

1891.]

Interference Colors, 927.

Inte agt Relations

e Archean of Central ceonts,

International pie toe of Geologists at

ington, 461

T a ry Germ-Layers in Ro-

Invert ebrate Fossils -m Mexico, 768.

e, 358.

Investigators in

Iris pseudacoru 1081.

Iron Ores of Minnesota, 669.

arer Beach, 9

Ischæ

lioika 8, at i

Isomorphism of the Oxides of Metals

with ie Cabrébpeedl ng Sul-

phides, 1194.

fee depressa M. and W., 956.

ian Protectorate, 264.

aoe 530.

Izacanthus celospondylus, 604.

ACKSON, Review of Dall on

Daca ea ted of Evolution, —

924.

bie of A at 1132

ing Test, 9738.

elations of Mental Phe--

nomena, 1207.

Johnson, zen of Atropin on the

Chord: 8

« How

Bessey, 258

Johnstrupite, 575.

Juglans rhamnoides, 564.

rugosa, :

Julin, Ch., Culture of the Larve of

Ascidians, Worms, Echinoderms,

ete., 1217.

Jurassic Beds of the Himalayas, 278.

Fossils, 167.

News, 956.

Pisolite from England, 362.

Formation (Africa), 664.

met).

Kellisott, "D. E, A ateti Moth, 971.

Kellogg, A.. The West Ame rican Oaks,

1056.

Kellogg, J. S., Kidney of Amblystoma,

969.

Keyes, Genesis of the Actinocrinide,

243. :

and Taxono of

Index.

157.

Knees of the Texodaim distichum,

333.

xix

Review of the Progress of Ameri-

can Invertebrate ee for

the Year 1889,

The Naticoid aans Strophostylus,

Kidney of Amblystoma, 969.

oe ire 1078.

enberg, Notice of Death, 114.

Kingsley, Note o

togen

439, 537, 1087, j

H. Lamborn, ¢

meaa b e 362.

Kobellite, 670.

a. dubusii, Neg

ne,

| Kronfeld, M it ES of the Grape,

| Kuntz, Game in the U. S. Nat. Mus., 855.

oids and Other Prob- |

| [Ae CERTA muralis, 752.

Læm presi agp eres 1204.

Lake Bonnevi

Fsgouetimar) ry

Leopold, 660.

Rudolph, 265.

Tanganyika, 263.

eens Knees of the Taxodium dis-

, 333.

Lam Direka 476.

ba a 867.

Lankester, 1 E Ray,

Note

n Prof. Datos utschli’s Experi-

mien Imitation of Protoplasmic

, 492.

Lapparent’s Course in Mineralogy, 554.

Lat poly us, 77.

Latonia obtusata,

Lavatara, 220.

Lavenite, 573.

Laxicole, 76.

zenby, W. R., Crystals in Certain

Species of ‘the Arum Family, 962.

Two Forms of Ampe

lia,

Tupu

Lepida

olivacea, 487.

Teto on = ies of Holding the In-

pein nal Congress of Geolo-

Leslie, i i M., Notes on the Clawed Frog,

Letter from O. Butschli, 492.

Leucite, 10

Leucophane, 573.

Levis, 954.

pity s Sad att et Classification des

Roe aeiy 555.

PSS scr oreutt 541,

simplex,

Lichens from East Tennessee, N. W.

Pes kin

1078:

Pies ‘Guinea Islands, T. A. Wil-

js 76.

Liebisch, Th Ci Aegean Krystallo-

gra

Life-History of Bacteria, Alfred Billet,

of tes concavus, 972.

Lilium candidum, 475

Limitation in Scientific Work, 918.

Limothrips poaphagus, 970.

Liodon, 953.

Listronotus latiusculus, ots

Lithophysie

Lithostrotion canad e, 310.

Lithothamnion fæeizulatum, 5.

: lym m, 5.

Live-Oak Caterpiilar, 585.

Lixus conca

Locusts and I Grasshoppers, 110.

Löllingite, 5

ng, Paper on Staten Island Fireflies,

691.

haster furcifer, 185.

pansi b blattarum, 88.

Lubbock’s Senses of rece 54.

Luce, L. H. and W. H., Three — of

~ Hypospadias, ‘Toi,

er atra, 694.

cus, Peg-Laying, ete., 1100.

e pn tn 1100.

utrictis lycoptamicus Cope, 952.

Lychnothamnus, es

Fragile, 78.

Lygodesmia juncea, 75.

Lymnæa pa ,

AAS, ater Sponges, 1200.

M Maasen, Peter, 1108

The American

Naturalist. [January,

Macfarlane, American Railway Guide

Ma acgregor’ s Journey, 65.

ER Three Suggestions on Bo-

366

cal Terminology,

Macrau oes Bieta, 275.

patachonica, 275.

Macromerium sco sticum. 770.

Macropteryx oc 192.

agate alta,

ana Note on a New Species of

Act oane 777.

Madagascar 58,

Cr rial 1074, ans

Marmol hilgardian

, 267.

ra a ane

Mammalian Blastodermiec Vesicle, 677.

Primi ave Fives

Mammoth A ge e of the Arctic Ocean,

Manathae, 6

“oe natus americanus, 547.

Maple Sugar, H: W. Henshaw, 977.

Maple Bark Louse, 785.

ap of Bambu , 63.

entral Asia, 66.

n, 665.

Japan

Marine Biological Laboratory, 498, 993.

math a 1193.

h, Prof., on Hallopus and other

osaurs, George Baur, 569.

Two-Taile d orm, 37 3.

1109.

Marseul, S. A

Maselef® s has des Plantes de France

utiles, nuisables et ornamentales,

Mason, a T., The Arts of Modern Sav-

s as a Means of Interpreting

‘Atchioching’, 982.

wares: arena 276.

Hector, —

Preparat

for Sectionin

Microtome, 676. .

McCook, * Die Spinnen Amerikas,” 400.

M sin oe of Zine, 175.

n of Vegetable

the

men

Medicago ee

scutella’

on of Station Botanists, 102.

Megalosaurus dunkcri, 769.

1891.]

Melanopitta, 542.

se rege Ht Self- Regulation of Respi- |

Melinopiane

Mem ee stad Botanical Club,

Mentha piperita, 151.

ium, 150.

“es a ato violacea, 78.

e raen Per i 617.

Mer 0. H., Lava Beds in Idaho,

Mertensia lanceolata 780.

Mesenteries in sex ‘Antipatharia, ya Ie

Mesoplo aa bidens, 608.

pro s, 608.

Baa sce co 613.

ite, 74.

icaceous Schists from Morlaix, 172.

potted! bound 74, 11 n

Micrococcus prod:

igiosus

oseopy, 98, A peri 984, 1100,

ait.

Miles; M., Bi al Factors in the

Nutrition of rooting 958.

be seat Fishkill Limestone Belt, 770.

178, 572, 669,

n, 698.

Mineral ogical News,

1073, 1189.

7 118

Mineralogy and Pet E rere 69, 170,

360, 668, 772, 850, 1070, 1186.

Minerals in Michigan, £

i# New Jersey, 855

ral p Arang 1076

i p, 682.

Minot, Coneresee nee Theory of the Ver-

tebrate Embryo, 501, 617, 629.

hence and Coclom of Verte-

patee of he Blood C

Mo: hole of the orpus-

cles, 1030.

