INTRODUCTION.

THERE is a considerable literature dealing with the fresh-water fishes of Mexico and

Central America, but our knowledge of them must still be regarded as very incomplete.

The fact that not a single fresh-water fish has yet been described from the Republic of

Honduras, or from Nicaragua north and east of the Great Lakes, may be instanced in

support of this. The following account is based on the material in the British.

Museum; the diagnoses of the sub-orders and families in the systematic part are

intended only to apply to their Mexican and Central-American representatives; in all

cases synopses of the genera and species are presented in the form of keys, and

sufficient references are given for the verification of determinations thus effected.

Detailed descriptions and full synonymies are given only in the case of groups

which appear to need revision and which are well represented in the British

Museum. |

True fresh-water fishes and also marine fishes which are known to ascend rivers

beyond the influence of the tides are included: thus, in addition to the problems of

the distribution of nearctic and neotropical types in this area, that of the differentiation

of the marine faunas of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts is dealt with to a certain

extent. The introductory remarks are arranged under the following headings :—

1. Principal Faunal Works on the Fresh-water Fishes of Mexico and Central

America.

2. Principal Collections described in this Work.

3. Classification.

4, Geographical Distribution.

5. The Shore-Fishes of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of Mexico and Central

America.

vi INTRODUCTION.

1. Principan FAUNAL WoRKS ON THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF MEXICO AND

CENTRAL AMERICA.

The fresh-water fishes of Mexico and Central America are included in Jordan and

Evermann’s great work on the fishes of North and Middle America (Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xlvii. 1896-1900), which is, however, so far as the Central-American fresh-water

fish-fauna is concerned, rather a compilation than a critical revision ; and necessarily so,

seeing that the majority of the types are preserved in the British Museum and a large

proportion of the remainder at Vienna. Dr. S. E. Meek has recently made extensive

collections in Mexico, and has published an account of the fresh-water fishes of Mexico

north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904) based on

his own material. Of other works dealing with Mexican fresh-water fishes we may

mention Girard’s valuable report on the fishes collected during the United States and

Mexico boundary survey, published in 1859, Steindachner’s report on a collection

from the Lerma Basin and the Valley of Mexico (Denkschr. Ak. Wien, Ixii. 1895), and

a paper by Jordan and Snyder dealing with fishes from the same region (Bull. |

US. Fish. Comm. xix. 1900).

Dr. Ginther’s memoir on the Fishes of Central America (Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.

vi. 1868) is still the best account of the fresh-water fishes of this region, and it is

remarkable how little our knowledge of them has been increased since its publication.

It was preceded by Kner and Steindachner’s account of a collection from Panama

(Abhandl. Bayer. Ak. x. 1864), and the only important contributions since are by Gill

and Bransford on the fishes of Lake Nicaragua (Proc. Ac. Philad. 1877), Steindachner

on those of the Rio Mamoni, Panama (Denkschr. Ak, Wien, xli. 1879), and two recent

papers by Meek, one on the fishes of Lakes Managua and Nicaragua, the other describing

collections from Guatemala and Costa Rica (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907).

2. PRINCIPAL COLLECTIONS DESCRIBED IN THIS WoRK.

The present account is based on the specimens preserved in the British Museum,

including the actual types of a large proportion of the species and co-types or

authenticated examples of many others.

First in importance are the large collections made in Central America by Messrs. F.

D, Godman and O. Salvin and Capt. J. M. Dow during the years 1859-1865, which

formed the basis of Dr. Giinther’s report.

Next to these must be placed a fine series of Mexican fishes received from the Field

Museum of Natural History, Chicago, in 1905, including examples of many of the

species recently described by Dr. Meek.

INTRODUCTION. vil

The remaining collections may be considered in chronological order; they

include :—

(1) Fishes from Mexico and Central America collected by A. Sallé in 1850 and

following years.

(2) Co-types of some of the species described by Baird and Girard, received from

the Smithsonian Institution in 1861.

(3) A collection from Southern Mexico, purchased of A. Boucard in 1868.

(4) A small series from Guatemala, collected by Mr. F. C. Sarg, acquired in 1880.

(5) A collection made by Mr. C. Patrick Geddes in Mexico (Vera Cruz, Puebla, and

Mexico) and presented by him in 1880.

(6) A series from Presidio, Sinaloa, collected by A. Forrer ; purchased in 1883,

(7) A collection made by the Rev. J. Robertson in British Honduras; purchased in

1890 and 1891.

(8) Two collections made in Mexico by Dr. A. C. Buller—one from Vera Cruz

and Oaxaca, the other from Guanajuato, Jalisco and Michoacan; acquired in

1890 and 1892 respectively.

(9) Series of fishes from the Rio Grande, Chihuahua, Salamanca, and Mexico

City, collected by Mr. A. J. Woolman, and including a few co-types of species

described by him; purchased in 1892, .

(10) A collection from San Luis Potosi, including several co-types, received from

Dr. D. S. Jordan in 1900.

(11) Fishes collected by Dr. H. Gadow in Vera Cruz and Oaxaca in 1902.

(12) Co-types of some of the species described by Gill and Bransford from Lake

Nicaragua, sent by the Smithsonian Institution in 1906.

(13) A few co-types of species described by Vaillant and Bocourt, received from

the Paris Museum in 1906.

(14) Recently acquired collections made in Costa Rica by H. Pittier, P. Biolley,

H. Rogers and C. F. Underwood.

In addition to these, we may mention three collections of marine fishes, containing

examples of species new to the British Museum of Galeichthys, Mugil, Centropomus,

and other genera which enter fresh water. Two of these are from Panama, one

acquired from A. Boucard in 1875 and the other from Dr. Jordan in 1903; the

third is from Mazatlan. received from Dr. Jordan in 1895

Vili INTRODUCTION.

3. CLASSIFICATION.

The class Pisces, as understood in this work, includes craniate vertebrates with

gills, and typically with median and paired fins which are supported by endoskcletal

elements. Three sub-classes are recognized, viz. Cyclostomata, Selachii, and

Teleostomi, which are, however, separated from each other by characters at least

as trenchant as those which serve for the distinction of the classes of higher

vertebrates, and which have therefore, with some reason, been considered as separate

elasses, in which case the term Pisces has been restricted to the Teleostomi. The

Teleostomi approach the Batrachians in that they have typically a lung or its

homologue, the air-bladder, and in the development of membrane bones. The

Batrachia are well separated, however, by the absence of dermal fin-rays and of

endoskeletal supports for the median fins, by the modification of the paired fins into

pentadactyle limbs and of the hyomandibular into the stapes, and by the presence

of true internal nares.

I especially lay stress on the Jast character, because the impression is prevalent that

the Dipneusti have internal nares, and in this respect show affinity to the Batrachians.

As a matter of fact, the Dipneusti, like other Teleostomes, have two external nasal

openings on each side ; these are situated on the under side of the snout, and when

the mouth is closed the posterior and, to a certain extent, the anterior are covered by

the lower lip. The posterior nostril is also covered by the lower lip when the mouth

is closed in some Eels (e. g. Ophichthys). | |

True internal nares are quite different in structure and position to the posterior

external nares of the Teleostomi, being paired perforations of the palate internal to the

premaxillaries and maxillaries. Their ontogenetic development in the Batrachians,

the lowest group in which they occur, supports the view that they are a new

formation, |

The Cyclostomes and Selachians are represented by only a few species in the fresh

waters of Mexico and Central America, the bulk of the fish-fauna belonging to the

Teleostomi, or bony fishes.

These may be arranged in two series—Actinopterygian and Crossopterygian. In the

fishes of the Actinopterygian series the branchiostegal rays and supports of the paired.

fins retain their primitive condition or evolve by a simple process of concentration or

reduction, whilst the duct connecting the air-bladder with the digestive tract, when

persistent, opens dorsally or dorso-laterally into the latter. The fishes of the

Crossopterygian series comprise the orders Crossopterygii and Dipneusti; these have

INTRODUCTION. 1x

the branchiostegal rays replaced by a pair of large gular plates (absent in some

specialized Dipneusti), the paired fins more or less lobate, their basal supports

becoming axial in the more specialized forms, and the duct of the air-bladder opening

into the ventral part of the cesophagus. The Actinopterygian series includes two

main groups which may be given ordinal rank; in the lower (Chondrostei) the clavicles

(infra-clavicles) are distinct from the cleithra (clavicles), the pelvic fins have a well-

developed series of radials, the median fins have the dermal rays more numerous than

their endoskeletal supports, and the caudal fin is typically strongly heterocercal. The

living members of this order are the Sturgeons (Acipenseride) and Paddle-fishes

(Polyodontidee) ; neither family is represented in Mexico or Central America.

In the more specialized group, the Teleostei, the clavicles do not exist as separate

elements, the radials of the pelvic fins are absent or vestigial, the dermal rays of the

median fins are equal in number to their endoskeletal supports, and the caudal fin is

abbreviate heterocercal or homocercal.

The Teleostei are the dominant group to which the great majority of living fishes

belong ; their classification is by no means an easy matter. The genera Lepidosteus

and Ama differ from other living Teleosts in the presence of a splenial and of

a metapterygium, and in the absence of an endochondral supraoccipital ossification ;

they have been regarded as belonging to a separate order, Holostei.

Some of the supposed distinctive features of the Holostei have been found in

undoubted Teleosts (Elopide, Albulide, Chirocentride), and a study of the fossils

makes it still more difficult to recognize two orders, annectent forms (e. g. Dapedius,

Pholidophorus) occurring.

Lepidosteus is represented in the fresh waters of Mexico and Central America ;

it is the type of the sub-order Ginglymodi, characterized by the opisthoccelous

vertebra.

The remaining Teleostei have a well-ossified endochondral supraoccipital, the

lower jaw composed of three elements only (dentary, articulare, and angulare), and the

pectoral radials all directly attached to the scapula and coracoid, the metapterygium

being absent.

The most generalized of these form the sub-order Malacopterygii, soft-rayed fishes

with abdominal ventral fins, with a pneumatic duct, and with a mesocoracoid element

in the pectoral arch. ‘This sub-order is represented in the fresh waters of Mexico and

Central America by a few marine types.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, February 1908. b

x INTRODUCTION.

The fishes of the next sub-order, Ostariophysi, differ from the Malacopterygii in

the modification of the superior and lateral elements of the anterior vertebra to form

a chain of ossicles connecting the air-bladder with the auditory organ.

This group is almost entirely composed of fresh-water fishes, and five of the six

families recognized by Boulenger are represented in Mexico and Central America.

The Ostariophysi agree with the Malacopterygii in having a mesocoracoid bone, but

in the other groups to be considered this element has been lost.

Of four groups of more or less anguilliform fishes, Lyomeri, Heteromi, Symbranchii,

and Apodes, which appear to be independent offshoots of the Malacopterygii, the last

two are represented in the rivers of Mexico and Central America.

In the Symbranchii the body is eel-shaped, the dorsal and anal fins are continuous

with the caudal, the ventral fins are absent, the gill-openings are confluent to form

a single ventral slit, and the well-developed premaxillaries exclude the maxillaries

from the border of the mouth.

The Eels of the sub-order Apodes differ in having the small gill-openings usually

separate and in having the mouth bordered above by the maxillaries, which are

separated in the median line by the ethmo-vomer, to which the premaxillaries

(if present) are suturally united.

The sub-ordinal groups already mentioned appear to be natural and well-defined,

but the next sub-order, Haplomi, which differs from the Malacopterygii only in the

absence of a mesocoracoid, is less satisfactory, and includes four or five groups which

may not be related.

The Cyprinodontide are abundant in the rivers of Mexico and Central America.

Recent researches have shown that some members of this family are physoclistic *, and

that in others the lower pharyngeal bones are suturally united. On this account

I would place the physoclistic Scombresocide, which have the lower pharyngeals

completely united, near the Cyprinodontide in the sub-order Haplomi. In my

opinion they are much more closely related to the Cyprinodontide than to the

Atherinide, with which they have recently been associated.

Most of the physoclistic Teleosts with abdominal ventral fins are placed by

Boulenger in two sub-orders, Catosteomi and Percesoces, the former being distinguished

from the latter by the supposed enlarged coracoid. In the ‘Cambridge Natural

History’ Boulenger writes:—‘“'The whole question of the arrangement of the

* Philippi, Sitzungsb. Gesellsch. naturf. Freund. 1906, p. 232,

INTRODUCTION. xi

physoclists with abdominal ventrals (Catosteomi and Percesoces) is, I feel, much

in need of revision, and it may be found advisable to break up this group [Catosteomi|]

into a greater number of sub-orders.”

I have paid a good deal of attention to these groups, and am of opinion that they

are unnatural and indefinable.

After removal of the Selenichthyes, which I have recently been able to show are

related to the Teniosomi, and of the Hypostomides, the remainder of the Catosteomi,

which corresponds to the Hemibranchii of Smith Woodward, is still a heterogeneous

assemblage which I find incapable of definition, and includes three well-marked but

probably related groups which should, in my opinion, be given sub-ordinal rank.

These are: (1) THoracoste1*, which have on each side a large dermal plate, which

in the adult is co-ossified with the coracoid and suturally united to the clavicle ;

(2) SoLENICHTHYES (nom. nov.), which have a considerable amount of dermal armour

but no plates similar to the ectocoracoids of the Thoracostei—the tubiform snout,

terminal toothless mouth, pectinate gills, and elongate anterior vertebre with separate

transverse processes further characterize this group; (3) LopHosrancuil, differing

from the Solenichthyes in the lobate gills and normal anterior vertebre.

The resemblances between the Centriscide and the Solenostomide, respectively

the most generalized of the Solenichthyes and the Lophobranchii, seem to indicate

relationship, but are, no doubt, in great part due to similar modes of life.

A few fishes belonging to the sub-order Lophobranchii are found in the rivers

of Mexico and Central America.

Adding the Osphromenide, which should, in my opinion, be placed with the

Anabantide, and after removing the Scombresocide to the Haplomi, the Ammodytide

and Champsodontide to the Percomorphi, and the Chiasmodontide (incert@ sedis), the

families included by Boulenger in the Percesoces may be arranged thus :—

I. Pelvic bones remote from the clavicles; a separate spinous dorsal; no supra-

branchial organ; no esophageal sacs. «ww ee ee ee) Atherinide, Mugilide,,

Polynemide, and Sphyrenide.

II. A suprabranchial organ. . . . . . . Ophiocephalide, Anabantide, and Osphromenide.

III. Gsophagus with a pair of lateral muscular sacs, with internal papille which

may be toothed. . . 2. 2 2 e+ «© 6 © © © e es « Letrayonuride, Stromateide.

IV. Pelvic bones remote from the clavicles; no fin-spines; no suprabranchial

organ; no cesophageal sacs... 1. 6 6 6 1 ee we ew ee we + LeOsteide.

In the second and third of these divisions we see the transition from abdominal

* Swinnerton, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlv. 1902, p. 580, and xlix. 1905, pp. 369-380.

x11 INTRODUCTION.

to truly thoracic ventral fins (with the pelvic bones directly attached to the clavicles)

in the series Ophiocephalus, Anabas, Osphromenus and Tetragonurus, Centrolophus,

Stromateus respectively, and in order to attain precise diagnoses it becomes necessary

to regard each of these two groups as of primary, é. é. sub-ordinal, rank, and to neglect

the character of the attachment of the pelvic bones in defining them.

The first and second of these sub-orders have the names Percesoces and Labyrinthici

respectively. For the third I propose the name Zenopharyngii, whilst the fourth,

comprising fishes with the skeleton in great part cartilaginous, may be termed

Malacichthyes. Of these groups only the Percesoces is represented in the fresh waters

of Mexico and Central America.

The sub-order Acanthopterygii, as understood by Boulenger, is defined by a single

character, viz., the direct attachment of the pelvic bones to the pectoral arch. When

the systematic portion of the present work was commenced, more than two years ago,

the sub-order was accepted by me; but I now think that the fact has to be

recognized that the pelvic bones have become directly attached to the clavicles in

several groups and that a large group defined by this character alone is unnatural.

It has been mentioned above that each of two natural groups, Zenopharyngii and

__ Labyrinthici, includes forms with the pelvic bones remote from the clavicles and

others in which they have acquired a direct attachment to the clavicles. In a third

group, the Berycoids, the two conditions are also found, Polymixia exemplifying the

first and Z'rachichthys the second. It seems pretty certain that the Cyttide and

the Percoid fishes have evolved independently from the Berycoids, and we cannot

lay much stress on the fact that the pelvic bones are directly attached to the clavicles

in the two first-named groups as indicating any special relationship between them.

Enough has been said to show that the Acanthopterygii should be split up into

several sub-orders; two of these are represented in the fresh waters of Mexico and

Central America, viz. Percomorphi and Heterosomata, the latter including the single

family Pleuronectide.

4. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

In discussing the distribution of fresh-water fishes we need not take notice of

marine fishes (Centropomus, Pomadasis, Mugil, &c.) which ascend rivers for con-

siderable distances, either in search of food er for breeding-purposes, nor need we

consider fishes which descend the rivers to breed in the sea (e.g. Anguilla).

Fresh-water species of marine genera (e.g. Chirostoma humboldtianum) and fresh-

water genera of marine families (e.g. Aenatherina) have little importance. True

INTRODUCTION. Xlll

fresh-water fishes belong to families which are wholly (eg. Percidew, Cichlide)

or chiefly (e.g. Cyprinodontide, Siluride) confined to fresh water. In Mexico

and Central America these are the following:—Cichlide, Percide, Centrarchide,

Cyprinodontide, Loricariide, Siluride, Cyprinide, Gymnotide, Characinidee, and

Lepidosteide.

The Cicuuipa are Perciform fishes which bear a considerable resemblance in

appearance and anatomy to the most generalized group of Perciformes, the widely-

distributed marine family Serranide, but differ from them in certain features of

specialization, such as the presence of but a single nostril on each side, the absence

of teeth on the palate, the coalescence or sutural union of the lower pharyngeals, and

the reduced number of branchiostegal rays.

No known fossils can be referred to the Cichlide, which inhabit America, from

Texas to Montevideo, and Africa, including Madagascar. Seven species occur in

Syria, and a single genus with three species inhabits Ceylon and Southern India.

The American Cichlidea comprise over 150 species which may be arranged in

23 genera; from Africa more than 200 species referred to 35 genera have been

described.

Not one of the genera is common to Africa and America, but the South-American

Acara is scarcely generically distinct from the African Paratilapia, and there can be

no doubt that these are the most generalized of living Cichlide and very near to the

ancestral type of the family.

The Mexican and Central-American Cichlide are more specialized than the South-

American ones, and have certainly been derived from them; not one of the genera

with three anal spines is found north of the Isthmus of Panama, and all the South-

American Cichlide have simple conical teeth.

Of the Southern types only Cichlosoma has reached Mexico and Central America,

and has there given rise to a variety of more specialized forms.

We have no evidence in favour of dating the origin of the Cichlide before the

Eocene. At the same time we have to explain their occurrence in South America,

Africa, and India at the present day. . Boulenger, in his address to the Zoological

Section of the British Association in 1905, whilst adopting a non-committal attitude,

put forward the hypothesis that the Cichlide were originally a Northern group, and

that in the Kocene they ranged over North America and Northern and Eastern Asia,

which were then one continent, and that they have attained their present distribution

by a southward migration and by becoming extinct in their original habitat. This view

XIV INTRODUCTION.

is supposed to be supported by the occurrence in the Eocene of Wyoming and Utah

of a fish, Priscacara, which has been referred by some authors to the Cichlide.

But Priscacara has neither the reduced number of branchiostegals nor the toothless

palate which characterize all living Cichlid, and it appears to me that it has no

bearing on the problem of how two very closely allied genera, Acara and Paratilapia,

differing from it and agreeing with each other in some important features which are

obviously due to their near relationship, have come to inhabit South America and

Africa respectively.

DIstRIBUTION oF CICHLID®.

The Indian Kéroplus is an isolated type, more specialized than Paretroplus of

Madagascar, which appears to be its nearest relative, and, as has already been stated,

a study of the American Cichlide leaves no possible doubt that the Mexican and

Central-American Cichlid fauna has originated with immigrants from South America ;

consequently the hypothesis of the northern origin of the family should, I think, be

rejected. We are therefore led to believe that in early Eocene times Africa was

connected by land with South America on the one side and with India, vid Madagascar,

on the other.

The Mexican and Central-American Cichlide number about 65 species; they are

INTRODUCTION. Xv

not found on the Mexican Plateau, but in lowland rivers they extend northward to

Sinaloa on the West and to the Rio Grande on the East.

The South-American Acara and Geophagus are each represented by a single species

in Panama. Most of the Mexican and Central-American Cichlide belong to the genus

Cichlosoma, but usually to different sections of the genus from the South-American

species.

The section Theraps contains 21 species: 16 are from Guatemala and Mexico

south of the Balsas, one of them ranging southwards to Panama; the most northern

species occurs in the Panuco; whilst 3 are found in Lakes Managua and Nicaragua and

1 in Costa Rica.

Archocentrus comprises 6 species, 5 from Guatemala and Southern Mexico and

1 from Lake Nicaragua. <Astatheros is made up of 4 species from Oaxaca, Guatemala,

and British Honduras, 9 from the Great Lakes of Nicaragua, and 1 from Costa Rica and

Panama. The 3 species of Thorichthys inhabit Guatemala and Southern Mexico.

Parapetenia is the most widely distributed group of the genus Cichlosoma.

In addition to the sixteen species known from Mexico and Central America there

is one in Cuba and another in Barbados (the latter locality perhaps doubtful), two

in Western Ecuador, one in Colombia, and one in the Amazon. The South-American

species of this section are probably derived from immigrants from Central America.

The Mexican and Central-American species of Parapetenia are distributed thus :—

C. beani. Lowland streams of Sinaloa and Jalisco.

C. istlanum. Rio Balsas.

C. steindachneri and C. bartoni. Rio Panuco.

C. mento, C. urophthalmus, C. centrale, C. tenue, C. trimaculatum, C. mojarra,

C. salvini, C. multifasciatum, C. friedrichstahli, and C. motaguense. Southern

Vera Cruz and Oaxaca to Guatemala.

C. managuense and C. dovii. Jakes Managua and Nicaragua.

Petenia is a monotypic genus, remarkable for the extremely protractile mouth, from

Lake Peten. Herichthys, with four species from the Rio Grande to Lake Yzabal, differs

from Cichlosoma in having incisor-like teeth. Paraneetroplus, with one species from

Southern Vera Cruz and another from Costa Rica and Panama, and WNeetroplus and

Herotilapia, each with a single species from the Great Lakes of Nicaragua, are allied

genera.

The points to be noted in the distribution of the Cichlid in Mexico and Central

America are the following :—The chain of volcanoes which extends from Colima to

Vera Cruz has checked the northward migration of the family, which is not repre-

sented on the Mexican plateau. The majority of the species are found in Southern

XV1 INTRODUCTION.

Mexico (7. e. Southern Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas), British Honduras, and Guatemala.

In this area 41 species occur, and to the north of it the Cichlid fauna is a very poor

one, comprising one species from the Balsas, another from the lowland streams of

Sinaloa and Jalisco, four from the Panuco (one of which also occurs in the Rio Soto

Marina and the Rio Grande), and an additional species from the tributaries of the

Rio Grande in Nuevo Leon.

The great lakes of Nicaragua, Lakes Managua and Nicaragua, have a peculiar

Cichlid fauna, consisting of 18 species, all but one of which are endemic. These

include some remarkable types, such as the genera Herotilapia and Neetroplus, and

specialized forms of the genus Cichlosoma, such as C. labiatum and C. lobochilus, with

thick lips and large blunt teeth, C. managuense and C. dovit, with very protractile

mouth, and C. balteatum and C. nicaraguense, with the profile of the snout nearly

vertical. It is certainly curious that each of the sections Theraps, Archocentrus,

Astatheros, and Parapetenia is represented in the Great Lakes of Nicaragua by its

most specialized types.

Nothing is known of the Cichlid fauna of Honduras, Salvador, and Nicaragua north

and west of the Great Lakes, but it may be inferred that it is of the same general

character as that of Guatemala and that many of the species will prove to be the

same, seeing that Cichlosoma maculicauda of Guatemala is also found in the Rio

Chagres. Except C. maculicauda and the two species belonging to the South-American

genera Acara and Geophagus, only four Cichlids have been described from Costa Rica

and Panama. These are: (1) Cichlosoma citrinellum, also found in Lake Nicaragua ;

(2) Cichlosoma altifrons, very close to C. rostratum of Lake Nicaragua; (3) Cichlosoma

alfari, allied to C. balteatum of Lake Nicaragua; and (4) Paraneetroplus sieboldii,

congeneric with P. dulleri from Southern Mexico, but also near to Neetroplus

nematopus of the Great Lakes of Nicaragua.

The Prercip# are fresh-water fishes of North America, east of the Rocky Mountains,

and Western Eurasia. Of nearly 100 species about 80 belong to the North-American

genera Etheostoma, Percina, Boleosoma, &c., comprising the dwarf Perches known as

“ darters.” Only 6 species of these extend southward to the basin of the Rio Grande

and the rivers of Chihuahua and Durango. Fossil Percide are found in the middle

Eocene deposits of Wyoming.

The CENTRARCHIDH are fresh-water fishes of North America. Of about 30 species,

which may be grouped into 8 or 9 genera, all but one, the Californian Amb/oplites

interruptus, are found east of the Rocky Mountains. Six species extend southward to

the Rio Grande, and one a little further, into Tamaulipas.

INTRODUCTION. XVii

DistRipution oF Percipz,

The Centrarchide have probably originated in Eastern North America from marine

Perciform fishes with the habit of ascending rivers, as do the Bass (Morone) at the

present day. The most generalized Centrarchids (Chenobrytius and Micropterus) are

very similar to the Serranide. The Indo-Pacific Kuhlia and its fresh-water allies in

Australia have been associated with the Centrarchide, but they present no very close

affinity to the North-American fishes of the family. Fossil Centrarchide are found in

the Eocene of North America.

CyprinopontTIp#.—At the present day many species of this family enter brackish or

salt water, but this habit is probably secondary, as in the case of the marine Cat-fishes

of the genera Arius, Plotosus, &c. The reasons which may be assigned for regarding

the Cyprinodontide as primarily a fresh-water family are as follows:—(1) Their

absence from the Australian Region, except for a species of Haplochilus in Celebes

and Lombok. (2) Several species have been found in European Oligocene and Miocene

deposits, and Dr. Smith Woodward has been kind enough to tell me that “all fossil

Cyprinodonts known are from fresh-water or estuarine deposits, chiefly lake deposits.”

(3) The nearest allies of the Cyprinodontide appear to be the more generalized

Holarctic fresh-water types Hsox and Uméra.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, Lebruary 1908. c

XVill INTRODUCTION.

The Cyprinodontine are the oviparous Cyprinodonts, and are found at the present

day in America from the Northern United States to Argentina, in Africa, and in

Southern and Eastern Eurasia. Of nearly 120 species of this group, about 60 are

North American, 20 South American, and 30 African.

Prolebias, with several species from fresh-water deposits of the Oligocene and

Miocene of France, Germany, and Sicily, is probably not distinct from Fundulus,

which is in some respects the most generalized of living genera. Fundulus includes a

large number of species from the coasts and rivers of the United States; a few species

occur in Mexico and Central America, Southern Europe, and Africa. |

Lhe North-American Cyprinodon is represented in the Mediterranean district by

the living genus or sub-genus Lebias and the extinct Rachylebias of the Upper

Miocene; several of the species enter brackish or salt water. |

The Cyprinodonts of India, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, China, and

Japan are few in number and belong to genera which differ from Fundulus but little.

Some of the African species may be placed in Fundulus or in the allied Indian genus

Haplochilus; the rest do not depart widely from this type. The South-American

Cyprinodontine are the genera Rivulus, Cynolebias, and Orestias, which differ from

Fundulus in having the margins of the eyes not free and in other characters of

specialization. Four species of Rivulus are known from Southern Mexico and Central

America. A consideration of the distribution of the Cyprinodontine leads us to

suppose that they were originally a holarctic fresh-water group and that they have

spread southwards; the African forms are probably derived from immigrants from

Europe and India; the South-American genera have evolved from a North-American

stock, which probably reached the southern continent by migration along the coast.

The viviparous Cyprinodontide are exclusively American and may be arranged in

three groups—Characodontine, Peeciliine, and Anablepine.. The Characodontine are

characteristic of and almost peculiar to the system of the Rio Lerma (including the

Valley of Mexico). oogoneticus comprises four species from the Lerma System, which

may be defined as Lunduli of the type of F. punctatus, but viviparous and with the

anal fin of the male modified, the anterior 5 or 6 rays being short and stiff and

separated by a notch from the rest of the fin. Fundulus punctatus is found in all the

Pacific coast streams from Oaxaca to Ecuador, and probably enters the sea; it may be

regarded as nearly representing the ancestral form from which Zoogoneticus has evolved.

Limnurgus (one species), Characodon (five species), and Goodea (seven species)

differ from Zoogoneticus in their more specialized dentition, A species of Characodon

INTRODUCTION. X1X

has extended northward to the rivers of Coahuila and Durango, and another has

‘become marine and reached the coast of Lower California. Three species of (oodea

have reached the upper tributaries of the neighbouring river-systems of the Balsas and

the Panuco.

There can be no doubt that the Lerma System is the original home of the

Characodontine.

The Peeciliine start with the genus Gambusia, which differs from Fundulus only in

being viviparous and in having the anal fin of the male advanced and modified into an

intromittent organ, the anterior rays being thickened and produced. Gambusia

comprises about 14 species from the Southern United States, Mexico, Central

America, Cuba, and Jamaica. The widely distributed G. gracilis (Atlantic streams

from Illinois to Vera Cruz) enters brackish water; the others appear to be strictly

fresh-water species. The Central-American Belonesox is a remarkable offshoot from

the Gambusia type. Pecilia and Girardinus comprise several species which differ

from Gambusia in the structure of the mouth and the dentition, which is modified in

adaptation to their phytophagous habits. ‘These genera have a similar distribution to

Gambusia, but in addition are well represented in the Lesser Antilles and in Brazil,

a distribution no doubt to be accounted for by the fact that some of the species enter

the sea. Allied to Pecilia are Mollienisia, with one species from tbe Southern

United States and ‘Tamaulipas and another from Lake Peten, and Xiphophorus, with

five species in Atlantic coast streams from Mexico to British Honduras.

The remarkable Anableps, surface-swimming fishes with the projecting eyes divided

horizontally into an upper part adapted for vision in the air and a lower for vision in

the water, comprises three species—two from tropical South America, one from

Southern Mexico and Central America. The males have the anal fin modified into a

scaly conical intromittent organ with terminal orifice. The nearest ally of Anabdleps

appears to be Jenynsia from Argentina,

The points to be noted in the distribution of the Cyprinodontide in Mexico and

Central America are the remarkable development of the Characodontine in the River

Lerma System, the presence of some endemic genera of the Peeciliine in the Atlantic

coast rivers, the presence of only two genera (Aivulus and Anableps) which may be

regarded as probable immigrants from the south, and the absence of peculiar types in

the Great Lakes of Nicaragua, which contain only two species, both widely distributed.

The sub-order OstaRIOPHYsI, comprising the families Characinide, Gymnctide,

Cyprinidxe, Siluride, Aspredinide, and Loricariide, is an offshoot of the Malaco-

XxX INTRODUCTION.

pterygii, which were abundant in Cretaceous seas; no pre-tertiary Ostariophysi

have been found, but Siluride occur in the earliest Eocene deposits. With the

exception of the Silurid genera Arius, Plotosus, and a few allied to them, which have

become estuarine or marine, all the members of the group are fresh-water fishes. The

Gymnotide and Cyprinide are evidently modified Characinide, whilst the Loricariidz

and Aspredinide have been derived from the Siluridea. The Characinide and

Siluride, however, are by no means closely related, although evidently derived from

the same stock, as is shown by the presence in both of the remarkable chain of

“ Weberian ossicles” connecting the air-bladder with the auditory organ. The origin

and distribution of the Mexican and Central-American families of this group may now

be discussed.

The family CHaracinip& is very abundant in the fresh waters of South America, where

more than 500 species are known to occur and where the genera are numerous and

Distrrpution oF CHARACINID®.

very diversified. The most generalized types also occur in this continent, which must

be regarded as the original home of the group. In Africa there are about 100 species

° e e ?

but the family is not represented in Madagascar. None of the genera are common. to

INTRODUCTION. XX1

the two continents, but in at least one case (Brycon and Alestes) an American and an

African genus are very closely allied.

The Mexican and Central-American Characinide are evidently an offshoot from the

South-American stock; as in the Cichlide, the immigrants have found the volcanic

chain of mountains which forms the southern boundary of the Mexican plateau an

impassable barrier to their northward progress, but in the Eastern lowlands they have

made their way as far north as the Rio Grande System.

The Mexican and Central-American Characinide may be arranged thus :—

1. Species belonging to South-American genera, the northern limit of which is the

Isthmus of Panama: in several cases these species occur also in Colombia or

Ecuador. ‘To this division may be referred a species of Hoplias, two of Piabu-

cina, one of Luciocharax, one of Gastropelecus, and one of Curimatus.

2. Species belonging to South-American genera which extend further north than the

Isthmus of Panama. ‘To this division belong two species of Brycon, one from

Panama and Costa Rica, the other from Guatemala; a Leboides, ranging from

Oaxaca to Ecuador; a Chirodon from the Rio Papaloapam ; and five species of

Tetragonopterus, all closely allied to the widely distributed South-American

T. rutilus. One species of Tetragonopterus is known only from Panama, a

second ranges from Panama to Oaxaca and Vera Cruz, a third from Guatemala

to Texas ; the other two are found in Southern Mexico.

3. Two species belonging to the endemic genus Bramocharax, which appears to be

related to Brycon and which is peculiar to the Great Lakes of Nicaragua.

The GyMNoTID are specialized eel-like Characinids, and have evidently evolved

from the latter in South America. ‘There are about 8 genera and 30 species, one of

which (Giton fasciatus) extends from Guatemala to the La Plata, whilst a second

(Eigenmannia humboldtiz) is found in Panama and Colombia.

The Cyprinip& are fresh-water fishes of North America, Eurasia, and Africa. They

are absent from Madagascar and do not cross Wallace’s Line ; the family is well

represented in Borneo anda few species are known from the Philippines and from

Bali, but none from Celebes or Lombok. In America they extend southwards to the

Rio Balsas in Southern Mexico and the Rio Usumacinta in Guatemala.

The family is closely related to and probably derived from the Characinide, from

which they differ especially in the falciform lower pharyngeals.

Xxli INTRODUCTION.

The Cyprinide may be divided into four sub-families, viz. Cyprinine, Catostomine,

Cobitidine, and Homalopterine, the first having a range nearly co-extensive with that

of the family, the second being North American (with 2 or 3 species in Eastern Asia),

the third occurring in Eurasia and Abyssinia, the fourth in Southern Asia.

The Cyprinine, in addition to having the widest range, are by far the most diversified

and the most numerous in genera and species, and may perhaps be regarded as the

most generalized, especially as in some of the genera primitive characters are present

(pharyngeal teeth in more than one series, lips normal, gill-membranes free from the

isthmus, suborbitals broad) which are not to be found in the other sub-families.

In the Cyprinine the maxillaries are entirely or in great part excluded by the pre-

maxillaries from the upper border of the mouth. The Catostomine differ from them

in that the margin of the upper jaw is formed in the middle by the small premaxillaries

and at the sides by the maxillaries; these bones are hidden in thick fleshy lips, and the

reduction of the preemaxillaries is, in my opinion, probably due to this fact.

The Cyprinide may have originated in some part of the Indian region *, which is at

the present day the richest in genera and species and where the most generalized forms

occur. Boulenger, regarding the Catostomine as the most generalized group, considers

that the Cyprinide may have originated in North America as an offshoot of the South-

and Central-American Characinide. He explains the fact that in America they have

not extended further south than Guatemala as due to competition with herbivorous

Characinids; but as the most northern representative of the latter group (Curimatus

magdalene) does not extend further north than Panama, this explanation is scarcely

satisfactory, especially as Cyprinids and herbivorous Characinide are by no means

mutually exclusive in Africa.

The Catostomine comprise about seventy species belonging to about ten genera from

North and Central America and three species belonging to about two genera from

Eastern Asia.

Ictiobus, with the dorsal fin elongate, includes about twelve species, in rivers east of

the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Madre, from the Great Lakes to the Rio Usuma-

cinta in Guatemala. The Mexican species are four in number and are found in the

southern tributaries of the Rio Grande and the rivers of Tamaulipas. J. meridionalis

from the Usumacinta is the only member of the sub-family in the Neotropical Region.

Cycleptus, with a single species ranging from the Mississippi to Tamaulipas, and a

genus with two species in China are allied to Jctiobus.

* The present distribution of the Cyprinids leads to the supposition that they originated in Indo-China at

or before the beginning of the Eocene.

INTRODUCTION. XXll

The other Catostomine have the dorsal fin short. Two of the genera are only found

west of the Rocky Mountains, viz. Chasmistes (4 species) and Xyrauchen (2 species).

One species of Xyrauchen is recorded from Northern Sonora. Catostomus comprises

one species from Eastern Siberia and about twenty-five from North America, chiefly

in the Rocky Mountain region. ‘Two species occur in Mexico, one from Sonora and

one from the Rio Grande. Mo.xostoma includes twenty species from the United States

east of the Rocky Mountains, from the Great Lakes to the Rio Grande; in Mexico

AG "

ie] a

oe See

° i

DIsTRIBUTION oF CATOSTOMIN A.

one species is found in the Lerma System and another in the Rio Mascota, a small

Pacific coast stream to the south of the Rio Grande de Santiago. Four monotypic

genera allied to Moxostoma from the eastern part of the United States complete the

count of the Catostomine.

The Cyprininz comprise more than 1000 species from all parts of the world except

the extreme north and the Neotropical and Australian regions. Less than 200 species

are known from Africa, and most of these belong to Indian genera; they are absent

from Madagascar. The Indian Region is the richest in genera and species and the

most generalized types occur there ; fossil Cyprinide are found in Tertiary deposits of

uncertain age in Sumatra, In the Palearctic Region the Cyprinine are an important

XXIV INTRODUCTION.

element of the fresh-water fish-fauna, but the generic types are comparatively few;

some of the existing European genera are represented in Oligocene and Miocene deposits.

‘The Nearctic Cyprinine number about 225 species, most of which belong to the

Palearctic genus Leuciscus or to closely allied generic types, there being, perhaps, less

WV)

WY if

NS Ln

DisTRIBUTION oF CYPRININZ.

diversity in this region than in any other. Consequently the generic distinctions are

in great part based on very trivial characters, and slight differences in the form and

number of the pharyngeal teeth are considered of importance.

In America the Cyprinine range from British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Quebec

to the Rio Balsas in Southern Mexico. As in the Catostomine, few genera are

common to both sides of the Rocky Mountains, except in the case of types specially

adapted to mountain-streams.

Of the 40 species included in the fauna of Mexico, 10 belong to six endemic genera,

of which five, A/gansea (4 species), Malcula (1 species), Kvarra (2 species), Xystrosus

(1 species), and Yuriria (1 species), are peculiar to the Lerma System and the other,

Stypodon, contains a single species from Coahuila. Notropis, with about 100 species,

all from rivers east of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Madre, is represented by

13 in Mexico; 10 of these are from north of the Lerma and 3 from the Lerma System ;

INTRODUCTION. XXKV

one of the latter occurs also in the Balsas. In the last-named river is found a species

(NV. boucardi) which has so far only been obtained elsewhere in Nuevo Leon, possibly

a case of discontinuous distribution.

The other Mexican Cyprinide are the representatives in Sonora (5 species) or in

Mexico north of the Lerma System and east of the Sierra Madre (13 species) of Western

and Eastern North-American types respectively.

The family Siturip&, with about 1000 species, is practically cosmopolitan in tropical

and temperate regions and is especially abundant in South America, Africa, India, and

the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. The true fresh-water types do not appear to

cross Wallace’s Line, the Siluride of the Australian Region belonging to the marine

Galeichthys, Plotosus, &c., or to genera which may be regarded as evolved from these.

A number of genera are common to the Indian and African Regions, but the Neotropical

fresh-water types are all generically distinct from, although in some cases closely allied

to, those of Africa. Genera related to the existing Galeichthys are found in the Eocene

of Europe and North America.

As in the case of the Characinide, a larger number of genera and species and a

greater diversity is found in the Neotropical Region than in any other. This parallelism

extends to the fact that of three families peculiar to the Neotropical Region, one

(Gymnotide) is derived from the Characinide, the other two (Loricariide and

Aspredinide) from the Siluride.

In Mexico and Central America there are about sixty species, nearly half of which

are marine Cat-fishes of the genera Arius, Galeichthys, and Atlurichthys. The fresh-

water Silurids belong either to the widely distributed South-American genera Rhamdia,

Pimelodus, and Conorhynchichthys, or to the North-American Amiuwrus and Leptops.

Of these Pimelodus is represented only by two or three species in Panama, and

Conorhynchichthys by one from the Usumacinta. Rhamdia, however, extends

northward to Oaxaca and Southern Vera Cruz, and includes a considerable number

of Central-American species.

Leptops comprises a single species from the United States east of the Rocky

Mountains, which is also found in the southern tributaries of the Rio Grande.

Amiurus includes a species in China and about twenty in America, eleven of which

are found in Mexico and Central America. ‘Three of these are widely distributed,

ranging from the Great Lakes to Tamaulipas; a fourth is found in Texas and North-

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, February 1908. d

XXVl INTRODUCTION.

eastern Mexico; and two more are known from the Rio Panuco, one of these extending

into Southern Vera Cruz. The southernmost species is Amiurus meridionalis from the

Rio Usumacinta. The four remaining species occur respectively in Arizona and Sonora,

Chihuahua and Durango, the Rio Lerma, and the Rio Balsas..

The family Lorrcariip&, with over 200 species, ranges from Panama to Montevideo,

and has evidently evolved in South America from the Siluride.

The Nearctic Region.

For fresh-water fishes the voleanic chain of mountains which stretches across Mexico

from Colima nearly to Vera Cruz may be taken as the boundary between the Nearctic

and Neotropical Regions. This range has proved an insuperable obstacle to the north-

ward migration of the neotropical fishes, none of which have surmounted it to reach

the Mexican plateau; in the narrow lowland strip near the west coast of Mexico one

neotropical type (Cichlosoma beani) has extended northwards to the Rio Presidio in

Sinaloa, whilst in the plains of Northern Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas on the east some

neotropical fishes are found, viz. five Cichlids * and a Characinid (Tetragonopterus

meaicanus), which last has spread from the Rio Grande on to the plateau north of the

Lerma System. ‘These only counterbalance the nearctic types which occur south of

the Nearctic Region, viz. Goodea whitii, Amiurus balsanus, Notropis boucardi, and

N. aztecus in the Rio Balsas, Amiurus meridionalis and Ictiobus meridionalis in the

Rio Usumacinta, the latter also in the Rio Papaloapam, and Lepidosteus tropicus,

ranging from Guatemala to Panama.

The Nearctic and Neotropical Regions are quite distinct, and show no affinity what-

ever. The former has much in common with the Palearctic Region, whilst the latter

shows relationship only to the Ethiopian. In addition to partly marine groups, such

as the Salmonide and Gastrosteide, there are several families of true fresh-water fishes

common to the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions (e. g., Esocidee, Cyprinide, Percide,

&c.). The latter is characterized by some endemic families (Hiodontide, Amblyopside,

Percopside, and Aphredoderide), by the numerous dwarfed Percide (Etheostoma, &c.)

and the great development of the Cyprinodontine (partly marine), and by three groups

of fishes which are almost peculiar to this region, viz. Catostomine, Siluride of the

genera Amiurus, Noturus, &c., and Centrarchide. The first two are also found in

* Cichlosoma labridens, C. bartoni, C. steendachneri, Herichthys cyanoguttatus, and H. pavonaceus.

INTRODUCTION. . xxvii

Eastern Asia, whilst to the last-named family has been referred a marine Indo-Pacific

genus, with fresh-water representatives in Australia.

The Nearctic Region may be divided into three sub-regions, the first corresponding

to the United States west of the Rocky Mountains and Northern Mexico to the west

of the Sierra Madre. ‘This, the Californian sub-region, is especially remarkable for the

paucity of true fresh-water fishes. Esocide and Percidz, in addition to the endemic

nearctic families, are entirely absent, whilst the Siluride and Centrarchide are each

represented by only a single species. The Cyprinide are fairly abundant, several

peculiar generic types inhabiting this sub-region.

The fish-fauna of the rivers of Sonora and Sinaloa is very little known; the few

fishes which have been recorded from the Rio Sonora show that its fauna.is similar to

that of the Rio Colorado, and the same may be said of that part of the Rio Yaqui

which drains the western slope of the Sierra Madre. Only two strictly fresh-water

fishes are known from streams of Sinaloa and Jalisco to the west of the Sierra Madre ;

one of these (Cichlosoma beani) is a neotropical type, the other (Moxostoma mascote)

a nearctic one.

The second sub-region of the Nearctic Region includes Alaska, Canada, the United

States east of the Rocky Mountains, and Mexico east of the Sierra Madre and north

of the Lerma System. This sub-region may be characterized in nearly the same terms

as those used to define the Nearctic Region as a whole: there is a northern zone

in which the Salmonide are dominant; further south the Cyprinidae become well

established, and in the Mississippi System attain their maximum, together with the

Cyprinodontine, Centrarchidee, and Etheostomatine ; in the Rio Grande a number of

characteristic types disappear. These changes in the character of the fish-fauna render

it necessary to divide this sub-region into several provinces, the southernmost of which _

(Rio Grande Province) comprises the Rio Grande System, with the rivers of the

Mexican plateau north of the Lerma System and the streams of the Atlantic slope in

Tamaulipas and Northern Vera Cruz.

A number of streams in Chihuahua and Durango flow in the direction of the Rio

Grande, but never reach it, terminating in lakes which vary in magnitude according to

the season. As has been pointed out by Dr. Meek, the nature of the fish-fauna justifies

the supposition that these rivers were formerly tributaries of the Rio Grande. Fora

similar reason he considers that the portions of the Yaqui and Mezquital Rivers to the

east of the Sierra Madre also at one time belonged to the Rio Grande System, and that

d 2

XXVill INTRODUCTION.

a cutting back of the western rivers has resulted in their capture, with the result

that the eastern rivers with which they were formerly connected have diminished in

size and fail to reach the main stream.

The Rio Grande Province differs from the Mississippi Province principally in the

paucity of types. Not one of the endemic nearctic families is present ; the Esocide are

absent, and the Percide and Centrarchide are represented by a few species only. A

considerable proportion of the true fresh-water fishes belong to the Cyprinide, whilst

the presence of Cichlide and Characinide is a positive feature which distinguishes this

area from other parts of the Nearctic Region.

The Rio Lerma System (excluding the Rio Grande de Santiago below the falls, and

properly including, as Dr. Meek has shown, the Rio San Juan, a tributary of the Panuco,

as well as the isolated lakes in the States of Michoacan and Mexico) has so peculiar

a fish-fauna that it may be regarded as a separate sub-region of the Nearctic Region.

The viviparous Cyprinodontide of the sub-family Characondontine are characteristic

of and nearly peculiar to this, the Lerma, Sub-region, in which the Atherinid genus

Chirostoma is represented by a number of species which show a remarkable diversity.

Both these groups are probably derived from marine ancestors which entered the river

at a remote epoch; none of the marine types (Gobiide, Mugilide, &c.) which are

found at the present day in neighbouring rivers, such as the Balsas and Panuco, have

been able to make their way into the Lerma System, from which neotropical fishes are

also absent.

The Cyprinide of this sub-region differ considerably from those of the Rio Grande,

as five of the seven genera are endemic. With the exception of a Cat-fish (Amiurus)

and a Lamprey (Lampetra), all the fishes of the Lerma Sub-region belong to the three

groups already mentioned.

Below, in comparing some of the shore-fishes of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of

Central America, it is shown that in many cases D. S. Jordan’s generalization—to the

effect that a form occurring in a certain area has as its nearest relative a form

inhabiting a neighbouring area separated by some sort of barrier from the first—holds

good. In such cases isolation appears to have been a factor in determining specific

differentiation.

Jordan’s generalization also holds good for many groups of fresh-water fishes, but

for many others it does not. As examples of the latter we may instance the Cichlid

fauna of Lakes Managua and Nicaragua and the greater part of the fish-fauna of the

Lerma System.

INTRODUCTION. XXIiX

All the Cyprinodontide and Atherinide of the Lerma System appear to have evolved

therein, in all probability each from a single prototype.

Of the fourteen species of Chirostoma, at least eleven, and probably all the fourteen,

occur together in Lake Chapala; several of these species are very closely related and

it is by no means easy to distinguish between them; some of the specific characters

appear to be adaptive—e. g., the lower jaw is short in C. promelas and strongly

projecting in C. ocotlane, whilst C. sphyrena is remarkable for its strong dentition ;

such characters may have arisen during physiological isolation.

The Neotropical Region.

The families Lepidosirenide, Characinidee, Cichlide, and Polycentride are either

almost or entirely restricted to the Neotropical and Ethiopian Regions, as are the

Siluride of the groups Pimelodine and Doradine.

The Neotropical Region is especially characterized by the great development of the

Characinide and Siluride, and by the presence of endemic families derived from them.

The Characinide are represented by an extraordinary variety of endemic types, and

they have given rise to the Gymnotide; the neotropical Siluride include several

sub-families peculiar to this region, and from them the endemic families Loricariide

and Aspredinide have evolved.

The Neotropical Region may be held to include three principal divisions, which may

be termed the Patagonian, Brazilian, and Central-American Sub-regions. ‘The fish-

fauna of Chili and Patagonia is chiefly remarkable for the scarcity of true neotropical

types; in Southern Mexico and Central America several South-American groups are

absent, but this sub-region is characterized also by the presence of a few nearctic

fishes and by the development of a number of peculiar Cichlide and Cyprinodontide.

Our knowledge of the fresh-water fishes of the Central-American Sub-region is so

incomplete that any division of this area into provinces can only be provisional. The

Rio Balsas with its tributaries forms a province defined by the presence of some

nearctic types (Goodea, Amiurus, Notropis) and by the scarcity or absence of typical

Central-American groups (Cichlide represented by a single species; Pimelodine,

Belonesox and Xiphophorus absent).

The Rio San Juan, with Lakes Managua and Nicaragua, may perhaps be regarded as

a province (San Juan Province) characterized by the peculiar Cichlid fauna; the region

to the north of these right up to and including the Papaloapam System forms another

province, defined by the presence of three nearctic fishes (viz. one species each of

Amiurus, Ictiobus, and Lepidosteus), by numerous Cichlide of the genus Cichlosoma,

XXX INTRODUCTION.

and by some peculiar Cyprinodonts, such as Belonesow and Xiphophorus. This may

be termed the Guatemalan Province. Costa Rica and Panama comprise a fourth

province, in which many of the South-American types attain their northern limit

(e.g., Acara and Geophagus of the Cichlid, Curimatus, Gastropelecus and some other

Characinide, the Loricariide). In this, the Isthmian Province, the only nearctic form

is Lepidosteus tropicus.

5. Tur SHoRE-FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC AND PaciFic Coasts oF MEXICO AND

CENTRAL AMERICA.

There is a great similarity between the fishes found on the Atlantic and Pacific

coasts of Central America. It was formerly stated that a considerable proportion of

the species were the same on both coasts, but in recent years the number of supposed

identical species has been greatly reduced by more detailed comparison.

In the present work only those groups of shore-fishes which enter fresh water are

considered; as a result of my studies on these I am inclined to think that if we

eliminate pelagic or semi-pelagic fishes of wide distribution, very few species will be

found to be identical on both coasts, and that these will probably be fishes which

enter rivers for considerable distances. Such fishes may have become involved in

those geological changes which have led to the occurrence of the same fresh-water

species in rivers of the Atlantic and Pacific Slopes.

Many of the species which were formerly considered to be the same on both coasts

are now found to be distinguished by slight but constant differences. In such cases,

where an Atlantic species is more closely related to a Pacific one than to any on its

own side, it is reasonable to suppose that both are derived from a parent species which

inhabited the neighbouring parts of the two oceans at the time when there was a

connection between them. Such a marine connection appears to have existed in the

Eocene over what is now the Isthmus of Panama, and there are good reasons for

believing that it ceased at the beginning of the Miocene.

A comparison of the shore-fishes of the two coasts should therefore give data

as to the nature of the specific characters which may arise during isolation and as to

the time required for specific differentiation in certain groups.

The following species are included in the systematic part of the present work and

may be paired together, the members of each pair satisfying the definition that they are

more closely related than either is to any other species, and that they represent each

other on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts :—

INTRODUCTION. XXXi

Paciric. ATLANTIC.

1. Philypnus maculatus. P. dormitator.

2. Eleotris picta. FL. pisonis.

3. Dormitator latifrons. D. maculatus.

4. Gobioides peruanus. G. broussonetii.

5. Gerres simillimus. G. cinereus.

6. Gerres californiensis. G. harengulus.

7. Gerres peruvianus. G. olithostomus.

8. Gerres lineatus. G. plumieri.

9. Centropomus medius. C. pectinatus.

10. Centropomus viridis. C. undecimalis.

11. Centropomus robakto. C. ensiferus.

12. Centropomus unionensis. C. altus.

13. Pomadasis bayanus. P. crocro.

14. Mugil thoburni. M. ineilis.

15. Alurichthys scutatus. LK. tsthmensis.

16. Ailurichthys pinnimaculatus. Ad. bagre.

17. Galeichthys guatemalensis. G. assimilis.

18. Arius liropus. al. melanopus.

In several cases there is identity in the number of fin-rays, scales (when present),

and gill-rakers between the members of a pair of species. This applies to the

following :—Dormitator maculatus and D. latifrons, Gerres lineatus and G. plumert,

Centropomus robalito and C. ensiferus, Centropomus unionensis and C. altus, Mugil

thoburnt and M. incilis, Hlurichthys scutatus and 4. isthmensis, Galeichthys guate-

malensis and G. assimilis, Arius melanopus and A. liropus.

In other cases there is agreement in the number of fin-rays and of gill-rakers, but

not of the scales (e.g., Gerres simillimus and G. cinereus, Gerres peruvianus and

G. olithostomus, Centropomus medius and C. pectinatus, Pomadasis bayanus and

P. crocro). In the last pair the slight difference in the size of the scales is uniform ;

a longitudinal or transverse count on any part of the body will probably give a larger

number for the Pacific form. In Centropomus medius and C. pectinatus the scales

differ in number only above the lateral line, especially anteriorly, where they are

always smaller in the Atlantic species. Gerres peruvianus is identical in scaling with

G. olithostomus, except in the thoracic region, where it has distinctly fewer and larger

scales, whilst the only tangible difference in the scaling of Gerres simillimus and

G. cinereus is the constant presence in the latter of 5 or 54 instead of 4 series of scales

above the lateral line.

Gerres californiensis and G. harengulus are two species which agree in the number

XXXil INTRODUCTION.

of scales and fin-rays, but the latter appears to have constantly 8 gill-rakers on the

lower part of the anterior arch, whilst the former has 7.

Centropomus viridis and C. undecimalis agree in the number of scales and gill-rakers,

but the former appears to have a ray less in the second dorsal fin. A similar difference

is found between Philypnus maculatus and P. dormitator, the former having a ray

more in the anal fin.

The members of each pair of species in all cases differ from each other in at least one

more or less tangible “ substantive” character, such as the relative depth of the body,

length of the head, size of the mouth, length of the fin-rays, or size of the teeth.

When there is agreement in all the characters which can be numerically expressed

and the distinction appears to rest on a single feature, as in the case of Dormitator

latifrons, separated from D. maculatus by the larger head, or Gerres lineatus, differing

from G. plumieri in the less elevated dorsal fin, the two forms can scarcely be regarded

as more than sub-specifically distinct.

In other cases the Atlantic and Pacific forms differ in two tangible characters,

e.g. Gerres olithostomus and G. peruvianus, the latter of which is distinguished by the

larger scales in the thoracic region and the somewhat smaller mouth. From such

pairs of species we pass to others, the members of which may be separated by three,

four, or more tangible characters.

From the data given above we may conclude that a greater or less amount of change

may take place in a species when isolated for a considerable period, and that some of

the changes which take place may be non-adaptive.

The fact that in so many cases species on opposite coasts may be paired is more in

harmony with the view that there has been a gradual modification during isolation

than with the supposition that a “mutant” has arisen which has replaced the

parent form.

C. T. R.

February 1908.

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate. Fig. | Page. | Plate. | Fig. | Page,

Philypnus maculatus .......... I. 2 © | Xiphophorus strigatus ........ XIV. 7 107

Dormitator latifrons .......... I. 3 9 brevis... .. 0... eee ee eee XIV. 8,9 108

Sicydium multipunctatum ...... I. 1 11 . ; XV. 2

Cichlosoma maculicauda........ II. 3 | 19,186 | Hlurichthys scutatus,....... XIX 2 | 116

sexfasciatum ............ IV. 2 19 . . XV. 1 -

—— microphthalmus ........ VIL. 2 | 20,186 isthmensis ..........., { XIX. 1 } 11i

—— gadovii ................ Vv. 2 20 . . XVII 1

—— hbalteatum 2.0.0.0... 000. IL. 1 29, | Galeichthys platypogon ...... { XIX. | 5 } lee

—— centrarchus ............ IV. 1 23 eT XVI. 2 ;

——robertsoni .............. LL. 1 o4 assimilis...- +... .. 0... XIX. 4 | I22

—— macracanthus .......... V. 1 24 XVIT 2 .

——rostratum ...........0 05 VII. 1 25 cerulescens .......... { XIX. 6 } 128

—— callolepis .............. II. 2 26 . f XVI. 1 ;

——— beani .... eee ee eee eee VI. 1 2g | Suentheri ............ \| XIX. 3 } Ie4

—— multifasciatum .......... Il. 3 29 |... XVITI 1 or

friedrichstali ............ IIL. 2 pg | ATHUS melanopus.«...- +++. |) OXIEX, 7 i 126

Paraneetroplus sieboldii (= 30, 186, | ee XVIII 2

Herichthys underwoodi) .... U1. ° 188 | fuerthii -. 6.6.0.0... { XIX. 8 } 127

Herichthys geddesi............ Tit. 4 | 30,188 | Rhamdia motaguensis ........ XX. 1 130

Paraneetroplus bulleri ........ VI. 2 31) nicaraguensis............ XX. 2 130

Gerres simillimus ............ Vill 2 38 | boucardi................ XX. 3 131

Centropomus altus ............ VIL. 1 53 petenensis .............. XXII. 1 182

Chirostoma bartoni .......... X. 2 58 | godmani............... XXII. 1 /183,191

patzctaro ............4. X. 1 58 | ——— microptera.............. XXIII 3 133

breve .... 2... eee eee eee X. 3 59 |, managuensis ............ XXI. 2 1338

ocotlane................ IX, 1 62 |——hypselura .............. XXT. 3 134

sphyrena .............. IX. 2 63 brachycephala .......... XXII 2 |135,191

Agonostomus nasutus.......... X. 4 68 underwoodi ............ XXIII 4 135

salvini .............0.. XI. 2 68 | salvini 2... ...... 2.080. XXIII 2 135

macracanthus .......... XI. od 69 polycaulus .............. XXII 3 136

Rivulus flabellicauda .......... X. 6 81 FOMCTSl 2.2... . ee eee eee XXIIT 1/136, 192

godmani................ X. #8 82 || Amiurus meeki .............. XXIII 5 140

Limnurgus innominatus........ XIL. 1 87 || Ictiobus meridionalis .......... XXIV 1 144

Characodon multiradiatus ...... XII. 3, 4 88 | Moxostoma mascots .......... XXIV 2 147

furcidens .............. XII. 2 90 parvidens .............. XXIV 3 147

Goodea multipunctata ........ | XI. 5, 6 92 || Algansea affinis .............. XXYV. 1 151

Gambusia annectens .......... XIV. 5,6 97 stigmatura.............. XXV. 2 152

terrabensis ............ XII. 7 97 | Notropis boucardi ............ XXV. 4,5 156

jonesil ................ XIL. 8 97 Salli... .. 0... ee eee ee XXV. 3 157

bimaculata ... ........ XIV. 4 98 || Hoplias microlepis ............ XXVI 1 167

Peecilia sphenops ............ XII. = 1, 3-7 102 || Tetragonopterus macrophthalmus., XXVI 4 171

caucana* .............. XIII. 2 190 mexicanus...........04. XXVI 2,3 171

salvatoris .............4. XIV. 2,3 104 angustifrons ............ XXVI 5 172

couchiana .............. XIY. 1 104

* Figured on Tab, XIII. fig. 2 as a form of P. sphenops.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, February 1908. €

BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.

ZOOLOGIA.

Class PISCES.

Sub-class I, TELEOSTOMI.

Order I. TELEOSTEI.

Sub-order I. ACANTHOPTERYGII.

It has been found convenient to commence an account of the Fresh-water Fishes of

Mexico and Central America with the Acanthopterygii, which may be recognized by

the thoracic or jugular position of the ventral fins, the pelvic bones being directly

attached to the clavicles.

The Acanthopterygian fresh-water fishes of Mexico and Central America may be

referred to their families by means of the following key :—

I. Head asymmetrical, with the two eyes on one side; fins without spines. 1. PLevRoNECTIDA.

II. Head symmetrical.

A. Gill-openings restricted, the gill-membranes attached to the isthmus.

Ventral fins widely separated, jugular; dorsal and anal fins short,

without spinous rays . . . . . 1 ww we eee GoBrEsocipé.

Ventral fins not widely separated, thoracic; two dorsals or the dorsal

fnlong . . . . . . ew. ee ee eee 8. GoBrr ee.

B. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus.

1. Anal fin with 8 spines, 2 of which are detached from the rest of the

fine 2. ee ee ee A CaRANGID a.

2. Anal fin not preceded by free spines.

a. A single nostril on each side. Dorsal with XIV-XIX 7-15 * rays.

Anal with III-XII 6-l2 rays . 2 2... ww. OS Cronin.

* The Roman numerals indicate the number of spines, the Arabic figures the number of articulated rays.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, October 1906. B

2 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

b. Two nostrils on each side.

a, Spinous part of the dorsal fin considerably shorter than the soft-rayed part ; anal with

lor2spines. 2... ee ee ee eee ee ee 6, SrANIDA.

8. Spinous part of the dorsal fin not shorter or not much shorter than the soft-rayed part.

* Ventral fins without scaly axillary processes.

Two dorsals, with VI-X VII, 8-17 rays; anal with I-I] 6-12 rays . . . . 7. Percip&.

A single dorsal, with X-XI 10-13 rays; anal with II] 8-l2 rays . . . . 8, CunrRarcHIDé.

** A scaly process at the base of the spine of each ventral fin.

A single dorsal with IX 10 rays; anal with II-III 7-9 rays . . . . . . 9. Liocnaraip# *.

A single dorsal with X-XIV 10-18 rays; anal with II] 7-13 rays. . . . 10. Pomapasip2.

Two dorsals, with VIII, I 9-11 rays; anal with II] 6-7 rays . . . . . 11. Cuntropomip2.

In all cases the account of the species is based on an examination of the examples

in the British Museum Collection; but in the case of groups which have already been

adequately described a synopsis only is given, with references to the works in which

more details are to be found.

Fam. 1. PLEURONECTIDE.

The Flat-fishes are a large family, at once distinguished from all other fishes by the

asymmetrical head, with the two eyes on one side. They are mostly marine, but many

ascend rivers for considerable distances. Jn Mexico and Central America four species

have been recorded as occurring in rivers above the regions affected by the tides, and

must therefore be included in an account of the fresh-water fishes.

1. CITHARICHTHYS, Bleeker, 1862.

Citharichthys, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2678.

Kyes on the left side. Mouth moderately large; each jaw with a single series of small pointed teeth ; palate

toothless. Scales moderate or small, feebly ctenoid, deciduous; lateral line nearly straight. Dorsal

commencing just in front of the eye and posteriorly free from the caudal; left ventral median, but not

continuous with the anal; pectorals well-developed.

1. Citharichthys gilberti, Jenkins & Evermann, 1888.

Citharichthys gilberti, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2686.

Depth of body about 2 in the length, length of head 33 to 35. Snout as long as or a little longer than eye, the

diameter of which is 43 to 53 in the length of head ; interorbital region a narrow, shallow groove, bordered

by the slightly elevated orbital margins; maxillary extending to below middle of eye; gill-rakers of

moderate length, 12 to 14 on the lower part of the anterior arch. 38 to 45 scales in a longitudinal

series. Dorsal 77-85. Anal 57-63. Left pectoral as long or nearly as long as the postorbital part of

head ; right pectoral shorter ; caudal doubly truncate. Light brown, spotted or marbled with darker.

Hab. Pacific Coast from Guaymas, Mexico, to Ecuador, entering rivers.

My description is based on four specimens, 110 to 160 mm. in total length, from

* Usually known as Gerride, a family name preoccupied in Hemiptera.

CITHARICHTHYS.—ACHIRUS. 3

Mazatlan, Chiapas, and the Rio Sapayo, Kcuador. The very closely allied C. spilopterus,

Giinth., 1862, from the Atlantic coast, differs in having the head somewhat shorter and

the eyes a little smaller, whilst the scales are usually more numerous; it appears to be

more strictly marine than its Pacific representative.

2. ACHIRUS, Lacep., 1803.

Achirus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2693.

Eyes on the right side, small, close together. Mouth small; jaws with small teeth on the left side, but not

on the right; palate toothless. Scales small, adherent, strongly ctenoid ; lateral line straight. Dorsal

commencing on the snout, posteriorly free from the caudal; right ventral median and continuous with

the anal; pectorals small or absent; caudal rounded.

The three species known to occur in the rivers of Mexico and Central America are

closely allied, and differ little in the size of the scales (65 to 85 in a longitudinal series),

the number of fin-rays (dorsal 50-60, anal 36-46), or the coloration (brownish, usually

spotted or clouded with darker and with very narrow blackish transverse stripes).

Their distinctive features are shown in the following key :—

I. Depth of body 14 to 12 in the length; right pectoral present . . . . . 1. mazatlanus.

II. Depth of body 1} to 2 in the length. |

Right pectoral present . 2. . . 1 ee ee ee eee ee wR fonsecensis.

No pectoral fins . 2 1. ww ee ee ee eee ee ee we 8. fasciatus.

1. Achirus mazatlanus, Steind., 1869.

Achirus mazatlanus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2698.

Hab. Pacific Coast of Mexico, entering rivers.

I have examined three specimens, 70 to 140 mm. in total length, from Presidio and

Mazatlan.

9. Achirus fonsecensis, Giinth., 1862.

Solea fonsecensis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. iv. p. 475 (1862).

Achirus fonsecensis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2699.

Hab. Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America, entering rivers.

I have examined the type, a specimen of 110 mm., from the Gulf of Fonseca, and

some small examples from the Rio Presidio.

3. Achirus fasciatus, Lacep., 1803.

Solea achirus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. iv. p. 476 (1862).

Achirus fasciatus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2700.

Hab. Atlantic Coasts of the Southern United States and Mexico, entering rivers.

I have examined six examples, measuring up to 120 mm. in total length, from

various localities.

+ ACANTHOPTERYGII.

Fam. 2. GOBIESOCIDE.

The Cling-fishes are small marine fishes, easily recognizable by the naked body, the

short dorsal and anal fins without spinous rays, the widely separated ventral fins, which

are jugular in position, and by the small gill-openings. They have an adhesive ventral

disc, by means of which they adhere to stones or shells. They are usually found

between tide-marks; but Pellegrin (Bull. Mus. Paris, vii. 1901, p. 206) has recorded

that a species which he identifies with Gobiesor adustus, Jord. & Gilb., originally

described from Mazatlan, is common in rapid streams near Tepic, Jalisco, and in the

Rio Grande de Santiago.

Fam. 3. GOBIIDA.

A large family, chiefly marine, but with representatives in the fresh waters of all

parts of the world. The Gobiide may easily be distinguished from other Acantho-

pterygians found in the rivers of Mexico and Central America by the following

peculiarities :—The spinous portion of the dorsal fin is composed of a few slender

non-articulated rays ; the anal fin is preceded by a single slender spine; the pectoral is

symmetrical and has a broad, subvertical base; the ventrals, inserted below the base of

the pectorals, consist each of a short feeble spine and of five branched rays; the

gill-openings are restricted, the gill-membranes being more or less broadly attached to

the isthmus.

Synopsis of the Genera represented in the Fresh Waters of Mexico and Central America.

I. Ventral fins separate.

Jaws with bands of pointed teeth ; vomer with teeth; lower jaw pro-

jecting ; gill-openings extending forward to below the eye. . . . 1. PHiLypnus..

Jaws with bands of pointed teeth; palate toothless; lower jaw pro-

jecting ; gill-openings not extending forward to below the eye . . 2. Exzorris.

Jaws with bands of movable, slender teeth with truncate apices; palate

toothless; jaws equal anteriorly; gill-openings not extending

forward to below theeye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Dormirator.

II. Ventral fins united to form a disc.

A. Two dorsal fins.

1. Each jaw with a series of numerous slender teeth, those in the lower

jaw horizontal and sometimes hidden by the gum; lower jaw with

an inner series of a few erect conical teeth. . . . . . . . . 4 Sicyprum.

2. Jaws with bands of pointed teeth.

Two or three fleshy flaps on the anterior edge of pectoral arch,

projecting into the gill-cavity . . . . . . . . . . . 5. CHonopHorus.

No dermal flaps on the pectoral arch. . . . . . . . . . . 6. Gosrus.

B. Asingle dorsal fin. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2... ew we ee «7. Gostorpes.

‘PHILYPNUS. 5

1. PHILYPNUS, Cuv. & Val., 1837.

Philypnus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2194.

Body elongate, compressed or subcylindrical; head elongate, more or less depressed. Mouth large, oblique ;

lower jaw projecting ; jaws with pointed teeth in bands, the outermost series erect, fixed, somewhat

recurved, the inner series depressible; vomer with a broad crescentic patch of small pointed teeth. Eyes

moderate or rather small; interorbital region rather broad. Gill-openings wide, extending forward to

below the eyes. Scales ctenoid, rather small, covering the body and the greater part of the head. Two

dorsals, with VI, I9 rays; anal with I 9-10 rays; caudal rounded; pectoral of moderate length,

symmetrical, rounded ; ventrals well separated, each with a short concealed spine and 5 branched rays.

This genus consists of two species only, which appear to be principally fluviatile, but

enter the sea. In both the development of the soft vertical fins is subject to great

sexual variation, the males having these fins larger, the second dorsal especially being

much more elevated than in the females.

1. Philypnus dormitator.

Gobiomorus dormitor, Lacep. Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii. p. 599 (1798) *; Jord. & Eigenm. Proc. U.S. Nat.

Mus. 1886, p. 482°; Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Cal. Ac. (2) i. 1888, p. 52°.

Platycephalus dormitator, Schneider, Bloch’s Syst. Ichth. p. 60, t. 12 (1801) *.

Eleotris dormitatriz, Cuv. Régne Anim. ed. 2, il. p. 246 (1829) °; Giinth. Cat. Fish. iii. p. 119

(1861) °.

Philypnus dormitator, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii. p. 255 (1837)7; Poey, Mem. ii. p. 381

(1856) *, and Enum. p. 128 (1875)°; Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Survey, Ichth. p. 29,

t. 12. fig. 138 (1859) °; Jord. & Gilb. Synopsis, p. 631 (1883); Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvii. 1898, p. 2194, fig. 781”.

Eleotris longiceps, Giinth. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 151”, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1869, p. 440“.

Philypnus dormitor (part.), Meek, Zool. Pub. Columbian Mus. v. 1904, p. 226.

Depth of body 5 to 6 in the length, length of head 3 to 33. 57 to 68 scales in a longitudinal series, 26 to 31

from interorbital region to origin of anterior dorsal. Dorsal VI, 19. Anal I 9. Caudal peduncle

2 to 2} as long as deep. Body marbled with brownish, sometimes with an irregular dark band from

operculum to base of caudal, sometimes with light spots on the lower part of the sides ; fins with series

of dark spots.

Hab. Atlantic Coast Rivers from Texas to Surinam, and also in West-Indian Islands:

Rio Grande!°; Rio Soto la Marina’; Rio Panuco ; Rio Motagua (Salvin) ;

Lake Yzabal (Salvin); Lake Nicaragua (Salvin 1814) —Cuba89; Jamaica®; Haiti’;

Porto Rico’; Dominica; Martinique +7; St. Vincent; Barbados ®; Trinidad.

Here described from several specimens, 120 to 330 mm. in total length, including

the type of Eleotris longiceps, from Southern Mexico, Lake Yzabal, the Rio Motagua,

and Lake Nicaragua.

2. Philypnus maculatus, (Tab. I. fig. 2.)

Lembus maculatus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. i. p. 505 (1859) *, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 2367.

Philypnus lateralis, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 123°; Jord. & Gilb. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.

6 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

1881, p. 232‘, and 1882, pp. 368 *, 372°, 377", and 380°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2195’.

Eleotris lembus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. i. p. 121 (1861)”.

Eleotris lateralis, Giiuth. t. c. p. 122".

Gobiomorus lateralis, Eigenm. & Fordice, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1885, p. 69°; Jord. & Eigenm. Proc.

U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 482°; Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Cal. Ac. (2) i. 1888, p. 51”.

Gobiomorus maculatus, Eigenm. & Fordice, t. c. p. 70”.

Philypnus dormitor (part.), Meek, Zool. Pub. Columbian Mus. v. 1904, p. 226°.

Depth of body 32 to 5 in the length, length of the head 23 to 3. 55 to 60 scales in a longitudinal series,

20 to 24 from interorbital region to origin of anterior dorsal. Dorsal VI, 19. Anal 110. Caudal

peduncle 14 to 2 as long as deep. Body usually spotted or marbled with dark brownish and with a more

or less distinct dark longitudinal band from eye to base of caudal; an oblique dark stripe from eye

across the preorbital ; a vertical stripe from eye to corner of mouth; a dark spot on the upper part of

the base of pectoral ; soft vertical fins with or without series of small dark spots on the interradial

membranes, sometimes with series of light spots.

Hab. Pacific Coast Rivers from California to Ecuador:

Cape St. Lucas? 45.—Rio Presidio®; Colima®; Tehuantepec !*; San José® ;

Panama ‘.—Ecuador ! 2 19,

Here described from six specimens, 128 to 215 mm. in total length, from Presidio

and Ecuador, including the types of the species.

This species has the head and body more compressed than its Atlantic congener,

and has constantly a ray more in the anal fin.

2. ELEOTRIS, Gronow, 1763.

Guavina and Eleotris, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvil. 1898, pp. 2198 & 2199.

Body elongate, subcylindrical, more or less compressed posteriorly ; head broad, more or less depressed.

Mouth large, oblique; lower jaw projecting ; jaws with small pointed teeth in bands; palate toothless.

Eyes rather small; interorbital region broad. Gill-openings moderately wide, extending forward to

below the angle of preeoperculum, the gill-membranes attached to the isthmus. Scales small or moderate,

ctenoid or cycloid; no lateral line. Two dorsals, with VI-VI1, I 7-13 rays; anal with I 7-13 rays ;

caudal rounded; pectoral symmetrical, rounded; ventrals well separated, each with a short feeble spine

and 5 branched rays.

This widely distributed tropical genus comprises several species, some of which are

strictly marine, whilst some enter rivers, and others appear to be permanently

fluviatile. The three species which are known to occur in the rivers of Mexico and

Central America may be distinguished thus :—

I. D. VU,110. A.110. 95 to 110 scales in a longitudinal series ; no preeoper-

cular spine Be ee

Il. D. VL 18 <A.18. 55 to 70 scales in a longitudinal series ; a small concealed

antrorse spine at the angle of the przoperculum.

Depth of body 4 to 48 in the length . 2. 2. 1. 1 ww ew 1 ww. 2 pisonis.

Depth of body 5to6inthe length . . . . . . 1. 1... 8 pita.

1. guavina.

ELEOTRIS. 7

1. Eleotris guavina*.

Eleotris guavina, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii. p. 223 (1837)'; Giinth. Cat. Fish. ii. p, 124

(1861) *; Poey, Repert. i. p. 337 (1867) °, Syn. p. 395 (1868) *, and Enum. p. 127 (1875) ’.

Guavina guavina, Eigenm. & Fordice, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1885, p. 73°; Jord. & Higenm. Proce. U.S.

Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 4837; Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Cal. Ac. (2) i. 1888, p. 54°; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2198”.

Depth of body 4 to 5 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. No praopercular spine. Dorsal VII, I 10.

AnalI10. 95 to 110 scales in a longitudinal series. Uniformly brownish (in spirit).

Hab. Atlantic Coasts and Rivers from Mexico and Cuba to Southern Brazil :

Central America’; Turbo’; Demerara?; Brazil®; Cuba?45; Martinique!;

Barbados 8.

Here described from two specimens, 150 and 220 mm. in total length, from Demerara.

