INTRODUCTION.

Tae completion of the Volumes dealing with the very rich Rhopalocerous fauna of

Mexico and Central America has been inordinately delayed from various causes—the

constant pressure of other work, the ever-increasing amount of material, the gradually

failing health and subsequent death of my colleague, Osbert Salvin, and the great

difficulty of dealing with the Hesperiide. Salvin, however, lived long enough to help

me conclude all but the Pamphiline and the latter part of the Supplement. The difficulty

with the Hesperiidz was, in a measure, solved, in 1893, by the publication of Watson’s

classification of that family, and our arrangement of the Pyrrhopygine and Hesperiine

is mainly based on that author’s system ; the Pamphiline, however, were left unfinished,

and but little use could be made of his work on these insects. Moreover, on

commencing our study of the Hesperiide we found it necessary to dissect and examine

the genitalia of the males of various critical species; and this led us to continue the

process to the whole of them, a work requiring much time, but amply repaid by the

_ results, as may be seen by a reference to our Plates. As an instance of the importance

of these characters, we may note that in Thanaos several of the species are

absolutely inseparable by external peculiarities, but markedly different in their genital

structure.

Our study of the Central-American butterflies proves conclusively (1) that the

fauna is mainly a northern extension of that of Tropical South America, extending on

the Pacific side to Mazatlan and on the Atlantic to a little beyond Ciudad Victoria in

Tamaulipas, some few species on each coast reaching the Southern United States,

with, of course, many peculiarly modified forms in the region; (2) that there are a

considerable number of Nearctic genera and species coming down the central plateau

a certain distance into Mexico and some even into Guatemala, as Argynnis, Vanessa,

Limenitis, Grapta, various Colias, &c.; (3) that there are no strictly alpine forms, the

insects met with above the tree-line being mostly stragglers from below, such species

vi INTRODUCTION.

as occur at the highest limits of the forest being very like those of similar Andean

localities, these mostly belonging to the genera Euptychia, Archonias, Catasticta, Pereute,

Enantia, &c.; (4) that the fauna of the Atlantic slope to perhaps as far south as

Costa Rica is incomparably richer than that of the Pacific, this being particularly

noticeable in the Ithomiina, the Erycinide, the genera Thecla and Papilio, &c.; and

(5) that some of the purely tropical genera do not reach north of Nicaragua, Costa

Rica, or Panama, as Eutresis, Scada, Cerois, Callitera, Hetera, Oressinoma, Narope,

Panacea, Megistanis, Hypna, Zeonia, Ithomeis, &c.

A comparison of our fauna with that of the West-Indian Islands (from which we

exclude Trinidad and Tobago, as being Venezuelan) shows the extreme poverty of the

latter, the Morphine being, so far as we know, wholly absent, and the Ithomiina,

Heliconiine, Erycinide, and Brassoline having extremely few representatives *. We

are unable to give any precise statistics as regards the total number of known South-

American butterflies, there being no general work on the subject; but we may note

that America north of Mexico has altogether (exclusive of giale, which in this work

is included amongst the moths in the family Castniide) 642 species (Skinner, 1898),

as against 1805 in our region. For the whole of the Palearctic region 716 species are

now known (Staudinger and Rebel, 1901). Of the total number here enumerated

from Central America, 360 are described as new.

The distribution of the Rhopalocera enumerated in this work will be better

understood by a few remarks on the general features of the country, the elevation of

the land, the geological formation, &. The limits of our region are as follows :—

the whole of Mexivo from the valleys of the Rio Grande and the Rio Gila on the

north (Lower California thus being excluded), the five Central-American Republics of

Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, British Honduras, and

the Colombian State of Panama as far as the Isthmus of Darien. In Mexico we have

the central arid tablelands, of varying extent and elevation, running from our

northern limits southward to Guatemala and beyond, but interrupted at the Isthmus

of Tehuantepec. The highest mountains are at no very great distance from the

Mexican capital; south of this they become lower, till we reach the mainland of

South America, where peaks equalling those of Mexico and much higher are again

found. The snow-line in Central America is about 15,000 feet. Along both the

* Lucas has recorded two species of Erycinide (Syrmatia dorylas and Charis caneus) and one of Brassoling

(Opsiphanes cassie) from Cuba; but these statements have not been confirmed, so far as we are aware.

