INTRODUCTION.

More than fifteen years have elapsed since the first sheets of this Volume of the

‘Biologia Centrali-Americana’ were published. The slow progress of the work was

due partly to the demand made upon the author’s time by other, chiefly official,

duties, and partly to the anticipation of receiving important additions to the material

that was then available at the British Museum, and which included the rich collections

brought home by Salvin, and later by Godman, from Guatemala and Mexico. A staff

of collectors was at work for the ‘ Biologia’ in various parts of Central America, and

they had received instructions from the Editors to pay attention to Reptiles and

Batrachians, besides the special branches to which they devoted themselves principally.

To wait as long as possible for the result of these instructions seemed to be all the

more desirable as the great work of the ‘ Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans

l’Amérique Centrale,’ in which the Herpetology was entrusted to the able hands

of M. Bocourt, was in course of publication, and, like the numerous important

contributions by the late Mr. Cope, contained a multitude of forms not represented

in the English collections.

Of the material received from the above-mentioned sources during the progress of

the work I have to refer specially to the following :—from Mr. H. H. Smith, who sent

several large collections from Atoyac in Vera Cruz, Teapa in Tabasco, Omilteme and

Amula in Guerrero, and Cuernavaca in Morelos; from Hr. A. Forrer, who visited

the Tres Marias Islands, and thoroughly searched several localities in Western Mexico,

particularly Presidio, near Mazatlan ; from Dr. A. C. Butler, who selected some localities

on the plateau of Central Mexico as his collecting-grounds ; from Hr. C. T. Hoge and

Sefior M. Trujillo, who sent not a few interesting species from Jalapa and Misantla in

Vera Cruz; from Mr. G. F. Gaumer, who collected in Yucatan and Honduras, visiting

Cozumel, Bonacca, and Ruatan Islands; from Mr. W. B. Richardson and Hr. Ernst

Rothschuh, both of whom made valuable collections at Matagalpa in Nicaragua; from

V1 INTRODUCTION.

Mr. G. C. Champion, who collected Reptiles in Guatemala and the State of Panama,

and to whom we are indebted for some important specimens from Chiriqui; and from

Mr. H. Rogers and Mr. C. F. Underwood, who largely collected Reptiles and

Batrachians in various localities in Costa Rica (Irazu, Rio Sucio, La Palma, the neigh-

bourhood of San José, &c.).

All these collections yielded new or valuable material, extending our knowledge of

the species and of their range; but also clearly showing that, so far as Reptiles and

Batrachians are concerned, our information is not nearly so extensive as it is in the

case of the Birds and certain orders of Insects. The collections contained some of the

forms described by Cope, Bocourt, Brocchi, and others (as well as many unknown to

those herpetologists), but a large proportion, perhaps the majority, continued to be

known to me from descriptions only. In fact, the districts whose Reptilian fauna is

satisfactorily kuown are but few in number, our acquaintance with them being chiefly

due to the labours of Naturalists who have resided in the country for a lengthened

period, and who have devoted themselves specially to this branch of study. From

among them I must mention the late F. Sumichrast, who thoroughly explored the

Reptilian Fauna of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; Dr. A. Dugés, of Guanajuato, who

not only published numerous papers on the Reptiles of his district, but also supplied

Cope and the Paris Museum with a complete series of the species observed by him ;

the late A. Sallé and A. Boucard, who collected for many years in the country round

Oaxaca, Orizaba, and Vera Cruz; O. Salvin, who paid three visits to Guatemala,

collecting chiefly in the neighbourhood of Antigua and in Alta Vera Paz. Perhaps no

other part of Central America is better known than the plateau and highlands round

Mexico city, whence numerous collections have reached Europe ; and the Republic of

Costa Rica, whose Government has done so much for the physical exploration of the

country. The Reptiles of the latter region have formed the subject of important

contributions by Cope and Peters, and collections more recently received through

the liberality of the authorities of the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, at San José,

and of M. Pittier de Fahéga, have considerably added to our knowledge of this

Fauna.

According to the general plan laid down by the Editors of the ‘Biologia,’ descriptive

diagnoses were to be given of those species only which had not been satisfactorily

described elsewhere. I have followed this plan throughout the part treating of

Reptilia, but I thought it better to depart from it in the Batrachian portion of the

INTRODUCTION. vil

work, and to accompany all the species, as distinguished by me, with a diagnosis,

not only on account of the numerous additions made since the publication of

Mr. Boulenger’s Catalogues of Batrachia, but also because the views of Herpetologists

differ only too frequently as to the taxonomic value of characters used by them for

specific distinction. In this latter part I have received valuable assistance from the

authorities of the United States National Museum, Dr. Franz Werner of Vienna,

Professor Béttger of Frankfurt, Professor Camerano and Count Peracca of Turin,

Dr. A. Dugés, Professor Mobius, and M. Mocquard, either by the loan of or

information concerning typical specimens: assistance for which I beg to return my

best thanks *,

The geographical limits fixed by the Editors for the scope of the ‘ Biologia’ are, in

the North, the Rio Grande del Norte and the political boundary of Sonora and

Chihuahua, and, in the South, the Isthmus of Darien. Lower California is excluded.

The general features of the Reptilian and Amphibian Faunas of this area have been

satisfactorily ascertainedf. Forming the connecting link between the two Neogzan

regions, Central America possesses a Reptilian and Batrachian Fauna with the various

constituent elements so mixed that, if only certain families or genera were taken into

consideration, almost every district of this area could be associated with either the

North- or South-American region. The tropical Fauna, of course, gradually changes

into, or is replaced by, that of the temperate region, as we proceed from lower to higher

latitudes ; but this change is not uniform throughout the breadth of the land; the two

faunas overlap each other in deep and manifold indentations. ‘Tropical types are found

to preponderate in the low lands of the Atlantic side, which expand into the broad

Yucatan peninsula, and on the humid slopes of moderate elevation ; some extend to,

and even reach northwards of, the Rio Grande. On the Western side they are found

in similar localities, but in a narrower belt, along the Pacific coast. On the other hand,

numerous types of the southern North-American Fauna are spread over Northern —

* Unfortunately I have not had an opportunity of examining any of the specimens of Reptiles named by

Cope. An application which I made to the authorities of the U. S. National Museum, at the commencement

of the work, could not be acceded to at the time, as the materials were in Mr. Cope’s hands and had not been

returned by him.

+ Cfr. Cope, “ Zoological Position of Texas,” Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 17 (1880) ; Boulenger, Catalogue of

Batrachia Gradientia, 1882, p. 104; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1885, xvi. p. 77 (Lacertilia) ; Giinther, Eneycl.

Brit. ed. ix. art. Reptiles (1885); Cope, Amer. Nat. 1896, pp. 886, 993; von Martens, Naturwiss.

Wochenschrift, vol. i. (1901).

iil INTRODUCTION.

Mexico, extending along the Central-American plateau to the extreme limits of our

area, and even beyond. ‘This southward extension of northern types is due partly to

the identical physical conditions of the arid tableland of Sonora and Chihuahua,

which is merely a continuation of that of Arizona and New Mexico, and partly to

the great altitude and temperate climate of the Central-American plateau.

Thus, a boundary-line between the North- and South-American regions cannot be

drawn; the whole of Central America is a transition-tract which, unlike any other

part of the world, shows the most extraordinary diversity of climatic, physical, and

meteoric conditions within comparatively small areas, favouring the evolution of a great

variety of types of genera and species, and influencing the dispersal of immigrants from

the North and South. To divide Central America into zoological provinces delimited

by the distribution of the genera and species of Reptiles and Batrachians isa task which,

in the present state of our knowledge, would appear to be rather premature. Cope

attempted it for a part of Mexico as recently as 1896. Ina paper on the geographical

distribution of the Batrachia and Reptilia of North America he allotted Central

and Northern Mexico to his Sonoran, Austroriparian, Toltecan (and Tamaulipan)

subregions, including in the Sonoran Chihuahua, and “perhaps” Durango and

Sinaloa, and subdividing the Toltecan into an Austroriental, Austrocentral, and

Austroccidental district. But this division cannot be accepted with confidence,

because, as he himself points out, large unexplored districts intervene between

these various divisions, and because our knowledge of the range of the species,

and of the individual species themselves, is too fragmentary.

To show the range of the 695 species enumerated in the present volume, I have

prepared the subjoined Table (pp. x-xvii) on the plan adopted by Mr. Godman for the

genera of Rhopalocera, with one or two modifications. This shows in two columns

whether a species extends beyond the southern or northern limit of the Central-

American area: Mexico is divided into Northern and Southern Mexico *, Tampico on

the Atlantic and Mazatlan on the Pacific coast being grouped with Northern Mexico,

as in Mr. Godman’s table; but I have given to the Yucatan peninsula a separate

column, on account of its large extent and its markedly different features, the country.

being uniformly low, very flat, and dry; British Honduras or Belize I have grouped

* The species recorded from “ Mexico,” without definite locality, are placed under Southern Mexico,

excepting those of known northern distribution. |

INTRODUCTION. ix

with Guatemala; and Salvador, of which little is known beyond M. Bocourt’s

collection from La Union, on the Pacific coast, with Honduras. However, the Table

registers those facts only which are contained in the text. Gladly would I have added

the large amount of information recorded in the numerous publications that have

appeared subsequently to the dates of issue of this work, by Bocourt, Béttger,

Boulenger, Cope, Dugés, Mocquard, Stejneger, and others; but as this supplementary

work will require much more attention and time than is consistent with the Editor’s

desire to bring the ‘ Biologia’ toa close, it has been decided not to delay the publication

of the present volume. ‘Thus, all supplementary information, together with a report on

collections received too late to be utilized for the present volume, must be reserved for

a paper or papers to be published, I hope, at no very distant date.

August 1902.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept. & Batr., August 1902. b

INTRODUCTION.

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INTRODUCTION.

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INTRODUCTION.

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BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept. & Batr., August 1902.

LIST

PLATES.

Page.

Plate. Fig. Plate. Fig. | Page.

. Eublepharis dovii ............ XXXI. B 83

REPTILIA. fasciatus .........0.05. XXXI. A 84

CHELONIA.

Emys ornata ..........-6-05- vi 3 ri Geophis ch na i

cataspila (young) ........ . eophis chalybeea, v. quadran-

a saree Crome) ons: “| une |. | 4] guars ne } XXXII | B 87,89

—— umbra .......-----eeee IV., V. .. 5 moesta ......... cee ee ee XXXIII. C 90

eee ee Vi. A 5 omiltemana ............ XXXII. A 92

—— pulcherrima ............ VII. .. 6 fasciata ..........-..... XXXIV. A 93

ccc eee VIIL. A 6 || Conopsis nasus .............. XXXIV. B 97

—— areolata.......ccecc cece VII. B 8 || Ficimia olivacea.............. XXXV B, C 98

Tubida .......0.5--206- VIII. C 8 quadrangularis .......... XXXV A 99

Cinosternum cruentatum ...... IX., X., XI. .e 13 || Ablabes decipiens ............ XXXVII A 105

hirtipes .......--2-e-ee XIT.-XV. - 15 || Elapochrus equalis .......... XXXVI A | 106

leucostomum..........-- XVI.,XVIT.} .. 17 || Henicognathus venustissimus LI. C 144

brevigulare ............ XVIII. A 17 || Liophis epinephelus .......... XXXVII B 107

cobanum ....-.......-- XVIII. B 18 || Coronella annulata............ XXXVIII .. 109

leonis........ 0.20 .0000: XXXIX A 110

godmani .............. XXXIX B 110

Lacerviqia. Dromicus laureatus .......... XL. A 112

Ameiva surinamensis.......-.. XIX. 22 omiltemanus............ XL. B 113

Cnemidophorus mariarum ...... XX. 28 || Coluber chlorosoma .......... XLI. .- | 115

guttatus..........---6-- XXII. . 28 || Spilotes salvini .............. X LIT .. 116

Eumeces brevirostris .......... XXII. B 32 pecilonotus ............ XLII oe 117

bocourti......-...2-2.-00% XXII. C 32 ATZUS... eee eee ee eee XLIV . 118

Diploglossus steindachneri...... XXIT. A 34 || Zamenis rhombifer............ XLV. .. | 120

monotropis........-.+--- XXIII. . 34 semilineatus ............ XLVI A | 121

Gerrhonotus gramineus ........ XXIV. B 36 ornatus .............00. XLVI. B | 122

OAXACH .. cee eee ec eee eee XXIV. A 36 || Pituophis lineaticollis ........ XLVII .e 124

ceruleuS ..........006- XXYV. A-D 38 || Leptophis modestus .......... XLVIIL .. 129

obscurus ........--eee0e- XXV. E 40 || Hypsiglena discolor .......... XLIX A 137

moreletii .........e00- XXIV. C 4] latifasciata ............ XLIX B 138

Heloderma horridum .......... XXVI. ws 43 || Tropidodipsas fasciata ........ L. B 139

Anolis tropidolepis............ XXVII. C 46 dumerilii .............. L. A | 140

—— ustus..........2200 eee XXVIL. D 48 || Neopareas bicolor ............ LVI. C 178

salvini .........0.e 0 eee XXVII. A 48 || Leptognathus annulatus ...... XLIX C 141

Sallel.. ce ee ee ee eee XXVII. B 49 | Mesopeltis dimidiatus ........ LL. A, B | 1438

crassulus ......ceeeeees XXVII. F 50 || Homalocranium atriceps ...... LILI. B 146

godmani ..........---- XXVII. E 51 Jani... eee eee ee eee LI. D | 148

Basiliscus vittatus ........-.-- XXVIII. .e 55 boulengeri.............. LII. F 148

Ctenosaura completa .......... XXIX.,XXX| .. 58 armillatum ............ LIT. C | 149

Holbrookia propinqua ........ XXXI. C 60 michoacanense .......... XXXVI B,C | 150

Uta lateralis ..........-.-6-. XXXI. D 61 | —— meestum .............. LIL. E 152

Sceloporus omiltemanus........ XXXII. A 66 virgatum ...........05. LIL. A 154

rubriventris .........+-. XXXII. C 72 Tachymenis decipiens wee eens LIII A 163

XXXII. B 74 || Leptodira splendida .......... LIII. B 171

pleurolepis....

Cr ee

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate. Fig. | Page. Plate Fig. | Page.

Leptodira personata .......... LIV. A, B | 171 || Hylodes calcitrans............ LXVII B_ | 230

polysticta ...........06. LY. A | 17 platyrhynchus .......... LXVII A | 230

ocellata .......... ee ee ee LV. B 172 || ——— rhodopis_ .............. LXVII C 232

rhombifera.............. LIV. C 173 || —— venustus .............. LXVIII C 234

Dipsas splendida ............ LVI. A | 176 || —— augusti ................ LXVIII D_ | 235

gracillima .............. LVI. B 177 brocchii.............6-- LXVITL. | A,B | 236

Elaps ruatanus .............. LVII. B 185 nubilus ...........-++-- LXIX. A 237

Ancistrodon bilineatus ........ LVIII A,B | 186 | Bufo marmoreus ............ LXX. A 246

Bothriechis godmani .......... LVII. A 190 occipitalis .............. LXIX C 250

Crotalus omiltemanus ........ LVIII C 192 coniferuS .........-066- LXIX B 251

pallidus ............004. LIX. B 193 || Hyla nana ...... 0.62.00 0 ee LXXIITI. A | 263

galvinl ...........4.. tee LIX. A 193 00) 0) 5 LXX. C 266

—— mocquardi............-.. LXXITI B 268

BATRACHIA. —— teniopus .............. LXXII. F | 269

BaTRACHIA SALIENTTA baudini ............-... LXXI. .. | 270

° gabbi.... 2... ee ee ee ee ee LXX. B 274

Rana forreri ..... eee eee eee LX. A | 199 pseudopuma ............ LXXII. A, B | 274

omiltemana ............ LXI. A | 200 godmani ...-......4-4. LXXII. E 275

bonaccana .............. LX. B_ | 201 uranochroa ........006- LXX. D | 276

pustulosa ........+..0-. LXI. B 202 leucophyllata .......... LXXIL. C, D | 277

melanosoma ............ LXUI B 203 || Hylella picta .............6.. LXXIII. C 286

godmani .............. LXIII A 204 fleischmanni ............ LXXIII. D 287

Atelopus varius .............. LXII A,B,C} 208 || Nototrema oviferum .......... LXXIV. A 288

Engystoma elegans .......... LXII D | 210 || Pternohyla fodiens............ LXXIV. B 292

Glossostoma aterrimum........ LXIV A | 210 | Triprion spatulatus .......... LXXIV. C 293

Tomodactylus amule .......... LXIV C 219

Liohyla guentheri ............ LXVI A | 220 Barracuia Caupata.

feischmanmt ».-.. +++. +- LXTV B 222 Spelerpes bocourti ............ LXXVI. A 300

—— pittieri 2.2... 2... eee LXV. B 223 oat LXXV

engytympanum.......... LXV. A | 224 VarleganUs verse reece cece “nN 302

Hylodes plicatus.............. LXVI B 228 B A

polyptychus ............ LXVI C 228 ATRACHTA APODA

underwoodi ............ LXVI D |} 229 || Dermophis gracilior .......... LXXVI. B_ | 306

ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA.

Page

164

191

194

227

242

267

Line

for Guyaquil read Guayaquil.

for tessellata read tessellatus.

for C. read G.

for Platydactytus read Platydactylus.

for Rana read Rena.

Jor Tab, XXXII. read Tab. XXXIII.

for Monolepis read Manolepis.

for mummifer read nummifer.

for Caudisoma read Caudisona.

for petriculus read pelviculus.

Sor VEnEzuEta read VENEZUELA.

for Scytopsis read Scytopis.

BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.

ZOOLOGIA.

Class REPTILIA.

Order CHELONIA.

Fam. TESTUDINID.

CISTUDO.

Cistudo, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 39.

1. Cistudo mexicana. |

Cistudo mexicana, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1849, p. 16, t. ii.; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 17.

Hab. Muxtco, Tampico and Mexico city (Bocourt).

Gray was the first who specifically separated from the common type of North-American

Box-Tortoise a form whose hind feet are armed with three large claws instead of four.

However, in examining the value of this character, Agassiz (Contr. Nat. Hist. Amer.

i. p. 444) came to a different conclusion, stating that the outer toe of the hind foot

fades away gradually; and, whilst he distinguished not less than four different species

of Cistudo, these species included three- as well as four-toed specimens.

In a case in which one naturalist, though he has examined many hundred specimens,

does not feel justified in expressing a decided opinion, it would be most hazardous for

another to do so who has much less material at hand. Yet, having seen specimens of

Agassiz’s four species, I may be allowed to say that I incline to the belief that there is,

in fact, one species of Box-Tortoise only, and that one of its hind toes becomes aborted

in the south-western and southern range of its distribution. Nevertheless, I have

considered it best to retain the name given by Gray, the more so as both the typical

specimens are singularly distinguished by having a small additional scute intercalated

between the fourth and fifth, so that there are six: vertebrals altogether. This, of

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., April 1885. *]

2 CHELONIA.

course, may be an abnormal condition peculiar to the locality where the specimens were

obtained, and which unfortunately is not known. They are simply marked “ Mexico.”

The species seems to penetrate rather far southwards into Mexico, as Bocourt

mentions it from Tampico and the city of Mexico.

EMYS.

Emys, Duméril, Elém. d’ Hist. Nat.

a. CLEMMYS.

In Mexico two freshwater Turtles occur (Emys ornata and E. cataspila) in consider-

able abundance, which are distinguished by a short head, a short and obtuse snout,

and a more or less depressed shell, which is only slightly and indistinctly rugose, and

in which the costal scutes are ornamented each by a large ocellated spot more or less

distinctly surrounded by yellow and darker concentric rings. The sternum is marked

by symmetrical figures formed by black lines arranged in pairs. These figures never

form rings on the front part of the sternum, as is the case in an allied species from the

United States, to which the names of Emys holbrookit and E. elegans have been given.

On the anal scutes this sternal ornamentation terminates with a more or less straight

double transverse line. The markings on the sternum are most distinct in the young,

become pale with age, and may disappear altogether.

In the adult stage these two Turtles differ merely by the position of the ocellus on

the two middle costal scutes; if each of the scutes be imagined to be divided into four

quadrangles, in one species the spot occupies the postero-inferior quadrangle, in the

other the postero-superior. Gray (Cat. Shield Rept. p. 25) has already noticed this

distinction ; but unfortunately he referred the young of one of the species to the adult

of the other, so that his Emys venusta is synonymous with his EZ. ornata.

Some herpetologists may be inclined to consider both forms as variations; but, until

the true relations between the two forms are clearly ascertained, it will be better to

distinguish them by separate names. Most probably Emys ornata will prove to be the

more southern form.

1. Emys ornata. (Tab. I.)

Emys ornata, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 30 (1831); ? Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. ii. p. 286 (1835) ; Gray,

Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 93, t. 29. fig. 2 (1839); Dum. & Boc. Miss. Sc. Mex. p. 18, t. 3.

fig. 1 (1870) ; Sowerby and Lear, Tort. t. 44.

Emys ornata (part.), Gray, Cat. Tort. B. M. 1844, p. 22; Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 1855, p. 24

(not fig.).

Emys venusta, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 24, t. 124.

? Emys valida, Leconte, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 7.

Callichelys ornata (part.), Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xii. p.176; Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept.

1870, p. 48.

EMYS. 3

Callichelys venusta (part.), Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xii. p. 181; Suppl. Cat. Shield

Rept. p. 49.

Pseudemys ornata, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vii. p. 153.

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (coll. Brit. Mus., Colley, Forrer), Presidio (Forrer) ; Honpuras

(Dyson) ; Costa Rica (Cope); Panama, Chiriqui (Druce).

Of this species we have a tolerably complete series, and, fortunately, from the same

locality, namely Mazatlan, so that there is not the least doubt about the pertinence of

old and young specimens to the same species. Two of the Mazatlan specimens are the

original types of Gray’s first description.

In the young (2-3 inches long) each costal scute is ornamented by yellow, green, and

blackish concentric rings, which form a large ocellus occupying the greater part of the

surface of the scute; a minute yellow spot occupies the centre of the ocellus. The

sternum is ornamented by more or less symmetrical black lines placed in pairs, and

forming along the middle of the sternum a rather irregular pattern without complete

rings in front, and with a more or less straight double transverse line behind.

The longitudinal stripes and bands of the head form an extremely pretty pattern, and

are much multiplied by each yellow or green streak having blackish borders; the band

along the temple is broad in the middle, becoming narrower in front and behind, and is

of a bright orange colour. The ornamental band on the chin is generally interrupted

on the throat by a transverse blackish border.

As the specimens grow older, the principal yellow ring of the costal plates appears

smaller in proportion to the size of the scute, and the black spot is moved towards the

hinder and upper part of the scute.

Beside a number of specimens which have the locality indicated in a more or less

vague manner, I have examined the two young specimens collected by Colley at

Mazatlan (one of which has been coarsely figured in Capt. Beechey’s ‘ Voyage’), two

adult specimens with the shell 10 and 12 inches long (from the same locality,

collected by Mr. Forrer), an adult (stuffed) and two young specimens in spirits respec-

tively 2 and 5 inches in length, collected by Forrer at Presidio: the young are figured

on Tab. I. A young specimen obtained by Mr. Herbert Druce from Chiriqui,

and two specimens from Honduras collected by Mr. Dyson, which are the types of

Gray’s Emys venusta. Cope records the species from Costa Rica.

It would appear that the specific name of ornata was suggested to Gray by Bell,

who, however, has forfeited the authorship by never having published either a figure

or a description. Gray was the first who described the species under that name in the

‘Synopsis Reptilium, 1831, p. 30. Duméril and Bibron described it under the same

name from a specimen given to them by Bell; they erroneously refer to it Emys

annulifera of Gray, which is quite a distinct species. Bell’s specimen in the Paris

Museum is that also figured by Aug. Duméril and Bocourt in ‘ Mission Scientifique au

Mexique.’

*1 2

4 CHELONIA.

2. Emys cataspila, sp. n. (Tab. VI. fig. B, young.)

Emys ornata (part.), Gray, Cat. Tort. B. M. 1844, p. 22; Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 1855, p. 24,

t. 12 (not good).

Callichelys ornata (part.), Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xii. p. 176; Suppl. Cat. Shield

Rept. p. 48 (1870).

Hab. Mexico (coll. Brit. Mus.).

Although our series of specimens of this form is pretty complete, it is far from

being satisfactory, inasmuch as they are derived from different sources, with no

more precise information as to locality than the term “‘ Mexico” in about half of their

number.

The young (2 inches long) shows very much the same pattern and style of coloration

of the head, back, and sternum as Emys ornata; but the principal ocellus, with its

yellow border, is small, occupying only a small part in the postero-inferior portion of

each of the costal scutes. This position and size of the ocellus is not greatly changed

in three other specimens from 5 to 7 inches in length; in larger specimens the ocellus

is advanced more towards the dorsal line, but never occupies the upper half of the

costal scutes as in Emys ornata. The ocellus consists now of a brownish oval spot

with a deep black pupil and a broad yellowish border (see figure given by Gray).

The largest of our specimens has a shell 13 inches in length.

3. Emys salvini, sp. n. (Tabb. II. & III.)

Callichelys venusta (part.), Gray, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. p. 49.

Hab. Guatemaa (Salvin).

This species is closely allied to Emys ornata and E. cataspila, but differs in the

shape of the costal ocellus and of the figure on the sternum. ‘The shape and coloration

of the head seem to be the same as in those two species.

The principal yellow ring on the costal scutes is of a suboval shape, and occupies

nearly the whole of the depth of the scute. There are several similar, but less distinct

concentric rings within and without the principal ring. The ornamentation on the

sternum is very symmetrical, ending behind in a pointed angle, and not in a straight

and transverse line as in the other two species.

Of this species I have seen only one specimen, the shell of which is 9 inches long.

It was obtained by Mr. Salvin in Guatemala, and was referred by Gray to his Emys

venusta.

The specimen is figured on Tabb. II. and ILI. of the natural size; and separate

figures are given of the vertebral and second costal scutes, which in the main figure

are very much foreshortened.

EMYS. 5

4, Emys mobiliensis.

Emys mobiliensis, Holbr. N.-Am. Herp. i. p. 71, t. 9.

Ptychemys mobiliensis, Agass. Nat. Hist. U.S. Amer, i. p. 433.

? Emys ventricosa, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 28, t. 14.

Hab. Nortu America, Pensacola, Texas.— Mexico, Nuevo Leon.

Agassiz (J. c.) mentions that he had received specimens of this species from Pensacola,

‘Texas, and from Nuevo Leon, near Cadereita, Mexico. I have not seen an example of

the species, unless the type of Emys ventricosa, the origin of which is unknown, belongs

to it.

5. Emys callirostris.

Emys callirostris, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 25, t. 12 B.

Callichelys callirostris, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xii. p. 181.

Hab. West coast of CenTRAL AMERICA.

This, perhaps the most beautiful, species of this section of Hmys, has been well

figured by Gray, so that a further description seems to be unnecessary. Only the

typical specimen is known, and there is every reason to believe that it came into the

collection of Haslar Hospital with a number of other objects from the west coast of

Central America; at any rate, it will be well to include it provisionally in the present

list, as it has been confounded with the following species.

6. Emys umbra. (Tabb. IV., V., & VI. fig. A).

Emys grayi, Aug. Dum. & Boc. Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 13, t. 3. fig. 2 (not Giinth.).

Emys callirostris, Bocourt, Journ. Zool. 1876, p. 387 (not Gray).

Emys concinna, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1878, xii. p. 110.

Emys umbra, (Bocourt,) O’Shaughnessy, Zool. Record, xii., Rept. p. 6*.

Callichelys callirostris, Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 166.

Hab. Mexico (coll. Brit. Mus.), Tapana and San Mateo near Tehuantepec (Sumichrast,

coll. B. M.); Guatemaa, Rio Nagualate (Locourt).

This species differs from all the preceding species by the acutely-pointed snout,

which is conspicuously longer than the eye. The hind feet, as well as the fore feet, are

broadly webbed ; the claws sharp and long. The shell is much depressed, slightly

rugose or smooth, and generally very similar to that of Hmys ornata. The type of the

coloration of the soft parts also very much resembles that of the latter species, but the

* The author of the Record on Reptiles for 1876 refers to p. 26 of the ‘Journal de Zoologie.’ This is

incorrect ; he merely used a separate copy of M. Bocourt’s paper, which cannot legitimately be considered a

publication, and at the end of which a note is added in which the change of name from grayt to umbra is

proposed, As this note does not occur in the really published paper in the ‘Journal de Zoologie,’ 1876, p. 411,

+he publication of the name wmbra rests solely with the notice in the ‘ Zoological Record’ as quoted above.

6 CHELONTA.

longitudinal bands on the upper part of the head are less numerous and less distinct,

the lateral band over the temple is not dilated in the middle, and the band on the chin

is bifurcate behind and continued as one of the lateral bands of the throat. The

shell of the adult is brownish horn-coloured, each costal scute being marked with an

oblong blackish spot situated high above, and very close to the vertebral scutes; some-

times a yellowish ring passes at some distance round the spot. The last vertebral

scute bears also a small blackish spot in the middle of its suture with the costal scutes.

The sternum is marbled with black, and only now and then faint traces of symmetrical

markings may be discerned.

I have not seen the young of this species; it is probably much more brightly

ornamented than the adult, and there are indications of the sternum having similar

symmetrical markings at this age as are observed in the other allied species.

We have received six specimens, from 10 to 14 inches in length, through Mr. Sumi-

chrast, who obtained them at Tapana and San Mateo, near Tehuantepec. A seventh

specimen from ‘“ Mexico” has been in the British Museum for many years, and was

referred by Dr. Gray to his Emys venusta.

I have not the least doubt that the specimen from Rio Nagualate on the west coast

of Guatemala, described by Duméril and Bocourt as Emys grayi, belongs to the same

species, the costal spots having become obsolete. Specimens sent by Sumichrast to

M. Bocourt were confounded by the latter with Hmys callirostris, a sbort-snouted

totally distinct species.

This species is aquatic, but herbivorous.

. RHINocLEMMYS or CHELOPUS.

7. Emys pulcherrima. (Tabb. VII. & VIII. fig. A.)

Emys pulcherrima, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 25, t. 25. figg. 1, 2 (this figure is faulty in repre-

senting six longitudinal bands on the neck instead of five).

Callichelys pulcherrima, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1863, xii. p. 181 (and Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept.

p- 49, where the species is confounded with a specimen said to come from South Africa).

Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1878, xi. p. 145.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio (Forrer).

The neck is ornamented with five parallel rather narrow red bands edged with

blackish ; occipital region with some detached spots of similar coloration. A narrow

stripe, similarly coloured, runs along the edge of the upper part of the snout and stops

behind the supraciliary region. Two similar bands from the eye, round the snout,

above the nostrils, and finally another round the upper jaw. A short stripe along

the median line of the upper part of the snout. Sides of the neck and throat finely

punctulated with black. Each scute with some short, curved, yellow, dark-edged bands.

Central parts of the sternum blackish ot black. Shell depressed, oblong, with the

EMYS. 7

lateral edges sharp, strongly curved upwards; subcircular and dentated behind in the

young. Nuchal narrow; vertebrals distinctly keeled. Toes very slightly webbed.

This species was hitherto known from a very young stuffed example only, 2 inches

long, and occupied a very precarious position in systematic works. However,

Herr Forrer rediscovered it at Presidio, in Western Mexico, the youngest of the three

specimens collected by him being absolutely identical with the type. The largest

specimen, an adult female, is 7 inches long.

8. Emys incisa.

Emys incisa, Bocourt, Aun. Se. Nat. 1868, x. p. 121; Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 11, tt. 1. & 2.

Rhinoclemmys frontalis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1873, xi. p. 144. |

Chelopus incisus, Bocourt, Journ. Zool. 1876, v. p. 387 (not synon.) ; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, 1880, p. 165.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec and Chiapas (Swmichrast); Sauvapor, La Union (Bocourt).

A narrow yellow (2) line runs along the upper edge of the snout over the eye to the

tympanum ; two other shorter concentric lines on the side of the snout, above the

nostrils; a fourth on the horny sheath of the jaw. A median single line on the upper

side of the snout is sometimes absent. Side of the head with some irregular small

ocellated spots; a few similar spots sometimes on the occipital portion of the head.

Upper part of the neck without bands or spots, olive-coloured ; throat white, immacu-

late: sides of the neck, and the hinder part of the underside, punctulated with

black. Upper part of the shell sometimes uniformly coloured, sometimes with a small,

yellow, black-edged ocellus on the areola of each costal scute. Sternum black in the

middle, yellowish on the sides. Shell moderately depressed, rather broad, with

the lateral margins sharp and strongly reverted ; hind margin distinctly serrated, the

serrature becoming obsolete in very old specimens. Vertebral keel very distinct.

Nuchal small, occasionally absent. Toes very slightly webbed.

The figure given by M. Bocourt is sufficiently accurate to ensure the recognition. of

this species. The largest specimen I have seen had a shell 8 inches long. It isa

terrestrial herbivorous species. .

9, Emys gabbi.

Chelopus gabbii, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii. 1875, p. 153.

Hab. Costa Rica, Limon (Cope).

I have not seen this species, which seems to take its place near to Ei. ineisa.

10. Emys funerea.

Chelopus funereus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. vii. 1875, p. 154.

Hab. Costa Rica, Limon (Cope).

8 CHELONIA.

Distinguished by the absence of markings on the upper side of the head and neck ;

this species will be easily recognized. I have not seen specimens of it.

11. Emys areolata. (Tab. VIII. fig. B.)

Emys areolata, Aug. Dum. Cat. Rept. p. 10; Arch. Mus. vi. 1852, p. 223, t. 14 (the artist intro-

duced into this figure six vertebral and five costal scutes) ; A. Dum. & Bocourt, Miss. Sc..

Mex., Rept. p. 18.

? Chelopus areolatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 123.

Hab. Guatemaa, Lake of Peten (Salvin, coll. Brit. Mus.).

Neck with four parallel, white, black-edged bands, the outer of which are far down

on the side, and continued forwards over the temple into the supraciliary region ; the

inner commence from the occipital region. Crown of the head indistinctly marbled ;

a whitish line along the median line of the upper part of the snout. A minute white

speck in front of the upper angle of the orbit (much smaller than in £. scabra). Cheek

and tympanic region with irregular blackish markings; throat sparsely and minutely

spotted with black. Central parts of the sternum blackish or black. Shell depressed,

oblong, with the lateral edges sharp, curved upwards. Nuchal equilateral, triangular ;

vertebrals slightly keeled. Toes scarcely webbed.

The typical specimen came from Lake Peten; the specimen in the British Museum

was collected by Mr. Salvin in the same district, and referred by Gray first to E. scabra

and afterwards to L. annulata.

Emys pulcherrima of A. Duméril and Bocourt (Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 15, t. 7) is

not the species described under that name by Gray; it represents a menagery-specimen

without precise information as to locality, which has been named Rhinoclemmys bocourti

by Gray (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 18738, xii. p. 111), and which possibly may prove to be

identical with £. areolata.

12. Emys rubida. (Tab. VIII. figg. C, C’, C".)

Chelopus rubidus, Cope, Proc. Am. Philad. Soc. (1869) xi. 1871, p. 148.

Rhinoclemmys mexicana, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, pp. 659, 723; Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. p. 30;

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 296, t. 28.

Chelopus mexicanus, Bocourt, Journ. Zool. 1876, v. p. 387; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,

1880, p. 166.

Hab. Mexico, San Juan del Rio (Rébouch, coll. B. M.), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast,

coll. B. M.).

The coloration of the soft parts, although varying somewhat in details, is character-

istic enough. A narrow yellow(?) band runs round the edge of the snout, from one

orbit to the other ; a second much broader one, horseshoe-shaped, with the convexity

towards the front, occupies the crown of the head, and is mixed up posteriorly more or

less with the markings of the occiput, which, like those of the neck, consist of blackish

EMYS. 9

vermiculations which are darkest on the edges and light in the middle. A short,

oblique, yellow band behind the eye is very constant. Throat punctulated. The scutes

are sometimes without markings, sometimes with indistinct yellowish figures. The

areolar portion of each costal scute is frequently ornamented with a small, oval, yellow

spot and a narrow annulus. The middle of the sternum blackish. Shell moderately

depressed, oblong, with the lateral edges not or slightly recurved. Nuchal small,

occasionally absent. Only a trace of a vertebral keel. Toes not webbed.

Of this species we have a series of examples from both localities named. The shell

of the largest example does not exceed § inches inlength. Itis a terrestrial frugivorous

species. Cope’s description was evidently prior to that of Gray; and Bocourt refers,

by some error, Cope’s name of “rubidus” to his £. incisus.

13. Emys punctularia.

Testudo punctularia, Daud. Hist. Nat., Rept. 11. p. 249.

Emys scabra, Bell, Testud. cum tab.

Geoclemmys callocephalus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 254.

Chelopus punctularius, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 185.

Rhinoclemmys scabra, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 722, cum fig. capitis.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan, Tabasco.—Sovuta America, Guiana, &c.

This is a South-American species, common in Dutch and British Guiana and other

tropical parts of South America. However, Cope (J. ¢.) refers to it two Central-

American specimens, one from Yucatan, and the other from Tabasco. I have not seen

these specimens, which are preserved in the Smithsonian Institution, and am therefore

unable to confirm Mr. Cope’s identification.

Geoclemys callocephalus, or Rhinoclemmys callocephala, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863,

p. 254, is based on a dry specimen, which, after having lived for some time in captivity,

came into the collection of the British Museum in the year 1853. Its shell is dete-

riorated ; and of the coloration of the soft parts only so much is preserved as clearly

shows that the specimen is identical with Emys scabra or punctularia. The figure

given by Gray of the head of this species is very inaccurate and misleading.

Nore.—Geoclemmys melanosterna, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 208, is an extra-

limital species. Of the two specimens known, the type bears its original label “ Chi-

rambira, Darien,” altered in Gray’s paper to “‘ Cherunha, Gulf of Darien.” Chirambira

is a place a short distance north of Buenaventura, where the second specimen was

obtained. Thus there is no doubt that this species belongs to the Colombian

fauna.

Geoclemmys annulata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 231, t. 29, is likewise extra-

limital, from the coast of Ecuador. Itis true that Gray in the Suppl. Cat. Shield

Rept. p. 30, and in the Hand-list of Shield Rept. p. 27, refers to Mr. Salvin as the

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., Apri/ 1885. *2

10 CHELONIA.

discoverer of the species in Ecuador and on the Gulf of Darien. But this mistake is

due to his having confounded (in the last years of his life) Mr. Salvin with Mr. Fraser.

In fact, the spirit-specimen said to be from the “ Gulf of the Darien” is one of the

types, and the very specimen figured. The locality ‘‘ Darien” became attached to it

through the insufficient care of a person who assisted Gray.

DERMATEMYS.

Dermatemys, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 55. |

1. Dermatemys mawil.

Dermatemys mawii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 56; Cat. Shield Rept. p. 49, t. 21*; Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 125; Dum. & Boc. Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 17, t. 7. fig. 2; Cope,

Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 187, and 1868, p. 119; Preudhomme de Borre, Bull.

Ac. Belg. 1869, p. 116 (young).

Emys berardii, A. Dum. Arch. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. vi. p. 231, t. 15.

Dermatemys berardii, Cope, 1. c. p. 120.

? Dermatemys abnormis, Cope, 1. c. (young).

Dermatemys salvinii, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. p. 50.

? Chloremys abnormis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 711, t. 42 (young).

Hab. Mexico, Tabasco (Cope), Laguna de Terminos, Yucatan (Zool. Soc.), Vera Cruz

(Bérard); British Honpuras, Belize (Cope, Bocourt, P. de Borre); GUATEMALA

(Salvin).

A vegetable-feeder, called “ Tortuga blanca” in Mexico.

CHELYDRA.

Chelydra, Schweigger, Prodr. Monogr. Chelon. p. 28.

1. Chelydra serpentina.

Chelydra serpentina (Linn.), Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1862, p. 627 ; Cope, 1. c. 1872, p. 28.

? Chelydra, sp., Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 187.

Hab. Nortu AmeERIcA.—MeExico and southwards to Ecuador.

Called “ Chiquihuan” in Mexico.

Ranges from Canada to Ecuador. Mexican specimens have been examined by Cope.

2. Chelydra rossignoni.

Emysaurus rossignonit, Dum. & Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 18, t. 5. fig. 2.

Hab. Muxico; Guatemata (Bocourt).

* The suture dividing the gular plate is much too distinctly represented in this figure; in the original

specimen (which is dry) there is no more of a suture than in another from Salvin’s collection—merely a groove

in the underlying bone is indistinctly visible in both specimens through the transparent substance of the

epidermal scute.

STAUROTYPUS. 11

I have not seen any specimens from Central America. ‘This species is said to be

distinguished from C. serpentina chiefly by having four chin-barbels instead of two.

This seems to me quite as variable a character as the others assigned to the

Central-American form. In the head of an adult specimen from Meadville, Pa., in

spirits, I find some of the lateral skin-papille on the chin so much enlarged as to

deserve almost the appellation of barbels. However, Bocourt states that he has had

three specimens, showing alike the development of four barbels.

STAUROTYPUS.

Staurotypus, Wagler, Syst. Amphib. p. 187 (1830).

1. Staurotypus triporcatus.

Terrapene triporcata, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 364.

Staurotypus triporcatus, Wag]. Ic. Amphib. t. 83 ; Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 47,t. 208; Dum.

& Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 21; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. p. 65; Cope, Proc.

Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 188.

Hab. Muxico, Tabasco (Cope), Rio Alvarado, Bay of Campeachy (Deppe), Vera Cruz

(Sallé); Guatemaa, Rio Usumacinta (Morelet).

Vernacular name at Tabasco: Huau.

2. Staurotypus salvini.

Staurotypus salvini, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 127; Dum. & Boc. Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p. 22, t. 5. fig. 3.

Stauremys salvinii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 179, fig. 5 ; or Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. p. 65 ;

Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1872, p. 28.

Staurotypus marmoratus, Fischer, Wiegm. Arch. 1872, p. 265, t. 10 (young).

Claudius severus, Cope, l. c. p. 24; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 167.

Claudius pictus, Cope, |. c. p. 26.

Staurotypus (Claudius) severus, Bocourt, Journ. Zool. 1876, p. 387.

Hab. Mexico, Santa Efigenia, Tapana, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast); GuateMaLa, Hua-

muchal (Salvin), Vera Paz (Bocourt).

Having before me the type of Stauremys salvini, and a large series of, specimens

which were collected by Sumichrast, and therefore are typical of Claudius severus, I

can positively state that there is no ground whatever for specifically separating them

from each other or from the specimen figured by Bocourt and named Claudius pictus

by Cope. Gray’s assertion that the tubercles on the tail are placed in three series in

S. salvini is erroneous; they are four-rowed as in the other specimens. The rows of

tubercles are less separate and regular in the short-tailed females than in males, in

which the tail is thicker and longer. The tubercles themselves are in some specimens

more developed than in others, and, according to Sumichrast, may disappear altogether.

*22

12 CHELONTIA.

The mobility of the fore part of the sternum is extremely variable and depends on the

amount of ossification which has taken place near the transverse suture, but no joint is

developed, Not less variable is the width of the inguinal bridge, which is sometimes

not even the same on either side of the same individual. With regard to coloration,

every degree of transition occurs from a finely mottled head to one of uniform

coloration without any spots.

This species is so closely allied to Stawrotypus triporcatus that some difficulty exists

in referring young examples to either of these two species. Young examples of J.

triporcatus do not seem to possess the very broad front part of the sternum by which

the old ones are distinguished. Therefore in maintaining for the present the genus

Claudius, I cannot follow Cope in including in it his C. severus, but restrict it to C.

angustatus, for which it was originally formed, although the characters assigned to it

seem to me scarcely sufficient to justify a distinct generic appellation.

CLAUDIUS.

Claudius, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 185.

1, Claudius angustatus.

Claudius angustatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 187; 1872, p. 28; Proc. Am. Phil.

Soc. 1869, t. 9; Dum. et Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 20, t. 4.

Claudius megalocephalus, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. 1868, p. 122; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil.

1872, p. 27.

Hab. Mexico, Tabasco (Cope).

Called “'Talmame” by the natives. Carnivorous.

CINOSTERNUM.

Cinosternum, Spix, Test. et Ran. Bras. p. 17 (1824).

Of the twelve or thirteen species known of this genus, not less than nine are peculiar to

the Central-American fauna, one only occupying territories in the South, and two or

three * in the North. The distinction of the species is a difficult task; and it is still

more difficult to select distinctive characters from the lengthy descriptions by authors

who notice the most variable details. The shape of the shell, of the individual scutes,

of the beak, tail, the width of the hinder sternal lobe are all variable individually, as

well as according to sex and age. In the following synopsis I have admitted such

characters only as may be more or less fully relied upon.

* It is not within the scope of this work to investigate the question whether Cinosternon hippocrepis of

Gray and Platythyra flavescens of Agassiz are identical or not, as there is no evidence of either occurring within

the limits of Mexico.

CINOSTERNUM. 13

1. Shell with three keels.

A. Sternum with anotch behind . . ..... . . . OC. sonoriense, p. 18.

B. Sternum not notched behind.

1. Jaws spotted.

a. Axillary and inguinal scutes separate. . . + - ; C. cruentatum, p. 18.

b. Axillary and inguinal scutes joining each other . . C. triliratum, p. 14.

2. Jaws uniform yellowish. . 2. - - ee ee es G albogulare, p. 14.

TI. Shell with one keel or none.

A. Sternum with a notch behind.

1. Jaws spotted 2 6-6 ee ee ee es C. hirtipes, p. 15.

2. Jaws yellow 2... - ee 8 ee ee eee C. integrum, p. 16.

B. Sternum without a notch.

1. Jaws spotted . 2 6 ee ee ee ee es C. effeldti, p. 16.

2, Jaws uniformly coloured.

a. A joint between posterior lobe and middle of

sternum. . . 2. + 6+ © © © © © © 8 # 8

b. A straight suture between posterior lobe and middle of

sternum; axillary and inguinal scutes separate. . C. brevigulare, p. 17.

c. A curved suture between posterior lobe and middle of

C. leucostomum, p. 17.

sternum ; axillary and inguinal scutes in contact . C. cobanum, p. 18.

1. Cinosternum sonoriense.

Kinosternum sonoriense, Leconte, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 184.

Thyrosternum sonoriense, Agass. Amer. Testud. p. 428, t. 5. figs. 8-11 (young).

Hab. Mexico, Tucson, Sonora (Leconte), Guadalupe, Cafion Sonora (Agassiz).

Shell with three keels, but the lateral are obsolete and scarcely to be traced, except

on the two last costal scutes. Sternum emarginate behind. Head and neck black,

above mottled and spotted with whitish, beneath whitish, varied in the same manner

with dusky ; jaws horn-colour, varied with black. The anterior joint of the sternum

ligamentous, the posterior sutural, the hind lobe not entirely closing the box of the

shell. Gular plate large, equilaterally triangular.

Of this species I have not seen any examples, and the characters are taken from

Leconte’s description. His specimen was 4:4 inches long. Gray considered his K.

punctatum, based upon a very young example from East Florida, to be identical with

the Sonora species. But this is very doubtful, and unfortunately cannot be determined

from the type specimen, which is in a very bad state of preservation.

2. Cinosternum cruentatum. (Tabb. IX., X., XI.)

Cinosternum cruentatum, A. Dum. Cat. Méth. Rept. p. 16; and Arch. Mus. vi. p. 238, t. 16.

fig. 1,2; Dum. & Boe. Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 23; Bocourt, Journ. Zool. 1876, p. 398.

Kinosternum mexicanum, Leconte, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1854, p. 182.

Swanka scorpoides, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. p. 67 (part.).

14 CHELONIA.

Cinosternum shawianum, Bocourt, Journ. Zool. 1876, p. 397 (not of Bell, which is the true C.

scorpioides from Guiana) ; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 169.

Hab. Mzxico (coll. Brit. Mus.), Tonala in Chiapas (Swmichrast).

Shell with three keels, placed close together and disappearing in very old examples ;

first vertebral scute as broad as, or even broader than, long. Sternum not emarginate

behind ; the central portion shorter than either of the two lobes; joint of the hind

lobe well developed and straight; gular plate as long as the median suture of the front

lobe ; axillary and inguinal scutes not in contact with each other.

The tail is very thick in the male and armed with a curved claw; short, tubercular,

and provided with a much smaller claw in the female. The head is greyish, mottled

with yellow, especially on the cheek ; jaws yellow, with black markings, of which the

most constant occupies the median line of the lower jaw; middle of the throat mottled

with grey.

The principal characters of this species are already indicated in a very young speci-

men only a few days old; its sternum is yellow with black subsymmetrical markings

arranged chiefly along the median line.

Besides some specimens of the origin of which nothing is known except that they

came from Mexico, I have examined four examples collected by Sumichrast at Tonala

(Chiapas); the largest of them are 5 inches long, a size which this species does not

seem to exceed. As far as is known at present, it does not seem to occur beyond

Mexico.

The old female figured has only four claws on the fore foot.

8. Cinosternum triliratum.

Kinosternum triliratum, Leconte, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1859, p. 6.

Hab. Mexico (Pease).

Shell with three strong keels ; sternum bivalved, entire and rather pointed behind;

jaws yellow, varied with black (the upper entire, not hooked*). Gular large, tri-

angular ; inguinal scutes long, rather wide, joining the axillaries.

I have not seen specimens of this species.

4. Cinosternum albogulare.

Cinosternon albogulare, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 24; Journ. Zool. 1876, p. 399.

Hab. Costa Rica (Bocourt).

Shell with three keels, sternum not emarginate behind. The first vertebral scute

longer than broad ; gular shorter than the median suture of the front lobe ; fixed por-

* The hook on the upper jaw is not a specific character ; it is developed with age, at least in those species

of which I have been able to examine individuals of different ages.

CINOSTERNUM. 15

tion of the sternum shorter than either of the two lobes; axillary and inguinal scutes

touching each other by a point ; jaws and throat uniform yellowish.

I have not seen a specimen of this apparently very distinct species.

5. Cinosternum hirtipes. (Tabb. XII., XIII., XIV., XV.)

Cinosternum hirtipes, Wagl. Descr. & Ic. Amphib. t. 30; Strauch, Vertheil. Schildkr. p. 101.

Kinosternum henrici, Leconte, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 4; Yarrow in Wheeler’s Report upon

Expl. and Surv., Rept. p. 583, t. 16.

Hab. Norva America, New Mexico (Leconte), Arizona (Yarrow). Mexico, Mazatlan

and Tres Marias Islands (forrer).

I consider this species to be the southern and more developed form of Cinosternon

pennsylvanicum, but the shell is broader in young specimens, and generally more convex

and raised along the vertebral line in old ones. The sternum is emarginate behind, the

joint of the hind lobe forming a somewhat curved line. The fixed part of the sternum

is always somewhat shorter than either the front or the hind lobes; gular plate not

much shorter than the median suture of the front lobe. The development of the

axillary and inguinal plates is subject to variation in this species; in a half-grown

specimen from Mazatlan these two scutes are broadly in contact with each other,

whilst they barely touch each other in full-grown examples; so it is also in a young

specimen from Tres Marias Islands, an adult individual from this last locality having

a merely rudimental axillary plate, which is separate from the inguinal.

The vertebral keel is very indistinct, even in young examples, the vertebral region

of the shell being flattened, but never concave as in Cinosternum pennsylvanicum. ‘The

first vertebral is as broad as long, in old examples bell-shaped, the lateral margins

being concave. Upper parts of the head brownish or blackish, with irregular yellowish

spots; sides of the head, jaws, and throat yellow, marbled and streaked with black.

The tail is very strong and long in the male, and armed with a curved claw; in the

female it is much shorter and clawless.

Of this species I have examined five specimens—three (male, female, and half-grown)

from Mazatlan, and two (female and young) from Tres Marias Islands. The variation

of form of the shell is well represented in this series. The shell of the largest male is

64 inches long, the females being 4 inch shorter. The specimens named C. henrict

were collected in New Mexico and Arizona, and prove the close affinity of the Mexican

form to C. pennsylvanicum.

To show the great variation of form to which some species of this genus may be

subject, three views of each are given of an adult male and female from Mazatlan, and.

of an adult female from Tres Marias Islands, together with the arrangement of the

axillary and inguinal plates in a half-grown specimen from Mazatlan.

16 CHELONIA.

6. Cinosternum integrum.

Kinosternum integrum, Leconte, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 183.

Hab. Mexico (Pease).

Shell without keel. Sternum a little emarginate behind, bivalved, entirely closing

the box. Gular plate small, nearly equilateral. Axillary long and narrow, touching

the inguinal by a point. Head and neck brown, spotted with yellow, a large orange

spot behind the eye somewhat varied with black ; jaws yellow.

The specimen described is 43 inches long.

Bocourt (Journ. Zool. 1876, p. 393), in his synopsis of the species of this genus,

includes the description of what he considers the species named by Leconte; however,

I suspect that he had a distinct species characterized by spotted jaws, and by a sternum

not emarginate behind. Leconte’s description also is somewhat inaccurate, inasmuch

as he ascribes a keel to this species in his diagnosis, denying its presence in the more

detailed description.

On the other hand, I am inclined to think that the Cinosternum rostellum, Bocourt,

l. c. p. 391, from Guanajuato, cannot be specifically separated from C. integrum.

7. Cinosternum effeldtii.

Cinosternum effeldtii, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1873, p. 603, cum tab.

? Cinosternum berendtianum, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 189; Bocourt, Journ. Zool.

1876, p. 395.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Peters); GuatemaLa (Salvin).

Shell with a single keel. Sternum not emarginate behind, with the two joints, by

which the lobes are attached to the middle portion, well developed; middle portion

shorter than the hind lobe, but almost as long as the front lobe. Gular longer

than broad, and longer than the median suture of the front lobe. Inguinal and

axillary scutes separate from each other. Head and jaws marked with brown and

yellow,

I have examined two specimens found by Mr. Salvin in Guatemala, an adult male

and female, the latter being 4 inches long. From Peters’s description it would appear

that sometimes the axillary and inguinal scutes are in contact with each other by a

point. JI am by no means assured of the identity of this species with Cinosternum

berendtianum of Cope, although there can, I think, be no doubt that the species

described by Bocourt under the latter name is, in fact, the Cinosternon effeldtit of

Peters. Although Cope says nothing of the coloration of the jaws, he states that

Cinosternum berendtianum is most nearly related to C. leucostomum, thus apparently

letting us infer that both are characterized by yellow unspotted jaws.

CINOSTERNUM. 17

8. Cinosternum leucostomum. (Tabb. XVI., XVII.)

Cinosternon leucostomum, A. Dum. Cat. Méth. Rept. 1851, p. 17; and Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1855,

p. 239, t.17; Strauch, Vertheil. Schildkr. p. 99 ; Dum. & Boc. Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 25;

Bocourt, Journ. Zool. 1876, p. 394; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 189; and

Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 153.

Kinosternum scorpoides, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 44 (part.).

Swanka maculata, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. p. 68.

Hab. UNorrn America, New Orleans (Duméril, Strauch)—Mexico, Tabasco (Cope),

Cosamaloapam * (Sallé); Guaremata, Rio Usumacinta (Duméril), Vera Paz

(Bocourt, Salvin), Huamuchal (Salvin); Costa Rica, Sipurio, Old Harbour

(Cope); Panama, Turbo (Smiths. Inst.).—CoLomB1a, Bogota (Dumeéril).

Vernacular name: “ Pochitoque camatotl” (Tabasco).

Shell with a single keel, most prominent on the two last vertebral scutes, and gene-

rally inconspicuous on the middle of the back, which is flat. Convexity of the shell

variable. First vertebral scute as broad as long, sometimes bell-shaped, with the lateral

margins concave. Sternum not emarginate behind, the two lobes being attached to the

fixed portion by well-developed straight joints. Central part of the sternum rather shorter

than either of the two lobes. Gular plate large, generally about as long as the median

suture of the front lobe. Axillary and inguinal scutes barely touching each other or

entirely separate.

The tail is very long and thick in the male, and armed with a large curved claw ; it

is much smaller, tubercular, and provided with a small claw in the female. Head

greyish brown above, mottled with yellowish; jaws without spots, either uniform

yellowish or horn-coloured or blackish; the throat is sparsely mottled with brownish.

Besides some specimens the origin of which is either unknown or uncertain, I have

before me a series of seven examples collected by M. Sallé in Mexico and by Mr. Salvin

in Guatemala; they are the types of Gray’s Swanka maculata. The shell of the longest

is 54 inches long.

9. Cinosternum brevigulare, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. A.)

Hab. Mexico, Playa Vicente (Sai/é). |

This species is distinguished, first by having a scarcely movable hind lobe, which is

attached to the sternum by a suture rather than by a joint, and secondly by the shortness

of the gular plate, the length of which is only two fifths of the median suture of the

front lobe. Shell with a distinct broad keel; first vertebral as long as broad; axillary

and inguinal scutes separate. Head brown above, marbled with whitish on the sides;

jaws whitish ; throat slightly mottled with brownish.

* This is a town on the banks of the Papaloapan river. The latter name has become “ Papalco Apoia ” in

Gray’s Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. p. 68!

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., May 1889. *3

18 CROCODIILA.

The type of this well-characterized species is a female 37 inches long, and had been

placed by Dr. Gray as his Swanka scorpoides.

10. Cinosternum cobanum, sp.n. (Tab. XVIII. fig. B.)

Hab. Guaremaua, Coban (Salvin), Cahabon (Sarg).

Shell moderately convex, with an obtuse vertebral keel. First vertebral scute a little

broader than long. Hind lobe of the sternum attached to the fixed portion by a suture,

the two rami of which distinctly converge towards the middle. Gular plate short, as

long as the interpectoral suture, much broader than long. Axillary and inguinal in

contact. Sternum without notch behind. Jaws uniform whitish.

This species seems to represent C. leucostomum in Alta Vera Paz; although founded

on only two specimens, of which the largest is not quite 2 inches long, the distinguishing

characters are sufficiently well developed. The smaller specimen from Coban is figured.

Order CROCODILIA.

Sumichrast (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, v. 1880, p. 170) gives the following account of

the occurrence, &c. of the two Crocodilians found in Central America :—

« Whilst the indigenous Crocodile (C. pacificus) inhabits both salt and fresh waters,

estuaries, rivers, and lakes, the Alligator or Huizizil * never inhabits running or brackish

water, but only the bottom of shallow or muddy streams in plains or stagnant pools in

woods. It lies in deep burrows along the banks under the submerged roots of the great

trees. Its character is much more savage than that of the Crocodile, and when disturbed

it leaves its lair and fearlessly attacks an enemy. ‘The Crocodile only rarely does this.

The female defends her young bravely, whether against the attacks of the male, who

never loses an opportunity of devouring them, or that of any other enemy. Crocodiles

frequently live in numerous herds in the estuaries along the edge of the sea, while the

Alligator’s habits are solitary and nocturnal. On finding itself captured it becomes

furious, lashing out violently with its tail and giving vent to a sort of hollow threatening

erunt, and though it never attains so large a size as the Crocodile is more difficult to

take. The food consists of fish, crustacea, and aquatic insects, and I have frequently

found its stomach full of sand, gravel, and water-plants.

“The iris is of a greenish grey as in the Crocodile. Age does not make any great

change in its form or the shape of its head.”

* The word “ Huizizil” is of Aztec origin; among the ancient Mexicans it was applied to the Humming-bird.

+ The largest individuals I have observed do not exceed 1°72 metre.

CROCODILUS. 19

CROCODILUS.

Crocodilus, auct.

1. Grocodilus americanus, Schneid.

The American Crocodile has a most extensive geographical distribution. It is found

in the large West-Indian Islands, and is very common on the Atlantic side of Mexico and

Central America*; on the Pacific side it extends southwards to Ecuador, whence

specimens were brought by Mr. Fraser. Naturally, a species of so wide a range

exhibits no inconsiderable amount of variation, especially in the comparative length of the

snout, in the more or less regular arrangement of the lateral dorsal scutes, in the promi-

nence of the keels of the scutes, and in the development (as regards number and size) of

the scutes protecting the neck. The last of these characters is the least trustworthy of

all, and therefore I am not prepared to admit the species named Crocodilus mexicanus by

Bocourt. ‘Lhe variations in the width of the skull are all the more perplexing, as evi-

dently a great change takes place in this respect during the growth of the individual.

From specimens less than one foot in length little information is to be gained, but as they

grow the snout is more produced and becomes comparatively narrow. This goes on until

they have attained a length of five or six feet. About that period the growth of bone is

slower in the longitudinal axis of the jaw than in the transverse, and the jaws increase in

width as the animal becomes older. It is therefore necessary in the utilization of this

character to compare specimens of the same size and presumably of the same age.

Induced by the labours of the French naturalists who distinguished several species of

the Central-American Crocodile, I re-examined a very large series (34 specimens), and

came to the conclusion that at least two forms, a long-snouted anda broad-snouted, could

be distinguished, although even these two forms cannot be sharply defined, all having,

besides, one important character in common by which the American Crocodile can always

be recognized, namely, the longitudinal elevation of bone along the fronto-nasal region.

For the long-snouted form the subspecific term of acutus, and for the broad-snouted

that of moreletii + may be chosen, and it may be useful to indicate in the accompanying

table the amount of variation which attains in each of these two forms.

* Wyman (Sill. Journ. vol. 49, 1870, p. 105) records the occurrence of Crocodilus acutus on the coast of

Florida, and describes a skull 18} inches long, comparing it with one of similar size from South America. As

the Floridan skull is much narrower than any I have examined of C. acutus, and resembles in this respect the

Crocodile of the Orinoco, I have some hesitation in referring the Floridan Crocodile to C. acutus.

+ Wiegmann, Herpetol. Mex. p. 22, and Strauch, Syn. Crocodil. p. 41, maintain that Crocodilus rhombifer is

common in Mexico and other parts of Central America. This statement rests evidently on a confusion of the

Cuban species with the proad-snouted form of C. americanus. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the

CO. rhombifer of Cuba is peculiar to that island. It lacks the longitudinal rise of the fronto-nasal region, and

the dorsal scutes form four regular longitudinal series besides one or two irregular lateral rows. Duméril’s

statement as to the shortness of the web between the outer hind toes in Cuban specimens, I am unable to confirm ;

this membrane shrinks in dry specimens, but in our Cuban Crocodiles it is as much developed as in C. acutus,

or nearly so. Finally, I may remark that the skull on which Cuvier founded C, rhombifer may prove to be

nothing but a short-snouted C. americanus.

*32

20 CROCODILIA.

Variations in the form of the head in Crocodilus americanus.

acutus, Cuv., =pacificus, Boe. moreletit, Dum., =meaicanus, Boc.

rms in

Hab. Size. Fengtit - of oh Hab. Size. in git nenated

of head. of head.

in. in.

a. Jamaica ...... 10 13 1: 3h

6. Nicaragua...... 11 13 1: 3}

c. Mazatlan ...... 14 2h 1: 33

d. West Ecuador ..| 20 31 1:44

e. Jamaica ...... 28 41 1:4 on. in.

f. Chepo ........ 28 5 1:44 a. Mexico ........ 294 4 1: 32

g. Tehuantepec....; 29 4 1:4 b. Mexico ........ 324 41 1: 32

h. Presidio ...... 37 6 1:41 c. Mexico ........ 38 5 1:3}

4. Presidio ...... 43 7 1:4, || d. Mexico ........ 421 54 1:3)

k. Guatemala ....| 57 9 1:44

1. Jamaica ...... 93 14 1:4

? eee 103 15 1: 33

n. 2 eee 105 16 1: 32

o. Paeifie Coast.... ? 17 1: 35%

p. Greytown ...... 1334 194 1: 3h e. Mexico ........ ? 20 1: 24

a. Crocodilus americanus, var. acutus.

Crocodilus americanus plumieri, Schneid. Hist. Amph. fasc. 2, p. 167.

Le Crocodile de Saint-Domingue, Geoffr. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. ii. 1808, p. 53, t. 87. fig. 1;

Descourtilz, Voy. d’un Naturaliste, vol. iii. 1809, p. 11 et seqq. pls. 2-5.

Crocodilus acutus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. x. 1807, p. 55, t. 1. figs. 8 & 14, t. 2. fig.5; Geoffr.

ibid. p. 79; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. génér. iii. p. 119; Ramon de la Sagra, Cuba, Rept. p. 62,

t. 5.

Crocodilus biscutatus, Cuv. 1. c. p. 58, t. 2. fig. 6.

Crocodilus americanus, Gray, Cat. Tort. 1844, p. 60; Dum. & Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 30,

t. 8. fig. 1 and t. 9. fig. 1.

Crocodilus pacificus, Dum. & Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 31, t. 9. fig. 5; Sumichrast, Bull.

Soc. Zool. v. 1880, p. 171.

Hab. Mextco, Mazatlan, Presidio (Forrer), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast); GUATEMALA

* The width of the snout is taken on the level of the tenth upper tooth.

T This figure is again referred to as representing C. moreletii on p. 37, and it will be difficult to decide for

which it was intended.

CROCODILUS.—ALLIGATOR. 21

(Salvin) ; Nicaragua (Richardson); Panama, Chepo river (Arcé).—CoLoMBIA

Cartagena (Duméril & Bibron); Waustern Ecuapor (Fraser); ANTILLES, Cuba

(Ramon de la Sagra), Jamaica (Brit. Mus.), San Domingo and Martinique

(Duméril & Bibron) ; Marcarira Istanp and Trripap (Lamon de la Sagra).

Vernacular name: “ Lagarto” (Guatemala).

g. Crocodilus americanus, var. moreletii.

Crocodilus rhombifer (nec Cuv.), Wiegm. Herpetol. Mex. p. 22; Strauch, Synops. Crocodil. p. 41

(part. ).

Crocodilus moreletii, A. Dum. Arch. Mus. vi. p. 255, t.20; Dum. & Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 37, t. 9. figg. 2, 3.

Alligator lacordairei, Preudhomme de Borre, Bull. Ac. Sc. Belg. xxviii. 1869, p. 109, c. t. (pull.).

Crocodilus mexicanus, Dum. & Bocourt, 1. c. p. 34, t. 8. fig. 3.

Hab. Mexico (Brit. Mus.), Alvarado river (Deppe), Tampico (Bocourt); British

Honpuras, Belize (Preudh. de Borre); Guaremata, Lake of Peten (Morelet), Rio

Polochic, East Guatemala (Bocourt).

ALLIGATOR.

Alligator, Cuv.

1. Alligator punctulatus.

Jacaretinga punctulatus, Spix, Anim. Nov. p. 2, tab. 2.

Alligator punctulatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 91 ; Strauch, Synops. Crocod. p. 24.

Champsa vallifrons, Natterer, Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. p. 822, t. 24.

Champsa punctulata, Natterer, 1. c. p. 823, t. 25.

Jacare longiscutata, Gray, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 164, t. 34.

Jacare ocellata, Gray, |. c. pl. 33.

Jacare punctulata, Gray, 1. c. p. 165.

Alligator chiapasius, Bocourt, Journ. Zool. 1876, v. p. 400; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. 1880, v.

p- 170.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec and Chiapas (Swmichrast); GuaTemata, Huamuchal

(Salvin). —Venezunta, Lake Valencia; British Guiana (Schomburgk, Brit. Mus.) ;

Bourvia, Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Gray); Brazit, Solimoens River (Spx), Rio

Branco and Rio Negro (Natterer); ARGENTINE Repusuic (Christie) ; MARTINIQUE

(Plée); Trixtpap (Mus. Paris.).

Vernacular name: “ Lagarto” (Guatemala, Panama).

This species seems to range from the head waters of the Parana and Paraguay

through Brazil and Northern South America to Southern Mexico.

22 LACERTILIA.

Order LACERTILIA.

Fam. TEJIDZ.

AMEIVA.

Ameiva, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. v. p. 92.

1. Ameiva surinamensis. (Tab. XIX.)

Seps surinamensis, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 59.

Tejus ameiva, Wied, Reise Bras. i. p. 88, ii. p. 337; Spix, Lacert. Bras. p. 21, t. 23.

Tejus lateristriga, Spix, |. c. p. 22, t. 24. fig. 1.

Tejus triteniatus, Spix, l. c. p. 22, t. 24. fig. 2.

Ameiva vulgaris, Dum. & Bibr. v. p. 100.

Ameiva surinamensis, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 18; Cope, Proc. Ac. N.S. Phil. 1862, p. 67.

Ameiva guttata, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 18.

Cnemidophorus presignis*, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 129; Girard, U. S.

Naval & Astron. Exped. ii. p. 227, t. 88; Hallowell, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1860,

p. 483.

Ameiva presignis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 67; Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vii. 1876,

p. 157.

Ameiva presigna, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex. Rept. p. 265, t. 20. fig. 9.

Cnemidophorus maculatus +, Fischer, Verh. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. iii. 1879, p. 95, t. 4.

Hab. Nicaraeua (Cope); Costa Rica (Brit. Mus.) ; Panama, Chagres (B. & G.).

Abdominal scutes in ten longitudinal series; none of the scales on the throat are

conspicuous for their size, but they increase somewhat in size in the posterior rows; a

broad band of granular scales separates them from the scales of the collar-fold, which

are rather small, in three or more series. Nostril between two scutes; supraorbitals

four. Humeral scutes in about three longitudinal series.

The coloration of this species varies greatly, not only according to the locality, but

also with age and individually. Thus the British Museum possesses specimens from

Costa Rica 6 inches long (without tail), which agree entirely in coloration with the figure

given by Girard of a specimen from Chagres (C. presignis). Another specimen, which is

figured on Pl. XIX., from the same locality, and was obtained with the others, but

* This synonymy is not intended to include the binomial names of all the varieties (real or supposed) of

this widely-spread species, which have been introduced chiefly by American authors, but only such as, like

“presignis,’ have been intended for Central-American specimens.

t I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. Pagenstecher and Dr. Fischer for the opportunity of comparing one

of the types with our specimens.

AMEIVA. 23

7 inches long (without tail), is, without any question, the same species; yet its coloration

is very different. Instead of a light vertebral line, a series of bluish-white spots occupies

the middle of the back; similar spots, edged with black, and arranged in irregular trans-

verse series, ornament the flanks, very faint traces of lateral light longitudinal bands

being still visible. The head and anterior part of the trunk and fore limbs are imma-

culate. Lower parts yellowish white, the scutes of the two outer rows black, each with

a large bluish-white spot in the centre. Upper side of the hind limbs and tail with

bluish-white specks.

This species ranges from Montevideo (Darwin), through Paraguay, Brazil, the Guianas

into the southern part of Central America, and is one of the most common Lizards of

the Tropical-American Region.

2. Ameiva gabbiana.

Ameiva gabbiana, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 117, t. 28. fig. 3 (head).

Hab, Costa Rica, Old Harbour (Cope).

Abdominal scutes in eight longitudinal series; preeanal region protected by a large

round scute, with two or three smaller ones in front. Scales in the middle of the throat

but little larger than the others; anterior margin of the collar with a transverse row of

large scales. Nostril between two scutes ; supraorbitals three. Humeral scutes in one

series. ‘Two lateral light bands separated by a darker shade than that of the dorsal

interval, and crossed, like the side below the lower line, by black bars. Below

immaculate, or with black spots on the gular region.”

3. Ameiva undulata.

Cnemidophorus undulatus, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 27 ; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 454.

Ameiva vulgaris, Dum. & Bibr. iv. p. 100.

? Ameiva pulchra, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 483 ; Cope, ibid. 1862, p. 62.

Ameiva undulata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 62; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p- 254, t. 20. fig. 7, and 20s. fig. 1; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. 1880, p. 177.

Hab. Muxico, Oaxaca (Bocourt), Vera Cruz (Cope), Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumi-

chrast); GUATEMALA, Peten and Isabal (Bocourt), Duefias, Coban, and Lanquin

(Salvin); Hoypuras (Brit. Mus.); Sanvabor (Bocourt); Nicaraeua (Hallowelt) ;

Costa Rica, Irazu (Brit. Mus.).

Abdominal scutes in eight longitudinal series; the preanals of small size, in

several transverse rows. A patch of enlarged scales occupies the middle of the throat,

and scales of similar size occupy the anterior margin of the collar. Nostril between

two scutes; supraorbitals three. Humeral scutes in one main series, accompanied

by some smaller scutes, but separated by a granular interspace from the pectoral

scutes.

24 LACERTILIA.

One of the commonest and most generally distributed species of Central America,

extending southwards into Venezuela and Ecuador.

Very common in woods about the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumichrast) ; common

at Duefias, Coban, and Lanquin, in Guatemala (Salvin).

4. Ameiva festiva.

Ameiva festiva, Lichtenst. Nomencl. Rept. Mus. Berol. p. 13; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii.

1876, p. 117.

Ameiva eutropia, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 62.

Ameiva edwardsii, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. xvu. 1873, art. 17.

Ameiva festivus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 260, t. 20 a. fig. 10, and t. 20 p. fig. 3.

Hab. Guatemata, lower forests of Vera Paz (Salvin), Rio de la Pasion, Rio Polochic;

Costa Rica (Cope); Panama, Veragua (Ler/. MJus.).

Abdominal scutes in eight longitudinal series; three large przeanals, one in front of

the two others. A patch of enlarged scales occupies the middle of the throat, and is

surrounded by very small scales. Supraorbitals three. Anterior margin of the collar

covered with large scales. Nostril between two scutes. Humeral scutes in one series,

separated by a granular interspace from the pectoral scutes.

‘This species is scarcer and less generally distributed than A. undulata, and extends

southwards into Colombia (Cope).

5. Ameiva quadrilineata.

Cnemidophorus quadrilineatus, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 488.

Ameiva quadrilineata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 61.

Hab. Nicaracva (Hallowell).

Abdominal scutes in eight longitudinal series; the praanals disposed in a single

series, the posterior being the largest. A patch of enlarged scales occupies the middle

of the throat ; they are numerous, and graduate into the smaller ones. Supraorbitals

three, sometimes a minute posterior fourth. Collar bordered by two series of enlarged

scales. Humeral scutes in one main series. “Two narrow yellow lines on each side ;

the superior from the superciliary margin, convergent on the nuchal region, the inferior

from the orbit, interrupted by the femur, continued on the base of the tail, bounded

above and beneath by black. Inferior lateral region black, greenish vermiculated.

Back posteriorly varied with black.”

A. quadrilineata was founded upon young specimens, the bodies of which are only 16

lines long; and Bocourt is quite right in regarding the species as a very doubtful one

(Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 295); he himself notices, under the name proposed by Hallowell,

a young specimen from Veragua, but thinks that this as well as the types may prove to

be young A. undulata.

AMEIVA.—CNEMIDOPHORUS. 25

[Ameiva edracantha, Bocourt (Ann. Sc. Nat. 1873, xix. art. 4; Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 263, t. 204. fig. 6), founded on a specimen in the Paris Museum which is

said to have been brought from Mexico, occurs, in fact, near Guyaquil, where two

specimens were collected by Fraser. This species, therefore, is extralimital, and I

may mention on this occasion that the spinous lateral preeanal scales are a sexual

character, the female having flat preanals of the usual form. |

CNEMIDOPHORUS.

Cnemidophorus, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. v. p. 123.

While the Ameivas rarely leave the interior of woods, and are never seen in barren

places, the Mexican species of Cnemidophorus are generally found in open and sunny

spots, on the sandy banks of rivers, or among clear thickets (Sumichrast).

1. Cnemidophorus sex-lineatus*.

Lacerta sex-lineata, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12,1. p. 864; Harlan, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc, Philad. vi. 1827,

p. 18.

Ameiva sex-lineata, Holbrook, N.-Amer. Herpet. 1836, p. 63, t. 6, and 2nd edit. 1842, p. 109, t. 15.

Cnemidophorus sex-lineatus, Dum. & Bibr. v. p. 181; Gray, Lizards, p. 21; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se.

Philad. 1866, p. 8303; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 273, t. 20c. fig. 11.

Cnemidophorus gularis, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 128; and U.S. Mex. Bound.

Surv., Rept. t. 34. figg. 1-6.

Cnemidophorus perplexus, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 128.

Cnemidophorus mexicanus, Peters, Berl. MB. 1869, p. 62 t.

Cnemidophorus communis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xvi. 1877, p. 95.

Cnemidophorus angusticeps, Cope, |. c.

Hab. Norma America, Southern United States—Mexico, Presidio (forrer), Colima

(Bocourt), Matamoras (U. S. Nat. Mus.), Guadalaxara, Cordova, and Yucatan

(Cope); GuateMALa, Coban (Cope).

Abdominal scutes in eight longitudinal series; scales in the middle of the throat

somewhat enlarged, and gradually passing into the smaller lateral scales. A marginal

* Bocourt includes in the synonymy of this species a number of other names which have been created by

American authors on very slight grounds. I fully agree with him as to their value, but it will be difficult to

determine to which species they should be referred. From the character of the descriptions and figures I regard

the task as impossible, the more so as it appears from Yarrow’s ‘ Check-list of N orth-American Reptilia in the

U.S. National Museum,’ that the majority of the types of Baird’s and Girard’s species have not been preserved,

+ Having some doubts as to the propriety of including this among the synonyms of C. sev-lineatus, I asked

Prof. von Martens for information ; and from his report it appears not only that the specimens of C. mexicanus

are identical with those in the British Museum which were collected by Herr Forrer at Presidio, but also that

Peters himself left a note on the bottle containing them that they were not distinct from C. gularis (B. & G.)

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Rept., August 1885. #4

26 LACERTILIA.

row of rather small scutes along the collar-fold ; other smaller scutes or scales in front

of it. Nostril in one scute; supraorbitals four. Humeral scutes in four longitudinal

series, passing by somewhat smaller scales into the pectoral scutes. Three large

preanals surrounded by smaller ones. The scales of the tail strongly keeled, the

keels being distinctly subdiagonal, and terminating in a posterior projection.

The typical coloration consists in three straight bluish-white lines on each side of the

body, of which the middle starts from the superciliary margin. In some localities this

coloration is common to the adult male as well as to the female, the former having,

however, often a dark blue or blackish chest or abdomen. In other localities the male

assumes a gayer style of coloration; the longitudinal lines are more or less incomplete or

disappear, and the body is prettily ornamented with bluish or greenish spots on a black

ground-colour on the sides, and on a brown ground on the back. Throat and abdominal

scutes variegated with bluish-black.

Common and widely spread in the Southern United States.

Var. tessellata.

Cnemidophorus tessellatus, Say in Pittsb. Exped. Rock. Mount. 1823, ui. p. 351.

Cnemidophorus sackii, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 29; Peters, Berl. MB. 1869, p. 63.

Cnemidophorus tigris, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1852, p. 69 ; U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv.,

Rept. t. 33.

Cnemidophorus gracilis, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1852, p. 128; U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv.,

Rept. t. 34. figg. 7-14.

Cnemidophorus melanostethus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1863, p. 104.

Hab. Norva America, California, Texas, Colorado.—Mexico (Wiegmann, U. S. Nat.

Mus.).

This variety grows to a larger size than the typical C\ sex-lineatus, and in large

specimens (5 inches long, without tail) the longitudinal lines may disappear altogether,

leaving merely a pattern consisting of black irregular transverse spots. ‘The snout also

is longer, which is especially visible in the greater length of the postnasal scute; but

this is by no means a constant character.

2. Cnemidophorus costatus.

Cnemidophorus costatus, Cope, Journ. Am. Phil. Soc. 1877, p. 95.

Hab. Mexico.

“A few rows of large scales on the collar, of which the marginal is the largest; two

preoculars and a freno-ocular, four supraorbitals; similar to C. communis (C. sea-

lineatus), but head shorter and scuta wider; brown, with black cross bands on sides,

which join across the middle on the lumbar region; sacral region and femora white

spotted.” |

CNEMIDOPHORUS. 27

“The short head of this species is accompanied by an abbreviation of the sutures of

mutual contact of the fronto-nasal and internasal pairs of scuta, which is not seen in

the other allied species.”

3. Cnemidophorus deppii.

Cnemidophorus deppii, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 28; Peters, Berl. MB. 1869, p. 62; Bocourt,

Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 281, t. 20. figg. 3, t. 20c. figg. 5; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.

1880, p. 177.

Cnemidophorus octolineatus, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 255 *.

? Cnemidophorus decem-lineatus, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 482.

Cnemidophorus immutabilis, Cope, Journ. Am. Phil. Soc. 1877, p. 98.

Cnemidophorus lativittis, Cope, 1. c. p. 94.

Hab. Mexico, Colima (Bocourt), Tehuantepec (Swmichrast); Eastern GUATEMALA

(Bocourt); Sauvapor (Bocourt); tNicaraevua (Hallowell).—VENEZUELA, Caracas

(Brit. Mus.).

Abdominal scutes in six series anteriorly and in eight posteriorly; scales in the

middle of the throat somewhat enlarged, and gradually passing into the smaller lateral

scales. Collar covered by three or four series of enlarged scales. Nostril in one scute ;

supraorbitals three, rarely fourf. Humeral scutes in four longitudinal series, separated

by a narrow granular fold from the pectoral scutes; three large preanals. The scales

of the tail are strongly keeled, the keels being very slightly oblique. Body with eight

or nine parallel bluish-white lines, nearly as broad as the interspaces between them.

4, Cnemidophorus lineatissimus.

Cnemidophorus lineatissimus, Cope, Journ. Am. Phil. Soc. 1877, p. 94.

Hab. Mexico, Colima, Guadalaxara (Cope).

“Several rows of large scales on the collar, the border row not larger nor much

smaller; two preoculars; no freno-ocular; three supraorbitals ; larger gulars extending

across throat; superior preocular not descending to labials; postbrachials large, con-

tinuous with brachials; femorals with eight rows; black, with ten or eleven pale

bands; sides and femora pale spotted; throat black. The muzzle is rather acute, but

not elongate, and the fronto-nasals have considerable mutual contact. The larger and

smaller gulars are abruptly distinguished from each other, and the former are smaller

than the scales of the collar. The frenal plates form a circle surrounding a large

median scute, of which the two posterior plates are the largest. There is a space

between the two submedian lines, which is often divided by a median line. Below the

lowest line the sides are black, with large light spots, open below.”

* Said to have four supraorbitals (Cope, Journ. Am. Phil. Soc. 1877, p. 95).

+ A specimen in the Brussels Museum from Mexico shows distinctly a small fourth supraorbital.

*4 2

28 LACERTILIA.

5. Cnemidophorus mariarum. (Tab. XX.)

Hab. Mexico, Tres Marias Islands (Forrer).

Abdominal scutes in eight longitudinal and in thirty-eight transverse series. Scales

of the middle of the throat but little larger than the others. Collar covered by three

or four series of enlarged scales. Nostril in one scute. Snout narrow and long in

adult specimens, and comparatively shorter in young ones. Loreal with the postero-

inferior angle detached. Supraorbitals four; temporal scales granular; scales of the

body unusually small; the scales of the tail with a rather weak keel, which runs nearly

parallel to the lateral margins of the scale. Humeral scutes in five or six longitudinal

series, separated from the pectoral scutes by a granular fold; femoral scutes in ten or

twelve series. Femoral pores twenty-one. ‘Three preanals.

The young have six narrow whitish lines, of which the dorsal pair are very faint ;

the two outer lines take their origin from behind the eye, and are separated by

a blackish band; the lower parts are uniform white. In very large specimens

(44 inches long, without tail) the bands have nearly disappeared, the sides being

coarsely marbled with greenish-white and black; upper side of the hind legs with

round greyish-white spots; lower parts nearly uniform black, or black marbled with

ereenish-white.

Herr Forrer brought five specimens of different sizes and ages.

6. Cnemidophorus guttatus. (Tab. XXI.)

Cnemidophorus guttatus, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 29; Peters, Berl. MB. 1869, p. 62.

Cnemidophorus microlepidopus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xvii. 1877, p. 93; Sumichrast, Bull.

Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 177.

Cnemidophorus unicolor, Cope, 1. c.; Sumichrast, 1. ¢.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec and Huamelula (Sumichrast), Vera Cruz (rit. Mus.).

Abdominal scutes in eight series; scales of the middle of the throat somewhat

enlarged, and gradually passing into the small lateral scales. Collar covered by three

or four series of enlarged scales. Nostril in one scute; supraorbitals three. Humeral

scutes in three or four longitudinal series, separated by a narrow granular fold from the

pectoral scutes; three large preanals. The scales of the tail are strongly keeled, the

keels not projecting behind, and having a subdiagonal direction. Young specimens

have the lines of the body very indistinct, but there is generally a white line running

along the middle of the posterior side of the thigh, and continued along the side of

the tail. They have also frequently four spots on the edge of the ear-opening, and

one or two others between the ear and the eye. In old specimens the longitudinal

lines may disappear altogether, or be indicated by series of white spots only.

CNEMIDOPHORUS.—ARGALIA. 29

7. Cnemidophorus inornatus.

Cnemidophorus inornatus, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 255; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.

xvi. 1877, p. 93.

Hab. Norta Mexico, Nuevo Leon (Baird).

Four supraorbitals. Scales on the gular fold smaller than those on the breast

anteriorly, and scarcely larger than those on the middle of the chin. Scales of the

back tuberculated and elevated. Light greenish-olive, paler beneath. No lines on

the body.

GYMNOPHTHALMUS.

Gymnophthalmus, Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amphib. p. 74.

Of the six species known, three are West-Indian, two South-, and one Central-

American.

1. Gymnophthalmus sumichrasti.

Epaphelus sumichrasti, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1876, p. 115.

Gymnophthalmus sumichrasti, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 471, t. 224u. fig. 2.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec; West GuaTEMALA.— VENEZUELA (Brit. Mus.).

Sumichrast says that he has but rarely met with this lizard near Cacoprieto under

rotting trunks in the forest. |

TRETIOSCINCUS.

Tretioscincus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 184.

Beside the Nicaraguan species, only one other, from Colombia (TZ. difasciatus, A.

Dum.), is known.

1. Tretioscincus levicauda.

Tretioscincus levicauda, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xi. 1870, p. 557.

Hab. NiIcaRAGUA.

ARGALIA.

Argalia, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, xvii. p. 67.

1. Argalia pecilochilus.

Gerrhonotus pecilochilus, Lichtenst. Nomencl. Rept. Mus. Berol. p. 16.

Ecpleopus (Argalia) pecilochilus, Peters, Abhandl. Berl. Ak. 1863, p. 218.

Hab. Panama, Veragua.— VENEZUELA.

30 LACERTILIA.

ANADIA.

Anadia, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 58.

Chalcidolepis, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1876, viii. p. 116.

1. Anadia metallica.

Chalcidolepis metallicus, Cope, |. c. t. 24. fig. 5, t. 28. fig. 2.

Ecpleopus (Chalcidolepis) metallicus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 371.

Hab. Costa Rica, Aguacate Mountains.

Fam, LEPIDOPHYMIDA.

LEPIDOPHYMA.

Lepidophyma, A. Duméril, Cat. Méth. Rept. Mus. Paris, 1851, p. 137.

Xanthusia, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 255.

Poriodogaster, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 154.

1. Lepidophyma flavomaculatum.

Lepidophyma flavomaculatum, A. Dum. 1. c. p. 188; Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1852, p. 409, t. 17;

Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 306, t. 20 F. figg. 2; Sumichrast, Bibl. Univ. et Suisse,

1873, p. 251.

Poriodogaster grayi, Gray, 1. c. t. 21; Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 307.

Lepidophyma smithii, Bocourt, Journ. Zool. 1876, p. 403; Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 809, t. 20 Fr.

figg. 8, and t. 204. figg. 2; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 178.

Lepidophyma, sp., F. Miller, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, 1878, p. 390, t. 1 & 2.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast); GuateMaLa, Peten (Morelet), Mazatenango

(Miller); Panama (Peters).

Sumichrast (/.¢) has given an account of the habits of this very singular type of

Lizards.

Fam. AMPHISBENIDZ.

CHIROTES.

Chirotes, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. v. p. 472.

1. Chirotes canaliculatus.

Bipes canaliculatus, Bonnat. Encycl. Erpét. p. 68, t. 12.

Lacerta lumbricoides, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vi. t. 212.

Lacerta mexicana, Donndorf, Zool. Beitr. iii. p. 135.

Chirotes canaliculatus, Merr. Tent. p. 181; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. p. 474; Bocourt, Miss. Sc.

Mex., Rept. p. 487, t. 21c. fig. 8.

Chirotes lumbricoides, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. p. 278; Long, Exped. Rock. Mount. i. p. 484; Gray,

Cat. Tort. &c. 1884, p. 74.

Hab. Nortu America, Platte River (Zong).—MeExico.

Very rare.

AMPHISBANA.—MOCOA. 31

AMPHISBASNA.

Amphisbena, Linneus.

Of the numerous South-American species only one is known to penetrate north-

wards into the southernmost part of Central America. It is perhaps the most common

of South-American Amphisbeenas.

1. Amphisbeena fuliginosa.

Amphisbena fuliginosa, Linn. Syst. Nat.; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 489, t. 21. figg. 5 & 6.

Hab. Panama (Bocourt).

Fam. SCINCIDE.

MOCOA.

Mocoa, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 80.

1. Mocoa lateralis.

Scincus lateralis, Say in Long’s Exped. Rocky Mount. 2nd ed. ii. 18238, p. 349.

Lygosoma lateralis, Dum. & Bibr. v. p.719; Holbr. N. Amer. Rept. 2nd ed. i. p. 1338, t. 19;

Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 446, t. 22 r. figg. 3.

Mocoa lateralis, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 83.

Oligosoma gemmingerii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1864, p. 180.

Lygosoma (Mocoa) gemmingerii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 449.

Hab. Norta America, Southern States.—Mexico, Orizaba and Tehuantepec (Sumi-

chrast), Jalapa (Hége).

Found in temperate forests (Sumichrast).

2. Mocoa assata.

Lampropholis assatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1864, p. 179.

Mocoa lateralis (sp. affinis), Miiller, Kat. Mus. Basel, 1878, p, 628.

Lygosoma (Mocoa) assata, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 450, t. 22 ¥. fig. 7.

Mocoa assata, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad., viii. 1876, p. 115; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. ‘Zool. Fr.

v. 1880, p. 179.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast) ; GuaTEMALA, Rio Motagua (Salvin & Godman),

Atitlan, Solola, Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt); Satvapor, Volcan de Isalco (Dow).

Very common in the neighbourhood of Santa Efigenia and Tapana (Sumichrast).

32 LACERTILIA.

EUMECES.

Eumeces (Wiegmann), Peters, MB. Berl. Akad. 1864, p. 48.

1. Eumeces lynxe.

Euprepes lynxe, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 36.

Plestiodon quinquelineatum, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v. p. 707; Dugés, La Naturaleza, 1870, p. 144.

Eumeces lynze, Peters, 1. c. p. 49; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 487, t. 22 .

Hab. Mexico, mountain districts to 12,000 feet (Sumichrast), Guanajuato (Dugeés).

2. Kumeces brevirostris. (Tab. XXII. fig. B.)

Mabouia brevirostris, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 316.

Eumeces brevirostris, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 439, t. 22 a. figg. 7, and t. 22s. fig. 1a.

Hab. Mzxico, Ciudad in Durango (Forrer), Oaxaca (Sallé).

Scales round the middle of the trunk in twenty-four series. Postnasal absent, post-

mental not divided. Generally two pairs of enlarged nuchal scales; subcaudals large.

Back brown; along each side a black band, commencing from the nostril and disap-

pearing at the root of the tail; it is bordered by a yellowish-white line above and

below, the upper border running along the canthus rostralis, the lower along the upper

labials. Tail with a bluish tinge; lower parts whitish.

3. Humeces bocourti. (Tab. XXII. fig. C.)

Eumeces bocourtii, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1888, xi. p. 34:2.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio (forrer).

Scales round the middle of the trunk in twenty-six series. Postnasal present, but

small; postmental undivided. Two pairs of enlarged nuchal scales ; subcaudals scarcely

enlarged. Bronze-coloured above; sides with a brownish band, which disappears on

the hinder part of the body; anteriorly it is bordered above by a faint yellowish line.

Lower parts whitish.

4. Kumeces callicephalus.

Eumeces callicephalus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 431, t. 22 p. fig. 2, and t. 22 u, fig. 2.

Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato (Dugés).

5. Humeces sumichrasti.

Plistodon sumichrasti, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 321.

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Sumichrast).

Sumichrast found only two specimens of this species in the oak-woods at a height of

1800 feet.

6. Humeces dugesii.

Eumeces dugésit, Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philomath. vii. 1883, p. 138.

Hab. Muxico, Guanajuato (Dugés).

EUMECES.—ANELYTROPSIS. 33

7. Eumeces schwartzii.

Eumeces schwartzei, Fischer, Abhandl. naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg-Altona, viii. 1884, Heft 2, p. 3,

t. 7. fig. 1.

Hab. Mexico, Island in the Laguna de los Terminos, Bay of Campeche.

8. Kumeces furcirostris.

Eumeces furcirostris, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 169,

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Jalapa (Cope).

MABUIA.

Mabuya (Fitzinger), Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 93.

1. Mabuia agilis *.

Scincus agilis, Raddi, Mem. Soc. Ital. xix. 1828, p. 62.

Mabuya agilis, Fitz. Neu. Classif. Rept. 1826, p. 23; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 395,

t. 22 B. figg. 2.

Eumeces spixii, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v. p. 642.

Mabouya enea, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 94.

Mabuia unimarginata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1862, p. 187.

Hab. Mexico (Sumichrast, Sallé, Peters), Yucatan (Boucard) ; Guatemata (Bocourt) ,

Panama (Cope), Veragua (Peters).—TropicaL South AMERICA, common and

generally distributed.

Sumichrast (in litt.) writes from Mexico :—‘‘ Common in the tierra caliente of both

coasts ; it lives under the bark of dead trees, under stones, and among the impenetrable

thickets formed by spinous pifiuelas (Yourcroya, sp.).”

2. Mabuia alliacea.

Mabuia alliacea, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. 1876, p. 115.

Hab. Costa Rica, low country (Cope).

Fam. ANELYTROPIDA.

The few species of this family known hitherto are African. The following species

has recently been discovered in Mexico.

ANELYTROPSIS.

Anelytropsis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. + 1885.

* The following synonymy includes references to Central-American specimens only.

+ Thanks to the kindness of Mr. Boulenger I am enabled to take this reference from an advance sheet of a

part of the volume quoted which has not yet been published.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., October 1885. *5

34 LACERTILIA.

1. Anelytropsis papillosus.

Anelytropsis papillosus, Cope, 1. c.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa.

Fam. ANGUIDZ.

DIPLOGLOSSUS.

Diploglossus, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 36.

1. Diploglossus bilobatus.

Celestus bilobatus, O’Shaughn. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1874, xiii. p. 257.

Diploglossus bilobatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 882, t. 22 a. figg. 1.

Hab. Costa Rica (Brit. Mus.).

2. Diploglossus steindachneri, (Tab. XXII. fig. A.)

Diploglossus steindachneri, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 179; Bocourt, l.c. p. 383,

t. 22. figg. 3.

Diploglossus chalybeus, Cope, 1. c. 1866, p. 821; and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 170.

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Sumichrast), Jalapa (Cope); GuaTEMALA, Vera Paz, low forest

(Godman & Salvin), Atitlan (Bocourt).

The specimen from Vera Paz, which we figure here, is coloured differently from the

type. The back is nearly uniform greenish olive, with an indistinct blackish longitu-

dinal line following the middle of the series of scales, and composed of short streaks,

one to each scale. The sides are so densely mottled with whitish and blackish specks

as to almost obliterate the ground-colour. Lower parts bluish white.

Siderolampus enneagrammus, Cope, 1. c. 1860, p. 368, with a body 165 lines long, is

probably the young of this species.

Sumichrast found this Lizard near Orizaba, at an elevation of from 4000 to 6000 feet.

3. Diploglossus monotropis. (Tab. XXIII.)

Scincus monotropis, Kuhl, Beitrag. p. 18.

Diploglossus monotropis, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 36; Peters, Berl. MB. 1864, p. 48; Cope, Proce.

Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1868, p. 98; Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vin. 1876, p. 118; and Proc.

Amer. Phil. Soc. xvii. 1878, p. 92; Bocourt, l. c. p. 391, t. 22. figg. 6.

Camilia jamaicensis, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 119.

Hab. Costa Rica and Istumus or Darien (Cope).—Ecuapor (Mus. Brit., Peters, Cope).

This species, to which Jamaica has been erroneously assigned as its native country,

does not seem to be uncommon in Ecuador, and has been recorded from the east side

of the Isthmus of Darien and Costa Rica by Cope. It is well and fully described by

Bocourt. :

OPHISAURUS.—GERRHONOTUS. , 30

OPHISAURUS.

Ophisaurus, Daudin, Hist. Rept. vii. p. 346.

1. Ophisaurus ventralis.

Glass-Snake, Catesby, Carol. ii. t. 59.

Anguis ventralis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12 ed.i. p. 391.

Ophisaurus ventralis, Daud. 1. c. p. 352, t. 61. figg. 40, 41, & t.88; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v.

p. 425; Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. ii. p. 189; Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 24,

p. 46.

Hab. Nortu America, Southern States—Mexico, Jalapa (U. S. Nat. Mus.).

GERRHONOTUS.

Gerrhonotus, Wiegmann, Herpet. Mex. p. 29.

Abronia, Gerrhonotus, Elgaria, Barisia, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1838, i. pp. 889, 390.

Pterogasterus (Peale & Green), Gerrhonotus, Mesaspis, Barissia, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1878,

Xvli. pp. 96, 97.

This genus is a truly Central-American, or rather Mexican, type, two only out of

seventeen species occurring beyond the northern boundary of Mexico, and only one of

them being more widely and generally spread north than south of that boundary. I have

therefore appended short diagnoses to all the species, except the two following, about

the relations of which to the other species I have not been able to form an opinion :—

Gerrhonotus webbii, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1858, p. 255; and U.S, and

Mex. Bound. Exped., Rept. p. 11, t. 24. figg. 1-10.— Had. San Diego.

Gerrhonotus fulvus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 118. (not Bocourt),

= Gerrhonotus monticolus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1877, p. 97.—Hab. Eastern

Cordillera of Costa Rica (11,500 feet).

The majority of the species are inhabitants of the mountainous or alpine districts,

where they live in oak- and pine-forests, at an altitude varying from 6000 to 12,000

feet, under decaying trunks, or among the large floating tufts of Zillandsia usneoides.

When caught they bite most furiously (Sumechrast).

1. Gerrhonotus deppii.

Gerrhonotus deppiit, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 31, t. 9. fig. 2; Dum. & Bibr. Exp. Gén. v. 398;

Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 325, t. 21a. figg. 3.

Abronia deppii, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 53.

Hab. Mexico (Wiegmann).

Dorsal scales smooth, in ten or eleven longitudinal series. Nasal shield not in

*5 2

36 LACERTILIA.

contact with the rostral. Seven shields on the upper surface of the snout, between

. (3 &supranasal is present besides.

d—d'

the vertical and rostral, disposed thus

2. Gerrhonotus gramineus. (Tab. XXIV. fig. B.)

Gerrhonotus gramineus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 179; Bocourt, loc. p. 830, t. 214.

figg. 6 (part. ?).

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Sumichrast).

Dorsal scales with a very obtuse keel, in fourteen, nuchal scales in four, ventral in

twelve longitudinal series. Nasal shield not in contact with the rostral. Seven shields

on the upper surface of the snout, disposed as in G. tenvatus ; supranasals present. The

groove between the ear and shoulder is covered with very small scales. Green, dorsal

scales blackish at the base and yellowish at the tip; greenish white below. (Iris of the

eye pale-blue: Swmichrast.)

8. Gerrhonotus oaxace. (Tab. XXIV. figg. A, A’, A".)

? Gerrhonotus gramineus, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 330 (part.).

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Boucard).

Closely allied to G. gramineus.

Dorsal scales with a very obtuse keel, in fifteen, nuchal scales in four, ventral in

fourteen longitudinal series. Nasal shield not in contact with the rostral. Seven

shields on the upper surface of the snout, between the vertical and rostral, disposed

a—a!

thus b—

; a supranasal is present besides. Rather large and prominent scales on

d—d

the side of the neck, behind the ear. Uniform olive-bronze-coloured above (ad. @ );

young with irregular brown transverse bands across the neck, body, and tail. Uniform

greenish white below.

4, Gerrhonotus teniatus.

Gerrhonotus teniatus, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 379; and Herpetol. Mex. p. 32, t. 9. fig. 1; Dum. &

Bibr. Erp. Gén. v. p. 899; Bocourt, 1. c. p. 327, t. 21 a. figg. 4, 5.

Hab. Mexico (Wiegmann, Bocourt).

Dorsal scales with avery obscure keel, in fourteen longitudinal series; ventral scales

in twelve, nuchal scales in six series. Nasal shield not in contact with the rostral.

Seven shields on the upper surface of the snout, between the vertical and rostral,

a—a!

disposed thus o— ; a supranasal is present besides. Small granular scales on the

d—d'

sides of the neck, behind the ear.

GERRHONOTUS. 37

5. Gerrhonotus vasconcelosii.

Gerrhonotus (Abronia) vasconcelosi, Bocourt, Nouv. Arch. Mus. 1872, p. 107; Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 334, t. 21. fig. 3, and t. 21 a. figg. 8.

Hab. Guatemata, Argueta in Los Altos (Bocourt).

Dorsal scales with a very obtuse keel, in twelve or thirteen, nuchal scales in six,

ventral in fourteen longitudinal series. Nasal shield not in contact with the rostral.

Scales above the tympanum subconical and short. Seven shields on the upper surface

of the snout, disposed as in G. teniatus; supranasals present. Greenish, with dark cross

bands.

6. Gerrhonotus auritus.

Gerrhonotus auritus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1868, p. 306.

Hab. GUATEMALA, in the neighbourhood of Peten and Coban.

Dorsal scales strongly but finely keeled, in sixteen, nuchal scales in six, ventral in

fourteen longitudinal series. Scales above the tympanum long and pointed. Shields

on the upper surface of the snout as in G. gramineus. Pea-green, with dark angular

cross bands. |

7. Gerrhonotus fimbriatus.

Gerrhonotus auritus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 337, t. 21. fig. 2, and t. 214. fig. 7.

Barissia fimbriata, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 171.

Hab. GuatTEMALa, pine-forests of Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt).

Dorsal scales obtusely keeled, in fourteen, nuchal scales in six, ventral in fourteen

longitudinal series. Nasal shield not in contact with the rostral. Scales above the

tympanum long and pointed. Four pairs of shields on the upper surface of the snout,

between the vertical and rostral; no supranasals. Olive-coloured, with dark angular

cross bands.

8. Gerrhonotus antauges.

Barissia antauges, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 182.

Gerrhonotus viridiflavus, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1878, xvii. art. 2.

Gerrhonotus bocourti, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1876, p. 297.

Gerrhonotus antauges, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 346, t. 21. fig. 4, and t. 21 B. figg. 7.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

Dorsal scales smooth, or very obtusely keeled, in fourteen, ventral in twelve longi-

tudinal series. Nasal shield not in contact with the rostral. ight shields on the

upper surface of the snout, between vertical and rostral, disposed in pairs, of which the

second are the supranasals, sometimes meeting in the middle, at other times separated

from each other by the third pair. Lower parts blackish, anteriorly mottled with yellow.

38 LACERTILIA.

9. Gerrhonotus rudicollis.

Gerrhonotus rudicollis, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 379; and Herpet. Mex. p. 31, t. 10. fig. 1; Bocourt,

Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 367, t. 21 3. figg. 3.

Barissia rudicollis, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 55.

Hab. Mexico (Deppe).

Dorsal scales strongly keeled and, like the ventral, in twelve or fourteen, nuchal in

four or six longitudinal series. Nasal in contact with the rostral; supranasals none.