Missouri Botanical Garden, Note On,

Bessey,

Mivart, St. George, 1108.

Mniotilta varia, 1105.

paler 354,

of the Albatross ees, 582.

Index.

Monarda citriodora, 78.

Monocotyledons , 278.

oore, A Recent Find of Castoroides,

| Morgan, rý P., North ae Species

of Tylostoma, 1199

Morgan, H. A., the Screw ‘Worm, 1213.

Morgan, Bruce bn eng at Johns Hop-

ins University,

Mormolycoides ymin dll , 136. TTN

Morphological Physical Properties, 173.

Morph rll pi ithe Blood Corpuscles,

Min

pst Fron ies o Man, 841.

Mosses of rpi rotates 694.

Motacilla alba, 270.

Mountain of Orizaba, 762.

Müller, F., Priore to the Knowl-

f the Termites, 1118.

10 08.

eculiar Effects of One-

Occupations on the Anat-

gy, 98

u: .

Muscovite and Biotite, 672.

a, 712.

93.

pen

Mustelus canis,

Mustelidw from the eri Fork T

of Nebraska

Myriapoda, 357.

Myrm rmecephilous Coleoptera, 686.

Mysticete, 6

Mystropetalon thornéi, 1081.

ig ed of the og 1206.

ay ores Group, 769

Nanis

asena "s Dr., Journey Across Green-

62,

mere EA of i issue rat numbers

of th

xxii

Nature of m 198.

Naw. aschin, S., Microspores of

Sphagnum, "i080.

Nematoda, 354.

Neofiber allenii, 376, 556

Neotoma fuscipes, 376, 547.

+O ms, §

Neurocerat’

Neuroptera, 4

New Acridide, 783

New Actinean,

ti 372.

New rchæological Discoveries, 591.

na Dendrophycus tri-

068.

a. ob pen in the United

New Food.Piant of Rhodobenus 13-

punctatus, 1

New Genus of Siliceous Sponges, 665.

New Glands in the Hemipterous Em-

Tyo,

New Gray’s Manual, Review, Bessey,

New Guinea, 657.

Newhall, a 5» Trees of Northeastern

Am FIIT.

New Faw Books of Paleontology, 259.

New Instrume TIT:

New Mandible pe Diversion: 666.

New Species of Ostrac

New York Academy of rte nce s, 294.

Next eae of ms Polctakipesl Geo-

logical Congress, 549.

Nitella, 476.

Nivenite, 670.

Nordenskjol rege 364, 573.

Norman, C. M., Revision of the

1084. °

780.

rthrop, Coluber pr ea Say, 82.

Note on the Seventh Cervical Ver-

bra of the Cat, 83. .

Noctilio leporinus, 84.

palite, 362.

Note on an American be aes of Phreo-

The American Tasas

Notes

[January,

Notes on the E Laboratory

of the United States Geological

Survey of the United sora

under Prof. Marsh, Barbou

Note on the Pre-Paleozoic Surface of

a A rehean Terranes of Can-

| Note on ibe hae of Cumnoria, Willis-

Notes from Se E s Last Journey,

Cat, North

Notes or. fay of our Birds, J. V. Che-

45.

Note - the — oe Vertebra

rop, 83.

ene me Devonian Fishes, 273.

= on the Syracuse Serpentine, 211.

ar esst ena, 971.

Nyctala pi wi 542.

Nymphæa lotus var. monstrosa, 1081.

AK bbe

Obituary Noles 1108.

Odontoceti, 601, 602.

(Œdiceridæ, 83.

T poeni 972.

Ho bccn of New Zea Zealand, £

of the Ser ae ae

. A. S., 1890-91, 972.

Oliver D. 11 ;

Olliff, The | Codlin Moth—The Corn

On a ‘Poeuliarities in the Flora of

ot Tg Barbara Islands,

On iai ‘Peculiar Structural Fea-

tures in the Foothill Region of

m Rocky Pme in Colo-

On ieioecitinns Made in Rocks by Sea

rchins, Fewkes, 1.

On Glacial Phenomena i in Canada, 207.

oe sensibilis, TT.

Ononis spinosa

781.

Gatogeay of Limulus, Kingsley, 678.

On the pik ghee ay teal oF the St.

On the Caudal Pa and Its Supports,

On the Nature a the Supports of the

; M

ins, 413.

On the Oa be Flora of Canada,

) 293.

On Pot-Holes North of Lake Superior

Unconnected with Existing

Streams, 292.

On mee Movements

in. the

ocky Mountain Region, 211.

1891.]

On the y Deposits of the Cape

r River Region, 289.

On the Use al the Phonograph Amon

i Indians, Fewkes, 687.

Oöphyta

Ophinemnthn, 4, Bapt

Cpt doli ian, in

Ophiogly 4

Ophisglypha tn aur rantiaea, 185.

a the , 185.

Ophiopholis, 429.

Ophiurans, 429.

Optical ppoe of Sodium Acetates

Original Tuvestigation on the Physi-

ology of Flight, 1207.

Origin of the Pelvis, 188.

Petroleum and Gas, Edward Orton,

River Names i in Indo-China, 66.

the Rock-Pressure of Natura

Gas in the Trenton Msi

of Ohio and Indiana, 292

’ the Sycamore, 766.

Ormerod. E. A., Manual of Tjere

nsects, it

Ornithorynchus, 283.

. Dr., Professor of Biology i in Tu-

lane University, 786.

Orthoclase, 1077-

rton, Origin’ i stig and Gas,

su lethopristis, 375, 589.

Ortho

rita sii cuspidata, 182.

suspidata, 182.

Osborn, H., Insects Producing Silver-

To op in Grass, 970.

Osecinus varabilis,, 1

Ostracoda Fossil,

Otoplana intebinnilias, 191.

Owen, Illness of, 498.

magus crenata,

Pe: 18 i greenoughi; 562.

m, 562.

, 561.

e ets. 1201.

Index.

xxiii

PAL MEGA mecoyi, 167.

Paleocetus heen gen 613.

sedgwickii, 613

Paleontology o of Westers Australia, 665.

Paleozoic Geol. News, 954.

sine ig

Pammel, S. H., On Pollination in the

Genus Æscu s, 96

Fungus Root mrenda 958.

Seed-Coats of the Genus Euphor-

ia,

Panicum capillar 182.

crus~ with 178, 183.

virgat

Papers Read Before the Anthropological

Soc ne! R Washington during

at ihe Meeting of Economic Ento-

= 8: Nat.

ences, Boston, 1890, 1106

Paramauricea borealis, 184.

Aaaa Fungi of Texas

Pargasite, 669.

Palered bombidens, 271.

Parker, W. Kitchen, 1108.

Parmelia olivacea, 78

Parting of Hornblende Crystals, 1074.

Partridge, 746.

Paspalum setaceum, 77.

astinaca sativa, 46.

= hie een 956.

Patte: , Origin of Vertebrates,

The Art said Eye, 1084.

Pax, era A New Work on Plant

Morpho! ology 1

Payne. Effect i Whistling on Seals, 382.

Peculiar Uredinexw, Webber, 178.

eors je —— 8.

Pelom

Pennatula ačulea, "184.

orealis, 184.

, 780.

Pentaeta frondosa a, 481.

Pentas æ, Structure of, 282.

ie 1200.