2. Eleotris pisonis.

Gobius pisonis, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1206 (1788) ’.

Gobius amorea, Walbaum, Artedi Pise. iii. p. 205 (1792) *.

Eleotris pisonis, Schneid. Bloch’s Syst. Ichth. p. 68 (1801)°; Higenm. & Fordice, Proc. Ac.

Philad. 1885, p. 75‘; Jord. & Eigenm. Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 483°; Higenm. &

Eigenm. Proc. Cal. Ac. (2) i. 1888, p. 55°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1898, p. 22017; Meek, Zool. Pub. Columbian Mus. v. 1904, p. 228°.

Eleotris gyrinus, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii. p. 220, t. 856 (1837)°; Girard, U.S. &

Mexico Bound. Survey, Ichth. p. 28, t. 12. figs. 11 & 12 (1859) °; Giinth. Cat. Fish. in.

p. 122 (1861)"; Poey, Repert. i, p. 336 (1867), Syn. p. 395 (1868), and Enum.

p- 127 (1875) “; Jord. & Gilb. Synopsis, p. 631 (1883) "’.

Culius perniger, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, p. 473".

Culius belizianus, Sauv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1879, p. 557; Higenm. & Fordice, 1. c."*; Higenm. &

Eigenm. |. c.””.

Eleotris perniger, Eigenm. & Higenm. 1. c.”; Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 2201”.

Depth of body 4 to 43 in the length, length of head 3 to 33. A small concealed antrorse spine at the angle

of the preoperculum. Dorsal VI,I 8. AnalI 8. 54 to 67 scales in a longitudinal series.

Hab. Atlantic Coasts and Rivers from Florida to Southern Brazil f :

Florida®; Rio Grande 1°; Vera Cruz*®; Boca del Rio’; Belize !”.—Surinam ? ;

Brazil! 6; Cuba4® 121314; Haiti; Dominica®®; Martinique®®; St. Vincent °;

St. Christopher °.

Here described from several specimens from Haiti, St. Vincent, Dominica, and

Pernambuco, measuring up to 160 mm. in total length. This series of examples

includes some with the cheeks wholly or partially naked, corresponding to E. perniger,

and others which closely approach E. abacurus, Jord. & Gilb., in the small number of

scales in a longitudinal series.

E. amblyopsis, Cope, is a closely allied species, but appears to have larger scales.

* Eleotris brasiliensis, Sauv., 1880, is probably not distinct from E. guavina.

+ This or a very similar species has been recorded from West-African rivers.

8 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

8. Eleotris picta.

Fleotris picta, Kner & Steind. Abhandl. Bayern Ak. 1864, p. 18, t. 3. fig. 1 -

Culius equidens, Jord. & Gilb. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 461 *, and 1882, pp. 872° & 880°.

Eleotris equidens, Figenm. & Fordice, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1885, p. 76 °; Jord. & Higenm. Proc. US.

Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 483°; Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proce. Cal. Ac. (2) i. 1888, p. 55°.

Eleotris pictus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii, 1898, p. 2201 *,

Depth of body 5 to 6 in the length, length of head 3 to 33. A small concealed antrorse spine at the angle of

the preoperculum. Dorsal VI, 18. Anal I 8. 60 to 70 scales in a longitudinal series. Back and

sides obscurely spotted or clouded with blackish; lower parts with pale spots ; fins with series of small

dark spots on the rays and with irregular markings on the interradial membranes.

Ilab. Pacific Coasts and Rivers from California to Ecuador:

Cape St. Lucas+.— Mazatlan?; Presidio (Forrer); Colima*®; Rio Bayano,

Panama !.—Kcuador.

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 380 mm. in total length,

from the Rio Presidio and from Ecuador. This species is very close to the Atlantic

E. pisonis, which has a deeper body and a shorter and broader head.

3. DORMITATOR, Gill, 1862.

Dormitator, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2199.

Body oblong, compressed ; head broad, obtuse. Mouth moderate, more or less oblique; jaws equal anteriorly,

with bands of small, movable, slender teeth with truncate apices; palate toothless. Eyes rather

small; interorbital region broad. Gill-openings moderately wide, extending forward nearly to below

the angle of preoperculum, the gill-membranes attached to the isthmus. Scales ctenoid, rather large,

covering the body and the greater part of the head; no lateral line. Two dorsals, the first of 7 flexible

spines, the second of a slender spine and 8 branched rays; anal similar to the second dorsal, with a

slender spine and 9 or 10 branched rays; caudal rounded; pectoral of moderate length, symmetrical,

rounded; ventrals below the base of the pectorals, close together but not united, each with a short

concealed spine and 5 branched rays.

This genus is now usually considered to contain a single species, subject to

considerable variation in form and colour. I find, however, that it is always possible

to distinguish between specimens from the Atlantic and Pacific, and, although the

differences are but slight, the two forms may provisionally be recognized as specifically

distinct.

1. Dormitator maculatus. , |

Sciena maculata, Bloch, Ausl. Fische, t. 299. fig. 2 (1790) *; Schneid. Bloch’s Syst. Ichth. p. 80

(1801) *.

Eleotris mugiloides, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii. p. 226 (1837) *.

Eleotris grandisquama, Cuv. & Val. t. ce. p. 229°; Giinth. Cat. Fish. i. p. 113 (1861) ’.

Eleotris sima, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 232°; Giinth. 1. c.”.

Eleotris somnolentus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1858, p. 169°, and U.S. & Mex. Bound. Survey,

Fish. p. 28, t. 12. figs. 1-3 (1859) °; Giinth. t. c. p. 557”.

Eleotris omocyaneus, Poey, Mem. ii. p. 269 (1860) ”.

DORMITATOR. 9

Eleotris gundlachi, Poey, t. c. p. 272”.

Eleotris maculata (part.), Giinth. t. c. p. 112”.

Dormitator lineatus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1863, p. 271 ™*.

Dormitator gundlachi, Poey, Synopsis, p. 396 (1868), and Enum. p. 128 (1875) **.

Dormitator omocyaneus, Poey, 1. c.™ and l.c.”.

Dormitator maculatus (part.), Jord. & Gilb. Synopsis, p. 632 (1883); Jord. & Higenm. Proc.

U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 482”; Eigenm. & Eigenm. Proc. Cal. Ac. (2) i. 1888, p. 52”;

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2196; Meek, Zool. Pub. Columbian

Mus. v. 1904, p. 227”.

Dormitator maculatus, Eigenm. & Fordice, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1885, p. 71™.

Depth of body 22 to 34 in the length, length of head 33 (young) to 4 (adult). 33 to 38 scales in a

longitudinal series. Dorsal VII, I 8. Anal I 9-10. Soft vertical fins, especially the second dorsal,

more developed in males than in females. Body irregularly marbled or with alternate light and dark

oblique cross-bars; sometimes a longitudinal band from operculum to base of caudal; sometimes

dark longitudinal lines along the series of scales; a dark, nearly vertical stripe from eye to corner of

mouth; usually 3 or 4 dark horizontal stripes across the cheek and operculum; a dark humeral spot;

a dark bar at the base of the pectoral; vertical fins dusky, sometimes light-edged, the spinous dorsal,

anal and caudal sometimes, the soft dorsal always with series of spots.

Had. Atlantic Coasts and Rivers of the Atlantic Slope from Carolina to Para, and also

in the West-Indian Islands:

Savannah !4,—Rio Grande 89; Vera Cruz®; Cordova?®; Boca del Rio 23; Rio

Papaloapam 2°,—Cuba !! 12151718; Haiti; St. Croix; Martinique? ; Trinidad};

Demerara !2; Surinam °.

Here described from several specimens, 100 to 180 mm. in total length, from

Southern Mexico, Haiti, and St. Croix.

2. Dormitator latifrons. (Tab. I. fig. 3.)

Eleotris latifrons, Richards. Voy. ‘ Sulphur,’ Fishes, p. 57, t. 35. figs. 4-5 (1837) °.

Eleotris maculata (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. iil. p. 112 (1861) °.

Dormitator microphthalmus, Gill, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1863, p. 170°.

Eleotris maculata (non Bloch), Giinth. Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1869, p. 440°.

Dormitator maculatus (non Bloch), Jord. & Gilb. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 232°, and 1882,

pp. 368 °, 8727, 377°, & 380°, and Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1882, p. 108".

Dormitator maculatus (part.), Jord. & Gilb. Synopsis, p. 632 (1883) "; Jord. & Eigenm. Proc.

U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 482”; Higenm. & Higenm. Proc. Cal. Ac. (2) i. 1888, p. 52" ;

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2196 *; Meek, Zool. Pub. Columbian

Mus. v. 1904, p. 227”.

Dormitator latifrons, Kigenm. & Fordice, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1885, p. 72°.

Length of head 83 (young) to 33 (adult) in the length of the fish; mouth rather less oblique than in

D. maculatus, usually entirely below the level of the eye; in other characters showing extreme

similarity to the preceding species.

Hab. Pacific Coasts and Rivers of the Pacific Slope, from California to Ecuador:

Cape St. Lucas > 8.—Presidio (Forrer) ; Mazatlan 91°14; Huamuchal* (Salvin) ;

Panama ? 7.—Guayaquil ?.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, October 1906. C

10 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

I have examined numerous examples of this form from Presidio, Huamuchal, and

Guayaquil, measuring from 110 to 280 mm. in total length.

4, SICYDIUM, Cuv. & Val., 1837.

Sicydium and Cotylopus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, pp. 2205 & 2207.

Oreogobius, Bouleng. Aun. Mag. N. H. (7) iv. 1899, p. 126.

Body elongate, subcylindrical. Mouth wide, subterminal, the lower jaw the shorter ; lips thick ; both jaws

with a series of numerous slender teeth, those in the lower jaw horizontal, sometimes completely hidden

by the gum; an inner series of erect conical teeth in the lower jaw; palate toothless. Eyes small or of

moderate size ; interorbital region moderately broad. Gill-openings of moderate width, nearly vertical,

not produced forward below. Scales small, ctenoid. Two dorsals, with VI (V—VII), I 10-12 rays ;

anal with I 9-11; caudal rounded; pectoral symmetrical, rounded; ventrals united to form a disc

which is free from the body posteriorly, with a basal membrane which is folded to form a pit

anteriorly.

In the males the dorsal fins are more elevated than in the females, whilst the rays

of the anterior dorsal are produced into long filaments.

The genus comprises about thirty species from tropical rivers near the sea, three of

which are found in Mexico and Central America.

1. Sicydium salvini.

Sicydium salvini, Grant, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 159, t. 12. fig. 2°.

Sicyopterus salvini, Jord. & Eigenm. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 485 *.

Cotylopus salvini, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2208 °.

Oreogobius rosenbergii, Bouleng. Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) iv. 1899, p. 126°.

Horizontal teeth of lower jaw conspicuous. Scales extending forward on the upper surface of head nearly

to the interorbital region; abdomen completely covered with small scales; 68 to 76 scales in a

longitudinal series. Dorsal VI,1 10. Anal 110. Body with broad irregular dark cross-bars and with

a more or less distinct dark longitudinal band from pectoral to base of caudal; each scale with a dark

spot at the base; dorsal fins dusky, the second usually with numerous small dark spots, which may

unite to form a network; anal dusky in the male, in the female pale with a dark intramarginal stripe.

Hab. Panama !.—WEsTERN Ecuapor ‘.

Here described from five specimens, measuring up to 120 mm., including the types

of the species and of O. rosenbergit.

2, Sicydium gymnogaster.

Sicydium gymnogastey, Grant, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 158, t. 11. fig. 2 and t. 12. fig. 6°.

Sicyopterus gymnogaster, Jord. & Eigenm. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 485 ”.

Cotylopus gymnogaster, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2207’.

Horizontal teeth of lower jaw usually more or less completely concealed beneath a fleshy pad. Scales not

extending forward on to the head; abdomen with a median naked area; 60 to 74 scales in a longitudinal

series *. Dorsal VI, 110. AnalI10. Coloration as in S. salvini, but the fins without spots.

* In three specimens the scales extend forward above to the level of the gill-opening, and in these I count

66 to 74 in a longitudinal series. Usually the scales commence above the pectoral, and consequently this

number is fewer.

SICYDIUM.—CHONOPHORUWS. 11

Hab. Mexico, Michoacan (Mus. Meaico), Hacienda del Hobo, Southern Mexico

(Geddes), Misantla *, Vera Cruz! (Mus. Lrit.).

I have examined several examples, measuring up to 120 mm. in total length.

8. Sicydium multipunctatum, nom. nov. (Tab. I. fig. 1.)

Cotylopus punctatus +, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 362°.

Horizontal teeth of lower jaw concealed. Scales not extending forward on to the head; abdomen with a

median naked area; 85 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal VI,I10. AnalI11. Head covered

with small dark spots; a similar spot on each scale of the body; numerous small dark spots on the

dorsal fins and on the base of the pectoral.

Hab. Mexico, Tequixistlan in Oaxaca (Gadow 1).

This species is known only from the type, a specimen 132 mm. in total length.

5. CHONOPHORUS, Poey, 1861.

Awaous, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2284.

Body elongate, little compressed; head naked, elongate; mouth moderate or large, horizontal; jaws equal

anteriorly or the lower the shorter, with narrow bands of small pointed teeth and an outer series

of more or less distinctly enlarged teeth; palate toothless. Eyes moderate, placed high; interorbital

region rather narrow. Gill-opening nearly vertical, placed in front of the base of the pectoral, scarcely

produced forward below; 2 or 3 fleshy flaps on the anterior edge of the pectoral arch, projecting into

the branchial chamber and covered by the operculum. Scales small or moderate, ctenoid. Two dorsals,

with VI, I 9-12 rays; anal with I 9-13 rays; caudal rounded; pectoral symmetrical, rounded; ventrals

completely united to form a rounded disc, which is free from the body and has a well-developed basal

membrane.

This genus comprises about ten species from the Tropics, all of which enter or

reside in rivers. ‘The species are variable and difficult to define; the males differ from

the females in having the snout more produced and the mouth larger.

1. Chonophorus banana.

? Gobius taiasica, Lichtenstein, Berl. Abhandl. 1822, p. 273°.

Gobius banana, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii. p. 103 (1837)? ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. iii. p. 59

(1861) °; Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, lvi. 1867, p. 351*; Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.

xiv. 1871, p. 473° ; Jord. & Gilb. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, pp. 8368 & 379°.

Gobius martinicus, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 105"; Casteln, Anim. Am. Sud, Poiss. p. 26 (1855) °.

Gobius mexicanus, Giinth. t. c. p. 61°.

Chonophorus bucculentus, Poey, Mem. ii. p. 275 (1861) *°.

Rhinogobius contractus, Poey, t. c. p. 424", and Enum. p. 125 (1875) ™.

Rhinogobius bucculentus, Poey, Syn. p. 394 (1868) *, and Enum. p. 125™.

Gobius dolichocephalus, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1869, p. 403”.

* This locality was erroneously given as Mazatlan in the original description.

f The differences in the form of the upper teeth appear to be too much subject to intergradation to serve

for generic distinctions. If Cotylopus be not recognized, the name punctatus must be changed, being

preoccupied in Sicydium by S. punctatum, Perugia, 1896.

12 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

Chonophorus taiasica, Jord. & Eigenm. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 500 6; Eigenm. &

Eigenm. Proc. Cal. Ac. (2) i. 1881, p. 68°; Meek, Zool. Pub. Columbian Mus. v.

1904, p. 233".

Chonophorus mecicanus, Jord. & Kigenm. t.c. p. 501; Eigenm. & Eigenm. I. c. 0: Meek, |. ¢.”.

Awaous taiasica, Jord. Proc. Cal. Ac. (2) v. 1895, p. 494” ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2236”; Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1900, p. 147; Meek,

Zool. Pub. Columbian Mus. iii. 1902, p. 121”.

Awaous mexicanus, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 2237 *.

Depth of body 5 to 6 in the length, length of head 3 to 33. Dorsal VI, I 10. AnalI 10, 66 to 84 scales

in a longitudinal series, 20 to 26 in a transverse series from origin of second dorsal to that of the

anal fin. Olivyaceous; back and sides with irregular dark spots; sides of head with spots or oblique

lines; a dark bar on the upper part of base of pectoral; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins with series of

dark spots; ventrals and anal immaculate.

Hab. Coasts and Rivers of Tropical America from Southern California to Panama and

from Mexico to Brazil, and also in the West-Indian Islands:

Cape St. Lucas ®.—Presidio*; Puente de Ixtla; Balsas and Cuautla; Rio

Balsas 18 25; Valles, San Luis Potosi}; San Francisco, La Antigua and Perez,

Vera Cruz182; Orizaba!®; San José®; Rio Motagua (Salvin); Panama 17,

Cuba 10111213. Haiti2; Martinique? 17; St. Vincent, St. Croix !’; St. Lucia 1’;

Barbados 17; Trinidad (Guppy) ; Brazil 1.

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 300 mm.

9. Chonophorus transandeanus.

Gobius transandeanus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. iii. p. 62 (1861) *.

2 Awaous nelsoni, Everm. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xii. 1898, p.3°; J ord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2285 °.

Gobius guentheri, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1908, p. 629°.

Differs from C. banana especially in having only from 15 to 18 scales between the origins of the second

dorsal and anal fins.

Hab. Western Mexico, Rosario, Sinaloa 2? °.—WeEsteRN Ecuapor ! ¢.

G. guentheri was based on male examples, which differ considerably from the

females. Probably A. nelsoni will prove to be identical with G@. transandeanus, and

the species will be found to occur in all the Pacific Coast streams from Sinaloa to

Ecuador.

6. GOBIUS, Linn.

Gobius, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvii. 1898, p. 2210.

Body more or less elongate, compressed posteriorly ; mouth moderate; jaws with several series of pointed

teeth ; palate toothless. Eyes placed high; interorbital region not very wide. Gill-opening nearly

vertical, in front of the base of pectoral, not or scarcely produced forward below; no fleshy flaps on

pectoral arch. Scales usually ctenoid. Two dorsals, the anterior of five to seven spines. Ventrals

completely united to form a rounded disc, which is free from the body and has a basal membrane.

GOBIUS.—GOBIOIDES. 13

The limits of this large and cosmopolitan genus have never been precisely defined.

Most of its representatives are marine, but some are fluviatile. Dr. Meek has recently

described two species from fresh and brackish waters near Vera Cruz.

1. Gobius parvus.

Gobius parvus, Meck, Zool. Pub. Columbian Mus. v. 1904, p. 230, t. 17°.

Dorsal VI 11. Anal 12. 30 scales in a longitudinal series,

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz}.

2. Gobius claytoni.

Gobius claytoni, Meek, t.c. p. 231, t. 17°.

Dorsal VI 12. Anal 13. 42 scales in a longitudinal series.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz.

7. GOBIOIDES, Lacep., 1798.

Gobioides, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2263.

Body very elongate, compressed posteriorly ; head comparatively short; mouth large, oblique; lower jaw

more or less distinctly projecting ; jaws with bands of small pointed teeth and an outer series of strongly

enlarged teeth; palate toothless. Eyes small, placed high; interorbital region rather narrow. Gill-

opening nearly vertical, in front of the base of pectoral, not produced forward below. Scales small,

cycloid. A single dorsal fin, with V-VII 15-23 rays; anal with I 15-22; caudal pointed; pectoral

symmetrical, rounded ; ventrals completely united to form a rounded disc, which is free from the body

and has a well-developed basal membrane.

Tropical seas, entering rivers.

1. Gobioides broussonetii.

Gobioides broussonetii, Lacep. Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii. p. 580 (1798) *; Jord. & Higenm. Proc. U.S.

Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 512°; Bean & Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1895, p. 631°; Eigenm. &

Eigenm. Proc. Cal. Ac. (2) i. 1888, p. 75*; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1898, p. 2263 °.

Amblyopus brasiliensis, Schneid. Bloch’s Syst. Ichth. p. 69 (1801)°; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat.

Poiss. xii. p. 121 (1837) *.

Gobius oblongus, Schneid. t. c. p. 548 °.

Gobioides barreto, Poey, Mem. ii. p. 282 (1861)°, Syn. p. 394 (1868) °, and Enum. p. 125

(1876) ™.

Amblyopus broussonetii, Giinth. Cat. Fish. iii. p. 186 (1861) ».

Amblyopus mexicanus, O’Shaughnessy, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) xv. 1875, p. 147”.

Depth of body 9 or 10 times in the length, length of head 6 to 7. Dorsal VI 16-17 ; sixth spine separated

by considerable interspaces from the fifth and from the first branched ray ; last ray adnate to the caudal.

Anal I 15-16. Pectoral more than 4 the length of head, shorter than the ventrals. Caudal 13 (young)

to twice (adult) as long as the head, Body with dark cross-bars, or with a series of dark spots on

each side. ;

14 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

Hab. Atlantic Coasts and Rivers from Florida to Brazil, and also in the West-Indian

Islands:

Mexico !°; Gulf of Mexico ?.—Surinam ; Amazons‘; Rio Janeiro *; Cuba? 1°";

Martinique.

Here described from six specimens (including the type of A. mexicanus) from Mexico

and Surinam, from 230 to 500 mm. in total length.

Gobioides peruanus, Steind., 1880, from Peru and Ecuador, will probably be found

in the Pacific Coast streams of Central America. The body is more slender and the

head longer than in G. broussonetii, whilst the outer series of teeth is much stronger.

Fam. 4. CARANGIDA.

A large family of the tropical and temperate seas, represented in the fresh-water

fauna of Central America by a single species.

SCOMBROIDES, Lacep., 1800.

Oligoplites, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 898.

Body ovate or fusiform, compressed; scales lanceolate or linear. Mouth rather large, oblique, little

protractile ; teeth somewhat small, pointed, in narrow bands in the jaws; vomerine and palatine teeth

present. Spinous dorsal of a few short spines, connected by membrane at the base only; soft dorsal

Scombroides palometa.

long, more or less elevated anteriorly and with the posterior rays much branched and semi-detached as

finlets. Anal similar to soft dorsal, preceded by two spines separate from the rest of the fin. Pectoral

short, asymmetrical ; ventrals with I 5 rays, close together, below the base of the pectorals, with the

inner ray attached to the abdomen by membrane. Caudal peduncle slender ; caudal fin widely forked.

Hab. Tropical Seas (one species only from fresh-water lakes of Tropical America).

SCOMBROIDES.—CICHLIDA. 15

The American species belong to the subgenus Oligoplites, Gill, with 4 or 5 dorsal

spines and linear scales. They are six in number, viz.: S. saurus, Bl. Schn.;

S. refulgens, Gilb. & Starks; S. altus, Gthr.; S. mundus, Jord. & Starks; S. saliens,

Bl.; and S. palometa, C. & V.

The first-named appears to be identical on the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts; the next

three are known from the Pacific Coast only. J. saliens is an Atlantic species and

Pacific records of it should be referred to S. mundus.

1. Scombroides palometa.

Chorinemus palometa, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii. p. 892 (1831) *.

Chorinemus saliens, var. palometa, Giinth. Cat. Fish. i. p. 475 (1860) *.

Oligoplites saliens palometa, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 899°.

Depth of body 33 in the length, length of head 43. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which is 44 in

the length of head, interorbital width 31. Maxillary extending slightly beyond the vertical from the

posterior margin of eye. 12 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal IV, 119. Anal II,

I 20. Pectoral § the length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle 7 the length of head. Silvery,

back brownish ; dorsal dusky, other fins yellowish.

Hab. Guatemata, Lake Yzabal (Salvin)—VeEnezoELA, Lake Maracaibo ! 2,

Here described from a specimen of 280 mm. from Lake Maracaibo. There isa

small example (90 mm.) from Lake Yzabal in the British Museum. This species has

not yet been recorded from other localities, but probably enters the sea.

Fam. 5. CICHLIDA.

This large family of fresh-water fishes is the dominant perciform group in Tropical

America and Africa. In America the Cichlide extend from Texas to Argentina, and

comprise about 150 species, which may be grouped into twenty-three genera. Africa

appears to be somewhat richer in both genera and species, whilst a single genus with

three representatives occurs in India and Ceylon.

The study of the relationships of the American genera is of considerable interest in

connection with their geographical distribution, and leaves no room for doubt that the

Mexican and Central-American Cichlid fauna originated with immigrants from the

southern continent. The fact that the most generalized South-American genus Acara

is scarcely generically distinct from the African Paratilapia is also important, and,

seeing that there is no reason to believe that the Cichlids have ever been other than a

fresh-water group, it lends support to the theory of a land-connection between South

America and Africa in Eocene times.

I have recently monographed the American Cichlid, and, except where some

amplification or alteration is necessary, a list of the species only, with keys for their

identification, is here given.

16 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

Synopsis of the Cichlid Genera represented in Mexico and Central America.

I. Anal fin with 8 spines.

No lobe on the anterior branchial arch. . . 2. . . - 1. Acara.

A compressed lobe on the upper part of the anterior branchial arch - 2. GropHacus.

II. Anal fin with more than 8 spines.

Teeth all conical or cylindrical; mouth small or moderate, moderately

protractile, the preemaxillary spines (ascending processes) shorter

than the head. . 2. . 2. ww 1 we eee ee 8 CrcHLosoma.

Teeth all conical or cylindrical; mouth large, very protractile, the

preemaxillary spines as long as the head . . . . ee - 4, PETENIA,

Several series of small conical teeth and an outer series of larger teeth,

all or most of which are compressed, incisor-like . . . . . . 5. Hertcutuys.

Teeth all compressed, entire, with pointed or rounded apices. . . . 6. PARANEETROPLUS.

Teeth all compressed, entire, with truncate apices . . . . . 7. NEETROPLUS.

Teeth all compressed, mostly tricuspid, only the median ones of ‘the

outer series being entire, with truncate apices . . . . . . . 8. Herorrapia.

1. ACARA, Heck., 1840.

Acara, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xv. 1905, p. 330.

This, the most generalized genus of American Cichlids, is very closely allied to the

African Paratilapia, which it resembles not only in external features, but also in

the anatomy. The only difference between them is that the maxillary is completely

hidden by the preorbital in Acara, whilst it is more or less exposed distally in

Paratilapia. Of the nineteen species of Acara, only one is found as far north as thie

Isthmus of Panama.

1. Acara ceruleopunctata, Kner & Steind., 1863.

Acara ceruleopunctata, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xv. 1905, p. 386.

D, XIV-XV 10-11. A. III 8-9. Se. 26-28 ~. Preoperculum scaleless ; dorsal and anal fins scaleless ;

depth of body 2 to 23 in the length; 6 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch; dorsal spines

increasing in length to the last, which is nearly 4 the length of head.

Hab. Panama, Rio Chagres.—N.W. Ecuapor.

2. GEOPHAGUS, Heck., 1840.

Geophagus, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvii. 1906, p. 50.

Closely allied to Acara, differing only in the structure of the anterior branchial arch. Of the twelve species

eleven are South American.

1. Geophagus crassilabris, Steind., 1877.

Geophagus crassilabris, Regau, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvii. 1906, p. 58.

D. XVI 10-11. <A. III 7-8. Se. 30-31 oe. 14 or 15 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch ;

pectoral $3 the length of head, not extending to above the anal.

Hab. PANAMA.

CICHLOSOMA. 17

3. CICHLOSOMA, Swains., 1839.

Cichlosoma, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 61.

This important genus includes the American Cichlids with more than three anal

spines, with all the teeth conical or cylindrical, and with the mouth not abnormally

protractile. There are 68 species—53 in Mexico and Central America, 1 in Cuba, | in

Barbados, and 13 in South America.

I have arranged the Mexican and Central-American species in five sections, which

appear to be natural groups, but which are not sufficiently sharply defined to rank as

subgenera.

Section 1. Turraps, Giinth., 1862.

The teeth of the outer series in the upper jaw are in moderate number (10 to 15 on each side) and regularly

increase in size anteriorly ; in the lower jaw the teeth are either similar to those in the upper, or

the anterior 3 to 6 on each side are enlarged, subequal and rather sharply differentiated from the

smaller lateral teeth. The mouth is small or of moderate width, the maxillary never extending beyond

the vertical from the anterior margin of eye; the cleft of the mouth is nearly horizontal and entirely

below the level of the eye, the prworbital being deep; the jaws are equal anteriorly or the lower is some-

what the shorter; in the adult fish the preemaxillary spines do not extend to above the orbit. The upper

profile of the snout is usually slightly convex, and except in two species (C. microphthalmus and

C. godmani) the fold of the lower lip is not continuous. The dorsal fin has XV—-XIX 10-15 rays and is

more or less scaly at the base posteriorly; the anal has [V—VIII 7-12 rays; the pectoral is usually

rather short and only in one species (C. nicaraguense) does it extend beyond the origin of the anal; the

caudal is either rounded, truncate, or emarginate with rounded lobes.

This group consists of twenty species from Mexico and Central America, one

extending into Colombia.

Heros deppii, Heckel, and Cichlosoma zonatum, Meek, are insufficiently described

species, apparently belonging to this section.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Pectoral not extending to above the anal, which has 4 to 7 spines.

A. Caudal rounded or truncate.

1. Depth of body 12 to 23 in the length.

a. Last dorsal spine 2 to 3 the length of head.

a. Lower jaw a little shorter than the upper; depth of body 2} to 22 in the length ;

caudal peduncle nearly as long as or longer than deep. D. XVII-XVIII 12-15.

A. V-VI 8-10.

Length of head 34 to 34 in the length of the fish . . «© . 2. . . 1). OL. eigenmanni.

Length of head 82 to 4 in the length of the fish . 2. . 2. 2. . 2. 1 1). 2. nebuliferum.

8. Jaws equal anteriorly.

* Caudal peduncle 4 to 3 as long as deep.

+ D. XVI-XVITI 12-14. A. VI-VII 9-10. A large dark

blotch on the caudal peduncle. Depth of body 1% to 2

inthelength . . . . . . 8. maculicauda.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, October 1906. D

18 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

++ D. XVII-XVIII 11-18. A. VI-VII 8-9. Dark cross-bars and a dark band

from operculum to base of caudal.

Depth of body 12 to 2 in the length, length of head 2% (young) to 3 (adult).

Last dorsal spine }, pectoral { the length of head. . . . . . . . 4 fenestratum.

Depth of body 24 in the length, length of head 82 (adult). Last dorsal

spine 2, pectoral 2 the length of head -. 2 ©. ee + ee eee De seafasciatum.

** Caudal peduncle from # to as long as deep.

+ 8 to 10 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch ; a broad dark band from

pectoral to base of caudal.

D. XVII 13. A. VI9. Last dorsal spine 4 the length of head. . . . . 6. bifasciatum.

D. XVI-XVIII 12-14. A. VI-VII 9-10. Last dorsal spine 2 the length

ofhead 2... we ee ee ee ee ee ew ee 7. guettulatum.

++ 7 or 8 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch.

t Fold of the lower lip continuous, or at least with a

continuous free edge. D. XVIII 11-13. A. (V)

VI9-11. Dark cross-bars and a dark band ending

in a spot on the base of caudal more or less distinct . 8. microphthalmus.

+ Fold of the lower lip not continuous, rarely subcontinuous in the young.

Diameter of eye 3 to 5 in the length of head, interorbital width 23 to 3 (in

specimens of 85 to 260 mm.). D. XVII-XVIII 11. A V-VI 8-9.

An interrupted dark longitudinal band or a series of spots above the

lateral line, another from middle of side to caudal; lower parts of head

and body sometimes blackish . + . 9. melanurum.

Diameter of eye 4 to 54 in the length of head, interorbital width 3 ‘(in

specimens of 80 to 175 mm.). D., XV-XVI 10-11. A. V-VI 8-9.

Usually 5 or 6 dark cross-bars on the posterior part of the body; lower

parts of head and body sometimes blackish . . « . . . 10. labridens.

Diameter of eye 4 to 42 in the length of head, interorbital width 21 to 22

(in specimens of 130 to 240 mm.). D. XVI-XVIII 12-13. A. VI-

VII 8-9. Dark cross-bars and a dark band from operculum to

caudal . . . . soe ~ oe « © Ll. gadoviz.

Diameter of eye 4 to 42 in ‘the length ‘of “head, ‘interorbital width 24 to 92

(in specimens of 96 to 177 mm.). D. (XVI-XVIJ) XVII 10-12 (18).

A. (IV) V-VI 8-10 (11). A broad blackish angular band from oper-

culum to the middle of side and thence upwards to the spinous dorsal ;

a dark blotch on the caudal peduncle . . . . . 12. anguliferum.

Diameter of eye 44 to 44 in the length of head, interorbital width 224 to 8

(in specimens of 183 to 155 mm.). D. XVIII 9-11. A. V-VI 8-10.

A dark angular band as in C. anguliferum; a narrow longitudinal band

from the angle of the broader one to the base of caudal, where it forms

a vertically expanded spot. . . - woe ee ew ew ee 618. tntermediumn.

D. XVI 12. A.V 8. 10 or 11 obscure dark cross-bars ; a series of 4 to 6

blackish spots, usually ocellated and vertically expanded, below the

dorsal fin on the posterior part of the body ; an ocellus on the upper part

of the base ofcaudal . . . 1. ee ee we ee ew ee we LA, pavonaceum.

CICHLOSOMA. 19

b. Last dorsal spine 4 the length of head.

Depth of body 24 in the length, D. XVIII]. A.V8.. . . . 15. sieboldii.

Depth of body 24-23 in the length. D. XVI-XVII 12-13. A. v 10 » . 16. godmani.

2. Depth of body 3 to 3} in the length; last dorsal spine 4 to ? the

length of head. D. XV-XVII 12-18. A.IV-V 9-10 . . . 17. irregulare.

B. Caudal emarginate, with rounded lobes; depth of body 22~2¢ in the

length ; last dorsal spine 4 the length of head. D. XVII 18.

A. VI9 2. ww ee ee ee ee ee www ew. 18. Lentiginosum.

II. Pectoral extending to above the origin of anal. D. XVIII 10-11.

A. VIE8. Se342 00. 2 6 6 ee ee ee ee ew «19 Balteatum.

III. Pectoral extending to above the second or third anal spine.

D. XVIII-XIX 10-11. A. VII-VIII 8-9. Se. 35 Se. . . . 20. nicaraguense.

1. Cichlosoma eigenmanni, Meck, 1902.

Cichlosoma eigenmanni, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 225.

Hab. SourHerN Mexico, Rio Papaloapam (Gadow).

2. Cichlosoma nebuliferum, Giinth., 1860.

Cichlosoma nebuliferum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 226.

Hab. Sournern Mexico, Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Sal/é).

3. Cichlosoma maculicauda, Regan, 1905. (Tab. II. fig. 3.)

Cichlosoma maculicauda, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 227.

Hab. Guatemata, Rio Motagua and Lake Yzabal (Salvin); Panama, Rio Chagres

(Salvin).

4. Cichlosoma fenestratum, Giinth., 1860.

Cichlosoma fenestratum, Regan, Ann, Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 227.

Hab. SoutnerN Mexico, Chimalapa (Buller), Vera Cruz, Boca del Rio, and Rio

Papaloapam (Gadow).

5. Cichlosoma sexfasciatum, Regan, 1905. (Tab. IV. figg. 2, 2 a.)

Cichlosoma seafasciatum, Regan, Aun. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 230.

Hab. Mexico, Guapote.

This species is intermediate between C. fenestratum and C. microphthalmus. From

the former it is distinguished by the shorter head, smaller eye, shorter pectoral fin,

lower dorsal spines, &c.; from the latter by the shorter caudal peduncle and the

broadly interrupted fold of the lower lip.

6. Cichlosoma bifasciatum, Steind., 1864.

Cichlosoma bifasciatum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 228.

Hlah, MEXIco.

20 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

C. bifasciatum probably inhabits Southern Mexico, like the other species described

by Dr. Steindachner in his memoir. —

7. Cichlosoma guttulatum, Giinth., 1864.

Cichlosoma guttulatum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 229°.

Hab. SouTHERN Mexico, Rio de Sarabia (Buller!) ; Guatemata, Lakes Amatitlan and

Nacasil (Salvin). |

Cichlosoma zonatum, Meek (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xviii. 1905, p. 245), from

Tehuantepec, may be identical with C. guttulatum.

8. Cichlosoma microphthalmus, Giinth., 1862. (Tab. VII. fig. 2.)

Cichlosoma microphthalmus, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 2380.

Cichlosoma guentheri, Regan, t. c. p. 238.

Hab. GuatemaLa, Rio Motagua (Salvin).

After re-examination of the types 1am unable to recognize C. guentheri, Pellegrin

(C. oblongus, Giinth., nec Casteln.), as distinct from C. mecrophthalmus.

9. Cichlosoma melanurum, Giinth., 1862.

Cichlosoma melanurum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 231.

Hab. Guatemaua, Lake Peten (Salvin).

10. Cichlosoma labridens, Pellegr., 1903.

Cichlosoma labridens, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 443.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Panuco and its tributaries.

11. Cichlosoma gadovii, Regan, 1905. (Tab. V. figg. 2, 2 a.)

Cichlosoma gadovii, Regan, Aun. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 282.

Hab. SourHeRN Mexico, Motzorongo in Vera Cruz (Gadow), Oaxaca, Tehuantepec.

Dr. Meek’s repetition * of the error of confusing C. gadoviz with C. melanurum

makes it necessary for me to call attention to the more important points in which these

species differ. C. melanurum has been twice figured, by Gtinther (Trans. Zool. Soc. vi.

1869, t. 72. fig. 8) and by Steindachner, under the name Heros melanopogon (Denkschr.

Ak. Wien, xxiii. 1864, t. 1. fig. 3). A comparison of these figures with the one now

given of C. gadovii will show the notable difference in marking between the two

species and also that the snout is more produced and has its upper profile less decurved

in C. melanurum. The interorbital space -is much wider in C. gadovii than in

C. melanurum, its width being contained from 21 to 22 times in the length of the head in

four specimens of the former, measuring from 130 to 240 mm. in total length, and 2% to

* Proc, Biol. Soc. Wash. xviii. 1905, p. 245.

CICHLOSOMA. 21

times in the length of the head in four specimens of the latter species, 85 to 260 mm.

in total length. C. gadovit is subject to the same range of variation in colour-

markings as C. fenestratum ; in some specimens the dark cross-bars are strongly marked

and the longitudinal band is scarcely visible, in others the cross-bars are faint and the

longitudinal band is very strong. It is curious that Dr. Meek, who has had the

privilege of collecting these fishes, should attempt to distinguish in this respect between

C. parma (=fenestratum), with the lateral band faint or absent, and C. melanurwm

(=gadovii), with a conspicuous dark lateral band.

12. Cichlosoma anguliferum, Giinth., 1862.

Cichlosoma intermedium, var. anguliferum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 233.

Hab. Guatema.a, Rio de Santa Isabel (Salvin), Rio Santa near Cahabon (Sarg).

The slight difference in colour-markings between this species and the next appears

to be correlated with other slight peculiarities, so that I am inclined to provisionally

recognize them as distinct. In C. anguliferum the interorbital space is a little wider

and the dorsal spines rather higher than in C. intermedium, the last spine measuring

rather more than ? the length of the head in the former and distinctly less than 3 of

the head in the latter species.

13. Cichlosoma intermedium, Giinth., 1862.

Cichlosoma intermedium (part.), Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 282.

Hab. GuatemaLa, Lake Peten (Salvin).

14. Cichlosoma pavonaceum, Garman, 1881.

Cichlosoma pavonaceum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 234.

Hab. Norvuern Mexico, Monclova in Coahuila.

15. Cichlosoma sieboldii, Kner & Steind., 1864.

Cichlosoma sieboldii, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 235.

Hab. PAnaAMa.—CoLoMBIA.

Heros deppti, Heckel, 1840, from Mexico, may be allied to this species.

16. Cichlosoma godmani, Giinth., 1862.

Cichlosoma godmanni, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 235.

Hab. Guatemata, Rio Cahabon (Salvin).

17. Cichlosoma irregulare, Giinth., 1862.

Cichlosoma irregulare, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 236°.

Hab. Guatemata, Lake Yzabal, Rio Gerénimo, Rio Usumacinta (Salvin), Lake San

Cristobal (Sarg).

22 ACANTHOPTERYGILI.

18. Cichlosoma lentiginosum, Steind., 1864.

Cichlosoma lentiginosum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 237.

Hab. “ Mexico.”

Probably an inhabitant of Southern Mexico.

19. Cichlosoma balteatum, Gill & Bransf., 1877. (Tab. II. fig. 1.)

Cichlosoma balteatum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 238.

Hab. Lake NICARAGUA.

20. Cichlosoma nicaraguense, Ginth., 1864.

Yichlosoma nicaraguense, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 238.

Hab. Lake NIcARAGUA.

Section 2. ArcHocentTRUS, Gill, 1877.

Very closely allied to Theraps, but with the anterior pair of teeth of the outer series in the upper jaw often

somewhat enlarged, with a longer pectoral and more numerous anal spines. The group may be thus

defined :—Body rather deep (depth 13 to 24 in the length, caudal peduncle 4 to § as long as deep) ; mouth

rather small, moderately protractile (maxillary not extending beyond the vertical from anterior margin of

eye, premaxillary spines extending to just above the anterior margin of eye). D. XVII-XIX 7-10, the

soft fin scaly at the base. A. VIII-XII 6-9. Pectoral extending beyond the origin of anal; caudal

rounded or subtruncate.

Six species, from Southern Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. 6 to 8 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch.

A. Maxillary extending to the vertical from anterior margin of eye.

D. XVII-XVIII 8-9. A. VITI-X 6-8. 2 or 24 scales between lateral line

and base of anterior part of soft dorsal . . . . . . . . 2). + Ql. nigrofasciatum.

D. XVII-XIX 8-10. A VIII-X 7-8. 8} or 4 scales between lateral line

and base of anterior part of soft dorsal . . . 2. 1. 1. 1. es + 22. octofasciaium.

B. Maxillary not extending to the vertical from anterior margin of eye.

a. Pectoral as long as or a little longer than the head. D. XVIII-

XIX 9-10. A. VITI-X 7-8 2. 2... 1. 1 ww ee. 28. spilurum.

b. Pectoral # the length of head.

D. XVITI-XTX 9-10. A-IX9 . 2... . 1 ee ww. 24. tmmaculatum.

D. XVITI-XIX 7-8. A. XI-XIIT7-8 . 2... ww ww. 25. spinosissomum.

II. 15 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. D. XVI 8-9.

A. X-XI18-9 . 2... 2 we ek ew. 26. centrarchus.

21. Cichlosoma nigrofasciatum, Gimth., 1869.

Cichlosoma nigrofasciatum, Regan, Aun. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 75.

Hab, GuatemaLa, Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan (Salvin).

CICHLOSOMA. 23

22. Cichlosoma octofasciatum, Regan, 1903.

Cichlosoma octofasciatum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 831.

Hab. Sovrnern Mexico, Rio de Sarabia (Buller); British Honpuras (Robertson).

The systematic position of this species is rather doubtful, as the dentition of some

specimens is very like that of the more generalized members of the subgenus

Parapetenia. Other characters seem to indicate relationship with C. nigrofasciatwm.

23. Cichlosoma spilurum, Giinth., 1862.

Cichlosoma spilurum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 75.

Hab. Guatemata, Rio Motagua and Lake Yzabal (Salvin).

24, Cichlosoma immaculatum, Pellegr., 1904.

Cichlosoma immaculatum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 77.

Hab. Guatemaua, Rio Polochic.

25. Cichlosoma spinosissimum, Vaill. & Pellegr., 1902.

Cichlosoma spinosissimum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 76.

Hab. Guatemata, Rio Polochic.

26. Cichlosoma centrarchus, Gill & Bransf., 1877. (Tab. IV. figg. 1, 1.)

Cichlosoma centrarchus, Regan, Ann, Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 77.

Hab. Lake NicaraGcua.

Section 3. AstaTHEROS, Pellegr., 1904.

Teeth of the outer series usually rather more numerous and less strongly enlarged anteriorly than in Theraps,

but in the more specialized forms reduced in number and with the anterior pair in the upper jaw and

the two anterior pairs in the lower strongly enlarged. The maxillary never extends beyond the vertical

from the anterior edge of the eye; the premasillary spines measure from a little less than 3 to slightly

more than 2 the length of head; the upper profile of the snout is straight and oblique. ‘The body is

rather deep (depth 14 to 2} in the length). The dorsal fin has XIV-XVII 10-15 rays and is more or

less scaly at the base posteriorly ; the anal has V-VIII 8-10 rays; the pectoral is usually elongate (in

CO. heterodontum and C. altifrons it extends to above the origin of the anal, in the other species it

is longer); the caudal is subtruncate, rounded, or slightly emarginate with rounded lobes. The gill-

rakers are usually more numerous than in most other species of the genus (usually 11 to 13 on the lower

part of the anterior arch, but only 9 or 10 in C. citrinellum, 9 in C. lobochilus, 8 in C. erythreum).

Eleven species from Southern Mexico and Central America, one ranging into

Colombia.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Lips normal; anterior teeth not strongly enlarged.

A. Fourth to sixth dorsal spines longer than the rest.

D. XVI 10-11. A. VI 8-9. 11 or 12 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch.

Pectoral extending to above the middle of anal . . . . . . . « « « 27. robertsont.

Pectoral extending to the posterior endofanal . . . . 1 1. « + 28. longimanus.

24 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

B. Dorsal spines subequal from the fifth or sixth or increasing in length throughout.

1. D. XIV-XV 12-15. A. V-VI 8-9. 11 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch ;

snout not longer than postorbital part of head.

Pectoral as long as the head ; depth of body 14 in its feng last dorsal

spine 2 the length of head; caudalrounded. . . . . 29. macracanthus.

Pectoral a little shorter than the head; depth of body 2 in its length ; last

dorsal spine 2 the length of head (a little more in the young) ; caudal

subtruncate . 1 6 ee ee ee ee ee ew we es 80. heterodontum.

2,.D. XVI 11. A. V 8-9. 12 gill-rakers on the lower part of

anterior arch; snout longer than postorbital part of head ;

pectoral extending nearly to above origin ofanal. . . . . « 81. altifrons.

3. D. XVI-XVII 11-12. A. VII 8-9.

a. Pectoral extending to above the last anal spine; 12 or 18 gill-

rakers on the lower part of anterior arch; snout longer than

postorbital part of head . . . . . . 2. e « . . 82. rostratum.

b. Pectoral extending to above the third or fourth anal spine. .

12 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch; caudal slightly

emarginate, with rounded lobes . . . . . . . . . 83. margaritiferum.

9 or 10 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch ; caudal

rounded. 2.0.0. ee eee ee ee ee 84, cttrinellum.

II. Lips exceptionally thick; anterior pair of teeth in the upper jaw strongly enlarged ;

two anterior pairs of teeth in the lower jaw enlarged and subequal.

D. XVII 11-12. A. VII-VIII 8-9. Pectoral extending to above the third to fifth anal

spines.

A. Lips subnormal, scarcely produced medianly. . . . . . . . 85. erythreum.

B. Each lip produced medianly as a long fleshy flap.

Length of head nearly 3 in the length of the fish ; 9 gill-rakers on the lower

part of anterior arch... . . . . 86. lobochilus.

Length of head 23 to 22in the length of the fish ; W or rie gill. rakers on the

lower part of anterior arch «ww wee ee ee ee OM, labiatum.

27. Cichlosoma robertsoni, Regan, 1905. (Tab. III. fig. 1.)

Cichlosoma robertsoni, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 239.

Hab. Brimsu Honpuras, Stann Creek (obertson).

28. Cichlosoma longimanus, Giinth., 1869.

Cichlosoma longimanus, Regan, Aun. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 240.

Hab. Laxe Nicaracva (Salvin).

29. Cichlosoma macracanthus, Giinth., 1864. (Tab. V. fig. 1.)

Cichlosoma macracanthus (part.), Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 241.

Hab. Gouaremata, Huamuchal and Chiapam (Salvin).

CICHLOSOMA.

30. Cichlosoma heterodontum, Vaill. & Pellegr., 1902.

Cichlosoma heterodontus, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 241.

Hab. Sournern Mexico, Tequixistlan in Oaxaca (Gadow), Tehuantepec.

Dr. Meek * considers me to be in error in placing his C. evermanni in the synonymy

of C. heterodontum, and would distinguish between C. evermanni, with all the teeth

conical and the fold of the lower lip continuous, but freer at the sides than in front,

and C. heterodontum, with some of the teeth worn and ending in a flat circular

surface and the fold of the lower lip interrupted. The examination of a series of

specimens of the closely allied C. macracanthus has shown me that both conditions

of the dentition and of the lower lip are to be found in that species. Three small

specimens of C. heterodontum were collected by Dr. Gadow at Tequixistlan. The

largest (125 mm.) has some of the teeth worn and the fold of the lower lip continuous.

The others (53 and 76 mm.), formerly referred by me to C. macracanthus, have

conical teeth, but the fold of the lower lip is interrupted.

31. Cichlosoma altifrons, Kner & Steind., 1863.

Cichlosoma altifrons, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 242.

Hab. PANAMA.——COLOMBIA.

32. Cichlosoma rostratum, Gill & Bransf., 1877. (Tab. VII. fig. 1.)

Cichlosoma rostratum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 243.

Hab. LakEt NICARAGUA.

33. Cichlosoma margaritiferum, Giinth., 1862.

Cichlosoma margaritiferum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 316.

Hab. Guatemata (Salvin).

34, Cichlosoma citrinellum, Giinth., 1864.

Cichlosoma citrinellum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 316.

Hab. Laxes Manacvua (Dow) anp Nicaragua (Salvin).

85. Cichlosoma erythreum, Giinth., 1869.

Cichlosoma erythreum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 318.

Hab. Lax Manaeva (Dow).

36. Cichlosoma lobochilus, Giinth., 1869.

Cichlosoma lobochilus, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 318.

Hab. Lake Manaeva (Dow).

* Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xviii. 1905, p. 244.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, October 1906. | E

26 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

37. Cichlosoma labiatum, Giinth., 1864.

Cichlosoma labiatum, Regan, Aun. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 319.

Hab. Laxes Manacua and Nicaracua (Dow).

Section 4. THoricutuys, Meek, 1904.

Very similar to Astatheros in form and dentition, but with the dorsal and anal fins entirely scaleless and the

caudal truncate or slightly emarginate, usually with pointed lobes. Dorsal XV-XVIT 8-12. Anal VI-

IX 6-9. 9 to 12 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. The coloration of the three species

of this group may be described thus :—About six dark cross-bars, the third bearing a blackish blotch on

or below the lateral line; suboperculum usually blackish; head and anterior part of body with blue

spots; vertical fins dusky, usually with light spots.

Synopsis of the Species.

Pectoral extending to above origin of anal . . 1. 1 ee ee ee ee 88. Callolepis.

Pectoral extending to above middle anal spines . . 2... ew ee + + +) 89. aureum.

Pectoral extending to first branched ray of anal. . . . . ee + ee ee 40. affine.

38. Cichlosoma callolepis, Regan, 1904. (Tab. II. fig. 2.)

Cichlosoma callolepis, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 321.

Hab. Mexico, San Domingo de Guzman (Buller).

39. Cichlosoma aureum, Giinth., 1862.

Cichlosoma aureum, Regan, Aun. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 320.

Hab. Sovrurrn Mexico, Rio Papaloapam (Gadow, Meek), San Domingo de Guzman

and Rio de Sarabia (Buller) ; Guaremaua, Lake Yzabal and Rio Motagua (Salvin).

40. Cichlosoma affine, Giinth., 1862.

Cichlosoma affine, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 321.

Hab. GuateMata, Lake Peten (Salvin).

Section 5. PaRAPETENIA, Regan, 1900.

The anterior pair of teeth in the upper jaw and the two on each side of the anterior pair in the lower are more

or less strongly enlarged and canine-like. The mouth is usually larger, more oblique and more pro-

tractile than in other groups of Cichlosoma, the length of the lower jaw or of the preemaxillary spines,

from the anterior edge of the upper jaw, measuring from 2 to a little more than 2 the length of the head.

The upper profile of the snout is straight; the fold of the lower lip is continuous or subcontinuous. The

dorsal fin has XV-XVIII 8-18 rays and posteriorly has a scaly sheath at the base and a short series of

scales on each interradial membrane; the anal has IV-IX 7-10 rays; the pectoral is shorter than the

head; the caudal is rounded.

In addition to the thirteen species from Mexico and Central America, there are two,

the most generalized of the group, C. tetracanthus and C. adsperswm, from Cuba and

CICHLOSOMA. 27

Barbados respectively, two from Western Ecuador, C. feste and C. ornatum, allied to

C. urophthalmus or C. istlanum, and two, C. kraussi from Colombia and C. spectabdile

from the Amazon, more specialized than any in the great protractility of the mouth

and apparently allied to C. managuense.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

I. D.XV-XVI10-13. A.V 7-10. Pectoral 3-3 the length of the head. Pramaxillary spines

2 to 4 the length of head, extending to above anterior part of eye; maxillary not extending

to below the eye ; canines moderate.

A. Snout nearly as long as the postorbital part of head (in the adult) ; caudal peduncle as

long as deep.

1. Length of head 23 (young) to 3 (adult) in the length of the fish; jaws equal anteriorly.

Interorbital width 33 to 34 in the length of head. A dark spot below the origin

of the lateral line, another on the middle of the side, a third at the base

ofcaudal . .. . 2 8 41. istlanum.

Interorbital width 4 in the length of head. “An interrupted dark longitudinal

band from operculum to the base of caudal . . . . . . . w . «42. steindachneri.

2. Length of head 24 (young) to 2? (adult) in the length of the fish ;

lower jaw slightly projecting ; coloration as in C. steindachneri . 48. bartoni.

B. Snout shorter than the postorbital part of head (in the adult).

Depth of body 2 to 23 in the length; caudal peduncle 2 as long as deep ; lower

jaw slightly projectng . . . oe 44. beani.

Depth of body 24 to 24 in the rengths caudal i pene as slong as deep; ; “lower

jaw projecting. . . . . . . : ee ee . . 45. mento.

II. D. XV-XVIT 10-12. A. VI 8-9. Pectoral # to 2 the length of head.

Preemaxillary spines nearly $ the length of head, not extending to

above middle of eye; maxillary extending to the vertical from anterior

margin of eye; canines moderate . ... . woe ew ee 6 646. urophthalmus.

Ill. D. XVI-XVIII 9-12. A. VI-IX 7-10. Preemaxillary spines 3 or slightly more than §

the length of head, extending to above the middle of orbit ; maxillary extending to below

anterior margin or anterior + of eye; canines strong.

A. Last dorsal spine ? to 4 the length of head. D. XVI-XVII 9-12.

Snout shorter than postorbital part of head (in the adult). A. VI-VIII 8-9.

A dark spot above the origin of the lateral line, another on the middle

of the side, a third at the base of the caudal. . . . . . 2. «© O47. trimaculatum.

Snout as long as postorbital part of head (in the adult). A. VIII-IX 7-9.

An interrupted longitudinal band from eye to base of caudal . . . . 48. salvini.

B, Last dorsal spine ? the sng of head. D. XVIII 10. A. VII-

VUI8-9 ... . - . » 2. . « 49. multifasciatum.

C. Last dorsal spine 4 the length of head. D. XVII-XVIII 9-11. A. VII-VIII 8-9.

Depth of preorbital § to 2 the diameter of eye (in specimens of 120 to 130 mm.

in total length) ; caudal peduncle 3 as long asdeep . .. . . . . 50. friedrichstahii.

| E2

28 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

Depth of preorbital 3 the diameter of eye (in a specimen of 115 mm.) or

equal to it (in the adult fish) ; caudal peduncle 3 to # as long as deep . 51. motaguense.

IV. D. XVIII 10-12. A. VI-VII 8-10. Preemaxillary spines 2 or slightly more than 3 the

length of head, extending to above posterior edge of orbit; maxillary extending to below

anterior 4 or middle of eye ; canines strong; last dorsal spine 4 the length of head.

D. XVIII10. A. VII 8. Maxillary extending to below middle of eye;

depth of preorbital 2 to 4 the diameter of eye (in specimens of 187

tol95 mm.) . . . . 6 ee ee ee ee ee ee eee BR, managuense.

D. XVIII 12. A.VI9-10. Maxillary extending to below anterior 4 of eye ;

depth of preorbital 3 to 2 the diameter of eye (in specimens of 140 to

144mm.) 2. 2. 1. ee eee ee ee eee eee ee 58, dovit.

41. Cichlosoma istlanum, Jord. & Snyder, 1899.

Cichlosoma istlanum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 326.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Balsas and its tributaries.

42, Cichlosoma steindachneri, Jord. & Snyder, 1899.

Cichlosoma steindachneri, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 444.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Panuco and its tributaries.

43. Cichlosoma bartoni, Bean, 1892.

Cichlosoma bartoni, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 445

Hab. Mexico, Rio Panuco and its tributaries.

44, Cichlosoma beani, Jord., 1888. (Tab. VI. fig. 1.)

Cichlosoma beani, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 828.

Hab. Mexico, rivers of Sinaloa and Jalisco.

45. Cichlosoma mento, Vaill. & Pellegr., 1902.

Cichlosoma mento, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 329.

Hab. Sournern Mexico, Rio Negro.

46. Cichlosoma urophthalmus, Giinth., 1862.

Cichlosoma urophthalmus, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 382.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan; British Honpuras; Guatemata, Lake Peten (Salvin).

47. Cichlosoma trimaculatum, Giinth., 1869.

Cichlosoma trimaculatum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 333.

Hab. Soutnern Mexico, Oaxaca and Tehuantepec; GuatemMaLa, Huamuchal and

Chiapam (Salvin).

CICHLOSOMA.—PETENIA. 29

From Dr. Meek’s* description of adult specimens of his C. mojarra, founded on a

small example with malformed spinous dorsal, it is evident that this species is identical

with C. trimaculatum, and not with the closely allied C. salvini, as I at first supposed.

48. Cichlosoma salvini, Giinth., 1864.

Cichlosoma salvini, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 334.

Hab. Sovurnern Mexico; British Honpuras (fobertson) ; Guatemata, Lake Peten and

Rio de Santa Isabel (Salvin), Cahabon (Sarg).

49. Cichlosoma multifasciatum, Regan, 1905. (Tab. III. fig. 3.)

Cichlosoma multifasciatum, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 335.

Hab. British Honpuras, Stann Creek (Lobertson); Guatemata, Lake Peten (Salvin).

50. Cichlosoma friedrichstahli, Heck., 1840. (Tab. III. fig. 2.)

Cichlosoma friedrichstahli, Regan, Aun. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 336.

Hab. Guatema.a, Lake Peten (Salvin).

51. Cichlosoma motaguense, Giinth., 1869.

Cichlusoma motaguense, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 19035, p. 336.

Hab. GUATEMALA, Rio Motagua (Salvin).

52. Cichlosoma managuense, Giinth., 1869.

Cichlosoma managuense, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 337.

Hab. Laxes Manaeua (Dow) anp Nicaragua.

53. Cichlosoma dovii, Giinth., 1864.

Cichlosoma dovit, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 838.

Hab. Lake Nicaragua (Salvin).

4, PETENIA, Giinth., 1&62.

Petenia, Regan, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 433.

The single species is allied to Cichlosoma dovii and C. managuense, but has the

mouth larger and the maxillary more exposed, whilst the premaxillary processes are

as long as the head and extend nearly to the origin of the dorsal fin.

1. Petenia splendida, Giinth., 1862.

Petenia splendida, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 433.

D, XV-XVI 12-13. A.V 8-10. Se. 40-45 #1

16-17°

Hab. GuateMaLa, Lake Peten (Salvin).

* Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xviii. 1905, p. 244.

30 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

5. HERICHTHYS, Baird & Girard, 1854.

Herichthys, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 434.

Differs from Cichlosoma only in the dentition, the enlarged outer series of teeth

being compressed. The four species inhabit Mexico and Central America, one

ranging into Texas, the northern limit of the family.

Synopsis of the Species.

TI. D. XV-XVII 10-12. A.V (VI7) 8-9. Caudal peduncle 2 as long as

deep... . . + 1. cyanoguttatus.

Il. D. XVI-XVII 13. “A. Vv 10. Caudal peduncle 2 as long, or nearly as long, as deep.

Last dorsal spine more than 3 the length of head; diameter of eye 33 in the

length of head (in a specimen of 182 mm.) . . . + « « 2 bocourti.

Last dorsal spine less than 4 the length of head ; diameter of. eye 4 in the

length of head (in a specimen of 126mm.) .. . oe . . & underwoodi.

III. D. XVI-XVITI 11-12. A. VI-VII 9-10. Caudal peduncle 4 4 to 2

long as deep . 2. ew ew ee ee ee ee ee eee A gee si.

1. Herichthys cyanoguttatus, Baird & Girard, 1854.

Herichthys cyanoguttatus, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 434.

Hab. NortH-EasterN Mexico, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosi, extending

into Texas.

2. Herichthys bocourti, Vaill. & Pellegrin, 1902.

Herichthys bocourti, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 435.

Hab. Guaremata, Lake [Yzabal] Isabel.

3. Herichthys underwoodi, sp. n. (Tab, III. fig. 5.)

Depth of body 22 in the length, length of head 3}. Snout nearly as long as postorbital part of head.

Diameter of eye 4 in the length of head, interorbital width 23. Depth of preorbital slightly more than

the diameter of eye. Jaws equal anteriorly; maxillary extending to between nostril and eye; fold of the

lower lip not continuous ; cheek with 5 series of scales ; 8 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch.

Seales 32 a 33 between lateral line and anterior part of soft dorsal. Dorsal XVII 13, commencing

above the extremity of operculum, the spines subequal from the fourth to the fourteenth, thence increasing

in length to the last, which is less than 4 the length of head; soft fin, when laid back, extending a little

beyond the base of caudal. Anal V 10. Ventrals extending to the vent. Caudal rounded. Caudal

peduncle as long as deep. Body with 6 dark cross-bars; vertical fins with small dark spots.

Hab. Costa Rica (C.F. Underwood).

A single specimen, 126 mm. in total length.

4. Herichthys geddesi, Regan, 1905. (Tab. III. fig. 4.)

Herichthys geddesi, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 436.

Hab. Sournern Mexico (Geddes).

PARANEETROPLUS.—SCLENIDA. 3d]

6. PARANEETROPLUS, Regan, 1905.

Paraneetroplus, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 436.

The single species is apparently allied to Cichlosoma nebuliferum and to Neetroplus

nematopus. All the teeth are compressed, with pointed or rounded apices.

1. Paraneetroplus bulleri, Regan, 1905. (Tab. VI. fig. 2.)

Paraneetroplus bulleri, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 436.

DXVIII12. A. VI9. Se. 34 a Mouth small, with the lower jaw shorter than the upper.

Hab. Muxtco, Rio de Sarabia (Buller).

7. NEETROPLUS, Giinth., 1869.

Neetroplus, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 487.

Very close to Paraneetroplus, but with truncate incisor-like teeth. A single species

from Nicaragua.

1. Neetroplus nematopus, Ginth., 1869.

Neetroplus nematopus, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 437.

D. XIX 10. A. VIII 7. Se. 33 é. Mouth small, with the jaws nearly equal anteriorly.

Hab. Laxes Manacva (Dow) and Nicaracua.

8. HEROTILAPIA, Pellegr., 1904.

Herotilapia, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 438.

The species is evidently closely allied to Cichlosoma nigrofasciatum, but the teeth

are compressed and tricuspid, except the median ones of the outer series, which are

truncate incisors.

1. Herotilapia multispinosa, Ginth., 1869.

Herotilapia multispinosa, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 438.

D. XVIIT9. A. XI8. Se. 28 #:

Hab. Lake Manacua (Dow).

Fam. 6. SCLAANIDZ.

The Scianide are a large family, principally tropical and subtropical shore-fishes ;

many of them enter rivers freely and a few are entirely fluviatile. Some of the

features which distinguish them from other Perciform fishes are: (1) the dorsal fin,

which is either deeply notched or completely divided into two, the anterior spinous

32 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

portion being usually considerably shorter than the posterior soft-rayed one; (2) the

presence of only one or two anal spines; and (3) the toothless palate.

One permanently fluviatile species (Haploitdonotus grunniens) is found in the rivers

of Mexico and Central America, but whether any of the Scienid shore-fishes of this

region ascend rivers above the influence of the tides is uncertain *.

HAPLOIDONOTUS, Rafin., 1819.

Aplodinotus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 1484.

Body rather deep, compressed. Mouth subterminal; no barbels; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary

concealed by the prexorbital; no supramaxillary; jaws with bands of small pointed teeth; palate

toothless ; lower pharyngeals large, completely united, with molariform teeth; preoperculum weakly

denticulated. Scales of moderate size, ciliated; lateral line curved anteriorly, continued nearly to the

end of the caudal fin. A single dorsal, scaly at the base, with X 29-32 rays; anal with II 7 rays;

caudal doubly truncate ; pectoral asymmetrical, pointed; ventrals each of a spine and 5 branched rays,

inserted a little behind the base of the pectorals, without scaly axillary processes.

1. Haploidonotus grunniens, Rafin., 1819.

Corvina oscula, Giinth. Cat. Fish. i. p. 297 (1860).

Aplodinotus grunniens, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 1484.

Depth of body 22 to 24 in the length, length of head 33 to 33. Back elevated, the ventral profile being nearly

straight. Snout short, obtuse ; maxillary extending to below posterior part of eye, the diameter of which

is about 5 in the length of head and 14 in the interorbital width. Scales 56-62 =. Dorsal X 29-82 ;

spines moderately strong, the third highest, 3 the length of head and nearly as long as the longest

branched rays. Anal II 7; second spine strong, about as long as the longest dorsal spine, shorter than

the anterior branched rays. Pectoral as long as the head. Silvery, back darker; vertical fins dusky.

Hab. Rivers and lakes of North America, from the Great Lakes to Chiapas (in Mexico

recorded from Matamoros in Tamaulipas and the Rio Usumacinta).

This species, here described from Winnipeg examples of from 250 to 300 mm.,

attains a weight of 50 or 60 pounds.

Fam. 7. PERCIDA. -

The Percide are a large family inhabiting the fresh waters of North America and

Western Eurasia. The majority of the American species are the small fishes known

as “darters,” a few of which occur in Northern Mexico. These belong to two very

closely allied genera, Percina and Etheostoma, which may be distinguished from other

Perciform fishes by the following diagnosis :—

Body more or less elongate and compressed. Mouth small or moderate ; pramaxillaries not protractile, except

at the sides ; maxillary exposed, but slipping under the preorbital for the whole length of its upper edge ;

villiform teeth in the jaws and usually on the palate. Scales small, denticulated. Two dorsals, with

* In the British Museum are examples of Bairdiella icistia, Jord. & Gilb., and Cynoscion xanthulus, Jord. &

Gilb., collected by Herr Forrer in the Rio Presidio, but probably near the mouth of the river.

PERCINA.—ETHEOSTOMA. 33

VI-XVII 8-17 rays. Anal short, with I-II 6-12 rays. Pectorals symmetrical, rounded. Ventrals

below or behind the base of the pectorals, each with a moderate or feeble spine and 5 branched rays; no

sealy axillary process.

The work of Boulenger and of Jordan and Evermann renders a full account

unnecessary, but I have examined the examples in the British Museum collection.

Synopsis of the Species of Mexican Percide.

I. Dorsal XTJI-X VII 12-17; lateral lime complete. . . . . . . Percina caprodes.

Il. Dorsal IX-—XII 9-18; lateral line incomplete.

A. Lateral line forming a curve above the pectoral. Anal Il 6-8 . Etheostoma fusiforme.

B. Lateral line nearly straight.

a. Anal II 6-8.

Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep . . . . . . 2 1... OE. pottsii.

Caudal peduncle nearly twice aslongasdeep . . . . . . . . .) . OK. lepidum.

6. AnalI 7-8 . . 2... wee ee ee E. australe.

III. Dorsal VI10 . 2. 2... ww ee ew. E., laterale.

1. PERCINA, Haldeman, 1842.

Percina, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. 1. p. 56 (1895).

1. Percina caprodes, Rafin., 1818.

Percina caprodes, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 57 (1895) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, p. 1026. .

Depth of body 5 to 63 in the length, length of head + to 437. Snout projecting beyond the mouth, which is

inferior. Dorsal XIII-XVII 12-17. Anal II 9-12. Scales 90-95 =". Lateral line complete.

Olivaceous, with numerous dark vertical bars, usually alternately long and short.

Hab. Nortu America, Great Lakes to the Rio Grande.

This is the largest of all the Darters, attaining a length of 200 mm.

2. ETHEOSTOMA, Rafin., 1819.

Etheostoma, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 64 (1895).

1. Etheostoma fusiforme, Girard, 1854.

Etheostoma fusiforme, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 75 (1895).

Boleichthys fusiformis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvi. 1896, p. 1101.

Depth of body 4 to 6 in the length, length of head 31 to 4. Dorsal [IX-X 9-12. Anal II 6-8. Scales

43-60 a Lateral line incomplete, forming a curve above the pectoral. Olivaceous, with darker spots

and cross-bars.

Hab. Norta America, Massachusetts to the Rio Grande.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, Ledruary 1907. F

34 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

2. Etheostoma pottsii, Girard, 1859.

Etheostoma pottsii, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 74 (1895) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii, 1896, p. 1083.

Depth of body 34 to 4 in the length, length of head 34 to 33. Dorsal IX-X1 10-12. Anal II7. Seales

44-50 oti Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Olive, barred and marbled with brownish.

Hab. Mexico, Chihuahua and Durango.

3. Etheostoma lepidum, Baird & Girard, 1853.

Etheostoma lepidum, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 73 (1895) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 1089.

Depth of body 42 in the length, length of bead 4}. Dorsal IX-X 10-13. Anal II 6-8. Scales 48-54 ae

Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep. Olive, with some more or less distinct dark vertical bars.

Hab. Nortu America, Texas. —Mexico, Chihuahua.

4. Etheostoma australe, Jordan, 1888.

Etheostoma australe, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 88 (1895) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 1081.

Depth of body 4342 in the length, length of head 34 to 33. Dorsal X-XII 9-11. Anal 17-8. Scales

58-66 aan Olive, with about 10 strongly-marked dark vertical bars.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Conchos in Chihuahua.

5. Etheostoma laterale, Girard, 1859.

Etheostoma laterale, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. 1. p. 87 (1895).

Alvarius lateralis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1099.

Body slender, elongate. Dorsal VI 10. Anal 8. Scales very small. Brownish, spotted with black; a

narrow blackish lateral stripe, which extends round the snout ; first dorsal with a black spot on its upper

posterior edge; caudal barred.

Hab. Rio GRANDE.

Fam. 8. CENTRARCHIDZE.

This family comprises the Indo-Pacific genus AKuhlia and the allied Hdelia and

Nanoperca from the fresh waters of Australia, and about thirty species, which

may be grouped into eight or nine genera, from the fresh waters of North America.

Six species range into Northern Mexico, but only one of them extends further south

than the southern tributaries of the Rio Grande.

These may be distinguished from other Perch-like fishes of Mexico by the following

combination of characters :—

«A single dorsal fin, with X-XI 10-13 rays, the middle spines the longest ; anal with III 8-12 rays;

ventrals below or a little behind the base of pectorals, close together, each with I 5 rays, without scaly

axillary process. Lateral line concurrent with the dorsal profile. Head without spines or serre.”

MICROPTERUS. 35

With the exception of Micropterus salmonoides, a characteristic feature is the

prolongation of the operculum as a blackish membranous flap.

In view of the recent work on this group of Boulenger and Jordan and Evermann,

a full account would be superfluous. I have, however, examined the specimens in the

British Museum, and have prepared a synopsis of the Mexican species.

Synopsis of the Mexican Species of Centrarchide.

I. Supramaxillary bone well developed.

Dorsal X 12-13. Anal III 10-11. Scales 65-70 an Depth of

body 8to 3$inthelength . . . . 2... . . .

Dorsal X-XI 10-11. Anal III 8-9. Scales 45-55 =1,. Depth of

body 2to 2hinthe length . . . . . . . 1 1 « « . Apomotis cyanellus.

Micropterus salmonoides.

IL. Supramaxillary bone absent or rudimentary.

A. Pectoral much shorter than the head, not extending to above the anal. Dorsal X 10-12.

Anal IIT 8-10.

Scales 36-45 ,>°. Depth of body 13-24 in the length.

14-16°

Longest dorsal spine about } the length of head. . . . . Lepomis megalotis.

Scales 35-38 ¢:. Depth of body 23 in the length. Longest

dorsal spine nearly } the length of head . . . . . . « L. haplognathus.

B. Pectoral as long as or a little longer than the head, extending to above the anal spines.

Dorsal X 11-12. Anal TIT 11-12.

Scales 48-52 Fw ee ee ee ee. Eupomotis pallidus.

Seales 34-40 27 2. 2 ee ee ee ee KL heros.

13-15

1. MICROPTERUS, Lacep., 1802.

Micropterus, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 14 (1895).

1. Micropterus salmonoides, Lacep., 1802.

Micropterus salmonoides, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 16 (1895); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1012.

Hab. Nort America, east of the Rocky Mountains, from the Red River and the Great

Lakes to Tamaulipas.

‘The “‘Large-mouthed Black Bass” is at once distinguished from other Mexican

Centrarchide by the larger mouth, the more elongate body, and the absence of a

membranous prolongation of the operculum.

36 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

2. APOMOTIS, Rafin., 1819.

Apomotis, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 18 (1895).

1. Apomotis cyanellus, Rafinesque, 1819.

Apomotis cyanellus, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 21 (1895); Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 996.

Hab. Norra America, east of the Rocky Mountains, from the Great Lakes to the Rio

Grande and its tributaries.

3. LEPOMIS, Rafin., 1819.

Lepomis, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 23 (1895).

1. Lepomis megalotis, Rafinesque, 1820.

Lepomis megalotis, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 26 (1895); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 1002.

Lepidopomus occidentalis, Meek, Pbl. Columbian Mus. Zool. v. 1904, p. 192, t. 12.

Hab. Nort AMERICA, east of the Rocky Mountains, from the Great Lakes to the Rio

Grande and its tributaries.

9. Lepomis haplognathus, Cope, 1885.

Eupomotis haplognathus, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 372 (1895).

Lepomis haplognathus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1004.

Lepidopomus haplognathus, Meek, Pbl. Columbian Mus. Zool. v. 1904, p. 192.

Hab. Mexico, Monterey.

This species, described by Cope and re-described by Meek from specimens taken at

Monterey, may be identical with L. garmani, Forbes, from Illinois, which is probably

not distinct from L. miniatus, Jord., ranging from Texas to Florida.

4, EUPOMOTIS, Gill & Jord., 1877.

Eupomotis, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 28 (1895).

1. Hupomotis pallidus, Mitchill, 1815.

Eupomotis pallidus, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 23 (1895).

Lepomis pallidus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1005.

Hab. Norn America, east of the Rocky Mountains, from the Great Lakes to the Rio

Grande and its tributaries.

2. Hupomotis heros, Baird & Girard, 1894.

Eupomotis heros, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 82 (1895) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvu.

1896, p. 1007.

Hab. Norvu America, Southern Indiana to Florida and the Rio Grande and its

tributaries.

GERRES. 37

Fam. 9. LIOGNATHIDA.

The Liognathide comprise the four genera Gerres, Pentaprion, Liognathus, and

Gazza. The three last-named appear to be exclusively marine and are confined to the

tropical Indo-Pacific. Gerres is found in all tropical seas, and most of the species

appear to freely enter fresh water.

1. GERRES, Cuv., 1829.

Gerres, Giinth. Cat. Fish. iv. p. 252 (1862).

Eucinostomus, Ulema, Xystema, and Gerres, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898,

pp. 1867, 1371, 1372, and 1373.

Body compressed; scales large or moderate, cycloid or finely ctenoid. Lateral line complete. Mouth

moderate, very protractile ; maxillary exposed; jaws equal anteriorly ; bands of small villiform teeth in

Jaws ; palate toothless. Préorbital and preoperculum entire or finely serrated. A single dorsal with

IX 10 rays, with a scaly sheath at the base ; second or third dorsal spine the longest ; anal with IT-III

7-9 rays; caudal forked; pectoral asymmetrical, pointed ; ventrals a little behind the base of pectorals,

with I 5 rays ; a scaly process at base of spine of each ventral fin.

Hab. Tropical seas, entering rivers.

The American species of Gerres number seventeen, and although only a small

proportion of these have been recorded from rivers or lakes in Mexico and Central

America, we may feel quite sure that most of them are to be met with there. It is

rather a difficult matter to know how to deal with such a group in a work on fresh-

water fishes, but I have thought it more useful to prepare a synopsis of all the

American species, based on an examination of the available material, rather than to

give descriptions of the few definitely known to occur in the fresh waters of Mexico

and Central America.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Preeoperculum entire.

A. Anal III 7.

1. Second anal spine 4} the length of head ; second dorsal spine a little longer than

third; depth of body 23-21 in the length.

5 or 53 scales between lateral line and middle of dorsal fin . . . . . . . UL. cinereus.

4 scales between lateral line and middle of dorsal fin . . . . . . . . . 2. simillimus.

2. Second anal spine from less than } to slightly more than } the length of head ; second

dorsal spine a little shorter than third.

a, Premaxillary processes (measured from anterior edge of upper jaw to their posterior

extremities) more than 4 the length of head.