Three pairs of shields on the upper surface of the snout, between vertical and rostral.

Sides with brown irregular cross bands.

One specimen only is known.

10. Gerrhonotus imbricatus.

Gerrhonotus imbricatus, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 379; and Herpet. Mex. p. 34, t. 10. fige. 2&5;

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v. p. 407; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 363, t. 21. figg. 2.

Gerrhonotus lichenigerus, Wagl. Ic. Amph. t. 84. fig. 2; Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 35, t. 10. fig. 6

(G. adspersus) ; Bocourt, 1. c. p. 865, t. 21 B. figg. 1 (G. imbricata, var.).

Barissia imbricata, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 55.

Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca and Guanajuato (Bocourt), City of Mexico (Brit. Mus.),

Vera Cruz (Boucard), Tehuantepec (Swmichrast).

Dorsal scales keeled, in twelve or fourteen longitudinal series. The nasal is not in

contact with the rostral; supranasals none. ‘Three pairs of shields on the upper

surface of the snout, all very convex.

This well-known species is subject to variation of colour, white dots being irregularly

scattered about the scutes of the head and body. The mental scute is generally

followed by a pair of scutes, more rarely by a single one.

11. Gerrhonotus planifrons.

Gerrhonotus planifrons, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 861, t. 21 c. figg. L.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Boucard).

This form, if it should prove to be a constant modification, differs from the typical

G. imbricatus in having the head-shields flat, and sixteen longitudinal series of dorsal

scales,

12. Gerrhonotus ceruleus. (Tab. XXV. figg. A-D.)

Gerrhonotus ceruleus, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p.379 ; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v. p. 397; Bocourt, Miss.

Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 853, t. 21c. figg. 3.

Gerrhonotus burnetii, Gray in Griff. An. King., Rept. p. 64; and in Beechey’s Voy. Rept. p. 96,

t. 31. fig. 2 (bad) ; and in Cat. Liz. p. 54; Bocourt, 1. c. p. 356, t. 21 c. figg. 4.

GERRHONOTUS. 39

Gerrhonotus mutticarinatus, Blainv. Nouv. Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 1835 » Pp. 289, t. 25. fig. 2 (bad) ;

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v. p. 404; Bocourt, l. c. p. 357, t. 21c. figg. 5.

Elgaria kingii, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 1838, p. 390, and Cat. Liz. p. 54.

Gerrhonotus multifasciatus, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v. p. 401.

Gerrhonotus wiegmanni, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 54.

Tropidolepis scincicauda, Skilton, Amer. Journ. Sc. 1849, vii. p. 202, figg. 1-3 (bad).

Elgaria formosa, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1852, p. 175; and in Wilkes’s U. S. Explor.

Exped., Herp. p. 206, t. 23. figg. 10-17.

Elgaria nobilis, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1852, p. 129.

Gerrhonotus nobilis, Baird & Gir. in U. 8. & Mex. Bound. Exped., Rept. p. 11, t. 25. figg. 1-8.

Elgaria scincicauda, Baird & Gir. in Stansbury, Exped. Utah, p. 348, t. 4. figg. 1-3; and in Wilkes’s

U.S. Expl. Exped., Herp. p. 210, t. 28. figg. 1-9.

Elgaria grandis, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1852, p.176; and in Wilkes’s Explor. Exped.,

Herp. p. 212, t. 22. figg. 1-9.

Elgaria marginata, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1852, p. 179; and in Sitgreave, Exped. Zuni

& Colorado, p. 114, t. 3 (bad).

Gerrhonotus kingii, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 839, t. 21 c. figg. 2.

Hab. Norta America, British Columbia, California, and New Mexico.—Mexico and

along the Pacific side of Cewrran America to Costa Rica, Cartago (Mus. Brit.).

Dorsal scales keeled, in from fourteen to sixteen (seventeen), nuchal and ventral in

twelve longitudinal series. Nasal shield in contact with the rostral. Normally seven

shields on the upper surface of the snout, between the vertical and rostral, which are

( a—a!

(a")

disposed thus < 64—d/ ( ; but this number may be increased by the intercalation of a

a—d' }

central shield a" between the @ and 6 series, or diminished by the confluence of two

shields. Supranasals absent. Also the coloration varies considerably, but generally

the sides, and sometimes also the back, are ornamented with dark or black transverse

stripes, many of the scales composing the bands having yellow or white tips.

The variations in the scutellation of the snout do not indicate local races, but occur

in specimens from the same locality, or an identical scutellation may be found in very

distant localities; being unaccompanied by other characters, these variations are useless

for specific distinction.

The size of the unpaired shield ¢ varies very much, and is sometimes much increased

at the expense of the paired shields in front and behind. It is smallest in the type of

C. burnettii (exact locality unknown) and in a specimen from Vancouver’s Island *; six

other specimens from the same locality and from the mainland opposite have this

* This would be probably the Elgaria principis, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1852, p. 175, and in

Wilkes’s U. 8. Explor. Exped., Herp. p. 214, t. 22. figg. 9-16,

40 LACERTILIA.

shield much larger and so much produced backward as to touch the vertical; and the

same peculiarity occurs in a specimen from some part of the Pacific coast of Central

America, whilst in two other specimens from the same locality the shield is of the

usual size.

Figures of these three last specimens are given on Tab. XXYV, figs. A-C, to show the

variation of the shields :—

In one (figg. A, A’) shield c is of moderate size, a small unpaired shield is intercalated

between a and a’, 6 and 0! are in contact with each other.

In the second (fig. C) ¢ is so much enlarged as to come in contact with the front

central, and to separate 6 and J’.

In the third (fig. B) c is produced backwards, separating d and d’, and 6 and a” are

confluent into one shield.

The last-named anomaly, viz. the confluence of 6 with a”, is of very common occurrence

in Californian specimens.

In specimens called L. grandis, from Oregon, the central shield is much enlarged at

the expense of J—4A', which are small and widely apart from each other.

A specimen from Cartago (Costa Rica) with normal scutellation is figured on

Tab. XXV. fig. D.

All the figures are of the natural size.

13. Gerrhonotus obscurus. (Tab. XXV. figg. E, F’.)

Hab. Mexico (Brit. Mus.).

Dorsal scales keeled, in fourteen longitudinal and fifty (between occiput and root

of tail) transverse series; nuchal scales in eight, ventral in twelve longitudinal ; the

latter in forty-two (between front of humerus and vent) transverse series. Nasal shield

not in contact with the rostral; supranasals present. Seven shields on the upper

a—a!

surface of the snout, between vertical and rostral, disposed thus arn ; ¢ is pro-

d d!

duced backwards, meeting the vertical and separating shields d from each other;

6 and d, and 6’ and d' are in contact. Brown above, with a black median line; sides

and abdomen black, with greenish-white specks and vermiculations. ach of the large

gulars with a greenish-white spot.

Length tothe tympanum . . . . . 14 millim.

- humerus. . . . . . 22 ,,

- vent . . 65

(Tail partly reproduced.)

The specimen is figured of the natural size, but the views of the head are magnified.

GERRHONOTUS. 4]

14. Gerrhonotus moreletii. (Tab. XXIV. fig. C.)

Gerrhonotus wiegmanni, Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 455.

Gerrhonotus moreletii, Bocourt, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Bull. 1872, p. 102; and Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p. 349, t. 21. fig. 1 and t. 21 B. figg. 5.

Gerrhonotus fulvus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 352, t. 21 8. figg. 6.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Bocourt); Guatemata, Lanquin, Duefias, and Rio Chisoy,

below the town of Cubulco (Salvin), Peten (Morelet), pine-forests of Totonicapam

(Bocourt).

Dorsal scales keeled, in twenty, nuchal scales in fourteen or sixteen, ventral in twelve

longitudinal series. Nasal shield not in contact with the rostral. Normally seven

shields on the upper surface of the snout, between the vertical and rostral, which are

a—a!

b—b!

disposed thus , shield ¢ being always large, in contact with the vertical, and

d—d!

sometimes confluent with d and d'. The a and 6 series also show sometimes irregu-

larities of arrangement. Supranasals present. Brownish olive, irregularly marbled and

spotted with black and yellowish.

15. Gerrhonotus liocephalus,

Gerrhonotus liocephalus, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 379; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 342, t. 21a.

figg. 1, 2, 2a.

Scincus (Pterogastenes) ventralis, Peale & Green, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1838, vi. p. 233.

Gerrhonotus tessellatus, Wiegm. Herpetol. Mex. p. 32, t. 10. fig. 3; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v. 1839,

p- 405; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 53; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 321.

Gerrhonotus infernalis, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1858, p, 255; Cope, 1. c. p. 322.

Gerrhonotus ventralis, Cope, l.c. p. 321.

Gerrhonotus ophiurus, Cope, |. c. p. 321.

Gerrhonotus lemniscatus, Bocourt, Nouv. Arch. Mus. 1872, p. 105.

Hab. Nort America, Texas, Devil’s River (Baird)—MeExico, Oaxaca, Guanajuato

(Bocourt), Cordova (Sallé). :

Dorsal scales keeled, in sixteen, ventral in twelve (ten) longitudinal series. Nasal

shield not in contact with the rostral. ‘Ten shields on the upper surface of the snout,

between the vertical and rostral, of which one pair are the supranasals (s), and which

a a)

s 3s!

are disposed thus < 55,

\.. Brownish-olive, with a series of blackish spots along the

lateral fold, and with scattered triangular or subquadrangular darker spots of the size

of a scale; these spots are sometimes contiguous and form irregular transverse bands,

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., October 1885. *6

42 LACERTILIA.

the bands being in other specimens composed of white spots and edged with black

(lemniscatus).

This species varies somewhat in the length of the tail, width of the snout, and length

of the limbs.

Sumichrast also found this species near Cordova (Vera Cruz) at an altitude of 2100

feet.

16. Gerrhonotus rhombifer.

Gerrhonotus rhombifer, Peters, MB. Berl. Akad. 1876, p. 298 ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p. 382, t. 21 B. figg. 4.

Hab. Panama, Veragua, Chiriqui (Peters).

Dorsal scales. smooth, in sixteen or eighteen, ventral in ten longitudinal series.

Nasal shield not in contact with the rostral. Eleven shields* on the upper surface of

the snout, between the vertical and rostral, of which one pair are the supranasals (s)

(a—a!—a' )

s 3s!

o—p' ¢°

d—d!

Only one specimen, which is young, the head and body being only 49 millim. long, is

known.

and which are disposed thus 2 Upper parts with brown cross bands.

17. Gerrhonotus modestus.

Pterogasterus modestus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soe. xvii. 1877, p. 97.

Hab. 4 Guatemata (U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Dorsal scales not keeled, slightly convex above, in ten, ventral in twelve longitudinal

series. Nasal shield not in contact with the rostral. Ten shields on the upper surface

a—a' )

q'!

s—s!

bp Colour

of the snout, between vertical and rostral, apparently disposed thus

d—d' }

brown above; sides reddish brown, bordered above by a blackish line. Abdomen

olive.

A single specimen, the body of which is 72 millim. long, is known.

* Thus it is shown in the figure given by Bocourt, which is taken from the typical specimen, but Peters

omits to mention the shields of the a series.

XENOSAURUS.—HELODERMA. 43

Fam. XENOSAURIDZ.

XENOSAURUS.

Cubina sp., Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1856, xviii. p. 270

Xenosaurus, Peters, MB. Ak. Berl. 1861, p. 453.

1. Xenosaurus grandis.

Cubina grandis, Gray, 1. c.

Xenosaurus fasciatus, Pet. 1. c.

Xenosaurus grandis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1866, p. 8322; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p- 803, t. 20 F. figg. 1.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova and Oaxaca (Sallé), Huanusco (Peters), Orizaba, rare in the

alpine region (Sumichrast).

Fam. HELODERMATIDA.

HELODERMA.

Heloderma, Wiegmann, Isis, 1829, p. 627.

1. Heloderma horridum. (Tab. XXVI.)

Acaltetepon, Hernandez, Hist. Nov. Hispan. p. 315.

Heloderma horridum, Wiegm. 1. c.; and Herp. Mex. p. 24, fig. 1; Wagl. Ic. Amphib. fasc. 2;

Troschel, Arch. Naturgesch. 1853, p. 294, tt. 138 &14; Sumichrast, Bibl. Univ. xix. 1864,

p- 45 (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1864, xiii. p. 497) ; Kaup, Wiegm. Arch. 1864, p. 33, t. 3. figg. 1-2 ;

Gervais, Journ. Zool. 1878, p. 458, t. 12. figg. 4-8; Sumichrast, Compt. Rend. 1875, Ixxx.

p- 676, and Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 178; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 297, tt. 208

& 204; Fischer, Verh. Ver. Hamb. v. pp. 2, 16.

Hab. Muxtco, Presidio, near Mazatlan (Forrer), Sinaloa (Bocourt), Guanajuato (Dugés),

Tapana, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

“‘Escorpion ” of the Mexicans ; “ Talachini” of the Zapotec Indians.

The external and anatomical characters of this most interesting Lizard have been

fully described and the poisonous nature of its bite proved beyond doubt. Adult specimens

vary more or less in coloration; and it is therefore of interest to ascertain the normal

type, as it appears in the young; the more so, as this species seems to constantly differ

in this respect from its short-tailed northern congener. The size and division of the

plates or scales also vary in the adult.

The young specimen figured here of the natural size is from Tapana. It is black,

with yellow spots and bands. The head is entirely black ; a series of five or six yellow

angular spots along the median dorsal line, each with a brown margin. Sides of the

*6 2

44 LACERTILIA.

body with three cross bands; single yellow scales are scattered over the black interspaces.

Legs with a yellow ring round the root, and tail with five yellow rings.

2. Heloderma suspectum.

Heloderma horridum, Baird, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Exped., Rept. p. 11, t. 26.

Heloderma suspectum, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1869, p. 5.

Hab. Nortu America, Arizona, Texas.— Mexico, Sonora.

On its poisonous qualities see Shufeldt, Am. Nat. xvi. p. 907; Boulenger, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 631.

Fam. IGUANIDA.

ANOLIS.

Anolis, Daudin, Hist. Rept. iv. p. 50.

The species of Anolis have been quite recently subjected to a thoroughly critical

examination by Boulenger, who is about to publish a complete account of them in his

forthcoming second volume of the ‘ Catalogue of Lizards.’ In that account the specific

characters of the 112 species admitted or distinguished by the author are worked out

with such precision that it will remain the basis for the future study of this group for

many years to come; and there is no need for repeating here his detailed diagnoses of

the species which I have included in the following list as occurring in Central America.

With the aid of Boulenger’s work it is now also possible to give a more definite idea

of the distribution of this genus which is so characteristic of the fauna of the northern

portion of Tropical America. The majority of the species are evidently confined to

more or less narrow limits, only a few having a wider distribution, and none extending

over the entire range of the genus. The greatest amount of variety is met with in the

West Indies; for although the number of island species is slightly exceeded by those

occurring in Central America, several are sufficiently differentiated to be referred

to distinct genera, whilst all the Central-American species belong to the genus Anolis

proper.

The numerical representation of these Lizards in the various districts of the region is

as follows :—

Species peculiar to the West Indies. . . . - oe ew ee. 84

»» common to the West Indies and North America re |

»» common to the West Indies and Central America . . .. 1

» common to the West Indies and South America. . . .. I

» peculiar to Central America . . re

» found south of the Isthmus of Darien only we ee ww 4

» found north as well as south of the Isthmus of Darien . . . 5

» Ofuncertain locality . . . 2. 1. 1. 6 ee ee ewe 8?

ANOLIS. 45

1. Anolis sagre.

Anolis sagrei, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iv. p. 149; Cocteau in Sagra, Hist. Cub., Rept. p. 131,

t. 18; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 80, t. 15. fig. 14.

Anolius nebulosus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 2038.

Draconura catenata, Gosse, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1850, vi. p. 346.

Anolis ordinatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 175.

Hab. Mexico (Bocourt); Brittsq Honpuras (Brit. Mus.), Belize, Half Moon Cay (Brit.

Mus.), St. George’s Cay; GuatemaLa, Yzabal (Salvin).—Cusa; Jamaica; VENE-

ZUELA, Caracas.

2. Anolis beckeri.

Anolis beckeri, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 921.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan.

3. Anolis rodriguezi.

Anolis rodriguezii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 62, t. 13. fig. 1.

Hab. Guatemata, Panzos (Bocourt).

4. Anolis aureolus.

Anolis aureolus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. —*.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan.

5. Anolis limifrons.

Anolis (Draconura) limifrons, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1862, p. 178; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex.,

Rept. p. 65, t. 14. fig. 20.

? Anolis rivieri, Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philomat. 1882, vi. p. 251.

Hab. Panama, Veragua (Cope, Bocourt).

- 6. Anolis bransfordii.

Anolis bransfordii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1874, p. 67.

Hab. Nicaracua (Bransford).

7. Anolis trochilus.

Anolis trochilus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1871, p. 215; and Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. vii. 1876,

pp. 121, 157.

Hab. Nicaracua; Costa Rica, Talamanca (Cope), San Jose (Van Patten); Panama (Cope).

8, Anolis ortonil.

Anolis ortonii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1868, p. 97.

Anolis cynocephalus, Bocourt, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vi. 1870, Bull. p. 13, and Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

t. 14. fig. 7.

Anolis bouvieri, Bocourt, |. c. p. 58, t. 14. fig. 8.

Hab. Guaremata, Escuintla (Bouvier).—Uprer Amazons; Ecuabor; NortHern Perv.

* Not yet published.

46 LACERTILIA.

9. Anolis schiedi.

Dactyloa schiedii, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 48.

Anolis gibbiceps, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 174.

Anolis schiedii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 64, t. 14. fig. 19.

Hab. Guatemata, Coban (Bocourt).—VENEZUELA, Caracas (Brit. Mus.).

10. Anolis polylepis.

Anolis polylepis, Peters, MB. Berl. Acad. 1878, p. 738.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui.

11. Anolis tropidolepis. (Tab. X XVII. figg. C.)

Anolis tropidolepis, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards, ii. p. —*.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers).

Head a little longer than the tibia; forehead concave, no frontal ridges. Gular

appendage very small in the male. Body and tail of the male slightly compressed ; no

fold on the neck or back, but the male possesses a double series of somewhat raised

and enlarged scales along the median line of the neck. Digital dilatations but little

developed; thirteen or fourteen lamelle under the second and third phalanges of the

fourth toe. The scales of the upper surface of the head are strongly keeled, those of

the supraorbital row but little enlarged; occipital scute smaller than the ear-opening.

Scales of the back and sides very small, granular, those in the vertebral region rather

larger and strongly keeled; also the abdominal scales are keeled, imbricate, larger than

the dorsal. Brownish or greenish, with an angular dark cross band between the eyes

and an oblique band from the orbit to the nape. Males with a broad dark band from

the eye to the side of the body; females frequently with a light dark-edged, or some-

times dark-brown, vertebral band.

The views of the head and foot are twice the natural size.

12. Anolis pulchripes.

Anolis pulchripes, Peters, MB. Berl. Akad. 1878, p. 739.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui.

13. Anolis baccatus.

Anolis baccatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 59, t. 14. fig. 14.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé).

14. Anolis guentheri.

Anolis giintheri, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p- 61, t. 14. fig. 15.

Hab. Mexico (Bocourt).

* Not yet published.

ANOLIS. 47

15. Anolis squamulatus.

Anolis sqamulatus, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1863, p. 145; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. t. 14.

fig. 21; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1871, p. 200.

Hab. Panama, Puerto Cabello (Peters).

16. Anolis latifrons.

Anolis latifrons, Berthold, Abh. Ak. Gétting. iii. 1847, p. 6, t. 1. fig. 2.

Anolis laticeps, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xvii. 1878, p. 92.

Hab. Panama, Darien.—Co.omBlIa.

17. Anolis microtus.

Anolis microtus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1871, p. 214; and Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. 1876,

p. 119, t. 24. fig. 2.

Hab. Costa Rica, San Jose (Van Patten), Irazu (£ogers).

18. Anolis insignis,

Anolis insignis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1871, p. 213; and Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1876, viii.

p. 120, t. 24. fig. 1.

Hab. Costa Rica, San Jose (Van Patten, Salvin).

19. Anolis pachypus.

Anolis pachypus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1876, viii. p. 122, t. 24. fig. 3.

Hab. Costa Rica, Pico Blanco (Cope).

20. Anolis pentaprion.

Anolis pentaprion, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1862, p. 178.

Hab. Panama, Darien, Truando (Cope).—Ecuapor, Guayaquil (Fraser).

21. Anolis copii.

Anolis copet, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 77, t. 15. figg. 10; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil.

viii. 1876, p. 121.

Hab. GuateMata, Panzos (Bocourt), Vera Paz, low forest and high plateau (Salvin,

Sarg); Costa Rica (Salvin), Old Harbour (Cope).

22. Anolis petersi. |

Anolis biporcatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1871, p. 215 (nec Wiegm.).

Anolis petersii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 79, t. 18. fig. 2, and t. 15. fig. 11.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé); Guatemata, Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt).

48 LACERTILIA.

23. Anolis heliactin.

Anolis heliactin, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1864, p. 172; Bocourt, Misc. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 106,

t. 18. fig. 4, and t. 16. fig. 32.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Sal/é).

24. Anolis ustus. (Tab. XXVII. fig. D.)

Anolis ustus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1864, p. 172.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Brit. Mus.).—Britisn Honporas, Belize (Brit, Mus.).

The figures of the head and foot are twice the natural size.

25. Anolis cymbops.

Anolis cymbops, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 173.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Brit. Mus.).

26. Anolis concolor.

Anolis refulgens, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1860, p. 480 (nec Schleg.).

Anolis (Gastrotropis) concolor, Cope, ibid. 1862, p. 180.

Hab. Nicaraeva (Wright).

27, Anolis bourgeaul.

Anolis bourgeei, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 76, t. 15. fig. 9,

Hab. Mexico, Huatusco (Peters), Orizaba (Bourgeau).

98. Anolis salvini. (Tab. XXVII. fig. A.)

Anolis salvini, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards, 11. p. —*.

Hab. Guatemata (Salvin & Godman).

Head much longer than the tibia; forehead concave, no frontal ridges. Gular

appendage small. Body and tail not compressed ; no fold on the neck or back. Digital

dilatations moderately developed ; sixteen lamelle under the second and third phalanges

of the fourth toe. The scales on the upper surface of the head are smooth; only one

geries of scales intervenes between the supraorbital arches ; supraoculars enlarged,

numerous. No distinct occipital scute. Dorsal and ventral scales feebly keeled, a

little larger than the granular lateral scales. Median line of the tail with a series of

enlarged, strongly keeled scales. Light greyish with indistinct darker rings and vermi-

culated lines; indistinct bands across the tail and limbs; some V-shaped markings on

the back.

The figure is of the natural size; fig. A’ represents a portion of the tail magnified.

* Not yet published.

ANOLIS. 49

29. Anolis leviventris.

Dactyloa leviventris, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 47.

Anolis leviventris, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1863, p. 141, and 1869, p. 874; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 87, t. 16. fig. 18.

Hab. Mexico.

30. Anolis nebulosus.

Dactyloa nebulosa, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 47.

Anolis nebulosus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 68, t. 15. fig. 3; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool.

Fr. 1880, v. p. 174.

Hab. Muxtco, Ventanas, Presidio, and Tres Marias Islands (Forrer), Colima (Duges),,

Azucar and Oaxaca (Sallé & Boucard), Cuernavaca (Méhédin), Jalapa (Hége).

Inhabits mountain-sides and ravines, and is not found in the plains (Sumichrast).

31. Anolis nebuloides.

Anolis nebuloides (!), Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 74, t. 18. fig. 10.

Hab. Mexico, Putla (Paris Mus.), Huamuchla (Brit. Mus.).

82. Anolis palpebrosus.

Anolis palpebrosus, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1878, p. 740.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui.

33. Anolis intermedius.

Anolis intermedius, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1863, p. 143; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 69,

t. 15. fig. 4; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. 1876, p. 124.

Anolis nannodes, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 173; Bocourt, 1. ¢. p. 71, t. 15. fig. 5.

Anolis tessellatus, O’Shaughn. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1875, xv. p. 279.

Hab. Mexico, Ariba (Cope), Jalapa (Hége); Guatemata, Coban (Salvin); Costa Rica

(Cope), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Veragua (Peters).

Sumichrast (tn litt.) states that this species is extensively distributed in the Mexican

State of Vera Cruz in warm and temperate districts upwards to an altitude of at least

6000 feet. It lives on insects, but is also fond of the pulps of certain fruits, as coffee-

berries, &c.

34. Anolis sallei. (Tab. XXVII. fig. B.)

Anolis sallei, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 421; Salvin, ibid. 1860, p. 453; Bocourt, Miss.

Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 90, t. 18. fig. 3, and t. 16. fig. 21; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. v.

1880, p. 173.

Anolis williamsi, Bocourt, 1. c. t. 18. fig. 9.

Anolis jacobi, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 78, t. 18. fig. 8.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., October 1885. *7

50 LACERTILIA.

Had. Mexico (Sallé), Oaxaca (Brit. Mus.), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Vera Cruz

(Jacob), Hacienda del Holo (Geddes); GuatemaLa, Duefias (Salvin), Lower Vera

Paz (Salvin & Godman), San Augustin, Volcan de Atitlan (Bocourt).

The figure represents the female (type), of the natural size; B' is twice the natural

size.

35. Anolis binotatus.

Anolis binotatus, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1863, p. 140; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 92, t. 16.

figg. 22, 28.

Hab. Sauvapor (Bocourt).—Ecuapor, Guayaquil (Peters).

86. Anolis cumingii.

Anolis cumingii, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1863, p. 140; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 89, t. 16.

fig. 20.

Hab. MExtico.

87. Anolis cupreus.

Anolis cupreus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 481.

Anolis hoffmanni, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1863, p. 142; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 86, t. 15.

' figg. 15, 16.

? Anolis dollfusianus, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 84, t. 16. fig. 19.

Hab. Guatemata (Salvin & Godman), Volcan de Atitlan (Bocourt); Nicaragua (Hallo-

well); Costa Rica (Peters, Bocourt), Irazu (Rogers).

38. Anolis crassulus. (Tab. X XVII. fig. F.)

Anolis crassulus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 173; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 82,

t. 16. fig. 17.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Suwmichrast, in litt.); GuaTemaLta, Coban, Vera Paz (Salv!

The views of the head are twice the natural size.

39. Anolis humilis.

Anolis humilis, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1863, p. 188; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 105, t. 13.

figg. 7, and t. 16. fig. 31.

Hab. GuaTEMALa, Vera Paz (Salvin); Panama, Veragua (Peters).

40. Anolis quaggulus.

Anolis quaggulus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. —*.

Hab. NICARAGUA.

* Not yet published.

ANOLIS. 51

41. Anolis tropidonotus.

Anolis tropidonotus, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1863, p. 1385, and Ann. & Mag. N. H, 1869, iv. p. 273;

Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 103, t. 13. fig. 6, and t. 16. fig. 30.

Norops auratus, O’Shaughn. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1869, iii. p. 188, and iv. p. 274.

Norops tropidonotus, O’Shaughn. |. c. 1875, xv. p. 277.

Hab. Mexico, Huatusco (Peters), Oaxaca (Sallé), Orizaba (Bourgeau).

42, Anolis uniformis.

Anolis uniformis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. —*.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan; GuAaTEMALA.

43. Anolis metallicus.

Anolis metallicus, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. xvii. 1872, art. 2; and Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. t. 17 bis.

fig. 1.

Hab. Mexico.

44, Anolis oxylophus.

Anolis oxylophus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. 1876, p. 123, t. 24. fig. 4, and t. 28. fig. 5.

Hab. Costa Rica.

45. Anolis godmani. (Tab. XXVII. fig. E.)

Anolis godmani, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards, ii. p. —*.

Hab. Guatemaa (Salvin & Godman); Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers).

Head a little longer than the tibia; forehead concave, with short and divergent

frontal ridges. Gular appendage moderately developed. Body not compressed; no

fold on the neck or back. Tail cylindrical. Digital dilatations narrow; thirteen or

fourteen lamelle under the second and third phalanges of the fourth toe. The scales

of the upper surface of the head are keeled; those of the supraorbital row enlarged,

and separated from the opposite row by from two to four intervening series. A few

enlarged, keeled, supraocular scales. Occipital scute larger than the ear-opening,

separated from the supraorbitals by from three to five series of scales. Scales of the

back very small, keeled, gradually passing into the minute granules of the sides;

abdominal scales larger, imbricate, keeled. Upper parts brownish ; upper lip yellowish,

bordered above by a sharply defined brown band passing through the eye. and above

the ear-opening ; a dark cross band between the eyes; sometimes a few distant brown

spots along the vertebral line.

The view of the head is twice the natural size.

* Not yet published.

*7 2

§2 LACERTILIA.

46. Anolis radulinus.

Anolis (Gastrotropis) radulinus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1862, p. 180.

Hab. Panama, Darien, R. Truando (Schott).

47. Anolis pecilopus.

Anolis (Dracontura) pecilopus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1862, p. 179.

Hab. Panama, Darien, R. Truando (Schott).—Cotoms1a, Cartagena (Schott).

48, Anolis lemurinus.

Anolis (Gastrotropis) lemurinus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 213.

Hab. Panama, Veragua (Mitchell).

49. Anolis biporcatus.

Dactyloa biporcata, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 47.

Anolis vittigerus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1862, p. 179.

Anolis biporcatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 98, t. 15. fig. 8.

Hab. Guaremana, Duefias, Lower Vera Paz, Rio Polochic (Salvin), San Miguel Tucuru,

Panzos (Bocourt); Panama, Darien, R. Truando (Schott).—VENEZUELA ; TRINIDAD ;

WestEeRN Ecuapor.

50. Anolis chrysolepis.

Anolis chrysolepis, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iv. p. 94; Gray, Cat. Lizards, p. 207; Bocourt, Miss. Sc.

Mex., Rept. p. 99, t. 16. fig. 26; Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1863, p. 142.

Anolis planiceps (part.), Trosch. in Schomburgk, Reis. Brit. Guian. il. p. 649.

Anolis nummifer, O’Shaughn. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1875, xv. p. 278.

Anolis turmalis, O’Shaughn. 1. c.

Anolis (Draconura) chrysolepis (part.), O’Shaughn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 241.

Hab. Mexico (Peters) ; Honpuras (Brit. Mus.).—W. Ecuapor, Esmeraldas ; VENEZUELA ;

Guiana; Amazons, Para; Wust Inprss, Grenada.

51. Anolis capito.

Anolis (Draconura) capito, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1863, p. 142; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p. 101, t. 16. fig. 27; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vii. 1876, pp. 124, 157.

Anolis carneus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 169.

Hab. Mzxico, Tabasco (Mus. Brux.); GuateMa.a, lower forests of Vera Paz (Salvin &

Godman), Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt); Costa Rica (Peters), Old Harbour (Cope) ;

Panama (Cope).

52. Anolis obtusirostris.

Anolis obtusirostris, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1878, p. 741.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui.

POLYCHRUS.—CORYTHOPHANES. 53

POLYCHRUS.

Polychrus, Cuvier, Régne Anim.

1. Polychrus gutturosus.

Polychrus gutturosus, Berthold, Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gotting. iii. 1847, p. 5, t. 1. fig. 1.

Polychrus multicarinatus, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1869, p. 786; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p. 112, t. 17. figg. 8.

Hab. Costa Rica (Peters).—Cotomsia (Berthold).

CORYTHOPHANES.

Corythophanes, Boie.

An exclusively Central-American genus.

1. Corythophanes cristatus.

Agama cristata, Merr. Syst. Amphib. p. 50.

Corythophanes cristatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. —; Gravenhorst, Act. Ac. Leop. Carol. xvi. 1833,

p- 938, t. 65. figg. 6-10; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iv. p. 174; Dum. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.

vill. 1856, p. 517, t. 20. fig. 1; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 118; Cope, Journ. Ac. N.

Se. Phil. viii. pp. 124, 156.

Hab. GuateMaLa, Vera Paz, low forest (Salvin & Godman), Peten (Morelet): Costa

Rica (Cope, Salvin) ; Panama (Cope).

Not common in Guatemala (Salvin).

2. Corythophanes percarinatus.

Corythophanes percarinatus, Dum. Arch. Mus. viii. p. 518, t. 20. fig. 8; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 120, t. 17. fig. 2.

Corythophanes cristatus, Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 453.

Hab. Guavemata, Escuintla (Morelet), Lanquin (Salvin), Coban (Bocourt).—Ecuapor

(fraser).

3. Corythophanes hernandesii.

Quatapalcatl, Hernandez, Hist. Mex. ii. cap. xiii. p. 61.

Chameleopsis hernandezii, Wiegm. Isis, 1831, p. 298; Gravenhorst, Act. Ac. Leop. Carol. xvi.

1833, p. 944, t. 65. figg. 1-5; Wiegm. Herp. Mex. pp. 15, 37, t. 6.

Corythophanes chameleopsis, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iv. p. 176; Sumichrast, Bibl. Univ. et Rev.

Suiss. 1864, p. 58; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1864, xiii. p. 505.

Corythophanes mexicanus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 122, t. 17. fig. 1.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Tehuantepec, Chiapas (Sumichrast), Orizaba (Brit. Mus.),

Yucatan (Brit. Mus.).

In woods, especially oak-forests, among rocks. Feeding on insects.

54 LACERTILIA.

LEMANCTUS.

Lemanctus, part., Wiegmann, Herp. Mex. p. 45.

1. Lemanctus longipes.

Lemanctus longipes, Wiegm. |. c. p. 46, t. 4; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iv. p. 72; Boulenger, Bull.

Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 464, t. 7. fig. 2.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Wiegmann).

Confined to the forest districts of the eastern coast, up to an altitude of 3000 feet

(Sumichrast, in litt.).

2. Lemanctus serratus.

Lemanctus serratus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 176; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p- 116; Boulenger, l. c. p. 463, t. 7. fig. 3.

Lemanctus longipes, Dum. Arch. Mus. vii. 1856, t. 21. fig. 4; Bocourt, 1. c. p. 114, t. 17.

fig. 4.

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Cope), Oaxaca (Ghisbreght), Vera Cruz (Méhédin & Boucard),

Campeche (Boulenger).

3. Leemanctus deborrii.

Lemanctus de Borrei, Boulenger, |. c. p. 465, t. 7. fig. 1.

Hab. Mexico, Tabasco (Boulenger); GuateMaLa, Vera Paz, Coban (Salvin).

4. Lemanctus alticoronatus.

Lemanctus alticoronatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 192; Proc. Am, Phil. Soc. 1869,

t. 11.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Cope, Brit. Mus.).

BASILISCUS.

Basiliscus, Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p. 50.

1. Basiliscus americanus.

Lacerta basiliscus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 366.

Basiliscus americanus, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 50; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 192; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 127.

Basiliscus mitratus, Merr. Syst. Amph. p. 46; Daud. Rept. p. 311, t. 43; Dum. & Bibr. Erp.

Gén. iv. p. 181; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. 1876, p. 125, t. 25. fig. 2.

Ophyessa bilineata, Gray in Beechey’s Voy. Zool. p. 94 (young).

Thysanodactylus bilineatus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 194.

Lophosaura goodridgu, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852, x. p. 488; and in Zoology of the ‘ Herald,

p. 148, t, 26.

Basiliscus guttulatus, Cope, l. c. pp. 125, 156.

Basiliscus goodridgii, Cope, 1. c. p. 125.

BASILISCUS. 55

Hab. Costa Rica (Bocourt, Rogers); Panama (Cope), Isthmus of Darien (Cope), Island

of Quibo (‘Herald’).

' Doubtful localities are Guiana and Martinique (Paris Mus. and Fernando do

Norunha, given by Gray, Lizards, p. 194.

2. Basiliscus plumifrons.

Basiliscus plumifrons, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. 1876, p. 125, t. 25. fig. 1.

Hab. Costa Rica.

3. Basiliscus vittatus. (Tab. XXVIII.)

Basiliscus vittatus, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 373 ; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iv. p. 187; Sumichrast, Arch.

Se. Phys. et Nat. 1864, xix. p.56; Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. 1864, p. 504; Bocourt, Miss.

Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 129, t. 17. fig. 3; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. 1876, p. 125.

Corytheolus vittatus, Kaup, Isis, 1829, p. 1147; Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 89, t. 5.

Cristasaura mitrella, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852, x. p. 439.

Basiliscus americanus, Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 453.

Daconura bivittata, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 482.

Paroloma bivitiata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1862, p. 181.

Basiliscus nuchalis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1862, p. 181.

Hab. Mexico (generally distributed in the warmer and temperate parts, near rivers),

Putla (Rébouch), Orizaba (rit. Mus.), Hacienda del Hobo (Geddes) ; GuaTEMALA,

common at Lanquin and Dueiias, and in the lower forests of Vera Paz (Salvin) ;

Howpuras (Dyson); Nicaragua, Greytown (Caldwell) ; Costa Rica, Sipurio (Cope).

—Ecvapor (fraser).

“* Pasarios”’ of the Mexicans ; “ Zumbichi” of the Zapotec Indians.

Found to a height of 1000 metres (Sumichrast).

Mr. Salvin (/. c.) observes :—“ This Basilisk is very common at Lanquin, where I

had no difficulty in obtaining plenty of specimens of both sexes and all ages, by

offering the Indians a small reward for all they brought. They may frequently be

seen on the low branches of a bush, and are particularly fond of basking on the boughs

of a felled tree in a clearing near a stream. When running fast they carry the tail

slightly elevated. At Duefias this species is more rare; I saw but three or four spe-

cimens, and only succeeded in securing one. In some specimens of the males, the tail

is much more compressed than in others. In the series of young the crest is shown in

all stages of development.”

Extralimital is Basttiscus eateritus, A. Dum., or Péenosaura seemanni, Gray, from

Ecuador and Colombia.

56 LACERTILIA.

ENYALIUS.

Enyalius, Wagler, Syst. Amphib. p. 150.

Of the ten or eleven species of this South-American genus, only the following occur

north of the Isthmus of Darien. We have not seen it.

1. Enyalius heterolepis. |

Enyalius heterolepis, Bocourt, Ann. Se. Nat. xix. 1874, art. 4, and Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. t. 20c.

fig. 14.

Hab. Panama, Veragua.

IGUANA.

Iguana, Laurenti.

1. Iguana rhinolophus.

Iguana rhinolophus, Wiegm. Herp. Mex. p. 44; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iv. p. 207; Tyler, Proe.

Zool. Soc. 1850, t. 8 (Metopoceros cornutus) ; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1862, p. 356 ;

Sumichrast, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1864, xin. p. 500; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 134;

Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vii. 1876, p. 124.

Hab. Mextco, Mazatlan and Presidio (Forrer), Cordova (Sallé), Tehuantepec and Rio

Coazacoalcos (Sumichrast), Cozumel Island on the coast of Yucatan (G. F. Gaumer) ;

Guaremaa, Chiapam (Salvin); Costa Rica (Cope) ; Panama (Brit. Mus.), Darien,

R. Truando (Schott).

“Touana verde ” of the Creoles; “ Guchachi-guéla ” of the Zapotec Indians.

This is the northern or Central-American race of the South-American J. tuberculata ;

it does not seem to extend southwards beyond the Isthmus of Darien, but occurs also

in the island of Santa Lucia and probably other parts of the West Indies.

9. Iguana tuberculata.

Iguana tuberculata, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 49.

Hab. Guarumata (Salvin); Honpuras (Brit. Mus.) ; Nicaragua (Brit. Mus.); PANaMa

(Dow), Darien (Schott).—Generally distributed over the northern parts of SouTH

America and BraziL; occurring also in many West-Indian Islands.

CTENOSAURA.

Ctenosaura, Wiegmann, Isis, 1828, p. 371.

1. Ctenosaura acanthura.

Lacerta acanthura, Shaw, Zool. ii. 1802, p. 216.

Cyclura teres, Harlan, Journ. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1825, p. 246, t. 16.

Ctenosaura cycluroides, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 371; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 143 (part.) ;

Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. v. 1880, p. 175.

Ctenosaura shawii, Gray, Wiegm.

CTENOSAURA. 57

Cyclura pectinata, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 42, t.2; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iv. p. 221.

Cyclura denticulata, Wiegm. |. c. p. 43, t. 2.

Cyclura articulata, Wiegm. 1. c.

Cyclura acanthura, Sumichrast, Arch. Sc. Phys. et Nat. xix. 1864, p. 49; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1864,

xi. p. 500.

Ctenosaura acanthura, Gray, Cat. Liz. p.191; Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phil. xviii. p. 124; Bocourt,

Le Naturaliste, 1882, p. 47; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 195, varr. A, B, D.

Ctenosaura pectinata, Gray, Cat. Liz. p.191; ? Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. xviii. p. 124; and Proc.

Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 388; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 140, and Le Naturaliste,

1882, p. 47; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. v. 1880, p. 174.

Cienosaura teres, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 142, and Le Naturaliste, 1882, p. 47.

Cienosaura multispinis, brevirostris, and teres, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 266.

Hab. Norta America, California. — Mexico, Tres Marias Is., Presidio, Mazatlan,

Ciudad, and Ventanas (Morrer), Tierra Colorada in Guerrero (H. H. Smith),

Colima (Dugés, in mus. Paris; U.S. Nat. Mus.), Putla (Boucard), Tehuantepec

(Sumichrast), Tampico (W. B. Richardson), Vera Cruz (Sallé; Méhédin, in mus.

Paris), Yucatan, Cozumel I. (Cope).

‘“‘ Iguana negra” of the Creoles; “Guchachi-chévé” of the Zapotec Indians.

Tail subcylindrical; the spines of the broad rings moderately developed, the broad

rings of the anterior verticelli separated by three or two narrow rings, rarely by one.

Dorsal crest generally interrupted in the sacral region ; if continuous, the continuity is

effected merely by the low and somewhat enlarged scales of the median series. Scales of

the calf of the leg very small. The coloration varies and changes with age. The ground-

colour of the young is generally green, marbled with darker on the back, the dark

markings forming more or less distinct, irregular cross bands, which are sometimes

confluent, sometimes spotted with black, and about seven or eight in number on the

back. With age the dark colour becomes more diffused and irregularly distributed

over the body, at places entirely suppressing the ground-colour, which itself assumes

a more olive tinge or changes into yellowish. Specimens from Tampico are uniform

black when adult, and of a greenish-olive when young.

I have examined a great number of specimens, which I am unable to divide into

species, although they by no means agree with one another inevery point. The develop-

ment of the crest, which by some authors has been used as a specific character, depends

partly on age, partly on sex. The largest specimens I have seen, males as well as

females, are thirty inches long, of which the tail takes two thirds. Shaw’s type is still

preserved in the British Museum, and said to be from California; also Bocourt has

examined specimens from that country.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., February 1890. *8

58 LACERTILIA.

2. Ctenosaura completa. (Tabb. XXIX., XXX.)

Ctenosaura cycluroides, part., Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 148.

Ctenosaura completa, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 145, and Le Naturaliste, 1882, p. 47; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil.

Soc. 1886, p. 269.

Ctenosaura acanthura, var. C, Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 197.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan and Cozumel I. (Cope), Mugeres I. (G. F. Gawmer); Britisu

Honpuras, Belize (Dyson); Guatemata, Peten (Morelet), Chiapam (Salvin) ;

Honpuras (Mus. Brit., Bocourt), Bonacca I. (G. F. Gaumer); Satvapor, La

Union (Bocourt).

Tail subcylindrical ; the spines of the tail very prominent and acute in the adult

male, the scutes of the narrow rings being also strongly armed. Dorsal crest not

interrupted in the sacral region, the continuity being effected by short lobes in the

adult male, and by depressed scales in females and young. Scales of the calf of the

leg larger than in C. acanthura. Greenish or greenish-olive, with six black cross-bands

on the back, of which the anterior is the least developed, and, like the following, more

or less distinctly paired ; in old specimens these bands are narrower and more or less

broken up, and the anterior may disappear altogether.

Of this species I have seen nine specimens—two adult males and several young from

Honduras, an adult female and young from Belize, and an adult female from Guate-

mala. It grows to the same size as C. acanthura, from which it is not easily distin-

guished.

Tab. X XIX. represents a male from Bonacca Island, of half the natural size, with

separate view of a part of the tail; Tab. XXX. a female from Chiapam, of the natural

size, also the inner side of the calf of the leg, to show the size of the scales.

8. Ctenosaura quinquecarinata.

Cyclura quinquecarinata, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 59; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xi. 1871, p. 161.

Enyaliosaurus quinquecarinatus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 192.

Ctenosaura quinquecarinata, Sumichrast, Bibl. Univ. et Rev. Suisse, 1873, p. 259; and Bull. Soc.

Zool. v. 1880, p. 175.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Boucard), Tehuantepec (Suwmichrast); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.).

Tail much thickened and depressed near its base, verticillated, each verticellus formed

by a ring of large strongly armed scutes, and by a ring of much narrower and unarmed

scutes. ‘The armature is confined to the upper and lateral surfaces of the tail, the

lower side being comparatively smooth. The strongest spines are arranged in one

median, and two or three lateral series. Dorsal crest very low, obsolete in the sacral

region. Upper parts and throat yellowish, marbled with black or brown.

4. Ctenosaura defensor.

Cachryx defensor, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xvii. p. 124; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1869, p. 169, t. 10;

Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 143, t. 17 bis. figg. 12, 12a.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (A. Schott, U.S. Nat. Mus.).

CTENOSAURA.—HOLBROOKIA. 59

Extralimital are the following species :——

1. Iguana acanthura, Blainville,=Cyclura acanthura, Dum. & Bibr.,= Cyclura hemi-

lopha, Cope, Boulenger,=Ctenosaura acanthura, Bocourt (Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 138),

= Ctenosaura interrupta, Bocourt (Le Naturaliste, 1882, p. 47).—Lower California.

2. Ctenosaura erythromelas, Boul. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 241, t. 23; Cachryx

erythromelas, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 437.—Probably Lower California.

CROTAPHYTUS.

Crotaphytus, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. ii. p. 79.

1. Crotaphytus wislizenii.

Crotaphytus wislizenii, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 69; and in Stansbury’s Exped.

Great Salt Lake, p. 340, t.3; and U.S. & Mex. Bound. Survey, Rept. p. 7, t. 31; Bocourt,

Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 155, t. 17 bis. figg. 4, 4a; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 204.

Crotaphytus gambelii, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 126.

Crotaphytus fasciatus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 207; and in Sitgreave’s Expedit. Zuni

and Colorado R. p. 115, t. 5.

Hab. Nortu America, Oregon, California, New Mexico, Arizona and Texas.—MeExico,

Sonora.

2. Crotaphytus collaris,

Agama collaris, Say in Long’s Exped. Rocky Mount. ii. p. 252; Harlan, Med. Phys. Res. p. 142,

t. 1. fig. 4.

Crotaphytus collaris, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. ii. p. 79, t. 10; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xviii.

p. 802; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 154, t. 17 bis. figg. 5,5a,6,6a; Yarrow, Check-

list N. Amer. Rept. p. 52; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 208.

Hab. Nortu America, Southern and South-western States.—Mexico, Chihuahua, Nuevo

Leon, Western Sonora, Sta. Catarina (U.S. Nat. Mus.).

HOLBROOKIA.

Holbrookia, Girard, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. iv. p. 201 (1851).

Cophosaurus, Troschel in Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. 1850, p. 389 (publ. 1852).

1, Holbrookia texana.

Cophosaurus texanus, Troschel, Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. 1850 (publ. 1852), p. 389, t. 6.

Holbrookia texana, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. vi. p. 125 ; and in U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv.,

Rept. p. 8, t. 30; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 169; Yarrow, Check-list N.

Amer. Rept. p. 50; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 208. |

Holbrookia affinis, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 125; and in U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv.,

Rept. p. 8.

Hab. Norra America, Texas to California.—Mexico, N. Sonora (Clark), Alamos, Casta-

neulas (Couch, U.S. Nat. Mus.), Monterey, Nuevo Leon (Couch, Cope).

*8 2

60 LACERTILIA.

Hind limbs long, if laid forwards reaching to, or nearly to, the end of the snout ; and

the length of the tibia equalling the distance of the postgular fold from the end of the

snout. The supraoculars form an isolated patch of larger scutes surrounded by

granular scales. ‘Two subcrescentic black bands on each side of the abdomen, behind

the middle of the trunk, and close in front of the hind leg. ‘Tail strongly depressed,

with about six broad, deep black cross-bands underneath.

A very young specimen does not differ in any respect from the adult.

This species is common in Texas. Mr. Forrer has sent us two specimens from Nuevo

Leon, adult and young, and others from El Paso. As to Holbrookia affinis, which is

clearly the same species as H. texana, Baird and Girard state at first (/. c. 1°) that the

specimens were found with HH. terana on the Rio San Pedro, a tributary of the Rio

Grande del Norte, and afterwards (/. c. 2°) that they came from Sonora.

2. Holbrookia maculata.

Holbrookia maculata, Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. iv. p. 201 (1851) ; and in Stansbury, Exped.

Gt. Salt Lake, p. 342, t. 4. figg. 1-3; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 161, t. 17 bis.

fige. 7, 7a; Yarrow, Check-list N. Amer. Rept. p. 49; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 209.

Holbrookia approximans, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. x. p. 253.

Hab. Nortu America, Southern States.—NorrHern Mexico, Sonora (U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Hind limbs of moderate length, if laid forwards not reaching the eye. Tail sub-

cylindrical, shorter than the head and body, without spots underneath. One or two

black spots on the anterior half of the side of the trunk.

The British Museum possesses three specimens from Mexico, besides a number from

various parts of the Southern United States. These specimens differ considerably in

the comparative length and slenderness of the hind foot. In some from Kansas and

Northern Texas the length of the hind foot is scarcely equal to the distance of the

postgular fold from the end of the snout, whilst it more or less exceeds that distance

in others from Tennessee, Duval County (Texas), and Mexico. In our largest speci-

men (a female from Duval Co.) the lateral spots are nearly obsolete.

3. Holbrookia propinqua. (Tab. XXXI. fig. C.)

Holbrookia propinqua, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. vi. p. 126; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

1880, no. 17, p. 15; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 208.

? Holbrookia elegans, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 164, t. 17 bis. figg. 8, 8a, head.

Hab. Nortu America, Texas.—Mexico, Presidio (Forrer).

Hind limbs long, if laid forwards reaching nearly to the end of the snout; and

the length of the tibia equals the distance of the postgular fold from the end of the

snout. The middle supraoculars larger than those of the snout. Two oblique black

bands or band-like spots descending backwards on each side of the abdomen, in the

HOLBROOKIA.—UTA. 61

middle of the length of the trunk. Tail depressed, but less so than in JH. texana,

uniform white underneath. .

In the adult female the black lateral bands are shorter, less distinct, and may

disappear altogether. It seems to me very probable that Holbrookia elegans, from

Mazatlan, is founded on such a specimen without spots.

Extralimital: Holbrookia lacerata, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, no. 17, p. 15,

from Texas.

UTA.

Uta, Baird & Girard, in Stansbury’s Exped. Gr. Salt Lake, p. 344 (1852).

1. Uta lateralis, (Tab. XXXI. fig. D.)

Uta (Phymatolepis) lateralis, Boul. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 5th ser. xi. p. 342.

? Uta gularis, Cragin, Bull. Washburn Labor. 1884, p. 7.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio and Tres Marias Islands (Forrer).

Hind leg, if laid forwards, extending to the tympanum. The nasals are in

immediate contact with the internasals, On each side of the median line, which

is formed by a series of very small keeled scales, there are two rows of large scales,

the scales of the inner row being twice or thrice as large as those of the outer.

The remainder of the back and sides is covered with minute tubercular scales, but on

either side of the back a row of larger keeled scales runs nearly along the entire length

of the back. The scales of this row are not by any means regular in size and arrange-

ment; no other row of larger scales on the sides ; three or four pointed scales in front

of the tympanum, but none along its upper circumference. Upper parts brownish-grey,

with a double row of small indistinct black spots along the middle of the back ;

another row of larger subrhombic black spots along each side of the back. A whitish

band runs from the end of the snout along the upper lip, and passes through the

tympanum to the shoulder-joint ; a black vertical bar in front of the shoulder, with a

horizontal extension above and below forming a figure like the letter Z. Male with

the throat blue and without blackish cross-bands. Abdomen blue with a whitish

median band.

Of the six specimens I have examined, one of the largest and most adult is 134 millim.

long, the tail measuring 80 millim.

It is probable that Uta gularis, Cragin, from Guaymas, Mexico, is identical with

this species; but it would seem to differ by a slightly shorter hind leg, which extends

forward only to the front of the shoulder-joint, and by possessing a short additional

row of larger scales on each side of the abdomen.

Uta auriculata, Cope, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 303, from Socorro, one of the

Revillagigedo Islands, is also closely allied to this species, but distinguished by a crest

of scales above the tympanum, and blackish cross-bands in the gular region.

62 LACERTILIA.

2. Uta irregularis.

Phymatolepis (Uta) irregularis, Fischer, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 3, 1882, p. 282, t. 17.

figg. 1-4; Boul. Cat. Liz. 1. p. 216.

Hab. Mexico, Highlands.

I have not examined a specimen of this species.

8. Uta bicarinata.

Phymatolepis bicarinatus, A. Dum. Arch. Mus. viii. p. 549, t. 23. fig. 2; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 165, t. 17 bis. figg. 9, 9a, 6; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. v. 1880, p. 176.

Uta bicarinata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xvi. p.177 ; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 215; Cope, Proc. Am.

Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 379.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio, Ventanas, Ciudad in Durango (forrer), Cuernavaca, Matamoros

Izucar (Ferrari- Perez), Puebla (Boucard), Jalisco, North of Rio Santiago (Richard-

son), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

An arboreal species according to Sumichrast.

SCELOPORUS.

Sceloporus, Wiegmann, Isis, 1828, p. 369.

Tropidolepis, Cuvier, Régne Anim. 2nd edit. ii. p. 38.

The Reptiles of this genus are, after the Anoles, the most numerously represented

type of Lizards in Central America. Northwards they extend far into the United

States, but southwards they have not been found beyond the limits of Central America.

Sumichrast writes about the Mexican species observed by him as follows :—‘* The

Scelopori are natives of the Central Tablelands and Alpine districts, comparatively few

being found on the warm plains of the coast. On the eastern or Atlantic side Scelo-

porus variabilis is the only one which is to be found in the tierra caliente of Vera Cruz.

On the Pacific side of the isthmus of Tehuantepec I collected but three species, viz.,

Sceloporus variabilis, S. melanorhinus, and 8S. siniferus. In the vicinity of Orizaba

(Vera Cruz), but to a height varying between 1200 and 2500 metres, Sceloporus

malachiticus, formosus, microlepidotus, and scalaris are to be found. Others, as Scelo-

porus horridus and S. eneus, are at home on the dry and sterile plains of the plateau,

and people, with Rattlesnakes and Tapayaxins (Phrynosoma), the rugged lava deposits

known as malpaés (bad lands) or the monotonous fields of Agave. Although most of

the species are strictly humivagous lizards, others dwell in trees, and spend most of

their life in them : such is the case with Sceloporus melanorhinus and some others.”

Many of the species, perhaps the majority, are ovoviviparous.

No other genus of Lizards offers greater difficulties in distinguishing the numerous

species, races, or forms, and these difficulties are almost insurmountable when it is

attempted to take into consideration species vaguely defined and without distinct indi-

cation of the locality where the type was found. But little difficulty is met with when

SCELOPORUS. 63

the species of a certain comparatively limited district are under examination; then I

have always found that no, or but little, variation obtains among the specimens. Thus

I have seen from fifty to 100 examples of a species from the same locality, all agreeing

in the form of the supraoculars, length of limbs and toes, size of scales, prominent

markings, and showing variations only in the irregular mottling, or in the shade of the

ground-colour, and in the number of femoral pores.

The difficulties are greatest among the large-scaled forms, that is among those which

have some twenty-two to thirty-five scales in a line between the collar and beginning

of the tail; and these difficulties have been increased by the attempts to unite as many

modifications as possible under the same specific term. Consistently, either they all

must be thrown together, or many more forms should be distinguished than have

been admitted hitherto. Species described as distinct, and from distant localities and

different altitudes, should not be thrown together without direct evidence of their

absolute identity.

Our collection, like that of every other museum, and the information as to altitude

of the specimens, is much too incomplete to give anything like a satisfactory account

of the Central-American species of this genus. But, by testing their value by an

examination of several series, each from the same locality, I come to the conclusion

that the following characters can be relied on :—

1. The size of the scales.

2. The arrangement of the large supraoculars.

3. The length of the hind limbs and hind toes.

4, The presence or absence of the nuchal collar, and its extent.

5. The markings, if any, in front and behind the shoulder-joint.

6. The coloration of the abdomen of the adult male.

A. The scales on the sides gradually passing into, and not conspicuously

larger than, the dorsal scales.

a. No preanal pores.

1. Sceloporus spinosus.

Sceloporus spinosus, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 370; and Herp. Mex. p. 50, t. 7. fig. 3; Baird, U.S. &

Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. p. 5, t. 29. figg. 4-6; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 174,

t. 18. figg. 2, 2a, 6; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 399; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 226.

Sceloporus horridus, Wiegm. Herp. Mex. p. 50; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 178, t. 18.

figg. 8,8 a,b; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 396.

Sceloporus clarkii, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. vi. p. 127; Yarrow, in Wheeler’s Report

Explor. W. 100th Merid. v. p. 575, t. 23. figg. 1, la.

Sceloporus magister, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. vii. p. 93.

Sceloporus oligoporus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xvi. p. 177.

Hab. Norra America, Southern States.—Mexico, Sonora (Hallowell).

64 -LACERTILIA.

From twenty-one to twenty-four scales in a series along the back* ; scales on the back

strongly keeled, the keel terminating in a long spine; lateral denticulations may be

present or absent. The large supraoculars not divided. Length of the hind limb equal

to, or rather less than, the distance of the vent from the collar; fourth toe longer than

the head +. Femoral pores varying in number from two to fifteen. The most charac-

teristic points in the coloration of this race are the light ground-colour of the upper

parts, be it a greyish or purplish or olive tinge; secondly, a light unspotted band

running along each side of the back to the root of the tail; thirdly, blackish or

brownish marbled spots which often are so disposed as to give the appearance of irre-

gular transverse bands. The throat shows often indistinct blackish longitudinal lines.

The collar-fold on the side of the neck is generally uncoloured, and in females always

so; but in very old males from Presidio a blackish patch appears, which extends across

the throat in the shape of a blackish band, as in Sceloporus viviparus. This latter

race, however, is never provided with dorsal bands.

Size of adult male four and a quarter inches without tail.

The great diversity in the number of pores has given rise to the application of

several specific terms; but as the several numbers are not accompanied by any other

peculiar feature, and as they cannot be considered to be limited to certain localities, I

feel compelled to unite all these specimens under the same heading.

The following list of localities will show the want of agreement between the number

of pores and the distribution of the species :—

Specimens with 2-5 pores: Ventanas (Forrer), Colima (Xantus, in U.S. Nat. Mus. ;

Mus. Paris), Jalisco, North of Rio Santiago (Richardson), Guadalajara (Cope), Cuer-

navaca (Mus. Brit.), Vera Cruz (Mus. Paris).

Specimens with 7-10 pores: Texas (U.S. Mat. Mus.), Sonora (U.S. Nat. Mus.),

Presidio (Yorrer), Guanajuato (Mus. Brit. & Mus. Paris), Puebla (Mus. Brit.), Atlixco

(Mus. Brit.).

Specimens with 12-15 pores: Duval Co., Texas (Taylor), Colorado Bottom (U.S.

Nat. Mus.), Arizona (W. L. Wright), Mexico (Mus. Brit.), Sonora (U.S. Nat. Mus.),

Amula and Iguala (H. H. Smith), Tampico (Richardson).

2. Sceloporus viviparus.

Sceloporus viviparus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 898.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme 8000 feet (H. H. Smith), Orizaba (Sumichrast), Mirador

(Sartorius).

Twenty-two or twenty-three scales in a series along the back; scales on the back

keeled, with a long terminal spine and a few obsolete lateral denticulations; scales on

* The scales are counted from a line connecting the two lateral collar-folds to one connecting the hinder

side of the thighs. I believe thus to obtain more constant numbers than if the scales on the neck behind the

occiput were included, as these scales are subject to variation in specimens from the same locality.

t+ Head = distance of upper end of tympanum from end of snout.

SCELOPORUS. 65

the neck smaller than those on the back. The large supraoculars not divided. Hind

limb equal to the distance of the vent from the collar; fourth toe rather longer than

the head. Femoral pores fifteen. Green or greenish-bronze coloured, without trans-

verse collar on the neck ; a large black patch on the collar-fold of the side of the neck,

the two patches being connected by a black band across the throat. Young males have

the abdomen blue, yellowish grey in the middle, the colours separated from each

other by black. In very old males the light colour in the middle disappears, and the

whole abdomen is uniform blackish blue. In an adult male each dorsal scale is black,

with a broad green band, also the upperside of the head is symmetrically spotted with

green.

Size of adult male 3 inches without tail.

Cope (/. c.) says that he has seen a specimen from Tehuantepec; but as this indi-

vidual has a double row of supraoculars, the locality is not inserted here.

83. Sceloporus poinsetti.

Sceloporus poinsettii, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 126; and in U.S. & Mex. Bound.

Surv., Rept. p. 5, t. 29. figg. 1-3.

Hab. Norra America, Texas.—Mexico, Rio San Pedro and Sonora (Clark), Ciudad

in Durango (Forrer).

Twenty-one or twenty-two scales in a series along the back. The large supraoculars

divided into a double series. Hind limb equal to the distance of the vent from the

humeral joint; fourth toe as long as the head. Femoral pores eleven or twelve.

Scales on the neck not conspicuously smaller than those of the back. A broad black

collar edged with light green across the neck; body and tail with alternate dark and

greenish cross-bands, the darker bands being the broader. Lower parts blue and black

in the adult male, a whitish band along the middle of the abdomen.

Size of adult male 4 inches without tail.

The coloration of the upper parts is probably not constant.

4. Sceloporus acanthinus.

Sceloporus acanthinus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 180, t. 18. figg. 10, 10 a, b, & t. 19.

figg. 4, 4a; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 221.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hége); Guatemata, San Agustin on the Volcan de Atitlan

(Mus. Paris).

Twenty-four scales along the back. The large supraoculars not divided. Hind limb

equal to the distance of the vent from the humeral joint; fourth toe longer than the

head. From twelve to fourteen femoral pores. Anterior nuchal scales much smaller

than those on the back. <A narrow black collar only one or two scales broad across

the neck.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., February 1890. *9

66 _ LACERTILIA.

Size of an apparently adult female 24 inches without tail.

Originally described from two specimens taken on the western slope of the Volcan

de Atitlan, at an elevation of 610 metres.

5. Sceloporus torquatus.

Sceloporus torquatus, Wiegm.* Isis, 1828, p. 869; and Herpet. Mex. p. 49, t. 7. fig. 1; Bocourt,

Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 171, t. 18. figg. 9, 9a-c; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 401 ;

Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 219; Dugés, La Naturaleza, i. p. 113 (1878).

Agama torquata, Green & Peale, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vi. 1880, p. 231.

Tropidolepis torquatus, Gray, in Beechey’s Voy., Zool. p. 95, t. 30. fig. 2.

Hab. Mexico, Highlands, Misteca, and Hacienda del Bobo (Geddes), Temascaltepec

(Keating), city of Mexico, Jalisco, north of the Rio Santiago (fichardson).

From twenty-two to twenty-four scales along the back. The large supraoculars not

divided. Hind limb equal to the distance of the vent from the humeral joint ; fourth

toe as long as the head. Femoral pores 15-20. Scales on the neck conspicuously

smaller than those on the back. A broad black collar, edged with yellow (white,

greenish), across the neck. Lower parts of the adult male blue, blackish in the middle

in old individuals, with more or less yellowish in younger ones. Back sometimes with

brownish markings or irregular yellow spots.

Size of an adult male 43 inches without tail.

6. Sceloporus omiltemanus, sp.n. (Tab. XXXII. fig. A.)

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in the State of Guerrero 8000 feet (7. H. Sintth).

Twenty-three or twenty-four scales in a series along the back; scales on the back

smooth or faintly keeled, with a short terminal spine and a few fine denticulations ;

scales on the neck smaller than those on the back. The large supraoculars divided

into a double series. Hind limb equal to the distance of the vent from the collar;

fourth toe a little longer than the head. Femoral pores twelve or thirteen. Green or

dark-bronze-coloured, with a broad black collar edged with light green across the neck ;

some scales of the upper arm red or green. Adult male blue underneath, the middle

of the abdomen being blackish anteriorly and whitish posteriorly. ‘Tail not banded.

Adult female with the throat blue, and with the abdomen uniform greenish. |

Size of adult male 3? inches without tail.

In very young specimens the black white-edged collar is already quite distinct, but

the scales on the back are strongly keeled and without lateral denticulations.

To this fine race of the torquatus-group none of the various specific or varietal

names are applicable, and as its locality can be stated with sufficient exactness, and

does not seem to have been visited by other collectors, I think it best to describe this

lizard under a distinct name.

* Wiegmann has priority in giving this name to the species, Green and Peale having selected the same

specific term two years later, independently and in ignorance of Wiegmann’s paper in the ‘ Isis.’

SCELOPORUS., 67

7. Sceloporus undulatus.

Agama undulata, Daud. Rept. iii. p. 384.

Sceloporus undulatus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 75; Baird & Gir. U.S. Expl. Exped., Herp. p. 379, t.19.

fige. 15-21; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 195, t. 18 bis. figg. 11, 11 a,b; Cope, Proc.

Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 398; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 227.

Sceloporus thayerii, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 127.

Hab. Nortu America, United States.—Mexico, Sonora (Baird & Girard) ; GUATEMALA,

Yzabal (Salvin),

From twenty-six to thirty-one scales in a series along the back. The large supra-

oculars not divided. Hind limb as long as, or shorter than, the distance of the vent

from the collar; fourth toe as long or nearly as long as the distance of the snout from

the lateral collar-fold. Thirteen to seventeen femoral pores. Greyish, brownish, or

bronze-coloured, with irregular dark brown bands or transverse spots across the back ;

no nuchal collar.

An adult male is 3 inches long without tail.

This is a northern species which scarcely enters into the limits of the Central-

American fauna. The reasons which induce me to admit it, are :—(1) because Baird

and Girard say expressly in the description of their Sceloporus thayerii that it extends

into Sonora; and (2) because Mr. Salvin’s collection, made at Yzabal, contains a

specimen which, although it has only twenty-six scales in the dorsal series, cannot be

kept distinct from S. undulatus.

8. Sceloporus lunzi.

Sceloporus lunei, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 184, t. 18 bis. figg. 5, 5 a, d,

Sceloporus formosus, part., Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 222.

Hab. Guaremata, Coban (Salvin), plateau 1500 metres (Bocourt).

Twenty-five scales in a series along the back, the dorsal series distinctly convergent

on the posterior part of the back; scales keeled, with a long terminal spine. A single

series of large supraoculars. One canthal scale. The anterior lobes of the ear-

opening not larger than the preceding scales. Hind limb nearly as long as the distance

of the vent from the collar ; fourth toe longer than the head. Femoral pores thirteen.

Green ; each dorsal scale with a yellowish spot at the base; blue underneath, the

middle of the abdomen being yellowish with a black streak on each side ; collar-fold

ceep black, this colour not extending across the neck or throat.

Size of adult male 3 inches without tail.

9. Sceloporus irazuensis, sp. n.

Sceloporus formosus, part., Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 222.

fab, Mexico, Southern States ?—Cogra Rica, Irazu (Rogers).

*9 2

68 LACERTILIA.

Twenty-six or twenty-seven scales in a series along the back, the dorsal series nearly

parallel ; scales keeled, with a terminal spine. The large supraoculars are broken up

and form two series. Two canthal scales, but owing to the shortness of the snout

the anterior is not always fully developed. Anterior lobes of the ear-opening as large

as the preceding scales. Hind limb as long as the distance of the vent from the collar ;

fourth toe longer than the head. Femoral pores fourteen or fifteen. Green; scales

of the males sometimes with a lighter basal spot, females with indistinct subangular

dark markings; males blue underneath, the middle of the abdomen being yellowish ;

collar-fold black, this colour not extending across the neck or throat.

Size of adult male 22 inches without tail.

10. Sceloporus salvini, sp. n.

Sceloporus formosus, part., Boul. Cat. Liz. 11. p. 222.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hodge) ; GUATEMALA (Salvin).

From thirty to thirty-two scales in a series along the back; scales on the back in

parallel series, keeled, with a long terminal spine. Two series of large supraoculars,

the scutes of the outer series being the smaller and separated from the superciliary

margin by two series of granular scales. ‘Two canthal scales. Ear-opening with one

larger and a few smaller lobes in front. Hind limb as long as the distance of the vent

from the collar; fourth toe longer than the head. Femoral pores twelve. Green;

with or without longitudinal rows of darker spots; a rather narrow deep black collar,

which, in the middle of the neck, is interrupted for the width of one or two scales, or

at least contracted, and extends across the throat ; males with the throat and the sides

of the abdomen blue, the middle being yellowish with a black streak on each side.

Size of adult male 33 inches without tail.

11. Sceloporus smaragdinus.

?? Sceloporus formosus, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 50, t. 7. fig. 2.

Sceloporus formosus, part., Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 182, t. 18. figg. 8, 3a—-c; Boul. Cat.

Liz. i. p. 222.

? Sceloporus malachiticus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xvi. p. 178; Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii.

p. 127; and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 397.

Sceloporus smaragdinus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 186, t. 18. figg. 6, 6a, b, and t. 19.

figg. 1, la, 6.

Sceloporus teniocnemis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 399.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Cope); GuatemaLa (Cope), Duefias and Yzabal (Salvin), Solola,

Totonicapam, Quezaltenango (Bocourt); Costa Rica, Arriba, San José (Cope),

Irazu (Logers).

From thirty-two to thirty-four scales in a series along the back ; scales on the back

in parallel series, keeled, with a long terminal spine and more or less distinct lateral

SCELOPORUS. 69

denticulations. Two series of large supraoculars, but the scutes of the outer series are

sometimes unusually small. One canthal scale. Hind limb shorter than, sometimes

nearly as long as, the distance of the vent from the collar; fourth toe longer than the

head. Femoral pores from fifteen to seventeen. Green or greenish-bronze coloured,

with a black patch on the lateral collar-fold, not extending across the neck. Males

with the throat, the sides of the abdomen, and sometimes the pectoral region, blue; a

median white abdominal band is separated from the blue by a black streak.

Size of adult male 34 inches without tail.

12. Sceloporus yarrovii.

Sceloporus jarrovii, Cope in Wheeler’s Rep. Explor. W. 100th Mer. v. p. 569, t. 23. figg. 2, 2a-d;

and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 396. .

Sceloporus yarrovii, Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 228.

Hab. Nortu America, Arizona (Cope).—Mzxico, Ciudad in Durango (Forrer), Jalisco,

north of Rio Santiago (Richardson).

Thirty-one scales in a series along the back; scales on the back keeled, with a

terminal spine. The large supraoculars not divided. Hind limb as long as the distance

of the vent from the collar; fourth toe as long as, or longer than, the head.

Seventeen femoral pores. Greenish, indistinctly spotted with black ; a dark black-and-

white-edged collar across the neck; two light bands on each side of the neck, one

above and the other through the tympanum.

A female, adult or nearly so, measures 22 inches without tail ; an adult male 3 inches.

13. Sceloporus consobrinus.

Sceloporus consobrinus, Baird & Gir. in Marcy’s Expl. Red River, p. 287, t. 10. figg. 5-12; Cope,

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 397; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 229.

Hab. Norra America.—Mexico, Putla (Boucard).

Thirty-one or thirty-two scales in a series along the middle of the back; scales on the

back strongly keeled and with a terminal spine. Supraoculars broken up into small

scutes, or, if two complete series can be ‘distinguished, the scutes of the outer series are

very small. Length of the hind limb less than the distance between the vent and

collar ; fourth toe scarcely as long as the head. From twelve to seventeen femoral

pores. Upper parts light greyish or brownish, with a white band on each side of

the back, bordered laterally by a series of black spots; generally a second white

band from the axil of the fore limb to that of the hind limb. No collar. A

black spot in front of the humerus, which in the male extends into the collar-fold.

Sides of the head with two light bands, one above and one through the tympanum, both

separated by a black streak. Male with the side of the throat and the sides of the

abdomen blue, the remainder of the lower surface white.

70 LACERTILIA.

Adult specimens are 24 inches long without tail.

The evidence of this form extending into Mexico rests, at present, upon a badly-

preserved specimen in the British Museum, purchased of M. Boucard, and stated by

him to have been obtained at Putla in Mexico.

14. Sceloporus pyrrhocephalus.

Sceloporus pyrocephalus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xvi. p. 177.

Sceloporus pyrrhocephalus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1885, p. 394.

Hab. Mxxtco, Colima (Xantus, W. Lloyd).

The typical specimens were from the same locality.

Thirty-three or thirty-four scales in a series along the back ; dorsal scales in oblique

convergent series, distinctly keeled, and with a terminal spine. Supraoculars broad,

in a single series. Canthal scutes two; a pair of large mentals behind the front lower

labial. Hind limb equal to the distance of the vent from the fore limb; fourth toe

longer than the head. Femoral pores thirteen. ‘Tail strongly compressed. Bronze-

coloured above, with a broad, black, light-edged band along the side; abdomen blue

on the sides, with a row of dark blue or black cross-bars on each of the blue lateral

halves; throat with oblique bluish lines; a black cross-band in front of the shoulder ;

an elongate black spot with yellow centre in the middle of the occiput.

Size of adult male 2? inches without tail.

15. Sceloporus chrysostictus.

Sceloporus chrysostictus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xviii. p. 125; and Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885,

p- 896; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 235.

? Sceloporus cupreus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 210, t. 18 bis. fig: 2.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (A. Schott in U.S. Nat. Mus.).

The localities “Guatemala (Cope)” and “Oaxaca (Bocourt)”’ require further con-

firmation.

Thirty-two scales in a series along the middle of the back; scales on the back

keeled, pointed, and without prominent spine. Supraoculars in a single series, large. .

Limbs very slender; the hind limb is longer than the distance of the vent from the

collar, and the length of the fourth toe equals the distance of the snout from the

shoulder. From thirteen to fifteen femoral pores. Brownish or greenish olive above,

with indistinct brown markings; a broad light iridescent band along each side of the

back; axil of the fore limb black; sides with one longitudinal and three or four

transverse blackish bands behind; no collar on the neck, also the collar-fold is colour-

less. Lower parts whitish; male without distinctive coloration of the abdomen.

The adult male is 25 inches long without tail.

SCELOPORUS. 71

16. Sceloporus grammicus. |

Sceloporus grammicus, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 370; and Herpet. Mex. p- 51; Bocourt, Miss. Se.

Mex., Rept. p. 192, t. 18 bis. figg. 12, 12 a, 5; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1885, p. 397 ;

Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 231.

Sceloporus heterurus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xviii. p- 822.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Bocourt), Mirador ( Sartorius), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast) ;

GUATEMALA (Godman).

Thirty-seven or thirty-eight scales in a series along the back; scales on the back in

oblique series, which converge towards the median line, keeled. All the supraoculars

of rather small size. Hind limb nearly as long as the distance of the vent from the

collar; fourth toe rather longer than the head. Femoral pores fourteen. Brownish,

with transverse black spots; a narrow black band across the nape, interrupted in the

middle. Male blue on the sides of the abdomen, the blue patch being bordered

with black interiorly.

Of this race I have seen two young specimens only from Guatemala.

This race is very imperfectly known, and there is great risk of confounding it with

others. From Bocourt’s statement as to differences in the size of the scales in the

two typical specimens, it would appear to be not improbable that the specific term gram-

micus should be applied to one of them only. Sceloporus dugestt (Bocourt, J. c. p. 188,

t. 18. fig. 7; Cope, 2. ¢. p. 396; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 224) = Sceloporus intermedius

(Duges, La Naturaleza, iv. 1876, p. 29, t. 1. figs. 21-32), from Colima (Bocourt) and

Guanajuato (Dugés), comes evidently very close to S. grammicus, but is described as

having larger dorsal scales, viz. only nine in the length of the shielded part of the head,

whilst in S. grammicus twelve or thirteen would be included in that measurement,

17. Sceloporus gratiosus.

Sceloporus graciosus, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 69; and in Stansb. Exped. Gr, Salt

Lake, p. 346, t. 5. figg. 1-3; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, pp. 379, 397.

Sceloporus gratiosus, Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p 230.

Hab. Noxtu America, Utah, South-western States —Mexico, Matamoros Izucar (Ferrari-

Perez), Putla (Boucard), Jalapa (Ferrari-Perez).

Forty-five scales in a series along the middle of the back. Dorsal scales keeled, in

parallel series. Supraocular series divided, the inner being composed of the larger

scutes. Length of the hind limb less than the distance between vent and collar;

fourth toe longer than the head. From sixteen to eighteen femoral pores. Light

brownish above, with two light longitudinal bands on each side, a row of darker

spots on each side of the median dorsal line. Male with a blue black-edged patch

on each side of the abdomen.

An adult female is 13 inch long without tail.

72 LACERTILIA.

18. Sceloporus ornatus.

Sceloporus ornatus, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. x. p. 254; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 396.

Hab. Mexico, Patos in Coahuila (Couch, U. S. Nat. Mus.), Nuevo Leon (W. Taylor).

From forty-eight to fifty scales in a series along the middle of the back. Scales

with feeble keels. The large supraoculars divided. Hind limb as long as the dis-

tance of the vent from the collar; fourth toe rather shorter than the head. Sixteen

or seventeen femoral pores. Greenish; blackish along the middle of the back, with

light small spots; a rather broad and complete black collar edged with light green

across the neck. Male with the throat and sides of the abdomen blue.

An (adult ?) male specimen is 26 lines long without tail.

19. Sceloporus rubriventris, sp. n. (Tab. XXXII. fig. C.)

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

Forty-eight or fifty scales in a series along the middle of the back. Dorsal scales

with a small terminal spine, their keels forming lines which converge towards the

median line. The larger supraoculars in a double row; two canthal scutes. Hind

limb rather shorter than the distance between vent and collar; fourth toe longer than

the head. From sixteen to eighteen femoral pores. Greenish-bronze coloured, marbled

above ; ablack band from the tympanum above the collar-fold and shoulder, a black line

from the eye to the tympanum. Both sexes with the throat and a broad band along each

side of the abdomen orange-coloured, the middle of the abdomen being greenish.

An adult male is 24 inches long without tail.

This very distinct form is allied to S. microlepidotus, but has larger scales and

a different coloration of the abdomen.

20. Sceloporus microlepidotus.

Sceloporus microlepidotus, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p. 51; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 194,

t. 18 bis. figg. 18, 18 a-d; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, pp. 170, 379, 384, 397; Boul.

Cat. Liz. li. p. 232.

Sceloporus dispar, Baird. & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. vi. p. 127.

Hab. Mexico, Ventanas and Ciudad in Durango (Forrer), Colima (U. S. Nat. Mus.),

Guanajuato, Puebla (Dugés, Mus. Brit.), Oaxaca (Boucard), Orizaba (Mus. Brit.),

Jalapa (Hoge), Tezuitlan (Ferrari-Perez), Zacualtipan (Cope), Popocatepetl in pine

forests 9000 feet (F. D. G.), Mirador, Vera Cruz (Sartorius, U.S. Nat. Mus.).

From sixty-two to sixty-eight scales in a series along the middle of the back; dorsal

scales not mucronate, in series converging towards the median line. Supraoculars

small, in several series. Hind limb rather shorter than the distance of the vent from

the collar; fourth toe rather longer than the head. From fourteen to eighteen

SCELOPORUS. 73

femoral pores. Brownish or greenish, marbled with lighter and darker; collar-folds

black, sometimes a black collar on the throat, but never on the neck. Male with the

throat and the sides of the abdomen blue, the middle of the abdomen being black with

a greenish median band, or in very old specimens entirely black.

An adult male specimen is 24 inches long without tail.

21. Sceloporus couchii.

Sceloporus couchit, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. x. p. 254.

Hab. Nortu America, Texas, Duval Co. (W. Taylor).—Mextico, Sta. Catarina in Nuevo

Leon (Couch, U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Seventy scales in a series along the middle of the back; dorsal scales not mucronate,

in series converging towards the median line. A row of large supraoculars. Hind

limb longer than the distance of the vent from the collar; length of the fourth toe

equal to the distance of the shoulder from the end of the snout. Eighteen femoral

pores. A light greenish, sometimes interrupted, longitudinal band on each side of the

back; back more or less distinctly spotted; a black spot in front of the shoulder;

sides with light greenish spots. Male with the abdomen whitish, blue on the sides,

and with the jaws and throat ornamented with oblique convergent blue bands.

An adult male is 24 inches long without tail.

B. The two series of femoral pores meeting in front of the vent.

22. Sceloporus scalaris.

Sceloporus scalaris, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 370; and Herp. Mex. p. 50, t. 8. fig. 2; Bocourt, Miss.

Se. Mex., Rept. p. 202, t. 18 bis. figg. 9,9.a, 6; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, pp. 388, 394;

Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 234.

Tropidolepis scalaris, Gray, in Beechey’s Voy., Zool. p. 95, t. 80. fig. 8.

Hab. NorrH America, 8.W. Texas.—Muexico, Sonora (U.S. Nat. Mus.), Monterey,

Zacualtipan in Hidalgo (Cope), Jalisco, north of the Rio Santiago (Richardson),

Colima (Dugés), Cuernavaca (Méhédin, Mus. Paris), city of Mexico, Atlixco (Mus.

Brit.), Hacienda del Bobo (Geddes), Orizaba (Sumichrast), Cozumel I. (U.S. Fish

Commission).

Thirty-two scales in a series along the middle of the back; dorsal scales keeled,

pointed. Supraoculars small, without a distinct series of large ones. Length of the

hind limb much less than the distance between the vent and collar; length of the

fourth toe equal to, or even a little more than, that of the head. From sixteen to

nineteen femoral pores on each side, the two rows meeting in the median line. Olive

or light brownish, with a yellow line on each side of the back ; a series of large blackish

halfmoon-shaped spots (with the convex side directed backwards) on each side of the

yellow lateral line. No collar. A black spot in front of the shoulder, entering the

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., February 1890. *10

74 LACERTILIA.

collar-fold. Throat generally with irregular oblique blackish lines. Males with the

sides of the abdomen blue, the middle being whitish.

An adult male is 23 inches long without tail.

23. Sceloporus eneus.

Sceloporus eneus, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 370; and Herpet. Mex. p. 50; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 205, t. 18 bis. figg. 4, 4a, 6; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, pp. 170, 379, 397 ;

Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 238.

Hab. Mexico, Puebla (Boucard), Matamoros Izucar (Ferrari-Perez), Orizaba (Mus.

Lrit.), Jalapa (U.S. Nat. Mus.), Jalisco, north of the Rio Santiago (Richardson).

Thirty-one scales in a series along the middle of the back; dorsal scales keeled,

pointed. Supraoculars in more than one series, rather small. Length of the hind

limb less than the distance between the vent and collar, and length of the fourth toe

scarcely equal to that of the head. From fourteen to nineteen femoral pores on each

side, the two rows meeting in the median line. Olive, greenish, or copper coloured

above, with one or two light lines along each side; the back between the lines

unspotted, or with black marbled spots longitudinally arranged. A black spot between

the shoulder and collar-fold. Male with the lower parts more or less extensively black.

An adult male is 24 inches long without tail.

24. Sceloporus jalapz, sp. n.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hége).

Thirty-eight scales in a series along the middle of the back. A row of large supra-

oculars, separated from the superciliary edge by two rows of very small ones. ‘Two

canthal scales; ear-opening with two lobules in front. Length of the hind limb equal

to the distance between the vent and collar; length of the fourth toe considerably

exceeding that of the head. From seventeen to eighteen femoral pores on each side,

the two rows meeting in the median line. Ina much discoloured specimen the sides

are darker than the back, a differently coloured longitudinal band separating the back

from the sides. An indistinct darker band runs along the median line of the back.

Lateral collar-fold deep black. No nuchal collar. Belly in the male blackish on the

sides, white in the middle line; throat finely mottled.

The single male specimen known is 1? inch long without tail.

B. The scales on the sides much larger than the dorsal.

25. Sceloporus pleurolepis, sp. n. (Tab. XXXII. fig. B.)

Hab. Mexico, Jalisco, north of the Rio Santiago (Richardson).

Thirty-three scales in a series along the middle of the back; dorsal scales rounded

and, mostly, smooth. ‘The scales on the sides are twice or thrice as large as those on

SCELOPORUS. 75

the back, and keeled, each keel terminating in a strong spine which projects outwards;

the scales on the limbs and tail larger than those on the back and provided with a

strong spine. ‘The series of large supraoculars is partly entire, partly divided into

two. Length of the hind limb equal to the distance between the vent and collar ; length

of the fourth toe equal to that of the head. Eleven or twelve femoral pores on each

side. Nearly uniform greenish-olive above, whitish below ; throat bluish, with a white

median longitudinal line.

The only specimen received, a female, is 23 inches long without tail.

C. The scales on the sides imbricate, but defined from the dorsal by a sharp line.

26. Sceloporus variabilis.

Sceloporus variabilis, Wiegm. Herpet. Mex. p.51; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 200, t. 18 bis.

figg. 1, la, 6, and t. 19. fig. 2; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, pp. 169, 379, 897; Boul.

Cat. Liz. p. 236; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. v. 1880, p. 176.

Hab. Norta America, Texas, Duval Co. (W. Taylor).—Muexico, Monterey (Cope),

Tampico, Jalisco, north of the Rio Santiago (Richardson), Amula (H. H. Smith),

Matamoros Izucar (Lerrari-Perez), Atoyac (H. H. Smith), Jalapa (Mus. Brit.),

Hacienda del Bobo (Hdége), Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Huatusco (Godman), Mirador

(Sartorius), mountains of Huamelula*, Tehuantepec (Suwmichrast); GUATEMALA,

San Gerénimo (Salvin); Satvapor, La Union (Mus. Paris).

From forty to forty-five scales in a series along the middle of the back. The large

supraoculars in a single, undivided row. Hind limb longer than the distance between

the vent and collar; fourth toe as long as the distance between the end of the snout

and the shoulder. From eleven to thirteen femoral pores. Brownish or greenish, with

a more or less distinct whitish band along each side of the back ; the back between the

bands generally with two rows of dark spots. <A large black spot in the axil of the

fore limb. Male with a pair of C-shaped blue bands on the abdomen, meeting in the

middle of their convexity in old examples, and enclosing a reddish patch in their

concavity.

Sumichrast says that this species prefers rocky ground in ravines or along the banks

of rivers.

Length of an adult male 3 inches without tail.

27. Sceloporus teapensis, sp. n.

Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).

This form agrees with S. variabilis in every respect, but has much larger scales on

every part of the body: there are only from thirty-one to thirty-three in a series along

* In these specimens the dorsal bands are bright yellow in life, and sharply defined.

*10 2

76 LACERTILIA.

the middle of the back. The temples are covered with moderately-sized imbricate

scales, and not partly granular as in S. variabilis.

Size of adult male 3 inches without tail.

28. Sceloporus fulvus.

Sceloporus fulvus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 214, t. 18 bis. figg. 8, 8 a—c; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii.

p: 238.

Hab. Satvapor, La Union (Mus. Paris); Nicaracva (Boulenger).

Thirty-two scales in a series from the occipital to the base of the tail; a row of large

supraoculars; a single canthal scale. Length of the fourth toe equal to the distance

between the end of the snout and the collar-fold. Three or four femoral pores. Sides

darker than the back, a yellow longitudinal band between the back and sides; the back

between the bands with a double series of oblique dark brown spots. Lower parts

uniform yellowish in both sexes.

Length 12 inch without tail.

29. Sceloporus siniferus.

Sceloporus siniferus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xi. p. 159 (1871); Bocourt, Journ. Zool. v. p. 342

(1876); Boul..Cat. Liz. ii. p. 237; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. v. 1880, p. 177.

Sceloporus humeralis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 206, t. 18 bis. figg. 3, 3 a, b.

Hab. Maxico, Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith), Acapulco, Oaxaca (Sallé), Tehuan-

tepec (Sumichrast).

Twenty-seven scales in a series along the middle of the back. The large supraoculars

in a single, undivided row. Hind limb longer than the distance between the vent and

collar; fourth toe nearly as long as the distance between the shoulder and end of the

snout. From four to eight femoral pores. Brownish, sides darker, upper and lateral

parts more or less distinctly spotted with darker; lower parts yellowish, throat some-

times with oblique blackish lines. Axil of the fore limb not black.

Adult specimens are 2 inches long without tail.

D. The scales on the sides granular.

80. Sceloporus utiformis.

Sceloporus utiformis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xvi. p. 177; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p- 208, t. 18 bis. figg. 6, 6a, b.

Hab. Mexico, Colima (Xantus).

Forty scales between the occipital and the base of the tail; ten dorsal scales are

contained in the length of the shielded part of the head. A row of large supraoculars.

Femoral pores thirteen or fourteen. Blackish above, with numerous indistinct lighter

SCELOPORUS.—PHRYNOSOMA. 77

cross-bars, or light brown, with a double longitudinal series of transverse black spots

and a yellowish band along each side of the back.

Length 22 inches without tail.

The following species have not been seen by me:—

1. From Mexico and La Noria (Michoacan) and Tupataro, near Guanajuato.

Sceloporus melanogaster, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 400: according to

Dugés, La Naturaleza, i. p. 114, it is not from Guanajuato. Boulenger’s Sceloporus

melanogaster is certainly a different form.

2. From Guanajuato (2).

Sceloporus ferrari-perezi, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 400.

3. From Tehuantepec and Colima.

Sceloporus melanorhinus, Bocourt, Journ. Zool. v. 1876, p. 341, and Ann. Sc. Nat.

1876, iii. art. 12; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 399; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc.

Zool. v. 1880, p. 176.

4. From Vera Cruz.

Sceloporus torquatus mucronatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 402.

5. From Monterey, Nuevo Leon.

Sceloporus torquatus cyanogenys, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 402.

6. From Guatemala and Antigua (alt. 1500 metres), and from the mouth of the

Nagualate.

Sceloporus squamosus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 212, t. 18 bis. figg. 7, 7 a2,

and t. 19. fig. 3.

7. From Yucatan.

Sceloporus serrifer, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xviii. p. 124. I suspect that the

specimen referred by Boulenger to this species is a distinct form; but as the exact

locality of that specimen is unknown, I omit a description of it.

PHRYNOSOMA.

Phrynosoma, Wiegmann, Isis, 1828, p. 367.

These lizards are called ‘‘ Caméle6én” by the Mexicans *. ©

* Whilst in the English-speaking countries of the Southern United States the term “ Horned Toad” is

applied to them. Several observers have recorded a singular habit of these lizards (see, for instance, J. Wallace,

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 1), viz., under certain circumstances, apparently as a means of defence, they squirt

from one of the eyes a jet of bright red liquid, very much like blood, to a distance of about six inches. Only

a few individuals will do this occasionally, while many others never do it. The specimens in which it has

been observed seemed to belong to P. cornutum. I have not been able to find the source of this secretion by dis-

section of fresh examples; and accurate observation of individuals which possess this power is very desirable.

78 LACERTILIA.

1. Phrynosoma orbiculare.

a. Var. orbicularis.

Lacerta orbicularis (part.), Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 265.

Phrynosoma orbiculare, Wiegm. Isis, 1828, p. 367; and Herp. Mex. p. 53; Wagl. Icon. Amphib.

t. 23; Sumichrast, Arch. Sc. Phys. Nat. xix. p. 60 (1864) ; and Ann. & Mag. N. H. 3rd ser.

xiii. p. 507; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 241.

Tapaya orbicularis (Girard), Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 221, t. 11. figg. 1, la-g; Duges,

La Naturaleza, i. p. 116 (1868); Sanchez, La Naturaleza, vii. p. 323 (1887).

Phrynosoma wiegmanni, Gray, in Beechey’s Voy., Zool. p. 96.

Hab. Mexico, city of Mexico (Doorman), Ciudad in Durango (Forrer), Jalisco, north of

the Rio Santiago (Richardson).

6. Var. cortezil.

Phrynosoma orbiculare, Wiegm. Herp. Mex. t. 8. fig. 1.

Tapaya orbicularis, var., Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 2238.

Phrynosoma orbicularis, var., Boul. Cat. Liz. il. p. 242.

Tupaya cortezit, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. t. 11. figg. 2, 2 a-g.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hége), Puebla and Orizaba (Mus. Brit.).

y. Var. dugesil.

Tapaya orbicularis, var., Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex,, Rept. p. 224.

Tapaya dugesii, Bocourt, |. c. t. 11. figg. 3, 3 a-f.

Phrynosoma orbicularis, var., Boul. Cat. Liz. 1. p. 243.

Hab. Mexico, Colima.

3. Var. boucardi.

Tapaya boucardii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 225, t. 11. figg. 4, 4a-f.

Hab. Mexico, plateau of Mexico.

Sumichrast says of this species:—‘ The Phrynosoma, which is peculiar to the cold

and dry regions of the Mexican plateau, inhabits sandy spots exposed to the sun, such

as the margins of roads and the arid ridges, where the earthy colour of its body easily

conceals it from observation. Ill formed for running, it has none of that lizard-like

vivacity which has become proverbial; its gait is slow and awkward.... Destitute of

means of defence, it allows itself to be taken without even attempting to bite the hand

that has seized it.... On several occasions when I have put females of Phrynosoma

orbiculare into alcohol I have seen the young immediately issue from the cloaca, to the

number of ten or twelve.” A specimen which I kept for some time would simulate

death, and although torpid on cool days, would in the heat of the day run rapidly to

some place of concealment as soon as it thought itself unobserved. Dugés states that

the number of young varies from fifteen to twenty-four.

PHRYNOSOMA. 79

2. Phrynosoma cornutum.

Agama cornuta, Harlan, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. iv. p. 229, t. 20 (1825).

Phrynosoma cornutum, Gray, in Griff. Anim. Kingd. ix. Syn. p. 45; Holbr. N.-Amer. Herp. ii.

p. 87, t. 11; Girard, in Stansbury’s Exped. Gt. Salt Lake, p. 360, t. 8. figg. 1-6, and in

U.S. Expl. Exped., Herp. p. 403, t. 21. figg. 6-9; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p- 236,

t. 12. figg. 9, 9a-f; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 245; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 169;

Gentry, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xxxvii. p. 145.

Phrynosoma planiceps, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 178; and in Sitgreave’s Exped. Zuni &

Color. Riv. p. 124, t.7; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 238, t. 12. figg. 11, 1l af; Yarrow,

in Wheeler’s Rep. Explor. W. 100th Merid. p. 579, t. 24. fig. 1.

Hab. Nortu America, United States—Mexico, Monterey ( Cope), Chihuahua (Montague

Kerr), Tampico (Richardson).

Tampico is the southernmost locality known of this species at present.

8. Phrynosoma asio.

Phrynosoma asio, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xvi. p. 178; Sumichrast, Arch. Sc. Phys. Nat. xlvi.

p. 258 (1873) ; Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 244,

Batrachosoma asio, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 241, t. 17. figg. 9, 9a-—c.

Phrynosoma spinimentum, Peters, MB. Berl. Ak. 1873, p. 742.

Hab. Mexico, Colima (Xantus, U.S. Nat. Mus.), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast); Guats-

MALA, Savana Grande (f. D. G. & O. S.).

Its habits are similar to those of P. orbiculare, but it frequents the hot plains; its

food consists of beetles, ants, &c.

4. Phrynosoma modestum.

Phrynosoma modesta, Girard, in Stansbury’s Exped. Gt. Salt Lake, pp. 361, 365, t. 6. figg. 4-8;

Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 282.

Phrynosoma modesium, Boul. Cat. Liz. ii. p. 248.

Hab. Norta America, Southern United States—Muxico, Nuevo Leon (W. Taylor).

5. Phrynosoma braconnieri.

Phrynosoma braconnieri, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 233, t. 12. fig. 7, 7 a-g; Boul. Cat.

Liz. uu. p. 248.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Boucard).

6. Phrynosoma taurus.

Phrynosoma taurus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 234, t. 12. figg. 8, 8a-g; Boul. Cat. Liz.

li. p. 249.

Hab. Mexico, plateau of Puebla (Boucard, Mus. Paris), Matamoros (Mus. Brit.), Amula

in Guerrero 8000 feet (H. H. Smith), Coscatlan (Dugés).

80 LACERTILIA.

Fam. GECKONIDA.

GONATODES.

Gonatodes, Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p. 91; Boulenger, Cat. Liz. i. p. 56.

1. Gonatodes albogularis.

Gymnodactylus albogularis, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. il. p. 415.

Gonatodes albogularis, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 91; Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 59.

Stenodactylus fuscus, Hallow. Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. iii. p. 33 (1855).

Gymnodactylus fuscus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 48, t. 10. figg. 5, 5 a-c.

Goniodactylus braconnieri, O’Shaughn. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 4th ser. xvi. p. 265.

Hab. Satvavor, La Union (Mus. Paris); Nicaraaua (Hallowell) ; Panama (Ida Pfeiffer).

—Co tompia; West Inpigs, Cuba, Martinique (Dum. & Bibr.).

2. Gonatodes caudiscutatus.

Gymnodactylus caudiscutatus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 410.

Goniodactylus caudiscutatus, O’Shaughn. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 4th ser. xvi. p. 265.

Gonatodes caudiscutatus, Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 61, t. 5. fig. 2.

Hab. Panama (Ida Pfeiffer).— Western Ecuapor (fraser).

PHYLLODACTYLUS.

Phyllodactylus, Gray, Spicil. Zool. 1830, p. 3.

1. Phyllodactylus tuberculosus.

Phyllodactylus tuberculosus, Wiegm. N. Act. Ac. L.-C. xvii. p. 241, t. 18. fig. 2; Bocourt, Miss. Sc.

Mex., Rept. p. 43, t. 10. figg. 8, 3a; O’Shaughn. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 4th ser. xvi. p. 262;

Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. 1880, p.172; Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 79.

Hab. Nortn America, Californiaa—Mexico, Tres Marias Is., Ventanas, Presidio

(Forrer), Durango, Guadalajara (Cope), Acapulco, Tierra Colorada (H. H. Smith),

Tehuantepec (Suwmichrast); GuateMALA, Rio Motagua, San Gerdnimo (Salvin),

Coban (Cope); Hoypuras, Ruatan I. (G. #. Gaumer); Satvapor, La Union (Mus.

Paris) ; Nicaraeva (Cope).

Known to the inhabitants of Mexico and of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec as

‘‘ Salamanquesa”; frequents houses and renders itself most useful by destroying vermin.

2. Phyllodactylus ventralis.

Phyllodactylus ventralis, O’Shaughn. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 4th ser. xvi. p. 263; Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 80.

Hab. Nicaragua, Granada (Mus. Brit.).

It should be remembered that the type purchased for the British Museum of a

dealer in Paris was stated to be from Jamaica.

THECADACTYLUS.— GEHYRA. 81

THECADACTYLUS.

Thecadactylus, Cuvier, Régne Anim. ii. p. 48.

1. Thecadactylus rapicauda.

Gecko rapicauda, Houttuyn, Verh. Gen. Vlissing. ix. p. 322, t. 3. fig. 1.

Thecadactylus rapicaudus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 146; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1875, p. 119;

Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 111.

Platydactytus theconyx, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iii. p. 306, t. 38. fig. 2.

Hab. Mexico, Guadalajara (Cope), Yucatan (Mus. Brit.); British Honpuras (Mus.

Brit.) ; GUATEMALA, Coban (Cope); Nicaracua, Granada (Mus. Brit.); Costa Rica

(Cope).—NorTH-EASTERN TropicaL AMERICA; West INpDIEs.

ARISTELLIGER.

Arisielliger, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 496.

Idiodactylus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 41.

1. Aristelliger presignis.

Hemidactylus presignis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1856, p. 222.

Aristelliger presignis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 496; Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 146;

Garman, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1887, p. 275; and Bull. Essex Inst. xx. p. 108 (1888).

Idiodactylus georgeensis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 41, t. 10. figg. 1, 1 a—d.

Aristelliger irregularis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 887.

Hab. Mexico, Cozumel I. (U.S. Fish Commission, Gaumer), Yucatan; British Hon-

DURAS, St. George’s Cay off Belize (Scient. Commission Mex.); Nicaragua.— WEST

InpiEs, Jamaica, San Domingo, Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac (Garman).

Specimens from Cozumel Island and St. George’s Cay differ from those from Jamaica

merely in coloration, being of a uniform blackish tint, the sides of the head finely

speckled with white. During life the Cozumel specimens are said to be green.

GEHYRA.

Gehyra (Gray), Boulenger, Cat. Liz. i. p. 147.

1. Gehyra mutilata.

Hemidactylus (Peropus) mutilatus, Wiegm. N. Act. Ac. L.-C. xvii. p. 238.

Gehyra mutilata, Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 148.

Hemidactylus peronii, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iii. p. 352, t. 30. fig. 1.

Peripia peronu, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 159.

Hemidactylus navarri, Duges, La Naturaleza, vi. p. 309, t. 7 @ (1883).

Hab. Mexico, Presidio (Forrer), San Blas (Forrer, Dugés).—IsLanps or THE TROPICAL

Inpo-Paciric OcEAN; MALAYAN PENINSULA; BuRMa.

The circumstance that this species, which is so widely distributed along the shores of

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Rept., April 1893. *1]

82 LACERTILIA.

the Indo-Pacific Ocean, has been discovered only within a comparatively recent period

in Mexico, and still appears to be confined to a limited area, seems to show that this

is a late importation into the New World.

SPH ZRODACTYLUS.

Spherodactylus (Wagl.), Gray, in Griff. Anim. Kingd. Syn. p. 52.

1. Spherodactylus homolepis.

Spherodactylus homolepis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 277.

flab. NIcaARAGUA.

Of this species I have not seen specimens.

2. Spherodactylus torquatus.

Spherodactylus torquatus, Strauch, Mém. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. xxxv., Geckon. p. 35 (1887).

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan.

Not seen by me.

3. Spherodactylus glaucus.

Spherodactylus glaucus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 192 ; and Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil.

1875, p. 118; Sumicbrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 173; Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 221, t. 18.

fig. 3.

Spherodactylus inornaius, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 738.

Hab. Muxico, Vera Cruz (Mus. Brit.), Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith), Tehuantepec

(Sumichrast), Merida in Yucatan (A. Schott); Brivish Honpuras, Belize (Cope),

Stann Creek (Robertson); Guatemata, Vera Paz, low forest (FD. G. & 0. 8.),

Peten (Cope); Costa Rica, Sipurio (Cope).

A forest species.

4, Spherodactylus lineolatus.

Spherodactylus lineolatus, Lichtenst. Nomencl. Rept. Mus. Berol. p. 6; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 46; Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 221.

Spherodactylus millepunctatus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 480; Cope, Proc. Ac.

N. Sc. Philad. 1861, p. 499. .

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Mus. Brit.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Mus. Srit.); Brirish

Honpuras, Stann Creek (Rodertson); Panama, Veragua (Mus. Berol.).—Gutana,

Demerara (Quelch). :

5. Spherodactylus casicolus.

Spherodactylus casicolus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 499.

Hab. Panama, Rio Truando (U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Not seen by me.

SPH ZRODACTYLUS.— EUBLEPHARIS. 83

6. Spherodactylus fantasticus.

Spherodactylus fantasticus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. iii. p. 406, t. 82. fig. 2; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 44, t. 10. figg. 4, 4a-c; Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 228.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Philad.).—Venezvgra, Caracas (Mus. Brit.); Wast Iypres,

Martinique.