INTRODUCTION. vil

Atlantic and Pacific coasts there is a comparatively narrow belt of low-lying country

clothed for the most part with forest; but this is interrupted in many places by

savannas, especially on the Pacific slope, and “ rastrojo” or second-growth woods,

which are due to the land having been cleared and cultivated in former times. In the

central portions of the country, where there is much less rainfall, the vegetation is

poor, scrubby oaks, pines (which do not reach south of Nicaragua), euphorbias, cacti,

yuccas, agaves, &c, predominating. The greater amount of rain on the Atlantic

slope, as compared with that on the Pacific, also accounts for the much more luxuriant

forests on that side. From Southern N icaragua to the Isthmus of Darien the elevated

land becomes less extended, till in Chiriqui there is only the central ridge.

The physical conformation of each political district, as gathered from recent works

on the subject, supplemented by my own or Salvin’s observations on parts of Mexico,

British Honduras, and Guatemala, and those of some of our collectors in the more

southern republics, may be described thus * :—

MEXICO.

Mexico stretches about 1950 miles from N.W. to S.E., with a mean breadth of

400 miles. In lat. 26° N. it is 1000 miles wide, while at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec

it is but 130. A continuous mountain-range does not exist anywhere here which can

properly be called the Cordillera of the Andes, an expression only current south of the

Isthmus of Tehuantepec. About three-fifths of the country is occupied by a vast

tableland, in the shape of a cornucopia, tapering to the south-east in the neighbourhood

of Oaxaca. Scarps rise in many places considerably above the plateau, broken into

ridges usually running from N.N.W. to S.S.E. The most continuous range is the

Sierra Madre of the Pacific slope, which may be traced from Oaxaca to Arizona, and

corresponding with it on the Atlantic side are the Sierras Madres of Nuevo Leon and

Tamaulipas, at an elevation of 6000 to 7000 feet. These ridges are in many places

clothed with pine and oaks; but the general character of the tableland itself is barren

and arid, being only sparsely covered with acacias, cacti, agaves, yuccas, &c., while in

the depressions where there is water are patches of poplars and willows. It may be

well here to give the altitudes of certain points in this plateau, in order that the reader

may form an idea of its average elevation: Mexico city, 7600 feet; Zacatecas,

8000 feet; the town of San Luis Potosi, 6170 feet ; Durango, 6630 feet; Chihuahua,

* Further remarks on the physical features of the whole region will be found in the Appendix to the

Botanical portion of this work, iv. pp. 117-315 (1887).

viii INTRODUCTION.

4600 feet; and Paso del Norte, on the United States frontier, 3800 feet, the tableland

rising again and extending thence into Arizona and far beyond. Of the central cross-

ridges the most important is the Cordillera of Anahuac, which surrounds the capital

and Puebla, culminating with Orizaba, Popocatepetl, and Ixtaccihuatl, al] reaching an

altitude of over 17,000 feet, and Colima, near the Pacific, in Jalisco, of about

10,000 feet. The tableland towards both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts falls more or |

less suddenly, leaving a comparatively narrow belt of low-lying forest-country of varying:

width, which extends northward on the Pacific to slightly beyond Mazatlan, opposite

the southern end of Lower California, and on the Atlantic to a little north of Ciudad

Victoria in Tamaulipas, where it terminates abruptly and the northern fauna

commences. At the Isthmus of Tehuantepec the Sierra Madre becomes much

depressed, the ridge skirting the Pacific being only 730 feet at its highest point and

the rest of the district somewhat level, but rising again in Chiapas to about 6000 feet.

The peninsula of Yucatan is comparatively flat, with a range of low hills running ©

from the neighbourhood of Merida to near the Lake of Peten in Guatemala. Though

the rainfall is considerable throughout, it rapidly filters away through the limestone

substratum and the country is consequently dry.

BRITISH HONDURAS.