Snout a little shorter than eye; maxillary extending to below anterior margin

of eye; depth of body 2}-22 in the length; 7 gill-rakers on the lower

partofanteriorarch . . 2... kk gula.

58 ACANTHOPTERYGIL.

Snout as long as eye; maxillary extending to below anterior 4 of eye; depth of

body 23-3 in the length; 8 guirakers on the lower part of anterior arch. 4. harengulus.

6. Premaxillary processes } the length of head; 7 gill-rakers on the lower part of

anterior arch.

Depth of body 24-24 inthelength . 2... . . . ee ee ee. 5. ealiforniensis.

Depth of body 8-32 inthelength . . . . . 1. ) ee ee ee + 6. pseudogula.

B. Anal IL8. 7. lefroyi.

II. Preoperculum finely serrated.

A. Preorbital entire; no conspicuous dark longitudinal lines along the series of scales.

1. Anal III 8.

a. Second dorsal spine from # to as long as the head.

Maxillary extending nearly to below middle of eye (in specimens of 220 mm.) ;

4, scales between pectoral and ventral. . . . . © - . . . + + . 8. peruvianus.

Maxillary extending to below anterior 4 of eye (in a specimen of 220 mm.) ;

3 scales between pectoral and ventral. . . . . - - + - + + ~ + 9 oltthostomus.

b. Second dorsal spine } the length ofhead . . . . . . . . . 10. aureolus.

2, AnalII9 . . 1. ee ee ee ee ee ee ee LL. rhombeus.

B. Preorbital finely serrated; conspicuous dark longitudinal lines along the series of scales.

1. Pectoral extending to, or nearly to, origin of anal.

a. Second anal spine as long as longest dorsal spine.

a. Anal III 8.

4 scales between lateral line and middle of dorsal fin ; 15 gill-rakers on the

lower part of anterior arch . . 2 . - - toe ee ew wee 12. Lineatus.

3 scales between lateral line and middle of dorsal fin; 12 gill-rakers on the

lower part of anterior arch . 2 2. ee ee eee ee ee 18, aaillaris.

8 AnallJI7 ... . Loe ee . . . . . 14. patao.

b. Second anal spine #—3 as long as longest dorsal spine. ‘Anal Ill 8. 15. plumieri.

2. Pectoral not extending. to origin of anal. Anal ITI 8.

Second anal spine # as long as longest dorsal spine; pectoral 7-% the length

ofhead. . . . . . Co ee ee ee ee ee ee 16. brevimanus.

Second anal spine 2 as long as longest dorsal spine ; pectoral as long as head. 17. mexicanus.

1. Gerres cinereus, Walbaum, 1792.

NXystema cinereum (part.), Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 1872, and 1900,

fig. 556.

Hab. Atlantic Coasts from Florida to Brazil; freshwater ponds of Barbados.

2. Gerres simillimus, sp.n. (Tab. VIII. fig. 2.)

Xystema cinereum (part.), Jord. & Everm. |. c.

Depth of body 24-24 in the length, length of head 8 to 3}. Snout as long as or longer than eye, the

diameter of which is more than } the length of head; interorbital width 2? to 3 in the length of head.

Maxillary extending to below anterior + of eye. Preorbital and preoperculum entire. 8 gill-rakers

on the lower part of the anterior arch. 40-43 scales in a longitudinal series, 4 between lateral line and

GERRES. oY

middle of dorsal fin. Dorsal IX 10; second spine longest, 2 the length of head. Anal Il] 7; second

spine not longer than third, about 2 the length of head. Pectoral longer than the head. Caudal deeply

forked. Silvery, back brownish ; about 10 narrow bluish vertical bars on the upper part of the side :

dorsal and caudal fins dusky.

Hab. Pacific Coast from Lower California to Panama:

Rio Presidio, Mexico.

This species differs slightly from its Atlantic representative (G. cinereus) in the

fewer scales, larger head, longer maxillary, and longer second anal spine, whilst the

bars on the sides are usually more numerous.

3. Gerres gula, Cuv. & Val., 1830.

Eucinostomus gula, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1870.

Hab. Atlantic Coast from Carolina to Brazil.

The top of the head is covered with scales to the level of the nostrils except for a

small rounded or oval naked area completely surrounded by scales, overlying the

premaxillary spines.

4. Gerres harengulus, Goode & Bean, 1879.

Eucinostomus harengulus, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1368.

Hab. Atlantic Coast from Florida to Bahia.

5. Gerres californiensis, Gill, 1862.

Eucinostomus dowt, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 13867.

Eucinostomus californiensis, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1369.

Hab. Pacific Coast from California to Panama:

Rio Mascota, Mexico (Buller).

6. Gerres pseudogula, Poey, 1875.

Eucinostomus pseudogula, Jord. & Kverm. t. c. p. 1368.

Hab. Atlantic Coast from the Bermudas to Brazil.

7. Gerres lefroyi, Goode, 1874.

Ulema lefroyi, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1371.

Eucinostomus meeki, Kigenm. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm, xxii. 1902, p. 229, fig. 10 (1904).

Hab. Atlantic Coast from the Bermudas to Cuba; rivers of Cuba.

8. Gerres peruvianus, Cuv. & Val., 1830.

Gerres peruvianus, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1376.

Hab. Pacific Coast from Mexico to Peru; Rio Guayas, Ecuador.

40 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

9. Gerres olithostomus, Goode & Bean, 188%.

Gerres olithostomus, Jord. & Everm. 1. c., and 1900, fig. 557.

Hab. Atlantic Coast from Florida to Brazil; Indian River, Florida.

10. Gerres aureolus, Jord. & Gilb., 1882.

Gerres aureolus, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1875.

Hab. Pacific Coast of Panama.

11. Gerres rhombeus, Cuv. & Val., 1830.

Gerres rhombeus, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1874.

Hab. Atlantic Coast from Cuba to Brazil; Rio Magdalena, Colombia.

12. Gerres lineatus, Humboldt.

Gerres lineatus (part.), Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1377.

Hab. Pacific Coast of Mexico: freshwater lake at Acapulco.

13. Gerres axillaris, Giinth., 1864.

Gerres lineatus (part.), Jord. & Everm. 1. ¢.

Hab, Brackish-water lakes at Chiapam, Guatemala (Salvin).

14, Gerres patao, Poey, 1868.

Gerres brasilianus (part.), Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1878.

fab. Atlantic Coast from Cuba to Bahia.

15. Gerres plumieri, Cuv. & Val., 1830.

Gerres brasilianus (part.), Jord. & Everm. 1. ec.

Gerres embryx, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1379.

Gerres plumieri, Jord. & Everm. 1. ¢.

Hab. Atlantic Coast from Florida to Brazil:

Indian River, Florida; Lake Yzabal, Guatemala (Salvin); Rio Magdalena,

Colombia.

As in other species of the genus, the dorsal and anal spines become relatively shorter

during growth. ‘Thus in specimens of 140 mm. the second dorsal spine is as long as or

a little longer than the head, in one of 185 mm. it is $ the length of the head. Gerres

embrya, Jord. & Starks, is based on examples of 500 mm. with the second dorsal spine

2 the length of head. Gerres brasilianus, Cuv. & Val., was described as in every way

similar to G. pluméieri, except for the shorter dorsal spines,

GERRES.—POMADASIS. 4]

16. Gerres brevimanus, Giinth., 1864.

Gerres brevimanus, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1877.

Hab. Brackish-water lakes at Chiapam, Guatemala (Salvin); Pacific Coast of Panama.

17. Gerres mexicanus, Steind., 1863.

Gerres mexicanus, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1380.

Ilab. Rio Teapa, Mexico.

Fam. 10. POMADASIDA.

A large and important group of marine fishes, chiefly from tropical seas. The

species of the widely distributed genus Pomadasis are numerous, but only a few ascend

rivers. About thirty-five members of this genus are found on the coast of Tropical

America, and six of these are known to enter rivers freely and must be considered

here.

1. POMADASIS, Lacep., 1808.

Pristipoma, Ginth. Cat. Fish. 1. p. 286 (1859).

Body compressed ; scales small or of moderate size, ctenoid. Lateral line complete, usually curved. Mouth

rather small or of moderate size, protractile; entire length of upper edge of maxillary slipping under the

preorbital; jaws equal anteriorly or the lower somewhat the shorter ; bands of small villiform teeth in

the jaws; palate toothless. A median pit or groove behind the symphysis of the lower jaw. Pre-

operculum serrated ; serra on lower limb not directed forwards. A single dorsal, with X—-XIV 10-18

rays, with a more or less distinct scaly sheath at the base ; soft fin not densely covered with small scales.

Anal with III 7-13 rays. Caudal truncate or forked. Pectoral asymmetrical, pointed ; ventrals below

or a little behind the base of the pectorals, with 15 rays; a scaly process at the base of spine of each

ventral fin.

IIab. Tropical and subtropical seas, a few species entering rivers.

Synopsis of the Species found in the Rivers of Meaico and Central America.

Scales above the lateral line in series parallel to the lateral line. Dorsal XI-XIII 11-17. Anal III 6-9 *.

I. A series of small scales on the membrane behind each branched ray of the dorsal fin.

Second anal spine not longer than third . . . . 2... se + + + + Ld, leuciscus.

Second anal spine longer than third. . 2... 1 6 ee ee te macracanthus.

* Other species which present these features and which may prove to be fluviatile are P. nitidus, P. axillaris,

and P. panamensis from the Pacific Coast, and P. corvineformis from the Atlantic. P. panamensis is related to

P. crocro, the others to P. leuciscus. The genus Conodon, with a species on each coast, is very close to

Pomadasis of the type of P. branicki. It is distinguished by the enlarged outer teeth and the strongly serrated

preopercle, with antrorse serre below the angle.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, February 1907. G

42 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

II. Dorsal fin scaleless, except at the base ; second anal spine longer than third.

A. Maxillary not extending beyond the vertical from anterior margin of eye.

Second anal spine 2 the length of head; depth of body 3in the length . . . 8. dbranicki.

Second anal spine 3 to 7 the length of head; depth of body 34 in the length . 4. bowcardi.

B. Maxillary extending to below anterior part of eye.

60-70 scales inalongitudinal series. . 2. 2. 2 2. 2. ww. OB batyanus.

54-62 scalesina longitudinal series. . 2. . 2. . 2... we OB. eroero.

1. Pomadasis leuciscus.

Pristipoma leuciscus, Ginth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 1471, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 416,

t. 66. fig. 3°.

Pomadasis leuciscus, Jord. & Gilb. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 387°; Jord. & Fesler, Rep. U.S.

Fish. Comm. 1893, p. 495 *.

Brachydeuterus leuciscus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S, Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 1827°; Gilb. &

Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 109°.

Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 3. Snout a little longer than eye, the diameter of which is

4—5 in the length of head; interorbital width 44-42% in the length of head. Preorbital deep, its depth

greater than the diameter of eye. Maxillary not quite reaching the vertical from the anterior margin of

eye. 11 or 12 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. 50-56 scales in a longitudinal series,

5 between lateral line and middle of dorsal fin. Dorsal XII 14-15; third or fourth spine longest, 3 or

less than 3 the length of head. Anal III 7-8; second spine not longer than third, 1-3 the length of

head. Pectoral $-3 the length of head. Caudal emarginate. Silvery, back darker; indistinct dark

longitudinal lines on the side; edge of opercular membrane blackish; often a blackish blotch in the axil

of pectoral; dorsal and caudal fins dusky.

Hab. Pacific Coast from California to Peru, entering rivers :

Lower California®.—Mexico, Mazatlan®; Guatemala, San José and Chiapam

(Salvin 1?) ; Panama®® (Dow ?).—Northern Peru ®.

Here described from four specimens, 260-300 mm. in total length, from Panama

and Chiapam.

2. Pomadasis macracanthus.

Pristipoma macracanthum, Ginth. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1864, p. 146', and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868,

p- 416, t. 64. fig. 1”.

Pomadasis macracanthus, Jord. & Fesler, Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1893, p. 493°; Jord. & Everm.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 1332 *.

Depth of body 23-3 in the length, length of head 24-3. Snout 14-12 as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 43-53 in the length of head; interorbital width 44-5 in the length of head. Maxillary not extending

to below the eye. 15 or 16 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. 44~49 scales in a longitudinal

series, 4 or 5 between lateral line and middle of dorsal fin. Dorsal XII 13; fourth or fifth spine longest,

2-4 the length of head. Anal III 8; second spine longest, about 3 the length of head. Pectoral

a8 long, or nearly as long, as the head. Caudal slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle about 1} as

long as deep. Back dark; lower part of side silvery; sometimes 3 or 4 dark cross-bars on the side ;

fins dusky.

POMADASIS. 43

Hab. Pacific Coast of Tropical America, entering rivers:

Mexico, Rio Presidio (Forrer); Guatemala, Chiapam !24 (Salvin); Panama‘.

Here described from six specimens, 220-340 mm. in total length, including the

types of the species.

3. Pomadasis branicki.

Pristipoma branicki, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xn. p. 28 (1879) °.

Pomadasis branicki, Jord. & Fesler, Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1893, p. 493°; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 18347.

Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 3. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which is 34 in the

length of head ; interorbital width 4 in the length of head. Maxillary not extending to below the eye.

12 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch, 50 scales in a longitudinal series, 44 between lateral

line and middle of dorsal fin. Dorsal XIII 12; fourth spine longest, 2 the length of head. Anal III7;

second spine longest, 2? the length of head. Pectoral a little shorter than head. Caudal truncate.

Silvery, back darker ; vertical fin dusky ; soft part of dorsal with 3 series of spots.

Hab. Pacific Coasts of Tropical America, entering rivers:

Mexico, Mazatlan 3, Chiapas? ; Panama ®.—Peru}.

Here described from a specimen from Mazatlan, 165 mm. in total length.

4. Pomadasis boucardi.

? Pristipoma ramosum, Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii. p. 186 (1860) *.

Pristipoma boucardi, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ix. 1869, p. 120, t. 1”.

Pomadasis ramosus, Jord. & Fesler, Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1893, p. 494°; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 1334°.

Pomadasis templei, Meck, Pbl. Columbian Mus. Zool. v. 1904, p. 201, t. 14°.

Depth of body 33 in the length, length of head 31. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which is 33 in the

length of head ; interorbital width 43-5 in the length of head. Maxillary extending to or nearly to

the vertical from the anterior margin of eye. 11 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. 52-55

scales in a longitudinal series, 6 between lateral line and middle of dorsal fin. Dorsal XIII 12; fourth

or fifth spine longest, 4-2 the length of head. Anal III 6; second spine longest, §—-{ the length of

head. Pectoral 3 the length of head. Caudal very slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncie 1? as long as

deep. Back dark; lower part of side silvery, with a more or less distinct longitudinal stripe ; dorsal and

caudal fins dusky.

Hab. Atlantic Coasts of Tropical America, entering rivers : |

Gulf of Mexico2; Mexico, Valles®, Perez®, and the Rio Tonto (Gadow) in

Vera Cruz.—Cuba!; Haiti‘.

Here described from two specimens, 170 and175 mm. in total length, from the Rio

Tonto, Southern Mexico.

5. Pomadasis bayanus.

Pristipoma humile (non Bowd.), Kner & Steind. Abh. Bayer. Ak. x. 1866, p. 3, t. 1. fig. 1°.

Pomadasis humilis, Jord. & Fesler, Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1893, p. 492’.

G 2

44 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

Pomadasis bayanus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 1831°; Meek, Pbl.

Columbian Mus. Zool. v. 1904, p. 201 *.

Pristipoma labraciforme, Bouleng. Boll. Mus. Torino, xiv. 1899, no. 335, p. 3”.

Depth of body 33-4 in the length, length of head 24-33. Snout 13-12 as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 43-53 in the length of head; interorbital width 43-5 in the length of head. Maxillary extending a

little beyond anterior margin of pupil. 12 or 13 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. 60-70

scales in a longitudinal series, 7 or 8 between middle of dorsal fin and lateral line. Dorsal XIII 12;

fourth or fifth spine longest, a little more than 4 the length of head. Anal III 7,second spine longest,

3-4 the length of head. Pectoral 3-2 the length of head. Caudal very slightly emarginate. Caudal

e e

peduncle 13-1? as long as deep. Silvery, back darker ; dorsal and caudal fins dusky.

flab. Pacific Coast of Tropical America, entering rivers:

Lower California +-—Mexico, Rio Mascota in Jalisco (Buller); Panama, Rio

Bayano !*.—Kcuador, St. Helena Bay®, Rio Durango (Rosenberg).

Here described from specimens measuring from 160 to 260 mm. in total length.

6. Pomadasis crocro.

Pristipoma crocro, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. p. 264 (1830)*; Giinth. Cat. Fish. i. p. 296

(1859) *, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 386°.

Pristipoma cultriferum, Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii. p. 185 (1860) *.

Pomadasys approximans, Bean & Dresel, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1884, p. 160°.

Pomadasis crocro, Jord. & Fesler, Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1893, p. 493°; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 138337".

Pomadasys starri, Meek, Pbl. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 200, t. 13°.

Depth of body 33-83 in the length, length of head 3-33. Snout 11-13 as long as eye, the diameter of

which is 4-5 in the length of head; interorbital width 44-5 in the length of head. Maxillary extending

to below anterior 4 of eye. 11 or 12 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. 54-62 scales

in a longitudinal series, 6 or 7 between lateral line and middle of dorsal fin. Dorsal XIII 11-12; fifth

spine longest, 3 the length of head or less. Anal III 7; second spine longest, 3-3 the length of head.

Pectoral 3 the length of head. Caudal very slightly emarginate. Caudal peduncle about 13 as long as

deep. Back dark, sides silvery, sometimes with 2 or 3 dark longitudinal stripes; dorsal and caudal

fins dusky.

Hab. Atlantic Coasts of Tropical America, entering rivers :

Mexico 2 3, Perez in Vera Cruz®; Guatemala, Rio Motagua (Salvin *).—Cuba 4 ;

Jamaica®; Martinique!; Brazil®’.

Here described from specimens measuring from 190 to 280 mm. in total length.

Fam. 11. CENTROPOMIDA.

The Centropomide, or Centropomine (if they be regarded as a subfamily of the

Serranide), are a natural and sharply-defined group, represented on the coasts and

in the rivers of Tropical America by the genus Centropomus and including also the

Old-World genera Lates and Psanumoperca, found in the rivers of Tropical Africa and

on the coasts and in the rivers of South-eastern Asia and Northern Australia.

CENTROPOMUS. 45

1. CENTROPOMUS, Lacep., 1802.

Centropomus, Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 366 (1895); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, p. 1117.

Body compressed ; scales small or of moderate size, finely ctenoid. Lateral line nearly straight, continued to

the end of the caudal fin. Mouth rather large, protractile; maxillary exposed ; lower jaw projecting ;

bands of villiform teeth with obtuse crowns in jaws and on vomer and palatines. Praorbital and supra-

clavicle serrated. Praoperculum with a ridge parallel to its free edge, bearing 1 or 2 spines at the angle ;

edge of preeoperculum serrated, with enlarged serra or spines at the angle ; suboperculum produced into

a long flap. Two dorsals, with VIII, 1 9-11 rays; the first spine very small, the second short, the third

or fourth the longest; anal short, with III 6-7 rays; caudal forked; pectoral asymmetrical, obtusely

pointed; ventrals behind base of pectorals, with I 5 rays; a scaly process at the base of the spine of each

ventral fin.

Hab. Coasts and rivers of Tropical America.

I am glad to have the opportunity of attempting a revision of this interesting and

difficult genus, and, after examination of all the specimens in the British Museum

collection, I have arrived at the conclusion that none of the species occur on both the

Pacific and Atlantic Coasts.

Although marine, nearly all the species are known to ascend rivers for considerable

distances, so that they must be included in the fresh-water fauna.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Anal with 7 branched rays; opercular flap not extending to the vertical from origin of dorsal ;

second and third anal spines of equal length, or the second slightly the shorter.

66-72 scales in a longitudinal series, 84 between middle of second dorsal and

lateralline . 2... we ee ee ee eee ee ww we OL petinatus.

56-65 scales in a longitudinal series, 64 to 74 between middle of second dorsal

and lateral line . «© 2. 1 ee ee eee eee ee wR. medius.

II. Anal with 6 (exceptionally 7) branched rays.

A. Opercular flap extending to the vertical from origin of dorsal ; 75-88 scales

in a longitudinal series ; second anal spine a little longer than the third. 3. parallelus.

B. Opercular flap not extending to the vertical from origin of dorsal; 65-80 scales in a

eae series.

. Third dorsal spine usually the longest, about 4 the length of head; 65-75

scales in a longitudinal series, 7} to 83 between middle of second dorsal

and lateral line.

Second anal spine usually slightly longer than the third, }—} the length

of the fish (4 in specimens of 295-330 mm.) ; vent at more than 4

of the distance from base of ventral spine to origin of anal. . . . 4. undectmalis.

Second anal spine not longer than the third, nearly + the length of the

fish (in specimens of 320-345 mm.); vent at less than 2 of the

distance from base of ventral spine to origin of anal. . . . . 5. viridis.

2. Third or fourth dorsal spine the longest, 2? the length of head ; 73-80

scales in a longitudinal series, 9 or 10 between middle of second dorsal

and lateral line; second anal spine not longer than the third. . . . 6. nigrescens.

46 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

C. Opercular flap extending to or beyond the vertical from origin of dorsal; 48-60 scales in a

longitudinal series.

1, 17-19 gill-rakers, including 2 to 4 rudiments, on the lower part of

anterior arch; 5 to 63 scales between middle of second dorsal and

lateral line.

Third dorsal spine longer than fourth; second anal spine about } the

length of the fish (in specimens of 300 mm.) . . . . . . . . 7. robalito.

Third and fourth dorsal spines subequal ; second anal spine about + the

length of the fish (in specimens of nearly 300mm.) . . . . . . 8. ensiferus.

(~)

- 18-15 gill-rakers, including 2 or 8 rudiments, on the lower part of

anterior arch; 7 to 84 scales between middle of second dorsal and

lateral line.

Third anal spine 3-4 as long as second, which is 2- 4 the length of the

fish (in specimens of 210-260 mm.) . . .. . 9. armatus.

Third anal spine # as long as second, which is 4 the length of the fish

(in a specimen of 170mm.) . . .. .. . . . » 10. altus.

Third anal spine nearly as long as second, which is less than 4 the length

of the fish (ina specimen of 260mm.) . . . . . . . . . « LL. unionensis.

The length of the fish is measured from the tip of the snout to the base of the caudal

fin, that of the head from the tip of the snout to the extremity of the opercular flap,

which appears to be a true prolongation of the suboperculum and distinct from the

branchiostegal membrane; the projecting lower jaw is not included in either case.

The scales are counted in a longitudinal series above the lateral line from the supra-

clavicle to the base of the caudal fin, not including the scales covering the basal part

of the fin.

In using the descriptions the size of the specimens described must be taken into

account. Young specimens have the head proportionately longer, eye larger, snout

and maxillary shorter and vertical fins more developed than the adults.

In the case of C. nigrescens the second anal spine is described as 4-4 the length of the

fish in specimens of 150-300 mm. in total length; 7. ¢.,4in the smallest example and +

in the largest. C. wndecimalis also is described as having the second anal spine ++ 1 the

length of the fish, but this is in specimens of 230-600 mm. in total length, the spine

being longer in this species than in C. nigrescens, when examples of the same size are

compared.

1. Centropomus pectinatus.

Centropomus undecimalis (part.), Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii. p. 102 (1828) '; Giinth. Cat.

Fish. i. p. 79 (1859) *.

Centropomus pectinaius, Poey, Mem. Cuba, i. p. 121 (1860)*, and Repert. ii. p. 280 (1868) *

Vaill. & Boc. Miss. Se. Mex., Poiss. p. 25 (1874) °; Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 368 (1895) °;

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 11227. |

Centropomus pedimacula, Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii. p. 122 (1860) °, and Repert. i. p. 280 (1868) °

CENTROPOMUS. 47

Vaill. & Boc. Miss. Sci. Mex., Poiss. p. 29"; Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xxxix. 1878,

p. 22".

Centropomus cuviert, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) ix. 1868, p. 91'* ; Vaill. & Boc. Miss. Sci. Mex.,

Poiss. p. 26, t. 1 ter. fig. 1.

Centropomus pedimacula (part.), Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1119“.

Depth of body about 33 in the length, length of head 23. Snout 1-14 as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 4-43 in the length of head ; interorbital width 64 in the length of head. Maxillary extending to

below anterior 3 of eye, its greatest width 3 the diameter of eye or less. Prexorbital acutely serrated,

preoperculum acutely serrated, with 2 or 3 enlarged serre at the angle ; prwopercular ridge with 2 serrx

at the angle. _Operenlar flap not reaching the vertical from origin of dorsal. 16 or 17 gill-rakers,

including 1 or 2 rudiments, on the lower part of anterior arch. 66-72 scales in a longitudinal series,

82 between middle of second dorsal and lateralline. Dorsal VIII,110; third spine a little longer than

the fourth, a little more than 4 the length of head. Anal III 7; second and third spines of equal length

or the second slightly the shorter, } or 2 the length of the fish. Pectoral a little more than 3 the length

of head. Ventrals extending beyond the vent, which is nearly equidistant from base of inner ventral

ray and origin of anal. Caudal peduncle 13-14 as long as deep. Silvery, back brownish; lateral line

with or without brownish pigment ; spinous dorsal and membrane between second and third anal spines

dusky ; ventrals dusky at the tips.

Hab. Atiantic Coasts of ‘Tropical America, entering rivers :

Cuba *?4; San Domingo ®!718; Jamaica!4; Pernambuco 6,

Here described from two specimens, 160 and 230 mm. in total length, from San

Domingo and Pernambuco.

In this species the number of scales in a longitudinal series has been stated by

various authors at from 48 to 78. ‘These discrepancies are no doubt due to different

methods of counting. There are about 50 scales in the lateral line. I count 66 and

72 in a longitudinal series just above the lateral line, from supraclavicle to base of

caudal fin, excluding the scales covering the base of the fin. In the same two

specimens Boulenger has counted 70 and 78 scales.

2. Centropomus medius.

Centropomus medius, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 144’, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868,

p. 406°; Vaill. & Boe. Miss. Se. Mex., Poiss. p. 30 (1874) °.

Centropomus grandoculaius, Everm. & Jenkins, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. 1888, p. 139*; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1120°.

Centropomus pedimacuia (non Poey), Jord. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. 1885, p. 376°; Bouleng.

Cat. Fish. i. p. 871 (1895) ”.

Centropomus pedimacula (part.), Jord. & Everm. t.c. p. 1119°; Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac.

Sci. iv. 1904, p. 90°.

Depth of body 33-4 in the length, length of head 23-3. Snout 13 —1# as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 43—6 in the length of head ; interorbital width O73 in the length of head. Maxillary extending to

below anterior ~ or 3 of eye, its greatest width 3-3 the diameter cf eye. Preorbital acutely serrated

posteriorly ; preoperculum acutely serrated, with Qe or 3 enlarged serre at the angle; praopercular ridge

with 1 or 2 weak spines at the angle. Opercular flap not reaching the vertical from origin of dorsal.

16 or 17 gill-rakers, including ] or 2 rudiments, on the lower part of anterior arch. 56-65 scales in a

longitudinal series, 63-73 between middle of second dorsal and lateral line. Dorsal VIII, I 10; third

48 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

spine the longest, 3-3 the length of head. Anal III 7; second and third spines of equal length or the

second slightly the shorter, 1—2 the length of the fish. Pectoral } or a little more than 4 the length of

head. Ventrals extending to or beyond the vent, which is nearly equidistant from base of inner ventral

ray and origin of anal. Caudal peduncle 14-1% as long as deep. Silvery, back darker; lateral line

black ; spinous dorsal and membrane between second and third anal spines blackish ; ventrals dusky at

the tips.

Hab. Pacific Coasts of Tropical America, entering rivers:

Mexico, Guaymas ‘4, Mazatlan §, San Juan Lagoon 5; Guatemala, Chiapam !?7

(Salvin); Panama ®.

Here described from seven specimens, 200-360 mm. in total length, from Chiapam

and Panama.

C. medius is the Pacific Coast representative of C. pectinatus, from which it scarcely

deserves to be specifically separated. The scales are less numerous and less crowded

anteriorly above the lateral line, the paired ridges on the head are weaker and further

apart, and the fin-spines usually more slender than in C. pectinatus. ‘The black

lateral line also appears to be a characteristic feature of the Pacific Coast form.

3. Centropomus parallelus.

Centropomus undecimalis (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. i. p. 79 (1859) *.

Centropomus parallelus, Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii. p. 120 (1860) *, and Repert. ii. p. 280 (1868) °;

Giinth. Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 407°; Vaill. & Boc. Miss. Sc. Mex., Poiss. p. 22

(1874) °; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvi. 1896, p. 1122°.

Centropomus appendiculatus (part.), Giinth. Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 406".

Centropomus meaxicanus, Bocourt, Ann. Se. Nat. (5) 1x. 1868, p. 90°; Vall. & Boe. o. c. p. 28,

t. 1. fig. 2°; Jord. & Everm. t.c. p. 1121"; Meek, Pbl. Columbian Mus. Zool. v. 1904,

p. 199”.

Centropomus parallelus (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Fish. 1. p. 8369 (1895) ™.

Centropomus gabbi, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1906, p. 428, fig. 1”.

Centropomus heringi, Fowler, t. c. p. 425, fig. 2".

Depth of body about 34 in the length, length of head 23-27. Snout 1j-1j as long as eye, the diameter of

which is 42-6 in the length of head ; interorbital width 7} in the length of head. Maxillary extending

to below middle of eye, its greatest width 3-3 the diameter of eye. Praorbital acutely serrated ;

preoperculum acutely serrated, with 2 or 3 enlarged serre at the angle; preopercular ridge with 2 spines

at the angle. Opercular flap extending to the vertical from the origin of dorsal. 14 gill-rakers,

including 2 or 3 rudiments, on the lower part of anterior arch. 75-88 scales in a longitudinal series,

8-11 between middle of second dorsal and lateral line. Dorsal VIII, 1 10; third or fourth spine longest,

i the length of head. Anal IIT 6; second spine a little longer than third, about 7 the length of the

fish. Pectoral a little more than 3 the length of head. Ventrals about reaching the vent, which is

situated very slightly nearer to the origin of anal than to the base of the inner ventral rays. Caudal

peduncle about 13 as long as deep. Silvery, back darker; lateral line usually more or less blackish ;

dorsal fins dusky.

Hab. Atlantic Coasts of Tropical America, entering rivers:

Mexico, Oaxaca’, San Francisco", Boca del Rio!!, El Hule!!, Perez",

and the Rio Tonto (Gadow) in Vera Cruz; Panama, Rio Chagres (Salvin *).—

Surinam !4; Brazil, Pernambuco !2, Bahia‘ !2; Cuba2??; Haiti4!21; Jamaica 4 12.

CENTROPOMUS. AQ

Here described from five specimens, 200-300 mm. in total length, from Pernambuco,

the Rio Chagres, and the Rio Tonto, Southern Mexico.

4, Centropomus undecimalis.

Sciena undecimalis, Bloch, Ausl. Fische, vi. p. 60, t. 203 (1792) '.

Platycephalus undecimalis, Schneid., Bloch’s Syst. Ichthyol. i. p. 59 (1801).

Centropomus undecimradiatus, Lacep. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv. p. 268 (1802) *.

Perca loubina, Lacep. t. ec. p. 418 *.

Sphyrena aureoviridis, Lacep. 0. c. v. p. 827, t. 9. fig. 2 (1808) °.

Centropomus undecimalis (part.), Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii. p. 102, t. 14 (1828) °; Ginth.

Cat. Fish. i. p. 79 (1859) *; Boulenger, Cat. Fish. i. p. 367 (1895)°; Gilb. & Starks, Mem.

Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 89°.

Centropomus undecimalis, Guichen. in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. Cuba, Poiss. p. 9 (1853) ”;

Vaill. & Boc. Miss. Sc. Mex., Poiss. p. 17, t. 2. fig. 1 (1874) "'; Steind. Denkschr. Ak.

Wien, xxxix. 1878, p. 21; Jord. & Gilb. Syn. Fish. N. A. p. 528 (1882) "*; Everm. &

Kendall, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1892, t. 37 (1894); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xlvu. 1896, p. 1118 ™.

Centropomus appendiculatus, Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii. p. 119 (1860) **, and Repert. ii. p. 280 (1868) ””.

Centropomus appendiculatus (part.), Giinth. Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 406™.

Centropomus parallelus (part.), Bouleng. t. c. p. 8369".

? Centropomus constantinus, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 1125”.

Centropomus argenteus, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiii. 1904, p. 260”.

Depth of body 33-43 in the length, length of head 22-24. Snout 13-2 as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 6-83 in the length of head; interorbital width 8-9 in the length of head. Maxillary extending to

below middle or posterior edge of eye, its greatest width 3-4 the diameter of eye. Praorbital weakly

serrated; preoperculum acutely serrated, the serree enlarged at the angle; 1 or 2 feeble spines at angle

of preopercular ridge. Opercular flap not reaching the vertical from origin of dorsal. 8 or 9 well-

developed gill-rakers and a few rudiments on the lower part of anterior arch. 67-75 scales in a

longitudinal series, 7-83 between middle of second dorsal and lateral line. Dorsal VIII, I 10; third

spine usually the longest, about 3 the length of head. Anal III 6; second and third spines subequal

in length, the second sometimes slightly the longer, {1 the length of the fish. Pectoral 2 or a little

more than 3 the length of head. Ventrals not reaching vent, which is situated at more than 2 of the

distance from base of ventral spine to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle 13-2 as long as deep. Silvery or

golden, back greenish ; lateral line usually blackish ; spinous dorsal dusky.

Hab. Atlantic Coasts of Tropical America, ascending rivers :

Mexico’; British Honduras, Belize 1!; Panama, Rio Chagres (Salvin 7 8 18), —

Cubat0l16l; Waitiol; Jamaica!?78; Porto Rico!!; Martinique®; Barbados!92!;

British Guiana !9?1; Cayenne*; Bahia2°; Rio Janeiro.

Here described from six specimens, 230-600 mm. in total length, from Jamaica,

Mexico, the Rio Chagres, and Rio Janeiro. The small examples from Barbados and

Guiana, referred by Boulenger to C. parallelus and described by me under the name

of C. argenteus, prove to be young individuals of this species.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, february 1907. H

50 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

5. Centropomus viridis.

Centropomus viridis, Lockington, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. viii. 1877, p.110'; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1118 °.

Centropomus undecimalis (part.), Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 89°.

Depth of body 4j-43 in the length, length of head 24-3. Snout 2-2} as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 8 in the length of head, interorbital width 7-74. Maxillary extending beyond middle of eye, its

greatest width + the diameter of eye. Preeorbital weakly serrated ; preeoperculum acutely serrated, the

serre enlarged at the angle; 1 or 2 feeble spines at angle of preopercular ridge. Opercular flap not

reaching the vertical from origin of dorsal. 8 or 9 well-developed gill-rakers and a few rudiments on the

lower part of anterior arch. 65-70 scales in a longitudinal series, 8 or 84 between middle of second

dorsal and lateral line. Dorsal VIII, 19; third spine longest, 4 the length of head. Anal IIT 6;

second and third spines subequal in length, nearly } the length of the fish. Pectoral 3 the length of

head. Ventrals not reaching vent, which is situated at about 3 of the distance from base of ventral

spine to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle 2 as long as deep. Silvery or golden, back greenish; lateral

line blackish; spinous dorsal dusky.

fab. Pacific Coasts of Tropical America:

Lower California, Asuncion I. !.—Mazatlan?; Panama? 3.

Here described from two specimens, 350 and 580 mm. in total length, from Panama

and Mazatlan.

As in its Atlantic representative, C. undecimaiis, the air-bladder has a pair of anterior

appendages. From C. wndecimalis, with which it has been confused, this species is

seen to differ, when specimens of the same size are compared, in the somewhat smaller

eye, broader interorbital region, broader maxillary, shorter anal spines, and more

anteriorly placed vent. Moreover, the two specimens here described agree in having

9 branched rays in the dorsal fin, whilst all I have seen of C. undecimalis have 10.

The principal differences are shown by the following measurements (in millimetres)

of the two specimens of C. viridis and the two of C. wndecimalis which come nearest

to them in size :—

C.” viridis. C. undecimalis.

o_* — oT TS

Length, to base of caudal .... 2.0... eee ee eee 320 345 295 330

Interorbital width 2.0... 0.0... cee eee ee eee ee 14 17 12 12

Length of second anal spine .... 2... 0. Le cee ee eee 45 49 51 54

Distance from base of ventral spine to vent ............ 70 80 70 88

» 5, vent to origin of anal............ 00.005 40 45 30 32

6. Centropomus nigrescens.

Centropomus nigrescens, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 144°, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868,

p. 407°; Vaill. & Boc. Miss. Sci. Mex., Poiss. p. 20, t. 1 bis, fig. 1 (1874) °; Bouleng. Cat.

Fish, 1. p. 868 (1895) *; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1119°; Gibb.

& Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 90°.

Centropomus undecimalis (part.), Bouleng. t. c. p. 367".

Depth of body 4 in the length, length of head 23-24. Snout 13-12 as long as eye, the diameter of which is

5-7 in the length of head ; interorbital width 7-7} in the length of head. Maxillary extending to below

CENTROPOMUS. dt

middle of eye or beyond, its greatest width 3-32 the diameter of eye. Praorbital weakly serrated; pre-

operculum acutely serrated, the serre enlarged at the angle; 1 or 2 feeble spines at angle of praopercular

ridge. Opercular flap not reaching the vertical from origin of dorsal. 8 or 9 well-developed gill-rakers

and a few rudiments on the lower part of anterior arch. 73-80 scales in a longitudinal series, 9 or 10

between middle of second dorsal and lateral line. Dorsal VIII, 110: third or fourth spine longest,

2 the length of head. Anal ITI 6; second and third spines subequal in length, $—} the length of the

fish. Pectoral 4 or a little more than 4 the length of head. Ventrals not reaching vent, which is

situated at about 2 of the distance from base of ventral spine to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle 13-2

as long as deep. Silvery, back brownish ; lateral line blackish; spinous dorsal usually blackish ; other

fins usually more or less dusky.

Hab. Pacific Coasts of Tropical America, entering rivers:

Mexico, Mazatlan45, Rio Presidio‘ (Forrer), Rio Mascota’ (Buller); Guate-

mala, Chiapam ! 2 (Salvin); Panama®°®.

Here described from three specimens, 150-300 mm. in total length, from the Rio

Presidio, the Rio Mascota, and Chiapam.

This species is very closely allied to C. viridis, but the anterior processes of the air-

bladder are wanting, whilst the third dorsal spine is shorter, the scales are somewhat

smaller, and the vent is placed a little further back. There appear to be constantly

10 branched rays in the second dorsal fin.

7. Centropomus robalito.

Centropomus armatus (non Gill), Giinth. Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 408°.

Centropomus robalito, Jord. & Gilb. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. 1882, p. 462°; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1123*; Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 94,

t. 18. fig. 25°.

Centropomus ensiferus (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Fish. 1. p. 869 (1895) °.

Depth of body 33-82 in the length, length of head 22-23. Snout 13-2 as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 6-74 in the length of head; interorbital width 8 in the length of head. Maxillary extending to below

middle of eye, or nearly, its greatest width 3-4 the diameter of eye. Praorbital acutely serrated

posteriorly ; preoperculum acutely serrated, with 1 or 2 enlarged serre at the angle ; praopercular ridge

with 1 or 2spines at the angle. Opercular flap extending a little beyond the vertical from origin of

dorsal. 17-19 gill-rakers, including 2 or 3 rudiments, on the lower part of anterior arch. 48-54 scales

in a longitudinal series, 5-64 between middle of second dorsal and lateral line. Dorsal VIII, 1 10;

spines of moderate strength, the third the longest, about 3 the length of head. Anal Iii 6; third spine

3-5 as long as second, which is from j to a little more than ; the length of the fish. Pectoral 2 as long

as head. Ventrals extending about to the vent, which is situated at 2 of the distance from base of

ventral spine to origin of anal, Caudal peduncle 14-13 as long as deep. Silvery or golden, back

brownish ; lateral line not blackish; spinous dorsal and membrane between second and third anai spines

usually blackish.

Hab. Pacific Coasts of Tropical America, entering rivers:

Mexico, Rio Presidio® (Forrer), Mazatlan 2°, Acapulco?*; Guatemala, Chia-

pam 15 (Salvin); Panama ?*.

Here described from nine specimens, 180-300 mm. in total length, from Panama,

Chiapam, Mazatlan, and the Rio Presidio.

52 ACANTHOPTERYGII.

8. Centropomus ensiferus.

Centropomus undecimalis (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. i. p. 79 (1859) °.

Centropomus ensiferus, Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii. p. 122, t. 12. fig. 1 (1860)*; Giinth. Trans. Zool. Soc.

vi. 1868, p. 408°; Vaill. & Boc. Miss. Sci. Mex., Poiss. p. 83 (1874) *; Steind. Denkschr.

Ak. Wien, xxxix. 1878, p. 21°; Jord. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. 1886, p. 89°; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 11257.

Centropomus affinis, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, xlix. i. 1864, p. 200, t. 1. fig. 1°; Waill. & Boc. Miss.

Sci. Mex., Poiss. p. 31, t. 1. fig. 1°.

Centropomus scaber, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) ix. 1868, p. 90°°.

Centropomus ensiferus (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 370 (1895) ”.

Depth of body 33-4 in the length, length of head 23-23. Snout 14-2 as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 6-8 in the length of head; interorbital width about 8 in the length of head. Maxillary extending to

below anterior or nearly to middle of eye, its greatest width 1-2 the diameter of eye. Preorbital

sharply serrated posteriorly ; preoperculum acutely serrated, the serra enlarged at the angle; pra-

opercular ridge with 1 or 2 spines at the angle. Opercular flap extending to or a little beyond the

vertical from origin of dorsal. 17-19 gill-rakers, including 3 or 4 rudiments, on the lower part of

anterior arch. 52-58 scales in a longitudinal series, 54-64 between middle of second dorsal and lateral

line. Dorsal VIII, 110; spines moderately strong, the third or fourth the longest, 2 2-1 the length of

head, Anal III 6; third spine 3-4 as long as the second, which is -? the length of the fish. Pectoral

3 the length of head. Ventrals extending nearly to the vent, which is situated at 2 of the distance from

base of ventral spine to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle 14-14 as long as deep. Silvery, back brownish ;

lateral line not blackish; spinous dorsal and membrane “between second and third anal spines usually

blackish.

Hab. Atlantic Coasts of Tropical America, entering rivers:

British Honduras, Belize }?1°1! (Salvin). —Cuba?; Jamaica!; Trinidad;

British Guiana!®™; Rio Janeiro®; Cajutuba ®.

Here described from five specimens from Belize, Trinidad, and Jamaica, 200-280 mm.

in total length.

9. Centropomus armatus.

Centropomus armatus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1863, p. 163'; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 1123°; Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 92, t. 13. fig. 26°.

Centropomus brevis, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 145°

Centropomus ensiferus (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 869 (1895) °.

Centropomus atridorsalis, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903, p. 627°.

Depth of body 3-4 in the length, length of head 22-23. Snout 13-2 as long as eye, the diameter of which is

6—74 in the length of head ; interorbital width 7 in the length of head. Maxillary extending to below

middle of eye or beyond, its greatest width 3-4 the diameter of eye. Preorbital strongly serrated

posteriorly ; preeoperculum acutely serrated, with 2 or 3 strongly enlarged serre at the angle; pre-

opercular ridge with 1 or 2 spines at the angle. Opercular flap extending a little beyond the vertical

from origin of dorsal. 13-15 gill-rakers, including 2 or 3 rudiments, on the lower part of anterior arch.

50-56 scales in a longitudinal series, 7-84 between middle of second dorsal and lateral line. Dorsal

VIII, 110; spines strong, the third often slightly longer than the fourth, 2-3 the length of head.

Anal IIT 6 (exceptionally 7); third spine 2-4 as long as the second, which is 2-4 “the length of the fish.

Pectoral 2 the length of head. Ventrals extending to the vent, which is situated at about #2 of the

distance from base of ventral spine to origin of anal. Caudal peduncle 14-13 as long as deep. ‘Silvery,

CENTROPOMUS. 53

back darker; lateral line usually more or less blackish; spinous dorsal and membrane between second

and third anal spines blackish.

Hab. Pacific Coasts of Tropical America, entering rivers:

Panama!?35; Rio Vauqueria, Ecuador °.

Here described from four specimens from Panama, 210-260 mm. in total length.

Centropomus brevis is founded on a young example of C. armatus; and C. atri-

dorsalis was described from a small specimen of this species from the Rio Vauqueria,

N.W. Ecuador, with the exceptional number of seven branched rays in the anal fin.

10. Centropomus altus, sp. n. (Tab. VIII. fig 1.).

Centropomus armatus (non Gill), Vaill. & Boc. Miss. Sci. Mex., Poiss. p. 34, t. 1 ter, fig. 3 (1874)*.

Centropomus ensiferus (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Fish. i. p. 369 (1895)*.

Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 23. Snout 14 as long as eye, the diameter of which is 6 in the

length of head and equal to the interorbital width. Maxillary extending to below middle of eye, its

greatest width 5 the diameter of eye. Preorbital acutely serrated posteriorly. Posterior edge of pre-

opercle acutely serrated; two strong spines at the angle; lower edge with only 4 or 5 distinct serre.

Subopercular flap extending a little beyond the vertical from origin of dorsal. 14 gill-rakers, including

3 rudiments, on the lower part of anterior arch. 50-52 scales in a longitudinal series, 7 or 8 between

middle of second dorsal and lateral line. Dorsal VIII, I 9-10; spines moderately strong, the third or

fourth the longest, a little more than 2 the length of head. Anal III 6; third spine 4 the length of the

second, which is ¢ the length of the fish. Pectoral 2 the length of head. Ventrals extending a little

beyond the vent, which is situated at 2 the distance from base of ventral spine to origin of anal.

Caudal peduncle 13 as long as deep. Silvery, back brownish ; lateral line not blackish ; vertical fins

more or less dusky.

Hab. Atlantic Coast of Panama, Colon (Boucard 2).

The description is based on a single specimen, 170 mm. in total length. Two others,

of 85 and 95 mm., agree with it in all essential characters, but have, of course, a shorter

snout, larger eye, more elevated spinous dorsal and longer anal spines. The number

of scales and fin-rays in these is included in the description.

C. altus is the Atlantic representative of C. wnionensts, from which it differs especially

in the deeper body, the more strongly armed preoperculum, and the longer second anal

spine, projecting further beyond the third.

11. Centropomus unionensis.

Centropomus unionensis, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) ix. 1868, p.90'; Vaill. & Boc. Miss. Sc. Mex.,

Poiss. p. 37, t. 1. fig. 8 (1874) *; Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixxiv. i. 1876, p. 49°; Bouleng.

Cat. Fish. i. p. 370 (1895) *; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1122°;

Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 90, t. 13. fig. 27°.

Depth of body 33 in the length, length of head 28. Snout 1? as long as eye, the diameter of which is 7 in

the length of head ; interorbital width 6 in the length of head. Maxillary extending to below the middle

of eye, its greatest width } the diameter of eye. Preorbital feebly serrated posteriorly. Posterior edge

of preopercle feebly serrated; two moderately strong spines at the angle ; lower edge with a few serre.

Opercular flap extending slightly beyond the vertical from the origin of dorsal. 14 gill-rakers, including

3 rudiments, on the lower part of the anterior arch. 52 scales in a longitudinal series, 74 between middle

54 LOPHOBRANCHII.

of second dorsal and lateral line. Dorsal VIII, 1 9; spines of moderate strength, the third and fourth

the longest, a little more than 2 the length of head. Anal III 6; second spine slightly longer than the

third, less than + the length of the fish. Pectoral nearly 2 the length of head. Ventrals extending to

the vent, which is situated at 3 of the distance from base of ventral spine to origin of anal. Caudal

peduncle 13 as long as deep. Silvery, back brownish ; lateral line not blackish ; spinous dorsal blackish,

other fins pale.

Hab. Pacific Coasts of Central America:

Salvador, La Union 12; Panama ®®,

The above description is based on a single specimen, 260 mm. in total length, from

Panama.

Sub-order I]. LOPHOBRANCHII.

This sub-order comprises a number of marine fishes, mostly of small size and peculiar

appearance. A few ‘Pipe-fishes” of the genera Syngnathus and Doryichthys are

known to occur in the fresh waters of Mexico and Central America. ‘They may be

easily recognized by the long slender body enclosed in bony rings, the tubiform snout,

and the small, terminal, toothless mouth.

Fam. SYNGNATHID.

Lophobranchii with small gill-openings, a single dorsal fin without spines, and no ventral fins.

1. SYNGNATHUS, Linn.

Syngnathus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 155 (1870).

Siphostoma, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 761.

Pectoral fins present; caudal fin present ; males with an egg-pouch under the tail.

Of the numerous American species of this widely distributed tropical genus only

three appear to have been definitely recorded from fresh waters.

1. Syngnathus spicifer, Riipp.

Syngnathus spicifer, Ginth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 172 (1870).

Body-rings 15-16 (abdominal) +38-42 (caudal). Dorsal rays 23-27. Origin of dorsal separated by 1 or 2

caudal rings from the ring containing the vent. Abdomen with dark vertical bars at the edges of the

rings.

Hab. Tropical Indo-Pacific.

I have compared three specimens in the British Museum from Tehuantepec with

others from Zanzibar and the Philippines and I cannot detect any differences.

SYNGNATHUS.—DORYICHTHYS. 55

2. Syngnathus auliscus, Swain.

Siphostomus auliseus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 1896, p. 767.

Body-rings 15+4+37-38. Dorsal rays 29-30. Origin of dorsal on the ring containing the vent or the one

behind it.

Hab. Pacific Coast from California to Panama.

This species has been recorded by Gilbert and Starks (Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904,

p. 57) from the Rio Grande, at Miraflores, near Panama.

8. Syngnathus starksi, Jord. & Culv.

Siphostoma starksi, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 771.

Body-rings 14+37-38. Dorsal rays 38.

HTIab. Mexico, Rio Presidio in Sinaloa.

2. DORYICHTHYS, Kaup.

Doryichthys, Ginth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 179 (1870).

Doryrhamphus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 778.

Pectoral fins present ; caudal fin present ; males with an egg-pouch under the abdomen.

Hab. Tropical seas.

Of three American species, two have been recorded from fresh waters.

1. Doryichthys lineatus, Kaup.

Doryichthys lineatus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 183 (1870).

Doryrhamphus lineatus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvi. 1896, p. 773.

- Siphostoma brevicaudum, Meek, Pbl. Columbian Mus. Zool. v. 1904, p. 163, fig. 51.

Body-rings 19-224 23-27. Dorsal rays 42-44, the fin originating in advance of the vent. Snout 14 as long

as the rest of head.

Hab. Tropical Atlantic.

Recorded by Meek from Boca del Rio in Vera Cruz, Mexico.

2. Doryichthys brachyurus, Bleek.

Doryichthys brachyurus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 184 (1870).

Body-rings 21-23+419-24. Dorsal rays 36-42, the fin originating above the vent. Snout 13-14 as long as

rest of head.

Hab. Tropical Indo-Pacific.

Specimens from Tehuantepec in the British Museum, which I have compared with

the type of the species from the East-Indian Archipelago.

56 PERCESOCES.

Sub-order III. PERCESOCES.

The Fishes of this sub-order differ from the Acanthopterygii in the abdominal

position of the ventral fins, the pelvic bones not being directly attached to the clavicles.

In all the American species there are two well-separated dorsal fins, the first of which

is formed of from 3 to 9 spines, the second of a spine and 7 to 15 articulated rays.

The anal fin is wholly or partly opposed to the second dorsal and has from 1 to 3

spines. The ventral fins are inserted well behind the base of the pectorals; each

consists of a spine and 5 branched rays. The caudal fin is forked.

Each of the four families is marine and widely distributed. The majority of the

species are shore-fishes which frequent the mouths of rivers and sometimes ascend

into fresh water. The Atherinide and Mugilide include a number of permanently

fluviatile forms.

Synopsis of the American Families of the Sub-order Percesoces.

I. Lateral line usually absent, never complete ; pectoral fins placed high.

Anterior dorsal of 3 to 8 slender spines; a single anal spine; vertebre

32 to 60 . a

Anterior dorsal of 3 to 5 pungent spines ; 2 or 3 anal spines; vertebra

24 to 26 .

1. ATHERINIDZ.

2. Mucitipz.

II. Lateral line present, complete ; pectoral fins placed low.

Pectoral fin normal . 8. SPHYRENIDZ.

Pectoral fin with a detached lower portion composed of free filamentous

rays 4. PoLyNEMID&.

Fam. 1. ATHERINIDZ.

The Atherinide occur on the coasts of most tropical and temperate seas; a consi-

derable number of them enter or permanently inhabit fresh waters. Those found in

the rivers and lakes of Mexico and Central America have the following features in

common :—Body elongate, more or less compressed. Lateral line usually absent,

never complete. ‘Two well-separated dorsal fins, the first formed of 8 to 6 slender

spines, the second of a short spine and 7 to 13 articulated rays. Anal with one

spine and 12 to 25 articulated rays. Pectorals placed high ; ventrals abdominal, each

with one spine and 5 branched rays. Caudal forked. Premaxillaries protractile ;

jaws with two or more series of conical teeth; palate toothless, or a few teeth on

the vomer. A silvery lateral longitudinal band or stripe always present.

CHIROSTOMA. 57

Synopsis of the Genera found in the Fresh Waters of Mexico and Central America.

I. Body completely scaled ; head scaly ; maxillary not extending beyond the vertical from the

anterior margin of eye.

Origin of spinous dorsal in advance of the anal . . . «. . . . . . ~ J. CxrRostoma.

Origin of spinous dorsal posterior to that of the anal . . . . . . . . «0 THyYRina.

II. Head and anterior part of body naked . . . «. «©. . . . . . 8. XENATHERINA.

1. CHIROSTOMA, Swains., 1839.

Lethostole, Chirostoma, Kirtlandia, and Menidia, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, pp. 792, 794, & 796.

About fifteen species from the coasts of Tropical and Subtropical America, some of

them entering rivers, and about as many fresh-water species from the Rio Lerma

System and the Valley of Mexico.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Fresh-water Species.

I. Length of head 84 to 44 in the length of the fish. Jaws equal anteriorly or the lower

projecting. Length of lower jaw less than 4 the length of head.

A. Anal fin with I 12-15 rays; 45 to 57 scales in a longitudinal series ;

17 or 18 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch . . . 1. bartoni.

B. Anal fin with I 14-17 rays.

45 to 48 scales in a longitudinal series; 20 or 21 gill-rakers on the lower

part of the anterior arch . . . . . woe ee ww wee RD patzcuaro.

36 to 42 scales in a longitudinal series ; 1 or 12 gill-rakers on the lower

part of the anterior arch . . 1. 1 ee ee ee eee we Se aarge.

C. Anal fin with I 16—21 rays.

38 to 42 scales in a longitudinal series; 16 gill-rakers on the lower part of

the anterior arch ; last dorsal spine above the origin of anal . . . . 4 jordan.

38 to 45 scales in a longitudinal series; 15 or 16 gill-rakers on the lower

part of the anterior arch; last dorsal spine in advance of the origin

ofanal . . .. . oe woe eee ee ee ew eB Greve.

48 to 62 scales in a longitudinal series ; ‘16 to 19 gill-rakers on the lower

part of the anterior arch . 2. ee ee ee ee ee ee + 6. Awmboldtianum.

68 to 82 scales in a longitudinal series . . . . 1. 1 ee ee ee eestor.

44. to 51 scales in a longitudinal series ; 20 to 24 gill-rakers on the lower

part of the anterior arch . 2. 2. 1 ww ee ee ee ee 8. chapale.

56 to 62 scales in a longitudinal series; 21 to 23 gill-rakers on the lower

part of the anterior arch... 1 1 1 ee ee ew ee we 9 grandoculis.

II. Length of head 3$ in the length of the fish. Lower jaw shorter than

the upper. Anal with I 19-20 rays. 53 to 56 scales in a longi-

tudinal series . . woe eee ee ee es 10, promelas.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, May 1907. it

58 PERCESOCES.

III. Length of head 3 to 34 in the length of the fish. Lower jaw projecting, 4 or a little

more than 4 the length of head. Anal with I 18-24 rays. 20 to 23 gill-rakers on the

lower part of the anterior arch.

A. Teeth small or moderate, close-set ; maxillary exposed distally.

1. Lower jaw moderately projecting, } the length of head; pectoral 3 to % the length of

head, extending nearly to above the middle of ventrals.

50 to 60 scales in a longitudinal series . . . . . . . . . . . « | LD. luewus.

60 to 75 scales in a longitudinal series . 2. . 2. 1. 1 ee ee 12, dizi.

2. Lower jaw strongly projecting, a little more than } the length of

head ; pectoral 2. to ? the length of head, extending a little

beyond the middle of ventrals . . . . . . . + « « « . 18. ocotlane.

B. Teeth strong, set rather far apart, in two series; edge of maxillary

exposed for nearly its whole length . . . . . . . . 2). . 14 sphyrena.

1. Chirostoma bartoni. (Tab. X. fig. 2.)

Chirostoma bartoni, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 793°; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 172’.

Chirostoma attenuatum, Meek, 1. c. fig. 55°.

Chirostoma zirahuen, Meek, t. c. p. 174, fig. 57 *.

Depth of body 5 to 6 in the length, length of head 43 to 44. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 34 in the length of head and a little less than the interorbital width. Teeth small; jaws equal

anteriorly or the lower.very slightly projecting ; maxillary not or but very slightly exposed distally, not

extending to below the eye. 17 or 18 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. Scales mostly

with entire edges, 45 to 57 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal IV-V, I 8-10; spinous dorsal well in

advance of anal, its origin usually nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal. Anal I 12-15.

Pectoral $ to 4 the length of head, extending to above base or anterior part of ventrals. Caudal forked.

Caudal peduncle 3 to 4 as long as deep.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Guanajuato !; Lake Patzcuaro?; Lake Zirahuen*; Lerma”.

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 100 mm. in total length.

2. Chirostoma patzcuaro. (Tab. X. fig. 1.)

Chirostoma patzcuaro, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 174, fig. 56°.

Depth of body 54 in the length, length of head 47. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which is 32 in the

length of head and nearly equal to the interorbital width. Teeth small; lower jaw very slightly

projecting; maxillary very slightly exposed distally, not extending to below the eye. 20 gill-rakers on

the lower part of the anterior arch. Scales mostly with entire edges, 45 in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal V, I 10; spinous dorsal in advance of anal, its origin slightly nearer to tip of snout than to base

of caudal. Anal I 15. Pectoral ? the length of head, extending a little beyond the base of ventrals.

Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle 2} as long as deep.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System:

Lake Patzcuaro !.

Here described from a single specimen from Lake Patzcuaro (Meek), measuring

CHIROSTOMA. 59

90 mm. in total length. Dr. Meek’s type has V, I 10 dorsal rays, I 17 anal rays, and

48 scales in a longitudinal series.

3. Chirostoma arge.

Esloparsum arge, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 133, fig. 12 (1901) ';

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 3158 *.

Chirostoma arge, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 171, fig. 54°.

Depth of body 44 to 5 in the length, length of head 43 to 43. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 34 in the length of head and nearly equal to the interorbital width. Teeth small; lower jaw very

slightly projecting ; maxillary very slightly exposed distally, extending to the vertical from the anterior

margin of eye. 11 or 12 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Scales with entire edges,

36 to 42 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal III-IV, I 8-9; spinous dorsal in advance of anal, its origin

nearly equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. Anal I 14-17. Pectoral about ? the length of

head, extending to or a little beyond the base of ventrals. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle 2 to 23 as

long as deep.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System:

Aguas Calientes!°; Lagos °.

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 70 mm. in total length,

from Aguas Calientes (Jordan) and Lagos (Meek).

4. Chirostoma jordani.

Chirostoma jordani, Woolman, Bull. U.S, Fish. Comm. xiv. p. 62, t. 2 (1895)*; Jord. & Everm.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 793°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904,

p. 169, fig. 52°.

Chirostoma mezquital, Meek, t. c. p. 170, fig. 53°.

Depth of body 4 to 5 in the length, length of head 44 to 43. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which

is 3 to 34 in the length of head; interorbital width about 3 in the length of head. Teeth small; lower

jaw very slightly projecting; maxillary not exposed, not quite reaching the vertical from the anterior

margin of eye. 16 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. Scales with entire edges, 38 to 42 in

a longitudinal series. Dorsal III-IV, I 8-10; origin of spinous dorsal nearly equidistant from tip of

snout and base of caudal; last dorsal spine inserted above the origin of anal. Anal I 16-19. Pectoral

a little shorter than the head, extending to above the middle of ventrals. Caudal peduncle twice as

long as deep.

Hab. Mxxtco, Rio Mezquital and Rio Lerma Systems, Valley of Mexico :

Durango? ; Aguas Calientes*; Lagos?; Salamanca *; Lake Chapala? *; Acam-

baro?; Lake Cuitzeo?; Texcoco?; Chalco?; City of Mexico! 3; Yautepec °.

Here described from specimens from Salamanca (Woolman) and Acambaro (Meek),

measuring up to 65 mm. in total length.

5. Chirostoma breve. (Tab. X. fig. 3.)

Chirostoma breve, Steind. Denkschr. Ak, Wien, lxii. 1895, p. 526, t. 2. fig. 2 4

Chirostoma labarce, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 173 *,

Depth of body 4 to 43 in the length, length of head 4 to 43. Snout as long as or a little longer than the eye,

I 2

60 PERCESOCES.

the diameter of which is 33 to 4 in the length of head; interorbital width 3 to 34 in the length of head

Teeth small ; lower jaw slightly projecting; maxillary slightly exposed distally, not quite reaching the

vertical from the anterior margin of eye. 15 or 16 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch.

Scales with crenate edges, (38) 40 to 45 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal III-V, I 9-11; origin of

spinous dorsal usually nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout; last dorsal spine inserted a little

in advance of the origin of anal, which is below the membrane connecting the spine to the back.

Anal I 17-20 (21). Pectoral ? to 4 the length of head, extending a little beyond the base of ventrals.

Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle 2 to 24 as long as deep.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System and the Valley of Mexico:

Lake Chapala?; Lake Cuitzeo!; Xochimilco.

Here described from four specimens from Xochimilco (Week), measuring up to

100 mm. in total length. |

6. Chirostoma humboldtianum.

Atherina humboldtiana, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. x. p. 479, t. 306 (1835) *.

Atherina vomerina, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 481°.

Atherinichthys humboldtii, Giinth. Cat. Fish. iii. p. 404 (1861) *.

Chirostoma humboldtianum, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, Ixii. 1895, p. 522, t. 1. fig. 1/4;

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 793°; Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish.

Comm. xix. 1899, p. 184°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 175’.

Depth of body 4 to 53 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Snout from as long to twice as long as the eye,

the diameter of which is 3 to 53 in the length of head; interorbital width 33 to 33 in the length of

head. Teeth rather small; jaws equal anteriorly or the lower a little projecting ; lower jaw less than

2 the length of head; maxillary exposed distally, extending nearly to the vertical from the anterior

margin of eye. 16 to 19 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Scales with edges usually

crenate ; 48 to 62 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal IV-VI, I 10-13; spinous dorsal in advance of anal,

its origin usually a little nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout. Anal 117-20. Pectoral 2 to 4

the length of head, extending to above anterior part or middle of ventrals. Caudal forked. Caudal

peduncle 2 to 2% as long as deep.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System and the Valley of Mexico:

Lake Juanacatlan ‘ (Buller); Lake Ayotla (Buller); Lake Patzcuaro’; City of

Mexico! (Doorman); Texcoco*; Lake Chalco®? (Jordan); Xochimilco? (Meek,

Gadow).

Here described from a large series of specimens, measuring up to 240 mm. in

total length. Dr. P. Pappenheim has very kindly examined the type of the species

on my behalf and has sent me a photograph of it, which leaves no doubt that the

species above described is the true C. humboldtianum.

7. Chirostoma estor.

Chirostoma estor, Jord. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, p. 2987; Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, Ixii.

1895, p. 523, t. 1. fig. 2° ; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 180°.

Lethostole estor, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 792 *.

Depth of body about 5 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Snout 14 to 2 as long as eye, the diameter of

which is 4 to 53 in the length of head; interorbital width 4 in the length of head. Teeth small;

CHIROSTOMA. 61

anterior teeth sometimes moderately strong ; lower jaw projecting, less than half the length of head ;

maxillary exposed distally, extending nearly to the vertical from the anterior margin of eye. 20 or 21

gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Scales with crenate edges, 68 to 82 in a longitudinal

series. Dorsal IV-V, I 10-12; spinous dorsal in advance of anal, its origin usually a little nearer to

base of caudal than to tip of snout. Anal I 17-20. Pectoral 2 the length of head, extending to above

the base of ventrals. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle 23 to 3 as long as deep.

Hab. Muxico, Rio Lerma System and the Valley of Mexico:

Lake Chapala’; Lake Patzcuaro?; Lake Zirahuen (Meek); Xochimilcho °.

Here described from six specimens, measuring up to 220 mm. in total length, from

Lakes Patzcuaro (Mexico Mus.) and Zirahuen (Meek).

8. Chirostoma chapalea.

Chirostoma chapale, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 135, fig. 13 (1901) ';

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 3159; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus.,

Zool. v. 1904, p. 176, fig. 58 *.

Depth of body 43 to 53 in the length, length of head 34 to 43. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 34 to 33 in the length of head and nearly equal to the interorbital width. Teeth small; lower jaw

very slightly projecting ; maxillary very slightly exposed distally, not extending to below the eye.

20 to 24 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. Scales with crenate edges, 44 to 51 in a

longitudinal series. Dorsal ITI-V, I 10-11; origin of spinous dorsal nearly equidistant from tip of

snout and base of caudal ; last dorsal spine inserted above the origin of anal. Anal I 18-21. Pectoral

4 or 2 the length of head, extending to above the middle of the ventrals. Caudal forked. Caudal

peduncle 2 to 24 as long as deep.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Lake Chapala ! °,

Here described from several specimens from Lake Chapala, measuring up to

125 mm. in total length.

9. Chirostoma grandoculis.

Chirostoma grandoculis, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, Ixii. 1895, p. 525, t. 2. fig. 1'; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 81597; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v.

1904, p. 176, fig. 58°.

Depth of body about 5 in the length, length of head 4 to 44. Snout as long as or shorter than eye,

the diameter of which is 34 to 34 in the length of head and equal to the interorbital width. Teeth

small; lower jaw very slightly projecting ; maxillary very slightly exposed distally, not extending to

below the eye. 21 to 23 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Scales with crenate edges,

56-62 in a longitudinal series, Dorsal V-VI, I 10-11; spinous dorsal usually entirely in advance of

anal, its origin about equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. Anal I 17-20. Pectoral 2 the

length of head, extending to above the anterior part or middle of ventrals. Caudal forked. Caudal

peduncle 23 to 3 as long as deep.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System:

Lake Chapala*; Lake Patzcuaro !3,

Here described from four specimens, measuring up to 115 mm. in total length, from

Lake Patzcuaro (Mees).

62 PERCESOCES.

10. Chirostoma promelas.

Chirostoma promelas, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 136, fig. 14°; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 83160°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v.

1904, p. 177°.

Allied to C. luctus, but with the lower jaw shorter than the upper. DorsalIV,I 11. Anal 119-20. Scales

with crenate edges, 53 to 56 in a longitudinal series.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Lake Chapala ? 8,

11. Chirostoma lucius.

Chirostoma lucius (part.), Bouleng. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 1900, p. 54°.

Chirostoma crystallinum, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 139, figs. 16 & 17

(1900) *; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 3162’.

Chirostoma lucius, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 178, fig. 60°.

Depth of body 4 in the length, length of head 34. Snout 12 as long as eye, the diameter of which is 53 in

the length of the head; interorbital width 4 in the length of head. Teeth rather small; lower jaw

projecting, 3 the length of head; maxillary exposed distally, extending to the vertical from the anterior

margin of eye; 20 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Scales with crenate edges,

52 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal VI, I 11; spinous dorsal in advance of the anal, its origin nearer to

base of caudal than to tip of snout. Anal I 20. Pectoral 2 the length of head, extending nearly

to above the middle of ventrals. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Guadalajara?; Lake Chapala! ? (Buller).

Here described from the type of the species, measuring 200 mm. in total length.

Jordan and Snyder give the following numbers for C. crystallinum:—Dorsal IV-V,

IT 11-13. Anal 118-24. 56 to 60 scales in a longitudinal series.

12, Chirostoma diazi.

Chirostoma diazi, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 187, fig. 15 (1900) '; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 3161’.

Chirostoma sphyrena, Meck, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 177, fig. 59°.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but with smaller scales (60 to 75 in a longitudinal series); dorsal scales

very small and irregular, 21 to 27 in a series between the two dorsal fins. Dorsal IV-V, I 11-12.

Anal I 20-22.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System:

Lake Chapala }.

13. Chirostoma ocotlane. (Tab. IX. fig. 1.)

Chirostoma lucius (part.), Bouleng. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 1900, p. 54°,

Chirostoma ocotlane, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 140, fig. 18 (1901) *;

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 3163° ; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus.,

Zool. v. 1904, p. 180, fig. 62%.

CHIROSTOMA.—THYRINA. 63

Depth of body 4 in the length, length of head 37 to 34. Snout 1} to 1§ as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 4 to 5 in the length of head; interorbital width 4% to 5 in the length of head. Teeth rather small ;

lower jaw strongly projecting, a little more than 4 the length of head; maxillary exposed distally,

extending to the vertical from the anterior margin of eye. 21 to 23 gill-rakers on the lower part of

anterior arch. Scales with crenate edges, 53 to 62 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal V-VI, I 11-13 ;.

spinous dorsal in advance of anal, its origin nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout. Anal I 20-22,

Pectoral 3 to ? the length of head, extending beyond the middle of the ventrals. Caudal forked.

Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Lake Chapala!?4 (Buller, Jordan).

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 215 mm. in total length.

14. Chirostoma sphyrena, (Tab. IX. fig. 2.)

Chirostoma sphyrena, Bouleng. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 1900, p. 55°; Meek, Publ. Columbian

Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 178, fig. 59°.

Chirostoma lerme, Jord. & Snyd. t. c. p. 142, fig. 19°; Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 3163‘; Meek, t. c.

p- 179, fig. 61°.

Depth of body 5% in the length, length of head 34. Snout 23 as long as eye, the diameter of which is 6 in

the length of head; interorbital width 43 in the length of head. Teeth strong, in two series; lower jaw

projecting, 4 the length of head; maxillary extending nearly to the vertical from the anterior margin of

eye, its edge exposed for nearly its whole length. 22 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch.

Scales with crenate edges, 65 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal V, I 11,5 spinous dorsal in advance of

anal, its origin nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout. Anal I 21. Pectoral nearly $ the length

of head, extending to above the middle of ventrals. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle twice as long

as deep.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System:

Lake Chapala 1735 (Buller).

Here described from the type, a specimen measuring 230 mm. in total length.

Jordan and Snyder give the following numbers for C. lerm@:—Dorsal IV-V, 10-12.

Anal 19-22. 54-68 scales in a longitudinal series.

2. THYRINA, Jord. & Culv., 1895.

Thyrina, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 803.

Melaniris, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 183.

Two species described by Giinther, 7. guatemalensis and T. pachylepis, are inter-

mediate between Chirostoma and Atherinella, Steind., resembling the latter in the

posterior situation of the spinous dorsal fin and in the long falcate pectoral. The

abdominal region is more or less compressed, but not more so than in many species

of Chirostoma, and there is no trace of the ventral keel which characterizes

Atherinella. Melaniris was based on specimens preserved in formalin, with the

iris turned black.

64 PERCESOCES.

1. Thyrina guatemalensis.

Atherinichthys guatemalensis, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 1511, and Trans. Zool. Soe. vi.

1869, p. 443°.

Thyrina evermanni, Jord. & Culv. Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. (2) v. 1895, p. 419°; Jord. & Everm.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 804*; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904,

p. 184°.

Thyrina crystallina, Jord. & Culv. t. c. p. 420°; Jord. & Everm. 1. c.*; Meek, l. c.”.

Menidia guatemalensis, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 801°.

Melaniris balsanus, Meek, t. c. p. 183, fig. 64°°.

Depth of body 4 to 5 in the length, length of head 43 to 43. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which

is 22 to 3 in the length of head; interorbital width 24 in the length of head. Teeth in bands, the

outermost series enlarged; jaws equal anteriorly ; maxillary not exposed, extending nearly to below

the eye. 16 or 17 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Scales with entire edges, 36 to 42

in a longitudinal series. Dorsal III-IV, I 7-9; origin of spinous dorsal above sixth ray of anal.

Anal I 19-25, ending below or a little behind the end of the second dorsal. Pectoral falcate, longer

than the head, extending beyond the middle of ventrals. Caudal forked, the lower lobe somewhat the

longer. Caudal peduncle 13 to 2 as long as deep.

Hab. Pacific Coast Rivers and Lakes of Mexico and Central America, perhaps

entering the sea:

Rio Presidio 3 § and Rio Balsas 1° in Mexico; Huamuchal ! ? in Guatemala.

Here described from the types of the species from Huamuchal (Salvin), and

co-types of JT. evermanni and T. erystallina from the Rio Presidio and of M. balsanus

from the Rio Balsas, several specimens measuring up to 85 mm. in total length.

Estuarine specimens have the pectoral fins longer and more acute than those from

inland localities. 7. pachylepis, from the Coast of Panama, is closely allied, but has

laciniate scales. Gill and Bransford (Proc. Ac. Philad. 1877, p. 187) record

T. guatemalensis from Lake Nicaragua, but this identification must be regarded as

probably incorrect.

3. XENATHERINA, gen. nov.

The very aberrant little Atherine described by Meek under the name of Menidia

lisa may be regarded as the type of a genus distinct from Chirostoma, characterized

by the mouth extending to below the eye and by the peculiar dispcsition of the

scales.

1. Xenatherina lisa.

Menidia lisa, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 182, fig. 63°.

Depth of body 5 in the length, length of head 4. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 2} to 24

in the length of head and greater than the interorbital width. Teeth small; mouth oblique ; jaws equal

anteriorly ; maxillary extending to below anterior j of eye. 13 gill-rakers on the lower part of the

anterior arch. Posterior part of body covered with scales, which are continued forward as a scaly band

along the middle of the side; anterior part of body naked, except for a dorsal strip and a ventral patch

XENATHERINA.—MUGILIDA. 60

of small scales. Dorsal III-V, I 8-9; origin of spinous dorsal above or a little behind that of the anal.

Anal I 19-21. Pectoral asymmetrical, pointed, # the length of head, extending to above the middle of

ventrals, Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Papaloapam :

Refugio !, El Hule}.

Here described from five specimens, measuring up to 55 mm. in total length, from

Refugio (Meek).

Fam, 2. MUGILIDA.

The Mugilide are closely related to the Atherinide and have the same wide

distribution. Most of the species of Mugil and allied genera with ciliiform teeth are

marine, but freely enter fresh water. Agonostomus and Jotwrus comprise tropical

fresh-water fishes, especially abundant in mountain-streams.

The Mexican and Central-American Mugilidee have the following features in

common :—Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with rather large scales,

which extend on to the upper surface of the head. Lateral line usually absent, never

complete. Two well-separated dorsal fins, the first formed of 4 rather strong spines,

the second of a spine and 7 to 10 articulated rays. Anal with 2 or 3 spines and

7 to 11 articulated rays. Pectorals placed high; ventrals abdominal, each with one

spine and 5 branched rays. Caudal forked. Preemaxillaries protractile ; jaws with

teeth, which may be either well-developed or vestigial; palate with or without teeth.

Coloration silvery, the back greenish or olivaceous; sometimes dark longitudinal

stripes along the series of scales. | |

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Genera.

J. Bands of small fixed teeth in the jaws and on the palate.

Teeth in the jaws pointed . . . . - . ee ee ehhh he 6. AGONOSTOMUS.

Teeth in the jaws incisor-like, with serrated edges wee ew ee ee 6 JSOTURUS.

II. Teeth in the jaws small, in one or more series ; palate toothless.

A. Teeth ciliiform, in one or a few series; lips not very thick; rami of lower jaw meeting at

an angle which is not very acute.

Three anal spines. . . 2. ee ee te ee ee ee 8, Moet.

Two analspines . . . 2 2 ee ee ee eee ee ee 4, QUERIMANA.

B. Teeth in several oblique series ; lips thick; rami of lower jaw

meeting at anacute angle . . . . 1. 2 « «© + + + «© « « 5, CHHNOMUGIL.

I have given full descriptions of the Mexican and Central-American species of the

genera Agonostomus and Joturus, which appear to be true fresh-water fishes, and for

purposes of comparison I have included in my account of the former genus two species,

A. percoides and A. microps, which are at present known only from specimens in the

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, May 1907. K

PERCESOCES.