Peridia reat Characters in the Classi-

of the Uredinex, Web-

Diro pkih alios, 191.

Peripatus 84.

Perissodactyla, 470.

Perkins, G. m Insects, 1216.

Perlitic Structure, 366.

Peronospora fariki, 1081.

XXIV

Persica vulgaris, Ca

Persistence of Plant and Animal Life

te we e Changing LETTEN of

ment, Frazer, 517.

Petlescptininn, 482, 483

Petrie, Excavations in the Fayoum, 840.

Petrographical New sier, 170, 860, 668,

772, 850, 1070, i

Phalangium nigrum

Laas aay miey 783.

opilio, 783.

Ph — vulgaris, 475.

Phenacite, 1194.

Phengo sis pimes, 692, 694.

Phoca barbata, 170.

Pho holidophorus nitidus, Egerton, 956.

Phonolite from Brazil, 774.

France

Phos neea —_ in tae 1185.

s, 684.

poe she 692.

Photographs of Dr. Parry, Notice of,

Bessey, 372.

Photurus SINKE. 694.

~ Phragmites s, 182.

Pia. prao 478.

menkeanus, 477.

“aa sg californica, 685.

Physiology, 92, 193, 379, 648, 1086,

os Hypothesis of Heredity

Variation J. A. Ryder, 85.

Prize ati

aph from Nova Scotia, J. W.

995.

Pittsbu nh Coa 1 Bed, 956.

Maneti « of the Hedge-Hog, 288.

Plane-Trees, ae of, Ward, 797.

Plant Mo rphology, Pax, 1082.

The American Naturalist.

Th. |

(January,

Plants of the Bahamas, 781.

Platanus, 565.

Platanisti dæ 603.

Platanista gangetica, 604.

Platner, Direct Division of the Muscles,

985.

Spermatogenesis in the Hermaphro-

aay Gland of Limaz agrestis, 985.

s, 485.

Swee dr ia 354.

Platyceras equilaterum, 955.

Placentation of the Hedge-Hog and the

Placenta, Ai A Ryder, 376.

Plesiocetus affine, 6 6

brevifrons hag

brialmonti, "612.

Pleonekt e, 78.

Biaise valdensis, 956.

Pressure Twinning in Plane, 175.

=e Inoculations rpk Tuber-

osis, 1225.

Priscodel elphin

grandævus , 604.

Prizes to Biological Students, 112.

Probable hy of Polygamy among

` Birds, S. N. Rhoads, 1024.

Prosiek of Biological Society, of

Bos ashington, 296, 385, 691, 11038,

Pes Society of Natural History,

205, 294, 1220.

Natural aa of

Staten Island, | marps re "691,

1105.

Scientific Societies, 102, 205.

385, 497, 691, 869, '987, o

Production of Ang in the United States,

Newber

Proposed National University at Wash-

orosaurus spenerii, 271.

Pees 530.

Protostega, 530.

_ Protozoa, 357.

rus, 580.

Preiidablennias, 8 85.

rei, 666.

Seapdosetehe 0 4 of Tale, 671.

owrig

Plumbonacrite, 73.

; Podocnemis, 483,

liana, 1 91.

ds of Lathrodectus, 1220,

Polakowsky s Account of Honduras, 270.

Regions

Polished Stone Implements in the Na-

Population of British ‘Guiana, 62.

` Moreeeo, 63.

among

f, S. N. Rhoads, 1024.

Paty patina 278.

Polyzoa, 191.

Fossil, 954.

Porphyritic Crystals from Mull, Eng.,

74.

Porter, E. oud Mode of Discharge in a

S of Pleuspora, 963.

PE Marot War: R. P. Bigelow,

Meias o a, 318.

Post- Tertiary De Dapat on Manito’

the Adjoining Territories at Can-

208.

Potioceratide, 169.

Potsdam Sandstone, 695.

: Poulton on the Colors of Animals, E. D.

Pratticela: axillaris, S10.

salax, 376.

sybilla, 386. :

Preglacial Forest Bed of Norfolk, 170.

Index.

XXV

readin i ——

Preah Expeditio

ite of the “pe ae Embryos,

Psychology, 284, 882, 973.

r, 4, 428.

Pterolite, 4.

histrio, 589.

eropod Molluses, 191.

Faiy, 973.

Puccinia

79.

Puffinus poe bi 542, 544.

innumerabilis, 785.

ee ena 733.

Prof., A Singular Earthwork

near Foster's Station, 0., 983.

angulata, 694.

Python cartes,

roninas, £70.

Quarterly Journal of Microscopical

robur, 475.

Quetidite, 1190.

RAiLWway in Siberia, 66.

Rallus aquaticus, 270.

longirostris, 542.

Radiolarians in Cretaceous Strata, 168

Rana frasu 84, 540.

Rankin. Th The Zambesi — 837.

Ranunculus acris, , 475.

xxvi

niger vulgaris, 324.

sativus, 3

Aen madagascariensis, 1082.

he Collection of =

logical pai in Philadel

phia,

Books and Pamphlets, 54, 162,

a Ba 614, 748, 833, 922,

178.

Find A ET Joseph Moore,

terature, 52, ner

evig 924, 1053, 1

Record of Am 3 S

Kingsley, "351, ioe “Bay, 1037,

256, 554, 613,

Rectal ana in Coleoptera, Fernald,

Report of Prof. Putnam, 589.

Se Beene 362.

Red-Eyed Vireo, 745.

penn s urp 77, 182.

Regaleci

Relation oi Fin to Each Other, 407.

cies the ‘Mineral an

and the Geological Occurrence

of the Igneous Rocks in Yellow-

stone Pa

of Nerve-Fibres and Ganglion Cells,

Remarks o on me pen of the Seals,

Spitzka, 1

on the a an Geology of Alaska,

of Mesozoic Insects, 770.

the Charges Against

ae cal Department of the U. S.

Survey, and of the

Prof. 0. ©

The American Naturalist.

(January,

oe lofotensis, 185.

Rhizodus anceps, 167.

Besa" 167.

Rh po N, Probable See i one

my Among Birds,

Rhodo lite 775.

u eterea 182.

182.

Rhynchonella acutiloba, 666.

Rhytinide, 698.

Ribes urah. 7

floridum, T7

otundifolium, TT

— fluitans, 78. s

, W. N., Review of Dana’s Coral

and Cor al Isla nds,

Riley, Fosu Entom mology, 868.

Rocks from the Alps,

prasy Valley, 7 769.

from reas 72.

Roebuck, 193

Fecestelia, 177.

Rosaceæ, 278.

Rosa arkansana, T

80.

Rose, Ai N., Notes upon Plants Collected

t La Paz 2.

Hoari. Plutonic and EffusiveRocks,

Rosenbuschite, 864.

T-

Rules Concerning Zoological Nomencla-

pli oie ee by the Paris Con-

s of Zoologists in 1889, 551.

Russell, a n ‘Alaskan NE

Ruta graveolens, 631.

| Rutile rom the Urals, 178.

ty A A Physiological Hypothesis of

Here on, 85.

een he of oc ie Tode Hor and

the Phylogeny of the Placenta,

376.

The sreg on A of the Primary

Mat e Scales and the

ee tn Digg of Teleosts, 489.