7. Spherodactylus anthracinus.

Spherodactylus anthracinus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 500; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss.

Berl. 1869, p. 874; ? Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 225; ? Strauch, Mém. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. xxxv.,

Geckon. p. 37 (1887).

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Philad.), Jalapa (Cope).—West Inptns.

Not seen by me.

EUBLEPHARIS.

Hublepharis, Gray, Philos. Mag. iii. 2, p. 56 (1827).

This genus, together with Psilodactylus and Coleonyx, forms a very natural group in

the Geckonide, and has a wide distribution in the Old World, like many other

genera of this family. But while the latter are either represented by numerous closely

allied species or are abundant in individuals, which spontaneously or accidentally have

been spread and are in progress of being spread over a large area of the surface of the

globe, the Eublepharide (as the group has been termed) consist of a very small number

of species only, and are so scarce that their distribution cannot be explained by the

same agencies. Those longest known are two species of Hublepharis from the Indian

peninsula, ranging westwards into Mesopotamia. Psilodactylus, with one species, is

West African, and finally in Central America and the Southern United States we find

three species of Hublepharis, most closely allied to the Indian, and one species of

Coleonyx. The not least singular point in the similarity of organization of these Lizards

is that they have retained a surprising resemblance in the pattern of their coloration.

1. Kublepharis variegatus.

Stenodactylus variegatus, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1858, p. 254; and U.S. & Mex. Bound.

Surv., Rept. p. 12, t. 23. figg. 9-27, and t. 24. figg. 11-19.

Coleonyx variegatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 125.

Lublepharis variegatus, Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 233.

Hab, Norra America, California, Rio Grande and Gila valleys (A. Schott), Texas,

El Paso.

2. Kublepharis dovii. (Tab. XXXI. fig. B.)

Eublepharis dovii, Boul. Cat. Liz. i. p. 288.

Hab. Panama (Capt. Dow).

Skin finely granular, with numerous tubercules which are smaller than the interspaces

between them, and provided with a short keel in the middle; the tubercles are very

/ *11 2

84 LACERTILIA.

small on the head and disposed in rings on the tail. The anterior side of the legs is

covered with small imbricate scales like those of the abdomen. The nasal shields form

a broad suture together behind the rostral; seven upper labial shields; the middle

lower labial large, rather broader than long, without mental shields behind; femoral

pores none; preanal pores seven, arranged in a triangular patch. The length of the

hind leg equals the distance of the snout from the shoulder, that of the fore limb equal

to the distance of the shoulder from the anterior margin of the eye.

Pale coloured, with brown markings above, forming a coarse irregular network on the

back; the markings are broken up into spots on the head, and ring-shaped on the tail.

The type-specimen is a male, and 53 inches long, of which the tail takes 23 inches.

3. Eublepharis fasciatus. (Tab. XXXI. fig. A.)

Eublepharis fasciatus, Boul. Cat. Liz. 1. p. 234.

Hab. Mexico, Ventanas (orrer).

Skin finely granular, without larger tubercles, the lower parts and legs covered with

very small imbricate scales. The nasal shields do not meet in the middle behind the

rostral; seven upper labial shields; the middle lower labial large, rather broader than

long, without mental shields behind; femoral and preanal pores absent (in the female).

Snout rather long, longer than the distance of the ear-opening from the eye; the length

of the hind leg equals the distance of the snout from the shoulder, that of the fore

limb being equal to the distance of the shoulder from the anterior margin of the eye.

Pale coloured, with broad yellowish cross-bands, which are broadly margined with

chocolate-brown : the first is horseshoe-shaped, and runs from the angle of the mouth

round the occiput to the other side; the next is placed between the shoulders, the two

following across the back of the trunk, and the fifth across the loin; on the tail they

form broad rings.

The type-specimen is a female, and nearly four inches long, of which the tail takes

less than one half.

COLEONYX.

Coleonyx, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xvi. p. 162 (1845).

Brachydactylus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1863, p. 41.

1. Coleonyx elegans.

Coleonyx elegans, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xvi. p. 163 (1845) ; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866,

p. 125; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 49, t. 10. figg. 7, 7a-d; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc.

Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 172; Boul. Cat. Liz. 1. p. 235.

Gymnodactylus scapularis, A. Dum. Cat. Méth., Rept. p. 45.

Gymnodactylus coleonyx, A. Dum. Arch. Mus. viii. p. 483, t. 16. fig. 6.

Brachydactylus mitratus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1863, p. 42.

Hab. Muxico, Orizaba (Sunichrast), Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith), Yucatan; BrivisH

Honpvras, Belize (Dyson); Guatemaua, Peten (Morelet) ; Costa Rica (Peters).

A forest species.

GLAUCONIA., 89

Order OPHIDIA.

Fam. STENOSTOMATIDZ.

GLAUCONIA.

Stenostoma, Wag]. Serp. Bras. 1825, p. 69 (nec Latr.).

Glauconia, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 139.

1. Glauconia albifrons.

Stenostoma albifrons, Wagl. Serp. Bras. t. 23. fig. 3; D’Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mér., Rept. t. 6.

figg. 1-6; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vi. p. 327; Jan, Iconogr. ii. tt. 3, 6, 7. figg. 10;

Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 505, t. 29. figg. 10, 10, 8.

Glauconia albifrons, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 638.

Typhlops undecimsiriatus, Cuv. Regne Anim. il. p. 74 (1829).

Epictia undecimstriata, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 140.

Stenostoma fallax, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1857, p. 402.

Sabrina tessellata, Girard, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1857, p. 181.

Stenostoma melanostoma, Cope, ibid. 1862, p. 350.

Stenostoma phenops, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1875, p. 128; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32,

p. 63 (1887) ; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 179.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hoge), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Santo Domingo de Guzman

(Buller); GuatEeMaLA, Coban (Cope); Honpuras, Ruatan Isl. (G. F. Gaumer) ;

Costa Rica (Cope); Panama (Cope).—TRopicaL AMERICA.

Common in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, living under decaying trunks, under stones

on dry soil, and even in houses.

2. Glauconia myopica.

Stenostoma myopicum, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. viii. no. 3, p. 6 (1883).

Glauconia myopica, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. 1. p. 69.

Hab. Mexico, Tampico (Garman, Richardson).

3. Glauconia dulcis.

Rena dulcis, Baird & Girard, N. Amer. Serp. p. 142.

Stenostoma dulce, Jan, Iconogr. i. tt. 5 & 6. figg.5; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr.

vill. no. 3, p. 5 (1883) ; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 63.

Leptotyphlops dulcis, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 501 (1892).

Glauconia dulcis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1892, p. 590.

Stenostoma rubellum, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. viii. no. 3, p. 130.

Hab. NortH America, Texas.—Norruern Mexico, Batopila, Chihuahua (Cope).

86 OPHIDIA.

4. Glauconia humilis. .

Rana humile, Baird & Gir. N. Am. Serp. p. 143; Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 501

(1892).

Siagonodon dugesii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 507, t. 29. figg. 9, 9 a—c, and t. 30. fig. 4.

Stenostoma tenuiculum, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. vili. no. 3, p. 5 (1883).

Hab. Norvn Averica, California—Mexico, San Luis Potosi (Garman), Presidio

(Forrer), Colima (Bocourt).

Fam. TYPHLOPIDZ.

TYPHLOPS.

Typhlops, Schneider, Hist. Amph. p. 34 (1801).

1. Typhlops tenuis.

Typhlops tenuis, Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1860, p. 454 ; Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 28.

Typhlops basimaculatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 320.

Typhlops perditus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1869, p. 435; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p- 499, t. 29. figg. 3, 3 a—c, t. 30. fig. 3.

Typhlops prelongus, F. Miill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vii. p. 674 (1885).

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba, Cordova, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith); GuateMata, Coban

(Salvin).

2. Typhlops microstomus.

Typhlops microstomus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 125.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan.

I have not seen a specimen of this species.

HELMINTHOPHIS.

Helminthophis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1860, p. 517.

Idiotyphlops, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. i. p. 186 (1861).

1. Helminthophis frontalis.

Helminthophis frontalis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1860, p. 517, fig.; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 502. t. 30. fig. 2.

Hab. Costa Rica.

I have not seen a specimen of this species.

LIOTYPHLOPS.

Liotyphlops, Peters, SB. Ges. naturf. Freund. 1881, p. 69.

LIOTYPHLOPS.—GEOPHIS. 87

1. Liotyphlops albirostris.

Rhinotyphlops albirostris, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1857, p. 402.

Liotyphlops albirostris, Peters, SB. Ges. naturf. Freund. 1881, p. 69; Bocourt, Miss. Se.

Mex., Rept. p. 501, t. 30. figg. 1, 1 a-c.

Typhlops (Idiotyphlops) emunctus, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. viii. no. 3, p. 3 (1883).

Hab. Panama, Veragua.

ANOMALOLEPIS.

Anomalepis, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. i. p. 185 (1861).

1. Anomalolepis mexicanus.

Anomalepis mexicanus, Jan, Iconogr. i. t. 5 & t. 6. fig. 1; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 503,

t. 29. figg. 4, 5.

Hab. Mexico.

The statement as to the origin of this species requires confirmation.

Fam. COLUBRIDM AGLYPHA.

GEOPHIS.

Geophis, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 342.

a. Species with the occipital in contact with a labial.

1. Geophis dolichocephala.

Colobognathus dolichocephalus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xxii. p. 211 (1872).

Catostoma dolichocephalum, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 147 (1876).

Hab. Costa Rica, San José (Van Patten).

Head elongate, conical, scarcely distinct from neck. Anterior frontals very small ;

supraocular and one postocular present. Six upper labials, the third and fourth

entering the orbit, the tifth forming a suture with the occipital, the sixth higher than

long. Scales in thirteen rows, keeled. Ventrals 131; anal entire. Upper parts of

the body and the entire tail black; a series of large distant red spots on each side,

which often meet above, forming half-rings: these disappear on the tail and neck.

Below red; lower lip and chin black.

I have not seen a specimen of this species.

2. Geophis chalybea. (Tab. XXXII. fig. B.)

Catostoma (Geophis) chalybeum, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 194; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1859,

p. 275; Giinth: Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 16; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 530,

t. 31. figg. 11, 11 a-e.

88 OPHIDIA.

Colobognathus hoffmanni, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1859, p. 276, fig. 2; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. no. 32, pp. 53, 86 *.

Geophis hoffmanni, Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 529, t. 31. figg. 8, 8 a-c.'

Geophidium dubium, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1861, p. 923; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82,

p. 86.

? Geophis dubius, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 582, t. 31. figg. 9, 9 a-c tT.

Elapoides sieboldi, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 21 (1862) ; and Iconogr. xii. t. 1. figg. 4.

Ninia sieboldii, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. viii. no. 8, p. 96 (1888).

Colophrys rhodogaster, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1868, p. 130; and Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.

no. 32, p. 86.

Geophis rhodogaster, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 531, t. 31. figg. 12, 12 a-d.

Geophis fuscus, Fischer, Abhandl. naturw. Ver. Hamburg, ix. p. 11, t. 2. fig. 5 (1886).

A supraocular and one postocular, sometimes confluent into one scute, sometimes

one or the other absent. Two pairs of frontals, sometimes confluent into a single pair ;

the anterior pair, if present, very small ; two pairs of chin-shields. Generally six,

rarely five, upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit, and the fifth in

contact with the occipital. The first pair of lower labials form a suture together.

Fifteen or seventeen series of scales, either all being smooth, or only those on the back

or loin provided with feeble keels; anal entire. Coloration generally uniform black

above; blackish, yellowish, or whitish below.

The modifications of this very variable form may be arranged thus :—

I. Scales in seventeen rows; two pairs of frontals.

A. Scales keeled. A supraocular and postocular. Ventral scutes 137 or 139. Uniform

blackish above, yellowish below $.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé) ; Guarzmata, Duefias and Pacific coast (Salvin).

B. Scales smooth. A supraocular and postocular.—Catostoma chalybeum (Wagl.).

Hab. Mexico (Deppe).

C. Scales smooth. No supraocular; one postocular. Ventral scutes 137 or 142. Uniform

blackish above, yellowish below.—Colophrys rhodogaster (Cope).

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Smiths. Inst.) ; Guaremata, Rio Chisoy below the town of Cubulco

(Salvin) ; Costa Rica (Smiths. Inst.).

* Cope represents this snake as “ without teeth on the palate;” they are distinctly enough shown in the

figure given by Peters.

+ Bocourt describes and figures this species with the first pair of infralabials not meeting in the median

line, whilst Peters expressly states that they meet in front of the chin-shields. The specimens examined by

myself confirm Peters’ statement, and I am therefore led to suppose that there is some error in Bocourt’s figure

or in his determination of the specimens.

+ According to Cope five lower labials are in contact with the chin-shields; I am unable to find more than

four in any of our specimens.

§ These specimens would probably have been named Catostoma nasale by Mr. Cope (Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad.

xx. p. 131); but itis rather uncertain what he understood by that name. He describes his specimens as

possessing eight upper labials, while the figure of the head shows seven only. In the original description quoted

the specimens are said to be “from near the city of Guatemala,” and in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 85,

from “Central Costa Rica.”

GEOPHIS. 89

II. Scales in seventeen rows ; one pair of frontals only.—Geophidium dubium.

Hab. ?

III. Scales in fifteen rows. Two pairs of frontals.

D. Scales on the back slightly keeled ; a small supra- and a postocular; six upper labials, the

third and fourth entering the orbit.

a. Uniform brownish-black above, yellowish below. Ventral scutes 129 or 134 or 135,

Hab. Mexico (Sallé).

6. Back brownish-black, crossed by large quadrangular white spots, equidistant and half as

broad as the distance between them, not extending downwards to the whitish colora-

tion of the abdomen. Ventral scutes 144.—Var. guadrangularis,m. (Tab. XXXIII.

fig. B.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Cartago (Brit. Mus.).

E. Scales on the back nearly entirely smooth; a small supra- and a postocular; six, sometimes

five, upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit.—Colobognathus hoffmanni.

c. Uniform brownish-black above, whitish below. Ventral scutes 143 (Mexico) or 127

(Costa Rica and Chiriqui).

Hab. Mexico, city of Mexico (Doorman); Costa Rica (Mus. Berol.); Panama,

Chirigui (Champion).

d. Brown, each ventral scute more or less widely brown transversely ; an indistinct lighter

band across the nape; sides of the back sometimes with an indistinct incomplete

longitudinal band. Ventral scutes 139-147.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Mus. Salvin & Godman). .

F. Scales entirely smooth; no supraocular, the occipital and postfrontal meeting above the eye ;

a small postocular ; six upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit. Above

uniform blackish-brown. Ventral scutes 144-146.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Mus. Salvin & Godman).

IV. Scales in fifteen rows. One pair of frontals only.

Scales smooth ; supra- and postocular confluent. Ventral scutes 189. Blackish above, white

below.—Geophis fuscus.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Fischer).

3. Geophis rostralis.

Elapoides rostralis, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xii. t. 2. fig. 2.

Geophis rostralis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 533, t. 31. figg. 10, 10 a-c.

? Geophis dubius, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 582, t. 381. figg. 9, 9 a-c.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé).

A supraocular and one postocular. Two pairs of frontal shields, of which the

anterior pair are very small (and, apparently, sometimes coalesce with the posterior).

Six upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit, and the fifth in contact with

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., May 1893. *12

90 OPHIDIA.

the occipital. The first pair of lower labials do not meet in the median line of the

chin. Seventeen series of scales, those in the lumbar region keeled (apparently, some-

times all smooth). Ventral scutes 146. Above uniform dark coloured, below whitish.

If I am correct in supposing that Bocourt’s Geophis dubius is distinct from the

species described by Peters under that name, then it is very probable that the former is

specifically identical with Jan’s Geophis rostralis, this species being subject to variations

similar to those of Geophis chalybea.

4, Geophis semidoliata.

Rhabdosoma semidoliatum, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 93; Giinth. Col Sn. p. 10; Cope, Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 85.

Catostoma semidoliatum, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861 (1860), p. 339.

Elapoides semidoliatus, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xii. t. 2. fig. 1.

Geophis semidoliatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1859, p. 276; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p. 584, t. 31. figg. 7, 7a-c; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no, 3, 1883, p. 102.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa and Orizaba (Brit. Mus.), Misantla and Zacualtipan (Cope),

Huatusco (Godman).

A supraocular and one postocular, sometimes confluent into one scute. ‘Two pairs

of frontals and two pairs of chin-shields. Five upper labials, the third entering the

orbit. Fifteen series of smooth scales; anal entire. Yellowish, orange-coloured on

the back, with broad black cross-bands, rather irregular in shape.

This species seems to be extremely common at Jalapa.

5. Geophis mesta. (Tab. X XXIII. fig. C.)

Geophis mestus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 15.

Hab. Mexico, Amula (H. H. Smith); Costa Rica, Cartago (Mus. Brit.).

Head rather broad, short and depressed; body and tail of moderate length. Eye

small, with the pupil elliptical. Anterior frontals well developed, about one-eighth

the size of posterior. Vertical as broad as long, six-sided, with the anterior angle

rather obtuse, and with the posterior somewhat pointed; its lateral edges are very

short, convergent. Supraocular well developed. Occipitals rounded behind, shorter

than the vertical and postfrontals together. Six upper labials, the third and fourth

entering the orbit; the fifth is the largest, and forms a suture with the occipital; an

elongate temporal behind this suture. One postocular. The first pair of lower labials

form a suture together; anterior chin-shields of moderate extent. Scales in fifteen

rows, mostly smooth, but those in the dorsal region above the vent keeled. Ventrals

140-148; anal entire; subcaudals 41. Coloration entirely black, with a broad white

collar, occupying a portion of the occipitals and the temple. Lower parts blackish

or whitish.

GEOPHIS. 9]

Colobognathus brachycephalus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xxiii. p. 211 (1871), or

Catostoma brachycephalum, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 147 (1876), also from

Costa Rica, is probably identical with this species; but Cope describes it as having only

124 ventrals, and with a whitish lateral band on the body, which extends from the side

of the neck to the tail, and is composed of two rows of alternating narrow spots, which

are not always perfectly united.

6. Geophis dugesii.

Geophis dugesit, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 573, t. 37. figg. 1, 1 a—d.

Hab. Mexico, Tangancicuaro (Dugés).

Head rather narrow. Anterior frontals small; a small supraocular and a single

postocular present; six upper labials, the fifth forming a suture with the occipital.

The first pair of lower labials form a suture together; anterior chin-shields twice as

long as posterior. Scales in fifteen rows, smooth. Ventrals 176; anal entire. Upper

parts black, and the anterior part of the body with six or seven yellowish half-rings

which on the posterior parts become more and more indistinct; lower parts yellowish.

I have not had the opportunity of examining specimens of this species.

7. Geophis bicolor.

Geophis bicolor, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1868, i. p. 416 *.

Rhabdosoma guttulatum, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 885 (1885).

Hab. Mexico, city of Mexico (Doorman), Jalisco, La Cumbre de los Arrastrados

(A. C. Buller), Vera Cruz (Sumichrast).

Head rather broad, short, and depressed ; body and tail of moderate length. Eye

small, with elliptical pupil. Anterior frontals about one-fourth the size of the

posterior; vertical rather longer than broad, with the anterior angle very open;

supraocular well developed; occipitals as long as postfrontals and vertical together,

rounded behind; six upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit ; the fifth is

the longest, and forms a long suture with the occipital}. The remainder of the temple

is covered by scale-like temporals,1+2. Two postoculars. Anterior chin-shields twice

as long as posterior, relatively shorter in specimens from Jalisco, in contact with four

labials. Scales in seventeen rows, smooth, without apical groove. Ventrals 151-168;

anal entire; subcaudals 39-48. Upper parts uniform black, lower white; on the two

or three outer series of scales the white colour appears in more or less distinct small

spots, whilst the black of the upper parts extends to the angles of the ventral shields.

* Cope (Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 85) refers to this species ‘“ Colobognathus hoffmanni of Jan,”

Iconogr. Ophid. xii. t. 2. fig. 3; but as this author figures his specimen with fifteen rows of keeled scales, and

five upper labials, Mr. Cope’s identification is at least doubtful.

+ In the largest specimen from Jalisco a small temporal intervenes ; it is a detached portion of the fifth labial.

*12 2

92 OPHIDIA.

Each subcaudal black in front. Specimens from Jalisco have the abdomen largely

marbled with black.

8. Geophis redimita.

Geagras redimitus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1876, p. 141.

Sphenocalamus lineolatus, Fisch. Oster Programm Akad. Gymnas. Hamburg, 1883, figg. 3-5.

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Mus. Hamburg), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

Head rather narrow, not distinct from neck, tail short; eye of moderate size, with

round pupil. Snout depressed, projecting beyond the lower jaw, the rostral shield

being broad in froyt, with a sharp edge. Anterior frontals narrow ; vertical six-sided ;

supraocular well developed ; one ante- and one postocular ; five upper labials, of which

the third only enters the orbit; the fourth is in contact with the occipital, separating

the elongate temporal from the postocular. The first pair of lower labials do not meet

in the median line; anterior chin-shields at least twice as large as posterior. Scales

smooth, in fifteen rows. Ventrals 118 or 119; anal divided; subcaudals 25 or 30.

Upper parts of a pale ground-colour, with narrow brown lines along the series of scales ;

head brown above, with a whitish longitudinal band on each side running from the

rostral to the end of the occipital. |

B. Species with the occipital separated from the upper labials by a temporal.

9. Geophis omiltemana, sp.n. (Tab. XXXIIL. fig. A.)

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero 8000 feet (H. H. Smith).

Head broad, short, and depressed, body and tail of moderate length. Eye rather

small, with the pupil subelliptical. Anterior frontals well developed, one-fifth or

one-sixth the size of posterior. Vertical broader than long, six-sided, with the anterior

angle very obtuse, the posterior being a right one; its lateral edges are very short,

convergent; supraocular rather small. Six upper labials, the third and fourth entering

the orbit, but it is worthy of notice that a small portion of the third upper labial is

separate, and forms a small preocular below the preocular proper; the sixth is the

largest, and separated from the occipital by a large temporal, which is in contact with

two postoculars. ‘The first pair of lower labials form a suture together; anterior chin-

shields not much larger than posterior. Scales in seventeen rows, of which only the

two middle ones show a faint carination. Ventrals 152, anal entire, subcaudals 52.

Upper parts black with narrow whitish cross-bars, of which the three or four anterior

are more distinct than the following, and are dilated on the sides as they merge into

the white coloration of the abdomen. The cross-bands of the middle and posterior

parts of the body are very indistinct and placed in pairs.

One specimen, apparently a male, is 115 inches long, of which the tail takes 24

inches; two other specimens are of smaller size.

GEOPHIS. 93

10. Geophis mutitorques.

Rhabdosoma mutitorques, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 384 (1885).

Hab. Mexico, North-eastern Hidalgo, Zacualtipan (Cope).

Anterior frontals one-fourth the size of posterior. Vertical broader than long;

supraocular present, but small; one postocular. Eye small. Six upper labials, the

third and fourth entering the orbit, the fifth not in contact with the occipital.

Temporals 142. The first pair of lower labials in contact with each other. Scales

smooth, in seventeen rows. Ventrals 172; anal entire. Colour plum-brown, the

scales of three or four lateral rows slightly pale on the edges. In old specimens the

ventrals are similarly coloured with pale edges, but in younger specimens there are

at intervals pale spots, and the throat and chin are pale, probably pale yellow in life.

In young specimens a yellow band crosses from one angle of the mouth to the other,

involving the anterior three-quarters of the parietal plates. In larger specimens this

is indistinct, and in a large specimen (455 millim.) the band has disappeared.

Cope describes also a Rhabdosoma longiceps, from San José Acateno in the State of

Vera Cruz [Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 189 (1887)], which seems to be very closely

allied to the above species, as stated by the author himself.

Geophis latifrontalis, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3, p. 103 (1883), from

San Luis Potosi, cannot be distinguished from the above species by means of the

descriptions given.

11. Geophis fasciata. (Tab. XXXIV. fig. A.)

Virginia fasciata, Fisch. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. i. p. 95 (1885).

Hab. GuateMata (Sarg).

Head broad, short, and depressed, distinct from neck; body and tail of moderate

length. Eye rather small, with elliptical pupil. Anterior frontals well developed.

one-fifth the size of posterior. Vertical longer than broad, five-sided, with the lateral

edges long and nearly parallel. Supraocular large; a small separate preeocular above

the preocular proper; two postoculars. Six upper labials, the third and fourth

entering the orbit, the fifth being the largest, and separated from the occipital by a

large temporal which is in contact with both postoculars. Temporals 1+2. The

first pair of lower labials form a suture together ; anterior chin-shields nearly twice the

size of posterior. Scales in seventeen rows, of which the dorsal are keeled. Ventrals

184-196, anal entire, subcaudals 51-56. Upper parts brownish grey, with numerous

black cross-bands, which are broadest on the back and narrow on the sides, and some-

times encroach upon the ventral shields; head black above, lower parts white with

some isolated black spots on the posterior parts of the abdomen, which become more

numerous on the subcaudals.

The description is taken from one of the two types now in the British Museum.

94 OPHIDIA.

12. Geophis psephota.

Catostoma psephotum, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 146 (1876).

Hab. Costa Rica (Gadd).

Anterior frontals present, four-sided ; supraocular present; two postoculars; upper

labials six, the third and fourth entering the eye, the sixth the longest. Temporals

14242. The first pair of lower labials form a suture together. Nasal undivided.

Scales keeled, in seventeen rows. Ventrals 162; anal entire. Upper parts uniform

black: below black, with the half or less of an occasional ventral shield red, forming a

tessellated pattern.

I have not seen a specimen of this species.

13. Geophis zebrina.

Rabdosoma zebrinum, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii..p. 15 (1862) ; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 539,

t. 34. figg. 1, 1 a—-e.

Rhegnops zebrinus, Cope, Proc. Am, Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 178 (1885).

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Bocourt).

A supraocular and two postoculars. Two pairs of frontal shields, of which the

anterior pair are very small. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering the

orbit. Temporals 1+2, the anterior in contact with the postoculars. ‘The first pair

of lower labials in contact with each other; one pair of chin-shields. Scales smooth,

in seventeen series. Ventral scutes 147-160. Upper parts light coloured, with about

forty irregular brown transverse spots. Lower parts punctulated with reddish.

ADELPHICUS.

Adelphicos, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 18 (1862).

1. Adelphicus quadrivirgatus.

Adelphicos quadrivirgatum, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. 1862, p.19; and Iconogr. Ophid. xi. t. 8. fig. 5 ;

Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 554, t. 82. figg. 11, 11 a-e, 12, 12 a-e.

Adelphicus quadrivirgatus, F. Miller, Katal. Herpet. Samml. Basl. Mus. 1880, p. 26.

Rhegnops visoninus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1866, p. 128.

Rhegnops sargit, Fisch. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. ii. p. 92 (1885).

Hab. Mexico (Sallé), Jicaltepec in Vera Cruz (Miss. Geogr. Mex.) ; British Honpuras,

Belize (Cope); GuaTeMaLa (Sarg), Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt); Honpuras (Dyson).

Head not distinct from neck, more or less pointed ; body of moderate length; tail

short. Eye small, with round pupil. Anterior frontals very small; supraocular well

developed; two postoculars; seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering the

orbit; temporals 1+1, the anterior in contact with the oculars. The first pair of

lower labials meet in the median line, but are linear, nearly suppressed by the enor-

ADELPHICUS.—PSEUDOFICIMIA. 95

mously enlarged chin-shields, as are also the second and third pairs. Scales smooth,

in fifteen rows. Ventrals 135-142; anal divided. Upper parts light brownish, with

a dark band on each side of the back along the fifth outer series of scales, generally

another line along the second outer series, and sometimes one along the median series.

Lower parts yellowish, with a brown line along the middle of the tail, this line being

sometimes continued along the middle of the abdomen.

This species is closely allied to Rhabdosoma lineatum from British Guiana, from

which it differs, however, in the shape of the chin-shields, and by its divided anal;

the southern species has also, as a rule, eight upper labial shields. It is singular that

Fischer denies the presence of longitudinal bands in the specimens examined by him.

I have received from the Stuttgart Museum one of the types of Rhegnops sargiv, and in

it five longitudinal bands are distinctly visible.

TOLUCA.

Toluca, Kennicott, U. 8. & Mex. Bound. Surveys, Rept. p. 23 (1859).

Achirhina, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. i. p. 61 (1862).

Body stout; head short and broad, wedge-shaped, almost continuous with the body ;

tail short; eye of moderate size. Snout pointed, the rostral turned back upon the

upper side. ‘I'wo pairs of frontals, of which the posterior are separated by the produced

anterior angle of the vertical. Nasal single, elongate, touching the ante-orbital; no

loreal. Scales smooth, in seventeen rows. None of the teeth are grooved.

1. Toluca lineata.

Toluca lineata, Kennicott, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surveys, Rept. p. 23, t. 21. fig. 2; and Pac. R. R.

Exp., Rept. t. 35. fig. 8.

Achirhina defilippit, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 61.

Hab. Mexico, Valley of Mexico, Puebla, Toluca (Smiths. Inst.).

One ante- and two postoculars; seven upper labials. Upper parts light brownish

grey, with three imperfect blackish longitudinal bands, each occupying a single series

of scales.

I have not seen specimens of this snake.

PSEUDOFICIMIA.

Pseudoficimia, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 572 (1883).

Habit of the body coronelloid; head rather short and thick, not distinct from neck ;

eye of moderate size. Snout pointed, with the rostral shield enlarged, but not dividing

the anterior frontals; its anterior edge is rather sharp and turned upwards, the upper

surface of the shield being concave. ‘Two pairs of frontals. Nostril between two

nasals ; loreal replaced by posterior frontal, which is in contact with the second upper

96 OPHIDIA.

labial. Scales smooth, with one apical pore; in seventeen rows. Teeth not grooved,

the hindmost rather the longest.

1. Pseudoficimia frontalis.

Toluca frontalis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 167.

Geagras frontalis, Cope, Journ. Ac. Phil. vi. p. 142 (1876).

Ficimia frontalis, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. vill. no. 3, p. 82 (1883).

Pseudoficimia pulchra, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 572, t. 35. figg. 12, 12 a-e.

Hab. Mexico, Ventanas and Presidio (Forrer), Colima and Guadalajara (Smiths. Inst.).

Vertical shield five-sided, broad, as large as an occipital ; anterior frontal one-third

the size of posterior ; one anterior and two posterior oculars ; seven upper labials, the

third and fourth entering the orbit; temporals 1+2+4+8; anterior pair of chin-shields

rather large, posterior small and widely separate. Ventrals 152-160; anal divided.

Upper parts brownish olive, with a dorsal series of large rhombic, brown, black-edged

spots, and with irregular smaller spots on the sides. A black-edged cross-band between

the eyes. Lower parts uniform white.

SYMPHOLIS.

Sympholis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1862, p. 524.

Cheilorhina, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. i. p. 57 (1862).

Body short, stout, with the tail short and obtuse ; head short, not distinct from neck ;

snout rounded, obtuse; eye small. Only one pair of frontals ; anterior nasal confluent

with the first labial; posterior nasal in contact with the ante-ocular. Scales smooth,

without pores, in nineteen rows. Teeth smooth, equal in length, or but slightly

increasing in strength behind.

1. Sympholis lippiens.

Sympholis lippiens, Cope, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1862, p. 524.

Geophis lippiens, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3, p. 103 (1888).

Cheilorhina villarsii, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 57; and Iconogr. Ophid. xlviii. t. 1. fig. 5; cop.

by Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 555, t. 34. figg. 5, 5 a-e; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp.

Zool. viii. no. 3, p. 85 (1883).

Hab. Mexico, Guadalajara (Smiths. Inst.).

Vertical shield six-sided, with the anterior angle produced forward. Five upper

labials, the third only entering the orbit; one ante- and one postocular ; anal plate

entire. Yellowish, with about eighteen black rings, which become more or less

complete on the abdomen, two on the tail, and one covering the snout to behind

the eyes.

CONOPSIS.

Conopsis, Giinther, Col. Sn. p. 6 (1858).

Oxyrhina, sp., Jan, Arch. per la Zool. i. p. 59 (1862).

CONOPSIS. 97°

The snakes of this genus are not strictly isodont. The posterior teeth are always

somewhat stouter, if not longer than the anterior, which is particularly conspicuous

in specimens exceeding ten inches in length. In specimens of that size sometimes a

distinct elongate pit at the base of the tooth may be seen, apparently the commence-

ment of a groove. Therefore Conopsis might be regarded as a less developed form of

Stenorhina.

The nasal shield is invariably single; but the frontal shields may be a single or

double pair in specimens from the same locality and apparently of the same brood.

1. Conopsis nasus. (Tab. XXXIV. figg. B-B".)

«. Synonymy of specimens with a single pair of frontal shields :—

Conopsis nasus, Giinth. Col. Sn. p. 6; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 568, t. 35. figg. 2, 2 a-d.

Ficimia nasus, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3, p- 83 (1883)

Oxyrhina (Exorhina) maculata, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 61 (1862).

Ficimia maculata, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3, p. 84,

Conopsis maculatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 564, t. 35. fig. 3.

8. Synonymy of specimens with two pairs of frontal shields :—

Oxyrhina varians, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 60 (1862).

Conopsis varians, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 566, t. 35. figg. 5, 5 a-d.

Ogmius varians, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1869, p. 162; and Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 189

(1887).

Conopsis nasus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1869, p. 875.

Conopsis lineatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 565, t. 35. tigg. 4, 4a-d (nec Toluca lineata,

Kenn.).

Chionactis diasit, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 188 (1887).

Ogmius acutus, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 189 (1887).

Hab. Nort America, California (Mus. Brit.)—Muxico (Sailé), Milpas in Durango

(forrer), Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith), La Cumbre de los Arrastrados

(Buller), Puebla (Peters), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

This species is subject to a considerable amount of variation; the small scutes of

the head, such as the loreal, postoculars, and labials, frequently disappear by coalescence.

The ground-colour may be light buff or dark brownish grey, uniform or with dark spots

of variable size and shape. The lower parts may be uniform whitish, or varied with

more or less numerous subquadrangular black spots; sometimes there is a black median

subcaudal line. Even the physiognomy varies, the snout being in some specimens

more obtusely rounded than in the type.

Several illustrations of the head, of twice the natural size, are given to show the

extraordinary variations of its shape and of the scutes—fig. B representing the typical .

specimen from California; fig. B’ that from Milpas, B" one from Sallé’s Mexican

collection, and B" one from La Cumbre de los Arrastrados.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., August 1893. *13

38 OPHIDIA.

FICIMIA.

Ficimia, Gray, Viper. Sn. p. 80.

Amblymetopon, Giinth. Col. Sn. p. 7.

Gyalopion, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1861, p. 243.

Body cylindrical, rather stout ; tail short ; head very short, not distinct from neck.

Rostral shield much enlarged, in contact with or approaching the vertical shield ; its

anterior edge is sharp and turned upwards, the upper surface of the shield being

concave. Either there is only one pair of large frontals or their anterior portion is

cut off, forming a pair of very small anterior frontals. Nostril between two shields, of

which the anterior is confluent with the first labial. Scales smooth; in seventeen

rows. Teeth subequal in size, not grooved.

1. Ficimia olivacea. (Tab. XXXV. figg. B, C.)

Ficimia olivacea, Gray, Viper. Sn. p. 80; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 570, t. 35. figg. 11, lla;

Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3, p. 84 (1883) ; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil.

1866, p. 182; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1869, p. 875; Steindachner, SB. Wien. Akad.

Ixii. p. 344, t. 6 (1870).

Amblymetopon variegatum, Giinth. Col. Sn. p. 7 (young).

Ficimia variegata, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. vii. no. 3, p. 84.

Ficimia elaiocroma, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. 11. p. 58.

Hab. Muxico, Puebla (Peters), Tuxtla (Steindachner), Orizaba and Tehuantepec (Swmi-

chrast).

The rostral shield forms a long suture with the vertical ; there is only one pair of

frontals; exceptionally, a small anterior frontal may be detached on one side of the

head. One anterior and two posterior oculars; loreal confluent with the posterior

frontal. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit*. Ventrals

149-151. Adult plain slate-coloured above, whitish below. The young is gaily orna-

mented with black or dark brown transverse bands on the back, which, on the sides,

break up into spots. There are from fifty-one to fifty-six of these cross-bars, two on the

neck being broader than the remainder. The upper side of the head is ornamented

with spots of different shapes, but symmetrically arranged.

Fig. B represents the adult, fig. C the young of this species. The view of the head

is enlarged.

2. Ficimia publia.

Ficimia publia, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 126.

Gyalopium publium, Cope, Am. Nat. 1884, p. 163.

Ficimia ornata, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 571, t. 35. figg. 10, 10 a-e.

Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca (Mus. Brit.), Yucatan (Mus. Brit.).

* Dr. Gray states that in one of the typical specimens the nasal is separate from the first upper labial ; but

this separation is only artificial.

FICIMIA. 99

The rostral shield forms a suture with the vertical; a small pair of anterior frontals

in front of the large posterior. One anterior and two posterior oculars; loreal con-

fluent with the posterior frontal. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering

the orbit. Ventrals 140-146. In a young specimen, from 6 to 8 inches long, the

ground-colour is whitish, the back being ornamented with from thirty-six to thirty-

eight dark brown cross-bars, which on the sides break up into spots. The upper

part of the head is symmetrically marked with brown spots, the hindmost of which.

occupies the end of the occipital shields, but remains widely separate from the foremost

nuchal band.

3. Ficimia cana.

Gyalopion canum, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1861, p. 243.

Gyalopium canum, Yarrow, in Wheeler’s Report Geogr. & Geol. Explor. v. p. 624, t. 18. figg. 2, 2a

(bad) (1875).

Ficimia cana, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3, p. 83 (1883).

Hab. Norrn America, Arizona (Cope), El Paso in Texas (Forrer).

The rostral shield does not reach the vertical; two pairs of frontals, the anterior of

which are small. One anterior and two posterior oculars; loreal confluent with the

posterior frontal. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit; ven-

trals 133. In a young specimen, about 8 inches long, the ground-colour is very light,

and the back crossed by forty-five brown cross-bands, which on the sides break up into

spots; nine of these bands belong to the tail. The foremost band occupies the neck,

and slightly encroaches upon the occipitals; upper side of the head with indistinct

symmetrical transverse markings.

Found on the Mexican frontier.

4. Ficimia quadrangularis, sp.n. (Tab. XXXV. fig. A.)

Hab. Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan in Sinaloa (Forrer).

The rostral shield does not reach the vertical; two pairs of frontals, the anterior of

which are very small; vertical nearly as broad as long, occipitals not much longer.

Seven upper labials, of which the hindmost is very small, scale-like, the third and fourth

entering the orbit ; one anterior and two posterior oculars; temporals 1+2. One pair

of chin-shields. Scales in seventeen rows; ventrals 129; subcaudals 25. Ground-

colour nearly white, each scale with a narrow blackish margin. Along the back runs

a row of large subquadrangular black spots; there are twenty-six on the trunk and

five on the tail. Only the two anterior extend downwards on the side of the neck ;

they are also broader than the others, and the foremost is continued forward over the

occipitals and the interorbital space, leaving the temple and the snout almost white.

One specimen 12 inches long, of which the tail takes 13 inch.

*13 2

100 OPHIDIA.

RHINOCHIULUS.

Rhinocheilus, Baird & Girard, N. Amer. Rept. p. 120 (1853).

1. Rhinochilus lecontei.

Rhinocheilus lecontei, Baird & Girard, 1. c.; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xlviii. t. 3. fig. 1 ; Bocourt, Miss.

Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 602, t. 40. figg. 7, 7 a-e.

Rhinocheilus lecontei, var. tessellatus, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 8, p. 73.

Hab. Nortu America, Southern United States.—Muxico, Coahuila (Garman).

Scales in twenty-three rows.

2. Rhinochilus antonii.

Rhinocheilus antonii, Dugés, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 86.

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan on the Pacific coast.

Scales in seventeen rows. Ventrals 200; subcaudals 38 simple and 3 paired.

LEPTOCALAMUS.

Leptocalamus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 16.

The specimen on which this genus has been founded, Leptocalamus torquatus, is said

to be from South America, and therefore cannot be included in this fauna. However,

a second species has been described from Mexico, which Cope rightly supposes to belong

to this genus.

1. Leptocalamus unicolor.

Geophis unicolor, Fisch. Abhandl. naturwiss. Ver. Brem. vii. p. 227, t. 15. figg. 1-3 (1880).

Enulius murinus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 537, t. 35. figg. 9, 9a-g (nec Cope).

Leptocalamus unicolor, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 178 (1885), and Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.

no. 32, 1887, p. 84.

Geagras longicaudatus, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1884, p. 162.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

Habit very long and slender; head small, narrow, not distinct from neck; eye small,

pupil round. Rostral shield broad; posterior frontals about thrice the size of the anterior ;

vertical subtriangular, acutely pointed behind ; supraoculars of moderate size ; anterior

ocular nearly as long as the two nasals together; two postoculars; seven upper labials,

the third and fourth entering the orbit. Temporals 1+ 2. Scales in seventeen rows.

Ventrals 203. Only one pair of chin-shields. Upper parts uniform brown, yellow

below.

Enulius sumichrasti, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 538, t. 31. figg. 6, 6 a-c

(Geagras sumichrasti, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1884, p. 162), does not appear to be specifically

distinct from L. unicolor.

STREPTOPHORUS. 101

STREPTOPHORUS.

Streptophorus, Dum. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. p. 468 (1858).

Ninia, Baird & Girard, Cat. N.-Amer. Snakes, 1853, p. 49.

1. Streptophorus atratus.

Serpentula ceylonica, Seba, Thes. i. p. 20, t. 11.

Coluber atratus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1845, p. 245.

Streptophorus atratus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 76.

Ninia atrata, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 145 (1876).

Streptophorus sebe, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 515; Giinth. Col. Sn. p. 16, and Ann. & Mag. N. H.

1872, ix. p.18; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1859, p. 924; Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 27

(1862), and Iconogr. Ophid. xii. t. 3. fig. 4, fig. 5 (var. maculatus), fig. 6 (var. collaris), xiii.

t. 1. fig. 1 (var. drozii); Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 546, t. 32. fig. 7, t. 33. fig. 1;

Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 76.

Ninia sebe, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 145; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3,

p- 95 (1883).

Streptophorus drozii, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 518; Giinth. Col. Sn. p. 16.

Streptophorus lansbergi, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 518; Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 27 (1862),

and Iconogr. Ophid. xiii. t. 1. fig. 2; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 551, t. 32. figg. 9,

9 a-c.

Elapoidis fasciatus, Hallow. Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. iii. p. 35, t. 4 (lower figure) (1855).

Streptophorus maculatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1861, p. 924; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 548, t. 32. figg. 8, 8 a—d, t. 33. figg. 2-4.

Streptophorus labiosus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 550, t. 32. figg. 6, 6 a-f.

Head rather depressed, not very distinct from neck. Anterior frontals very small.

Seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit (the third labial occasionally

divided into two). Two postoculars. Temporals 1+2. Two pairs of chin-shields. |

Scales strongly keeled, in nineteen rows. Ventrals 135-153; anal entire. Upper

parts of the head and neck black, with a yellow collar. The coloration of the

body varies :

a. Var. atratus, lansbergu.

Hab. Honpuras, Puerto Caballo (Mus. Brit.); Costa Rica, San José (Van Patten).—

CotomBiA (Mus. Brit.) ; Vennzvn.a (Hallowell), Caracas (Mus. Brit.) ; WHrsTERN

Ecuapor (fraser).

Lower parts uniform whitish; upper parts uniform blackish; collar sometimes very

indistinct. Ventrals 152-157.

B. Var. labiosus.

Hab. Guatemata (Bocourt).

A narrow dark band or series of spots along the middle of the abdomen ; upper parts

uniform black; collar very indistinct. Ventrals 153.

One specimen in the British Museum.

102 OPHIDIA.

y. Var. drozti, collaris.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hoge); Guaremata, Yzabal (Salvin); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.) ;

Nicaracua, Chontales (Mus. Brit.).

Lower parts uniform whitish; upper parts reddish, without spots; head and neck

black, with a white collar. Ventrals 144-149.

6. Var. dorsalis.

Hab. Mexico (H. Finck) ; Brrrisa Honpuras (Colonial Exhibition), Belize (Bocourt).

Lower parts uniform whitish ; upper parts reddish, with a few small irregular black

spots on the anterior part of the back; head and neck black, with a white collar.

Ventrals 138-143.

e. Var. punctulatus.

Hab. Guatemata, Pacific coast (Salvin).

Like var. 8, but the spots extend all over the back. Ventrals 138.

g. Var. sebe, fasciatus.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé), Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith); Guatemata (Salvin); Brivisu

Honpuras (Mus. Brit. & Salvin), Belize (Mus. Brit.).

Lower parts uniform white; head and neck black, with white collar. The spots on

the upper parts of the body are transverse, narrow, generally forming anteriorly

complete cross-bars, but the majority are broken in the median line of the back, the

right half not corresponding in position to the left. Ventrals 135-100.

n. Var.

Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).

Like var. , but with the anterior black cross-bars as broad as the interspaces

between them.

6. Var. maculatus.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Mus. Brit.); Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers), Cartago (Mus.

Brit.). |

Lower parts with small square black spots, generally irregularly arranged, but some-

times crowding together towards the median line of the abdomen, and forming a dark

band. Upper parts with or without black transverse spots. ‘he light collar generally

indistinct. Ventrals 142-147. |

2. Streptophorus diadematus.

Ninia diademata, Baird & Girard, Cat. Serp. N. Amer. 1853, p. 468, and in Pac. R. R. Exped.,

Rept. t. 27. fig. 37.

STREPTOPHORUS.—CHERSODROMUS. 103

Streptophorus bifasciatus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 520; Giinth. Col. Sn. p. 16; Cope, Proc. Ac.

N. Sc. Phil. 1861 (1860), p. 77; Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 26 (1862) ; Bocourt, Miss.

Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 545, t. 82. figg. 10, 10a, b.

Hab. Mxxico, Huatusco in Vera Cruz (G. & S.), Orizaba (Sumichrast), Jalapa (Cope),

Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith), Oaxaca (Hoge).

Head rather depressed, not distinct from neck. Anterior frontals small. Six upper

labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit, two postoculars. Temporals 1+-2.

Two pairs of chin-shields. Scales strongly keeled; in nineteen rows. Ventrals 149-160 ;

anal entire. Upper parts black, with a yellow collar across the neck, lower parts white ;

each ventral scute with a subtriangular black spot, the spots forming a chain-like band

along the middle of the abdomen.

CHERSODROMUS.

Chersodromus, Reinh. Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren. Kjébnh. 1860, p. 242.

Opisthiodon, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1861, pp. 460, 617.

This genus is closely allied to Streptophorus, from which it differs not only by having

the two posterior frontals confluent into a single shield, but also by its dentition, the

maxillary being very narrow and edentulous in front, dilated behind and armed with

small teeth of equal size.

1. Chersodromus liebmanni.

Chersodromus liebmanni, Reinh. Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren. Kjébnh. 1860, p. 242; Jan, Arch. per

la Zool. 1862, p. 25, and Iconogr. Ophid. xii. t. 3. fig. 2; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p. 552, t. 34. figg. 8, 8 a-e.

Ninia liebmanni, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3, p. 95 (1888).

Opisthiodon torquatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. pp. 461, 617.

Hab. Mexico, Huatusco (G. & S.), Vera Cruz (Smiths. Inst.), Huanusco (Mus. Berol.)

Scales keeled, in seventeen rows; ventrals 130-134; anal entire; subcaudals 42.

Seven upper labials, of which the third and fourth enter the orbit. Black above,

whitish below, mottled with black, more especially on the hinder part of the body. A

yellow band across the occipitals.

2. Chersodromus nigricans.

Chersodromus nigricans, Reinh. Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren. Kjébnh. 1860, p. 245.

Hab. * CENTRAL AMERICA.

Uniform dark brown; ventral shields 131; subcaudals 41.

Probably not specifically distinct from the preceding. The locality whence the type

was obtained is not recorded, but it was probably Central America.

104 OPHIDIA.

CONTIA*.

Contia, Baird & Girard, N.-Amer. Snak. p. 110 (1853).

1. Contia episcopa.

Lamprosoma episcopum, Kennicott, U. S. & Mex. Bound. Survey, 1859, p. 22, t. 8. fig. 2 (bad).

Contia episcopa, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xii. p. 251 (1861).

Homalosoma episcopum, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xiii. t. 4. fig. 2.

Hab. Norra America, Texas.—Mextico, Nuevo Leon (W. Taylor).

2. Contia calligaster.

Contia calligaster, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 146 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica, Pico Blanco.

3. Contia pachyura.

Contia pachyura, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 145 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica, Sipurio.

I have not seen a specimen of this or of the preceding species.

ABLABES.

Ablabes, sp., Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vu. p. 804 (1854).

Trimetopon, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1884, p. 177.

1. Ablabes gracilis.

Ablabes gracilis, Giinth. Ann. & Mag, N. H. 1872, ix. p. 18, t. 3. fig. D.

Hab. Costa Rica, elevated country near Cartago.

Body and tail slender, subcylindrical ; head narrow, not distinct from neck. A pair

of narrow anterior frontals; posterior frontals confluent into one large shield. Rostral

rounded. Nostrils small, between two nasals. One loreal; one anteocular and one

postocular. Eye small. Scales smooth, with a single apical groove, in fifteen series.

Anal and subcaudals double. The posterior maxillary teeth become gradually larger

and are smooth. Rostral shield very broad and low; anterior frontals narrow, nearly

the entire upper surface of the snout being occupied by the single posterior frontal.

Vertical broad and long, five-sided, with the posterior angle produced and pointed ;

occipitals as long as the vertical and posterior frontal together; nasal shields small ;

loreal longer than deep; preocular narrow, not extending to the upper surface of the

snout. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit. Temporals

* Contia michoacanensis (Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 178) has been found by Boulenger to be an

Opisthoglyph, and therefore will be inserted subsequently under the genus Homalocranium. It is figured on

Tab. XXXVI. figg. B & C.

ABLABES., 105

1+1+2. The first pair of lower labials form a suture together; two pairs of chin-

shields, subequal in size. Ventrals 149; subcaudals 69. Upper parts nearly uniform

blackish brown, the anterior and lateral scales somewhat lighter in the centre. An

indistinct, rather narrow, light-coloured band across the neck, immediately behind the

occipitals. Lower parts yellowish.

We have two specimens of this snake, the larger measuring 12 inches in length.

2. Ablabes decipiens, sp.n. (Tab. XXXVII. fig. A.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers).

Rather slender in habit, the tail being remarkably long and three-fourths of the

length of the body. Head rather narrow and elongate; eye of moderate size. Scales

in seventeen rows, without pores. Ventrals 131-151; anal divided; subcaudals 113.

Vertical rather elongate, longer than the frontals, but shorter than the parietals.

Hight upper labials, of which the fourth and fifth enter the eye; one preocular, some-

times with a second smaller one below; one or two postoculars. Temporals 1+1-+-2.

The maxillary teeth are slender, widely set, eight or nine in number, the anterior consi-

derably smaller than the middle and posterior, but the hindmost is not distinguished

by increase of size or isolated position. Upper parts brownish black, with two narrow

yellowish lines on each side, of which the lower, which runs along the outer series of

scales, is the more distinct; the upper runs along the fifth series of scales. A broad

yellow band crosses the temple and the posterior half of the occipitals ; it is edged with

black in front. Lower parts yellow, with the corners of the ventral shields blackish.

In the females the ornamental markings are much fainter than in the male.

Total length 18 inches, tail (slightly incomplete) 84 inches.

We have received three specimens of this snake, together with as many of a species

of Tachymenis, to which it bears a most deceptive resemblance. Also to Dromicus

lateristriga, D. frenatus, &c., it is so closely allied that, without examination of the

dentition, it would be difficult to distinguish it.

The position of the yellow cross-band on the occipitals seems to be an important

distinctive character when it is present.

8. Ablabes sumichrasti.

Masticophis, sp., Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 183; La Naturaleza, 1882, p. 285.

Henicognathus sumichrasti, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 628, t. 41. fig. 5.

Rhadinea sumichrasti, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 79 (1887).

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

4, Ablabes serperaster.

Rhadinea serperaster, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1871, p. 212.

Hab. Costa Rica. .

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., October 1893. *14

106 OPHIDIA.

The teeth are equal, the scales smooth and poreless, the anal plate divided; nasals

two, loreal one; one pre-, two postoculars. Scales in nineteen series. Upper labials

eight, not elevated, the fourth and fifth entering the orbit. Temporals 1+2 +3. Anterior

frontals transverse, narrow ; postnasal larger than prenasal. Vertical wide ; superciliary

suture shorter than anterior, total length exceeding that of occipital suture. Loreal

square; geneials subequal. Ventrals 164, subcaudals 78. Dark brown, with six longi-

tudinal yellow or white lines, of which the first and second are brightest. ‘The second

dark band is wider than the first and vertebral ; it and the third are partly divided by

a faint white line. Another white line on each side is produced by a series of dark

spots on the ends of the gastrosteges. Labial plates black, yellow-spotted. Head

dark brown above, with a pale shade across frontal, and two just behind parietals.

Chin and belly yellowish. .

ELAPOCHRUS.

Elapochrus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1860, p. 294:

Pliocercus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xii. p. 253 (1860). .

1. Elapochrus deppii.

Elapochrus deppii, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1860 (June 7), p. 294, ¢. fig.

Pliocercus elapoides, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1860 (June 26), p. 253; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss.

Berl. 1869, p. 876; F. Mill. Verh. naturw. Ges. Basel, 1878, p. 596.

Liophis elapoides, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 8, p. 69 (1883) ; Bocourt, Miss. Se.

Mex., Rept. p. 635, t. 41. figg. 6, 6 a-e.

Liophis elapoides, var. diastema, Bocourt, l. c. p. 686, t. 41. fig. 8.

Liophis tricinctus, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xviii. t. 4. figs. 4-6.

Hab. Muxtco, Puebla (Commiss. Geogr.), Vera Cruz, Orizaba (Sumichrast), Mirador

(Smiths. Inst.), Jalapa (Smiths. Inst.) ; Guatemata, Duefias (Salvin).

9. Blapochrus equalis. (Tab. XXXVI. fig. A.)

Pleiocercus equalis, Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 227.

Pliocercus equalis, var., F. Mill. Verh. naturw. Ges. Basel, 1878, p. 662, t. 2. fig. A.

Pliocercus sargii, Fischer, Wiegm. Arch. 1881, p. 225, t. 11. figs. 1-38.

Liophis elapoides, var. equalis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 687, t. 41. figg. 7, 7 a-e.

Hab. Mexico, Tezuitlan, Puebla, Tuxpan (Commiss. Geogr.) ; Guatemala, Vera Paz

(Salvin), Coban (Sarg).

Body moderately slender, tail very long; head depressed, anterior frontals one-third

the size of posterior; vertical five-sided, with a right posterior angle ; occipitals as

long as vertical and posterior frontals together. Eight upper labials, the fourth and

fifth entering the orbit ; loreal rhombic; three preoculars, the lower one being a

detached portion of the fourth labial; two postoculars. Scales in seventeen rows,

without pit; ventrals 131, anal divided; subcaudals 92+” (the. tail is slightly

ELA POCHRUS.—LIOPHIS. 107

mutilated). The dentition is distinctly diacranterian. Ground-colour reddish, with

numerous black rings entirely encircling the body and nearly as broad as the inter-

‘spaces, which again are spotted in an irregular fashion; the rings on the tail are closer

together and more irregular. Head black, with a broad yellow band across the

occipitals,

Total length 22 inches; length without the tail (which is mutilated) 134 inches.

3. Elapochrus dimidiatus.

Pliocercus dimidiatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1865, p. 190; Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1875,

p- 188; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 79 (1887).

Hab. Nicaracva (Cope); Costa Rica (Cope).

4. Elapochrus euryzona.

Pliocercus euryzonus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1862, p. 73, and 1871, p. 200.

Liophis (Cosmiosophis) splendens, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. 1863, p. 379, and Iconogr. Ophid. xviii.

t. 5. fig. 1; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, ix. p. 461.

Hab. Panama, Darien (Smiths. Inst.).—CotomBia ; Ecuapor (Whymper).

HENICOGNATHUS. |

Enicognathus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 328 (1854).

1. Henicognathus annulatus,

Enicognathus annulatus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 335, t. 80; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xvi. t. 4.

fig. 3; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 181; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 626,

t. 40. figg. 6, 6 a-e.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Tabasco, Atitlan, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast) ; GuaTEMALA,

Vera Paz (Salvin).

LIOPHIS.

Liophis, Wagi. Nat. Syst. Amphib. p. 187 (1830).

1. Liophis epinephelus. (Tab. XXXVII. fig. B.)

Liophis epinephelus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1862, p. 78, and Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1857,

p. 186.

Hab. Costa Rica, Cartago (Mus. Brit.), San José (Smiths. Inst.), Irazu, Rio Sucio

(Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Champion), Truando (Smiths. Inst.).

Scales in seventeen rows, some with, the majority without, pits; head rather

depressed. Anterior frontals two-thirds the size of posterior; vertical longer than

broad, with the lateral margins slightly convergent ; occipitals shorter than the vertical

and posterior frontals together ; loreal short, one ante-ocular, not reaching the vertical,

two postoculars; eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth entering the orbit ; temporals

*142

108 OPHIDIA.

1+2. Anterior and posterior.chin-shields subequal in length, the anterior in contact

with five lower labials. Ventrals 139-149; anal divided; subcaudals 54-60. Dentition

diacranterian. Greyish olive, shading into black on the posterior part of the body ;

anterior part of the body with black cross-bands, which soon become so broad as to be

uearly confluent. The scales of the intervening spaces have a white margin, and as the

interspaces on the middle and posterior parts of the body are exceedingly narrow, the

white margins form irregular and interrupted transverse lines. A black stripe is_

generally visible along the side of the tail; abdomen irregularly chequered with black ;

lower part of the tail white.

An adult female is 24 inches long, the tail measuring 53 inches.

2. Liophis regalis.

Diadophis regalis, Baird & Gir. N. Amer. Serp. pp. 115, 161, and Pacif. R. R. Report, Rept. t. 33.

fig. 86; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3, p. 73 (1888).

Diadophis punctatus, subsp. regalis, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 80.

Hab. Mexico, Sonora (B. & G.), San Luis Potosi (Garman).

The dentition of this snake has not been described, and as I have not seen a

specimen, I cannot be certain about its position in Liophis.

8. Liophis letus.

Diadophis punctatus, var. letus, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xv. t. 6. fig. 6; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex.,

Rept. p. 622, t. 40. figg. 4, 4 a—e.

Liophis (Diadophis) arnyi, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1868, i. p. 413 (not Kennicott).

Diadophis punctatus, var. dugesii, Villada, La Naturaleza, iii. p. 226, c. fig. (1875).

Diadophis punctatus, subsp. arnyi, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 80.

Hab. Mexico, City of Mexico (Doorman), Mirador, Vera Cruz (Cope), Guanajuato

(Villada), Zacualtipan (Cope).

I think that this snake should be, at least, specifically separated from Diadophis

punctatus, having the dentition of a most marked diacranterian character, as is also

well described by Villada. What the dentition of the more northern form, named

arnyi, may be, I have no means of ascertaining ; possibly it is the same as in the typical

D. punctatus, in which the last tooth is scarcely larger than the preceding, though

both are separated by a short space. However, L. arnyt has much fewer ventral shields

(160); whilst Z. detus has 183-184, and according to Villada even 202.

CORONELLA.

Coronella, sp., Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 84 (1768).

We include in this genus only those species of Cope’s Rhadinwa which possess a

syncranterian or coryphodont dentition.

CORONELLA. 109

1. Coronella annulata. (Tab. XXXViII.)

Coronella doliata, varr. A & C, Giinth. Colubr. Sn. p. 41.

Coronella doliata, Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1861, p. 227.

Coronella doliata, vary. formosa et conjuncta, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xiv. t. 4. figg. B, C.

Coronella dolata, var. conjuncta, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 611, +. 39. figg. 6, 6 a-d

(Guanajuato).

Lampropeltis annulata, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xii. pp. 257, 329 (Matamoros).

Lampropeltis micropholis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xii. p. 257 (Panama),

Lampropeltis polyzona, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xii. p. 258 (Jalapa).

Ophibolus polyzonus (Cope), Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 181.

Ophibolus triangulus, var. zonatus, Garman, Rept. & Batr. of N. Amer. p. 67.

Coronella formosa, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 612, t. 89. figg. 3, 3 a-e (Mexico, Guatemala).

Coronella formosa, varr. anomala (Alta Vera Paz), oligozona (Tehuantepec, Guatemala), polyzona

(Oaxaca), Bocourt, loc. cit. figg. 4, 4.a-c, 8, 8 a-d, 7, 7 a—d.

? Ophibolus multistriatus (Kennicott ??), Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 1887, no. 82, p. 78.

Hab. Mexico, Tres Marias Is., Presidio, Mazatlan (Porrer), State of Guerrero (H. H.

Smith), Mezquital del Oro in San Luis Potosi (A. C. Buller), Guanajuato (Dugés),

Matamoros (ennicott), city of Mexico (Doorman), Jalapa (Smiths. Inst.), Teapa

in Tabasco (H. H. Smith), Oaxaca (Bocourt), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Yucatan ;

GuaTEMALA, Duefias, San Geronimo (Salvin); Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers); Panama

(Smiths. Inst.), Chiriqui (Champion). |

The colour-variations of Central-American specimens of this variable species may be

arranged under the following categories; they cannot be brought into relation with

the various localities where the specimens were collected :—

I. The pairs of black rings well defined.

A. Scales of the red and yellow spaces with black tips.

1. Some of the abdominal scutes within the red spaces with black spots.

a. The yellow occipital collar incomplete.— Mexico.

6. The yellow occipital collar complete, broad.—State of Guerrero, Amula.

2. Abdominal scutes within the red spaces immaculate, or nearly so.

a. The yellow occipital collar incomplete.—City of Mexico.

b. The yellow occipital collar complete.—Huatusco, Teapa in Tabasco, Yucatan,

Guatemala, Costa Rica, Chiriqui.

B. Scales of the red and yellow spaces without black tips; yellow occipital collar complete.

1. The black rmgs belonging to one pair separated from each other by 1-3 scales.—

Mazatlan, Presidio, Mezquital del Oro.

2. The black rings belonging to one pair separated from each other by 4-5 scales.—

Tres Marias Is.

II. The black rings irregular in outline, the yellow colour which separates them being disposed

in a transverse series of more or less confluent spots. Head black, with a broad occipital

yellow collar ; abdomen black.—Mexico. (Tab. XXXVIII. fig. B.)

110 _ OPHIDIA.

III. The black rings well separated by the yellow rings, but encroaching so much upon the red as

to be partly confluent, the red colour appearing on each side as a rounded spot.—

Tehuantepec. (Fig. C.)

IV. The rings nearly obsolete, the presence of black rings being indicated on the tail and hind

part of the trunk only.—Yucatan. (Fig. A.)

2. Coronella mexicana.

Ophibolus triangulus, var. mexicanus, Garman, Rept. & Batr. N. Amer. p. 66.

Hab. Mexico, near San Luis Potosi.

8, Coronella leonis, sp.n. (Tab. XXXIX. fig. A.)

Hab. Mexico, Nuevo Leon (W. Taylor).

Scales in twenty-three rows, without pit, smooth; head similar to that of Coronella

levis; anterior frontals not quite half the size of posterior; vertical five-sided, with the

lateral margins convergent; one preocular not reaching the vertical; two postoculars ;

loreal longer than deep; seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit;

temporals 2-++3, of the two anterior only the upper one is in contact with the post-

oculars. Ventrals 200; anal entire; subcaudals 50. Body pale olive-colour on the

back, with twenty-seven salmon-coloured incompletely black-edged spots, some being of

a transversely oval shape, but the majority presenting the appearance of being formed

of two rounded portions. On the tail the spots lose their light centre and appear

merely as brown spots. The lateral spots which are so conspicuous in most variations

of Coronella triangulum are here nearly entirely absent. Vertical and each occipital

with a black spot, red in the centre; abdomen with only a few blackish blotches

irregularly scattered. A black band along the middle of the lower part of the tail.

The single specimen measures 234 inches, the tail 33 inches.

This snake may be considered to be one of the aberrant forms of Coronella trianqulum.

4. Coronella godmani. (Tab. XXXIX. fig. B.)

Dromicus godmanni, Ginth. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. 1865, xv. p. 94.

Rhadinea godmani, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 189.

Henicognathus godmanii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 631, t. 40. figg. 5, 5 a—d.

Hab. GuatemaLa, Duefias (G. & S.).

Scales smooth, without apical groove; in twenty-one series; ventrals 176 ; anal divided ;

subcaudals 88. Loreal longer than or as long as high ; one pre-, two postoculars. Upper

labials eight, the fourth and fifth entering the orbit. Temporals 1+2+3. Tail two-

sevenths of the total length. Posterior chin-shields shorter than the anterior, which

are in contact with four lower labials. Brownish grey, with a blackish vertebral band

as broad asa scale; another similar band runs along the fifth outer series of scales.

CORONELLA.—DROMICUS. 111

Dark lines, besides, follow each of the other series of scales. Each upper labial with

a bright-yellow, dark-edged spot; a pair of yellow spots on each side of the neck, at

the commencement of the lateral band. Lower parts uniform whitish.

The maxillary is armed with thirteen or fourteen teeth, rather closely set; the

anterior are small, but the teeth become gradually longer and stronger towards the

middle, and still more towards the end of the jaw, there being no interspace between

the hindmost and preceding teeth. |

5. Coronella decorata.

Coronella decorata, Giinth. Col. Sn. p. 35; Salv. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 455.

Rhadinea decorata, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1875, p. 140.

? Diadophis decoratus, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3, p. 71 (1883) ; Bull. Essex Inst.

xix. p. 127 (1887).

Diadophis decoratus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 624, t. 40. figg. 3, 3 a-e.

Enicognathus vittatus (part.), Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ti. p. 271 (1863), and Iconogr. xvi. t. 2. fig. 2

(not fig. 3).

Hab. Mexico (Sallé); Guatmmata, Volcan de Fuego (Salvin); Nicaragua (Cope);

Costa Rica (Cope); Panama, Veragua (Cope).

6. Coronella ignita.

Dromicus ignitus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1871, p. 201.

Rhadinea ignita, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. vii. p. 140.

Hab. Panama, Darien.

7. Coronella vermiculaticeps.

Teniophis vermiculaticeps, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. (1860) 1861, p. 249.

Rhadinea vermiculaticeps, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 139.

Hab. Cosva Rica (Cope); Panama, Veragua (Cope).

8. Coronella quinquelineata.

Rhadinea quinquelineata, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. p. 277 (1886) ; and Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.

no. 32, p. 79 (1887).

Hab. Mexico, Zacualtipan (Cope), Tezuitlan in Puebla (Commiss. Geogr.).

9. Coronella fulviceps. |

Rhadinea fulviceps, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. p. 279 (1886) *.

Hab. PANAMA.

DROMICUS.

Dromicus, Coct. et Bibr. in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. Cuba, Rept. p. 1382 (1843).

Bocourt (Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 713) introduces into the Central-American fauna

* The dentition of this snake is not described, and hence its place in Coronella is doubtful.

112 OPHIDIA.

Dromicus ater, and, on the authority of Jan, a variety named “ inconstans,” said to

occur in Mexico. It appears to me very doubtful whether this truly West-Indian type

«éxtends into any part of the American Continent. |

Also the occurrence in Mexico of Dromicus pleii (Dum. & Bibr.) (see Bocourt, Miss.

Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 728) requires confirmation. The type of this species has a series of

spots along each side of the abdomen ; it is a native of Martinique.

1. Dromicus fugitivus.

Coluber fugitivus, Donndorf, Zool. Beitr. i. p. 206 (1798).

Dromicus fugitivus, Ginth. Col. Sn. p. 182; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 708, t. 50. figg. 4,

4: ae.

Coluber cursor, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. pt. 2, p. 510 (1802).

Herpetodryas cursor, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 199.

Dromicus cursor, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 650; Jan, Iconogr. xxiu. t. 5. figg. 1-3.

Hab. Guaremata (Morelet).—West INDIES.

2. Dromicus laureatus. (Tab. XL. fig. A.)

Dromicus laureatus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1868, 1. p, 419, t. 19. figs. E. °

Rhadinea loreata, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 140.

Hab. Mexico, Mexico city (Doorman), La Cumbre de los Arrastrados (A. C. Buller).

Scales smooth, in seventeen rows. Form of the head as in Coronella levis; body and

tail moderately slender; tail one-third of the total length. Eyes of moderate size.

The rostral just reaches the upper surface of the head; anterior frontals scarcely half

as large as posterior; vertical longer than the snout, but shorter than the occipitals,

which are rounded behind ; loreal square; one preorbital, reaching to the upper surface

of the head, but not extending on to the vertical ; two postoculars; seven upper labials,

the third and fourth entering the orbit; temporals 1+2-++3, the anterior in contact

with both postoculars; two pairs of chin-shields, nearly equal in length; ventrals 163 ;

anal bifid; subcaudals 95. <A lead-coloured band, three scales broad, runs from the

nape, along the median line of the back, to the end of the tail; flanks reddish, with a

very indistinct greyish streak along the fourth outer series of scales; two yellow lines

across the rostral, the lower running along the upper labials and across the neck, thus

entirely encircling the head ; the upper runs along the canthus rostralis, and stops or

terminates in the temporal region. Lower parts uniform yellowish. The dentition of

this species is neither distinctly diacranterian nor syncranterian. The maxillary is

armed with nine teeth, gradually becoming stronger, longer, and more widely set

behind; the last is conspicuously the longest, but scarcely more distant from the

penultimate than this is from the antepenultimate, although these three teeth are

much more distant than the others are from each other.

DROMICUS. 1135

8. Dromicus clavatus.

Dromicus clavatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1864, p. 388; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p- 711, t. 45. figg. 2, 2 a-e.

Hab. Mexico.

4, Dromicus omiltemanus, sp. n. (Tab. XL. fig. B.)

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero 8000 feet (H. H. Smith).

Scales smooth, in seventeen rows, without pit; body and tail moderately slender, the

latter not quite one-third of the total length; eye of moderate size. Anterior frontals

about one-third of the posterior ; vertical longer than the snout, and not much shorter

than the occipitals, which are rounded behind ; loreal square; one preorbital reaching

to the upper surface of the head, but not in contact with the vertical; two postoculars ;

eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth entering the orbit; a minute portion of the third

labial is separated, forming a rudimentary inferior preocular. Temporals 1+2+2;

posterior chin-shields a little longer than anterior. Ventrals 154; anal divided; sub-

caudals 94. Upper parts olive-brown, bordered on each side by a well-defined yellowish

line, which starts from the upper postocular, running along the fifth outer series of

scales, and is lost nearly at the extremity of the tail. ‘This yellowish line is accompanied

by an olive-black band, two scales broad, which again is bordered by a yellowish line

much more indistinct than the one described; the lowermost two series of scales are

pinkish grey. Lower parts whitish, each ventral scute with a black dot on either side.

Total length 153 inches, of which the tail takes 5 inches. Dentition distinctly

diacranterian.

5. Dromicus teniatus.

Enicognathus vittatus (part.), Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 271 (1863) (number of ventral shields

129, evidently a mistake for 179) ; Iconogr. Ophid. xvi. t. 2. fig. 3 (and not fig, 2, which is

Calamaria vittata, Rapp, MS.,=Coronella decorata, Ginth.).

Henicognathus vittatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 630, t. 41. figg. 1, 1 a—d.

Dromicus teniatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1863, p. 275.

Rhadinea teniata, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii, p. 140 (1875).

Hab. Muxico, City of Mexico (Doorman), La Cumbre de los Arrastrados (4. C.

Buller).

6. Dromicus fulvivittis.

Rhadinea fulvivittis, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 189 (1875).

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba in Vera Cruz (Sumichrast), Xautipa in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

Distinguished from D. teniatus chiefly by the total absence of ventral spots.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., February 1894. *15

114 OPHIDIA.

7. Dromicus lachrymans~*.

Lygophis lachrymans, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xi. p. 154 (1871).

Rhadinea lachrymans, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 140 (1875) ; and Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 32, p. 30.

Hab. Cuntrat Mexico (Cope).

XENODON.

Xenodon, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 541.

1. Xenodon rhabdocephalus.

Coluber rhabdocephalus (part.), Wied, Beitr. p. 355.

Coluber rhabdocephalus, Wied, Abbild. x. t. 4.

Xenodon rhabdocephalus, Schleg. Ess. t. 3. figg. 10,11; Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1868, xu.

p. 353, t. 5. fig. B; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xix. t. 4. fig. 1.

Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero ({. H. Smith); British Honpuras (Jfus. Brit.) ;

GuaTEMALA, San Gerdnimo (Salvin).—Soutu America, Guiana, Brazil, Argentine

Republic.

2. Xenodon angustirostris.

Xenodon angustirostris, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1864, p. 390; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil.

vill. pp. 141, 157 (1875), and Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 76 (1887).

Hab. GuaTemata (Cope); Costa Rica, Sipurio (Gabb); Panama (Cope), Veragua

(Peters).

I have not seen an example of this species; but suppose that at least some of the

specimens referred to it by Cope would have been named X. rhabdocephalus by

myself +.

COLUBER.

Coluber, Giinther, Col. Sn. p. 87 (1858). .

1. Coluber guttatus.

Coluber guttatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1, p. 885; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 89.

Scotophis guttatus, emoryi, letus, etc., Baird & Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Sn. pp. 75 etc.

Elaphis guttatus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 273 ; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxi. t. 6.

Scotophis guttatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 678, t. 46. figg. 4, 4 a-e.

Natrix emoryi, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 71.

* The information about this snake is very unsatisfactory. In one place it is described as having 78 sub-

caudals, whilst in another the number 60 is given as characteristic. The locality is at first stated to be

unknown, but later it is said to be “‘ Middle Mexico.”

+ Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xix. t. 4. fig. 2, figures a Xenodon bertholdi from * Mexico.” This is, without doubt,

identical with X. colubrinus, Giinth., a Brazilian species, the locality given by Jan resting upon an error.

COLUBER. 115

Hab. Nortu America, Eastern and South-eastern United States.—Muxico (Mus. Brit.),

Chihuahua (Cope).

The specimens which, in my opinion, should be referred to this species vary in the

number of longitudinal rows of scales, viz. from 25 to 29; all, however, have eight

upper labials only.

2. Coluber triaspis.

Coluber triaspis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xviii. p. 128 (1866); Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xviii.

p. 271 (1879).

Coluber mutabilis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 175 (1884).

Scotophis mutabilis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 680, t. 46. figg. 2, 2a-f.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé), Guanajuato (Dugés), City of Mexico (Doorman), Tehuantepec

(Sumichrast), Yucatan (Loucard) ; British Honpuras, Belize (Mus. Brit. ; Cope) ;

GuatEMaLa, Vera Paz (Cope; Mus. Paris) ; Costa Rica, San José (Cope).

This form passes into C. guttatus, but has generally smaller scales, viz. 31-35 series.

Upper labials eight. Abdomen nearly uniform whitish.

8. Coluber flavirufus.

Coluber flavirufus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xviii. p. 319 (1866) ; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii.

p- 175 (1884). .

Natrix flavirufus, Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 71.

Hlaphis rodriguezi, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 683, t. 46. figg. 1, 1 a-e.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.), Mirador, Tabasco, and Chiapas (Cope), Yucatan (Schott),

Ruatan I. (Gawmer); Guatemata, Rio Polochic, Santa Rosa de Panzos (Bocourt).

Distinguished by nine (ten) upper labial shields. Scales in from 29 to 35 series.

Possibly not a distinct species.

4. Coluber chlorosoma, sp. n. (Tab. XL1.)

Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz, Amula in Guerrero (4. H. Smith), San Ramon

1500 feet (A. C. Buller).

Scales in thirty-three rows, smooth, only the median ones on the back showing

faint traces of keels. Head rather narrow and elongate; eye of moderate size,

with round pupil; anterior frontals half, or less than half, the size of the posterior.

Vertical large, in contact with the preorbital. Loreal longer than deep, with a point

at posterior angle. One pre-, two postoculars. Hither nine upper labials, of which

the fifth and sixth enter the orbit, or eight, the fourth and fifth being below the eye.

The foremost series of temporals consists of three oblique, large, elongate shields, of

which the two upper are in contact with the postoculars. Upper parts uniform

greenish olive. On stretching the skin the base of each scale may be seen to be black,

*15 2

116 OPHIDIA.

with a whitish spot on each side of the scale; lower parts uniform whitish. Ventrals

246-260; anal divided; subcaudals 111-113.

The largest of three specimens is 49 inches long, of which the tail measures 11.

The smallest is only half the size, but also without a trace of spots.

At Atoyac this snake is eaten roasted by the poor country people.

SPILOTES.

Spilotes, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphib. p. 179 (1830).

1. Spilotes corais.

Coluber corais, Cuv. Régne Anim. ; Schleg. Ess. t. 5. figg. 9, 10.

Spilotes corais, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 222; Salv. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 456; 1861, p. 228;

Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 98 ; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 72.

Hab. CeytraL Amertca.—Eastern and Northern Tropical South America.

Var. 1. Tail black.

Spilotes melanurus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 224; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xii. p. 564

(1861) ; Sumichrast, Arch. Sc. Bibl. univ. 1873, p. 259.

Spilotes corais, var. melanurus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 687, t. 44. figg. 1, 1 a—e.

Hab. Norva America, Duval Co., Texas (W. Taylor).—Mexico, Tampico (Richardson),

Colima, Tuxpan, and Vera Cruz (Cope), Teapa in Tabasco (H7. H. Smith), Oaxaca

(Sallé), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Yucatan (Mus. Brit.); Brivish Honpuras,

Stann Creek (J. Robertson) ; Guatemata, Duefias, Lanquin, San Geronimo (Salvin) ;

Costa Rica, Cartago (Mus. Brit.), San José and Talamanca (Cope); Panama (Cope).

Var. 2. Entirely black, or only the abdomen white.

Coluber obsoletus, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. iii. p. 61, t. 12.

Georgia obsoleta, Baird & Gir. N. Amer. Rept. p. 158.

Spilotes erebennus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xii. p. 564 (1861).

Spilotes corais, subsp. erebennus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vii. p. 185 (1875).

Hab. Norru America, Texas, Eagle Pass (U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Mexico, Presidio, Tres

Marias Is. (Forrer), Guanajuato (Dugés), Jalapa (Commiss. Geogr.), Atoyac in Vera

Cruz (H. H. Smith).

2. Spilotes salvini. (Tab. XLII.)

? Seba, Thesaur. ii. t. 20. fig. 1.

? Cerastes mexicanus, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 83 (1768).

Spilotes variabilis, var. A, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 99.

Spilotes pullatus, subsp. auribundus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xiii. p. 800 (1862).

Spilotes auribundus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 71; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

. p- 689, t. 44. figg. 5, 5 af. .

Spilotes salvini, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1862, ix. p, 125, t. 9. fig. 5 (head).

SPILOTES. 117

Hab. Mexico, Huatusco * (Mus. Brit.), Vera Cruz, Tabasco (Mus. Paris), Atoyac (H. H.

Smith), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Yucatan (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Britisn Honpvras,

Belize (Salvin); Guatemata, Rio Motagua, Yzabal (Salvin), Atitlan (Bocourt) ;

Nicaraava (Cope).

Scales in nineteen rows, slightly keeled; one anterior and two posterior oculars ;

eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth of which enter the orbit, the sixth very small,

triangular, not quite so large as the fourth, the seventh the largest; one anterior and

generally two posterior temporals, the anterior not much larger than, and in contact

with, the oculars; the lower posterior temporal, if present, is in contact with the

seventh and eighth labials, but not with the front temporal.

Head rather thick ; neck and tail slender; body compressed. Rostral rounded, rather |

small; anterior frontals half as large as the posterior; vertical five-sided, with the

posterior angle slightly obtuse, not twice as long as broad ; occipitals obtusely rourded

behind, as long as the vertical; the anterior ccular not extending to, or only just

reaching, the corner of the vertical; loreal square. Scales on the anterior part of

the body much imbricate, in very oblique rows, those of the vertebral line of the ante-

rior part of the body larger than the rest; each scale with two pits at the apex.

Ventral scutes 215; anal entire; subcaudals 130. All the maxillary teeth of equal

length.

Ground-colour yellow, with broad black cross-bands, which are much more regular

and distinct on the posterior half of the body than on the anterior, where they are

more confluent, and many scales within the bands remain eutirely or partly yellow.

Each scale of the yellow interspace has a black tip. Each shield of the head with black

margins ; occipitals black, with some symmetrical small yellow spots; suture of the

eighth and seventh upper labials black. Lower parts yellow, many of the plates

with black margins.

The largest specimen measures 77 inches, of which the tail takes 18 f.

8. Spilotes pecilonotus. (Tab. XLIII.)

Spilotes pecilonotus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 100; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 691, t. 43.

figg. 4, 4 a—e. :

? Tropidodipsas lunulatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xi. p. 517 (1861) (an=juv. ?).

? Phrynonax lunulatus, Cope, ibid. xiv. p. 348, nota (1863).

? Spilotes lunulatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 694, t. 42. figg. 1, 1 a-e.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.), Orizaba (Sumichrast); GuareMata, Vera Paz, low forest

(Salvin), Panzos, Rio Polochic (Bocourt) ; Honpuras (Mus. Brit.).

* We have an adult and a young specimen from this locality ; the former has eighteen rows of scales, the

latter nineteen, which is the normal number.

+ Cope includes in his list of Central-American Reptiles Spilotes pullatus; but the occurrence of this species

in Central America seems to me to require further confirmation.

118 . OPHIDIA.

Body elongate, compressed ; tail slender; head moderate, rounded in front, distinct

from neck; eye large; mouth deeply cleft. Rostral shield much broader than high,

very obtuse above, just reaching the surface of the head ; anterior frontals short, much

broader behind than in front; posterior ones much larger; vertical five-sided, very

broad in front, with an obtuse angle behind, and convergent, very concave lateral

edges; superciliaries very broad posteriorly; occipitals short, small, obtuse behind.

Anterior ocular large, raised to the surface of the head, but not reaching the vertical ;

two posterior oculars; one loreal; two large nasals, nostril between; eight or nine

upper labials; scales in twenty-one or twenty-three rows, those of the dorsal rows

keeled; keels of the three medial rows excessively strong. Scales rather elongate, much

imbricate, especially on the neck; ventral plates raised on the sides, 202-208; anal

entire ; subcaudals 126-132. Above uniform brown, except some scales of the

medial row, which are yellow with black tip ; head yellow and brown variegated ; belly

anteriorly uniform yellowish, ventral plates black-edged about the middle of body,

posteriorly entirely black.

Length of cleft of mouth 13 inch, length of tail 18 inches; total length 5 feet 3 inches.

The number of upper labials, as well as their disposition, varies. One specimen has

nine on both sides, the fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the orbit ; a second shows the

same arrangement on one side, but has eight labials only on the other, the fourth and —

fifth entering the orbit; the third specimen has eight labials on both sides, but on one

the third, fourth, and fifth enter the orbit, on the other the fourth and fifth only.

If I am right in referring 7. lunulatus, Cope, to this species, the young would have a

more variegated coloration with darker cross-bands, which is, in fact, most likely the case.

4. Spilotes argus. (Tab. XLIV.)

Spilotes argus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 692, t. 48. figg. 10, 10 a-f.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brussels), Atoyac in Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith).

Body and tail moderately elongate; head rounded in front ; eye large, three-fifths of

the length of the snout. Rostral shield rather broader than high, obtusely rounded

above, just reaching the upper surface of the head. Anterior frontals half the size of

posterior; vertical broad, with the lateral margin slightly concave, as long as the

occipitals, which are obtusely rounded behind. Loreal longer than high; the single

preocular large, raised to the surface of the head, but not reaching the vertical ; two

postoculars; ten upper labials, the fifth, sixth, and seventh, or the sixth and seventh

only, entering the orbit. Temporals rather irregular, 2+2, but one only is in contact

with the postoculars. Scales much imbricate, those of the median rows faintly keeled,

in twenty-three series. Ventrals 213; anal entire; subcaudals 88+. The teeth of

this species increase so slightly in size behind, that the dentition may well be described

as isodont, ‘The upper and lateral parts are black, each scale being provided with a

yellow spot; on the scales near the head the yellow spot is small, but farther behind

SPILOTES.—ZAMENIS. 119

the black is reduced to the margin of the scale. On the posterior third of the body

the yellow spots of some of the dorsal series, instead of being at the base of the scale,

occupy the inner or outer half, thus leading to the formation of two black dorsal

bands. ‘Tail black, with four bands of yellow spots, each band composed of two series

of spots; one band runs along the median line of the back of the tail, one along

the meeting edges of the subcaudals, and one along each side. ‘The scutes of the head

are symmetrically spotted with yellow. Lower parts of the body yellow, the anterior

ventral shields showing a blackish margin; this margin becomes gradually broader

behind, the last shields being almost entirely black.

Our specimen is 56 inches long, the tail measuring 17 inches.

It differs in some respects from the one described by Bocourt. It has ten upper

labial shields, of which the fifth, sixth, and seventh enter the orbit. ‘The dorsal scales

are also much more faintly keeled. The two black dorsal bands make their appearance

only in the posterior third of the length of the body; and on the tail the yellow spots

are arranged in four well-defined series, one running along the median line of the back,

one on each side, and one along the middle of the lower surface. The coloration

reminds one of that of Coronella sayt.

5, Spilotes chrysobronchus.

Spilotes chrysobronchus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 136, t. 28. fig. 11 (head) (1875).

Spilotes chrysobranchus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 695, t. 48. figg. 9, 9 a (cop. from Cope).

Hab. Costa Rica (Cope).

Perhaps identical with 8. fasciatus, Peters.

ZAMENIS.

Zamenis, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphib. p. 188 (1830).

1. Zamenis constrictor.

Coluber constrictor, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i. 1, p. 385.

Bascanion constrictor, Baird & Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Rept. p. 93; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 697, t. 48. fig. 5.

Coryphodon constrictor (part.), Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 183.

Zamenis constrictor, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 387.

Coluber flaviventris, Say, in Long’s Exped. Rock. Mount. ii. p. 185.

Bascanion flaviventris, Baird & Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Rept. p. 96 ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 697, t. 48. fig. 3, 3.4, b.

_ Hab. Nortu America, United States.— Mexico (Mus. Brit.).

This species seems to be scarce in Northern Mexico, and the black variety does not

extend even so far southwards.

120 OPHIDIA.

2. Zamenis oaxace.

Coryphodon constrictor (part.), Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 184.

Coryphodon testaceus (part.), Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 108.

Coryphodon oaxaca, Jan, Elench. sist. Ofid. p. 63.

Bascanion oaxaca, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 701, t. 48. figg. 2, 2 a-d.

Zamenis oaxace, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 386.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Mus. Paris).

3. Zamenis rhombifer. (Tab. XLV.)

Coryphodon rhombifer, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 236.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Champion).—CotomBiA; E. Perv.

Body moderately slender; head rather short and high; eye large, two-thirds of the

length of the snout; rostral shield rather broader than deep, reaching to the upper

surface of the head. Anterior frontals one-half or one-third the size of posterior ;

vertical as long or nearly as long as occipitals. Nostril wide ; loreal subquadrangular,

with the posterior angle produced backwards; preocular single, concave, extending

to the upper surface of the head, but not reaching the vertical; two postoculars.

Temporals 2+2 (the two posterior may coalesce into a single shield). Normally

nine upper labials, the fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the orbit. Scales keeled, in

seventeen rows, those of the outer series smooth.

Ventrals 165; anal bifid; subcaudals a. (Esmeraldas.)

» 100; 7 i 93. (Moyobamba.)

» 1d7; 95 9 88. (Chiriqui.)

Upper parts brownish grey, with a series of large, irregularly rhombic, dark brown,

black-edged spots along the back; they become fainter in large specimens, and only the

black edges remain ; sides of the body and of the ventral shields marbled with irregular

black spots.

An adult specimen is 37 inches long, the tail measuring 12 inches.

We have figured the typical specimen from Esmeraldas, restoring its tail, and the

specimen from Chiriqui, which is young.

4. Zamenis flavigularis.

Psammophis flavigularis, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 178 (1852); and in Sitgreave’s

Exped. Zuni R. p. 181, t. 11 (not good).

Coryphodon mento-varius, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 187.

Bascanium mentovarium, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 271 (1879) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.

uo. 82. p. 71; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 699, t. 45. figg. 6, 6 a-d.

Zamenis mentovarius, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 389.

Bascanion suboculare, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xviii. p- 319 (1866).

Bascanion lineatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 700, t. 48. fige. 1, 1 a-c.

Zamenis lineatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 888. .

ZAMENIS. 121

Hab. Mzxico, Colima (U. S. Nat. Mus.), Presidio and Tres Marias Is. (Forrer), Autlan

in Jalisco, Guadalajara (Buller), Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith), Tehuantepec

(Sumichrast); GUATEMALA, between Coban and Chisec (Hague), San Ger6énimo,

Vera Paz, Rio Chisoy (Salvin).

I do not consider the confluence of the two upper labial shields below the eye (as

found in Z. mentovarius) to be of sufficient importance to justify distinction by a

binomial term. Black spots at and below the tips of the scales are frequently very

distinct (Z. lineatus, figured by Bocourt, op. cit. t. 48. fig. 1¢), but are also visible,

though more faintly, in examples which would be referred to Z. mentovarius.

5. Zamenis flagelliformis.

Natrix flagelliformis, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 79.

Masticophis flageliformis, Baird & Girard, N. Amer. Rept. p. 98; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xx. t. 6.

Herpetodryas flagelliformis, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 210; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 118.

Bascanium flagelliforme, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 71; and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.

Xlv. p. 625 (1892).

Zamenis flagelliformis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 389.

Herpetodryas psammophis (part.), Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 195; and Abbild. t. 44. figg, 21-24,

Hab. Norta America, Southern States.—? MExico.

Cope mentions that he has seen specimens of this species from Guadalajara and

Chihuahua. I myself have not been able to refer a Mexican specimen to it, if the

specific characters are admitted to consist of a contracted end of the snout, occipitals

narrowed behind, seventeen rows of scales, a moderate number of subcaudal scutes (not

exceeding 112), &c.

6, Zamenis semilineatus. (Tab. XLVI. fig. A.)

Herpetodryas flavigularis, var., Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 118*.

? Bascanium semilineatum, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 626 (1892).

Zamenis teniatus (part.), Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 390.

Hab. Nortu America, Arizona (Cope):—MExico, Presidio (forrer).

Body and tail very slender, the tail being nearly one third of the total length. Head

rather elongate, flat above, deeply concave in the loreal region. Vertical shield bell-

shaped, with concave lateral edges; its anterior portion wider than a supra-ocular and

in contact with the preorbital. Anterior frontals scarcely half the size of posterior.

Eight supra-labials, the fourth and fifth entering the eye; loreal longer than deep;

two preoculars, two postoculars; temporals 24-242; occipitals truncated behind ;

posterior chin-shields longer than anterior, Scales in seventeen rows. Ventrals,196-

201; anal divided; subcaudals 132-134 (and more, Cope).

* Where nineteen series of scales have been counted by error.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., February 1894. *16

122 | OPHIDIA.

A specimen from Presidio, fifty-six inches long, is light olive-coloured, greenish in

the anterior fourth of the body ; the lower part of the sides is ornamented with narrow

continuous yellow and brownish lines. They are most distinct in the anterior part of

the body and disappear in the posterior. One of these yellow lines runs along the

meeting edges of the outermost and second series of scales, the second along the third

and fourth series, and both have narrow black or brown edges. The upper labials are

yellow with black upper margin ; this black margin passes into the black upper edge

of the outer yellow line. Lower parts yellow, with a few small black spots on the

lower part of the head.

Twelve maxillary teeth, of which the two posterior are somewhat separated from,

but scarcely larger than, the preceding.

A second specimen, which was probably obtained in North Mexico, scarcely differs

from the one described, but the lower yellow band is somewhat broader and more’

distinct ; and the scales of the back of the posterior part of the trunk. are finely

mottled with black.

This form seems to me to come nearest to Bascanium semilineatum of Cope, although

the description of the colours does not apply in every respect. The “ second ” specimen

was referred by me at first to H. flavogularis, which, however, seems to have a

somewhat shorter tail, and has no longitudinal bands on the sides; even now I. have

some doubts as to the propriety of separating these two forms. Boulenger applies the

name “¢eniatus, Hallowell,’’ to both these specimens; but, according to the unanimous

testimony of other authors, teniatus of Hallowell has only fifteen rows of scales, and

ought to be kept distinct. Also Leptophis lateralis (Hallowell), from California, is, in

my opinion, a very distinct species, characterized inter alia by a very peculiar physio-

gnomy, and by the very large size of the anterior frontals.

7. Zamenis ornatus, (Tab. XLVI. fig. B.)

Masticophis ornatus, Baird & Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Rept. pp. 102, 159.

Bascanium ornatum, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiv. pp. 622, 629 (1892).

Zamenis teniatus (part.), Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 391.

Hab. Nort America, Texas.—Mexico, Coahuila (W. Taylor).

This species is distinguished not only by its 15 rows of scales, but by an extremely

narrow vertical shield, the anterior portion of which is narrower than a supraocular,

and which is widely separate from the preocular.

8. Zamenis melanolomus.

Masticophis bilineatus *, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xviii. p. 127 (1866) (nec Schleg.).

* Cope introduces also in his list of Central-American Reptiles (Bull. U. §. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 70)

the true Herpetodryas bilineatus of Schlegel, figured by Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxxi. t. 4. fig. 3. But its origin

ZAMENIS.—SALVADORA, 123

Masticophis melanolomus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xx. p. 184 (1868) *.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Smiths. Inst. & Mus. Brit.).

9. Zamenis pulcherrimus.

Masticophis pulcherrimus, Cope, Proc. Ac."N. Sc. Phil. xxvi. p. 65 (1874).

Drymobius pulcherrimus, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 70.

Drymobius (Eudryas) pulcherrimus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 725, t. 49. figg. 3, 3.a-e.

Zamenis pulcherrimus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 392.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast, Buller) ; West Nicaracua (Cope).

SALVADORA.

Salvadora, Baird & Girard, N. Amer. Rept. p. 104 (1858).

1, Salvadora grahamiz. |

Salvadora grahamie, Baird & Girard, N. Amer. Rept. pp. 104, 161; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. i. t. 8.

fig. 1; Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1863, xii. p. 349; Garman, Mem. Mus. Compar. Zool.

Cambr. viii. pp. 38, 145 (1883) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 661, t. 43. figg. 2,2 a-e;

Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1892, p. 619.

Phimothyra grahamie et bairdii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xiii. p. 800 (1861), and xxxv. p. 14

(1883).

Zamenis grahami, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 393.

Salvadora bairdii, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. i. t. 3. fig. 2; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 662, t. 43.

figg. 3, 3a-d; Duges, La Naturaleza, i. p. 124 (1888) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1892,

p. 619.

Phimothyra hexalepis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xviii. p. 304 (1866).

Hab. NortH America, Southern United States. — Mexico, Chihuahua (U. 8. Nat.

Mus.), Hacienda del Hobo (Geddes), Hacienda el Florencio in Zacatecas (Buller),

Guanajuato (Duges), Puebla (Bocourt), Amula in Guerrero 6000 feet (H. H.

Smith), Orizaba (Boucard), Jalapa, Vera Cruz (Mus. Philad. Acad.), Tehuantepec

(Sumichrast).

2. Salvadora mexicana.

Zamenis mexicanus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 695 ; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 664, t. 46.

fig. 5; Boulenger, Cat. Sn. i. p. 392.

Masticophis mexicanus, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxii. t. 6. fig. 1.

Phimothyra mexicana, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xvi. p. 167 (1864).

Lytorhynchus mexicanus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 266 (1879).

Salvadora mexicana, Ginth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1868, xii. p. 349; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 82, p. 72.

is, in fact, unknown. The scutellation of the upperside of the head differs much from that of Herpetodryas

boddaertiz, to which, otherwise, it seems to have some resemblance.

* Cope, probably by some inadvertence, ascribes 15 scales to this snake, while our specimens have 17, and

otherwise agree with Cope’s description in every detail.

*16 2

124 OPHIDIA.

Hab. Mexico, Izucar (Boucard), Guanajuato (Dugés), Colima (U.S. Nat. Mus.), Tierra

Colorada in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).—Cusa, Cape Corrientes (Mus. Paris).

PITUOPHIS.

Pituophis, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp. iv. p. 7 (1842).

1. Pituophis deppii. |

Elaphis pleurostictus *, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 244.

Pituophis pleurostictus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 666, t. 42. figg. 2, 2a-d, 3, 3 a-f.

Elaphis deppei, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vil. p. 268.

Pituophis deppei, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxii. t. 2. fig. 2.

Spilotes deppei, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 72 (1887).

Pituophis vertebralis, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 86 (nec Blainv.).

Arizona jani, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xii. p. 369 (1861).

Hab. Mexico, Hacienda del Castello in Guadalajara (A. C. Buller), Guanajuato (Dugeés),

city of Mexico (Doorman), Buenavista, San José Acateno in Vera Cruz (Cope),

Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

2. Pituophis lineaticollis. (Tab. XLVII.)

Arizona lineaticollis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xiii. p. 300 (1862).

Spilotes lineaticollis, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 72.

Hab. Muxico, Southern Mexican plateau (Sartorius); GuaTeMALA, Duefias (Salvin).

Habit moderately slender, scarcely compressed. Head-shields normal; the anterior

frontals small, not much more than one-fourth of the posterior. Rostral shield broader

than high, not penetrating between the frontals; loreal longer than high; anterior

ocular not reaching the vertical ; three postoculars. Hight (or nine) upper labials, the

fourth and fifth entering the orbit. Temporals scale-like. Scales in twenty-seven

rows, those on the back keeled. Ventrals 244; anal entire; subcaudals 68.

Ground-colour brownish-olive, with black ornamental markings. Head without any

spots; anterior part of the trunk with four black bands, which, posteriorly, break up

into spots, the anterior ones on the back retaining the appearance of their twin compo-

sition, whilst the posterior and those on the tail are more or less simple cross-bands.

The anterior part of the abdomen is unspotted, but on the posterior part the spots of

the flanks encroach in an irregular fashion upon the ventral shields. |

Our single specimen of this beautiful snake is 65 inches long, of which the tail

measures 94.

* Iselect the term depp for this species in preference to plewrostictus, because the locality for the latter

specimen has been erroneously given as ‘‘Monte Video,” the difficulty of recognizing the species having been

thus unduly increased,

PITUOPHIS.—DRYMOBIUS. 125

3. Pituophis elegans.

Arizona elegans, Kennicott, U.S. Mex. Bound. Survey, ii. Rept. t. 13, p. 18; Bocourt, Miss. Sc.

Mex., Rept. p. 676, t. 46. figg. 3, 3 a, d.

Rhinechis elegans, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. p. 284 (1886).

Hab. Nortu America, Southern United States—Mexico, Chihuahua (Cope).

4. Pituophis melanoleuca.

Coluber melanoleucus, Daud. Hist. Rept. vi. p. 409.

Pituophis melanoleucus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. iv. t.1, p. 7; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 233 ;

Ginth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 86.

Pituophis mexicanus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 236, t.62; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p.87; Jan, Iconogr.

Ophid. xxii. t. 2; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 674, t. 42. figg. 4, 4a-e, t. 47. fig. 6.

Churchillia bellona, Baird & Girard, in Stansbury’s Explorat., Rept. p, 350.

Pituophis bellona, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 87.

Pituophis sayi (Schleg.), Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 72.

Hab. Norta America, United States—Muxico, Nuevo Leon (Taylor), Colima and

Chihuahua (Cope).

I conclude, from an examination of numerous specimens in the British Museum, that

neither the number of labial shields nor that of series of scales can safely be used as

characters to separate specifically southern from northern or western specimens.

DRYMOBIUS.

Drymobius, Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. p. 26 (1842).

1. Drymobius margaritiferus.

Herpetodryas margaritiferus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 184; and Abbild. t. 44. figg. 19, 20.

Drymobius margaritiferus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 26; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 70;

Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 716, t. 49. figg. 2, 2 a-d.

Leptophis margaritiferus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 539.

Dromicus margaritiferus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 126; Salv. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 456,

Thamnosophis margaritiferus, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxxi. t. 6. fig. 3.

Hab. Mexico, Colima (Xantus), Presidio (Forrer), Zacualtipan, Tuxpan, Misantla,

Coatzacoalcos (Cope), Santo Domingo de Guzman (A. 0. Buller), Omilteme in Guer-

rero, Atoyac in Vera Cruz, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith), Tehuantepec (Sumi-

chrast); British Honpuras, Belize (Mus. Brit.) ; GuatemMata, Duefias and Lanquin

(Salvin) ; Costa Rica (Gabd); Panama (Leconte).

2. Drymobius boddeertii.

Coluber boddertii, Seetzen, in Meyer’s Zool. Archiv, ii. p. 59 (1796).

Herpetodryas boddertii, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 185 ; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 210; Giinth. Cat. Col.

Sn. p. 115; Salv. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 456 ; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xlix. t. 1. fig. 1.

126 OPHIDIA.

Drymobius (Eudryas) bodderti (Cope), Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 720, t. 51. figg. 5,5 a-c.

Dromicus pleei, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxiv. t. 5. fig. 1 (nec D. & B.).

Drymobius (Eudryas) pleei, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 728, t. 51. figg. 3, 3 a—d.

Herpetodryas rappii, Salv. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 456 (nec Ginth.).

Herpetodryas levis, Fischer, Wiegm. Archiv, 1881, 1. p. 227, t. 11. figg. 4-6.

Drymobius (Eudryas) levis (Cope), Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 722, t. 51. figg. 6, 6 a—d.

Drymobius (Eudryas) dorsalis, Bocourt, loc. cit. p. 724, t. 51. figg. 2, 2 a-d.

Coryphodon alternatus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1884, p. 183.

Hab. Mexico, Tres Marias Is. (orrer), Jalapa, Tuxpan, and Actopam (Cope), Zacualpan

(H. Finck), Hacienda del Hobo (P. Geddes), Vera Cruz, Huatuzco (H. H. Smith) ;

GuaTEMALA,. Duefias, low forests of Vera Paz, and Lake Peten (Salvin), Coban

(Sarg); Nicaracua (Cope); Costa Rica (Smiths. Inst.); Panama (Cope), Veragua

(Cope).—TropicaL South America; West INDIES.

As in the majority of isodont Colubrine Snakes, so also in this species the posterior

teeth are frequently somewhat larger than the middle ones; and this increase in size

may be in some individuals sufficiently great to lead to the description of the dentition

as coryphodont. After examining a considerable number of specimens, however, I come

to the conclusion not to separate such individuals, particularly since I have compared

specimens from the northernmost as well as the southernmost range, among them such

as have absolutely the same style of isodont dentition.

As to the two young specimens from Duefias which were referred to Herpetodryas

rappw by Mr. Salvin, I believe them now to be the young of H. boddertii, distinct from

the typical Venezuelan H. rappii. The fact is, that what I considered (Cat. Col. Sn.

p- 117) a specific peculiarity of H. rappii, viz. the remarkable difference of coloration

between young and old, is a character common to the majority of these American

snakes, be they referred to Zamenis, Coryphodon, Drymobius, Herpetodryas, &c. The

young are ornamented with a series of quadrangular dark cross-bands on the back, with

which similar spots on the side alternate. If a knowledge of the locality of such a

young snake does not assist in the determination, it is most difficult, and perhaps

impossible, to assign it to its proper species. It is aremarkable fact, supported by other

analogous instances among vertebrates, that this juvenile pattern of coloration may in

some forms persist throughout the various stages of growth. Thus in specimens from

Western Ecuador which I have referred as a variety to H. rappii (P. Z.8. 1859, p. 412)

the quincunciate pattern of coloration remains unchanged with age, but the tints are

less intense in old than in young individuals.