British Museum from the West Indies and Venezuela. Of the marine genera Mugil,

Querimana, and Chenomugil only a synopsis is given, but they are included because

the species of the first-named, at least, ascend rivers for considerable distances.

1. AGONOSTOMUS, Bennett, 1830.

Agonostomus, Jord. & Everm. Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 818.

Neomugil, Vaill. Bull. Soc. Philom. iv. 1894, p. 72.

Mouth subterminal, with lateral cleft; bands of small pointed teeth in the jaws and on the vomer and

palatines; two anal spines.

Hab. Tropical rivers near the sea, most of the species being American.

Synopsis of the American Species.

I. Maxillary not extending beyond the anterior 4 of eye (in the adult).

A. Snout subconical, the upper lip only moderately thick, even in the

adult 2... 1 eee ee eee eee ee ee OL. monticola.

B. Snout truncated anteriorly, the upper lip thick.

Pectoral from less than 2 (adult) to + (young) the length of head; rength of

lower jaw 24 (adult) to 22 (young) in the length of head. . . . 2. nasutus.

Pectoral 2 (adult) or 2 (young) the length of head; length of lower jaw 21

(adult) to 24 (young) in the length of head . . 2. 2... . e . . 8 salvini.

II. Maxillary extending to below middle of eye (in the adult).

A. Snout subconical, the upper lip only moderately thick, even in the .

adult 2... 1 ee eee ee ee ee ee we we A percoides.

B. Snout truncated anteriorly, the upper lip thick.

Pectoral extending to the vertical from the origin of spinous dorsal (adult)

or beyond (young) ; first dorsal spine as long as the longest rays of the

second dorsal . .. .- ee eee el . 2 oe .) 6B macracanthus.

Pectoral nearly reaching the ver tical from the origin of spinous dorsal i in the

young, but not in the adult; first dorsal spine shorter than the longest

rays of the second dorsal. . . «© 2 6 ee ee ee ee ee . «6 microps.

1. Agonostomus monticola.

Mugil monticola, Bancroft, Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom (ed. Griffiths), p. 367, t. 86 (1836) ’

Agonostoma monticola, Giinth. Cat. Fish. iii. p. 464 (1861) *.

Agonostomus monticola, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvil. 1896, p. 819°, and 1900,

fig. 847%.

Depth of body 33 to 44 in the length, length of head 33 to 43. Snout from as long to 12 as long as eye, the

diameter of which j is 35 to 54 in the length of head ; interorbital width 22 to 3 in the length of head.

Snout subconical, the upper lip not very thick; mouth subterminal; maxillary extending to below

anterior edge or anterior 4 of eye; about 20 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. 38 to

44 scales in a longitudinal series, 12 to 14 in a transverse series from spinous dorsal to vent, 20 to 22

round the caudal peduncle. Dorsal IV, I 8; origin of spinous dorsal usually nearer to tip of snout than

AGONOSTOMUS. 67

Sie

a b C

Heads of Agonostomus monticola (a), A. salvini (b), and A. nasutus (c), from the side and from below.

to base of caudal; spines moderate, the first, in the adult, about 4 the length of head or of the distance

between the origins of the dorsal fins. Anal II 10. Pectoral about 2 the length of head, in the adult

not extending to below the spinous dorsal; ventrals originating below the middle of pectorals, in the

adult extending about 3 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal forked. Caudal

peduncle 13 to 2 as long as deep. Silvery, back darker; scales with dark edges, which often expand into

irregular spots. .

Hab. Mexico AND CENTRAL AMERICA ?,— West Indies ! 2.

68 PERCESOCES.

Specimens in the British Museum, measuring up to 250 mm. in total length, from

the Rio Presidio in Sinaloa, the Rio Mascota in Jalisco (Buller), and Vera Cruz

(Meek) appear to belong to the same species as others from Cuba, Jamaica, Barbados,

and Trinidad.

2. Agonostomus nasutus. (Tab. X. fig. 4.)

Agonostoma nasutum, Giinth. Cat. Fish. iii, p. 463 (1861)'; and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868,

p. 444, t. 70. fig. 2°.

Neomugil digueti, Vaill. Bull. Soc. Philom., iv. 1894, p. 73°.

Aygonostomus nasutus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 820°.

Depth of body 31 to 41 in the length, length of head 4 to 44, Snout from as long to 13 as long as eye, the

diameter of which is 4 to 52 in the length of head; interorbital width 22 to 24 in the length of head.

Snout vertically truncated, the upper lip thick anteriorly, its depth 3 the length of snout; mouth

subterminal; maxillary extending to below anterior edge or anterior } of eye; lower jaw broadly

rounded, its length 24 (adult) or 2? (young) in the length of head; length of groove between lower lip

and ramus of lower jaw (measured from its anterior extremity to the end of the maxillary) equal to the

diameter of eye (adult) or less (young). 18 to 20 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch.

41 to 43 scales in a longitudinal series, 12 to 14 in a transverse series from spinous dorsal to in front of

vent, 21 or 22 round the caudal peduncle. Dorsal IV, I 8 (exceptionally 7); origin of spinous dorsal

a little nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal; spines moderate, the first from less than 3 (adult)

o 2 (young) the length of head, shorter than the longest rays of the second dorsal, which has the free

edge concave. Anal II 10. Pectoral from less than 2 (adult) to + (young) the length of head, extending

to below the spinous dorsal in the young, but not in the adult ; ventrals originating below the middle of

the pectoral, extending about 4 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal forked.

Caudal peduncle 13 to 2 as long as deep. Silvery, back darker; scales with dark edges; a blackish spot

on the base of pectoral; a more or less distinct silvery lateral band.

Hab. Lowser CaLiForNiaA, MExico, AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

Specimens in the British Museum trom Lower California (Diguet *); Mexico,

Motzorongo (Meek); Guatemala, Rio San Gerénimo (Owen1!?), Rio Motagua

(Salvin?) ; Costa Rica, Juan Vifias (Underwood).

Professor Vaillant has very kindly sent me two specimens of Neomugil digueti, one

of which is now figured (Tab. X. fig. 4).

3. Agonostomus salvini. (Tab. XI. fig. 2.)

Agonostonus salvini, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 66°.

Depth of body 31 to 4} in the length, length of head 4. Snout 13 to 2 as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 42 to 64 in the length of head; interorbital width 25 to 3.im the length of head. Snout vertically or

obliquely ‘truncated, the upper lip rather thick anteriorly, its depth 2 the length of snout; mouth

subterminal; maxillary extending to below anterior ; or anterior 3 of eye; lower jaw evenly rounded,

its length 24 (adult) or 23 (young) in the length of head; length of groove between lower lip and ramus

. of lower jaw (measured from its anterior extremity to the end of the maxillary) equal to the diameter of

eye (young) or 14 the diameter of eye (adult). 18-20 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch.

38 to 40 scales in a longitudinal series, 12 or 13 in a transverse series from spinous dorsal to in front of

vent, 21 or 22 round the caudal peduncle. Dorsal IV, 18; origin of spinous dorsal equidistant from tip

of snout and base of caudal or a little nearer the former; spines moderate, 2 (adult) or 3 (young) of the

AGONOSTOMUS. 69

length of head or of the distance between the origins of the dorsal fins and shorter than the longest rays

of the second dorsal, which has the free edge a little concave. Anal II 10. Pectoral $ the length of

head (young) or less (adult), not extending to below the spinous dorsal; ventrals originating below the

middle of pectoral, extending nearly 3 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal

moderately notched. Caudal peduncle 2 as long as deep. Silvery or golden, the back olivaceous.

Hab. Guatemaua, Nacasil (Salvin).

Three specimens, 150 to 270 mm. in total length.

The species is closely allied to A. nasutus, which has the upper lip thicker, eye a

little larger, lower jaw a little shorter, pectorals longer, &c.

4, Agonostomus percoides.

Agonostoma percoides (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. ii. p. 464 (1861).

This species is represented in the British Museum by the type, from San Domingo,

and by two examples from Trinidad. These are the only specimens known.

5. Agonostomus macracanthus. (Tab. XI. fig. 1.)

Agonostomus macracanthus, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 65°.

Depth of body 32 to 4 in the length, length of head 33 to 33. Snout 13 to 15 as long as eye, the diameter of

which is 42 to 52 in the length of head; interorbital width 2% in the length of head. Snout vertically

truncated, ‘the upper lip thick anteriorly; mouth subterminal; maxillary extending to below middle of

eye, Or nearly. 20 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. 41 to 43 scales ina longitudinal

series, 14 ‘in a transverse series from spinous dorsal to in front of vent, 20 or 21 round the caudal

peduncle. Dorsal IV, I 8; origin of spinous dorsal a little nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal ;

spines strong, the first 3 to 2 the length of head or } to 7 the distance between the origins of the dorsal

fins and as long as the longest rays of the second dorsal, which has the free edge concave. Anal IT 10.

Pectoral 2 the length of head, extending to the vertical from the origin of the spinous dorsal or a little

beyond ; ventrals originating below the middle of the pectorals, extending 3 or 3 of the distance from

their base to the origin of anal. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle 13 as long as 5 deep. Silvery; back

darker; scales with dark edges; a more or less distinct dark lateral band ending in a dark spot at the

base of caudal and with a silvery band above it; dorsal and caudal fins a little dusky.

Hab. Guatemata, Rio Guacalate (Salvin ').

Two specimens, 145 and 210 mm. in total length.

These were referred by Giinther to A. microps, a species which differs in many

respects, notably in the shorter paired fins and lower spinous dorsal.

6. Agonostomus microps.

Agonostoma microps, Giinth. Cat. Fish. i. p. 462 (1861), and Trans. Zool. Soe. vi. 1869, t. 70.

fig. 1. .

Agonostoma percoides (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. ii. p. 464.

This species has erroneously been referred to the Central-American fauna; it is

represented in the British Museum by a number of specimens from St. Vincent,

Dominica, and Venezuela, and is not known to occur elsewhere.

70 PERCESOCES.

2. JOTURUS, Poey, 1861.

Joturus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 820.

Mouth rather small, inferior, with short lateral cleft; jaws with bands of small incisor-like teeth with

serrated edges, the band in the lower jaw interrupted at the symphysis; very small teeth on vomer,

palatines, and pterygoids. Three anal spines.

A single species.

1. Joturus pichardi.

Joturus pichardi, Poey, Mem. ii. p. 263 (1861)’; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, p. 821, and 1900, fig. 348°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 188°.

Agonosioma globiceps, Giinth. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xiv. 1874, p. 870%.

Joturus stipes, Jord. & Gilb. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 873°.

Depth of body 33 in the length, length of head 42. Profile decurved from origin of dorsal to mouth, the

snout obtuse, longer than the eye, the diameter of which is 54 in the length of head. Interorbital

region very convex, its width 4 the length of head. Preorbital serrated posteriorly. 43 scales in a

longitudinal series, Dorsal IV, 19; origin of spinous dorsal much nearer tip of snout than base of

caudal; first spine rather more than 2 the length of head. Anal II 11, the first articulated ray simple.

Pectoral a little shorter than the head, extending to below the spinous dorsal. Caudal forked.

Olivaceous, without markings,

Hab. SoutHERN Mexico To PanaMa.—CvuBa:

Mexico, Misantla in Vera Cruz+; Costa Rica?; Panama®; Cuba}.

Here described from the type of A. globiceps, a specimen 240 mm. in length. The

species is said to attain a length of 600 mm., and to live only in mountain-torrents and

at the foot of waterfalls.

3. MUGIL, Linn.

Mugil, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p- 809.

Mouth rather small, transverse, subterminal ; rami of lower jaw forming an angle; lower jaw with a more

or less distinct symphysial prominence ; teeth very small, ciliiform, in one or a few series. Three anal

spines.

A large number of species of “Grey Mullet” are known from the coasts of tropical

and temperate countries, entering fresh waters.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

Adipose eyelid well developed. Dorsal IV, I 7-9. Anal III 7-9.

I. Second dorsal naked, except for a series of small scales behind each ray; anal rays

usually III 8.

88 to 48 scales in alongitudinal series . . . . . .. ..... . . XJ. cephalus.

32 to 86 scales ina longitudinal series . . . . ........ . « & brasiliensis.

MUGIL. 71

II. Second dorsal covered with small scales.

A. Anal rays usually IIT 9.

1. 42 to 46 scales in a longitudinal series.

Second dorsal spine longer than first. . . . 1. ee 6 ee ee ew ee 8 aneilis.

Second dorsal spine not longer than first . 2. 2 1.) 1 ee ee ee thoburni.

2. 36 to 39 scales in a longitudinal series.

Pectoral % to 3 the length of head, extending nearly to the vertical from the

origin of the spinous dorsal in the young, but not inthe adult. . . . . 5. curema.

Pectoral from + to as long as the head, extending to below the spinous dorsal,

eveninthe adult . . 2. 1. 1. eee ee ee wee ew ee 6 hopes.

B. Anal rays usually III 8; 32 to 36 scales in a longitudinal series . . 7. trichodon.

1. Mugil cephalus, Linn.

Mugil cephalus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 811, and 1900, fig. 343.

Hab. Japan; Sandwich Islands; Pacific Coast of America from California to Chile ;

Atlantic Coast of America from Cape Cod to Brazil; Atlantic Coast of Kurope

and Africa from the Loire to the Congo.

2. Mugil brasiliensis, Agass., 1829.

Mugil brasiliensis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 810.

Had. Atlantic Coast from Cuba to Patagonia.

3. Mugil incilis, Hancock, 1830.

Mugil incilis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 812.

Hab. Atlantic Coast from Panama to Brazil.

4, Mugil thoburni, Jord. & Starks, 1896.

Mugil thoburni, Jord. & Everm., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 812.

Hab. Pacific Coast from Guatemala to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands.

5. Mugil curema, Cuv. & Val., 1833.

Mugil curema, Mugil gaimardianus, and Mugil setosus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, pp. 813, 814, and 815.

Mugil curema, Jord, & Everm. t. c. 1900, fig. 344.

Hab. Pacific and Atlantic Coasts from the United States to Chile and Brazil; Cape

Verde Islands.

The examination of a large series of examples (including one received from Dr. Jordan

as Mugil setosus) has shown me that the length of the pectoral fin compared to that

of the head varies but little according to the size of the individual, but if its length be

compared with its distance from the spinous dorsal it appears to be longer in young

72 PERCESOCES.

specimens than in adults. Thus in small examples the pectoral fin nearly or quite

reaches the vertical from the origin of the spinous dorsal, but in large ones it

extends only of the distance from its base to the spinous dorsal.

In young examples also the adipose eyelid is thinner and more transparent, the

teeth are more evident, and the mandibulary angle is more acute than in the adults.

Poey’s description of Mugil gaimardianus (Ann. Lyc. N. York, xi. 1876, p. 64, t. 8.

figs. 1-3) was based on an example 225 mm. in length which was compared with one

of UM. curema of 325 mm. The supposed specific differences are mostly very trivial

and due to individual variation (e. g., M. gaimardianus was said to have the body less

deep, the depth 5§ in the length as compared with 5 in M/. curema); other differences,

z. e. the shorter snout, stronger teeth, and shorter distance between tip of pectoral and

spinous dorsal in MM. gaimardianus, are due to the different size of the specimens

compared. ‘The characters assigned to J. setosus (Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891,

p. 549) are those of young specimens of M/. curema.

6. Mugil hospes, Jord. & Culver, 1895.

Mugil hospes, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 814, and 1900, fig. 345.

Hab. Pacific Coast from Sinaloa to Panama.

7. Mugil trichodon, Poey, 1876.

Mugil trichodon, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 816.

Hab. Atlantic Coast from Florida to Brazil.

4, QUERIMANA, Jord. & Gilb., 1882.

Querimana, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 817.

This genus differs from Mugil principally in having 2 anal spines instead of 3. It

comprises “Grey Mullets” of small size, which have not been recorded as entering

fresh waters.

1. Querimana harengus, Giinth., 1861.

Querimana harengus, Jord, & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 817.

Dorsal IV, 18. Anal II 9-10. 88 scales in a longitudinal series.

Hab. Pacific Coast from Mazatlan to Peru.

2. Querimana gyrans, Jord. & Gilb., 1884.

Querimana gyrans, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvi. 1896, p. 818.

Dorsal IV, I 7-8. Anal II 7-8. 28 or 29 scales in a longitudinal series.

Hab. Southern Atlantic Coasts of the United States.

CHEZ NOMUGIL.—POLYNEMID. 73

5. CHAANOMUGIL, Gill, 1863.

Chenomugil, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 816.

Mouth rather small, subterminal or inferior ; rami of lower jaw forming an angle; teeth small, movable, in

several oblique series ; palate toothless.

This genus comprises two species, one American, the other from the Sandwich

Islands.

1. Chenomugil proboscideus, Giinth., 1861.

Chenomugil proboscideus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvi. 1896, p. 816.

Lips very thick ; mandibular angle very acute; no adipose eyelid. Dorsal IV,I8. Anal III 10. 38 to 41

scales in a longitudinal series.

Hab. Pacific Coast from Mazatlan to Panama.

“Common in rock pools” (Jordan & Evermann); not recorded from fresh waters.

Fam. 3. SPHYRANIDAG*,

The single genus Sphyrena comprises about twenty species, pike-like carnivorous

marine fishes, with large mouth and strong dentition, often growing to a considerable

size.

There appear to be no records of any of the American species occurring in the

fresh waters of Mexico and Central America, but one of them, S. guachancho, Cuv. &

Val., has been recorded from the Congo f.

Fam. 4, POLYNEMIDA }.

This family comprises three genera with about thirty species, tropical shore fishes

which often enter rivers. They are easily recognizable on account of the peculiar

structure of the pectoral fin, which has a detached lower portion composed of free

filamentous rays. Pentanemus quinquarius, Linn., from the Tropical Atlantic, with

the preoperculum entire and the anal fin much longer than the second dorsal, is known

to ascend West African rivers and has been recorded from Cuba; it is perhaps to be

met with in the rivers of the Atlantic slope of Tropical America.

The fishes of the genus Polynemus, Linn., have the preoperculum serrate and the

anal fin about as long as the second dorsal. Two species are found on the Pacific

Coast, ranging from California to Ecuador, viz., P. approximans, Lay & Bennett, with

5 or 6 pectoral filaments, and P. opercuiaris, Gill, with 8 or 9 pectoral filaments.

* Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 822.

+ Bouleng. Les Poissons du Bassin du Congo, p. 364 (1901).

+ Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 828.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, May 1907. L

74 HAPLOMI.

There are examples of the former species, collected by Herr Forrer at Presidio, in the

British Museum collection. Atlantic coast species are P. virginicus, Linn., and

P. octonemus, Girard, the former usually with 7 pectoral filaments, the latter usually

with 8.

Sub-order IV. HAPLOMI.

The Haplomi are represented in the fresh waters of Mexico and Central America by

two families, Scombresocide and Cyprinodontide, which may be distinguished from

other soft-rayed fishes with abdominal ventral fins by the following combination of

characters :—‘ Jaws toothed; premaxillaries wholly or in great part excluding the

maxillaries from the upper border of the mouth. Gill-membranes free from the

isthmus. Body scaly; lateral line either absent or placed very low. Fins without

spinous rays; a single dorsal; no adipose fin; ventral fins, if present, 5- to 7-rayed,

abdominal in position.”

The two families may be distinguished thus :—

Lateral line present, running along the edge of the lower surface of the

body . 2... ew ee ee ee ee ee ee .) O ScomBRESOCIDE.

No laterallme . 2. 2. 1. 2. 1 ew eee ee we we OR, C¥PRINODONTIDE.

Fam. 1. SCOMBRESOCIDA.

The Scombresocide are marine Fishes of the tropical and temperate seas. Some of

the species of Belone and Hemirhamphus enter rivers, and a few permanently fluviatile

forms are now usually referred to distinct genera.

1. BELONE, Cuv., 1817.

Belone, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 234 (1866).

Tylosurus (Cocco), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 708.

Body slender, elongate. Mouth with wide lateral cleft, both jaws being much prolonged ; jaws with small

pointed teeth in bands and with a series of enlarged, wide-set, conical teeth; palate toothless. Scales

small. Dorsal and anal fins opposite each other and posterior in position; caudal lunate or forked ;

pectorals asymmetrical, placed high ; ventrals 6-rayed, inserted posteriorly.

Many species from tropical and temperate seas; of eighteen American forms, two

have been recorded from fresh-water localities in Mexico and Central America.

1. Belone marina, Walbaum, 1792.

Tylosurus marinus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 714; Meek, Publ. Columbian

Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 160.

BELONE.—CYPRINODONTIDA. 75

Snout twice as long as rest of head. Diameter of eye 2} in length of postorbital part of head. Dorsal 15.

Anal 17. Caudal peduncle somewhat depressed, the lateral line forming a slight keel. Silvery, back

greenish; a bluish-silvery lateral stripe.

Total length 1000 mm.

Hab. Atlantic Coast from Cape Cod to Southern Mexico, entering rivers.

2. Belone scapularis, Jord. & Gilb., 1881.

Tylosurus scapularis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvu. 1896, p. 711 ; Gilb. & Starks,

Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 51.

Snout twice as long as restof head. Diameter of eye 33 to 4in length of postorbital part of head. Dorsal 14.

Anal 15. Caudal peduncle not depressed. Silvery, back greenish ; a bluish-silvery lateral stripe; a dark

blotch above the pectoral.

Total length 450 mm.

Hab. Pacific Coast of Panama, entering rivers.

Fam. 2, CYPRINODONTIDZ.

Head and body covered with cycloid scales *; no lateral line. Head depressed or moderately compressed,

usually flat above; body more or less elongate, compressed posteriorly. Mouth protractile, bordered

above by the premaxillaries only ; jaws with teeth; palate toothless? A single dorsal fin; pectoral

fins placed low or moderately high; ventrals abdominal, of 5 to 7 rays; caudal usually rounded or

truncate.

This family comprises over two hundred species which may be referred to about

twenty-five genera, from the fresh waters of America, Africa, and Southern and Eastern

Eurasia. Most of the species are American, several of them entering the sea. Some

species attain a length of 200 mm., but the majority do not grow to more than half

that length.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Genera.

I. Oviparous. Males with the anal fin unmodified. Rami of the lower jaw firmly united.

(CYPRINODONTINZ.)

A. Teeth conical.

1. Eyes with free margins.

Teeth in bands, with an outer series of more or less strongly

enlarged teeth. . . 2 ee ew he heheh )6hUdL FoNpuus.

Teeth inasingle series . . . . . . ee ee ee OR «Lanta,

2. Margins of eyes not free ; teeth in bands, with an outer series of

enlarged teeth . eo ew e ew ss. . 8 Rivervs.

B. Teeth tricuspid, in a single series oe 6 © « ee) 64 CYPRINODON.

* The edges of the scales bear a series of prickles in the males of some species of Cyprinodon.

+ Vomerine teeth are present in some Asiatic and African species.

L 2

76 HAPLOMI.

II. Viviparous. Males with the anterior 5 or 6 anal rays short, stiff, and subequal, separated

by a shallow notch from the rest of the fin. (CHARAcODONTIN#.)

A. Rami of the lower jaw firmly united ; teeth fixed.

Teeth of the outer series conical Soe ee ee

Teeth of the outer series usually spear-shaped, sometimes with the

apices truncate or even notched. . . . . . . . . . . 6. Limnureus.

Teeth of the outer series all distinctly bicuspid . . . . . . . 7. CHaracopon.

5. ZooGONETICUS.

B. Rami of the lower jaw weakly connected ; teeth of the outer series

movable, bicuspid . . 8. Goopra.

IIT. Viviparous. Males with the anal fin advanced and modified into an intromittent organ,

some of the anterior rays being enlarged and produced. Eyes normal. (PaciLiinm.)

A. Mouth large, with wide lateral cleft; teeth in bands, slender,

pointed, depressible. . . 2. 2. 2. 1. 1. 1 ww ee ee 6+) 69 BELONESOX.

B. Mouth rather small, with short lateral cleft; rami of lower jaw firmly united; teeth in

bands, with an outer series of enlarged, fixed teeth.

Teeth of the outer series conical . . . . . . . he «10. Gameustia,

Teeth of the outer series chisel-shaped . . . . . . . . . . 11. GuaripicatHys.

C. Mouth small, transverse; rami of lower jaw weakly connected ; teeth unicuspid.

1. Teeth in a single series re

2. Teeth in bands, with an outer series of larger teeth.

Dorsal fin with 8-11 rays, higher but not much longer in the males than

in the females ; caudal rounded or subtruncate in both sexes . . . 18. Pacrta.

Dorsal fin with 12 to 16 rays, higher and considerably longer in the males

than in the females; caudal rounded or subtruncate, sometimes with

the lower angle a little produced in the males . . . . . . . . 14 Mowttenista.

Dorsal fin with 11 to 15 rays, higher but not much longer in the males

than in the females ; lower rays of the caudal, in the males, produced

to form a long pointed appendage

. 12. GrrarRvDINus.

. 15. XrpHopHorvs.

IV. Viviparous. Males with the anal fin modified into a conical scaly

intromittent organ with terminal orifice. Eye transversely divided

into two parts. (ANABLEPSINE.). . . . . . . . « . « . 16. ANABLEPs.

1. FUNDULUS, Lacep., 1803.

Haplochiius (part.) and Fundulus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. pp. 310 & 318 (1866).

Fundulus and Adinia (part.), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, pp. 633 & 660.

Oviparous. Mouth rather small, with short lateral cleft ; rami of the lower jaw firmly united; teeth pointed,

in bands, with an outer series of more or less strongly enlarged, curved, conical teeth. Eyes with free

margins.

This genus comprises a large number of species, mostly North American, some of

which are marine. A few forms occur in the rivers of Mexico and Central America,

and the genus is also represented in Africa and Southern Europe. In my synopsis of

the species I include some which have been described from the coast of Lower

FUNDULUS. 77

California and which probably enter the rivers of Sinaloa, and others which are not

yet known to extend further south than the Rio Grande.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

I. Origin of anal fin below or behind that of the dorsal. (Funputus.)

A. 80 to 40 scales in a longitudinal series.

1. Dorsal 12-14. Anal 13-17. Oviduct not produced into a tube attached to the anal fin.

a. 82 to 85 scales in a longitudinal series.

Interorbital width more than 4 the length of head; snout not longer thaneye. 1. pachycephalus.

Interorbital width 4 the length of head or a little less ; snout not shorter

thaneye . . . . 6 «© ss wee ew eee we eR punctatus.

b. 36 to 39 scales in a longitudinal series . . .« . «~~. . . 98. labialis.

2. Dorsal 10-13. Anal 10-12. Females with the oviduct produced into a tube or sheath

attached to the anterior anal rays. (? J”. vinctus.)

a. 31 to 34 scales in a longitudinal series.

Interorbital width 4 the length of head, which is 3? in the length of the fish

(in specimens of 65 mm.) . . woe ee ww we A vinetus.

Interorbital width 2 the length of head, which is 32 in the length of the fish

(in specimens of 70 mm.) . 5. pallidus.

Interorbital width 4 the length of head, which is 3 | rea 1 the length of the fish

(in specimens of 100mm.) . 2. ee ee ee ee ee eee 6 Stmilis.

b. 35 to 39 scales in a longitudinal series.

Anal fin deep, when laid back extending to or nearly to the base of caudal . 7. heteroclitus.

Anal fin of moderate depth, when laid back not nearly reaching the caudal . 8. grandis.

B. 44 to 60 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 13. Anal ll. 44 scales in alongitudinal series . . . . . . © YQ. adinia.

Dorsal 15. Anal 13. 47 scales in a longitudinal series . . . . . . «. 10. extensus.

Dorsal 14-15. Anal 13-14. 60 scales in a longitudinal series . . . . . Ll. zebrinus.

II. Origin of anal fin far in advance of that of the dorsal. (ZyGonrcrzs.). 12. dovii.

1. Fundulus pachycephalus.

Fundulus pachycephalus, Ginth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 321 (1866)’, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868,

p- 483, t. 84. fig. 6 *,

Adinia pachycephala, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 660°.

Depth of body 3 to 33 in the length, length of head 3} to 34. Snout nearly as long as or shorter than eye,

the diameter of which j is 34 to 3¢ in the length of head ; interorbital width more than 4 the length of

head. Lower jaw slightly projecting. 32 to 35 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 12 to 14;

origin nearer to base of caudal than to head. Anal 13-15; origin below or a little behind that of the

dorsal; no tube attached to the anterior rays. Pectoral 2 to = the length of head. Caudal subtruncate.

Brownish, each scale with an indistinct darker spot; an indistinct dark lateral band on the posterior part

of the body ; vertical fins dusky, the dorsal with a few spots, the anal with a pale margin.

Hab. Guatemata, Lake Atitlan !? (Salvin).

Here described from the types, four females measuring up to 72 mm, in total length.

78 HAPLOMI.

2. Fundulus punctatus.

Fundulus punctatus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 320 (1866)', and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 482,

t. 84. fig. 5°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 637’.

Fundulus guatemalensis, Giinth. t. c. p. 821‘, and 1. ¢. t. 94. figs. 3 & 4°.

Adinia guatemalensis, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 660°.

Fundulus oaxace, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p- 104, fig. 287.

Depth of body 33 to 4 in the length, length of head 34 to 4. Snout as long as or a little longer than eye, the

diameter of which is 4 to 44 in the length of head; interorbital width about 3 the length of head. Jaws

equal anteriorly, or the lower jaw slightly projecting. 32 to 35 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal

12-14; origin nearer to base of caudal than to head. Anal 13-16; origin below or a little behind that

of the dorsal; fin deeper in females than in males, but not reaching the base of caudal when laid back :

no tube attached to the anterior anal rays. Pectoral 2 to 2 the length of head. Caudal subtruncate,

Brownish or olivaceous, each scale usually with a darker spot; spots especially well defined in males on

the posterior part of the body; females usually with a dark longitudinal band or a series of short

vertical bars on the posterior part of the body ; vertical fins usually dusky, the dorsal often with a series

of spots near the base, the anal often with a pale margin.

Hab. Muxico, San Domingo de Guzman (Buller), Totolopam (Gadow), Tequesixtlan

(Gadow), and Oaxaca‘ (Meek); Guatemata, Chiapam!2, Rio Guacalate 4 °,

Lakes Duefias*®, Nacasil, and Amatitlan*® (Salvin); Honpuras. — WESTERN

Ecuapor #5,

Here described from a large series of specimens measuring up to 100 mm. in total

length, including the types of the species and of /. guatemalensis.

8. Fundulus labialis.

Fundulus labialis, Gunth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 319 (1866) *, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 481, t. 84.

figs. 1 & 2°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 644°.

Depth of body 33 to 43 in the length, length of head 4 to 44. Snout as long as or a little longer than eye,

the diameter of which is 4 to 4; in the length of head ; interorbital width 4 the length of head or a little

less. Jaws equal anteriorly; upper lip rather broad. 36 to 39 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal

13-14; origin nearer to base of caudal than to head. Anal 15-17; origin below that of the dorsal ; fin

much deeper in females than in males, when laid back extending to the base of caudal; no tube attached

to the anterior anal rays. Pectoral nearly # the length of head. Caudal subtruncate. Olivaceous ;

edges of scales usually darker; vertical fins dusky, the dorsal and anal with broad yellow margins, which

are especially well defined in the males.

Hab. Guatemata, Rio San Gerdénimo 1, Rio Chisoy, and Lake Yzabal ! 2 (Salvin).

Here described from several specimens, including the types of the species, measuring

up to 120 mm. in total length.

4. Fundulus vinctus.

Fundulus vinctus, Jord. & Gilb. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 355'; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 637°.

Hab. Lower CAuirornia, Cape St. Lucas or lagoons near La Paz! ?.

FUNDULUS. 79

5, Fundulus pallidus.

Fundulus pallidus, Everm. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xi. 1891, p. 84, t. 35. fig. 2 (1892) °; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 638°.

Fundulus similis (non Baird & Girard), Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 105°.

Depth of body 32 to 41 in the length, length of head 3 to 32. Snout as long as or shorter than eye, the

diameter of which is 3 to 34 in the length of head; interorbital width 24 in the length of head. Jaws

equal anteriorly. 31 to 34 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10-12; origin equidistant from head

and base of caudal. Anal 11-12; origin below or a little behind that of the dorsal ; females with a

short tube attached to the basal part of the anterior anal rays. Pectoral 2 the length of head. Caudal

subtruncate. Sides with a series of blackish vertical bars, which are broader and less sharply defined in

the males than in the females; an oblong black median spot on the back in front of the dorsal fin.

Hab. Nortu America, Galveston in Texas.—MeExico, Linares? and Victoria ® (Meek)

in Tamaulipas.

Here described from four specimens measuring up to 70 mm. in total length.

6. Fundulus similis.

Hydrargyra similis, Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Survey, Fish. p. 68, t. 35. figs. 1-8 (1859) *.

Fundulus similis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 638°.

Hab. Rio Grande to Florida, entering the sea 2.

7. Fundulus heteroclitus.

Cobitis heteroclitus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 500 (1766) *.

Fundulus heteroclitus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 640 *.

Hab. Rio Grande to Maine, entering the sea ?.

8. Fundulus grandis.

Fundulus grandis, Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Survey, Fish. p. 69, t. 36 (1859) '.

Fundulus heteruclitus grandis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 641°.

fab. Rio Grande to Florida, entering the sea ?.

Dr. Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 107) describes this species as

having 40 to 46 scales in a longitudinal series. Specimens which I have examined,

and which certainly belong to & grandis as described and figured by Girard, have

36 to 38 scales in a longitudinal series. In females of this species the length of the

tube attached to the anal fin is about } the depth of the fin, in F. heteroclitus about 2.

9. Fundulus adinia.

Fundulus adinia, Jord. & Gilb. Synopsis, p. 38385 (1883)*; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 645”.

Hab. Rio Grande at Brownsville ! 2.

80 HAPLOMI.

10. Fundulus extensus.

Fundulus extensus, Jord. & Gilb. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p- 855°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 646°.

Hab. Lowrr Cauiroryia, Cape St. Lucas or lagoons near La Paz 2.

11. Fundulus zebrinus.

Fundulus zebrinus, Jord. & Gilb. Synopsis, p. 891 (1883)'; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 646°.

Hab. Rio Grande to Kansas 2.

12. Fundulus dovii.

Haplochilus dovii, Giinth. Cat. Fish, vi. p. 316 (1866)’, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 481,

t. 82. fig. 5°.

Fundulus dovii, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Nus. xlvii. 1896, p. 650°.

Depth of body 43-5 in the length, length of head 32. Snout as long as the postorbital parts of head.

Diameter of eye 44 in the length of head and 1? in the interorbital width. Lower jaw a little shorter

than the upper; teeth of the outer series in the lower jaw implanted horizontally. 30 scales in a

longitudinal series. Dorsal 8. Anal 13-14, originating at a point equidistant from base of pectoral and

base of caudal or a little nearer the latter, terminating below the origin of dorsal. Pectoral 3 the length

of head, extending to the base of ventrals, which reach the vent. Caudal rounded. Olivaceous, with

indistinct darker vertical bars; vertical fins with series of spots.

Hab. Costa Rica!?, Punta Arenas (Dow).

Two specimens, types of the species, 150 mm. in total length.

This is the southern representative of the subgenus Zygonectes, Agass., and is close

to the North-American Pundulus (Zygonectes) notatus, Rafin.

9. LUCANIA, Girard, 1859.

Lucania, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 663.

Uviparous. Mouth rather small, with short lateral clett; rami of the lower jaw firmly united; teeth conical,

in a single series.

Four species from the Atlantic Coasts and rivers of the United States, one extending

southwards to ‘Tamaulipas.

1. Lucania venusta.

Limia venusta, Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 71, t. 39. figs. 20-23 (1859) *.

Lucania venusta, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 118°; Gimth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 810 (1866) *;

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 665*; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus.,

Zool. v. 1904, p. 109°.

Lucania affinis, Girard, 1. c.°.

Depth of body 3 to 32 in the length, length of head 34 to 32. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which

is 3 in the length of head; interorbital width 23 in the length of head. Lower jaw slightly projecting.

LUCANIA.—RIVULUS. 81

25 or 26 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 11-13; origin equidistant from tip of snout and base of

caudal, Anal 9-11; origin below middle of dorsal. Pectoral 2 the length of head. Caudal rounded.

Olivaceous; edges of scales darker; a silvery lateral stripe; fins plain (@) or a dark spot at anterior

edge of dorsal (¢ ).

Hab. Coasts and rivers from Florida to Tamaulipas :

Pensacola in Florida*; Indianola in Texas! ; Matamoros in Tamaulipas °.

Here described from specimens from Florida, measuring up to 60 mm. in total

length.

8. RIVULUS, Poey, 1860.

Rivulus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 327 (1866) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,

p-. 662.

Cynodonichthys, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 101.

Oviparous. Mouth rather small, with short lateral cleft ; rami of the lewer jaw firmly united ; teeth pointed,

in bands, with an outer series of enlarged, curved, conical teeth. Margins of eyes not free.

This genus comprises four species from Mexico and Central America, two from

Cuba, and about eight from South America*. The head is rather broad and the

body is somewhat elongate, subcylindrical anteriorly and compressed posteriorly. The

snout is short, and the lower jaw projects a little beyond the upper; the lateral gape

of the mouth is short, horizontal, and about on a level with the middle of the eye; a

vertical cleft in front of the eye marks the posterior edge of the broad lower lip. The

teeth of the outer series are rather few and strong, and do not extend on to the sides

of the jaws; one or two of the lateral teeth of this series may be longer than the others.

The rather short dorsal fin is placed further back than the longer anal. The pectorals

are obtuse and are placed very low; the ventrals are small; the caudal is rounded or

subtruncate.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

I. Origin of dorsal over posterior part of anal, which ends below the middle of the dorsal.

Dorsal 9. Anal 12. 42 scales ina longitudinal series . . . . . . . IL. flabellicauda.

Dorsal 8. Analll. 38 scales in a longitudinal series . . . . . . . 2. tenuis.

Dorsal 8. Anal 1l. 385 scales in a longitudinal series . . 2. + . 8. godmani.

II. Origin of dorsal over middle of anal, which ends a little in advance of the

end of the dorsal. Dorsal 9, Anal 11. 32 scales in a longitudinal series. 4. isthmensis.

1. Rivulus flabellicauda. (Tab. X. fig. 6.)

Rivulus flabellicauda, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 64°.

Depth of body 4% in the length, length of head 34. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 4 in

the length of head; interorbital width 24 in the length of headt. _ 42 scales in a longitudinal series.

* Haplochilus harti, Bouleng., from Trinidad, and H. peruanus, Regan, from Peru, belong to this genus,

+ In this species and in R. opercularis the interorbital width is less than the interocular width.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, May 1907. M

82 HAPLOMI.

Dorsal 9; origin above posterior part of anal, which ends below the middle of the dorsal. Anal 12;

origin equidistant from operculum and base of caudal. Pectoral 3 the length of head. Caudal sub-

truncate. Brownish; edges of scales darker; vertical fins with some small darker spots; an ocellus on

the upper half of the base of the caudal fin.

Hab. Costa Rica, Juan Viiias (Underwood 1), San José (Biolley).

Two specimens, the type, 70 mm. in total length, and a much smaller example not

included in the description.

2. Rivulus tenuis.

Cynodonichthys tenuis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 101, fig. 27°.

Allied to 2. godmani, but with smaller scales and a smaller eye (diameter 3% in the length of head in

a specimen of 40 mm.).

Hab. Mexico, El Hule in Oaxaca !.

3. Rivulus godmani. (Tab. X. fig. 5.)

Rivulus godmani, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 65.

Depth of body 44 to 5 in the length, length of head 32. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 3

in the length of head and a little less than the interorbital width. 35 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 8; origin above posterior part of anal, which ends below the middle of the dorsal. Anal 11;

origin equidistant from operculum and base of caudal. Pectoral $ the length of head. Caudal sub-

truncate or rounded. Olivaceous, with a more or less distinct darker spot on each scale; operculum

blackish ; vertical fins dusky, the caudal with a narrow light edge, and below with a blackish intra-

marginal stripe ; caudal ocellus sometimes present.

Hab. GuateMaua (Godman).

Two specimens, 40 mm. in total length.

4, Rivulus isthmensis,

Rivulus isthmensis, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 140°.

Hab. Costa Rica, Rio San José t.

4. CYPRINODON, Lacep., 1803.

Cyprinodon, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 670.

Oviparous. Mouth small, with short lateral cleft; rami of the lower jaw firmly united; teeth incisor-like,

tricuspid, in a single series.

About eight species comprise this genus, which ranges from the United States to

Brazil. In these the gill-openings are restricted from above, commencing only a little

above the level of the pectoral fins. The Old-World genus or subgenus Ledias differs

only in the greater freedom of the operculum.

A few forms enter the sea and others are sometimes found in salt springs; they

are very variable and difficult to distinguish; specimens without ventral fins are not

uncommon.

CYPRINODON. 83

Only two well-established species, C. macularius and C. bovinus, have been recorded

from Mexico, but two others known to occur in the Rio Grande system are probably

to be met with in its southern tributaries and are therefore included here. In all

these the origin of the dorsal fin is about in the middle of the length of the fish

(without the caudal fin), and the anal commences below the posterior part of the dorsal.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species *.

I. Longest dorsal rays, in the male, only a little more than 4 the length of head,

less than the length of base of the fin 2. . 2. 2 6 © ee ee ee L. elegans.

II. Longest dorsal rays, in the male, from 3 to as long as the head, not shorter than the base of

the fin.

A. Longest anal rays considerably shorter than those of the dorsal.

Diameter of eye 34 to 4in the length of head (in specimens measuring up

to 60 mm.) ; pectoral 3 the length of head . . «© «© . . ee 1. 2 bovinus.

Diameter of eye 3 to 34 in the length of head (in specimens measuring up

to 70 mm.); pectoral as long or nearly as long as the head. . . . . 3. variegatus.

B. Longest anal rays scarcely shorter than those of the dorsal . . . . . . 4. macularius.

1. Cyprinodon elegans.

Cyprinodon elegans, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 889’; Girard, U.S. Mex. Bound.

Surv., Fish. p. 66, t. 37. figs. 1-7 (1859)*; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, p. 675°.

Depth of body 22 in the length, length of head 33. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which is 33 in

the length of head; interorbital width 22 in the length of head. 26 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 11; longest rays less than the length of base of the fin, scarcely more than 3 the length of head,

shorter than the longest anal rays. Anal 11. Pectoral 3 the length of head. Caudal subtruncate,

Least depth of caudal peduncle 12 in its length, 2 the length of head. Dark brownish above, yellowish

beneath ; upper parts with irregular dark spots; a dark band along the middle of the side; fins pale ;

basal half of dorsal with small dark spots; caudal with a narrow blackish posterior edge.

Hab. Camanche Springs, Rio Grande? 2.

Here described from a single specimen, a male, measuring 50 mm. in total length,

received from the Smithsonian Institution.

2. Cyprinodon bovinus,

Cyprinodon bovinus, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 389'; Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound.

Surv., Fish. p. 67, t. 37. figs. 12-18 (1859)*; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, p. 673°.

* C. carpio, Giinth., from Florida, apparently does not extend further south. It is recognizable by the

large eye (diameter 4 the length of head in specimens of 80 mm.) and by the humeral scale, which is not

enlarged.

C. marta, Steind., from the coast of Colombia, may occur in Central America; it appears to have a more

slender body than the species described here.

M 2

84 HAPLOMI.

Cyprinodon eximius, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 158*; Jord. & Everm. 1. c.*; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 125 °.

Cyprinodon latifasciatus, Garm. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vii. 1881, p. 92", and Mem. Mus. Comp.

Zool. xix. 1895, p. 22°; Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 676°; Meck, |. c.”.

oO.

Cyprinodon elegans, Meek, t. c. p. 12

Depth of body 2 to 22 in the length, length of head 3 to 33. Snout about as long as eye, the diameter

of which is 34 to 4 in the length of head; interorbital width 27 to 23 in the length of head. 26 or 27

scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 9-11; longest rays equal to the base of the fin or $ the length

of head (¢) or less than the base of the fin and 2 the length of head (Q). Anal 9-11; longest rays

shorter than those of the dorsal. Pectoral 2? the length of head. Caudal truncate or subtruncate.

Least depth of caudal peduncle 2 the-length of head. Coloration very variable, the males sometimes

spotted or barred, sometimes uniformly blackish ; females spotted, the spots sometimes forming cross-

bars, sometimes a longitudinal lateral band; vertical fins pale or dusky ; caudal, in the males, usually

spotted and with a blackish posterior edge; females with a dark spot on the posterior part of the

dorsal.

Hab. Rio Grande System and southwards to Durango:

Leon Spring in Texas1!?; Colonia Juarez, Guzman, Santa Maria and Minaca

in Chihuahua!!; Rio Carmen and Rio Sauz in Chihuahua®; Rio Conchos in

Chihuahua®®: Rio Chihuahua‘; Parras in Coahuila’; Labor and Durango

’

in Durango !°.

Here described from specimens measuring up to 60 mm. in total length from the

Rio Conchos (Woolman), determined as C. eximius and C. elegans by Dr. Jordan,

the Rio Sauz (Meek), and Labor (Meek).

3. Cyprinodon variegatus.

Cyprinodon variegatus, Lacep. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. p. 486 (1803)*; Ginth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 305

(1866) ?; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 20 >; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 672°.

Esox ovinus, Mitchell, Trans. Phil. Soc. N. York, i. 1815, p. 441, t. 4. fig. 7°.

Lebias rhomboidalis, Val. in Humboldt’s Obs. Zool. ii. p. 100 (1817) °.

Lebias ellipsoidea, Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Philad. ii. 1821, p. 5, t. 2. figs. 1-37.

Cyprinodon gibbosus, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 390°; Girard, U.S. Mex. Bound.

Surv., Fish. p. 67, t. 87. figs. 1-7’.

Trifarcias riverandi, Poey, Mem. ii. p. 306 (1861) an

Depth of body 2 to 23 in the length, length of head 33. Snout a little shorter than eye, the diameter of

which is 3-33 in the length of head ; interorbital width 23 to 2? in the length of head. 26 or 27 scales

in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10-11 ; longest rays equal to the base of the fin and nearly as long as

the head ( ¢) or about § the length of head (Q). Anal 10-11; longest rays considerably shorter than

those of the dorsal. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Caudal truncate. Least depth of caudal

peduncle 2 the length of head. Body with more or less distinct dark vertical bars ; caudal fin, in males,

with a dark posterior edge ; females with a dark spot on the posterior part of the dorsal.

Hab. Cape Cod to the Rio Grande and Cuba, entering the sea:

New York®; Carolina!; Florida’; Louisiana 6; Indianola in Texas 89;

Cuba ?°,

CYPRINODON.—ZOOGONETICUS. 85

Here described from specimens from Florida, measuring up to 70 mm. in total

length.

4. Cyprinodon macularius.

Cyprinodon macularius, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 389°; Girard, U.S. & Mex.

Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 68, t. 37. figs. 8-11 (1859)*; Garm. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix.

1895, p. 24°; Gilb. N. Amer. Fauna, no. 7, p. 232 (1893)*; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 674°; Gilb. & Scofield, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1898, p. 498° ;

Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 126°.

Cyprinodon californiensis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 157°.

Cyprinodon nevadensis, Eigenm. Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. (2) i. 1889, p. 270°.

Depth of body 23 to 24 in the length, length of head 3. Snout a little shorter than eye, the diameter of

which is 3 to 34 in the length of head; interorbital width 23 in the length of head. 25 or 26 scales in

a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10-11; longest rays equal to the base of the fin (¢) or a little less (? ),

#(d)or 4(¢) the length of head, scarcely longer than the longest anal rays. Anal 10-11. Pectoral

4 the length of head. Caudal subtruncate. Least depth ef caudal peduncle 2 the length of head.

Body with irregular dark cross-bars and an interrupted lateral band, these markings scarcely distinct

in males ; the caudal fin and sometimes the dorsal and anal with a narrow dark edge (in the males),

the dorsal with a small dark spot on the posterior rays (in the females).

Hab. Colorado and Nevada to Sonora and Lower California:

Colorado ; Nevada4®; California #89; Arizona!?2; Sonora? ®,

Here described from five specimens from Colorado (Higenmann) and Lower

California, measuring up to 60 mm. in total length.

5. ZOOGONETICUS, Meek, 1902.

Zoogoneticus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 109.

Viviparous. Anal tin of the male with the anterior five or six rays short, stiff, and subequal, separated by a

more or less distinct notch from the rest of the fin. Mouth rather small, with short lateral cleft ; rami

of the lower jaw firmly united; minute teeth in bands, with an outer series of enlarged, fixed, conical

teeth.

This genus comprises four species, from the Rio Lerma System and the Valley

of Mexico. It is very closely related to Funduli of the type of F. punctatus,

F. nachycephalus, &c.

Synopsis of the Species.

T. 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 18-16; origin about equidistant from tip of snout and posterior

end of caudal fin. Anal 13-15 . . 2... ww. OL. euitzeoensis.

Dorsal 17 ; origin nearer to end of caudal than to tip of snout. Anall3 . 2. dugesit.

II. 82 to 34 scales in a longitudinal series . . 2. 2... ww ee ee 8 diaz.

III. 36 to 39 scales in a longitudinal series . . 2. 1 2 we ee ee A robustus.

86 HAPLOMI.

1. Zoogoneticus cuitzeoensis.

Platypecilus quitzeoensis, B. A. Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1898, p. 540, fig. 1°.

Zoogoneticus cuitzeoensis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 111, fig. 29 ?.

Depth of body 24 to 32 in the length, length of head 33-37. Snout as long as or shorter than the eye, the

diameter of which is 3 to 3} in the length of head; interorbital width 22 to 3 in the length of head.

Lower jaw projecting. 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 13-16; origin equidistant

from eye or operculum and base of caudal. Anal 13-15; origin a little behind that of the dorsal.

Pectoral $ to 2 the length of head. Caudal rounded. Males nearly uniformly coloured, with the

vertical fins dusky, the dorsal and anal with pale edges. Females with a series of dark spots or bars on

the lower half of the posterior part of the body; a pair of dark spots at the base of the caudal ; fins

pale, immaculate.

Hab. Muxico, Rio Lerma System :

Lake Chapala?; Lake Cuitzeo 1.

Here described from specimens from Lake Chapala (Meek), measuring up to 65 mm.

in total length.

2. Zoogoneticus dugesii.

Fundulus dugesii, Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 3738, t. 20. fig. 5°.

Adinia dugesti, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 661”.

Zoogoneticus dugesiit, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 111, fig. 80°.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Lagos?; Guanajuato!; Lake Patzcuaro 3.

This species should be easily distinguished by the coloration, the body being

crossed by well-defined vertical bars, and by the short and deep caudal peduncle.

8. Zoogoneticus diazi.

Zoogoneticus diazi, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 114, fig. 32°.

Zoogoneticus miniatus, Meek, t. c. p. 115, fig. 33”.

Depth of body 3-34 in the length, length of head 34 to 3%. Snout nearly as long as or shorter than eye,

the diameter of which is 2? to 32 in the length of head; interorbital width 22 to 3 in the length of

head. Lower jaw a little projecting. 32 to 34 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 16-18 ; origin

equidistant from head and base of caudal ( ¢) or a little nearer the former (3), Anal 12-15; origin

below or a little behind that of the dorsal. Pectoral 2 the length of head. Caudal subtruncate.

A lateral series of irregular dark spots or vertical bars ; fins immaculate.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System and Valley of Mexico:

Lake Patzcuaro!; Lake Zirahuen!; Lake Chalco ?.

Here described from specimens from Lake Patzcuaro (Meek) measuring up to

80 mm. in total length.

4. Zoogoneticus robustus.

Fundulus robustus, Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1892, p. 285, t. 44. fig. 2°; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 644’.

ZOOGONETICUS.—LIMNURGUS. 87

Zoogoneticus robustus, Meck, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. iii. 1902, p. 92°, and v. 1904, p. 113,

fig. 31°.

Zoogoneticus maculatus, Regan, Ann, Mag. N. H. (7) xiii. 1904, p. 256°.

Depth of body 3 to 32 in the length, length of head 3 to 31. Snout as long as or longer than eye, the

diameter of which is 4 to 5 in the length of head; interorbital width 21 to 22 in the length of head.

Lower jaw projecting. 36 to 39 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 18-14; origin nearly equidistant

from preoperculum and base of caudal. Anal 14-16; origin a little behind that of the dorsal. Pectoral

3 to % the length of head. Caudal subtruncate. Body usually with irregular dark spots; fins

immaculate.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Guanajuato!; Rio Grande de Santiago® (Buller); Lake Chapala?4; Lake

Cuitzeo?4; Lake Patzcuaro24; Zirahuen ? 4.

Here described from several specimens from the Rio Grande de Santiago, Lake

Chapala, and Lake Patzcuaro, measuring up to 145 mm. in total length.

6. LIMNURGUS, Ginth., 1866.

Limnurgus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 8309 (1866).

Girardinichthys, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 666.

Viviparous. Anal fin of the male with the anterior five or six rays short, stiff, and subequal, separated by a

more or less distinct notch from the rest of the fin. Mouth small, with short lateral cleft; rami of the

lower jaw firmly united ; minute teeth in bands, with an outer series of enlarged fixed teeth which are

usually spear-shaped, but may have their apices truncate or even notched.

A single species from the Valley of Mexico.

1. Limnurgus innominatus. (Tab. XII. fig. 1.)

Lucania sp., Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 118°.

Girardinichthys innominatus, Bleek. Cyprin. p. 484 (1860) *; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvil. 1896, p. 666°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 116 *.

Limnurgus variegatus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 309 (1866) °*.

Characodon geddesi, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xiii. 1904, p. 257°.

Depth of body 23 to 33 in the length, length of head 3? to 4. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 4 to 44 in the length of head; interorbital width 2} to 22 in the length of head. 39 to 48 scales in

a longitudinal series. Dorsal 18-23; origin equidistant from eye (d) or operculum (2) and base of

caudal. Anal 20-26 ; origin a little behind that of the dorsal. Pectoral 2 the length of head. Caudal

subtruncate. Body with irregular dark spots or narrow vertical bars.

Hab. Mexico, Valley of Mexico:

City of Mexico!; Lake Chalco* (Meek); Lake Tezcoco® (Geddes) ;

Xochimilco ¢.

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 7) mm. in total

length.

88 HAPLOMI.

7. CHARACODON, Ginth., 1866.

Characodon, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 8308 (1866); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, p. 667.

Characodon and Chapalichthys, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, pp. 118 & 123.

Viviparons. Anal fin of the male with the anterior five or six rays short, stiff, and subequal, separated

by a more or less distinct notch from the rest of the fin. Mouth rather small, with short lateral cleft ;

rami of lower jaw firmly united; minute teeth in bands, with an outer series of enlarged, fixed, bicuspid

teeth.

Hab. Mexico and Lower California.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Dorsal and anal fins each with more than 25 rays . . . . «© «© «© « 1. multiradiatus.

II. Dorsal and anal fins each with less than 20 rays.

A. 82 to 36 scales in a longitudinal series.

Origin of anal below middle of dorsal; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of

snout and base of caudal or a little nearer the latter. 2. . . . . . . 2. encaustus.

Origin of anal below anterior part of dorsal ; origin of dorsal about equidistant

from tip of snout and posterior end of caudal fin . . . . . . . . . 8. variatus,

Origin of anal a little in advance of that of the dorsal, which is equidistant from

posterior part of head and posterior end of caudal fin . . . . . . . 4. lateralis.

B. 50 to 55 scales in a longitudinal series . furcidens.

1. Characodon multiradiatus. (Tab. XII. figg. 3, 4.)

Characodon multiradiatus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 119°.

Depth of body 2% to 3} in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Snout a little shorter than eye, the diameter

of which is 3 to 34 in the length of head; interorbital width 2 to 24 in the length of head. About 40

scales in a longitudinal series *. Dorsal 28-33; origin nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal ( ¢ )

or nearer to the caudal(Q). Anal 29-32; origin below the anterior part of the dorsal. Pectoral 2

to 2 the length of head. Caudal subtruncate. Olivaceous, with irregular dark cross-bars ; vertical fins,

in the males, with blackish edges.

Hab. MeExico, Rio Lerma System, Lerma!.

Here described from four specimens, measuring up to 45 mm. in total length, from

Lerma (Meek).

2. Characodon encaustus.

Characodon encaustus, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 126, fig. 7 (1900) ’.

Chapalichihys encaustus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 128, fig. 36°.

Depth of body 3 to 32 in the length, length of head 34 to 4. Snout as long as or shorter than eye, the

diameter of which is 3 to 33 in the length of head; interorbital width 24 to 3 in the length of head.

* When the scales are regularly arranged I count not more than 40 in a longitudinal series. Sometimes

they are irregular, two scales from series above and below meeting to exclude a scale from contact with what

should be the next one in its longitudinal series; in one specimen this occurs to such an extent that more

than 45 may be counted from above the pectoral to the caudal.

£3 Pan.

CHARACODON. 89

33 to 36 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 15-18 ; origin equidistant from tip of snout and base of

caudal or a little nearer the latter. Anal 15-17; origin below the middle of dorsal. Pectoral nearly

2 the length of head, extending beyond the base of ventral. Caudal truncate. Olivaceous; a series

of 7 to 10 dark brown spots or short vertical bars along the middle of the side.

Hab. Mexico, Lake Chapala?! 2.

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 75 mm. in total length.

3. Characodon variatus.

Characodon variatus, Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 370, t. 20. fig. 1'; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 669°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 120°.

Characodon ferrugineus, Bean, t. c. p. 372, t. 20. figs. 3 & 44,

Characodon eiseni, Rutter, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. (2) vi. 1896, p. 266’; Jord. & Everm. t. c. 1898,

p. 2831°; Meek, t. c. p. 119”. |

Depth of body about 3 in the length, length of head 33 to 33. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 34 to 4 in the length of head ; interorbital width 24 in the length of head. 32 to #5 scales in a

longitudinal series. Dorsal 12-14; origin equidistant from tip of snout and end of caudal fin. Anal

14-17; origin behind that of the dorsal. Pectoral 2 to ? the length of head. Caudal subtruncate.

Males with a blackish longitudinal band; dorsal and caudal fins blackish, with a narrow light edge.

Females with the lateral band broken up into a series of spots or bars; body with numerous irregular

spots; fins pale.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Aguas Calientes*?; Tepic®; Lagos ®; Guanajuato!*; Ocotlan?; Celaya?;

Salamanca? ; Huingo °.

Here described from a number of specimens, measuring up to 75 mm. in total

length, from Aguas Calientes (Jordan, Meek) and Salamanca (Woolman).

4, Characodon lateralis. |

Characoden lateralis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 308 (1866) ‘,and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 480,

t. 82. fig. 27; Garm. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 86°; Meek, Publ. Columbian

Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 121°.

Characodon garmani*, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mas. xlvii. 1898, p. 2831°; Meek, 1. c.°.

Depth of body 23 to 3 in the length, length of head 3 to 33. Snout as long as or shorter than eye, the

diameter of which is 34 to 44 in the length of head ; interorbital width 2 to 2} in the length of head.

32 to 35 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 11-14; origin equidistant from preoperculum or

operculum and end of caudal. Anal 13-16; origin a little in advance of that of the dorsal. Pectoral #

the length of head. Caudal rounded or subtruncate. Males dark brownish, with a more or less

distinct blackish lateral band ; vertical fins each with a blackish intramarginal band. Females olivaceous,

with the dark lateral band more or less broken up into spots or bars.

* Jordan & Evermann (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2831) proposed the name Oharacodon garmant

for the specimens from Parras, Coahuila, described by Garman (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 36)

under the name Characodon lateralis. Garman’s description appears about equally applicable to C. lateralis

and C. variatus, species which he does not recognize as distinct from each other. Specimens collected by

Dr. Meek at Durango and sent as C. garmant are identical with C. lateralis.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, Judy 1907. N

90 HAPLOMI.

Hab. Mexico, Coahuila, Durango, and Jalisco :

Parras in Coahuila?; Durango and Labor in Durango ®; Jalisco 4.

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 65 mm. in total length, the

types of the species (described as from Central America, without particulars as to the

exact locality) and a series from Durango (Meesz).

5. Characodon furcidens. (Tab. XII. fig. 2.)

Characodon furcidens, Jord. & Gilb. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 354°; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1892, p. 670’.

Depth of body 34 in the length, length of head 4. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which is 35

in the length of head; interorbital width 2 in the length of head. 53 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 16; origin equidistant from base of pectoral and base of caudal. Anal 12; origin posterior

to that of the dorsal. Pectoral 2 the length of head. Caudal truncate. Brownish above, yellowish

below ; upper part of the body with traces of darker spots.

Hab. Lower California and Jalisco:

Cape San Lucas or lagoons near La Paz!; Rio de Mascota in Jalisco (Buller) ;

Colima ?,

Here described from a specimen of 80 mm. from the Rio de Mascota (Buller).

8. GOODEA, Jord., 1879.

Goodea, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 685.

Xenendum, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 127 (1900).

Goodea and Skiffia, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, pp. 186 and 141.

Viviparous. Anal fin of the male with the anterior five or six rays short, stiff, and subequal, separated

by a more or less distinct notch from the rest of the fin. Mouth small, transverse ; rami of lower jaw

weakly connected ; minute teeth in bands, with an outer series of larger, movable, bicuspid teeth.

Hab. Mexico. ©

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Origin of anal well in advance of that of the dorsal ; 38 to 45 scales in a

longitudinal series. 2... 1 ee ee ee ee ee ee OL towers.

II. Origin of anal below or slightly in advance of that of the dorsal.

39 to 44 scales in a longitudinal series . . 2. ©. 2. ee ee e se 2 atripinnis.

34 to 88 scales in a longitudinal series . . . 2 2. ee ee ee Be calientis.

III. Origin of anal a little behind that of the dorsal ; 32 scales in a longi-

tudinal series . 2. . 1... we ee ee 4. bilineata.

IV. Origin of anal considerably behind that of the dorsal.

A. 48 to 55 scales in a longitudinal series. . 2. 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. we 8. whitii.

B. 32 to 88 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal with 12-l5 rays 2. 2 1. 1 eee eee ee ee ew 6. lerme.

Dorsal with 16-18 rays

multipunctata.

GOODEA. 91

1. Goodea toweri.

Goodea toweri, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 138, fig. 41%.

Depth of body 2 to 24 in the length, length of head 33. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 23

in the length of head ; interorbital width equal to the distance from posterior margin of pupil to free

edge of operculum, 38 to 42 (45) scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 11-12; origin equidistant from

preoperculum or operculum and posterior end of caudal. Anal 12-13; origin in advance of that of the

dorsal. Pectoral 3 the length of head. Caudal truncate. Brownish above, lighter below ; fins plain.

Hab. Mexico, Upper tributaries of the Rio Panuco:

Rio Verde in San Luis Potosi 1.

Here described from two specimens of 70 mm. from the Rio Verde (Meek).

2. Goodea atripinnis.

Goodea atripinnis, Jord. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, p. 299'; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 685 *, and 1900, fig. 801.

Characodon luitpoldi, Stend. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, Ixii. 1895, p. 528, t. 2. fig. 3°.

Goodea luitpoldi, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 139, fig. 42+.

Xenendum caliscone, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 128, fig. 9 (1900) *.

Depth of body 3 to 33 in the length, length of head 4 to 5. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which is

33 to 4 in the length of head ; interorbital width equal to the distance from middle of eye to free edge of

operculum. 39 to 44 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 13-15; origin equidistant from eye and

posterior end of caudal fin. Anal 15-16; origin below or a little in advance of that of the dorsal.

Pectoral a little shorter than the head. Caudal rounded or subtruncate. Caudal peduncle 13-1% as long

as deep. Brownish; vertical fins dusky.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Leon in Guanajuato!; Lake Chapala+®; Lake Patzcuaro 3.

Here described from five specimens, measuring up to 180 mm. in total length, from

Lakes Chapala (Buller) and Patzcuaro (Meek),

3. Goodea calientis.

Aenendum caliente, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 127, fig. 8°.

Goodea atripinnis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 140, fig. 43°.

Depth of body 23 to 34 in the length, length of head 4. Snout about as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 33 to 43 in the length of head ; interorbital width equal to the distance from posterior margin of pupil

to free edge of operculum. 34 to 38 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 13-15 ; origin equidistant

from operculum and posterior end of caudal fin. Anal 15-16; origin below or a little in advance of that

of the dorsal. Pectoral a little shorter than the head. Caudal rounded or subtruncate. Caudal peduncle

as long as or a little longer than deep. Brownish; young with irregular darker spots; fins plain.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma and upper tributaries of the Rio Panuco:

Aguas Calientes!?; Lagos?; Celaya?; Acambaro?; San Juan del Rio?;

Huingo*; Lake Patzcuaro ?.

Here described from a number of specimens from Aguas Calientes (Jordan, Meeh),

San Juan del Rio (Meek), Huingo (Meek), and Patzcuaro (Mexico Mus.).

N 2

92 HAPLOMI.

4. Goodea bilineata.

Characodon bilineatus, Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 371, t. 20. fig. 2°.

Skiffia bilineata, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 144, fig. 45°.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Leon in Guanajuato!; Huingo?.

This species agrees with G. multipunctata in the number of scales and fin-rays, but

has the dorsal fin placed further back, whilst the markings are quite different.

5. Goodea whitii.

Goodea whitei, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 187, fig. 40°.

Depth of body 8 to 4 in the length, length of head 4. Snout as long as or shorter than eye, the diameter of

which is 3 to 32 in the length of head; interorbital width equal to the distance from posterior margin

of pupil to free edge of operculum. 48 to 55 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 14-17; origin

equidistant from tip of snout and posterior end of caudal fin. Anal 12-14; origin posterior to that of

the dorsal. Pectoral about # the length of head. Caudal truncate, the upper angle sometimes a little

produced. Brownish above, yellowish below ; each scale of the upper part of the body with a dark spot;

usually a blackish lateral stripe; vertical fins dusky, more or less distinctly spotted, sometimes with a

pale edge and dark intramarginal stripe.

Hab. Mexico, upper tributaries of the Rio Balsas:

Yautepec!; Cuautla!.

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 90 mm. in total length,

from Yautepec and Cuautla (Meek).

6. Goodea lerma.

Skiffia lerme, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 142, t. 8°.

Skiffia variegata, Meek, t. c. p. 148, fig. 44°.

Depth of body 22 to 34 in the length, length of head 4. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 8

in the length of head ; interorbital width equal to or a little more than the postorbital part of head.

34 to 38 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 12-15; origin equidistant from snout and base of caudal

(3) or nearer the latter (2). Anal 13-153 origin posterior to that of the dorsal. Pectoral §—-4 the

length of head. Caudal truncate. Males dark brownish; females olivaceous, with irregular darker

spots ; sometimes an indistinct.dark lateral stripe and a spot or bar at the base of caudal; fins plain.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System and Valley of Mexico:

Celaya!; Lake Patzcuaro!; Lake Zirahuen?; Lake Chalco ?.

Here described from a number of specimens, measuring up to 65 mm. in total length,

from Lakes Patzcuaro and Zirahuen (J/eek). I am unable to detect any differences

between the examples from these two lakes, sent as S. /erme and S. variegata respectively.

7. Goodea multipunctata. (Tab. XII. figs. 5, 6.)

Xenendum multipunctatum, Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1901, p. 205°.

Skiffia multipunctata, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 141°.

Depth of body 2% to 24 in the length, length of head 4. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 3

GOODEA.—GAMBUSIA. 93

in the length of head ; interorbital width equal to or a little longer than the postorbital part of head.

32 to 35 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 16-18; origin equidistant from snout and base of caudal

(do) or nearer the latter(?). Anal 14-16; origin posterior to that of the dorsal. Pectoral 3-4 the

length of head. Caudal truncate or subtruncate. Olivaceous; a dark spot on each scale of the upper

and posterior parts of the body; a dark vertical bar at the base of the caudal fin; dorsal and caudal fins

with dark spots.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Jalisco!; Lake Chapala ?.

Here described from four specimens, measuring up to 50 mm. in total length, from

Ocotlan (Meek).

9. BELONESOX, Kner, 1860.

Belonesox, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 333 (1866); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,

p- 684.

Viviparous. Anal fin, in the male, advanced and modified into an intromittent organ. Mouth large, with

extended lateral cleft; teeth in bands, slender, pointed, depressible.

This genus comprises a single species, quite unlike any other member of the family.

1. Belonesox belizanus.

Belonesox belizanus, Kner, Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, xl. 1860, p. 419, fig." ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 333

(1866) *; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 684°; Meek, Publ. Columbian

Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 1354.

Depth of body 4 to 6 in the length, length of head nearly 3. Snout 24 to 32 as long as eye, the diameter of

which is 5 to 6 in the length of head. Lower jaw more than 3 the length of head. 55 to 65 scales in

a longitudinal series. Dorsal 9-10. Anal 10-12, in advance of the dorsal. Caudal rounded. <A small

dark spot on each scale of the upper part of the body; a blackish spot at the base of the caudal.

Hab. Mexico, Boca del Rio 4, Otopa*, El Hule +, Obispo 4, and Perez * in Vera Cruz ;

British Honpuras, Belize!; GuateMaLa, Lake Peten ?.

Here described from eight specimens, measuring up to 200 mm. in total length, from

Perez (Meek), Lake Peten (Salvin), and Belize. ‘he largest males measure 90 mm.

10. GAMBUSIA, Poey, 1855.

Pseudoxiphophorus and Gambusia, Giinth, Cat. Fish. vi. pp. 332 and 333 (1866) ; Jord. & Everm.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 678.

Viviparous. Anal fin, in the male, advanced and modified into an intromittent organ. Mouth small or

moderate ; rami of lower jaw firmly united; small teeth in bands, with an outer series of more or less

enlarged, conical, fixed teeth.

This genus comprises ten species from the Southern United States, Mexico, and

Central America, and three or four from Cuba and Jamaica.

94 HAPLOMI.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

I. Dorsal fin with 7 to 12 rays, its origin posterior to that of the anal. (GampustA.)

A. Anal fin similar to the dorsal, rounded or obtuse, the middle rays the longest. (? G. dr7-

dentiger.)

1. End of anal below anterior part or middle of dorsal (2); no dark cross-bars on the

body.

Diameter of eye 3 to 34 in the length of head (in specimens measuring up to

70mm.) 2. 1 6 ee ee ee ee ee ww ee ew we we OL graaeilis.

Diameter of eye 2} to 2? in the length of head (in specimens measuring up to

5Omm.) 2. 2. 1 ee ee ee eek ke ee ew ee wR bonita.

2. End of anal nearly below origin of dorsal.

4 or 5 narrow blackish cross-bars on each side . . . 2 oe ew ew ee 6 8y fasciata.

7 or 8 brownish vertical bars on the posterior part of the body 2 oe ee ww) A tridentiger.

B. Anal fin dissimilar to the dorsal, pointed, the anterior rays the longest.

1. Pectoral nearly as long as the head, extending to the origin of anal . 5. micaraguensis.

2. Pectoral shorter than the head, not reaching the anal.

a. Dorsal with 8 or 9 rays.

Length of head 4 to 44 in the length of the fish (in specimens of 25 to 50 mm.) ;

29 to 31 scales in a longitudinal series . . . 2. 1. ee © ee 6. infans.

Length of head 3 to 82 in the length of the fish (in specimens measuring up

to 45 mm.) ; 28 scales in a longitudinal series . . . . . . . + + «7. episcopit.

b. Dorsal with 10 tol2 rays . 2. 2 1 ew ee ee ee ee 8 annectens.

II. Dorsal fin with 1] to 17 rays, its origin in advance of that of the anal. (PsrupoxIPHoPHORWS.)

A. Origin of anal below or a little in advance of middle of dorsal; no dark spot above the

pectoral.

Dorsal with 12 to 14 rays, its origin equidistant from tip of snout and base or

anterior part of caudal. . 2 1 ee ee ee ee we eee D terrabensis.

B. Origin of anal below anterior part of dorsal ; a dark spot above the pectoral.

Dorsal with 11 to 18 rays, its origin equidistant from tip of snout and middle

or posterior part of caudal. . . . . . . » oe we ew ew ew + 10. gonesiz.

Dorsal with 13 to 17 rays, its origin about equidistant from tip of snout and

base ofcaudal . 2. 2... ee ee eee ee ee ee ee LL. btmaculata.

1. Gambusia gracilis*.

Xiphophorus gracilis, Heck. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, i. 1848, p. 300, t. 9. figs. 83-4".

Gambusia affinis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 680* ; Meek, Publ. Columbian

Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 180°.

Gambusia nobilis, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 682°.

Gambusia gracilis, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 683”.

Depth of body 8 to 4 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Snout as long or nearly as long as eye, the

diameter of which is 3-34 in the length of head. Interorbital width about equal to the distance from

* For the extensive synonymy of this species, see Jord. & Everm. pp. 681-683, and Garm. Mem. Mus.

Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, pp. 82-85 (G. holbrookit, patruelis, and gracilis).

GAMBUSIA. 95

middle of eye to free edge of operculum. 29 to 31 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 8-9 ; origin

usually nearer to posterior end of caudal fin than to tip of snout ; free edge of the finconvex. Anal 9-10,

similar to the dorsal, ending below or a little in advance of the middle of the dorsal. Pectoral 2-3 the

length of head. Caudal rounded or subtruncate. Least depth of caudal peduncle about % the length of

head. Olivaceous ; edges of scales darker; often a dark longitudinal band from upper part of eye to base

of caudal.

Hab. Streams of the Atlantic Slope from Illinois to Vera Cruz:

In Mexico recorded from Rio Chihuahua and Rio Conchos in Chihuahua ?;

Monclova in Coahuila®?; Monterey and Rio San Diego in Nuevo Leon?;

Matamoros, Rio Soto la Marina, and Rio Panuco in Tamaulipas? ; Orizaba! and

Vera Cruz.

Here described from specimens measuring up to 70 mm. in total length.

2. Gambusia bonita.

Gambusia bonita, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 182, fig. 39%.

Depth of body 34 to 32 in the length, length of head 33 to 33. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of

which is 23 to 23 in the length of head. Interorbital width equal to the distance from posterior margin

of pupil to free edge of operculum. 29 to 31 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 8-10; origin a

little nearer to posterior end of caudal fin than to tip of snout; middle rays longest. Anal 10-11,

similar to the dorsal, ending below the anterior rays of dorsal. Pectoral 4 the length of head. Caudal

rounded or subtruncate. Least depth of caudal peduncle = the length of head. Olivaceous; scales of

upper part of body with dark edges.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Papaloapam :

Refugio 1, Motzorongo!.

Here described from five specimens, measuring up to 00 mm. in total length, from

Refugio, received from Dr. Meek.

3. Gambusia fasciata.

Gambusia fasciata, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 129, fig. 37°.

Depth of body 34 to 33 in the length, length of head 4 to 43. Snout a little shorter than eye, the diameter

of which is 3 to 34 in the length of head. Interorbital width equal to the distance from middle of eye

to free edge of operculum. 32 scales in a longitudinal series, Dorsal 8; origin considerably nearer to

end of caudal than to tip of snout; middle rays longest. Anal 9-10, similar to the dorsal, ending below

the origin of dorsal. Pectoral +the length of head. Caudalsubtruncate. Least depth of caudal peduncle

2 the length of head. 4 or 5 narrow vertical or slightly oblique blackish bars on each side; a small

blackish spot on the anterior dorsal rays, another on the anal.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca, Tequesixtlan (Gadow), San Gerdnimo !, Tehuantepec !.

Here described from six specimens, measuring up to 55 mm. in total length.

4. Gambusia tridentiger.

Gambusia tridentiger, Garm. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 89°.

Inner teeth tricuspid. 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 7-8; origin about equidistant from

occiput and end of caudal, nearly above the last ray of anal. Anal 10. 7 or 8 brownish vertiéal bars,

separated by pale interspaces of equal width, on the posterior part of the body.

Hab. Isthmus of Panama !.

96 HAPLOMI.

5. Gambusia nicaraguensis.

Gambusia nicaraguensis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 336 (1866) ', and Trans. Zool. Soe. vi. 1868, p. 483,

t. 82. fig. 3°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 682°.

Paragambusia nicaraguensis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 133‘.

Depth of body 2% to 33 in the length, length of head 33 to 3%. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which

is 23 to 3 in the length of head. Interorbital width about equal to the distance from middle of eye to

free edge of operculum. 28 to 30 scules in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 7-8; origin nearer to posterior

end of caudal fin than to tip of snout; free edge of the fin straight. Anal 10-11, pointed, with concave

free edge, ending below the origin of dorsal. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Caudal rounded.

Least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 2 the length of head. Olivaceous: a small dark spot at the base of

each scale on the upper part of the body; dorsal and caudal with series of small dark spots.

Hab. SoutHerN Mexico AND CENTRAL AMERICA:

Mexico, Boca del Rio 4, Otopa4, El Hule 4, Obispo 4, and Perez‘ in Vera Cruz;

Nicaragua, Lake Nicaragua 12 (Dow).

Here described from several specimens measuring up to 55 mm. in total length, the

types of the species from Lake Nicaragua and examples from El Hule, received from

Dr. Meek.