The coast of this colony is low, swampy, and fringed with coral-reefs, thickly covered

with mangroves and tropical jungle: inland, beyond a narrow belt of rich alluvial

soil, are vast tracts of sandy arid country, the elevated parts of which are called “ pine-

ridges,” from the trees with which they are covered; and succeeding these are the

‘“ cohune ridges,” with a deep rich soil covered with myriads of palm-trees (Attalea

cohune) and other tropical vegetation. Further inland still are broad savannas

studded with clumps of trees, then the Manatee Hills parallel with the coast, about 800

to 1000 feet in elevation, and to the south the Cockscomb Mountains, which reach

4000 feet; west of these there is a succession of valleys and hills and open grassy

ground, from 1200 to 8000 feet in height, but of this little is known.

GUATEMALA.

In Guatemala the main chain of mountains is an extension of that of Chiapas,

running throughout the length of the country in an irregular line from north-west to

south-east, nearly parallel to the Pacific coast and at a distance of from 40 to 50 miles

INTRODUCTION. ix

from it. This range attains its greatest elevation in the north in the upland plains of

Huehuetenango, San Marcos, and Quezaltenango, the summits of which vary in height

from 7000 to 9000 feet. On the Pacific side its outline is broken near the capital by

voleanoes—the “ Agua,” 12,400, and the « Fuego,” 13,100 feet. The “Fuego” was

made a special hunting-ground by Salvin and myself in 1861-1862 during a prolonged

stay at Duefias on the southern slope; and Mr. Champion subsequently spent some

time there, as well as at Capetillo and Zapote, the last-mentioned place being on the

western side. A second, or lower, range starts near Totonicapam, which forms the

watershed of the Rio Negro or Chisoy and the Rio Motagua, and running past

Chuacus becomes the Sierra de las Minas, dividing the Polochic from the Motagua

Valley and terminating in the lower Sierra del Mico range, south of the Lake of Yzabal

and the Rio Dulce. Northward, in Alta Vera Paz, especially in the neighbourhood

of Coban, the land is broken into a number of abrupt or conical hills, but most of the

indigenous vegetation has been cleared for the growth of coffee. Farther north still

the country falls towards the Rio de la Pasion, where Salvin and I, and Mr. Champion

also, spent some time collecting in the low virgin forests, which are said to extend

almost without a break to the confines of the Mexican State of Campeche and British

Honduras. The principal forests are to be found on the Atlantic side, chiefly in

the northern part of Alta Vera Paz, and on the slopes of the valley of the Rio

Polochic and its tributaries. Some parts of the interior are extremely arid, ¢. g., the

Plains (Llanos) of Salama, Zacapa, &c.

HONDURAS.

The general aspect of this country is varied by mountains and hills radiating from

the common base of the Cordilleras. The main chain does not approach within 50 or

60 miles of the Pacific, nor does it maintain its general character of an unbroken range,

but sometimes turns back upon itself, forming interior basins or valleys within which

are collected the head-waters of the streams that traverse the country in the direction

of the Atlantic. Nevertheless, as seen from the Pacific, it presents the appearance of

a great natural wall, with a lower range of mountains bristling with volcanic peaks.

Along the northern and eastern coasts are several bold groups of mountains, the

highest reaching 8000 feet. The greater part of the country is well watered and

extensive forests are said to exist in the interior, which, however, is but imperfectly

known.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., November 1901. b

x INTRODUCTION.

SALVADOR.

This small Republic lies south of Honduras, with which it is conterminous, and has

a comparatively low seaboard of alluvial plains. It consists chiefly of a tableland of

about 2000 feet in height, broken by a number of volcanic cones of more recent origin

than the main Cordillera, which lies further north, within the Honduras boundary. It

is well watered and the natural forests are said to have been to a great extent

destroyed for the cultivation of the land. Only a very small amount of our material

has been obtained here, and, judging from the configuration of the country, but little

that is peculiar need be expected.

NICARAGUA.

The chief geographical feature of Nicaragua is the remarkable depression stretching

from the Pacific to the Atlantic and transversely to the central plateau, which it

completely interrupts. This depression lies at a mean elevation of about 100 feet

above the sea-level and is partially occupied by two lakes—the smaller one, Managua, -

sixteen feet above the larger, Nicaragua, together stretching some 150 miles from

north-west to south-east, and finally discharging their waters into the Atlantic by the

San Juan River at the southern point of the Mosquito coast. The highest mountains,

called the Maribros, which are insignificant in comparison with those of some of the

countries here described, are chiefly clustered in the small area between the end of

Lake Managua and Fonseca Bay. ‘There are also the volcanoes of Masaya and

Mombacha near Granada, and the two volcanic islands of Zapatera and Ometépe in

Lake Nicaragua, the latter with its twin peaks Ometépe (4100 feet) and Madera

(4190 feet), which at times are more or less active. The little-known region of rugged

savannas and plateaux, beyond the mining-districts of Matagalpa and Chontales,

whence the chief of our Nicaraguan collections came, occupies about one-half of

Nicaragua between the lacustrine depression and the low swampy Mosquito coast;

this is drained by several rivers, all flowing eastward, the chief of them being the

Escondido. No certain information is available as to the distribution of forests.