3. Drymobius ceruleus.

Dromicus ceruleus, Fischer, Jahrb, Hamb. Wiss. Anstalt, ii. p. 1038, t. 4. fig. 7 (1885).

? Drymobius (Eudryas) ceruleus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 727, t. 51. figg. 4, 4 a—d.

Hab. Guatemata, Coban (Sarg), Vera Paz (Mus. Paris).

DRYMOBIUS. 127

4, Drymobius dendrophis.

Herpetodryas dendrophis, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 196; and Abbild. t. 44. figg. 25-28; Giinth.

Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1863, xii. p. 358, t. 6. fig. B.

Dendrophidium dendrophis (Fitz.), Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 278.

Dendrophidion dendrophis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 730, t. 49. figg. 4,4a-d; and Le Natu-

raliste, 1889, p. 46, figg. 1-4.

Drymobius dendrophis, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 70.

Herpetodryas poitei, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 208.

Herpetodryas brunneus, Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1860, p. 456 (nec Ginth.).

Herpetodryas nuchalis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1863, p. 285.

Dendrophidium melanotropis, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 134, t. 26. fig. 1 (1875).

Elaphis melanotropis, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 71.

Dendrophidium chloroticum, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. p. 278 (1886).

Hab. Guatemaa, Vera Paz, between Coban and Lanquin (Salvin), Peten (Morelet),

Coban (Cope); Mexico (Sallé); Nicaragua (Cope); Costa Rica (Gabs).—Soutn

America, Cayenne, Venezuela, ? Ecuador.

This snake varies considerably in the length of the tail, as may be seen from the

following table :—

A. Specimen from Vera Paz, g. 161 Ventrals. Anal divided. 105 subcaudals.

B. » oe 9 2 g. 139 yy) 9 entire. 140 »

C. ” ” 2” 2” 160 “y9 ” divided. 117 »”

D. 2” ” 2» yy 163 29 a) 9 153 29

E. Sy » Guatemala, g. 154 » - » 119 >

Shields of the head regular, the anterior frontals about two-fifths the size of the

posterior; vertical as long as the suture between the occipitals, with the lateral

margins convergent posteriorly. Loreal as high as long or longer than high; one

preocular raised to the surface of the crown, but not reaching the vertical. Two, some-

times three, postoculars. Nine upper labials, the fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the

orbit, or ten upper labials, the fifth, sixth, and seventh being below the eye. Eye

large, its longitudinal diameter being equal to its distance from the nostril, and in

young specimens it is proportionally even larger. Scales more or less strongly keeled ;

sometimes one, sometimes more, of the outer series of scales being smooth ; in seventeen

rows. Maxillary teeth gradually increasing in size posteriorly, the posterior being

conspicuously larger and stronger than the middle ones; thirty-two or thirty-four in

number.

The ground-colour may be brownish-olive or even blackish. Young specimens have

the body ornamented with irregular, blackish-edged, narrow cross-bands, more conspi-

cuous on the anterior than on the posterior part of the body; sometimes these bands

are modified into narrow blackish bars enclosing lighter-coloured ocelli. With age

this ornamental colour generally disappears entirely or traces of it are visible only on

128 OPHIDIA.,

the anterior part of the body. But in all specimens the ground-colour of the sides

encroaches largely upon the ventral shields. One female specimen from Vera Paz is

nearly black, with the head and tail of a lighter (in life probably red) colour.

An adult male is 49 inches long, of which the tail measures 163. An adult female

measures 53 inches, the tail being 20.

Herpetodryas brunneus, from Guayaquil, is closely allied to D. dendrophis, but

distinguished by a smaller eye. This character would be less conspicuous in young

specimens.

HERPETODRYAS.

Herpetodryas, Boie, Isis, 1827.

1, Herpetodryas fuscus.

Coluber fuscus, Linn, Mus. Ad. Fried. p. 82, t. 17. fig. 1.

Herpetodryas fuscus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 209; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 382, p. 70.

Herpetodryas carinatus, var., Schleg. Ess. 11. p. 175, t. 7. figg. 3, 4.

Hab. Panama, Darien (Cope).—Tropicat SoutH AMERICA, east of the Andes.

2. Herpetodryas carinatus.

Coluber carinatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1, p. 384.

Herpetodryas carinatus (part.), Schleg. Ess. ui. p. 175, t. 7. figg. 5, 6.

Herpetodryas carinatus, Dum. & Bibr, Erpét. vii. p. 207; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii.

p. 135 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica (Gabb), San José (Van Patten); Panama, Chiriqui (Champion),

Darien (Cope).—TropicaL SoutH AMERICA, east of the Andes.

The carination of the median dorsal scales of the specimen from Chiriqui is so faint

that the specimen might be referred to H. fuscus.

3. Herpetodryas grandisquamis.

Spilotes grandisquamis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1868, p. 451.

Herpetodryas grandisquamis, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 185 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica.

4. Herpetodryas melas.

Herpetodryas melas, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. p. 278 (1886).

Hab. Nicaracua.

LEPTOPHIS. 129

LEPTOPHIS.

Leptophis, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 328 (1826).

1. Leptophis mexicanus.

Leptophis mexicana, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 586; Cope, Journ, Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 133.

(1875) ; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xlix. t. 6. fig. 3.

Ahetulla mexicana, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 154; Salv. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 457.

Hapsidophrys mexicanus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 382 (1885).

Hab. Mexico, Tampico, Amula, Teapa (H. H. Smith), Atoyac (Richardson), Jalisco,

north of the Rio de Santiago, Jicaltepec (Commiss. Geogr.), Vera Cruz, Tehuan-

tepec (Sumichrast), Santo Domingo de Guzman (A. C. Buller), Yucatan (Jfus.

Brit.) ; British Honpvuras, Stann Creek (Rev. J. Robertson), Belize (Mus. Brit.) ;

GuatremMaLa, Lanquin (Salvin); Nicaragua (Cope) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten).

2. Leptophis occidentalis.

Ahetulla occidentalis, Ginth. P. Z. 8S. 1859, p. 412.

Leptophis occidentalis, Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 382, p. 69.

Hab. Panama, Darien and Panama (Cope).—WestERN Ecuapor (fraser).

8. Leptophis modestus. (Tab. XLVIII.)

Ahetulla modesta, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 26, t. 6. fig. C (head).

Philothamnus modestus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 382, p. 69.

Hab. Guatemaa, Rio Chisoy, below the town of Cubulco (Salvin).

Scales in fifteen rows, very strongly keeled, except those in the outermost series.

Ventrals 171; anal bifid; subcaudals 171. Snout depressed, not pointed. Rostral

shield just reaching to the upper surface of the crown; anterior frontals subtruncated

in front, about half the size of the posterior. Vertical not much longer than broad,

rather shorter than the snout or than the occipitals, which are truncated behind.

Loreal longer than deep. Anteocular extending to the upper surface of the crown, but

not reaching the vertical; two small and short postoculars. Hight upper labials, the

fourth and fifth of which enter the orbit. ‘Temporals 1+). Eye rather smaller

than in the other species of this genus, a little more than one-half of the length of the

snout. Uniform greenish-olive above, light green below. A narrow black band from

the eye along the suture between the labials and temporals.

The posterior three or four teeth are larger than the preceding, but not separated

from them by an interspace.

The single specimen known is 52 inches long, the tail measuring 22.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., July 1894. *17

130 OPHIDIA.

4, Leptophis depressirostris.

Philothamnus depressirostris, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 557.

Hab. Panama, Cocuyas de Veraguas (Mus. Acad. Phil.).

5. Leptophis saturatus.

Leptophis saturatus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 183, t. 28. fig. 10 (1875) (head).

Hapsidophrys saturatus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 69.

Hab. Nicaraeva (Cope); Costa Rica (Gadd).

I have not seen a specimen of this species.

6. Leptophis diplotropis.

Ahetulla diplotropis, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 25, t. 6. fig. A.

Hab. Muxico, Tres Marias Is. and Presidio in Western Mexico (forrer), Amula in

Guerrero (H. H. Smith), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Santo Domingo de Guzman,

and La Laguna in the Sierra de Alica (A. C. Buller).

7. Leptophis prestans.

Thrasops prestans, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1868, p. 309.

Leptophis prestans, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 133 (1875).

Thrasops (Ahetulla) sargii, Fisch. Wiegm. Archiv, 1881, p. 229, t. 11. figg. 7-9.

Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith) ; British HonpDuRas,

Stann Creek (Rev. J. Robertson); Guatemaua, Peten (Cope), Coban (Sarg) ; Costa

Rica (Gadd).

The number of postoculars varies from 2 to 4, and that of the upper labials from 8

to 9; generally only the fifth, seventh, or ninth middle series of scales are keeled, the

keels (structure) passing into mere black lines (colour).

8. Leptophis bilineatus.

Diplotropis bilineata, Ginth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 24, t. 6. fig. B.

Leptophis bilineatus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 69.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Swmichrast); Nicaracua (Cope); Costa Rica (Mus. Brit.).

9, Leptophis zruginosus.

Leptophis eruginosus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 182, t. 28. fig. 9 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica (Gadd).

Founded upon a young specimen, which may possibly be the young of the preceding

species.

SYNCHALINUS.—TROPIDONOTUS. 131

SYNCHALINUS.

Synchalinus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1893, p. 345.

1. Synchalinus corallioides.

Synchalinus corallioides, Cope, 1. ec.

Hab. Costa Rica, Buenos Aires.

TROPIDONOTUS.

Tropidonotus, Kuhl, Bull. Sc. Nat. ii. p. 81 (1824).

1. Tropidonotus ordinatus.

Coluber ordinatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 379.

Tropidonotus ordinatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 73; Salv. P. Z.S. 1860,

p. 495; 1861, p. 228; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i. p. 205.

Coluber sirtalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 388.

Coluber eques, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. i. p. 152, t. 8. fig. 2 (1834).

Coluber bipunctatus, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 85.

Tropidonotus bipunctatus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 320; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 582.

Eutenia macrostemma, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 3381; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. no. 32, p. 74.

Eutenia megalops, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1860, p. 3830; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 382, p. 74:

_ Eutenia cyrtopsis, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 333; Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.

no. 32, p. 73; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 774, t. 55. figg. 5.

Thamnophis scalaris, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1860, p. 369.

Eutenia scalaris, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 204.

Tropidonotus scalaris, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i. p. 205.

Tropidonotus collaris, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. iii. p. 209 (1865) ; and Iconogr. Ophid. xxv. t. 5.

fig. 2. .

Eutenia collaris, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 173 (1884) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32,

p. 73; Duges, La Naturaleza, i. p. 127, t. 18. fig. 16 (1888). .

Eutenia flavilabris, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 306; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32,

p- 73.

Eutenia sumichrasti, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 306; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 174.

(1884) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 73.

Eutenia cyrtopsis, var. sumichrasti, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 775, t. 57. fig. 3.

Eutenia phenax, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1868, p. 134; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 73.

Eutenia cyrtopsis, var. phenax, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 778.

Entenia pulchrilatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 164 (1884); Dugés, La Naturaleza, i.

p. 128 (1888) ; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 73.

Eutenia pulchrilata (1), Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 767, t. 57. figg. 4.

Eutenia insigniarum, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p, 172 (1884) ; Dugés, La Naturaleza, i.

p. 129 (1888) ; Ives, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1892, p. 462.

Eutenia cyrtopsis, var. fulvus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 777, t. 57. figg. 2.

*17 2

132 OPHIDIA.

Hab. Norvu America—Mexico, throughout the country; GuATEMALA, Duefias, San

Gerénimo, Rio Chisoy (Salvin), Alta Vera Paz and Coban (Bocourt).

A species as variable as it is common. The variations observable in Central-American

specimens cannot be localized, and seem to occur indiscriminately in any locality in

which the species abounds.

2. Tropidonotus saurita.

Coluber saurita, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 385.

Tropidonotus saurita, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 5385; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 321; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii.

p. 585; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 72; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxvi. t. 2. fig. 1; Bouleng. Cat. ~

Sn. i. p. 212.

Thamnophis saurita, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 754, t. 55. fig. 1, t. 56. fig. 1.

Coluber proximus, Say, in Long’s Exped. Rocky Mount. i. p. 187.

Eutenia proxima, Baird & Gir. N.-Amer. Rept. p. 24; Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 74.

Thamnophis saurita, var. proxima, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 757, t. 56. figg. 2.

Eutenia rutiloris, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 388 (1885).

Thamnophis saurita, var. faireyt, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 758, t. 56. figg. 3.

Hab. Norra America, east of the Rocky Mountains.—MeExico, Matamoros (Smithson.

Inst.), Guerrero (H. H. Smith), Jalapa (Hége), Orizaba and Tuxpan in Vera Cruz

(U. S. Nat. Mus.), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Cozumel I. (Gaumer); Briviso

Honpuras (Mus. Brit.); Guaremata (Morelet).

3. Tropidonotus chrysocephalus.

Eutenia chrysocephala, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxil. p. 173 (1884) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 762, t. 57. figg. 1.

Tropidonotus chrysocephalus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. 1. p. 208.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme and Amula, alt. 6000-8000 ft., both in Guerrero (H. #.

Smith), Orizaba in Vera Cruz (Sumichrast).

4. Tropidonotus preeocularis.

Eutenia preocularis, Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 770, t. 56. figg. 7.

Hab. British Honpuras, Belize.

Known from two specimens, and distinguished by nineteen rows of strongly keeled

scales, eight upper labials, three preoculars, &c.

5. Tropidonotus multimaculatus.

Atomarchus multimaculatus, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1883, p. 1309.

Eutenia multimaculata, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Xxiii. p. 284 (1886).

Hab. Mexico, Chihuahua city (U.S. Nat. Mus.).

I have not seen a specimen of this species.

TROPIDONOTUS. 133

6. Tropidonotus scaliger.

Tropidonotus scaliger, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. iii. p. 214 (1865) ; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i. p. 203.

Eutema scalaris, Duges, La Naturaleza, i. p. 129, t. 13. fig. 17 (1888) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 768, t. 56. figg. 6 (excl. synonymy).

Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato (Dugés), Mexico city (Doorman).

7. Tropidonotus godmani, sp. n.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme and Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

Scales in seventeen rows, strongly keeled, with the exception of those of the outer-

most series, which are short, rhombic, smooth or very faintly keeled. Head moderate,

distinct from neck. The diameter of the eye is equal to its distance from the nostril.

Anterior frontals subtriangular, truncated in front. Vertical very little shorter than

occipitals ; one preeocular, which just reaches the upper surface of the head; three

postoculars. Seven upper labials, of which the third and fourth enter the orbit; five

lower labials are in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the

posterior. Temporals 1+2. Ventrals 145, 146, 151; subcaudals 76, 76, 81.

Brown above, with a yellowish vertebral line, one scale broad; a greenish lateral

band occupies the sixth and seventh rows of scales; a few small black markings

occupy the sides of the body, but are generally covered by the overlapping neighbouring

scales. Lower parts greenish, sometimes finely marbled with blackish. Upper labials

whitish, with the posterior margin black.

Seven examples, showing a remarkable agreement in structure and colour, were

collected at Omilteme and Amula. One of the largest specimens is 24 inches long, of

which the tail takes 6. The stomach of one contained young mice.

8. Tropidonotus variabilis.

Hemigenius variabilis, Dugés, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1888, p. 182 (cum fig.) ; La Naturaleza, 1890,

p- 403, t. 27. fig. 14; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 741, t. 53, figg. 5.

Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato and Guadalajara (Dugés).

This species is not isodont, but has the dentition of a Tropidonotus,

9. Tropidonotus melanogaster.

Tropidonotus melanogaster, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1864, p. 8389; Gtnth. Zool. Record, 1865,

p- 154; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i. p. 225.

Eutenia melanogaster, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 73; Bocourt, Miss, Sc. Mex., Rept.

p. 779, t. 58. fig. 4, t. 55. fig. 3.

Tropidonotus mesomelanus, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. iii. p. 230 (1865) ; Iconogr. Ophid. xxvii. t. 5.

fig. 3, and t. 6. fig. 2. ;

Regina mesomelena, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 74; Dugés, La Naturaleza, 1. p. 130

(1888). :

Tropidonotus baronis-miilleri, Troschel, in Miill. Reise Mex. iii. p. 610,

134 OPHIDIA.

Hab. Mzxico, La Laguna 6500 ft. and Colonia Brizuela in Jalisco (A. C. Buller),

Guanajuato (Dugés), Mexico city (Geddes), Vera Cruz (Commiss. Geogr.),

Tehuantepec (Swmichrast).

10. Tropidonotus validus.

Regina valida, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 884; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32,

p. 74:

Tropidonotus validus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 342; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i. p. 237.

Tropidonotus quadriserialis, Fisch. Verh. naturf. Ver. Hamburg, iii. p. 82, t. 1. fig. 2 (1879)

(copied by Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 752, t. 54. figg. 6).

Hab. Norra America, Utah, Arizona, Lower California. —Mexico, Presidio (forrer),

Mazatlan (Fischer), Colima (Xantus), San Blas (Dugés).

11. Tropidonotus grahami.

Regina grahamii, Baird & Gir. N.-Amer. Rept. p. 47.

Tropidonotus grahamii, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p.78; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i. p. 240.

Tropidonotus leberis, var. grahami, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxvii. t. 5. fig. 1.

Hab. NortH America, Michigan to Texas.—? MrExico.

The occurrence of this snake in Mexico is doubtful, the specimens in the British

Museum, labelled with that locality, having been obtained from a dealer.

12. Tropidonotus sipedon.

Coluber sipedon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 1768, i. p. 219; ed. 1766, 1. p. 379.

Tropidonotus sipedon, Holbr. N.-Amer. Herpet. iv. p. 29, t. 6.

Coluber fasciatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 1766, 1. p. 378.

Tropidonotus fasciatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535; Holbr. N.-Amer. Herpet. iv. p. 25, t. 5; Giinth.

Cat. Col. Sn. p. 76; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 566; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxvi. t. 8 ;

Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i. p. 242.

Tropidonotus rhombifer, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1852, p. 177; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxvi.

t. 4. fig. 2; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 73; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.

p- 751, t. 54. figg. 5.

Tropidonotus pogonias (part.), Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vi. p. 574.

Hab. Norvu America, east of the Rocky Mountains.—Mexico, Tampico (Richardson),

Misantla (Commiss. Geogr.); Costa Rica, Cartago (Mus. Brit.).

| TRETANORHINUS.

Tretanorhinus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 848 (1854).

1. Tretanorhinus nigroluteus.

Tretanorhinus nigroluteus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 298; 1868, p. 8309; Proc. Am.

Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 183 (1885); Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 27; Bocourt, Le

Nat. 1891, p. 122; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i. p. 282.

TRETANORHINUS.—ISCHNOGNATHUS. 135

Regina nigrolutea, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 74.

Helicops agassizii, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. iii. p. 254 (1865) ; Iconogr. Ophid. xxviii. t. 2. fig. 1.

Helicops bifrenatus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. viii. p. 184 (1884).

? Tretanorhinus lateralis, Bocourt, Le Nat. 1891, p. 122.

Hab. Nicaraeva (Cope); Panama (Mus. Brit.), Colon (Mus. Paris).

2. Tretanorhinus dimidiatus.

? Tropidonotus dimidiatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535.

Tropidonotus dimidiatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1862, p. 297.

Regina dimidiata, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 74.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Cope).

This is an altogether dubious species ; and without the examination and comparison

of the typical specimens described by Boie and Cope no opinion can be formed as to

the correctness of Cope’s identification, or Boulenger’s view, according to which Boie’s

snake is the Indian Atretiwm schistosum. Unfortunately, it is not known in what

Museum Boie’s specimen is preserved, if it be still in existence; the example described

by Cope was contained in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, but it cannot now

be found there.

3. Tretanorhinus mocquardi.

Tretanorhinus mocquardii, Bocourt, Le Nat. 1891, p. 122.

Hab. CENTRAL AMERICA.

I have not seen a specimen of this species.

HELICOPS.

Helicops, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphib. p. 170 (1830).

1. Helicops septemvittatus.

Calopisma septemvittatum, Fisch. Verh. naturw. Ver. Hamburg, iii. p. 84, t. 1. fig. 3 (1879).

Limnophis septemvittatus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 75.

Helicops septemvittatus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i. p. 275.

Hab. Mexico.

Unknown to me.

ISCHNOGNATHUS.

Ischnognathus, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. p. 468 (1853).

Storeria, Baird & Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Rept. 1853, p. 135.

136 . OPHIDIA.

1. Ischnognathus dekayi.

Tropidonotus dekayi, Holbr. N.-Amer. Herp. iv. p. 53, t. 14.

Ischnognathus dekayi (part.), Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 507.

Ischnognathus dekayi, Giiuth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 81; Salv. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 456; 1861, p. 228;

Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i. p. 286.

Storeria dekayi (Holbrook), Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 75; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 742, t. 53. figg. 1, 2.

Storeria tropica, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 175 (1885).

Storeria dekayi, var. anomala, Dugés, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi. p. 9, cum fig. (1888) ; La Natu--

raleza, 1890, p. 401.

Hab. Norra Amurica.—Mexico, Guanajuato (Dugés), Vera Cruz (Cope), Orizaba

(Godman, Dugés); GuaTeMALA, Coban, San Gerénimo (Salvin), Peten (Hague).

2. Ischnognathus occipito-maculatus.

Coluber occipito-maculatus, Storer, Rep. Fish. & Rept. Mass. p. 280.

Storeria occipito-maculata, Baird & Gur. N.-Amer. Rept. p. 137; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 32, p. 75; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 745, t. 53. figg. 6.

Ischnognathus occipito-maculatus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 81; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxx. t. 1. fig. 2..

Ischnognathus dekayi (part.), Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 507.

Hab. Norra Amertca.—Mexico, Zacualtipan in Hidalgo (Cope).

The occurrence of this species in Mexico rests at present solely on Cope’s authority.

3. Ischnognathus storerioides.

Tropidoclonium storerioides, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 190.

Storeria storerioides, Garman, N.-Amer. Rept. p. 29.

Natrix storerioides, Cope, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xi. p. 391 (1889).

Ischnognathus storerioides, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. 1. p. 288.

Hab. Mexico, Ciudad in Durango (Forrer), Mexico city (Doorman), J alisco to 8500 feet

(A. C. Buller).

A young specimen from Ciudad in Durango does not show any sign of a division of

the nasal shield; probably with the growth of the snake such a division would have

taken place.

4. Ischnognathus copii.

Adelophis copei (Dugés), Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 265 (1879); La Naturaleza, i.

p. 18, t. 8. fig. 1 (1887) (copied in Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 739, t. 53. fige. 3).

Ischnognathus copii, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i. p. 289.

Hab. Mexico, Guadalajara.

Ido not know this snake from autopsy, and entertain some doubts as to its perti-

nence to Ischnognathus.

HYDROMORPHUS.—HYPSIGLENA. 187

HYDROMORPHUS.

Hydromorphus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1859, p. 276.

1. Hydromorphus concolor.

Hydromorphus concolor, Peters, loc. cit. p. 277, fig. 3 (head and dentition).

Hab. Costa Rica (Hoffmann).

HYPSIGLENA.

Hypsiglena, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861 (1860), p. 246.

Pseudodipsas, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1861 (1860), p. 251.

1. Hypsiglena torquata.

Leptodeira torquata, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) vy. p. 170, t. 10. fig. A (Febr. 1860).

Hypsiglena torquata, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 78.

Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xii. p. 246 (June 1860).

Comastes quincunciatus, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxxviii. t. 1. fig. 1.

Hypsiglena chlorophea, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. xii. p. 246.

Hypsiglena texana, Stejneger, U. S. Dep. Agric. N. Amer. Faun. no. 7. pt. 2, p. 205.

Hab. Nortn America, California, Texas (Laylor).—Mexico, Chihuahua and Guaymas

(Cope), Presidio and Ventanas in Durango (forrer), Colima (Xantus), Guana-

Juato (Duges), Jalisco (coll. Salv. & Godm.), Mezquital del Oro (Buller), Zacatecas

(Cameron); Nicaracua (Mus. Brit.), Island of Laguna (Mus. Liverp.).

Specimens of this species vary in the coloration of the neck, the two principal types

of variation having been described as L. torquata and H. ochrorhynchus. We have, how-

ever, another specimen from Jalisco, without distinct white collar, which shows only

19 (not 21) series of scales, only 7 (not 8) upper labials, and which lacks the lower

small preocular. Specimens from Zacatecas and Mezquital have also 19 (20) scales

and 7 upper labials, but the collar is distinct; the lower preocular may be present or

absent in the same specimen. Although these specimens differ somewhat in the shape

of their head, I think that a larger series will prove their specific identity.

2. Hypsiglena discolor. (Tab. XLIX. fig. A.)

Leptodeira discolor, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 317.

Hypsiglena discolor, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 78.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Sallé).

The head is rather broad and depressed, the snout rounded ; the eye is of moderate

size, its vertical diameter being about one-third the width between the eyes; the trunk

is rounded and, like the tail, somewhat slender. The rostral shield reaches just to

the upper surface of the snout; the frontals are nearly square ; the anterior pair are

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., October 1894. #18

138 OPHIDIA.

one-third the size of the posterior, which are slightly bent downwards to the side of the

head ; the vertical is pentagonal, longer than broad; the occipitals are rounded poste-

riorly. Nostril situated between two nasals; loreal quadrangular ; one anterior and two

posterior .oculars ; seven or eight upper labial shields, the third and fourth or fourth

and fifth entering the orbit. There is one elongate temporal shield in contact with both

the oculars; the other temporals, five in number, are scale-like. The median lower

labial is triangular and rather small; nine lower labials, the first of which is in con-

tact with its fellow behind the median shield. There are two pairs of chin-shields of

nearly equal size. Scales in nineteen rows, smooth, rhombic, those of the sides similar

to those on the back. ‘The number of the ventral plates varies between 182 and 179,

that of the caudal between 88 and 87; anal divided.

The ground-colour of the upper parts is dirty white; the upper part of the head

is brown; there is a whitish collar behind the occipitals. Fifty-one or fifty-four black

bands cross the trunk and extend on to the edge of the belly ; they are broader than

the interspaces between, and become interrupted and spot-like on the tail.

All the lower parts are uniform whitish.

inches. lines.

Totallength. ©. 2.) - + ee eee 21 1

Length of the head. . - - - + + = 0 7

Greatest width of the head . . . - - + 0 54

Length of the trunk . «© © - + e+ 14 6

3. Hypsiglena latifasciata, sp.n. (Tab. XLIX. fig. B.)

Hab. Sovrnmrn Mexico (Mus. Godman & Salvin).

Scales in twenty-one series. Head broad, depressed, distinct from neck. Pupil

vertical. Anterior frontals two-thirds of posterior ; vertical much longer than broad,

as long as occipitals. Hight upper labials, the third, fourth, and fifth entering the

orbit; loreal higher than long; one anterior and two posterior oculars; temporals

14243; two pairs of chin-shields, the posterior the shorter ; trunk with alternate

black and whitish cross-bands, the black ones being about four times as broad as the

whitish, seven on the trunk and three on the tail. Lower parts uniform whitish; the

upper part of the head backwards to the occipitals and the sides of the head are

mottled with brown, whilst the whole occipital region is occupied by a nearly uniform

yellowish patch, bordered behind by a black nuchal band and on the sides by a

brownish band running from the eye backwards. Ventrals 186; anal divided; sub-

caudals 74.

A single specimen, 133 inches long, the tail measuring 3 inches.

HYPSIGLENA.—TROPIDODIPSAS. 139

4, Hypsiglena ornata.

Comastes ornatus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1884, p. 141.

Hypsiglena ornata, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 78.

Hab. Panama, Isthmus of Darien.

PETALOGNATHUS.

Petalognathus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 463 (1854).

1. Petalognathus nebulatus.

Coluber nebulatus, Li. Syst. Nat. i. p. 383.

Dipsas nebulata, Schleg. Ess, ii. p. 275, t. 11. figs. 14, 15.

Petalognathus nebulatus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 464.

Leptognathus nebulatus, Ginth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 177; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxxvii. t. 5. fig. 3;

Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 66.

Hab. Mexico, Mexico city (Doorman), Vera Cruz (Commiss. Geogr.), 'Teapa (H. H.

Smith); GuareMaua, Coban (Sarg); Nicaragua (Smiths. Inst.) ; Costa Rica (Gadd).

—Sovuto America, Guiana, Venezuela, Western Ecuador.

TROPIDODIPSAS.

Tropidodipsas, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 180 (1858).

1. Tropidodipsas fasciata. (Tab. L. fig. B.)

Tropidodipsas fasciata (part.), Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 181.

Leptognathus fasciata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1868, p. 109; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82,

p- 67.

Leptognathus (Tropidodipsas) subannulatus, Mill. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, viii. p. 274, t. 1. fig. 5

(1887).

Hab. Mexico, Jicaltepec, Vera Cruz (Cope).

The specimens which I described in 1858 under the above name have been referred

by later authors to different species; one of these, 7’. philippit, must be admitted to be

distinct, having fifteen, instead of seventeen series of scales. Much less certain is the

specific distinctness of 7. dwmerilit and its synonyms.

The specimens which I retain under the original name of T. fasciata have seventeen

rows of scales, a longer snout, larger eye, loreal distinct from the two preoculars, and,

especially, a pair of posterior chin-shields, which are nearly as long as the anterior.

The latter character is the most important, and offers the evidence that L. dumerilit of

Jan is identical with 7. sartorii and not with T. fasciata.

According to Cope, this snake inhabits the “tierra caliente.” Our figure is taken

from the type in the British Museum (spec. a).

*18 2

140 OPHIDIA.

2. Tropidodipsas dumerilii. (Tab. L. fig. A.)

Tropidodipsas fasciata, spec. c, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 181.

Leptognathus dumerilii, Jan, El. System. 1863, p. 101 (March).

Tropidodipsas sartorii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1863, p. 100 (April).

Leptognathus sartorii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1868, p. 109; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32.

Geophis annulatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1870, p. 648, t. 1. fig. 2.

Galedon annularis, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxxvi. t. 5. fig. 1.

Leptognathus sexscutatus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1884, p. 187.

Leptognathus leucostomus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1884, p. 138.

Leptognathus (Tropidodipsas) bernoullii, Mull. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, viii. p. 272, t. 1. f. 3

(1887). .

Leptognathus (Tropidodipsas) cuculliceps, Miill. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, vill. p. 273, t. 1. fig. 4

(1887).

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Mirador (Sartorius), Orizaba (Mus. Brit.), Yucatan (Mus.

Brit. and Mus. Paris); Guaremata, Coban (Sarg), Atitlan (Commiss. Geogr.),

Vera Paz, Hacienda de Chitalon (Bernoullt). |

This form has also seventeen rows of scales, but a very short snout, and consequently

the posterior chin-shields are reduced to a pair of scale-like scutes, much shorter than

the anterior. The number of upper labials varies between six and eight, and the

scutellation between the eye and nostril is subject to great variation, which has led to

the creation of several of the specific names enumerated. ‘The keels of the scales are

very faint, and may disappear altogether in preserved specimens.

The coloration of the specimen figured is that of a living example which was

received by the Zoological Society in 1884, and lived for a short time in the Gardens.

The (in spirit) white, black-tipped scales of this beautiful snake are coral-red during

life ; none of them were yellow.

3. Tropidodipsas philippii.

Tropidodipsas fasciata, spec. e, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 181.

Leptognathus philippii, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxxvii. t. 5. fig. 1.

Leptognathus albocinctus, Fisch. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 11. p. 107, t. 4. fig. 9 (head) (1885).

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (us. Hamb.).

4. Tropidodipsas anthracops.

Leptognathus anthracops, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1868, pp. 108, 186 ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.

no. 32, p. 66.

Hab. West Nicaracva (Cope).

LEPTOGNATHUS. 141

LEPTOGNATHUS.

Leptognathus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vil. p. 473 (1854).

Anholodon, Dum. & Bibr. loc. cit. p. 1165 (1854).

1. Leptognathus mikanii.

Dipsas mikanii, Schleg. Ess. 11. p. 277.

Anholodon mikanii, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1165.

Leptognathus mikanii, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 178; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 29; Cope,

Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1868, p. 185; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxxvii. t. 6. fig. 3.

Leptognathus oreas, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1868, pp. 108, 109.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Suwmichrast).—Sourn America, Western Ecuador, Brazil.

‘The following notes are taken from the single Mexican specimen in the British

Museum, 124 inches long, which represents a prettily-coloured variety of this species :—

Posterior frontals large, not entering the orbit. Vertical as broad as long, with an

obtuse angle behind. Loreal entering the orbit; another well-developed anteocular

above it; two postoculars. Eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth entering the

orbit. Temporals 2+3(2)+3. Three pairs of chin-shields subequal in size, as broad

as long; a pair of lower labials forma suture together in front of the chin-shields.

Ventrals 188; anal entire; subcaudals ca. 85. Yellowish, with numerous narrow

black cross-bands, 44 on the trunk and 23 on the tail, as broad as the interspaces of

the ground-colour ; each more or less completely divided into two by a yellow trans-

verse line, which is broader within the anterior black bands than within the posterior.

The bands do not extend on the belly, which is chequered with black. Upper parts

of the head black, finely mottled with yellow.

2. Leptognathus annulatus. (Tab. XLIX. fig. C.)

Leptognathus annulatus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 30.

Hab. Costa Rica, Cartago (Mus. Brit.).

Scales smooth, in fifteen rows, the vertebral scales being enlarged, hexagonal.

Habit slender; neck very thin; head broad and short. Kye of moderate size, with

vertical pupil. Anterior frontals short and small; posterior frontals large, extending

down on the sides of the snout, and forming the antero-superior part of the orbit.

Vertical with nearly parallel outer edges, and with a right angle behind, shorter than

the occipitals. Loreal broadly entering the orbit; a small separate preocular below.

Two postoculars. Seven or eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth (or fifth and sixth)

entering the orbit. Temporals 14+2+3. The first pair of lower labials not in contact

with each other. Four pairs of chin-shields, the anterior pair the smallest, the second

the largest, much longer than broad. Ventrals 164; anal entire ; subcaudals 113. Upper

parts light brownish, powdered with darker ; lower parts yellowish, mottled with brown.

142 OPHIDIA.

Body and tail encircled by black rings, which are shorter than the head, but wider

than the interspaces; there are about forty of these rings on the trunk. Head

irregularly spotted with brown. .

The single specimen known is 174 inches long, the tail measuring 6 inches.

3. Leptognathus argus.

Leptognathus argus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 130 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica, Sipurio (Cope).

4. Leptognathus pictiventris.

Leptognathus pictiventris, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 180 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica.

5. Leptognathus articulatus.

Dipsas brevis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 266 (nec Dum. & Bibr.).

Leptognathus articulata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1868, pp. 107, 135.

Hab. Costa Rica; Panama, Veragua.

6. Leptognathus viguierl.

Leptognathus viguieri, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. viii. p. 136 (1884).

Hab. Panama, Isthmus of Darien.

I have not seen a specimen of this or of the preceding species; to judge from the

descriptions, these snakes must be closely related to each other.

7. Leptognathus brevis.

Leptognathus brevis, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vil. p. 476.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Paris).

8. Leptognathus brevifacies.

Tropidodipsas brevifacies, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1866, p. 127.

Leptognathus brevifacies, Cope, ibid. 1868, p. 108.

Dipsadomorus fasciatus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. viii. p. 185 (1884).

Leptognathus torquatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 172 (1885).

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Smiths. Inst. and Mus. Paris).

9, Leptognathus semicinctus.

Leptognathus semicinctus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. viii. p. 189 (1884).

Hab. Mexico; Guatremaua, Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt).

MESOPELTIS. 143

MESOPELTIS.

Mesopeltis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 318.

Asthenognathus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. viii. p. 141 (1884).

1. Mesopeltis sanniolus.

Mesopeltis sanniolus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 318.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Schott).

2. Mesopeltis dimidiatus. (Tab. LI. figg. A, B.)

Leptognathus dimidiatus, Ginth. Aun. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 31.

Petalognathus multifasciatus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. vii. p. 139 (1884).

Mesopeltis multifasciatus, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 67.

Leptognathus (Asthenognathus) grandoculis, Mill. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, viii. p. 271, t. 1. fig. 2

(1887).

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.); Guatemata, Vera Paz (Morelet), Mazatenango (Bernoulli) ;

Nicaragua, Matagalpa 3250 feet (Rothschuh).

Scales smooth, in fifteen rows, those of the vertebral series not enlarged. Body

much compressed, neck slender, head broad and short. Eye rather large, with vertical

pupil. Anterior frontals short and small; posterior frontals large, extending down on

the sides of the snout, and forming the antero-superior part of the orbit. Vertical

with nearly parallel outer edges, and with a right angle behind, shorter than the

occipitals. Loreal confluent with the single preocular; two postoculars. Eight upper

labials, the fifth and sixth entering the orbit ; (seven upper labials, the fourth, fifth, and

sixth entering the eye, Miller). Temporals 1+2-+3. Three pairs of chin-shields, the

anterior the largest, crescent-shaped, much longer than broad; the middle shorter, but

still longer than broad; the posterior of about the same size as the middle, and

divergent. An azygos scale-like shield between the front chin-shields and the minute

median labial. The first pair of lower labials are not joined together by a suture,

being separated by the azygos shield; the five following lower labials are in contact

with the anterior chin-shields. Ventrals 186-193; anal entire; subcaudals 98-126.

Body and tail with broad blackish-brown rings separated by whitish interspaces much

narrower than the rings; there are twenty-five black rings on the trunk and sixteen on

the tail. The white interspaces are again each subdivided by a narrow black trans-

verse line. Upper parts of the head black, with small whitish spots irregularly placed ;

a pair of large whitish spots on the neck, forming a kind of collar. Anterior chin-

shields black. In the larger specimen (24 inches) the blackish bands are purplish-

brown, with broad blackish margins, so broad as to almost entirely occupy the inter-

spaces, at least on the back; the remainder of each whitish interspace is finely powdered

with purplish. A black spot on the posterior chin-shields.

144 OPHIDIA.

I have seen two specimens—the type, which is 17 inches long, the tail measuring

5 inches, and a larger one from Nicaragua, 24 inches long.

Addendum to page 107.

HENICOGNATHUS.

The following new species has been received quite recently, since the publication of

the part containing the account of Henicognathus, and may find an appropriate place at

the end of the Aglyphodont Colubrines.

2. Henicognathus venustissimus, sp. n. (Tab. LI. fig. C.)

Hab. Nicaracua, Matagalpa, Hacienda Rosa de Jerico 3250 feet (Rothschuh).

Form of the body and head as in Coronella annulata, but with a stronger and longer

tail. Frontals together a little shorter than the vertical, which is nearly as long as an

occipital. Loreal rhombic; one preocular, just reaching the upper surface of the head ;

two postoculars, both in contact with the occipital. Temporals 2+2. Nine upper

labials, the fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the orbit. Chin-shields nearly of the same

length. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 145; anal divided. Maxillary teeth of equal

size, small, 43 in number. Coral-red or reddish-olive, with more or less irregular,

broad, black, white-edged rings. The black rings encroach but slightly upon the

abdomen. Head and neck black, with a broad white interocular band; the anterior

two black body-bands are complete, but the following (eight or nine in number) are

broken in the middle of the back; they are complete again on the tail. Hach scale of

the red spaces with a black tip. Lower parts whitish, with some blackish spots,

irregularly crowded towards the sides of the abdomen. Each subcaudal with a large

black spot.

I have seen two specimens, both with mutilated tails; the larger measures 17 inches,

without tail.

HOMALOCRANIUM. 145

Fam. COLUBRIDZ GLYPHODONTES.

HOMALOCRANIUM.

Homalocranion, Dum. Mém. Ae. Se. xxiii. p- 490 (1853).

Tantilia, Baird & Gir. Cat. N.-Amer. Rept. p. 182 (1853).

Lioninia, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1861, p. 484.

Microdromus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 17.

Synopsis of the Central-American species *.

I. Seven upper labial shields.

A. Two nasal shields.

a. Scales in thirteen series.

1. miniatum.

6. Scales in fifteen series.

a. The first pair of lower labial shields in contact with each other.

2. atriceps ; (3. melanocephalum) ; 4. gani; 5. boulengeri; 6. bocourti ; 7. armillatum ;

8. breve ; 9. michoacanense ; 10. annulatum. .

8. The median lower labial shield is in contact with the anterior chin-shields.

ll. deppii; 12. teniatum; 13. mestum; 14. schistosum; 15. reticulatum; 16. canulum.

B. One nasal shield.

17. mexicanum; 18. virgatum.

II. Six upper labial shields.

19. bimaculatum; 20. rubrum.

* The following species are recorded from Texas, and in all probability occur south of the Rio Grande. I

introduce them here for purposes of comparison with their allies :—

Homalocranium planiceps.

Coluber planiceps, Blainv. Nouv, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 294, t. 27. fig. 3 (1835).

Homalocranion planiceps, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 857; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xv. t. 2. fig. 2; Bocourt,

Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 581, t. 36. figg. 7, ‘7 a—d.

Hab. Nort America, Texas, Duval Co. (W. Taylor), California (Botta).

Head rather narrow, depressed. Eye small, not quite one third the length of the snout. Vertical shield

rather broad, with an obtuse angle in front and an acute one behind. Seven upper labials; posterior nasal

scarcely in contact with the anteocular; one ante- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1. The first pair of

lower labials form a suture together. Scales in fifteen rows, without apical groove. Ventrals 153, 134

(Blainville), 140 (Bocourt) ; subcaudals 45. Upper parts light olive, each scale with a brownish dot at the

base, lower parts white; head black above, the black extending over some portion of the middle of the neck.

This species was hitherto known from a single specimen only in the Paris Museum. The specimen in the

British Museum is 10 inches long, of which the tail takes 13.

Although Jan’s and Bocourt’s accounts are taken from the same specimen, the type in the Paris Museum,

they do not agree in important details. Jan figures the first pair of lower labials as distinctly separate ;

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., January 1895. *19

146 OPHIDIA.

1. Homalocranium miniatum. |

Tantilla miniata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1863, p. 100; Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 144

(1876).

Hab, Mexico, Mirador, near Vera Cruz (Cope).

Vertical shield scarcely longer than broad. Seven upper labials ; posterior nasal in

contact with the anteocular; one ante- and two postoculars. Temporals two large,

two small. The median lower labial in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in

thirteen rows. Blackish brown above, a yellow collar two scales wide across the neck

and touching the occipitals; lower parts salmon-coloured.

2. Homalocranium atriceps, sp.n. (Tab. LII. fig. B.)

Hab. Mexico, Nuevo Leon (W. Taylor).

Head narrow, flat, and depressed ; eye small, not quite one-third the length of the

snout. Vertical shield of moderate width, with a very obtuse angle in front, and a

very pointed one behind. Seven upper labials, of which the hindmost is rather higher

than the sixth; posterior nasal generally in contact with the anteocular; one ante-

and two postoculars; temporals 1+1. The first pair of lower labials are in contact

with each other. Scales in fifteen rows; ventrals 127; subcaudals 58. Upper parts

uniform light reddish olive; upper part of the head blackish, bordered behind by a

Bocourt describes them in the same manner, but figures them as joining in the median line! The safest way,

therefore, will be to rely upon the original figure given by Blainville, which agrees with that of Bocourt and

with the arrangement of these shields in the specimen in the British Museum.

Homalocranium gracile.

Tantilla gracilis, Baird & Gir. Cat. N.-Amer. Rept., Serp. p. 182 (1853); Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. Vili.

p. 143 (1876); Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3, p. 87, t. 6. fig. 3 (1883).

Homatocranion gracile, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 50 (1862) ; Iconogr. Ophid. xv. t. 2. fig. 1.

? Homalocranion gracilis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 579, t. 36. figg. 5, 5 a—d,

Tantilla hallowellii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1860, p. 77.

Hab. Norra America, Texas, Duval Co. (W. Taylor), Indianola (B. & G.).

Head short, flat, with the snout rather produced; eye small, nearly one-fourth of the length of the snout.

Vertical shield very broad, with a very obtuse angle in front and a pointed one behind; six upper labials ; the

posterior nasal separated from or in contact with the anteocular; one ante- and one postocular; temporals

1+1. Median lower labial generally in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in fifteen rows, without apical

groove. Ventrals114 or 115. Anal divided; subcaudals 46 to 48. Upper parts uniform very light brownish ;

head greyish above; lower parts white.

Bocourt possibly describes and figures a different species, in which the first pair of labials are in contact

with each other, separating the mental from the chin-shields. The British Museum possesses a similar

specimen from Texas.

HOMALOCRANIUM. 147

narrow, straight, white, transverse collar, crossing the neck behind the occipitals. No

white spots on the head. Lower parts white.

Two specimens, 7 inches long, of which the tail takes nearly 2.

8. Homalocranium melanocephalum.

Coluber melanocephalus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 24, t. 15. fig. 2; Syst. Nat. i. p. 378 [the species

described by Daudin under this name is a compound of different forms ; and that by Kuhl

(Beytr. p. 87) belongs to an Indian genus]; Boie, Isis, xx. p. 526 (1827).

Natriz melanocephalus, Merr. Tent. p. 110.

Elaps melanocephalus, Wagl. in Spix, Serp. Brasil. p. 8, t. 26. fig. 1.

Cloelia melanocephala, Wag]. Syst. Amph. p. 187.

Calamaria melanocephala, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 38, t. 1. fig. 30.

Homalocranion melanocephalum, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 859; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xy. t. 2.

figg. 4,5; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 588, t. 37. figg. 4, 4 a—d.

Tantilla melanocephala, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1871, p. 205; Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii.

p. 144 (1876).

Cloelia dorsata, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187.

Tantilla armillata, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 143 (1876).

Hab. TropicAL AMERICA.

Head flat, depressed; eye about half as long as the snout. Vertical shield rather

elongate, longer than broad. Seven upper labials, one ante- and two postoculars ;

temporals 14-1. ‘The first pair of lower labials form a suture together. Scales in

fifteen rows, without apical groove. Ventrals 137-162; anal divided: subcaudals

44-62. Upper parts brownish, with a black dorsal line, which sometimes is very

indistinct, and may be entirely absent ; sometimes with a dark line along each side.

Head and neck black above, with symmetrical whitish markings, which, however, are

by no means constant; sometimes the snout is white, and a pair of occipital spots are

present, which may expand into a collar; the black coloration of the neck is usually

margined with white behind. A white spot behind the eye is nearly always present.

Lower parts whitish.

The synonymy and description given above embrace individuals collected from a

wide geographical range, and more or less slightly varying from each other. Schlegel,

Duméril and Bibron, myself, and Jan included the whole under one specific name—-

melanocephalum; and in a general work in which the whole of the variations have to

come under consideration it is, perhaps, more convenient to treat of them in the form

of varieties of one specific type, while in the account of a more restricted fauna a

strictly binominal method may be adopted, if the variations can be duly characterized.

I propose, therefore, to arrange first the materials before me of Homalocranwum melano-

cephalum (in the wider sense) in a synoptical table, and afterwards separately to

describe the Central-American forms :—

*19 2

148 OPHIDIA.

I. Posterior nasal in contact with the anteorbital.

A. Neck with a broad black cross-band. bordered behind by a complete white cross-band,

which may be broken up into spots. A black stripe running along the median line of

the back is rarely absent. Ventrals 186-145 ; subcaudals 48-67.—Had. Sourn AmERica,

Berbice, Paré, Moyobamba, Parana. = Coluber melanocephalus, L., Wagl., Jan (fig. 5),

Bocourt.

B. No broad black nuchal band; no black dorsal stripe.

1. Ventrals 186-147 ; subcaudals 49; vertical not dilated.—Hab. Guarnmara, NicaRraGua.

=var. jani (? Jan, fig. 4).

2. Ventrals 161, subcaudals 47. Vertical much dilated, almost as broad as long.—

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz. =var. boulengeri, m.

3. Ventrals 172-176; subcaudals 55. Vertical longer than broad, much broader than

supraoculars.—Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato. =var. docourti, m. (H. coronatum, Bo-

court, nec Baird & Gir.).

II. Posterior nasal not in contact with the anteorbital. A broad black band crosses the neck,

bordered with white behind ; in old specimens it may become indistinct.

A. Median line of the back with a black stripe.

1. A similar stripe along the side of the body. Ventrals 148-161; subcaudals 52-62.—

Hab. Western Ecuapor, Quito. =var. fraseri, m.

2. No dark stripe along the side of the body. Ventrals 159-171; subcaudals 44-52.—

Hab. Guatumata, Costa Rica. =var. armillatum, Cope.

B. No black dorsal stripe. Ventrals 149-154; subcaudals 30-32.—Hab. Brazit, Pernam-

buco. =var. pernambucense, m.

4. Homalocranium jani, sp.n. (Tab. LII. fig. D.)

? Homalocranion melanocephalum, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xv. t. 2. fig. 4.

Hab. Guaremata (F. D. G.); Nicaragua, Matagalpa 3250 feet (Rothschuh).

Head flat, depressed ; eye less than one-half of the length of the snout. Vertical

shield moderately broad, longer than broad, with a very obtuse angle in front; one

ante- and two postoculars; posterior nasal in contact with the anteocular. Seven

upper labials; temporals 1+1. The first pair of lower labials form a suture together.

Scales in fifteen rows. Ventrals 136-147; anal divided; subcaudals 49. Upper parts

brownish or greyish, without a black dorsal line. The Guatemalan specimen shows a

light line along each side of the back. Coloration of the side of the head as in

H. melanocephalum, but the neck is without a black broad band; a narrow whitish

more or less complete collar crossing the occiput. Lower parts white.

The larger of the two specimens is 93 inches long.

5. Homalocranium boulengeri, sp.n. (Tab. LII. fig. F.)

Hab. Muxico, Huatusco in Vera Cruz (Ff. D. G.).

Head flat, broad, short, depressed ; eye small, not quite half as long as the snout.

Vertical shield broad, almost as broad as long, with an obtuse angle in front and an

HOMALOCRANIUM. 149

acute one behind. Seven upper labials ; posterior nasal in contact with the anteocular:

one ante- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1. The first pair of lower labials form

a suture together. Scales in fifteen rows, without apical groove. Ventrals 161; anal

divided; subcaudals 46. Upper parts light brownish (perhaps reddish in life) ; upper

part of the head and neck black, with a white collar, two scales broad and including

the extremities of the occipital shields. Snout black; a white spot in front and one

behind the eye.

The specimen is 94 inches long, the tail measuring 12.

6. Homalocranium bocourti, sp. n.

Homalocranion coronatum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 589, t. 37. figg. 5, 5 a-d (nec Baird

& Girard *).

Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato (Duges).

Vertical shield moderately broad, considerably longer than broad, much broader than

the supraocular. Seven upper labials; posterior nasal in contact with the anteocular ;

one ante- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1. The first pair of lower labials form a

suture together. Scales in fifteen rows. WVentrals 172-176; anal divided; subcaudals

55. Upper parts light reddish; upper part of the head brown, with a narrow white

collar two scales broad and including the extremities of the occipital shields. Lower

parts whitish.

Total length 94 inches, of which the tail takes 2.

7. Homalocranium armillatum. (Tab. LII. fig. C.)

Tantilla armillata, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 143 (1876).

Hab. Guatemata, Duenas (Salvin) ; Costa Rica, Cartago (Mus. Brit.).

Head flat, much depressed; eye less than one-half of the length of the snout.

Vertical shield moderately broad, longer than broad, with an obtuse angle in front ;

occipitals elongate, as long as the distance between the end of the snout and the end

of the vertical shield; one ante- and two postoculars; posterior nasal separated from

the anteocular by the posterior frontal or nearly so. Seven upper labials ; temporals

1+1-+2. The first pair of lower labials form a suture together. Scales in fifteen rows.

Ventrals 159,171; anal divided; subcaudals 44,52. Upper parts brownish or reddish,

with a black vertebral line; upper parts of the head and the neck brown; behind the

brown neck a narrow white collar, which is cut into two by the black-vertebral line.

Each occipital with a small white spot at the end; sides of the head coloured as in

H. melanocephalum (s. str.). Lower parts white.

One specimen is 8? inches long, the tail measuring 13; the other is somewhat

longer.

* Who describe their species as having a hexagonal vertical, acute anteriorly and posteriorly,

150 OPHIDIA.

8. Homalocranium breve, sp. n.

Hab. British Honpuras (Salvin).

Head narrow, depressed, somewhat contracted in front; eye small, one-third of the

length of the snout. Vertical shield rather broad, with a very obtuse angle in front

and a pointed one behind. Seven upper labials, of which the hindmost is much higher

than the sixth ; posterior nasal in contact with the anteocular; one ante- and two post-

oculars; temporals1+1. ‘The first pair of lower labials are in contact with each other.

Scales in fifteen rows. Ventrals 111. Upper parts uniform light greyish-olive, some-

what darker on the head; no collar or white spots. Lower parts white.

One specimen, 5 inches long without tail, which is injured.

9. Homalocranium michoacanense. (Tab. XXXVI. figg. B, C.)

Contia michoacanensis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxi. p. 178 (1885)*.

Hab. Mexico, Michoacan (Dugés), Mezquital del Oro (A. C. Buller).

Body moderately slender ; tail rather short ; head depressed, elapiform. Rostral shield

much wider than high; anterior frontals two-thirds the size of posterior; vertical five-

sided, with the posterior angle pointed ; supraoculars large, pointed in front ; occipitals

as long as the vertical and posterior frontals together; nasal undivided above, but

divided below the nostril, in contact with the first and second upper labials. Loreal

nearly square; one pree- and two postoculars. ‘Temporals 1+2. Seven upper labials,

the third and fourth entering the orbit, the sixth much larger than the seventh ; anterior

chin-shields several times larger than the posterior, in contact with four lower labials.

Scales in fifteen rows; ventrals 161-162, anal divided, subcaudals 50.

Red, with black cross-bands, which are arranged in pairs, the rings of each pair being

separated by a yellow interspace; the rings do not extend to the abdomen. Head

yellow, with a broad black patch across the vertical, supraoculars, and anterior part of

the occipitals. The ring of the anterior pair forms a broad collar, interrupted in the

median line below. In one specimen the trunk shows thirteen pairs of black bands

and three on the tail. In the second the bands of the posterior half of the trunk are

more crowded and numerous, and nearly equidistant, without yellow between them.

In Cope’s specimen the bands of each pair seem to have been confluent.

Total length 11 inches, of which the tail measures 2.

10. Homalocranium annulatum.

Tantilla annulata, Bottger, Zool. Anzeig. 1892, p. 419.

Hab. Nicaragua (Mus. Liibeck).

Vertical shield longer than broad; posterior nasal in contact with the preocular;

* See anted, p. 104 nota.

HOMALOCRANIUM. 151

no loreal; one pre- and two postoculars. Temporals1+1. Seven upper labials, the

seventh higher than the sixth. The first pair of lower labial shields in contact with

each other. Eye half as large as the space between eye and end of the snout. Scales

in fifteen rows. Ventrals 149; anal divided; subcaudals 54. Head black; snout to

the middle of the posterior frontals yellow; the fifth supralabial yellow; two narrow

yellow collars, each broadly edged with black, the anterior crossing the extremity of

the occipital shields. The anterior third of the trunk with alternating yellow, black-

edged, transverse spots, extending from the vertebral line to the ventrals; these spots

become indistinct on the remainder of the body. Lower parts uniform yellow.

Known from a single specimen, 19 inches long.

11. Homalocranium deppii.

Homalocranion deppii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 584, t. 36. figg. 11, ll a-d.

Hab. Soutaern Mexico (f. LD. G.).

Head flat, depressed; eye of moderate size, at least half as long as the snout.

Vertical shield broader than long, six-sided, with an obtuse angle in front and an acute

one behind. Seven upper labials; posterior nasal broadly in contact with the ante-

ocular; one ante- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1. Mental slightly in contact

with the chin-shields. Scales in fifteen rows. Ventrals 152; anal divided; subcaudals

55. Upper parts brownish-olive, the head darker; back with five parallel brown lines,

half a scale broad—one running along the median line, one on either side along the

fifth, and the other along the third outer series of scales. A narrow yellowish collar,

interrupted in the middle by the median brown line. Lower parts whitish.

Our specimen is 10 inches long, of which the tail takes 23.

12. Homalocranium teniatum.

Homalocranion teniatum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 587, t. 37. figg. 3, 3.a-e.

? Homalocranium trivittatum, Mill. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, vil. p. 678 (1882).

Hab. Guatemata (Bocourt); Honpuras, Bonacca I. (Mus. Brit.).

Vertical shield longer than broad, with an obtuse angle in front. Seven upper

labials ; posterior nasal in contact with the anteocular; one ante- and two postoculars ;

temporals 1+1. The median lower labial is slightly in contact with the chin-shields.

Scales in fifteen rows. Ventrals149, 163; anal divided ; subcaudals 68,69. Brownish,

with three light longitudinal bands, which are only half as broad as the space between

them. A yellowish collar, two scales broad, crosses the neck immediately behind the

head, and is not conneeted with the longitudinal bands.

I should, without hesitation, refer H. trivittatwm as a synonym to this species, but

for the six upper labials ascribed to it by Miiller; however, as this author mentions a

seventh labial, which he calls a “ postlabial,” it is probable that the twu snakes in

reality do not differ in this respect.

152 OPHIDIA.

13. Homalocranium mestum. (Tab. LII. fig. E.)

Homalocranium mestum, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1863, xii. p. 352.

Homalocranion mestum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 583, t. 36. figg. 9, 9 a-d.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Cope); Guatemata, Peten (Salvin).

Anterior frontals very broad, with the lateral portion produced backwards, about half

as large as the posterior frontals. Vertical six-sided, much longer than broad, with an

obtuse angle in front and an acute one behind; occipitals rounded behind, as long as

the vertical and posterior frontals together ; posterior nasal low, elongate, in contact

with the single preocular; two postoculars. Upper labials seven, the third and fourth

entering the orbit, the last being the largest and highest. ‘The median lower labial is

in contact with the chin-shields, which are twice as long as broad; then follow two or

three other pairs of small scale-like chin-shields. Scales smooth, in fifteen rows.

Ventrals 150. Entirely deep black, with a broad yellow collar extending over the hind

part of the occipitals laterally to the eyes, and below over the whole chin and throat.

14. Homalocranium schistosum.

Homalocranion schistosum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 584, t. 36. figg. 10, 10 a-e.

Hab. Mexico (Boucard); Guaremata (F. D. G. & O. S.), Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt).

Head very short, flat, and depressed ; eye small, not quite half as long as the snout.

Vertical shield broad, almost as broad as long, with an obtuse angle in front and a

slightly acute one behind. Seven upper labials, of which the hindmost is elevated ; |

posterior nasal in contact with the anteocular ; one ante- and two postoculars ; tem-

porals 1+1. The first pair of lower labials are widely separated from each other.

Scales in fifteen rows, without apical groove. Ventrals 135, 121 (Bocourt); subcaudals

38. Upper parts greyish-brown, with an indistinct narrow lighter collar across the end

of the occipitals. No white spots on the head. Lower parts white. |

Our specimen is 84 inches long, of which the tail takes 14.

15. Homalocranium reticulatum.

Tantilla reticulata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. (1860) 1861, p. 77; Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. vii.

p. 144 (1876).

Hab. Panama, Cocuyas de Veraguas (Mitchel/).

This snake, of which I have not seen a specimen, is described as follows :—

“ Vertical plate broad, slightly angular in front, projecting posteriorly for half its

length between the occipitals. Occipitals and both pair of frontals rather broad.

Rostral broad, visible from above. ... . Two postoculars, upper one in contact poste-

riorly with the occipital, the lower touching one temporal. A second temporal equal

to the first, and a third very small one behind it. Superior labials seven, last largest,

third and fourth entering the orbit, both low. Four geneials, anterior in contact with

HOMALOCRANIUM, 153

inferior rostral. Scales in fifteen rows, last one slightly larger. Ventrals 148; caudals

67 pairs.. Total length 10 inches 3 lines; tail 3 inches. —

“Colour above chestnut-brown, much darker posteriorly, extending upon the tips of

the ventrals. Anteriorly the scales are edged with darker, presenting a reticulated

appearance. Central dorsal row of scales lighter, forming a pale vitta, disappearing on

the tail. Third and fourth rows on each side also lighter, forming indistinct bands. A

collar of the same pale yellow-brown crosses the ends of the occipitals, Cephalic plates

clouded and edged with darker; a deep brown mark extending from the occipitals to

the mouth across.the yellowish labials. Beneath pale yellow, deepening posteriorly.”

16. Homalocranium canulum.

Tantilla vermiformis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 126 (nec Hallowell).

Lanitilla canula, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sec. Phil. viii. p- 144 (1876); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.

p. 598 (1892).

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Schott).

Anterior and posterior frontals narrow, transverse; vertical small, longer than suture

to rostral, angular in front. Supraoculars rather large ; occipitals longer than vertical.

Seven upper labials; posterior nasal in contact with the preeocular ; two postoculars.

Temporals 1+1. The first pair of lower labials are separated from each other. Scales

in fifteen rows. Ventrals 110; subcaudals 37. Lead-coloured, darker above.

17. Homalocranium mexicanum.

Elapomorphus mexicanus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1862, ix. p. 57, t. 9. fig. 1.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé).

Nasal simple. Head flat, depressed, short; eye small, but rather more than half as

long as the snout. Anterior frontals broad, but very short, their longitudinal diameter

being only one-fourth of that of the posterior; vertical six-sided, of moderate length ;

occipitals not much longer than vertical. Posterior frontal in contact with the second

labial; one anterior ocular, not reaching to the upper surface of the head; two post-

oculars. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth of which enter the orbit, the seventh

being the largest. A rather large temporal shield in contact with the postoculars; a

small one behind between the seventh labial and the occipital. The median lower

labial is exceedingly small; the first pair of lower labials are narrow, transverse, and

form a suture together; two pairs of chin-shields, of nearly equal size. Scales in

fifteen rows, without apical groove. Ventral shields 158; anal bifid; subcaudals 52.

Brownish-olive, with three blackish longitudinal bands, viz. one, almost linear, along

the vertebral series of scales; the two others along the sides, each composed of two

blackish lines—one line running along the middle of the second outer series, the other

_ BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., January 1895. | | *20 |

154 . OPHIDIA.

along that of the third. A pair of small yellowish spots on the neck; a yellowish

band across the front part of the snout; lips with a black spot below the eye. Lower

parts uniform yellowish.

Length of head 4 lines, of trunk 10 inches, of tail 2 inches 9 lines.

18. Homalocranium virgatum. (Tab. LII. fig. A.)

Microdromus virgatus, Ginth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 17, t. 4. fig. B.

Homalocranion virgatum, Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 585, t. 36. figg. 4, 4a, (after Giinther).

? Homalocranion sexfasciatum, Fischer, Abhandl. naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 225, t. 14. figg. 8-

10 (1882).

Hab. Costa Rica, Cartago.

Nasal generally undivided. Rostral shield just reaching to the upper surface of the

snout ; anterior frontals scarcely half the size of the posterior, narrow ; vertical five-sided,

longer than broad ; occipitals as long as the vertical and frontals together, rounded

behind. Nasal not, or but slightly, in contact with the anteocular. One ante-, two

postoculars. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit, the hind-

most the largest. Temporals1+1. The first pair of lower labials not, or but slightly,

in contact with each other. Anterior chin-shields much larger than the scale-like

posterior. Ventrals 180 ; subcaudals 71. Upper parts greyish, with a white collar;

a pair of brown bands edged with black, and two scales broad, run along the back from

the collar to about the middle of the tail. A similar band along each side of the body,

and sometimes a narrow blackish line along each side of the abdomen. Lower parts

uniform white. Upper labials white, with a black spot below the eye and on the

rostral shield.

In this species several of the characters which have been used for specific, and even

generic, distinction, break down. The nasal shield is generally simple, and therefore

this species ought to be referred to Elapomorphus, which formerly was distinguished

from Homalocranium by its undivided nasal. But in two of our specimens this shield

is distinctly divided. Hlapomorphus seems to differ from Homalocranium by the smaller

number of maxillary teeth. All our specimens of H. virgatum, although varying in the

extent of the nasal and mental shields, have exactly the same coloration.

19. Homalocranium bimaculatum.

Tantilla bimaculata, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 148 (1876).

Homalocranion bimaculatum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 580, t. 36. figg. 6, 6 a-d.

Hab. Mexico, San Blas (Forrer), Mazatlan (Cope).

Head very short; eye small, scarcely one-third the length of the snout. Vertical

shield broad, six-sided, with an obtuse angle in front. Six upper labials; posterior

nasal in contact with the anteocular; one ante- and one postocular. ‘Temporals 1+1.

HOMALOCRANIUM. 155

Median lower labial in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in fifteen rows, without

apical groove. Ventrals 127; anal divided; subcaudals 27. Upper parts of a light

brownish colour, with three parallel, brown, punctated lines—one along the middle

series of scales, the other along the meeting-edges of the third and fourth outer series ;

these lines start from the brown patch which covers the upperside of the head. An

oval white spot on and behind each occipital, on each side of the brown vertebral line.

Lower parts white.

Our largest specimen is 72 inches long, of which the tail takes 1.

Lantilla calamarina, from various parts of Mexico (Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866,

p- 320, and Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 143), has been distinguished on account of

the separation of the anteocular from the nasal and supraocular—a not very reliable

character, if unsupported by other distinctive features.

20. Homalocranium rubrum.

Tantilla rubra, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 144 (1876) ; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.

v. p. 181 (1880).

Homalocranion rubrum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 590, t. 37. figs. 6, 6 a—d.

Hab. Muxtco, Guanajuato (Dugés), Orizaba (Mus. Lrit.), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

Head flat, depressed ; eye small, not quite half as long as the snout. Vertical shield

of moderate width, considerably longer than broad. Seven upper labials ; posterior

nasal in contact with, or slightly separated from, the anteocular; one ante- and two

postoculars. Temporals 1+1. The first pair of lower labials form a suture together.

Scales in fifteen rows, without apical groove. Ventrals 161-179; anal divided; sub-

caudals 68-72. Upper parts uniform red; upper parts of the head and neck black,

with a sharply-defined white collar, three scales broad, and generally including the

extremities of the occipital shields. Extremity of the snout generally white ; a white

spot behind the eye is rarely absent.

The following snakes I do not know from autopsy, nor am I able, from the descrip-

tions given, to assign to them their proper place in the system :—

Lioninia vermiformis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1861, p. 484; TZantilla vermi-

formis, Cope, ibid. 1862, p. 74, and Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 148 (1876).—

Hab. Nicaragua.

Symphimus leucostomus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xi. p. 150 (1869).—Hab. Mexico,

Chihuitan, Oaxaca.

*90 2

156 OPHIDIA.

SCOLECOPHIS.

Scolecophis, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 1843, p. 25 ; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1862, p. 74.

Distinguished from Homalocranium by the presence of a loreal shield.

1. Scolecophis atrocinctus.

Calamaria atrocincta, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 47.

Homalocranion atrocinctum, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 864; Saly. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 454, and

1861, p. 227.

Homalocranion (Platycranion) atrocinctum, Janu, El. sist. Ofidi, p. 40; Tconogr. Ophid. xv. t. 2.

fig. 7.

Tantilla atrocincta, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viil. p. 145 (1876).

Scolecophis atrocinctus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 577, t. 37. figg. 2, 2 a-e.

Elaps zonatus, Hallow. Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1855, p. 35.

Hab. Mexico, Toluca (Cope); Guatemata, Duefias (Salvin), Vera Paz (Bocourt) ;

Honpuras (Hallowell).

PROCINURA.

Procinura, Cope, Proc. Am, Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 262 (1880).

“Dentition opisthoglyph. Form that of Elapomorphus. ‘Two nasal, one loreal, and

one preocular plates ; anterior and posterior frontals distinct. Scales smooth, excepting

those of the posterior dorsal and caudal regions, where they are keeled, those of the

latter so much so as to be tubercular. Anal plate double.

“This genus is near to Scolecophis, Cope, but the peculiar tubercular carination of

the tail distinguishes it.”

1. Procinura zemula.

Procinura emula, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soe. Xvili. p. 262.

Hab. Mexico, Southern Chihuahua, Batopilas (Cope).

Seales in fifteen rows. Ventrals 148; subcaudals 41. Loreal square; one ante- and

two postoculars ; seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit; tem-

porals 1+2. Body surrounded by broad black rings, which have a broad yellow border

and are separated by red interspaces of twice their width. Each red scale has a central

black spot.

The only known species inhabits a rocky, mountainous region.

Although this curious snake is in its colour an almost perfect repetition of Elaps

fulvius, it is not known that the two species inhabit the same region.

~ POGONASPIS.

Pogonaspis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1894, p. 204.

Described as differing from Homalocranium by the presence of a single pair of chin-

shields,

POGONASPIS.—CERCOCALAMUS, 157

1. Pogonaspis ruficeps.

Pogonaspis ruficeps, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1894, p. 204.

Hab. Costa Rica, Jimenez (Alfaro).

Posterior frontals in contact with the second labial. Vertical and occipitals elongate,

the former angulate in front and pointed behind. One ante-, two postoculars. Upper

labials seven, the third and fourth entering the orbit, the fifth and sixth lower than the

large seventh. Temporals 1+1. The lower labials of the first pair in contact with

each other. Scalessmooth*. Ventrals 146; anal divided. Light brown above, yellow

below. Median dorsal row of scales deep brown; a narrow yellow line on the adjacent

borders of the third and fourth rows of scales, which is bounded above by a single dark

brown row, and below by several rows with dark brown centres. All the colours less

conspicuous posteriorly. Upper surface of the head light reddish-brown, with a pale

spot at the extremity of each occipital. A black spot below the eye. ( Cope.)

Nots.—Another Central-American Snake described by Mr. Cope is Enulius murinus,

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xi. p. 558 (1871), from Nicaragua. As originally described, this

genus would seem to be well characterized and easily recognizable. But although

Mr. Cope has referred to this genus on several subsequent occasions, his most recent

observation (Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1894, p. 205) is calculated to excite some doubt as

to the accuracy of the original description. He had described it as having a long,

strong, grooved tooth, whilst recently he associates with it Leptocalamus torquatus

(Giinth.), an aglyphous snake, of which I have now examined three specimens, one from

Nicaragua. Under these circumstances, and until by a renewed examination of the

type the glyphodont dentition of Znulius is clearly established, one cannot help

thinking that Bocourt was right after all in recognizing Cope’s Enulius murinus

in the aglyphous snake described and figured by him.

CERCOCALAMUS.

Cercocalamus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xi. p. 21.

Differs from Homalocranium by having undivided subcaudal scutes.

1. Cercocalamus collaris.

Cercocalamus collaris, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xi. p. 21, t. 3. fig. A.

Hab. CentRaAL AMERICA.

Rostral shield much broader than high, not recurved backwards ; anterior frontals half

as large as the posterior, which are bent downwards on the side; vertical not quite

* The author has omitted to state the number of rows.

158 . OPHIDIA.

twice as long as broad, hexagonal, with an obtuse angle in front, and with an acute one

behind. Occipitals tapering behind, somewhat longer than vertical. The single nasal

is elongate, touching the preorbital, which is not raised to the upper surface of the

head ; one postorbital. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth of which enter the

orbit; the fifth upper labial is in immediate contact with the occipital, separating the

anterior temporal from the postorbital.. There is a large, elongate, posterior, temporal

shield (probably formed by two confluent shields) on the side of each occipital. Six

lower labials; the first pair not forming a suture together behind the median labial

shield. Two pairs of elongate chin-shields. Ventrals 142; subcaudals 46. Upper

parts brownish-olive ; a broad black collar across the neck ; a very narrow, indistinct,

blackish vertebral line on the anterior part of the trunk.

The typical specimen is still the only one known of this snake. It is 9 inches long,

the tail measuring 2.

STENORHINA.

Stenorhina, Dum. Mém. Ac. Se. xxiii. p. 490 (1853); Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 865 ; Giinth.

Cat. Col. Sn. p. 246.

Microphis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. vii. p. 97 (1854).

Bergenia, Steindachner, Reise Novara, Rept. p. 92 (1869).

Body cylindrical, calamariform ; tail of proportionate length; head small, flat, not

distinct from neck. Rostral rounded, not prominent. Two pairs of frontals, the

anterior confluent with the anterior nasal. Posterior nasal confluent with, or distinct

from, a loreal. Nostril between the two shields; one anterior, two posterior oculars.

Scales smooth, in seventeen rows.

1. Stenorhina degenhardti.

Calamaria degenhardtii, Berthold, Neue Rept. von Neu-Granada, Gétting. 1846, p. 8, t. 1.

fig. 3, 4.

Stenorhina degenhardtii, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1861, p. 461; Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii.

p. 63; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 594, t. 87. figg. 7, 7 a-e; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se.

Phil, viii. p. 142 (1876).

Stenorhina degenhardtii, var. quinquelineata, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xlviii. t. 2. fig. 6.

Stenorhina degenkardtii, var. ocellata, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xlviii. t. 2. fig. 5.

Stenorhina degenhardtii, var. apiata, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 142; Bocourt, Miss,

Scient. Mex., Rept. p. 597, t. 87. figg. 10, 10a; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880,

p- 180.

Stenorhina degenhardtii, var. kennicottiana, Bocourt, Miss. Scient. Mex., Rept. p. 595, t. 37.

figg. 9, 9a, b.

Stenorhina ventralis, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 867 ; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 246 ; Salv. P. Z.S.

1861, p. 228.

STENORHINA. 159

Stenorhina freminvillei, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 868, t. 70; Giinth, Cat. Cols Sn. p- 246 ;

Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. no. 3, P- 85 (1883) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex. , Rept.

p. 596, t. 37. fige. 8, 8a.

Stenorhina kennicottiana, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 242.°

Microphis quinquelineatus, Hallow. Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1855, p. 38, t. 4. fig. 1 (not t. 3, as

stated in text).

Stenorhina quinquelineata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1861, p. 248; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex.,

Rept. p. 597, t. 37. figg. 11, 11 a-c.

Stenorhina lactea, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phil. 1862, p. 303.

Bergenia mexicana, Steindachner, Reise Novara, Rept. p. 98.

Seven upper labial shields, the third and fourth entering the orbit. Loreal

exceptionally present. Occipitals short, scarcely longer than vertical. Coloration

variable :—

Var. a. Upper parts nearly uniform brown, lower lighter-coloured, mottled with

brown. Ventrals 15].

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.); Nicaragua, Chontales Mines (Zizx); Costa Rica, Cartago

(Mus. Brit.).

Var. B. Like var. «, with or without a few black transverse spots, and with

a blackish median line or band along the abdomen and tail; ventrals 149-156:

degenhardtii, Berth.=ventralis, D. & B.

Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith), Vera Cruz, Mirador (Cope), Tehuan-

tepec (Sumichrast); GuaTeMALA, Pacific Coast (Salvin), Coban (D. & B.);. Costa

Rica (Cope).—Cotompra, Popayan (Berthold).

Var. y. Back with transverse ocellated dark-edged spots; lower parts marbled with

brown : ocellata, Jan.

Hab. Guaremaua, Vera Paz, Low Forest (F. D. G. & O. S.).—VeENEzvELA, Puerto Cabello

(Jan).

Var. 8. Brown, with numerous narrow, more or less irregular dark brown or black

bands ; ventrals 155: kennicottiana, Cope.

Hab. Istumus oF PANAMA.

Var. «. Nearly uniform yellowish-olive; ventrals 165: freminvillii, D. & B.

Hab, Muxtco, Tehuantepec, Tapana (Sumichrast), Yucatan (Mus. Brit.); Hoxpuras

(Cope).

Var. ¢. Yellowish-olive, with a short black stripe behind the eye, and initial traces

of a black vertebral line : apiata and lactea, Cope.

Hab. Mexico, Putla (Mus. Brit.), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast) ; SALVADOR, La Union

(Dow); Costa Rica, Cartago (Mus. Brit.).

160 . OPHIDIA.

Var. n. Whitish, back with three complete black dorsal lines, and with a narrow

incomplete, undulated line on each side. |

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.).

Var. 6. One complete black dorsal line, and a pair of narrow undulated lines on

each side: freminvillit, var., D. & B.

Hab. GuaveMAua, Peten (D. & B.), Plain of Zacapa (Salvin).

Var. 1. Five complete black lines on the back and sides; ventrals 170: guenque-

lineata, Hallow. .

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hoge); Honpuras (Hallowell).

TACHYMENIS.

Tachymenis, Wiegm. Act. Ac. Ces. Leop.-Carol. xvii. p. 251 (1834).

Coronella, sp., Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 36 (1858).

Coniophanes, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1860, p. 248.

Glaphyrophis, Jan, Prodr. in Arch. per la Zool. 1868, p. 94.

Erythrolamprus, sp., Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 77.

Body cylindrical, coronelliform ; tail of proportionate length ; head of proportionate

shape, distinct from neck. Rostral rounded, not prominent. Two pairs of frontals ;

two nasals. Scales smooth. Grooved tooth of moderate size.

1. Tachymenis piceivittis.

Coniophanes piceivittis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1869 (July), p. 149; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex.,

Rept. p. 656, t. 41. figg. 2, 2a-e; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. v. p. 181 (1880).

Tachymenis piceivitiis, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 20.

Tachymenis teniata, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1869 (December), p. 876.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Swmichrast), Yucatan (Mus. Brit.).

Scales in twenty-five rows. Upper labials eight, the fourth and fifth entering the

orbit. A small second preeocular below the large one. Upper parts and upper half of

the sides black, with a narrow white band on each side of the back, commencing from

the canthus rostralis and ending on the tail. Lower parts and lower half of the sides

white. |

The resemblance in coloration of this snake to the aglyphodont Dromicus. fulvivittis

(antea p. 113) is so extraordinary that without examination of the teeth and number of

scales the two forms would be readily mistaken for each other. It would be of interest

to know whether the two live together in the same districts. At present we know

the aglyphodont form only from Guerrero and Orizaba.

TACHYMENIS. 161

2. Tachymenis bipunctata.

Coronella bipunctata, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 36.

Coniophanes bipunctatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 128; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Rept. p. 653, t. 40. figg. 8, 8 a-c.

Erythrolamprus bipunctatus, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 77.

Glaphyrophis pictus, Jan, Arch. per Ja Zool. ii. p. 304; Iconogr. Ophid. xviii. t. 5. fig. 4 (see

Ginth. Zool. Record, 1866, p. 126).

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba, Vera Cruz, and Tehuantepec (Sumichrast) ; British Honpuras,

Belize (Godman), Stann Creek (J. Robertson).

Scales in twenty-one rows ; upper labials eight, the fourth and fifth entering the

orbit. Anterior frontals square, truncated in front; posterior together larger than the

vertical. Along each side of the abdomen and lower part of the tail a perfectly

regular series of round, deep-black spots or (in old specimens) ocelli.

3. Tachymenis fissidens.

Coronella fissidens, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 36 (1858).

Coniophanes fissidens, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 248; Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 138

(1875) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p- 650, t. 41. figg. 83, 3a-d; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc.

Zool. Fr. v. p. 181 (1880).

Tachymenis fissidens, Garman, Rept. N. Amer. 1883, p- 60.

Erythrolamprus fissidens, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p- 77.

Teniophis imperialis, Baird, U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. p. 23, t. 19. fig. 1 (1859).

Erythrolamprus imperialis, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p- 77.

Conrophanes punctigularis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 248; Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii.

p. 137 (1875). |

Erythrolamprus punctigularis, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 77.

Coniophanes proterops, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 249; Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii.

p. 188 (1875) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 654.

Erythrolamprus proterops, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, 1887, p. 77.

Glaphyrophis lateralis, Jan, Arch. per la Zool. ii. p. 8304; Iconogr. Ophid. xviii. t. 5. figg. 3, 3

(see Giinth. Zool. Record, 1866, p. 126).

Dromicus chitalonensis, Miill. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, vi. p. 407 (1878).

Erythrolamprus violaceus, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 82, 1887, p. 77 *.

Hab. Nort America, Texas.—Mexico, Tamaulipas (Smithson. Inst.), Tampico (H. H.

Smith), Hacienda del Hobo (Geddes), Playa Vicente (Sallé), Jalapa (Cope), Vera

Cruz, Jicaltepec, Mirador, Arroyo del Potrero (Cope), Orizaba (Sumichrast), Teapa

in Tabasco (H. H. Smith), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Chiapas (Cope); Britisa

* This nominal species is introduced by Mr. Cope seemingly on the authority of Hallowell ; however, on

referring to the original description in Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 485, it proves to stand under the

heading “‘ Coniophanes fissidens, nobis.”

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., March 1895. *21

162 ~OPHIDIA.

Honpuras, Belize (Godman), Stann Creek (J. Robertson); GUATEMALA, Vera Paz,

low forest (Salvin), Coban (Smithson. Inst.), Pacific coast. (Salvin), Chitalon, near

“Mazatenango (Miiller); Nicaracua, Matagalpa 3250 feet (Rothschuh); Costa

Rica (Gadd). :

Scales in nineteen or twenty-one rows. Upper labials eight (very rarely seven), the

fourth and fifth entering the orbit; one preocular. Back brownish or greyish-olive

in various shades, sides darker, the two colours sharply defined from each other, and

sometimes separated by a whitish or, white band-like shade or band. Back with or

without a brown or black vertebral line or band. The various colours may assume @

distribution in real bands running from the neck to the tip of the tail. The upper

part of the head is encircled by a more or less distinct or complete yellow line, which

runs from the upper part of the temple along the canthus, and across the rosiral to

the other side, and may be confluent with or separated from a pair of yellow spots

occupying the neck. These spots may be isolated or form the commencement of a

lateral band. Upper labials longitudinally traversed by a yellowish band. Lower

parts whitish, with irregularly scattered black dots, more constant on the throat than

farther behind ; rarely crowded together on the sides of the ventral scutes.

Feeds on frogs.

4. Tachymenis lateritia.

Coniophanes lateritius, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1862, p. 524.

Tachymenis melanocephala, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1869 (1870), p. 876.

Hab. Mexico, Guadalajara.

Scales in nineteen rows.. Upper labials seven, the third and fourth entering the

orbit; vertical nearly as broad as long. Body bright vermilion, powdered with brown ;

yellow below. Head and neck, to the distance of ten scales, black. Throat black-

spotted.

5. Tachymenis grammophrys.

Erythrolamprus grammophrys, Dugés, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1888, p. 181, fig.; La Naturaleza,

ser. 2,1. p. 402, t. 27. fig. 18 (1890).

Hab. Mexico, Tengohecho in Michoacan.

Scales in seventeen rows. Seven upper labials, of which the third and fourth enter

the orbit; one preocular; temporal in contact with postoculars; ventrals 175. Back

brown, sides reddish, not banded ; lower parts yellowish, without spots. An interrupted

white line along each side of the upper surface of the head, commencing on the canthus.

Upper labials longitudinally traversed by a white line.

TACHYMENIS. 163

6. Tachymenis decipiens, sp.n. (Tab. LIII. fig. A.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers).

Scales in seventeen rows. Upper labials seven, the third and fourth entering the

orbit ; one preocular; temporal not in contact with postoculars; ventrals 165-173.

Upper parts dark greyish-brown ; two yellow lines run along each side of the body and

tail. Lower parts uniform yellowish.

Rather slender in habit, the tail being long, about one-half of the length of the

body. Snout rather short; eye of moderate size. Anterior frontals very short and

small. Vertical shorter than the occipitals, but as long as or longer than the

frontals; one preocular; one or two postoculars. Temporals 1+2, the anterior

widely separated from the postoculars, the sixth labial forming a suture with the

occipital. ‘Upper parts dark greyish-brown, with two narrow yellowish lines on each

side, of which the lower runs along the outer series of scales; the upper takes its

origin from a spot on each side of the neck, and is continued as a series of spots, of

which one occupies the antero-lateral angle of the occipital, and the others the frontal

shields. Upper labials brownish-black in the upper, and yellowish in the lower

half.

The largest specimen is 19 inches long without the tail, which is mutilated.

As mentioned already on p. 105, this snake bears the closest resemblance to the

aglyphodont Adlabes decipiens. Mr. Boulenger considers the latter to be synonymous

with Liophis lateristriga (Berthold)= Urotheca lateristriga, Cat. Sn. ii. p. 181. The

resemblance of the two snakes is certainly very great indeed, but the dental character

of the genus Urotheca—* maxillary teeth 11 to 14, increasing in size posteriorly, followed

after a short interspace by two enlarged ones”—does not apply to the types of A. deci-

piens from Costa Rica, as far as the hindmost teeth are concerned ; these teeth are not

enlarged, and not separated from the preceding by a larger interspace. I cannot

describe such a dentition otherwise than isodont. But Mr. Boulenger is quite right

in referring another specimen, from Ecuador, to Urotheca, which possesses a distinctly

diacranterian dentition.

Thus, in spite of the great outward similarity of Urotheca lateristriga and Ablabes

decipiens, I am inclined to regard them as distinct; and in this I am confirmed by the

number of preeoculars, which in the former is increased and may be as high as three,

while A. decipiens has one only, sometimes with an additional small subocular. Also

the yellow cross-band on the occipitals, which is so characteristic of A. decipiens, is

absent in U. lateristrigqa.

Since we know of the existence in Central America of two extremely similar snakes,

one with an isodont (A. decipiens), the other (Tachymenis decipiens) with a glyphodont

dentition, the presence of a third (Urotheca lateristriga) in Ecuador and Colombia

with diacranterian teeth is not surprising.

*21 2

164 OPHIDIA.

HYDROCALAMUS.

Hydrocalamus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 177 (1885).

1. Hydrocaiamus quinquevittatus.

Homalopsis quinquevittatus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vil. p. 975.

Calopisma quinquevittatum, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxx. t. 2.

Hydrocalamus quinquevittatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 176 (1885).

Hydrops lubricus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1871, p. 217.

Hab. Mexico, Coatzacoalcos R., Vera Cruz; GuatemaLa, Peten (Smithson. Inst. ;

Mus. Paris).

In spite of the extraordinary similarity of this snake to Tachymenis bipunctata, |

think it advisable to retain it in a distinct genus. Its physiognomy is entirely distinct

from the Coronelline type, and is that of a Freshwater Snake—a fact sufficiently recog-

nized by previous authors who have associated this species with Freshwater genera.

This feature consists of a short and depressed snout, small eye, and small frontal shields

(the anterior of which are pointed, the posterior together being about equal in extent

to the vertical). The occipitals are narrow and elongate. The nasal seems to be

undivided.

TOMODON.

Tomodon, sp.*, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 932 (1854).

Manolepis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 176 (1885).

Differing from Tachymenis in possessing a large and long grooved tooth. Nasal

single; anal divided.

1. Tomodon nasutus.

Tomodon nasutus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 166; Sumichrast, Arch. Bibl. Univ. 1873,

p- 262, and Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. v. p. 182 (1880).

Monolepis nasutus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxi. p. 176 (1885).

Hab. Mexico, Colima (Xantus), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

Scales in nineteen series; upper labials eight. Snout projecting, obliquely truncated.

Brownish, with a blackish-brown band from the neck to the extremity of the tail.

I have not seen a specimen of this snake.

CONOPHIS.

Conophis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1860, p. 519.

Tomodon, sp., Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 982.

* Tomodon strigatus, Giinth., described from a specimen labelled “ India,” then believed to come from

Nicaragua, seems to be, in fact, a South-American snake. (See Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1886, xviii.

p. 437.)

CONOPHIS. 165

Differing from Tachymenis in possessing a large and long grooved tooth. Nasal as

well as anal divided.

1. Conophis lineatus.

Tomodon lineatum, descr. pars, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 936.

Eudrome a flancs linéolés, Dum. & Bibr. loc. cit. t. 73.

Psammophis lineatus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 135.

Tomodon lineatus, Salv. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 455; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xix. t. 6. fig. 3.

Conophis lineatus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 187 (1875).

Conophis concolor, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 818.

Conophis pulcher, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. (1868) 1869, p. 308; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex.,

Rept. p. 646, t. 28. figg. 6, 6 a-g.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Mus. Brit.); Guatmmaua, Duefias (Salvin), Vera Paz and

Chiapas (Smithson. Jnst.); Nicaragua (Cope); Costa Rica, Cartago (Mus. Brit.),

San José (van Patten).

Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials eight. Body longitudinally banded with

black ; three of the bands take their origin from the snout, breaking up on the body into

continuous lines or series of spots; sometimes the vertebral band dissolved into two

pairs of black lines, sometimes an additional band along the side. ‘The bands may

disappear altogether, with the exception of traces on the head.

Duméril and Bibron have evidently confounded in their description forms with seven

and eight labials; but as they have figured a specimen with eight labials, I have taken

this as the type of their species. The arrangement of the bands, particularly the width

of the vertebral band, is subject to infinite variation.

2. Conophis vittatus.

Tomodon lineatum, descr. pars, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 936.

Conophis lineatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 643, t. 38. fige. 5, 5 a-e.

Conophis vittatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1860, p.519; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 644,

t. 38. figg. 7, 7 a-e.

Conophis sumichrastu, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 1387 (1875) ; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc.

Zool. Fr. v. p. 182 (1880).

Hab. Mexico, Tepetlapa in Guerrero (H. H. Smith), Guadalajara (Cope), Santo Domingo

de Guzman (4. C. Buller), Oaxaca (Mus. Paris), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

Scales in nineteen rows; upper labials seven. Body longitudinally banded with

black, three bands taking their origin from the snout; in younger specimens the bands

are uniformly black, whilst in older ones the vertebral, and sometimes the lateral band

becomes lighter along the middle, the black colour being reduced to more or less

narrow margins. ‘The black bands may appear as parallel straight lines four in

number.

166 OPHIDIA.

PHILODRYAS.

Philodryas, Wagl. Nat. Syst. Amph. p. 185 (1830) ; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 123.

Dryophylaz, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1103.

1. Philodryas putnami.

Dromicus putnami, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxiv. t. 6. fig. 3.

Hab. Mexico, Jalisco (Jan), La Cumbre de los Arrastrados, alt. 8590 feet (A. C. Buller).

This snake proves to be opisthoglyph.

ERYTHROLAMPRUS.

Erythrolamprus, Boie, Isis, xix. p. 981 (1826).

Body of moderate dimensions, subcylindrical. Head distinct from neck; eye. of

moderate size, with the pupil round. ‘Two nasals; a loreal. Scales smooth, in fifteen

rows. Anal divided. Posterior maxillary tooth grooved.

1. Erythrolamprus zsculapil.

Coluber esculapii, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fred. p. 29, t. 11. fig. 2.

Erythrolamprus esculapii, Boie, Isis, xx. p. 588 (1827) ; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 845.

Coluber venustissimus, Wied, Reise Brasil. ii. p. 75; and Abbild. Nat. Bras., Rept. t. 39.

Erythrolamprus venustissimus, Boie, Isis, xix. p. 981 (1826) ; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 851, t. 74;

Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 47; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 141 (1875); Bocourt,

Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 658, t. 38. figg. 4, 4 ae.

Coronella venustissima, Schleg. Ess. 11. p. 53.

Erythrolamprus intricatus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vi. p. 855.

Hab. 1 Mexico (Boucard); Nicaracua, Matagalpa (Rothschuh), Chontales Mines (Riz) ;

Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Champion).—TropicaL SovTa

AMERICA.

One ante-, two postoculars. Red, with black rings, the rings either single or sub-

divided, or in pairs.

J have suspected for some time that, in species normally opisthoglyphous, specimens

may occur in which the groove of the posterior maxillary tooth is obsolete or entirely

absent. Such is undoubtedly the case in the three specimens of Erythrolamprus from

Nicaragua which I have examined. ‘These specimens were collected in two distinct

localities by different collectors.

OXYRRHOPUS.

Oxyrrhopus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 185 (18380).

Cloelia sp. et Erythrolamprus sp., Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187 (1830).

Brachyruton et Oxyrrhopus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. pp. 1002, 1011 (1854).

Oxyrhopus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 188 (1858).

OXYRRHOPUS. 167

1. Oxyrrhopus plumbeus.

Coluber plumbeus, Wied, Reise Brasil. i. p. 95, and Abbild. xiii. t.6; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 152,

t. 6. figg. 3, 4.

Brachyruton plumbeum, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1004; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxxv. t. 1. fig. 3.

Oxyrhopus plumbeus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 189; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 131 (1875),

and Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 76.

Hab. Mextco, Tehuantepec (Cope); GuaTeMaLa (Mus. Brit.); Costa Rica (Gabb).—

Tropica, Sourm AMERICA.

2. Oxyrrhopus cloelia.

Coluber cloelia, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 330, t. 78.

Brachyruton cloelia, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1007; Jan, Tconogr. Ophid. xxxv. t. 1. fig. 1.

Oxyrhopus cloelia, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 189; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xvii. p. 92 (1878) ; Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 76 (1887) ; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. v. p. 184 (1880).

Scolecophis scytalinus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil.’ 1866, p. 320.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Yucatan (Schott); Panama, Veraguas and

Isthmus of Darien (Cope).—Tropicat South AMERICA.

3. Oxyrrhopus occipitoluteus.

Brachyruion occipitoluteum, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1009; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxxv. t. 1. fig. 2

Oxyrhopus occipitoluteus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 76 (1887).

Hab. Panama, Darien (Cope).

Not seen by me.

4. Oxyrrhopus petolarius.

Coluber petolarius, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fred. t. 9. fig. 2.

Oxyrhopus petolarius, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 185; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 190; Dum. & Bibr.

Erpét. vii. p. 1033; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p- 182..

Lycodon petolarius, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 122.

Oxyrhopus subpunctatus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1016.

Oxyrhopus rhombifer, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p- 1018; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid.. Xxxv. t. 5. fig. 2.

Oxyrhopus multifasciatus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1019; Jan, Iconogr, Ophid. Xxxv. t. 6. fig. 2

Oxyrhopus bipreocularis, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1030.

Hab. GuareMaua, Vera Paz, low forest (Salvin); Nicaragua, Chontales Mines (Crow-

foot), ), Matagalpa, alt. 3250 feet (Rothschuh); Costa Rica (Salvin), Sipurio (Cope).

—TropicaL South AMERICA.

One of the characters by which Duméril and Bibron distinguish their 0. petolarius

is the extent of the preocular, which is said to be in contact with the vertical. This

is really the case in the majority of specimens, but it is a by no means constant

character ; not only in South-American, but also in the few Central-American specimens

168 OPHIDIA.

which I have examined, and which evidently belong to the same species, the extent of

the preocular varies.

As to Oryrhopus doliatus of Dum. & Bibr., this species is characterized by black

rings completely encircling the body. I have never seen an example with this colora-

tion, and the specimens described by me under that name (Cat. Col. Sn. p. 192) belong

to a widely different species, viz. Coluber scolopax of Klein or Lycognathus scolopax otf

Dum. & Bibr.

Scytale coronatum (Schn.) is introduced by Cope into the Central-American fauna on

the authority of Sternberg, who brought a specimen from Panama (Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. no. 82, p. 76).

LEPTODIRA.

Sidon *, Fitzinger.

Leptodeira (Fitzinger, n. n.), Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 165 (1858).

Synopsis of the Central-American species.

I. Scales in 19 series.

A. Occipital not in contact with the labials.

1. Hight upper labials . 2. 2. 2. 1 ww we eee ee ee LL nigrofasciata.

2. Seven upper labials . . . . Lee ee ww we eR pacifica.

B. Occipital in contact with the sixth labial toe ee eee ew ee 68. mystacina.

II. Scales in 21 series. ;

A. One preeocular reaching the vertical; ventrals 194 . . » . . . « 4 annulata.

B. Two preoculars, the upper reaching the vertical.

1. Collar not divided by a black line. Ventrals 189. . . . . . . 5. affinis.

2. [Collar divided by a black line. Ventrals 192-211. . . . . . . 9. polysticia.]

C. Preocular not reaching the vertical.

1. Ventrals 180-1938 . 2. 2. 2... we we ee ee ee 6. yucatanensis.

2. Ventrals 165-166... 2. 2 1. wee eee ee ww 7. splendida.

IIT. Scales in 23 series.

A. Chin-shields subequal in length.

1. A white or whitish collar, not interrupted in the middle; ventrals

168-176. . . . oe « « « . 8. personata.

2. Nape divided in the middle by a “median dark line.

a. Ventrals 192-211. 2. 2. 2... we ee ee we ew YD polysticta.

b. Ventrals 165-170. 2. 2. 2. 2 1 ew ee ee ee ee. «102 ocellata.

B. Posterior chin-shields much longer than anterior; ventrals 188 . . . 11. frenata.

IV. Scalesin 25 series . . 2. 2... ee eee ee ee 12. rhombifera.

* Linneus named a snake Coluber sibon, which, however, does not seem to enter the present genus.

Moreover, Fitzinger’s definition of Sibon is extremely vague, and I prefer to retain the name which I chose for

this genus in 1858.

LEPTODIRA. 169

1. Leptodira nigrofasciata.

Leptodira nigrofasciata, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1868, i. p. 425.

Hab. Nicaragua (Seemann).

Scales in nineteen rows. Anterior frontals nearly square, two-thirds the size of

posterior ; vertical as long as the snout, and a little shorter than the occipitals; loreal.

as high as long. One preocular, not quite reaching to the vertical; a minute lower

preocular on one side of the head; one postocular ; anterior temporal separating

entirely the occipital from the upper labials. Eight upper labials, the third, fourth,

and fifth entering the orbit. Temporals 1+2+3. Ventrals 174; subcaudals 74.

Body with sixteen broad black cross-bands, which are from three to four times

broader than the interspaces of the whitish ground-colour, and confluent on the posie-

rior part of the trunk. Head black above, separated by a white collar from the first

black band ; tail with about eight black bands. Lower parts whitish.

One specimen, 14 inches long, of which the tail takes 34.

2. Leptodira pacifica.

Leptodira pacifica, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. (1868) 1869, p. 310.

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Cope), Presidio (Lorrer).

Scales in nineteen rows. Anterior frontals nearly square, one-third the size of

posterior; occipitals elongate, truncate behind; loreal as high as long. Two pre-,

two postoculars, the upper much larger than the lower. ‘Temporals 1+ 2, the anterior

entirely separating the occipital from the labials. Seven upper labials, the third and

fourth entering the orbit. Ventrals 164; subcaudals 61.

Bright rosy-brown, with four or more series of blackish-brown very small spots, of

which the median pair may form short cross-bars by their union. A whitish spot on

the nape, longitudinally divided by a black bar, and a number of small spots on the

upperside of the head. Uniform cream-coloured below.

8. Leptodira mystacina.

Leptodira mystacina, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xi. p. 151 (1869) *.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

Scales in nineteen rows. Anterior frontals nearly square, one-half the size of poste-

rior; vertical as long as the snout, and a little shorter than the occipitals ; loreal as

high as long. ‘Two pre-, and two postoculars, the lower small in both sets; the upper

preocular in contact with the vertical. Temporals 1+2-+3; the foremost temporal

is separated from the postocular either by a minute intercalated scute, or by the sixth

labial, which touches the occipital. Eight upper labials, the (third), fourth, and fifth

entering the orbit. Ventrals 193-4, 187 (Cope).

* In Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, Mr. Cope unites this form with Leptodira nigrofasciata (p. 678).

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., May 1895. #99

170 OPHIDIA.

Trunk with about thirteen broad black cross-bands, twice as broad as the interspaces

of the whitish ground-colour, more or less confluent or alternating on the hinder part

of the trunk. Upper part of the head mottled with brown, separated by a pure white

collar from the first black cross-band. A brown streak from the eye to the angle of

the mouth. Lower parts white.

4. Leptodira annulata.

Coluber annulatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fred. p. 34, t. 8. fig. 2; Syst. Nat. i. p. 386.

Leptodeira annulata, part., Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 166; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 67

(1887) (Sibon annulatum, part.).

Dipsas septentrionalis, Kennicott, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. p. 16, t. 8. fig. L.

Hab. Norta America, Texas.—NortHern Mexico, Matamoros (Kennicott).

Scales in twenty-one rows. Anterior frontals nearly square, half the size of poste-

rior; vertical as long as the snout, and shorter than the occipitals; loreal about as

high as long. One preocular, reaching the vertical; two postoculars. Eight upper

labials, the third, fourth, and fifth entering the orbit. Temporals 1+2-+3, the fore-

most in contact with the postoculars. Ventrals 194.

Whitish, with about twenty-four subrhombic transverse black spots on the back,

broader than the intervening spaces of the ground-colour. A whitish unspotted collar.

Upper part of the head with brown spots.

5. Leptodira affinis, sp. n.

Hab. Centra America (Mus. Brit.) ; exact locality unknown.

Scales in twenty-one rows. Anterior frontals about one-third of posterior; vertical

rather shorter than occipital and in contact with the upper preeocular; loreal longer

than deep. Preoculars two, the lower small; two postoculars. Eight upper labials,

of which the fourth and fifth enter the orbit. Temporals 1+2+3. Posterior chin-

shields longer than anterior. Ventrals 189.

Ground-colour reddish-olive. A series of transverse or irregular, rounded, brown spots

edged with darker runs along the back; they descend some distance down the sides,

and are about thirty-seven in number on the trunk. Another series of smaller and

very numerous spots runs along the lower part of the side. The first dorsal spot is

large and subquadrangular, truncated in front, leaving a collar not divided by a brown

median line. Upperside of the head mottled with brown; a brown temporal band.

Lower parts yellowish,

A single female specimen is 21 inches long; the tail, which is somewhat mutilated,

would have measured about 24 inches.

LEPTODIRA. 171

6. Leptodira yucatanensis.

Leptodira annulata, var., Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1866, p. 127.

Sibon annulatum, subsp. yucatanensis, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 67.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Schott), Cozumel I. (Gawmer).

Scales in twenty-one rows. Anterior frontals nearly square ; loreal square. Two

(one, Cope) preoculars, the upper not reaching the vertical; two postoculars. Eight

upper labials; eye over the third, fourth, and fifth. Head broad; neck constricted.

Ventrals 180-193.

Grey, with about twenty-five rounded brown spots edged with black, extending

downwards on the sides, and sometimes partly confluent. A black band from the eye,

across the angle of the mouth, to the first cross-band. A light collar, not divided by a

band.

7. Leptodira splendida, sp. n. (Tab. LIII. fig. B.)

Hab. Mexico, Izucar (Mus. Brit.).

Scales in twenty-one rows. Anterior frontals square, one-third of posterior; vertical

scarcely as long as the snout, and shorter than the occipitals; loreal longer than high.

‘Three preoculars, of which the upper is the largest, but does not reach the vertical ;

two postoculars, the lower small. Eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth entering

the orbit. Temporals 1+2-+3. Ventrals 165-166 ; subcaudals 76.

Body above with broad subquadrangular black transverse spots, about twenty on the

trunk; the spots do not extend downwards to the abdominal scutes, and generally some

of them coalesce so as to form a short zigzag band; they are separated by yellow or

brownish-yellow dorsal spots, the sides of the body being grey. The collar is of the

same yellow colour, but longitudinally divided by a black line. A black stripe from

the eye to the first black cross-band. Upper parts of the head mottled with brown.

Lower parts uniform yellowish.

Two specimens, of which the larger measures 26 inches, the tail measuring 64.

8. Leptodira personata. (Tab. LIV. figg. A and B, ad. and young.)

Leptodeira annulata, part., Gunth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 166.

Leptodira personata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. (1868) 1869, p. 310.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio (forrer), Mazatlan (Bischoff), Santo Domingo de Guzman and

Hacienda Santa Gertrudis (A. C. Buller), City of Mexico (Geddes), Jalapa (Hoge).