1891.] Index. xxvii

SSABAL c oa ala 564. Seeley’ . grak hes on the Organiza-

Saccania criana, 183. n, Structure, and Classification

Saccharex, 370. of the Fossil Reptilia, E. D. Cope,

Sach’s History of paa: Note on, by 27

Segmentation of the Vertebrate Brain,

Sagartia aA ola, 184.

a i ee Ais from Indiana, Self-Regulation of rs pet apr toads

But Selous’ Map Mashona-Land, 889

647.

Salenia pone 666. Pae ie A chaser

. Salix fragilis, 695. terre. 647.

Salmo mykiss macdonaldi, 589. Eee ‘Crystals, 175.

Salvia officinalis, 634. Sensitiveness of Joints, 1086.

o 669 Sequoia langsdorfii, 564

Satureja, 686. Sericite gneiss, 172.

Satureja capitata, 638. paed _ uca, 182.

ensis, TH

juliana, 638. Berna and Earle’s Economic Fungi,

ontana, 638 | e on, Bessey,

viminea, 638. Shell- in Asia, 286

Sandstone Dykes, 7 Shepherdia argentea, 188.

Sandstone Dykes in e A ail. Shipl we ib acher of Comparative Anat-

Saurians Lea ta of New Zealand, .

Shufeldt, R. W. , Anatomy of Heloderma,

Saxifraga enanthe, 270.

Scaptella Te 582. ekpa The pte = Cotton, 1080.

Sepan chus platyrhynchus, 875, 588. | Siberian Rive ers, pee 275.

Seapolite, 69. Sigmodon hispidus ar a6

Scientific Expedition, 786. Significance of feito 575.

News, 111, 304, 338, hig 598, 786, a ari 1189.

875, 993, 110 Sillery, 9 n

Sciurus hudsonius, pelts Sillimanite

Sciurus hudsonius mogollonensis, 586. Silphi wm perfoliatum 1215.

garter W., 1108. Silarian Fe = es from Ireland, 361.

£ chedonnardus texanus, 181. Siphonopho

Schi Siphon pmoptora eee 783.

Schliemann’ 8 Tion, 1093. Sium m; 719.

Schloteimia an a, 559. Sogran's s Ne w Mineral, 365.

ee 339. Smith, J. B., Fertilizers as Insecticides,

catenata, 559. f

charmassei, 559. The us Agrotis, 1090.

Schmid, E- W., Explorations in the Grasses ‘of Box “Bad and Chey-

omoro Islands, 840. e Counties. Neb., 181.

Sclerurus albogularis, 546. T., , Variability of Disease Germs,

canigularis, 546 |

guate P? 546 . Wa rrington, 1108.

mexicanus, 546. E in Banana Bunches, Cope, 782,

Scolymus keiid, 642, 643.

Scoriaceous Basalts in Teneriffe, 361.

Scottish ee Ay Board, 82.

Seott and Osborn on the Fauna of the

Brown’ 70.

| in High Places, Aldrich, 781.

| g= Uredospores es of Gymnospor-

angium A 369.

| Society Prom, Agri., Officers, 1890, 974.

| Soda orthoclase, 574

! : :

Scrophularia aquatica, 4 |

è Seyllium canicula, 411.

Sea-Urchin Excavations at Guaymas,

apas Few wkes, 478. | tuberosum, 315.

Solaster earlii, 185.

Soleniscus littonanus

Se wa

Secretion of Salts i in Saliva, 94.

Solger, B., kee Figures, 984.

Sedimentrry Rocks in Wales, 117-

xxviii

Ta a ee Rock Constitu-

175.

Some Elementary Botanies, C. E. Bes-

sey, 678.

Reasons for Hersen Not Wearing

Out, Halsted, 577.

Results of Ekon Studies, 291.

Sorosporium ellsii, 277.

Southern Extension of of the Appomattox

orm

Ah. E. po A New Hollyhock

Disease, rag

Rpelding £, V. M., Development of t

oe of OAAS aiei

Spengo,

686.

sle of Wight, 169.

ee longicaudus, 96

g anak Cuneta hypogaea, 545.

Spermato napy esis in the Hermaphrodite

: and of Lines agrestis, Platner,

Spilanthes jos: 42.

olerac

: Spinacea ‘ner 726.

a, 724,

a, 725.

Sger poi 133

Spitzka, aedy on the Brain of the

Seals,

ee, ilerosphores, 1080.

Spharg

Spherulites iu in in Lipari Islands, 1072.

Sphyrapicus ruber, 545.

Paoa. 191, 3 52,

m the Siluro- Cambrian, 954.

air 182.

eleti

Squalodon antverpienesis, 603.

atlanticus, 603.

Messing 603.

2, 603.

Nage 727.

id, An Imm ense, 281.

anley’s Discoveries, 264.

y, Pro theless on the Trans-

E RE oP

Col. Stanton’ s Recent Descent of the

See: River, 463.

s, 188.

Staten pen Fireflies, C. D. Long, 691.

ion of Acquired Epilepsy, |

The American Naturalist.

[January, ,

TE Instances of the Effects of Mu-

cal Sounds on Animals, 22, 128,

236

Stejneger, L, bese Bufo lentiginosus wood-

h 1204.

itenodelphis camatioutatu, 604.

, 950.

t r of the Quebec Group, 210.

trelitzia regine,

trength of the Earth’s Crust, Gilbert,

n n Th > TH TH Pr; RK

ms ae

ic]

Y 5

si ‘B24 = S

Striped Hyæna GGI: fat:

Strong wlocentrotes drobachiensis, ok

urpuratus, 3, 480.

Struggle for Life, ‘466.

Structure and a of Glacial Sand

Plains, 208, 270.

estas. of the Pampe an Deposits, 275.

Structure of the Primitive Streak, 618.

Struvite Crystal s, 1

udies of Pelecypoda, R. T. Jackson,

1132.

Study ok SS from Sierra Nevada, 668.

Sturte L., Curecurbita an Ameri-

yer g 959.

History of Tarn Vegetables, 30,

; 143, 313, 719.

Subdivision of the Upper Cretaceous,

a dur obrivensis, 956.

Sucr 258.

Sulpher Crystals, 1193

Survey of Cameroons and Gold Coast,

Symphoricarpus occidentalis, 277.

TALC Formula, 1192.

Tachylite, 172.

Tzeniosomi, isl,

Talbot, D. > Library and Scientific

whasa s Hec or, 953.

Tere, — gf cores in ‘the Arid Re-

Taxodium daa 961.

Teeth as Ev idence of Evolution, W.C.

24.

Tellina pte, 563

Temperature in Nerves, 1086.

nucleata, 666.

1891.]

nu in Telegraph Re 1201.

Terminal “ogra in Ontario, 209.

Tertiar a Coina of "Alabama,

Deposits o of East Massachusetts, 210.

580.

Testudina

Testudo aos 484

gre

ext- Book’ of Animal Physiology, 256.

86.

helys, 4

"halassochelys caretta, 486.

‘he Annals of Botany, aya

Arts of Modern

bi bats kd feed bal b

arking Sands of the Hawaiian

Islands,

Thecophosa,

The Evolution of Mind, E. D. Cope, 899,

1000.

Harvest Spiders of North America,

C. M. Weed, 914.

sg eg of “the Fungi of the

_— ted States, Farlow and Sey-

1196

Mesoderm a kd g soa of Ver-

Ti.

Theory of iia 174.