6. Gambusia infans.

Gambusia infans, Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1894, p. 62, t. 2. fig. 8; Jord. & Everm.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 680°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904,

p. 131, fig. 38°.

Gambusia gracilis, Meek, t. c. p. 180%.

Depth of body 31 to 34 in the length, length of head 4 to 44. Snout nearly as long as or shorter than eye,

the diameter of which is 3 to 34 in the length of head. Interorbital width about equal to the distance

from middle of eye to free edge of operculum. 29 to 31 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 8-9;

origin usually nearer to posterior end of caudal than to tip of snout; free edge of fin slightly convex.

Anal 9-10, pointed, ending below anterior rays of dorsal. Pectoral + the length of head. Caudal

rounded or subtruncate. Least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 3 the length of head. Olivaceous ; scales

with narrow dark edges ; often a dark stripe from operculum to caudal.

Hab: Mexico, Rio Lerma and Rio Balsas:

Salamanca!; Celaya®; Ocotlan *; La Barca?; Huingo®; Yautepec *; Cuautla‘;

Puente de Ixtla*; Jojutla*; Chietla*; Balsas *.

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 50 mm. in total length, from

Salamanca (Woolman), Celaya and Puente de Ixtla (Meek). A male of 20 mm. is

marked with dark vertical bars.

7. Gambusia episcopi.

Gambusia episcopi, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, Ixxvii. 1878, p. 387, t. 2. figs. 3 & 4°.

Hab. PANAMA 1

GAMBUSIA, O7

8. Gambusia annectens. (Tab. XIV. figg. 5, 6.)

Gambusia annectens, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xix. 1907, p. 259.

Depth of body 3 to 32 in the length, length of head 32 to 33. Snout as long as or shorter than eye, the

diameter of which is 3 to 32 in the length of head; interorbital width equal to the distance from middle

or posterior part of eye to free edge of operculum. 28 to 31 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10-12;

origin equidistant from tip of snout and middle or posterior part of caudal; free edge of the fin convex.

Anal 9-10, pointed, originating a little in advance of the dorsal. Pectoral about # the length of head.

Caudal rounded or subtruncate. Least depth of caudal peduncle about 2 the length of head. Scales

with dark edges, forming series of spots on the lower part of the side; often a series of short dark vertical

bars along the middle of the side ; a series of dark spots on the lower part of the dorsal fin.

Hab. Costa Rica, Carrillo and Juan Vifias (Underwood), Irazu (Rogers).

Numerous specimens, measuring up to 70 mm. in total length.

This species is very close to G. episcopi, Steind., from Panama, which has only 8 or 9

dorsal rays and also differs in having a blackish spot on the anal fin. It is also close

to G. terrabensis, Regan, and G. jonesti, Giinther, and with them forms a series from

G. episcopt to G. (Pseudoxiphophorus) bimaculata, Heck., so that the genus Pseudo-

viphophorus can no longer be maintained,

9, Gambusia terrabensis. (Tab. XII. fig. 7.)

Gambusia terrabensis, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xix. 1907, p. 260.

Depth of body 34 to 34 in the length, length of head 33 to 34. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which

is 3 to 3} in the length of head; interorbital width equal to the distance from posterior margin of pupil

to free edge of operculum. 29 to 31 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 12-14; origin equidistant

from tip of snout and base of caudal or a little nearer the latter. Anal 9-10; origin below or a little in

advance of the middle of dorsal. Pectoral nearly ? the length of head. Caudal subtruncate. Least

depth of caudal peduncle nearly 2 the length of head. Scales of the upper part of the body with dark

edges; an interrupted dark lateral stripe; dorsal fin with a basal series of vertically expanded blackish

spots and with a second series of smaller spots; anal dark at the base and also distally ; posterior part

of caudal dusky.

Hab. Costa Rica, Rio Grande de Terraba, Pacific Slope (Pittier).

Six specimens, measuring up to 48 mm. in total length.

10. Gambusia jonesil, (Tab. XII. fig. 8.)

Mollienisia jonesii, Giinth. Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) xiv. 1874, p. 371°; Garm. Mem. Mus. Comp.

Zool. xix. 1895, p. 52°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 698 °.

Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus (non Heck.), Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 678°.

Pseudoaziphophorus pauciradiatus, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xiii. 1904, p. 256 *, and (7) xvi.

1405, p. 362 °.

Very closely allied to G. bimaculata. Dorsal 11-13; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and

middle or posterior part of caudal. Longest anal ray # to 2 the length of head. Scales with dark edges,

especially superiorly ; a dark spot on the operculum, another above the root of the pectoral, and a third

on the upper part of the base of the caudal; dorsal with about 3 series of small dark spots ; anal and

caudal with an oblong dark spot on each interradial membrane.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, July 1907. O

98 HAPLOMI.

Hab. Mexico, Mountain Lakes and Streams of Central Vera Cruz:

Lake Alcohuaca, near Huamantla, 8000 feet } (Jones); Orizaba*®® (Woolman,

Gadow).

Of the numerous examples, measuring up to 85 mm. in total length, which I have

examined, the majority have 12 dorsal rays, in striking contrast to G. bimaculata, in

which the usual number is 14 or 15.

11. Gambusia bimaculata. (Tab XIV. fig. 4.)

Xiphophorus bimaculatus, Heck. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, i. 1848, p. 296, t. 9. figs. 1-2'.

Pecilioides bimaculatus, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, xlvili. 1868, p. 176, t. 4. fig. 2°.

Pseudoxiphophorus reticulatus, Trosch. in Miiller’s Reise Mexico, ii. Append. p. 104 (1865) *; Giinth.

Cat. Fish. vi. p. 338 (1866) *; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 678°.

Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, Trosch. |. c.°; Ginth. t. c. p. 3327; Garm. Mem. Mus. Comp.

Zool. xix. 1895, p. 81°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 127°.

Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus, var. teniatus, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 362”.

Depth of body 3 to 4 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Snout as long as or a little shorter than eye, the

diameter of which is 3 to 32 in the length of head. Interorbital width equal to the distance from middle

or posterior part of eye to free edge of operculum, 28-31 scales ina longitudinal series. Dorsal 13-17 ;

origin about equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. Anal 9-11, below the anterior dorsal rays,

pointed, the longest ray from 2 to as long as the head. Pectoral 2 to 4 the length of head. Caudal ~

rounded. Least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 3 the length of head. Olivaceous or brownish; some or

all of the scales with dark outlines ; a dark spot above the pectoral, another on the upper part of the base

of caudal; dorsal with series of small dark spots; anal and caudal dusky.

Hab. Sovrnern Mexico, Tepeaca, San Domingo de Guzman!? (Buller), Jalapa®,

Xico ®, Orizaba15, Cordova (Boucard), Motzorongo®, El Hule®, Obispo %,

Perez®, Sanborn®, Rio Tonto (Gadow); British Honpuras, Stann Creek

(Robertson); GuatEMALA (Godman).

A very variable species in form, coloration, and number of fin-rays. Specimens

from San Domingo de Guzman (var. teniatus) have 16 or 17 dorsal rays and the dark

edges of the mid-lateral series of scales so broad as to form a dark longitudinal band ;

one of these is figured (Tab. XIV. fig. 4). Examples from other localities appear

also to have peculiarities which may prove to be distinctive. The numerous specimens

examined measure up to 90 mm. in total length.

11. GLARIDICHTHYS, Garman, 1896.

Glaridichthys, Garman, Am, Nat. xxx. 1896, p. 282.

Viviparous, Anal fin, in the male, advanced and modified into a long intromittent organ. Mouth small or

moderate; rami of lower jaw firmly united; small teeth in bands, with an outer series of enlarged,

chisel-shaped, fixed teeth. Dorsal fin short, with 8 to 11 rays.

This genus comprises three species, respectively from Northern Mexico, Cuba, and

Brazil.

GLARIDICHTHYS.—GIRARDINUS. 99

1. Glaridichthys latidens,

Glaridodon latidens, Garm. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 42°.

Glaridichthys latidens, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mias., Zool. v. 1904, p. 184°.

Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, which is more than } of the length of the fish. Snout shorter

than eye, the diameter of which is 3 in the length of head. 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 8; origin a little nearer to posterior end of caudal than to tip of snout and above the middle of

the anal. Anal 10, Caudal rounded or subtruncate. Olivaceous; sides with narrow brownish vertical

bars, which are more distinct posteriorly.

Hab. Mexico, Chihuahua !.

12. GIRARDINUS, Poey, 1859,

Girardinus, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 45.

Viviparous. Anal fin, in the male, advanced and modified into a long intromittent organ. Mouth small,

transverse ; rami of lower jaw weakly connected; tecth unicuspid, movable, in a single series.

Hab. Carolina to Guatemala; West Indies.

The three Mexican and Central-American forms are very closely allied and should

perhaps be regarded as races or subspecies of Girardinus pleurospilus. The following

description applies to all:—

Depth of body 33 to 33 in the length, length of head 37 to 41, Snout nearly as long as or shorter than eye,

the diameter of which is 3 to 34 in the length of head. Interorbital width equal to the distance from

middle or posterior part of eye to free edge of operculum. 27 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 7-9 ; origin equidistant from tip of snout and end of caudal or a little nearer the latter (@ ).

Anal 8-10; origin in advance of that of the dorsal. Dorsal and anal fins each with an acute anterior

angle and nearly straight free edge. Pectoral as long as or a little shorter than the head. Caudal

rounded or subtruncate. Least depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 3 the length of head.

1. Girardinus presidionis.

Pacilia presidionis, Jord. & Culver, Prof. Calif. Ac. Sci. (2) v. 1895, p. 413, t. 29'; Jord. & Everm.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 6977; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mns., Zool. v. 1904,

p- 152°.

A series of narrow dark vertical bars, variable in number, along the side of the body ; one or two of the bars

sometimes represented by oval spots.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Presidio in Sinaloa 1? 3.

Ten examples, measuring up to 70 mm. in total length. In these I am unable

to detect any trace of an inner series of teeth, even with the aid of a binocular

microscope.

2. Girardinus lutzi.

Heterandria lutzi, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 148, fig. 47°.

Heterandria pleurospilus, Meek, 1. c.’.

A series of dark spots along the middle of the side, usually more than eight in number, and each usually

smaller than the eye. A few spots sometimes expanded vertically ; posterior spots sometimes broken up,

forming two or even three irregular series.

100 HAPLOMI.

Hab. Sovutnzrn Mexico, Otopa!, Motzorongo}, Venta Salada}, El Hule?, Perez}, and

Cuicatlan! in Vera Cruz, Oaxaca!, Tequesixtlan (Gadow), San Gerdnimo? and

Tehuantepec in Oaxaca.

Numerous examples, measuring up to 80 mm. in total length.

3. Girardinus pleurospilus.

Girardinus pleurospilus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 855 (1866) *, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868,

p. 486, t. 87. fig. 1%.

Heterandria pleurospilus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 658”.

A series of from four to eight rounded dark spots, each about as large as the eye, along the middle of

the side.

Hab. GuateMaua, Lake of Duefias!2, Lake Nacasil (Salvin).

Numerous examples, measuring up to 60 mm. in total length.

13. PQECILIA, Schneider, 1801.

Pecilia, Gunth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 839 (1866); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,

p. 690.

Viviparous. Anal fin, in the male, advanced and modified into an intromittent organ of moderate length.

Mouth small, transverse ; rami of lower jaw weakly connected; minute teeth in bands, with an outer

series of more or less enlarged, curved, unicuspid, movable teeth. Dorsal fin with 8 to 11 rays, higher

but not much longer in the males than in the females. Caudal rounded or subtruncate in both sexes.

Hab. Mexico and Central America to Brazil; West Indies.

P. elongata is known to enter the sea, and probably P. sphenops, which is abundant

in brackish water, does so also.

Dr. Garman, in his monograph of the Cyprinodonts (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix.

1895), proposed a considerable reduction in the number of Mexican and Central-

American species of this genus. He placed P. couchiana, Girard, P. mexicana,

Steind., P. thermalis, Steind., P. petenensis, Giinth., P. dovii, Giinth., P. spilurus,

Ginth., and P. dutleri, Jord., in the synonymy of P. sphenops, Cuv. & Val., and

P. elongata, Giinth., P. boucardi, Steind., and P. chisoyensis, Giinth., in the synonymy

of P. gilliz, Kner & Steind.

After examination of a large number of specimens I have reached the conclusion

that P. couchiana, P. petenensis, P. spilurus, and P. elongata are very distinct and

easily definable species. The others enumerated appear to be merely forms of one

widely distributed and variable form, P. sphenops.

PCECILIA. 101

Synopsis of the Species *.

I. Origin of anal in advance of that of the dorsal.

Dorsal 8. Anal 7. 26 scales ina longitudinal series . . . . . . . . . LJ. spilurus.

Dorsal 7-9. Anal 9-11. 27 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series . . . . . 2. occidentalis.

Dorsal 9-10. Anal 8-9. 80 to 33 scales in a longitudinal series . . . . . 3. elongata.

II. Origin of anal below or behind that of the dorsal.

A. Origin of anal below or a little behind that of the dorsal; origin of dorsal equidistant from

tip of snout and middle or posterior part of caudal; 26 to 30 scales in a longitudinal

series.

Free edge of dorsal fin convex . 1 1 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee A sphenops.

Free edge of dorsal fin straight . 5. salvatoris.

B. Origin of anal below fourth or fifth dorsal ray; origin of dorsal equi-

distant from tip of snout and base of caudal; 28 to 30 scales in a

longitudinal series 6. petenensis.

C. Origin of anal below the middle of dorsal; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout

and anterior part of caudal; 23 to 27 scales in a longitudinal series.

Depth of body about 2? in the length, length of head about 4 (in specimens of

5Omm.) . 2 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 7. COuChiANA.

Depth of body 2 to 22 in the length, length of head 3} to 33 (in specimens of

60mm.) . 2. 6 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee wee 8 maculata.

1. Pecilia spilurus.

Pecilia spilurus, Gunth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 345 (1866)*; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 697°.

Depth of body 33 in the length, length of head 4. Snout a little shorter than eye, the diameter of which is

34 in the length of head. Interorbital width equal to the distance from posterior margin of pupil to

free edge of operculum. 26 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 8; origin about equidistant from tip

of snout and posterior end of caudal. Anal 7; origin in advance of that of the dorsal( 2). Least depth

of caudal peduncle the length of head. A blackish spot on each side of the upper part of the tail, at the

base of the caudal fin.

Hab. Cantrat America (Sallé 1).

Here described from the type, the only specimen known, 60 mm. in total length.

2. Peecilia occidentalis.

Heterandria occidentalis, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 390’; Jord. & Everm, Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 689°.

Girardinus occidentalis, Givard, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Fishes, p. 73, t. 39. figg. 16-19°, and

Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 119%.

Girardinus sonorensis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1858, p. 120°.

* This synopsis is based on female specimens only. The males of some of the species have not yet been

described.

102 HAPLOMI.

Peecilia occidentalis, Garm. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 71°; Rutter, Proc. Calif. Ac.

Sci. (2) vi. 1896, pp. 261" and 267°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 150°.

Hab. Pacific Coast Rivers from Arizona to Jalisco:

Rio Santa Cruz in Arizona!?4; Rio Sonora? and Rio Yaqui‘? in Sonora;

Tepic in Jalisco ®.

8. Pecilia elongata, |

Pecilia elongata, Giinth. Cat. Fish, vi. p. 842’ (1866), and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1869, p. 484, t. 85.

fig. 2°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 607°; Gilb. & Starks, Mem.

Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 54°.

Depth of body 34 to 4 in the length, length of head about 4. Snout as long as or a little shorter than eye,

the diameter of which is 33 to 3? in the length of head. Interorbital width nearly equal to the distance

from the posterior edge of pupil to the free edge of operculum. 380 to 33 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 9-10; anterior angle acute, free edge straight, oblique; origin nearly equidistant from tip of

snout and posterior edge of caudal (2). Anal 8-9; origin a little in advance of that of the dorsal.

Pectoral as long as the head. Caudal rounded. Least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 2 the length of

head (@). Olivaceous, with indistinct narrow cross-bars.

Hab. Panama! 24,

Here described from several specimens, including the types, all females, measuring

up to 130 mm. in total length.

Pecilia cuneata, Garman (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 62), from Turbo,

is described as having 28 to 29 scales in a longitudinal series, but is otherwise very

similar to P. elongata, with which it may prove to be identical.

4, Pocilia sphenops. (Tab. XIII. figg. 1-7.)

Pecilia sphenops, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss, xviii. p. 130, t. 526 (1846)'; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi.

p. 643 (1866) ?; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1895, p. 59°; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 694%; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 153,

fig. 49°.

Pecilia mexicana, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, xlviii. 1863, p. 178, t. 4. fig. 1°; Giinth. t.c.

p. 8340"; Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 692°.

Pecilia thermalis, Steind. t. c. p. 181, t. 4. fig. 3°.

Xiphophorus gilltt, Kner & Steind. Abhandl. Bayer. Ak. x. 1864, p. 28, t. 4. fig. 1"°.

? Gambusia modesta, Trosch. in Miiller’s Reise Mexico, iii. Append. p. 105 (1865) ".

? Gambusia plumbea, Trosch. t. c. p. 106.

Pecilia chisoyensis, Giinth. t. c. p. 842"; Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 693“.

Pecilia dovii, Giinth. t. c. p. 344"; Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 695 *.

Pecilia gilltt, Giinth. Trans. Zool. Soe. vi. 1869, p. 485 ”.

? Platypecilus mentalis, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1876, p. 335”.

Peecilia vandepolli, Van Lidth de Jeude, Notes Leyden Mus. ix. 1887, p. 488"; Jord. & Everm.

t. c. p. 696”.

Pecilia vandepolli arubensis, Van Lidth de Jeude, |. c.* ; Jord. & Everm. |. c.”.

Pecilia boucardii, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, lxxvii. 1878, p. 386, t. 3. figs. 2&3"; Jord. &

Everm. t. c. p. 695 *; Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. (2) iv. 1904, p. 51”.

PCECILIA. 103

Pecilia butleri, Jord. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1888, p. 330°; Jord. & Everm. t. ec. p. 691°"; Meek,

t.c. p. 151”.

Pecilia limantouri, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1900, p. 129, fig. 10%; Jord. & Everm.

t. c. p. 3153 (1900).

Platypecilus nelsoni, Meek, t. c. p. 147, fig. 46%.

Pecilia latipunctata, Meek, t. c. p. 151, fig. 48 .

Depth of body 23 to 34 in the length, length of head 33 (young) to 43. Snout as long as or shorter than

eye, the diameter of which is 3 (young) to 32 in the length of head. Interorbital width equal to the

distance from middle or posterior part of eye to free edge of operculum. 26 to 29 scales in a longitudinal

series. Dorsal 8-11; origin equidistant from tip of snout and middle or posterior part of caudal (2);

free edge of the fin more or less convex, the rays usually increasing in length to the middle ones and

rapidly decreasing posteriorly. Anal 8-10, acutely pointed; origin below or a little behind that of the

dorsal (2). Pectoral as long as or a little shorter than head. Caudal rounded or subtruncate. Least

depth of caudal peduncle from § (@ ) to as long as the head (¢). Olivaceous, edges of scales sometimes

darker ; sides often with narrow dark vertical bars, especially in males; series of dark spots, one on

each scale of the side of the body, often present, especially in females; dorsal and caudal sometimes

blackish, with or without pale margins, sometimes pale, usually with several series of small dark spots,

which may be absent in females.

Hab. Mexico and Central America, extending to Colombia and the Leeward Islands:

Mexico, Rio San Juan in Nuevo Leon®, Rio Conchos®, Rio Soto Marina® and

Rio Forlon ® 7° 32 in Tamaulipas, Rio Presidio *° °° in Sinaloa (Morrer), Los Menores

in Jalisco (Buller), Rio Verde® in San Luis Potosi, Vera Cruz!?°, Boca del

Rio® and Rio Papaloapam® in Vera Cruz, Orizaba®, Puebla (Boucard), Rio

Balsas in Guerrero ° 3!, Tehuantepec °, Tequesixtlan (Gadow), and San Gerénimo ®

in Oaxaca, La Esperanza in Chiapas®; GuaremMata, Rio Chisoy!%, Chiapam,

Huamuchal, and Lakes Duefas, Nacasil, and Amatitlan (Salvin); Nicaraaua,

Lake Nicaragua © (Dow); Costa Rica, San José (Biolley) ; Panama!’, Panama ?°,

Colon 2°, and Rio Chagres 1°,—CoLomsia ; Curacgoa!?; AruBa #4,

I have examined a large series of specimens, representing the whole range of the

species, measuring up to 100 mm. in total length, including the types of P. chisoyensis

and P. dovii and examples of P. butlert, P. limantouri, and P. latipunctata received

from their describers. Of the last-named I have compared one specimen, from Forlon,

received from Dr. Meek, with several from the same locality determined by him

as Pecilia sphenops. The lateral series of spots supposed to be characteristic of

P. latipunctata is merely a phase of the peculiar and usually irregular blackish

_ markings which are found on individual specimens of so many Cyprinodont species.

The specimens figured on Tab, XIII. are :—

One of the types of P. latipunctata, from Forlon.

. A female from San José, Costa Rica.

A spotted variety from Tequesixtlan.

A female from Puente de Ixtla.

A male from Vera Cruz (typical P. sphenops).

. A male from Puebla.

A female from Lake Amatitlan (typical P. mexicana).

ND OB wo

104 HAPLOMI.

5. Pecilia salvatoris. (Tab. XIV. figg. 2, 3.)

Pecilia thermalis (non Steind.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 341 (1866)*; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 693 *.

Pecilia salvatoris, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 65°.

Depth of body 33 to 33 in the length, length of head about 33. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of

which is 32 in the length of head. Interorbital width equal to the distance from anterior part or middle

of eye to free edge of operculum. 27 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10-11; origin

equidistant from tip of snout and middle or posterior part of caudal (2); anterior angle rectangular,

free edge of the fin straight, the rays gradually decreasing in length from the first branched ray

backwards (9). Anal 8-9; origin below or a little behind that of the dorsal. Pectoral a little

shorter than the head. Caudal subtruncate. Least depth of caudal peduncle from 3 ( 2 ) to 4 (¢) the

length of head. Olivaceous; males with more or less distinct cross-bars ; dorsal fin, in the males, with

2 series of vertically expanded blackish spots, which may or may not be present in the females ;

caudal, in the males, with oblong spots.

Hab. Satvavor (Dow 1 8).

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 55 mm. in total length.

6. Pecilia petenensis.

Pecilia petenensis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 8342 (1866) ', and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 484,

t. 85. figs. 3 & 42; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 694°.

Depth of body 34 (4) to 44 (2) in the length, length of head 42 to 44. Snout as long as eye, the diameter

of which is 31 to 3 in the length of head. Interorbital width equal to the distance from the middle

or posterior part of eye to the free edge of operculum. 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 10-11; anterior angle rectangular, free edge straight (2); origin equidistant from tip of snout

and base of caudal(?). Anal 8-9, acutely pointed; origin below the fourth or fifth dorsal ray (2).

Pectoral as long as the head. Caudal rounded. Least depth of caudal peduncle nearly equal to the

length of head (3) or about 3 the length of head (Q). Greenish; scales on the upper part of the body

with dark edges; dorsal and caudal blackish (3) or with small dark spots ( @ ).

Hab. Guatemata, Lake Peten (Salvin! °).

Here described from the types, five specimens measuring up to 150 mm. in total

length.

7. Pecilia couchiana. (Tab. XIV. fig. 1.)

Limia couchiana, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 116°.

Pecilia couchii, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 347 (1866) °.

Pecilia couchiana, Jord. & Everm. Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 695°; Meek, Publ. Columbian

Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 152°.

Depth of body about 2% in the length, length of head about 4. Snout a little shorter than eye, the diameter ~

of which is 3 in the length of head. Interorbital width equal to the distance from anterior part of eye

to free edge of operculum. 24 to 27 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 9-11; origin equidistant

from tip of snout and anterior part of caudal (Q); free edge of fin nearly straight, the branched rays

subequal (Q). Anal 7-8, pointed, opposite to the posterior half of the dorsal (@). Pectoral nearly as

long as the head. Caudal rounded or subtruncate. Least depth of caudal peduncle ? to + the length

of head. Upper half of body dark brownish or blackish, the colour especially dark at the edges of the

scales: lower part of body usually yellowish and sharply separated from the darker upper part, at

the lower edge of which there may be a blackish longitudinal band.

PCECILIA.—MOLLIENISIA. 105

Hab. Mexico, Rio San Juan at Monterey, Nuevo Leon! 4,

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 50 mm. in total length.

8. Pecilia maculata.

Platypecilus maculatus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 350 (1866); Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool.

xix. 1895, p.48°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xivii. 1896, p. 686°; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 145, t. 9°.

Platypecilus variatus, Meek, t. c. p. 146, t. 10’.

Depth of body 2 to 22 in the length, length of head 34 to 33. Smnout shorter than eye, the diameter of

which is 3 in the length of head. Interorbital width equal to the distance from middle of eye to free

edge of operculum. 23 to 26 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 9-11; origin equidistant from

snout and anterior part of caudal; free edge of the fin somewhat convex. Anal 8-9, pointed, opposite

the posterior half of the dorsal (2). Pectoral a little shorter than the head. Caudal rounded. Least

depth of caudal peduncle from ? to as long as the head. Olivaceous, sometimes with black blotches ;

often a dark spot or crescent or a pair of spots at the base of the caudal.

Hab. Atlantic Coast Streams of Mexico:

Rio Soto la Marina (Garza Valdez, Santa Engracia, Victoria)®; Rio Panuco

(Forlon, Rascon, Valles) ®; Rio Papaloapam (El Hule, Obispo, Perez) *.

Here described from eight specimens, measuring up to 60 mm. in total length,

including the types of the species.

14. MOLLIENISIA, Le Sueur, 1821.

Mollienisia, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 698.

Scarcely generically distinct from Pwcilia. Dorsal fin longer, of 12 to 16 rays, in adult males not only

higher but considerably longer than in females.

Hab. Carolina to Guatemala.

1. Mollienisia latipinna.

Mollienisia latipinna, Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Philad. ii. 1821, p. 3, t.3°; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi.

p. 848 (1866) >; Garm. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 50, t. 12°; Jord. & Everm.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 699*; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904,

p- 155°.

Pecilia multilineata, Le Sueur, t. c. p. 4, t. 1°.

Pecilia lineolata, Girard, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Fishes, p. 70, t. 35. figs. 9-11 (1859) ”.

Limia pecilioides, Girard, t. c. p. 70, t. 38. figs. 8-11°.

Limia formosa, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 115".

Limia matamorensis, Girard, t. e. p. 116".

Mollienisia formosa, Giinth. t. c. p. 849"; Jord. & Everm. 1.jc.’; Meek, |. ¢.".

Depth of body 23 to 3 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. 26 to 28 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 13-16, in adult males very elevated and occupying the greater part of the length of the back.

Anal 9-10. Caudal rounded in both sexes. ach scale on the side of the body with a dark spot, which

may form continuous longitudinal stripes ; dorsal, in the female, with series of small dark spots, in the

male with an oblong or oval spot on each interradial membrane, forming a series along the middle of

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, July 1907. P

106 . HAPLOMI,

the fin, below which are longitudinal stripes and above which are numerous smaller spots; caudal with

series of small spots.

Hab. South Carolina to Tamaulipas :

Pensacola in Florida; New Orleans! °®; Indianola’ and Brownsville’ in Texas ;

Matamoros 1°, Palo Alto®, La Vega®, and Tampico ° in ‘Tamaulipas.

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 75 mm. in total length,

from New Orleans, Pensacola, and Tampico. Garman’s plate illustrates strikingly

the differences between the sexes and the changes during growth in this species,

which attains a length of 100 mm.

2. Mollienisia petenensis.

Mollienisia petenensis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 348 (1866) ', and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 485,

t. 86. figs. 1-3°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 700°.

Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 4. 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 15-16.

Anal 9. Caudal rounded or subtruncate, in the males with the lower angle pointed and slightly

produced. Males with a small dark spot on each scale of the upper and posterior parts of the body and

with the lower edge of the caudal blackish ; dorsal fin coloured as in M. latipinna.

Hab. Guatemata, Lake Peten (Salvin) 1 ?.

Here described from the types, six specimens, measuring up to 130 mm. in total

length. This species is very close to the preceding, but it attains a larger size and is

distinguished by the form of the caudal in the males, which suggests relationship with

Xiphophorus.

. 15. XIPHOPHORUS, Heck., 1848.

AXiphophorus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 701.

Scarcely generically distinct from Peweilia and Mollienisia. Dorsal with 11 to 15 rays, higher but not much

longer in the males than in the females. Males with the lower rays of the caudal fin produced to form a

long pointed appendage.

Hab. Tamaulipas to British Honduras.

The five closely allied species of this genus agree in the following features :—Snout

as long as or a little shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 3 to 34 in the length

of head, interorbital width 12 to 14. Origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip of

snout and base of caudal, well in advance of that of the anal (¢@). Pectoral nearly as

long as the head. Caudal appendage of the males pale, with black edges.

Synopsis of the Species.

J. Anal with6to8rays . 2. 2. 1 1. we ee eee ee ee ee dL montezume. -

IJ. Anal with 8 to 10 rays.

A. Depth of body 3-4 in the length.

1. Least depth of caudal peduncle not greater than the distance from

anteridr margin of eye to free edge of operculum . . . . . . . 2. helleri.

XIPHOPHORUS. 107

2. Least depth of caudal peduncle greater than the distance from anterior

margin of eye to free edge of operculum.

A blackish lateral stripe 2. 2 2. 1. 2... ew 8 strigatus.

No well-marked lateral stripe . 2. 2. 2. 2. 1 1 ee ee 4 quentheri.

B. Depth of body 23-23 in the length . . 2. 2 2. 1 2 1 1 1... BL brevis.

1. Xiphophorus montezume.

Xiphophorus montezume, Jord. & Snyder, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1900, p. 131, fig. 11!; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 3156*; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v.

1904. p. 158, fig. 50°. .

Depth of body about 3 in the length, length of head about 4. 27 to 29 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 11-13. Anal 6-8. Yellowish; scales of upper part of body with dark edges; a more or less

distinct dark stripe from eye to base of caudal.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Panuco System, Rascon ! 28,

Here described from a number of specimens from Rascon, measuring up to 60 mm.

in total length.

2. Xiphophorus helleri.

Xiphophorus helleri, Heck. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, i. 1848, p. 291, t. 8’.

Xiphophorus jalape, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. iii. 1902, p. 107’, and v. 1904, p. 1386, t. 11°.

Depth of body 3 (2) to 4 (¢) in the length, length of head about 4. 27 to 29 scales in a longitudinal

series. Dorsal 11-13. Anal 8-10. Dorsal rays, in the males, subequal from about the third to the

ninth or tenth, thence increasing in length to the last. Least depth of caudal peduncle nearly equal to

the distance from anterior margin of eye to free edge of operculum. Olivaceous ; a well-defined blackish

lateral stripe from eye to base of caudal; males with a second stripe from axil of pectoral to the lower

edge of the caudal peduncle.

Hab. Mexico, Mountain Streams of Central Vera Cruz:

Jalapa? °, Orizaba |.

Here described from several specimens from Jalapa, measuring up to 70 mm. in

total length. Heckel’s figures are not good, but the lower stripe distinctive of the

males of this form is clearly shown.

3. Xiphophorus strigatus. (Tab. XIV. fig. 7.)

Xiphophorus helleri (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 349 (1866) *, and Trans. Zool. Soe. vi. 1868,

p. 485, t. 87. fig. 6°; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 68, t. 4. fig. 14, and

t. 8. fig. 4°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 701°.

Xiphophorus hellert (non Heck.), Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 157°.

Xiphophorus strigatus, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 65°.

Depth of body about 33 in the length, length of head 44 to 42. 28 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 12-14. Anal 9-10. Dorsal rays, in the males, subequal from the second or third to the ninth

or tenth, thence increasing in length to the last. Least depth of caudal peduncle greater than the

distance from anterior margin of eye to free edge of operculum. Olivaceous; a blackish lateral stripe

from eye to base of caudal; no additional stripe in the males.

108 HAPLOM].

Hab. Soutuern Mextco, Cordova !?5® (Boucard), Otopa®, Motzorongo®, Refugio ®,

El Hule ®, Obispo °, Sanborn ®, Oaxaca (Gadow ®).

Several specimens, measuring up to 100 mm. in total length.

4. Xiphophorus guentheri.

Xiphophorus helleri (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 349 (1866) *, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868,

p- 485, t. 87. figs. 2-5 °*.

Xiphophorus guentheri, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 702 *.

Depth of body 3-34 in the length, length of head 43. 28 or 29 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 13-14.

Anal 9-10. Dorsal rays, in the males, increasing in length throughout. Least depth of caudal peduncle

nearly equal to the length of head. Olivaceous, with brownish longitudinal stripes or series of spots

along the rows of scales.

Hab. Guatema.a, Rio Chisoy!? (Godman and Salvin).

Here described from eight specimens, measuring up to 100 mm. in total length.

Jordan and Evermann gave a name to this form because they considered the dark

irregular blotches on some of the specimens figured by Gitinther were a specific

character. This is not the case, for in this, as in many other species of the family, the

dark spotting or marbling is found only on some individuals.

5. Xiphophorus brevis. (Tab. XIV. figg. 8, 9.)

Xiphophorus brevis, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 65°.

Depth of body 24-22 in the length, length of head 33-33. 27 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 13-15.

Anal 9-10. Least depth of caudal peduncle nearly equal to the length of head, equal to the distance

from end of dorsal to base of caudal. Olivaceous; 3 or 4 indistinct darker longitudinal stripes at the

edges of the series of scales on the sides of the body.

Tab. British Honpuras, Stann Creek (Robertson) }.

Here described from two specimens, male and female, 70 and 75 mm. in total

length.

16. ANABLEPS, Bloch, 1795.

Anableps, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 837 (1866).

Viviparous. Anal fin, in the male, modified into an intromittent organ, covered with scales and with a

terminal orifice. Mouth small or moderate; teeth pointed, in bands. yes placed high, each divided

into an upper and a lower portion, the former above the level of the rest of the head. Dorsal fin short,

with 8-12 rays, posterior in position ; anal with 10-12 rays, in advance of the dorsal.

This remarkable genus comprises three species, two of which are restricted to the

rivers of tropical South America.

1. Anableps dovii.

Anableps dowei, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 4°.

Anableps dovii, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 388 (1866)*; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, p. 685°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 136‘. .

Anableps dowiti, Garm. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xix. 1895, p. 79”.

ANABLEPS.—PISODONTOPHIS. 109

Depth of body about 6 in the length, length of head about 4. 60 to 68 scales in a longitudinal series.

Dorsal 8-10. Anal 10-11. Caudal rounded. Brownish; a yellow longitudinal band, bordered by a

dark brownish band above and below, from axil of pectoral to base of caudal.

Hab. Southern Mexico and Central America:

Mexico, Tequesixtlan (Gadow) and Tehuantepec (Buller) in Oaxaca, Chiapas” ;

GuATEMALA, Chiapam (Salvin); SALVADOR.

Several specimens, up to 250 mm. in total length.

Sub-order V. APODES.

Body elongate, eel-shaped ; fins without spinous rays; no ventral fins; gill-openings small, separate (except

in the marine eels of the family Synaphobranchide). .

The Apodes are chiefly marine fishes, but the members of the genus Anguilla are

fresh-water eels which go down to the sea for purposes of reproduction.

Fam, 1. ANGUILLIDE.

1. ANGUILLA, Shaw, 1804.

Anguilla, Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 23 (1870); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,

p- 347.

Head subconical; eye above the angle of the mouth; teeth in bands in the jaws and on the vomer. Body

covered with oblong imbedded scales which are arranged obliquely at right angles to each other; dorsal

and anal fins well-developed, confluent round the end of the tail; pectoral fins present.

The number of valid species of this widely distributed genus is probably not more

than five or six. ‘Ihe American form appears to be nearly identical with the

European eel, Anguilla vulgaris, but it is generally regarded as distinct by American

ichthyologists.

1. Anguilla chrysypa, Rafin., 1820.

Anguilla chrysypa, Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 348 ; Meek, Publ. Columbian

Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 91.

Hab. Atlantic Coast Rivers, from Maine to Mexico; West Indies.

Fam. 2. MURAZNIDE.

1. PISODONTOPHIS, Kaup, 1856.

Pisoodonophis, Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 377.

Head subconical; eye above the mouth; teeth granular, in bands in the jaws and on the vomer. Body

naked; tail projecting beyond the dorsal and anal fins ; pectoral fin present.

110 . APODES.—OSTARIOPHYSI.

1. Pisodontophis daspilotus, Gilb., 1898.

Pisoodonophis daspilotus, Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. v. 1904, p. 36.

Hab. PANAMA.

_ This marine species is recorded by Gilbert and Starks from a fresh-water pond at

Miraflores, Panama.

Sub-order VI. SYMBRANCHII.

Body elongate, eel-shaped; fins without spinous rays; no ventral fins; gill-openings confluent to form a

ventral slit.

Fam. 1. SYMBRANCHIDZE.

1. SYMBRANCHUS, B1., 1795.

Symbranchus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 15 (1870); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, p. 342.

This genus comprises four species from India, China, Australia, and Tropical America.

1. Symbranchus marmoratus, Bl., 1795.

Symbranchus marmoratus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 15 (1870); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xlvi. 1896, p. 342.

Hab. Southern Mexico to Brazil.

Sub-order VII. OSTARIOPHYSI.

The members of this sub-order have the anterior vertebrae modified and bearing a

chain of small bones connecting the air-bladder with the auditory organ, but they differ

so greatly in outward appearance that it is nearly impossible to give a definition based

on external characters.

The principal characters of the Mexican and Central-American fishes of this sub-

order are shown in the following synopsis :—

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Families.

I. Ventral fins present, abdominal in position.

A. Body protected by series of bony plates; mouth inferior, with

expanded, sucker-like lips. . 6 + 6 + + sf 8 tot toes 1. Loricariipa.

_ B. Body naked; mouth terminal or subterminal; 4 to 8 barbels; an

adipose fin. 2 2. ee ee ee te et ee es 2. SILURIDA.

PLECOSTOMUS. lll

C. Body scaly. |

Mouth toothless; gill-membranes joined to the isthmus; no adipose fin . . 3. CYPRINID#.

Jaws with teeth ; mouth bordered laterally by the maxillaries ; gill-membranes

free from the isthmus; 3 to 5 branchiostegals ; an adipose fin often

present; lateral line usually present and running along the middle of the

side; pectoral fins placed low . . 2. 1. 2. 1 ee ee ee ee 4 CHARACINIDE.

II. No ventral fins; no dorsal ; a long anal; body more or less eel-shaped. 5. GyMNoTID2. |

Fam. 1. LORICARIIDZ.

The Loricariide are fresh-water fishes of South America, ranging from Panama to

Monte Video. There are about 200 species, of which seven are known from Panama.

These may be recognized by the series of bony plates which protect the body, the

restricted gill-openings, and the inferior mouth with expanded sucker-like lips. The

dorsal fin is anterior in position, the anal fin is short, and the uppermost and lowest

rays of the caudal and the first ray of each of the other fins are simple and often

spinous.

Synopsis of the Genera represented in Central America.

I. Caudal peduncle compressed or cylindrical.

A. Snout granular to its margin.

Operculum and interoperculum little, and not independently, movable . . . 1. Puecosromus.

Interoperculum freely movable, spinate . . . . . . . . + « + . + 2 ANCISTRUS.

B. Snout with a naked margin.

Snout without tentacles . . 2. 2... ee ee ee ee ee. 68. Cue tostomus.

Snout with tentacles . 2... ee ee ee ee ee ee eee A XBENOCARA,

II. Caudal peduncle strongly depressed.

Teeth not setiform ; snout not much produced; an orbital notch . . . 5. Loricarra.

Teeth numerous, setiform ; snout produced; no orbital notch . . . . 6. OxyLoricaria.

1. PLECOSTOMUS, Gronow.

Plecostomus, Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1904, p. 202.

Body more or less elongate, protected on each side by 5 longitudinal series of bony scutes; upper surface of snout

covered with granular plates to its margin; operculum and interoperculum little, and not independently,

movable. Teeth slender, bifid, in a single series. Adipose fin usually present and supported by a

movable spine.

About thirty-five species from Tropical America.

1. Plecostomus guacari, Lacep.

Loricaria plecostomus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 508 (1766).

Plecostomus guacari, Regan, Trans. Zool. Soe. xvii. 1904, p. 205.

Dorsal I 7. Anal14. 25 or 26 scutes in a longitudinal series, the anterior and superior scutes keeled.

112 OSTARIOPHYSI.

Supraoccipital with a median ridge and bordered posteriorly by a single scute. Dark spots on head,

body, and fins.

Hab, Panama to Paraguay.

This species, which attains a length of 350 mm., is known to range from Venezuela

to Paraguay. It has also been recorded by Kner and Steindachner (Abhandl.

Bayer. Akad. x. 1865, p. 60) from Panama. The Panama specimens are said to

differ from the typical P. guacari in having more numerous teeth (40 on each side), a

lower occipital keel, &c., but the probable explanation is that Kner and Steindachner

had examples of the true P. guacari and compared them with specimens of P. verres,

Cuv. & Val., a species which has not usually been distinguished from P. guacari, but

which differs from it in the fewer teeth, higher occipital keel, &c.

2. ANCISTRUS, Kner.

Ancistrus, Gill, Ann. Lyc. N. York, vi. 1858, p. 407; Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1904, p. 221.

Similar to Plecostomus, but operculum and interoperculum independently movable, the latter usually with a

group of spines or bristles which can be everted.

Thirty-one species from Tropical America.

1. Ancistrus aspidolepis, Giinth.

Ancistrus aspidolepis, Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1904, p. 230.

DorsalI 7. AnalI4. Scutes all strongly keeled, 25 in a longitudinal series. Interoperculum armed with

a few short spines. Small dark spots or vermiculations on head, body, and fins.

Hab. Panama, Veragua.

Total length 280 mm.

3. CHAETOSTOMUS, Tschudi.

Chetostomus, Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1904, p. 244.

Similar to Ancistrus, but the snout with a naked margin.

Fifteen species, chiefly from the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, but extending

into Venezuela and Panama.

1. Chetostomus fischeri, Steind.

*hetostomus fischeri, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xli. 1879, p. 164, t. 4. fig. 9.

Dorsal 18. AnalI5. 23 to 24 scutes in a longitudinal series, none of them keeled. Interoperculum armed

with 1 or 2 short spines. Head and anterior part of body with little yellowish spots; fins spotted or

clouded with blackish.

Hab. Panama, Rio Mamoni.

Total length 275 mm.

XENOCARA.—LORICARIA. 113

4, XENOCARA, Regan.

Xenocara, Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1904, p. 251.

Similar to Ancistrus, but the snout with a naked margin, which is usually broader in males than in females

and bears fleshy tentacle-like processes, which are more developed in the males.

Twelve species from Tropical America.

1. Xenocara chagresi, Figenm.

Xenocara chayresi, Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1904, p. 256, t. 14. fig. 7.

Dorsal I 7, Anal I 3-4, 24 scutes in a longitudinal series, none of them keeled. Interoperculum armed

with about 10 spines. Olivaceous; a dark spot at the base of the first interradial membrane of the

dorsal.

Hab. Panama, Rio Chagres.

Total length 175 mm.

5. LORICARIA, Linn.

Loricaria, Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1904, p. 270.

Body elongate, protected by bony scutes; caudal peduncle depressed, with paired dorsal and ventral series of

scutes and posteriorly with a single lateral series of scutes on each side. Snout pointed or rounded.

Teeth bifid, in a single series. An orbital notch. No adipose fin.

Forty-two species from Panama and South America,

1. Loricaria uracantha, Kner & Steind.

Loricaria uracantha, Kner & Steind. Abhandl. Bayer. Ak. x. 1865, p. 56, t. 6. fig. 3; Regan,

Trans. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1904, p. 278.

Loricaria lima, Kner & Steind. t. c. p. 58.

? Loricaria bransfordi, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1876, p. 338.

Lips papillose, with short marginal fringes. Snout pointed. Males with bristles on the sides of the head,

the occipital region and nuchal scutes, and the pectoral fins. 28 scutes in a longitudinal series. Abdomen

covered with 3 or 4 series of plates between the lateral series. Upper caudal ray strong, stout, spinous.

Hab. PANAMA.

Total length 180 mm.

2. Loricaria variegata, Steind.

Loricaria variegata, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xli. 1879, p. 165, t. 3; Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc.

xvii. 1904, p. 293.

Lips with filiform papille and long marginal fringes. Snout obtuse. 380 to 32 scutes in a longitudinal series.

Abdomen naked except for the lateral series of plates and a median strip of smaller plates. Uppermost

caudal ray elongate. Head, body, and dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins with numerous dark oblong spots.

IIab. Panama, Rio Mamoni.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, Judy 1907. Q

114 OSTARIOPHYSI.

6. OXYLORICARIA, Bleek.

Ovyloricaria, Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1904, p. 297.

Differs from Loricaria in the numerous, setiform teeth and the absence of an orbital notch,

Seven species from Panama and South America.

1. Oxyloricaria panamensis, Eigenm.

Loricaria aurea, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, lxxii. 1902, p. 138, t. 5. fig. 1.

Oxyloricaria panamensis, Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1904, p. 301.

Body slender, elongate; snout produced as a rostrum.

Hab. Paxama.—Cotomsia, Rio Magdalena.

Fam. 2, SILURIDZ.

This is one of the largest families of fishes, comprising over 1000 species,

and is nearly cosmopolitan. The Mexican and Central-American Silurids may be

recognized by the naked body, the presence of two to four pairs of barbels, the short

anteriorly placed dorsal fin, the first ray of which is a more or less strong spine, the

presence of an adipose fin, and the spiny outer ray of the pectoral fins.

In Mexico and Central America there are about sixty species, comprising (1) marine

Cat-fishes of the genera Arius, Galeichthys, and Ailurichthys, most of the species of

which seem to enter fresh-waters ; (2) fishes of the South-American fresh-water genera

Rhamdia, Pimelodus, and Conorhynchus; and (8) the North-American fresh-water

types, Amiurus and Leptops.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Genera.

I. Nostrils close together ; teeth on the palate; no nasal barbels ; ventral fins with 6 rays.

A. Teeth on the palate villiform.

Four barbels . 2 2. ee ee ee ee ee ew ee 1 Avuricurays.

Six barbels. 2. . . ww eee we ee ee ew ee) (OR 6 GALEICHTHYS.

B. Teeth on the palate granular or obtusely conical; six barbels. . . 3. Anius.

II. Nostrils well separated ; palate toothless.

A. No nasal barbels ; barbels 6; ventral fins with 6 rays.

1. Adipose fin long; jaws with well-developed teeth.

Dorsal fin-spine slender, flexible; occipital process not nearly reaching the

dorsal fin... 6 ew ee ee ee ee ew wee ee 6 RAMDIA,

Dorsal fin-spine pungent; occipital process extending to shield at base of

spine of dorsal fin . . 2. . 0. 0. 1 ew ee we ee we ee) 6S Pie opus.

2. Adipose fin rather short, shorter than the anal ; teeth in the jaws

feeble or absent. 2. © 1 6 ee ee we we ew ee «66, CONORHYNCHUS.

ELURICHTHYS, 115

B. Posterior nostril with a barbel; barbels 8; ventral fins with 8 or 9 rays.

Premaxillary band of teeth of equal breadth throughout, or sometimes very

slightly produced backwards at the sides ; lower jaw not projecting . . 7. Amrurus.

Premaxillary band of teeth with a well-developed posterior extension on each

side; lower jaw somewhat projecting. . . . . . . . . « « « 8 Lmprors.

1. AALURICHTHYS, Baird & Girard, 1854..

Ailurichthys, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 177 (1864).

Felichthys (Swainson), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 116.

Body elongate. Mouth terminal or subterminal; jaws with villiform teeth in bands ; vomerine and palatine

teeth ; nostrils close together, the posterior with a flap; a pair of maxillary and a pair of mental barbels.

Parieto-occipital with a process which extends posteriorly to the small basal shield of the dorsal spine.

Dorsal fin with a strong spine and 7 branched rays; adipose fin short; anal moderate or rather long :

ventral fins 6-rayed ; caudal deeply forked.

Eight species from the Coasts and Rivers of America.

It seems most useful to deal here with the whole genus and not to omit the two

species (A. bahiensis and A. bagre) which are not known to range so far north as

Central America, but which may do so.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Occipital process of nearly equal breadth throughout, with convex lateral edges *; spine of

dorsal fin not bearing a filament; about 14 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior

arch.

A. Vomerine patches of teeth separate, nearly equal in length and breadth

to the palatine patches; occipital process not broader than long ;

anal of 26 or 27 rays . 2. . sw oe » oe ee ee 61. panamensis.

B. Vomerine patches of teeth united, consider ably broader than the palatine patches ; occipital

process broader than long.

Breadth of occipital process 2 or nearly 2? the length of head ; anal of 28 rays,

produced anteriorly, the longest ray, when laid back, reaching beyond

the end of the base of the fin. 2. 2. 2 2 1 2 we 6 ee ee ww SCUtatuS.

Breadth of occipital process } the length of head; anal of 29 or 80 rays, the

longest, when laid back, not reaching the end of the base of the fin . . 3. asthmensis.

II. Occipital process narrowed posteriorly, with concave or straight lateral edges ; spine of dorsal

fin bearing a long filamentous ray; not more than 10 gill-rakers on the lower part of the

auterior arch.

A. Distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal nearly 4 the length of the fish (to base

of caudal).

1. Pectoral spine 2 to 2 as long as the head.

Anal of 22 to 24 rays, the longest nearly as long as or shorter than the base

of the fin; dorsal filament not reaching the adipose fin . . . . « . 4 marinus.

* In the species of this section the occipital process has the appearance of a separate nuchal shield.

116 OSTARIOPHYSI.

2. Pectoral spine nearly as long as the head.

Anal of 19 to 21 rays, the longest as long as or a little longer than the base

of the fin; dorsal filament extending to the adipose fin . . . . . . 5. bahiensis.

Anal of 24 to 26 rays, the longest a little shorter than the base of the fin ;

dorsal filament extending to the caudal . . wu. - + « « « 6. filamentosus.

B. Distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal } to 2 the length of the fish ; longest anal

ray much shorter than the base of the fin.

Anal of 27 to 31 rays; vomerine patches of teeth united, about as large as

the palatine patches, with which they are continuous . , . . . . . 7. pinnimaculatus.

Anal of 31 to 35 rays; vomerine patches of teeth separated, much shorter than

than the palatine patches, with which they are subcontinuous . . . . 8. bagre.

1. Adlurichthys panamensis.

Alurichthys panamensis, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 172.

Ailurichthys nuchalis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 179 (1864), and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 476,

t. 81. fig. 2.

Ailurichthys panamensis (part.), Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, p. 564, t. 2. figs. 3 & 4.

Feiichthys panamensis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 117. i

Felichthys panamensis (part.), Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 20.

Depth of body a little less than the length of head, which is 4 in the length of the fish. Breadth of head 14

in its length; snout a little longer than eye, the diameter of which is 4 in the length of head. Lower

jaw a little shorter than the upper; vomerine patches of teeth separate, equal in length and breadth to

the palatine patches; maxillary barbel extending to the ventral fin. 14 gill-rakers on the lower part

of the anterior arch. Head coverel with skin ; profile nearly straight from snout to dorsal fin; occipital

process uncovered by skin, pitted, of nearly equal breadth throughout, the lateral edges somewhat convex,

the posterior edge a little emarginate ; two halves of the process meeting in the middle line at an angle

which is rather more than a right angle; breadth of process equal to (or a little less than) its length and

4 the length of head. Dorsal I 7, the spine not bearing a long filament. Anal 26 (27), somewhat

produced anteriorly, the longest rays, when laid back, just reaching the end of the base of the fin.

Pectoral spine bearing a long filament; ventrals not reaching the anal. Caudal deeply forked. Caudal

peduncle twice as long as deep. Silvery, back bluish.

Hab. Pacirtc Coast oF Panama (Dow).

One specimen, type of A. nuchalis, 220 mm in length.

2, Mlurichthys scutatus, sp.n. (Tab. XV. fig. 2 and Tab. XIX. fig 2.)

Alurichthys panamensis (part.), Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, p. 564, t. 2. figs. 3

Felichthys panamensis (part.), Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 20.

& 4.

Depth of body a little less than the length of head, which is 4 to 4} in the length of the fish. Breadth of

head 17 in its length; snout longer than eye, the diameter of which is 44 to 5 in the length of the

head. Lower jaw a little shorter than the upper; vomerine patches of teeth united, considerably broader

than the palatine patches; maxillary barbel extending nearly to the ventral fin or a little beyond.

14 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Head and occipital process covered with smooth

skin (in large specimens occipital region and process naked, rugose); profile from end of fontanel to

origin of dorsal convex; occipital process shaped nearly as in the preceding species, but considerably

broader than long (the breadth 2 or nearly = the length of head) and with the two halves forming a more

ALURICHTHYS. 117

acute angle. Dorsal I 7, the spine not bearing a long filament. Anal 28, considerably produced

anteriorly, the longest rays, when laid back, extending beyond the end of the base of the fin. Pectoral

spine bearing a long filament; ventrals reaching the anal, Caudal deeply forked. Caudal peduncle 17

as long as deep. Silvery, back bluish; vertical fins more or less dusky.

Hab. Paciric Coast or Panama (Jordan).—N.W. Ecuapor (Rosenbery).

Two specimens, 220 and 280 mm. in length.

Probably both this and the preceding species extend northwards te Lower California,

but it is impossible to say to which the northern records should apply.

3. Mlurichthys isthmensis, sp.n. (Tab. XV. fig. 1 and Tab. XIX. fig. 1.)

Depth of body nearly equal to the length of head, which is + to 43 in the length of the fish. Breadth of head

13 in its length; snout longer than eye, the diameter of which is +3 to 43 in the length of head.

Lower jaw scarcely shorter than the upper ; vomerine patches of teeth united, considerably broader than

the palatine patches ; maxillary barbel extending nearly to the ventral fin. 14 gill-rakers on the lower

part of the anterior arch. Head covered with skin: upper profile of head straight or slightly convex :

occipital process shaped nearly as in the preceding species, uncovered by skin, pitted, broader than long,

its breadth 3 the length of head. Dorsal I 7, the spine not bearing a long filament. Anal 29-30,

slightly produced anteriorly, the longest rays, when laid back, not nearly reaching the end ofthe base of

the fin. Pectoral spine bearing a long filament ; ventrals not reaching the anal. Caudal deeply forked.

Caudal peduncle 12 as long as deep. Silvery, back bluish.

Hab. AtTuantic Coast or Panama, Colon (Boucard).

Two specimens, 190 and 210 mm. in total length.

4. Ailurichthys marinus.

Alurichthys marinus (Mitchill, 1815), Girard, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Fishes, p. 31, t. 14

(1859) ; Gunth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 178 (1864).

Felichthys marinus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 118.

Distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal about 3 the length of the fish. Occipital process narrowed

posteriorly, with straight or concave lateral edges. Maxillary barbel extending to pectoral (adult) or

ventral (young); vomerine and palatine teeth forming a continuous or subcontinuous band; about

8 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 7; filamentous ray usually not reaching

the adipose fin. Anal 22-24; longest ray nearly as long as or shorter than the base of the fin.

Pectoral spine 2 to ? the length of head. Silvery, back bluish.

Hab. Norva America, Atlantic Coasts and Rivers from Cape Cod to Texas; probably

occurring in Northern Mexico.

Here described from three specimens, 180 to 400 mm. in total length.

5. Ailurichthys bahiensis. |

Galeichthys bahiensis, Casteln. Anim. Amér. Sud, Poiss. p. 37, t. 18. fig. 1 (1855).

Ablurichthys longispinis (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 178 (1864).

Felichthys bahiensis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 118.

Distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal about } the length of the fish. Occipital process narrowed

posteriorly, with straight or concave lateral edges. Maxillary barbel nearly reaching ventral fin;

vomerine and palatine teeth forming a continuous or subcontinuous band; 6 gill-rakers on the lower

118 OSTARIOPHYSI.

part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 7; filamentous ray extending to the adipose fin. Anal 19-21;

longest ray as long as or a little longer than the base of the fin. Pectoral spine nearly as long as the

head. Silvery, back bluish.

Hab. Soutn America, Brazil.

Here described from two specimens, 300 and 400 mm. in total length.

6. Adlurichthys filamentosus.

Silurus bagre (non Linn.), Bloch, Ausl. Fische, t. 365 (1798) *.

Felichthys filamentosus, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish. ii. p. 805 (1839)*; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 118°.

Ailurichthys longispinis (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 178 (1864) *.

Distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal 4 the length of the fish. Occipital process narrowed posteriorly,

with slightly concave lateral edges. Maxillary barbel extending to ventral fin; vomerine and palatine

teeth forming a narrow band which is interrupted in the middle; 7 gill-rakers on the lower part of the

anterior arch. Dorsal I 7; filamentous ray extending to the caudal fin. Anal 24-26; longest ray a

little shorter than the base of the fin. Pectoral spine nearly as long as the head. Silvery, back

bluish.

Hiab. Atlantic Coasts and Rivers of Central America:

Gulf of Mexico*; Lake Nicaragua °.

Here described from a specimen 220 mm. in total length.

7. Mlurichthys pinnimaculatus.

? Galeichthys eydouxii, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xv. p. 43 (1840) °.

Ablurichthys pinnimaculatus, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, p. 565, t. 8°.

Felichthys pinnimaculatus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 117°.

Distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin } to 2? the length of the fish. Occipital process narrowed

posteriorly, with straight or concave lateral edges. Maxillary barbel extending to, or nearly to, the

anal fin; teeth on the palate forming a continuous or subcontinuous band, the vomerine and palatine

patches subequal; 2 gill-rakers and a few rudiments on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 7:

filamentous ray extending to adipose fin or even to the caudal, Anal 27-31; longest ray about 3 the

length of base of the fin (more in the adult, less in the young). Pectoral spine § to 7 the length of head.

Silvery, back bluish ; a blackish spot on the anterior part of the anal and sometimes one on the caudal

and on each of the paired fins.

Hab. Pacific Coast from Mexico to Ecuador:

Altata2 and Mazatlan in Sinaloa (Jordan *); Cuvusta Rica?; Panama

(Jordan? *); Guayaquil}.

Here described from three specimens, 250 to 500 mm. in total length.

8. Mlurichthys bagre.

Silurus bagre, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 505 (1766).

Ailurichthys gronovii (Cuv. & Val.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 178 (1864).

Felichthys bagre, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 117.

ALURICHTHYS.—GALEICHTHYS. 119

Distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin 34 to 4 in the length of the fish. Occipital process narrowed

posteriorly, with straight or concave lateral edges. Maxillary barbel extending beyond the origin of

anal fin; vomerine patches of teeth separate, much smaller than the palatine patches, with which they

are subcontinuous; 4 gill-rakers and a few rudiments on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 7;

filamentous ray extending to the adipose fin. Anal 30-35; longest ray less than 3 the length of base

of the fin, Pectoral spine ? the length of head. Silvery, back bluish,

Hab, Atlantic Coast of South America; West Indies.

Here described from three specimens, the largest 350 mm. in total length,

2. GALEICHTHYS, Cuv. & Val., 1840.

Galeichthys and Arius (part.), Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xv. pp. 28 & 52 (1840); Giinth. Cat.

Fish. v. pp. 188 & 174 (1864).

Sciedichthys (Bleek.), Selenaspis (Bieek.), Netuma (Bleek.), and Galeichthys, Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, pp. 2757, 2760, 2764, & 2770. .

Body elongate. Mouth terminal or subterminal; jaws with villiform teeth in bands; viiliform teeth on the

palate ; nostrils close together, the posterior with a flap; a pair of maxillary and two pairs of mental

barbels. Parieto-occipital produced into a process which extends to the basal shield of the dorsal spine.

Dorsal fin with a strong spine and 7 branched rays; adipose fin short or of moderate length; anal of

moderate length ; ventral fins 6-rayed; caudal deeply forked.

A large number of species from the coasts of tropical and sub-tropical countries,

most of them entering rivers freely.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

I. Teeth present on vomer, palatines, and pterygoids, sometimes in separate patches, but in the

adult usually forming a continuous band, the large subtriangular palato-pterygoid patches

connected anteriorly by a transverse vomerine strip.

A. A transverse membranous fold on the snout, connecting the posterior

nostrils ; dorsal shield large, saddle-shaped . . . . .. . . . «OL. dovii.

B. No membranous fold connecting the posterior nostrils.

1. Dorsal shield subpentagonal, large, its length in the middle line

i or + of the distance from snout to origin of dorsal fin . . . . 2. troscheli.

2. Dorsal shield subcrescentic, considerably smaller than in G. troscheli.

a. Fontanel produced posteriorly into a feeble groove which does not extend to the

parieto-occipital ; adipose fin a little longer than the dorsal fin.

Width of mouth 3 the width of head . . 2. . 1. ee ew ee ee 8 planiceps.

Width of mouth 4 the width of head . 2. 2. 1. we ew ew ew ww A hessleri.

b. Fontanel produced posteriorly into a well-developed groove which

extends to the parieto-occipital ; adipose fin shorter than the

dorsal fin . 2. 2. 6 ee ew ee ew eee ww ww) 5. platypogon.

II. Teeth present on palatines and usually on the vomer, but not on the pterygoids, the

vomerine patches separate or subcontinuous, and continuous or subcontinueus with or

separate from the palatine patches, which may be rounded, oval, club-shaped, or oblong.

A. Fontanel not produced backwards into a groove ; occipital process not longer than broad ;

inner edge of pectoral spine moderately or strongly serrated; anal of 16 to 20 rays. »

120 OSTARIOPHYSI.

1. Vomerine patches of teeth continuous with the larger club-shaped palatine patches ;

maxillary barbel extending to operculum or nearly to base of pectoral.

Width of mouth slightly more than 4 the width ofhead. . . . . . «© . 6. assimilis.

Width of mouth nearly 2 the width of head. . 2. 6 1 ee ee ee Ze guatemalensis.

2. Vomerine patches of teeth oblong or oval, continuous or subcon-

tinuous with the palatine patches, which are only a little larger

than the vomerine ones and of similar form; maxillary barbel

extending beyond the base of pectoral. . . . « . «© « « . 8. caerulescens.

B. Fontanel produced backwards into a feeble groove which does not

reach the parieto-occipital ; occipital process twice as long as broad ;

inner edge of pectoral spine weakly serrated; anal of 21 or 22 rays. 9. lentiginosus.

C. Fontanel produced backwards into a groove which nearly or quite reaches the parieto-

occipital; inner edge of pectoral spine weakly or moderately serrated; anal fin of 14

to 20 rays.

1. Occipital process subtriangular, much broader than long; 9 to 12 gill-rakers on the

lower part of the anterior arch; adipose fin shorter than the dorsal.

Occipital process rounded posteriorly ; premaxillary band of teeth 43 times

aslongas broad 2. 1 ew eee ee ee ee ee ee ee 10. quentheri.

Occipital process with straight sides and truncate apex ; preemaxillary band of

teeth 5 to 6 times as long as broad «ww we ee ee ee ee LL Seemani.

2. Occipital process as long as broad ; 6 gill-rakers on the lower part of

the anterior arch ; adipose fin a little longer than the dorsal . . 12. longicephalus.

8. Occipital process 3 times as long as broad; 10 gill-rakers on the

lower part of the anterior arch ; adipose fin as long as the dorsal . 13. peruvianus.

1. Galeichthys dovii.

Leptarius dowi, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1863, p. 170°.

Arius alatus, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, Ixxii, 1876, p. 569, t. 6°.

Selenaspis dowi, Jord. & Everm, Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 2761°.

Hab. Pacific Coast from Panama to Ecuador :

Panama!2?; Ecuador ?®.

This is the Pacific representative of G. herzbergii, Bl., from Guiana and Brazil.

2. Galeichthys troscheli.

Sciades troscheli, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1863, p. 171°.

Arius troscheli, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 150 (1864) ”.

Arius brandtii, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, p. 571, t. 3°.

Sciedichthys troscheli, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1909, p. 2757".

Depth of body 5 in the length, length of head 33. Breadth of head 1% to 11 in its length, diameter of eye

7 to 84. Fontanel not produced backwards into a distinct groove ; occipital process with a weak keel,

broader than long, the sides straight, the posterior edge emarginate; dorsal shield sub-pentagonal,

emarginate posteriorly, about as broad as long, its length in the median line 1 to + of the distance from

tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin. Width of mouth 3 to 3 the width of head; premaxillary band of

GALEICHTHYS. 121

teeth about 6 times as long as broad; teeth on the palate villiform, in the adult forming a continuous

band, the rather narrow vomerine strip connecting the large subtriangular palato-pterygoid patches.

Maxillary barbel about reaching the base of pectoral. 10 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior

arch. Dorsal I 7; spine about 3 the length of head; adipose fin about as long as the dorsal. Anal

17-18. Pectoral spine about 2 the length of head, with tuberculated or weakly serrated edges.

Hab. Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America, from Mazatlan to Panama:

Mazatlan * and Altata* in Sinaloa; Panama! 34,

Here described from two specimens from Mazatlan and Panama (Jordan), 260 and

420 mm. in total length.

3. Galeichthys planiceps.

Arius planiceps, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, lxxii. 1876, p. 576, t. 41.

Netuma planiceps, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvii. 1900, p. 2766; Guilb. & Starks, Mem.

Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 27°.

Netuma oscula (Jord. & Gilb.), Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 2768‘; Gilb. & Starks, t. c. p. 28°.

Depth of body about 5 in the length, length of head 33 to 41. Breadth of head 11 to 12 in the length,

diameter of eye 63 to 8. Fontanel produced backwards into a feeble groove, which does not extend to

the parieto-occipital ; occipital process with a keel, longer than broad, truncated posteriorly, and with

the sides straight; dorsal shield small, subcrescentic. Width of mouth 4 the width of head; pre-

maxillary band of teeth 3? to 44 times as long as broad; teeth on the palate villiform, the vomerine

patches continuous or subcontinuous with each other and with the large subtriangular palato-pterygoid

patches. Maxillary barbel nearly reaching the base of pectoral. 9 or 10 gill-rakers on the lower part

of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 7; spine § to # the length of head ; adipose fin a little longer than the

dorsal. Anal 18-19. Pectoral spine 2 to $ the length of head, with tuberculated or weakly serrated

edges.

Hab. Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America :

Altata in Sinaloa!; Panama! 2245,

Here described from four specimens from Panama (Jordan), 220 to 280 mm. in total

length.

4, Galeichthys kessleri.

Arius kessleri, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, lxxii. 1876, p. 574, t. 5°.

Netuma kessleri, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 27652; Gilb. & Starks, Mem.

Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 26°.

Netuma elattura (Jord. & Gilb.), Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 2769*.

Depth of body 54 in the length, length of head 32. Breadth of head 11 in its length, diameter of eye 73.

Fontanel produced backwards into a feeble groove, which does not reach the parieto-occipital ; occipital

process with a keel, rather broader than long, subtriangular, posteriorly rounded, and with the sides

slightly concave; dorsal shield small, subcrescentic. Width of mouth nearly 3 the width of head ;

premaxillary band of teeth 6 times as long as broad; vomerine, palatine, and pterygoid patches of teeth

present, separate or subcontinuous. Maxillary barbel reaching basal part of pectoral. 8 gill-rakers on

the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 7; spine 2 the length of head ; adipose fin a little longer

than the dorsal. Anal 19. Pectoral spine 2 the length of head, weakly serrated.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, July 1907. R

122 . OSTARIOPHYSI.

Hab. Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America :

Altata in Sinaloa!; Panama! ? 34,

- Here described from a single specimen from Panama (Dow), 280 mm. in total

length.

Netuma insculpta, Jord. & Gilb. (Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900,

p. 2765), from Panama, is evidently very closely allied to G. kessleri and may be

identical with it.

5. Galeichthys platypogon. (Tab. XVII. fig. 1 and Tab. XIX. fig. 5.)

Arius platypogon, Ginth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 147 (1864) *; Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, Ixxii. 1876,

p. 567°.

Netuma platypogon, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 2767°; Gilb. & Starks,

Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 28%.

Depth of body 5 to 6 in the length, length of head 3} to 47. Breadth of head about 1j in its length,

diameter of eye 5 to 6. Fontanel produced backwards into a groove which reaches the parieto-occipital ;

occipital process with a keel, usually longer than broad, subtriangular, with straight sides and truncated

apex; dorsal shield small, subcrescentic. Width of mouth 3 the width of head; pramaxillary band of

teeth 4 to 5 times as long as broad; vomerine, palatine, and pterygoid patches of teeth sometimes separate,

sometimes forming a continuous band, the rather narrow vomerine strip connecting the large subtriangular

palato-pterygoid patches. Maxillary barbel extending to base or middle of pectoral. About 10 gill-

rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal 1 7; spine about ? the length of head; adipose

tin shorter than the dorsal. Anal 18, Pectoral spine ? to + the length of head, weakly serrated.

Hab. Pacific Coast from Lower California to Peru:

Lower California? ; Mazatlan in Mexico®; San José in Guatemala!; Panama?;

Peru °.

Here described from the types of the species from San José (Godman & Salvin), and

a specimen from Mazatlan (Jordan), five examples measuring from 150 to 240 mm. in

total length.

6. Galeichthys assimilis. (lab. XVI. fig. 2 and Tab. XIX. fig. 4.)

Arius assimilis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 146 (1864) °.

Depth of body 5 in the length, length of head 33. Breadth of head 13 in its length, diameter of eye 7.

Fontanel not produced backwards into a groove ; occipital process with a feeble keel, broader than long,

subtriangular, with truncated apex and straight sides ; dorsal shield subcrescentic, larger than in related

species, its length in the middle line equal to the breadth of the posterior extremity of the occipital

process. Width of mouth slightly more than 4 the width of head; premaxillary band of teeth 5 times

as long as broad ; vomerine patches of teeth separate, continuous with the larger club-shaped palatine

patches, Maxillary barbel nearly reaching the base of pectoral. 11 gill-rakers on the lower part of the

anterior arch. Dorsal 17; spine 2 the length of head; adipose fin nearly as long as the dorsal.

Anal 19. Pectoral spine 2 the length of head, with the inner edge rather strongly serrated.

Hab. Guaremata, Lake Yzabal1 (Godman & Salvin).

Here described from the type, a specimen measuring 300 mm. in total length.

GALEICHTHYS. 123

7. Galeichthys guatemalensis.

Arius guatemalensis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 145 (1864) '.

Galeichthys guatemalensis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvii. 1900, p- 2779’.

Galeichthys azureus (Jord. & Williams), Jord. & Everm. t. ec. p- 2775, fig. 55°.

Depth of body 6 in the length, length of head 34. Breadth of head 13 in its length, diameter of eye 63.

Fontanel not produced backward into a groove; occipital process weakly keeled, considerably broader

than long, with apex truncated and sides somewhat concave. Width of mouth nearly 2 the width of

head; premaxillary band of teeth 54 times as long as broad; vomerine patches of teeth separate,

continuous with the larger club-shaped palatine patches. Maxillary barbel extending to operculum.

1] gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 7; spine 4 the length of head; adipose

fin shorter than the dorsal, Anal 19. Pectoral spine nearly 3 the length of head, with strongly serrated

inner edge.

Hab. Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America:

Mazatlan ?; Guatemala !.

Here described from the type, a specimen measuring 260 mm. in total length.

Giinther’s specimen (0), from Chiapam, belongs to G. cerulescens.

8. Galeichthys czrulescens. (Tab. XVII. fig. 2 and Tab. XIX. fig. 6.)

Arius cerulescens, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 149 (1864) *.

Galeichthys cerulescens, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 2776.

Depth of body 5 to 6 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Breadth of head 1} to 14 in its length, diameter

of eye 6 to 8. Fontanel not produced backwards into a groove; occipital process not or but feebly

keeled, subtriangular, as broad as or a little broader than long, with apex truncated or subtruncated and

sides nearly straight; dorsal shield small, subcrescentic. Width of mouth 2 to 3 the width of head;

premaxillary band of teeth 6 times as long as broad ; vomerine patches of teeth oblong or oval, separate,

continuous or subcontinuous with the palatine patches, which are only a little larger than the vomerine

ones and of similar form. Maxillary barbel extending to basal part or middle of pectoral. 12 or 13

gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal 1 7; spine 3 (adult) or 2 (young) the length

of head ; adipose fin as long as or a little shorter than the dorsal. Anal 16-18. Pectoral spine 2 to 3

the length of head, with the inner edge moderately or rather strongly serrated,

Hab. Pacific Coast of Mexico and Guatemala :

Rio Presidio in Mexico (Forrer); Huamachal! and Chiapam in Guatemala

(Salvin).

Here described from six specimens, including the type of the species, measuring

from 160 to 280 mm. in total length.

9. Galeichthys lentiginosus.

Galeichthys lentiginosus (Higenm. & Higenm.), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvii. 1900,

p- 2771*; Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 20%.

Galeichthys xenauchen (Gilb.), Jord. & Everm. t.c. p. 2777°; Gilb, & Starks, t. c. p. 24, t. 4.

fig. 7*,

Depth of body 5 to 6 in the length, length of head 4, Breadth of head 1} in the length, diameter of eye 8

to 9. Fontanel produced backwards into a feeble groove which does not reach the parieto-occipital ;

occipital process with a feeble keel, twice as long as broad, scarcely narrowed posteriorly, with straight

124 OSTARIOPHYSI.

sides; dorsal shield small, subcrescentic. Width of mouth } the width of head ; premaxillary band of

teeth 5 times as long as broad; vomerine patches of teeth rounded or quadrangular, separate or

subcontinuous, continuous with the larger rounded or elliptical palatine patches. Maxillary barbel

extending to basal part of pectoral. 4 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal 17;

spine nearly 2 the length of head, adipose fin longer than the dorsal. Anal 21-22. Pectoral spine 3

to = the length of head, weakly serrated.

Hab. Panama 1224 (Jordan).

Here described from two specimens, 270 and 280 mm. in total length.

10. Galeichthys guentheri, sp.n. (Tab. XVI. fig. 1 and Tab. XIX. fig. 3.)

Arius milberti (non Cuv. & Val.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 155 (1864) - |

Depth of body 54 in the length, length of head 33 to 33. Breadth of head 14 in its length, diameter of eye

6 to 64. Fontanel produced into a groove which nearly or quite reaches the parieto-occipital ; occipital

process keeled, much broader than long, subtriangular, with rounded apex; dorsal shield small,

subcrescentic. Width of mouth 2 to 2 the width of head; premaxillary band of teeth 43 times as long

as broad; vomerine patches of teeth very small, well separated, separate from or continuous with the

oval palatine patches.. Maxillary barbel extending to operculum. 9 or 10 gill-rakers on the lower part

of the anterior arch. Dorsal I'7; spine 2 the length of head; adipose fin shorter than the dorsal.

Anal 17-18. Pectoral spine 2 to § the length of head, weakly serrated.

Hab. Gur or Mexico (Haslar Coll.) '.

Two specimens, 240 and 260 mm. in total length.

Galeichthys felis, Linn. (Arius milberti, Cuv. & Val., Arius equestris, Girard), which

is known to range from Cape Cod to Texas, is closely allied to G. guentheri, but differs

in several respects, notably in having the occipital process as long as broad and in the

longer barbels. I have examined a specimen from New Orleans.

11. Galeichthys seemani.

Arius seemani,; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 147 (1864) °.

Galeichthys seemanni, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii, 1900, p. 2772°.

Galeichthys jordani (Eigenm. & Eigenm.), Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 2774°; Gilb. & Starks, Mem.

Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 22%.

Galeichthys gilberti (Jord. & Williams), Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 2773, fig. 54°.

Galeichthys eigenmanni, Gilb. & Starks, t. c. p. 21, t. 4. fig. 8°.

Depth of body 5-54 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Breadth of head 17 to 13 in its length, diameter

of eye 53 to 73. Fontanel produced into a groove which nearly or quite reaches the parieto-occipital ;

occipital process keeled, much broader than long, subtriangular, the apex truncated, the sides straight ;

dorsal shield small, subcrescentic. Width of mouth 3.to 3 the width of head; premaxillary band of

teeth 5 to 6 times as long as broad; vomerine patches of teeth quadrangular, rounded or ovate, separate

or subcontinuous, subcontinuous or continuous with the larger oval or club-shaped palatine patches.

Maxillary barbel extending to opercle or base of pectoral. 10 to 12 gill-rakers on the lower part of the

anterior arch, Dorsal I 7; spine 2 to the length of head; adipose fin shorter than the dorsal.

Anal 16-20. Pectoral spine weakly or moderately serrated, 2 to $ the length of head.

Hab. Pacific Coast from Mexico to Ecuador :

Mazatlan (Jordan) °®; Panama (Jordan) 224°; Ecuador (Festa).

GALEICHTHYS.—ARIUS. 125

cod

Here described from eight specimens, 220 to 330 mm. in total length, including

the type of the ‘species and co-types of G. gilberti and G. eigenmanni.

12. Galeichthys longicephalus. |

Galeichthys dasycephalus (non Giinth.), Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 2780';

Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 25.