Scales in twenty-three rows. Anterior frontals as long as wide, narrowed in front,

about one-half of posterior. Vertical as long as, or shorter than, the snout, and

shorter than the occipitals; loreal as long as high. Preoculars (one) two, of which

the lower is very small, the upper reaches nearly the vertical; two postoculars. Eight

*22 2

172 OPHIDIA.

upper labials, the (third) fourth and fifth entering the orbit. Temporals 14+2+3.

Anterior and posterior chin-shields subequal in length. Ventrals 168-176.

A white or whitish collar, not divided in the middle by a blackish longitudinal

streak. Gyround-colour lighter than the rhombic spots on the back, which on the trunk

are about twenty-five in number. In young specimens the ground-colour is almost

white and the spots are nearly black, but with age the contrast of colours is less striking.

The upper part of the head, again, is black or brown. Lower parts whitish.

A common species.

9. Leptodira polysticta, sp.n. (Tab. LV. fig. A.)

Leptodeira annulata, part., Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 166.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hoge), Oaxaca (Sallé), Yucatan (Mus. Brit.) ; British HonDuras,

Belize (Godman); Honpuras (Dyson); Panama (Mus. Brit.).

Scales in twenty-three rows; in twenty-one in a specimen from Yucatan. Anterior

frontals one-half or more of the size of the posterior. Vertical as long as, or shorter

than, the snout, and shorter than the occipitals; loreal as long as high. Preoculars

two or three, of which the upper is the largest, and reaches or nearly reaches the

vertical; two postoculars. Eight upper labials, of which the fourth and fifth enter

the orbit. Temporals 1+2+3. Anterior and posterior chin-shields subequal in

length. Ventrals 192-211.

A whitish collar is not always distinct, but whether present or not, a brown or black

longitudinal line divides the neck. Back with a series of numerous small transverse

bars, not extending to the ventrals; a series of very small spots along each side of

the body.

10. Leptodira ocellata, sp.n. (Tab. LV. fig. B.)

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales Mines (Ria); Costa Rica (Mus. Brit.).

Scales in twenty-three rows. Anterior frontals about one-third of posterior; vertical

rather shorter than occipital; loreal large, square. Preeoculars two, the lower very

small, the upper reaching the vertical or nearly so; sometimes a detached portion of a

labial forms a third preocular; two postoculars. Eight upper labials, of which the

fourth and fifth enter the orbit. Temporals 1+2+43. Anterior and posterior chin-

shields equal in length. Ventrals 165-170.

Ground-colour reddish- or brownish-olive; a series of dark brown transverse or

irregularly-rounded spots along the back, which do not descend to the sides, and are

about thirty-eight in number on the trunk. Sides with a series of round brown spots,

the spots being opposite to the interspaces of the ground-colour and accompanied

by smaller irregular spots. Neck without a distinct collar, and longitudinally

divided in the middle by a brown narrow line proceeding from the first dorsal spot.

LEPTODIRA. 173

Upperside of the head mottled with brown; a brown temporal band. Lower parts

yellowish.

The largest of four specimens is 22 inches long, the tail measuring 54.

11. Leptodira frenata.

Sibon frenatum, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 184 (1887).

Hab. Muxico, Jalapa.

_ Scales in twenty-three rows. Body rather slender; head very distinct and depressed.

Loreal nearly square. Preeoculars two, the upper not reaching the vertical; two post-

oculars. Nine upper labials; eye resting on the fourth and fifth, and separated from

the third by the small inferior preeocular. Temporals 1+2-+3. Posterior chin-shields

much longer than anterior. Ventrals 188.

The coloration is described as follows :—Above black, below white. At distances

of from six to nine scales, narrow cross-bands of one scale in width rise from the

abdominal border-colour, and meet or terminate in alternating positions; on or near

the middle line of the back these bands are more or less grey, sometimes darker in the

middle. The top of the head is grey, densely mottled with blackish, having a con-

centric space of light grey between a black spot behind the head-shields and the

beginning of the black of the superior surfaces. A broad black band passes downwards

and posteriorly from the eye, and, crossing the angle of the mouth, covers the side of

the neck and unites with the black of the following regions.

The typical specimen seems to have been very young, only 12 inches long.

12. Leptodira rhombifera. (Tab. LIV. fig. C.)

Leptodira rhombifera, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, ix. p. 32.

flab. GuateMALa, Rio Chisoy near Cubulco (Salvin).

‘Scales in twenty-five series. Anterior frontals very small ; vertical as long as snout;

loreal longer than deep. Preocular single, barely reaching the vertical; two post-

oculars. Hight upper labials, of which the fourth and fifth enter the orbit.

_Temporals 1+2-++3. Chin-shields rather elongate, equal in length. Body rather

slender; head broad and depressed. Ventrals 170.

Brownish. Trunk with about twenty-six large, subrhombic, dark brown spots

edged with black ; yellowish cross-bands, brightest on the median line, separate these

rhombic spots from one another. Upper part of the head brown, powdered with

black. A black stripe with a yellowish margin on each side connects the crown of the

head with the first rhombic spot. Abdomen yellowish; subcaudals powdered with

brown.

One specimen, 23 inches long, the tail measuring 5.

174 « OPHIDIA.

TRIMORPHODON.

Dipsadomorphus, sp., Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 27 ; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 174.

Trimorphodon, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. (1861) 1862, p. 297.

Upon a material consisting of fourteen Mexican specimens, Mr. Cope established,

beside the Dumerilian Dipsas biscuta’us, and the extralimital Lycodon lyrophanes

from California, five other species as follows :—

Trimorphodon tau, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1869, p. 152, from ‘Tehuantepec.

Trimorphodon upsilon, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1869, p. 152, from Chibuahua,

Guanajuato, Zacualtipan, and Guadalajara.

Trimorphodon collaris, Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. viii, p. 131 (1875), from

Orizaba.

Trimorphodon wilkinsonti, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 285, from Chi-

huahua. |

Trimorphodon lambda, Cope, Proc. Am, Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 286, from Guaymas.

Mr. Cope has given several synopses of these species (the most recent in Proc. Am.

Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 286) showing the characters by which he has arranged his specimens,

and which I have attempted to apply to the material before me (sixteen specimens).

However, I have found these characters to break down completely, so that scarcely

one of my specimens would correspond with any of Mr. Cope’s descriptions, and the

majority would have had to be described under new names. Therefore I am rather

‘nclined to think that these snakes are subject to much individual variation in scales,

scutellation, and colours. The latter, especially, change with growth.

Among our sixteen specimens I distinguish, beside T. biscutatus, only one other

form, for which I retain one of the Copean names—TZ. upsilon—as the one which has

been used by Cope for specimens from various localities.

1. Trimorphodon biscutatus.

Dipsas biscutata, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1153. |

Dipsadomorphus biscutatus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 176 ; Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1860, p. 457; 1861, p. 228.

Dipsas biscutata, var. latifascia, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1869, p. 877.

Trimorphodon biscutatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 286.

Trimorphodon major, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil.-Soc. 1869, p. 163 ; Sumichrast, Bibl. Univers. 1873,

p. 253.

? Trimorphodon lambda, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 286.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio, Mazatlan (Forrer), Colima (Xantus), Puebla (Peters), Guada-

lajara (Cope), Oaxaca (Sallé), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast); GUATEMALA, Lanquin

(Salvin) ; Nicaragua (Dow); Panama (Dow).

More or less regular concentric brown chevron-bands across the head and neck.

Scales in 24-27 series. Upper labials generally nine.

TRIMORPHODON.—DIPSAS. 175

According to Cope, this snake is known by the name of “culebra casera” in

Tehuantepec.

2. Trimorphodon upsilon.

Trimorphodon upsilon, Cope, Proc. Am, Phil. Soc. 1869, p. 152.

Eteirodipsas biscutata, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxxix. t. 1. fig. 3.

Hab. Mexico, Chibuahua, Guadalajara, Zacualtipan (Cope), Ventanas in Durango

(forrer), Guanajuato (Dugés), La Cumbre de los Arrastrados (A. C. Buller), Jalapa

(Hoge).

An uninterrupted white or whitish collar across the neck. Scales in 23-24 series.

Upper labials generally eight.

DIPSAS *.

Dipsas, sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549.

1. Dipsas cenchoa.

Coluber cenchoa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 389.

Dipsas cenchoa, Wied, Beitr. Reise Brasil. i. p. 396; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 174; Salv. P. Z. S.

1860, p. 457 ; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 68.

Imantodes cenchoa, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1065.

Dipsas weigelit (Fitz.), Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 278, t. 11. figg. 19, 20.

Himantodes leucomelas, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1861, p. 296.

flab. Mexico, Jalapa and Huatusco in Vera Cruz (Godman), '‘Teapa in Tabasco

(H. H. Smith); Guatemata, Coban (Salvin); Costa Rica, Irazu (fogers); PANAMA

(Mus. Brit.), Chiriqui (Champion).—TRopicaL SoutH AMERICA.

The specimens referred by me to this species vary in their scutellation and coloration.

Males seem to have larger eyes than females. Lhe preorbitals, variable in number, may

or may not touch the vertical ; the upper labials are eight or nine in number ; frequently

two temporals are in contact with the postoculars, but almost as frequently these two

anterior temporals coalesce into a single shield. Thus the great width of the median

dorsal scales remains the principal distinctive character of this species.

2. Dipsas gemmistrata.

Dipsas cenchoa, Cope, Proc. Ac. .N. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 264 (nec Linn.).

Himantodes cenchoa, var. elegans, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxxviii. t. 2.

Himantodes gemmistratus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 296.

Dipsas gemmistrata, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 68.

* T strongly suspect that Leptognathus stratissuma, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. p. 280 (1885), from

Panama, will prove to be a species of this genus.

176 OPHIDIA.

Hab. Mexico, Toluca, Guadalajara (Cope), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast); GUATEMALA,

Pacific Coast (Salvin); Satvanor (Dow); Costa Rica, Cartago (Mus. Brit.).

The scales of the median dorsal series are not broader than long or even longer than

broad, In the scutellation of the head this species varies as much as Dipsas cenchoa,

but the variations do not coincide with the geographical distribution of the species.

In the type-specimens the spots on the body numbered about forty-two, and were

connected by a median dorsal vitta.

A variety is stated to have the very numerous dorsal spots extending entirely across

the back and sides.

In our specimens the spots are likewise exceedingly numerous, disposed in three

series—one of larger ones of rhombic shape along the back, the two others running

along the lower part of the sides. The spots have a light centre, scarcely darker than

the ground-colour, and dark brown edges. 7

3. Dipsas splendida, sp.n. (Tab. LVI. fig. A.)

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Mus. Brit.).

The scales of the median dorsal series are enlarged, but longer than broad ; scales in

seventeen series. Habit less slender than Dipsas cenchoa; head small; occipitals but

little longer than vertical ; loreal longer than deep; one anterior ocular, not reaching

the vertical; two postoculars ; eight upper labials, the third, fourth, and fifth entering

the orbit; temporals 14+2-+3; posterior chin-shields about as long as anterior; |

ventrals 223. Ground-colour of the body brownish grey; body with about thirty-five

brownish-black rhombic spots, which are produced in the median line forward and

backward so as to nearly touch the preceding and succeeding ; laterally each spot is

continued downwards to the ventral scutes; each spot has very clear edges of white ;

the ground-colour forms an uninterrupted collar on the neck.

One female specimen, 28 inches long, of which the tail takes 7.

4, Dipsas tenuissima.

Himantodes tenuissimus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. (1866) 1867, p. 317.

Hab. Mexico, Hacienda Santa Gertrudis (A. C. Buller), Yucatan (Mus. Brit.).

The scales of the median dorsal series are small like the others, which are arranged

in seventeen series; anteoculars two or one, postoculars two; upper labials eight,

the fourth and fifth, and sometimes the third, entering the orbit. Temporals 1 or 2+3.

Body exceedingly slender and compressed. Ventrals 250; subcaudals 157. Whitish,

with about fifty transverse black light-edged spots on the body, which approach closely

on the median line; about thirty-five spots on the tail.

DIPSAS.—DRYIOPHIS. 177

5. Dipsas gracillima, sp.n. (Tab. LVI. fig. B.)

Hab, Souruurn Mexico (Godman).

Body very slender and compressed. Scales in seventeen rows, those of the vertebral

line not enlarged ; ventrals 244; subcaudals about 110.

Head moderately broad; loreal a little longer than deep ; one anteocular, which

does not reach the vertical ; two postoculars ; eight upper labials, the third, fourth,

and fifth entering the orbit ; temporals 1+2-+43.

Light brownish, with about seventy-four brown cross-bands edged with darker,

and about twice as broad as the interspaces between them. ‘The spots on the tail

are more indistinct and irregular.

The length of the entire specimen is 214 inches, of which the tail takes 54.

DRYIOPHIS.

Dryiophis, sp. (Boie), Fitzinger, N. Class. Rept. 1826, pp. 29, 30, 60.

Tragops et Oxybelis, Duméri] & Bibron, Erpét. vii. pp. 813, 822.

1. Dryiophis acuminata.

Coluber acuminatus, Wied, Abbild. Lief. 14, t. 1.

Dryiophis acuminata, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 156; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1861, Pp. 555 ;

Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 68.

Dryinus eneus, Wag). in Spix, Serp. Brasil. p. 12, t. 3.

Oxybelis eneus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 183; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 819.

Dryinus auratus, Bell, Zool. Journ. 1825, p. 329, t. 12.

Drytophis aurata, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 255, t. 10. figg. 16-18.

Dryiophis vittatus, Girard in U. 8. Naval Astron. Exped., Rept. p. 211, t. 36.

Hab. Mexico, 'Tres Marias Is., Presidio (Forrer), Guaymas, Tuxpan, and Tabasco (Cope),

Sarabia and Santo de Domingo de Guzman (A. C. Buller), Tepetlapa in Guerrero

(H. H. Smith), Coatzocoalcos R. (U. S. Nat. Mus.), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast),

Yucatan (Mus. Brit.), Bonacca I. (Gaumer); Guaremata, Rio Motagua (Salvin) ;

Honpuras (Mus. Brit.), Ruatan I. (Gawmer); Satvavor (Dow); Nicaragua

(U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers); Panama, V eraguas and Taboga I.

(U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Sovuta America to Southern Brazil.

Specimens of this widely spread and common species vary particularly in the extent

of the preocular, which frequently reaches the vertical, and in the comparative length

of the vertical and occipital shields. It ranges from the Mexican State of Sonora to

Southern Brazil.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., July 1895.

178 OPHIDIA.

2. Dryiophis fulgida.

Coluber fulgidus, Daud. Hist. Nat. Rept. vi. p. 532, t. 80.

Dryiophis fulgidus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 546; Wagl. Ic. t.10; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 158; Cope,

Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 68; Ives, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. (1891) 1892, p. 460.

Oxybelis fulgidus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 817.

Dryiophis catesbyi, Schleg. Ess. il. p. 252; Abbild. t. 14. figg. 3-6.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Yucatan (Mus. Brit.); British Honpuras |

— (Mus. Brit.); Sauvapor (Dow); Panama (Dow).—Soutu America to BRAZIL.

The number of upper labial shields varies between nine and ten, the fourth, fifth,

and sixth, or the fifth, sixth, and seventh entering the orbit.

3. Dryiophis brevirostris.

Dryiophis brevirostris, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1860, p. 555; Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vin.

p. 182, t. 26. fig. 2 (1875).

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales Mines (Ris); Costa Rica (Smithson. Inst.) ; PANaMa,

Veraguas (Cope). |

Addendum to page 140.

The following snake, which the British Museum has received quite recently, is

interesting in several respects, so that it appears desirable to insert its description at

the earliest opportunity.

NEOPAREAS, gen. nov.

Body slender, strongly compressed; tail slender; head broad, deep, and short ;

snout short; pupil of the eye vertical. Scales smooth, in fifteen rows, those of the

vertebral series not enlarged; anal entire; subcaudals two-rowed. Upper labials

narrow ; chin-shields not divided in the middle, gradually passing into the ventral

shields. Maxillary teeth small, non-grooved.

1. Neopareas bicolor, sp. n. (Tab. LVI. fig. C.)

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales Mines (£72).

Vertical shield broad and large, nearly as large as an occipital; anterior frontals

much broader than long, one-third of posterior. A large square shield occupies the

space between the nasal and the eye; a small anteocular above it which does not

reach the vertical ; three, sometimes four, postoculars; ten or eleven upper labials, of

NEOPAREAS.—LOXOCEMUS. 179

which the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh, or the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth enter

the orbit; temporals 142+3+43. The median lower labialis much broader than long ;

the lower labials of the first pair coalesce, forming one shield, which stretches from

one side to the other behind the median labial. There are three undivided gular

shields along the middle; the first is nearly round, the second sub-semicircular,

the third of nearly the same shape as, but narrower than, the first ventral. Ventrals

195; subcaudals 129.

Ground-colour deep black, with white rings completely encircling the body—the first

round the neck, fourteen round the trunk, and twelve round the tail; the white rings

are only half as broad as the interspaces of the black ground-colour.

I know this extraordinary species from one specimen only, 214 inches long, of which

the tail takes 8.

Fam. NOTHOPSIDA.

NOTHOPSIS.

Nothopsis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1871, p. 201.

1. Nothopsis rugosus.

Nothopsis rugosus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1871, p. 201, t. 17. figg. 1-7.

Hab. Panama, Isthmus of Darien.

Fam, BOIDA.

LOXOCEMUS.

Lowxocemus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, pp. 76, 304; Ginth. Zool. Rec. 1864, p. 1238.

Plastoseryx, Jan, Wiegm. Arch, 1862, p. 242.

1. Loxocemus bicolor. |

Loxocemus bicolor, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 76; Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist.

1862, ix. p. 55; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 515, t. 30. figg. 5, 5a-c; Boul. Cat.

Sn. i. p. 74.

Plastoseryx bronni, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. iu. t. 1.

Loxocemus bronni, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 516, t. 30. figg. 6, 6a, b.

Loxocemus sumichrasti, Bocourt, Journ. Zool. v. 1876, p. 344; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.

1880, p. 180.

Hab. Mexico, Colima (Xantus), Tehuantepec (Swmichrast) ; GuavTEMALA (Dow).

#93

180 OPHIDIA.

EPICRATES.

Epicrates, Wagler, Syst. Amphib. p. 168 (1830).

1. Epicrates cenchris.

Boa cenchria, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 374; Wied, Abbild. Naturg. Bras., Rept. t. 18; Schleg. Ess.

ll. p. 385, t. 14. figg. 3-5.

Epicrates cenchria, Gray, Viper. Sn. p. 96; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 130 (1875).

Epicrates cenchris, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vil. p. 555; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. viii. t.1; Boul. Cat. Sn.

1. p. 94.

Epicrates maurus, Gray, Viper. Sn. p. 94.

Cliftia fusca, Gray, Viper. Sn. p. 99.

Epicarsius cupreus, Fisch. Abhandl. naturf. Ver. Hamburg, ili. 1856, p. 96, t. 2. fig. 1.

Epicrates cupreus, Jan, Jconogr. Ophid. vii. t. 1.

Hab. Costa Rica (Mus. Hamburg); Panama, Chagres River (Mus. Brit.).—Tropicat

SourH AMERICA.

The variation in the number of rows of scales has a very great range, viz. from 39

to ol.

CORALLUS.

Corallus, Daudin, Hist. Rept. v. p. 256 (1803) ; Gray, Viper. Sn. p. 97.

1. Corallus cooki.

Corallus cookii, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 42 (1842) ; Boul. Cat. Sn. i. p. 99.

Corallus hortulanus (part.), Gray, Viper. Sn. p. 97.

Diphosoma ruschenbergerii, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p- 129 (1876) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc.

Mex., Rept. p. 527.

Hab. Panama (Ruschenberger).—Co.omBIa ; VENEZUELA; Wuinpwarp Is.

Like other Boid snakes, Corallus hortulanus and allied specific forms vary in an

extraordinary manner as to the number of scales. If C. cooki were not separated from

C. hortulanus, this species would include specimens with scales varying from 39 to 59,

the increase in numbers being due to the small size of the scales on the sides of certain

individuals. So far as the evidence from our specimens goes, the lesser number

of rows of scales (39-47) is found in the snakes from the West Indies, Venezuela,

Colombia, and Panama, whilst the larger number (53-59) occurs in specimens from

Guiana and Brazil. ‘There is a specimen from the Schomburgk collection in the

British Museum, said to be from “ British Guiana,” having the scales in 43 series only.

But as the collection which Sir R. Schomburgk gave to the British Museum contained

not a few Reptiles from other localities, besides British Guiana, this specimen cannot be

used as an argument against the above proposition. Under these circumstances I think it

CORALLUS.—BOA. 18]

advisable to keep the large-scaled form separate, as one with a distinct geographical

range. I attach no weight to other characters which have been adduced as indicating

the specific distinctness of the two forms.

2. Corallus annulatus.

Xiphosoma annulatum, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 129, t. 28. fig. 6 (1876).

Corallus annulatus, Boul. Cat. Sn. i. p. 102.

Hab. Costa Rica (Gadd).

UNGALIA.

Ungalia, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 46 (1842).

1. Ungalia moreleti.

Tropidophis moreletii, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. ix. p. 113 (1885).

Ungalia moreletii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. t. 42. figg. 5, 5a, 5.

Hab. GuateMaLa, Vera Paz (Mus. Paris).

I have not seen an example of this snake.

UNGALIOPHIS.

Peropodum * g.un., Miller, Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vi. p. 652 (1878).

Peropodum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 522.

Ungaliophis, Miiller, Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vi. p. 141 (1882).

Ungualiophis, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 56.

1. Ungaliophis continentalis.

Peropodum sp. n., Mill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vi. p. 652, t. 1 (1878).

Peropodum guatemalensis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 528, t. 31. figg. 5, 5a, 6 (cop.

Miller).

Ungaliophis continentalis, Mill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vii. p. 142 (1882).

Hab. Guatemata, Retalhuleu (Bernouliz).

BOA.

Boa, sp., Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 373 (1760).

Boa, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 169 (1830).

1. Boa imperator.

Boa constrictor (part.), Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 373 (1766) ; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 373.

Boa constrictor, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 238; Salv. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 228.

Boa constrictor, var. isthmica, Garman, N.-Amer. Rept. p. 9.

* i.e, new genus of the family Peropodes.

182 . OPHIDIA.

Boa imperator, Daud. Rept. v. p. 150; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vi. p. 519; Gray, Viper. Sn. p. 101;

Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1869, p. 875; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. vii. p. 130;

Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. vi. t. 1; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 519, t. 30. figg. 8, 8a-c;

Garman, N.-Amer. Rept. p. 8; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 65; Boul. Cat. Sn.

i. p. 119; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 179.

Boa eques, Eyd. & Soul. Voy. Bonite, Zool. Rept. p. 144, t. 4; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 521 ;

Gray, Viper. Sn. p. 101; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. vi. t. 2.

Hab. Mexico, Ventanas in Durango (Forrer), Colima (Xantus), Atoyac in Vera Cruz

(H. H. Smith), Vera Cruz (Cope), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Yucatan (Schott) ;

British Honpuras (Godman, Dyson); GuateMaua, Vera Paz (Owen); Nicaragua

(Cope); Costa Rica (Godman).—Ecuapvor (Fraser).

‘To describe this form as Boa constrictor, var., or even simply as Boa constrictor,

would be as justifiable as to distinguish it under a separate name. ‘The case is

perfectly analogous to that of Corallus hortulanus, Central-American specimens having

fewer series of scales (viz. 65-79) than the Boa constrictor of Tropical America south

of the Isthmus of Panama and east of the Andes (85-95). But the larger-scaled form

extends farther southwards than Corallus cooki, viz. into Western Ecuador and Peru.

According to Sumichrast, it is common on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Mr. Champion

observed it at Bugaba, in the State of Panama, but he did not procure specimens.

2. Boa mexicana.

Boa mexicana (Rapp), Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. p. 82; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 521, t. 30.

fige. 9, 9a, 6; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 882 (1885).

Boa diviniloquax, var. mexicana, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. v. t. 4.

Hab. Mexico, Jicaltepec (Cope).

Scales in 55 rows.

Fam. ELAPID.

| ELAPS.

Elaps (Schneider), sp., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 193.

Elaps, Ginther, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 81.

These snakes are known in Mexico by the name “ coralillas.”

1. Elaps fulvius.

Coluber fulvius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 381.

Elaps fulvius, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1215; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 235, and Ann. & Mag.

N. H. 1859, iv. p. 169; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xl. t. 2. fig. 2; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 82, p. 86.

. ELAPS. 183

Elaps corallinus, Cuy. Régne Anim. t. 35. figg. 1, 1 a, 6; Wied, Nov. Act. 1820, p. 108, t. 4, and

Abbild. vi. t. 4; Schleg. Ess. 11. p. 440, t. 16. figg. 1-5; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1207;

Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 233, and Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1859, iv. p. 169; Salv. P. Z.S

1860, p. 457, and 1861], p. 228; Jan. Iconogr. Ophid. xli. t. 6. fgg. 135 A. Dugés, La Natu-

raleza, vii. p. 200 (1885).

laps circinalis, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1210; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 148

(1875).

Elaps diastema, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1222.

Elaps diastema, var. michoacanensis, A. Dugés, La Naturaleza, ( (2) i. p. 487, t. 32 (1891).

? Elaps epistema, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1222.

Elaps nigrocinctus, Girard, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1854, p. 226; U.S. Naval Astron. Exped. 1

Zool. p. 210, t. 35; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 148 (1875); Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. no. 32, p. 86.

Elaps divaricatus, Hallow. Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. iii. p. 86 (1855).

laps fitzingeri, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1858, pp. 516, eh.

laps fulvius, var. fitzingeri, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xlii. t. 2. fig. 3.

Elaps ornatissimus, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xlii. t. 1. fig. 1; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1875,

p- 148; Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 87.

Elaps apiatus, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 522; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 87.

Elaps affinis, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 525.

Elaps fulvius, var. affinis, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xlii. t. 1. fig. 2

? Elaps euryxanthus, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1860, p. 337.

Elaps corallinus, var. crebripunctatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1869, p. 877.

Hab. Texas to SourtHERN BRAZIL.

I arrange the Central-American specimens under three groups, which, however, pass

into each other, and within which the variation also is not inconsiderable :—

J. The black bands broad or of moderate width, and with yellow borders and black spots on

the red interspaces generally in northern specimens ; without yellow borders or black spots

generally in southern examples.—Hab. Norru America, Texas.—Mexico, Northern parts

(Mus. Brit.), City of Mexico (Doorman), Guanajuato (Dugés) ; British Honovuras, Belize

(Godman & Salvin; Rev. J. Gegg); Guatemata, Duefias (Salvin), Vera Paz, low forest

(Godman & Salvin) ; Costa Rica (Godman & Salvin) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Champion).

II. The black bands narrow.

A. The black bands close together. — Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Jan, Cope); Britisu

Honpuras (Mus. Brit.), Stann Creek (Rev. J. Robertson), Belize (Parsons) ; Guare-

MaLa, Yzabal (Salvin); Costa Rica (Van Patten).

B. The black bands more or less widely distant from one another.—Hadb. Mxxico (Fink,

Sallé), Rio Santiago in Jalisco (Godman & Salvin), Michoacan (Dugés), Omilteme in

Guerrero, Atoyac in Vera Cruz, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith), Tehuantepec (Swmi-

chrast), Yucatan (Schott) ; Britisa Honpuras (Colonial Exhibit.) ; Satvapor (Dow) ;

Nicaragua (U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Costa Rica (U.S. Nat, Mus.) ; Panama (U.S. Nat.

Mus.).

184 OPHIDIA.

_ 2. Klaps bernardi.

Elaps bernardi, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82; 1887, p. 87.

Hab: Muxico, Zacualtipan in Hidalgo (Bernard).

I have not seen a specimen of this snake.

3. Elaps agleope.

Elaps agleope, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1859, p. 344; ? Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880,

p. 184.

Elaps fulvius (agleope), Salv. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 458.

Elaps corallinus, var., A. Dugés, La Naturaleza, vii. p. 201 (1885).

Hab. * Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast) ; GuateMALA, Lanquin in Vera Paz (Salvin),

Peten (Berendt) ; Honpuras (Cope).

This may be regarded as another of the numerous variations of EF. fulvius, in which

the black bands are very narrow and numerous, alternating with incomplete bands,

which generally are merely transverse series of black spots. I keep it distinct, as the

passage from this extreme form to the typical H. fulvtws is much less complete than

between the other variations.

4, Klaps ephippifer.

Elaps agleope, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1869, p. 162 (nec 1859).

Elaps ephippifer, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 281.

Hab. Mexico, Pacific side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

Not seen by me; possibly a colour-variation of EL. fulvius.

5. Hlaps multifasciatus.

? Elaps mipartitus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1220.

Elaps mipartitus, Gunth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1889, iv. p. 172.

Elaps semipartitus, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xlii. t. 2. fig. 1.

Elaps multifasciatus, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 521; Cope, Proc. Ac. N, Sc. Phil. 1871,

p- 209.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Mus. Brit.); Costa Rica (Van Patten); Panama (Mus.

Brit.) —Co.tomsta, Bogota ; VENEZUELA, Caracas.

The snakes referable to the names quoted above are extremely similar to one another

as far as coloration is concerned, but they differ in the shape of the body, or number of

ventral shields, in an extraordinary degree, although the extremes seem to be bridged

over by intermediate forms. It is unfortunate that Duméril and Bibron have omitted

to give the number of ventrals for their £. mipartitus.

ELAPS, 185

I find the following variations recorded by authors, or in the specimens at my

disposal :—

Specimen from Caracas (Jan). 278 ventrals.

» Bogota (Mus. Brit.). 277 »

» Costa Rica (Cope). 268 »

7 Panama (Mus. Brit.). 261 ”

> Chontales (Mus. Brit.). 239 ”

- Venezuela (Mus. Brit.). 239 »

” No locality (Mus. Brit.). 233 »

» Caracas (Mus. Brit.). 210 »

» Venezuela (Mus. Brit.). 204 ”

6. Elaps ruatanus, sp. n. (Tab. LVII. fig. B.)

Hab. Honpuras, Ruatan I. (G. F. Gaumer).

Habit rather stout for an Lilaps ; ventral scutes 184-204. Vertical shield narrow,

sometimes twice as long as broad. ‘Trunk with about forty-five complete black rings, as.

broad on the abdomen as on the back, and separated by white (reddish) interspaces

about as wide as the black rings. The black rings, however, are not always of the

same width ; in some individuals broader black rings (four scales wide) alternate with

narrower ones (two or three scales wide). The head is of the same bright colour as

the lighter interspaces on the trunk, with the exception of the upper part of the snout

and a narrow fringe of the anterior lower labials. The first black ring is posterior

to the occipitals, and complete. ‘Tail with four black rings and black tip.

Of this form I have eight specimens pefore me, agreeing with each other in the

general pattern of coloration, and showing only a slight variation of the number of

ventral scutes ; I count 184-186 in six, and 200-204 in two of the specimens. ‘There-

fore this appears to be a distinguishable local form.

7. Klaps lemniscatus,

Coluber lemniscatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. p. 34, t. 14. fig. 1.

laps lemniscatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 291; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1217.

laps marcgravii, Wied, Abbild. Naturg. Bras., Rept. t. 42; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1209.

Klaps marcgravii, var. laticollaris, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1869, p. 877.

Hab. Mexico, Puebla (Peters).—Troprican Soura Ammrica.

8. Elaps decoratus.

Hlaps decoratus, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. x. p. 525 (1858) ; Iconogr. Ophid. xlii. t. 6. fig. 4; Giinth,

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 85, t. 18. fig. A.

Hab. * Muxico (Jan).—Brazi (Mus. brit.).

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Rept., August 1895. #24

(186 OPHIDIA.

9. Klaps elegans.

Elaps elegans, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. x. p. 524 (1858) ; Iconogr. Ophid. xlii. t. 5. fig. 2.

Hab. Mexico, Huatuzco in Vera Cruz (Godman), Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith) ;

GUATEMALA, Vera Paz, low forest (Salvin).

Fam. HYDROPHIDA,

. PELAMIS.

Pelamis, sp., Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept. vil. p. 857 (1802).

1. Pelamis bicolor.

Hydrus bicolor, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 242.

Pelamis bicolor, Daud. Hist. Nat. Rept. vil. p. 366; Fischer, Abhandl. naturw. Ver. Hamburg,

1856, p. 61; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 847 ; ‘Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 148

(1875) ; Giinth. Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 400.

Hab. Wxst Coast or Mextco (Mus. Berol.); Costa Rica, Pacific coast (Champion,

Van Patten); Bay or Panama (Seemann, Dow, Salvin, Sallé).—Invo-Paciric

OcEAN.

This is the species of sea-snake mentioned by Seemann [Voyage ‘ Herald, "i. p. 265

(1848)]. It has been seen by M. Sallé and Mr. Salvin * in considerable numbers near

the Bay of Panama, and more recently by Mr. Champion off Punta Arenas, Costa Rica.

Fam. CROTALIDA.

ANCISTRODON.

Agkistrodon, Beauvois, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1799, p. 381.

Ancistradon, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. xi. p. 386 (1860).

Cenchris, Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept. v. p. 356 (1802).

1. Ancistrodon bilineatus. (lab. LVIII. figg. A & B, ad. et juv.)

Ancistrodon bilineatus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1863, xii. p. 864; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil.

1865, p. 191; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 89; Miiller, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel,

1878, p. 404; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 185.

“ Cantil” in Tehuantepec.

Hab. Muxtco, Tres Marias Is., Presidio (Forrer), Colima and Guadalajara (Xantus),

Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Yucatan (Mus. Brit.); Britiss Honpvuras, Belize

(Mus. Brit.); Guavemana, Pacific coast (Salvin); Nicaraeua (Cope).

* Of. Ginth. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 381.

ANCISTRODON.—BOTHROPS. 187

Ground-colour brownish-olive, brown or black. Young and light-coloured indi-

viduals have broad dark cross-bands, which are irregularly edged with white spots.

The white spots are retained after the bands have disappeared, and are more numerous.

on the lower part of the sides and abdomen than on the back. A white or yellow line

runs from the rostral along the canthus rostralis and the superciliary edge to behind

the angle of the mouth; a white or yellow band along the upper labials. Rostral

with a vertical yellow or white band, continued on the chin. |

Scales keeled, in twenty-three series. Ventrals 137; subcaudals 65, of which the

posterior are double. Upper labials eight.

BOTHROPS.

Bothrops, sp., Wagler, Syst. Amphib. p. 174 (1830).

Bothrops et Ophryacus, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 88.

Two subgenera :—

I. Scales of the superciliary margin erect. (Opuryacus.) . . . . - 1. B. undulatus.

II. A broad superciliary scute. (Borurors.). . . . . - + + + + + 2 Bi atrox.

1. Bothrops undulatus.

Atropus undulatus, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 157.

Ophryacus undulatus, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 88.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith), Orizaba (Mus. Brit.), Vera Cruz,

Actopam (Com. Geogr.), Oaxaca (Sallé).

With one exception, the specimens I have examined are young, and of a dark brown

coloration with the black dorsal markings mentioned by Jan. A row of whitish spots

runs along the lower part of the sides. ‘This is also the coloration of a young specimen

from Omilteme. However, an adult female from the same locality, 23 in. long, is of

a yellowish-green colour, the scales being densely punctulated with black, and only

outline traces of the black rhombic dorsal markings remaining. Lower parts yellowish,

the posterior abdominal and the caudal scutes punctulated with black.

2. Bothrops atrox.

Coluber atrox, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. i. p. 38, t. 22. fig. 2.

Bothrops atrox, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 174; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1507; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid.

xlvii. t. 2; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 151 (1875).

Trigonocephalus atrox, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 535, t. 19. figg. 5, 6.

Craspedocephalus atrox, Fitz. N. Class. Rept. p. 61; Gray, Cat. Viper. Sn’ p. 6.

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Sumichrast), Mirador and Tuxpan (Cope), Atoyac in Vera Cruz,

Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith), Tehuantepec (Swmichrast) ; British Honpuras,

Stann Creek (Rev. J. Robertson); Guatemaua, Pacific Coast and Vera Paz, low

*24 2

188 OPHIDIA.

forest (Salvin), Coban (Sarg) ; Nicaragua, Chontales (Rix), Matagalpa (Lothschuh),

San Juan (Xantus); Costa Rica (Gabb); Panama (Cope), Chiriqui (Champion).—

TRopPicaL SourH AMERICA.

LACHESIS.

Lachesis, Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept. v. p. 8349 (1802).

1. Lachesis mutus.

Crotalus mutus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 378.

Lachesis mutus, Daud. Hist. Nat. Rept. v. p. 351.

Lachesis stenophrys, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii. p. 152 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica, Sipurio (Gabd); Panama (Mus. Brit.).—Tropica, Sout AMERICA.

BOTHRIECHIS.

Bothriechis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1859 (March), p. 278.

Teleuraspis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1859 (Dec.), p. 338.

Thamnocenchris, Salvin, P. Z. 8S. 1860, p. 459.

Bothriopsis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1861, p. 359.

Bothriechis, Teleuraspis, Bothriopsis, et Porthidium, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1871, p. 206.

The Central-American species may be arranged in the following subgeneric groups :—

I. Hinder part of the body and tail compressed, prehensile: arboreal

species.

A. Upper surface of the head uniformly scaly.

1. A series of small, more or less erect scales between the superciliary

scute and the eye. (TELEURASPIS.) . . . . . .. LL

2. No small scales between the superciliary scute and the eye.

(BoTHRIECHIS.)

. schlegeli.

a. The second labial entering the fossa 2. B. nigroviridis.

3. B. lateralis.

b. The second labial not entering the fossa . - ee 4. B. bicolor.

B. Fore part of the head with scutes above. (THAMNOCENCHRIS.) . 5. B. aurifera.

II. Hind part of the body and tail non-prehensile : terrestrial species.

A. Upper surface of the head uniformly scaly.

1. Snout pointed . 2 2 1 1 ee ee ee ee ee eee 6 Be lansbergii.

2. Snout obtuse.

a. Superciliary scute broad. w/w ee eee ee ee Be godmani.

8. B. ophryomegas.

6. Superciliary scute narrow. . . woe ww ee YD B. nummifera.

B. Upper surface of the head partly covered with soutes. (BotHRiopsis.) B. quadriscutata.

10. B. scutigera.

BOTHRIECHIS. 189

1. Bothriechis schlegeli.

Trigonocephalus schlegelit, Berthold, Abhandl. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, il. p. 13, t. 1. figg. 5, 6

{1847).:

Teleuraspis schlegelii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 388; Journ. Ac. N. Se. Phil. viii.

pp. 149, 157, t. 27. fig. 2 (1875).

Bothrops schlegelit, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxvii. t. 6. fig. 2.

Lachesis nitida, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 414, t. 20. fig. C.

Bothrops (Teleuraspis) nigroadspersus, Steind. SB. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Ixii. p. 348, t. 8 (1870).

Hab. Guatemata (Godman); Nicaragua, Chontales Mines (Rix), Hacienda Rosa de

Jerico, alt. 3250 feet (Rothschuh); Costa Rica (Salvin); Panama, Chiriqui

(Champion), Veraguas and Panama (Cope).—Soutn America to Ecuador.

Specimens of this species vary considerably in the number of scales (19-25), the

development of keels and spinosity of the scales of the head, and in coloration. One

specimen from Chontales is an albino, being almost entirely of a lemon-yellow colour:

an anomaly which occurs also in the West-African Viperine Snake, Atheris chloroéchis.

2. Bothriechis nigroviridis.

Bothriechis nigroviridis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1859, p. 278; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil.

vii. p. 150 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica, Volcan de Barba (Hoffmann), Pico Blanco (Gabb), Rio Sucio and |

Volcan de Irazu (Rogers).

Feeds on frogs.

3. Bothriechis lateralis.

Bothrops bilineatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1859, p. 278 (nec Wied).

Bothriechis lateralis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1862, p. 674; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.

no. 32, p. 88.

Hab. Costa Rica (Hoffmann, Salvin).

4, Bothriechis bicolor.

Bothrops bicolor, Bocourt, Ann. Se. Nat. (5) x. p. 201 (1868).

Bothrops (Bothriechis) bernoullit, Mill. Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, vi. p. 399, t. 3. fig. A (head)

(1878).

Hab. Western GuateMa.a, forest of San Agustin, in the Department of Solola

(Bocourt), Cuesta de Atitlan (Miller).

5. Bothriechis aurifera.

Thamnocenchris aurifer, Salv. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 459, t. 32.

Bothriechis aurifer, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1871, p. 205.

Hab. Guatemata, Coban (Salvin).

190 OPHIDIA.

6. Bothriechis lansbergil.

Trigonocephalus lansbergii, Schleg. Mag. Zool. 1841, Rept. t. 1, c. fig. med. -

Bothrops lansbergii, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1868, xii. p. 350; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xxvn.

t. 4. fig. 1.

Porthidium lansbergii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1871, p. 207.

Teleuraspis castelnaui, var. brachystoma, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1859, p. 339.

Bothriechis brachystoma, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 295.

Bothriopsis brachystoma, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1871, p. 208; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool.

Fr. 1880, p. 185.

Bothrops nasutus, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) x. p. 202 (1868).

Porthidium nasutum, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1879, p. 271.

Bothriopsis proboscideus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. vii. p. 150, t. 27. fig. 8, t. 28. fig. 13

(1875).

** Chatilla”’ in Tehuantepec.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec * (Sumichrast), Yucatan (Mus. Brit.) ; GUATEMALA, Vera

Paz, low forest (Salvin), Panzos (Bocourt), Peten (Berendt); Nicaraeva, Hacienda

Rosa de Jerico, alt. 3250 feet (Rothschuh), Chontales (Mus. Brit.) ; Costa Rica,

Limon (Zeledon) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Champion).—CoLomBia ; VENEZUELA.

From an examination of the series of specimens before me, I have come to the

conclusion that the presence or absence of a suture in the nasal scute cannot be used

as a taxonomic character in this species.

7. Bothriechis godmani. (Tab. LVII. fig. A.)

Bothriechis godmanni, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1863, xii. p. 364, t. 6. fig. G (upperside of

head).

Bothriopsis godmanii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1871, p. 208; Miller, Verh. naturf. Ges.

Basel, vi. p. 402, t. 3. fig. B (head) (1878).

Bothrops brammianus, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) x. p. 201 (1868).

Bothriechis trianguligera +, Fischer, Osterprogramm d. Akad. Gymnas. Hamburg, 1883, p. 18.

Hab. Guatemata, Totonicapam (Salvin), Mazatenango (Bernoulli), 1 San Lucas, alt.

1558 metres (Bocourt), Volcan de Fuego (Godman & Salvin).

Scales in twenty-one series, strongly keeled, except those in the outer row, which are

smooth. Scales on the upper surface of the head faintly keeled and of unequal size,

three of them being as large as the largest scales of the trunk; superciliaries well

developed, without small scales along the orbital margin; canthus rostralis angular,

covered with small shields, the hindmost of which enters the orbit. Rostral shield

triangular, erect, not prominent or elevated ; nasals small, separated by a suture. Nine

* A specimen from Tehuantepec seems to come nearest to Cope’s description of his Bothriechis brachystoma.

+ I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. Kraepelin and Dr. Pfeffer, who have given me the opportunity of

examining the type of Fischer’s description.

BOTHRIECHIS. 191

upper labials; the second does not enter into, and the third is almost immediately

below, the facial pit; the fifth is the largest, below the eye, from which it is separated

by two series of very small scales; the posterior gradually decrease in size. Ten lower

labials. Ventrals 142; subcaudals 28, the tail being short, very thin, and not prehensile.

Upper parts uniform brown ; a black band runs from the eye to behind the angle of

the mouth ; labial shields yellow; a series of rounded, black, light-edged spots along

the side of the anterior part of the trunk. Lower parts yellowish, marbled with

blackish in the posterior half of the body; an irregular series of subquadrangular

black spots along each side of the anterior half of the belly.

The largest specimen, a female, measures 174 inches, the tail occupying 13.

8. Bothriechis ophryomegas.

Bothrops ophryomegas, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) x. p. 201 (1868).

Hab. Guatemaa, Escuintla (Bocourt).

Not seen by me.

9, Bothriechis nummifera.

Atropos mummifer, Riipp. Verz. Senckenberg. Mus., Rept. p. 21.

Teleuraspis nummifer, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 339 ; 1860, p. 349 ; Ginth. Ann. &

Mag. N. H. 1863, xi. p. 25, t. 3. fig. C (head).

Bothrops nummifer, Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xlvii. t. 5. fig. 2.

Bothriechis nummifera, var. notata, Fisch. in Wiegm. Arch. 1880, p. 222, t. 8. figg. 10-12.

Atropos mexicanus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1521, t. 83 bis.

Bothriechis mexicanus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 294.

Bothrops affinis, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) x. p. 201 (1868).

Bothriopsis affinis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1871, p. 209.

Hab. Mexico, common as far north as Tuxpan (Cope), Huatuzco in Vera Cruz

(Godman), Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith); Guaremata, Lower Vera Paz

(Godman & Salvin), San Agustin, alt. 610 metres (Bocourt), Coban (Sarg) ;

Nicaragua, Hacienda Rosa de Jerico (Rothschuh) ; Costa Rica (Cope).

This species has been split into two, on the strength of a few minute scales being

sometimes intercalated between the rostral and nasal. It was therefore of some

interest to clear up this matter by an examination of embryos taken from the oviduct

of the same mother. The mother possesses those supplementary scales, but her

offspring were found to vary in this respect.

10. Bothriechis scutigera.

Bothriechis scutigera, Fisch. in Wiegm. Arch. 1880, p. 218, t. 8. figg. 8, 9 (head).

Hab. Guatemata (Pischer).

192 OPHIDIA.

CROTALOPHORUS.

Crotalophorus (Linneus), Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, p. 205.

1. Crotalophorus miliarius.

Crotalus miliarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 372.

Caudisona rava, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 191.

Crotalophorus ravus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 382.

Crotalus miliarius, var. ravus, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. p. 120 (1884).

Hab. Mexico, Tableland of Southern Mexico (Cope), Puebla (Com. Geogr.).

CROTALUS.

Crotalus, sp., Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 372 (1766).

1. Crotalus triseriatus.

Uropsophus triseriatus, Wagl. Nat. Syst. Amphib. p. 176.

Crotalus triseriatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 179 (1885) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82,

p. 90.

Crotalus lugubris, A. Dugés, La Naturaleza, iv. p. 25 (1877) (nec Jan).

Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato (A. Dugés), Toluca, Zacualtipan, and Jalapa (Cope), Orizaba

(Mus. Brit.).

2. Crotalus polystictus.

Caudisona polysticta, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 191.

Crotalus polystictus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1884, p. 179; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 89;

A. Dugés, La Naturaleza, (2) 1. p. 184, t. 12. fig. 12 (head) (1888).

Crotalus lugubris, Jan, Prodrom. p. 31; Iconogr. Ophid. xlvi. t. 3. fig. 3.

Crotalus jimenezii, A. Dugés, La Naturaleza, iv. p. 23, t. 1. figg. 18-20 (1877).

Hab. Mexico, Colima and Guanajuato (A. Dugés), Valley of Mexico (Herrera).

Probably identical with the preceding.

3. Crotalus intermedius.

Crotalus intermedius, Fisch. Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 280, t. 14. figg. 1-4: (head) (1882).

Hab. Mexico (Sallé).

4, Crotalus omiltemanus, sp. n. (Tab. LVIII. fig. C.)

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

This species belongs to the group Uropsophus, and is distinguished from the other

allied forms by the small number of labial shields and large number of ventral

scutes.

CROTALUS. 193

Body rather more elongate than in the allied species, the ventrals being 178-185 in

number. Scales in twenty-one series, those of the back strongly keeled, the three

outer series smooth. Head triangular, depressed ; upper surface of the snout in

front of the supraciliaries covered with enlarged scutes, varying in size and number ;

crown of the head covered with small smooth scales. ‘Two nasal shields, the anterior

much larger than the posterior and encroaching upon the anterior and upper surface

of the snout. Rostral shield reverted above. Nine upper labials separated from the

eye by a single series of scales.

Dark greyish-black, with a dorsal series of larger, more or less rounded black spots,

and two or three lateral series of smaller ones; lower parts blackish ; an oblique black

band from the eye to the lower part of the neck; it is white-edged above and below,

the lower edge forming a wide band along the upper labial shields.

Of the two specimens the larger is 21 inches long; it possesses a strongly compressed

five-jointed rattle, which has a groove along each side.

5. Crotalus palmeri.

? Crotalus tigris, Kennicott, in Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. p. 14, t. 4; Baird, in Pac. R. R. Exped.

Report, x. t. 35. figg. 1 a-1g (see also Stejneger, N. Amer. Faun. no. 7, p. 214).

Crotalus tigris, var., or Crotalus palmeri, Garman, Bull. Essex Inst. xix, p. 124 (1888).

Hab. North America, ?California and Nevada (Death Valley Lxped.), * Deserts of

Gila and Colorado (Hennicott)—Muxico, Monclova in Coahuila (Garman).

6. Crotalus pallidus, sp.n. (Tab. LIX. fig. B.)

Hab. Mexico, City of Mexico (Doorman).

Scales strongly keeled, in twenty-five series, the two or three outer ones being

smooth; none of the scales are striated. As to the scutellation of the head, a small

pair of internasal scutes may be noticed as well as a larger scute occupying the canthus

rostralis between the internasal and the supraciliary; the space surrounded by these

scutes, as well as the rest of the head, is covered by small faintly keeled scales. Nasal

divided, the posterior portion being much smaller than the anterior. Upper labials

twelve or thirteen, separated from the eye by two series of scales only. Ventrals 149.

Upper parts pale brownish, with a dorsal series of about thirty-six rounded or sub-

rhombic small spots, which are but faintly visible; lower parts uniform whitish.

A single specimen, 153 inches long; it has a strongly compressed five-jointed rattle,

grooved along the middle of the side.

7. Crotalus salvini, sp.n. (Tab. LIX. fig. A.)

Crotalus molossus, Garman, Bull. Essex Inst. xix. p. 123 (nec Baird & Gir.) (1888).

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept., October 1895. *OF

€

194 OPHIDIA.

Hab. Mexico, Huamantla, alt. 8000 feet (Rymer Jones), Alvarez Mts., near San Luis

Potosi (Garman).

Habit stout ; 173 ventral scutes; scales very strongly keeled, with a groove on each

side of the high keel, in twenty-five rows, the scales of the four outer series being

smooth. The upper surface of the head is covered with small scutes symmetrically

arranged and passing posteriorly into scales; these scutes are concave in the middle,

and have the margins turned upwards in a peculiar manner; four of them, which are

small, take the place of the anterior frontals, the four succeeding that of the posterior

frontals ; the place of the vertical is occupied by two pairs of scutes with an unpaired.

median ; finally, the remaining scale-like scutes are distinctly so arranged as to indicate

the initial formation of a pair of occipitals. All the scutes and scales of the upper

part of the head are finely striated. Sides of the head deep, the upper labial shields

being separated from the orbit by four series of scales. Rostral as wide as deep.

Nostril large; the anterior nasal large and quadrangular, the posterior being a narrow

rim round the nostril. Thirteen small upper labials, smaller than the scales covering

the temple.

Greyish-olive, with thirty-two subquadrangular dark brown spots along the back,

two series of smaller spots along the side ; upper surface of the head black anteriorly,

an oblique deep brown spot from the eye towards the angle of the mouth. Tail

banded. Lower parts uniform whitish.

A single female specimen is 30 inches long, and had ten embryos in its oviduct ;

its rattle is strongly compressed, with a lateral groove, and consists of nine joints.

Beside other points of disagreement, a comparison of the figure of the head, given

by Baird and Girard in Pac. R. R. Report, x. t. 24. fig. 5, of Crotalus molossus, will

prove the distinctness of Salvin’s Rattlesnake from the latter species.

8. Crotalus horridus.

? Crotalus horridus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 372.

Crotalus horridus, Daud. Hist. Rept. v. p. 811, t. 69. fig. 1; Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 561, t. 20.

figg. 12-14; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. vii. p. 1472, t. 84 bis, fig. 2; Jan, Iconogr. Ophid. xlvi.

t. 3. fig. 1.

Crotalus durissus, Cope, Sumichrast et al.

“ Vibora de cascabel,’ Mexico.

Hab. Mexico, southern parts (Godman & Salvin), Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith),

Tehuantepec (Sumichrast) ; British Honpuras (Mus. Brit.).—Tropican AMERICA.

9. Crotalus basiliscus.

Caudisoma basilisca, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 166.

Crotalus basiliscus, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 89; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1884, p. 180;

A. Duges, La Naturaleza, (2) i. p. 183 (1588).

Crotalus rhombifer, A. Dugés, La Naturaleza, iv. p. 22 (nec Latr.) (1877).

CROTALUS. 195

Hab. Muxico, Presidio (Forrer), Colima (Xantus), Mezquital del Oro, Zacatecas (A. C.

Buller), City of Mexico (Doorman), San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Guadalajara,

Silao, Zamora (Dugés), Puebla (Com. Geogr.).

10. Crotalus adamanteus.

Crotalus adamanteus, Beauv. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. iv. p. 3868 (1824) ; Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Amer.

Rept. p. 3; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 90.

Crotalus atroz, Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Amer. Rept. pp. 5, 156; Garman, Bull. Essex Inst. xix.

1888, p. 118.

Crotalus adamanteus, var. atroz, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. p- 113 (1883).

Hab. Nort America, Southern United States—Mexico, City of Chihuahua (Wilkin-

son), San Pedro and Monclova (Garman).

BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.

ZOOLOGIA.

Class BATRACHIA.

Division BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Fam. RANIDA.

RANA.

Rana, sp., Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 354; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 7.

Ranula, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1859, p. 402.

Pohlia, Steind. Reise der Novara, Amphib. p. 15.

Trypheropsis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1868, p. 117.

Tongue deeply notched behind; vomerine teeth. Fingers free; toes webbed,

without adhesive disks; outer metatarsals with a distinctly developed web between

them. Omosternum and sternum with a bony style.

1. Rana montezume.

Rana montezume, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1855, p. 61; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv.,

Rept. p. 27, t. 36. figg. 1-6 ; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 14, t. 4. figg. 2,2 a,b; Cope,

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 19; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 35; Dugés, La Naturaleza, 2 ser.

i. p. 137 (1888).

Rana adirita, Troschel, in Miiller’s Reisen in den Verein. Staat. etc. iii., Wirbelth. p. 82 (1865).

Hab. Mexico, city of Mexico (Doorman), Guanajuato (Dugés), Lake of Texcoco

(Godman), ‘Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Tabasco (Berendt); Guatemana (Cope).

Form robust; snout rather short and wide, in front and ow the sides sloping towards

the labial margin, with very indistinct canthus rostralis; loreal region not concave.

Tympanum as large as the eye. Vomerine teeth in two short transverse straight

groups, on a level with the hind margin of the echoane. ‘Toes not enlarged at the tips,

broadly webbed, the web extending to the last phalanx of the fourth.toe. A short,

narrow, inner metatarsal tubercle. ‘The first finger very little longer than the second.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Batr., February 1900. *26

198 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Skin with tubercles, minute on the back and small on the sides; a narrow, more or less

indistinct, glandular fold on each side of the back. ‘The hind limb, without tarsus, as

long as, or rather shorter than, the body; fourth toe (from metatarsal joint) five-ninths

of the length of the body. Brownish, with rounded darker ocellated spots, and generally

with greyish or whitish dots. Lower parts and thighs punctulated with white; upper

parts of the legs with irregular dark cross-bars. Also the tympanum is dotted like the

skin round it. Sometimes uniform brown.

Male with a large external vocal sac between the angle of the mouth and the

humerus.

Length of body of adult female 110 millim., of adult male 70 millim.

The peculiar coloration of this species is so well described by Troschel that I cannot

doubt that his Rana adtrita is based upon a specimen of &. montezume. The only

divergence in his description is that the tympanum is said by him to be smaller than

the eye-opening.

2. Rana halecina.

Rana halecina (Kalm, Iter Amer. ii. p. 46*) ; Holbrook, N.-Amer. Herpet. i. p. 89, t. 13; Dum.

& Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 852; Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 141; Giinth.

Batr. Sal. p. 18; Cooper, U. 8. Explor. & Surv. xu. t. 29. fig. 1; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1860,

p- 460; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 10; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 41; Cope, Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 19; Dugés, La Naturaleza, 2 ser. i. p. 138 (1888).

Rana halecina austricola, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 517 (1886).

Rana pipiens, Gm. Syst. Nat. ui. p. 1052.

Rana lecontei, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1853, p. 301; Giimth. Batr. Sal. p. 15;

Brocchi, Bull. Soc, Philom. i. p. 179, and Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 14, t. 4. figg. 1, 1 a-c;

Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 42.

Rana utricularia, Harlan, Sillim. Journ. x. p. 59; Journ. Ac. N. Sc, Philad. v. p. 337; Bouleng.

Batr. Sal. p. 40.

Rana berlandieri, Baird, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. p. 27, t. 36. figg. 7-10.

Rana virescens (Kalm), Garman, Bull. Ess. Inst. xvi. p. 41; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 34,

p- 897 (1889); Werner, Jahresb. naturw. Ver. Magdeburg, 1894, p. 128.

Hab. Nort America, United States—Mexico, Monterey in Tamaulipas (Cope),

Presidio de Mazatlan (forrer), Guanajuato (Dugés), Amula (H. H. Smith),

Guadalajara, Talpa, and La Cumbre de los Arrastrados (8500 feet), in Jalisco

(Buller), Jalapa, Vera Cruz (0. 8S. & F. D.G.); Guaremata, Coban, Dueiias,

Lanquin (Salvin); Costa Rica, Bebedero (Underwood), San José and La Palma

Lagoon to alt. 1500 metres (Mus. Nacional de Costa Rica).

* According to Garman (Bull. Ess. Inst. xvi. p. 41), Kalm did not use the specific term “ halecina,” but

commences his specific diagnosis with the word ‘“wirescens.” I am not inclined to assist in substituting the

latter term for one so generally adopted hitherto.

RANA. 199

Head of moderate size, with the snout rather pointed. Tympanum nearly the size

of the eye. Vomerine teeth between and not touching the choane, in two short more

or less transverse series. The first finger extends beyond the second. Toes with the

web distinctly emarginate and not extending to the tips. Only one (the inner)

metatarsal tubercle, which is very small. Hind limb, without tarsus, as long as, fourth

toe (from metatarsal joint) three-fifths of the length of, the body. Back with a narrow

glandular fold on each side. Olive, or greenish or brownish above, with oval or

rounded blackish spots edged with lighter; legs with cross-bars.

Male with small internal vocal sacs which may be accompanied by a dilatation of the

outer skin.

Many specimens exhibit what is termed an external vocal sac: this is shown by an

ovate space of the skin of greater or less extent above the shoulder-joint being dilated,

thin, and rugose ; it admits of a greater distension of the vocal sac proper, which is

present in all male specimens. A number of adult male individuals show no such

modification of the outer skin, and for them the specific name “halecina” has been

retained, while the others have been distinguished as Rana utricularia. I cannot

discover any other constant distinctive character; and observing that male specimens

from the same locality and of nearly the same size may or may not have this modification

of the outer skin, I am disinclined to admit it as a specific distinction.

Brocchi (Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 12, t. 3. figg. 1, 1 ac) describes and figures a

Rana macroglossa from Guatemala. Until the typical specimen is re-examined and

redescribed, it is not possible to form an opinion as to this frog. The figure certainly

does not assist. According to the description this frog would be characterized by

having a tympanum of about half the extent of the eye, but in the figure it is represented

of the same size as in &. halecina. The two inner fingers, stated to be unequal in length,

are represented as equal in the special figure (1@). No vomerine teeth whatever are

shown in fig. 1c, and the tongue, “ légérement échancrée en avant,” is figured as pointed

in front, &c.

3. Rana forreri. (Tab. LX. fig. A.)

Rana forreri, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1883, xi. p. 343.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan and Ciudad in Durango (orrer).

Head of moderate size, with the snout rather pointed; canthus rostralis rather

obtuse, the loreal region slanting outwards and slightly concave. Vomerine teeth in

two short, scarcely oblique series, between the choane *. The first finger is very little

longer than the second when both are adpressed to each other. Toes with the web

* In the typical example they extend a little behind the choane ; but this is not always the case, as in two

of the specimens from Ciudad, which, however, are referred to R. halecina in the Natural History Museum.

*26 2

200 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

distinctly emarginate and not extending to the tips. Only one metatarsal tubercle,

which is narrow and rather short. Hind limb, without. tarsus, as long as, fourth toe

(from metatarsal joint) four-sevenths of the length of, the body. Interorbital space

narrow, not quite half the width of the upper eyelid. ‘Tympanum nearly as large as

the eye. Back with a narrow glandular fold on each side, and, like the sides, with

numerous tubercles and short glandular tracts. Greenish-olive, with numerous large

black spots, irregular in shape, and edged with light green. Legs with cross-bars.

Lower parts whitish.

The type from Presidio is an adult female, 70 millim. long; but three other examples,

collected by Forrer at Ciudad, clearly belong to the same species. Of these latter, two

are adult females, and one a half-grown male with the inner vocal sacs but little

developed. In a perfectly mature condition this specimen would have had external

vocal sacs, of which already traces are visible.

4, Rana omiltemana, sp. n. (Tab. LXI. fig. A.)

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero 8000 feet (4. H. Smith).

Head of moderate size, with the snout rather pointed. Tympanum as large as, and

close to, the eye. Vomerine teeth in two very oblique (sometimes almost longitudinal)

series, which extend backwards beyond the level of the hind margin of the choane.

First finger extending beyond the second. ‘Toes with the web distinctly emarginate

and not reaching the tips; only one (the inner) metatarsal tubercle, which is narrow

and short. Hind limb, without tarsus, as long as, fourth toe (from metatarsal joint)

two-thirds of the length of, the body. Back with a narrow glandular fold on each

side; upper eyelid not granulated. Greyish-brown, with rather small rounded or

subquadrangular dark spots on the back ; small black dots scattered between the spots,

a blackish line along the canthus rostralis. Hind limbs with cross-bars; preanal

region reddish. Lower parts whitish; throat sometimes mottled with black.

I have seen five adult males. ‘Their vocal sac is small, but there is generally an outer

vocal sac developed between the tympanum and shoulder-joint.

Distance between snout and vent . . . . . . . . 60 millim.

Diameter of tympanum . . 3

Length of hind limb to tibio- tarsal joint 2 oe ew ew . 60 =,

Distance from heel to end of foot . . . .. . S| ,,

9 of metatarsal joint from tip of fourth t toe. . . 387 ,,

f. omiltemana shows resemblances to several other species, e. g. Rana halecina,

fh. sylvatica, but perhaps to no other more than to R. clamata, from which it differs,

inter alia, by a relatively shorter second finger and by its smaller size.

RANA. 201

5. Rana bonaccana, sp.n. (Tab. LX. fig. B.)

Hab. Mexico, Island of Bonacca, off the coast of Yucatan (Gaumer).

Form rather robust ; head large ; snout moderately pointed, with very distinct canthus

rostralis, and high, concave loreal region. Nostril nearer to the end of the snout than

to the eye. Tympanum as large, or nearly as large, as the eye, and equal to the distance

of the eye from the nostril. Vomerine teeth in two oblique rows, placed between the

hinder part of the choane, not close together. First finger but little longer than

the second when both are adpressed to each other. ‘Toes broadly webbed, only the

last phalanx of the fourth being free. Only one narrow metatarsal tubercle. Fingers

and toes with rounded (not dilated or truncated) ends. Hind limb, without tarsus,

rather shorter than, fourth toe (from metatarsal joint) half as long as, the body. A

very narrow glandular fold on each side of the back; skin of the upper parts and sides

covered with minute asperities, of the lower parts smooth. Greyish, irregularly marbled

with brown and black, the spots on the legs being more or less transverse. Lower parts

whitish, densely and finely marbled with brown; throat blackish-brown; no black spot

in the temporal region, but one of oblong shape on the front part of the humerus; and

a black stripe below the canthus rostralis.

Several specimens agree in form and coloration; the measurements of an adult

female are :—

Distance between snout and vent . . . . . . . . 100 millim.

Diameter of tympanum. . . . . . . .. 0.0. OQ »

Length of hind limb to tibio-tarsal joint . . . . . . 89 ”

Distance from heel to end of foot . . . . . . . . OS ”

” of metatarsal joint from end of fourth toe . . 51 ,,

Neither &. clamitans nor R. draytonii has so angular a canthus rostralis or so broad

a forehead as this species.

6. Rana maculata.

Rana maculata, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 13, t. 3. figg. 2, 2 a-c.

Hab. Guatemaa, Totonicapam (Locourt).

Form robust; head of moderate size; snout short and moderately pointed; canthus

rostralis distinct. Tympanum two-thirds the size of the eye. Vomerine teeth in two

oblique groups between the hinder part of the choane. The two inner fingers nearly

of the same length. ‘Toes broadly webbed, the membrane extending to the penultimate

phalanx of the fourth toe. A small inner metatarsal tubercle. Skin smooth (dorsal

glandular folds apparently but little developed). Upper parts greenish-olive, with

rather small, rounded black spots; hind limbs banded. Temple with a black band

from the eye to behind the tympanum.

202 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Werner (Jahresb. naturw. Ver. Magdeburg, 1894, p. 128) places this frog among the

synonyms of R. halecina; but if it is correctly described (and description and figure

agree tolerably well), it must be a distinct species, apparently of the 2. sylvatica type.

7. Rana pustulosa, (Tab. LXI. fig. B.)

Rana pustulosa, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1883, xi. p. 343.

Hab. Mexico, Ventanas in Durango (Forrer).

Form of the body moderately robust ; head of moderate size, with broad and rounded

snout; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region high and concave. Tympanum half

the size of the eye. Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series extending to behind

the level from the hind margin of the choane. First finger extending beyond the

second. ‘Toes with very broad web, reaching the last phalanx of the fourth toe. ‘Tips

of the toes slightly swollen. An inner small metatarsal tubercle. Hind limb, without

tarsus, shorter than, fourth toe (from metatarsal joint) half as long as, the body. Back

with a narrow glandular fold; skin of the upper parts covered with small pustules.

Greyish-brown, with indistinct blackish spots; limbs indistinctly barred. Lower parts

dull yellow, throat marbled with blackish. An indistinct light line runs along the

upper lip and side of the abdomen.

The measurements of an adult female are: —

Distance between snout and vent . . . . . . . . 110 millim.

Diameter oftympanum. . . . . . . 6,

Length of hind limb to tibio-tarsal jomt . . . . . . 96 ,,

3 fourth toe from metatarsal jommt . . . . . 56 ,,

Some small frogs collected by Dr. A. C. Buller at the Hacienda Santa Gertrudis,

Jalisco, may possibly be the young of this species ; their snout is, however, more pointed ;

the skin shows only minute asperities; the web reaches only the penultimate joint.

A whitish line runs along the glandular fold, and another, broader and more distinct,

along the upper lip and side of the abdomen.

8. Rana palmipes.

Rana palmipes, Spix, N. Sp. Test., Ran. p. 29, t. 5. fig. 1; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1872,

p. 205 ; 1878, p. 622.

Ranula gollmeri, Peters, |. c. 1859, p. 402 (from a young, apparently not well-preserved specimen).

Rana affinis, Peters, 1. c. 1859, p. 403; 1871, p. 402.

Ranula affinis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 129; 1868, p. 117.

Pohlia palmipes, Steind. Reise der Novara, Amph. p. 15, t. 1. fig. 5 ; Giinth. Zool. Rec. iv. p. 147.

Rana vaillanti, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 11, t. 2. figg. 1, 1 a-c.

Rana palmipes, part., Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 48.

The synonymy as given above is that compiled by Peters, Cope, and Boulenger ;

but I am not satisfied that the different names and descriptions really refer to the same

RANA. 205

species. The difficulty is not likely to be solved soon—first, because the typical

specimens are evidently in an indifferent state of preservation, and, secondly, because

no collection contains sufficient material from the various localities of ‘Tropical

America to permit of a satisfactory examination. Central-American specimens differ

very considerably in the extent of the web between the toes, in the size of the

tympanum, and in coloration; as far as the material before me goes, I distinguish

among them at least two species, for one of which I retain the name of 2. palmipes,

but whether or not this is the species so-called by Spix, I am unable to say. In South-

American specimens similar differences occur and have been noticed by Cope, who

described a Lanula brevipalmata and R. nigrilatus as distinct species. They may

possibly be identical with Central-American examples, but without direct comparison

of specimens from the northern and southern countries it is impossible to arrive at a

definite conclusion.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé); Guaremata, Vera Paz (Salvin).—Northern parts of Tropical

South America.

Form of the body somewhat slender; head of moderate size, with the snout rather

long ; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region high and concave. Tympanum

two-thirds the size of the eye. Vomerine teeth in two short groups between

the hind margins of the choane. First finger slightly extending beyond the second.

Toes with small terminal disks and with the web reaching nearly to the last phalanx

of the fourth toe. A small inner metatarsal tubercle. Hind limb without tarsus

shorter than, fourth toe (from metatarsal joint) half as long as, the body. Back

with a narrow glandular fold; skin smooth. Brownish (in spirits), without or with

indistinct marblings ; legs barred; thighs finely mottled behind; lower parts whitish,

thighs sometimes spotted below. Upper lip with a whitish line.

Measurements of an adult (?) female :—

Distance between snout and vent . . . - . . + 58 millim.

Diameter of tympanum ........, 55,

Length of hind limb to tibio-tarsal joint . . . . . . 50 ,,

, fourth toe from metatarsal joint . . . . . 30 ,

9. Rana melanosoma, sp.n. (Tab. LXIII. fig. B.)

Rana palmipes, part., Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 48.

Hab. Guatemats, Duefias (Salvin)*; Nicaraaua, Hacienda Rosa de Jericho, 3250

feet (Rothschild).

Form of the body and size of the head moderate ; snout moderately long, rounded,

* Two specimens from Lanquin (Salvin) are not in a sufficiently good condition to allow me to give an

opinion as to their species.

204 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

and xather sloping in front; canthus rostralis obtusely angular; loreal region

moderately high and slightly concave. Tympanum half the size of the eye. Vomerine

teeth in two short, slightly oblique groups between the choane, and rather more

remote from the choane than from each other. First finger subequal in length to

second. ‘Toes with small terminal disks, and with the web reaching to the distal end

of the penultimate phalanx, or nearly so. A very small inner metatarsal tubercle.

Hind limb without tarsus longer than, fourth toe (from metatarsal joint) rather less

than half as long as, the body. Back with a narrow and low glandular fold on each

side; skin smooth. Upper parts very dark coloured (nearly black in spirits); legs

obscurely cross-barred. Lips, throat, and hind part of the thighs marbled black and

white ; female nearly uniform whitish below.

Male with vocal sacs, but without corresponding external enlargement of the

integument.

Measurements of an adult male :—

Distance between snout and vent . . . . . . . ~ 65 millim.

Longitudinal diameter ofeye . . . .» . . - - - 8 4,

” » tympanum . w. ee ee AO,

Length of hind limb to tibio-tarsal joint . . . . . « 72 4,

” fourth toe from metatarsal joint . . . . . 35 ,,

10. Rana godmani, sp.n. (Tab. LXUI. figg. A, A’.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Rio Sucio (Underwood).

Form of the head and body resembling that of Hylorana. Snout moderately long,

rather pointed, flat above, with distinct canthus rostralis, and with the sides rather high

and subvertical. Tympanum nearly the size of the eye (females). Vomerine teeth in

two oblique series between the choane. First finger longer than the second. ‘Toes with

the ends swollen, ends of the fingers less so. Web reaching to the proximal end of the

penultimate phalanx, which, however, shows a narrow fringe in its whole length. A

small inner metatarsal tubercle. Hind limb without tarsus shorter than the body,

fourth toe (from metatarsal joint) nearly one-half the length of the body. Body

smooth, with the exception of a rather broad and prominent glandular fold along each

side of the back. Back greenish, with numerous or few black specks and spots.

A black stripe runs from the end of the snout along the lower edge of the canthus

rostralis and of the glandular fold. An oblique black stripe descends from the upper

corner of the tympanum towards the shoulder-joint. Upper lip with a more or less

distinct whitish stripe. Hind limbs without cross-bands and with the concealed parts

unspotted. Lower parts whitish.

RANA. 205

Distance between snout and vent . .-. . 9 millim, 70 millim. 3 millim.

Longitudinal diameter ofeye . . . . . 6 a, 7 55 5 oy,

» - tympanum .. ., D4, 5 5,5 4 4,

Length ofentire hindlimb . . . . . . 126, 115, 86 SCs,

» hindlimb to heel . . 2. . . . 0 670g, 63 oy, 46 ,,

» fourth toe from metatarsal joint . 40 _,, 37s, 26s,

I have examined three specimens of this fine species, which seem to be females.

11. Rana ceruleopunctata.

Rana ceruleopunctata, Steind. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1864, p. 264, t. 15. fig. 1 (details

incorrect, see p. 265) ; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 50.

Ranula ceruleopunctata, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 130.

Ranula chrysoprasina, Cope, 1. c.; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 19 (1887).

Trypheropsis chrysoprasinus, Cope, |. c. 1868, p. 117; Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii. p. 114, t. 23.

fig. 12 (1876).

Hylarana chrysoprasina, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 65.

Rana chrysoprasina, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 49.

Hab. Nicaracua (Cope); Costa Rica, La Palma, alt. 1500 metres (Mus. Nacional de

Costa Rica).

Body slender; head moderate ; snout produced, pointed, overreaching the mouth,

with the canthus rostralis and anterior edge sharply angular. Loreal region high,

vertical, slightly concave. Tympanum about as large as the eye. Vomerine teeth

when developed in two oblique series between the hind margins of the choane. First

finger very little longer than the second. ‘Toes with small terminal disks, and with the

webs emarginate, leaving the last two phalanges of the fourth toe free. Two small

metatarsal tubercles, the outer very small, at the base of the fourth toe. Hind limb,

without tarsus, as long as the body; fourth toe (from metatarsal joint) half as long.

Back with a very thin and scarcely distinct lateral glandular fold ; skin smooth, on the

hinder part of the back indistinctly granulated. Upper parts dark olive, hind limbs

barred ; a bluish-white band from the tip of the snout along the upper lip to the

shoulder; a fine whitish line along the canthus rostralis and glandular fold; lower

parts whitish, with or without fine blackish marbling; a brown band along the front

of the upper arm. Hinder part of the thighs black, with a few large golden spots.

Male without vocal sacs.

Measurements of an adult male :—

Distance between snout and vent . ... .. . . 48 millim.

Length of hind limb to tibio-tarsal joint . . . . . . 48 a,

» fourth toe to metatarsaljomt . . . . . . 22 =~ 4,

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Batr., February 1900. *2O7

206 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

LAVIRANA.

Levirana, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1894, p. 197.

Differs from ana by the absence of vomerine teeth.

1. Levirana vibicaria.

Levirana vibicaria, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1894, p. 197.

Hab. Costa Rica, lvazu Range and Isla Nueva (G. . Cherrie).

Form robust; snout short, wide; hind limbs rather short, the heel reaching to the

front of the eye. Canthus rostralis strongly marked, angular near the nostril, sloping

towards the apex, which does not project beyond the border of the lip. Loreal region

slightly concave. ‘Tympanum rather more than half the width of the eye. Vomerine

teeth none; choane rather small. ‘Tongue deeply emarginate behind. Toes with

slightly enlarged terminal disks, supported by T-shaped phalanges. First finger a little

shorter than second. ‘Toes half-webbed. One flat, oval, metatarsal tubercle. Skin

smooth; a glandular fold on each side of the back. Olive-grey above, side of the head

and a band on each side of the back black. Two rows of small black spots on each

side of the vertebral column. Yellowish below ; concealed surface of femur reddish,

unspotted; upper surface of femur with a black stripe on the distal half. Lips

unspotted.

Length of head and body . . . . . . . ©) 665 millim.

» hindlimb. ........ =. =. +. «101 =~,

” hind foot . . . . 2... eee AD,

- tarsus (astragalo-calcaneum) . . . . . . 16.4,

Fam. HYLAPLESIIDE.

HYLAPLESIA.

Hylaplesia sp., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 294.

Dendrobates, Wag). Syst. Amphib. p. 202.

Hylaplesia, Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 124.

Synopsis of Central-American Species.

First finger not extending as far as second; the tarso-metatarsal joint not

reaching the end of the snout . 2 oe ew ew eee) OL dtnetoria, Schn.

First finger reaching slightly beyond the second ; tarso-metatarsal joint

reaching far beyond the end of the snout 2. trivittata, Spix.

First and second fingers of equal length; the tarso-metatarsal joint

reaching the end of the snout; size of tympanum about equal to

that of a disk . - oe ee ee

First finger longer than the second ; the tarso- tibial joint reaching nearly

to the end of the snout; a white band along the upper lip and the

lower part ofthe side . . 2. 2. 2. 2. 2 1 ew ew ee ee A talamance, Cope.

[e)

. typographa, Kef.

HYLAPLESIA. 207

1. Hylaplesia tinctoria.

Calamita tinctorius, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 175.

Hylaplesia tinctoria, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 294; Gtnth. Batr. Sal. p. 125; | Brocchi, Miss. Se. Mex.,

Batr. p. 89, t. 11. figg. 2, 2 ad.

Dendrobates tinctorius, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 202; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 252, t. 90.

fig. 1; Steind. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1864, p. 260, t. 18. fig. 1, t. 15. fig. 2; Bouleng.

Batr. Sal. p. 142; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 19.

Dendrobates histrionicus, Berthold, Gott. Nachr. 1845, p. 43; Gétt. Abhandl. p. 15, t. 1. fig. 8.

Phyllobates auratus, Girard, U. 8. Astron. Exped. ii. p. 209; Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. vii. p. 226

(1854).

Hylaplesia aurata, Cope, Proce. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 49.

Dendrobates lugubris, Schmidt, Denkschr. Wien. Ak. 1858, p. 250; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 145.

Phyllobates chocoensis, Posada Arango, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1872, t. 27.

Dendrobates tinctorius, subsp. vittatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxxi. p-. 340 (1894).

Hab. Nicaragua (Bransford) ; Costa Rica, La Palma, Talamanca, Buenos Ayres

(Mus. Nacional de Costa Rica), Las Delicias, Santa Clara (Biolley) ; PANAMA

(Pfeiffer), Veraguas (Warczewicz), Taboga I. (U. 8. Astron. Exped.), Isthmus of

Darien (Mus. Brit.).

Extremely variable in coloration: uniform black; greyish above and black below ;

black with white or grey spots ; greyish with black spots; black with white transverse

or longitudinal bands and spots.

2. Hylaplesia trivittata.

Hyla trivittata, Spix, Spec. Nov. p. 35, t. 9. fig. 1.

Hyla nigerrima, Spix, |. c. p. 36, t. 9. fig. 2.

Dendrobates nigerrimus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 202; Steind. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 186 4,

p. 257, t. 13. fig. 2.

Dendrobates trivittatus, Wag). |. c.; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 213; Bouleng. Batr.

Sal. p. 144.

Hylaplesia picta, Tschudi, Batr. p. 71.

Dendrobates obscurus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 655.

Dendrobates trivittatus, var. maculatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1873, pp. 617, 618.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Peters).—Tropica, AMERICA.

Sometimes uniform black, generally with white bands and spots variously disposed.

3. Hylaplesia typographa. © i Cachet ta

Dendrobates typographus, Keferst. Gott. Nachr. 1867, p. 360 ; Wiegm. Arch. 1868, p. 298, t. 9.

fig. 7; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 102 (1875).

Dendrobates ignitus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1874, p. 68.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales Mines (Air) ; Costa Rica (Mus. Nacional de Costa Rica).

*97 2

208 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

4. Hylaplesia talamance.

Dendrobates talamance, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii. p. 102, t. 23. fig. 6 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica (Mus. Nacional de Costa Rica), Cold Harbour, on the East Coast

(Gabh).

Norz.—I hesitate to introduce into this Fauna a frog which Cope described as Phyllobates truncatus (Proc.

Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 372) and later on as Hylaplesia truncata (ibid. 1863, p. 42), He was uncertain

as to its origin, and although he gives ‘ Panama” as locality in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 19, he does

not add an authority for this statement. However, I reproduce here what is known of this frog ; it is omitted

in Boulenger’s Catalogue :—

Skin smooth, above and below. Tongue small, linear, entire. First and second fingers equal in length ;

disks one-fourth the size of the tympanum; anterior limbs more than half the length of posterior. Front

and canthus rostralis convex; snout concave, truncate, elevated. Tympanum less than half the size of the

eye. A transverse bony ridge on the occiput. Coloration a dark ferruginous maroon above and below. A

pale curved line on each side, beneath this another which unites with its fellow on the anterior part of the

abdomen. From this point of junction a medial band takes its rise and bifurcates behind. A pair of parallel

lines on the throat, which unite anteriorly, following the curve of the mandible. Limbs sparsely and irregularly

faintly spotted.

“A certain serrulation of the alveolar ridge of the maxillary bone greatly resembles dentition.”

Fam. BRACHYCEPHALIDA.

ATELOPUS.

Atelopus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. Gén. vil. p. 660; Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. 1894, p. 214; Bouleng.

Ann. Mag. N. H. 1894, xiv. p. 374.

Phryniscus sp., Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viil. p. 722 (nec Wiegm.).

Phrynidium, Martens, Nomencl. Rept. Mus. Berol. p. 40 (1856).

Hylemorphus, Schmidt, Denksch. Wien. Ak. 1858, p. 259.

Phiriz, Schmidt, 1. c. p. 256.

1. Atelopus varius. (Tab. LXII. figg. A, B, C.)

Atelopus varius, Stannius, Handb. Zoot., Amphib. 1856, p. 16 (nom. nud.); Keferst. Wiegm. Arch.

1868, p. 292, t. 8. figg. 33,34; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii. p. 102 (1875) ; Brocchi,

Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 96, t. 1]. figg. 1, 1 a-d.

Phrynidium varium, Martens, Nomencl. Mus. Zool. Berol. p. 40.

Phryniscus varius, Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 45; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 152.

Atelopus varius, var. maculatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1873, p. 618.

Hylemorphus dumerilii, Schmidt, Denksch. Wien. Ak. 1858, p. 255, t. 3. figg. 23, 24.

Phryniscus dumerilii, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 98.

Hab. Guatemata (Godman); Costa Rica, Bebedero, Escazu (Underwood), Izaru (Rogers),

San Marcos, Tivas (alt. 1000 met.), Santa Clara (alt. 400 met.) (Mus. Nacional de

Costa Rica); Panama, Veraguas, Chiriqui (Mus. Berol.).

ATELOPUS.—ENGYSTOMA. 209

Coloration very variable. The ground-colour is black, the ornamental colours pink,

yellow, and green. ‘The latter are distributed in various patterns, in the form of

spots, or longitudinal or transverse bands, irregularly and more rarely symmetrically.

The upper or lower parts may be black, almost uniform, or pink with scarcely a trace

of black. In some of the most aberrant colour-variations the ground-colour is greyish,

and the yellow bands are edged with black ; in others the colours assume a reticulated

pattern ; and, finally, specimens occur of a brownish-olive, mottled and dotted with

darker, the abdomen in these being yellow, with some irregular black linear figures.

Extremely common and widely distributed in Costa Rica.

Fam. ENGYSTOMATIDA.

ENGYSTOMA.

Engystoma, Fitz. N. Class. Rept. p. 65 ; Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 51; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 160.

‘Tongue elliptic, free and entire behind; a transverse ridge of the mucosa between

the choane. Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum hidden; ostia pharyngea narrow.

Fingers and toes free, without disks. Outer metatarsals united. Precoracoids and

omosternum absent; sternum cartilaginous. Skin smooth.

1. Engystoma ustum.

Engystoma rugosum, Giiuth. Batr. Sal. p. 52 (nec Dum. et Bibr.).

Engystoma carolinense, part., Ginth. Batr. Sal. p. 51; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 93.

Engystoma ustum, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 131; 1871, p. 216; Brocchi, Miss. Sc.

Mex., Batr. p. 94, t. 10. fig. 1; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 161.

Systoma ustum, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 194 (1867).

Engystoma mexicanum, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1869, p. 881.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan (Forrer), Agua Delgada, Guadalajara (Buller),

Guanajuato (Dugés), Cordova (Sallé), Vera Cruz and Tehuantepec (Sumichrast),

Coatzocoalcos (Streets).

Metatarsus with two tubercles.

2. Engystoma pictiventre.

Engystoma pictiventre, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 272.

Hab. Nicaraaua (Bransford).

One small metatarsal tubercle. Snout twice as long as the eye, and projecting well

beyond the mouth. No fold across the occiput ; skin smooth. First finger shorter than

210 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

second ; first toe very short, second * considerably longer than fifth; fourth elongate.

Olivaceous-brown above. <A black band with a very narrow pale upper border extends

from the end of the snout to the lower part of the groin. Noinguinalspot. Black below,

with white spots, those on the abdomen very large, the others smaller. (After Cope.)

Length of body. . . . 2... ee ee ee 225 milli.

” hind Jeg (measured from groin) . . . . . 29 ”

- hind foot . . ...... .. =.=. =&J4 »

> astragalar portion of hind foot . . . . . 45 ,,

3. Engystoma elegans. (Tab. LXII. fig. D.)

Engystoma carolinense, part., Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 51.

Engystoma elegans, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 162.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Saidé).

Snout rather pointed, projecting beyond the mouth, with rather obtuse canthus

rostralis and sloping sides. First finger shorter than second; a single small meta-

tarsal tubercle; third and fifth toes equal in length. ‘The length of the body equals

that of the hind limb to the root of the fourth toe. Skin smooth; a fold across the

occiput. Light brown, back almost entirely covered with a large subtriangular patch,

pointed towards the head, and with the base behind; sides of the head and neck dark

brown. Lower parts marbled with brown, the brown colour forming a network; groin

with a dark brown spot; thigh, calf, and tarsus with a single cross-band each, edged

with darker. |

Distance of vent from snout . ... . . . . . . . «82 millim.

Total length of hind limb (measured from vent) . . . 48 ,,

Length of foot with tarsus... 2... we . Q1,

GLOSSOSTOMA, gen. nov.

Resembling Engystoma. Tongue very large, elliptic, free and entire behind; no

transverse ridge of the mucosa between the choane. Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum

hidden below the skin ; ostia pharyngea narrow. Fingers and toes without disks, the

latter webbed. Outer metatarsals united. Sternal apparatus as in Engystoma. Skin

quite smooth everywhere, a cross-fold behind the superciliaries.

1. Glossostoma aterrimum, sp.n. (Tab. LXIV. fig. A.)

Hab. Costa Rica (Underwood).

Resembling an Engystoma in general habit. Snout depressed, rather pointed, of

* Cope may have intended to write “third.”

GLOSSOSTOMA.—HYPOPACHUS. 211

moderate length ; the entire hind leg not much longer than the body; eye not very

small, its diameter equal to its distance from the nostril. First finger shorter than

second, third considerably longer than fourth. Toes one-third webbed, without sub-

articular tubercles; a single very small and flat metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold.

Skin very smooth and thick. Uniform deep black; minute scattered granules with

bluish points on each side of the vent.

Length of the body . 2. 2... we... 55 millim.

” hind limb (from vent) . . . . . 2... 6 ,,

Distance between vent and heel. . . . . . . . . 85 »

HYPOPACHUS.

Hypopachus, Keferstein, Gétt. Nachr. 1867, p. 852; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 159.

Differing from Engystoma by the presence of very small precoracoids.

1. Hypopachus variolosus.

Engystoma variolosum, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1866, p. 131; Proc. Am, Phil. Soc. 1869,

p. 166.

Systoma variolosum, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. vi. p. 194 (1867).

Hypopachus variolusus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii. p. L101 (1875) ; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Batr. p. 92, t. 10. fig. 2; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 159; Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 32,

p- 18 (1887).

Hypopachus seebachii, Keferst. Gott. Nachr. 1867, p. 352; Wiegm. Arch. 1868, p. 293, t. 9.

fige. 1, 2.

Hypopachus oxyrrhinus, Bouleng. Aun. & Mag. N. H. 1883, xi. p. 844; Zool. Record, 1889, p. 21.

Hypopachus cuneus, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 34, p. 388 (1889).

Hab. NortH America, Texas, Duval Co. (Yaylor).—Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan

(Forrer), Guadalajara (Dugés); Costa Rica (Seebach, coll. Salvin-Godman),

Bebedero (Underwood), San José (Biolley).

Two very large metatarsal tubercles, oval and compressed. Abdomen brownish, with

rounded whitish spots.

2. Hypopachus inguinalis.

Hypopachus inguinalis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1869, p. 166; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr.

p- 91, t. 10. figg. 3, 4; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 160.

Hypopachus variolosus, subsp., Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 18.

Hab. Guatemata, Coban (Salvin).—EKcuapor (fraser).

Two prominent blunt metatarsal tubercles. Abdomen whitish, marbled with black.

212 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Fam, CYSTIGNATHIDA.

LEPTODACTYLUS.

Leptodactylus, Fitz. Class. Rept. p. 38.

Cystignathus, Wagl. Syst. Rept. p. 202.

Tarsopterus, Reinh. & Liitk. Vid. Meddel. 1861, p. 177.

Gnathophysa, Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1865, p. 112.

Entomoglossus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1870, p. 647.

Fingers and toes free, without disks. Vomerine teeth present. ‘Tongue entire or

slightly notched behind. Tympanum distinct. Outer metatarsals united. Sternum

with a bony style.

1. Leptodactylus pentadactylus, Laur.

For the synonymy, see Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 197; and Bouleng. Baty. Sal. p. 241.

Hab. Easrern Costa Rica (Cope: Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 18), Las Delicias,

Santa Clara (alt. 400 met.).—Tropicat SourH AMERICA.

Vomerine teeth in two arched series behind the choane. Snout rounded, with the

canthus rostralis rather obtuse. Tympanum two-thirds or more the size of the eye.

Toes not fringed. Two small metatarsal tubercles, the outer one being often absent in

young specimens. Skin smooth, generally with large glandular patches on the sides;

a glandular fold on each side of the back; abdominal disk more or less indistinct.

Coloration subject to great variation: generally greenish-brown above, with transverse

rows of black spots; lips without white stripe. Hind limbs cross-banded; thigh

marbled with blackish and yellow behind. Male with a strong conical spine on the

inner side of the first digit, and with another bi- or tricuspid one on each side of

the breast.

Common and widely distributed as this species is in Tropical South America, it does

not seem to extend northwards beyond Costa Rica, where it is perhaps scarce or local.

I have seen only one very young specimen (body 36 millim. long) from that country ;

it is peculiarly coloured, very like an example of the same size from Ecuador in the

Natural History Museum. The lower parts, sides of the body, and limbs are deep

black ; lower parts of the body and limbs with small round milky-white spots. Upper

parts of the body purplish-grey ; interorbital space and anterior part of the back each

with one, the snout with two, black cross-bands. ‘Two black longitudinal bands start

from the eye, the upper one running along the side of the back to the middle of the

pelvis, the second obliquely descending above the tympanum towards the abdomen ;

canthus rostralis with a black stripe; three black triangular spots on the upper lip.

Upper parts of the limbs not banded.

LEPTODACTYLUS. 213

2. Leptodactylus albilabris.

Cystignathus albilabris, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1859, iv. p. 217.

Cystignathus labialis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xvii. p. 90; xviii. p. 269.

Leptodactylus caliginosus, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p- 87, t. 5. fig. 1 (nec Girard).

Leptodactylus labialis, Brocchi, ibid. p. 20.

Leptodactylus albilabris, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 245, t. 16. fig. 4.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova and Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).—AntiLLEs, St. Thomas, Sta.

Cruz.

Vomerine teeth in two transverse series behind the choane. Snout rather pointed

and projecting beyond the mouth, with the canthus rather obtuse. Tympanum more

than one-half the size of the eye. Toes not fringed; thighs short. Two metatarsal

tubercles; a tarsal fold. Skin smooth or with a few small tubercles, a glandular fold

on each side of the back; a ventral disk formed by transverse folds. Brownish or

blackish, with darker markings; a blackish stripe along the canthus, and a white one

along the upper lip. Limbs cross-banded; hinder side of the thigh with a series of

white spots.

5. Leptodactylus fragilis.

Cystignathus fragilis, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. i. p. 182 (1877).

Cystignathus gracilis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1869, p. 162; xviii. 1879, p. 269; Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 17 (1887) (nec Dum. & Bibr.).

Leptodactylus fragilis, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 19, t. 5. fig. 2; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 241.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec and Vera Cruz (Sumichrast).

Vomerine teeth in two transverse (arched?) series behind the choane. Tympanum

nearly as large as the eye. ‘Two metatarsal tubercles. Toes not fringed. Sides with

a glandular fold and with tubercles. Brownish above, with black spots.

4, Leptodactylus microtis.

Cystignathus microtis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soe. xviii. p. 265 (1879).

Leptodactylus microtis, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 244; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 17 (1887).

Hab. Mexico, ? Guanajuato (Dugés).

Vomerine teeth in two short transverse series behind the choane; snout not elongate,

without canthus. Eye not large, and tympanum only two-fifths of its diameter. Limbs

stout, especially the femur; toes not fringed. Skin without glandular folds on the

sides. Dark brown, with a blackish, pale-edged triangle between the eyes, the apex

pointing backwards. No light stripe on the upper lip. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . 1 1 ew we ee ee) 028 milli.

» hindleg . . 2. 2. we we ee ee ee 88 Os,

7” hind foot, . . 2. 2. 1 1 we ee eee RO,

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Batr., April 1900. #28

214 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

5. Leptodactylus perlevis.

Cystignathus perlevis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 269 (1879).

Hab, Mexico, Western Tehuantepec, Tapana (Sumichrast}.

Vomerine teeth in two short transverse series, well separated from each other, and

extending but little beyond the inner border of the choane. Snout projecting a little

beyond the mouth, with distinct canthus. Tympanum more than one-half of orbit.

Toes not fringed. Skin particularly smooth and shining. Greyish, sides speckled

with whitish; an interorbital dark spot; upper lip marbled. Posterior face of femur

dark, with white specks. Hind limbs obscurely cross-banded above. (After Cope.)

Length of body . ... .. .. . +. +. + . + 88 millim.

» hindlimb. . . . . . ee ee ee Bg,

” hind foot . . . 1... ee eee RB

6. Leptodactylus caliginosus.

Leptodactylus caliginosus, Girard, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1853, p. 422; Bouleng. Batr. Sal.

p. 247; and Zool. Record for 1887, Rept. p. 31.

Cystignathus melanonotus, Hallowell, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 480; Cope, Proc, Am. Phil.

Soc. xviii. p. 269 (1879).

Cystignathus echinatus, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. i. p. 181] (1877).

Leptodactylus validus, Garman, Bull. Essex Inst. xix. p. 14 (1887).

Leptodactylus echinatus, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 18, t. 5. fig. 4.

Leptodactylus melanonotus, Brocchi, ibid. p. 20; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 18 (1887).

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan, Misantla, Tehuantepec; Nicaragua; Costa Rica.—Sovutu

America, Colombia, Ecuador, Demerara, Brazil, Paraguay ; ANTILLEs.

Vomerine teeth in two slightly arched or straight series behind the choane. Snout

rounded, moderately long. Tympanum two-thirds the size of the eye. Toes fringed ;

two metatarsal tubercles. Skin smooth, with a few small flat tubercles, without

longitudinal folds. Brownish, with indistinct darker markings; a large angular spot

on the occiput. Hinder side of the thigh marbled with darker. Male with two

spinous tubercles on the inner side of the first finger.

An examination of specimens from various localities reveals an extraordinary amount

of variation in the comparative length of the hind limbs, in the extent of the transverse

series of vomerine teeth, and in the coloration of the abdomen—variations which

generally in this and allied genera are used for specific distinction. ‘The extremes

of these variations are, however, connected by intermediate forms; and therefore

I agree with Boulenger, who, at any rate at present, leaves them under the same

specific name.

BORBOROCTES.—SYRRHAPHUS.

BORBOROCCETES.

Borboroceies, Bell, Voy. ‘ Beagle,’ Rept. p. 30.

Borborocetes, sp., Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 252.

Fingers and toes free, without disks. Vomerine teeth present. ‘Tongue entire or

slightly notched behind. Tympanum distinct. Outer metatarsals united. Sternum

without bony style.

1. Borborocetes mexicanus.

Borborocetes mexicanus, Bouleng. P. Z. S. 1898, p. 481, t. 39. fig. 2.

Hab, Mexico, Hacienda el Florencio, Zacatecas (Buller).

Habit raniform. Snout rounded, a little longer than the eye, with obtuse canthus.

Tympanum two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Vomerine teeth in two rounded groups

behind the choane. First finger longer than second ; subarticular tubercles prominent ;

two metatarsal tubercles, of which the inner is unusually large and compressed. Skin

smooth above and below. Greyish above, with darker markings; a dark cross-bar

between the eyes; a dark lumbar spot; a dark streak on each side of the head and

body not extending to the groin; lips and limbs cross-banded. White below.

Length of body . . . . . . . . ee) 86 millim.

” hindlimb . ....... . . . . 68 ,,

Distance between snout andvent . ...... . 86,4,

SYRRHAPHUS.

Syrrhophus *, Cope, Am. Nat. 1878, p. 253.

Syrrhopus, Bouleng. P. Z.S. 1888, p. 206.

Hypodictyon, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 383.

Malachylodes, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1879, p. 264.

Phyllobates, part., Cope; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 194.

Toes free; disks, if developed, generally small. Outer metatarsals united. Vomerine

teeth absent. Tongue entire or very little emarginate behind. Pupil horizontal;

tympanum distinct. Sternum without bony style.

1. Syrrhaphus verruculatus.

Phyllobates verruculatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1870, p. 650.

Syrrhopus verruculatus, Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 206.

Hab. Mexico, Huanusco.

Abdomen granular; upper parts with small warts. Snout with rounded canthus and

* The etymology of this name is somewhat obscure ; it is probably derived from suppagevs (one who joins

together), suggested by the united outer metatarsals ; the name, therefore, should be Syrrhuphus,

*28 2

216 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

vertical loreal region. Tympanum two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Disks of

fingers moderate. of toes small; first finger shorter than second; two metatarsal

tubercles. Yellowish-brown above, with black spots; loreal and temporal regions

blackish-brown. Brownish-yellow below, marbled with black. (After Peters.)

Length of body . . . . . . ee ee ee 20 millim.

” hindlimb. . ....... =... . 81 ,,

hindfoot. . . ...... ... . «14 ~=,,

2. Syrrhaphus omiltemanus, sp. n.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero 8000 feet (H. H. Smith).

Similar in general habit to Hylodes rhodopis. Abdomen coarsely granular, upper

parts with minute tubercles. Snout of moderate width, acuminate in front, with

angular canthus and subvertical loreal region. ‘Tympanum three-fourths the size of

the eye. Disks of fingers and toes exceedingly small; first and second fingers subequal

in length. Fingers with large swollen subarticular tubercles, those of the toes not

continued on the metatarsals; one metatarsal tubercle. Upper parts brownish; a

blackish band runs along the canthus rostralis and, behind the eye, above the tympanum

towards the side of the body, where it widens and disappears. A small black spot on

each side of the back, behind the shoulder. Hind limbs with short, narrow cross-bands

which do not encroach upon the unspotted concealed surfaces of the limbs. Whitish

below.

Length of body . . . . . . . . ee O21 millim.

> hindlimb . . . ... ee. 8B Fg,

Distance between vent and heel. . . . . . .. . 8,4,

8. Syrrhaphus ridens.

Phyllobates ridens, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 131; Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii.

p- 155 (1875).

Hypodictyon ridens, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 383.

Hab. Nicaraeua, Rio San Juan (Cope); Panama (Cope).

Abdomen closely areolate. Snout projecting beyond the mouth; canthus rostralis

distinct. Tympanum one-eighth the size of the eye. Fingers and toes long, with

well-marked disks. Heel reaching the end of the snout, when brought forwards.

Greyish-brick-red, with grey bars on the lips, hind limbs, and on the interorbital space.

A black spot on the tympanum. Lower parts pale brownish. (After Cope.)

4, Syrrhaphus verrucipes.

Syrrhophus verrucipes, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. viii. p. 883 (1885).

Hab. Mexico, Zacualtipan in Hidalgo (Cope).

SYRRHAPHUS. 217

Skin smooth everywhere, except on the sides, which are tubercular-areolate. Head

moderately wide, with vertical loreal region and obtuse canthus rostralis. ‘Tympanum

more than two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Toes with small disks, those of the

fingers a little larger ; two small metatarsal tubercles; subtubercular tubercles large.

Grey above, with numerous black spots; limbs with black cross-bars, which continue

on the external digit of each foot. Upper surface of femur with close white spots on

a dark ground; posterior surface dark, with a few small white spots. White below.

(After Cope.)

Length of body. . . . . . ww we «26 millim.

» hindlimb . . .... .. 89 =",

- hindfoot . . . . 2... 8,

” tarsus . 2... wwe eee eee C8

5. Syrrhaphus leprus.

Syrrhophus leprus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 268 (1879).

Hab. Mexico, Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

Skin smooth everywhere. Head wide, snout broadly acuminate, with angular canthus

and vertical sides. ‘lympanum one-third the size of the eye. Digital dilatations small.

Brown, dotted with moderately large grey spots; lower parts pale pinkish-brown.

(After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . . 2... ee 24 millim.

” hindlimb . . . . . . . 85,

- hind foot . . ....... +... 10

Found in woods. ‘The dorsal spots are yellow in life.

6. Syrrhaphus guttulatus.

Malachylodes guttulatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 264 (1879).

Syrrhopus guttulatus, Bouleng. P. Z. 8S. 1888, p. 206.

Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato (Dugeés).

Skin smooth, except some small tubercles on the eyelids and a trace of areolation on

the posterior part of the sides and abdomen. Head flat and rather wide, with obtuse

canthus rostralis. Digital dilatations small. Brown, with numerous small, faint, pale

spots; limbs with rufous bands. Uniform yellowish below. (After-Cope.)

Length of body . . . . 2. . 1. ew eee O22 millim.

» hindlimb . . 2. . ww. ee ee 80

» hindfoot . ....... +... ~. «14

218 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

7. Syrrhaphus cystignathoides.

Phyllobates cystignathoides, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xvii. p. 89 (1877).

Syrrhophus cystignathoides, Cope, ibid. xviii. p. 268 (1879).

Hab. Mexico, Potrero near Cordova, Vera Cruz.

Skin entirely smooth. Snout rather narrow, not projecting beyond the mouth, |

without canthus. (Disks of fingers and toes moderate.) Tympanum half the diameter

of the orbit. Heel reaching to the middle of the eye when brought forwards; two

metatarsal tubercles. Brownish; back with large blackish spots, sides marbled with

lighter and darker; limbs obscurely cross-banded, (After Cope.)

Length of body . ....... . . . . . 22:5 millim.

- hindlimb. . ........ . +. 88 »

» hind foot . . . . . . . ee BS,

” tarsus 2. ww we ee 5°5

8. Syrrhaphus hyleformis.

Phyllobates hyleformis, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vili. p. 107, t. 23. fig. 8 (1875).

Syrrhopus hyleformis, Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 206.

Hab. Costa Rica, Pico Blanco, 7000 feet.

Smooth above and below. Head rather broad, with the snout depressed ; canthus

rostralis obtuse. Tympanum one-sixth the size of the eye. Fingers and toes with

rather large disks *. Rich brown, with a red vertebral stripe. Femora light brown |

in front and behind. Lower parts rosy or orange.

Length of body (g) . . . 1 we ee ee ee ee) «27 millim.