273

Thermophila $

The Society of Physics and Nat. Hist. of

Geneva, 11 i

est American Oaks, A. Kellogg,

056.

Thomas’s Ohio Mounds, 555.

Thorogummite, 72.

Three Lion ORE” on Botanical Ter-

vrg Macmillan, 866..

ase Pad adias, 1016.

he. este kaldik i, 957.

— 9.

E eurei vespertina, 82.

Tilia europæa, 475.

Tin raag in Malaca, 841.

Tinoce

Titan olivine e, 107. 5.

Topaz Group of Minerals, 776.

Topaz

Tolypella, 476.

Tolypelopsis, 476.

Tor Ads toises Sold in the vse of Phila-

dhia, E. D. Cope, 374.

pereas HR

odora ferruginea, 185.

Index.

ens, 261.

Ulianin, N acon of 1 Death, 114.

Ullucus , 35.

Xxix

Tracing Nerve-Fibresin the Brain, 1218.

Trachypteridx, 482.

Tragopogon pasioari 635.

en microphylla, 564.

Tre n Limestone, 774.

Tridyrite, 672

Trigl

Tri e, 364

iplopus cubitalis, 471

o idens, 471.

Tritonite, 574.

bviridis, 646.

Trocheta subviridis, 64

Troglodytes ædon, 542.

Trochlearis aig = deep 189.

Tropocolum

minus, 30.

tuberosus, 81.

Trypeta pomonella, 1089.

Tuberculina persicina, 15.

Tunicata, 537.

omeya a fluvi iatilis, T81.

pi, gat Coloring, 1075.

us, 270.

ed Eart thworm, Marsh, 373.

lei Ae arenarius, 1091.

Tyloderma foveolatum, aR 1092.

Tylostoma angolense, TT, 7

Tyrolite, 1191.

Jarred and ayarda ie

Ulrich, Ba O. Fossil Polyzoa and Ostra-

‘coda, 954.

Underwood, L. M., A Bison a Syracuse,

United States Fish hcp Antho-

od a of

zoa an hinoderma the

Gulf Stream Slope a he New

England Coast, 183.

Trancecopis scaber, 375.

Uredin eros eat Webber, 75,

Vibinus Gro a.

Upsitonphorus, Teia 375, 538.

5, 588.

375,

Uromyces t troli; 780, 959.

Uropoda krameri, 84, 584.

pie

vegetans

eg i9

Uropyxis, 179.

Uropyzxis N 180.

Ursidæ, 119.

Urca nallose, 183.

consors, ;

longicornis, 183.

perdix, 183.

XXX

Use of the Sobel ig mg the erat of

the anpe Ft Am

In ae a ewks aa

Us: National Academy. a Sciences,

460, 497,

— barbata, iso.

U: g’s New Mineral, 365.

seadane: andropognis, OTT.

100.

hyphod

Utricularia cies 78.

AIZEY, Notice of Death, 114.

Valu to pr erm ‘“ Hudson River

n Geological Nomencla-

tur B10.

Vanessa ce Fei 981.

Van Hise, Crystal Alline Schists, 1070.

Variolite, 1188.

Veins of Diabase with Tachylite, 669.

Veins in the Gorge, 46

Venukoff. M., English at Schahidulla,

841.

Venus mercenaria, 563.

Vertebrata, 537, 969.

Ve rtebrate Fossils in English Chalk,

Vertebrates, Origin of, Wm. Patten,

Vertebr rate Primitive Streak, 618.

Viola cana e, 179

hate a 378.

Viverridæ, 1

Vi skit Pseudomo orphs, 119

Voice of Hyla andersonii. Anbo, 189.

oyage on the Lomame,

` Vulpes vulgaris, 547.

A AGEN, W., Dr., 1108.

Wadai and Darfur, 57.

- Ward, ie ini pie f the Plane-Trees, 797.

ers a Flora, 11038.

Uredinex, 17

gic pert Cell - Characters in

FTF.

Uredinial Parasites, 75.

L., The Transitional Drift

the

tion of the Uredinez,

acaulis Nutt.

An Outlet for Memoirs, etc., ` 1088.

, 188.

The American

rican |

Naturalist.

[January,

Black Harvest Spider, 683.

PEE of the Clover-Stem

arèn

of Buffalo Tree-H Hopper,785.

Lie History of the Evening Prim-

e Curculio 972.

Milky e ee of Plants a —

gainst Stem

Grtnoaitive of Desks a spinosus, 971.

EAE arera of the Sagittaria Curcu-

971.

Scab ‘of Wheat-Hea ds, 958.

The Long-legged Harvest Spider,

Weed, H. E., pe

Weibyeite, 575

Weinse heniek. Mineral Syntheses, 1076.

— aye Dr., 1107.

oc. Nat. Meeting, 1890, 994.

Wilder r, B. G., The Brains

Ara ee kaote aD

TS e a a l ents of c rystal-

lography, "1058.

Williams, T. A., oe of the Guinea

Islands

gre” ae the Canyon Flora of North

n Nebras

Williston, gat on aie Pelvis of Camp-

osaurus, 472.

Wiluite, 74.

Wilson, T., British Museum, 199.

ngresses, National and Interna-

tional, held at Paris g Er-'`

Jhio, 1206.

me Death, 114.

Woodsia pies Vk

Woodward, Smith, On Ceelorhynchus

165.

Agassiz,

Wortman, Human and Animal Remains,

592.

Wright, A. A., Amphioxus in Tampa

J, 4 ,

Writing Test, Joseph Jastrow, 978.

Wulff's Method of TE Plane

1195

Wurtzilite, 365.

8 alid strumarium, 1216.

hus decheni, 408.

Rpieoipes FPR 546.

Tiia i 1205. :

Xenotime, 572.

1891.]

Vue Water ond al Bessey, 475.

Soto —

i US gillespie, 116

ee brachyspondylus, 602.

Dis. anang 1084.

Zonotrichia querula, 545. 4

ADDITIONS

Abbott, = C., Frogs Eating Snakes, 188.

Voi Hyla andersonii, 189.

Abdominal ame. of Lepismida,

3 pat rem | 2.

Anécighaal Stone Implements of the Po-

tomac Valley, W. H. Holmes, 979.

i, 184.

Account of the Defile of aa ben:

Acipenser beoir ma; MG.

medirostris, 538.

sturio, 375, 588.

ansmontanus,

oe 578, 1073.

oplat

orpusculus, 253.

ngage ar dary 167.

fae 167.

PR cee eichhornii, S. Calvin, 964.

3 :

Index, XXxi

Zoology, 79, 183, 279, 372, 476, 678,

781, 964, 1083, 1200.

Zoological ‘News, 83, 191, 279, 473, 488,

Garden and Park at Washington,

Position of Palawan , 79.

Reconn e in Grand Manan,

Fewkes,

Zygophyta, 675.

TO INDEX.

euphorbix, 178.

hemisphericum, 179.

olii-repentis . 959.

pein, 573. 1073.

itis meloda

543.

vocifera, 543.

Ælurodon compressus, n. 8., 1067.

>, 1067.

sævus Leidy, 1067.

Agalite, 1075.

Agassiceras lævigatum, 561.

striaries, 561.

Age of the Gay Head Bluffs at Martha’s

Vine 562. ‘

of the e, 564.

Aeren paee, 181.

Alaskan Saponi, EG Russell,

xxxii

Geological Society, 109, 205, 289.