Galeichthys longicephalus (Eigenm. & Eigenm.), Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 2781°; Gilb. & Starks,

le.*.

Depth of body 53 in the length, length of head 4. Breadth of head 14 in its length, diameter of eye 62.

Fontane] produced into a groove which reaches the parieto-occipital ; occipital process strongly keeled,

as long as broad, with truncated apex and slightly concave sides. Width of mouth 4 the width of head;

premaxillary band of teeth 4 times as long as broad; vomerine patches of teeth small, well separated,

continuous with the rather small oblong or oval palatine patches. Maxillary barbel extending to the

basal part of the pectoral. 6 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal 17; spine 4

the length of head ; adipose fin a little longer than the dorsal. Anal 19. Pectoral spine 3 the length

of head, with the inner edge weakly serrated.

Hab. Panama (Jordan }23 4),

Here described from a specimen of 250 mm.

13. Galeichthys peruvianus, ___ |

Galeichthys peruvianus, Liitk. Vid., Medd. 1874, p. 205°; Steimd. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, Ixxii.

1876, p. 5847; Eigenm. & Eigenm. Occ. Papers Calif. Ac. Sci. i, 1890, p. 51°; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 122 « oe

Apparently allied to the preceding species, which it resembles in the arrangement of the teeth on the palate,

but well distinguished by the longer occipital process, the narrower premaxillary band of teeth (8 times

as long as broad), and the shorter anal fin, with 14 to 16 rays: 8

Hab. Pacific Coast from Mexico to Peru:

Altata in Sinaloa?; Panama?; Callao !?°,

3. ARIUS, Cuv. & Val., 1840.

Arius (part.), Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xv. p. 52 (1840) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 174 (1864).

Tachysurus*, Eigenm. & Eigenm. Occ. Papers Calif. Ac. Sci. i. 1890, p.42; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlviil. 1900, p. 2782.

Cathorops (Jord. & Gilb.), Jord. & Everm. t. c. 1896, p. 138.

Like Galeichthys, from which it differs only in having the teeth on the palate

evanular or obtusely conical instead of villiform, this genus comprises a considerable

number of species from the coasts of tropical and subtropical countries, most of which

enter fresh water.

* Lacepéde (Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. p. 151, 1803) founded the genus Tachysurus on a Chinese painting of a

fresh-water fish which may have belonged to Galeichthys or Arius or may not have been at all closely related

to them. ‘The generic diagnosis consists of (1) characters which are common to Arius, Pimelodus, and other

genera, and of (2) others which might certainly be held to define the genus Tachysurus if they could be relied

126 OSTARIOPHYSI.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

I. Middle of eye above the level of the angle of the mouth; 9 to 12 gill-rakers on the lower

part of the anterior arch.

A. Anal fin of 19 to 24 rays.

1. Occipital process not much broader than long.

a. Teeth on the palate in two rather small, well-separated patches.

Diameter of eye 6 in the length of head (in specimens of 180 to 200 mm.) ;

maxillary barbel extending to basal part of pectoral ; dorsal spine 3 the

length of head ; pectoral spine 2 the length of head, its inner edge very

strongly serrated . oe ek . we ew ew we he he) CL melanopus.

Diameter of eye 4 to 5 in the length of head (in specimens of about 180 to

220 mm.) ; maxillary barbel extending about to base of pectoral ; dorsal

spine ? to % the length of head ; pectoral spine 3 the length of head. . 2. liropus.

b. Teeth on the palate in two rather large narrowly separated

patches; diameter of eye 6 to 74 in the length of head (in

specimens of 196 to 260 mm.); maxillary barbel extending to

basal part or middle of pectoral; dorsal and pectoral spines 3

to 2 the length of head, the latter with the inner edge mode-

rately serrated 2 1 1. 4 1 6 ew we ew ww we ww we: 8 fucerthii.

2. Occipital process much broader thanlong. . . . . . . «© « 4. evermanni.

B. Anal fin of 27 rays ° ® e ° e e ° ° e ry ° ° r) ° 5. multiradiatus.

II. Middle of eye about on a level with the angle of the mouth; 30 0 gill

rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch; anal fin of 22 or

23 rays . 2 6 6 ew ew et we tw ww wt ew ww «6. hypophthalmus.

1. Arius melanopus. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 1 and Tab. XIX. fig. 7.)

Arius melanopus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 172 (1864) *. |

Tachysurus melanopus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 2784’.

Galeichthys aqua-dulce, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 9, t. 4°.

Depth of body 5 to 54 in the length, length of head 33 to 44. Breadth of head 13 in its length, diameter of

on, viz., a single nasal opening on each side and a rayed adipose dorsal. Cuvier and Valenciennes (xv. p. 163,

1840) placed Lacepéde’s fish in the genus Pimelodus and made the following remarks :—‘ M. de Lacépéde a

cru devoir faire un genre 4 part de ce peisson, 4 cause de quelques traits que l’on voit sur l’adipeuse, et qu'il a

regardés, dit-il, comme des rayons; ....il le nomme tachisure 4 cause de J’agilité de sa queue, longue et

déliée, et comme on peut en juger par la copie, assez mauvaise d’ailleurs, qu’il donne de sa figure chinoise, les

proportions de cette partie ne different pas beaucoup de ce qu’elle est dans les espéces du groupe actuel. Il

nous parait donc que le genre Tachisure ne peut étre conservé.”

I have thought it necessary to give in detail the reasons why I use Arius instead of Tachysurus, as the

latter is now generally used by American ichthyologists, although I am at a loss to imagine how they have

determined that a fish known only from a Chinese painting had granular or obtusely conical teeth on the

palate,

ARIUS, 127

eye 6. Fontanel produced into a feeble groove which nearly reaches the parieto-occipital ; occipital

process keeled, subtriangular, about as broad as long, with sides slightly concave and apex more or less

emarginate ; dorsal shield small, subcrescentic. Width of mouth 4 the width of head; premaxillary

band of teeth 33 to 4 times as long as broad; teeth on the palate obtusely conical, in 2 rather small

well-separated subovate patches; maxillary barbel extending to basal part of pectoral. 11 gill-rakers

on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal 17; spine 2 the length of head ; adipose fin shorter than

the dorsal. Anal 19-21. Pectoral spine 2 the length of head, with the inner edge very strongly

serrated. Inner surface of the paired fins blackish.

Hab. Muxico, Rio Papaloapam®; Guaremana, Rio Motagua! (Salvin).

Here described from the types of the species, three specimens measuring from 180

to 200 mm. in total length.

This is the only member of the genus known from the Atlantic slope of Mexico and

Central America.

2. Arius liropus.

Tachysurus liropus (Bristol), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvii. 1900, p. 2784'.

Hab. Mexico, San Juan Lagoon in Sonora}.

8. Arius fuerthii, (Tab. XVIII. fig. 2 and Tab. XIX. fig. 8.)

Arius firthii, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, p. 579°.

Tuchysurus furthii, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 2787°; Gilb. & Starks,

Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 32°. .

Tachysurus steindachneri, Gilb. & Starks, t. c. p. 29, t. 5. fig. 9*.

Depth of body 5 in the length, length of head 32 to 4. Breadth of head 13 in its length, diameter of eye 6

to 74. Fontanel produced into a groove which does not reach the parieto-occipital; occipital process

with or without a weak keel, usually broader than long, with straight or concave sides and truncate or

emarginate apex; dorsal shield small, subcrescentic. Width of mouth 3 the width of head ; premaxillary

- band of teeth 4 times as long as broad; teeth on the palate obtusely conical, in 2 rather large subovate

patches which are not very widely separated anteriorly ; maxillary barbel extending to the basal part or

middle of pectoral. 10 or 11 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch, Dorsal I 7; spine

2 to 2 the length of head; adipose fin shorter than the dorsal. Anal 20-24. Pectoral spine # to ? the

length of head, with the inner edge moderately serrated.

Hab. Panama 1234 (Boucard, Jordan).

Here described from five specimens, 190 to 260 mm. in total length.

4, Arius evermanni.

Tachysurus evermanni, Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 32, t. 5. fig, 10°.

Hab. Panama}. |

Very closely allied to A. fuerthii, but apparently distinguished by the shorter and

broader occipital process.

The species is based on a single specimen of 250 mm.

128 OSTARIOPHYSI.

5. Arius multiradiatus.

Arius multiradiatus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 173 (1864) °.

Tachysurus multiradiatus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 182°.

Tachysurus emmelane (Gilb.), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 2786°; Gilb. &

Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. Sci. iv. 1904, p. 31, t. 6%.

Depth of body 5 in the length, length of head 34. Breadth of head 12 in its length, diameter of eye 7.

Fontanel produced into a groove which nearly reaches the parieto-occipital ; occipital process without

distinct keel, broader than long, with concave sides and slightly emarginate apex; dorsal shield small,

subcrescentic. Width of mouth 2 the width of head; premaxillary band of teeth 4 times as long as

broad; teeth on the palate obtusely conical, in two small, well-separated, subovate patches ; maxillary

barbel extending to basal part of pectoral. 11 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal

I 7; spine 3 the length of head ; adipose fin shorter than the dorsal. Anal 27. Pectoral spine 3 the

length of head, with the inner edge rather strongly serrated.

Hab. Panama!?4 (Boucard).

Here described from a specimen measuring 230 mm. in total length.

6. Arius hypophthalmus.

Arius hypophthalmus, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, Ixxii. 1876, p. 581, t. 10°.

Tachisurus gulosus, Higenm. & Eigenm. Occ. Papers Calif. Ac. Sci. i. 1890, p. 93°.

Cathorops hypophthalmus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 133°.

Cathorops gulosus, Jord. & Everm. 1. c.*.

Hab. Panama!??4,

4, RHAMDIA, Bleek., 1858.

Rhamdia, Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 149.

Body elongate. Snout not greatly produced; mouth terminal or subterminal; jaws with villiform teeth in

bands; palate toothless; nostrils remote from each other; no nasal barbels; barbels 6; occipital

process not extending to the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin with a slender flexible spine and 5 to 8 branched

rays; adipose fin long; anal short or of moderate length ; ventral fins 6-rayed.

Numerous species, from Mexico to the La Plata.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species *.

I. Caudal fin deeply notched, the middle rays not more than 4 the length of the longest.

A. Width of mouth 2 to 4 the width of head; pectoral spine 4 to 3 the length of head.

Occipital process as broad as long, extending } of the distance from its base to

the origin of dorsal; body rather deep (depth 44 to 5 in the length) . . 1. parryi.

Occipital process much longer than broad, extending 3 of the distance from its

base to the origin of dorsal; body rather slender (depth about 6 in the

length) ; first branched ray of dorsal the longest . . . - - ... « + 2 motaguensis.

* The original description of P. brachypterus, Cope (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1866, p. 404), from Orizaba, is

insufficient, but Fowler’s re-description of the type (in Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 21)

shows that this species is probably not distinct from P. guatemalensis.

RHAMDIA, 129

B, Width of mouth 3 to 2 the width of head.

1. Occipital process extending } of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal.

a. Breadth of head 14 in its length, interorbital width4. . . . . 3. nicaraguensis.

6. Breadth of head 1 to 13 in its length, interorbital width 23 to 3.

. Pectoral spine $ the length of head; least depth of caudal

peduncle 3 in the length ofhead . . . ~ 4. doucardi.

&. Pectoral spine 2 to } the length of head; least depth of caudal

peduncle 13 to 24 in the length of head.

* Length of snout 22 to 22 in the length of head, which is 44 to

4? in the length of the fish (in specimens measuring up to

280mm.) . ...... es. ~ + » 5. wagneri.

** Length of snout 22 to 8 in the length of head (in: specimens

measuring up to 280 mm.).

Breadth of head 1} in its length, which is 43 in the length of the fish; least

depth of caudal peduncle 12 in the length of head . . . . . 6. petenensis.

Breadth of head 14 to 1? in its length, which is 34 to 42 in the length of the

fish ; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 23 in the length of head’ . . . 7. guatemalensis.

2. Occipital process extending ? of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal; inter-

orbital width 22 to 3} in the length of head.

Maxillary barbel extending to origin of adipose fin; pectoral spines 2 to 4 the

length ofhead . .. . . « 8. godmani.

“Maxillary barbel extending to middle of dorsal fin “pectoral spine 4 1 the length

ofhead. 2. 1 ew we ee we we we ee ee ee 9 microptera.

3. Occipital process extending } of the distance from its base to the

origin of dorsal; interorbital width 4 in the length of head . . . 10. managuensis.

II. Caudal fin with a moderately deep notch, but the middle rays more than 4 as long as the longest.

A. Occipital process extending 2 of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal; pectoral

. spine ? to $ the length of head.

Pectoral spine with a finely serrated inner edge and a series of antrorse denticu-

lations on the outer edge; maxillary barbel reaching origin of adipose fin

(in a specimen of 105 mm.); analof l0rays , . . . . « - « + . LI. heteracantha.

Pectoral spine with serrated inner and entire outer edge; maxillary barbel

reaching middle of base of dorsal fin (in a specimen of 115 mm.) ; anal of

Wyrays. 2. 6 6 6 6 we ee ew ww ew ew ww we 1D. Aypselura.

B. Occipital process slender, extending + of the distance from its base to

the origin of dorsal; pectoral spine nearly 2? the length of head;

maxillary barbel extending to basal part of pectoral (in specimens

measuring upto190 mm.) . . . . . ee 6 ee ew ee eo 18, brachycephala.

C. Occipital process short, triangular, extending } or 4 of the distance

from its base to the origin of dorsal; pectoral spine from less than

1 to nearly ? the length of head.

1. Humeral process not reaching middle of pectoral spine; length of

adipose fin 82 to 44 in the length of the fish; anal of 11 or 12 rays. 14. underwoodi.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, November 1907. S

130 OSTARIOPHYSI.

2. Humeral process extending beyond middle of pectoral spine.

Adipose fin ? the length of the fish; analofl2rays . . . . . . . «15. salvini.

Adipose fin 3 the length of the fish; analofl5rays . . . . . . . . 16. polycaulus.

III. Caudal fin slightly notched, nearly truncate.

Maxillary barbel extending to middle of pectoral fin ; j atipose fin 3 the

length of the fish . . . 17. rogersi.

Maxillary barbel extending to ventral fin ; ‘adipose fin 2 2 the length of

the fish 2. 2 1 1 we ee eee ee ee ee we 18, daticauda.

1. Rhamdia parryi.

Rhamdia parryi, Eigenm. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2) i. 1888, p. 180°; Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xlvu. 1896, p. 153’.

Depth of body 44 to 5 in the length, length of head 44 to 43. Breadth of head 1} in its length. Diameter

of eye 5 in the length of head, 2 in the length of snout, 14 in the interorbital width. Lower jaw shorter

than the upper; width of mouth 2% to 3 in the length of head (about 2 to 4 the width of head).

Maxillary barbel extending to or beyond the dorsal fin. Head covered with smooth skin ; occipital

process as broad as long, extending 4 of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal. Dorsal 1 6;

spine slender. Length of adipose fin 3 to 34 in the length of the fish. Anal 12-14. Pectoral spine

slightly more than 4 the length of head. Lower caudal lobe rounded. Brownish ; a blackish lateral

stripe.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Zanalenco in Chiapas }.

Apparently allied to R. motaqguensis.

2. Rhamdia motaguensis. (Tab. XX. fig. 1.)

Pimelodus motaguensis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 127 (1864) *.

Rhamdia motaguensis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 151’.

Depth of body 52 to 64 in the length, length of head 53 to 53. Breadth of head 1} to 13 in its length,

length of snout 24 to 22, diameter of eye 5 to 6, interorbital width 3 to 33. Lower j jaw shorter than the

upper; width of snout a the width of head. Maxillary barbel extending to middle of dorsal (adult) or

nearly to adipose fin (yc oung). Head covered with smooth skin; occipital process extending 2 of the

distance from its base to the origin of dorsal. 8 or 9 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch.

Dorsal I 6; spine slender; first branched ray the longest. Length of adipose fin 34 in the length of the

fish. Anal 18. Humeral process not extending to middle of pectoral spine, which is about 2 the length

of the fin and 3 to 2 the length of head. Ventrals inserted behind the last dorsal ray, extending 3 to $ of

the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal deeply notched. Least depth of caudal

peduncle 13 in the length of head and 14 to 2 in the distance from anal to base of caudal. _ Brownish ;

dorsal dusky, with a pale band near the base.

Hab. British Honpuras, Stann Creek (fobertson); GuateMALa, Rio Motagua!

(Salvin).

Here described from two specimens, the type, 210 mm. in total length, and one of

130 mm., from Stann Creek.

3. Rhamdia nicaraguensis, (Tab. XX. fig. 2.)

Pimelodus nicaraguensis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 125 (1864) ’.

Rhamdia nicaraguensis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 152%.

RHAMDIA. 131

Depth of body 7 in the length, length of head 44. Breadth of head 13 inits length, length of snout 22,

diameter of eye 53, interorbital width 4. Jaws nearly equal anteriorly ; width of mouth % the width of

head. Maxillary barbel extending to origin of adipose fin *, Head covered with smooth skin; occipital

process extending 4 of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal. 11 gill-rakers on the lower

part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 6; spine slender, fin rounded. Length of adipose fin 22 in the

length of the fish. Anal 13. Humeral process extending slightly beyond the middle of the pectoral

spine, which is about $ the length of the fin and nearly } the length of head. Ventrals inserted behind

the last dorsal ray, extending 3 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal deeply

notched. Least depth of caudal peduncle 23 in the length of head and 2} in the distance from the anal

to the base of caudal. Brownish.

Hab, Laxe Nicaracva? (Dow).

Here described from the type, measuring 190 mm. in total length.

4. Rhamdia boucardi. (Tab. XX. fig. 3.)

? Rhamdia depressa, Barbour & Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1. 1906, p. 155, t. 1? F.

Pimelodus boucardi, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 258’, .

Depth of body 64 in the length, length of head 4. Breadth of head 1} in its length, length of snout 23.

diameter of eye 6, interorbital width 3. Lower jaw nearly as long as the upper ; width of mouth 2 the

width of head. Maxillary barbel extending to origin of adipose fin. Head covered with smooth skin ;

occipital process rather strong, extending 3 the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal. 12 or 13

gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 6, the spine slender, the fin rounded.

Adipose fin 3 the length of the fish. Anal 14; when laid back nearly reaching the vertical from

the end of adipose fin. Pectoral spine with serrated inner edge, about 2 the length of the fin and } the

length of head; humeral process long, nearly reaching the middle of the fin. Ventrals originating nearly

below the last dorsal ray, extending more than 2 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal.

Caudal deeply notched, the lobes rounded, the lower the larger. Least depth of caudal peduncle 3 in the

length of head, and 23 in the distance from anal to base of caudal. Blackish.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan} (Boucard).

Here described from the type, a specimen measuring 190 mm. in total length.

5. Rhamdia wagneri.

Pimelodus cinerascens (non Ginth.), Kner & Steind. Abhandl. Bayern. Akad. x. 1865, p. 49°.

Pimelodus wagneri, Giinth. Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, p. 474°.

Rhamdia bransfordi, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1876, p. 337°.

Rhamdia wagneri, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 151*.

Depth of body about 6 in the length, length of head 43 to 43. Breadth of head 1} to 14 in its length, length

of snout 22 to 22, diameter of eye 6 to 7, interorbital width 22 to 3. Lower jaw nearly as long as the

upper ; width of mouth about 2 the width of head. Maxillary barbel extending about to the origin of

adipose fin. Head covered with smooth skin ; occipital process extending 3 of the distance from its base

to the origin of dorsal. 7 to 9 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal I 6; spine slender,

fin rounded. Length of adipose fin 23 to 3 in the length of the fish. Anal 10-12, when laid back

nearly reaching the vertical from end of adipose fin. Humeral process extending about to the middle of

* As described by Giinther. Both barbels are now broken off in the type, the longest reaching the middle

of the dorsal.

+ Rhamdia depressa is probably the same as R, boucardi, but the description is insufficient and the figure bad.

S 2

132

OSTARIOPHYSI.

pectoral spine, which has the inner edge serrated and measures 3 to 3 of the length of the fin or about 4

the length of head. Ventrals inserted behind the last ray of dorsal, extending 3 to 2 of the distance

from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal deeply notched, the lower lobe rounded. Least depth of

caudal peduncle about 3 the length of head or of the distance from anal to base of caudal. Brownish ;

usually a blackish lateral stripe; fins dusky, the dorsal with a pale band near the base.

Hab. Costa Rica, Shirures (H. Pittier); Panama! ®.—Western Ecuapor (Rosenberg).

Here described from four specimens, measuring 200 to 280 mm. in total length.

Probably records of this species from Southern Mexico refer to &. guatemalensis.

6. Rhamdia petenensis. (Tab. XXII. fig. 1.)

Pimelodus petenensis, Ginth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 126 (1864) *.

Rhamdia petenensis, Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 153”.

Depth of body 53 in the length, length of head 43. Breadth of head 1} in the length, length of snout 24,

diameter of eye 53, interorbital width 38. Jaws nearly equal anteriorly ; width of mouth 2 the width of

head. Maxillary barbel extending to origin of adipose fin. Head covered with smooth skin ; occipital

process extending about 3 of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal. 8 gill-rakers on the

lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal 16; spine slender, fin rounded. Length of adipose fin 24 in

the length of the fish. Anal 12. Humeral process extending to middle of pectoral spine, which is

2 to ? the length of the fin and nearly 4 the length of head. Ventrals inserted behind the last dorsal

ray, extending 2 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal deeply notched. Least

depth of caudal peduncle 1? in the length of head and 14 in the distance from anal to base of caudal.

Brownish ; an indistinct dark lateral stripe; dorsal dusky, with a pale band near the base.

Hab. Guatemata, Lake Peten ! (Salvin).

Here described from the type, a specimen measuring 200 mm. in total length.

7. Rhamdia guatemalensis.

Pimelodus guatemalensis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 122 (1864) *.

Rhamdia guatemalensis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1527,

Rha

mdia oaxace, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 20, t. 5°.

Depth of body 5 to 63 in the length, length of head 34 to 42. Breadth of head 14 to 12 in its length, length

of snout 2? to 3, diameter of eye 5 to 73, interorbital width 22 to 31. Lower jaw nearly as long as

the upper; width of mouth # to 2 the width of head. Maxillary barbel extending to origin or middle

of adipose fin. Head covered with smooth skin ; occipital process extending nearly 3 the distance from

its base to the origin of dorsal. 5 to 7 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal I 6; spine

slender, fin rounded. Length of adipose fin 22 to 3 in the length of the fish. Anal 11-13, when laid

back reaching the vertical from the end of adipose fin. Humeral process extending about to middle of

pectoral spine, which has the inner edge serrated and measures from less than 2 to more than 3 the

length of the fin, or 2 to 4 the length of head. Ventrals inserted behind the vertical from last ray of

dorsal, extending 2 to # of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal deeply notched,

the lower lobe rounded. Least depth of caudal peduncle 2 to 23 in the length of head or 14 to 2 in the

distance from anal to base of caudal. Brownish; usually a blackish lateral stripe; fins usually more or

less dusky, the dorsal with an indistinct pale band near the base.

Hab. SournerN Mexico, Rio Blanco%, Rio Papaloapam%, Tequesixtlan in Oaxaca

(Gadow); British Honpuras, Stann Creek (Robertson) ; GuaTEMALA, Huamuchal!

(Salvin).

RHAMDIA., 133

Here described from a large series of specimens, including the types of the species,

measuring from 95 to 280 mm. in total length.

Pimetodus baronis-miiileri, Trosch., 1865 (Rhamdia baronis-mulleri, Jord. & Everm.

Bull. U.S, Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 151), is probably identical with P. guatemalensis.

8. Rhamdia godmani. (Tab. XXI. fig. 1.)

Pimelodus godmani, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 124 (1864) *.

Rhamdia godmani, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1527.

? Rhamdia sacrijficii, Barbour & Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1. 1906, p. 156, t. 2°.

Depth of body about 6 in the length, length of head 4 to 44. Breadth of head 13-14 in its length, length of

snout 22 to 24, diameter of eye 54 to 7, interorbital width 22 to 31. Lower jaw a little shorter than

the upper; width of mouth about 2 the width of head. Maxillary barbel extending about to origin of

adipose fin. Head covered with smooth skin; occipital process extending about 2 of the distance from

its base to the origin of dorsal. 7 to 9 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 6

(exceptionally I 5); spine slender, fin rounded. Length of adipose fin 24 to 3 in the length of the fish.

Anal 11-13. Humeral process not extending beyond the middle of pectoral spine, which is 3 to ? the

length of the fin and 2 to 4 the length of head. Ventrals inserted behind the last dorsal ray, extending

3 to 2 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal deeply notched. Least depth of

caudal peduncle 2 to 24 in the length of head or 12 to 2 in the distance from anal to base of caudal.

Brownish ; dorsal dusky, with a pale band.

Hab. Mexico! (Sallé), Yucatan?; Guatemata, Baja Vera Paz! (Godman & Salvin), |

Rio Motagua! (Salvin).

Here described from eight specimens, including the types of the species, measuring

from 150 to 270 mm. in total length.

9. Rhamdia microptera. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 3.)

Pimelodus micropterus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 124 (1864) °.

Rhamdia microptera, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 153°.

Depth of body 64 in the length, length of head 43. Breadth of head 13 in the length, length of snout 24,

diameter of eye 6, interorbital width 3. Jaws nearly equal anteriorly ; width of mouth rather more

than 2 the width of head. Maxillary barbel extending to middle of dorsal fin. Head covered with

smooth skin; occipital process extending 2 of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal. 7 gill-

rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 6; spine slender, fin rounded. Length of

adipose fin 23 in the length of the fish. Anal 13. Humeral process extending nearly to tip of pectoral

spine, which is 2 the length of the fin and } the length of head. Ventrals inserted behind the last dorsal

ray, extending 3 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal deeply notched. Least

depth of caudal peduncle 2! in the length of head and 14 in the distance from anal to base of caudal.

Dark greyish; fins dusky.

Hab. Guatemata, Rio San Gerénimo1! (Godman & Salvin).

Here described from the type, a specimen measuring 170 mm. in total length.

10. Rhamdia managuensis. (Tab. XXI. fig. 2.)

Pimelodus managuensis, Giinth. Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868, t. 474°.

Rhamdia managuensis, J ord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 153’,

OSTARIOPHYSI.

Depth of body 6 in the length, length of head 5. Breadth of head 12 in its length, length of snout 23,

diameter of eye 51, interorbital width 4. Lower jaw nearly as long as the upper; width of mouth = the

width of head. Maxillary barbel extending nearly to the posterior end of pectoral fin. Head covered

with smooth skin ; occipital process extending 4 of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal.

9 to 11 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal I 6; spine slender, fin rounded. Length

of adipose fin 22 in the length of the fish. Anal 14, when laid back not nearly reaching the vertical from

the end of adipose fin. Humeral process extending a little beyond the middle of pectoral spine, which

has the inner edge serrated and measures 2 the length of the fin or 2 the length of head. Ventrals

inserted behind the last ray of dorsal, extending 2 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal.

Caudal deeply notched, the lower lobe rounded. Least depth of caudal peduncle 23 in the length of head

and 23 in the distance from anal to base of caudal. Brownish.

Hab. Nicaragua, Lake Managua! (Dow).

Here described from the type, a specimen measuring 210 mm. in total length.

11. Rhamdia heteracantha, sp. n.

Depth of body 52 in the length, length of head 41. Breadth of head 14 in its length, length of snout 23,

diameter of eye 52, interorbital width 3. Lower jaw scarcely shorter than the upper ; width of mouth 3

the width of head. Maxillary barbel extending to origin of adipose fin. Head covered with smooth

skin ; occipital process triangular, extending about 2 of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal.

7 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal 16; spine slender, fin rounded. Length of

adipose fin nearly 3 in the length of the fish. Anal 10. Humeral process extending nearly to middle of

pectoral spine, which has the inner edge finely serrated and a series of antrorse denticulations on the

outer edge and measures 3 the length of the fin and 2 to 4 the length of head. Ventrals inserted behind

the last ray of dorsal, extending 2 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal

moderately notched. Least depth of caudal peduncle 21 in the length of head and 12 in the distance

from anal to base of caudal. Brownish.

Hab. Costa Rica, Juan Viiias (Underwood).

A single specimen, measuring 105 mm. in total length.

12. Rhamdia hypselura, (Tab. XXI. fig. 3.)

Pimelodus hypselurus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 126 (1864) '.

Rhamdia hypselurus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 152°.

Depth of body about 53 in the length, length of head 43. Breadth of head 1; in its length, length of snout

23, diameter of eye 53, interorbital width 3. Lower jaw shorter than the upper; width of mouth

slightly more than 2 the width of head. Maxillary barbel extending to middle of dorsal fin. Head

covered with smooth skin; occipital process extending # of the distance from its base to the origin of

dorsal. 9 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 6; spine slender, fin rounded.

Length of adipose fin 33 in the length of the fish, Anal 13, Humeral process extending to middle of

pectoral spine, which is 3 the length of the fin and 3 the length of head. Ventrals inserted behind the

last dorsal ray, extending 2 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal moderately

notched. Least depth of caudal peduncle 12 in the length of head and 13 in the distance from anal to

base of caudal. Dark greyish.

Hab. Mexico! (Parudazkt).

Here described from the type, a specimen measuring 115 mm. in total length.

RHAMDIA. 135

13. Rhamdia brachycephala. (Tab. XXII. fig. 2.)

Pimelodus brachycephalus, Regan, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) xix. 1907, p. 258°.

Depth of body 53 to 63 in the length, length of head 53 to 54. Breadth of head 11 in its length, length of snout

2% to 3, diameter of eye 5 to 6, interorbital width 3 to 33. Lower jaw a little shorter than the upper ;

width of mouth 3 to 2 the width of head. Maxillary barbel extending to the basal part of pectoral.

Head covered with smooth skin; occipital process slender, extending about 1 of the distance from its

base to the origin of dorsal. 6 to 8 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 6, the

spines slender, the fin rounded. Length of adipose fin 3} to 32 in the length of the fish. Anal 12-13,

when laid back sometimes reaching the vertical from end of adipose fin. Pectoral spine with serrated

inner edge, about 2 the length of the fin and 2 the length of head; humeral process extending to or

beyond the middle of the spine. Ventrals originating behind the dorsal, extending 4 to 3 the distance

from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal moderately notched, the lower lobe rounded and rather

shorter than the upper. Least depth of caudal peduncle $ or more than 2 the length of head, 12 to 14

in the distance from anal to base of caudal. Brownish.

Hab. Guatemata, Rio Nacasil 1 (Salvin).

Here described from the types, six specimens, measuring up to 190 mm. in total

length.

14. Rhamdia underwoodi, sp.n. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 4.)

Depth of body 53 to 6 in the length, length of head 42 to 5. Breadth of head 14 to 1} in its length, length

of snout 22 to 24, diameter of eye 6 to 7, interorbital width 3. Lower jaw scarcely shorter than the

upper ; width of mouth 4 to 3 the width of head. Maxillary barbel extending to posterior end of pectoral

fin. Head covered with smooth skin ; occipital process extending + or 4 of the distance from its base to

the origin of dorsal. 7 or 8 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Dorsal I 6 (exceptionally

17); spine slender, fin rounded. Length of adipose fin 32 to 43 in the length of the fish, Anal 11-12.

Humeral process short, not extending to middle of pectoral spine, which has the inner edge serrated

and measures about 2 the length of the fin and 3 to 2 the length of the head. Ventrals inserted behind

the last ray of the dorsal, extending 4 to 2 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal

moderately notched. Least depth of caudal peduncle 12 to 2 in the length of head and 14 to 12 in the

distance from anal to base of caudal. Blackish grey.

Hab. Costa Rica, Juan Vifias (Underwood).

Four specimens, the largest 100 mm, in total length.

15. Rhamdia salvini, (Tab. XXIII. fig. 2.)

Pimelodus salvini, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 180 (1864) *.

Rhamdia salvini, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvii. 1896, p. 152.

Depth of body 64 in the length, length of head 52. Breadth of head Gy in its length, length of snout 23,

diameter of eye 6, interorbital width 31. Jaws nearly equal anteriorly; width of mouth 2 the width of

head. Maxillary barbel extending a little beyond middle of pectoral. Head covered with smooth skin ;

occipital process short, triangular, extending 4 of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal.

7 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal I 6; spine slender, fin rounded. Length of

adipose fin 34 in the length of the fish. Anal 12. Humeral process extending beyond the middle of the

pectoral spine, which is about 3 the length of the fin and 3 the length of head. Ventrals inserted behind

the last dorsal ray, extending 2 of the distance from their base to the origin of anal. Caudal moderately

notched. Least depth of caudal peduncle 14 in the length of head and 2 in the distance from anal to

base of caudal. Brownish.

136 OSTARIOPHYSI.

Hab. Guatemaua, Rio San Gerénimo ! (Salvin).

Here described from the type, a specimen measuring 135 mm. in total length.

16. Rhamdia polycaulus. (Tab. XXII. fig. 3.)

Pimelodus polycaulus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 181 (1864) ‘

Rhamdia polycaulus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvil. 1896, p. 153°.

Depth of body 52 in the length, length of head 53. Breadth of head 11 in its length, length of snout 24,

diameter of eye 5, interorbital width 31. Lower jaw shorter than the upper ; width of mouth 2 the

width of head. Maxillary barbel extending to posterior end of pectoral. Head covered with smooth

skin; occipital process short, triangular, extending + of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal.

6 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal I 6; spine slender, fin rounded, last ray cleft to

the base. Length of adipose fin 24 in the length of the fish. Anal 15. Humeral process extending

nearly to end of pectoral spine, which is less than 3 the length of the fin and + the length of head.

Ventrals inserted behind the last dorsal ray, extending 2 of the distance from their base to the origin of

anal. Caudal moderately notched. Least depth of caudal peduncle 14 in the length of head or in the

distance from anal to base of caudal. Brownish.

Hab. Guatema.a, Rio San Gerénimo ! (Salvin).

Here described from the type, a specimen measuring 115 mm. in total length.

17. Rhamdia rogersi. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 1.)

Pimelodus rogersi, Regan, Ann, Mag. N. H. (7) xix. 1907, p. 259°.

Depth of body 6 in the length, length of head 5. Breadth of head 11 in its length, length of snout 3,

diameter of eye 6, interorbital width 8. Lower jaw shorter than the upper; width of mouth 2 the

width of head. Maxillary barbel extending to middle of pectoral fin. Head covered with smooth skin ;

occipital process short, slender, extending about } of the distance from its base to the origin of dorsal.

7 gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal I 6; spine slender, fin rounded. Length of

adipose fin about 4 in the length of the fish. Anal 12-14, when laid back nearly reaching the vertical

from the end of adipose fin. Humeral process extending about to the middle of pectoral spine, which

has the inner edge serrated and measures nearly 3 the length of the fin or nearly 2 the length of head.

Ventrals originating behind the last ray of dorsal, extending 4 the distance from their base to the origin

of anal. Caudal slightly notched. Least depth of caudal peduncle about 13 in the length of head or

14 to 2 in the distance from anal to base of caudal, Brownish.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu ! (Rogers).

Here described from the types, four specimens measuring up to 130 mm. in total

length.

18. Rhamdia laticauda.

Pimelodus laticaudus (Heck. MS.), Kner, Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, xxvi. 1857, p. 420° ; Giinth. Cat.

Fish. v. p. 127 (1864) *.

Rhamdia laticauda, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 152°.

Evidently allied to the preceding, differing at least in the longer barbels and the longer adipose fin.

Hab. Muxico}.

Total length about 220 mm.

PIMELODUS. 137

5. PIMELODUS, Lacep., 1803.

Pimelodella and Pimelodus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, pp. 153 & 154.

Occipital process extending to shield at base of dorsal spine ; dorsal spine pungent ; in other respects similar

to Rhamdia.

Numerous species, ranging from Panama to La Plata.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

I, Head covered with smooth skin; maxillary barbel about reaching origin of adipose fin.

Occipital process twice as long as broad ; adipose fin about # the length of the

fish... ww ke kk kk ee ek kk kk 1. chagresi.

Occipital process 3 times as long as broad; adipose fin } the length of the fish . . 2. modestus.

II. Head naked, rugose; maxillary barbel extending to caudal fin . . . . . 3. maculatus.

1. Pimelodus chagresi.

Pimelodus chagresi, Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, lxii. 1876, p. 584".

Hab. Panama, Rio Chagres.

2. Pimelodus modestus.

Pimelodus modestus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 239', and Cat. Fish. v. p. 117 (1864) *.

Hab. tPANAMA.—WESTERN Ecuapor !°,

P. modestus has been recorded from the Rio Chagres by Kner and Steindachner

(Abhand]. Bayer. Ak. x. 1865, p. 49), but it is not improbable that this record

refers to the preceding species, which appears to differ from it only in the characters

given in the key.

3. Pimelodus maculatus.

Pimelodus clarias, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xli. 1879, p. 162°.

Pimelodus maculatus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 155°.

Hab. Panama, Rio Mamoni!,

Steindachner’s description of specimens from the Rio Mamoni, Panama, is not

sufficiently detailed to show whether they should be referred to one of the South-

American species which have been placed together under the names P. clarias, L.,

or P. maculatus, Lacep. The specimens in the British Museum which come nearest

to them geographically are from Colombia, but these are certainly distinct from the

Mamoni River form. °

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, November 1907. T

138 OSTARIOPHYSI,

6. CONORHYNCHUS, Bleek., 1863 *.

Conorhynchus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 185 (1864).

Teeth feeble or absent ; adipose fin rather short; in other respects similar to Pimelodus.

Three species, ranging from Mexico to Brazil.

1. Conorhynchus nelsoni.

Conorhynchus nelsoni, Everm. & Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xxi. p. 140, fig. 1 (1902).

Snout long, conical ; posterior part of head naked, rugose; barbels short. DorsalI 6. Anal 17. Caudal

forked.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Usumacinta in Chiapas.

7. AMIURUS, Rafin., 1820. .

Ictalurus, Amiurus, Villarius, and Istlarius, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896—

1900, pp. 138, 135, 2799, & 31388.

Body elongate ; mouth terminal or subterminal ; jaws with villiform teeth in bands, the premaxillary band of

teeth of nearly equal breadth throughout, sometimes with a slight posterior extension on each side;

palate toothless; nostrils remote from each other, the posterior with a barbel; barbels eight. Dorsal

fin with a spine and 6 branched rays; adipose fin short; anal of moderate length or rather elongate ;

ventrals 8- or 9-rayed.

About 20 species from North and Central America and one from China.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

I. Caudal fin forked or deeply emarginate.

A. Occipital process notched at the apex for the reception of the anterior point of the second

interneural. (IcTaLuRvs.) .

Anal with 28 to 82 rays; pectoral spine about 4 the length of head, its inner

edge with 9-12 serre; maxillary barbel extending to base of pectoral ;

silvery, back darker i 1. meridionalis.

Anal with 25 to 30 rays; pectoral spine nearly 3 the length of head, its inner

edge with 10 or 11 serre; maxillary barbel extending nearly to middle of

pectoral; silvery, back darker, sides usually with small, round, dark spots. 2. punctatus.

B. Occipital process pointed or truncated posteriorly, not or scarcely reaching the second

interneural. (Havsror.)

1. Pectoral spine with inner edge distinctly serrated.

Anal with 82 to 87 rays; pectoral spine about 4 the length of head, its inner

edge with 5 or 6 strong serre; maxillary barbel extending to basal part

or middle (young) of pectoral . 2. 2. 1. ee ew wee we ee 8 furcatus.

Anal with 24 to 29 rays; pectoral spine about # the length of head, its inner |

edge with 7 to 9 serre ; maxillary barbel extending to middle of pectoral . 4. lupus.

Anal with 19 to 22 rays; pectoral spine ? the length of head, its inner edge

with 10 to 12 rather short projections, some of which are bifid; maxillary

barbel extending nearly to middle of pectoral . . . . . . 1... 5. pricei.

* Preoccupied in Coleoptera (Motschulsky, 1860).

AMIURUS. 139

Anal with 21 rays; pectoral spine 8 the length of head, its inner edge with

5 strong serre ; maxillary barbel extending to basal part of pectoral . . 6. meeki.

2. Pectoral spine with inner edge entire or very indistinctly serrated.

Anal with 26 rays; pectoral spine a little less than % the length of head;

maxillary barbel extending to middle of pectoral fin. . . . . . . 4 67%. australis.

Anal with 20 or 21 rays; pectoral spine a little less than x the length of head ;

maxillary barbel extending to basal part of pectoral; middle caudal rays

% aslongas the longestrays. . 2... 2... wee ee MexiCanus.

Anal with 20 to 24 rays; pectoral spine about 3 the length of head ; maxillary

barbel extending to basal part of pectoral; middle caudal rays not more

than 4 as long as the longest . soe eee we ew ww. YO dugesi.

Anal with 24 to 26 rays; pectoral spine } the length of head ; maxillary barbel

extending to basal part of pectoral fin . . . . .. .. . . . . 10. balsanus.

II. Caudal fin subtruncate. (Amrurus.)

Anal with 24 to 27 rays . 2... 1. ~ - « « « Ll. natalis.

1. Amiurus meridionalis.

Amiurus meridionalis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 102 (1864)', and Trans. Zool. Soe. vi. 1868, p. 473,

t. 81. fig. 17.

Ictalurus meridionalis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 135°,

Ichthyelurus meridionalis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p- 11’

Hab. Mzxico, Rio Otopa in Vera Cruz+; Guatemata, Rio Usumacinta!? and Rio

Chisoy (Salvin).

The largest of four specimens in the British Museum measures 340 mm. in total

length.

2. Amiurus punctatus.

Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1357.

Ichthyelurus punctatus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 135”.

Hab. Great Lakes to Tamaulipas ! ?,

I have examined specimens from Arkansas and the Ohio River; the species is said

to attain to a weight of twenty-five pounds.

3. Amiurus furcatus.

Ictalurus furcatus (Le Sueur), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 184°.

Ichthyelurus furcatus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 10°.

Hab. Towa and Ohio to Tamaulipas ! 2,

This species is said to attain a weight of forty pounds. I have examined a few

small specimens, including one of the types of A. affinis, Baird & Girard, and

140 OSTARIOPHYSI.

specimens collected at J uarez, Rio Grande, by Mr. A. J. Woolman, who determined

them as A. punctatus. In these the occipital process is not notched posteriorly and

| scarcely reaches the second interneural, but whether this is the case in the adult fish

I cannot say.

4, Amiurus lupus.

Amiurus lupus (Girard), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 1877; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 14’.

Hab. Norta America, Texas 1.—MeExico, Nuevo Leon? and Tamaulipas ?.

I have examined four specimens from the Rio Soto Marina (Meek), the largest

measuring 150 mm.; the species ¢ attains to a length of 450 mm.

5, Amiurus pricei.

Villarius pricei, Rutter, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. (2) v vi. 1896, p. 257"; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 2799’.

Hab. Upper tributaries of the Rio Yaqui in Sonora and Southern Arizona ! °.

I have examined one of the types, a specimen measuring 240 mm. in total length.

6. Amiurus meeki, sp.n. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 5.)

Amiurus pricei (non Rutter), Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 16°.

Depth of body 5 in the length, length of head 4. Snout 13 as long as eye, the diameter of which is 5 in the

w», length of head; interorbital width 33 in the length. of head. Mouth subterminal; maxillary barbel

extending to basal part of pectoral, 11 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. Occipital

process obtusely pointed, not quite reaching the second internasal. Dorsal I 6; spine short, 2 the length

of head. Anal 21, the free edge convex, the middle rays the longest. Pectoral spine ? the length of

head, its inner edge with 5 strong serree ; humeral process extending beyond the middle of pectoral spine.

Caudal deeply emarginate, the middle rays 2 as long as the longest, the lobes rounded. A few indistinct

small round dark spots on the sides ; caudal with a dark edge.

Hab. Mexico, Mifiaca in Chihuahua (Meek). (Also recorded by Meek from Lerdo

and Durango in Durango.)

A single specimen, 105 mm. in total length.

7. Amiurus australis.

Amiurus australis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 13°.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Forlon in Tamaulipas+, Rio Blanco in Vera Cruz !.

8. Amiurus mexicanus.

Amiurus mexicanus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 15°.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Verde in San Luis Potosi}.

AMIURUS.—LEPTOPS. 141

9. Amiurus dugesi.

Amiurus dugesi, Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, p. 804’; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvil. 1896, p. 13887; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 15°.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System ! 2 3,

I have examined a number of specimens in the British Museum from Lake Chapala

(Jordan, Meck) measuring up to 200 mm. in total length. A specimen from Salamanca

(Woolman) appears to belong to the same species, but has the dorsal and pectoral

spines shorter, less than 4 the length of head.

10. Amiurus balsanus.

Istlarius balsanus, Jord. & Snyder, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 118 (1900)'; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 3138° ; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v.

1904, p. 17, fig. 2°.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Balsas ! 2 3,

The premaxillary band of teeth has a slight posterior projection on each side, but

this is scarcely sufficient justification for placing this species in a different genus from

A. dugesti, to which it is closely allied. I have examined three specimens (Jordan,

Meek), the largest 180 mm. in total length. The species attains a length of 900 mm. ©

11. Amiurus natalis.

Amiurus natalis (Le Sueur), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 139’; Meek,

Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 16°.

Hab. Nortu America, Great Lakes to the Rio Grande! 2.

8. LEPTOPS, Rafinesque, 1820.

Leptops, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 142.

Premaxillary band of teeth with a well-developed pointed posterior extension on each side; dorsal fin with

a spine and 7 branched rays; in other respects similar to Amzurus.

A single species from North America and Northern Mexico.

1. Leptops olivaris.

Leptops olivaris (Rafinesque), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 143+; Meek,

Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 18°.

Body slender ; head depressed ; lower jaw a little projecting. DorsalI 7. Anal 13-16, Caudal truncate.

Pectoral spine with the inner edge serrated and with the outer edge roughened or serrated. Yellowish,

marbled with brownish.

Hab. Norta America, Mississippi System and Southern United States! ?.—MExico,

Chihuahua ? .

This species is an important food-fish, and is said to attain a weight of fifty to

seventy-five pounds.

142 OSTARIOPHYSI.

Fam, 3. CYPRINIDA.

Fresh-water fishes of North America, Eurasia, and Africa. The species are very

numerous, about 1400 being known. The American Cyprinide extend southwards to

the Rio Balsas in Southern Mexico and the Rio Usumacinta in Guatemala. The

Mexican and Central-American representatives are scaly fishes, with the mouth

toothless, with the gill-membranes joined to the isthmus and with 3 branchiostegals.

There are no spinous fin-rays, the single dorsal fin is not followed by an adipose fin

and the ventral fins are abdominal, 7- to 12-rayed. The upper pharyngeals are

toothless and the lower pharyngeals are falciform, each with 1 to 3 series of teeth.

Synopsis of the Genera represented in Mexico and Central America *.

I. Mouth bordered above by the premaxillaries and the maxillaries; lips fleshy, papillose

or plicated; pharyngeal teeth in a single series, 6 or more in number on each side.

[ CaTostoMINa. |

A. Dorsal fin long, of 20 to Si rays. . . . 2 e «© ee eh) OLS I eTrrosus.

B. Dorsal fin short, of 8 to 16 rays.

1. Body normally shaped; no nuchal hump.

Scales moderate, 40 to 50 in a longitudinal series; jaws without carti-

laginous sheaths . . .. . wee ew we ew ew ew ew ee 60. Moxostoma.

Scales small, 60 to 100 in a longitudinal series ; jaws with more or less

distinct cartilaginous sheaths . . . . . . 6... . . . 938, Carostomus,

2. Nuchal region with an elevated sharp-edged hump, ¢ the inter-

neural spines being enlarged and expanded; scales small . . 4. XyRaucHEN.

II. Mouth bordered above by the premaxillaries ; lips not papillose nor plicated; pharyngeal

teeth in 1 to 3 series, 3 to 6 in number in the main row on each side. [Cyprininz.]

A. No barbels.

1. Abdomen behind the ventral fins compressed to form a keel;

anal fin more or less elongate . . . . .. . =... » 5. ABRAMIs.

2. Abdomen not compressed to an edge.

a. Anterior 2 or 3 rays of dorsal fin simple, graduated and closely connected, the first

not enlarged nor separated by a membrane from the second.

a, Air-bladder completely surrounded by convolutions of the

very long intestine . . . . . . . . «es ) . «66, CampPostoma.

8. Air-bladder not surrounded by the intestine.

* Pharyngeal teeth subconical or more or less compressed and hooked, 4 to 6 in

the main row on each side.

+ Gill-rakers comparatively few and short.

* A revision of the American Cyprinidz would probably show that several of the genera here recognized

are untenable. For the present I have thought it best to agree as far as possible with the current American

nomenclature for the fishes of this family.

CYPRINIDA.—ICTIOBUS. 143

§ Intestine elongate, with several convolutions ; pharyngeal teeth compressed,

scarcely hooked, with broad grinding-surface, in a single series, 4—4.

Scales large, less than 60 in a longitudinal series . . . . 7. Hysoenaruus.

Scales small, 60 or more in a longitudinal series . . . . . . . . . 8, ALGANSEA.

§§ Intestine comparatively short; pharyngeal teeth sub-

conical, scarcely hooked, wide apart, in 2 series,

5,2—2,4 . 2. 2. 2. ww ewe ew «69. Prycnocnertus.

§§§ Intestine comparatively short; pharyngeal teeth compressed and hooked,

without or with narrow grinding-surface, not set wide apart.

{ Pharyngeal teeth in 2 series, 4-6, 1-2—2-1, 4-6 . 10. Levciscvs.

Pharyngeal teeth usually in a single series, 4—4; sometimes a second

yng y § ’

series of 1 or 2 small teeth.

Lips normal; scales rather large, 45 to 50 in a longitudinal series; ventral

fins 10-rayed ee se ew 2 oe . ~ . . . . LL. Farcura.

Lips normal ; scales rather large, 30 to 60 i In a longitudinal Series ; ventral

fins 8-rayed. 2. 2. 1. 1 ew ey we . ~ . « + « « . 12, Norrorts.

Lips normal ; scales small, 85 to 95 in a longitudinal series . . . . . 13. Evarra.

Lower lip forming a fleshy lobe on each side . . . . . . ~~. . 14. Paenacosius.

t+ Gull-rakers very long, slender, and numerous . . . 15. XysrRosus.

** Pharyngeal teeth cylindrical, with obtusely convex apices,

in a single series, 3 in number on each side . . . . 16. Srypopon.

6. First dorsal ray more or less enlarged and spinous or surrounded by thick skin,

separated by a membrane from the second ray.

Jaws without hard sheaths . . . 2 ee ww ee) hl dL, PimepHaces.

Jaws with hard sheaths, forming cutting plates 2 ee ew eh) 6. «18. Cocntoenaruts.

B. A small barbel at or near the end of each maxillary.

1. Mouth terminal, oblique.

Scales rather large, 45 to 50 ina longitudinal series. . . . . . . . 19, Yuriria.

Scales smaller, 55 to 75 in a longitudinal series . . . . . . . . . 20. Covssivus.

2. Mouth subterminal or inferior. .

a. Premaxillaries protractile.

Scales large, less than 60 in a longitudinal series . . . . . . . . . 21. Hysopsis,

Scales smaller, 60 to 90 ina longitudinal series . . . . . . . . . 22, Acosta.

5. Premaxillaries not protractile . . . . . . . . . . . 23, RHINICHTHYs.

1. ICTIOBUS, Rafin., 1820.

Ictiobus and Carpiodes (Rafin.), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, pp. 163, 165.

This genus is at once distinguished from other Mexican Catostomine by the

elongate dorsal fin. It comprises about ten species, ranging from the region of

the Great Lakes to Guatemala.

144 OSTARIOPHYSI.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

I. Depth of body 2? to 3% in the length; pectoral fin not extending to the ventral.

A. Dorsal fin of 28 to 3lrays . . 1. 1. 1. ee ee ee OL meridionalis.

B. Dorsal fin of 23 to 26 rays.

1. Origin of ventrals below about the seventh dorsal ray.

Depth of body 22 to 34 in the length; caudal peduncle as long as deep . . . 2. microstomus.

Depth of body 3} to 32 in the length; caudal peduncle longer than deep

ie)

. elongatus.

2. Origin of ventrals below about the third dorsalray . . . . . . 4. dabiosus.

II. Depth of body about 23 in the length ; pectoral extending to or a little

beyond the base of ventral. . 2. 2. 2. 2. ew. 1 ew we ee OBL tumidus.

1. Ictiobus meridionalis. (Tab. XXIV. fig. 1.)

Sclerognathus meridionalis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 23 (1868) *.

Ictiobus meridionalis, Jord. & Everm. Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 164°.

Carpiodes meridionalis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 26°.

Depth of body 22 to 33 in-the length, length of head 4 to 44. Diameter of eye 13 in the length of snout

and 53 in the length of head; interorbital width 2 to 27 in the length of head. Snout obtuse, more or

less projecting beyond the mouth, which has plicated lips. 36 to 40 scales in a longitudinal series,

7 or 8 in a transverse series from origin of dorsal fin to lateral line, 5 or 6 between lateral line and base

of ventral. Dorsal 28-31, the 3 anterior rays simple, the fin elevated anteriorly, the longest ray shorter

than the head. Anal 10, the 3 anterior rays simple, the fin, when laid back, extending to the caudal.

Pectoral extending 2 to 3 of the distance from its base to the origin of the ventral, which is below the

fourth to sixth rays of the dorsal. Caudal emarginate. Caudal peduncle nearly as long as deep.

Silvery, back brownish. .

Hab. Mexico, Perez in Vera Cruz* (Meek); Guatemaua, Rio Usumacinta (Salvin) !.

Here described from the types, four specimens, 200 to 250 mm. in total length,

with which I have compared two small specimens from Perez. This species is said to

attain a length of over 600 mm.

2. Ictiobus microstomus.

Carpiodes microstomus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 27, fig. 4'.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Conchos in Chihuahua !.

Four small specimens from the Rio Conchos (Meek) differ from J. meridionalis

especially in the shorter dorsal fin.

8. Ictiobus elongatus.

Carpiodes elongatus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 28, fig. 51.

Hab. Mrxico, Rio San Juan, Rio Conchos, and Rio Soto Marina in Tamaulipas |.

ICTIOBUS.—MOXOSTOMA. 145

4. Ictiobus labiosus.

Carpiodes labiosus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 29, fig. 6°.

Hab. Mexico, Valles in San Luis Potosi |.

5. Ictiobus tumidus.

Ictiobus tumidus, Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 34, t. 19. figs. 1-4 (1859) *.

Carpiodes velifer (part.), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 167 ?.

Carpiodes tumidus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 27°.

Hab. Texas and North-eastern Mexico :

Texas *, Rio Grande at Fort Brown!; Ric Soto Marina and Rio Forlon in

Tamaulipas °,

Differs from J. meridionalis especially in having the body deeper, the pectoral

fin longer, and the dorsal rather more elevated anteriorly and perhaps with

fewer rays.

Girard described and figured his fish as having 29 rays, and Meek gives the number

as 24, The former seems often to have given 1 or 2 in excess of the actual number,

whilst the latter would sometimes count the 3 anterior simple rays as one.

2. MOXOSTOMA, Rafin., 1820.

Mowostoma, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 187.

The distinctive characters of this genus are the short dorsal fin, large scales, complete lateral line, small

inferior protractile mouth, jaws without cartilaginous sheaths and compressed pharyngeal teeth.

There are about 24 species from the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and

from Mexico.

Synopsis of the Mexican Species.

I. Posterior edge of lower lip straight, transverse; dorsal fin of 2 simple and 10 or 11

branched rays.

A. Pectoral as long as the head, nearly or quite reaching the ventral . . . 1. congestum.

B. Pectoral shorter than the head, not reaching the ventral.

Width of mouth 3 the width of head; interorbital width 2} to 23 in the length

of head, which is 44 to 43 in the length of the fish (in specimens of 130 to

150 mm.); pharyngeal teeth 10—10. . . . 2... ee ee ee Q. ustrinum.

Width of mouth 2 to 4 the width of head; interorbital width 25 to 2? in the

length of head, which is 4 to 44 in the length of the fish (in specimens of

105 to 150 mm.) ; pharyngeal teetth6—6 . . «© . «© - «© + © we + + 8. mascote.

II. Posterior edge of lower lip notched ; dorsal fin of 2 simple and 12 branched

rays... . 4. parvidens.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, November 1907. U

146 OSTARIOPHYSI.

1. Moxostoma congestum.

Ptychostomus congestus, Girard, Rep. U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 36, t. 21. figs. 5-8 (1859) °.

Pitychostomus albidus, Girard, t. c. p. 86, t. 19. figs. 5-8 *.

Moxostoma congestum, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 192, and 1900,

fig. 91°.

Myzostoma congestum, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 34°.

Depth of body 4 in the length, length of head 4 to 4}. Diameter of eye 4 to 43 in the length of head, length

of snout 23, interorbital width 2 to 21. Snout truncated anteriorly. Lips plicated; lower lip with a

straight transverse posterior edge; width of mouth } to 2 the width of head. 44 to 46 scales in a

longitudinal series, 6 or 7 in a transverse series from origin of dorsal fin to lateral line, 5 or 6 from

lateral line to base of ventral fin. Dorsal 12, the 2 anterior rays simple; origin nearer to tip of snout

than to base of caudal; free edge straight or slightly concave ; longest ray longer than the base of the

fin. Anal 8, the 2 anterior rays simple, the fin, when laid back, extending to the basal part of the

caudal, Pectoral as long as the head, nearly or quite reaching the ventral, which is inserted below

the anterior part of the dorsal. Caudal emarginate. Caudal peduncle 13 as long as deep. Brownish

above, yellowish below; dorsal dusky, other fins pale.

flab. Rio Grande System; Rivers of Texas and Tamaulipas:

R. Lampasas? and R. Salado! in Texas; R. Conchos in Chihuahua‘;

R. San Juan in Nuevo Leon?4; R. Conchos and R. Soto Marina in Tamau-

lipas 4,

Here described from two specimens, 120 and 160 mm. in total length, from the

Rio Soto Marina (Meek). The species attains a length of 350 mm.

2. Moxostoma austrinum.,

Myxostoma austrina, Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, p. 302’.

Mowxostoma austrinum, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 192°.

Myzostoma austrinum, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 35°.

About 10 pharyngeal teeth on each side. Depth of body 44 in the length, length of head 43 to 43.

Diameter of eye 52 to 54 in the length of head, length of snout 24, interorbital width 27 to 23. Snout

truncated anteriorly. Lips plicated; lower lip with a straight transverse posterior edge; width of

mouth 4 the width of head. 47 to 50 scales in a longitudinal series, 7 in a transverse series from origin

of dorsal fin to lateral line, 6 from lateral line to base of ventral fin. Dorsal 12, the 2 anterior rays

simple; origin nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal; free edge straight or slightly concave ;

longest ray a little longer than the base of the fin. Anal 8, with the 2 anterior rays simple, the fin,

when laid back, extending nearly to the base of caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than the head,

extending rather more than 2 of the distance from its base to the origin of the ventral, which is below

the middle of the dorsal. Caudal emarginate. Caudal peduncle 1? as long as deep. Brownish above,

yellowish below; dorsal dusky, lower fins pale yellowish.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Mezquital and Rio Lerma Systems:

Durango; Aguas Calientes and Ataquiza in Jalisco? ; Salamanca in Guana-

juato?; Lake Chapala’; Morelia in Michoacan’.

Here described from two specimens from Aguas Calientes (Jordan), 180 and 150 mm.

in total length. The species grows to the same size as the preceding one.

MOXOSTOMA.—CATOSTOMUS. 147

3. Moxostoma mascote, sp. n. (Tab. XXIV. fig. 2.)

Pharyngeal teeth comparatively few and strong, about 6 on each side. Depth of body 4 to 42 in the length,

length of head 4 to 43. Diameter of eye 5 to 6 in the length of head, length of snout 23 to 23,

interorbital width 23 to 23. Snout truncated anteriorly. Lips plicated; lower lip with a straight

transverse posterior edge ; width of mouth 2 to 3 the width of head. 48 to 48 scales in a longitudinal

series, 6 or 7 in a transverse series from origin of dorsal fin to lateral line, 5 or 6 from lateral line to

base of ventral. Dorsal 12-13, the 2 anterior rays simple; origin equidistant from tip of snout and

base of caudal or a little nearer the former; free edge of the fin straight or slightly concave; longest

ray as long as or a little longer than the base of the fin. Anal 8, the 2 anterior rays simple, the fin,

when laid back, extending nearly to the caudal. Pectoral shorter than the head, extending 3 to 2 of

the distance from its base to the origin of the ventral, which is a little in advance of the middle of the

dorsal. Caudal emarginate. Caudal peduncle 13 to 12 as long as deep. Brownish above, yellowish

below ; fins pale yellowish.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Mascota in Jalisco (Buller).

Here described from seven specimens, 105 to 150 mm. in total length, taken near

the source of the river, at a height of 4000 feet.

4. Moxostoma parvidens, sp. n. (Tab. XXIV. fig. 3.)

Pharyngeal teeth small, 14 on each side. Depth of body 32 to 4 in the length, length of head 4 to 4}.

Diameter of eye 33 to 33 in the length of head, length of snout 3 to 34, interorbital width 24. Snout

truncated anteriorly. Lips plicated; lower lip with the posterior edge notched, V-shaped, the two

halves of the V meeting at an obtuse angle; width of mouth nearly 4 the width of head. 41 to 43

scales in a longitudinal series, 6 in a transverse series from origin of dorsal fin to lateral line, 5 from

lateral line to base of ventral. Dorsal 14, the 2 anterior rays simple; origin nearer to tip of snout than

to the base of caudal; free edge of the fin nearly straight; longest ray as long as or shorter than the

base of the fin. Anal 8, the 2 anterior rays simple, the fin, when laid back, extending to the base of

caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than the head, extending ? of the distance from its base to the origin

of ventral, which is below the middle of the dorsal. Caudal emarginate. Caudal peduncle as long as

deep. Silvery, back brownish ; dorsal dusky ; other fins pale.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Grande at Juarez (Woolman).

Two specimens, 90 and 120 mm. in total length.

3. CATOSTOMUS, Le Sueur, 1817.

Pantosteus (Cope, 1876) and Catostomus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,

pp. 169 and 173.

The distinctive characters of this genus are the short dorsal fin, small scales, complete lateral line, moderate

inferior protractile mouth, jaws with cartilaginous sheaths and compressed pharyngeal teeth.

There are about 25 species from North America and one from Eastern Siberia.

1. Catostomus plebeius.

Minomus plebeius, Girard, Rep. U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 38, t. 22. figs. 1-4 (1859) *.

? Acomus guzmaniensis, Girard, t. c. p. 39, t. 23. figs. 1-10°.

Catostomus nebuliferus, Garm. Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool. viii. 1881, p. 89°.

148 OSTARIOPHYSI.

Pantosteus plebeius, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 170*; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 80°.

Catostomus conchos, Meek, t. c. p. 83, t. 7°.

Depth of body 4 to 5 in the length, length of head 44 to 42. Diameter of eye 5 to 6 in the length of head,

length of snout 23, interorbital width 21 to 24. Snout obtuse. Lips papillose; lower lip deeply

incised ; width of mouth 2 the width of head. 80 to 95 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 10-11,

the 2 anterior rays simple; origin nearly equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal; free edge

straight ; longest ray longer than the base of the fin. Anal 8, the 2 anterior rays simple, the fin, when

laid back, extending to the base of caudal. Pectoral shorter than the head, extending 3 to ? of the

distance from its base to the origin of ventral, which is nearly below the middle of the dorsal. Caudal

emarginate. Brownish, mottled with darker.

Hab. Mexico, Chihuahua and Durango:

Rio Casas Grandes!?5, Rio Santa Maria®, Rio Carmen®, Rio Sauz® and

Rio Conchos °° in Chihuahua; Rio Nazas® and Rio Mezquital° in Durango.

Here described from seven specimens, the largest 150 mm. in total length, from the

R. Casas Grandes and the R. Nazas (eek). The species attains a length of 450 mm.

From Girard’s figure I should have thought that C. guzmaniensis was a distinct

species, differing in having a longer dorsal fin with 13 rays and in coloration, the back

and sides being dark, with an orange lateral band. I place it in the synonymy on the

authority of Dr. Meek, who states that this is the coloration of adult males.

2. Catostomus bernardini.

Catostomus bernardini, Girard, Rep. U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 40, t. 23. figs. 1-5

(1859); Jord & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 178°; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 32°.

Catostomus sonorensis, Meek, |. c. *.

Differs from the preceding especially in the larger scales, 65 to 75 in a longitudinal series,

Hab. Mexico, Sonora! 2 3 4,

4, XYRAUCHEN, Eigenm. & Kirsch, 1888.

Xyrauchen, Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 184.

This genus differs from Catostomws in having a sharp-edged hump behind the

occiput, produced by the remarkable development of the expanded plate-like anterior

interneural bones. It comprises two species from the Colorado River System, one of

which has been recorded from Horseshoe Bend, on the border of Sonora.

1. Xyrauchen cypho, Lockington, 1880.

Xyrauchen cypho, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 184°; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 33%.

Hab. Cotorapo River ! 2,

ABRAMIS.—CAMPOSTOMA. 149

5. ABRAMIS, Cuy., 1817.

Abramis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 249.

Body ovate, compressed; abdomen behind the ventral fins compressed to form a keel. Mouth small,

protractile; no barbels, Pharyngeal teeth compressed, hooked, in a single series, 5—5. Scales rather

large; lateral line complete, decurved. Dorsal fin short, posterior to the ventrals; anal more or less

clongate.

Hight species in Europe and Western Asia and one in North America.

1. Abramis chrysoleucus, Mitchell, 1814.

Abramis chrysoleucus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 250'; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 57”.

Hab. Dakota and Nova Scotia to the Rio Grande?! 2.

6. CAMPOSTOMA, Agass., 1855.

Campostoma, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 204.

This genus differs from Hybognathus in having the air-bladder completely surrounded

by the convolutions of the very long intestine.

Two species from the United States and Mexico.

1. Campostoma ornatum.

Campostoma ornatum, Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 40, t. 25. figs. 1-4 (1859);

_ Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 183 (1868) *; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,

p- 205°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 41 *.

Camposta pricei, Jord. & Everm. 1. c.°.

Depth of body 4 to 5 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Diameter of eye 43 to 53 in the length of head,

length of snout 3 to 3j, interorbital width 4 to 43. 70 to 75 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal

9-10, with 7 or 8 branched rays ; origin equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal or a little

nearer the latter; free edge straight or slightly convex ; longest ray considerably longer than the base

of the fin. Anal 8, with 6 branched rays. Pectoral 2 to 4 the length of head or of the distance from its

base to the origin of ventrals, which is nearly below that of the dorsal. Caudal emarginate. Caudal

peduncle nearly twice as long as deep. Sides with dark mottlings; young with a dark lateral band

ending in a caudal spot; a black band on the basal part of the dorsal fin; ventrals and anal sometimes

similarly banded.

Hab. Southern Arizona and Northern Mexico:

Rucker Cafion, a tributary of the Rio Yaqui in Southern Arizona®; Rio Casas

Grandes 4 and Rio Conchos !34 in Chihuahua; Rio Nazas in Durango 4.

Here described from several specimens, 75 to 110 mm. in total length, from

Chihuahua (Woolman) and San Andres (Meek).

150 OSTARIOPHYSI.

2. Campostoma anomalum.

Campostoma anomalum (Rafin., 1820), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xivii. 1896, p. 205°;

Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 42”.

Campostoma formulosum, Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 41, t. 25. figs. 5-8 (1859) *;

Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 206*; Meek, 1. ¢.’.

Campostoma nasutum, Girard, t. c. p. 42, t. 25. figs. 9-12”.

Closely allied to the preceding, but with much larger scales, 46 to 53 in a longitudinal series.

Hab. Mississippi System and southwards to the Rio Grande; in Mexico recorded from

the Rio San Juan in Nuevo Leon 2°.

I have compared a specimen from Ohio with Girard’s figures.

7. HYBOGNATHUS, Agass., 1855.

Hybognathus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, pp. 211 and 242.

Body elongate, more or less compressed. Mouth protractile, small, horizontal, terminal or subterminal; no

barbels. Pharyngeal teeth compressed, scarcely or slightly hooked, with broad grinding-surface, in a

single series, 4—4, Scales large. Lateral line complete. Dorsal fin short, about in the middle of the

length of the fish ; anal short. Intestine elongate, with several convolutions.

About eight species, small herbivorous fishes, chiefly of the Mississippi and Rio

Grande Systems.

1. Hybognathus episcopus.

Dionda episcopa, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 177".

Dionda melanops, Girard, t. c. p. 178°, and U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 44, t. 26.

figs. 17-20 (1859) *. |

Dionda couchi, Girard, |. c.', and t. ec. p. 44, t. 26. figs. 1-4’.

Hybognathus punctifer, Garm. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. 1881, p. 89°.

Hybognathus civilis, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1884, p. 167 ’.

Hybognathus episcopus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 214°; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 49°.

Hybognathus melanops, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 216 ™.

Notropis rasconis, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 121, fig. (1900)

Hybognathus rasconis, Meek, t. c. p. 50, fig. 10.

Depth of body 8 to 4 in the length, length of head 4 to 43. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 8 to 33 in the length of head; interorbital width 23 to 2% in the length of head. Mouth small,

subterminal. Dorsal 8-9, with 6 or 7 branched rays; origin nearly equidistant from tip of snout and

base of caudal. Anal 8. Pectorals shorter than the head, not reaching the ventrals, which are inserted

below or a little in advance of the origin of dorsal. 85 to 44 scales in a longitudinal series, 6 or 7

in a transverse series from origin. of dorsal to lateral line, 4 or 5 between lateral line and base of ventral,

Lateral line complete. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep. A more or less distinct dark

lateral stripe ending in a caudal spot.

Hab. Southern Texas and Northern Mexico:

Camanche Spring, Rio Grande}, Brownsville, Texas!°; Rio Conchos in

Chihuahua ® 1° (Meek); Buena Vista 2°, Parras®, and Saltillo® in Coahuila; Rio

HYBOGNATHUS.—ALGANSEA, 151

San Juan in Nuevo Leon *°‘9® (Meek); Durango in Durango; Rio Verde in

San Luis Potosi !! * (Meek).

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 70 mm. in total length.

8. ALGANSEA, Girard, 1856.

Algansea, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 211.

This genus differs from Hybognathus in the larger and more oblique mouth and in

the smaller scales. It comprises four species from the Rio Lerma System (including

the Valley of Mexico and the upper tributaries of the Panuco).

Synopsis of the Species.

I. 10 to 12 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch; 67 to 76 scales in a longitudinal

series,

12 to 14 scales between lateral line and base of ventral fin . . . . . . . . J. tincella.

8 to 11 scales between lateral line and base of ventral fin . ....... 22 affinis.

II. 13 or 14 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch ; 60 to 66 scales

in a longitudinal series, 7 or 8 between lateral line and base of ventral fin. 3. stigmatura.

III. 15 to 17 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch; 76 to 86 scales

in a longitudinal series. | - 4. dugesi.

1, Algansea tincella.

Leuciscus tincella, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xvii. p. 323 (1844)'; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii.

p. 244 (1868)°.

Algansea tincella, Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 46, t. 27. figs. 1-4 (1859); Jord.

& Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 45°.

Algansea tincella (part.), Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 44°.

Depth of body 34 to 4} in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Snout considerably longer than eye, the

diameter of which is 53 to 7 in the length of head; interorbital width 2% to 3 in the length of head.

10 to 12 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. 70 to 76 scales in a longitudinal series,

14 to 16 in a transverse series from dorsal fin to lateral line, 12 to 14 between lateral line and base of

ventral fin. Dorsal 9, with 7 branched rays; origin a little nearer to base of caudal than to tip of

snout ; free edge straight or slightly convex; longest ray 4 to ? the length of head. Anal 8, with

6 branched rays, when laid back not reaching the caudal fin. Pectoral 2 to + the length of head, not

extending to the ventrals, which are inserted nearly below the origin of dorsal. Silvery ; back brownish ;

fins pale.

Hab. Valley of Mexico! 3°.

Here described from four specimens, 100 to 150 mm. in total length, from Mexico

(Mexico Mus.) and Chalco (Meek).

9. Algansea affinis, sp.n. (Tab. XXV. fig. 1.)

Algansea tincella (part.), Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 44’.

Depth of body nearly equal to the length of head, which is 4 to 43 in the length of the fish. Snout longer

152 OSTARIOPHYSI.

than eye, the diameter of which is 42 to 5 in the length of head ; interorbital width 23 to 3 in the length

of head. 10 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. 65 to 76 scales in a longitudinal series,

13 to 16 in a transverse series from dorsal fin to lateral line, 8 to 11 between latera] line and base of

ventral fin. Dorsal 9, with 7 branched rays; origin equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal or

slightly nearer the latter ; free edge straight ; longest ray 3 the length of head. Anal 8, with 6 branched

rays. Pectoral § the length of head, not reaching the ventrals, which are inserted below the origin of

the dorsal. Traces of a dark lateral band ending in a caudal spot.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma and upper tributaries of the Rio Panuco!.

Here described from several specimiens, 90 to 120 mm. in total length, from Aguas

Calientes (Jordan), Salamanca (Woolman), and San Juan del Rio (Meek).

This species has a shorter head and larger eye than A. ¢incella, but is especially

distinguished by the fewer scales between the lateral line and the ventral fin.

3. Algansea stigmatura, sp.n. (Tab. XXV. fig. 2.)

Depth of body 4 to 44 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which is

4 in the length of head ; interorbital width 2? to 3 in the length of head. 13 or 14 gill-rakers on the

lower part of the anterior arch. 60 to 66 scales in a longitudinal series, 13 to 15 in a transverse series

from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 7 or 8 between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Dorsal 9, with

7 branched rays ; origin equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal; free edge straight ; longest

ray 3 the length of head. Anal 8. Pectoral 2 the length of head, not reaching the ventrals, which are

inserted nearly below the origin of dorsal. Silvery; a dark caudal spot.

Ilab. Muxico, Rio Grande de Santiago.

Four specimens, 55 to 75 mm. in total length, collected by Dr. A. C. Buller.

4, Algansea dugesi.

Algansea dugesi, Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1892, p. 283, t. 44. fig. 11; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 2127, and 1900, fig. 98°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus.,

Zool. v. 1904, p. 45, fig. 8°.

Algansea lacustris, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, Iii, 1895, p. 526, t. 3. fig. 1°; Meek, t. c. p. 47°.

Algansea tarascorum, Steind. t. c. p. 527, t. 3. fig. 2".

? Algansea rubescens, Meek, t.c. p. 46, fig. 9°.

Depth of body nearly equal to the length of head, which is 33 to 4 in the length of the fish. Snout longer

than eye, the diameter of which is 44 to 6 in the length of head ; interorbital width 3 in the length of

head. 15 to 17 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. 76 to 86 scales in a longitudinal

series, 18 to 21 between dorsal fin and lateral line, 12 to 15 between lateral line and root of ventral.

Dorsal 9, with 7 branched rays; origin equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal or a little nearer

the latter; free edge straight ; longest ray } to 2 the length of head. Anal 8, with 6 branched rays.

Pectoral 3 to 3 the length of head, not reaching the ventrals, which are inserted nearly below the origin

of dorsal. Silvery, back darker ; young with a dark spot at the base of caudal.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System:

Lake Yuriria in Guanajuato!; Lake Chapala in Jalisco®; Lake Patzcuaro in

Michoacan 4° °7,

Here described from three specimens, 100 to 200 mm. in total length, from

ALGANSEA.—LEUCISCUS. 155

L. Patzcuaro (Mexico Mus., Meek). These evidently correspond to Steindachner’s

A. lacustris and A. tarascorum. Meek gives 85 to 100 scales in a longitudinal series

for A. lacustris, but my lower counts agree with those of Steindachner. I have

examined the type of 4. dugesi in the U.S. National Museum at Washington. I[

count 84 scales in a longitudinal series, 18 between dorsal fin and lateral line, 14 from

lateral line to root of ventral fin.

A. rubescens is said to differ from A. dugest in the more numerous gill-rakers, 22 or

23 on the first arch ; in the specimens described above I count 19 to 22 (4-5+4-15-17).

9. PTYCHOCHEILUS, Agass., 1855.

Ptychocheilus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 224.

This genus differs from Zeuciscus in the large subterminal horizontal mouth

extending to below the eye and in the subconical pharyngeal teeth set wide apart on

the long, slender, lower pharyngeal bones. It comprises. three species, large fishes

from the Pacific Coast streams of the United States and Northern Mexico.

1. Ptychocheilus lucius, Girard, 1856.

Ptychocheilus lucius, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 224; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 52.

Hab. Colorado River and Northern Sonora.

This species is said to reach a length of five feet and a weight of eighty pounds.

10. LEUCISCUS, Cuv., 1817.

Gila (Baird & Girard) and Leuciscus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, pp. 226

and 228.