» hindlimb. ......... 2... 87 ~~,

» hindfoot . . ........ ... 18),

PALUDICOLA.

Paludicola, Wagl. Syst. Amphib. p. 206.

Leiuperus, Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 420.

Paludicola sp., Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 229.

Fingers and toes free, without dilatations. Vomerine teeth none. Tongue entire

or indistinctly notched behind. Tympanum distinct or (generally) hidden. Outer

metatarsals united. Sternum with a bony style.

1. Paludicola nitida.

Leiuperus nitidus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1869, p. 878.

* Very small in the figure.

PALUDICOLA.—TOMODACTYLUS., 219

Hab. Mexico *.

General habit slender. Snout as long as the eye, with rounded canthus. Tympanum

very indistinct, about one-third the size of the eye. Skin smooth, only a few minute

granules on the back. First finger a little shorter than second; subarticular tubercles

prominent, extending over the metatarsals. Greenish, marbled with darker; a dark

triangular spot between the eyes; loin with an oval black spot marbled with green ;

limbs with brown bands. Lower parts brownish, with obscure lighter spots. (After

Peters.)

Length of body . . . 2. . 1. ee ee ee) 20 millim.

” forelimb ............ «4 ~=,,

» hindlimb . ....... eee 260g,

” foot . . . . ee ee eee ee ew LR,

2. Paludicola (?) mexicana.

Leiuperus mexicanus, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. i. p. 184 (1877); Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 21,

t. 5. figg. 3, 3 a—c.

Paludicola (?) mexicana, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 237.

Hab. Mexico.

Habit stout, head large and broad. Snout truncated, with angular canthus.

Tympanum distinct, half the size of the eye. ‘Toes with a rudimentary web at the

base; two metatarsal tubercles. Brownish, with some dark marbling on the upper

parts; white beneath, throat speckled with grey. (After Brocchi.)

TOMODACTYLUS, gen. nov.

Fingers and toes free, with small truncate dilatations. Vomerine teeth none.

Tongue entire or indistinctly notched behind. Tympanum distinct. Outer metatarsals

united. A lumbar gland. Sternum with a bony style.

These frogs differ by the presence of digital disks from the species described under

Paludicola, Letuperus, and other generic names: a character which, in my opinion,

should carry generic distinction.

1. Tomodactylus amula, sp.n. (Tab. LXIV. fig. C.)

Hab. Mexico, Amula in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

General habit rather slender. Snout moderate, with sharp canthus and subvertical

sides; diameter of the eye a little less than its distance from the end of the snout.

* Boulenger (Batr. Sal. p. 237) gives ‘‘ Puebla” as the locality where this frog was collected, misunder-

standing the title of Peters’s paper. Peters merely gives “Puebla” as the address of Hr. Berkenbusch, the

donor of the collection, expressing his regret that “any notice of the special localities of the species sent is

wanting.”

220 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Tympanum vertically oval, about one-sixth of the size of the orbit. Upper parts with

scattered small tubercles; abdomen granular; a large lumbar gland. Vomerine teeth

none. Fore limb slender, hind limbs short. Fingers and toes quite free, with small,

but distinct, truncated disks. Subarticular tubercles very prominent, those of the toes

continued along the metatarsals; two metatarsal tubercles. First and second fingers

subequal in length. Brownish; snout in front of a line intersecting the interorbital

space whitish. Lumbar gland partly brown, partly black, with two or three white

spots. Thighs broadly marbled with brown and whitish. White below.

Length of body . . . . . . . . 1 e288 millim.

” forelimb ......... ... 1 4,

» hindlimb . . . . . ee. BL,

Distance between vent and heel - . . . . . . .). «(7

One adult (?) and two young specimens.

LIOHYLA.

Leiyla, Keferst. Gott. Nachr. 1868, p. 330.

Hylodes sp., Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 198.

Inthodytes sp., Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no, 32, p. 16 (1887).

Liohyla, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxxi. 1894, p. 385.

Toes with a very narrow web and with small thin disks. Outer metatarsals united.

‘Vomerine teeth; tongue free and emarginate behind. Pupil horizontal ; tympanum

distinct. Sternum without bony style.

I retain this genus only because it is convenient to lessen the great number of species

described as Hylodes.

1. Liohyla guentheri. (Tab. LXVI. figg. A, A‘)

Leiyla guentherii, Keferst. Gott. Nachr. 1868, p- 880; or Wiegm. Arch. 1868, p. 296, t. 9.

figg. 4, 5.

Lithodytes guentherii, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 16 (part.).

Hylodes palmatus, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 201 (part.).

Hab. Costa Rica (Underwood, Seebach), Rio Ceibo, Buenos Aires (Pittier).

Rather slender in general form. Snout broad, somewhat projecting beyond the

mouth, with more or less obtuse canthus and sloping, concave sides; eye scarcely equal

to its distance from the nostril. Tympanum round, with the vertical diameter but little

longer than the longitudinal, half the area of the orbit (in females). Vomerine teeth

in two prominent transverse series, well separated from each other, behind, but within,

the level of the choane. Upper parts of the body and of the limbs smooth, sometimes

with several flat tubercles; sides slightly tubercular; a glandular fold above the

tympanum ; abdomen smooth, without folds or disk. Length of the body less than the

LIOHYLA. 221

distance between vent and heel. Disks of the fingers large, truncated, much larger

than those of the toes; first finger rather longer than second; fingers free; toes one-

fourth or nearly one-third webbed. Metatarsals without pads; a single metatarsal

tubercle ; a tarsal fold. Brown above, the upper part of the snout of a lighter colour ;

sides of the body, anterior portion of the hind limbs and the posterior portion of the

calves marbled with black and yellow; hinder part of the thighs with small yellow

rounded spots. Abdomen white, uniform or with scattered small brownish-black spots.

Ad. fem. Her fem.

Length ofbody . . . . . . . .) . «79 millim. 40 millim.

Distance between vent and heel. . . . 88 ,, 43g,

Length of tarsus. . . 2. . . . . . 21, 12.—C,,.

” foot . . ...... . 48 ,, 22 5,

I hesitate to identify this frog with Z. ragulosa, as the form of its snout and the

extent of the web are differently described and represented by Keferstein. Hylodes

raniformis from Colombia (Bouleng, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1896, xvii. p. 19) is much

more nearly allied to, and perhaps identical with, it. The extent of the web between

the toes is about the same in both H. guentheri and H. raniformis.

The specimen from the Rio Ceibo agrees singularly well with the figure given by

Keferstein, only the tuberosities on the back are much smaller and indistinct; it is

quite intermediate between Keferstein’s example and the types.of H. raniformis.

2. Liohyla rugulosa.

Liyla rugulosa, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1869, p. 160; xxxi. p. 335 (1894).

Hylodes rugosus, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 54.

Hylodes palmatus, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 201 (part.).

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith), Hacienda Santa Gertrudis, Jalisco

(Buller), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast); ?GuateMata, Duefias (Salvin); Nicaragua,

Hacienda Rosa de Jericho 3250 feet (Rothschuh).

Habit not slender. Snout rather obtuse, with the canthus rostralis-not very sharp,

and with sloping sides. Eye equal to its distance from the nostril.. Tympanum round,

two-fifths or three-fifths the size of the eye in females. Upper parts, and still more

the sides, with small tubercles or short folds of the skin:. an adult female has the sides

of the abdomen extensively granular. Length of the body (distance of vent from snout)

equal to the distance between vent and heel. Disks of fingers and toes small. The

two inner fingers equal in length. Toes barely one-fourth webbed. Two metatarsal

tubercles, of which the outer is very small and may be entirely absent; a tarsal fold.

Brownish-olive or dark brown, marbled with darker colour, generally a lighter

interorbital cross-band ; hinder part of the thighs spotted with white. Lower parts

white, throat often marbled with brown.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Batr., June 1900. *29

222 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Immature specimens may have a narrow median yellow line from the snout to the

vent, or a broader whitish band.

Ad. fem. Male.

(Tehuantepec.)

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . 45 millim. 33 millim.

” ” heel . . . . . 45 ~~, 33 (Cs,

Length of tarsus and foot. . . . . . 31 ,, 23s,

8. Liohyla bocourti.

? Hylodes bocourti, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 50, t. 16. figg. 2, 2 a-c.

Hab. ?Guatemata, Coban (Brocchi) ; Costa Rica, Rio Sucio (Rogers).

Habit not slender. Head broad. Snout obtuse, with the canthus rostralis somewhat

indistinct, and with the sides sloping. Eye equal to its distance from the nostril.

Tympanum round, small, about one-fourth of the size of the eye. Vomerine teeth in

two prominent linear groups, close together, behind the level of the choane. Tongue

slightly emarginate behind. Skin smooth. Length of the body nearly equal to the

distance of the vent from the heel. Disks of fingers and toes large. The two inner

fingers subequal. Toes barely one-fourth webbed. One metatarsal tubercle; a

tarsal fold(?). Reddish-olive, with a lighter interorbital cross-band. A few brown

vertical bands on the upper jaw; a brown band below the canthus rostralis, another

from behind the eye over the tympanum, and another on the shoulder. Hind limbs

with a few faint cross-bands; hinder side of the thighs not spotted. Lower parts

whitish.

Distance between vent and snout... . . . . . . 51 millim.

» 9 heel. . . . . ee OB,

Length of tarsus and foot. . . . . . . . . . . 88) ,,

Of this species I have only one, rather desiccated, specimen before me; and the type,

to judge from the figure, does not appear to have been in a much better state of

preservation. However, that figure leaves much to be desired in several respects; I

strongly suspect it to be unreliable. The separate figure (2 ¢) of the snout is narrower

and more pointed than is shown in the figure of the entire animal. The tongue,

described as without posterior notch, is figured as possessing one, and the vomerine

teeth are represented as more widely apart than I have seen in any of these frogs.

4, Liohyla fleischmanni. (Tab. LXIV. figg. B, ¢ 2.)

Hylodes fleischmanni, Boettger, Kat. Batr. Samml. Senckenb. Mus. 1892, p. 27.

Hab. Costa Rica, La Palma, San José, Iscazu (Pitter de Fahéga, Underwood, Mus.

Brit.).

Head rather slender. Snout not obtuse, with the canthus rostralis not very sharp,

LIOHYLA. 223

and with sloping sides. Eye equal to its distance from the nostril. Tympanum round :

in males two-thirds of, or equal to, the size of the eye; in females smaller, sometimes

equal to only one-third of the eye. Upper parts and sides to a greater or lesser degree

tubercular, sometimes nearly smooth. Length of the body less than the distance

between vent and heel. Disks of fingers and toes moderately developed. The two

inner fingers equal in length. Toes barely one-fourth webbed. One metatarsal

tubercle; a tarsal fold. Bluish-black above, with very indistinct markings ; or dark

greenish with black marbling, the snout in front of an interorbital line being of a

lighter colour. Cross-bands on the thighs, and spots on their hinder sides, rather

indistinct. Whitish below; throat generally marbled with brownish. Groin and

lower part of the thighs generally rose-coloured, particularly in the slate-coloured

individuals. Young and old sometimes with a median white dorsal line.

Ad. dé. Ad. 2. Ad. 2.

Distance between vent and snout . 45 millim. 73 wmillim. 65 millim.

9 % heel . . 49 ,, 81, 73g,

Length of tarsus and foot . . . . 84 = ,, 59_—C,, 52 sy

Diameter of tympanum. . ... 4 4, Ao, 4 ,,

This frog cannot be referred to, or confounded with, Liohyla guentheri, having

a much narrower web between the hind toes, besides other distinctive characters.

According to Keferstein, the web of the species described by him leaves free one

phalanx of the first and second toes, two on the third and fifth, three on the fourth.

In L. fleischmanni the number of free phalanges is one more on each of the toes.

It seems to be the most common species at La Palma and in the neighbourhood of

San José.

I am indebted to Professor Boettger for direct comparison of some of our specimens

with the types in the Senckenberg Museum.

5. Liohyla pittieri, sp.n. (Tab. LXV. figg. B, B’.)

Hab. Costa Rica (Underwood), Boruca (Pittier de Fahéga).

Closely allied and very similar to L. fleischmanni. Wabit rather robust, the length

of the body being a little less than the distance between vent and heel. Snout not

projecting beyond the mouth, of moderate length, with obtuse canthus rostralis and

sloping sides. ‘Tympanum round, three-fourths the size of the eye in the male, and

about one-half in the female. Vomerine teeth as in LZ. fleischmanni. Male with some

short tubercular folds and small tubercles on the side of the back, female nearly

smooth. Abdomen smooth, without folds. Disks of the fingers small, of the toes

moderately developed. irst finger longer than the second. ‘Toes barely one-fourth

webbed. One metatarsal tubercle ; a tarsal fold. The hinder side of the thighs black,

with well-defined small round lemon-yellow spots; throat brownish, minutely speckled

*29 2

224 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

with yellow; abdomen whitish. Male brownish, faintly marbled with darker colour,

sides marbled with yellowish; a narrow yellow vertebral line and a light interorbital

cross-band, Female nearly uniform brownish-black above ; sides marbled with

yellowish.

Q. 3.

Length of the body . . . . . . . . 60 millim, 51 millim,

Distance between vent and heel. . . . €2 ,, 52 SC,

Length of hind limb (from vent) . . . 104 _,, 87 soy,

I have long hesitated before I ventured to distinguish this frog under a distinct

name; however, the receipt of a second specimen agreeing in every essential distinctive

character with the first, removed every doubt about the species being distinct from

L. fleischmanni. The male has the testicles well developed, yet lacks vocal sacs.

These organs are present in much smaller specimens of L. fleischmanni.

6. Liohyla engytympanum, sp.n. (Tab. LXV. fig. A.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Monte Redondo (Underwood, in Mus. Brit.).

In general habit and form of the head similar to LZ. rugulosa. Snout rather obtuse,

with the canthus rostralis distinct, and with sloping sides; eye scarcely equal to its

distance from the nostril. Zympanum an irregular oval, deeper than long, barely half

the area of the orbit (in adult female). Vomerine teeth in two short prominent

transverse series, slightly separated from each other, behind but within the level of the

choane ; choanz rather wider than the eustachian openings. Upper and lateral parts

of the body, supra-orbital region, and upper parts of the hind limbs with tubercles

and granules ; a glandular fold above the tympanum ; abdomen smooth, with indistinct

granules on the sides; transverse and longitudinal folds indicate the presence of an

abdominal disk. Length of the body a little less than the distance between vent and

heel. Disks of fingers and toes subequal, rounded, moderately developed ; first finger

rather longer than the second; a rudimentary web between the three inner fingers.

Metatarsals without pads, except at the base of the inner toe; outer metatarsal tubercle

scarcely visible; a tarsal fold. Toes one-fourth webbed. Greyish, with a yellow

vertebral and gular line; an indistinct dark interorbital cross-band. Upper lip and

flanks with blackish spots. Upper parts of the limbs obscurely banded ; hind part of

the femur rather finely and conspicuously marbled with black and white. Lower parts

white.

One adult female.

Length of the body. . . . . 2... . «659 millim.

Distance between vent and heel. . . .... =. . 62

Length of foot 2. 2. 1. 2. ew ee we ee ee AF

39;

LIOHYLA. 225

7. Liohyla ranoides.

Lithodytes ranoides, Cope, Proc, Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. p. 275 (1886).

Liohyla ranoides, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxxi. p. 335 (1893).

Hab. Nicaraaua (Cope); Costa Rica, Buenos Aires, Terraba (Cope).

Habit not slender. Head relatively rather long. Snout acuminate, somewhat

projecting, with the canthus rostralis distinct, and with the sides subvertical. Eye

equal to its distance from the nostril. Tympanum oval, its vertical much longer

than its horizontal diameter, scarcely one-third the size of the eye. Skin nearly

smooth, but a pair of feeble folds form an obscure pattern on the scapular regions.

The length of the body seems to be nearly equal to the distance between vent and

heel. Disks of fingers and toes truncate. Toes nearly one-third webbed, Two

small metatarsal tubercles, of which the outer is obsolete. Coloration variable, greyish

to dark brown, with or without a white median dorsal line or band, and sometimes

with a light interorbital cross-band. Upper parts more or less distinctly marbled

with darker colour; lower parts whitish. Limbs dark cross-banded ; the cross-bands

of the tibia extend on the skin that covers the flexors of the foot so as to be seen

from below. (After Cope.)

' This species was originally described from four Nicaraguan specimens, of which the

largest measured 26 millim. Although Cope, at a later period, recognized the same

species in some Costa Rican frogs, I am unable to find it among the numerous examples

sent by Pittier and Underwood. Its chief characters seem to be the acuminate snout,

short hind limbs, webbed toes, and the peculiar small, oval tympanum, which Cope

ascribes to all his specimens, and which therefore cannot be regarded as an individual

or accidental modification. In this respect L. ranoides resembles L. engytympanum ;

but the latter has a shorter obtuse snout and longer hind limbs.

8. Liohyla berkenbuschi.

Hylodes berkenbuschii, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1869, p. 879.

Hab. Muxico (Peters).

Snout acuminate, with distinct canthus rostralis. ‘Tympanum large (sex unknown),

its diameter two-thirds of that of the eye; choane narrower than the eustachian tubes,

Vomerine teeth on two small approximate transverse prominences behind the choane.

Sides of the body with some oblong glandular pads and with a strong fold from the

shoulder to the thigh. Abdominal disk smooth, a cross-fold on the chest. First finger

a little shorter than the second. The basal phalanges of the toes are united by a

web extending as narrow fringes to the disks. Disks of fingers and toes well developed ;

one metatarsal tubercle; a tarsal fold. Upper parts brownish, with darker spots, of

which one, triangular in shape, between the eyes, is preceded by the lighter-coloured

snout; upper lip and limbs cross-banded ; sides with black spots, marbled with yellow;

226 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

hinder side of the thighs with small black and light spots. Lower parts brownish,

marbled with darker. (After Peters.)

Length of body . . . . 2. 1. we ee «648 millim.

” hindlimb ........... . 70 ~=45

9 SOCK ee ee ee ee. BR yy

HYLODES.

Hylodes, Fitz. Syst. Rept. p. 838; Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 619; Giinth. Batr. Sal.

p- 91; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 96 (1866).

Batrachyla, Bell, Voy. Beagle, Rept. p. 48.

Craugastor, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1862, p. 153.

Strabomantis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 405.

Lithodytes sp., Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 96 (1866) ; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32,

p. 16 (1887).

Epirhexis, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. vi. p. 96 (1866).

Limnophys, Espada, Jorn. Ac. Se. Lisb. iii. p. 60 (1870).

Hylodes sp., Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 198.

Toes free; disks, if developed, generally small. Outer metatarsals united.

Vomerine teeth; tongue entire or very little emarginate behind. Pupil horizontal ;

tympanum generally distinct. Sternum without bony style.

The species of this genus are very imperfectly known, and, owing to their great

number and great variability, they are most difficult of specific differentiation as well

as of recognition from the descriptions extant. The following scheme may in some

measure facilitate the determination of Central-American specimens :—

I. Abdomen granular.

A. Crown of the head flat.

1. Disks of the fingers and toes very small.

a. Metatarsal tubercles small.

1. sallei; 2. plicatus; 3. polyptychus ; 4. underwoodi.

b. Inner metatarsal tubercle large.

. calcitrans.

2. Disks of the fingers or toes developed.

a. Tympanum distinct.

6. platyrhynchus.

6, Tympanum very small, indistinct.

7. cerasinus.

B. Edges of the fronto-parietals crest-like.

8. biporcatus.

HYLODES.

RG)

“I

II. Abdomen smooth.

A. Crown of the head flat.

1. Disks of the fingers and toes very small.

a. Head of moderate size.

9. euryglossus ; 10. rhodopis ; 11. rugosus ; 12. venustus ; 18. florulentus ; 14. augusti.

6. Head very large.

15. laticeps.

2. Disks of the fingers or toes developed.

16. melanostictus; 17. brocchii; 18. nubilus; 19. alfredi; 20. bransfordi; 21. diastema;

22. lanciformis.

B. Crown of the head with raised osseous ridges.

23. petriculus ; 24. megacephalus ; 25. gulosus.

1. Hylodes sallei.

Hylodes sallai, Giinth. P. Z.S. 1868, p. 487, t. 38. fig. 3.

Hylodes rhodopis, part., Bouleng. Batr. Sal. i. p. 203.

? Hylodes habenatus, Dugés, La Naturaleza, (2) ii. p. 479 (1897).

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa, Vera Cruz (Sallé); GuatemaLa, Vera Paz (Salvin).

Posterior half of the abdomen granular. No fold across chest. Habit moderate.

Head not wider than the trunk; snout somewhat acuminate, with distinct canthus

rostralis and with the sides subvertical. Tympanum about half the area of the eye

(in both sexes). Vomerine teeth in two short groups, well separated from each other,

behind the level of the choane. Skin of the upper parts smooth, either entirely

or with several exceedingly fine linear folds—one from the eye above the tympanum

to the shoulder, another oblique from the eye towards the centre of the back, and one

or two on each side of the hinder half of the back. Disks of the fingers and toes

very small; first finger a little longer than the second. Two small metatarsal

tubercles ; series of subarticular tubercles continued on the metatarsals; no tarsal

fold. The length of the body is almost equal to the distance between vent and

heel. Greyish-olive; hind limbs obscurely cross-banded; an indistinct dark band

between the eyes. A black band runs from the nostril through the eye above and

round the tympanum; vent black; generally one single small black spot or a pair in

the centre of the back ; lower parts white.

A small species.

Type. Q. Q.

Length of body . . . . . . . 28 millim. 30 millim. 36 millim.

Distance between vent and heel . . 27 ,, 29 ~—=C*«;, 37s,

This species has been identified by Cope (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 160)

with his Lithodytes rhodopis, and in this he has been followed by Boulenger, Fischer,

228 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

and others. No doubt the two forms are very closely allied, but in H. sallwi the

greater part of the abdomen is granular, while in all the notes by Cope this part

of the skin is represented as smooth. ‘There is, of course, the possibility that in

consequence of the imperfect preservation the granulation has disappeared or become

indistinct in Cope’s specimens, asI myself have noticed in some examples, particularly

in the one obtained by Salvin in Vera Paz; however, closer examination under a lens

reveals the areolated condition of the skin.

If these specimens be referred to the smooth-bellied LZ. rhodopis, the structure of

the skin of the abdomen, used by Cope for the generic discrimination of Lithodytes

and Hylodes, and by Boulenger for division of the species into groups, would cease to

be a help even for specific distinction.

2. Hylodes plicatus, sp.n. (Tab. LXVI. fig. B.)

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Mus. Brit.).

A very distinct fold across the chest, separating the smooth throat from the granular

abdomen. Habit rather slender; snout somewhat acuminate, with sharp canthus

rostralis and subvertical sides. Tympanum as large as the eye (in a male). Vomerine

teeth in two small groups, well separated from each other, behind, but within the level

of, the choane. Skin of the upper parts smooth, with the exception of two pairs of

exceedingly fine, curved, dorsal folds; another fold above the tympanum. Disks

of the fingers and toes very small; first finger a little longer than the second.

Two small metatarsal tubercles; series of subarticular tubercles continued on the

metatarsus; no tarsal fold. The length of the body is almost equal to the distance

between vent and heel. Light brownish-olive above, with a dark interorbital band ;

hind limbs cross-barred. A black band runs from the nostril through the eye to

above and round the tympanum; vent black. Lower parts white.

Length of body . . . . . 1 . 1 eee ee 6 19°5 millim.

Distance between vent and heel . . . . . . . . 205 ,,

3. Hylodes polyptychus. (Tab. LXVI. fig. C.)

Hylodes polyptychus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. p. 276 (1886).

Hylodes steinegerianus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1894, p. 338.

Hab. Nicaracua, Hacienda Rosa de Jericho, ait. 3250 feet (Rothschuh) ; Costa Rica,

La Palma (Underwood).

Habit moderate, the length of the body being nearly equal to the distance between

vent and heel. Snout rather short, with distinct canthus rostralis and subvertical sides.

Tympanum nearly the size of the eye in males, but smaller in females. Vomerine

teeth in two short oblique series, well separated from each other, starting from the

HYLODES. 229

inner posterior angle of the choane. Back with prominent, linear, tubercular

longitudinal folds or series of tubercles (sometimes as many as eight of these folds

may be counted); skin between the folds, on the sides of the body, on the super-

ciliaries, and on the non-concealed portions of the limbs, tubercular; abdomen

granulated. Disks of the fingers absent, of the toes small. First and second fingers

subequal in length; two metatarsal tubercles; a tarsal fold; subarticular tubercles

continued on the metatarsals. Back between the two most prominent folds darker

than the sides, on which the light colour forms an oblique band. Upper lip and

limbs cross-barred: often a light line along the hinder side of the thigh. Lower

parts whitish, with or without brown marbling.

@ (Nicaragua). ¢ (Costa Rica). 9 (Costa Rica).

Length of body . . . . . . . 26 millim. 24 millim. 31 millim.

Distance between vent and heel . . 23 ,, 23 —C,, 3l ss,

In specimens from Costa Rica the disks of the toes are rather more developed than

in Nicaraguan individuals; but from a direct comparison of specimens from these

localities, I come to the conclusion that the characters on which Cope has based

H. steinegerianus do not hold good for specific distinction.

4. Hylodes underwoodi. (Tab. LXVI. fig. D.)

Hylodes underwoodi, Bouleng. Aun. & Mag. N. H. 1896, xviii. p. 340.

Hab. Costa Rica, La Palma, alt. 1600 metres (Underwood).

Habit moderate ; snout moderately obtuse, with obtuse canthus and _ slightly

sloping, concave sides. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups behind the choana,

well separated from each other. Tympanum not quite the size of the eye, in adult

females conspicuously smaller. Fingers and toes slender. with prominent subarticular

tubercles which are continued on the metatarsals. Disks very small, quite incon-

spicuous on the fingers. First and second fingers equal in length. ‘lwo metatarsal

tubercles. The distance between vent and heel equals the length of the body.

Upper parts rough with small tubercles; a pair of )(-like folds on the anterior half

of the back, widely distant from each other; other similar folds on the posterior

half are less distinct or constant; abdomen granular *. Upper parts brownish-black,

with a bluish-white chevron across the anterior third of the back; or lighter-coloured,

with darker markings, such as a dark triangular spot between the eyes, a lumbar spot,

and cross-bars on the lips and limbs. MHinder side of the limbs nearly uniform

brownish, with some minute marbling.

Length of body . . . . . . . 2. ee ee) «680 millim.

Distance between vent and heel. . . . . . . . +. 80

* Mr. Boulenger describes it as smooth, but the granulation is distinct enough, and may be seen even in

soft, badly preserved examples. .

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Batr., August 1900. *30

230 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

5. Hylodes calcitrans, sp.n. (Tab. LXVII. fig. B.)

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero (H. H. Smith), Jalisco (Richardson).

Body rather stout, its length exceeding the distance between vent and heel; snout

rather broad, but pointed in front, with sloping sides and distinct, curved canthus.

Tympanum two-thirds the size of the eye. Vomerine teeth in two short oblique

groups behind, and within the level of, the choane. Upper parts smooth, abdomen

granular. Tips of the fingers and toes scarcely dilated. First and second fingers

subequal. Subarticular tubercles well developed, but not continued on the metatarsals.

Two metatarsal tubercles, of which the inner is unusually large, projecting, nearly as

large as the tympanum. Toes short. No tarsal fold. Coloration variable. Upper

part of the snout light-coloured, separated by a dark interorbital band from the colour

of the back, which is generally brownish-grey marbled with a darker tint. A blackish

band along the canthus rostralis sometimes extends over the whole side of the head,

and may be continued on the side of the body. Limbs with narrow cross-bars, which

sometimes encroach upon the concealed hinder surface of the hind limb. The darker

spots on the back are sometimes confluent, and form a pair of longitudinal bands.

Lower parts whitish, throat brownish.

Length of body . . . . . ee ee eee ee 86 millim.

» hind limb from vent . . . . . » «+. 58 ,,

Distance between vent and heel. . . . . . . + + 38D ,,

Length of tarsus. 2. 2 2 6 ee ee ee ee el DG

a foot . 1. ee we ew ee eee el ee 6d,

Numerous examples show all the unusual development of the inner metatarsal

tubercle, but in specimens from Jalisco the granulation of the abdomen is less

conspicuous, possibly owing to their imperfect state of preservation.

6. Hylodes platyrhynchus, sp.n. (Tab. LXVII. fig. A.)

Hab. Costa Rica (Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica).

- Head large, broad, its width being increased by the loreal region, which, instead of

being subvertical, slopes outwards in a very oblique plane; canthus rostralis distinct.

Posterior half of the abdomen granular and finely areolated. Eyes obliquely directed

forwards. ‘Tympanum one-third the size of the eye (in a female). Vomerine teeth in

two long, straight, subcontinuous series behind the choane, and laterally extending to

the level of the inner margins of the choane. Upper parts nearly smooth, with the

exception of a linear fold above and round the tympanum, and another from the eye

curving towards the middle of the side of the back ; some small tubercles on the hinder

half of the superciliary region. Disks of the fingers well developed, truncate, larger

than those of the toes. First finger a little shorter than second. One metatarsal

HYLODES. 231

tubercle; metatarsals without subarticular tubercles; no tarsal fold. The length of

the body is rather less than the distance between vent and heel. Greyish-olive ;

upper lip and hind limbs cross-barred, the bars extending over the hinder part of the

thigh. A black band along the canthus rostralis, and over and round the tympanum ;

some other blackish band-like spots follow the linear folds; a dark interorbital band.

Lower parts white.

Length of body (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 millim.

Distance between vent and heel. . .. .. .. . 59 ”

I have seen only one specimen of this species; it is nearly allied to H. brocchii, but

differs in the form of its snout, the long vomerine series, and the areolated abdomen.

7. Hylodes cerasinus.

? Hylodes cerasinus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 112, t. 26. fig. 4 (1876).

Hab. Costa Rica, La Palma (Underwood), Pico Blanco (Cope).

Habit moderate; head moderately wide and long; snout a little longer than the

orbit, with distinct canthus and sloping sides. ‘Tympanum very small, indistinct ;

tongue broad, subtruncate behind. Vomerine teeth in two small groups, behind the

very narrow choane. Skin smooth above, abdomen granulated. Disks of the fingers

rather large, truncated, of toes well developed. First finger shorter than second.

The distance between vent and heel is less than the length of the body. One

metatarsal tubercle; the subarticular tubercles continued below the metatarsals. Rose-

coloured along the middle of the back, sides and an interorbital cross-band slate-

coloured ; lower parts whitish ; upper lip and hind limbs indistinctly cross-banded ;

hinder side of thigh marbled with brown and whitish.

Length of body . . . . . 2 2. we) 24 millim.

Distance between vent and heel. . . . . . . . . 28 ,,

Length of hmdlimb . . . . . . . ee. AL,

In several points Cope’s description does not well apply to the single example in

the Natural History Museum, from which my diagnosis is taken, and unfortunately

the figure given by him is quite useless. Indeed, I should have been inclined to refer

that specimen to Hylodes cruentus (Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1873. p. 609), from

Chiriqui, but for the fact that Peters describes the tympanum as distinct, as a vertical

oval, barely one-third the size of the eye.

8. Hylodes biporcatus.

Strabomantis biporcatus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 405; Espada, An. Soc. Esp.

i. p. 85.

Hylodes biporcatus, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 220.

Limnophys napeus, Espada, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. iii. p. 60.

*30 2

232 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Hab. Panama, Veragua (Peters).—Ecuapor (Espada).

Interorbital space deeply concave, the edges of the fronto-parietals prominent, crest-

like. Abdomen granular. Vomerine teeth in two arched series behind the choane.

Head large, broad, with bony ridges. Tympanum a little smaller than the eye.

First finger longer than second; fingers with very small, toes without, disks. Two

metatarsal tubercles. The foot extends beyond the snout, if the hind limb is brought

forwards. Upper parts minutely granular. Dark brown above, with a few black

spots edged with yellow ; brown below, dotted or marbled with white.

Length of body andlimb. . . . . . . . 2.) . 75 millim.

» hindlimb . . 2... 2... 2... 45 y

9. Hylodes euryglossus.

Lithodytes euryglossus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1894, p. 196.

Hab. Costa Rica, San José (Biolley).

General appearance that of a Leptodactylus. No distinct canthus rostralis; end

of snout sloping backwards from the edge of the lip. Tympanum a vertical oval, of

which the long diameter is two-thirds of that of the eye (sex 2). Womerine teeth

on two transverse ridges, which are on a line with the hind margins of the choane.

Disks distinct, but small, those of the fingers the smaller. First and second fingers

equal; a tarsal fold. Skin smooth everywhere ; a discoidal abdominal fold. Brownish-

grey above, whitish below; groin reticulated, sides dotted. A black streak above and

behind the tympanum; a blackish cross-band between the posterior parts of the

orbits; some black longitudinal spots on the dorso-lateral region; lips and limbs

cross-banded. ‘Thighs obscurely reticulate behind. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . . . . 2. eS Oo75 miilim.

” hindlimb. . . . .. . eS CSS ==,

- hind foot. . . ...... . +... 50 ,,

» tarsus... 1 wee ee ee ee ee 20 C=",

10. Hylodes rhodopis. (Tab. LXVIL figg. C, C'.)

Lithodytes rhodopis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 323; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc xxxi.

pp. 837 (1893).

Hylodes rhodopis, part., Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 2038.

Lithodytes podiciferus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 107, t. 23. fig. 9 (1876) ; ? Dugés,

La Naturaleza, (2) ii. p. 479 (1897).

Hylodes podiciferus, Bouleng. 1. c.

Lithodytes muricinus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii. p. 108, t. 23. fig. 13 (useless figure)

(1876).

Hylodes muricinus, Bouleng. |. c.

Lithodytes habenatus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii. p. 109 (1876).

HYLODES. 233

Hab. 1 Mexico, north of Vera Cruz (Dugés); Costa Rica, Pico Blanco and Buenos

Aires (Cope), La Palma and Cartago (Underwood), ¢ Irazu * (Rogers).

Closely allied to H. sallai, but without granulations on the abdomen. Form of the

body and bead as in H. sallei. Tympanum barely one-half the area of the eye (in

females). Vomerine teeth and folds of the skin as in H. sallei. Disks of the fingers

and toes very small; first and second fingers equal in length. Two small metatarsal

tubercles ; the subarticular tubercles are not continued on the metatarsals; no tarsal

fold. The length of the body is nearly equal to the distance between vent and heel.

Coloration variable, some specimens coloured as H. sallwi, others more uniformly dark

with the ornamental markings indistinct; sometimes uniform brownish-slate-coloured,

with a broad white longitudinal band on each side, running from the eye to the groin.

g. g. 2.

Length of body . . . . . . . 28 millim. 28 millim. 29 millim.

Distance between vent and heel . . 29 _ ,, 29 ~—C;, -382 4,

11. Hylodes rugosus.

Hylodes rugosus, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1873, p. 610.

Hah. NicaraGua, Hacienda Rosa de Jericho (fothschuh); Panama, Chiriqui (Mus.

Berol.).

Habit rather stout, the length of the body equal to the distance between vent and

heel; head broad, snout short, with very distinct canthus and subvertical sides.

Tympanum half the size of the eye (sex?). Vomerine teeth in two small groups

behind the choanz, which are equally as wide as the eustachian openings. Upper

parts with numerous tubercles and folds; of the latter, a pair of curved )(-like

folds on the back, another straight oue on each side of the anterior part of the

back, and another transverse and undulated across the interorbital space are most

conspicuous ; tubercles on the upperside of the head and of the lower leg. Abdomen

smooth. Disks of the fingers and toes small. First finger a little longer than

second. Two metatarsal tubercles. Dark purple above, with a light interorbital

cross-band. Upper lip and limbs cross-banded. Hinder side of the thigh marbled

with whitish and purplish ; throat and chest marbled with brown.

Length of body . . . . © ee ee ee ee 16 millim.

Distance between vent andheel . . . . .... . 1,

The young specimen from Nicaragua is the only one I have seen.

* The specimen from this locality, referred to in Cat. Batr. Sal. B. M. p. 203 (H. podiciferus), is young

and too much deteriorated to admit of identification.

234 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

12. Hylodes venustus, sp.n. (Tab. LXVIII. fig. C.)

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (fF. D. G.).

Habit moderately stout, the length of the body being less than the distance between

vent and heel. Head moderately broad, with subacuminate snout; snout with distinct

canthus and subvertical sides. Tympanum half the size of the eye (in an adult female),

round. Vomerine teeth in two small rounded groups behind the choane, well

separated from each other. Upper parts smooth, with the exception of a pair of

undulated linear folds which run from the superciliary to the end of the transverse

processes of the sacral vertebra; also a fold above and round the tympanum. Upper

parts of the head smooth, with a few indistinct tubercles on the upper eyelid. Legs

and lower parts smooth. Disks of the fingers and toes small; first finger longer

than second. ‘Two metatarsal tubercles; subarticular tubercles on the metatarsals.

Upper parts light mauve-coloured, back between the linear folds dark purplish ; linear

folds, a band along the canthus rostralis and above and round the tympanum, an oval

spot on each side of the pelvis, and some small irregular spots on the sides of the body,

black. No interorbital band. Upper lip and hinder parts of the thighs powdered

with grey. Lower parts white, immaculate.

Length of body . . . . . . . ee. + + + «685 millim.

Distance between vent and heel. . . . . . .. . 40 ==,

Allied to AH. rugosus, but differing in the smoothness of the skin, longer hind legs,

and coloration.

13. Hylodes florulentus.

Lithodytes florulentus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1894, p. 336.

Hab. Costa Rica, Boruca (Cherrie).

Habit rather stout, the length of the body exceeding the distance between vent and

heel. Tympanum vertically oval, about half the width of the eye. Vomerine teeth in

two fascicles close together, behind the choane, but well within their inner margins.

Tips of the fingers and toes with very small dilatations; two metatarsal tubercles.

Back with a few small tubercles, otherwise smooth. Grey, dusted with blackish; hind

limbs black behind, with dark grey cross-bands above, and with the spaces between

these bands scarlet. Posterior part of the sides and anterior portion of the abdomen

blackish-brown, with crimson and orange spots of various sizes and shapes, the largest

in the groin. Fore limbs with cross-bands. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . . . . ee ee 85 millim.

hind limb from grom. . . . ..... 51 ,,

» hind foot. . . . 2... ee ee ee RA,

4 tarsus 2. 1 we we ee ee ee ee Dy

Known from a single specimen, in which the integuments of the head are destroyed.

HYLODES. 235

14. Hylodes augusti. (lab. LXVIII. fig. D.)

Hylodes augusti, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 52, t. 16. figg. 1, 1 a—c.

Hab. Mexico, Guanajuato and Tupataro (Dugés), Ventanas in Durango, from a mine

1000 feet deep (Forrer).

Habit stout, the length of the body being rather more than the distance between

vent and heel; snout short, broad, depressed, with the canthus rather obtuse and the

loreal region shelving outwards. Tympanum one-half or one-third the size of the eye

(in females). Vomerine teeth in two very short oblique groups, close together, and on

a level with the hind margin of the choane. Back with small scattered tubercles,

abdomen smooth. Disks of the fingers and toes exceedingly small. First finger con-

spicuously longer than second; two metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold; subarticular

tubercles continued on the metatarsals. Brownish-olive, all the upper parts marbled

with dark brown, one or the other of the brown markings assuming the form of

cross-bands on the back, and edged with white. Lower parts white.

Length of body . . . . . . . . ) . «86 millim. 33 millim.

Distance between vent and heel. . . . 32 = ,, 29 ~—C*,

I have long hesitated before identifying our specimens with the species named by

Dugés and Brocchi, as the latter figures the vomerine teeth widely distant from

each other. However, there is a great agreement between these frogs in all other

respects. Unfortunately, the type (as Messrs. Vaillant and Mocquard have kindly

informed me) is not preserved in the Paris Museum.

15. Hylodes laticeps.

Hylodes laticeps, A. Dum. Ann. Sc. Nat. 3rd ser. Zool. xix. p. 178; Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. ix.

p. 408, t. 99; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 49.

Epirhexis laticeps, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 17 (name only).

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (More/et), Tehuantepec (Brocchi).

Head very large, broader than the body ; snout broad. Tympanum higher than long ;

vomerine teeth in two short oblique series behind the choane. Skin smooth above

and below; a glandular fold above and round the tympanum ; another along the side

of the back; abdominal disk very distinct. Disks of fingers and toes small; first

finger longer than the second. Toes free*. Upper parts greenish-brown, loreal

region and tympanum black; whitish below, finely marbled with brown on the throat

and limbs.

* Boulenger (Batr. Sal. p. 210) introduces into the diagnosis of this species the words ‘“ toes webbed at

the base,” while A. Duméril describes them as completely free ; also the figure quoted represents them without

a rudiment of a web.

236 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

16. Hylodes melanostictus.

Lithodytes melanostictus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 109, t. 23. fig. 10 (1876) ; Dugés,

La Naturaleza, (2) ii. p. 479 (1897).

Hab. Mexico, north of Vera Cruz (Dugés) ; Costa Rica, Pico Blanco, alt. 7000 feet

(Cope).

Habit of body moderate; head flat and wide. Canthus rostralis straight; loreal

region and lip oblique. Tympanum a rather narrow, vertical oval, one-fourth of the

size of the eye. Vomerine teeth in two short transverse series entirely behind the

choanz, well separated from each other and not extended outwards beyond the level

of the inner margins of the choane. Skin everywhere smooth. Limbs long, the

length of the body being less than the distance between vent and heel. Disks of

fingers large, of toes moderate. No web between the toes; first finger shorter than

second. Brownish-grey above, dirty white below. Limbs cross-banded rather

distantly, the bars extending on the front and back faces of the femur. <A white

vertebral line from snout to vent, which is bounded on the sides at different points

with blackish. A pink band extends from above each tympanum to the end of the

ilium, and is broadly bordered with black on the outer side, this colour extending

on the sides of the body as oblique black spots. The tympanum is black, and sends a

black bar to the cleft of the mouth; two black bars from the orbit to the lip, another

along the canthus rostralis. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . . . . . . . . «650 milim.

» hindlimb: . ........ 2... 96 4, *

» hindfoot. . . . . . 2. eee ew 45,

17. Hylodes brocchii. (fab. LXVIII. figg. A, B.)

Hylodes brocchi (Boulenger), Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 60, t. 15. figg. 3, 3a.

Hab. Guatemata, Vera Paz (Salvin); Costa Rica, La Palma, alt. 1600 metres

(Underwood).

Abdomen smooth. Habit rather stout; head broad, flattened, with short, broad,

rounded snout, the canthus rostralis being distinct and the loreal region sloping.

Tympanum two-thirds the size of the eye in a male, one-third in adult females.

Vomerine teeth in two short, not very distant, transverse series behind the choane.

Upper parts nearly smooth, with the exception of a linear fold above and round the

tympanum, and another from the eye curving along the side of the back, and

disappearing about the middle of the length of the trunk; some small tubercles

on the hinder half of the superciliary region, of which one, conical in shape, is very

distinct. Disks of the fingers and toes well developed, truncate, those of the fingers

more so than of the toes. First and second fingers equal in length. One metatarsal

_ * This measurement seems to have been taken by Cope from the groin, not from the vent as is the case

in my descriptions.

HYLODES. 237

tubercle ; metatarsals without subarticular tubercles; no tarsal fold. The length of

the body is rather less than the distance between vent and heel. Coloration variable :

light brownish, with or without large darker spots; upper lip and hind limbs cross-

barred; a blackish band-like spot over the tympanum; a dark interorbital band.

Sometimes a white vertebral line or a broad vertebral band. The hinder side of the

femur either cross-banded or with smaller or larger white spots (fig. B) ; one specimen

with a white line running along the whole length of the hinder side of the posterior

leg. Male more uniform dusky, with a white interorbital band.

Q. 3.

Length of body . . . . . . . . . 50 millim. 36 millim.

Distance between vent and heel . . . . 53 ,, 40,

18. Hylodes nubilus, sp.n. (Tab. LXIX. fig. A.)

Hab. Costa Rica, Escazu (Underwood).

Habit rather slender, the length of the body equal to the distance between the vent

and heel. Head flat, moderately wide; snout rather produced, with distinct canthus

rostralis and subvertical sides. Tympanum half the area of the eye (in an adult

female). Vomerine teeth in two short transverse series, rather approximate to each

other, considerably behind the choane, but within the level from their inner margins.

Choane and eustachian tubes equal in width. Skin of the upper parts smooth, only

the regions above the shoulder and behind the supraciliary show some small tubercles

and short narrow glandular folds; abdomen smooth. Disks of the fingers small, but

distinctly developed and larger than those of the toes; first finger longer than second.

One metatarsal tubercle, a tarsal fold; metatarsals without subarticular tubercles.

Dark purplish, clouded with warker, the darker parts concentrated in four indistinct

longitudinal bands, the middie of which reach almost to the snout. Hind limbs and

upper lip indistinctly cross-banded; thigh finely marbled behind with brown and

whitish. Lower parts whitish, with small blackish-brown marblings, a band along

the middle of the throat being pure white.

Length of body . 2... ee ee ee ee ee ee milli.

” hindlimb. . . ...... .. . + 7,

Distance between vent and heel . . . . . . . . . 48°59 ,,

19. Hylodes alfredi.

Hylodes alfredi, Boulenger, P. Z.S. 1898, p. 480, t. 39. fig 1.

Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (A. Duges).

Habit rather slender, the distance between the vent and heel exceeding the length

of the body ; head depressed, snout of moderate length, with obtuse canthus rostralis

and sloping sides. ‘Tympanum half the size of the orbit (in females). Vomerine

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Batr., February 1901. *31

238 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA,

teeth in two short oblique series immediately behind the choane; choane and

eustachian openings equally open. Skin smooth above and below. Disks of the

fingers large, especially of the two inner ones, much larger than those of the toes ;

first and second finger subequal in length, third unusually long. A metatarsal

tubercle (in the larger of the two specimens a minute outer tubercle); metatarsals

without subarticular tubercles. Greyish, finely sprinkled with black and lighter

colour. Upper lip and legs without cross-bars; concealed surfaces unspotted; no

interorbital band.

Length of body . . . . . . .. . . . . . « 86 millim.

Distance between vent and heel . . . . . . . . . 39 y,

Length of third finger . 2. 2. 2. 2. we ee ee OD,

20. Hylodes bransfordi.

Lithodytes bransfordit, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. p. 274 (1886).

Hab. Nicaragua (Bransford).

A short-legged species, the heel reaching only to the orbit when the limb is brought

forward. Vomerine teeth in two transverse or slightly arched series, close together,

well behind the choane, and not “ extending exterior ” to the middle of the latter.

Tympanum large, varying in size, equal to, or two-thirds of, the diameter of the eye.

Snout short, with “distinct, obtuse” canthus rostralis. Disks of the toes moderate.

Two metatarsal tubercles. The skin of the back is thrown into delicate longitudinal

parallel folds which are easily lost. Abdomen smooth. In the colour there is much

pink on the upper and concealed surfaces; two dark spots on the lip, one below the

eye, another behind and above the axilla, others on the parietal region and between the

anterior parts of the orbits. Generally a light open chevron, pointing forwards, across

the middle of the back, with a dark one in front of it. In a large specimen a pink

band extends from the orbit to the illum. Posterior side of the thigh brown, with

light specks. Whitish below, throat sometimes mottled with brown. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . . 2 1 2 ew ee «O25 millim.

» hind limb from gron. . . . . . . . . 86.—C=&,,

” foot . 2. 2... we ee ee eee dT ,,

» tarsus. 2. 2. 1. ee ee ee eee eT

21. Hylodes diastema.

Lithodytes diastema, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 155 (1875); Proc. Am. Phil. Soe.

XXlll. p. 274 (1886).

Hab. Nicaracua (Bransford) ; Panama, Camp Maria Caretta (Bransford).

Vomerine teeth in two very short transverse patches behind and within the line

of the middle of the choane, and separated by an interspace as wide as the length of

HYLODES. 239

each. Eustachian openings minute; tympanum indistinct, with a diameter less than

one-half of that of the eye-slit. Snout narrowly truncate and depressed, with obtuse

canthus rostralis. Digital dilatations large; first finger shorter than the second ; heel

reaching beyond the snout, if pressed forwards. Abdomen smooth. Dark brown above,

snout paler than interorbital space ; pale brown below. (After Cope.)

Length ofbody . . 2... . . . ee... 20 millim.

” hindlimb. © 2. 2... 2...

» hind foot. 2. 2. 2. 2... 2 7

- tarsus... . . ww eee ee BG,

22. Hylodes lanciformis.

Lithodytes lanciformis, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, xvii. p. 88 (1877).

Hab. “ West Coast or CentraL AMERICA.”

Head nearly twice as long as the pelvis. Vomerine teeth in two fasciculi, situated

behind the level of the choane. Tympanum not narrowed, two-thirds the size of

the eye. Snout narrowed, with well-defined canthus rostralis ; nostrils nearly terminal.

Skin without dermal folds. Disks of fingers small, of toes of medium size. Dark

ash-coloured above, with a white vertebral line. A broad black band extends from

the end of the snout across the tympanum, where it contracts to a narrow black line

extending to near the middle of the side. Hind limbs cross-banded, with the concealed

surfaces uniformly dusky. A dark interorbital cross-band, in front of which the snout

is very pale. Upper lip and lower parts without spots. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . 2... . . ee ee «26 millim.

» hindhmb. . 2... 1... ee... BO,

23 (24). Hylodes megacephalus.

Lithodytes megacephalus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 110, t. 23. fig. 11 (1875).

Lithodytes pelviculus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xvii. p. 89 (1877).

Hab. Costa Rica, Las Delicias, Santa Clara, alt. 500 metres (Underwood, in Mus. Nac.

de Costa Rica), Pico Blanco, alt. 6000 feet (Gadd).

Habit rather stout. Head large, broad, with a raised bony supraciliary ridge, which

terminates on the occiput, rather more swollen in adult than in younger specimens.

Snout broad, short, with distinct canthus rostralis, and sloping, concave loreal region.

Tympanum vertically oval and two-thirds the size of the eye in a large female;

round, nearly the size of the eye in a younger female. WVomerine teeth in two short,

approximated, transverse series, behind, but just within the inner margin of, the

choane. Skin smooth or with minute granules, but with a linear fold above the

tympanum, converging towards the middle of the back, not continuous with another

similar fold which runs forward from the groin and terminates in the iliac region,

*312

240 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Supraciliary region with a few pointed tubercles. Sides of the body areolated,

abdomen smooth. Disks of the fingers and toes very small. Inner finger a little

longer than the second. Two metatarsal tubercles, of which the outer is nearly obsolete.

No subarticular tubercles. Length of the body rather exceeding the distance between

the vent and heel. Upper parts slate- or dull mauve-coloured, with an irregular black

mark below the eye, a curved black band above the tympanum, a few small symme-

trical black spots on the side of the body, and a light interorbital cross-band. Hind

limbs with obscure dark cross-bands; hinder part of the hind limbs, soles, and vent

black, marbled with white or greyish. Abdomen white, reticulated with brown.

One specimen with a white vertebral line.

e. Q.

Length of body . . . . . . . . ) . 666 millim. 32 millim.

Distance between vent and heel. . . . 58° ,, 30 ——=,,

This description is taken from two females, both obtained by Mr. Underwood, of

which the larger agrees best with Cope’s description of LL. megacephalus, the smaller

with his L. pelviculus. They are, however, specifically identical, and the slight

difference in the formation of the cephalic crests, on which Cope founded his species,

is, In my opinion, merely due to age. Moreover, I strongly suspect that the following

Copean species is also merely nominal, and ought to be united with H. megacephalus.

25. Hylodes gulosus.

Lithodytes gulosus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 112 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica, Pico Blanco, alt. 6000 feet (Gadd).

Said to differ from H. megacephalus in the foliowing points :—Head rather smaller ;

no dermal folds on the back. A black spot across the tympanum, and one under the

eye; lower parts brown, irregularly marbled with white.

Known from a single female specimen, body 103 millim. long.

Species the determination of which requires further confirmation.

Hylodes griseus.

Hyla grisea, Hallow. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 485.

Hylodes (Craugastor) griseus, Cope, ibid. 1863, p. 48.

Lithodytes griseus, Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 16 (1887).

This is a Brazilian frog; its occurrence within the Central-American limits is

extremely doubtful, and rests solely on a very short statement by Cope, who enumerates

it as a Nicaraguan species.

Hylodes longipes.

Batrachyla longipes, Baird, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. p. 35, t. 87. figg. 1-3 (without description) .

Epirhexis longipes, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 96 (1866).

HYLODES.—CALYPTOCEPHALUS. 241

The characters of this frog are very imperfectly known; it is said to have been

captured forty leagues north of the city of Mexico.

Hylodes lineatus.

Hylodes lineatus, Brocchi (nec Schneid.), Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) ui. p. 22; Miss. Se. Mex., Batr.

p. 59.

Hab. Mexico * (Bocourt).

Head elongate-oval, with the end of the snout truncate : tympanum two-thirds the

size of the eye. ‘longue oblong, without notch behind. Toes with a rudimentary

web; two metatarsal tubercles. Greyish-rose-coloured above, with a very narrow

vertebral line.

Hylodes latrans.

Lithodytes latrans, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1878, p. 186; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 17, p. 25 (1880).

Size rather large. Skin smooth, that of the abdomen thrown into a disk by a

circular fold. Disks of fingers and toes small. Digits long, toes rather short; first

finger considerably longer than the second, but shorter than the fourth; heel projecting

beyond the snout, when the hind limb is stretched forward. Loreal region oblique.

Diameter of the eye exceeding the long diameter of the tympanum by one-half of the

latter. WVomerine teeth in two short transverse patches, nearly in a line with the

posterior border of the choane. Brownish-grey above, with a few large brown spots

with pale centres; a brown band connects the orbits round the end of the snout.

Limbs cross-banded.—Length of the body 76 millim.; of the hind limb 107 millim.—

Cretaceous limestone cliffs of Texas. (After Cope.)

CALYPTOCEPHALUS.

Calyptocephalus, Dum. et Bibr. Erpet. Gén. vii. p. 447.

Phrynocerus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 157.

Vomerine teeth present. Head covered with a dermal ossification, forming a

complete orbit. Tympanum distinct. Toes webbed, without disks. Outer metatarsals

incompletely separated. Sternum a cartilaginous plate.

1. Calyptocephalus testudiniceps.

_ Phrynocerus testudiniceps, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 157.

Calyptocephalus testudiniceps, Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1865, p. 112.

Hab. PAaNaMa.

Skin with flat tubercles. Yellowish or greenish, marbled with black. :

* The exact locality given by Brocchi is “ Attillan,” which is probably a misprint for Atitlan, a place in

the State of Oaxaca.

242 RATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Fam. BUFONIDE.

ENGYSTOMOPS.

Paludicola, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil. 1864, p. 180 (mec Wagl.).

Engystomops, Espada, An. Soc. Esp. i. p. 86 (1872); Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 275.

Microphryne, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1873, p. 616.

Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Toes nearly free, without

disks; outer metatarsals united. Parotoids very small and indistinct. Sternum with

a bony style.

1. Engystomops pustulosus.

Paludicola pustulosa, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1864, p. 180.

Microphryne pustulosa, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1873, p. 616; Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc.

Philad. viii. p. 155 (1875); Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 267 (1879); Sumichrast, Bull.

Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 189.

Engystomops pustulosus, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 275.

Bufo pustulosus, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 86, t. 8. fig. 1.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast); Panama, Chiriqui (Peters), Buchio Soldado

(Bransford).—V ENEZUETA (Peters).

Tubercular above, smooth below. Tympanum hidden. A conical tubercle on the

middle of the inner edge of the tarsus. Greyish above, marbled with darker; throat

and breast with a light median stripe. Chiriqui specimens have a white spot in the

middle of the back, and a white line along the coccyx.

BUFO.

Bufo, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 206.

Otilophus, Cuv. Régne Anim. p. 154.

Auditory organ developed, with the tympanum distinct, more rarely hidden below

the integument. Toes more or less webbed, without disks; outer metatarsals united.

Parotoids generally well developed. Sternum a cartilaginous plate, sometimes more

or less ossified along the middle.

Synopsis of Central-American Species *.

I. Crown of the head without projecting ridges.

A. Toes not more than half-webbed.

1. Metatarsal tubercles not shovel-shaped.

a. Skin smooth or nearly so.

1. hematiticus.

* No opinion can be formed as regards Bufo melanogaster, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad. 1860,

p. 486. The name was given to a young Nicaraguan specimen, 13 lines long ; it is described in the following

BUFO. 243

6. Skin of the back tubercular or warty.

2. punctatus ; 3. mexicanus; 4. monksie.

2. Inner metatarsal tubercle shovel-shaped.

5. compactilis.

B. Toes fully webbed.

6. politus.

II. A crest round and behind the supraciliary margin; a parietal crest is absent or scarcely

indicated *.

7. marmoreus ; 8. sternosignatus; 9. canaliferus; 10. debilis; 11. marinus.

Ill. Supraciliary crest enormously swollen behind.

12. occipitalis.

IV. Supraciliary crest forked behind, with a well-developed parietal prong.

A. Outer fingers moderately long.

1. Tympanum distinct.

a. Crests well or moderately raised.

13. coccifer ; 14. coniferus ; 15. valliceps ; 16. melanochlorus ; 17. luetkenii.

6. Crests enormously developed behind.

18. typhonius.

2. Tympanum hidden.

19. stmus; 20. intermedius; 21. bocourti.

B. All fingers very slender.

22. veraguensis ; 23. auritus.

1. Bufo hematiticus.

Bufo hematiticus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 157; Keferst. Gott. Nachr. 1867,

p- 353; Arch. f. Naturg. 1868, p. 295, t. 9. fig. 7; Ginth. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 401;

Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1873, p. 618; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 290; Brocchi, Miss.

Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 72.

Hab. Nicaracua (Cope); Costa Rica, Talamanca (Cope), Santo Domingo, Golfe Dulce

(Pittier), Las Minas, Rio San Juan, Carillo (Underwood); Panama, Chiriqui

(Peters), Camp Maria Caretta, Rio Truando (Cope).—CoLomBIA.

Crown of the head without projecting ridges, the interorbital space being slightly

concave and wider than the supraciliary cover. Snout short, with vertical sides and

sharp canthus rostralis, truncated in front. Tympanum distinct, about half the area

of the eye. Parotoids large, with an angular ridge which extends forward over the

terms :—Supraorbital ridges slightly developed; internal nares of moderate size; tongue elongate, cordiform,

rounded posteriorly, free for rather more than half of its length posteriorly ; colour grey, with a longitudinal

row of subround black spots on either side of the median line; extremities varied with black; underparts

yellow, marbled with black.

* It should be borne in mind that in young specimens these cranial crests are much less developed than in

mature ones, and entirely absent at a very early age.

244 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

tympanum. Upper parts with minute asperities or smooth; lower parts and sides of

the head smooth. Fingers and toes with slightly dilated tips: first finger longer than

the second; toes slender, with a very short web. Two small soft metatarsal tubercles ;

tarsal fold indistinct. Dark brown above, generally with a few pinkish spots. A

narrow yellowish line runs along the canthus rostralis, the edge of the upper eyelid,

and the parotoid ridge, and disappears on the side of the body; a few spots on the

sides of the head, and the lateral portion of the parotoid, pink. A pinkish, dark-edged

band across the middle of the lower leg. Upper parts of the hands and feet black,

reticulated with white. Lower parts brownish, with darker and lighter marbling.

Distance of vent from snout ..... . . . . £75 millim.

- » metatarsal jomt . ... .. 78 ,,

» ” end of fourth toe . ... . Iii 3

2. Bufo punctatus.

Bufo punctatus, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1852, p.173; U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv.,

Batr. p. 25, t. 39. figg. 5-7 ; Bouleng. Zool. Record for 1882, Rept. p. 23; Ann. & Mag. N. H.

1883, xi. p. 19; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 68, t. 7. fig. 2; Cope, Bull. U.S Nat.

Mus. no. 82, p. 10 (1887) ; Stejneger, N. Amer. Faun. (Dep. Agricult.) no. 3, p. 117 (1890) ;

Dugés, La Natural. (2) 1. p. 482 (1896).

Bufo beldingi, Yarrow, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. v. p. 441 (1882).

Hab. Norta America, Southern United States —Mexico, Chihuahua, Silao, and

Guanajuato (Dugeés).

Crown of the head without projecting ridges, flat above, very broad behind; with

acuminate projecting snout; tympanum distinct, but only about one-third the size of

the eye; parotoids small, subtriangular. Upper parts coarsely tubercular, lower parts

granular; a fold of the skin on each side of the body from the parotoid towards the

loin. First finger longer than the second. ‘Toes one-third webbed; two small meta-

tarsal tubercles, no tarsal folds. Brownish, with red tubercles, surrounded by black

dots; scattered black specks on the sides, the thorax, and lower parts of the fore legs.

This species enters the Central-American fauna from the North.

3. Bufo mexicanus.

Bufo mexicanus, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) ui. p. 23; Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 85, t. 8. fig. 3.

Hah. Mexico, Ciudad in Durango (forrer).

Crown of the head without projecting ridges, the interorbital space being slightly

concave and narrower than the broad supraciliary cover. Snout short, with the sides

subvertical. Tympanum distinct, three-fifths the width of the eye. Parotoids ellip-

tical. Upper parts somewhat densely covered with rather small tubercles of unequal size.

, All the lower parts densely granular. First finger very little longer than the second ;

BUFO. 245

toes half-webbed ; two metatarsal tubercles, of which the inner is somewhat compressed

and pointed, covered with horn; a tarsal fold. Brownish, marbled with darker ; lower

parts whitish.

Distance of vent from snout eee ee eee) «68 millim,

” ” metatarsal joint . . . . . . 68 ,,

» » end of fourth toe . .... . 90 ,,

I have seen only one specimen of this form, a female from Ciudad. Ifit isa distinct

species, B. mexicanus comes very close to B. spinulosus (=B. halophilus), in which the

size of the tympanum is subject to considerable variation. It is also closely allied to

B. compactilis, but has the metatarsal tubercle much less dilated and somewhat pointed.

4. Bufo monksiz.

Bufo monksie, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 263 (1879).

Hab. Muxico, Guanajuato (Duges *).

Crown of the head without projecting ridges; canthus rostralis sharp, loreal region

vertical ; snout vertically truncated in front. Tympanum concealed ; parotoid a wide

oval, rather large. Upper parts tubercular, lower parts granular. First and second

fingers equal in length. Toes half-webbed; two metatarsal tubercles, small but

prominent. Blackish-brown above, with a few small ashy spots; blackish spots on

the sides, belly, throat, and limbs. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . 2... 85 millim.

» hindlimb . . .. .. 42,

> hind foot . .). 2. . . ww. eee 20C—*="»=.

This species is not well established ; it seems to have been named from a single young

individual, which very probably was only the immature state of one of the other members

of the genus, perhaps of one provided with cranial crests in the adult stage, like B. simus.

5. Bufo compactilis.

Bufo compactilis, Wiegm. Isis, 1838, p. 661; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 80; 1878,

p. 624; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 302; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 10 (1887) ;

Dugés, Nat. Mex. (2) i. p. 140 (1888) ; ii. p. 482 (1896).

Anaxyrus melancholicus, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Herpet. p. 78, t. 11. fig. 5 (bad; fide Peters).

? Bufo speciosus, Girard, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 86; U.S. & Mex. Bound, Surv. ii. p. 26,

t. 40. figg. 5-10 f. |

Bufo anomalus, Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 57 (fide Peters).

Bufo levifrons, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 187; Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 70, t. 6. figg. 1-2.

* In a list of Mexican toads kindly supplied to me by Dr. Dugés, no mention is made of this species. He

complains that Cope did not always give the localities correctly of the species sent to him.

+ Considered distinct by Garman, Bull. Essex Inst. xix. 1888, p. 136.

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Batr., February 1901. *32

246 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Hab. Norva America, Texas.—MeExico, Pueblo and Valley of Mexico (Cope), Guana-

juato and Guadalajara (Dugés).

Crown of the head without projecting ridges, the interorbital space being rather flat

and narrower than the supraciliary cover. Snout short; tympanum very small and

more or less indistinct. Parotoids of moderate size, subquadrangular. Upper parts

and sides with small spiny tubercles. ‘First finger longer than the second; toes half-

webbed; two metatarsal tubercles, of which the inner is large, shovel-shaped, with a

sharp, horny, black edge, the outer one tipped with black, but much smaller; tarsus

with a series of small rough tubercles along the inner margin. Olive, irregularly

spotted with black; abdomen whitish, with a few black spots.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . .. . . . +. 62 millim.

» » metatarsal jot . . ... . 54. ,,

” » end of fourth toe . . . . . . 80 = ,,

6. Bufo politus.

Bufo politus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 158; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 292.

Hab. Nicaraaua, Greytown (Cope).

Crown of the head without projecting ridges; profile of snout sloping towards the

front; no canthus rostralis. Tympanum one-fourth the size of the eye; parotoids

oval, of moderate size. Skin of the whole body smooth, shining ; a series of flat glands

on each side of the back; other similar glands on the uppersides of the fore and

hind legs, those of the tibia remarkably large. ‘Toes fully webbed, soles smooth,

without tubercles, except that formed by the first cuneiform bone, which is very

prominent and conical; no tarsal fold. Olive-brown above, glands edged with darker ;

inner faces of the limbs straw-coloured, with large brown spots. Bright yellow below,

reticulated with black. (After Cope.)

7. Bufo marmoreus, (Tab. LXX. fig. A.)

Bufo marmoreus, Wiegm. Isis, 1833, p. 661; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 81.

? Bufo sternosignatus, Keferstein, Gott. Nachr. 1867, p. 352; Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. 1868,

p- 294; Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 101 (1875); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 82, p. 11 (1887).

Bufo argillaceus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1868, p. 188; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.

1880, p. 188.

Bufo lateralis, Werner, Zool. Anzeig. 1894, p. 156.

Hab. Mexico, Colima (Xantus), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast, Werner).

Crown of the head with a slightly raised supraciliary ridge, from which starts a short

supratympanic ridge; no parietal branch ; interorbital space but slightly concave, not

BUFO. 247

wider than the supraocular cover. Snout short, not pointed, with angular, nearly

straight canthus rostralis. Tympanum distinct, circular, nearly four-fifths the area

of the eye. Parotoid subtriangular, as large as the supraocular cover. Upper parts

with numerous small tubercles, lower parts finely granular ; lateral fold very indistinct.

First finger longer than the second. Toes two-fifths webbed. ‘Two small metatarsal

tubercles ; no tarsal fold. Brownish-grey with more or less distinct darker marbling ;

a whitish vertebral line; sometimes with some whitish spots on the back; whitish

markings on the side, more or less confluent into a longitudinal band. <A brown

interorbital band, concave towards the front. Lower parts uniform whitish.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . . . . 7Omillim.

” » metatarsal jomt . . . . . . 64 ~~ ,,

» + end of fourth toe . . . . . . 89 ,,

The three examples which I have referred to this species are Mexican, and come

from one of our editor’s collectors; unfortunately, the writing on the label has been

effaced, so that collector and locality are unknown. It seems to me probable that the

Central-American specimens named Bufo sternosignatus by Keferstein and Cope were,

in fact, the present species.

I had determined our specimens as Bufo marmoreus (Wiegm.) when I received,

on loan, the types of Bufo lateralis, Werner, and B. argillaceus, Cope, by comparison

of which the identity of these toads was ascertained. I am greatly indebted to

Dr. Franz Werner and the authorities of the National Museum at Washington for

their kindness in communicating these examples. Our figure is taken from the type

of B. lateralis.

8. Bufo sternosignatus.

Bufo sternosignatus, Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 68, t. 5. fig. C; ? Keferstein, Gott. Nachr. 1867, p. 352 ;

Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. 1868, p. 294; ? Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 101 (1875) ;

Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 382, p. 11 (1887); ? Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 188;

Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 323; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 78.

Hab. t Mexico, Tehuantepec and Coatzacoalcos R. (Cope); ? Costa Rica (Keferstein).—

CoLOMBIA; VENEZUELA.

Crown of the head with a raised supraciliary ridge, which behind swells into a

supratympanic ridge; no parietal branch; interorbital space but slightly concave,

wider than the supraocular cover. Snout compressed, rather pointed, with sharp,

slightly curved canthus rostralis. Tympanum distinct, circular, three-fifths the

area of the eye. Parotoid subtriangular, cf moderate size. Upper and lower parts

coarsely granular; a series of larger tubercles runs from the parotoid towards the

groin. First finger longer than the second. Toes two-fifths webbed; two small

*32 2

248 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold. Greyish-brown, with a whitish vertebral line;

on both sides of it symmetrical dark brown spots; a dark interorbital band has the

anterior margin but slightly concave ; limbs cross-banded. Chest with darker spots,

and frequently with a white rectangular cross.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . . . . Sl millim.

” - metatarsal joint. . . . . . . 47,

” - end of fourth toe . . . . . . 64 =~ ,,

I have not seen Central-American examples of this species, and therefore have

taken the above notes from the Venezuelan types in the British Museum. I doubt

whether the Central-American toads named B. sternosignatus by Keferstein and Cope

were in reality this species.

Boulenger was right in referring to B. valliceps the young specimens which I had

regarded as belonging to B. sternosignatus.

9. Bufo canaliferus.

Bufo canaliferus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xvii. p. 85 (1877); Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 323;

Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 189; Dugés, La Natural. (2) 11. p. 482 (1896).

Hab. Muxico, W. Tehuantepec (Swmichrast), Orizaba, Cerro de Valtierra (Chiapas),

and Tabasco (Dugés).

A raised ridge above and behind the eye, without parietal branch; interorbital

space concave, as wide as the supraocular cover. Snout rather contracted and pointed,

with angular curved canthus rostralis. Tympanum distinct, about half the area of the

eye. Parotoid elongate, much longer than, but scarcely as wide as, the supraocular

cover. Upper parts covered with warts and glands of unequal size; a fold or series

of tubercles from the parotoid to the groin. Lower parts finely granular. First toe a

little longer than the second. Toes half-webbed ; two small metatarsal tubercles, the

outer one very small. A tarsal fold is replaced by a series of tubercles. Light greyish

or brownish, with a pale vertebral line, dividing two rows of large blackish-brown,

more or less ocellated, symmetrical markings: the foremost is the interocular band,

the two sides of which form an open, obtuse-angular VY.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . . . . 44 millim.

- ” metatarsal jomt ..... . 44 ~~ ,4,

» » end of fourth toe . . ... . 61 ~=,,

10. Bufo debilis.

Bufo debilis, Girard, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 87; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 289; Cope, Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 10 (1887); Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 69.

Bufo insidior, Girard, 1. c. p. 88; U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Batr. p, 26, t. 41. figg. 13-18.

BUFO. 249

Hab. Nortu America, New Mexico and Sonora.—MeExico, Mazatlan (Cope), Tamaulipas

(Brocchi).

Crown of the head broad, flat, rendered slightly concave by the raised supraciliary

border; in old specimens sometimes even a slight parietal crest is distinguishable ;

interorbital space much broader than the supraocular cover. Snout short, contracted,

somewhat pointed, with sharp curved canthus rostralis. Tympanum distinct, about

half the size of the eye, which itself is rather small. Parotoids rather large, produced

behind. Upper parts densely covered with tubercles of subequal size, lower parts

granular. First and second fingers equal in length. ‘Toes two-fifths webbed; two

small metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold. Brownish-ash, uniform or marbled with

darker ; some of the tubercles black, others white ; lower parts white.

Ad. 2.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . . . . 46 millim.

3” ” metatarsal joint. . . . . . . 88 ,,

end of fourth toe . . . . . . 55 ,,

39 9}

This toad would seem to belong to the fauna of the Southern United States rather

than to that of Central America; however, Cope distinctly enumerates Mazatlan

among the localities from which he has seen specimens.

11. Bufo marinus.

» Seba, Loc. Rerum Nat. Thes. i. t. 76. fig. 1; Walbaum, Schr. Ges. naturf. Freund. Berl.

v. p. 230 (1784).

Rana marina, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 356.

Bufo marinus, Schneid. Hist. Amphib. p. 219; Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herpet. p. 80, t. 5.

figg. 1-3, t. 6. figg. 1-3; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 220; 1873, p. 618; Cope,

Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 10 (1887) ; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 82; Duggs,

La Natural. (2) ii. p. 482 (1896).

Bufo agua, Latr. Rept. ii. p. 13; Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 65; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 460; Cope,

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 379 (1885); Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880,

. 188.

Bufo horribilis, Wiegm. Isis, 1838, p. 654; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 81.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan, Ventanas (forrer), Tampico and Colima

(Richardson), Jalisco, north of the Rio de Santiago (/. D. G.), Cordova, Orizaba,

Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Vera Cruz (Cope), Michoacan, Guadalajara, Cuautla

in Morelos, and Tabasco (Dugés), Coatzacoalcos (Street), Yucatan (Schott),

Cozumel I. (Gawmer); GuatemaLa, Lanquin and Coban (Salvin), Peten (Cope) ;

Nicaragua (Cope); Costa Rica (Cope); Panama (Cope), Chiriqui (Peters).—

Tropica, SoutH AMERICA; ANTILLES.

Crown of the head with prominent ridges round the orbit extending forward along

250 -«-BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

the canthus, and emitting a short process towards the parotoids; interorbital space

concave, much broader than the supraciliary cover. Snout short. Tympanum rather

variable, about one-half or two-thirds the area of the eye. Parotoids large, sometimes

of enormous size. Upper parts covered with irregular, sometimes (in males *) spinous

tubercles. First finger longer than the second; toes half-webbed. Two metatarsal

tubercles; a tarsal fold. Brownish, with or without darker spots; lower parts

whitish, frequently spotted.

Distance of vent from snout. . .. . . . . . « 166 millim.

7 - metatarsal joint . . . . . . 124 = 4,

end offourthtoe. . . . . . 163° = ,,

33 3)

Central-American specimens, at least those of the more temperate districts, do

not appear to grow to the enormous size to which the species attains in Brazil and

Guiana.

12. Bufo occipitalis. (Tab. LXIX. fig. C.)

Bufo occipitalis, Camerano, Att. Accad. Torin. xiv. p. 889; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 310.

Hab. Mexico.

Head deeply concave above, with a straight bony ridge, very prominent and swollen

behind. Snout pointed, prominent. Tympanum small and rather indistinct.

Parotoid moderate, its lower border forming an angle. Skin covered with small

tubercles. First and second fingers equal*; toes almost entirely webbed*; two

metatarsal tubercles of moderate size; no tarsal fold.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . . . . 45 millim.

end of fourth toe . ... . . 61 ,,

9 33

I am indebted to Professor Camerano for communicating to me the sketch taken

from the type, and to Count Peracca for several notes on the same specimen.

13. Bufo coccifer.

Bufo coccifer, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 130; Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. viii.

p- 100, t. 23. fig. 5 (1875) ; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 11 (1887).

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Cope); Guatemata, Guatemala city (Cope); Costa Rica

(Cope), vicinity of San José, Laguna de la Palma (Underwood).

Crown of the head with rather low crests, the parietal and postocular branches

forming a right angle ; snout short, with sharp, convergent, canthal ridges ; interorbital

space concave, wider than the supraocular cover. Tympanum distinct, circular, one-

* These characters are not well shown in the figure.

BUFO. 251

third or one-fourth the area of the eye. Parotoid projecting, subglobular, rather longer

than the supraocular cover. Upper parts rough from numerous tubercles of unequal

size; small tubercles extend forwards even into the interorbital space; lower parts

roughly granular. First finger a little longer than the second. Toes one-fourth

webbed ; two subconical metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold. Adult specimens nearly

uniform brownish-black, with a yellow vertebral line ; lower parts whitish, uniform,

or with a few darker spots. Young specimens with brown kidney-shaped spots on

the back, and with two brown bands across the interorbital space; lower parts more

extensively spotted with brown.

Ad, 2 e

Distance of vent from snout 65 millim.

” ” metatarsal jot. . . . .. . 55 ,,

end of fourth toe . . . ... 74 ~=,4,

a9 23

14. Bufo coniferus. (Tab. LXIX. fig. B.)

Bufo coniferus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 158; Bouleng. P. Z. S. 1898, p. 123; Zool.

Record for 1899, Rept. p. 29.

Chilophryne conifera, Cope, 1. c. 1863, p. 49.

Bufo ehlersi, Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1899, p. 481.

Hab. Costa Rica, La Palma and Carillo (Underwood); Panama, Turbo (Schott).—

COLOMBIA.

Crown of the head with distinct ridges, the parietal branch forming a right angle

with the postorbital; supraciliary and postorbital ridges forming a curve. Interorbital

space and crown very flat, the former wider than the supraocular cover. Snout short,

with sharp curved canthus rostralis. Tympanum distinct, subcircular, about two-thirds

the area of the eye. Parotoid very small, smaller than the supraocular cover. Back

of trunk rather smooth or with smaller tubercles, but the sides and the upper parts of

the limbs are armed with large pointed tubercles, the largest forming a series from the

parotoid to the groin. Lower parts finely granular. ‘Toes and, particularly, fingers

slender, but the first finger is shorter than the second, sometimes very short. ‘Toes

broadly webbed ; two flat metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold. Dark brown, with a

whitish band or series of whitish spots along the lateral series of large tubercles ;

lower parts light-coloured. Young specimens prettily ornamented with bluish and

pink spots.

Ad. 9.

Distance of vent from snout 95 millim.

metatarsal joint . . .. . . 88 4

end of fourthtoe .. . . . 123 ~~ ,,

33 33

33 32

252 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

15. Bufo valliceps.

Bufo valliceps, Wiegm. Isis, 1838, p. 657; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 81; Bouleng.

Batr. Sal. p. 319; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 188; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat.

Mus. no. 82, p. 11 (1887) ; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 79.

Bufo cristatus, Wiegm. Isis, 1833, p. 663 ; Peters, lL. c.

Bufo granulosus, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 173 (nec Spix).

Bufo nebulifer, Girard, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 87; U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. p. 25,

t. 40. figg. 1-4; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 460.

Hab. Norra America, Texas.—Mexico, Presidio de Mazatlan (Forrer), ‘Tampico

(Richardson), -Tamaulipas and Puebla (Cope), Jalisco (/. D. G.), Jalapa

(Hoge), Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Atoyac and Teapa

(H. H. Smith); Guatemata, Duefias and Vera Paz (Salvin) ; Nicaragua (Cope) ;

Costa Rica.

Crown of the head with high projecting crests, the supraciliary ridge forked behind,

the parietal branch being very distinct: the highest part of the crests the hindmost

‘part of the supraciliary ridge. Interorbital space deeply concave, broader than the

supraocular cover. Snout obtuse. Tympanum distinct, about half the area of the

eye. Parotoid triangular, rather small. Upper parts covered with rough tubercles; a

series of larger pointed ones from the parotoid along the side of the body. Lower

parts granular. Central-American specimens have the back less tubercular than those

from Texas, sometimes partly smooth. First finger longer than the second. Toes

one-third webbed ; two metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold. Brownish or yellowish,

marbled with darker, sometimes a yellow vertebral band; generally a black interocular

cross-bar and a black band on or from the tympanic region; sometimes a few scattered

deep black spots on the back. Central-American examples have the lower parts more

or less variegated with black.

Ad. 2. Ad. 9.

Distance of vent from snout. . . . « . 118 millim. 95 millim.

” » metatarsal joint . . 90 ,, 90 Sy,

7 ” end of fourth toe. . 125 _,, lll _,,

The rough-skinned Northern form passes gradually into the smoother, black-bellied,

Central-American race. I should have been inclined to regard the latter as the

Bufo melanochlorus of Cope, but this author describes that species as having the toes

nearly free, which does not apply to any of the specimens examined by me. Also the

measurements of the hind leg appear to differ considerably.

16. Bufo melanochlorus.

Bufo valliceps, var., Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 100 (1875).

Bufo melanochlorus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1877, p. 85.

Hab. Eastern Costa Rica (Gab6).

BUFO. 253

Crown of the head with projecting ridges, the supraciliary crest being branched

behind. Snout obtuse. ‘lympanum very distinct, half the size of the eye. Parotoids

quite small*, subtriangular. Skin nearly smooth above, except on the scapular and

iliac regions, minutely roughened below; a lateral dermal fold. Fingers and toes

long, nearly free; no tarsal fold, two metatarsal tubercles ; legs short. Green, with

deep black spots; throat and thorax black. (After Cope.)

Length of body . 2. 2... . . 47 millim.

” hindleg 2. 2... . we wee ew. OCF,

» hind foot. . 2. . . . 2. 2... 80 —=5,

17. Bufo luetkenii.

Bufo luetkenii, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1891, viii. p. 455.

Hab. Costa Rica, Cartago (Orsted).

Crown of the head with low ridges, the parietal branch very low, forming an obtuse

angle with the postorbital. Interorbital space concave, as wide as the broad supra-

ocular cover. Snout short, rather compressed, with sharp, nearly straight canthus.

Tympanum very distinct, deeper than long, about half the area of the eye. Parotoid

very small, smaller than the area of the supraocular cover. Upper parts with few very

small tubercles, a lateral series of somewhat larger ones from the parotoid towards the

groin. Lower parts finely granular. irst finger longer than second. Toes fully

half-webbed. Two small metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold, but a series of small

asperities. Brownish, with darker and some whitish spots; a light vertebral band.

Ad. 9.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . . . +. 78 millim.

» % metatarsal joint. . . . .. . 65 ,,

” - end of fourthtoe . . . . . . 87 ,,

18. Bufo typhonius.

Rana typhonia, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 356.

Bufo typhonius, Schneid. Hist. Amphib. i. p. 207; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 224;

1873, pp. 618, 624; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 317; Zool. Record for 1884, Rept. p. 17.

Rana margaritifera, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 30.

Bufo pleuropterus, Schmidt, Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1858, p. 252, t. 2. figg. 17-19; Cope,

Journ. Ac. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 155 (1875).

? Bufo ocellatus, Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 64.

Bufo alatus, Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philom. viii. p. 151 (1884).

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Peters), Soldado (Cope), Veragua (Schmidt)—Tropicau Soutu

AMERICA,

Supraciliary ridge raised into a high crest, continued to above the tympanum, and

* First described as “ large” a few lines before, but this seems to have been a lapsus calami.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Batr., Way 1901. *33

254 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

passing into a lateral series of conical tubercles; the crest is highest above the

tympanum, much less developed in the young than in mature specimens. Snout

pointed, compressed, with sharp canthus. Tympanum distinct, round, two-thirds the

size of the eye. Parotoid smaller. Upper parts with small, flat tubercles, lower

roughly granular. First and second fingers equal. Toes not quite half-webbed; two

smal] metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold. Light brownish, with some irregular ashy

or whitish spots ; lower parts whitish.

Ad. 9.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . .) .) 84 millim.

» » metatarsal joint . . . . . . 78 ,,

» 7 end of fourth toe. . . . . . 108

19. Bufo simus.

Bufo simus, Schmidt, Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1858, p. 254.

Bufo intermedius, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 379 (1885); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32,

p. 10 (1887) (nec Giinth.) ; Dugés, La Nat. Mex. (2) ii. p. 482 (1896).

Hab. Mexico, Presidio, Milpas in Durango ( Forrer), Guanajuato, Huazteca Potosina,

and Silao (Dugés), Sierra de Bolafios and Jalisco (Buller), Omilteme and

Amula (H. H. Smith), Vera Cruz ( Cope), Orizaba (Sumichrast) ; Panama, Chiriqui

(Schmidt).

The projecting ridges of the head are rather feebly developed, even in the adult;

the supraorbital converge in front, and terminate behind in a fork, the prongs of

which are short; young examples without ridges. The interorbital space is concave

(in the adult) and broader than the supraocular cover. Snout rather short, with

the sides slightly sloping. Tympanum quite hidden under tubercular skin. Parotoids

of moderate size, prominent, elliptical, immediately behind the hind margin of the

orbit. Upper parts rather densely covered with small, sometimes spiny, tubercles ;

lower parts coarsely granular. First finger longer than second; toes two-thirds

webbed; two metatarsal tubercles, of which the inner is somewhat compressed ; a

series of pointed tubercles takes the place of a tarsal fold. Greyish or brownish

above, marbled with darker and sometimes with pink blotches ; lower parts uniform

whitish, sometimes, and in the young always, spotted with black.

2. 2.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . 87 millim. 75 millim.

» > metatarsal jot. . . 71 ,, 70 =u,

» » end of fourth toe . . 102 ,, 98,

This species was originally described from young examples, the largest of which

was only 26 millim. long. At that age, and even in specimens up to 50 millim. in

length, the cephalic crests are not developed, the crown being as flat as in the flat-

headed toads generally. Yet I should have hesitated to refer our Mexican specimens

BUFO. 259

to B. simus of Schmidt, as this author describes his species with an abdomen “ fere

glabrum,” whilst our examples have it distinctly granulated. However, fortunately,

the Natural History Museum has received, through Dr. Werner, one of the type-

specimens of Schmidt’s Bufo simus; it is only 17 millim. long, but has a distinctly

granulated abdomen.

Bufo simus is closely related to B. intermedius (Giinth.), from which it differs only in

having the tympanum hidden under a tubercular skin. The specimens from Omilteme

and Amula have a particularly rough skin on the upper parts of the body, as well as

on the lower.

20. Bufo intermedius.

Bufo intermedius, Ginth. Batr. Sal. p. 140, t. 9. fig. A; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 307.

Hab. MeExico, Jalisco (Godman).—AnpDEs or Ecuapor.

The projecting ridges of the head are rather feebly developed; the supraciliary,

convergent in front, terminate behind in a fork with short prongs. Interorbital space

concave, and, in the middle of its length, rather broader than the supraocular cover.

Snout short, with distinct, short, convergent canthi, and with the sides slightly sloping.

Tympanum not covered by tubercular skin, though rather small, one-third or one-half

the area of the eye. Parotoids of moderate size, prominent, elongate elliptical, longer

than, and as wide as, the supraocular cover, immediately behind the hind margin of the

orbit. Upper parts with small, flat, not densely packed, tubercles, which do not extend

on to the interorbital space ; a lateral series of somewhat more conical tubercles; lower

parts finely granulated. First finger longer than second ; toes two-thirds webbed; two

metatarsal tubercles, of which the inner is somewhat compressed ; a very fine serrature

takes the place of a tarsal fold. Gyreyish or greenish, marbled with darker ; lower parts

uniform whitish.

Spec. Jalisco.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . . . +. 65 millim.

a - metatarsal joint. . . . .. . 48° ,,

end of fourth toe . ... . . 86

2 29 2”

This is the only Central-American specimen which I have found to agree with

B. intermedius in the distinctness of the tympanum and the comparatively smooth

texture of the skin. The form B. siémus is much more common and more widely

spread; and I therefore conclude that the specimens named B. intermedius by Cope

and Dugés belong to B. stmus rather than to the present form.

21. Bufo bocourti.

Bufo bocourti, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 186; Miss. Se. Mex., Batr. p. 84, t. 7. fig. 1;

Miiller, Verh. Ges. Basel, vii. p. 672 (1885).

Hab. Guatemaa, Totonicapam (Bocourt).

*33 2

256 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Crown of the head with projecting ridges, branched behind, the postorbital branch

forming a right angle with the main (supraorbital) ridge, and the parietal branch being

rather swollen, short, bent inwards. Snout short, vertically truncate. Zympanum

hidden; parotoid narrow, oblong. Upper parts with large tubercles, lower coarsely

granular. ‘First and second fingers equal in length; toes half-webbed ; two metatarsal

tubercles; a short tarsal fold. Sides marbled with black; upper lip with a white

margin below the eye; a yellowish vertebral line. (After Brocchi.)

22. Bufo veraguensis,

Bufo veraguensis, Schmidt, Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1858, p. 258, t. 2. fie. 20, t. 3. fig. 21 ;

Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1873, p. 618.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Peters), Veraguas (Schmidt).

Crown of the head with a projecting ridge round the eye, from which a short

parietal crest starts obliquely inwards; interorbital space concave. Tympanum hidden.

Parotoids of moderate size, prominently oblong. Upper parts tubercular, a series of

larger tubercles on each side of the back. Fingers very slender, first shorter than

second. Toes entirely webbed, but the web is deeply notched. No tarsal fold.

Greyish above, marbled with blackish-brown ; lighter below. (After Schmidt.)

This apparently well-characterized species does not seem to have been recognized

since the time of its discovery.

23. Bufo auritus.

Bufo auritus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 99, t. 23. fig. 4 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica, Talamanca (Cope).

Crown of the head flat, bounded by a vertical supraciliary ridge, forked behind.

Snout narrow, produced, the nostrils being nearer to each other than to the orbit.

Anterior half of the tympanum distinct. Parotoids quite small, surmounted by several

dermal spines. Tubercles of the skin small, spinulose, most numerous on the sides,

absent below. Singers very slender, the two inner subequal. Toes half-webbed. No

tarsal fold; solar and plantar tubercles insignificant. Brown; a square patch on the

crown, an oblique band from the occiput towards the side, and a spot on each side of

the sacrum, black ; abdomen marbled with black. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . . . . . hh «O81 millim.

- forefoot. 2. . 2... 2... 10 =,

» hindlimb . ........ =... 88

0 hind foot. . . 2... . . eee

NANNOPHRYNE. 257

NANNOPHRYNE.

Nannophryne, Giinth. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 401; Cope, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 142 (1889).

Cranopsis, Crepidius, and Ollotis, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. pp. 96, 97, 98 (1875).

Differs from Bufo by the absence of ostia pharyngea and tympanum. Palmation of

toes weak. Parotoids present.

1. Nannophryne fastidiosa.

Cranopsis fastidiosus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii. p. 96, t. 23. fig. 1 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica, Pico Blanco 2500 feet (Gadd).

Cranial integument entirely ossified, rugose. The supraciliary crest is elevated and

continued to the parotoid; it is swollen, particularly behind, forming a rugose osseous

plate behind the orbit. Upper part of the snout and interorbital space concave.

Parotoid short, subtriangular. Upper parts studded with round warts; a series of

larger tubercles from the parotoid to the groin. Toes half-webbed; metatarsal

tubercles very obscure; no tarsal fold. Yellowish-brown above, dirty brown below,

sides with a blackish band. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . . . . . . «58 millim,

9 hindlimb . . . 2... we. . 60C—="“=7

» hind foot. . . . 2... . . hh. 85,

2. Nannophryne epiotica.

Crepidius epioticus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 97, t. 23. fig. 2 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica, Pico Blanco 5000 feet (Gadd).

Crown of the head without ossification ; of crests are present a canthal, supraciliary,

and supratympanic; the supraciliary sends inwards a short tuberosity at the posterior

third of the orbit; supratympanic very protuberant. Parotoid very small, rounded ;

skin everywhere rugose with minute tubercles, which are sparse on the dorsal, dense

on the ventral regions. Digits of all the feet enclosed in the skin, leaving the longest

toe projecting ; inner digits of both feet rudimentary. Femur half enclosed in the

inguinal integument. Soles smooth, without tubercles or folds. Brownish-black,

sometimes with a brown median dorsal band. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . ..... +... +. . . 85 millim,

» hind limb (free portion). . ..... . 80 4,

» hind foot. . . . ......... I,

3. Nannophryne cerulescens.

Ollotis cerulescens, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 98, t. 23. fig. 3 (1875).

Hab. Costa Rica, Pico Blanco 3000 to 5000 feet (Gadd).

258 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Crown of the head without ossifications, but the supraciliary ridges are slightly

prominent, and continued behind in straight lines by two angles of the parietal bone.

Parotoids present; the skin of the back and sides is studded with numerous spaced

tubercles; lower parts nearly smooth. Toes half-webbed; metatarsal tubercles

obsolete; no tarsal fold. Blackish above, tubercles brown; black below, thickly

marked with light-blue spots. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . . . . . . «685 millim.

» hindlimb. . . . . . .. . 2... 28,

7 hind foot. . . . . 2... 1... 1B C,,

Fam. RHINOPHRYNIDA.

RHINOPHRYNUS.

Rhinophrynus, Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 757.

Form of the body as in Engystoma. Snout pointed, but with the front truncated,

terminating in a flat circular disk. Auditory apparatus imperfectly developed; no

tympanum or cavum tympani or eustachian tubes. Skin smooth; a large parotoid

with smooth surface, hidden below the skin. Sternum rudimentary. Toes webbed.

1. Rhinophrynus dorsalis.

Rhinophrynus dorsalis, Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 758, t. 91. fig. 2; Giinth. P. Z. S. 1858,

p. 339; Batr. Sal. p. 127, t.12; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 329; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.

no. 32, p. 11 (1887) ; Rovirosa, La Nat. Mex. (2) i. pp. 156-160, t. 15. figg. A-C (1888) ;

Dugés, La Nat. Mex. (2) ii. p. 98, t. 5.

Rhinophrynus rostratus, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p.196; Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 98, t. 9. fig. 1.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Sallé), Tuxpan (Cope), Chiapas, Tabasco (Dugés), Tehuantepec

(Sumichrast), Campeche (Morelet) ; Guatemaua, Peten (Berendt).

Metatarsus with a large shovel-shaped tubercle. Bluish-grey, with yellowish spots

on the sides and along the vertebral line, the latter forming a more or less complete

band.

This Batrachian shares in Tabasco, with Phrynosoma, the popular name of “Camaléon.”

Fam. SCAPHIOPODIDA.

SCAPHIOPUS.

Scaphiopus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpetol. i. p. 85.

Scaphiopus and Spea, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 81 (1866).

Habit stout, toad-like ; pupil vertical. Upper jaw and vomer toothed; tongue entire

or nearly so. Tympanum present, but generally hidden. Sacral vertebra with strongly

SCAPHIOPUS. 259

dilated diapophyses, anchylosed with coccyx; manubrium cartilaginous. Skin tuber-

cular; a generally small parotoid. Toes webbed; outer metatarsals separated by a

web ; a shovel-shaped metatarsal tubercle (fossorial).

1. Scaphiopus couchii.

Scaphiopus couchii, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. vii. p. 62 (1855); U. S. & Mex. Bound.

Surv. i., Rept. p. 28, t. 35. figg. 1-6 (1859) ; Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 52;

Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 26; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 434; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. no. 32, p. 12 (1887) ; Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. i. p. 342, t. 13. fig. 6 (fore limb)

(1899).

Scaphiopus varius, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1863, p. 52.

Hab. NortH America, Lower California, Texas.—Mexico, Presidio (Forrer), Tampico

(Godman), Tamaulipas (Smithson. Instit.).

The skin of the crown of the head is very thin, or actually merged into bone; no

pectoral gland. Openings of the eustachian tubes distinct, but much smaller than

choane. ‘Tongue slightly notched behind. No canthus rostralis, sides of the head

sloping. Skin of the back with small flat tubercles; lower parts smooth. Greenish

marbled with grey; lateral tubercles white.

Length of body . . . . . . . .. . . «658 millim,

2. Scaphiopus rectifrenis.

Scaphiopus rectifrenis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 53; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 435.

Hab. Mexico, Tamaulipas and Coahuila (Smithson. Instit.).

Upper surface of head bony, rough; no pectoral gland. Canthus rostralis strong ;

loreal region subvertical, Tympanum hidden. Skin of head and body sparsely

tubercular; a weak antepectoral fold. Above brown, tubercles tipped with brown;

a brown line extends from each eye to the sacrum, converging posteriorly. Below

light yellow or brownish. (After Cope and Boulenger.)

Length of body . ... ... . + . . + . 2 in. 8 lines.

3. Scaphiopus hammondii.

Scaphiopus hammondit, Baird, U. 8. Pacif. R. R. Reports, xi., Rept. p. 12, t. 28. fig. 2 (1859) ;

Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 53; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no, 32, p. 12 (1887).

Spea hammondii, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 81 (1866).

Scaphiopus bombifrons, Cope, Proc, Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1863, p. 53.

Scaphiopus stagnalis, Cope, in Wheeler’s Report of Geogr. & Geol. Exped. West of 100th Merid. v.

p- 525, t. 25. figg. 6-8 (young).

Scaphiopus dugesii, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. iii. p. 23 (1879); Miss. Sci. Mex., Batr. p. 24, t. 9.

fig. 4; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 436.

Hab. Norra America, Missouri, New Mexico, Texas, California.—Mexico, Chihuahua

8000 feet (Brimley), Guanajuato (Dugeés).

260 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Skin of the crown of the head rather thick. Openings of the eustachian tubes

distinct, but smaller than choane; tongue without posterior notch. Snout very short,

without canthus, its sides subvertical. Skin of the back, and sometimes of the lower

thigh, densely studded with tubercles; abdomen with smaller, more scattered, flat

tubercles. Upper parts greyish, uniform or with brownish marbling; lower parts

white.

Length of body . . . . .. . . . «C58 millim.

4, Scaphiopus multiplicatus.

Scaphiopus multiplicatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1863, p. 51.

Spea multiplicata, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 81 (1866).

Hab. Mexico, valley of Mexico (Potta).

Crown of the head covered with skin. A strong fold across the gular region; sides

with longitudinal folds. Parotoid very large, extending beyond the scapula. Upper

surfaces coarsely tubercular, skin of the limbs nearly smooth. A large gland occupies

most of the length of the tibia. Abdomen minutely, pubic region coarsely, rugose.

Choane smaller than the ostia pharyngea. ‘Tongue entire. Above ashy-brown, below

yellowish. (After Cope.)

Length of body. . . . . . . . . . . . « . 5 in. 1 line.

Fam. HYLIDA.

HYLA.

Hyla sp., Laur. Syst. Amphib. p. 32.

Hyla sp. and Trachycephalus, Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii.; Giinth. Batr. Sal.

Hyla, Calamites, Hypsiboas, Trachycephalus, Ranoidea, Centrotelma, Scytopis, Osteocephalus, Acro-

dytes, Smilisca, Dryomelictes, Cinclidium, Cincloscopus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.

vi. (1866-67), and Ll. al.

Hyla, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 337.

Hyla, Plectrohyla, and Cauphias, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. i. pp. 92, 129 (1877).

Hyliola*, Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. i. p. 337 (1899).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire or but slightly emarginate behind. Vomerine

teeth +. Fingers and toes dilated into terminal disks, the latter always webbed.

* This genus is based on the ossification of a cartilage intercalated between the terminal and penultimate

phalanges of the fourth toe; in a non-ossified and rudimental condition it seems to be present in the majority

of, if not in all, the species. Insignificant as the taxonomic value of this character appears to be, I should

have gladly availed myself of it for division of the numerous species of this genus. But at present the condition

of this part of the skeleton is unknown in a large proportion of the species, nor have I the material for supplying

the deficiency.

+ Abnormally in some of the small species vomerine teeth may be wanting: see H. prosoblepon, H. nana.

HYLA. 261

Auditory organ developed; tympanum present or hidden under the skin. Outer

metatarsals united or slightly separated. Females without dorsal pouch.

Synopsis of Central-American Species.

I. Head covered with soft skin.

A. Vomerine teeth arranged in two fascicles or short transverse series.

1. Vomerine teeth placed between the choane.

a. Tympanum more or less distinct.

a. Eyes lateral or mainly so.

aa. Fingers free.

aa, Upper parts smooth.

* Sides of the head or body ornamented with longitudinal colour-bands.

1. eximia; 2. bocourti; 3. nana; 4. cherrii; 5. microcephala.

** Sides without longitudinal bands ft.

6. eleochroa; 7. bistincta.

88. Upper parts with tubercles.

8. splendens ; 9. copii; 10. boulengeri.

bb. Fingers narrowly (less than one-third) webbed.

ll. mocquardi; 12. quinquemttata ; 13. pheota; 14. teniopus; 15. puma.

cc. Fingers more or less broadly (one-third or more) webbed.

aa, Tympanum one-half or one-third the area of the eye.

16. baudini ; 17. venulosa; 18. sordida; 19. gabbi; 20. pseudopuma; 21. godmani; 22. uranochroa.

88. Tympanum less than one-third the area of the eye.

23. leucophyllata ; 24. underwoodi ; 25. nigripes ; 26. molitor ; 27. miotympanum.

§&. Eyes directed forward.

28. prosoblepon.

6. Tympanum hidden under the skin.

29. pulverata; 30. glandulosa; 31. guatemalensis ; 32. crassa.

2. Vomerine teeth placed behind the level of the hind margin of the choane.

33. punctariola; 34. spilomma; 35. miltaria.

B. Vomerine teeth in two curved series forming together an arch.

36. crepitans ; 37. albomarginata.

II. Skin of the head coalesced with the bone, rough.

38. rudis.

1. Hyla eximia.

Hyla eximia, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1851, p. 61; U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. p. 29,

t. 38. figs. 8-10; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1869, p. 880; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 378 ;

+ Hyla plicata, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 35, t. 12. fig. 1, would appear to belong to this division,

It is imperfectly known from a single specimen in the Paris Museum, preserved for a long time and said to be

from Mexico. Its most striking character seems to be in the small size of the disks, which are not half the

size of the tympanum, which itself is described as small, with a diameter only one-third of that of the eye.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Batr., June 1901. *34

262 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 82, t. 18. figs. 3-4; Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 82,

p. 14 (1887).

Hyla euphorbiacea, Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 109, t. 10. fig. C.

Hyla gracilipes, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 194 *.

Hyla staufferi, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 195.

Hyla eximia, subsp. staufferit, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 382, p. 14 (1887).

Hab. Mexico, Chihuahua, alt. 7000-8000 feet (Brimley), Presidio and Ciudad (Lorrer),

city of Mexico (Doorman, H. H. Smith), Sierra de Cuyatlan, Guadalajara,

alt. 3860 met. (Buller), Guanajuato (Dugés), Amula (H. H. Smith), Jalisco and

South Mexico (£7. D. G.).

Vomerine teeth between the choane, in two transverse groups or slightly oblique

series ; choane rather more open than eustachian ostia. Snout of moderate length,

rather depressed, with obtuse canthus and sloping sides. Distance of the nostril from

the eye nearly as long as the diameter of the latter, and more than the distance of the

nostrils from each other. Interorbital space wider than the upper eyelid. Tympanum

distinct, one-half or one-third the area of the eye. Fingers free, with disks as large as

those of the toes, equal to or somewhat exceeding the area of the tympanum. ‘Toes

one-third webbed or even less; a tarsal fold. Upper parts smooth, very rarely

tubercular +; lower parts granular; a fold across the chest; no other folds. Back

greenish, bluish, or brownish, uniform or with blackish, sometimes light-edged, oblong

spots; a blackish line along the canthus rostralis continued as a broader band from

behind the eye, across the tympanum, and along the side of the body; towards the

back it is sharply defined, generally with a white edge, but towards the abdomen it

eradually passes into the light coloration of the lower parts; it is also white-edged

below, between the eye and the shoulder. Upper jaw with a semitransparent horn-

coloured border; limbs cross-banded; thighs with the concealed parts not pigmented.

Male with an external subgular vocal sac.

3 (Mexico). @ (Amula).

Greatest width of the head . . . . . . 12 millim. 11°5 millim.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . 83 Ca, 30 -

» ” heel . . . 680 —"7 30 »

» » metatarsal joint. . . 88 ,, 37°5 i,

» - end of fourth toe . . 53 ,, 53 -

* T cannot help thinking that the words “eyes little prominent, one-half tympanic disk,” in Cope’s

description of H. gracilipes, are a lapsus calami. No Central-American Hyla has so small an eye. Also two

specimens in the Natural History Museum, named H. gracilipes, do uot differ in this respect from others

undoubtedly . eaimia.

+ Tubercular skin observed once only, in a female from Presidio.

io)

HYLA. 26

2. Hyla bocourti.

Hyla regilla, Brocchi, Miss. Se. Mex., Batr. p. 31, t. 13. fig. 2 (not B. & G.).