— Railway Guide, Macfar-

lane, 952.

Ornithologists Union,Seventh Con-

s,1

Society aty for Psychical Research, 284.

Te rrestial Leech, Forbes, 646.

Tapir

eee planorbe, 557.

557,

Amphibinn Basins, 539.

Pe eg EE Rah hoa

. Am

Spray

mac m

Amygðaloidai Trap from Thunder Bay,

nada,

deine communis, 781.

258.

logy Affected by

One-Sided Derabations, J. Mul-

` ler, 981.

Anchovies at Torquay, 282.

— e, 69.

Andrews, Autotomy in the Crab, 138.

Andropogon holt, 182, 183, 278.

s, 182.

peace ek ig 277.

scoparius, 181,

The American Naturalist.

[January, 1891.]

Anemone bap ica, 387.

A New F or | Dog from the ‘pte Fork

e, E. D. Cope, 106

An Extensive De; posit of Phosphorite

a Fone 1185.

Anglesite TAGI, 1194.

Anguis fragilis, 1210.

Animal T fe asic cree Conditions

vironment, 517.

PEST Quartzites, 955

Slat

Anisolaoxyphenetol, 1194.

Aul ay rentinus, 571

Anold 51.

An nel ‘Descent: The Origin of Meta-

erism and t igre

of the Mesoderm, E. Mey

Annelids , 854.

Annual Report of Biological Laboratory,

859.

Anodonta cygnea, 582.

An Old Bete sinat Letter, 1196.

fyn ESY A 698.

ocroite, 74

a, 280.

aie in of the A. A. A. 8:; at

Indianapolis, 975

and Prehistoric Archeology, 975.

‘Antiophias grandiflorum, 184,

Anthus aquaticus, 270. >

Apetale, 278.

THE

AMERICAN NATURALIST

VoL. XXIV. JANUARY, 1890. 277.

ON EXCAVATIONS MADE IN ROCKS BY

SEA-URCHINS.

BY J. WALTER FEWKES.

HE cavities made by sea-urchins in solid rocks were first

described at length by Mr. E. T. Bennett’ many years

ago (1825), and since their discovery the phenomenon has been

repeatedly mentioned and discussed. The habit is not confined

to any single genus, and it seems capable of proof that the same

species does not resort to this practice in all localities in which

the animal occurs.

The history of the different opinions in regard to the character

of the excavations and the means and object of the boring have

been considered by others. It is my purpose to barely refer to

the historical part of the subject, or simply mention it without

further comment. The question has both a geological and zoo-

logical, and likewise a botanical side, as the aid of certain low

genera of alge has been thought necessary to account for the

phenomenon.

Leske and Linnzus described a species of Cidaris, C. saxatilis,

but it does not appear that either of them was familiar with the

boring habit of sea-urchins. Rumphius mentions the fact that

some sea-urchins are found in holes. Lamarck first gave a

1 Notice of a Peculiar Property of a Species of Echinus. Trans. Linn. Soc., Vol. XV.

P- 74, 7, 1826.

e The American Naturalist. [January,

description of Æ. lividus? from a specimen taken by Lalande in

the neighborhood of Marseilles, and although he does not men-

tion the excavations made by this species, according to Dr. P.

Fisher he had in his possession in 1811 a rock excavated by

them.

Dr. Fisher ê in 1864 published an historical account of the ob-

servations made by others on this subject up to that year. The

additions to our knowledge since that time to the present year

have been historically considered in a paper by George John.*

From these two contributions, as well as from the writings on the

subject by Bennett,’ Cailliaud® Trevelyn,’ Robert,’ Lory,’

Deshayes” and Hesse" a very good idea of what is known on

this subject may be obtained.

The boring habit has been observed in the following rock forma-

tions: Chalk, coral limestone, limestone, sandstone, gneiss,

granite and lavas. It has also been observed in many other

rocks, some of which have not been identified.” Excavating sea-

urchins have been reported from Ireland, England, the Coasts of

France ” on the English Channel, Bay of Biscay, and Mediterra-

nean, Algiers, Azores, Florida, West Indies, Coast of California,

2An attempt by Valenciennes (Comp. Rend., Vol. XLI., p. — to pina the boring

sea-urchin allied to Æ. Zividus from the type described from the Mediterranean, under

name Æ. fenebrans, has not been generally followed. The S Bator alia Hcg which

makes the excavations atGrand Manan, differs in no way, except possibly that some of

the spines are more stumpy, from ordinary specimens which do not bore in ro

3N I del’ Echinus lividus Lamk. Ann. d. Sci. Nat., V.Ser., Vol. I.

p- pr

4 Ueber bohrende Seeigel. Arch. f. Naturg., 55 Jahr, I. Band, 3 Heft.

5 Notice of a Peculiar Property of a Species of Echinus. Trans. Linn. Soc., 217, 1826.

6 Observations et nouv. faits sur les Mollusques RS en general. Comp. Rend. t.

39, pp. 43-45. Observations sur les oursins perf. de Bretagne, Revue et Maz. Zool., Vol.

VII, os ae

at ‘a f the Echinus lividus. Edinb. Philos. Journ., 46, pp. 386-87.

ee perf te d'une espece d’Echi Comp. Rend., t. 39, P. 639.

t le granite sur les côtes de la Bretagne. Bull.

Soc. Geol., p. ct 1856.

10 id. Y Ann. d. Sci. Nat.,t. VIIL., p. 251.

12 John gives a tabular view of the kinds of stone, locality, panying organi d

observer, made up from his study of the literature

13 Fisher has saa Oy a table stating 1e E on coasts of France where

chinus lividus

TUTA HS

1890.] Excavations by Sea-Urchins. 3

Panama, Australia, Mauritiusand Reunion. Not a single instance

is recorded from North of Florida on the Atlantic seaboard of

North America, with the exception of those from Grand Manan

reported in the present paper.

Although it is well known that the sea-urchins of several species

are able to excavate holes in solid rock, that habit has not

been see well noted in our common sea-urchin S. drobach-

zensis.* It is indirectly referred to in our text-books on Zodlogy,

but I have not yet seen a definite statement of a locality on our

coast where the excavations can be seen and the boring habit

studied. During the past summer (1889) an interesting speci-

men of rock excavation was observed by the author on the Island

of Grand Manan, New Brunswick. A mention of it may not be

without value to those interested in this subject or who have in

mind a study of the phenomenon. The Black Ledges, which lie

near the island of Nantucket, Grand Manan, are rocky reefs bare

at low tide and wholly covered at high water. These ledges are

made up of a hard mica schist, through which run veins of

harder quartzite." These ledges have their surface covered for

the most part with “sea weeds” belonging to different kinds of

Fuci and Laminariz, and although not exposed to the full force

of the sea from the Bay of Fundy, are still at times beaten by a

heavy surf. The sides of the Black Ledges are thus broken or

eroded here and there, so that many pools and deep clefts or

recesses are forced in them. These recesses are in no way char-

acteristic, but take the form of simple niches in the rock, wholly

or partially walled in by the bowlders which lie strewn about,

and are often simply natural depressions or basins in the rock.

They are generally small, and often have overhanging walls. One

of these depressions, which can be visited at low tide only, shows

the work of the sea-urchin in rock excavations in the clearest

manner. The rock on the sides of which the depressions are

MAA = of the Echini, p. 706) that Strongylocentrotus purpuri

ratus

has this “habit on coast of “ California.” The kind of rock on which the excavation

takes place and the name of the observer not given.