Body ovate or elongate, more or less compressed. Mouth protractile, terminal or subterminal, small or

moderate, usually more or less oblique; no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth compressed, hooked, in two

series, 1-2, 4-6—6-4, 1-2. Dorsal fin short; anal short or of moderate length.

A large number of species from Europe, Asia, and North America.

Synopsis of the Mexican Species.

85 to 90 scales in a longitudinal series. . ©. . . . ee. ew we Od elegans.

60 to 75 scales in a longitudinal series. 2. 2. 1 1 ee ee ee ee wR nigrescens.

1. Leuciscus elegans.

Gila elegans, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 18538, p. 869°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 226°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 53°.

? Gila minace, Meek, t. c. p. 54, fig. 11°.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, November 1907. xX

154 OSTARIOPHYSI.

Hab. Colorado and Gila Rivers!23, headwaters of the Rio Yaqui, at Mifiaca in

Chihuahua ‘.

The species attains a length of 300 mm. or more. Some of the distinctive characters

assigned to G. minace by Dr. Meek are evidently due to the small size of the specimen

described.

2. Leuciscus nigrescens.

Gila pulchella (non Leuciscus pulchellus, Storer), Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 29°.

Tigoma pulchella, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 206°, and U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish.

p. 62, t. 84. figs. 5-8 (1859) *.

Tigoma nigrescens, Girard, t. c. p. 207 *, and t.c. p. 64, t. 32. figs. 1-4’,

Tigoma pulchra, Girard, |. c.°, and t. c. p. 65”.

Tigoma conspersa, Garm. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. 1881, p. 91°.

Cheonda modesta, Garm. t.c. p. 92°.

Cheonda nigrescens, Garm. |. c.”°.

Leuciscus nigrescens, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 233°'; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 557’.

Depth of body 33 to 43 in the length, length of head 34 to 4. Snout longer than eye, the diameter of which

is 43 (young) to 54 in the length of head ; interorbital width 3 in the length of head. Mouth terminal,

oblique. Dorsal 10, with 8 branched rays; origin above the insertion of the innermost ray of the

ventral. Anal 9. 60 to 75 scales in a longitudinal series, 15 to 18 in a transverse series from origin

of dorsal to lateral line, 8 to 10 between lateral line and base of ventral. Lateral line complete.

Silvery, back darker ; a dark lateral stripe ending in a caudal spot present in the young.

Hab. Mexico, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango:

Rio Grande !!; Rio Casas Grandes (MJeek)1234512. Rio Santa Maria !2, Rio

Carmen !2 and Rio Conchos (Woolman)®7¥ in Chihuahua; Parras!® and

Saltillo ® in Coahuila; Rio Nazas*™ and Durango (Meek) }° in Durango.

Here described from several specimens measuring up to 150 mm. in total length.

11. FALCULA, Jord. & Snyd., 1900.

Foicula, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 124 (1900).

Although the single species of this genus does not appear to be specially closely

related to the small fishes which are comprised in Notropis, it is difficult to find

characters by which to separate it from them generically. Until a study of the

anatomy makes its relationships clear, the external character of the larger number of

rays (10 instead of 8) in the ventral fins may be used.

1. Falcula chapale.

Falcula chapale, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 125, fig. (1900) *; Meek,

Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 58, fig. 12°.

Depth of body nearly equal to the length of head, which is 4 in the length of the fish. Snout longer than

FALCULA.—NOTROPIS. 155

eye, the diameter of which is 5 to 6 in the length of head ; interorbital width 34 to 3% in the length of

head. Mouth terminal, oblique. Dorsal 10, with 7 branched rays 5 origin equidistant from tip of snout

and base of caudal or a little nearer the former; longest ray & to 2 the length of head. Anal 10.

Ventrals inserted below or in advance of the origin of dorsal. 45 to 50 scales in a longitudinal series,

8 ina transverse series from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 4 or 5 between lateral line and base of

ventral. Silvery, back darker ; fins pale.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System:

Lake Chapala}? (Buller); Ojo de Agua, Michoacan (Mexico Mus.).

Here described from four specimens, 130 to 190 mm. in total length.

12. NOTROPIS, Rafin., 1818.

Notropis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 254.

This genus differs from Leuciseus in the smaller number of pharyngeal teeth, in

one or two series, 4, 0-2—0-2, 4.

The scales are large (30 to 60 in a longitudinal series), and the ventral fins are

8-rayed.

A large number of species of small fishes from the United States east of the Rocky

Mountains and from Mexico.

Synopsis of the Mexican Species.

I. Mouth subterminal, the lower jaw included.

35 to 39 scales in a longitudinal series . 1. boucardi.

42 scales in a longitudinal series . 2. orca.

54 to 60 scales in a longitudinal series 4. sallei.

II. Mouth terminal, oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly.

A. 82 to 40 scales in a longitudinal series.

1. Lateral line complete or absent on a few scales posteriorly.

5. chihuahua.

a. Caudal peduncle 24 as long asdeep. . «. - - + + + + +

b. Caudal peduncle not more than twice as long as deep.

a. Diameter of eye 24 (young) to 34 (adult) in the length of head ;

32 to 36 scales in a longitudinal series . . 6. macrostomus.

8. Diameter of eye 34 to 5 in the length of head ; 34 to 40 scales

in a longitudinal series.

Males with several dark cross-bars ; anal fin of 8 or 9 rays ee

Males with a dark vertical bar behind the head ; anal fin of 9 or 10 rays;

length of head 32 to 4 in the length of the fish . .

Males with a dark vertical bar behind the head; anal fin of 10 to 12 rays ;

9. Lateral line incomplete, not continued beyond the ventral fins.

7. ornatus.

8. /utrensis.

9. garmant.

. 10. santamarie.

. Ll. calientis.

X 2

38 scales in a longitudinal series .

32 to 35 scales in a longitudinal series

156 OSTARIOPHYSI.

B. 40 to 50 scales in a longitudinal series.

Diameter of eye 3 to 34 in the length of head (in specimens measuring up to

55 mm.); caudal deeply notched, the middle rays 4 as long as the

longest. . 1 1 we ee ee ee ee ew www ww 12. formosus.

Diameter of eye 4 to 5 in the length of head (in specimens measuring up to

80 mm.); caudal moderately notched, the middle rays ? as long as the

longest . 2. 6 6 ue ee ww ww ew we ew www we «LB. arte cus.

1. Notropis boucardi. (Tab. XXV. figg. 4, 5.)

Moniana nitida (non Alburnus nitidus, Kirtland), Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 21°.

Leuciscus boucardi, Ginth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 485 (1868) *.

Graodus nigroteniatus, Giinth. 1. c.*.

Rutilus boucardi, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 247°.

Notropis nigroteniatus, Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 264’.

Notropis braytoni, Jord. & Everm. 1. c.£; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 65%.

Notropis boucardi, Meek, t. c. p. 67°.

Depth of body 34 to 44 in the length, length of head 33 to 43. Diameter of eye 34 to 43 in the length of

head. Mouth little oblique; lower jaw included within the upper; snout obtuse. Dorsal 9, with 7

branched rays. Anal 8-10, with 6 to 10 branched rays. Ventrals inserted nearly below the origin of

dorsal, which is about equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. 35 to 39 scales in a longitudinal

series, 6 or 7 in a transverse series from origin of dorsal fin to lateral line, 3 or 4 between lateral line

and base of ventral fin. Lateral lina complete. Caudal peduncle about twice as long as deep. Usually

a dark lateral stripe ending in a caudal spot.

Hab. Mexico, rivers of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas and northern tributaries of the

Rio Balsas :

Cadereita’ and Rio San Juan‘ (Meek) in Nuevo Leon; Rio Conchos’ and

Rio Soto Marina’ (Meek) in Tamaulipas; Yautepec®, Cuautla®, Cuernavaca *

(Boucard), Atlixco®®, Puente de Ixtla® (Meek), Matamoros®, Jojutla® and

Chietla 8.

Here described from a series of specimens measuring up to 100 mm. in total length.

The examples figured are the types of Leuciscus boucardi (fig. 4) and Graodus

nigroteniatus (fig. 5).

2. Notropis orca.

Notrenis orca, Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xiv. 1894, p.56'; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 289°.

Hab. Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas.

3. Notropis nazas.

Nototropis nazas, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 70, fig. 19°.

Depth of body 4 to 44 in the length, length of head 4. Diameter of eye 33 to 3% in the length of head,

Mouth little oblique; lower jaw included within the upper; snout rather pointed. Dorsal 9, with 7

branched rays. Anal 9. Ventrals inserted in advance of the origin of dorsal, which is a little nearer

to the base of caudal than to the tip of snout. 48 to 54 scales in a longitudinal series, 9 or 10 in a

NOTROPIS., 157

transverse series from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 5 between lateral line and root of ventral fin. Lateral

line complete. Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as deep. A narrow dark lateral stripe ending in a

small caudal spot.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Nazas in Durango! (Meek).

Here described from seven specimens, measuring up to 70 mm. in total length.

4. Notropis sallezi. (Tab. XXV. fig. 3.)

Ceratichthys sallei, Gunth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 484 (1868) ’.

Zophendum australe, Jord. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1870, p. 300”.

Algansea sallei, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 212°.

Aztecula mexicana, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 61, fig. 15°.

Depth of body 33 in the length, length of head 4. Diameter of eye 5 in the length of head. Mouth terminal;

snout rather obtuse. Dorsal 9, with 7 branched rays ; origin nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout ;

longest ray 3 or a little more than 3 the length of head; free edge straight or convex. Anal 8-9, with

6 or 7 branched rays. Pectoral 3 the length of head, not reaching the ventrals, which are inserted

slightly in advance of the origin of dorsal. 56 to 60 scales in a longitudinal series, 8 or 9 in a transverse

series from dorsal fin to lateral line, 6 or 7 between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Lateral line

complete. Caudal peduncle about twice as long as deep. Brownish, with silvery stripes along the

series of scales.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma and upper tributaries of the Rio Balsas and the Rio Panuco:

Lake Tupataro in Guanajuato?; Rio San Juan in Hidalgo +; Cuernavaca in

Morelos !.

Here described from the types, three specimens of 70 to 85 mm., from Cuernavaca

(Boucard), with which I have compared several smaller specimens from San Juan del

Rio (Meek), received as A. mexicana.

5. Notropis chihuahua.

Notropis chihuahua, Woolman, Am. Nat. 1892, p. 260'; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 265°.

Nototropis robustus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 66, fig. 17°.

Nototropis chihuahua, Meek, t. c. p. 67, fig. 18°.

Depth of body nearly equal to the length of head, which is 4 in the length of the fish. Diameter of eye

31 to 32 in the length of head. Mouth terminal, slightly oblique; jaws equal anteriorly; snout

obtuse. Dorsal 9-10, with 7 branched rays. Anal 8-9, with 6 or 7 branched rays. Ventrals inserted

below or a little in advance of the origin of dorsal, which is nearly equidistant from tip of snout and

‘base of caudal. 33 to 38 scales in a longitudinal series, 6 to 8 in a transverse series from origin of

dorsal to lateral line, 4 or 5 between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Lateral line complete. Caudal

peduncle about 24 as long as deep. A dark lateral stripe usually ending in a caudal spot; small dark

spots on the upper half of the body in the adult. _

Hab. Mexico, Rio Conchos in Chihuahua 1}? ? 4. .

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 70 mm. in total length.

Notropis santarosaliw, Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 75, fig. 22), is

based on a specimen of about 45 mm., which may be a young example of N. chihuahua.

158 OSTARIOPHYSI.

6. Notropis macrostomus. |

Cyprinella macrostoma, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 198’, and U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv.,

Fish. p. 54, t. 31. figs. 5-8 (1859) *.

Notropis macrostomus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvu. 1896, p. 274°; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 72°.

Notropis forlonensis, Meek, t. c. p. 70, fig. 20°.

Depth of body nearly equal to the length of head, which is 82 to 34 in the length of the fish. Diameter of

eye 21 to 23 (young) in the length of head. Mouth terminal, oblique; snout pointed. Dorsal 8-9, with

6 or 7 branched rays; origin equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. Anal 8-9. Ventrals

inserted below or a little in advance of the origin of dorsal. 32 to 36 scales in a longitudinal series, 6 in

a transverse series from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 3 between lateral line and base of ventral.

Lateral line complete. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep. A dark lateral stripe.

Hab. Texas, Devil’s River !.—Mexico, Rio San Juan in Nuevo Leon?*; Rio Forlon

in Tamaulipas ® (Meek).

Here described from three specimens, measuring up to 45 mm. in total length,

received as WN. forlonensis; these are only to be distinguished from small examples

of WV. lutrensis by the larger eye, and appear to be the young of the species described

and figured by Girard.

7. Notropis ornatus.

Codoma ornata, Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 53, t. 29. figs. 22-25 (1859) *.

Notropis ornatus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 270 *; Meek, Publ. Columbian

Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 68°.

Depth of body 3 (adult) to 33 (young) in the length, length of head 3% to 4. Diameter of eye 33 to 44 in

the length of head. Mouth terminal, oblique; jaws equal anteriorly ; snout obtuse. Dorsal 9, with

7 branched rays. Anal 8-9, with 6 or 7 branched rays. Ventrals inserted a little in advance of the

origin of dorsal, which is equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal or a little nearer the latter.

36 to 40 scales in a longitudinal series, 6 to 8 in a transverse series from origin of dorsal to lateral line,

34 to 44 between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Lateral line complete. Caudal peduncle twice as

long as deep. Males with blackish cross-bars and with the fins dark with pale edges; females and

young with a lateral stripe and with the fins pale.

Hab. Mexico, rivers of Chihuahua and Durango:

Chihuahua ! 23 (Meek) ; San Andres 3, Jimenez *, and Mifiaca? in Chihuahua;

Santiago Papasquiaro * (Meek) and Durango in Durango 3,

Here described from specimens measuring up to 70 mm. in total length.

8. Notropis lutrensis.

Leuciscus lutrensis, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 391°.

Moniana couchi, Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 57, t. 30. figs. 21-24 (1859) *.

Moniana rutila, Girard, 1. c. t. 30. figs. 1-4’.

Notropis lutrensis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 271°; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 72”.

Depth of body 22 to 34 in the length, length of head 32 to 4. Diameter of eye 4 to 5 in the length of head.

Mouth terminal, oblique ; jaws equal anteriorly ; snout rather obtuse. Dorsal 9, with 7 branched rays.

NOTROPIS. 159

Anal 9-10. Ventrals inserted a little before the origin of dorsal, which is equidistant from the tip of

snout and base of caudal or a little nearer the latter. 34 to 38 scales in a longitudinal series, 6 to 8 in

a transverse series from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 3 or 4 between lateral line and root of ventral.

Lateral line usually complete. Caudal peduncle 13 to 2 as long as deep. A dark vertical bar behind

the head ; a lateral stripe on the posterior part of the body.

Hab. South Dakota to Northern Mexico:

In Mexico recorded from the Rio Santa Maria, Rio Carmen > (Meek), Rio

Sauz° (Meek), and Rio Conchos** (Meek) in Chihuahua; Rio San Juan in

Nuevo Leon? 35; Rio Conchos in Tamaulipas ®.

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 70 mm. in total length.

9. Notropis garmani.

Cyprinella rubripinna (nou Argyreus rubripinnis, Heck.), Garm. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. 1881,

p.9L*.

Notropis garmani, Jord. Cat. Fish. N. Am. p. 818 (1885)?; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii, 1896, p. 281°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 734.

Very similar to WV. luérensis, but with the head smaller (4 to 44 in the length of the fish) and the anal fin

usually longer (of 10 to 12 rays).

Hab. Mexico, Rio Nazas:

Lerdo (Meek) and Santiago Papasquiaro in Durango‘; Parras in Coahuila‘.

I have examined four specimens, measuring up to 70 mm. in total length.

10. Notropis santamarie.

Notropis santamarie, Everm. & Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xxi. 1902, p. 147, fig.';

Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 74, fig. 21°.

Very close to NV. lutrensis and perhaps not really distinct, but the lateral line incomplete, terminating below

the origin of the dorsal fin, and only 2 scales between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin.

Hab. Mexico, Lago de Santa Maria in Chihuahua.

11. Notropis calientis.

Notropis calientis, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 122, fig. (1900)*; Meek,

Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 65, fig. 16°.

Depth of body 34 to 32 in the length of the fish, length of head 32 to 4. Diameter of eye 4 in the length of

head. Mouth terminal, oblique ; jaws equal anteriorly ; snout obtuse. Dorsal 9, with 7 branched rays.

Anal 7-8, with 5 or 6 branched rays. Ventrals inserted below or a little in advance of the origin of

dorsal, which is nearly equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. 32 to 35 scales in a

longitudinal series, 6 or 7 in a transverse series from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 3 or + between

Lateral line incomplete, not extending further back than the

lateral line and base of ventral fin.

Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. A dark lateral stripe.

vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Aguas Calientes! 2, Ocotlan?, Acambaro ?.

Here described from eight specimens, measuring up to 50 mm. in total length,

from Aguas Calientes (Meek).

160 OSTARIOPHYSI.

12. Notropis formosus.

Moniana formosa, Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 58, t. 30. figs. 5-9 (1859) °.

Notropis formosus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 271°; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 74’.

Depth of body 3 to 4 in the length, length of head 32 to 4. Diameter of eye 3 to 33 in the length of head.

Mouth terminal, oblique ; jaws equal anteriorly ; snout rather pointed. Dorsal 9, with 7 branched'rays,

its origin equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal or a little nearer the latter. Anal 8-9.

Ventrals inserted in advance of the origin of dorsal. 40 to 50 scales in a longitudinal series, 8 to 10 in

a transverse series from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 4 to 6 between lateral line and base of ventral.

Lateral line usually complete. Caudal peduncle about twice as long as deep. A lateral stripe on the

posterior part of the body.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Casas Grandes in Chihuahua:

Rio Mimbres!; Colonia Juarez ® (Meek).

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 55 mm. in total length.

13. Notropis aztecus.

Codoma vittata (non Leuciscus vittatus, De Kay), Girard, U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 53,

t. 29. figs. 18-21 (1859) *.

Notropis aztecus, Woolm. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xiv. 1894, p. 63, t. 2°; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 258°.

Azxtecula lerme, Everm. & Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xxi. 1902, p. 147, fig. 3*; Meek,

Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 60, fig. 14°.

Aztecula vittata, Meek, t. c. p. 59, fig. 13°.

Depth of body 33 to 4 in the length, length of head 4 to 43. Diameter of eye 4 to 5 in the length of head.

Mouth terminal, oblique; jaws equal anteriorly ; snout obtuse, decurved. Dorsal 9, with 7 branched

rays; origin a little nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout; longest ray 3 or a little more than 3

the length of head; free edge straight or convex. Anal 8. Pectoral shorter than the head, not

reaching the ventrals, which are inserted a little in advance of the origin of dorsal, 43 to 50 scales in

a longitudinal series, 7 or 8 in a transverse series from dorsal fin to lateral line, 4 or 5 between lateral

line and base of ventral fin. Lateral line complete. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep.

Young with a dark lateral band ending in a caudal spot.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System, Valley of Mexico, and upper tributaries of the

Rio Balsas :

Lerma‘*® (Meek), Texcoco® (Meek), Chalco®, and Xochimileo (Gadow) in

Mexico! 22; Puebla in Puebla ®.

Here described from six specimens, measuring from 45 to 80 mm. in total length.

13. EVARRA, Woolman, 1894.

Evarra, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 304.

Allied to Votropis and evidently derived from a type similar to WV. aztecus, but distinguished by the smaller

scales, the more elongate and less compressed body, and the broader isthmus, the gill-openings not

extending forward below to the level of the posterior edge of the preeoperculum,

Two species from the Valley of Mexico.

EVARRA.—XYSTROSUS. 16]

1. Evarra eigenmanni.

Evarra eigenmanni, Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1894, p. 64'; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 3047; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 77,

fig. 23°.

Depth of body 53 in the length, length of head 43. Diameter of eye 42 in the length of head. Snout obtuse ;

mouth small. Dorsal 9, with 7 branched rays; origin nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout.

Anal 8. Ventrals inserted in advance of the origin of dorsal. 85 scales in a longitudinal series, 15 in

a transverse series from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 9 between lateral line and base of ventral.

Lateral line complete. Silvery, back darker; an indistinct lateral stripe ending in a small caudal spot.

Hab. Valley of Mexico:

City of Mexico! ? (Woolman); Tlahuac °.

Here described from the type, 60 mm. in total length.

2, Evarra tlahuacensis.

Evarra tlahuacensis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 78, fig. 24°.

Differs from the preceding in the smaller scales (95 in a longitudinal series) and the longer anal fin (of

14 rays).

Hab. Valley of Mexico, Tlahuac!.

14. PHENACOBIUS, Cope, 1867.

Phenacobius, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii, 1896, p. 302.

Body elongate, little compressed. Mouth protractile, inferior ; lower lip produced into a fleshy lobe on each

side; no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth compressed, hooked, in a single series, 4—4. Scales small or

moderate (40 to 60 in a longitudinal series); lateral line complete. Dorsal and anal fins short.

This genus comprises five species, small fishes of the Eastern United States and the

Mississippi System, one extending south to the Rio Grande.

1. Phenacobius scopifer, Cope, 1870.

Phenacobius scopifer, Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 303'; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 76°.

Hab. Illinois to the Rio Grande ! ?.

15. XYSTROSUS, Jord. & Snyd., 1900.

Xystrosus, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 123 (1900).

This genus appears to be nearest to Falcula, but is at once distinguished by the numerous very long and

slender gill-rakers.

A single species from Lake Chapala.

1. Xystrosus popoche. .

Xystrosus popoche, Jord. & Snyd. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xix. 1899, p. 123, fig. (1900) *; Meek,

Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool, v. 1904, p. 48, fig. 7’.

Depth of body 4 to 43 in the length, length of head 33. Mouth rather large, terminal, oblique; gill-rakers

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, February 1908.

162 OSTARIOPHYSI.

very long, slender, and numerous. 60 to 70 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 9-10, with

7 branched rays; origin equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal and above the insertion of the

ventrals, Anal 8-10, with 6 or 7 branched rays. Silvery, back darker ; fins plain.

Hab. Mexico, Lake Chapala in Jalisco 1? (Buller, Meek).

I have examined three specimens, 200 to 230 mm. in total length.

16. STYPODON, Garm., 1881.

Stypodon, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 220.

Body oblong, compressed. Mouth small, protractile; no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth cylindrical, with convex

apices, in a single series, 3—3. Scales large (85 in a longitudinal series); lateral line complete,

decurved. Dorsal and anal fins short.

A single species from Coahuila.

1. Stypodon signifer.

Stypodon signifer, Garm. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. 1881, p. 90'; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 2207; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 51°.

Hab. Mexico, Lake Parras in Coahuila}.

17. PIMEPHALES, Rafin., 1820.

Pimephales, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 216.

Body more or less elongate, moderately compressed. Mouth small, inferior, protractile; no barbels.

Pharyngeal teeth with oblique grinding-surface, usually not hooked, in a single series, 4—4. Scales

moderate. Dorsal and anal fins short, the former with the first ray more or less spinous (in adult males

covered by a thick skin) and separated from the second by a membrane. Intestine elongate.

Three or four species from the United States and Northern Mexico.

1. Pimephales confertus.

Hyborhynchus confertus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 179 -

Pimephales promelas confertus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 217 *.

Pimelocephales confertus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 50°.

Depth of body 32 to 33 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Snout obtuse; diameter of eye 34 to 32 in the

length of head. Dorsal 10, with 8 branched rays. Anal 8. 50 to 55 scales in a longitudinal series,

8 between lateral line and base of ventral. A dark lateral stripe; males dark with pale vertical bars.

Hab. South-western Texas and Northern Mexico:

Rio Pecos! and Brownsville 2 in Texas; Rio Casas Grandes *, Rio Santa Maria °,

Rio Conchos ? (Meek) and Mifiaca® in Chihuahua.

Here described from six specimens, measuring up to 60 mm. in total length.

18. COCHLOGNATHUS, Baird & Girard, 1854.

Cochlognathus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 251.

Differs from Pimephales especially in the structure of the jaws, each of which is provided with a hard cutting-

COCHLOGNATHUS.—COUESIUS. 165

pete The pharyngeal teeth are more strongly hooked than in Pimephales, and the intestine is

snorter.

Two species from Texas and the Rio Grande.

1. Cochlognathus ornatus.,

Cochlognathus ornatus, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 1587; Girard, Bull.U.S. & Mex.

Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 46, t. 25. figs. 12-17 (1859) *; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 252°.

Hab. Rio Grande at Brownsville ! 23,

19. YURIRIA, Jord. & Everm., 1896.

Yuriria, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 315.

Body elongate, compressed. Mouth protractile, terminal, oblique; a small barbel at the end of each

maxillary. Pharyngeal teeth compressed, hooked, in a single series, 4—4. Gill-openings separated by

a narrow isthmus. Scales large. Dorsal and anal fins short, the former about in the middle of the

length of the fish; ventral fins 10-rayed.

A single species from the Rio Lerma System.

1. Yuriria alta.

Hudsonius altus, Jord. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, p. 301°.

Hybopsis altus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 321%, and 1900, fig. 138° ;

Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 81°.

Depth of body about 4 in the length, length of head 33 to 4. Snout longer than eye, the diameter of which

is 4} to 5 in the length of head ; interorbital width 3 in the length of head. Dorsal 9, with 7 branched

rays; origin nearly equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal; longest ray % to 4 the length of

head; free edge straight or slightly concave. Anal 9. Pectorals nearly or quite reaching the ventrals,

which are inserted below the origin of dorsal. 45 to 50 scales in a longitudinal series, 8 to 10 ina

transverse series from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 4 or 5 between lateral line and base of ventral.

Lateral line complete, slightly decurved. Caudal peduncle 13 to 2 as long as deep. Silvery, back

darker ; fins pale.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Aguas Calientes * (Jordan, Meek), Lagos+, Celaya‘ (Meek), Acambaro *, Lago

de Tupataro !, Salamanca? (Woolman) ; Rio Cuitzeo*; Ojo de Agua, Michoacan

(Mexico Mus.).

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 130 mm. in total length.

20. COUESIUS, Jord., 1878.

Couesius, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 323.

eding genus, but the body less compressed, the barbel not quite terminal, the

Very similar to the prec

ales smaller.

pharyngeal teeth in two series, 2, 4—4, 2, and the se

Five species from North America, including one from Northern Mexico.

Y 2

164

OSTARIOPHYSI,

1. Couesius adustus.

Couesius adustus, Woolman, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xiv. 1894, p.57'; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 83257; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904,

p- 82°.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Conchos in Chihuahua ! 2,

21. HYBOPSIS, Agass., 1854.

Hybopsis (part.), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 314.

Differs from Yuriria in having the body less compressed, the snout obtuse, the mouth horizontal and sub-

terminal or inferior, the isthmus wider, and the ventral fins 7- or 8-rayed.

About fifteen species from the United States, from the Great Lakes to the Rio

Grande and its southern tributaries.

1. Hybopsis zstivalis.

Gobio estivalis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p- 189°, and U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 49,

t. 57. figs. 17-29 (1859) *.

Hybopsis estivalis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 316°; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 81°.

Depth of body 4 to 5 in the length, length of head 4. Snout as long as postorbital part of head ; diameter of

eye 4 in the length of head. Dorsal 9, with 7 branched rays; origin nearer to tip of snout than to base

of caudal; longest ray shorter than the head; free edge concave. Anal 8-9. Pectorals sometimes

nearly reaching the ventrals, which are inserted below the origin or anterior part of dorsal. 33 to 36

scales in a longitudinal series, 5 or 6 in a transverse series from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 34 or 4

between lateral line and base of ventral. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Upper part of body

with small dark spots ; a dusky stripe on each caudal lobe.

Hab. Muxico, Rio San Juan in Nuevo Leon!24; Rio Conchos in Tamaulipas 4 (Meek).

Here described from six specimens, measuring up to 65 mm. in total length.

2. Hybopsis sterletus.

Ceratichthys sterletus, Cope, in Wheeler’s Surv., Zool. v. p. 652, t. 27. fig. 8 (1876).

Depth of body 53 in the length, length of head 4. Snout nearly as long as postorbital part of head; diameter

of eye 43 in the length of head. Dorsal 9, with 7 branched rays ; origin nearer to tip of snout than to

base of caudal; longest ray nearly as long as the head; free edge concave. Anal 9. Pectorals extending

to the ventrals, which are inserted below the origin of dorsal and reach the anal. 38 scales in a longi-

tudinal series, 53 in a transverse series from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 4 between lateral line and

base of ventral. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Coloration uniform ; fins pale.

Hab. Rio Grande:

San lidefonso!; Juarez ( Woolman).

Here described from a single specimen of 40 mm.

AGOSIA.—RHINICHTHYS, 165

22. AGOSIA, Girard, 1856.

Ayosia, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 308.

Differs from Hydopsis in the smaller scales, 60 to 90 in a longitudinal series, and in the more posterior

position of the dorsal fin, which is often partly above the anal.

About ten species, small fishes of the mountain streams of Western North America,

two of which have been recorded from Northern Mexico.

1. Agosia oscula.

Aryyreus osculus, Girard, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1856, p. 186', and U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish. p. 47,

t. 27. figs. 9-12 (1859) °*.

Argyreus notabilis, Girard, |. c.*, and t. c. p. 47, t. 27. figs. 5-8 *.

Agosia oscula, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S, Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 309°; Meek, Publ. Columbian

Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 80°.

Hab. Gila River in Arizona:

Recorded in Mexico from the Rio Santa Cruz ?4 in Northern Sonora, a tributary

of the Gila.

2. Agosia chrysogaster.

Agosia chrysogaster, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 187*, and U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish.

p. 49, t. 28. figs. 5~8 (1859)°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 313° ;

Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 80°.

Hab. Gila River in Arizona; Sonora and Western Chihuahua :

Rio Santa Cruz!2, Hermosillo* and Rucker Cafion* in Sonora; Sierra Madre

in Chihuahua 4,

98. RHINICHTHYS, Agass., 1850.

Rhinichthys, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 305.

Body elongate, little compressed. Mouth non-protractile, subterminal or inferior; a small barbel at the end

of each maxillary. Pharyngeal teeth compressed, hooked, in two series, 2, 4—4,2or1. Gill-openings

separated by a broad isthmus. Scales small. Dorsal and anal fins short, the former about in the

middle of the length of the fish; ventral fins 7- or 8-rayed.

Three or four species from mountain-streams of North America, including one from

Chihuahua.

1. Rhinichthys simus.

Rhinichthys simus, Garm. Science Observer, 1881, p. 61*; J ord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 3077; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 79°.

in the length, length of head about 4. Snout obtuse; mouth inferior; diameter of eye

5 to 6 in the length of head. Dorsal 8-9, with 6 or 7 branched rays; origin above innermost ray of

ventrals and nearly equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal, Anal 8. 50 to 62 scales in a

longitudinal series, 12 te 14 in a transverse series from origin of dorsal te lateral line, 8 to 10 between

Depth ef body 4 to 43

166 ~ OSTARIOPHYSIT.

lateral line and base of ventral. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep. Brownish; young with

a dark lateral band.

Hab. Tributaries of the Rio Grande in Northern Mexico:

Santa Rosalia in Chihuahua?; Coahuila !; Montemorelos in Nuevo Leon 2

(Meek).

Here described from two specimens, 60 and 85 mm. in total length.

Fam, 4. CHARACINIDA.

The Characinide comprise about 500 species from the fresh-waters of Mexico and

South America and 100 from Africa. The family is in many ways the most generalized

of the Ostariophysi, but is closely related to the Cyprinide. In the Mexican and

Central-American species the body is scaly, the maxillary enters the gape of the mouth,

the branchiostegals number 3 to 5 and the gill-membranes are free from the isthmus.

An adipose dorsal fin is often present and the jaws are usually toothed.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Genera.

I. Teeth well developed in both jaws.

A. No adipose fin ; anal fin short, of 10-12 rays; body rather elon-

B. An adipose fin.

1. Anal fin short, of 10-12 rays ; body rather elongate.

Mouth moderate; teeth in jaws compressed, cuspidate ; palate toothless ;_

dorsal fin in the middle of the length of the fish. . . . . . 2 PraBucina.

Mouth large, the snout produced, the jaws with small conical teeth i in a

single series ; palate toothed ; dorsal fin posterior in position . . . 8. LuctocHarax.

2. Anal fin rather long, of 20 to 40 rays; teeth compressed, cuspidate.

a. Teeth of the outer series in both jaws subequal, without canines.

a. Body oblong or ovate; abdomen in front of the ventral fins rounded.

A pair of conical teeth behind the middle of the series in the lower jaw ;

premaxillary teeth in 8 or 4 series ee ee . Brycon.

No pair of conical teeth in the lower jaw; praemaxillary teeth in 2 series . 5. TETRAGONOPTERUS.

No pair of conical teeth in the lower jaw ; premaxillary teeth in a single .

series 2. we ee ee ee ee eee eg) 66. CHrRODON.

B. Body deep ; abdomen in front of ventral fins compressed to

a sharp edge e + tie 8 . oe ee

b. Some of the anterior teeth enlarged, canine like ; snout

somewhat produced woe ee

3. Anal fin very long, of 45 to 55 rays; ‘teeth conical .

. GASTROPELECUS.

BrRAMOCHARAX.

. RaBOIDEs.

Il. Jaws toothless ; anal fin short . ~ ee we) 6. LO. Curntmatus.

HOPLIAS.—PIABUCINA. 167

1. HOPLIAS.

Macrodon (non Schinz), Miill. & Trosch. Hor, Ichthyol. iii. p. 6 (1845) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 281

(1864) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 330.

Hoplias, Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxvi. 1903, p. 1016.

This genus comprises two species only, viz. H. microlepis from Panama and Western

Ecuador, and the widely-distributed South-American J. trahira, Spix, which ranges

from the Magdalena to the La Plata and which differs from its congener in having a

broader head and somewhat larger scales.

1. Hoplias microlepis. (Tab. XXVI. fig. 1.)

Macrodon microlepis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 282 (1864) *.

Depth of body 33 to 5 in the length, length of head 33 to 33. Snout longer than eye, the diameter of which

is 6 to 8 in the length of head; interorbital width 33 to 34 in the length of head. Mouth wide, the

maxillary extending beyond the vertical from the posterior edge of eye ; teeth acutely conical, in a single

series in the jaws, with some strong canines; teeth on the palatines in bands and on the vomer in two

separate patches. 42 to 45 scales in a longitudinal series, 6 between middle of dorsal and lateral line,

5 or 6 between lateral line and root of ventral fin, 11 across the back of the tail from one lateral line to

the other. Dorsal 13-14, nearly in the middle of the length of the fish ; edge straight or slightly convex.

Anal 10-11, rounded. Pectorals and ventrals of moderate length, rounded. Caudal rounded. Olivaceous,

marbled with brownish, the marking sometimes forming a longitudinal band and vertival bars; fins with

dark undulating stripes or series of spots.

Hab. Panama, Rio Chagres! (Dow, Salvin).—Waestern Ecuapor (Festa).

Here described from several specimens, including the types of the species, measuring

up to 300 mm. in total length.

2. PIABUCINA.

Piabucina, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xxii. p. 161 (1849); Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 311 (1864) ;

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 332.

This genus resembles //oplias in general form, in the structure and position of the

fins, except that the caudal is emarginate instead of rounded, and in the absence of a

fontanel in the cranial roof.

About six species are known, from Panama, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and

Guiana.

1. Piabucina panamensis.

Piabucina panamensis, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1876, p. 336’; Jord. & Everm. Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 333°.

Depth of body 4 in the length. Dorsal 10. Anal 12, 380 scales in a longitudinal series. A dark longi-

tudinal band on the middle of the side; a dark spot on the base of the dorsal fin.

Hab. Panama, Rio Tripoli}.

This species may be identical with P. erythrinoides, C. & V., from Venezuela.

168 OSTARIOPHYSI,

2. Piabucina festz.

Piabucina feste, Bouleng. Boll. Mus. Torin. xiv. 1899, No. 346, p.1*; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 3145°*, —

Depth of body 4 in the length. Dorsal 9. Anal1l. 28 scales in a longitudinal series. Deep olive-brown

above, whitish below; fins greyish.

Hab. Panama, Rio Sabina.

Length of the type, 160 mm.

3. LUCIOCHARAX.

Luciocharax, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xxxix. 1878, p. 67; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 339.

A single species from Panama and Colombia.

1. Luciocharax insculptus.

Luciocharaz insculptus, Sted. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xxxix. 1878, p. 67, t. 13. fig. 2', and xli. 1879,

p. 169°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 339°.

Depth of body 6 in the length, length of head 3. Dorsal 10. Anal 12. 44 scales in a longitudinal series.

Silvery, back greyish; a dark spot at the base of caudal.

Hab. Panama, Rio Mamoni*.—Cotomsia, Rio Magdalena !.

Total length 300 mm.

4. BRYCON.

Brycon, Mill. & Trosch. Hor, Ichthyol. i. p. 15 (1845); Giiuth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 333 (1864);

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 337.

Chalcinopsis, Kner, Sitzungsb. Bayer. Ak. 1868, p. 226; Giinth. t. c. p. 336.

Numerous species from Central and South America.

1. Brycon guatemalensis, sp. n.

Yhalcinopsis dentex (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 837 (1864) *, and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1868,

p. 478, t. 82. fig. 1°.

Depth of body 2? to 3 in the length, length of head 43 to 43. Snout longer than eye, the diameter of which

is 43 to 53 in the length of head ; interorbital width 2 to 23 in the length of head. Maxillary extending

nearly to below middle of eye; lower jaw a little shorter than the upper; premaxillary teeth in 4 series.

13 to 15 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. 52 to 56 scales in a longitudinal series, 10

between dorsal fin and lateral line, 5 or 6 between lateral line and root of ventral. Dorsal 11; origin

behind the ventrals; free edge straight or convex; longest ray as long as or shorter than the head.

Anal 34-36, of 4 simple and 30 to 82 branched rays; origin below the middle of dorsal; anterior part

of fin deep and convex, middle part emarginate. Pectoral as long as or shorter than head, sometimes

reaching the ventrals, which do not extend to the anal. Caudal forked. Silvery; some of the scales

with blackish edges, forming vertical streaks; posterior edge of gill-opening blackish; a more or less distinct

blackish spot on the caudal peduncle; anal usually dark-edged.

BRYCON.—TETRAGONOPTERUS. 169

Hab. GuaTEMALA, Rio Chisoy, Rio Usumacinta!2, Rio Motagua !2 and Lake Yzabal !2

(Godman & Salvin). | |

Six specimens, measuring up to 400 mm. in total length.

The types of Brycon dentex, from Western Keuador, have 18 gill-rakers on the lower

part of the anterior arch, 47 to 50 scales in a longitudinal series, the lower jaw shorter,

the eye larger and the interorbital region narrower than in B. guatemalensis, and the

body uniformly silvery.

Gill (Proc. Ac. Philad. 1877, p. 188) has recorded B. dentex from Lake Nicaragua,

but judging from Meek’s description (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 109)

the Nicaraguan species is not Lrycon dente and may prove to be distinct from

B. gquatemalensis.

2. Brycon striatulus.

Chalcinopsis striatulus, Kner, Sitzgsb. Bayer. Ak. 1863, p. 226'; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p- 837 (1864) *,

Chalcinopsis chagrensis, Kner, 1. c. p. 338°.

Depth of body 23 to 33 in the length, length of head 43 to 43. Snout a little longer than eye, the diameter

of which is 4 to 43 in the length of head ; interorbital width 21 to 2? in the length of head, Maxillary

extending nearly to below middle of eye ; lower jaw a little shorter than the upper ; premaxillary teeth

in 4 series. 13 or 14 gill-rakers on the lower partof the anterior arch. 70 to 77 scales in a longitudinal

series (exclusive of 4 or 5 on the basal part of the caudal), 12 to 15 between dorsal fin and lateral line,

8 or 9 between lateral line and root of ventral fin. Dorsal 11-12; origin behind the ventrals; free edge

nearly straight ; longest ray shorter than the head. Anal 33-39, of 3 or 4 simple and 30 to 35 branched

rays; anterior part deep and convex, free edge emarginate. Pectoral nearly as long as or shorter than

head, sometimes reaching the ventrals, which may extend to the anal. Caudal forked. Coloration as in

the preceding species.

Hab. Costa Rica, Juan Vifias and El Pozo del Rio Grande (Underwood); Panama,

Rio Chagres 18,

Here described from several specimens, measuring up to 230 mm. in total length.

5. TETRAGONOPTERUS.

Tetragonopterus, Cuv. Régne Anim. ii. p. 166 (1817); Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 317 (1864) ; Jord.

& Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 333.

This genus comprises a large number of species from South America and a few from

Mexico and Central America.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

I. Interorbital width 22 to 3 in the length of head; 10 to 15 gill-rakers on the lower part of

the anterior arch.

Anal 25-33 (3-4/22-29); maxillary extending to below anterior edge or

anterior part of eye; diameter of eye 3 to 3} in the length of head (in

specimens of 65 to 120 mm.) . rr 1. eneus.

Anal 23-29 (3-4/20-25) ; maxillary extending to below anterior } of eye;

diameter of eye 24 to 8 in the length of head (in specimens of 65 to

130mm.) ...... ° s

. oe es woe eee 2. macrophthalmus.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, Yebruary 1908. Z

170 OSTARIOPHYSI.

Anal 20-27 (3-4/17-24) ; maxillary extending to below anterior part or

middle of eye; diameter of eye 2? to 34 in the length of head (in specimens

of 60 to 120 mm.). woe ee es

II. Interorbital width 3} to 34 in the length of head; 14-17 gill-rakers

on the lower part of the anterior arch . . . .

oe ew wl ee) 68. mexicanus.

. . . 4 angustifrons.

1. Tetragonopterus seneus.

Tetragonopterus eneus, Gtinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 319’, and Cat. Fish. v. p. 326 (1864) *;

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 334°.

Tetragonopterus fasciatus (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 822 (1864) *.

Tetragonopterus microphthalmus (part.), Ginth. t. c. p. 324°.

Tetragonopterus panamensis, Giinth. 1. ¢.°; Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xli. 1879, p. 166, t. 1.

figs. 1 & 2".

Tetragonopterus humilis, Giiuth. t. c. p. 827°.

Tetragonopterus finitimus, Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) ix. 1868, p. 62°; Vaill. & Pellegr. Bull.

; Mus. Paris, 1903, p. 825°.

Tetragonopterus belizianus, Bocourt, 1. c."; Vaill. & Pellegr. 1. c.”.

Tetragonopterus cerstedii (Kroyer, MS.), Liitken, Vid. Medd. 1874, p. 229 an

Tetragonopterus rutilus (part.), Jord. & Everm. |}. ¢.”*.

Tetragonopterus eneus (part.), Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 86 an

? Astyanax nasutus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 108 *,

Astyanax rutilus erstedii, Kigenmann & Ogle, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxiii. 1907, p. 22.

Astyanaz rutilus nicaraguensis, Eigenmann & Ogle, t. c. p. 23”.

Astyanaz rutilus eneus, Kigenmann & Ogle, t. c. p. 24”.

Astyanax fischeri, Kigenmann & Ogle, t. c. p. 26”.

Depth of body 24 to 34 in the length, length of head 33 to 43. Snout obtuse, not longer than eye, the

diameter of which is 3 to 34 in the length of head; interorbital width 24 to 3 in the length of head.

Maxillary extending to the vertical from anterior edge of eye or sometimes a little beyond; maxillary

teeth 0 to 6. 11 to 15 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. 32 to 40 scales in a

longitudinal series, 6 to 8 in a transverse series from dorsal fin to lateral line, 5 to 7 between lateral line

and root of ventral fin. Dorsal 10-12; origin behind the ventrals ; longest ray from 3 to as long as the

head ; free edge of the fin nearly straight. Anal 25-33, with 3 or 4 simple and 22 to 29 branched rays;

free edge usually slightly emarginate. Pectoral from 7 to as long as the head, usually reaching the

ventrals, which often extend to the origin of anal. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle about as long as

deep. Olivaceous above, silvery below ; a bluish-silvery lateral band ; often a dark humeral spot; usually

a blackish oblong spot on the caudal peduncle, produced on the middle caudal rays.

Ilab. Mexico!®, Rio Papaloapam (Buller, Gadow, Meek), Oaxaca’ (Sallé); Brivisn

Honpuras 1112 (Paris Mus., Robertson); GuatemMatal®, Rio Motagua‘, Lake

Yzabal ®, Huamuchal 4, Rio Guacalate*, and Lake Amatitlan °° (Godman & Salvin),

Chinautla 91°; Nicaragua !7, Lake Nicaragua!’, Lake Managua 1!® and Rio San

Juan 13 (Copenhagen Mus.) ; Costa Rica (Underwood); Panama’? (Godman &

Salvin), Rio Mamoni’, Rio Chagres.

Here described from a large series of specimens, measuring up to 120 mm. in total

length, including the types of the species and of 7. microphthalmus, T. panamensis,

and T. humilis, and co-types of 7. erstedii and T. belizianus.

TETRAGONOPTERUS. 171

T. eneus is very closely allied to 7. rutilus, Jenyns, which ranges from Venezuela to

Montevideo, and it is practically impossible to distinguish between young examples of

the two species. When adult specimens are compared, however, the distance between

the eye and the upper edge of the lower limb of the preopercle, just behind the arti-

culation of the lower jaw, is seen to be considerably less in 7. rutidus than in JT. wneus,

being equal to 4 the vertical diameter of the eye in the former and ? of the same in

the latter species.

Steindachner had formerly given the name 7. fischeri to the specimens which he

described and figured as T. panamensis. Astyanax emperador, Kigenm. & Ogle (Proc.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xxiii. 1907, p. 26), from Panama, is said to differ from A. fischeri in

the smaller scales (39 to 45 instead of 34 to 37) in a longitudinal series.

2. Tetragonopterus macrophthalmus, sp.n. (Tab. XXVI. fig. 4.)

Tetragonopterus eneus (part.), Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 86°.

Astyanax rutilus, variety ?, Eigenmann & Ogle, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxiii. 1907, p. 23 *,

Depth of body 24 to 32 in the length, length of head 34 to 42. Snout obtuse, decurved, 3 to 2 as long as

eye, the diameter of which is 23 to 3 in the length of head ; interorbital width 2% to 3 in the length of

head. Maxillary extending nearly to the vertical from anterior edge of pupil; 0 to 4 maxillary teeth.

10 to 12 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. 34 to 40 scales in a longitudinal series, 6 to

8 in a transverse series from dorsal fin to lateral line, 5 or 6 between lateral line and base of ventral.

Dorsal 10-12 ; origin behind the base of ventrals ; longest ray as long as the head; free edge of the fin

nearly straight. Anal 23-29, of 3 or 4 simple and 20 to 25 branched rays ; free edge usually emarginate.

Pectoral about as long as the head, usually reaching the ventrals, which nearly or quite reach the origin

ofanal. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. Coloration as in the preceding species.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé), Motzorongo? in Vera Cruz '? (Meek, Gadow).

Several specimens, measuring up to 150 mm. in total length.

Mecek’s description is evidently based on examples of this species, but he also had

the true Z. wneus in his collections.

3. Tetragonopterus mexicanus. (Tab. XXVI. figg. 2, 3.)

Tetragonopterus mexicanus, Filippi, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 166°; Steind. Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien,

Ix. 1869, p. 299, t. 4°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 335°; Meek,

Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 85°.

Tetragonopterus argentatus, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 27°; Jord. & Everm. t. ¢.

p. 336°. .

Tetragonopterus fasciatus (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 322 (1864) *.

Tetragonopterus brevimanus, Giinth. t. c. p. 825°.

Tetragonopterus petenensis (part.), Giinth. t. c. p. 826°.

Tetragonopterus cobanensis, Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) ix. 1868, p. 62°; Vaill. & Pellegr. Bull.

Mus. Paris, 1908, p. 323”.

Tetragonopterus oaxacanensis, Bocourt, l.c.??; Vaill. & Pellegr. t. c. p. 324”.

Tetragonopterus nitidus, Bocourt, l. c.*; Vaill. & Pellegr. 1. ¢.”.

172 | OSTARIOPHYSI.

Tetragonopterus fulgens, Bocourt, 1. c."°; Vaill. & Pellegr. 1. ¢."’.

Tetragonopterus streetsit, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1871, p. 217”.

Astyanax mexicanus, Kigenmann & Ogle, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxiii. 1907, p. 25.

Depth of body 2? to 34 in the length, length of head 32 to 42. Snout obtuse, nearly as long as or shorter

than eye, the diameter of which is 2? (young) to 33 in the length of head; interorbita] width 22 to 24

in the length of head. Maxillary extending about to the vertical from anterior edge of pupil, or

sometimes nearly to below middle of eye; maxillary teeth 0 to 5. 10 to 14 gill-rakers on the lower

part of anterior arch. 33 to 39 scales in a longitudinal series, 6 to 8 in a transverse series from

dorsal fin to lateral line, 44 to 7 between lateral line and root of ventral fin. Dorsal 10-12; origin

above or a little behind the base of last ray of ventral; longest ray $ to 2 the length of head; free

edge of the fin straight or slightly convex. Anal 20-27, with 3 or 4 simple and 17 to 24 branched

rays, free edge usually slightly emarginate. Pectoral 2 to 3 the length of head, sometimes reaching

the ventrals, which may or may not extend to the origin of anal. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle

longer than deep. Olivaceous above, silvery below; a bluish-silvery lateral band; often a dark humeral

blotch; an oblong blackish spot on the caudal peduncle, extending to the end of the middle caudal rays.

Hab. Texas!9, Rio Grande®, Rio Nueces® (Smithsonian Inst.), and Rio Leona®.—MxExico,

Rio Conchos in Chihuahua ° (Woolman), Rio Nazas in Durango *, Rio San Juan in

Nuevo Leon*, Rio Conchos, Rio Soto Marina, and Rio Forlon in Tamaulipas 4

(Meck), Rio Verde in San Luis Potosi * (Jordan, Meek), Rio Papaloapam and its

tributaries+18; Rio Balsas and its tributaries!?414151617 (Boucard, Meek) ;

GvaTEMALA, Rio Chisoy’, Rio San Gerdénimo §, Lake Peten® and Lake Yzabal ®

(Salvin), Coban in Vera Paz 101! (Paris Mus.).

Here described from a large series of specimens measuring up to 120 mm. in

total length, including the types of 7. brevimanus (fig. 3) and 7’. petenensis (fig. 2),

co-types of T. argentatus and of T. cobanensis, and examples collected at Cuernavaca

by M. Boucard, corresponding to the 7. nitidus and 7’. fulgens of Bocourt, which were

described from specimens obtained at this place by the same collector.

4, Tetragonopterus angustifrons, sp. n. (Tab. XXVI. fig. 5.)

Depth of body about 3 in the length, length of head 3% to 4. Snout subconical, $ as long as eye, the

diameter of which is 3 in the length of head; interorbital width 33 to 33 in the length of head.

Maxillary extending about to the vertical from anterior edge of pupil; 3 to 5 maxillary teeth. 14 to17

gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. 34 to 38 scales in a longitudinal series, 7 or 8 in a

transverse series from dorsal fin to lateral line, 6 or 7 between lateral line and base of ventrals. Dorsal

11; origin behind the base of ventrals; longest ray 7 to $ the length of head; free edge of fin slightly

convex. Anal 26-29, of 3 or 4 simple and 23 to 26 branched rays; free edge slightly emarginate.

Pectoral # the length of head, about reaching the ventrals, which extend nearly to the anal. Caudal

forked. Caudal peduncle longer than deep. Coloration as in the preceding species.

Hab. Mexico (Sal/é). .

Three specimens, the largest §0 mm. in total length.

6. CHIRODON.

Chirodon, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. vii. 1854, p. 199; Gunth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 332 (1864).

About twelve species from South America and one from Mexico.

CHIRODON.—BRAMOCHARAX. 173

1. Chirodon compressus.

Hemigrammus compressus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 87, fig. 25.

Depth of body 24 in the length, length of head 33. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 23 in

the length of head and greater than the interorbital width. Maxillary extending a little beyond the

vertical from the anterior edge of eye; 5 maxillary teeth. About 12 gill-rakers on the lower part

of the anterior arch. About 45 scales in a longitudinal series; lateral line on only 5 or 6 scales.

Dorsal 10-11; origin behind the ventrals. Anal 25-27, origin below middle or posterior part of

dorsal ; anterior part of fin deep, pointed; free edge emarginate. Pectoral reaching the ventrals, which

extend beyond the origin of anal. Caudal forked. Olivaceous; a dark spot on the basal part of the

dorsal fin.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Papaloapam ! (Meek).

Here described from two specimens, 45 mm. in total length.

7. GASTROPELECUS.

Gastropelecus, Pall. Spic. Zool. fasc. 8, p. 50 (1769) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 342 (1864) ; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 337.

About six species from tropical South America and one from Panama.

1. Gastropelecus maculatus.

Gastropelecus maculatus, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xli. 1879, p. 168, t. 1. fig. 4°; Jord. &

Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 338 *.

Dorsal 11. Anal 36 or 37. 31 or 32 scales in a longitudinal series.

Hab. Panama, Rio Mamoni!.

Length about 80 mm.

8. BRAMOCHARAX.

Bramocharax, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1877, p. 189; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvu.

1896, p. 338.

Two species from Nicaragua.

1. Bramocharax bransfordi.

Bramocharaz bransfordi, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1877, p. 190°; Jord. & Everm., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 839°; Eigenmann & Ogle, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxiii. 1907, p. 32, fig. 6.

Dorsal 11. Anal 28. Depth of body 2? in the length.

Hab. Lane Nicaragua !.

Eigenmann and Ogle’s figure of this species shows that the teeth are not conical,

but notched, as in Brycon, &c. The produced pointed snout and the canine-like

anterior teeth distinguish Bramocharax from Chirodon.

174 OSTARIOPHYSI.

2. Bramocharax elongatus.

Bramocharaa elongatus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 110’.

Dorsal 10. Anal 25 to 28. 41 scales in a longitudinal series. Depth of body 52 to 4 in the length.

Maxillary extending to below middle of eye.

Hab. Nicaragua, Lake Managua}.

Total length 150 mm.

9. RGQZBOIDES.

Reboides, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 847 (1864) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,

p. 338.

About ten species from Central and South America.

1. Reboides guatemalensis.

Anacyrtus (Reboides) guatemalensis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 347 (1864), and Trans. Zool. Soc. vi.

1868, p. 479, t. 82. fig. 4°.

Reboides guatemalensis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 339°; Meek, Publ.

Coiumbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 88%, and vil. 1907, p. 111°.

Depth of body 24 to 24 in the length, length of head about 4. Snout as long as eye, the diameter of which

is 34 to 32 in the length of head and equal to the interorbital width. Maxillary extending to below

middle of eye; lower jaw included. Upper profile of head concave. 10 gill-rakers on the lower part

of the anterior arch. 76 to 82 scales in a longitudinal series, 17 to 19 between dorsal fin and lateral

line, 20 to 22 from lateral line to origin of anal. Dorsal 11-12, rather elevated; origin above anterior

part of anal. Anal 47-53, with 3 or 4 simple and 44 to 49 branched rays, deepest anteriorly ; free edge

straight. Pectoral extending to, ventrals beyond the origin of anal. Caudal forked. Olivaceous; a

silvery lateral stripe, sometimes bearing a dusky spot, about equidistant from head and dorsal fin and

another on the caudal peduncle.

Hab. Mexico, San Gerénimo in Oaxaca*+; GuatemMaLA, Huamuchal!? (Salvin) ;

Nicaragua, Lake Nicaragua®; Costa Rica, Juan Vifas and El Pozo del Rio Grande

(Underwood) ; Panama, Rio Chagres ! ? (Salvin).— WESTERN Ecuapor (Rosenberg).

10. CURIMATUS.

Curimatus, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xxii. p. 5 (1849); Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 288 (1864) ;

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 332.

Several species from Tropical South America, one extending into Panama.

1. Curimatus magdalene.

Curimatus magdalene, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xxxix. 1878, p. 50°, and xii. 1879, p. 167°;

Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 332°.

Dorsal 11-12. Anal 9-10. 36 to 38 scales in a longitudinal series. Depth of body 22 in the length.

Hab. Panama, Rio Mamoni?.—Co.omsiA, Rio Magdalena 1.

GITON.—EIGENMANNIA. 17

Fam. 5. GYMNOTIDA.

This family, which has recently been monographed by Eigenmann *, comprises

about 30 species from South America, one of which extends into Panama and

another as far north as Guatemala.

The Gymnotide are highly specialized Characinids, and may be recognized by the

long, more or less eel-shaped body, naked or covered with small scales, the restricted

gill-openings, the anterior position of the vent, the absent dorsal and ventral fins, the

very long anal, and the small or absent caudal.

Synopsis of the Central-American Genera.

Each jaw with a series of conical teeth . 1. Girton.

Each jaw with a patch or band of very small villiform teeth . . tee EIGENMANNIA.

1. GITON, Kaup, 1856:

Carapus (non Rafin.), Cuv. Régne Anim. p. 237 (1817); Mull. & Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. 11. p. 13

(1845); Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 9 (1870).

Giton, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 340.

This genus includes only one species.

1. Giton fasciatus, Pall., 1769.

Carapus fasciatus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 9 (1870) *.

Giton fasciatus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 340°.

Gymnotus carapo, Meck, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 185°.

Hab. Guatemala to La Plata!2; in Central America known only from the Rio Motagua

(Salvin) and Lake Amatitlan °.

A very variable species, sometimes uniformly coloured, more often with oblique dark

cross-bands which may break up into spots.

Total length 400 mm.

29. EIGENMANNIA, Jord. & Everm., 1896.

Eigenmannia, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 341.

Four species from Tropical America.

1. Eigenmannia humboldti, Steind., 1878.

Sternopygus humboldti, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xxxix. 1878, p. 71, t. 14. fig. 3', and xli.

1879, p. 169°. .

Eigenmannia humboldti, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 341”.

Hab. Panama, Rio Mamoni?.—CotomBt14, Rio Magdalena !.

Total length 450 mm.

* Proc, Washington Ac. vii. 1905.

176 MALACOPTERYGII.

Sub-order VIII. MALACOPTERYGII.

This sub-order is represented in the fresh waters of Mexico and Central America by

a few fishes, mostly marine types. These are soft-rayed fishes with elongate or ovate

scaly body and naked head ; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are present, the pectorals are

placed low and the ventrals are abdominal. The naked head, the maxillary forming

part of the border of the mouth, the normal position of the lateral line (when present),

and the larger number of rays in the ventral fins distinguish them externally from the

Haplomi of this region. From the Characinide they may usually be distinguished by

the larger number of branchiostegal rays,

Synopsis of the Families represented in the fresh waters of Mexico

and Central America.

I. An adipose dorsal fin .

II. No adipose fin.

A. No gular plate; teeth small or absent.

No laterallme . . . ee ee ee eee ee ew ee we 8, CLUPEIDE.

1. SALMONIDA.

Lateral line well developed . 2. 2. 1. 2. 1 ee eee ee eee 8. CHANIDA.

B. A gular plate between the rami of the lower jaw; bands of villiform teeth

in the Jaws and on the palate and tongue . ....... +. +. +. 4 Enoprpa.

Fam. 1. SALMONIDA,

The Salmonide are principally a circumpolar family of marine origin which are

establishing themselves in fresh water in the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. One

fresh-water genus occurs in Australia and New Zealand. There are about twenty

genera, but the number of species which should be recognized is very uncertain.

1. SALMO, Linn.

Oncorhynchus (Suckley, 1861) and Salmo, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,

pp- 474 and 488.

Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with small cycloid scales. Lateral line present. Head

naked; mouth large; conical teeth in the jaws and on the palate. Dorsal fin short, in the middle of the

length of the fish; an adipose fin; anal short or of moderate length; caudal forked or truncate.

The species are very variable and difficult to define; they inhabit the rivers and

lakes of North America, Europe, and Asia; many of the forms are migratory, living

part of their life in the sea and ascending rivers to spawn.

1. Salmo clarkii, Richards.

Salmo mykiss, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 487.

Salmo clarki, Jord. & Everm. t. c. 1900, p. 2819.

Salmo irideus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 96.

che ae Cn rn Re eee

SALMO.—DOROSOMA. 177

Hab, Streams of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, from Kamchatka and

Alaska to California and Durango.

This species embraces a number of local forms, including S. spilurus, Cope (Jord. &

Everm. t.c. p. 495, fig. 210), which inhabits the upper Rio Grande and extends

southwards into Chihuahua and Durango.

A second form, 8. pleuriticus, Cope (Jord. & Everm. t. c. p. 496, fig. 211), is found

in the Colorado River, and is probably the trout reported by Meek as abundant in the

Rio Yaqui in Sonora.

Fam. 2. CLUPEIDA.

A large and widely distributed marine family; several species are anadromous, and

some are permanently fluviatile.

The Clupeide may be distinguished from other soft-rayed fishes of the fresh waters

of Mexico and Central America by the compressed body, covered with thin cycloid

scales, the naked head, the feeble dentition, and the absence of a lateral line.

Synopsis of the Genera represented in the fresh waters of Mexico

and Central America.

I. Abdomen compressed to a serrated edge ; mouth small or moderate; last dorsal ray elongate.

Maxillary bearing one supramaxillary . . . . . . . . 4. « , « « « J. Dorosoma.

Maxillary bearing two supramaxillaries . . . . . . . . . +. . . 2 Signanosa.

II. Abdomen not serrated ; mouth large, the maxillary extending back far behind the eye; last

dorsal ray not elongate.

Teeth in the jaws evident, some more or less enlarged . . . . . . . . 8. LiycENGRAULIS.

Teeth in the jaws very smallor absent . . . ...... . =. . . 4 ANCHoVIA.

1. DOROSOMA, Rafin., 1829.

Chatoessus (Cuv.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 406 (1868).

Dorosoma, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 415.

Five species from the Atlantic coasts and rivers of America.

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species.

74 to 78 scales in a longitudinal series; anal of 26 to 80 rays . . . . . . . LL chavesi.

69 to 73 scales in a longitudinal series; anal of 86 to 388 rays . . . . . . . 2, anale.

56 to 60 scales in a longitudinal series; anal of 30 to 34 rays . . . . . . . 38. exile.

40 to 45 scales in a longitudinal series; anal of 21 to24rays . . . . . . . 4& petenense.

1. Dorosoma chavesi.

Dorosoma chavesi, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 112 i

Hab. Nicaragua, Lakes Managua and Nicaragua’.

Total length 210 mm.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, February 1908. 2A

178 MALACOPTERYGII.

2. Dorosoma anale.

Dorosoma anale, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 93, fig. 26’.

Hab. Mexico, Otopa and Rio Papaloapam in Vera Cruz}.

Total length 300 mm.

8. Dorosoma exile.

Dorosoma cepedianum exile: (Jord. & Gilb., 1882), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,

p. 416".

Dorosoma exile, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 94°.

Hab. Coasts and rivers of Texas ! and Tamaulipas ?.

Total length 300 mm.

4, Dorosoma petenense.

Chatoessus petenensis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 408 (1868) °.

Dorosoma petenense, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 417°.

Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 34. Jaws equal anteriorly; maxillary extending to

below anterior 4 or 3 of eye. 40 to 43 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 14-15; origin above or

slightly in advance of the ventrals. Anal 21-24. Pectoral nearly reaching the ventral. Silvery,

a dark humeral spot.

Hab. Guatemata, Lake Peten ! (Salvin).

Here described from the types, four specimens, 70 to 90 mm. in total length.

2. SIGNALOSA, Everm. & Kendall, 1898.

Signalosa, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1900, p. 2809.

A single species.

1. Signalosa mexicana.

Chatoessus mexicanus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vil. p. 409 (1868) *. :

Dorosoma mexicanum, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 416 *. ge a

Signalosa atchafalaye, Everm. & Kendall, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1897, p. 127 (1898) °; Jord. &

Everm. t. c. 1900, p. 2809, fig. 184°.

Signalosa mexicana, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 94°.

Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 3 to 34. Jaws equal anteriorly; maxillary extending to

below anterior 7 or 3 of eye. 40 to 42 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 13-14; origin immediately

behind the base of the ventrals. Anal 24-25. Pectoral extending to or a little beyond the base of

ventral. Silvery, a dark humeral spot. .

Hab. Atlantic Coast streams of the Southern United States and Mexico:

Unitep Srares, Mississippi+ and Louisiana? 4; Mexico! (Sallé), Valles in

San Luis Potosi®; Rio Papaloapam in Vera Cruz® (Meek).

Here described from three specimens, 90 to 100 mm. in total length, including the

types of the species. S. atchafalaye is described and figured as having the origin of

the dorsal above the ventrals, but it seems to be the same as S. mexicana.

LYCENGRAULIS.—CHANOS. 179

3. LYCENGRAULIS, Giinth., 1868.

Lycengraulis, Ginth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 399 (1868) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlyvii.

1896, p. 451.

Two species from the coasts of Panama and South America.

1. Lycengraulis poeyi.

Engraulis poeyi, Kner & Steind. Abhandl. Bayern. Ak. x. 1864, p. 23, t. 3. fig. 3°.

Stolephorus poeyt, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 445%.

Lycengrauls poeyi, Gilb. & Starks, Mem. Calif. Ac. iv. 1904, p. 49°.

Hab. Panama, Rio Bayano 1.

Total length 208 mm.

4, ANCHOVIA, Jord. & Everm., 1896.

Anchovia, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 449.

A single species.

1. Anchovia macrolepidota.

Engraulis macrolepidotus, Kner & Steind. Abhandl. Bayern. Ak. x. 1864, p. 21, t. 3. fig. 2°.

Anchovia macrolepidota, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvii. 1896, p. 449°.

Hab. Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America, entering rivers:

Mexico, Guaymas?; Panama, Rio Bayano!l.

Total length 200 mm.

Fam. 3. CHANIDA.

This family includes a single genus with 3 or 4 species, marine fishes of the Indo-

Pacific.

1. CHANOS, Lacep., 1803.

Chanos, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 473 (1868); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, xlvii. 1896,

p. 414.

Body elongate or ovate, compressed, covered with small cycloid scales. Lateral line complete, straight. Head

naked; mouth small, terminal, toothless; gill-membranes broadly united; an adipose eyelid. Dorsal fin

short, in the middle of the length of the fish, above the ventrals ; anal fin short ; caudal deeply forked.

1. Chanos salmoneus, BI. Schn., 1801.

Chanos salmoneus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 473 (1868). |

Chanos chanos (Forsk.), Jord. & Everm. Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 414, and 1900,

fig. 182.

Hab. Indian and Pacific Oceans, entering rivers.

Specimens of this large silvery fish in the British Museum are from brackish lakes

at Chiapam in Guatemala.

ZA 2

180 MALACOPTERYGIT.—GINGLY MODI.

Fam. 4. ELOPIDA.

Two genera with five species, inhabiting tropical and subtropical seas.

1. MEGALOPS, Lacep., 1803 *.

Megalops, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vil. p. 471 (1868).

Tarpon, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 409.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with large silvery cycloid scales. Lateral line present. Head naked ;

mouth large, terminal, the lower jaw prominent ; bands of villiform teeth in the jaws and on the palate

and tongue. A gular plate between the rami of the lower jaw. Dorsal fin short, in the middle of the

length of the fish, last ray produced; anal of moderate length ; caudal forked.

Two species, one from the Indian Ocean, the other from the Atlantic coasts of

America.

1. Megalops atlanticus, Cuv. & Val., 1846.

Megalops thrissoides (non Bl. Schn.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 472 (1868).

Tarpon ailanticus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 409, and 1900, fig. 117.

Hab. Atlantic coasts of America from Long Island to Brazil, entering rivers.

The Tarpon attains a length of 1800 mm. It has been recorded by Gill and

Bransford (Proc. Ac. Philad. 1877, p. 187) from Lake Nicaragua.

Sub-order IX. GINGLYMODI.

This sub-order includes only the genus Lepidosteus, unique among fishes in having

opisthocelous vertebre, and distinguished from other fresh-water fishes of Mexico

and Central America by the rugose skull, the hard, rhombic ganoid scales, and the

abbreviate heterocercal caudal fin.

Fam, 1. LEPIDOSTEIDA.

1. LEPIDOSTEUS, Lacep., 1803.

Lepidosteus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p, 328 (1870); Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, p. 109.

Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with bony rhombic scales arranged in oblique series running downwards

and backwards. Jaws elongate, the upper projecting beyond the lower; teeth conical, in the jaws and on

the palate. Dorsal fin short, posterior, nearly opposite the anal ; pectorals placed low ; ventrals abdominal ;

caudal rounded.

Six or seven species of this genus may be regarded as valid. They inhabit North

and Central America.

* This name has been used for a genus of Staphylinide in the Biol. Centr.-Am. (Coleopt. i. pt. 2), but it has

priority in Pisces.

LEPIDOSTEUS. 181

Synopsis of the Mexican and Central-American Species *.

I, Snout more than twice as long as the rest of the head ; no series of enlarged

teeth on the palatinesin the adult . . . . .... OL osseus.

II. Snout not more than once and a half as long as the rest of the head; a series of enlarged

teeth on the palatines in the adult, as well as in the young.

58 to 60 scales in a longitudinal series; length of head 8 to 3} in the length of

the fish (in specimens of 8300 to500 mm.) . . . . . . . eS tristoechus.

51 to 54 scales in a longitudinal series; length of head 32 to 3% in the length

of the fish (in specimens of 450 to500mm.) . . 2. . . . . . . . 8. éropicus.

1. Lepidosteus osseus.

Esox osseus, Linn, Syst. Nat. p. 313 (1758) *.

Lepidosteus osseus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 330 (1870)*; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvil. 1896, p. 109°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 5 *.

Snout about 24 times as long as the rest of the head. Dorsal 7-8. Anal 8-9. 58 to 62 scales in a

longitudinal series,

Hab. United States from the Great Lakes to the Rio Grande?2; North-eastern

Mexico ¢.

In Mexico recorded by Meek from San Juan in Nuevo Leon, Forlon in Tamaulipas,

and Valles in San Luis Potosi.

Total length 1500 mm.

2. Lepidosteus tristoechus.

Esox tristoechus, Schneid. Bloch’s Syst. Ichth. p. 895 (1801)’.

Lepidosteus viridis (non Gmelin), Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 829 (1870) *.

* The three species here recognised comprise the subgenera Lepidosteus (L, osseus) and Aiéractosteus

(L. tristoechus and L. tropicus). There is a third subgenus, Cylindrosteus, with the dentition of Lepidosteus,

but with the snout shorter and broader than in ZL. osseus, only a little longer than the rest of the head. This

subgenus is usually considered to include a single species, L. platystomus, Rafin., which is said to range from

the Great Lakes to Texas. Examination of the specimens in the British Museum leaves no doubt that 3 or 4

distinct species belong to this section ; some of these may extend into North-eastern Mexico.

L. productus, Cope, seems to be different from L. platystomus or any of the species which I have seen.

Specimens of L. platystomus from Illinois and Louisiana have 60 to 62 scales in a longitudinal series and the

width of the snout, at the level of the angles of the mouth, not more than } the length of the upper jaw. A

fish from St. Louis, received from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, closely resembles L. platystomus, and

may not be specifically distinct, but has larger scales (55 or 56 in a longitudinal series) and corresponds in

every way to L. agassizit, Dum., also described from a St. Louis specimen from the Museum of Comparative

Zoology. The type of Z. grayi, Agass. (600 mm, long), and a much larger specimen, also from Louisiana,

differ from L. platystomus in having a much broader snout (width at the angles of the mouth 2} in the length

of the upper jaw). Z. zadocki, Dum., is evidently the same as LZ. gray.

182 GING LYMODI.—PLEUROTREMATA.

Lepidosteus tristoechus, Jord. & Fiverm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 111°; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 6°.

Length of head 3 to 31 in the length of the fish. Snout 1} to 12 as long as the rest of the head. Dorsal 7-8.

Anal 7-8. 58 to 60 scales in a longitudinal series.

Hab. Southern United States 224; North-eastern Mexico 224; Cubal22,

In Mexico recorded from Tampico in Tamaulipas.

Here described from three specimens, 300 to 500 mm. in total length, from Mexico

and Cuba. The species is said to attain a length of 3600 mm.

3. Lepidosteus tropicus.

Atractosteus tropicus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1863, p. 172*; Duméril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii. p. 367

(1870) °. |

Atractosteus bocourti, Duméril, t. c. t. 22. fig. 1°.

Lepidosteus tropicus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 111*; Everm. &

Goldsborough, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. xxi. 1902, p. 139°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus.,

Zool. vii. 1907, p. 104°. |

Length of head 32 to 32 in the length of the fish. Snout 14 to 12 as long as the rest of the head. Dorsal

6-7. Anal 6-7. 51 to 54 scales in a longitudinal series.

fab. Muxico, Montecristo and Teapa in Tabasco®; GuaremaLta, Huamuchal (Salvin)

and Rio Nagualate?*; Nicaragua, Lakes Managua and Nicaragua®; Panama,

Here described from two specimens, 450 and 500 mm. in total length.

Sub-class I]. SELACHII.

Order [. EUSELACHII.

Sub-order I. PLEUROTREMATA.

Sharks, with the gill-openings lateral, 5 to 7 in number on each side, the last in

front of or above the pectoral fin.

Fam. 1. CARCHARIIDA.

1. CARCHARIAS, Rafin., 1810.

Carcharias, Gimth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 357 (1870).

Carcharinus (Blainv., 1816), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 33.

Numerous species from tropical and sub-tropical seas.

CARCHARIAS.—PRISTIS. 183

1. Carcharias nicaraguensis.

Eulamia nicaraguensis, Gill & Bransf. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1877, p. 190.

Carcharinus nicaraguensis, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 39.

Hab. Nicaraeua, Lake Nicaragua and Rio San Juan.

This shark attains a length of 2100 mm. It has so far only been recorded from

fresh water, and does not appear to be identical with any of the marine species of the

coasts of America.

Sub-order II. HYPOTREMATA.

Rays, with the gill-openings ventral, five in number on each side, below the pectoral

fins.

Fam. 1. PRISTIDZ.

1. PRISTIS, Latham, 1794.

Pristis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 486 (1870) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,

‘p. 60. _

This genus comprises four or five species, “ Saw-fishes,” inhabiting warm seas on

sandy shores and often ascending rivers. Only two species appear to occur on ‘the

coasts of Mexico and Central America *.

1. Pristis pectinatus, Latham, 1794.

Pristis pectinatus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 437 (1870) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xlvii. 1896, p. 60.

24 to 32 pairs of rostral teeth, the posterior further apart than the anterior.

Hab. Tropical seas.

2. Pristis perrotteti, Miill. & Henle, 1838.

Pristis perrotteti, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vill, p. 436; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.

1896, p. 60.

Pristis zephyreus (Jord. & Starks), Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2749.

18 to 22 pairs of rostral teeth.

Hab. Tropical seas.

This is probably the Saw-fish which has been recorded from Lake Nicaragua by Gill

and Bransford (Proc. Ac. Philad. 1877, p. 190) as Pristis antiquorum, Latham.

* Saw-fishes were seen by Mr. G. C. Champion in a fresh-water lagoon at Paso Antonio, near the Pacitic

coast of Guatemala,

184 CYCLOSTOMATA.

Sub-class III. CYCLOSTOMATA..

Order I. HYPEROARTII.

Fam. 1. PETROMYZONID.

Lampreys, with naked eel-shaped body, suctorial mouth, and seven gill-openings on

each side.

1. LAMPETRA, Gray, 1851.

Lampetra, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 12.

Five or six species, small Lampreys inhabiting brooks in Europe and North

America. |

1. Lampetra spadicea.

Lampeira spadicea, Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 374°; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 13, and 1900, fig. 6°; Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904,

p- 2, fig. 1°.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Lerma System :

Guanajuato !?; Lake Chapala ®.

SUPPLEMENT.

Tue following additions and corrections are chiefly necessitated by the acquisition

of fresh material during the progress of this work, and by the recent publication of

some papers by Dr. S. E. Meek on Central-American fishes. I am indebted to

Dr. Meek for kindly sending me proof-sheets of his latest memoir (Publ. Columbian

Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, pp. 133-157); in this he quotes, presumably from proofs, a

paper on the fishes of the Rio Motagua (Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1907,

pp. 95-124) which I have not seen.

ACHIRUS (p. 3).

2 (a). Achirus fischeri, Steind., 1879.

Achirus fischeri, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 2699.

Depth of body nearly 2 in the length; right pectoral fin represented by a single ray ; 60 to 62 scales in a

longitudinal series.

Hab. Panama, Rio Mamoni.

SICYDIUM (p. 10).

1 (a). Sicydium altum.

Sicydiwm altum, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 149 ‘

Horizontal teeth of lower jaw mostly concealed. Scales extending forward on the upper surface of the head

nearly to the interorbital region; abdomen scaly, except for a small area just behind the ventral fins ;

92 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal VI,110. Anal I 10. Dark olivaceous, without spots or

bars ; fins without spots or vermiculations, the anal with a dark edge.

Hab. Cosra Rica, Turrialba! and El Guayabo'.

Total length 105 mm.

1 (3). Sicydium pittieri.

Sicydium pittieri, Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 1907, p. 260°.