Hyliola bocourti, Mocquard, Nouv. Arch, Mus. i. p. 841 (1899); Bull. Soc. Philom. (9) i. p. 164

(1899).

Hab. Mexico, Tepic (Diguet); Guatemata, Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt).

Closely allied to Hf. eximia, but with the posterior face of the thigh ornamentally

coloured.

Vomerine teeth between the choane, in two transverse groups; choanse and

eustachian ostia nearly equal. Snout of moderate length, rather depressed, with

obtuse canthus and sloping sides, Distance of the nostril from the eye nearly as long

as the diameter of the latter, and more than the distance of the nostrils from each

other. Interorbital space wider than the upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, one-half

the area of the eye. Fingers free, with disks somewhat larger than those of the toes,

and somewhat smaller than the tympanum. Toes barely one-third webbed; (tarsal

fold, if present, quite indistinct). Upper parts smooth, lower granular. Upper parts

bluish, with large blackish longitudinal spots, which commence between the eyes.

Side of the snout blackish, which colour is continued as a band across the tympanum

and along the side of the body; this band is sharply defined towards the back, and

finely edged with white, but towards the abdomen it gradually passes in an irregular

outline into the light coloration of the lower parts; it has also an incomplete whitish

lower edge between the eye and the tympanum. Upper jaw without a horn-coloured

border ; limbs indistinctly cross-banded, and the posterior face of the thigh is finely

marbled with black and white on a greyish ground,

Greatest width of head. . . . . . . es «15 millim.

Distance of vent from snout. . . . . . 1... . 87) Oy

” » hel . 2... ww... 88 ”

» - metatarsal joint . . . . . . 43,

end of fourth toe . . 2. . . . 59,

This description is taken from one of the specimens collected by Bocourt, and kindly

communicated to me by Professor Vaillant ; I have deposited it in the Natural History

Museum.

3. Hyla nana, sp.n. (Tab. LXXIII. fig. A.)

Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca (fH. H. Smith).

Vomerine teeth (sometimes indistinct or even entirely absent) between the choanee,

in two fascicles; choanz wider open than eustachian ostia. Snout of moderate length,

rather pointed, not depressed, with angular canthus and subvertical sides. Kye of

moderate size, its diameter equal to its distance from the nostril, and more than the

*34 2

264 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

distance between the nostrils. Interorbital space wider than the upper eyelid.

Tympanum distinct, one-third the area of the eye. Fingers free; toes two-thirds

webbed, the web not reaching the disks of the third and fifth. Disks rather

smaller than, or equal to, tympanum. No tarsal fold. Upper parts smooth, lower

granular. A fold across the chest. Back uniform olive-coloured; a brown band

along the canthus rostralis is continued along the sides of the head and body, fading

behind, and passing below gradually into the whitish of the lower parts; its anterior

or supratympanic portion is faintly edged with whitish above, but there is no white

margin on any portion of the lower margin; no horn-coloured border to the upper

jaw ; limbs without cross-bands and with the concealed parts pigmentless. Male with

a large external subgular vocal sac.

dé. 2.

Width ofhead . . . . . O75 millim. 10 millim.

Distance of vent from snout. . . . . . 22 » 25 -

” 7 heel . . 2. . 1 . 195), 22°5 i,

» ” metatarsal joint . . 26 » 29 ”

» ” end of fourth toe. . 85°55 ,, 39 -

This is one of the smallest of the Central-American Hyle, the male, of which the

measurements are given, being fully mature with a large vocal sac. Several specimens

show vomerine teeth only indistinctly, and in one female specimen they have

disappeared entirely. Enlarged figures of a toothed and a toothless palate are given

on Tab. LXXIII.

4. Hyla cherrii. |

Hyla cherrei, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1894, p. 195.

Hab. Costa Rica, Alajuela, Rio Alfaro (Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, San José). —

Vomerine teeth between the very large choane, at the apex of a ridge which

proceeds from the anterior margin of the latter. Snout not prominent, with vertical

sides, and with straight angular canthus; distance of the nostrils from the eye a little

less than the diameter of the latter. Tongue longer than wide. Tympanum one-

half the area of the eye. Fingers almost webless; toes fully webbed. Skin smooth

above. ‘The yellowish coloration of the back is abruptly separated from the colour of

the sides by a narrow white stripe which runs from the eye to the sacrum; humerus

and femur not pigmented. (After Cope.)

Widthofhead ......... =. =... . 428 millim.

Length of body . . . .......... . 6,4

hindlimb . . . . .. ee 45,

» hindfoot. . . . . 2... ee et 20

HYLA.

or)

(or

5. Hyla microcephala.

Hyla microcephala, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 281.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

Vomerine teeth in two fascicles between the choane. Snout short, rather deep, not

prominent; eyes little prominent. Tympanum round, its diameter one-third of that

of the eye. Fingers free; toes webbed nearly to the disks of the third and fifth ;

metatarsal tubercles indistinct; disks smaller than tympanum. Skin smooth above.

Cream-coloured: a pale brown band with a narrow yellow upper edge from the end of

the snout to the groin; another narrow brown band on each side of the back, extending

forwards to the orbit. (After Cope.)

Width ofhead . 2... . we eee ee .) 8somillim.

Length of body. . . 2... ww ww ee ww R75,

» hind limb (from groin). . . . . . . . 415 ,,

hind foot . . . .... ee COSY

PP) a3

6. Hyla elzochroa. |

Hyla eleochroa, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viil. p. 105, t. 26. fig. 3 (very bad) (1876); Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 14 (1887).

Hab. Costa Rica, Sipurio (Gabd); Panama, Pacific side (Bransford).

Vomerine teeth between the choane, in two short oblique series, more or less con-

vergent behind. Snout elongate; tongue longer than wide. Distance of the nostrils

from each other about half of their distance from the eye. Eyes large, four or five

times the area of the tympanum. Fingers entirely free; toes half-webbed. Upper

parts smooth, abdomen finely areolate. Uniform olivaceous, without spots. (After

Cope. )

Width of head . . . . we eee )CO SS milli.

Length ofbody . . . . . 2... . eee. 26 =",

” hindlimb . . . . . 1... 4a,

» hind foot. . 2... 1. 2... ee. OD,

7. Hyla bistincta.

Hyla bistincta, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1877, p. 87; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 14

(1887).

Hab. Muxico, Vera Cruz and Zacualtipan (Cope).

Vomerine teeth in small fasciculi between the choane. Head, particularly the

interorbital region, broad and flat; canthus rostralis distinct. 'Tympanum exceedingly

small, one-fifth the diameter of the eye, overhung by a thick dermal fold. Fingers

free ; toes three-fourths webbed ; foot shorter than tibia and femur. Upper parts

266 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

smooth, greyish-blue, lower yellowish ; sides marbled with these two colours ; posterior

face of femur pale brown, with a few yellow specks along the superior border. Lip

not white-bordered. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . . . we ee «645 millim.

Widthofhead . . . . .. . ee Cd SCF=,

Length of hindlimb ........2.2.2. 2. 67 ~~ 4,

» hind foot. . . . . . . ee ee ee CO

8. Hyla splendens.

Hyla splendens, Schmidt, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1858, p. 244, t. 1. fig. 7.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui, near Boca del Toro.

Vomerine teeth between the choane, in a transverse series interrupted in the middle.

Snout rounded, its upperside gently sloping downwards, with distinct canthus and

slightly concave sides. ‘Tympanum of moderate extent; eustachian ostia very small,

much narrower than choane. Jngers nearly free, only the two outer ones connected

by a rudimentary web; no external rudiment of pollex. Toes rather long, half-webbed,

the web not extending to the disks of the fourth and fifth toes, unless it be as a

narrow fringe. Upper parts with flat tubercles ; abdomen, chest, and throat granular ;

a deep fold across the chest, and another fold over the tympanum. Yellowish-green,

shining ; sides of the thigh, hinder face of the upper arm, and the upperside of the

foot marbled with black ; upperside of the arm and lower leg cross-banded. (After

Schmidt. )

Length of body . . 2... ww. ee eee) 648 millim.

» hindleg . ........ ee. 6800 C—*=5,

9. Hyla copii. (Tab. LXX. fig. C.) |

? Hyla affinis, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 61; U.S. Mex. Bound. Survey, Rept. p. 29,

t. 38. figs. 4-7 (nec Spix).

? Hyla arenicolor, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 84 (1866) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32,

p. 14 (1887) ; Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, no. 3, p. 117 (1890).

Hyla copii, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1887, xx. p. 53; 1888, i. p. 189.

? Hyliola diguett, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (9) i. p. 165, t. 1. fig. 4 (1899).

Hab. Nort America, Texas.—Mexico, Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua (Brimley), Guana-

juato (Dugeés), Jalisco (F. D. G., Diguet), Rancho Santa Cruz, Real de la Tesca

(Buller).

Vomerine teeth in two groups between the rather narrow choane. Snout of

moderate length, depressed, with indistinct canthus and sloping sides. Distance of the

nostril from the eye equal to diameter of the latter. Interorbital space as wide as

the upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, one-third the area of the eye. Fingers free,

HYLA. 267

with disks a little larger than those of the toes, and nearly the size of the tympanum.

No external rudiment of pollex. Toes short, the fourth, measured from metatarsal

joint, being two-fifths the length of the body; toes broadly webbed, the web extending

to the disks of the fourth and fifth; a tarsal fold. Upper parts tubercular, the

tubercles extending forwards beyond the interorbital space; abdomen coarsely, throat

finely granular; a smooth space with a very distinct fold across the chest. No other

folds or appendages. Upper parts brownish-olive with greyish spots; upper lip and

limbs cross-barred, posterior face of hind limb mottled. Lower parts white; throat

brownish or with black specks. Male with an external gular vocal sac.

@ (Jalisco).

Greatest width ofhead. . . . . . . . | . . . 15 millim.

Distance of vent from snout . ....... .. 40 ~,z,

- ” heel . . . . wee 8D 'F“g

» » metatarsal joint. . . . . . . 47 ,,

7 - end of fourth toe . . .. . . 6 ,,

Boulenger has already pointed out the discrepancies in the accounts of this species

given by Baird and himself, the Editor of the ‘American Naturalist’ (1888, p. 80)

having identified H. affinis with H. copdi. Whilst it is still uncertain whether Baird

had before him a distinct species, or whether his description and figure are inaccurate,

I adopt the name given by Boulenger.

10. Hyla boulengeri.

Scytopsis boulengeri, Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 12 (1887).

Hab. Nicaracua (MacNeil).

Vomerine teeth between the choanz, in two transverse fasciculi, together forming

a series which ts convex backwards. Snout subacuminate, with canthus and sides

concave; diameter of the eye equal to its distance from the nostril, and twice that

of the tympanum. Choanz double the size of the pharyngeal ostia. Fingers free ;

web between the toes short, extending to the antepenultimate phalanx of the

fourth toe; none between first and second. Skin nearly smooth, but with numerous

small warts on the top of the head and shoulder; abdomen areolate, throat smooth.

(A glandular patch above the tympanum*.) Light grey, with indistinct darker

cross-bands on the back and limbs. Concealed faces of femur and tibia light-coloured,

with purplish-black cross-bands; several spots of the same colour in the groin. (After

Cope.)

* Cope does not mention this in his description, but as he refers this frog to his genus Scytopis, which is _

characterized by an accumulation of sebaceous glands above the tympanum, it may be supposed that the species’

resembles Hyla venulosa in this respect.

268 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Length of head . . . . . . eee ee «O87 millim.

” hindlimb ....... =... . . 68 ~~ 4,

” hind foot. . . . . 6 . 6 « we se 25 yy

11. Hyla mocquardi, sp.n. (Tab. LX XIII. fig. B.)

Hab. GUATEMALA or PANAMA.

Vomerine teeth in two groups, between the choane. Snout not depressed, as long

as the eye *, rather pointed, with angular canthi which would meet at an acute angle,

and with subvertical sides. The eye is rather longer than its distance from the nostril,

and much longer than the distance between the two nostrils; interorbital space not

much wider than the upper eyelid. Tympanum two-fifths of the area of the eye.

The three outer fingers one-fourth, toes half-webbed ; all the disks smal], much smaller

than the tympanum. No tarsal fold. Upper parts smooth, lower granular. When

carried forward, the heel reaches the middle of the eye. Upper parts light-coloured,

with irregular brownish blotches having a tendency to form longitudinal bands. <A

brown band starts from the loreal region, and extends to the middle of the side of the

body, where it becomes paler ; in its anterior portion it is sharply edged with white

above and below, the lower edge terminating behind the tympanum, the upper

extending farther backwards. In the larger specimen the posterior face of the thigh

is crossed by five very short black cross-bars, the smaller specimen having this part

pigmentless.

Width of head . . . . . ww. ee) milli.

Distance of vent from snout... .... . . 25 +

” » heel. . 2... ww ee RD -

” y metatarsal joint . . . . . . 29 3

$9 7 end of fourth toe . . . . . 86 »

The two specimens before me were collected either in Panama or in Guatemala.

12. Hyla quinquevittata.

Hyla quinque-vitiata, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. p. 273 (1886).

Hab. Nicaragua (Bransford).

Vomerine teeth between the choane, in two rounded fasciculi, close together. Snout

rather acuminate, projecting beyond the mouth, with distinct and concave canthus;

tongue rather longer than broad. Tympanum two-fifths the diameter of the eye.

Fingers with a slight rudiment of web at their bases; web of the toes reaching only

the middle of the penultimate phalanges of the third and fifth. Upper parts smooth.

* Measured along the longitudinal axis.

HYLA. 269

Light grey, with five darker longitudinal bands, the median of which expands anteriorly

so as to form a large subtriangular spot between the eyes; femur with one, tibia with

three cross-bands; concealed surfaces unspotted. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . 2... . . 2... 29 millim.

” hindlimb . . . .. . 48,

- hind foot. . . 2. 2... . 19,

13. Hyla pheota.

Hyla pheota, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 8358 ; Werner, SB. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. xxvii.

p- 97 (1897).

Hyla labialis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 463; 1873, p. 618.

Hab. Panama (Werner), Chiriqui (Peters).—Cotomsta, Turbo (Cope), Bogota (Peters).

Vomerine teeth in two transverse series between the large choane. Head broad,

depressed, with rounded canthus rostralis. Tympanum more than half the extent of

the eye. The three outer fingers slightly webbed; nearly three phalanges of the fourth

toe free, the web, however, margining the outer side. The tibio-tarsal articulation

reaches well beyond the end of the snout, when the hind limb is carried forwards.

Upper parts smooth ; a strong fold from the eye over the tympanum. Brownish-olive

above, with a longitudinal band or series of spots on the back, bifurcating anteriorly ;

a spot on the coccyx and near the vent brown. Upper jaw, postorbital region, and the

margins of the upper eyelid and of the limbs white. A dark band along the canthus

rostralis is continued over the tympanum to the scapular region; femur with narrow

cross-bands and with the hinder side reticulate or uniformly coloured; tibize more

broadly cross-banded; sides with brown vermiculations; lower parts whitish. Male

with an unpaired vocal sac. (After Cope.)

Length . . 2... we ee ee ew ew 22 lines.

The descriptions of other authors who believe that they have recognized Cope’s

species differ in several noteworthy particulars. Thus, Peters states that “the tympanum

is scarcely visible, its diameter being two-fifths of the diameter of the eye”; the web

between the toes is deeply excised, but ‘‘ otherwise nearly complete, only the last

phalanx of the fourth toe being free.” On the other hand, Werner describes the

tympanum as “equal to ¢ of the diameter of the eye. Fingers with 4, toes with nearly

complete webs”; he also ascribes to this species a tarsal fold.

14. Hyla teniopus, sp.n. (Tab. LXXII. fig. F.)

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Trujillo).

Vomerine teeth in two transverse series, between the choane. Head broad, depressed,

broader than the body, with the eyes obliquely directed forwards ; snout short, not

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Batr., September 1901. *35

270 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

longer than the eye, with rounded canthus and slightly sloping sides; the diameter of

the eye equals its distance from the nostril, and is much more than the distance between

the nostrils. Interorbital space much wider than upper eyelid. Tympanum one-third

the area of the eye. The three outer fingers one-fourth webbed ; toes nearly fully

webbed, the web reaching the disks of the third and fifth fingers, but leaving the last

phalanx of the fourth free. Disks of the fingers rather larger than of the toes, and

nearly the size of the tympanum. A tarsal fold. When carried forward, the heel

reaches the eye. Upper parts smooth, lower granular; no fold across the chest. Light

purplish, with or without some darker mottling ; lower parts white, with scattered

black specks on the throat and anterior part of the abdomen; sides marbled with black

and yellow ; hind limbs with darker cross-bands, three on the femur, three on the

tibia, two on the tarsus, and two on the metatarsus; concealed parts not pigmented ;

the cross-bands are darkest on the edges, lighter in the centre.

Width of head . .......... . + . J millim.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . .. . . 80 5,

” 9 heel . . 2 we ee eee RD 15

9 7 metatarsal joint. . . . . . . 31»

» 7 end of fourth toe . . . . . . 42 5;

15. Hyla puma.

Hyla puma, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1884, p. 183.

Hab. Nicaracua (Cope).

Vomerine teeth between the choane, in two transverse patches. Snout short, the

nostril being separated from the orbit by a space equal to the long diameter of the

tympanum; canthus rostralis well marked, concave. Tympanum an oblique oval, its

long diameter two-thirds of the eye-fissure. Pharyngeal ostia much narrower than

choane. Fingers with a rudimentary web ; toes half-webbed. Digital disks half the

size of tympanum. Smooth above; abdomen areolate. Uniform dark brown above,

uniform light brown below. (After Cope.)

Width ofhead . . . ... . ee 618 millim.

Length of body . . . . 2... ee ee ee 45,

- hindlimb. . . ....... +... 71 ~~;

” hind foot. . . . . 2... ww S81

16. Hyla baudini. (Tab. LXX1.)

Hyla baudinii, Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 564; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1863, p. 48;

Ginth. Batr. Sal. p. 105; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 371; P.Z.S. 1898, p.124; Brocchi, Miss.

Se. Mex., Batr. p. 29, t. 14. fig. 4.

Smilisca baudinii (daulinia), Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 194; 1866, p. 127; Journ.

Ac. N. Se. Philad. vi. p. 85 (1866) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 13 (1887).

HYLA. 271

Hyla vanvloeti, Baird, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1854, p. 61; U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept.

t. 88. figg. 1-3.

Hyla vociferans, Baird, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept. t. 38. fig. 11-13.

Hyla muricolor, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1862, p. 359.

? Hyla pansosana, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), i. p. 125 (1899) ; Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 34,

t. 12. fig. 2.

Hab. Norta America, Texas.—Mexico, Presidio and Ventanas (Forrer), Tampico

(Richardson), Guadalajara (Major), Mascota in Jalisco (Buller), Orizaba (F. D. G.),

Mirador (Sartorius), Tehuantepec and Cordova (Sumichrast), Rio Papagaio in

Guerrero, Teapa and Frontera in Tabasco (H. H. Smith), Cozumel I. (Gaumer),

Yucatan (Schott); Guaremaua, Vera Paz (Salvin), Peten (Berendt); Nicaragua,

Hacienda Rosa de Jericho, alt. 3250 feet, and Matagalpa (Rothschuh), Chontales

Mines (fia); Costa Rica, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui and La Hondura (Underwood),

Valley of San José (Van Patten).—Cotomsta, Buenaventura (Rosenberg) ; NortHERN

Ecuavor (Rosenberg).

Vomerine teeth in two transverse series, between the wide choane. Snout broad,

not depressed, with distinct canthus, and sloping concave sides. Distance of the

nostril from the eye equal to the diameter of the latter. Interorbital space broader

than the upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, two-thirds the area of the eye. The

three outer fingers are one-third webbed, and provided with disks which are equal to

those of the toes, but smaller than the tympanum. Toes fully webbed, with subarti-

cular tubercles ; a very distinct tarsal fold; no external rudiment of pollex. Upper

parts smooth ; a slight fold over the tympanum ; no fold above the vent; no appendage

at the heel; a fold across the chest. Abdomen granular ; throat and chest smooth.

Brownish, with darker subsymmetrical markings on the back and crown of the head,

upper lip and limbs with dark cross-bands ; a subtriangular lighter (in young specimens

white) spot below the eye, and a narrow blackish stripe along the fold behind the

tympanum. A very common variety is green or greyish-olive above, sometimes with

rounded black spots; a deep black band starts from the eye, covers the tympanum,

and is lost behind the shoulder ; it is bordered below by a white line which fringes the

upper lip; the limbs are cross-barred in this as in the other variety, but not the upper

lip. Lower parts whitish, very rarely with black spots. Male with an external vocal

sac on each side of the throat.

2 (Costa Rica),

Greatest width of head . . . . . . . . . .) . (25 millim.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . . . OB ”

» » heel . 2. 2... 7 7

” ” metatarsal joint. . . . . . . 100 ”

” » end of fourth toe . . . . . . 126 ”

Rothschuh (in litt.) describes the colours of a living specimen from the Hacienda

*39 2

272 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Rosa de Jericho as green on the back, and golden yellow with black spots on the

abdomen ; a black tympanic band ; limbs brownish, cross-barred.

17. Hyla venulosa.

Rana venulosa, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 31.

Hyla venulosa, Daud. Rainettes, p. 35, t. 18; Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 560; Peters, MB.

Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 219; 1873, p. 618; Giimth. Batr. Sal. p. 104; Bouleng. Batr.

Sal. p. 364; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, x. p. 327.

Scytopis venulosus, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 85 (1866) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82,

p. 12 (1887).

Hyla zonata, Spix, Spec. Nov. p. 41, t. 12. fig. 1.

Hyla bufonia, Spix, |. c. p. 42, t. 12. fig. 2.

Hyla tibiatrix, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 34.

Hyla vermiculata, Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 563.

Hyla lichenosa, Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 102, t. 8. fig. C; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 38, t. 14.

fig. 2.

Scytopis hebes, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 354.

Hyla nigropunctata, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 366.

Hyla penulata, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 45, t. 14. fig. 1 (not good).

Hab. Mexico, Presidio (Forrer), Tampico (Richardson), Jalapa (Hoge), Vera Cruz and

Cordova (Sallé), Misantla (H. H. Smith), Frontera, Tabasco (H. H. Smith) ;

GuaTEMALA (Cope, Boucard); Nicaracua (Cope); Costa Rica, Bebedero (Under-

wood); Panama, Chiriqui (Peters).—TRopicaL AMERICA.

Vomerine teeth between the wide choanx, nearer to their hind margin; they

form generally a transverse series slightly interrupted in the middle, or each of the

two halves may be slightly arched. Snout broad, short, obtuse, not depressed, with

indistinct canthus, and sloping concave sides. Distance of the nostril from the eye

equal to the diameter of the latter. Interorbital space wider than the upper eyelid.

Tympanum distinct, about one-half the area of the eye, but smaller in specimens

with a glandular skin, and sometimes larger in such as have the glands but little

developed. ‘The three outer fingers one-half or one-third webbed; their disks equal

those of the toes, and are generally of the same size as the tympanum. No external

rudiment of a pollex. Toes three-fourths webbed, with strong subarticular tubercles ;

no tarsal fold. Upper parts generally tubercular and glandular; a fold above the

tympanum often assumes the appearance of a parotoid, suppressing portion of the

tympanum ; no fold on the side or above the vent; folds across the chest or throat;

no appendage at the heel. Lower parts, including the throat, coarsely granular. In

some specimens the skin of the upper parts is nearly smooth. Back brownish, generally

with large, subsymmetrical, dark patches, more or less confluent into a pair of longi-

tudinal bands, sharply defined against a lighter lateral band; hind limbs with broad

HYLA. 273

dark cross-bands. Lower parts uniform whitish. Male with a non-retractile vocal sac

behind each angle ot the mouth.

(Tampico).

Greatest width of head . . . . . . . ).).) .) ~~) 25 millim.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . . .) 680g,

» » heel . 2. 2... . OBC,

- ” metatarsal joint . . . . . . 84 ,,

» » end of fourth toe. . . . . . Ills,

This species shows a somewhat perplexing amount of variation in the shape of the

vomerine series, size of the tympanum, development of cuticular glands, and coloration.

In many Mexican specimens the coloration during immaturity is peculiar: the light

lateral band is pure white, and many of the tubercles on the sides of the body and on

the legs are deep black (H. lichenosa). Boulenger has described a living specimen :—

“When handled, it exuded a great quantity of poisonous fluid ..... ; this fluid,

of a milky appearance, coagulates instantaneously, sticking to the fingers in a very

disagreeable manner; it has a strong odour, resembling that of peaches, and affects

very disagreeably the mucous membrane of the nostrils, causing a strong itching.”

18. Hyla sordida.

Hyla sordida, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 460.

Hab. Panama, Veraguas.

Vomerine teeth in two short transverse series, between the choanz, which are a

little larger than the eustachian ostia. Snout with rounded canthus, obtuse, the

diameter of the eye being equal to its distance from the end of the snout; distance

between the nostrils a little less than their distance from the eye. Diameter of the

tympanum one-third that of the eye. The three outer fingers are almost entirely

webbed, and even the two inner fingers are connected by a rudimentary membrane.

The web between the toes is much excised, but reaches to the disks, leaving free only

one-half of the last phalanx of the fourth toe. Disks of toes and fingers nearly equal.

When the hind limb is carried forwards, three-fourths of the tarsus reach beyond the

end of the snout. Upper parts smooth, lower granular. Bluish-grey, sides of the body

and posterior face of the thighs finely marbled with white and brown; limbs with

cross-bands. Lower parts white. Male with a subgular vocal sac. (After Peters.)

Width of head . . . ww. ee ee ee 2 milli.

Length of body . . . 2... we eek BA,

7 hindlimb . ....... 2... . 60,

7 foot . 2. 2. 2. 2. ee eee ee ee 27,

To judge from the description, this frog must be most closely allied to Hyla gabbi,

and may be even specifically the same. The only noteworthy difference seems to be

274 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

the comparative length of the hind limb. The two specimens on which Peters based

this species were both males.

19. Hyla gabbi. (Tab. LXX. fig. B.)

Hyla gabbii, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. viii. p. 103 (1877); Bouleng. P. Z. S. 1898, p. 478 *.

Hyla salvini, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 872; Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1896, p. 344.

Hab. Costa Rica, Sipurio (Cope), La Palma, Monte Rotundo, alt. 1600 metres, and

Laguna de la Palma (Underwood), Cartago and San José (Mus. Brit.; Mus. Nac.

de Costa Rica, San José).

Vomerine teeth in a transverse series, interrupted in the middle, between the choane,

which are moderately open. Snout broad, short, obtuse, rather depressed, with rather

obtuse canthus and with sloping concave sides. Distance of the nostril from the eye

equal to the diameter of the latter. Interorbital space wider than the supraocular

cover. Tympanum distinct, one-half the area of the eye. When the hind limb is

carried forwards, the heel reaches the end of the snout. ‘The three outer fingers are

three-fourths webbed, and also the two inner fingers are connected by a narrow web ;

their disks as large as those of the toes and as the tympanum. No external rudiment

of pollex. Toes almost entirely webbed; a tarsal fold. Upper parts smooth or

nearly so; abdomen and throat rather coarsely granular; a short fold above the

tympanum, and sometimes a transverse one across the chest. No fold or appendage

above the vent or on the heel; forearm with a narrow tubercular fringe. Upper

parts greyish, sides and anterior and posterior faces of the hind limbs reticulated ; no

spots on the lips.

Distance of vent from snout . . . ..... =. . 55 4,

” » heel . . . . ww... (BBC,

” » metatarsal joint . . . . . . 7 ,,

a » end of fourth toe . . . ... 9 ,,

The figure is taken from one of the typical specimens of HH. salvini.

20. Hyla pseudopuma, sp.n. (Tab. LXXII. figg. A, B.)

Hyla puma, Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1898, p. 478 (not Cope).

Hab. Costa Rica, La Palma, alt. 1600 metres (Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, San José).

Vomerine teeth in two transverse patches, slightly separated from each other,

between the posterior part of the choane. Snout short, rounded, depressed, with

obtuse and concave canthus and with sloping concave sides. The diameter of the eye

* The specimen in the Natural History Museum, identified with Cope’s Hyla gabbii, has the fingers as

broadly webbed as in typical H. salvini ; but it has the upper lip margined with whitish, as mentioned by Cope

in his description of H. gabbii. I do not consider this to be sufficient for the distinction of two species.

HYLA. 275

equals its distance from the nostril, and is rather more than the distance of the nostrils

from each other. ‘Tympanum circular, about one-half or one-third the area of the

eye, its diameter being much less than that of the eye. Choane rather narrow, but

wider than the eustachian ostia. Tongue broader than long, slightly notched behind.

Interorbital space much wider than the upper eyelid. The three outer fingers one-third

webbed, with disks of the size of the tympanum. Toes three-fourths webbed, the web

reaching the disks of the third and fourth toes, and leaving free the last phalanx

of the fourth; disks rather smaller than those of the fingers; metatarsal tubercle

small; no tarsal fold. When carried forwards, the heel reaches the front margin of

the orbit. Upper parts, throat, and chest generally smooth; abdomen areolated; a

slight fold above the tympanum; no other fold or appendage. Upper parts plum-

coloured, with a very obscure darker hourglass-shaped patch on the back, beginning

between the eyes ; cross-bands on the hind limbs; concealed surfaces of femur uniform

dark, like back, but without spots. Lower parts white, throat speckled with brown.

The groin where the two colours meet shows some marbling or spotting. Another

variety has a greyish or white back ; a broad deep brown fascia on the side of the body

starts from the eye and tympanum, and is variegated with more or less numerous

yellow spots along its lower margin. Male with an internal vocal sac, and with the

skin of the pollex thickened and black.

3. °.

Width ofhead . . . . . «125 millim. 14 millim.

Distance of vent from snout . .. =. . 40 a 4] yy

” ” heel . . . . . . 88 . 37 yy

» » metatarsal joint . . 47 ” 48,

” - end of fourth toe. . 65 » 63g,

21. Hyla godmani, sp.n. (Tab. LXXII. fig. E.)

Hab. Mexico, Misantla and Jalapa (/. D. G.); ? Costa Rica, La Palma (Mus. Nac. de

Costa Rica, San José).

Vomerine teeth between the choane, in two slightly oblique series convergent behind ;

tongue as broad as long. Head broad, depressed ; snout * as long as the eye; diameter

of the eye a little more than its distance from the nostril, and much more than the

distance between the nostrils ; canthi rostrales obtuse and rather concave; sides of the

snout sloping; interorbital space wider than upper eyelid. Tympanum one-third (or a

little less) of the area of the eye. Fingers half-webbed, the web nearly reaching the

disks of the fourth and second fingers, and leaving free the last phalanx of the third;

a rudimentary web connects the first and second fingers at the base; the disks equal

nearly the tympanum, and are larger than those of the toes. Toes four-fifths webbed ;

a distinct tarsal fold. When carried forward, the heel reaches the end of the snout or

a little beyond. Upper parts smooth; abdomen finely granular. Purplish or reddish

* Always measured along the longitudinal axis.

276 BATRACHIA SALIENTTA.

olive, with fine but obscure marbling; sides sometimes more distinctly marbled with

brown, black, and white; sides of the head not spotted ; concealed surfaces of the limbs

not spotted. Lower parts whitish.

2. 2.

Width of head . ...... . . . 14millim. 13°5 millim.

Distance of vent from snout. . . . . . 87 ,, 37S t=s,

» ” heel . . . . . . 88, 36,

» ” metatarsal joint . . 51 ,, 46,

> » end of fourth toe . . 64 ,, 61s,

Two specimens from La Palma, Costa Rica, seem to me to belong to the same species,

although they differ in two of the technical characters. The tympanum is conspicuously

larger, about one-half the area of the eye, and the web between the fingers a little

broader. Otherwise the agreement as regards general habit and proportion and

coloration is so striking that I must hesitate to describe this as a distinct species.

22. Hyla uranochroa, (Tab. LXX. fig. D.)

Hyla uranochroa, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 103, t. 27. fig. 4 (bad) (1878) ; Bouleng.

Batr. Sal. p. 377.

Hab. Costa Rica, Rio Sucio (Rogers), La Palma, alt. 1600 metres (Zristan and Under-

wood), Sipurio (Cope).

Vomerine teeth in two transverse groups, between the rather narrow choane. Snout

short, depressed, with canthus and rather sloping sides. Distance of nostril from the

eye equal to the diameter of the latter. Interorbital space wider than the upper

eyelid. Tympanum distinct, one-half the area of the eye. Fingers one-third

webbed, with disks which are rather larger than those of the toes, but smaller than

the tympanum; no external rudiment of pollex. Toes three-fourths webbed; no

tarsal fold. Upper parts smooth, abdomen granular; no folds or appendages.

Uniform purplish-blue above (?green in life), white below; a narrow, sharply defined,

yellowish line runs round the edge of the upper lip, slightly dilated below, and

touching, the eye; the line is continued above the shoulder along the side, where

it forms a sharp boundary between the colours of the upper and lower parts. Meta-

tarsus and outer toe with a yellow edge; a cross-line above, and tubercles round, the

vent yellow. Concealed surfaces of thigh uncoloured.

°.

Greatest width of head . . . . .. .. . . +. . +10 millim.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . .. .. . . 8) ,,

- ” heel . . 2... (80 =,

- metatarsal jomt. . ... . . 40 _,,

end of fourth toe . . . . . . 50. ,,

oP, 3)

This species has the peculiar coloration of Hyla carolinensis, which it represents in

HYLA. 277

the southern parts of Central America. However, it differs by a broader head and

by the absence of a tarsal fold. The position of the vomerine teeth is the same

in both species. One of the Costa Rica specimens has a brown ground-colour of the

upper parts, marbled with darker.

23. Hyla leucophyllata, (Tab. LX XII. figs. C & D.)

Hyla leucophyllata, Beiris, Schrift. Berl. Ges. naturf. Freund. iv. p. 178, t. 41. fig. 4; Dum. et

Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 607; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 387.

Hyla elegans, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. i. p. 529; Abbild. tab. —.

Hyla triangulum, Ginth. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 489, t. 38. fig. 4.

Hyla ebraccata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Philad. 1874, p. 68.

Hab. Nicaragua (Bransford); Costa Rica (Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica, San José) ;

Panama (Mus. Brit.).—TropicaL AMERICA.

Vomerine teeth in two very small groups between the choane. Snout short, broad,

not depressed, with the canthus rather obtuse, and with the sides convex. The distance

between the nostrils equals their distance from the eye, and is less than the diameter

of the latter. Tympanum small, rather indistinct, about one-fourth the area of the

eye. Interorbital space wider than the upper eyelid. The three outer fingers are half-

webbed, with disks about as large as the tympanum; rudiment of pollex scarcely

projecting. Toes almost entirely webbed; no tarsal fold. Upper parts smooth,

abdomen granular ; a fold across the chest. Back white or yellowish ; generally with

a deep brown hourglass-shaped spot, enclosing behind the coccygeal region ; a brown

band on the side of the head and body ; limbs brown, with various large white spots.

Femur always colourless.

The coloration varies greatly, the white and brown ground-colours forming various

patterns. Of the two Panama specimens which I have seen, one (fig. C) has the back

uniform white, but the lateral brown band is present, the upper lip having a white

margin; also the limbs are almost entirely white, only the upper arm and the fingers

being brown. ‘The other example (fig. D) is ornamented with the dorsal hourglass-

shaped figure; but this figure, like the other brown spots, encloses a number of round,

small, white dots; the upper lip has a white margin, as in the other specimen, An

individual from Nicaragua described by Cope seems to have had a very similar

coloration.

Greatest width ofhead. . . . . . . . . .) . ) .) «12 millim.

Distance of vent from snout. . . ...... =. 88 »

3 » heel 2... . ew ww. 86 OY

» metatarsal joint . . . . . . 45 (y

end offourth toe . . . . . . Gh,

3? 33

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Batr., September 1901. #36

278 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

24, Hyla underwoodi.

Hyla microcephala, Bouleng. P. Z. S. 1898, p. 481, t. 39. fig. 3 (nec Cope).

Hyla underwoodi, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1899, iil. p. 277.

Hab. Costa Rica, Bebedero (Underwood).

Vomerine teeth in two small groups well separated from each other, between the

choane. Head rather small, a little longer than broad; snout not depressed, with

angular canthi, which convergent form a somewhat acute angle in front ; the distance

between the nostrils is much less than their distance from the orbit, or than the

diameter of the eye. Tympanum distinct, one-fourth the area of the eye. Fingers

one-third, toes three-fourths webbed ; disks of both subequal, and about the size of the

tympanum. Wo tarsal fold. Upper parts smooth; abdomen eranular; no folds.

Pinkish, powdered with brown ; a brown band, edged with white above, runs along the

side of the snout, and through the eye to the side of the body, gradually fading behind ;

the white edge marks distinctly the canthus and margin of upper eyelid, and is

continued above the tympanum across the shoulder. Thighs not pigmented. Lower

parts white.

Greatest width of head . . . . . .. . . . . 85 millim.

Distance of vent from snout. . . . . . . . . . 285,

7 » heel . 2. 2 we eee R88 »

” ” metatarsal joint . . . . . . 384 -

3 - end of fourth toe. . . . . . 46 »

25. Hyla nigripes.

Hyla nigripes, Cope, Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 104, t. 23. fig. 7 (1876).

Hab. Costa Rica (Cope).

Vomerine teeth between the choane, in two short transverse series. Shape of head

oval, tongue longer than broad; canthus rostralis a little concave; sides of the snout

oblique. Tympanum one-fourth or one-fifth the area of the eye; eustachian ostia and

choane nearly equal. Fingers with the web extending to about one-half the length of

the longest; web of toes not extending to the end of the penultimate phalanx ; disks

of moderate size. Smooth above, finely areolate below. Dark brown, limbs and feet

blackish ; groin finely white and blackish marbled; no lateral border or band

Posterior face of femur black; no spots on any other region. (After Cope.)

Width of head. . . . . . . ee ee ee 618 milli.

Length of body . . . 2. 2. 1 ee ee ee ee BDF

s hindlimb. . . . . . . . . es . «668

» hindtoot. . . . ...... . + + 16

HYLA. 279

26. Hyla molitor.

Hyla molitor, Schmidt, Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xiv. p. 425, t. 1. figg. 8, 9 (1858) ; Peters, MB.

Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1873, p. 618.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui Lagoon, near Boca del Toro,

Vomerine teeth between the choane, in two groups well separated from each other.

Snout with distinct strongly convergent canthi and with sloping sides. Tympanum

small, obliquely elliptical; eustachian ostia nearly as wide as the choane. The three

outer fingers with a rudimentary web; toes fully webbed to the disks. Upper parts

smooth; no fold across the chest; an indistinct one above the tympanum. Upper

parts greyish blue, uniform or marbled with black; a series of black dots along the

canthus rostralis ; sides and thighs generally marbled with blackish. (After Schmidt.)

Length of body . . . . . . . . . 88 millim. 38 millim.

hindlimb. . . . . . . . 5B*. ,, 60 __,,

27. Hyla miotympanum.

Hyla miotympanum, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1863, p. 47; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82,

p- 14 (1887) ; Peters, MB, Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1871, p. 651.

Hyla microtis, Peters, |. c, 1869, p. 880.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa and Zacualtipan (Cope), Puebla (Berkenbusch), Mirador

(Sartorius), Vera Cruz and Tehuantepec (Sumichrast).

Vomerine teeth in two slightly oblique series converging backwards between the

choane, which are much wider than the eustachian ostia. Snout broadly rounded,

without distinct canthus, and with sloping sides ; nostrils as far distant from each other

as from the eyes. Tympanum extremely small, scarcely visible. Fingers one-half

webbed or less, with disks which are larger than the tympanum. ‘Toes broadly

webbed. Upper parts smooth, lower granular; no folds or appendages. Purplish

above, with or without a few lighter specks and indistinct darker reticulations; a

yellow band along the margin of the upper jaw, continued on the side of the body,

this portion sometimes not well separated from the abdominal shade. Limbs not

barred ; concealed portions of the thigh not coloured. (After Cope and Peters.)

Widthofhead. . . . . . . . . «618 millim.

Length of body . . . ....... 87,

hindlimb. . . ........ . =. 60 5

Cope describes the lateral band as yellow. Peters states: ‘‘On the boundary between

the dark coloration of the back and the lighter of the abdomen there is a narrow line

or a punctated series of black colour”; he does not mention the lateral band.

* 33 in Schmidt’s description is obviously a misprint.

*a2

36 2

280 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

28. Hyla prosoblepon.

Hyla prosoblepon, Béttger, Katal. Batr. Senckenb. Mus. p. 45 (1892).

Hylella puncticrus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1896, xviti. p. 341.

Hab. Costa Rica, Limon (Fleischmann), La Palma (Underwood); Panama, Bugaba

(Champion).

Vomerine teeth (if present) in two transverse series, between the choane. Head

broad, depressed, with very short snout, and with large eyes, directed forwards; canthus

obtuse, concave, sides of the snout sloping. Diameter of the eye a little more than its

distance from the nostril, and much more than the distance between the nostrils;

upper eyelid narrow, narrower than the interorbital space. Tympanum very small,

deeply sunk, about one-sixth the area of the eye. The two outer fingers one-third

webbed, but the third and second are connected only by a rudiment of a web; toes

four-fifths webbed. The disks of the fingers are larger than those of the toes and

than the tympanum. When carried forwards, the heel reaches beyond the end of the

snout. Upper parts smooth, abdomen coarsely areolated. Light purplish above with

scattered round dark purple or blackish dots; lower parts whitish ; the concealed parts

of the limbs not pigmented, the remainder coloured like the back. Humerus of the

male with a projecting, curved, compressed osseous process.

Width ofhead. . . . . . . ee eee mim.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . .... . 2,

» heel . 2. 2 ew ee eee RT C*u,

” ” metatarsal joint. . . . . . . 85 ,,

9 ” end of fourth toe . . . . . . 42 ~~ ,,

A small species, in which the vomerine teeth appear to be as frequently absent as

present ; specimens with and without them occur in the same locality.

29. Hyla pulverata.

Hyla pulverata, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 18738, p. 614.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui.

Vomerine teeth in two groups between the choane, which are much wider than the

narrow eustachian ostia. Snout as long as the eye, with obtuse canthus. Tympanum

very small and covered with pigmented skin. The three outer fingers broadly webbed,

the web extending to the disks of the second and fourth fingers, but not to that of the

third; toes broadly webbed. Upper parts smooth, abdomen granulated; no fold above

the tympanum. Colourless, with scattered white points. (After Peters.)

Length of body . . . 2... . ee) «24 millim.

Width ofhead . . . 1... we eee 8B,

Length ofhind limb ........... =. 4 ~~,

- foot . 2. 2. 1 ee ew ee eee ee 20

HYLA. 281

30. Hyla glandulosa. |

Hyla glandulosa, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1883, xii. p- 164.

Hab. Guatemata (f. D. G.).

Vomerine teeth between the choane, in two small groups. Snout of moderate

length, not depressed, with angular canthus and slightly sloping sides; diameter of

the eye rather longer than its distance from the nostril or than the distance between

the nostrils; tympanum hidden under thickened pigmented skin; choane narrower

than the eustachian ostia. Fingers long, one-fourth webbed, with rather large disks ;

toes two-thirds webbed ; no tarsal fold. Upper parts studded with small flat tubercles,

lower parts granular; a fold above the tympanum. Uniform greenish above, whitish

below; a black line from the nostril along the canthus and supratympanic fold; a

whitish cross-band above the vent; femur not pigmented, except on a narrow strip of

its upper surface ; tarsus with white margin.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . . . . «85 millim.

» - hel 2. 2... . . BR],

> » metatarsal joint. . . . . 2. . 42°,

> » end of fourth toe . . . . . . 57),

31. Hyla guatemalensis.

Plectrohyla guatemalensis, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 92 (1877).

Cauphias guatemalensis, Brocchi, 1. c. p. 129; Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 62, t. 12. fig. 3.

Hyla guatemalensis, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 396.

Hab. GUATEMALA, Patzcicia * (Bocourt).

Vomerine teeth between the choane, in two small groups. Snout very short, broad,

rounded, with high concave sides, and with distinct canthi which converge at a very

obtuse angle. Zympanum completely hidden; eustachian ostia and choane equally

open. ‘The three outer fingers with a rudimentary web; a spur-like projection of the

pollex (male?) ; toes entirely webbed; a tarsal fold; disks well developed. General

appearance toad-like. Head, sacral region, sides, and calves with tubercles; abdomen

strongly granulated. A fold across the chest. Greyish,’ marbled with greenish;

lower parts whitish. (After Brocchi.)

Length of body . . . . . . . . «59 millim.

32. Hyla crassa.

Cauphias crassum, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 181 (1877); Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 64,

t. 12. fig. 4. .

Hyla crassa, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 396.

* The locality, which is situate in the arid central region of Guatemala, is given as “ Pacicilla” by

Brocchi.

282 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

Hab. Mexico (Brocchi).

Extremely similar to H. guatemalensis, from which it is said to differ in having

the fingers quite destitute of a web, and without a projecting pollex, Skin of the

back finely granular, shagreened. A curved fold over the tympanic region. Male

with a gular vocal sac.

Length of body . . . . ee ee ee ee e+ 666 millim.

33. Hyla punctariola.

Hyla punctariola, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 462.

? Hyla punctariola, Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 106 (1876).

Hab. 1Costa Rica; Panama, Veraguas.

Vomerine teeth behind the level of the choanz, in two small, rather approximated

eroups. Snout scarcely longer than the eye ; distance between the nostrils a little less

than their distance from the eye, the diameter of which is thrice that of the tympanum ;

eustachian ostia not smaller than the choane. Fingers free, with moderate disks ; toes

broadly webbed, the web leaving free the last two phalanges of the fourth toe. When

carried forwards, the heel does not reach the end of the snout. Upper parts smooth.

Brownish; a cross-band between the eyes, a large spot on the snout, and transverse

spots on the upper jaw whitish; limbs, finger, and toes alternately crossed by brown

and white; lower parts whitish, throat brown, punctulated with white. (After Peters.)

Width of head. . . 2. ee eee 85 milli.

Length of body. . 2. 2 1 ee ee ee eee RRO,

” hindlimb. . ..... +. + +. . + 84 »

hind foot . . . . . ) eee eee dS ”

PP)

Cope himself suspects that the Costa Rica specimens, which he has referred to this

species, may be distinct ; they seem to have somewhat longer limbs, and have a very

different coloration. He distinguishes, besides, three colour-varieties, which he names

pictipes, mesta, and monticola.

34. Hyla spilomma.

Hyla spilomma, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xvii. p. 86 (1877).

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Cosamaloapam (Sumichrast).

Vomerine teeth behind the level of the choane, in two transverse series. Head broad ;

snoutvery short, with obsolete canthus. Tympanum two-fifths the area of the eye; choane

small. Fingers free, with disks as large as the tympanum ; toes short, about half-webbed.

Skin of the back thickened, and studded with large obtuse warts. When carried

forwards, the heel does not reach the end of the snout. Light purplish-brown above,

HYLA. 283

sometimes with a blackish band on each side of the back; eye spotted with yellow.

(After Cope.)

Width ofhead . 2... . 14 millim.

Length ofbody . . 2... . 1. we. 88,

” hindlimb . . . . . . BR,

hindfoot. . . 2. 2... . 1... 28,

85. Hyla miliaria.

Hypsiboas miliarius, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. p. 272 (1886).

Hab. Nicaracva (Bransford).

Vomerine teeth bebind the level of the choane, in two transverse series. Head flat

and depressed, wider than long; snout broadly rounded, as long as the eye, almost

without canthus. Tympanum three-fifths the diameter of the eye; eustachian ostia

smaller than the choane. Pollex free for most of its length, terminating in a flattened

cone. Both fingers and toes broadly webbed. When carried forwards, the heel

reaches the end of the snout. Upper parts thickly covered with small tubercles, which

are largest and most prominent on the top of the head; fore leg and hind foot with an

outer tubercular fringe. Upper parts dark plum-coloured, lower yellowish with spots

of the colour of the back; fringes, a spot on the heel and below the vent, and also

behind the eye, yellowish. (After Cope.)

Width ofhead. 2. 2...) ww... 25 millim.

Length of body . . . . ... 0... C2 ”

» thigh (from groin). . . 2. 2... . OY,

» tibia 2 2. ee ee ee. BR,

» tarsus... ee ee eee eee. ID,

% foot 2. 2 eee ee OS,

36. Hyla crepitans.

Hyla pardalis, part., Spix, Spec. Nov. p, 34 (see Peters, MB, Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 212).

Hyla pardalis, Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 99.

Hyla crepitans, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. p. 525; Abbild. tab, —; Bouleng. Batr. Sal.

p- 352.

Hypsiboas crepitans, Wag]. Syst. Amph. p. 200; Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 13

(1887).

Hyla palmata, part., Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 545.

Hyla dowmercii, Dum. et Bibr. 1. c. p. 551 (see Peters, 1. c. 1873, p. 612).

Hyla ievailiantii, Dum. et Bibr. 1. c. p. 550 (see Peters, 1, c.).

Hyla pugnax, Schmidt, Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1858, p. 248, t. 1. figg. 5,6; Reinh, & Liith.

Vidensk, Meddel. 1866, p. 193.

Hyla xerophylla, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 358 (an= ZH. xerophyila, Dum. et Bibr., Peters ?).

284 BATRACHTIA SALIENTIA.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Schmidt).—Tropica, South AMERICA.

Vomerine teeth between, and extending to behind, the wide choane, in two oblique,

sloping sides. Distance of the nostril from the eye equal to the diameter of the latter,

but more than the distance between the nostrils. Interorbital space wider than the

supraocular cover. Tympanum three-fourths the area of the eye. The three outer

fingers one-third, more rarely one-fourth webbed, their disks equal to those of the toes,

but much smaller than the tympanum. A conspicuously projecting rudiment of the

pollex. Toes three-fourths webbed, with moderate subarticular tubercles; large

specimens with a slight tarsal fold. Upper parts smooth ; a transverse fold or series

of tubercles above the vent. Abdomen with the proximal part of the throat granular.

Upper parts marbled with brown or uniform whitish or pinkish; sides with narrow

vertical blackish bars; hinder part of the thigh with similar bars, which extend across

towards the front, though much fainter. Male with a subgular vocal sac.

2. do.

Greatest width of head . . . . . . . . 24 millim. 20 millim.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . 70, 60 _s=»,

» ” heel . . 2...) OTD ==, 64,

» » metatarsal joint. . . 98 ,, 83,

» ” end of fourth toe . . 115 ,, 105,

87. Hyla albomarginata.

Hyla albomarginata, Spix, Spec. Nov. p. 38, t. 8. fig. 1; Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. vill. p. 555 ;

Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 98; Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, p. 207; Bouleng. Batr. Sal.

p. 356.

Hypsiboas albomarginata, Wagl. Syst. Amphib. p. 201; Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1886, p. 273.

Hyla infulata, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. i. p. 583; Burmeist. Erlaut. Faun. Bras. p. 97, t. 30.

fige. 1-6.

Hyla punctata, Wied, Abbild. tab. —.

Hab. Nicaragua (Bransford); Costa Rica, San Carlos (Underwood).—TRopicaL

AMERICA.

Vomerine teeth between the wide choane, in two rather long oblique series,

generally arched: ( \. Snout broad and depressed, with somewhat pointed nose,

rather indistinct canthus, and sloping sides. Distance of the nostril from the eye a

little more than the diameter of the latter. Interorbital space much wider than the

upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, one-third the area of the eye. ‘Lhe three outer

fingers are more than half-webbed, and provided with disks at least as large as the

tympanum, and larger than the disks of the toes. ‘Toes almost entirely webbed,

with moderate subarticular tubercles; no tarsal fold. Upper parts smooth; generally

a very distinct fold, which starts from the eye and descends towards the middle of the

HYLA.—HYLELLA. 285

side; a cross-fold above the vent; a short cutaneous appendage at the heel. The

rudimentary pollex scarcely projects beyond the skin. Abdomen granular, throat and

chest smooth. Fold across the chest incomplete. Yellowish or pinkish, uniform or

minutely speckled with purple or with some irregular white spots; concealed parts of

the thighs not coloured. Lower parts whitish. The fold over the vent and the edge

of the hind foot from the heel milky-white. Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Brazil. Costa Rica.

Greatest width ofhead . . . . . . . . 19 millim. 16 millim.

Distance of vent from snout. . . . . . . 51. ,, 46s,

» ” heel . . . . «OBS, 48,

- - metatarsal joint . . . 68 ,, 64 a,

» 7 end of fourth toe. . . 89 _,, 81 sa,

The single Central-American specimen which I have examined differs from those of

Brazil and Guiana in having the lateral fold of the skin only indicated for a very short

distance, scarcely extending beyond the tympanum.

38. Hyla rudis,

Alyla rudis, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (9) i. p. 163, t. 1. fig. 8 (1899).

Hab. Mexico, Guadalajara (Diguet).

The skin is adherent to the bone and rough on the upper surface of the head and in

the loreal region.

Vomerine teeth in two small groups, between the choane. Head depressed, broader

than long; snout conspicuously longer than the eye, with rugose canthus ; distance of

the nostril from the eye equal to the diameter of the latter, which is twice the length

of the tympanum. Interorbital space much broader than the supraocular cover.

Fingers free, toes one-third webbed ; disks smaller than tympanum. No tarsal fold.

When carried forward, the heel reaches the eye. Upper parts finely granulated; a

fold above the tympanum and across the thorax. Brownish-olive, with some darker

spots; lower parts whitish. (After Mocquard.)

Length of body . . . . . . . . . 85 millim.

HYLELLA.

Aylella, Reinh. & Liitk. Vidensk. Meddel. 1861, p. 199; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 419.

Exerodonia, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) ii. p. 19 (1879).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire or but slightly emarginate behind. Vomerine

teeth none. Fingers and toes dilated into terminal disks, the latter always webbed.

Auditory organ developed; tympanum present or hidden under the skin. Outer

metatarsals united.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Batr., September 1901. *93

286 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

This genus comprises dwarf species of Hyla, in which the vomerine teeth have

disappeared ; its separation from Hyla is merely artificial, and not more justified than

that of Izalus from Polypedates, or of Liohyla from Hylodes. The species composing

it also belong to similarly divergent types; and of the following Central-American

forms, Hylella fleischmanni and Hylella picta are more nearly allied respectively to

Hyla prosoblepon and Hyla eximia than they are to each other. That vomerine teeth

may abnormally be absent in some species of Hyla and Agalychnis has been mentioned

elsewhere. On the other hand, I think that species in which the tympanum with the

tympanic cavity has been lost should be kept separate (Cophomantis, Peters).

1. Hylella sumichrasti.

Exerodonta sumichrasti, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) iii. p. 20 (1879) ; Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr.

p. 48, t. 15. fig. 2.

Hylella platycephula, Cope, Am. Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 267 (1879).

Hylella sumichrasti, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1891, viii. p. 456.

Hab. Mexico, Santa Efigenia and Tapana (Swmichrast).

Head short, broad, and flat; snout short, with distinct convergent canthi; tympanum

distinct, its diameter about one-fourth of that of the eye. Fingers with a very short

web; toes two-thirds webbed. When carried forwards, the heel reaches the eye.

Upper parts smooth, lower areolate. Light ash-coloured above, yellowish below.

Width of head. . 2. . . . 2... ee sod Xmillim.

Lengthofbody . . ....... . 88,

- hindlimb. . . . .. . 45,

- hind foot. . . . .. . 0... 9

2. Hylella picta, sp.n. (Tab. LX XIII. fig. C.)

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Trujillo).

Head moderately broad, not depressed ; snout moderately long, rather pointed, with

subvertical sides, and with angular straight canthi convergent into a point, forming .an

acute angle; distance between the nostrils much less than the diameter of the eye,

which equals its distance from the nostril; interorbital space not much broader than

upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, about one-fifth the area of the eye. Fingers with

a rudimentary basal web, toes three-fourths webbed; no tarsal fold. Disks as large as,

or larger than, tympanum. When carried forwards, the heel reaches the end of the

snout. Upper parts smooth, lower granular. Back light purplish, with scattered,

round, dark purple, lighter-edged spots of the size of the tympanum; on each side

of the back a whitish line running along the canthus rostralis, above the tympanum,

and becoming fainter in the groin; sides below this line darker than back; lower

parts whitish ; limbs mottled, concealed parts pigmentless.

HYLELLA.—NOTOTREMA. 287

Widthofheadd . . . . . . . O75 millim.

Distance of vent from snout . . ..... =... 22 »

2” ” heel. 2. 2. 2. ww. OR ”

” - metatarsal joint. . . . . . 27 9

» » end of fourth toe. . . . . . 87 ”

This species seems to come nearest to H. sumichrasti, but it is differently coloured

and has a much more pointed snout.

The figure is twice the natural size.

3. Hylella fleischmanni. (Tab. LX XIII. fig. D.)

Hylella fleischmanni, Bottger, Bericht Senckenb. Ges. 1893, p. 251; Bouleng. Zool. Record for

1894, Rept. p. 41.

- Hylelia chrysops, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1894, p. 196.

Hab. Costa Rica, San José (Fleischmann & Biolley), La Palma (Underwood), Alajuela,

Rio Alfaro (Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica), San José.

Head broad and depressed ; snout very short, without canthus; eyes of moderate

size, projecting forwards, with narrow upper eyelids, much narrower than the inter-

orbital space. Tympanum small, entirely hidden below the general integument ;

pharyngeal ostia open, but narrower than the choane. The third and fourth fingers

half-webbed, the second and third connected by a rudimentary web, the first free.

Toes three-fourths webbed. All the disks moderately developed. When carried

forwards, the heel reaches beyond the snout. Upper parts smooth, lower granular.

Apparently uniform pinkish white above, but slightly magnified the skin of the back

is found to be covered with minute black specks, between which pure white points

are more sparsely scattered. Lower parts whitish; concealed parts of the limbs

pigmentless. Male with an external subgular vocal sac.

Width ofhead. . . . . . ee ee) milli.

Distance of vent from snout . . . ...... . 2 = 4,

» » heel . 2... wee ORR,

» » metatarsal joint. . . . . . . 285 ,,

» ” endoffourth toe . . ... . 88 ,,

The figure is twice the natural size.

NOTOTREMA,

Notodelphys, Weinland, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1854, p. 372.

Nototrema and Opisthodelphys, Ginth. Batr. Sal. pp. 115, 117.

Nototrema, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 416.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue entire or but slightly emarginate behind. Vomerine

teeth. Fingers and toes dilated into terminal disks; the latter webbed. Outer meta-

tarsals united. Females with a dorsal pouch for the reception of the ova.

*37 2

288 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

1. Nototrema oviferum. (Tab. LXXIV. fig. A.)

Notodelphys ovifera, Weinland, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1854, p. 372; Arch. f. Anat. Physiol.

1854, p. 449, tabb. 17-19.

Opisthodelphys ovifera, Giinth. Batr. Sal. p. 117.

Nototrema oviferum, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 418.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Sallé); Costa Rica, Carrillo (Underwood ).—VENEZUELA.

In the adult the upper surface of the head is entirely osseous and margined by series

of bony spines, largest along the edges of the occipital and parietal regions. Vomerine

teeth in two fascicles between the hind margins of the choanze. ‘Tympanum large, not

much smaller than the eye. Fingers with a rudimentary web, toes one-third webbed.

Disks large, but smaller than tympanum. A tarsal fold. Greenish with black

markings ; limbs with black light-edged cross-bars ; abdomen lighter coloured, with

subsymmetrical whitish markings. Male without vocal sac.

Length of body . . . . . ee ee + + + + 660 millim. ‘

hindlimb . . . . . . ee ee ee 98 55

It may appear hazardous to refer a very young frog from Costa Rica, which has not

yet completed its metamorphosis, to a species and genus of the development of which

we know 80 little as of Nototrema, especially when that specimen does not show some of

the features which are considered characteristic of WV. oviferum. Yet the most essential

points in which our example does differ, such as the soft integument of the upperside

of the head or the absence of vomerine teeth, or the less-developed digital web, are

those which we should expect to find in a less specialized condition in the very young

of that species. This frog may belong to a new species of Nototrema; but there

is an ydult specimen of IV. oviferum in the British Museum, preserved for many years

and much discoloured, in which, on nearer inspection, certain marks are still faintly

visible which significantly agree with the pattern of the young example: such are the

curious loop-like green figure round the humeral joint on each side of the chest and

the black cross-bands of the lower leg, which are almost linear, much narrower than

those of the thigh.

The body of the specimen (Tab. LXXIV. fig. A) is 28 millim. long; the tail has

entirely disappeared, but the mouth is not yet cleft to its angle, an internal fold

of the mucous membrane tying the proximal portion of the mandible to the upper

jaw *. Vomerine teeth absent; choanze closed by the mucosa, although visible

as a depression. Tongue slightly emarginate behind. Outlines of the large

tympanum clearly distinct, but the membrane merged into the deep black of the

temporal region. Fingers without web, toes half-webbed. Disks of moderate

s]Ze.

* This ligament is preserved on the right side only ; I have been obliged to tear it on the left side to obtain

a view of the tongue and inside of the mouth.

NOTOTREMA.—AGALYCHNIS. 289

Back greenish-olive, with a few small, irregularly scattered, black specks. Throat

and abdomen black, with a loop-like green band on each side of the chest. A black

vertical stripe on each side of the extremity of the snout, continued as a black band

along the canthus; widening behind the orbit it covers the temporal region and extends

to behind the humerus; sides of the body green, with a large black spot about the

middle and another in the groin. Forearms nearly unspotted above, but black-banded

below, one band running round the wrist. Femur black-banded, rather irregularly ;

lower leg with black bands, which are broad below, but stretch as mere lines across its

upper face. ‘Tarsus and toes with similar cross-bands. All these markings have a

more or less distinct, very narrow, white edge.

AGALYCHNIS.

Agalychnis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 194.

Agalychnis and Phyllomedusa sp., Bouleng. Batr. Sal. pp. 422, 424.

Pupil erect. Tongue slightly notched behind. Vomerine teeth generally present.

Fingers and toes dilated into terminal disks; the latter webbed. Outer metatarsals

united. Females without dorsal pouch.

1. Agalychnis moreletii.

Hyla moreletii, A. Dum. Ann. Sc. Nat. xix. p. 169 (1853); Keferstein, Gotting. Nachr. 1867,

p- 856; Arch. f. Naturg. 1868, p. 297; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 31, t. 18.

fig. 1.

Agalychnis moreletii, Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 107 (1877) ; Bouleng. Batr. Sal.

p- 422; Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1496, p. 351. :

Hyla holochlora, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 460, t. 32. fig. 2.

Hab. GuatemMaLa, Vera Paz (Morelet, Salvin); Nicaragua, Matagalpa (Rothschuh) ;

Costa Rica, Cartago and Irazu (Mus. Brit.), Escazu (Underwood), San José (van

Patten ; Mus. Nac. de Costa Rica).

Head broad, snout rather longer than the eye, with sloping sides and obtuse canthus.

Size of tympanum variable, two-thirds or one-half the length of the eye, rarely less.

Fingers broadly, at least one-half webbed, a web between the first and second being

constantly present; disks very large. Toes two-thirds or three-fourths webbed.

When carried forward, the heel reaches the nostril or the end of the snout. Green

above, very rarely with some round yellow spots; concealed parts of the limbs and

hands and feet yellowish, with the exception of the outer finger and toe, which are

coloured like the back ; a white line along the outer edge of the forearm, lower hind

limb, and tarsus.

290 BATRACHTA SALIENTIA.

Width of head 6 ee we RB tim.

Distance of vent from snout . . . .... ... 7 4,

> 7 heel. ea eee ee ee ale Dy

» Pa metatarsal joint. . . . . . . 92 ,,

» 7 end of fourth toe . . . . . .120~=~=,,

The descriptive diagnosis, as given above, may comprise several races; at any rate,

specimens from Guatemala may be readily recognized by their broader digital web,

which reaches the disks of the two outer fingers, and by their larger tympanum. ‘Two

of the Costa Rica specimens show, besides, some of those round yellow spots by which

a resemblance to a dead leaf is attained, and which are present also in some other Tree-

Frogs of Tropical America.

2. Agalychnis callidryas.

Hyla callidryas, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 359.

Agalychnis callidryas, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 15 (1887).

Hab. Mexico, near Cordova (Sumichrast) ; Panama (Field).

Head elongate ; sides of snout subvertical, with rounded canthus. Tympanum nearly

as large as the eye, obliquely elliptical. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series. Fingers

one-fourth webbed, with very large disks; toes half-webbed. When carried forward,

the heel reaches the end of the snout. Bluish-purple above, lower parts and concealed

parts of the limbs uniform saffron-yellow; numerous oblique bands of a lighter yellow

on the sides. (After Cope.)

Length of body . . . . . 2... 48 millim.

8. Agalychnis helene.

Agulychnis helene, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1884, p. 182; 1886, p. 274; Peracca, Boll. Mus.

Zool. Torino, xi. no. 253, p. 12 (1896).

Hab. Mexico, Teapa, Tabasco (H. H. Smith); Nicaracua, Hacienda Rosa de J ericho,

alt. 8250 feet (Rothschuh) ; Costa Rica, San Carlos (Underwood); Panama, Darien,

Rio Sabana (Festa).

Head broad; snout as long as the eye, with subvertical sides and distinct canthus.

Tympanum two-thirds the length of the eye, coloured and rather indistinct. The two

outer fingers are nearly two-thirds webbed, the web not quite reaching the disk; the

web between the second and third fingers much narrower, only about one-fourth, and

that between first and second still more reduced ; disks about size of tympanum. ‘Toes

two-thirds webbed. When carried forward, the heel reaches the end of the snout.

Green above ; sides yellow, with large black spots which are separated by vertical lines

or narrow bands of the yellow ground-colour; concealed parts of the limbs dark

AGALYCHNIS. 291

purplish ; hands and feet yellow, with the exception of the outer finger and toe, which

are coloured like the back. Lower parts yellowish-white.

Width ofhead . ....... . . . . . = . 22 millim. |

Distance of vent from snout . . . ... . =... 6 4,

9 ” heel . . ww. hhh CCF,

39 » metatarsal joint. . . . . . . 8 4

” ” endoffourthtoe . ... . .110 = ,,

In this species the vomerine teeth are sometimes inconspicuous and may be entirely

absent.

Rothschuh (in Jitt.) describes the colours of several Nicaraguan specimens from

life. One, adult, had a green back, the inner face of the thighs sky-blue, and the

feet brick-red. Another, also adult, had all the upper parts sky-blue and the

narrow lateral stripes yellow. A smaller specimen was green on the back, with the

concealed portions of the limbs violet ; feet red ; iris dark red.

4, Agalychnis dacnicolor.

Phyllomedusa dacnicolor, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1864, p. 161; Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 426;

Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, x. p. 328.

Agalychnis dacnicolor, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 15 (1887).

Hab. Mexico, Colima (Xantus), Mazatlan (Bischoff), Presidio (Forrer).

Head broad, snout longer than the eye, which is rather small; sides of snout sloping,

canthus obtuse. ‘lympanum two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Vomerine teeth in

two short, straight, transverse series, between the anterior margins of the choane:

Fingers one-fourth webbed, with disks which are larger than those of the toes, but

smaller than the tympanum. ‘The three outer toes one-third webbed, the three inner

ones barely one-fourth. When carried forward, the heel reaches the eye. Uniform

bluish above, rarely with a few scattered round red spots; sides marbled with reddish-

brown and with small round white spots; forearm and foot margined with white.

Width ofhead. . . . ... . ee ee) 6 80 milim.

Distance of vent from snout . . . ..... . . 84 ,,

» » heel . . . 2. we eee CBD,

” ” metatarsal joint. . .. .. . 91 s,s,

» ” end of fourthtoe . . . . . . 113 ,,

5. Agalychnis lemur.

Phyllomedusa lemur, Bouleng. Batr. Sal. p. 425.

Agalychnis lemur, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 15 (1887).

Hab. Costa Rica.

Snout moderately broad, as long as the eye, with subvertical sides and distinct

292 BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.

canthus. Tympanum one-third the diameter of the eye. Vomerine teeth none.

Fingers free, disks rather larger than tympanum, and conspicuously larger than those

of the toes; toes webbed at the base only. When carried forward, the heel reaches

the end of the snout. Purplish or cream-coloured, uniform or with scattered red

specks. Concealed parts of the limbs not pigmented.

Width of head . . . . ee eee ee 18 millim.

Distance of vent from snout . . . . . . . se ee 42,

» - heel . . we ee ehhh CAO,

7 » metatarsal joint. . . . . . . 55 ,,

” 3 end of fourth toe . . . . . . 6 4

PTERNOHYLA.

Pternohyla, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, x. p. 326.

Pupil transversely oval. Tongue without notch behind. Vomerine, no parasphenoid

teeth. Fingers and toes with disks, the latter webbed. Outer metatarsals united ;

metatarsal tubercle enlarged, compressed. Females without dorsal pouch.

This genus is intermediate between the rough-headed Hyle and T'riprion.

1. Pternohyla fodiens. (Tab. LXXIV. fig. B.)

Pternohyla fodiens, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, x. p. 326.

Hab. Muxico, Presidio (forrer).

Head osseous, rough, margin of the upper jaw reverted; canthus rostralis distinct ;

sides of the snout sloping, concave, dilated ; nostrils separated by a flat space; inter-

orbital space concave, as wide as the orbit. Tympanum half the area of the eye.

Upper parts granular. Fingers free, toes one-third webbed. Disks small. Brownish,

largely marbled with darker, each spot with a darker edge. Thighs and groin, in life,

sulphur-yellow, marbled with dark brown.

Width ofhead . ...... se ee ee) ) 628 millim.

Distance of occiput from snout . . . . . . . + . WW,

” vent from snout... . .. .-... 61 ,,

» » heel. . . . - ee ee 40,

” 9 metatarsal joint. . . . . . . 55 ,,

» ” endoffourth toe ..... . 80.7,

Boulenger, J. ¢., says that “it is slow in its movements, and not a good climber.

Its habits are more burrowing than arboreal. It is not able to climb up a glass, but

burrows itself deeply in the moss by means of its metatarsal shovels, the movements

executed in this proceeding being exactly those of Pelobates.”

TRIPRION. 293

TRIPRION.

Pharyngodon, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 193.

Triprion, Cope, ibid. 1866, p. 127.

Diaglena, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 12 (1887) ; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1891,

viii. p. 456.

Tetraprion, Stejneger, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 167 (1891).

Pupil vertical or transversely oval. Tongue entire behind. Vomerine and para-

sphenoid teeth. Integuments of the head merged into the bones. Fingers and toes

with disks, the latter webbed. Outer metatarsals united.

In some of the specimens palatine teeth have been observed, the presence of which

has led to generic separation (Zetraprion). ‘These teeth are in such a rudimentary

condition, and consequently so unreliable a character, that this distinction is scarcely

justified. The appearance of these odontoids goes morphologically hand in hand with,

and is of no greater taxonomic value than, the ossification of the external integument

of the head. ‘The three species of Zriprion are evidently so nearly allied that, in this

instance, I cannot admit even the difference of the shape of the pupil as of generic value.

1. Triprion petasatus.

Pharyngodon petasatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1865, p. 198.

Triprion petasatus, Cope, l.c. 1866, p. 127; Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. vi. t. 25. figg.7 & 8; Bouleng.

Batr. Sal. p. 481. |

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan.

Canthus rostralis forming a prominent ridge, which terminates in a strong projection

at the eye, the space between the projections being deeply concave; occipital ridge

raised ; nostrils separated from each other by a very narrow osseous bridge. Sphenoid

teeth in a simple series. Tympanum half the area of eye. Fingers one-fourth, toes

two-thirds webbed. Disks much smaller than tympanum. Upper parts brownish,

with darker spots ; head with some lighter spots.

Width of head. . . 1. ww ee ee ee eS mili.

Distance of occiput from snout . . . . . . . . . 24 ,,

” vent from snout . . . . . .. . . - ZO ,,

» ” heel . . 2. ww hehehe COBC*g,

» 7 metatarsal joint . ... .. 68 4,

- ” end of fourth toe . . . . . . 84 = ,,

2. Triprion spatulatus. (Tab. LXXIV. fig. C.)

Triprion spatulatus, Ginth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1882, viii. p. 279.

Diaglena spatulata, Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 12 (1887) ; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H.

1891, viii. p. 456.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio (Forrer).

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Batr., December 1901. #38

294 BATRACHIA CAUDATA.

Canthus rostralis not very prominent, terminating in an obtuse tuberosity at the

eye; space between the eyes rather concave ; occipital ridge scarcely raised ; nostrils

separated by a broad arched bridge. Sphenoid teeth in a narrow band. Tympanum

half the area of eye. Fingers free; toes half-webbed. Disks smaller than tympanum.

Uniform light olive.

Width of head . ..... . see es « + 25 millim.

Distance of occiput from snout . . . . . . .- . + 80) 5

- vent from snout. . ... .... . 81,

” ” heel . . . . . . se se + 61,

» » metatarsal joint. . . . . . +. 7 ,,

end of fourth toe . . . . . . 103 ~=«,,

The pupil is transversely oval when expanded, and subquadrangular when more

contracted, but never vertical. It can be shut entirely.

The palatine ridges show some odontoid roughnesses, but they are not equally

developed in the three examples examined by me. In one specimen they are visible

only on the outer part of the ridge of the left palatine, in another they are confined to

the outer portions of the ridges of both palatines, and in the third the ridges are more

conspicuous and beset with odontoids in nearly their whole length.

Division BATRACHIA CAUDATA.

Fam. SALAMANDRIDA.

MOLGE.

Triton, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 37 (nec Linn.).

Moige, Merr. Tent. p. 185.

Diemyctelus (et Notophthalmus) (Rafinesque), Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 34, p. 202.

Palatine teeth in two longitudinal straight or slightly convex series. Parasphenoid

toothless. ‘Tongue free on both sides. ‘oes five. Tail compressed.

1. Molge meridionalis.

Diemyctelus miniatus, subsp. meridionalis, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 17, p. 30 (1880).

Molge meridionalis, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1888, 1. p. 24.

Diemyctelus viridescens meridionalis, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 34, p. 211 (1889).

Hab. Nortu America, ‘texas, San Diego (Zaylor).—Mexico, Matamoros, Tamaulipas

(Couch). |

Head depressed ; back without crest. Palatine teeth in two series, convergent and

confluent in front. Gular fold distinct. Three pits on each side of the head, behind

MOLGE.—AMBLYSTOMA. 295

the eye, are more developed in the male than in the female, in which they may be

entirely absent. Fingers and toes depressed, free; inner finger and inner and outer

toes very short, outer finger at least half as long as the adjoining. Olive above,

marbled with lighter and with blackish specks; yellowish or orange-coloured below,

with larger round black spots.

dé. 2.

Total length. . 2. . 2. 2... 2)... 104 millim. 112 millim.

Lengthof tal. 2. 2...) . . BA, 58 OC,

AMBLYSTOMA.

Amblystoma, Tschudi, Batr. p. 92; Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 38.

Siredon, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 209 (larval form).

Axolotes, Owen, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1844, xiv. p. 23 (larval form).

Amblystoma, Chondrotus, Linguelapsus, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1887, p. 88.

Palatine teeth in a long transverse series, continuous or slightly interrupted in the

middle; parasphenoid toothless. Tongue free on the sides, slightly free in front, with

radiating folds. Toes five. ‘Tail more or less compressed.

This genus, which is well represented in North America, ranges into Mexico. Some

of the southern forms grow to full size and attain to sexual maturity whilst they retain

their larval characteristics. These forms are generally known by their Mexican name,

of Axolotls. Some remain in a larval condition through the whole of their life, others

complete their metamorphosis whilst still being sexually immature or after having

reproduced their species. However, the observations made in Europe on specimens

living in aquaria seem to show that the metamorphosis of Axolotls into perfect

Amblystoma is exceptional in the artificial conditions under which they were bred.

1. Amblystoma tigrinum.

Salamandra tigrina, Green, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. v. p. 116.

Triton tigrinus, Holbr. N. Amer. Herpet. v. p. 79, t. 26.

Ambystoma tigrinum, Gray, Batr. Grad. p. 35.

Amblystoma tigrinum, Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 43.

Ambyostoma californiense, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 11, t. 7.

Ambystoma weismanni, Wiedersheim, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxii. p. 216, tabb. 11, 12.

Amblystoma mexicanum (Shaw), Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 104, t. 17. fig. 1, t. 17 bis. fig. 6.

(For complete synonymy, see Boulenger, |. c.)

Hab. Norru AMeRica.—Mezxico, Ciudad in Durango (Forrer), Volcan de Orizaba ( Sad/é),

Colonia Briguela and La Cumbre de los Arrastrados in Jalisco 8500 feet (Buller).

Palatine teeth extending from the posterior outer angle of the choana to that on the

other side, either in a straight line or curving forwards, continuous or slightly inter-

rupted in the middle. A pair of carpal and tarsal tubercles small, but distinct.

*38 2

296 BATRACHIA CAUDATA.

T'welve costal grooves. Brown or blackish, uniform, or with more or less numerous

yellow spots of variable size and shape.

Total length 200 millim., of which the tail takes about one-half.

Axolotl.

Azoloti, Cuv. in Humboldt’s Obs. Zool. tabb. 12, 14; Home, Philos. Trans. xxi. p. 419, tabb. 21-28 ;

Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 44.

Gyrinus mexicanus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. 1800, p. 343.

Siren pisciformis, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 612, t. 140. fig. 12.

Siredon axolotl, Wag]. Ic. Amphib. t. 20.

Azolotes guttatus, Owen, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1844, xiv. p. 28.

Axolotes maculatus, Owen, 1. c.

Siredon mexicanus, Baird, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. i. p. 292 (1849).

Ambiystoma mexicanum, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1867, p. 184; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82,

| p. 7 (1887); Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 104, t. 17. fig. 2, t. 17 bis. figg. 4, 5.

Siredon humboldtii, Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. vii. p. 177.

Siredon harlanii, Dam. et Bibr. |. c. p. 181, t. 95.

Siredon dumerilit, Dugés, Ann. Sc. Nat. xv. p. 2, t. 10; La Nat. Mex. i. p. 241, t. 5 (1870).

Siredon tigrina, Velasco, La Nat. Mex. iv. pp. 209-233, tabb. 7-9.

On metamorphosis, cfr. A. Dum. Compt. Rend. 1865, lx. p. 763, Ixi. p. 775; Arch. Mus. ii.

p. 265; Marsh, Am. Journ. xlvi. p. 864; Tegetmeier, P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 160; Weismann, Zeitschr.

wiss. Zool. xxv. p. 297; Chauvin, ibid. xxvii. p. 522; Joly, Rev. Sc. Nat. Montpell. 1872, p. 7;

Vaill. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1876; Osborn, Amer. Nat. 1900, p. 551.

In the large series of Mexican Axolotls which are available for my examination,

three forms may be distinguished, which, however, differ only in coloration :—

1. The entire body covered with small, round, black spots. Albinos are not rare

among wild specimens as well as among those bred in captivity. They attain a length

of 260 millim., of which the tail measures one-half. To this form belong the Axolotls

found in the vicinity of the city of Mexico (Doorman), in Lake Chalco (&. James), in

Lake Texcoco (F. D. G.); also the majority of examples reared in England may be

referred to this form.

2. The sides of the body ornamented with irregular yellow spots, sometimes

confluent and assuming the shape of a band; the upper parts generally uniformly

blackish or with round black spots. These Axolotls are, on the whole, sometimes

smaller than the preceding; I have seen them from the Colonia Briguela and La

Cumbre de los Arrastrados, elevation 8500 feet, in Jalisco, and from La Laguna,

Juanacatlan, elevation 6500 feet (Buller).

3. Upper parts marbled with brown and yellow, both colours being distributed j in

about equal proportions. Of this form I have seen only one specimen, which is the

type of Owen’s A. maculatus; it came from the Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, and does

not differ structurally or in its general form from the other Axolotls.

AMBLYSTOMA.—SPELERPES. 297

The types of S. dumerilii, Dugés, were from the Laguna de Patzcuaro, and those of

S. tigrina, Velasco, from the Lago de Santa Isabel, near Guadalupe Hidalgo, in the

valley of Mexico.

2. Amblystoma altamirani.

Amblystoma altamirani, Dugés, La Nat. Mex, 1896, p. 459, t. 29%,

Hab. Mexico, Monte de Las Cruces (Dugeés).

Palatine teeth in two straight oblique lines, commencing near the hind margins of

the choane, and converging in a forward direction, not continuous in front. A pair

of tarsal and carpal tubercles, small, but distinct. Tips of the fingers and toes hardened.

Tail strongly compressed. Twelve costal grooves. Olive above, densely marbled with

darker; uniform light-coloured below.

Dugés. N. H. Mus.

Length of tail. 2. 2. 2... 148 » 91 sa,

Dr. Dugés states that this species is confined to considerable altitudes. The specimen

in the Natural History Museum has completed its metamorphosis.

SPELERPES.

Spelerpes, Baird, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. i. p. 283 (1847) ; Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 60.

Geotriton, Bonap. Faun. Ital.

Geotriton, Cylindrosoma, Gidipus, Pseudotriton, Tschudi, Batr. pp. 93, 94.

Bolitoglossa, Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 88.

Cidipina, Keferstein, Arch. f. Naturg. 1868, p. 299.

Ophiobatrachus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1868, ii. p. 297.

Palatine teeth in two straight or oblique transverse series; parasphenoid teeth

present. ‘Tongue free all round, supported by a central pedicel. Toes five. Tail

cylindrical or slightly compressed. Nostrils small.

Much uncertainty exists in the distinction of the Central-American species. ‘The

technical characters on which they have been established, such as the extent of the

interdigital web, the length of the tail, the extent of the palatine series of teeth,

the degree of separation of the parasphenoid groups, the coloration, &c., must be

subject to some variation ; but without a much larger series of well-preserved examples

than exists in any museum, or, at any rate, is at my disposal, it is impossible to

ascertain the degree of variation within the limits of a species. At present, I am

inclined to think that the number of species has been unduly multiplied.

* IT have not been able to verify this reference, no copy of the volume of the work being in any of the

London libraries; my information is based upon MS. notes kindly communicated by Dr. Dugés, and upon a

specimen sent by him to the Natural History Museum.

298 BATRACHIA CAUDATA.

Synopsis of the Central-American Species.

I. Body moderately elongate, with well-developed limbs.

A. Digits free or with a short web.

1. chiropterus ; 2. gibbicaudus ; 3. cephalicus; 4. bellit; 5. leprosus.

B. Digits half-webbed.

6. bocourti; 7. subpalmatus.

C. Digits broadly webbed, only the last phalanx of the middle digits projecting.

8. morio; 9. robustus.

D. Digits completely enclosed in the web.

10. variegatus ; 11. lignicolor; 12. rufescens ; 13. yucatanus.

II. Body and tail worm-shaped, with very weak limbs.

14. lineolus; 15. uniformis.

1. Spelerpes chiropterus.

Spelerpes chirupterus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1868, p. 54; 1869, pp. 105, 106; Bouleng.

Batr. Grad. p. 67.

Spelerpes orculus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 196; 1866, p. 182.

Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca (Dugés), Mirador near Vera Cruz (Sartorius), Orizaba,

alpine zone (Sumichrast), Jalapa (Godman).

Body moderately elongate, with 11 (or 12) costal grooves *, which extend across the

back and abdomen; limbs moderately developed, with short free digits; the inner

finger and toe rudimentary, dilated into a short lobe. ‘Tail cylindrical, slightly longer

than trunk. Series of palatine teeth arched, not extending outwards beyond the

choanee, separated from the parasphenoid groups which are not confluent. Brown

above, with or without a yellowish band; lighter below; sometimes uniform black.

Total length 80 millim., the tail measuring 48 millim.

2. Spelerpes gibbicaudus.

Spelerpes gibbicaudus, Blatchley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, xvi. p. 388 (1898).

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Sumichrast).

Body rather slender, with 12 costal grooves, measuring over three and a half times

the distance from snout to gular fold. Head narrow. Tail cylindrical. Digits

short, free. Series of palatine teeth straight, extending outwards beyond the choane ;

parasphenoid teeth in two bands diverging but slightly posteriorly. Uniform brown,

dusted with yellow. (After Blatchley.)

Totallength . . . ..... .. =. . . . . 85 millim.

Head to gularfold . . . . ... . . ew 10 =

Length of tal. 2. 2. 2. 2 1 ww ee ee ww. 89

* 13 according to Cope’s original description, in which the inguinal fold seems to have been included in the

number ; but in his later notes the number is stated to be 11.

SPELERPES. 299

3, Spelerpes cephalicus.

Spelerpes cephalicus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad. 1865, p. 196; 1869, p. 106.

Hab. N.E. Mexico (Cope).

A short stout species, with 11 costal grooves ; hind limb stout, fingers and toes flat,

depressed, slightly webbed, margined, the inner very short. ‘Tail but little compressed,

rather shorter than body. Series of palatine teeth nearly straight, not in contact,

externally extending beyond choane, separated from the parasphenoid groups, which

are not confluent. Black, paler on the sides. Total length 65 millim. (After Cope.)

4, Spelerpes bellii.

Spelerpes belli, Gray, Batr. Grad. p. 46; Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 372; 1869, p. 105 ;

Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 8; Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 68; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Batr. p. 110, t. 20bis ; Blatchley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p- 37 (1893).

Cidipus platydactylus, Baird, Journ. Ac. N. Se. Philad. i. p- 2&2 (1847).

Bolitoglossa mexicana, Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. ix. p. 93, t. 104. fig. 2.

Hab. Mexico, city of Mexico (Doorman), Putla (Boucard), Zacualtipan (Bernad), La

Cumbre de los Arrastrados, Talpa, Mascota, Jalisco (Buller), Guanajuato (Duges),

Jalapa (Hoge), Orizaba 8000-14,000 feet (Swmichrast, Blatchley), Omilteme

(H. H. Smith).

Body moderately elongate, with 12 costal grooves; head as broad as long, snout

very short ; limbs moderately developed; fingers and toes very short, depressed,

united by a short web. Tail cylindrical. Series of palatine teeth slightly arched,

extending outwards beyond the choanee, separated from the parasphenoid groups,

which are divided by a longitudinal groove and divergent behind. Black, back with

two series of large, symmetrical, yellow spots; the spots of the two series may be

confluent into chevrons or may be absent altogether.

3. Q.

Totallength . . . 2. . . . .).).) . 220 millim. 256 millim.

Length of tal . 2. . 2. 2. 1 ww 1. 12 =, 136. ,,

5. Spelerpes leprosus. |

Spelerpes leprosus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1869, p. 105; Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p- 68;

Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 109, t. 19. figg. 1-2.

Hab. Mexico, alpine region of Vera Cruz (Sallé, Sumichrast, Dugeés), Salapa (Hoge,

Godman), Popocatepetl, 9000 feet, in pine-forest (Godman). |

Body moderately elongate, with 12 or 13 costal grooves; head longer than wide ;

limbs rather weak ; fingers and toes short, depressed, with a short web, the inner very

short. ‘Tail cylindrical, about half the total length. Series of palatine teeth slightly

300 BATRACHIA CAUDATA.

arched, extending outwards beyond the choane, separated from the parasphenoid

groups, which are more or less separated from each other and divergent behind. Black,

sometimes with powdery yellowish patches, rarely with a reddish dorsal band.

3. Q.

Totallength . . . . 2... . .).) 690 millim. 105 millim.

Length oftail . . 2. 2. 2... ww. 45, 52 Cs,

Spelerpes laticeps, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 110, t. 18. fig. 1, from Vera

Cruz (Sallé), does not seem to me distinct from &. leprosus. It has been distinguished

on account of its parasphenoid teeth, which are in contact with each other; but this

condition is closely approached by specimens which I have examined, and which

cannot be held distinct from such as have the two groups of teeth somewhat more

apart.

Not less prublematical appear to me three other species, two of which are named by

Brocchi in the same work, viz. Spelerpes rostratum from pine-forests of Totonicapam

in Guatemala (p. 112) and Spelerpes sulcatum trom Mexico (p. 112, t. 20. fig. 2). The

third is Spelerpes orizabensis, Blatchley, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 38, taken on

Mt. Orizaba at an altitude of 11,000 feet.

6. Spelerpes bocourti, (Tab. LX XVI. fig. A.)

? Spelerpes bocourti, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 11], t. 18. fig. 2.

Hab. *GuaTEMALA, pine-forests of Totonicapam (Bocourt); Costa Rica, La Palma

(1600 metres) and Cariblanco (Biolley & Underwood).

Body rather stout, with 12 costal grooves; the length of the head to the gular fold

is contained three and a third or three and a half times in the distance of the latter

from the vent. Head broad, not much longer than wide. ‘Tail rather compressed.

Limbs moderately developed ; digits half-webbed. The series of palatine teeth extends

outwards beyond the choaue; parasphenoid teeth confluent into a single group.

Black, a whitish ring round the root of the tail; end of the tail and sometimes the

extremity of the snout and toes whitish.

Ad. @. Ad. @. Her.

Totallength . . . . . . 190 millim. 176 millim. 94 millim.

Lengthoftal. . . . . . 90) , 96s, 43,

7. Spelerpes subpalmatus.

Spelerpes subpalmatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1896, xviii. p. 341.

Hab. Costa Rica, La Palma (Underwood).

Body moderately stout, with 12 costal grooves; the length of the head to the gular

fold is one-third of the distance between the latter and the vent. ‘Tail cylindrical, not

SPELERPES, o01

compressed. Limbs moderately developed ; digits half-webbed. The series of palatine

teeth does not extend outwards beyond the choane; parasphenoid teeth confluent

into a single group. Greyish; back pinkish, marbled with grey.

Totallength . 2... . . . . 2... . . 119 millim.

Lengthoftal. 2... 2... 0 =,

These characters are taken from the largest of the specimens for which the species

has been established, as I do not feel sure that all the young individuals associated

with the larger one should be referred to it.

8. Spelerpes morio.

Geotriton carbonarius, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1868, p. 313.

(Edipus morio, Cope, |. c. 1869, p. 103; Journ. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. viii. p. 96 (1876) ; Proc. Am.

Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 271 (1879).

Spelerpes morio, Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 70; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 113.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Hége), Tlalpam (Dugés); Guatemata (Van Patten); Costa Rica,

plateau of Cartago (Zeledon). |

Body moderately elongate, with 12 or 13 costal grooves; head longer than wide;

limbs rather weak; digits very short, connected by a broad membrane which leaves

free the last phalanx only. Tail cylindrical. Series of palatine teeth slightly arched,

extending outwards beyond the choane, separated from the parasphenoid groups, which

are in contact with each other for the greater part of their length. Black, lower parts

and sides with indistinct whitish specks.

Totallength . . 2... ew we eee ee 97 milli.

Length of tail. 2. 2. 2. 2... wwe eee A,

9. Spelerpes robustus.

Cdipus robustus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1894, p. 194.

Hab. Costa Rica, slopes of the Volcan de Irazu (Cooper).

Body robust, with 12 costal folds; length of the head to gular fold two-ninths of

that of the head and body. Tail cylindrical, the extremity moderately compressed.

Digits broadly webbed, the last phalanx, however, being free, except that of the inner

digits which is entirely enclosed. Series of palatine teeth straight, extending outwards

beyond the choane; parasphenoid group not divided anteriorly. Uniform plumbeous.

(After Cope.)

Total length . 2. 2. 2. 1 ww... ee 206 millim.

Head and body . ......... 4. . 6 +. 98 ,,

Length to gularfold . . . . 2. 1... ww we 22g,

oftail. . . . woe ew ee ele le «108 C=",

3»

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Batr., January 1902. *39

302 BATRACHIA CAUDATA.

10. Spelerpes variegatus. (Tab. LX XV.)

Salamandra variegata, Gray, in Griffith’s Anim. Kingd. ix. p. 107.

(Edipus variegatus, Gray, Batr. Grad. p. 48; Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p. 8.

Spelerpes variegatus, Strauch, Salam. p. 84; Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 73.

Bolitoglossa mexicana, var., Dum. et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. t. 104. fig. 1.

Spelerpes mexicanum, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 113, t. 18 bis. figg. 1-4.

Geotriton carbonarius, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 878.

(Edipus carbonarius, Cope, 1. c. 1869, p. 103; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xviii. p. 267 (1879).

CEdipus salvinii, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1868, i. p. 297.

Spelerpes salvini, Brocchi, l.c. p. 117, t. 18. figg. 3-4.

Spelerpes sp., Miiller, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, 1878, p. 645, t. 3. figg. C& D; 1888, p. 298

(S. salvinz).

Spelerpes miilleri, Brocchi, ].c. p. 116, t. 20. figg. 3-5.

Spelerpes punctatum, Brocchi, l.c. p. 115.

Spelerpes attitlanensis, Brocchi, l. c. p. 115, t. 19. figg. 3-4.

Hab. Mexico, city of Mexico (Doorman), Jalapa (Hoge, Trujillo), Orizaba and 'Tehu-

antepec (Swmichrast); British Honpuras (Wickham); GuATEMALA, Pacific coast

(Salvin), Atitlan and Alta Vera Paz (Bocourt); Costa Rica, San Carlos * (Under-

wood).

Body rather slender, with 12 or 13 costal grooves; the length of the head to the gular

fold is two-sevenths or less of the distance of the latter from the vent; head longer than

wide ; limbs weak ; digits very short, enveloped in a broad web; tail cylindrical. Series

of palatine teeth extending outwards beyond the choane, separated from the para-

sphenoid teeth, which form one undivided group. Black below and on the sides; back

buff-coloured, the two colours sharply defined; an elongate triangular or subtriangular

black spot occupies almost invariably the crown of the head and nape of the neck, and

is more or less produced behind. The buff-coloured dorsal portion is either uniform

or, more commonly, black-spotted, the spots being irregular as regards number, shape,

size, or distribution: they may be large and few in number (as in var. salvinii, fig. D),

or confluent and covering nearly the whole back (Pacific coast, fig. B), or confluent

into two longitudinal bands (British Honduras, fig. A), or confluent into a median

band with lateral transverse branches (fig. C). In the latter variety the black lateral

and lower parts are finely marbled with whitish.

The variations of colour are extremely diversified, and do not seem to be connected

with special localities. The illustrations given here represent only some of the most

striking aberrations from the typical form.

11. Spelerpes lignicolor.

Spelerpes (Cidipus) lignicolor, Peters, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1873, p. 16.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Champion).

* A specimen from this locality, named Spelerpes morio, is in the Nat. Hist. Mus.

SPELERPES. 303

Body moderately stout, with 12 or 13 costal grooves; the length of the head to

the gular fold is one-third of the distance of the latter from the vent. Head longer

than wide. Limbs well developed, digits entirely connected by membrane. Tail

cylindrical, longer than the body. The series of palatine teeth nearly meet in the

middle, and do not extend outwards beyond the choane ; parasphenoid teeth confluent

into a single group. Black; upper parts light rufous, sharply defined from the black

sides, sprinkled with black, the black forming indistinct longitudinal bands; throat

and chest with minute whitish specks.

Totallength . 2. 2... 1. we. eee 125 millim.

Length of tail. 7

12. Spelerpes rufescens.

(idipus rufescens, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1869, p. 104; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xviii.

p. 267 (1879) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 8.

Spelerpes rufescens, Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 71.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Orizaba, Cordova, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Tabasco and

Chiapas (Dugés).

Body stout, with 12 costal grooves; head longer than wide. Limbs weak, digits

entirely connected by membrane. ‘Tail cylindrical, shorter than the body. The series

of palatine teeth meet nearly in the middle and do not extend outwards beyond the

choane ; parasphenoid teeth in two approximate patches, narrowing in front and but

little divided behind. Black, upper parts with a rufous cast; brown below, with

white specks. (After Cope.)

Perhaps not distinct from S. lignicolor.

13. Spelerpes yucatanus.

Spelerpus (Cidipus) yucatanus, Peters, SB. Ges. nat. Fr. Berlin, 1882, p. 187.

Spelerpes yucatanicus, Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 72; Zoolog. Record for 1882, Rept. p. 26.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Mus. Brit. et Mus. Berol.).

Habit rather slender; body with 12 costal grooves; head longer than wide; limbs

rather weak, digits entirely united by a broad web; tail cylindrical. The series of

palatine teeth sweep outwards in a curve, but not beyond the choane, and nearly meet

in the middle; they are separated from the parasphenoid group, which is not medially

divided. Upper parts reddish-grey, powdered with purple; lower parts and sides

blackish, with whitish specks irregularly distributed.

Totallength. . . . . . . . . . 107 millim. 125 millim.

Lengthoftail . . ......). 6S, 52 Ci,

Known from two specimens; very closely allied to S. variegatus.

304 BATRACHIA CAUDATA.

14. Spelerpes lineolus.

Spelerpes lineolus, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1865, p. 197; Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 74.

Opheobatrachus lineolus, Cope, 1. c. 1869, p. 101.

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Sumichrast).

Habit very slender, the cylindrical tail being about twice as long as the body ;

body with 13 or 14 costal grooves; head small, longer than wide. Limbs very weak,

with the digits reduced to rudiments. Parasphenoid teeth in two long groups

confluent in front, divergent behind. Black.

Totallength . . . . . . ee. eee ee 120 millim.

Length of tal. 2. 2. 2. 2... ww eee ee 8H,

15. Spelerpes uniformis.

Gidipina uniformis, Keferstein, Arch. f. Naturg. 1868, p. 299; Nachricht. Ges. Wiss. Gétting.

1868, p. 331; Giinth. Zool. Record for 1868, p. 131.

Ophiobatrachus vermicularis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1868, ii. p. 298.

Opheobatrachus vermicularis, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1869, p. 102; Journ. Ac. N. Se.

Philad. viii. p. 96 (1876).

Spelerpes uniformis, Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 75.

Spelerpes vermicularis, Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 118, t. 20. fig. 1.

Hab. Mrxico, Vera Cruz (Dugés); Costa Rica, La Palma, alt. 1600 met. (Biolley),

Bebedero and Irazu (Underwood).

Habit extremely slender, worm-shaped, the cylindrical tail being more than twice

as long as the body. Body with 18 or 19 costal grooves; head much longer than

wide. Limbs very weak, with the digits reduced to rudiments. Parasphenoid teeth

forming an undivided elongate group. Black, lighter below.

Total length woe ee ee heh). «178 millim. 173 millim.

Length oftaill . . . . . . . . . 124), 115,

THORIUS.

Thorius, Cope, Am. Nat. 1869, p. 222.

Palatine teeth in a transverse series; parasphenoid teeth present. ‘Tongue free all

round, supported by a central pedicel. ‘oes five. ‘Tail cylindrical, slightly com-

pressed towards its end. Nostrils very large.

1. Thorius pennatulus.

Thorius pennatulus, Cope, Am. Nat. 1869, p. 222; Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1869, p. 111;

Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 79, t. 3. fig. 2 (head).

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Sumichrast).

THORIUS.—DERMOPHIS. 305

Body rather elongate, with 13 costal grooves, its length being nearly four times the

distance of the snout from the gular fold. Limbs weak, digits rudimentary. Para-

sphenoid teeth confluent into a single group. Brown, with a dark band along the

side, edged with whitish above.

Totallength . 2. 2. 2. 2... . 48 millim.

Length oftail. 2. 2. 2... . . ek 28

Division BATRACHIA APODA.

DERMOPHIS.

Dermophis, Peters, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1879, p. 937.

Kyes distinct ; tentacle in a circular groove, in front and below the level of the eye ;

rudimentary scales imbedded in the skin. Mandibulary teeth behind the main series

indistinct, if present at all.

1. Dermophis mexicanus.

Siphonops mexicanus, Dum, et Bibr. Erpét. Gén. viii. p. 284; A. Dum. Mém. Soc. Se. Nat. Cherbourg,

ix. p. 23, fig. 10 (1863); Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr. p. 120, t. 21. fig. 2; Sumichrast,

Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1880, p. 190.

Dermophis mexicanus, Peters, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1879, p. 937, fig. 6; Bouleng. Batr. Grad.

p. 98, t. 8 fig. 2.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast), Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith); Guaremata,

Pacific coast (Salvin); Panama (Dow).

Habit stout, the circumference of the body * being about one-seventh or two-

thirteenths of its length. Snout rounded, moderately projecting beyond the mouth,

its length equal to the distance between the eyes. 150-170 circular folds, of which

the (about) 50 anterior and 20 posterior are complete, the intermediate being alter-

nately complete or interrupted on the abdomen. Brownish or plumbeous above,

whitish below ; folds brownish-black.

Mexico. Guatemala. Panama. Locality ?

Total length . . . . 407 millim. 451 millim. 410 millim. 240 millim.

Circumference . . . 60 ,, 62a, 60a, 38,

Of this species I have before me a sufficient number (ten) of specimens to ascertain

that there are no inner mandibulary teeth ; one specimen only (from Panama) shows

* In this and the following descriptions I use the circumference of the body for comparative measurement

in preference to the diameter, as the latter is frequently altered, and may be even misleading in specimens in

which the shape of the body is distorted.

306 BATRACHIA APODA.

some roughnesses of the bone which may be taken as indicating a tendency towards

tooth-formation.

2. Dermophis gracilior, sp.n. (Tab. LX XVI. fig. B.)

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Champion).

Habit moderate, the circumference of the body being nearly one-sixth of its length.

Snout with rounded margin, projecting, shorter than the distance between the eyes.

Tentacle very little nearer to the eye than to the nostril. No teeth within the mandi-

bulary main series, which is composed of 26 teeth. 162 circular folds, of which the

40 anterior and 22 posterior are complete; from about the fortieth anterior annulus a

secondary series of incomplete folds interrupted on the abdomen makes its appearance, -

the folds gradually approaching the median line of the abdomen until, towards the end

of the body, they become complete and indistinguishable from the folds of the main

series. Plumbeous above, paler or whitish below, the annuli not marked with black.

Totallength 2. 2. 1. 1. 1. 6 we ee ee es . 334 millim.

CECILIA.

Cecilia (L.), Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 198; Peters, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1879, p. 934.

Eyes distinct or hidden under the skin ; tentacle valvular, in a horseshoe-shaped pit,

below the nostril; rudimentary scales imbedded in the skin; a few teeth in the

mandible behind the main series.

1. Cecilia isthmica.

Cecilia rostrata, Giinth. P. Z.S. 1859, p. 417 (nec Cuv.).

Cecilia isthmica, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xvii. p. 91 (1877) ; Bouleng. Batr. Grad. p. 94, t. 6.

fig. 1.

Cecilia guentheri, Peters, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1879, p. 936.

Hab. Pawama, Isthmus of Darien, eastern side (Cope).—W. ECUADOR.

Habit moderately stout, the circumference of the body being about one-tenth of its

length. Snout subtruncated, very prominent, shorter than the distance between the

eyes. Eyes distinct. 124-142 circular folds, interrupted on the back and belly, the

last 16 or 18 being complete. ‘lwo teeth behind the main series of the mandible, near

the symphysis. Plumbeous, paler below.

Totallength, . . . - es ee + + + + + + 610 millim.*

Circumference of body . . . . . +. + +--+ + 60° ;,

* 660 millim., in Cat. Batr. Grad. (1882) p. 94, seems to be a misprint.

HERPELE. 30

HERPELE.

Herpele, Peters, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1879, p. 939.

Eyes hidden below the bones ; tentacle globular, in a circular pit, below and some-

what behind the nostril. Rudimentary scales imbedded in the skin near the folds.

Mandibulary teeth in two series.

1. Herpele ochrocephala.

Cecilia ochrocephala, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1866, p. 132; Brocchi, Miss. Sc. Mex., Batr,

p- 119, t. 21. fig. 1.

Herpele ochrocephala, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 279 (1885); Bouleng. P. Z. S. 1895,

p. 409.

Cecilia polyzona, Fischer, in Peters, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1879, p. 937; Arch. fiir Naturg.