15 This quartzite is found in several places on Grand Manan in such quantities as to im-

part a white color to the cliffs, and to it may possibly be traced local names, as White

Head, given to'a well known island lying off the coast

4 The American Naturalist. [January,

formed is inclined at a small angle to a perpendicular, and is

almost bare of algz, so that the boring can be seen without

difficulty. The basins ordinarily have water in them at low tide.

There is no coralline on the floor of the cavity.

The number" of sea-urchins at Grand Manan is very great, as

was long ago noted by Dr. William Stimpson. In many places it

is impossible to see the bottom of the bay, so densely populated

is it with these animals. In the rock recess above referred to, the

surface of the shelf before the animals were disturbed was

paved with sea-urchins, and the number of examples of excava-

tions which they had formed were therefore very numerous. The

cavities made by the sea-urchins impart to the rock an appearance

not unlike the upper surface of honeycomb, with this difference,

that the bounding rim of each excavation is always ring-shaped

and entire.

The separate excavations which are shown in the figure, some-

times with the Strongylocentrotus in situ, sometimes with the same

removed, are never very deep, but are undoubtedly made by the

echinoderm. Their surfaces are concave, corresponding with the

convexity of the sea-urchin’s body, and very smooth, as if freshly

cut or worn. They are often larger than the sea-urchin inhabit-

ing them, and roomy enough to admit a free motion of the

contained animal. In no instance is the depth of the depression

greater than the smaller diameter of the animal. The edge ot

16 The wealth of asteroid and ophiuroid life at Grand Manan is also marvelous to one

who has confined his attentio a to collectin ecting in Menachusettė aK ae bona of the

The

dredge near High Duck Island was gorged with specimens of Ophiopholis PET

with here and there specimens of Ophiacant Soe and ppap ipes ES squamata,

although common, is not found in such multitudes. to believe from its

extreme rarity that the Comatula recorded b Stimpson paw Gast) d Manan is astraggler.

Certainly the genus is very rare in these waters. Leptasterias, Solaster, Crossaster, and

7 7 ster also oc is

Manan genus of starfishes, and a colony | of its young, fifty or more in number, were

found by M. J. S. Owens on the under side of the rock at low tide near Nantucket.

This n in he colonial en pE the young of this genus is an interesting

ted with i ier stages. Ctenodisci

ehispaias wie tok t seen by us at Grand Manan, although others have found it there. It

was, however, taken at Eastport in tdredging. On the geen the dredging at

Grand M i ich fi i ya f starfish =e ophion life as ' The

z =

1890.] Excavations by Sea-Urchins. 5

the rim which forms a dividing edge between two contiguous ex-

cavations is often covered by an incrustation of genera of

calcareous alge.

Prof. W. G. Farlow, of Harvard University, has kindly identified

some of the corallines from specimens of the rock submitted to

him. He finds upon them, Lithothamnion polymorphum (L.)

Aresch., and Melobesia lenormandi Aresch. A third kind with

papilla, which he interprets as the beginning of branches, he is

inclined to regard a young stage of Lzthothamnion fasciculatum.

He writes me that “the corallines of Northern Europe have

been more studied since date of his Marine Alge of New

England, and there may be a question whether the nomenclature

of our Eastport species should not be modified to adapt itself to

recent work in Artic corallines.” The most abundant coralline

in the neighborhood of the excavation is the first mentioned.

From the sections which I have made of alga, and rock, and a

minute examination of the line of contact, I cannot see that the

_ former has in anyway modified the surface of the latter, a result

practically the same as that arrived at by John in his studies.

While it is possible that this deposit may in some instances

augment the depth of the depression, the amount of such increase

is not large, for the alga is generally limited to the top of the

bounding rim of the depression, and the walls of its

deepest part are filed perfectly smooth, while the sides of the

depression and more especially the bounding rim are sometimes

covered with and augmented by this encrusting coralline. The

surface of the hole as above remarked had no coralline, and gen-

erally the rock appeared to be freshly cut.

Hesse records an observation of a sea-urchin boring in oyster

shells, and regards this habit as a means of getting food. While

it is not impossible that a modicum of nourishment may be

obtained in this case by the sea-urchin, it seems to the author im-

probable that the amount thus obtained can be any considerable

quantity. I have learned from good authority (Mr. Cheney) that

the spiles of weirs at Grand Manan are sometimes excavated by

sea-urchins so that the bark of the birch posts is worn through

and even depressions made in the wood tissue. In this instance

6 The American Naturalist. [January,

it may be that the object was food. New observations on this

point are necessary, not only as far as the question of excavation

in woody fibre is concerned, but also as to the contents of the

stomach of those urchins which are found performin g this function.

It does not seem to me that the coralline plays any considera-

ble part in the excavation of the rock directly or indirectly, and

the sections published by John appear to demonstrate that there

is no chemical or other action due to the coralline upon the rock

formation upon which it lies. While we would naturally suspect

that the geodes” once tenanted by urchins might be covered with

coralline when deserted by them, in a majority of cases the cavi-

ties which are`still tenanted have no algous deposit. In those

cases where the sea-urchin and the coralline still exist together

and in which the surface of the latter is worn by the animal, we

may suppose that in the interval during which the sea-urchin had

vacated the geode the coralline had taken possession of the cavi-

ty, and in due time another sea-urchin had returned to the

recess and begun work again upon the layer of calcareous algous

formation covering the stone.

My attention was first called to the excavations of Strongylocen-

trotus by Mr. Webster Cheney, of Nantucket Island, who had

discovered them while gunning. Mr. Cheney was not aware, at

the time of his discovery, that the fact was known that sea-urchins

have their habit of boring in the rocks. I visited the place with

a fellow student, Mr. Owens, of Bridgeton, New Jersey.

The following observation was made on the. migration of the

animal from its excavation, which seems to look as if more than

one sea-urchin is concerned in the excavation of a single hole, or

that some of the sea-urchins are nestlers as well as borers. It

was found, after the sea-urchins had been removed from the ex-

cavations which they had made, that in the course of time the

holes were repeopled and inhabited by different individuals from

those first found there.’* New individuals thus find the old exca-

™ The term geode, meaning a cavity, has been used for these ations, It seems ap-

plicable, although used in a somewhat diff se by geologists.

18I have, however, no observations to prove that the sea-urchins ever voluntarily

leave their cavities for food and after such an i again to them.

1890.] Excavations by Sea-Urchins. 7

vations suited to their purposes, and it is just to conclude that

they continue the work of excavation which their predecessors

began. They seem to take advantage of the depression already

made for their protection.

It may likewise be supposed that in the case of. death, natural

or violent, an occupation of the former excavation by a new indi-

vidual may take place. This is possibly true also in the case of

boring sea-urchins from the Azores or the coast of France, where

very much deeper recesses are sometimes hollowed in the rock.

The fact that the sea-urchin is much larger than the entrance by

which it entered the cavity, would thus seem to mean, not that

the same individual had hollowed out the entire chamber, but that

the sea-urchin which now occupies the cavity had grown larger

since it passed through the hole excavated by its predecessor.