Horizontal teeth of lower jaw concealed or not. Scales extending forward on the upper surface of the head

nearly to the interorbital region ; abdomen with a median naked area or strip; 75 to 80 scales in a

longitudinal series. Dorsal VI, 1 10. AnalI 10. A dark spot on each scale; dorsal fins with dark

vermiculations ; anal with a dark edge.

Hab. Costa Rica, Rio Grande de Terraba ! (Pittier).

‘Flere described from the types, two specimens (males), 120 and 135 mm. in total

length.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, February 1908. 2B

186 SUPPLEMENT.

CICHLOSOMA (p. 17).

1 (a). Cichlosoma zonatum.

Cichlasoma zonatum, Meek, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xviii. 1905, p. 245°.

This species was originally described as having the jaws equal anteriorly, and I suggested (anted, p. 20) that

it might be the same as C. guttulatum. Dr. Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 141) has

now stated that C. zonatwm differs from C. yuttulatum in the smaller and more inferior mouth ; it is

evidently allied to C. eigenmanni, differing in the deeper body (depth 2, in the length), the lower

spinous dorsal (last spine 2 the length of head), and the fewer soft rays (10 or 11) in the dorsal fin.

Hab. Mexico, Niltepec in Oaxaca}.

Cichlosoma maculicauda (p. 19). |

Recorded from Belize by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 151).

8 (4). Cichlosoma nigritum.

Cichlasoma nigritum, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 128.

Apparently very similar to C. maculicauda, but the coloration plain dark olivaceous, without a dark spot on

the caudal peduncle.

Hab. Lake NICARAGUA.

Cichlosoma microphthalmus (p. 20).

To the synonymy add :—

Cichlasoma milleri, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 142.

Meek’s type is also from the Rio Motagua.

Cichlosoma pavonaceum (p. 21).

This species appears to resemble Herichthys cyanoguttatus in so many respects

that it seems probable that it may prove to belong to the genus Herichthys.

Cichlosoma sieboldii (p. 21).

Specimens of C. steboldii from Costa Rica (Pittier) show that it is a Paraneetroplus

and is the same as the species described on p. 30 from a single badly preserved

example under the name Herichthys underwoodi.

22 (a). Cichlosoma alfari.

Cichlasoma alfari, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 148.

Differs from C. balteatum especially in the lower spinous dorsal, the last spine scarcely more than 3 the length

of head.

Hab. Costa Rica, Turrialba.

PISCES, 187

Cichlosoma citrinellum (p. 25).

A specimen has been received from Juan Vifias, Costa Rica (Underwood). This

species is recorded from Lago de Guila and Lago de Asososca in Nicaragua: by Meek

(Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 152).

34 (a). Cichlosoma granadense.

Cichlasoma granadense, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 121.

Apparently intermediate between C. citrinellum and C. erythrewm, with the lips and dentition of the former

and the low spinous dorsal fin of the latter.

Hab. Lakes MANAGUA AND NICARAGUA.

35 (a). Cichlosoma dorsatum.

Cichlasoma dorsatum, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 128.

Differs from C. erythreum in the longer pectoral fin, which is a little longer than the head and extends to

the soft-rayed portion of the anal fin.

Hab. Nicaracva, Lake Managua.

Cichlosoma affine (p. 26).

This species is recorded by Barbour and Cole (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1. 1906,

p. 158) from near Progreso in Yucatan.

46 (a). Cichlosoma centrale.

Cichlasoma centrale, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 94.

Apparently very similar to C. wrophthalmus, but distinguished by the lower spinous dorsal (longest spine less

than 2 the length of head).

Hab. Guatemaua, Caballo Blanco, Pacific slope.

46 (s). Cichlosoma tenue.

Cichlasoma tenue, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 94.

ventral fins.

Hab. Mexico, Achotal in Vera Cruz,

Cichlosoma trimaculatum (p. 28). .

Recorded from Achotal in Vera Cruz by Meek (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

xviii. 1905, p. 249).

47 (a). Cichlosoma mojarra.

Cichlasoma mojarra, Meek, Pub!. Columbian Mus., Zool. v. 1904, p. 217, fig. 71

Washington, xviii. 1905, p. 244°.

Hab. Mexico, San Gerénimo in Oaxaca ! ?,

; Proc. Biol. Soc.

188 SUPPLEMENT.

Dr. Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 140) compares this species

with C. trimaculatum, from which it is said to differ in several features, none of which

are very marked,

Cichlosoma motaguense (p. 29).

Recorded from Belize by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 151).

Cichlosoma managuense (p. 29).

Recorded from Lago de Guila in Nicaragua by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool.

vii. 1907, p. 152).

HERICHTHYS (p. 30).

Examination of a large series of examples of Herichthys cyanoguttatus received

recently shows that the pointed inner teeth are more or less compressed. The genera

Herichthys and Paraneetroplus may nevertheless be maintained, the former including

species with slender teeth, those of the outer series in the lower jaw gradually

decreasing in size and becoming acutely pointed laterally. This genus includes

H. cyanoguttatus, H. bocourti, and H. geddesi, whilst Garman’s Heros pavonaceus

probably belongs here also.

PARANEETROPLUS (p. 31).

This genus differs from Herichthys in having broader and more strongly compressed

teeth. The outer series in the lower jaw is transverse, formed of subequal teeth with

rounded or obtusely pointed apices; it ceases abruptly and does not extend back on

the sides. Heros sieboldii, Kner & Stdr. (of which Herichthys underwoodi, Regan, is

a synonym), from Costa Rica and Panama, belongs to this genus.

NEETROPLUS (p. 31).

Neetroplus nematopus (p. 31).

Recorded from Lago de Guila in Nicaragua by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool.

vii, 1907, p. 158).

SCIANIDE (pp. 31, 32).

Micropogon undulatus, C. & V. (Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898,

p. 1461), is a marine species ranging from Cape Cod to Montevideo. It has been

recorded from Lake Yzabal by Vaillant and Bocourt (Miss. Sci. Mex., Poiss. 1874).

GERRES (p. 37).

The characters of G. peruvianus and G. olithostomus have unfortunately been

transposed in the synopsis of the species (p. 38). It is G. peruvianus which has the

mouth smaller and the scales of the thoracic region larger.

PISCES. 189

Gerres californiensis (p. 39).

Recorded from Caballo Blanco in Guatemala by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool.

vii. 1907, p. 143).

Gerres peruvianus (p. 39).

Recorded from Caballo Blanco in Guatemala by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool.

vii. 1907, p. 148).

POMADASIS (p. 41).

Pomadasis boucardi (p. 43).

To the synonymy add :—

? Pomadasis grandis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 116.

This supposed species is based on a single specimen of 345 mm. from Lake Nicaragua,

which appears to differ from P. bowcardi, as described, only in characters due to its

larger size, such as the smaller eye and shorter fin-spines.

Fam. 10 (a). LUTIANIDH. (To precede the Centropomide, p. 44.)

Lutianus argentiventris, Peters, 1869 (Neomenis argentiventris, Jord. & Everm.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1898, p. 1260), is a marine species from the Pacific coast of

tropical America. It has been recorded from fresh-water at Caballo Blanco in

Guatemala by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 140). |

CENTROPOMUS (p. 45).

Centropomus nigrescens (p. 50).

Recorded from Caballo Blanco in Guatemala by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool

vii. 1907, p. 140).

THYRINA (p. 63).

2. Thyrina sardina.

Melaniris sardina, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vil. 1907, p. 114,

Hab. Laxes MANaGua AND NICARAGUA.

Dr. Meek’s description shows that this species is very closely allied to 7. guatemai-

ensis of the rivers of the Pacific slope, and they may yet prove to be inseparable.

FUNDULUS (p. 76).

Fundulus grandis (p. 79).

This species is recorded by Barbour and Cole (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1. 1906,

p. 156) from near Progreso, Yucatan.

190 SUPPLEMENT.

| CYPRINODON (p. 82).

Cyprinodon bovinus (p. 83).

This species is recorded (as Cyprinodon eximius) by Barbour and Cole (Bull. Mus.

Comp. Zool. 1. 1906, p. 157) from near Progreso, Yucatan.

4(a). JORDANELLA, Goode & Bean, 1879.

(To precede the genus Zoogoneticus, p. 85.)

Jordanella, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 677.

Differs from Cyprinodon in the longer dorsal fin with 15 to 18 rays, the first of which is a stout spine.

A single species.

1. Jordanella floride.

Jordanella floride, Goode & Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ii. 1879, p.117'; Jord. & Everm. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 677, and 1900, fig. 298°; Barbour & Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool. |. 1906, p. 157 *.

Hab. Nortu America, Florida! ?.—Mexico, near Progreso, Yucatan ¢.

GAMBUSIA (p. 93).

Gambusia fasciata (p. 95).

Recorded from Caballo Blanco, Pacific slope of Guatemala, by Meek (Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 187).

GIRARDINUS (p. 99).

Girardinus lutzi (p. 99).

Recorded from the Rio Motagua in Guatemala by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus.,

Zool. vii. 1907, p. 137). |

PCECILIA (p. 100).

4 (a). Pecilia caucana.

Girardinus caucanus, Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xli. 1880, p. 87, t. 6. figs. 4 & 5°.

Pecilia tenuis, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 147°.

Pecilia sphenops, Regan (part.), antea, p. 102, t. 13. fig. 2°.

Hab. Costa Rica, San José?? (Bzolley) and Rio Maria Aguilar *.—Co.tomBia,. Rio

Cauca !.

The specimens from Costa Rica referred to P. sphenops, one of which is figured

(Tab. XIII. fig. 2), appear to differ from P. sphenops in the greater length of the

anterior dorsal rays and in the presence of a dark spot at the base of the dorsal fin.

This species seems to be the one described by Steindachner as Girardinus cawcanus.

PISCES, 191

4 (s). Pocilia tropica.

Platypecilus tropicus, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 1461.

This species is described as having a larger eye than P. sphenops (diameter 22 to 2? in the length of head in

specimens of 59 to 63 mm.); other differences are not apparent. :

Hab. Costa Rica, Turrialba !.

MOLLIENISIA (p. 105).

Mollienisia latipinna (p. 105).

This species is recorded by Barbour and Cole (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1. 1906,

p- 157) from near Progreso, Yucatan.

ALURICHTHYS (p. 115).

Aflurichthys marinus (p. 117).

This species and not Galeichthys milberti, C. & V. (p. 124), is the Stlurus felis of

Linneus, and the name should be changed to Hlurichthys felis. I am indebted to

Dr. Giinther for kindly calling my attention to this (see Proc. Linn. Soc. 1898-99,

p. 30).

RHAMDIA (p. 128).

Rhamdia parryi (p. 130).

Recorded by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 134) from Caballo

Blanco in Guatemala.

5 (a). Rhamdia barbata.

Rhamdia barbata, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 106 5

Allied to R. wagneri, but apparently distinguished by the longer barbels (extending beyond the middle of the

adipose fin) and the longer adipose fin (length 24 to 23 in the length of the fish).

Hab. Nicaraeua, Lake Managua.

Rhamdia godmani (p. 133).

Recorded by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vil. 1907, p. 150) from Belize.

Rhamdia brachycephala (p. 135). .

Recorded by Meek (Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vil. 1907, p. 144) from Turrialba

in Costa Rica.

13 (a). Rhamdia cabrere.

Rhamdia cabrere, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 93°.

Apparently allied to 2. brachycephala, which it resembles in the short barbels, smal! occipital precess, &e.

192 SUPPLEMENT.

It seems to be distinguished by the longer head (42 in the length of the fish) and the shorter humeral

process (not extending beyond the anterior 3 of the pectoral spine).

Hab. Guatemata, Lake Amatitlan |}.

Rhamdia rogersi (p. 136).

To the synonymy add :—

Rhamdia regani, Meek, Publ. Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 144°.

Costa Rica, Turrialba 2 and Rio Tiribi, San José 2.

CONORHYNCHUS (p. 138).

I learn from an editorial footnote that the name Conorhynchus is preoccupied.

I propose to substitute for it the name Conorhynchichthys.

1 (A). CYCLEPTUS, Rafin., 1819. (To precede Moxostoma, p. 146.)

Cycleptus, Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 168.

Scarcely distinct from Ictiobus, but with a much shorter head (length 6 to 84 in the length of the fish) and

smaller scales (55 to 60 in a longitudinal series) than any species of that genus.

A single species.

1. Cycleptus elongatus.

Catostomus elongatus, Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Philad. i. 1817, p. 103°.

Sclerognathus elongatus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 23 (1868) °.

Cycleptus elongatus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 168°; Meek, Publ.

Columbian Mus., Zool. vii. 1907, p. 154°.

Hab. Unirep States, Mississippi System }? °—Mexico, Rodriguez in Nuevo Leon 4.

INDEX.

[Names in small capitals refer to Families, &c.; those in roman type to the chief reference to each species included in the work ;

those in italics to species incidentally mentioned, synonyms, &c. |

Page

ABRAMIS ..ccc cece cece eee 149

ADPAMIS eve c cee ence eee eee 142

chrysoleucus .......... 149

ACANTHOPTERYGII .......... 1

ACARA cececeeceeeceeeeeees 16

ACO cece ccc cee eens 15

coeruleopunctata ........ 16

ACHIRUS .eeee cece ee eee 3, 185

fasciatus ..........0008 3

fischeri ........0.000 08 185

—— fonsecensis ............ 3

mazatlanus ............ 3

Acomus guzmaniensis ........ 147

AMINIA Lice cece cece eens 76

—— AUGOSIE eee eee 86

—— guatemalensis .......... 78

pachycephala .......... 77

JAMLURICHTHYS ........ 115, 191

Aflurichthys oi... cece ceca 114

bagve wo. cece eee eee. 118

BAGTE voce cee ce veees 115, 116

—— bahiensis .............. 117

bahiensis .......... 115, 116

felis vvcvcvecccc sevens 191

—— filamentosus .......... 118

—— filamentosus ... 6.6.0 116

QTONOVU weve veer eee rneee 118

isthmensis ............ 117

ISthMENSIS .. 1. eee eevee 115

longispinis......++.. 117, 118

—— marinus............ 117, 191

——— MATINUS cece ccncns 115

NUCHAMS vee cee cee ens 116

panamensis ace e eee ues 116

PANAMENSIS «1... eee ee 115

pinnimaculatus ....,... 118

—— pinnimaculatus ...... ,... 116

—— scutatus ...... veeegeee LIB

SCULALUS Wee eve c ne eeee 115

Page

Agonostoma globiceps ....4... 70

MACLOPS vce e vec n cence 69

—— monticola ..... cece ceaes 66

NASULUM occ eeeeeeeeee. 68

—— percoideS .....ccseseues 69

AGONOSTOMUS ..........000 66

AGONOStOMUS LoL eee ee eens 65

——macracanthus .......... 69

macracanthus .......06. 66

MICTOPS ...... eee 69

MAUCYOPS eve cee ceeee 65, 66

—— monticola.............. 66

—— monticola ..........000 67

MASULUS ...... eee eee ee 68

NASULUS .......0.. 66, 67, 69

—— percoides .............. 69

percordes .....eeeeeee 65, 66

salvini .............00. 68

SAVING Levee ec eee ee 66, 67

AGOSIA cee cece cece eee ee 165

AGOSIA ecce cece cece cerns 145

chrysogaster .......... 165

oscula 2... eee eee ees 165

Alburnus nitidus ... 16.00. 065 156

ALGANSEA ..e eee eee eee eee 151

AIGQANSCH ivivcccneccceeeese 148

affinis ............0 08. 151

—— dugesi .............00. 152

——— dugest vo. se vceecee 151, 153

lacustri8 .......4.. 152, 153

—— rubescens .......... 152, 158

1 (1 157

stigmatura ............ 152

Stigmatura vs. eevee eae 151

tarascorum .....04. 152, 153

tincella ...........0.04. 151

tincella .... cc. eee eee 152

Alvarius lateralis ........004. 34

Amblyopus brasiliensis ........ 18

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, February 1908.

Page

Amblyopus broussonetii ........ 13

—— MEXICUNUS 6. es 13, 14

AMIURUS .oeeee eee ee cee eeee 1338

AMIUIUS ce ceee 114, 115, 139, 141

AGiNtS eve e cc ccccvncee 139

australis ..........000. 140

australis ieee ce ceeeeee 139

balsanus ......... ee eee 141

DAlsanusS vive cececceee 13

CUZESL wo. eee eee eee 141

AUGESE eee c een eee nee 136

furcatus ....... 00.00 ee 189

—— furcatus ....... ese 138

—— lupus ......... eee 140

LUPUS voce cece cece eens 138

——meeki ................ 140

MOCK vv evcevcccccces 139

—— meridionalis............ 139

—— meridionalts vo... ccc eees 138

—— mexicanus ........4-.. 140

——— MEXICANUS vee cence 139

——natalis .............08. 141

—— natalis 6... cece eee ane 1389

—— pYIC€l ... ee. eee eee 140

PVUCEL occ cece eee eee 138

punctatus ............0. 159

punctatus ....... eee 158, 140

ANABLEPS ..... 0.0000 e eevee 108

Anableps viveeccccvcvecenes 76

OVI oe. cee eee eee 108

GOWEL ec cece cence 108

Anablepsin® oo... cece revenes 76

Anacyrtus guatemalensis ...... 174

ANCHOVIA cee eee eee cece eee 179

ANChOVIa vecccccercvevcvaes 177

—— macrolepidota .......... 179

ANGISTRUS .eece eee eee ee eee 112

ANCISEPUS cic ce cence ees 111, 1138

aspidolepis ..........6. 112

194

Page

ANGUILLA see cece ceca e eves 109

ChYYSVPA vo. cece cece eee 109

VUIGATES . oe ccc eee eens 109

ANGUILLIDE se eee eee ee eee 109

Aplodinotus ... icra cee eeaee 32

QTURNUENS oe vce cece 32

APODES .. cece cece eee eee 109

APOMOTIS ... ccs eee cece ees 36

cyanellus ....... e000 36

CYANCUUS viccvvveeveens 35

Archocentrus ove cevcccces 22

Argyreus notabilis vse eeeeeee 165

—— OSCUIUS Lore cece reveeee 165

PUDLYPNNIS oe eee ees 159

ARIUS Lecce ee cece eee enone 125

AYIUS Coven cece eens 114, 119, 126

——- AIATUS Lecce cence eeee 120

ASSIMNAIS eee eee eee 122

brandtit vic cece cc eens 120

CRTULESCENS ve ccc evens 128

—— CQUESETIS bee e ee neeeeee 124

EverManni ....eeeeeeee 127

EVEPMANNE ve vavvcecee 126

fuerthii.. cc. ce eee eee eee 127

—— fUcrthtt ccc ccccccrnces 126

guatemalensis ..vcrveees 123

hypophthalmus ........ 128

hypophthalmus oo... ceeee 126

KeSSlerd voce cccnec cree 121

lirvopus ..... cece eeeeee 127

——— NP OPUS vee c ccc ceeceneee 126

——melanopus ............ 126

—— milbertt oe cecccccecces 124

—— multiradiatus .......... 128

—— multiradiatus oo... cee. 126

——— planivepsS vivveveccvcues 121

—— platypogon ..ccseerevee 122

SCOMANE vec ccccvccvees 124

troschelt oo. cece eee 120

AStAther08 cece ccc cnc cnns 23, 26

Astyanaz emperador ....eee. 171

fisChEVt ovr rcv cvees 170, 171

MELICANUS vv vccseevece 172

——- NASULUS Lecce een eee 170

—— PUttlUus cee ercnccrsenes 171

—— @NCUS vives evnens 170

— NICATAGUENSIS 6.00. 170

—— erstedit .......00. 170

Atherina humboldtiana ...... 60

VOMENINA veaceresevecce 60

Atherinella viccecevcceceves 63

Atherinichthys guatemalensis .. 64

humboldtit ..cce cece eee 60

ATHERINIDE vee cece ee ee eee 56

Atractosteus ci. .c cece eee enee 181

DOCOUrEL oo cece cee renee 182

INDEX.

Page

Atractosteus tropicus ........ 182

AWAOUS coc cece ccc c eens 11

NLELICANUS eve ccc nnee 12

NEISONG veveeccvcncecces 12

LULASICH vv ec eee 12

atecula lerme@ ve vvcvccvaee 160

MELICUNGE vececvevececes 157

——— VUE eens 160

Bairdiella tcistia ... 6. cae 382

BELONE .. eee ee eee ee eee 74

MAYINA oo. eee eee ee eee 74

scapularis ..........-065 75

BELONESOX 2... ce eee eee ee eee 93

Belonesox viccvsvcvacccccves 76

pbelizanus ......... eee 93

Boletchthys fustformis ........ 33

Brachydeuterus leuciscus ...... 42

BRAMOCHARAX 2... sees eee 173

Bramocharak veveeveceeeeee 166

bransfordi .........6.. 173

elongatUsS ....... cece eee 174

BRYCON cece cec cece ee wees 168

BrYCON vecvvccncvcveces 166, 173

-—— denteX vic eevccvcccceas 169

guatemalensis .......... 168

guatemalensis ......ceee 169

striatulus ......00. eevee 169

CAMPOSTOMA 2... ee cee eee 149

CampostOma vovceccaccvcveee 142

anomalum ..........6. 150

Sormulosum .ececcccceee 150

NASULUNG vv cecercencees 150

OTMAtUM. 2... .. cece eee 149

PVUCEL avec ccenccenees 149

CARANGIDE wo. cece eee weer 14

CAV angid@ vovcvcvcrccccvenes 1

CArApUs vic cee cece ceeeennnes 175

fasctdtus vec ceceerveeee 175

CARCHARIAS seeceeeeeeeeee 182

nicaraguensis ......66.. 1883

CARCHARIIDD .... eee eee eee 182

CarchartnuS .ivcrceccccnvuce 182

——— NICATAGUENSIS vere eees 183

Carptodes ose cccccereccccuee 143

CLONGALUS oo eee eee renee 144

LGDIOSUS Lc cece eee eee 145

——- meridionalis oo... cece ves 144

MACVOSEOMUS . oe eee eceaee 144

—— tuntdusS veer recaceces 145

1) kc ra 145

Cathorops circececcvccevevee 125

GUlOSUS vivveervececrees 128

Page

Cathorops hypophthalmus ...... 128

CatostOmin® vevceeeerrcrecee 142

CATOSTOMUS ....... eee eee 147

CatostOMus. cc ceeceeeees 142, 148

—— bernardini ............ 148

—— CONChOS oo eee eeeeceecees 148

—— elongatus 1... ceccescveee 192

—— JURMANMENSIS. ve vee veeeer 148

—— nebuliferus 1... cc seeee 147

—— plebelus................ 147

SOMOMENSIS Lecce cece eens 148

CENTRARCHIDH ........0005 34

Centrarchid@ si. ccceccccccces 2

CENTROPOMIDE .....e. eee 44

Centropomid@ vivcccccecvees 2

CENTROPOMUS .......... 45,189

Centropomus .oceecceccccvcee 44

APiNIS evcevvceevccne , 52

—— alts ce. eee cece cece eee 53

——— AMLUS vr cecccvcccen recess 46

—— appendiculatus .......- 48, 49

—— Ar Genteus woe i eecccccees 49

—— armatus.........0..006- 52

—— ATMALUS weve cranes 46, 51, 53

—— atridorsalis .......46. 52, 58

—— Brevis cess cceceecaes 52, 58

CONSTANTINUS . Lc cece ceaes 49

CUVIETE vacccecseccaeees AT

—— ensiferus ...... eee ee eee 52

CNSIFETUS 6. cee eees 46, 51, 53

0 48

—— grandoculatus ....e..0ee 47

Revit vcaccccrccceccee 48

MECIUS . oe cece ee eee eee 47

MEUUS Wevceccseeeces 45, 48

METUCUNUS . oc vccecrevces 48

nigrescens ........6. 50, 189

NUGVESCENS wo ev civvcees 45, 46

—— parallelus ..........000. 48

parallelus vivcevcveves 45, 49

pectinatus ........eee 46

pectinatus veveseercaee 45, 48

——— pedimacula .e..ecsees 46, 47

robalito ......5-..055 .-. Ol

PODANIEO woe e eee cee eevee 46

—— SCADEP cece nncecens . 62

—— undecimalis ............ 49

—— undecimalis ....6...0. 45, 46,

48, 50, 52

—— undecimradiatus ........ 49

———umionensiS ..........+. 53

——— UNLONENSIS wevvvcececeees 46

——— viridis ...... eee eees 50

VUTUAIS eve ve eeences 45, 51

Ceratichthys sall@t ...seseeee 157

sterletus..... eee e cee ees 164

Page

CHMNOMUGIL ....se epee eaee 73

Chenomugtl wo... cee eee ees 65, 66

proboscideus............ 73

CHETOSTOMUS ..... 0. eee e ee . 112

ChetostOmus veccecercvcceees lll

fischeri ............006- 112

Chaleinopsis sc... cece ceeeaes 168

ChAGTENSIS v6. ce cee eeeee 169

Aente® vivecvcvcvccaees 168

SEVTATULUS Loe ee eee 169

CHANIDA oo... cece eee ee eee 179

Chanid@ ........ Cece e ee ne ees 176

CHANOS cece eee ee eee eee ee 179

CRANOS Lecce cence cence 179

—— salmoneus.............. 179

Chapalichthys .... 0. cee eee 88

ENCAUSTUS Lecce veeevceee 88

CHARACINIDE ......0 cece aes 166

Charactnmde@ oo. cc ccc ccc ceca lll

CHARACODON .....e eee ee eee 88

Characodon vicciececececeee 7

bilineatus .... ce cee eee 92

CUSENE vececcecvacvceceas 89

encaustus ......0+ eee 88

SOTUGINEUS Lecce eee neee 89

furcidens ...........086 90

Purcidens wicceccecevees 838

OL a 89

GOUdESt viveecccccececes 87

lateralis ...........00, 89

— luteralis.... 0... 88

lurtpoldt. .. eee 91

multiradiatus .......... 88

Varlatus..... cee eee eee 89

VANUAEUS eee cence 88

Characodontin@ ..ccccaceees 76

CRAEOESSUS wo eee eee eee 177

ST MELICANUS oven cece 178

PeLENENSIS . 6... vse nneces 178

Cheonda modesta .. ec... eae 154

NUGVESCENS vo rc ecenevveee 154

CHIRODON......... eee eens 172

Chirodon ....ceeseeceee 166, 173

COMPYESSUS .... ee eee ees 173

CHIROSTOMA «6... . see eee eee 57

Chirostoma oie. ccc ceecvnees 63, 64

ATYO vee ee eee eee ee eee 59

nT | 57

attenuatum ... 0... cee 58

—— bartoni .............005 58

Dartont oo ccc cece ccceaes 57

DYEVE 2. cece ee eee 59

——— BVVE coe e cece cece neces 57

chapale ..........0--, 61

Chapalé ....evcees eee 57

erystalinum ..... eeseees 62

INDEX.

Page

Chirostoma diazi .......-.0.. 62

MAR vice ccc even evens 58

EOStOL vec e eee ee eee ee eee 60

(2 0) 57

grandoculis .....-+....4% 61

grandocults ...ccceeeees 57

——humboldtianum ........ 60

—— humboldtianum.......... 57

jordani so... ee eee eee eee 59

GJOVUANG vec ece cere eee 57

TGbarec@ occ c cence 59

LevM@ vevvcccvccevcece 63

——lucius ............004- 62

LUCIUS oe ee eee 58

mezquital viv ceceeccvees 59

ocotlane... 6... eee eee 62

OCOLLANE Loe ccc cee aes 58

—— patzcuaro ..........508 58

——— PAlECUATO vive reeceecee 57

promelas .........0005- 62

PVOMELAS vice cece eeaee 57

gphyraena ........ eee eee 63

SPhYVANA vivvcvvvenes 58, 62

BUANUCN. oc cece cece neva 58

CHONOPHORUS ......eeeeeee . i

Chonophorus wicvececvees ween A

banana ..........000 eee ll

BANANA veccccrcvevcenee 12

bucculentus ... cee eee 11

MEXICUNUS Cave cecrcccces 12

LUMASICH ov ce cece ences 12

transandeanus .......... 12

Chorinemus palometa ......+. 16

saliens, var. palometa .... 15

CICHLIDE .. ce. cece ee eens 15

CICANIAE oo ec wees 1

CICHLOSOMA .....e.ee eee 17, 186

Cichlosoma ....eeeeeeee 16, 26, 80

affine ........ eee ee 26, 187

GASPEVSUM —vevveseeceee 26

alfari ss... eee eee 186

altifronS .......... eae 25

GLUFYONS vce eens 23, 24

anguliferum ........-+6. 21

anguliferum vivcereerees 18

AUTEUM 2.6... eee eee 26

pbalteatum ...........065 22

balteatum ...... eee. 19, 186

bartoni .......-. 0. eee 28

Dartont viccccccccveveee 27

peani css. cece eee eee eee 28

—— Beant vce cece ence eens 27

—-— bifasciatum ............ 19

bifasciatum ......+55- 18, 20

—— callolepis .............. 26

—— centrale ...........06- 187

Page

Cichlosoma centrarchus ...... 23

CEntrarchus vievevsceves 2

citrinellum.......... 25, 187

ettrnellum ov seve nee 23, 24

dorsatum ..... cece eee 187

GOoVil .. cece eee eee 29

——— dovtL vec cece ene 28

——eigenmanni ............ 19

—— C1YENMANNE . eevee 17, 186

—— erythreum ..........-. 25

—erythreum ...... 23, 24, 187

= EVE MANNE Loe creer vees 25

-~—— fenestratum ............ 19

fenestratum ......eees 18, 21

fest@ ..... beeen eee 27

friedrichstahli .......... 29

Sriedrichstahli .......60 27

—— gadoVli ....... ce ee eee 20

GAMOVU vecce cece scene 18, 21

@odmani ....... cee eee 21

GOUMANE ver icsvceues 17,19

eranadense ........e00- 187

—— guenthert vvcreccccveee . 20

—— guttulatum ............ 20

gultulatum vo... ecees 18, 186

—— heterodontum .......... 25

heterodontum ......06 25, 24

immaculatum ........+- 23

tmmaculatum ... cece 22

intermedium .......... 21

Inter Medium oo. sce evens 18

irregulare ..........004. 21

erregulare ...... Leen eee 19

istlanum .........0008- 28

—— 1SElUNWMN dee ene 27

KVAUSSt vee es 27

labiatum ...........44. 26

labiatum vec ce eens 24

labridens ...........06. 20

labridens occ cece eee 18

— lentiginosum............ 22

lentiginosum ....... ce eee 19

lobochilus..........04.. 25

—— lobochilus ..........4. 23, 24

longimanus .........06, 24

JONGUMANUS 6. eevee eens 23

macracanthus .......... 24

—— macracanthus .....0..6+ 25

—— maculicauda............ 19

maculicauda ........ 17, 186

——— managuense ........ 29, 188

MANAGUENSE . ++. eee 27, 28

margaritiferum ........ 25

margaritiferum ....s0es 24

melanurum ............ 20

—— melanurum .....eeee- 18, 21

202

Page

Cichlosoma mento ......... . 28

MENTO ev ivscvvceveees 27

—— microphthalmus...... 20, 186

microphthalmus .... 17,18, 19

—— milleri vv evvvvcvcvevees . 186

——— MOJAITA. eee eee 187

MOJAIVH — vnc cevnvcennes 29

motaguense.........- 29, 188

——_ MOLAGUENSE vi seeeveeees 28

—— multifasciatum.......... 29

-—— multifasciatum...rereeee 27

nebuliferum............ 19

NEHULIFETUM wevseveres 17, 31

nicaraguense........+0.. 22

NUCAVAGUENSE ose. eeeeee 17,19

NIGTItUM Lee eee eee e eee 186

—-— nigrofasciatum .......... 22

—— nigrofasciatum ........ 23, 31

—— oblongum vicciiecereuee 20

— octofasciatum .......... 28

—— octofasciatum ........5 22

——— OF NATUI veer rccvcnnce 27

——— AVM crvvccvecanveces 21

pavonaceum ........ 21,186

PAVONACEUM vo vecceveces 18

—— robertsoni...........06- 24

——- robertsont vii cceecevcees 23

——— rostratum ......e cece eee 25

——— POSETALUM voc cecrececaee 24

—— salvVINi wee ee cece ee eee ee 29

—— SAIVINE eer cc ceeueee 27

—— sexfasciatum .......06. 19

—— sevfascratum ..ccecereces 18

—— sieboldii ............ 21,186

—— sicboldit ... cece eee eee 19

—— spectabile .icvecsssveees 27

spilurum ............. ~ 28

SPULUPUM ccc cevcceces 22

—— spinosissimum .......... 23

SPMNOSISSUINUM . sr enveee 22

steindachnerl .......0-- 28

steindachnert..... cee ees 27

——— CENUE eee cc cence cenee 187

tetracanthus ...ccccceves 26

trimaculatum .......... 28,

187, 188

—— trimaculatum ........ 27,29

—— urophthalmus .......... 28

urophthalmus .isceve. 27,187

ZONATUM vse eee e eevee 186

ZONALUIN. coc eneencees 17,20

CITHARICHTHYS ....eeeee eee 2

—— gilberti ..... ee eee eee 2

SPUlOpterUs sic cereccccves 3

OLUPEIDB . occ cece eee eee nee 177

ClUpetd@ ov cv vcercveeeeeees 176

INDEX.

Page

Cobitis heteroclitus ......... 79

CocHLOGNATHUS............ 162

Cochlognathus ...ccceeeceuee 148

OINACUS . eee ee ee eee 168

Codoma ornatd wi... cece cee 158

VUTATA vec ce cc vveevaves 160

Conodon voce ccaeeeeveeccuee 41

Conorhynchichthys........0045 192

CoNORHYNCHUS ........ 188, 192

Conorhynchus ... ccc ce cneee 114

nelsoni .......ee eee eee 138

Corvind Osculd .isseceeecveees 32

Cotylopus we cseveceevevens 10, 11

GYMNOGASLEL? Viv ceeeceees 10

—— punctatus .iecrsreccacee 11

SULUING Lee ee cee ce cence 10

COUESIUS occ. cece ee ee eee 163

COUCSIUS Loe eee c cence nee eane 143

—— adustus ....... eee eens 164

Culius @quidens......00 cece 8

DeliZtANUS oo eee cee eaee 7

———- POPNAGEN ove c cc enceces 7

CURIMATUS woe ee eeeee eee eee 174

Curtmatus voce cece eee ce eee 166

——magdalene ............ 174

CYCLEPTUS 2... eee eee eee eee 192

elongatus ...........06. 192

CYCLOSTOMATA.......-0- eee 184

Cylindrosteus.. cece ccc e eae 181

Cynodontchthys vocveccrccvevee 81

CENUIS. ee eee cree e neces 82

Cynoscion xanthulus ... 00.0.0. 32

Cyprinella macrostoma .......4 158

PUDTUPINNG. .o eee eee ees 159

CYPRINIDE ......6...605 .. 142

CYPTINTd® voi ccvcecccevceas 111

CYPVININE voc cvercvevencnee 142

CYPRINODON .......e00ee 82, 190

Cyprinodon oo. cecereeceeeeee 75

bovinus ............ 83, 190

Californiensis... 6... eee ee 85

CAVTJNOL cece eee cece eee &3

elegans 1.6... 6. cece eee 83

CLEGANS vee secccevvccuee 84

CXIMIUS vee eee eens 84, 190

GtOD08US Loe eee 84

batifasciatus ... 0... eee 84

——— macularius ............ 85

MACULATIUS vvevecceccee 83

MAINTE vv ceceecvcceeee 3

NEVAGENSIS oe. eve ceveeee 85

varlegatus....e. cee eee 84

VATUEGALUS Cece ccc eens 83

CyPRINODONTIDE ........-. 75

Cyprinodontide vi... cece eens 74

Cyprinodontin@ ......eceveeee 79

Dionda coucht

CPUSCOP oo ce eve ccvvaes

—— MEIANOPS vv vvvevvcvcne

DORMITATOR..... 0000 cee eee

Dormitator vevcvceccvcvcaes

Gundlacht ve cieccsvceves

—— latifrons ..............

UNCAEUS Voc cee cee

eee ee eee

omocyaneus aac oe reeeoes

DOROSOMA .....-. 0.0 .e cee eee

cepedianum exile ........

Chavesl ..... eee eee

exile ...... cece ee eee

—— exile

oe eee ee ee ee ee twee

—— petenense ..............

petenense

DoryICHTHYS

Doryichthys

brachyurus ............

lineatus ..........0.000.

Doryrhamphus vo. ccc ceevees

UUMEALUS - cece eee ee nee

Oe eee re ee ere vee

oreo eee eee e eae

Ce oY

ee er ey

EXLEOTRIS ....... ee cece eee

Eleotvts vice cece cece eee

abacurus

—— equidens

—— amblyopsts.....ccvceeees

—— brasilvensis

dormitatvte vee ec c eee

grandisquama ........05

—— guavina................

GUAVING Voce c cece nc ceees

Gundlacht oo. ..e ccc ceees

———— JYPINUS Cece nc cens

lateralis... 6. cece eae

latifrons

lembUS voice cece ee eecee

longiceps

MACULATA vee eee cece

—— mugiloides...........04,

OMOCYANEA woe. e cece ee eee

POTNAGED voce cece ce ceee.

PlCta ... eee eee e eee,

PUD cece cccceceveceees

pisonis

eee rere eee eens

)

RBOAIAODAN DAN WANN ON KF & Ol Or

IO On

Page

Eleotris pisonis .... ccc e eee 6,8

a 8

SOMNOLENLA... eee eee 8

ELOPIDE ... cee eee ee eee 180

EOptd vivsvcvccccccvvcccues 176

Engraulis macrolepidotus...... 179

~—— OLEYE eee veccccvcvves 179

Essloparsum Grge vivevvercces 59

ES0% OSSCEUS. cee ee eee ee eee 181

OVINUS Le cece eee eee eee 84

tristoechus..........++.. A8L

JETHEOSTOMA..... 0.0.0. eee 33

Hitheostoma. cece cecevcceaes 32

australe ..... 2... cece eee 34

—— australe... 6. cece 33

fusiforme .............. 33

laterale ...........00005 34

dateralé ... cece cee eee 33

—— lepidum.............0.. 34

Lepndum voc vccccccccccas 33

pottsli ....... eee ee eee 34

POltstt vveveccvceececes 33

Eucinostomus oo. ccecc ccc cnes 37

CAN FOTNUENSIS. 6. vee cenee 39

DOW vec e vc ccceccevees 39

GU vevvcccvcvceeccees 39

harengulus. sc ececccvceee 39

MOCK piece ccc cee veces 39

pseUudogula os... esveees 39

Eulamia nicaraguensis ........ 183

EQUPOMOTIS 1... eee eee eee eee 36

haplognathus... 66. e cece 36

HerOS..... ce cece eee eee 36

ReVOS vec vce e ec neve neees 35

pallidus............0-6- 36

paluUdus .. 6. ceeceveecee 35

EQUSELACHII ......... Lecce 182

EVARRA... cece eee eee eee 160

EVarrvrd vic cc cece ccc ce eneee 143

——— eigenmanni ............ 161

tlahuacensis ..........-. 161

FALCULA wee eee eee 154

Faleula wiccccccecvecuee 143, 161

chapale..........-..06- 154

Felichthys .. 0.00 cece eevee 115

DAGTE voce cece eens 118

—— bahiensis ...eccevevvees 117

filamentosus . 6... sseeeee 118

MAPINUS oo cece ence eens 117

PANAMENSIS . ++. seven 116

pinnimaculatus.....eeees 118

FUNDULUS ..cee cee eee 76, 189

Fundulus ... 00 cece eens 75, 77, 85

——adinia ...eseeeee eens 79

INDEX.

Page

Fundulus adtnia ..eceeeveeee 77

OVI we. eee eee eee 80

COV vic cc cc ncveneneees 77

= AUgeStE eee veee cee. 86

—— exteMSUS .... ee eee renee 80

CXTENSUS voce cc eenereens 77

grandis ...eeeeeeees 79, 189

GTANAIS Vice ccvncnees 77

——— guatemalensis ...seseees 78

heteroclitus ........5005 79

heteroclitus oc. ccc e eee 77

—- Grands. ..cecceeees 79

labialis .........-.0.0005 78

labialis vec cece cee 77

NOLALUS vier cc ccace eee 80

OULACE viveecacccccccas 78

——— pachycephalus .......... 77

pachycephalus .......44+ 85

—— pallidus..........e ee ees 79

PAlidUus vic cccccevcceees 77

—— punctatus ........... eee 7

——- punctatus ..reereerees 77, 85

TODUSTUS vec eeeevacvers 86

Similig ..... eee eee eee 79

SINUS vic ccecenceavees 77

VINCtUS 2... cee eee eee 78

VINCEUS voce ee venvcvees 77

ZEOVINUS eee ween eae 80

PODINUS . vec e en ncencenee 77

GALEICHTHYS ...-...00 eens 119

Galetchthys ..scceeveees 114, 125

—— aqua-dulce... si cceeeeees 126

assimilis ....... eee eee 122

GASSIMUIS vce cee eee 120

ARUPCUS voc cee eee eee 123

bahtensts vice vccccevves 117

— ceerulescens .........005 123

———~ c@rulesCenS 6... eve eeees 120

dasycephalus .....+++eees 125

OVI oc. eee eee eee 120

COVUT cence cc ccncecnneee 119

—— eigenmannt .....06. 124, 125

CYMOULTE eee cneccceers 118

felis ci cccvnnveccecenes 124

gilbertt vo. cece eeaee 124, 125

—— guatemalensis .......... 123

—— guatemalensis .....+.00. 120

guentheri .....--.++0+0s 124

GUenthert virvcccvvveves 120

—— fJOrdant vivcvsecreeceees 124

—— herzber git... ccc cveeeaee 120

kessleri ..... sees ee ee eee 121

—— hesslert ... ce eevee 119, 122

lentiginosus ..........4. 128

Page

Galeichthys lentiginosus ...... 120

longicephalus ........6. 125

longicephalus......eeeees 120

MIUBETU occ ev cnnveeeeee 191

—— peruvianus .........65+ 125

——— PEPUVIANUS. vee v ve ccreces 120

—— planicepS ...........-55 121

—— plantCePS Lorre receccees 119

—— platypogon .........65- 122

platyPOgOn. .rvereceraves 119

SCOEMANL. .. es eee eee eee 124

SCCOMANE vee eccecerervees 120

— troscheli ..........+-5- 120

troschelt ..cvcceseeeees 119

venauchen..... eee eee 123

GAMBUSIA ...ceee ee ee eee 93, 190

Gambusta wicceccecvccceee 76, 94

/ 94

annectens .........+000- 97

—— ANNECLENS Love ravevees . 94

bimaculata ............ 98

bimaculata ...csvevee 94, 97

bonita ...... ee 95

DONG ve ccvcaccueveece 94

EPISCOPL. .. ss cece ee eeeee 96

CPUSCOPL vos vcvvveeaces 94, 97

fasciata ..... eee eee 95, 190

SASCIALD voc acc n eens . 94

OTACIIS 66... cece ee ee ees 94

PACS vce renee 96

holbrooktt ...... 00 cee eee 94

infanS ... eee ee eee eee 96

UNFANS avec evcvccuveee 94

JONES 5... ee eee eee 97

JOMESIE vivre ee cece cena 94

MOdesta vive reece anvee 102

nicaraguensis .......... 96

NUCUPAGUENSIS vs eee veeee 94

NODUS wiv ersvcevcvcces 94

patruclts vo vsvecscecces 94.

Plumbed. verve rcrvecvcees 102

—— TONAL vee cee eee ee 98

terrabensis ............ 97

—— terrabensis..... cece eee 94

tridentiger .........005 95

tridentiger so... cece eee 94

GASTROPELECUS ........--4. 173

Gastropelecus... 6.6. cece ee 166

maculatus.........-+06. 17:

GAZEU cece cece etn OT

GHOPHAGUS 2... cece ee ee eee 16

crassilabris ............ 16

GERRES ..ee cece eee eee 37, 188

aureolug .... sere ee aee 40

—— MUTEOlUS een crn cenee 38

axillavis.........ee eee 40

198

Page

Gerres axillaris... cee 38

brastlianus vecvevecues . 40

brevimanus ........+06. Al

DreviMANUS «oc verveceee 38

californiensis ........ 39, 189

—— californiensis sess ereee 38

CINELCUS. . eee ee ee ee eee 38

CUNETEUS vee cecereerees 37, 39

—— CMI YL vic cv vcrvvvvnees 40

OUla Lecce ect e ee eee 39

Gula voce vec ene ee ene 37

harengulus ........--.. 39

harengulus .ccveeeeeuee 38

lefroyi «1... eee eee ... 389

Vefroyt vec ccccvcvvvcees 38

lineatuS..... 6... eee eee 40

Vineatus o... ec cece eee eee 38

—— MOXICANUS...... 2 ee eee 4]

——— MEXICANUS . ve eee ccccnee 388

—— olithostomus............ 40

—— olithostomus ........ 38, 188

——— pataO...eceeee seer seens 40

MALMO ve eccvenneeee teeee 88

peruvianus .......... 39, 189

PCPULLANUS wee eeecvas 38, 188

—— plumieri ...........6.. 40

—— plumiert viceerecereees 38

pseudogula ......... 0 39

——— pseudogula vseeeceseeee 38

rhombeus...... peer ees 40

rhombeus ..... cece eevee 388

—— simillimus.............. 38

SIMUNMUS 6. cece we eee 3

Gervtd@ vocccccccccccvereees 2

GUA voc ccc cence eee ewes 158

CICYANS. ov cece cee neee 1538

= MINACE vv veervveee 153, 154

pulchella ..cceccercnees 154

GINGLYMODI.... eee ee eee eee 180

Girardinichthys... cee cece 87

INNOMINALUS woe ccaevaee 87

GIRARDINUS we. see eee ees 99, 190

Girardinus oo. ccc cece ncnens 76

———= CAUCANUS ove cece eenes 190

——— Jutzi. sec e eee eee 99, 190

occidentalis vec ccccccees 101

pleurospilus ............ 100

pleurOspulus vrvevceccces 99

——— presidionis ..........6. 99

SONOVENSIS occ eee eee ees 101

GITON cece eee eee eee eee 175

fasciatuS .....-- eee ee 175

GLARIDICHTHYS 12... eee 98

Glaridichthys......0 cece ences 76

Jatidens...... ee eee seen 99

Glaridolon latidens.......65. 99

INDEX.

GOBIESOCIDH ...e eee eee eee

Gobiesoctd@ occ ccc ccctuaees

Gobiomorus dormitor

GOBIUS weeps cc cere eee ee eeees

GobiUus vevccvcccecsnceracees

GAMNOLTEH see rereveeevveee

—— martinicus

—— ODIONGUS vo vc acvecveeees

——— pATVUS .oece sees eeeeeee

PUSONIS voce cceecceeenes

LALASICH Levee cece eee

GOODEA .. cee cece eee e ee ees

GOOdER vec vccccccccecvveves

atYIpINDIs ....... cece ee

—— AT IPINMS oe eee ees

pilineata ........ eee eee

bilineatd icc e ce eceas

calientis ......... ee eee

——— JUAVING eee cece eens

GYMNOTIDA... eee eee ee eee 175

GYMNOMAE occ ccc ccvneee

Gymmnotus CArapo oe. cee seeees

Haplochilus

Aovtt vevevevees

PETUGNUS weve eeereeees

DANANA oe cer ee eee eens

claytonl... 1.6... ee ee eee

dolichocephalus .....+.44.

——— guenthert vecivccccccvas

——_ MCEXICUNUS . oc eevececeee

CANENLIS oven ees

TerM see cece eee eee

LPM vec eevcsvccveuee

luctpoldi vv eececcceeee

—— multipunctata ..........

—— multipunctata .....e..ee

TOWEL] woe eee eee ee ee eee

LOWENE vce eee ences

whitli ....... 0... eee

WRU cece eee aes

Graodus nigroteniatus

GUAVING occ eee e eens

Page

Haplochilus hartt ... 06... 000s 81

POFUANUS wicsecercseves 81

HIAPLOIDONOTUS .....-.+.00 32

eTunNICNS ..... 6.6.06 eee 32

FIAPLOMI ... ee cece eee ee eee 74

FTQUStOY oc cece eee 188

Hemigrammus compressus .... 173

HHemirhamphus ..cccsccececee 74

FLIERICHTHYS ........006. 30, 188

HHerichthys coc ceccceweeas 16, 186

bocourti ..... eee eee 380

Bocourtt .. ce cee e eens .. 188

cyanoguttatus .......... 30

—— cyanoguttatus ...... 186, 188

geddesi ............0 08. 30

Geddest oc eee aee 188

underwoodi ............ 30

underwoodt ..csives 186, 188

Feros depptt vic ceccccccees 17, 21

MELUNOPOJON . 6. cee veeee 20

PQVONACEUS oe eee ee 188

SUCDOIAI oo cece ee 188

FIEROTILAPIA .... eee eee eee 31

Her otapna veces 16

multispinosa............ 31

Feterandria lutzt ..... ec. 99

occidentalis .iccecevueee 101

—— pleurospilus........4. 99, 100

FLOPLIAS 2... eee ee ee eee 167

ET opuids voce ccc cece cece nae 166

microlepis............6. 167

CPANUIG oe cc cece neces 167

Hudsonius altus oe... ee eee 1638

FiYBOGNATHUS .. cee eee eee eee 150

Tybognathus... 61.6 148, 149, 151

CWUIS ee cee eee 150

—— episcopus ...........00. 150

MELANOPS vive ec ccvnees 150

puncetyfer vee vcsvsveveces 150

PASCONUS voce cee eevcceees 150

FLYBOPSIS wo. cee eee ee eee eee 164

TL YbOpsts. csv cece evccves 143, 165

eestivalis ...... ee eee eee 164

GUUS ced ca cece ee een e nes 163

sterletus .......e..0ee, 164

Hyborhynchus confertus ...... 162

Hydrargyr@ similis vec ccee. 79

FIYPEROARTIL 2... eee ee eee 184

HLIYPOTREMATA «1... cee eee 183

Ichthyelurus furcdtus wes... 189

mertdtonalts .....cceecae 139

punctatus oo. cece ceeeces 139

Tctalur uss cc ccc ccccccnccccnes 138

Page

Ictalurus meridionalis ........ 139

PUNCLALUS Veciveceesvvces 189

ICTIOBUS vo... cece eee eee 1438

Lctiobus voccevcccccvcces 142, 192

elongatus .............. 144

—— labiosus,...........000% 145

LablOSUS Loe cece 144

—-— meridionalis ............ 144

mMervdionans vo vveceveces 145

——— microstomus............ 144.

—-—— tumidus.............0.0, 145

—~ tumidus ..... 00. cee 144

Lstlarvtus occ ccc ccc cece eee 18

OAISANUS. vee eee eee ee 141

JORDANELLA... ee cee eee eee 190

florida ............008. 190

JOTURUS wee cee ee cece eaeee 70

SOLUTUS Cece cece cence nes 65

pichardi.............0.. 70

SEUPCS oe eee eee e eens 70

Kirtlandia vic. e cece 57

EULA viccccaccccccccvcces 34

LAMPETRA... Lc ee eee cece ee 184

spadicea.............005 184

LAGS vivcccccccccccvvcccues 44

1 82

ellipsorded 6... eevee eves 84

rhomboidalts ......., 0065 84

Lembus maculatus .........00 5

Lendopomus haplognathus .... 86

occidentalis... ce. cece ee 36

LEPIDOSTEIDE .......-...00. 180

LEPIDOSTEUS ..........0005 180

Lepidosteus8 v.66... ce cece eee 181

AYASSIZU oe eee cee ccc eaee 181

GTAYt voc cc cc cenececnees 181

OSSCUS ..... eee eee eee * 181

platystomus ........06.. 181

PVOdUCLUS 6... e cece cee 181

——tristoechus ............ 18]

—— tristoechus ............ 182

tropicus............000, 182

EPOPUCUS 6... c eee e ee eeee 181

———— VUYITT IS cee eee 18]

RAGOCKE wiv e ccc eccveas 181

LEPOMIS............05 pee 36

GOPMANG occ c cc ccenens 36

haplognathus .......... 36

haplognathus......e0.00. 30

INDEX.

Page

Lepomis megalotis .......... 36

MEGALOLIS viv ceccrcvecaes 35

MANVAUS . occ vce ce ences 36

PUldUs vo cc cvvsvcececes 36

Leptarius dowt .occeccccceeee 120

LEPTOPS woe cece eee e eee eee 141

Leptops vivsvvvvvvevcces 114, 115

Olivarig ..... ee cc eee eee 141

Dethostole vicvcccevccccceccee 57

1 rr 60

LEUCISCUS vo. cess cece eee 153

Leuctscus eee eee eee 143, 155

boucardi ieee seeeceees 156

elegans ............000, 153

—— WUtrensis 6. cece ces eee 158

——— NIQTESCENS ..... eee ee eee 154

NUGVESCENS vse ccrvcecenes 153

—— pulchellus wc cece cereues 154

——— LiNCEMA vee recccnccucees 151

VUECALUS Ce ceeecceecunces 160

Timia couchiana ...cece cease 104

UO 105

MALMMOPENSUS .ovseveeee 105

peciliordes ..cevecvccevee 105

——— VENUSED vec ccccvcccccces 80

LIMNURGUS oo. cece ee eee eee 87

TAMNUIGUS Cee e cece nec e ences 76

innominatus ............ 87

variegatus ....... beeen 87

LIOGNATHIDE .........00005 37

Trognathid@ wiccccccevcceeee 2

TNOGNathus vee ccecccccccees 37

LopHOBRANCHII ............ 54

LORICARIA... ce cee eee ee eee 113

LOrveavta eve cece 111,114

UP EU ee ccc eens 114

bransfordt .. ce cece eee 118

——— WIN ve eccvcccccecevcas 118

plecostomus ..e.cecaeeee 111

uracantha ...........0.. 1138

—— variegata ...........0.. 1138

LoRICARIIDHE .............. lil

Lorveartid@ ve vivccccscuecee 110

LUCANIA wee eee cece eee 80

LUCAMNA voice cece ceecee cece 75

OPIN ccc cece 80

SPe wucvcncveneeneeceues 87

Venust@ ...... ccc cee ee 80

LUCIOCHARAX ...........00e 168

Luctocharar vecccccccceccues 166

insculptus.............. 168

LUTIANIDE ....... cee eee 189

Lutianus argentiventris ........ 189

LYCENGRAULIS...........0., 179

Lycengraulis vo. ccc cece eae 177

Page

Macrodon vicvccesccccvcccves 167

MUCTOLEPIS wo cvecsvecees . 167

MALACOPTERYGIL..........0. 176

MEGALOPS vo. eee eee eeeeeee 180

atlanticus .............0. 180

thr issOUdeS ... eee ce ences 180

MClantrts vie vccccvcecnccees 63 -

DAISANUS . eee cece ees 64

SUTUING coveeveccevceees 189

Mentdia occ cccccaceveeccus 57

——— guatemalensis ......0065 64

re 64

Micropogon undulatus ........ 188

MICROPTERUS .......0. cece 35

salmonoides ............ 35

Minomus plebeius .........66. 147

MOLLIENISIA .......... 105, 191

Mollientsia wo... eee e eens 76, 106

SOVMOSH Voce evcceeneees 105

JONES. corr eccccencccaes 97

latipinna .......... 105, 191

Labipinnd .iveceveceees . 106

petenensis..........0005 106

Montana coucht .......ceceee , 168

SOVMOSE cov vevarccccnces 160

NUAAA vv vecccvccseccues 156

PUTUB cece cc cvcccccecas 158

MOXOSTOMA ..........00ceee 145

Moxostoma ....see cease 142, 192

AUStTINUM . 6... eee ee 146

——— GUSLFINUM oo cece eas 145

congestum.............. 146

CONGESTUM occ re cree 145

—— mascot .......ecee eee 147

INASCOLE vo eee ec cccvees 145

—— parvidens .............. 147

PAPVIdeNS 1... cece evens 145

MUGIL .oeee eee cece eee eee 7

Mugil weccecceceeccues 65, 66, 72

brasiliensis...........0.. 71

—— brasiliensis.........0 000. 70

cephalus ...........0.. 71

CEPhALUS . Le ieee ence 70

—— CUPEMA oo eee eee ee eee 71

CUPEME vo vecevcccnccecs 72

garmardianus ........ 71, 72

hospes ....... cee ee eens 72

OY 71

Incilis....... ce eee e ee eee 71

MONTUCOLD viceecvscecees 66

SCLOSUS eves reeecees 71,72

——thoburni .............. 71

trichodon .........+.0.8. 72

trichodon vivveccccvcces 71

MUGILIDE oe eee ee eee 65

Muigiaid@ visvvevvcrvrvvcvees 56

200

Page

MURENIDE ..... cect eee eee 109

Myxostoma austrind .... 00.00. 146

Myzostoma austrinum ........ 146

CONGESTUM occa ccccuvens 146

NANOPCVCH Lovee ccc ccc ncnas 34

NEETROPLUS .......0.005 3], 188

Neetroplus vo. ccc cece cceeees 16

nematopus .......... 31, 188

reomenis argentiventris ...... 189

Neomugil oie cece cccccnccuae 66

——_ diguelt wo. eecececes 68

NCCUMNGA cocci cece cece enes 119

C1AMLUN A vee 121

msculptd vic cee ce yenas 122

—— kesslert oo. cece ec, 121

OSCULA cee cceecccceee 121

—— planiceps weeeeccccrcees 121

platypogon .vcvvccsvaces 122

Nototropis chihuahua ........ 157

NABAS voces eee cnc n neces 156

TODUStUS . Lecce eee eee 157

NOTROPIS ..... cee eee eee eee 156

Notropts vc eeeecsaee. 145, 154, 160

AZtECUS ve... ee eee eee 160

—— asteCuS ..... eee 156, 160

——hboucardi .........,.... 156

Bboucardi vee eee ee ae 155

braytont ...ec ee cee eee 156

calientis ......... 000 159

—— calientis ..c cece cece 155

—— chihuahua.............. 157

RARUAhua oo c ccc cecee 155

Forlonensts ... cc. ce veeee 158

—— formosus ..........000 160

Formosus oo. ee cece neces 156

garMaNl..... ee... ee eee 159

GAYMANE vecscccreseees 155

—— lutrensis .............. 158

lutrenstS ese eeeee 155, 159

—— macrostomus............ 158

MACrOSEOMUS eee ee eees 155

NAZAS oe eee eee eee eee 156

NMARAS ova vececaccccecece 155

—— nigroteniatus .......08. 156

OVCA cece ee eee eee e eee 156

Ot rr 155

OWNAtUS ... eke eee eee 158

OVNATUS voce vce eee e eens 155

TASCONIS. .e sever eceeeeee 150

sallei ... es eee eee eee 157

SAUL eee eens 155

santamarie@ .........005 159

—— SANEAMAIIE vivercvecces 155

——— SANTAVOSANIE vee ccccnes 157

INDEX.

Page

Olugoplites ... 0. cece 14, 15

saliens palometi .....eee 15

Oncorhynchus oo cccvecceceee 76

Oreogobius . icc e ccc vcceereee 10

TOSCENDETYU ev vcccecnes 10

OSTARIOPHYSI ...........05- 110

OXYLORICABIA.L. cee eee ee eee 114

Oxyloricarid vic ceervecee cues lil

—— panamensis ............ 114

Pantosteus occ c ce cccccceccaes 147

PUeDEUS weer cccccevcveee 148

Paragambusia nicaraguensis .. 96

PARANEETROPLUS........ 31, 188

Paraneetroplus ....ee.ee 16, 186

bulleri ..... beeen eee 31

Parapetenta .eeccscvcceves 23, 26

Paratilapia wiv. cee eeeenn 15, 16

Pentanemus quinquarius ....4. 73

Pentaprvon vivicccccveveees oT

Perca loubinad sie ceceeaccaee 49

DPERCESOCES wee. ee cece eee 56

PERCIDE wee cee cee eee e eee 82

Pevrld@ vevvvcvccvcucvecccee 2

PERCINA cee eee eee cece eee 33

Perveind vovivcvccscaccveevees 82

caprodes .......ee eee ee 33

PRTENIA voce eee eee eee eee 29

PCNA vic ciiccvcccvcsecvees 16

splendida ............4- 29

PETROMYZONIDH..... eee eee 184

PHENACOBIUS ......... 00 eee 161

Phenacobwus icc ccecvenccne 143

- scopifer............0 eee 161

PHILYPNUS 2... cece eee 5

Philypnus vec vvccccvccccnves 4

—— dormitator ............ 5

dormitor vss ccvecceveaes 5, 6

later alisec ci ccccccccnees 5

—— maculatus...........04. 5

PIABUCINA ceseeesecceuees » 167

PUADUCINA voce cece eee enees 166

CrYthVINOLdeS oe vevvecees 167

fest... . eee ee eee ee eee 168

panamensis ....... veces 167

Pimelocephales confertus ....,.. 162

Pimelodella cocvccccccccavees 137

PIMELODUS ..........04+-2. 187

Pimelodus ...... 114, 125, 126, 188

baronis-miillert .....06 138

boucardt .ivcveceecece. IL

—— brachycephalus ..... 0604. 135

chagresi ...... cece eee 137

CUNEVUSCENS eee ee ences 131

— CIATIAS oie cece cence 137

Page

Pimelodus godmani .......... 133

guatemalensis ...... 132, 1383

—— hypselurus wo... ce eee 134

laticaudus ... 6. ce eee eee 1386

—— maculatus.............. 137

—— MANAGUENSIS . 6. eee eeeee 183

—— modestus .............. 137

—— MOLAGUENSIS weve cesvvees 130

MUCYOPLETUS . oe cece eeeee 188

NICATAGUENSIS 6... ereeee 180

PeClENENSUS vo. cece vnceaes 132

PolyCcaUlUs... cc reve eeces 186

TOGETSE Lecce ccc cncceuae 136

SUIVINE eee cece ccc euee 135

WAGNENL occ cece ee eeees 131

PIMEPHALES..........000005 162

Pimephales ...... eee. 148, 163

confertus ..........0005 162

promelas confertus ...... 162

PISODONTOPHIS ........-04. 109

daspilotus.............. 110

Pisoodonophis 0.0... cece eee 109

dasprlotus voi. cee 110

Platycephalus dormitator...... 5

undectmalis ... 6. cc eecee 49

Platypecilus maculatus ...... 105

MENANIS Lec ecevvceees 102

MELSONE Lovee cevccccunee 103

——- YUMZEOENSIS eee cee 86

—— LF OPUS eee ences 191

VAPUAEUS eae eens 105

PLECOSTOMUS ........0000 0 lil

Plecostomus wie cevcccccaees 112

QUACAT] . 6... eee ee ee eee 111

—— JUACAID ve ccc cccccuces 112

VEITES cece eens 112

PLEURONECTID®............ 2

Pleuronectid@ oo... 0. cece 1

PLEUROTREMATA............ 182

PECILIA oo... eee eee 100, 190

Poecilta. . see eee ee. 76, 105, 106

boucardt oo... 6. see 100, 102

— butlert ............ 100, 103

—— CAUCANA... eee eee 190

— chisoyensis...... 100, 102, 103

couchiana............05 104

COUCMANA .......... 100, 101

COUCKE Loe cece cece eee 104

CUNEAM Lic ce cece cnccues 102

vit vee seseee. 100, 102, 103

elongata .............. 102

elongata. ..seveees 100, 101

Gilit vee eee eee 100, 102

latipunctata ........04-, 103

—— limantourt.... 0... e eee. 103

limeolata . 6. eve eee eae 105

Page

Poecilia maculata ............ 105

—— MACUIUA oo eee cee 101

—— Mexicana ...... 100, 102, 103

——— multilineata ...cccceeees 105

— occidentalis ............ 101

—— occidentalis oo. ic ceceee. 102

—— petenensis ............ 104

PpeteneNsts oo. ccseves 100, 101

——_ prestdvonts vee e cereus. 99

Salvatoris se. cc. ee scene 104.

SALVALOVIB Loe cece eee 101

sphenops ...........0.. 102

BPRENOPS s.scsseveee 100, 101,

108, 190, 191

-—— spilurugs ..........005. 101

SPUUTUS ood ccncnnaaes 100

LENUIS Lecesecscseecaee 190

thermalis ...... 100, 102, 104

trOPlC@ oo cece cee eae 191

vandepolli .. cc. e ce ceeee 102

ArUbeNstS vo. .eessee 102

Peectliin@ oc cceccccnees wees 76

Peecilioides bimaculatus ...... 98

PoLyYNEMIDA ........ veseee 13

Polynemd@ wivcccesecvees ». 56

Polynemus ..cccvccccaccvcues 73

APPVOXUMEANS 6. sve vevece . 73

OCLONEMUS oc ce cesevens 7

opercularis ..s.esseee ». 78

VITYINCUS 6. ccc cere canes 74

POMADASIDAD oo. cca e cece 41

Pomadasid@ wivvcsecsvcccces 2

POMADASIS .......2.0008 41, 189

AVUUATIS Le cece eevee Al

bayanus .............. 43

bayanus .seseea, woe. 42,44

boucardi .........00. 43, 189

boucardt ...... ee 42

— branicki .......... vies 48

branichkt ...... vibes 41, 42

COTVINEFOFMIS Les cs seeee 41

CTOCTO wee ee eee eevee eee 44

CYOCTO weveseeeeesees 41,42

grandis ...... Se 189

—— humilis occ evvccccvcvee . 48

leuciscs ........0.000, 42

Leuciscus ..ecvcececveee 41

—— macracanthus ....... . 42

—— macracanthus ......04. . Al

—— n1ttdus oi. cccvceecvees . Al

PANAMENSIS vecvecevees . Al

PAMOSUS ve cveresveeese 48

templet ...cceevecee reve 40

Pomadasys approcimans .....,. 44

SEATIE ev cece cence 44

PRISTIDH ......0.. a 183

INDEX.

Page

Pristipoma soe. e cece eeeee 41

bowcardt we. ee ec eenee 43

branicht voce ccecececes 43

CTOCTO ceca cece neces 44

cultriferWim viccececeeee 44

—— humile oe ccc eae 43

——— labracrforme oo. cee ecco 44

LEUCISCUS Lee cee eceees 42

macracanthum vor ccccces 42

TAMOSUM vic vevccecneas 43

PRISTIS . 60... . eee eee 183

~ ANLIQUOTUM vcs enncnees 185

pectinatus..........00.. 183

petrotteti ........... 08. 183

REPRYVEUS voc csv ve cece 183

Psammoperea vec cscvvcveee 44

Pseudoxiphophorus ...... 93, 94, 97

bimaculatus .......44. 97,98

—— , var. teniatus ...... 98

pauctradiatus ws... cee 97

rettcUulatuS voc ssevveces 98

PrycHOCHEILUS .......... .. 158

Ptychochetlus..... 6.60. c eens 148

lucius oo... eee eee eee , 153

Ptychostomus albidus ........ 146

CONGESLUS v6. cove eeveaes 146

QUERIMANA ... cc eect eee 72

QUEFIMANA vice cee cee 65, 66

ZVTANS vie see tees 72

-harengus ........0e.0. 72

RHAMDIA vo... ..0 eee 128, 191

Rhamdia oc cee ccc eeees 114, 187

barbata 2.0... . ee eee eee 191

baronis-miillert .. 6. cece 1383

boucardi ...........0.. 131

Boucardi oe. ec eee eee ees 129

- brachycephala ...... 35, 191

—— brachycephala ...... 129, 192

brachypterus se cseveces 128

bransfordt oo. vec ceceeees 181

cabrere .... ee. ee eee .. 191

Aepressd. vi cvvveereveaes 131

godmani .......... 133, LOL

GYOUMANE vecevcccccveee 129

guatemalensis .......... 182

—— yguatemalensis ...... 128, 129

heteracantha .......... 134

heteracantha ......eeeees 129

—— hypselura .............0. 134

—— hypselura wi... eeceee. .. 129

laticauda ...........0.. 186

laticauda oo cccccccusses 130

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Pisces, February 1908.

Page

Rhamdia managuensis........ 133

MANAGUENSIS se. cecceeees 129

—— microptera ........606. 133

——— microptera .iscoveces 129

motaguensiS .......... 130

motaguensts ...6e.+- 128,191

NICATAQUENSIS .....eeeee 130

NICAL AGUENSIS .vevesevee 120

OALACE vo vcvccevvcveees 32

—— parryi .........0e. 180, 19

PATVTYL vv avcanccceecaee 128

petenensis .........0.. 132

PClENENSIS .iceceeuveeeee 129

polycaulus ............ 1356

POLYCAULUS Wav eevccceeees 130

TOGANL se vcacccccevaees 192

—— Togersi ,.......0.0- 136, 192

——— TOGENSE ve vccvecececcuee 130

——— SACIUYfiCtE vee cee 133

—— salvini ...... sees ences 135

——— SAIVINE oer ee rerecee 130

underwoodi ............ 135

underwoodt ..sseccseves 129

WAQNETL .eeeeeceeseees 131

WAGNETE Le. seeess 129, 191

RHINICHTHYS 1... ..eceeveeee 165

Rhinichthys ... 1.04. sees eee 145

SIMUS. 6. eee e cece ee eee 165

Rhinogobius bucculentus ...... 11

CONEVACEUS ve vaseceevee li

RIVULUS 2... cece eee e wees 81

BiVvulus ve vccccccaveevcvces . 75

flabellicauda.........6.. 81

godmani .......ce ee ees 82

GOUMANE ve vvvcevceeees 81

—— isthmensis.............. 82

-—— UStNMENSIS Vee ceeccvnces 8L

OpercUlarts wevecevevene 81

TCNUIS ose eee eee eee 82

CONUS. oo ec eee eeeeneeee 81

RGBOIDES.. 6... eee eee eee eee 174

Reebotdes ove cc cc cceeeee 166

—— guatemalensis .......... 174

Rutilus boucardt ....ceeeeeee 156

SALMO wee cece cece ee eee eee 17

——clarkii ........ eee. 176

——— WUACUS vee eee eee 176

———— MYKISS vce caccccveeee 176

Pleuriutwcus voc cecerereees 177

———_ SPtlUrUs vo cee ceveccveees 177

SALMONIDE 1... cece eee eee ee 176

Sciades troscheli .eceeeseeeee 120

Sctcedichthy8 .ececcceeseeeees 119

troschelt ......ceee eee ee 120

202

Page

Sctena maculata ..ccecccuees 8

undectmalis ..sccreeevee 49

SCLANIDA ...... 006. .. dl, 32, 188

SCUCMIAR ev vcccscecvcvcuce 2

Sclerognathus elongatus ...... 192

meridionaus ......00.... 144

SCOMBRESOCIDH ........-. .. 74

SCOMBROIDES et ecceseaces 14

QItUS voi eee Sees 15

-—— mundus ...... cence e eee 15

—— palometa ...........05. 15

palometa ...cecee. ... 14

refulgens ..... ete eeee . 1b

SQIIENS vee cece ee ee eee . 16

SQUTUS co ceveveceecvcres 15

SELACHIL .....-. eee eee ... 182

Selenaspis vs. .ae. cece eens 119

Ch Loewen ..-. 120

SICYDIUM,............-.. 10, 185

SUCYALUM cv eccecccccvevccees 4,1]

altum ...... cece eee eee 185

—— gymnogaster............ 10

—— multipunctatum ........ Il

pittieri ...... Shen eeeaee 185

punctatum....... ee eeee 11

salvinl 2.0... eee eee eee 10

Sicyopterus gymnogaster ...... 10

SULVING vee eee ee eens 10

SIGNATOSA cee ee cece eee eee 178

SIYMMOSA ee cc cece eee 177

atchafalay@ .ocicccveces 178

——— mexicana .............. 178

SILURIDA cece cee eee 114

SUUPMAE oo ce ccc een ees 110

NSUUrUS DAGTE vec ccc ceccrnees 118

TOUS coc cc civ cceeeenees 191

SipRostOM occ ccc cvcecccceee 54

—— auliscus ........ eee eee 55

—— brevicaudum ooo... cee. 56

starkst . 1.0... sees 55

SHIA occ cece cee nee 90

bilineata vv. cece eee 92

LEME vvccvccvereveees 92

——— multipuntaa ...cceeee. 92

VATUCGHA oie ccc ee en cees 92

Sole@ AChivusS oo cece cece nee 3

fonsecensis...... eee ees 3

SPhRYPQONA vic ceecees eee e eee 73

aureoviredts bee ee eee 49

GuUachanchO veveeveveces 73

SPHYRZENIDA vic cece eee eee 73

Sphyrend@ ....+- beet ewee 56

Sternopygus humboldt: ........ 175

Stolephorus POCyt .veveveves .. 179

SYYPODON .. cece eee cere ee eee 162

SlypOdON. co ceceveveveveveess 149

INDEX.

Page

Stypodon signifer.......... .. 162

SYMBRANCHIDE ..... vane 110

SYMBRANCHIT ...... eee eee . 110

SYMBRANCHUS ...... cee eaee . 110

marmoratus .........6- . 110

SYNGNATHIDA....... veceeee O4

SYNGNATHUS......4.. weeeeee OF

auliscus.........0005 2)

spicifer .......... weveee O4

starksi ...... weeecceees OO

Tachisure ......45 ceeeeeceee 126

Tachisurus gulosus ...e..eeee 128

ACHYSUPUS vc eee 125, 126

CMMELANC Lov ecaeecees .. 128

EVELMUNNE woe cccees weeee 127

—— fiirthit wee cece ees wee. 127

—— Utropus ..ceeveeeceveees 127

—— Melanopus ...ecsevevevee 126

—— multiradiatus .......... 128

sleIndachnert. ....ceeeee . 127

Tarpon ...... eeeeeeeeccoees 180

ALLANTICUS . ccc cece vere . 180

TELEOSTEL........ cates wee OL

TELEOSTOMIE 2... eee eee eee . dl

TETRAGONOPTERUS ........45 169

Tetragonopterus ...cecceeeee 166

HNCUS .eeeeve eee ..... 170

——— ENEUS cece 169, 171

-—— angustifrons ............ 172

—— angusttfr0ns ......6. .... 170

—— argentatus ...... woe. 171,172

DEMZIANUS ce cevcececveees 170

—— brevimanus .....66 171,172

CODANENSIS vo cece eee 171, 172

SaSCUMUS cece eceees 170, 171

—— finitimus oo receeveee ... 170

fischert oo cece ccccvnees 171

Pulgens vicvee bec e eee 172

humilts oo. cece cee eee 170

macrophthalmus ........ 171

—— macrophthalmus .e...... 169

MEXICANUS. 6... eee 171

———— MEXICANUS Leen rcnnces 170

—— microphthalmus ......5. 170

—— NIMAUS Lecce ceves 171,172

—— ovanacanensts ......eeeeee AT

—— arstedit......4. Lae e ees 170

——- PANAMENNS 1... .. 170,171

peteNeNStS vr eeeeee .. 171,172

TULLIUS vevveceee ... 170,171

— streetsit .eceeseceeseeees 172

Theraps ..cceceeees we. 17, 22, 25

Thortchthy8 voccecesecceeees 26

THYRINA. , cecceeeeeeeess 63, 189

Page

TRYVINA oo. ee cee eee 57

crystallind ..seeee. wee. 64

—— CVEMANNE 6. eee eee 6¢

—— guatemalensis ........ .. OF

guatemalensis ...... .. 63,189

—— pachylepis ...... ve 638, 64

sardina ........... eee . 189

Tigoma conspersa ..sseeeesees 104

NUGVESCENS ve ceccvccecnees 154

pulchella vivvcccacsaees 154

PULhrd voce ccc cnvvaee 154

Trifarcias riverandi ....... vee BE

Tylosurus .icccveeee seveeeee C4

——— MATINUS ee ccnns .e 74

scapularis ...... ceeeeeee 00

OU a 37

LefrOYt vivcacee . cee. 09

VPillarius ...... eee tenes .. 138

PYUE vee cece ceeeveeee 140

XENATHERINA ......000- “es 64

Nenatherind voce ccveaee oe 57

—— list eee eee eee eee eee 6

Aenendum vovecess Le eees 90

—— caliente vce cccccecuns 91

—— multipunctatum .. .. 92

waltscone ...... rn OL

NENOCARA occ cece eee eee. 113

NCNOCAPA vec ec cece ce ceeneee lil

chaeresl ........ 0c. eee 113

XTPHOPHORUS «ee... eee wee. 106

Xiphophorus voc ceveccvevvees 76

bimaculatus voc cece ee ees 98

—— brevis ...........008.. 108

DPEVIS Lc eee cece ee wee. 107

Glide cceceues veeeee 102

graces ..... . cence 94

euehtherl oo. ee. eee eee. 108

guenthert ..ccece. 7 107

helleri vec... eee eee eee 107

——hellert we... .ceeene, 106, 108

——— JAlMPP@ vee crveccencene 107

—— montezume . cece eee 107

—— monteswme@ ...... sae 106

—— strigatus ..... eee eee 107

XYRAUCHEN........ sees 148

NY AUCKEN ove ccc ee vette eee 142

cypho .........4. Sees 148

Aystema sy i

CUNETEUIN vicsevvceeceee O