1880, p. 215, t. 8. figg. 1-4; Bouleng. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 407.

Hab. Panama (Cope, Mus. Brit.).—Conompta.

Habit slender, the circumference of the body being contained from 15 to 19 times in

its length. Snout narrow, projecting. 200-209 circular folds, nearly all complete.

The inner mandibulary series formed by 10-12 teeth. ‘Tentacle at the lower side of

the snout. Yellowish-plumbeous, with the folds darker, and with the head of a

lighter colour.

Fischer Fischer Fischer Panama

No. 1. No. 2. Cope. in B.M. in B.M.

Total length . . . 675 millim. 650 millim. 325 millim. 565 millim. 450 millim.

Circumference . . 37 ,, 33 Cy, _ 382, 30 ="

Diameter . . . . 11 = ,, lls, C4, 16 ,, 9

The identification of Fischer’s Cecilia polyzona with Cope’s Herpele ochrocephala

requires explanation. ‘There are two specimens in the Natural History Museum, one

of which is determined as Cope’s species, the description by that author well agreeing

with it. ‘The other, although a little more slender, clearly belongs to the same species,

but it has been received from Fischer’s collection, a portion of which was purchased in

| 1887, after his death, under the name of C. polyzona. There can be no doubt that it was

so named by him, although it was not one of the two typical specimens from Caceres.

Fischer himself says that his species appeared to be closely allied to Cope’s

H. ochrocephala; but he was misled by the latter’s statement that the proportions of

this C. ochrocephala were near to those of Siphonops mexicanus, which, in fact, is one

of the most robust species of the order. It is more surprising that Peters should have

failed to recognize the pertinence of C. polyzona to his genus Herpele. But on

comparing the accounts given by Peters and Fischer (1879 and 1880) I come to the

conclusion that Peters had received from Fischer only the diagnosis, but not the

specimens, when he read his paper before the Berlin Academy, and that he did not

508 BATRACHIA APODA.

examine the position of the eye when he received the latter at a somewhat later

period.

GYMNOPIS.

Gymnopis, Peters, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1874, p. 216; 1879, p. 938; Bouleng. P. Z.S.

1895, p. 409.

Eyes hidden below the bones; tentacle globular, in a circular pit, nearer the

commissure of the jaws than to the nostril. Rudimentary scales imbedded in the

skin. Mandibulary teeth in two series.

1. Gymnopis multiplicata.

Gymnopis multiplicata, Peters, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1874, p. 616, t. 1. fig. 1; 1879, p. 939,

fig. 7; Bouleng. P. Z. S. 1895, p. 410.

Siphonops simus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xvii. p. 91 (1877).

Gymnopis sima, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxii. p. 171 (1885).

Hab. Costa Rica, Cariblanco (Underwood & Biolley); Panama, Veragua.—Co.omsia,

Antioquia.

Head moderate, the circumference of the body being one-ninth of its length ; snout

rounded, prominent. 228-250 circular folds, of which the (about) 20 anterior and

30. posterior are complete, the intermediate being alternately complete and interrupted

on the abdomen. Plumbeous, lighter below.

Totallength . . 2. 2... . ee ee . 450 millim.

Circumference of body. . . . . . . . . . . 50

2. Gymnopis proxima.

Siphonops mexicanus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii. p. 96 (1875).

Siphonops proximus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xvii. p. 90 (1877).

Gymnopis proxima, Cope, l.c. p. 171 (1885).

Hab. Costa Rica, eastern coast (abd).

Habit moderate, the.circumference of the body being about one-eighth of its length ;

snout flattened, narrow, produced; (tentacular fossa close to eye*); 129 complete

annuli. Plumbeous, paler below. (After Cope.)

Totallength . . 2. 2... we ee. 425 millim.

Diameter of body . . . . 1 2. ww ee ee Cd

* This expression, used by Cope before he was acquainted with the real position of the eye, must now

appear inappropriate. What Cope took for an eye is the tentacular canal, which is apparent through the

skin as a whitish patch (well shown by Peters in fig. 7 of his paper of the year 1879), and which occupies a

position in which one would expect the eye to be placed. Peters himself was mistaken as to the nature

and position of the eye when he established the genus Grymmnopis in 1874.

GYMNOPIS. 309

3. Gymnopis oligozona.

Siphonops oligozonus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soe. xvii. p. 91 (1877).

Gymnopis oligozona, Cope, l.c. xxii. p. 171 (1885) ; Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1895, p. 410.

Hab. Guatemaua (Mus. Brit.).

Habit slender, the circumference of the body being about one-seventeenth of its

length; snout narrow, projecting; (tentacular fossa close to the eye *, which is

invisible) ; total number of circular folds 166, “the principal series containing 119,

of which the 14 anterior and 42 posterior are complete; of the second series (none in

anterior 72 annuli) 34 incomplete and 13 complete.” (After Cope.)

Totallength . . 2. 2. 1. 1 ww nw ew ee) 268 millim.

Diameter of body . . . . . 1 . ee ee ew el USB,

The single specimen which I have seen of this species is not in a state of good

preservation.

* See footnote, p. 308.

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Rept. & Batr., May 1902. *40

INDEX.

[Names in small capitals refer to Families, &c.; those in roman.type to the chief reference to each species included in the work;

those in italics to species incidentally mentioned, synonyms, &e.]

Page Page Page

ABLABES ..e ec cee eae ceeeees 104 Amblystoma altimirani ...... 297 | Anolis binotatus ............ 50

— decipiens .............. 105 —— mexicanum ...... .. 295,296 | —— biporcatus........ veseee 02

——_ eCtptenS veer sccsveee 168 ——tigrinum ........ ee eeee 295 | —— biporcatus ......... tenes 47

gracilis .......... 0.000 104 Ambyostoma californiense .... 295 BOUT GRE vic eeecccccees 48

serperaster .......ce0ee 105 Ambystoma tigrinum ......6. 295 -bourgeaui ......... veeee 48

sumichrasti ........ wee. 105 weismanni...... veceeees 295 — bouviert .......4. veseees 45

ABIONIG ooo cece cece cece 3D | AMBEIVA........c cece ec eeeee 22 bransfordii ........... » 45

1) 1 re 35 —— CV ACANHA,L Lo eee cece 25 | ——capito........ cosveveses 82

VASCONCELOSE ... eee cece 37 edwardstt .....ccceeeees 24 CATNEUS 6... evens seveee 52

Acaltetepon ..... cece eee eees 43 eutropid........ veces 24 | ——chrysolepis ............ 52

Achivhind oo. ccc ccc ceees 95 —— festiva ..............- . 24 concolor........... vevee 48

defilippit oo. cc ieee e eens 95 | ——gabbiana ............. . 23 COPEL vec eascvsecvacee .. 47

Acrodyts occ. ceeeeeeeceeee 260 GJULALA vecvececereseces 22 —— copli ........ teececeeee AZ

Adelophis copet ....cecceevees 136 PVASIGNA .icscecvecesse 22 — crassulus ....... seeceee 50

Adelphicos ....... cece eecnnes 94 Presignis ....... we eeeee 22 | ——cumingii ....... nee 50

quadrivirgatum ...... ». 94 PUT vevsvccvccerenes 23 | —— cupreus......... veeeeee 50

ADELPHICUS ..........000005 94 —— quadrilineata ...... wee. 24 | ——cymbops ........ be eeee 48

—— quadrivirgatus .......... 94 SCL-TNCALA eee sevens 25 cynocephalus ....... Sees 45

AGALYCHNIS........0.e0eeee 289 surinamensis............ 22 Mollfustanus .....seeeees 50

Agalychnts ..... 0. ccc ce eeeee 286 SUTINAMENSIS . 6... eee eee 22 | —— gibbiceps ..........0... 46

callidryas Lecce eececeves 990 — undulata .............. 23 godmani cree ere roe eees 51

—— dacnicolor.............. 291 —— undulata ....cceceeeee, 24 —— guentheri ......... veoee 46

helenze .........cceecee 291 —— vulgaris .......... oe «22,28 —— JUNEHETE oe eee ce ceees 46

lemur.........cecceecee 291 AMPHISBAINA ...ccecceeeeee 31 — heliactin ....3......... 48

moreletii ........ peeves 289 fuliginosa ............4. 31 hoffmanni ........ peeeee 50

Agama collaris ..........00es 59 AMPHISBAINIDAD ......0000.. 30 — humilis ................ 50

COYNULA . occ cece ce uwace 79 ANADIA oe ee ccc cece eececeees 30 INSIQNIS ............000, 47

—— cristata -.........055. .. «OOS metallica ...........00. 30 —— intermedius ............ 49

COTQUALA vee cece ceca 66 Anaxyrus melancholicus ...... 245 JACODE Lee ccc ece ce ceuee 49

—— undulata .......0-.055. 67 ANCISTRODON ..........002- 186 —— leviventris ............ 49

Agkistrodon ......cccvceccee 186 bilineatus .............. 186 laticeps ..... ccc cee ease 47

Ahetulla diplotropis....... ... 180 ANELYTROPIDA ......... oe. 83 —— latifrons..............., 47

MELICANA sevccucucceces 129 ANELYTROPSIS........ sees 33 —— lemurinus .............. 52

MOESEA ... 0. cc cccececes 129 papillosus .............. 34 —— limifrons .............. 45

occidentalis ......eec00 129 ANGUIDE woe cece cece eee 34 | —— metallicus.............. 51

7 .. 180 Angurs ventralis, .... deve ceces 35 ——microtus .............. 47

ALLIGATOR ...ccseeeeeeeeee 21 Anholodon ......ee....e0004. 14 —— nannodes .........0444. 49

ChIAPASTUS 6... ce eevee 21 MAKANU vce ccsccevee sens 141 | ——nebuloides.............. 49

lacordatret... 0. cee eee es 21 ANOLIS woe. cee eee e eects 44 -—— nebulosus .............. 49

punctulatus .......... .. 21 AMNONS cece eee eee eee 62 —— nebulosts ....... cece 45

Amblymetopon ........000 00. 98 aureolus..........20000- 45 —— nummifer oo. .cccccceees 52

VAN VEYALUM ve cee ce sense 98 —— baccatus .............. 46 | —— obtusirostris ............ 52

AMBLYSTOMA .......eeeeeee 295 —— beckeri ........00..000. 45 | ——ordinatus ..........04.. 45

312

Page

Anolis ortonii ...........065 45

oxylophus...,.......... 51

—— pachypus ............6. 47

—— palpebrosus ............ 49

pentaprion.............. 47

petersi 2... se eee ee eee 47

planiceps ......eeceeees 52

—— peecilopus .............. 52

—— polylepis .............. 46

—— pulchripes ............. . 46

quaggulus ........eceeee 50

—radulinus .............. 52

VEFUIGENS 6. ev eve eseneee 48

OL 45

—— rodriguezi .............. 45

SAQTH oo. eee cece cence 45

10 rr 45

—— sall@i....... cece eee eee 49

Salvini ..... ce. cece eee 48

—schiedi ................ 46

—— squamulatus............ 47

—— tessellatus vo... 0. ce eeees 49

trochilus ...........06. 45

tropidolepis ............ 46

tropidonotus ..........06 51

EUrMalts... 2. ccc cevcees 52

— uniformis ............ .. OL

—— USEUS vee eee ewes 48

VUEEUGETUS Lecce sec ees 52

Wwilltamst oc. ccc ceveeee 49

ANOMALOLEPIS..........0006 87

MEXICANUS ....... eee eee 87

ARGALIA vo. cess cece ence eee 29

—— peecilochilus ............ 29

ARISTELLIGER 1... 0... e cece 81

ULEGUIUTIS Vcc cece eenee 81

——— presignis ........eseeee 81

ArtZOnd, CLEGANS 6. cvcseceaceee 125

JONU. ccc c cece eenes wee. 124

Lineaticollis.....ccvcceces 124

Asthenognathus ..cceccrceeces 143

grandoculis..... seveeesee 148

ATELOPUS wee ccsecevereeeues 208

——- VaTIUS.... eee eee seeees 208

, var. maculatus...... 208

Atherts chloroéchts.....6. cece. 189

Atomarchus multimaculatus .. 182

Atretium schistosum ..e.cecees 135

Atropos MEXICANUS 1... .6 008 191

NUMMIAFE! voce ccveceees 191

Atropus undulatus. ...cceceees 187

AXOLOEES Wo ccc ce ccc eee nee 295

GUELALUS . oo eevee en eenee 296

MACUIALUS 6... ccc ee eevee 296

¥.%0. <0) (0) ) 296

INDEX.

Page

Barista voce ccc cence ees 35

BArissid oo. cee 35

ANLAUGEE vececceveeeees 37

—— fimbriata vicceccccccues 37

UMOTICAD ove ccecvescees 38

TUAICOllis weccececccaces 38

Bascanion constrictor ......4. 119

Slagelliforme ....cceeeees 121

flaviventris ..cccceesees 119

UNCAEUS Coc eccccccaveves 120

—— MENtovariuM ... 6c eeees 120

OAXACA sesecvascveacees 120

OFNALUM occ c ceca veeneee 122

semilineatum ........ 121, 122

suboculare ..... cece ce eee 120

BASILISCUS ......c eevee eee 54

americanus ..........+- 54

AMETICANUS oc. ceeeeeeee 55

—— galerttus .. 6. ccc cece eee 55

GOOUNIAGU ec cece eneee 54

Gultulatus ... 6 cece eeeee 54

MET ALUS ocr ecncnceres 54

NUCHANS ooo cc ccccecnces 55

—— plumifrons.............. 55

Vittatus ........ eee eee 55

BATRACHIA ..... ee eee e eee 197

—— APODA ..eesecsecaeeuee 305

—— CAUDATA .........000ee 294

SALIENTIA ........000. 197

Batrachosoma astO’ .......44. 79

Batrachyla occ cccccceeccveees 226

LONGUPES voc sesecevevcecs 240

Bergen s.r icvcccccscccvenes 158

MELUCANG oe cvccccccnces 159

Bipes canaliculatus .......... 30

5 80), beceeee 181

CONCHIUA. ccc cee eee 180

constrictor. .....eeee 181, 182

— , Var. tsthmica ...... 181

— divinoloquax, var. mexicana 182

7 182

—— imperator .............. 181

—— 1mperator voc cereveveaes 182

MEXICANA ....... ee ee eee 182

BOIDA. .. cc cee cece eens 179

Bolitoglossa. cc cece cece eee 297

MEXICANA ..... 0000. 299, 802

BoRBOROC@TES ............ 215

—— mexicanus ............ 215

BoTHRIECHIS ...........0.. 188

aurifera ..... cece ee ee 189

= BUFF ETH cee 188

—— hernoullid oo. cece ceceee 189

bicolor ..........e eeu 189

—— bicolor ..cceccceccceees 188

Page

Bothriechis godmani.......... 190

GOUMANG. 6... cere ee eens 188

—— lansbergii .............. 190

—— lansbergit ..... 6. ce eee 188

lateralis ............ ve 189

dateralts ... ccc cece 188

————_ MEXICANUS Lovee eee eeees 191

nigroviridis ..........-. 189

—— migroviridis ...... eee eee 188

—— nummifera............68 191

——_ RUMMIPErA. . cece cece 188

——: y Var. NOAA . 1... eee 191

ophryomegas..........6- 191

OphTYOMEJAS 6... 00 ee eee 188

—— quadriscutata .........4. 188

schlegeli ...........0.. 189

schlegeli .......eeee este. 188

SCULIQZETA Lo... cece ee eee 191

SCULLY ove seveevenees 188

Eriangultfera ......eee eee 190

Bothrvopsts .. 0c ccc cece ceeee 188

AGINIS oo cc cee eens 191

brachystoma ......6.. 00s 190

GOUMANU .iccecereceees 190

proboscvdeus ....eceeeees 190

BOTHROPS 1... ees e ce eeeeeee 187

—— ffi 6 ccc cece 191

ALTOX woe cece cece ee ee eee 187

bernoullit oo... e cece 189

Bicolor wo. cece cece eee 189

—— bilineatus 11... .. cece eee 189

BraAMMIANUS 1. ce eeeccees 190

lansbergit ..... cece cee 190

MASULUS Lecce ee eecneeees 190

—— nigroadspersus ......... 189

—— nummifer .occerccceeees 191

—— 0p hryoMegas ov eeeeceves 191

—— sehlegelti. .. cc ccccvercces 189

undulatus ..........006- 187

BRACHYCEPHALIDE........-. 208

Brachydactylus ... 6.00 cece 84.

MUPALUS. ccc e eee nnees 84

Brachyruton ..ccccececvevees 166

ClOCUA. oe eee eens 167

occtpitolutewm ..ececeees 167

—— plumbeum oo... ceecceenee 167

BUFO wo. cece cece cece eee 242

Bufo cic c cece cece cece ences 257

AQUA ice cece cee een 249

AALUS Coc ee eee 253

ANOMALUS vos cece veces 245

argillaceus..... cere 246, 247

——_ auritus 2... cece eeeeee 256

AUITEUS occ cee eens 243

beldingt occ ceccce reves 244

—— bocourti...... ce eee eae 255

Page

Bufo bocourtt .... 0. cee cece eee 243

canaliferus ............ 248

canaliferus ....ceeceaee 243

—— coccifer ......... 0. e eee 250

ON) ic 248

compactilis ............ 245

compactilis ....... ee eee 243

— coniferus .............. 251

CONLFETUS Loe cece cece ene 243

—— cristatus oo. cece eee 252

—debilis ................ 248

7 (0) fr 243

CAlerst oe ec ccc eee eee 251

GTANUOSUS. oe eee eee 252

—— hematiticus............ 243

hematiticus ...... 6.60 242

halophilus ..........00.. 245

horrvbtlis occ c ee eee 249

USUMOT eee cece cccenes 248

—— intermedius ............ 255

—— intermedius ........ 243, 254

— lateralis.........0... 246, 247

Levifrons oo. ec cece eens 245

—— luetkenii .............. 253

lucthentt vic cece cc cues 248

MAYINUS........... ee eee 249

——— MATINUS.. ccc nc ceees 243

——marmoreus ............ 246

—— marmoreus ........ 243, 247

—— melanochlorus .......... 252

melanochlorus ........4. 243

melanogaster. .......eees 242

mexicanus ............ 244

MEXICANUS. ve ce cees 248, 245

monksiz ............4 245

MONKSIE oc se eee vc enee 243

nebulifer ... ccc eee e eee 252

—— occipitalis.............. 250

occtpitats . 6... eee ce eee 243

Ocellatus. .. 6. cc cece cence 258

—— pleuropterus .........605 253

politus ................ 246

POlitUus viceeccvescveees 243

—— punctatus .............. 244

——— punctatus ii. ccecceeeee 243

—— pustulosus ..... 0... e eens 242

SIMUS....... 0. eee eee eee 254

BUMUS. 6. cece eee 248, 245, 255

SPECUOSUS Lieve veeeceaee 245

SPINUIOSUS . 6. eee eeenes 245

sternosignatus .......... 247

sternosignatus .. 248, 246, 248

—— typhonius.............. 2538

—— typhontus .........000es 243

——valliceps ..........0005 252

valliceps......eceees 243, 248

INDEX.

Page

Bufo veraguensis ............ 256

VETAYUENSIS 6... eevee ee 2438

BUFONIDE ...... ce eee eee 242

Cachryx defensor ..........4+ 58

erythromelas ....0....005+ 59

Calamaria atrocinecta ........ 156

degenhardtit ... ce... ces 158

melanocephala .........5 147

VUEATA occ c cence 118

Calamita tinctorius .......... 207

Calamites oo... cc cc eee 260

Callichelys calhirostris ........ 5

OTNALA Lecce cc cence 2,4

—— pulcherrima .......600085 6

VENUSEA Loc eee cccecee 3,4

Calopisma quinquevittatum .... 164

septemvittatum........4. 135

CALYPTOCEPHALUS.......... 241

testudiniceps .......... 241

Camilia jamatcensis .......... 34

OT) re 186

Catostoma brachycephalum .... 91

chalybaum ......4... 87, 88

dolichocephalum ........ 87

MASAE ec e eens 88

psephotum oo... ..c eee ee 94

semidoliatum ........6. 90

Caudisona basilisca .......... 194.

polysticta wo... cece eee 192

TAVA voce ccccecccuceees 192

CaUphids. occ ec cece cveues 260

CTASSUM oo cece cee eens 281

guatemalensis .......... 281

Celestus bilobatus .........445 34

Cenchrts ........000. pee ee eee 186

Centrotelma oo... ccc cece 260

Cerastes mexicanus .......... 116

CERCOCALAMUS ............ 157

collaris ............000. 157

Chalevdolepis ..... 00.6.0. cee 30

metallicus ....... ccc eee 30

Chameleopsis hernandezit .... 53

Champsa punctulata.......... 21

VALLFTONS woe cece cece eee 21

Chatilla oo. ccc ccc nce eee 190

Chetlorhina ...c..eeeees ..e. 96

VULANSU oe cee eee 96

CHELONIA ........0.005- veee 1

Chelopus.... csc cececceeveeee 6

AVCOlALUS oo. cece eee eee 8

Punereus. cece cece eens 7

LO 7

——— INCISUS ccc eee eenes 7

MELICANUS . eee cece ees 8

—— punectularius oo... 6.0 ee. 9

Page

Chelopus rubidus ........0005 8,9

CHELYDRA..............0005 10

—— rossignoni .............. 10

—— serpentina............., 10

——— SEPPONtind oie eee ec eens ll

eel) ar 10

CHERSODROMUS ............ 103

liebmanni.............. 103

nigricans .............. 103

Chilophryne conifera ........ 251

Chionactis diastti ............ 97

CHIROTES .............00005 30

canaliculatus .......... 30

lumbricoides .........00% 30

Chloremys abnormis .......... 10

Chondrotus oo... cee cece ee 295

Churchillia bellona............ 125

Cinchdium oo... cece cece 260

Cincloscopus .......0. 0.0008. 260

Cinosternon albogulare........ 14

Cffeldtit vec ceeee 16

pennsylvanicum ........ 15

CINOSTERNUM .............. 12

albogulare.............. 14

—— albogulare ..........004. 13

berendtianum .......... 16

brevigulare ............ 17

brevigulare ...3......0.. 18

——cobanum .............. 18

CObANUM 6... eee ee eae 13

cruentatum ............ 13

effeldtii ................ 16

effeldtit ...... ccc eee 13

RENTICL Lecce eee 15

—— hippocrepis ............ 12

hirtipes ................ 15

havtipes . 6.6... eee eee 13

integrum .............. 16

7 rr 13

leucostomum .......... 17

leucostomum ...... 18, 16, 18

pennsylvanicum.......... 15

rostellUum oo. ieee cues 16

SCOPPLOIMES. . 6. eee es 14

shawranum ..... ee eevee 14

sonoriense.............. 18

triliratum .............. 14

triltratum wo. eee eee eee 18

CISTUDO...... eee ee eee eee 1

mexicana .............. 1

CLAUDIUS ........... 000 eee 12

angustatus ............ 12

megalocephalus.......... 12

PUCEUS. reece ccceeeaee Il

SEVETUS iv ceceseveaee 11,12

CleMMyYS. ccc c cc cccccecececes 2

314

Page

Cliftia FUSCA Lecce ce eee 180

Choe. cic ccc ee eens 166

COVsata vi ceca cceccceees 147

melanocephala ..0...++++ 147

CNEMIDOPHORUS .....-0++++- 25

ANGUSLICEPS vr veeverenes 25

COMMUNI . 6. cece eeees 25, 26

—— costatus.........ee scene 26

decem-lineatus .......+++ 27

Geppll .....ee cece ee eee 27

GVACS voice cece eee eees 26

——_ gularis vec c cece ccenees 25

—— guttatus........... eee 28

—— immutabilis ..... 0000s 27

—— inornatus ...........4+- 29

—— lativittis oo... cee eee 27

——— lineatissimus..........-. 27

=—— maculatus... 6. cece cece 22

—— mariaruM ........-6e68- 28

—— melanostethus .......005 26

—— MELICANUS . ccc ce vceeees 25

—— microlepidopus ......+.++ 28

—— octolineatus ........e0es 27

PerpleXUS ve evereeeeeers 25

——— V'@SUJMS eee veveecees 22

quadrilineatus .......++5 24

SACKUL. oo eee eee 26

sex-lineatus .........005 25

sex-lineatuS 6... .e evens 26

— , var. tessellatus .... 26

tessellatus ....... 0c eens 26 |

—— LU7"18 erence nee neeess 26

—— UNAUNAEUS oo ccc c ene 23

—— _ unicolor ... cee ceecceeees 28

CGICILIA wee cece e eee eens 306

guenthert ...cccceeveees 306

—— isthmica ........eeee 306

—— ochrocephala ........+0++ 307

PolyZONd vse eeveeevvaes 307

- TOSEVALA voce ce ee cee ees 306

COLEONYX occ eee cee eee eee 84

Coleonyh occ vec vcrcncncecees 83

elegans «6... sees eee e eee 84

VATICGALUS 6. cece ce eens 83

Colobognathus brachycephalus.. 91

dolichocephalus.......... 87

hoffmannt ......65 88, 89, 91

Colophrys rhodogaster ........ 83

COLUBER ...+.eeeeeee cece 114

——— UCUMINATUS ore er ceeenee 177

@SCulapit ...esseee weeee 166

ANNUMALUS . 6c cece eee . 170

ALVATUS Coc cece rene neeee 101

GEV OT occ cece eee eeeeees 187

—— bipunctatus ... +606: .. 131

boddertit vo. cceerereues 125

INDEX.

Page

Coluber carinatus oscccceeeees 128

cenchod .....06 eeveweeee L175

— chlorosoma .......++++- 115

OL 167

CONSEVUCLOY . 6. ce cee eee 119

COPAIS. eee eee ee eeeeeee 116

CUPSOF vs ccacceceeeeees 112

——— EGQUES ov cree ceeenerenee 131

fUSCIAEUS Loe ceeeeereees 184

flavirufus .........2000e 115

flaviventris v.vecees .e.. 119

——— fUgitivUS oie ceceereers 112

fulgidus. .recsereveceees 178

SS LC 182

SUSCUS ceccccrneecaeers 128

guttatus ......- bene eee 114

——_ quttatus. ccc ccreceeeees 115

lemntscatus .....eeeeee 185

melanocephalus...... 147, 148

MelaNOleUcuUs vo. cveerenee 125

mutabilis ..sceeeree wees L15

MEDULATUS wecverseeeeees 139

obsoletus 1. seseerseees 116

oceiptto-maculatus ...... 136

OTUINALUS ose creceeeere 131

petOlartUs vieceveveerees 167

PIANUCEPS wevceeceverees 145

—— plumbeus ... cee eeeeeee 167

——— PFOXIMUS vv vecveceeeee 132

— rhabdocephalus ......1.+++ 114

——— SMUT ILA Loree cceeenceees 132

—— SCOIOPAL rvvesevvecees 168

—— SIDON Loc cccccnevenreee 168

SUDEAON oo. ceveceeeerees 134

SUPEANS voc ceccvecneaeee 131

: triaspls 6... eee eee eee 115

VENUSEISSUMUS se ceeeers 166

CoLUBRIDH AGLYPHE ...... 87

—— GLYPHODONTES ........ 145

Comastes ornatus .....ceeeeee 189

QUINCUNCIAEUS ..... coer 187

Contophanes ..seecvcevevenes 160

bipunctatus ....cceeeree 161

Jisstdens oy ccc vevccecneee 161

—— lateritius .....eeeeenees 162

prcetvittts oo. cece e eens 160

—— PVObeV OPS ve veccccceeees 161

—— punctigularis ....ceeees 161

CONOPHIS ....... cece eee eee 164

Conophis concolor .......+++++ 165

lineatus...........0008- 165

pulcher ....e cece eee e aes 165

—— sumichrastt 0.0.0... 0008. 165

vittatus..... pee e eens 165

CONOPSIS 1.0... cece eee eee 96

Conopsis ..... se eeeeenceeeses 97

Page

Conopsis lineatus .......+0005 97

MACULALUS 666 eee eens 97

——— MASUS .. eee cece eeees 97

VATUANS occ cence eee eeeee 97

CONTIA oo eee eee ee ee eee ees 104

calligaster.......-.s+e+: 104

—— episcopa ......sseeeees 104

michoacanensis....++ 104, 150

pachyura .........+.08- 104

Cophomantis ....... seer eens 286

Cophosaurus 1.1... cence veces 59

LELANUS 01. cee erences 59

CORALLUS ..... 00 eee eee es 180

annulatus ........6++-6- 181

COOK 2... ee cee ee eens 180

COOKE oo. cece eee eens 182

hortulanus ........ 180, 182

CORONELLA oo... eee eee ee ees 108

Coronella ... ccc cece ees 111, 160

annulata ..... ee ee ee ees 109

ANNUTAA Loc ccccvecenes 144

Dipunctata... 6. esse ceees 161

decorata .......eeeeeee lll

Aecorata secs eveveceees 118

Coliata oo. cece eee eeee 109

—. , var. conjuncta .... 109

— , var. formosa ....++ 109

—— fisstdens. 6... sere vvveees 161

fOrMOSA . 6. eve vere eeees 109

— , var. anomala ...... 109

— , var. oligozona...... 109

—— ——,, var. polyzona ...... 109

— fulviceps ........+-.05- lll

godmani ......--+eees 110

——ignita ........ ee eee lll

2 112

leoniS 1... .. eee ee ee ees 110

Mexicana ....... eee eee 110

—— quinquelineata.......... lll

BAYE vec e cece eeneeeees 119

triangulum .....eeeeees 110

VENUSLLSSUMA oo. cee eeees 166

vermiculaticeps .......- 111

Coryphodon ...... essere ees 126

alternatus . 6... vee eees 126

constrictor... 6. cena 119, 120

—— mento-vartus ....2..00> 120

OULACH ve cee cece eeeeees 120

rhombifer oo... cee ee eees 120

testaceuS os. cece ee eens 120

Coryth@olus vittatus ......++5 55

CoRYTHOPHANES ........--65 53

chameleopsis..... be eeees 53

—— cristatuS .......seeeee « 53

—— hernandesii .........45. 53

MEXICANUS . ec veccreceees 53

Page

Corythophanes percarinatus .. 53

Cosmiosophis splendens........ 107

Cranopsts ..... 0. cee ce eeeee 257

fastidiosus ..... 6c ec ce ees 257

Craspedocephalus atror ...... 187

CHAUGASLOP .. 6. eee cece eens 226

QTUSCUS vo. cece rere cones 240

Crepidius .....cccc ccc eeeaee 257

CPLOlUCUS vs. sees eeseees 257

Cristasaura mitrella.......... 55

CROCODILIA ............000 18

CROCODILUS ........00ceeeee 19

——_ ACULUS vee cee eee 19, 20

—— americanus ............ 19

— , var. acutus........ 20

—— ——, var. moreletii...... 21

a , Var. plumiert ...... 20

—— biscutatus ........ eee 20

—— mexicanus ........ 19, 20, 21

—— moreletit .......... 19, 20, 21

PACyficUsS .reeeceeayee 18, 20

rhombifer ............ 19,21 |

CROTALIDE ....... cee eee 186

CROTALOPHORUS............ 192

—— miliarius ....,......... 192

——— FOVUS vee ccccccscveces 192

CROTALUS .......eceeceveees 192

—— adamanteus ............ 195

—— ——, var. atror ........ 195

ABT OD ve cccccccccceees 195

—— basiliscus .............. 194

———_ AUTISSUS vee e cece eee 194

—— horridus ............ .. 194

—— intermedius ............ 192

JUMENERE eee ee ceees 192

—— lugubris ....... 06.2 192

MALAVIUS oo eee c ce ceces 192

—— » Var. TAVUS «1.66... 192

MOLOSSUS . 6... 0 eee 198, 194

——— MULUS cece cece 188

—omiltemanus .......... 192

—— pallidus................ 198

—— palmeri.............00. 193

—— polystictus. ............ 192

rhombifer ..... 0605s ees 194

—— salvini ................ 193

—— HHT18 6 eee cen eees 193

—— triseriatus........,..... 192

CROTAPHYTUS ........0.0005 59

— collaris ................ 59

SASCIATUS Woe cece eee eeee 59

gambeltt ....ccc ce eeeee 59

—— wizlizenii .............. 59

CTENOSAURA .........0000e- 56

acanthura.............. 56

—— acanthura ........ 57, 58, 59

INDEX.

Page

Ctenosaura brevirostris........ 57

completa .............. 58

cyclurotdes .......... 56, 58

—defensor .............. 58

erythromelas ......0.e00s 59

—— interrupta oo... cece e ees 59

—— multispinis .....-...66. 57

PCClinata ....cscvereees 57

—— quinquecarinata ...... .- 58

SRAWW voce eee cececeees 56

CLEVES cece eee e cece ec eeee 57

CUbind oe eee cece eee eee 43

GTANAS 6. oe ce cece ences 43

Cyclura acanthura ........ 57, 59

articulata .. 0... cece eee 57

—— denticulata ....... bees 57

hemilopha ..... 00.000 00s 59

pectinata ..........0 0. 57

quinquecarinata ........ 58

—— LEV ES Lecce cece eens 56

Cylindrosoma ..... eee eee ee 297

CYSTIGNATHIDH ............ 212

Cystignathus ... 0... 0s eee eee 212

albilabris .... eee ee 213

echinatus ...... 6. eee 214

fragilis ...... pee eeeeeee 213

GTACLS Civ ececcceveees 213

— labialis ..... cece eee 213

—— melanonotus .........64. 214

—— MICTOEIS 26. eee cece eee 213

PCTIBVIS. ccc cece eccenee 214

Daconura bivittata .......... 55

Dactyloa biporcata .......0.. 52

leviventris...... 6.600 eee 49

—— nebulosa i... ccceseeee 49

SHIM 6... cee ce eee 46

Dendrobates ..... 5.0.00 0000 206

Aistrionveus ..... cee ees 207

UGNUUS voc evcevcveeees 207

—— lugubris. cc cc ccccccccees 207

—— NUGETTIMUS eve veces 207

ODSCUTUS voc eee veeeees 207

talamanc®@ ... eevee ees 208

—— 1INCLOTIUS . 1... ee ce eee 207

a , subsp. vittatus .... 207

trVittACUS. 6s eevee cece 207

— , var. maculatus .... 207

typographus ..ceevereees 207

Dendrophidion dendrophis .... 127

Dendrophidium chloroticum.... 127

dendrophis ....e..ee0e 127

—— melanotropis ......66005- 127

DERMATEMYS .....0..0 00005 10

ADNOVMIS 1... cece eee 10

——_ Berardi... ccc cee e ees 10

315

Page

Dermatemys mawii .......... 10

——— SAWN. Lee 10

DERMOPHIS ................ 305

—— gracilior .............. 306

mexicanuS ............ 305

Diadophis arnyi ..... 2.600. 108

Aecoratus ....ceeceeeves lil

——— PUNCHALUS Lovee cece 108

—— , subsp. arnyt ...... 108

—— ——, var. dugesit........ 108

— , var, letus ........ 108

— » subsp. regalis...... 108

TEGAUS 6. cee cee e eens 108

Diaglena wie ceeee 2938

spatulata ....... eevee 293

Diemyctelus ... 0.0... cece 294

minutus, subsp. meridionalis 294

viridescens meridionalis .. 294.

Diphosoma ruschenbergerti .... 180

DIPLOGLOSSUS ...........005 34

—— hbilobatus .............. 34

Chalyb@us ... ccc ec eeees 34

—— monotropis ............ 34

steindachneri .......... 34.

Diplotropis bilineata.......... 1380

Dipsadomorphus ........006% 174

biscutatus ... 0... ee ee 174

Dipsadomorus fasciatus ...... 142

DIPSAS 1... . cece eee eee ee eee 175

biscutata .... cece cee 174

— , var. latifaseia .... 174

brevis...... pace eee eens 142

cenchoa....... ne ae wees 175

CENChOA . 6... cece cence 176

— gemmistrata............ 175

—— gracillima.............. 177

—— Mikantt . 00. eee 141

—— nebulata ...... 2. cee. 139

—— septentrionalis .......... 170

—— splendida .............. 176

tenuissima ............ 176

WEUGEN 6. cece cece eens 175

Dracontura poecilopus ........ 52

Draconura capito......0..... 52

CALENUA Lee ee cece eee 45

chrysolepis..... 0.000000. 52

limifrons .......-..60.. 45

DROMICUS ......... 000 cee lit

2 17 112

CAVUTEUS Lecce eee eee 126

chitalonensis ....0 0.000 161

——clavatus .............. 113

1 0) 112

Prenatus ....sseceeeees 105

fugitivus .............. 112

—— fulvivittis.............. 1138

316

Page

Dromicus fulvinittis oo... 1444. 160

GOUMANNE . ccc cece 110

UJNUUS occ eccvevenenes lil

UNCONSEANS wo crv cvcevenes 112

—— lachrymans ............ 114

latertstrigad ....eeceeeee 105

laureatus ....... cece eee 112

MANGaruyferuUs oo. ce eeees 125

—— omiltemanus............ 1138

+ pled oi cee eee 126

plete cece 112

—— puinami ove ee cece eeeee 166

teeniatus ....... eee eee 113

Drytnus @NCUS 6. ccc ev eees 177

GUPALUS oe eee 177

DRYIOPHIS..... 0.00 cece ee eee 177

acuminata... .... ee eee 177

1, 177

brevirostris .......... ,. 178

Catesbyt o 6. ccc ccc ce ee aes 178

——fulgida .............08. 178

VIEEALA cece eens 177

DRYMOBIUS .......0- eee e eee 125

Drymobwus oc ecccvcvcecee 126

boddertil .............. 125

—— boddertit oi... ccc ceeee 126

—— ceruleus ...........05. 126

dendrophis ............ 127

dendrophis ....ceecc aes 128

—— dorsalts cee cee cee 126

——— l@VIS occ ce cece 126

—— margaritiferus .......... 125

| 126

pulcherrimus... 66. e reves 128

Dryomelictes . 6.6 cece ccceee 260

Dryophylaxr oo cvvvccccevvves 166

Ecpleopus metallicus ..... 6.44. 30

pocctlochlus ...sececeeee 29

Elaphis deppet ........cceeee 124

GuttatUS cee cc ccneuns 114

melanotropts ... 1... eee. 127

pleurostictUs 6.6.66. c eens 124

TOATUGUERL 6c cece eens 115

FEXLAPIDH oo. cece eee eae 182

EXLAPOCHRUS ve cece eee e eens 106

—— eequalis............006. 106

deppli ...... eee eee eee 106

dimidiatus ............ 107

CUTYZONA 6.6. eee ee eee 107

Elapotdes rostraligs .......4.. 89

semidoltatus 1... eee eee 90

steboldi oc... cece cece eee 88

Elapoidis fasciatus .......... 101

Elapomorphus .....0++++ 154, 156

———_ MEXTCANUS ee cces 1538

INDEX.

Page

ELAPS woe cece ee eee eee renee 182

ELQDs oct eee 185

0 183

agle@ope....... ee eee eee 184

APLAtUS 66. cree ence enees 183

——bernardi ...........0.. 184

CUrCINANS 6. cece eee 1838

corallinus 1.6... eee 183, 184

—. , var. crebripunctatus . 183

decoratus .....ee eee eee 185

—— diastema ...sececeeenes 183

—_— ——, var. michoacanensis . 183

——— divaricatus 1... cee ceees 183

—— elegans .......--. 2 ee eee 186

—— ephippifer...........--. 184

——— epistema vee essecencaes 183

—— euryxanthus oo... cc eeeee 183

—— fitzingert oo. ereeeceees 183

fulvius ....... eee eee eee 182

—— fulvius .....ccveees 156, 184

— y Var. affints ........ 183

—— ——, var. fitzingert ...... 183

— lemniscatus ........084- 185

——— MAYCYTAVIE eee ce vnnes 185

— , var. laticollaris .... 185

—— melanocephalus.......... 147

——_ mipartitus.... ccc ccreeee 184

— multifasciatus .......... 184

—— Nigrocinctus ....... 666s 183

—— ornatissimus ... 0... ceeee 183

ruatanuS ........ee eee 185

SCMIPATTUUS 66. eee ene 184

ZONALUS voc cece vecrennes 156

EUG ArU ccc cence eens 35

fOrMOSA. occ v ence ees 39

QTANAIS occ cece neces 39, 40

—— Kingti vie vcceveccccees 39

-——— MANYINAA. oc vvcvnces 39

NOBUS ee cecereveveees 39

PYUINCUPIS vive cevecvces 39

SCUNCICAUAA vice vevenee 39

EMYS 2... cece cece ee ences 2

EIMY8 occ ccc c cece cc ee ee nenes 5

ANNUTAA vive ceevenncas 8

—— annulifera... cc cccceeces 3

—— areolata........e eee eee 8

—— berardti.. cc... cece eens 10

—— callirostris ............ 5

CalltrostrtS ve cee eee 6

cataspila 1.6... .. ee eee ee 4

—— cataspila .iccecccvceaee 2

———— CONCINNA vv rvveseveeee 5

CLEGUNS cv vce cecneenes 2

—— funerea ....sscseevevees 7

—— gabbi ....eceecceeenee 7

Page

Emys holbrookit... 0... e eens 2

UNCISA weve eee ee eee 7

INCUBA verve cee e eens 9

—— mobiliensis ............ 5

OTMAtA woe cece ee ee ee eee 2

OPNALA voce eee eens 3, 4, 5

pulcherrima ............ 6

—— pulcherrima ...... woven 8

punctularia ............ 9

ubida ...ce cece eeeeee 8

——salvini .............00- 4

SCUBA eve e eee e ee eenee 8,9

——umbra .... eee eee eee 5

—— VANAA vive cece crnces 2

VENETICOSA vc ccc ccneces 5

VENUSEA Lo. e ee ceeee 2, 3, 4,6

Emysaurus rossignont ... 11.4. ~ 10

EENGYSTOMA woes yee eee eens 209

Engystoma ow... sees 210, 211, 258

carolinensé.........% 209, 210

elegans ..... 66. eee eee 210

MELUCANUM vi cevevevees 209

pictiventre .........46. 209

TUYJOSUIM ve veccseeeves 209

—— ustuM ....... eee eae 209

VATIOLOSUM vase eeveees 211

ENGYSTOMATIDE .........045 209

ENGYSTOMOPS .......00eeee 242

pustulosus...........06. 242

Einicognathus oo... cee c ce ceees 107

AMNUIAEUS oo ees 107

VUECALUS oe cece eee -111, 118

Eintomoglossus ...cecevecvees 212

Einulius8 60... c cece vecevecee LOT

MUPINUS ccc eeee 100, 157

sumichrastt ....e.eeeees 100

Enyaliosaurus quinquecarinatus. 58

EINYALIUS 20... cece eee eee 56

heterolepis ............ 56

Epaphelus sumichrasti.......+. 29

Epicarsius cupreus ....6+05 .. 180

EPICRATES .....ceeeeeeee .. 180

CENCHYUA voce cevvvenes 180

cenchris .........s000. 180

——_ CUPTEUS we vccsccrveces .. 180

MAUTUS occ ccccnececees - 180

Epictia undecimstriata........ 85

Epirhexts vevvccvavcvecccaes 226

laticeps ....eees eecwseae 235

TONGUPES voc ccevcevcccues 240

ERYTHROLAMPRUS ...-eeeeee 166

Erythrolamprus so... ecco 160

eesculapii ......eeeeeeee 166

Dipunctatus ..ceeseeeee « 161

——- fisstden8... ccc cceee renee 161

—— grammophrys .ssceveees 162

Page

Erythrolamprus imperialis .... 161

INEPICALUS voc cc ccceccees 166

——— PV OleVOPS wi sscereaceees 161

—— punetigularts .....eeues 161

VENUSEUSSLMUS vee eeeaeee 166

VIOIACEUS oo. seve eeeees 161

Etetrodipsas biscutata ........ 175

EUBLEPHARIS .......-...44. 83

AOViL 2. kee eee eee 83

fasciatus ...........2.. 84

—— variegatus.............. 83

Eudrome & flancs linéolés...... 165

Eudryas boddarti ........6.5. 126

CeTULEUS .. 1 eee ee eee 126

—— dorsalis ..... cece eee 126

—— l@V18 oe ec e eee eee 126

leet oo cece cece en eeee 126

—— pulcherrimus......6..04. 123

EUMECES .........0. 0000 eee 32

bocourti ...........0.. 32

brevirostris ............ 32

callicephalus .......... 32

ugesii ..... ec cece eee 32

furcirostris ..........4. 33

—— lynxe....... cece eee 32

—— schwartzet ....... 6.0060 33

—— schwartzli.............. 33

—— BNNs c cece ceeee 33

sumichrasti ............ 32

Euprepes lynve voce cece cee 32

Eutenia chrysocephala........ 132

COLLATIS Co.cc eee eee 131

—— cyrtopsts oo. eee e eee 131

— y var. fulvus ........ 181

—— ——,, var. phenax ...... 131

— , var, sumichrastt.... 131

Jlavilabris . 6.66 cee cee 131

INSLIYNUATUM «0... eee eeee 131

MACVOSEEMMA 1.2... eee 131

MEGALOPS 1. vc evceccaes 131

—— melanogaster. ........44. 133

—— multimaculata .......... 132

—— PRENAL vec ccccvees 131

PV@OCularis ....eeeeeees 132

PVOLUMA. 6. occ e ccc ences 132

— pulchrilatus ..........4. 131

—— rutiloris... 6... cee. 132

Scalaris ... 6... eee 131, 133

sumichrastt ....... 60. 131

Eerodonta ..... ccc cece 285

sumichrastt: ........604. 286

Exorhina maculata .......... 97

FICIMIA ... 00... eee eee eee eee 98

CANA 2... eee eee ee ee ee 99

INDEX.

Page

Ficimia elaiocroma..... 00.000. 98

Srontalis oo. c ccc ce ce eee 96

—= MACULAE Lecce 97

NASUS eevee cece eeeeee 97

olivacea....... cc. eee ee 98

OTNAEA Loic cece 98

—— publia ................ 98

quadrangularis.......... 99

VAPVEGUA oer eee ceceeee 98

Galedon annularis.........004% 140

Gastrotropis concolor ........ 48

LEMUPINUS Loe ee cece 52

PAAUUINUS 2... ee cee 52

Geagras frontalis ............ 96

longicaudatus .......... 100

PEMUMUUS 6... cece ees 92

sumichrastt ....... 6. eee 100

Gecko rapiwcauda ............ 81

GECKONIDH ............0005 80

GEHYRA.. 0... eee cee eee eee 81

mutilata .............. 81

Geoclemmys annulata ........ 9

callocephalus..........44 9

melanosternd..... 1.00.5. 9

Geophidium dubtum........ 88, 89

GEOPHIS ....... eee eee eee 87

aNNUIATA Lo. eee ee eee 140

bicolor .............0.. 91

chalybeea .............. 87

A cd 90

— , var. quadrangularis . 89

dolichocephala.......... 87

—— dubia .........4.. 88, 89, 90

dugesii ................ 91

fasciata .............0.. 93

—— fUuSCO cece eens 88, 89

hoffmannt wo... . eee ee 88

latifrontalis ..... veceeee 93

Lippiens oo... cece cece, 96

—— meesta ................ 90

—— mutitorques............ 93

omiltemana ............ 92

psephota .............. 94

redimita .............. 92

rhodogaster .........06. 88

rostralis............000. 89

rostralis .. ee. eee eee 90

semidoliata ............ 90

UNCOOL. eee cece 100

zebyina ..... 6... ee eee 94

Georgia obsoleta...........4.. 116

Greotriton oo... cece 297

carbonarius ........ 301, 802

GERRHONOTUS.............. 35

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept. & Batr., May 1902.

Page

Gerrhonotus adspersus ........ 38

antauges ..........0008 37

AUTItUS 2... eee eee 37

bocourtt .. 0. cece cee eee 37

burnetti=t oo... eee ee 38, 39

ceeruleus ............4. 38

—— deppii ...........0008. 35

—— fimbriatus.............. 37

fulvus ......... eee 35

fulous oo. cece eee 41

gramineus.............. 36

GTAMINEUS Le cece eens 37

imbricatus ............ 38

mfernalis ..... 1... .000% 41

Kingit. 0. cece ee 39

lemniscatus .......... 41, 42

lichenigerus .........005 38

liocephalus ............ 4]

—— modestus ...........05. 42

MONEUCOIUS . 6... cee cee 35

— moreletii .............. 41

—— multicarinatus .......... 39

—— multifasciatus .......... 39

—— nobilis woe cece cece 39

—— 0AXACH .....ee eee e eee 36

——-obscurus .............. 40

—— ophiurus wie... cece eee 41

—— planifrons.............. 38

—— peecilochilus .........4.. 29

rhombifer .............. 42

rudicollis .............. 38

—— teeniatus .............. 386

—— teniatus ....... 00.005. 37

tessellatus .... 66. cece eae 4]

vasconcelosii .......... 37

VENEVANS Lee ec ee ccceeae Al

VUTVAYLAVUS oe ec eee 37

webbii ............008. 385

WEGMANNL. ...... 200 6- 39, 41

Glaphyrophts......6 000000005 160

—— lateralis oo. eeececeues 161

PUCEUS eee c cece eenee 161

Glass-Snake oo... cee 35

GLAUCONIA ..... cece eee eee 85

—— albifrons .............. 85

—— dulcis ................ 85

humilis................ 86

—— myopica .............. 85

GLOSSOSTOMA .........-0065 210

aterrimum ............ 210

Gnathophysa ..... 0. cece 212

GONATODES ...........00055 80

albogularis ............ 80

caudiscutatus .......... 80

Gontodactylus braconniert .... 80

caudiscutatus .......... 80

Page

Gyalopion .... 06. c cece eens 98

CANUM occ ccc eee rnees 99

Gyalopium canum.........66- 99

—— publium... 0... cceceeeee 98

Gymnodactylus albogularis .... 80

caudiscutatus .......66. 80

COLCONYT 6. eee eee 84

——— fuSCUS oii eee e eee e eee 80

SCAPUIATIS Woe cece eee 84

GYMNOPHTHALMUS .......... 29

sumichrasti ..........-. 29

GYMNOPIS . 0... 2. eee eee eee 308

—— multiplicata............ 308

oligozona ......... ee eee 309

proxima ......----eee 308

1 308

Gyrinus mextcanus ........+.. 296

Hapsidophrys mexicanus ...... 129

SALUTALUS occ eee 1380

HELICOPS .........-0 000s ee 135

AGASSIBIL vee ee eee eee aes 135

bifrenatus ....... 60 eee ee 135

septemvittatus .......... 135

HELMINTHOPHIS ..........-- 86

frontalis.......... eee 86

HELODERMA ..... 0... ee ee eee 43

horridum .........-0065 43

horvridum oo... cee eens 44

suspectumM......-....065 44

HELODERMATIDH.........--5 43

Hemidactylus mutilatus ...... 81

NQVATTE occ ccc eens 81

———— PEPONW vee ec eee eens 81

PVE@SUJMIS 6. cece eee 81

Hemigenius variabilis ........ 133

THENICOGNATHUS........ 107, 144

—— annulatus .............. 107

GOAMANW 6... cee eee 110

sumichrastt 0.0.2.6. e eee 105

venustissimus .......... 144

—— vittatUs . 6... creer eee 113

HERPELE .......-.0.00 0000 307

ochrocephala .........- 307

HERPETODRYAS ....----+--: 128

Herpetodryas... 0.0... see eres 126

bilineatus ... 66. cee ee eee 122

boddaertii ...... 123, 125, 126

—— brunneus ......-++. 127, 128

carimatus ..........600- 128

——— CUPSOP cece cece eee 112

—— dendrophis ......-++++5 127

—— flagelliformis ......--5: 121

flavigularis .....++5 121, 122

—— fUSCUS ..... eee eee eee 128

INDEX.

Page

Herpetodryas grandisquamis .. 128

levis ........ Cece eee 126

——- margaritiferus . 6.6.66. es 125

—— melas. ....... eee eee eee 128

NUCHALIS. 00. cee eee 127

hd 127

—— psammophis oo... cee reeee 121

TAPP ec evceveeeues 126

Himantodes cenchoa, vay. elegans 175

gemmistratus ... 66... ee 175

leucomeldas ... 1... cece ees 175

EENUISSIMUS «1... eevee 176

HOLBROOKIA ..... ee eee ees 59

AFfintS 6. cece eee 59, 60

APPVOLUMANS . eee eevee 60

C1CGANS 6.6 cece ee enee 60, 61

lacerat. .. cece ees 61

—— maculata .............. 60

propinqua ............-. 60

texana ....... eee ee eee 59

LELAND voc ccc ccc eee 60, 61

Homatlocranion ......... 00005 145

atrocinctum oo... cece 156

bimaculatum... 6.6.6.0. 154

COTONAEUM. . occ ceeeeerae 149

2 151

—— gracile 0... icc cece eens 146

melanocephalum .... 147,148

MOSHUMN . 6. ccc ecncnees 152

—— planiceps ......ecceeaes 145

LL 155

SchistosuM. 6. cee eee eee 152

sexfasciatum. oo... cee 154

—— teniatum ...... 6.6 eee 151

VUGATWUM oo ccc cc eee eee 154

HOMALOCRANIUM............ 145

Homalocranium.. 104, 154, 156, 157

annulatum ............ 150

—— annulatum .......0.46. 145

armillatum ............ 149

armillatum .......4: *... 145

atricepS... 6... ee eee 146

ALVUCEPS oe ee 145

bimaculatum .......... 154

—— bimaculatum ........00.4. 145

bocourti.............00. 149

bocourti occ 145

—— boulengeri.............. 148

boulengert ... 6... ce eee 145

breve... .. 0. eee ee ee eee 150

Breve . 6. ee eee 145

—ecanulum .............. 153

—— canulum oo... cece ee 145

COTONALUM. . 2... cece ee 148

deppii ......... 0. ee eee 151

———_ depp ccc ccccccccces 145

Page

Homalocraninm gracile ...... 146

JANE 6. eee eee eee ee eee 148

JANE cece cece cece eaee 145

—— melanocephalum ........ 147

—— melanocephalum. 145, 148, 149

— , var. armillatum.... 148

—— ——, var. bocourti ...... 148

—— ——,, var. boulengeri .... 148

— , var. fraseri........ 148

—— ——, Var. Jami.......... 148

—— ——.,, var. pernambucense. 148

—— mexicanum ............ 1538

——— MEXICANUM ow eevee 145

—— michoacanense.......... 150

—— michoacanensé .......4.. 145

—— miniatum .............. 146

—— miniatum oo... ce cee ee 145

—— meestum .............. 152

——_ MOSTUM. occ ncnns 145

—— planiceps ....... 0.0 e ee. 145

—— reticulatum ............ 162

—— reticulatum .........04. 145

—— rubrum ................ 155

—— PUDPUM occ eens 145

—schistosum ............ 152

—— schistosum.... 0... ceeee 145

—— teeniatum .............. 151

—— teniatum ..........004. 145

trivittatum oo eec eee 151

virgatum ............4. 154

VUGAUM eee cece eee 145

Homalopsis quinquevittatus.... 164

Homalosoma episcopum ...... 104

HIYDROCALAMUS ..........5. 164

quinquevittatus ........ 164

HYDROMORPHUS ............ 187

— concolor .............. 137

HYDROPHIDE ............6. 186

Hydrops lubricus ........ 005s 164

Hydrus bicolor 6... eee 186

FIYLA 2. cece eee 260

Hyla .......... 262, 264, 286, 292

| 266, 267

—— albomarginata .......... 284

—— albomarginata .......... 261

—— arenicolor ....... 6c eee 266

—— baudini................ 270

baudini . 66. a 261

bistincta ...........005 265

Distincta. .. cc ee eee 261

bocourti oo... eee ee eee 2638

bocourtt ... 6. eee 261

boulengeri............4. 267

boulengert .. 66. cece cece 261

—— bufonia . 6... cece ee ccees 272

CUMNATYAS 6. cece cece eens 290

Hyla carolinensis

——

——e

godmant

gracilipes

cherrii

cherrit

copii

copie

CYaSS&........

crassa

crepitans

erepitans

dowmercwt ....

ebraccata

eleeochroa....

el@ochroa

elegans

euphorbiacea . .

eximia

extma

godmani

euatemalensis

guatemalensis

holochlora

labialis

leucophyllata

leucophyllata. .

levaillantu....

lichenosa

microcephala

macrocephala. .

microtis ......

miliaria......

miltaria......

miotympanum

muotympanum

mocquardi....

mocquardt....

moesta

molitor

nigerrima

nigripes......

nigripes ......

nigropunctata

eeee

oe ee

ee ee

eee

eee ewe

)

oe ee

mnfulata......

eee eee

Cr ey

cee eee

eee eee

eee ewe

ee ee

eeee

eee ere eee

eee ewww e

eee eee eee

eee ewe

eee eee eee

eee eee eeee

eee ee eee se

re ey

eee ee eevee

rr ee

eee oe me owe

eee ee ee eee

aoe ee reves

ever ere eee

eee ee ee eowe

Cr ee ry

Cr ee

ee ry

eee eee wee

eee ee eevee

eee ee eee ne

eee ee ee ene

eer e eee ree

266°

281

261

262, 263, 286

, subsp. staufferit.... 262

gabbi........

—— gabbi

glandulosa ..

glandulosa

274

281

289

283

265

279

263

207

INDEX.

Page

Hyla penulata oo... 0c cee 272

PAlMAla.. 6. Levees 283

PANSOSANA 6... eee eee 27

pardas...... cece cceaee 283

—— pheota ................ 269

—— Ph@Otd oie ccccccuvees 261

PUClUPeS 6. ee cece eens 282

—— plicata oo. eee cecccnees 261

prosoblepon ............ 280

—— prosoblepon 260, 261, 286

pseudopuma ............ 274

PSCUdOPUMA 1... cece 261

PUGNA® wei cccecccvcuee 283

—— pulverata .............. 280

—— pulverata oo. c ee ccccaee 261

—— puma............. 0.88, 270

—— PUMA... ee eee 261, 274

punctariola ............ 282

punctariola .........60, 261

—— punctata woe. cceccscane 284

quinquevittata .......... 268

quinquevittata .......... 261

PEGUIA eee cece eee 263

rudis ...........0. eee 285

——— TUAIS Lecce eee 261

—— SAWING vee cece 274

sordida ........... 0.008 273

SOTA 0... eee cee 261

spilomma .............. 282

SPUOMMA oo. ccc cccvaee 261

—— splendens ........... -... 266

splendens ....... 00.000 261

0 | ke 262

—— teeniopus .............. 269

—— l@NIPUS .... ee cee cee 261

— tibiatria oo. ec eeee 272

— triangulum ............ 277

trivittatd oe. cece eee 207

underwoodi ............ 278

—— underwoodt ....... 0000. 261

uranochroa ............ 276

UranochToa’ ........006. 261

vanvloett oo. cece eee 271

venulosa .............. 272

VENULOSA. Lee eens 261, 267

— vermiculata ...cccecsees 272

VOCUFEPANS 6... eee cea 271

verophylla. i... cece eee 283

BONALTA «6... eee. Lene 272

Hylemorphus ..... 0. cece eee 208

dumertlit . 6... eee eee 208

HIYLAPLESIA ........... 0000. 206

AUTALA Lecce cece 207

i ae 207

talamance ............ 208

talamMane@.... eee c eens 206

819

Page

Hylaplesia tinctoria .......... 207

— tinctoria .............. 206

trivittata 2.00... 0.20... 207

— trivittata .............. 206

truncata oo... eee 208

—— typographa ............ 207

—— typographa ........44.. 206

FIYLAPLESUD™.............. 206

ylarana oo. 204

chrysoprasina .......... 205

HYLELLA ...............04, 285

ChYYSOPS. oe eee eee 287

fleischmanni............ 287

SJleischmannt ........0.4. 286

picta 2. 286

platycephala ............ 286

—— puncttcrus ...........08, 280

sumichrasti ............ 286

sumichrastt .........04. 287

AYLIDH.. 1... eee 260

HMyhtola oo cece 260

BoCOUrtt. 66. ee eee eee 263

—— diguett ..... eee eee, 266

HIYLODES .................. 226

Hylodes ............ 220, 228, 286

alfredi 2.2... 237

alfredt .. 00... ccc ey 227

august ..............., 235

AUGUSLE Lo. eee 227

berkenbuschit .......... 225

biporcatus.............. 231

—— biporeatus .........000... 26

BOCOUNTL. Fo cee 222

bransfordi.............. 238

— bransfordi.........00.4. 227

brocchii.............04. 236

brocehit ....... 0000. 297, 231

calcitrans .............. 230

caleitrans 2.0... 6.6 cee 226

—— cerasinus .............. 231

CETASIUS oe ee eee 226

—— CYUENTUS 0 eee 231

diastema .............. 238

iastema oo... cece cece 227

euryglossus ............ 232

eUuryglOssUus 6.6... seen eee 227

Sleischmannt .........: 1. 222

florulentus ...... veeee. 204

Jlorulentus....... eae cae 227

—— griseus ...........0000. 240

GMenthert occ vvccccee, 221

gulosus ........... 000, 240

——$. PUIOSUS vee rene 227

habenatus .........0004. 227

lanciformis ............ 239

lanciformis ........04. oo 227

*4] 2

320

Page

Hylodes laticeps ............ 235

laticeps . 1... cece eee ees 227

—— latrans ................ 241

lineatus............006, 241

longipes...........0006 240

—— megacephalus .......... 239

megacephalus ...... 227, 240

—— melanostictus .......... 236

melanostictus ......006- 227

MUPUCINUS occ cee ce ences 232

nubilus ......... 0.0006 237

NUDUUS cc cece cece ees 227

palmatus .......06 220, 221

—— pelviculus .......6c eee 227

—— platyrhynchus.......... 230

platyrhynchus .......06% 226

—— plicatus.............04. 228

PUUCAtUS 66. eee cen e eens 226

podiciferus ........ 232, 238

polyptychus ............ 228

polyptychus oo... eee eee 226

PANUOVMIS ove cee eeeees 221

——rhodopis .............. 252

Phodopts .......0ee 216, 227

TUGOSUS ..... 0.0000 ee. 288

PUGOSUS vo... eee 221, 227, 234

Sall@i.... se... eee eee 227

sall@t. 0... 226, 228, 233

steinegerianus ...... 228, 229

underwoodi ............ 229

underwood? .........0.. 226

venustus ...........00. 234

VENUSTUS. 6 eee cee eee 227

Hypodictyon 1... 0.66... cece 215

—— P1AENS eevee cence 216

TIYPOPACHUS ............0.. 211

CUNEUS oo ec ve cece cence 211

inguinalis .............. 211

oxyrrhinus 9.2.6... eee 211

seebachtt ......... ee eee 211

variolosus.............. 211

FT ypstbods 6... eee cee 260

albomarginatus.......... 284

CVEPUANS oo. cece eee ene 288

MIUAPUS occ cece ences 283

HYPSIGLENA.........0..0004 137

chlorophea ......6.0005 137

discolor ................ 137

latifasciata ............ 138

ochrorhynchus .........2 187

ormata .... cee eee ee eee 139

LELONA .isesceevceees .. 187

torquata ....... eee ee, 137

Tdiodactylus oo... ce ceeceeuee 81

GOOTYCENSIS eve ceeeeee 81

Page

Idiotyphlops .....cccecceeeee . 86

CMUNCLUS veces eeccceees 87

IGUANA wo ccc eee ee eee eens 56

ACANERUIA . eevee ee eeees 59

rhinolophus ..........++ 56

— tuberculata ..........6- 56

IGUANIDE 2... eee ee ee eee 44

Imantodes cenchoa .......45. 175

ISCHNOGNATHUS .......00000- 135

Ischnognathus ...cccccevnees 136

COPll ... 6. see eee peeeees 136

Gekayi ...... ccc cece eee 1386

—— occipito-maculatus ...... 136

———‘storerioides ........+00. 136

THLAUS. oc cece ence eens 286

Jacare longiscutata ........5. 21

—- O0CCUAEA 6. cee 21

pumetulata..... cece eens 21

Jacaretinga punctulatus ...... 21

Kinosternum henrict .......64+ 15

TnteGvUum vsvccccvevenes 16

MELUCANUM ove cece rene 13

punctatum ove eeseeeces 13

SCOrpotdes . 6.6... e eee eee 17

SONOTUENSE 6. cece eee eee 18

trilivatum occ ee ee eee 14

Lacerta acanthura .......645 56

bastliscuS 2.6... eee, 54

—— lumbricoides ............ 30

MELICANA oo cece ceceene 30

Orbicularts . 6... ees 7

sew-lineata. . 6.6. eee 25

LACERTILIA 1.0... 0.0.00 eee ee 22

LACHESIS ..... 0.0.00 cee eee 188

—— mutus ............000. 188

NULIAUS occ c cence 189

stenophryS vv ccc ccees 188

LEMANCTUS ..... 0... eee ee 54

alticoronatus .......... 54

—— deborrii................ 54

longipes.............08. 54

—— serratus............000. 54

LAVIRANA oo. cece cece eee 206

vibicaria ............0. 206

Lampropeltis annulata........ 109

micropholis .......0e eee 109

polyZOnd cece cee ee 109

Lampropholis assatus ........ 31

Lamprosoma episcopum ...... 104

Le Crocodile de Saint Domingue. 20

Devuperus occ cc ccveccces 218, 219

——_ MEXICANUS wee ceseceees 219

Page

Letuperus nittdus ........eees 218

0 220

GuUentherit oc ce rvvevvves 220

‘LEPIDOPHYMA 1... eee eeeee 30

— flavomaculatum ........ 30

SMItht 6. cece cc ee veces 30

SPo vc ceveccceencecenes 30

LEPIDOPHYMIDE........004- 30

LEPTOCALAMUS .......-+5-- 100

torquatus ......000- 100, 157

unicolor....... 6. see eee 100

LEPTODACTYLUS ........005. 212

Leptodactylus... cc. ccceceees 232

albilabris .............. 218

caliginosus ......,..-.. 214

caliginosus 1.1.6... 008. 213

echinatus .... ccc ceveees 214

fragilis ......... eee eee 213

labialis 6.1.0... eee e eae 213

Melanonotus vo... eceves 214

Microtis...........0006, 2138

pentadactylus .......... 212

perlevis ..........00 214

validus .... ccc ec ees we. 214.

Leptodetra oc ceccccccccccces 168 |

annulata ...... 170, 171, 172

discolor 6... cece cece ees 137

tOrquata vee eeeeeeees 187

LEPTODIRA 2... .. cee eee ees 168

—— affinis...............06, 170

a 168

— annulata .............. 170

annulata .......05. 168,171

frenata ...........0008- 173

FLENAA . oe cece eens 168

—— mystacina.............. 169

—— mystacinad........666005 168

nigrofasciata..........-- 169

—— nigrofasciata .......54- 168

—— ocellata........... eee ee 172

— ocellata .......... qeeees 168

pacifica ............0 ee 169

PACYfiCd oo vce ccc veneces 168

personata ..........506. 171

—— personal oc. ceeveeaeee 168

polysticta ...........0e 172

polystictd ....cseeees ... 168

rhombifera ............ 178

rhombifera si. cececeees 168

splendida .............. 171

splendida 6.0.2... e eens 168

—— yucatanensis............ 171

YUCALANENSIS . oe ee eens 168

LEPTOGNATHUS .......-005- 141

albocinctus... 6. cece renee 140

—— annulatus .........0000s 141

‘ Page

Leptognathus anthracops ...... 140

AIQUS oc ee ee cece eee eee 142

articulatus............6. 142

—— bernoullit ....... 00.000 140

brevifacies ............ 142

—— brevis ......... cece eee 142

cuculliceps.... csc eee ees 140

dimidtatus wie cece eens 143

dumertlt ......6.4. 139, 140

—— fasciatus ........e ee eee 189

grandoculis ........0... 143

leucostomus ........005. 140

mikanii.............02, 141

NebUlatus oo... ccc ceeeaee 139

OVEAS Woe ccc cece eeeee 141

—— philippit... 6... eee ee 140

pictiventris ............ 142

SAVLOPU Coe cece 140

semicinctus ............ 142

SEUSCULATUS 6... ee eee 140

SEPALISSIMA oe ee eee 175

subannulutus... 0... 000. 139

torquatus ... 6... cece eee 142

viguierl..... 6... 0... eee 142

LEPTOPHIS ..........0e0 00 129

geruginosus ............ 130

bilineatus .............. 130

depressirostris .......... 130

diplotropis ............ 130

lateralis... cee 122

margarttyferus .......... 125

—— mexicanus.............. 129

modestus ..........000. 129

occidentalis ............ 129

—— prestans ...........0.. 1380

——- saturatus .............. 130

Leptotyphlops dulcts .......... 85

Levirand. ccc cccvcccvecvcceee 206

UIDICATIA va ccccecaneces 206

Limnophis septemvittatus...... 185

LDimnophys . 00... e ees 226

NAPAUS 6. reece ceenees 231

Dinguclapsus.. ccc ccccccvcees 295

LIOHYLA 2. cece eee eee 220

Diohyla occ ccc cece cece 286

berkenbuschi .......... 225

pbocourti .............. 222

——engytympanum ........ 224

engytympanum.......... 225

fleischmanni............ 222

Jleischmanni........ 228, 224

guentheri ...........04. 220

JuUenthert oo. cccevvvvees 223

—— pittieri ................ 228

ranoides .,............ 225

rugulOSa ..eeeeeveveees 221

INDEX.

fo)

Liohyla rugulosa oo... ese. .. 224

Dtoninia oo. ec es 145

LIOPHIS..... 6. eee eee 107

Ttophis oo cc ccc cece eens 108

LK) | 108

elapoides oo... cee eee 106

— , Var. equalis ...... 106

— » var. dtastema ...... 106

—— epinephelus ............ 107

—— lotus .................. 108

lateristriga oe. cece eee 163

regalis .............00- 108

splendens ..........000 107

—— tricinctus ......... 026 106

LIOTYPHLOPS ............4. 86

albirostris.............. 87

LInthodytes .......... 220, 226, 228

bransfordii. . 1... eee. 238

iastema 1... ees eee 238

CUrYGlOSsUus 2... cee eeee 232

Jlorulentus. ccc cceeeeee 234

GTISCEUS eee eee ee 240

guenthertt oo. ceccccveuee 220

—— JULOSUS ec ce eeccnes 240

habenatus ......... 0.00% 232

lanctformis ........005. 239

atrans .... ce cece eee ee 241

megacephalus ...... 239, 240

—— melanostictus .......... 236

—— MUFICINUS »..eee ee 232

pelviculus .......4.. 239, 240

podiciferus wo... cece, 232

PANOLES. 6... vee ee cena 225

rhodopis........ 227, 228, 232

Liyla rugulosa .. 6... cee eee 221

Lophosaura goodridgit ........ 54

LOXOCEMUS ...........0045. 179

bicolor ......0......00. 179

BPONNE we cece cece eee 179

sumichrastt .........04. 179

Lycodon lyrophanes .......... 174

petolarius .. 0... cece e ae. 167

Lycognathus scolopax ........ 168

Lygophis lachrymans ......... 114

Lygosoma assata ............ 31

GEMMINGEVIW . eee ee. 31

— lateralis..... 0... ...000. 31

Lytorhynchus mexteanus ...... 123

Mabouin brevirostris .......... 32

Mabouya ened ....... 00... 33

MABUIA ........... 22.200 00. 33

agilis. 2... 0... eee 33

alliacea ................ 33

—— unimarginata .......66. 33

Page

Mabuya . 0... eee ee 33

AGUAS oo eee eee es 33

Malachylodes..........00..45 215.

guttulatus ... 6.6... cee 217

Manolepis . 0... 0. cece cece 164

MASULUS 6... ee eee eee eee 164

Masticophis bilineatus ........ 122

Slagelliformis.... 0.0.00. 121

melanolomus ....... 0000s 123

—— mexicanus...... oe eeeees 123

OTNAEUS Wee eee eee 122

—— pulcherrimus..........6% 123

5) 105

Mesaspis... 0... ccc cece neces 35

MESOPELTIS ................ 143

dimidiatus ............ 143

—— nultifasciatus .......... 143

sanniolus ............ ,. 143

Metopoceros cornutus ........ 56

Microdromus ......... 000s 145

VITGAUS Wee e cece eee 164

Microphis wi... ccc c cece ee 158

quinquelineatus.......... 159

Microphryne oo... cc. cece 242

pustulosd ve... cee ceecee 242

MOCOA 1... ee cece cece eee 3]

APfNiS oe cece eee 3

assata oo... eee eee 31

—— gemmingertt .........06. 31

—— lateralis................ 31

MOLGE ....... eee eee eee ee 294

—— meridionalis............ 294

NANNOPHRYNE.............. 257

coerulescens ............ 257

epiotica...........06 we. 257

fastidiosa .............. 257

Natrix emoryt .....ceeeceees 114

flagelliformis... 6.00.60 0. 121

Slavwrvufus occ eccccceces 115

melanocephalus .......... 147

storertoidés . 1... 0.0000, 136

NEOPAREAS ..........00000. 1738

bicolor ..........0 ee ee 178

a 101

ALVA cae ees 101

diademata ... 6. cee ee 102

—— lhrebmanni ... 6.0... .0 00. 103

1 101

sieboldte 6... eee cee 88

Norops Guratus ....... 0. cece 51

tropidonotus ....... 0006. 51

NOTHOPSIDE.............00. 179

NOTHOPSIS .............04. 179

TUGOSUS 2... ee eee eee 179

ss eboweeeceswere 287

Notodelphys

322 INDEX.

Page Page Page

Notodelphys ovifera .......+++ 288 | Oxyrhopus plumbeus ......++: . 167 | Phrynosoma planiceps ........

Notophthalmus ......6.00000% 294. —— rhombifer ......4. cesses 167 spinimentUM occ ce ceeee

NOTOTREMA ....... 000000005 287 subpunctatus®......4. vee 167 —— taurus .......-- eee

Nototrema oo... ccc eens 288 OXYRRHOPUS ..ececeueeeees 166 ——— WIEYMANNE.. 6 eee eees

oviferum .........-000- 288 Cloclia . 6... cece ee eee 167 | Phyllobates..........00eeeeee

Gidipina. 1... cece eee nes 297 petolarius .........0.60- 167 —— ChOCOENSIS 6. eee eens

UNIONS oe eevee eeees 304 | —— plumbeus ..........---- 167 cystignathordes ......+.++

CEdIpus oo ccc eee eee 297 —— hyleformis ........006+

CAPDONATIUS 6... eee 302 PALUDICOLA....46. cece cee 218 TIEN. oe cece cee e ees

lignicolor ... 6.00. eee eee 302 Paludicola .icccecceecues 219, 242 —— truncatus 6... cee ee eeaee

——— MOTI ccc ee nnes 301 (P) mexicana. ........6- 219 verruUculatus . 6... cecvaee

platydactylus .....-500% 299 N1tIdA . eve ee eee renee 218 PHYLLODACTYLUS .........-

PODUSLUS. oc vee eee ene 301 PUstUlOsa .ivscccveceeee 242 —— tuberculosus............

——— Uf ESCENS 66. e ee eeees 303 | Paroloma bivittata ........-. 55 ventralis .........0.0ee

SALVINEL occ eee ee 302 PELAMIS wo. cece cess eee eee 186 Phyllomedusa. 0.0.0 e eevee ee

VAPICGALUS . oe eee eee 302 bicolor ........e eee eee 186 dacnicolor ......40+5 cones

YUCALANUS . eee renee 803 | Pelobates .....ceeeee eee eee 292 Vemur oo ccc c ccc ee eeees

Ogmius acutus . 1... cere eeees 97 Peripia perontt ..evecccevcees 81 Phymatolepis bicarmatus ......

VATIONS oo ccc cece eens 97 Peropodum...... bt veabeese . 181 WVEGUIATIS. . eve cece eee

Oligosoma gemmingerit......+. 31 guatemalensis ...cseeees 181 lateralis... 0. ccc cece ees

Ollotis ..0 0c cece ees 257 | Peropus mutilatus ........006- 81 | PITUOPHIS...........e eee eee

COCYULESCENS «61. ee eee 257 | PETALOGNATHUS ........+-4- 139 Bellona 1... cc eee eee

Opheobatrachus lineolus ...... 304 multifasciatus ........06 148 deppli ..... eee eee eee

VEFMICULAIIS Wo vce reeves 304 nebulatus ..........00ee 189 | ~—— elegans ............0065

Ophibolus multistriatus........ 109 | Pharyngodon .......ccee evens 293 lineaticollis ............

POlyZONUS . 1... rere seen 109 Peeasatus oo. sscvscveees 2938 | —— melanoleuca............

triangulus, var. mevicanus. 110 | PHILODRYAS........00e eee 166 | —— mevicanus........000 +05

— , Var. zonatus ...... 109 —— putnami ...........6.. 166 —— pleurostictus ......6..06+

OPHIDIA... 6... eee eee eee eee 85 Philothamnus depressirostris. 129,180 SAYE ccc ccc ceneneees

Ophiobatrachus ......++. eee. 297 Phimothyra bairdit ........4. 1238 vertebralis.. 66... cece ees

VEYMICUIATIS . oe ee ee eee es 304 Grahami@ oo... ccc cues 123 | Plastoserye 2.0.2... .0eeeeues

OPHISAURUS «0... ee ee eee eee 35 hevalepis ..... cece 123 a

ventralis .........-006- 35 MOLWANA wie cccececeees 123 | Platycranion atrocinctum ...

Ophryacus .. 06. e cere eee enone 187 | Phiriv........ Led deeenanates 208 | Platydactylus theconyx........

undulatus 6.06... eee eens 187 | Phrynidium 1.00... cece eee 208 | Platythyra flavescens..........

Ophyessa bilineata..........+5 54 VATWUM oo cv ec ce ee ceees 208 | Plectrohyla..... ccc ccc eens

Opisthiodon os. cece eevee ees 103 Phryniscus . 0... ccc nee 208 guatemalensis ........+.

Opisthodelphys ..... 6.400100. 287 VAIIUS eee cece ees 208 | Plestiodon quinquelineatum ....

0 kk 288 | Phrynocerus ... 06. cece ee 241 | Pliocercus ......... 0c eee nee

Osteocephalus... 0... cee cen ees 260 testudiniceps ..... ee evens 241 BQualis oo. cece e ce cenes

Otilophus oc. ccc cenccceeees 242 Phrynonax lunulatus... 0.6.64. 117. | —— dimidiatus..............

Ovybelis occ ccc ccvecccnneees 177 | PHRYNOSOMA .........-005 77 | ——elapoides ..........545-

———— ENEUS veeeevevvecvaces 177 Phrynosoma ......005- 62, 78, 258 | —— euryzonus .......6.460--

fulgidus... cc ceecceneees 178 Fs (6 79 SAIGYl. occ ccc eens

Ory And civevsecccevecvees 96 braconnierl ............ 79 | Plistodon sumichrasti ........

MACULALA .recevceveeees 97 cornutum .............. 79 POGONASPIS «0.0.0.0 6 eee eee

VANIANS 6c see cee eeeee 97 | ——cornutum ..........0005 77 TULCEPS 6... eee eee

Oxvyrhopus . 1.0. e cece cece ees 166 | —— modestum.............. 79 | Pohlia woe cece ccc cee eee

bipre@ocularis. .....eeeee 167 | —— orbiculare.............. 78 Ly

CHOU rece cccccecveee 167 | —— orbiculare ..........604 79 | PoLYCHRUS ..........0ee eee

oltiatus vce vec sevevecee 168 — , var. boucardi...... 78 | —— gutturosus............--

multifascvatus ....ee cee 167 | ——-——, var. cortezii ...... 78 | ——- multicarinatus ..........

——+ occrpttoluteus wsecereaee 167 | —— ——, var. dugesii........ 78 | Polypedates .....s.ceceeeeee

petolarius ve cvevcscvenes 167. | —— ——, var. orbicularis .... 78 | Poriodogaster Poe eeeeeade

Page

Poriodogaster grayt .......055 30

Porthidium. .. 00.0 c ecw eee 188

lansbergit 6.6... cee eens 190

NMASUEUM vee ncncvceaee 190

PROCINURA oo. cece eee ee eens 156

eemula ..... cece eee eee 156

Psammophis flavigularis ...... 120

Uineatus occ ccc c ee eees 165

Pseudemys ornata oo... 0.0005. 3

Pseudodipsas ... 0.0. cc cence 1387

PSEUDOFICIMIA............6. 95

frontalis ............4. 96

PUICHIA occ cece eens 96

Pseudotrtton occ. ccc ccs 297

Psilodactylus . 0... ccc cece 83

Ptenosaura seemannt.......... 55

PTERNOHYLA ......-...0065 292

fodienS ..........eee eee 292

Pterogastenes ventralis ........ 41

Pterogasterus oc eee c evens 35

MOAESTUS 6... cece eee 42

Ptychemys mobiliensis ........ 5

Quatapaleatl 6.6... cece eee 53

Rabdosoma zebrinum.......... 94

RANA 2... ee eee eee 197

RANG Loc ccc eens 206

AMtTitd . 6. eee 197, 198

Or 202

berlandtert. 0... 60. cee 198

bonaccana.............. 201

ceruleopunctata ........ 205

CRYYSOPTASINA 66... cee 205

CLUMALA . eee 200

Clamitans 66... . cee eee 201

Araytontt oo. ce cc reeeeee 201

forveri ... eee ee eee eee 199

godmani ...........04- 204

halecina.............055 198

halecina........ 199, 200, 202

— austricola.......... 198

lecontet . 6. ccc cece ne eee 198

—— macroglossa ........e ee. 199

maculata ...........6.. 201

MArgaritypferAa ..vccseees 253

MAPINA voc ec ce cc cee enes 249

melanosoma............ 2038

—— montezume ............ 197

MONtEZUME ....... eee 198

— omiltemana ............ 200

—— palmipes ...........04. 202

palmipes .... cee cereeee 203

PUPUENS vii cree eeveceeee 198

pustulosa ...........05- 202

—— sylvatica .......e 200, 202

INDEX,

Page

Rana typhonia ..........004. 253

utricularia ........ 198, 199

valantt .. 6. cece eee es 202

VENULOSH 1... ec eee eee 272

—— VUPESCENS 6d. eee ee 198

RANIDE oo. eee eee 197

Ranoidea wi. cece cece cece 260

Randa wo. ccc cece 197

AffiNIS. eee eee 202

brevipalmata..........4. 203

ceruleopunctata ........ 205

—— echrysoprasima .......... 205

GOllmert. vce cc vccevcves 202

NUGVUALUS Lo. cece cece eee 203

Regina dimidiata .........4.. 185

RL 184

—— mesomelend .......6666. 1383

—— NigrOlUted 6... cecccnces 1385

VANAE Levee cece cceneess 1384

Rena dulets vi... cece eeu 85

humile occ ccc eee 86

Rhabdosoma guttulatum ...... 91

Vineatum ve eeceecceees 95

LONGUCEPS vive eveevevenes 93

—— _ mutitorques ....cecscuee 93

semidoliatum........006. 90

RhAMNEA occ cece cece 108

decorata ....sscceeeaes lll

—— fulviceps ..ccesccerenes 111

Prulwwittts voce reveeee 118

GOUMANE ..cccsevcusees 110

UQNUtd vee cen evceecees 1]1

lachryMans ...secereees 114

—— loreatd ..ccicccevescuee 112

quinquelineata .......... 111

serperaster ...ceeseeeee 105

sumichrastt ....ce cece 105

—— LENTHMD Lecce eecces 1138

vermiculaticeps ...... wee Lil

Rhegnops sargw.... serves. 94, 95

VUSONTNUS vse essen eeeees 94

REDMINUS vce e cca cence 94

Rhinechis elegans .......6.... 125

Rhinochetlus ... 0.00... cee eee 100

ANTONW Love ccc ccceeeces 100

Lecontet vo. cc eee ccc eens 100

— , var, tessellatus 100

RHINOCHILUS ..........0065 100

antonll ......... eee eee 100

lecontel .......... eee eee 100

Rhinoclemmys8 .. 0.6.0.0 eens 6

bocourtt .. ce. eee e ee eee 8

callocephala ........+00. 9

Srontalis sc. cece eens 7

MOELICANA coeecccrcceees 8

—— pulcherrima ...sssevenee 6

Page

Rhinoclemmys scabra ........ 9

RHINOPHRYNIDE....... 0. ces 258

RHINOPHRYNUS ..........0. 258

dorsalis............000- 258

TOSEIALUS co acevcvcccces 258

Rhinotyphlops albirostris ...... 87

Sabrina tessellata ... cee cece 85

Salamandra tigrina .......66. 295

VATUGAEA 6... cee eee 802

SALAMANDRIDH ............ 294

SALVADORA ....... cece eeee 123

batrdit occ cece ee 123

grahami ............6. 123

MEXICANA ..........005- 123

SCAPHIOPODIDEH ............ 258

SCAPHIOPUS ......eceeeeeeee 258

bombifrons ......6 une 259

—— couchii .............0.. 259

——- MUGEB vec ccvnees 259

—— hammondii ............ 259

—— multiplicatus .......... 260

rectifrenis.............. 259

stagnalis ........5 coves 209

VATUS cv ecccecccncceees 259

SCELOPORUS .......-0 cece e ee 62

acanthinus ..........+. 65

—— @neuS ....... eee eeeee 74

@neus..... cee eee eeee 62

chrysostictus .......... 70

CLAY KG vec cece cece eae 63

consobrinus ............ 69

— couchil .............0.. 73

——— CUPV EUS Loc ccvvcncecees 70

dispar ...... Se ceeeeeee 72

QUGJCSUE voce cece eee e ees 71

ferrari-perezi vec cveeees 77

Sormosus ........ .. 62, 67, 68

—— fulvus ...........000.. 76

GTACLOSUS vices eeeeene 71

erammicus .......66 we. OL

GratiOSUS 2... .eeeeeeeeee 71

Reterurus occ ccvevevcees 71

horridus. 0... cece .. 62,63

Aumeralis vi... cee 76

— intermedius 1... 0.00000. 71

ivazuemsis ............6. 67

jalape oo... cece eee eee 74

= JANVOVU oe ccc ee ees 69

lumei ow. ee ee eee ee 67

MAGI! verve ceceveres 63

malachiticus ........6. 62, 68

—— melanogaster .......06. 7

melanorhinus ......., 62, 77

—— microlepidotus ........ 72

324

Page

Sceloporus microlepidotus .....- 62

OlUGOPOrUs .. ss cereee ... 68

—— omiltemanus..........6+ 66

OYNAtUS Le eee eee ee eee 72

—— pleurolepis .........+.. 74

poinsetti ........e eee 65

—— pyrocephalus ....eecreees 70

—— pyrrhocephalus.......... 70

rubriventris ......-+++- 72

SAlVINE ... cece cece ees 68

scalaris .......eeeceeeee 73

SCAIATUS oc cece een ceeee 62

a) dr 77

SiniferuS ......eeeee eee 76

SINUFETUS vv eevevceaneee 62

smaragdinug .......66 68

SPINOSUS «eee seer eens 63

SQUAMOSUS weve eeeeeee 77

—— LENTOCNEMIB wr seereeeves 68

teapensiS ..... 6. ee ee eee 75

ThAYCTU ocr vceerecenes 67

torquatus ......... ee eee 66

sae CYANOGENYS ...eee0s 77

— MUCYONALUS . 66.006 77

undulatus .......... wee. 67

utiformis .........ee eee 76

variabilis ......e0.eeeee 75

—— variabilis ..... cece aee 62, 76

Viviparus .......eeeeee 64

YAITOVIL oe. cence eee eee 69

SCINCIDE ce ves eee eee ee eneee 31

Scinctts AGS... cece e cece eees 33

lateralis.....cceeees wees OL

MONOLVOPIS vee eeeeveces 34

ventralis vices ee ceveees 4]

SCOLECOPHIS ...ceeeeeeeees 156

atrocinctUS ........+6-- 156

SCYLANINUS 6. eee ceeeeeees 167

Scotophis emoryt ...eeeeceees 114

GuetatUs. cecccrrcccccees 114

—— l@KUS Lc vcccccccrcnee 114

—— mutabilis vo. cceceerneee 115

Scytale coronatum ....erereves 168

ScytOpts oc ccccceeeeeeee 260, 267

boulengert .....seeeeeees 267

Reves oo cs cavveececnecee 272

VENULOSUS voce eeeeeeees 272

Seps SUrINAMENSIS . 6. sees eees 22

Serpentula ceylonica ........++ 101

Siagonodon dugesit ....+.++5+ 86

SUDON ccccccc cece nceeeerees 168

GMNULALUM vv evaeeeeans 170

—_— ——, subsp. yucatanensis . 171

FENatUM vee eererveneees 173

Siderolampus enneagrammus .. 34

Siphonops mexicanus,. 305, 807, 308

INDEX.

Page

Siphonops oligozonus...... .... 809

—— PYOXIMUS ore sececcceers 308

SUMUS ve scavescveeee ... 808

Stredon ..cceccccrevevcceecs 295

axolotl coc ce ceveceveeee 296

—— dumerilit .......405 296, 297

harlanti vce ecw ec ee eeee 296

humboldtit. 0.0... eens 296

——— MEXICUNUS we caeveeees 296

UGTINUS . 6. eee e cee 296, 297

Siren pisctformMts ...seeceeves 296

SMUliscd oc ccc ccervercceveves 260

Daudintt wicscvceceeecs 270

GAUlinid... cc ccccrevcces 270

SPA vic ecccvecenvcnceeaeee 258

hammondit ....ececcees 259

—— multiplicata ....csercces 260

SPELERPES ........0eeeeeee 297

attitlanensis ..ce.ceeeees 302

—— bellii cc... ce eee ee eee 299

Dellit oc eee cece wee ecees 298

bocourti ....... +. eee ». 300

—— bocourti cece ccceceves 298

—— cephalicus...........04 299

Cephalicus ...scveeeseres 298

—— chiropterus .........005 298

—— gibbicaudus ............ 298

—— laticeps ...ccceeecccenes 300

leprosus..... 2... ee eee eee 299

lignicolor ...........+-. 302

lignicolor ....e.eues 298, 303

lineolus ..... eee eceeee 304

—— lineolus ... 0. ccc cc eceees 298

———_ MCEXICANUS ov cvceccveces 302

——— MOVPIO wee eee tee 301

——— MOPIO vee eceveeee 298, 302

—— miillert ooo. c cee eens 302

—— OFCUlUS Le re rerececceee 298

—— o0rtzabenst8... ccc ecee aes 300

—— punctatus 6... ccc ccceees 302

— robustus ..........00.. 301

—— _ 10DUSTUB. Le rece ee renee 298

—— POSEVALUS voce eee eens 3800

—— rufescens ...........06. 303

—— 1UfeSCENS 1. cee ececseees 298

SAIVINE Lecce ccc eee ecces 302

—— subpalmatus .......... 300

—— subpalmatus ......0000.. 298

SULCALUS decree ee eeuee 3800

uniformis ...........00- 304

UNUOYMIS peeve cvceeceee 298

—— variegatus..........e6e- 302

—— VATIEGAEUS. 6. vee eee 298, 803

VEFMICULAIUS oo eve eee eees 304

YUCALUNICUS oo vere ceeee 3803

Page

Spelerpes yucatanus .......,.. 303

YUCALANUS 6. ce eveecceeese 298

Spelerpus yucatanus ........ .. 808

SPHHRODACTYLUS .....-.0e 82

—— anthracinus ............ 88

casicolus ........++...- 82

fantasticus ............ 83

—— glaucus........eee eens 82

——homolepis ............ 82

IMOYNALUS 6.6 cee eeceees 82

—— lineolatus .............. 82

—— millepunctatus ........4. 82

torquatus ........eeeeee 82

Sphenocalamus lineolatus ...... 92

SPILOTES ..... ccc ee tensece 116

ATQUS occ eee eee eee eae 118

arsrtbundus .....eeeeees 116

chrysobranchus........0. 119

chrysobronchus ........ 119

COVAIS. 2. eee eee eee ee ees 116

a , subsp. erebennus.... 116

— , var. melanurus .... 116

—— deppet ivvvcccccvveeee 124

—— €reDeNNUS 1... evervccves 116

Fasciatus ..cceccceceues 119

—— grandisquamts ......606+ 128

—— lineaticollis .........0.4- 124

—— lunulatus oo. ccceeecccee 117

——_ MELANUTUS oe evvcvces 116

—— peecilonotus ............ 117

—— pullatus ....cseccceeee 117

— , subsp. auribundus .. 116

Salvini .... cc cece ee eee 116

VarIabUts . oc ccceceenes 116

Stauremys salvinit ...seeeees il

STAUROTYPUS --.......0008- ll

—— MArmoratus oo c.veevaees 11

salvini .... eee cece ee eee ll

SCVETUS vee cc ccceeeeeacs ll

triporcatus ....... eee ee ll

UrEPOrCatUS vssecevceees 12

Stenodactylus fuscus ......4+ 80

VATUEGATUS ve eececeeee 83

STENORHINA... cee eee eee eee 158

Stenorhind ses csevvceceees 97

APTAtA vevevcevcvcceves 159

degenhardti ............ 158

—— degenhardtit ....0.ece00. 159

— , var. apiata ....,... 158

— , var. kennicottiana.. 158

—— ——,, var. ocellata ...... 158

— , var. guinguelineata . 158

— freminvillit ......4. 159, 160

kennicotttana ...6.....- 159

OT 1 159

OCEILAEA wivecscveceeeess 159

Page

Stenorhina quinquelineata. . 159, 160

ventralis ...ssseeee 158, 159

StCNOSLOMA vo vvsevceveveces 85

GIDUFVONS vos cece weenie 85

— dulce..... eens tose reees 85

——— falla® ve civsvccccvvees 85

melanostoma.:..... reese 85

—— MYOPICUM vv eee revcces 85

—— PhQNOPS... vee cvcrecvcene 85

rubellum oi cceveccvaees 85

—— tenuiculum .......4005. 86

STENOSTOMATIDH .......... 85

SLOPETUA occ ccc cece cece ceees 135

——— dekayt veccccsesenccces 186

—— , var. anomala ...... 136

occito-maculata ........ 136

Storert0rdeS sess eeeseee 136

TOPICA Loe eee eeceeeeee 186

Strabomantts ...... 0. cc cee 226

byporeatus occ eee ee 231

STREPTOPHORUS ....,,...5-. 101

Streptophorus ....... cece eee 103

AtVAtUS wo. cece eee eee eee 101

—— bifusciatus.. 6c... cece 108

COMATIS . oc eee ee cen 102

diadematus ....,....... 102

GOrsauis oo. cece ee ees 102

AVOR. vce c eee caee 101, 102

Sasciatus wie. cece cee 102

labiosusS .. 6. cece ec ees 101

dansbergt .scseceeeceees 101

MACULATUS . esc e eves 101, 102

—— punctulatus ...... pecans 102

a 101, 102

Swanka maculata .........04. 17

SCOMPOUES . 6.0... 0000 13,18

Symphimus leucostomus ...... 155

SYMPHOLIS ........... cee 96

lippiens ................ 96

SYNCHALINUS ......,, beens 131

—— corallioides ............ 131

SYRRHAPHUS ........,..... 215

—— eystignathoides ........ 218

guttulatus.............. 217

—— hyleformis ............ 218

leprus ....... eee eee eee 217

omiltemanus............ 216

VidenS ............000- 216

—— verrucipes .........+., 216

verruculatus ..,....... 215

Syrrhophus. ccc cccvcevcccces 215

cystignathowdes ......004. 218

LEPTUS eevee eccccnees 217

VETTUCIPES v6... cece ences 216

Syrrhopus wie ccccvevcvevenes 215

guttulatus ... 6. cece eee 217

INDEX.

Page

Syrrhopus hyleformis ........ 218

VEITUCULALUS. 66 ee ee eee 215

Systoma ustum ......... reeee 209

VAVIOLOSUM. vo. eae eens 211

TACHYMENIS ...........00. 160

Tachymenis «....... 105, 164, 165

bipunctata ............ 161

bipunctata..... cee eevee 164

—— decipiens .....,. vevesese 163

fissidens ..........,.0, 161

grammophrys ..,.....,. 162

lateritia .............. 162

melanocephala ....0...05 162

—— piceivittis.............. 160

—— T@NIAA oe eee 160

Tenophis imperialis........0. 161

vermiculaticeps ........ 111

2 145

—— annulata ..... cesses 150

——~ armillata wi... ce, 147, 149

—— atrocincta ........ cece 156

—— bimaculata .....,.. vee. 164

—— CUlAMAYINA oo eee eaas 155

—— canula ......... beeen 158

GVACUIS . vce sceeeene 146

hallowelltt .......0604. ». 146

melanocephala ........0% 147

——— MINTAED 6 eee eee 146

—— reticulata ........ eee. 152

——— FUDIM Lecce erences 155

VEYMIUFOYMNIS .... 000s 153, 155

Tapaya boucardtt 1... 0.0600 78

COPLERU Lecce cece eee eee 78

—— MUGES1 eee rece crccnes 78

orbieularis ope aaee. 78

Tarsopterus we. ccccceceveuee 212

TEJIDH ....... Lene eeneeeees 22

Tejus amewva...... eeepc eeans 22

lateristrigad ......e eee 22

tritenwatus ............ 22

Teleuraspts. .... 0... c eve cee 188

castelnaut, var. brachystoma 190

—— nigroadspersus ........4. 189

—— NUMMIfEr Lecce ees 191

schlegeltt 6... cece cece 189

Terrapene triporcata........4. ll

TESTUDINIDE ....,..,..004. 1

Testudo punctularia .......... 9

Tetraprvon vee e cece cceneee 293

Thammocenchris... 1.6. .00000- 188

C2) 2 res 189

Thamnophis saurita ........4. 182

, var. fatreyt..... ».. 182

—_— , Var. proxima ...... 132

SCALATIS woe ee eee ».. L38l

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rept. & Batr., ay 1902.

Page

Thamnosophis margaritiferus .. 125

THECADACTYLUS ............ 81

—— rapicauda .............. 81

THORIUS .............00005 304

pennatulus ............. 304

Thrasops prestans .......... 130

SANG eee cece es .. 180

Thyrosternum sonoriense ...... 13

Thysanodactylus bilineatus .... 54

TOLUCA 20... epee eee ee ee eee 95

Jrontalis .... 6... 96

lineata ...........000., 95

TOMODACTYLUS ............ 219

—amule ................ 219

TOMODON ..........00.00005 164

—— lineatus ... 6... ee ce 165

NASUEUS ... 6... eee eee 164

SEPUGALUS 6. ee eee eee 164

Trachycephalus ........ 00004. 260

0 A) 177

TRETANORHINUS ............ 134

—— dimidiatus........... «.. 135

lateralis... .. eee eee 135

—— mocquardi.............. 135

nigroluteus ............ 134

TRETIOSCINCUS.............. 29

—— bifasciatus..... 6... .00 6. 29

leevicauda ...., beets 29

Trigonocephalus atrox ........ 187

lansbergw ... ccc eee 190

schlegent. oo. ece ce uee 189

Trimetopon .... cee cece eeeee 104

TRIMORPHODON ............ 174

biscutatus ............0. 174

Collarts 6... 6... eee cee 174

lambda ... cece cece 174

MOJO... c cece ccc nneee 174

CU. ccc eee e eens 174

—— upsilon ..............8. 175

—— Upsilon... eee eee eee 174

wilkinsontt . 6.6... 6.08 174

TRIPRION .........000.0000s 293

TYUprion. .6 6 eee 292

petasatus .............. 293

spatulatus.............. 293

0 rn 294

LUgTINUS Woe eee 295

Tropidoclonium storerioides .... 136

TROPIDODIPSAS.............. 139

anthracops ............ 140

bernoullit ..... 0.66.60 0. 140

—— brevifacies ....... 0.60004 142

cuculltceps 6... eee ee 140

dumerilii .............. 140

—— dumertli? .............. 139

—— fasciata ..............., 139

326

Page

Tropidodivsas fasciata ........ 140

lunulatus .......005 117, 118

—— philippii ...... peaseeee 140

—— philipptt. voc cerccccenes 139

SATLOTU . 6c cece eee 139, 140

subannulatus........6055 1389

Tropidolepts ... ccc cee cece eee 62

0 1 73

—— BCINCICAUAA oo .isereeees 389

LOrGuatus ...csveaee pee. 66—

TROPIDONOTUS ......-00 0005s 181

Tropidonotus ... 6... e ee eeeee 133

baronis-miillert ..... 00 66- 133

Gripunctatus ..vccreceees 131

——- chrysocephalus.......... 132

COLANIS cove ccc e cen eenes 181

ERAYt vecveveveveeenee 136

fasciatus ...... en 134

godmani ..,.,...,..... 183

grahami... .. eee ee eee 184

— leberis, var. grahami .... 184

—— melanogaster .......... 1383

——. MesoMeElANUS oo. e se veees 138

—— multimaculatus ........ 182

— ordinatus ..........006, 131

——- POJONTAS vc eveevecereces 184

—— preocularis ..........0. 132

—— quadriserialis ........4. 134

—— rhombifer ....ecececeues 184

—— SAUTITA wo. cece eee eeeee 182

———. SCUMATUS vie cccvencenes .. 1381

—— scaliger...... 6 cee eens 183

INDEX.

Page

Tropidonotus sipedon ..,,..,. 134

—— validus ..,....... pb east 134 |

-—— variabilis .....,,....06- 13838

Tropidophis moreletiti .....+.- 181

Trypheropsts ... cc cece ceenes 197

chrysoprasinus ...,..,++. 205

TYPHLOPIDA. 11.2.6. ees reese 86

TYPHLOPS ........-- veeperee 86

basimaculatus .,......,. 86

—— emunctus ..... g aeataiesae 87

—microstomus .........+- 86

—— perditus..... (ven Cannes 86

—— pr@longus oo. ccsereevees 86

tenis ..... eee e eee eee 86

-— yundecimstriatus ......65 85

UNGALIA oo eee ewes peeeee 181

—— moreleti...........5.5 ,. 181

UNGALIOPHIS ..... pee eepoge 181

— continentalis .......... 181

Ungualiopnis ... 0.1. ccceveees 181

Uropsophus ..sceccccceveces 192

LVISETLULUS 6.0 cee eee 192

Ur 0theca. cece cece ccc en ees 1638

; lateristriga ss .eseeenee 163

UTA. ccc cee cee eee e eens 61

—— AUT TCUNALH oo eens 61

—— bicarinata ...........06. 62

GUlAVIS vicnvcccecvnveces 61

—— irregularis ...... beeen 62

—— lateralis....,........5.. 61

Page

Vibora de cascabel .........4.. 194

Virginia fasciata ......eeeeee 93

Xanthusia oo. c cece c cece ees 30

XENODON 2... cece eect eee eee 114

—— angustirostris .......... 114

bertholdt oo... eee eee 114

COlUbTINUS 6. ee eee 114

—— rhabdocephalus ........ 114

XENOSAURIDH ..... cece ee eee 43

XENOSAURUS ..... eee ee eee 43

fasciatus ....ecevevaee 43

—— grandis ..........e eee 43

Xiphosoma annulatum ........ 181

ZAMENIS..... sees eee eee eee 119

ZAMENIS oo ccvccvccccneaces 126

constrictor ............ 119

—— flagelliformis .......... 12]

—— flavigularis ............ 120

GrARAMi. occ eccccceccees 123

—— lineatus .........45. 120, 121

— melanolomus............ 122

—— mentovarius ........ 120, 121

MELICANUS voce ccc nnveaes - 128

— OAXAC® ... cer eeeeee a... 120

——— OFMATUS . oe eee eee eee 122

—— pulcherrimus .......... 123

—— rhombifer .............. 120

semilineatus............ 121

—— L@NUALUS eee eeeee 121, 122

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.