An interesting question often asked, and as yet unanswered in

a satisfactory manner, is, “ How do the sea-urchins make these

excavations in the solid rock?” This question is a very difficult

one to answer, and several attempts have been made to do so

satisfactorily. It is not necessary to mention all the theories sug-

gested, but one or two of the more reasonable may be considered.

Robert supposed that the constant motion of the sea-urchin by

which the spines act as files after long attrition has worn out

these excavations.

It has been suggested by Cailliaud, and this it must be con-

fessed seems a more reasonable explanation, that the cavities are

gnawed or chiselled out by the action of the teeth. Both of these

explanations seem possible ; but the latter is more probable than

the former, as several observations seem to point to this conclu-

sion. Among the facts which support Cailliaud’s hypothesis are

the following: the teeth are very hard, they have means of repair

when their tips are worn, and their surface and cutting points are

bare, and well adapted for cutting. It may also be added that

the muscles which move the jaws are strong. It would seem, so

for as their relative hardness goes, that these organs rather than

the spines are the tools which have worn out these holes.

The author believes, however, that Robert was partly right for

ascribing to the spines a portion of the work done in excavating

8 The American Naturalist. [January,

the cavities. In sea-urchins taken from rock cavities the spines

immediately about the mouth and those on the circumference are

somewhat worn in specimens from Grand Manan. Moreover,

the surface of the depression is perfectly smoothed in such a sym-

metrical manner that it seems necessary to suppose a rotary’?

motion of the sea-urchin to effect it. This smoothness, already

pointed out in sea-urchin excavations by Trevelyan, could not,

I think, have resulted from the teeth alone.

The major part of the work in the excavation of rock by sea-

urchins must, however, fall upon the teeth and the dental appa-

ratus. Upon this point the writings of Cailliaud are conclusive.

These teeth are probable chisels, which pry into the rock or

gouge out fragments, and in that way eventually remove con-

siderable quantities of rock from its bed. A. Agassiz adopts the

theory that sea-urchin excavations are chiseled out by the teeth,

but offers no evidence bearing on Cailliaud’s theory.

John has, it seems to me, furnished important data, indicating

that the teeth play a part in the wearing out of the rock cavities

in which the urchins live, for he was able to find in the aliment-

ary canal of the sea-urchin fragments of stone similar to that in

which the borings were made. The simple fact, however, that

grains of rock similar to those of the locality of the sea-urchin

are found, is not in itself an evidence that they were chiseled out of

the rock by the teeth. We know that toothless Echinoidea, as for

instance genera of Spatangoids, often have their alimentary canal

full of sand, which has apparently been swallowed by the animal.

There seems no reason to refuse to believe that any of the so-

called round sea-urchins are not able to swallow small pebbles in

the same way, but while it is true that the one (spatangoid) gener-

ally lives on the sand, and the other (echinoid) on rocky bottom,

one can readily see how small fragments might be picked up by

the latter and swallowed.”

19 This rotary motion is yet to be observed, but it may be said that if it exists it must

be very slow, as the animals never move rapidly.

20 Sea-urchins are at times scavengers, or at all events a carcass of a seal sunk in the

water will be found to be covered with these animals. Possibly they feed on the sea

fleas and other animals which do the work of scavengers,

1890.] Excavations by Sea-Urchins. 9

We have members of almost all the lower groups of animals,

as sponges, annelids and other worms, mollusks and crustaceans,

all of which are endowed with boring habits. The excavating

habit possessed by the sea-urchin may belong to the same cate-

gory as that of these animals, and it may be a voluntary act for

self protection or other purposes. There is, however, this very

interesting fact pointed out by others in relation to the boring

sea-urchin, in which it seems to differ from those already men-

tioned. The habit of excavating seems to be one which is

limited to individual sea-urchins which live in certain exposed

positions, where the tides are very high. Thousands of speci-

mens of sea-urchins on rocks where there was not a visible sign

of excavating can be found, and those echinoderms which are

below the wash of the tide, as well as some in its force, exhibit no

manifestation of this power. These facts lead me to ask if it is

not possible that there are influences in environment or in phy-

sical forces acting upon them which make certain individuals an

involuntary agent in boring. Or is it not probable that we

may find the excavating power due in part to the action of the

sea itself. It is in other words possible that the force which ex-

cavates these geodes is somewhat similar to that exerted in the

case of the formation of the geologic phenomenon known as

“pot-holes.” The living body of the sea-urchin might occupy

the same relation to the cavity in which it lies that the inert stone

does to the pot-hole in which it is often found, and which it

played an essential part in creating. The fact that beautiful

examples of pot-holes can be seen worn out of the solid rock on

the adjoining island of Grand Manan, not far from the sea-urchin

excavations, has suggested this explanation, which certainly has

much to recommend it. We may, if we adopt this theory as a

part of the explanation, regard the echinoid body clothed with its

spines as an involuntary agent moved about by the waves,

slightly perhaps, yet moved enough to wear out by its attrition

in course of time the solid substance of the rock. The spines,

teeth, and possibly the body itself may thus exert a wearing

action capable in time of making an excavation into the solid

rock. This explanation would furnish good reason for the very

10 The American Naturalist. [January,

smooth character of the floor of many of the sea-urchin hollows.

One can readily imagine how in the beginning of the growth

of the cavity, in order to cling more tenaciously to the rock, the

sea-urchin seeks out a small natural depression in which it

anchors itself by its suckers for protection from the surf. Con-

stant movement of its body, due to the waves, and consequent

attrition of the spines and teeth, caused by the movement of the

water, deepens this slight depression until it reaches a consider-

able size, which is enlarged by every motion of the animal. To

this increase in size voluntary movements of teeth and spines

also contribute.”

The accompanying figure taken from a photograph by Mr.

Northrop, of the School of Mines, New York, represents a

number of these sea-urchins as they naturally lie in their ex-

cavations, and also several cavities, formerly occupied, from

which the inhabitants have been removed. Although these

holes are not so deep and therefore not so conspicuous as can be

seen in rocks from some other coasts which might be introduced

in illustration, they are the only ones which I have ever seen

from our vicinity which exhibit this phenomenon”

I am tempted to return to an aspect of the subject to which I

have already alluded. Notwithstanding the large numbers of

sea-urchins found at Grand Manan, the places where the excava-

ting habit can be studied are very few in number and very local.

I know indeed of no other locality except on the Black Ledges

where there are excavations of this kind, and yet there are many

places where the conditions are identical, and where the animals

are equally abundant. It may be concluded from these facts that

there must be certain peculiarities of environment especially

adapted to these animals to present favorable conditions in indi-

viduals for this habit. It would seem that a mechanical explan-

ation that the depressions were in a way due to forces analogous

to the action of those at work in the excavation of “ pot-holes ”

*1 James Salter. On the Structure and Growth of the Teeth of Echinus. Quart.

Journ, . Sc., 1861, p. 216.

2 The fact that specimens illustrating the excavating power of the sea-urchins can

. oast is an interesting one as affording an opportunity to study the

method by which the sea-urchins accomplish their work.

PLATE: F

“on AS Aes

Sge é

NÜ \ 2

IAT

BURROWING ECHINI.

The above figure was taken from a AAEE of a part of the side of the grotto in

which the sea-urchins are found. pho cir i was kindly taken for me by Professor

Northop of the School of Mines, ins York City, to whom I am indebted for this and

other kindnesses,—(See page zo.)

IO The American Naturalist. [January,