COSTA RICA.

South of the lakes of Nicaragua the mountain-range rises again in the N.W. of

Costa Rica and is studded with volcanic peaks. Beginning from the north, Orosi

INTRODUCTION, XI

(5200 feet), Miravalles, Poas (8845 feet), Irazu (11,500 feet), and Turrialba (10,330

feet) are the highest summits. Southern Costa Rica is marked by the range called

the Montafia Dota, 7000 to 9000 feet, running east and west, from which two branches

extend, one close to the Pacific, the other stretching across the centre of the country,

culminating in its highest points the Cerro Chiripo and Pico Blanco (11,700 feet

above the sea). Between these northern and southern masses is the tableland of

Cartago, which has an elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet and forms the most

cultivated part of the country. In contrast to the south-western, which is characterized

by Savannas (Llanos) bordered by forest, the Atlantic slope is covered in great part

with an impenetrable jungle. ‘The mountains generally have been cleared of wood to

about 6000 or 7000 feet, especially on the southern side.

PANAMA.

Panama, including Veraguas and Chiriqui, forms the most northern of the United

States of Colombia. The Cordillera attains a height of 11,265 feet, in the Volcano of

Chiriqui, becoming lower towards the Isthmus, till at Culebra, where the railway

crosses, it is only about 300 feet. The climate is excessively wet and the vegetation,

especially on the Atlantic slope, is most luxuriant, the mountains being clothed with

dense forest; in the month of March, at the height of the dry season, when the

“northers” are blowing and bush-fires burning in all directions, most of the country,

however, appears very dry. On the Pacific side there are extensive savannas, and all

the towns and villages are in the low land, the only inhabitants in the mountains

of Chiriqui being the coffee-planters and their employés, people looking after cattle,

and (towards Veraguas) a few Indians, who, not living in villages, are rarely seen.

The country adjoining the Costa Rican boundary is clothed with dense forest, and this

continues more or less interruptedly to beyond the town of David, the ‘* montafa”

(or forest) of Chorcha extending to the Pacific coast. On the southern side of the

Volcan de Chiriqui the forest commences at about 2500 feet, 8000 being the greatest

height reached by our collectors.

As might be expected from the foregoing description of a region embracing such a

diversity of high mountains, elevated plains, and low valleys, and with an extremely

varied rainfall, we find very great differences of climate and conditions, widely affecting

the vegetation and the distribution of the insect-fauna.

The classification adopted is in the main that of H. W. Bates, as given in his paper

xil INTRODUCTION.

on the “Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley ” [Journal of Entomology, ii. pp. 175-185

(1864)|, except that the Morphine are retained as a separate subfamily of the

Nymphalide, and the Libytheide as a family distinct from the Erycinide. Six families

are therefore recognized—the Nymphalide, Libytheide, Erycinide, Lycenide,

Papilionide, and Hesperiide, most of these being again divided into subfamilies, &c.

Some remarks on the Central-American species of these families and of their habits

and distribution are appended.

NYMPHALIDA.

This family we have divided into seven subfamilies— Danaine, Satyrine,

Morphine, Brassolire, Acreine, Heliconiine, and Nymphaline.

The Danaine include two groups, the Danaina and the Ithomiina. The first of

these, which is very numerous in the Ethiopian and Oriental regions, is represented in

Central America by three genera: Danais (in the broad sense), widely distributed over

the warmer parts of the world (one species, D. plexippus, apparently spreading more

and more every year), Jtuna, and Lycorea, the last two being strictly neotropical.

The Ithomiina include twenty-three genera, but few of the South-American ones being

absent, and Pteronymia, Ithomia, and Hymenitis are each represented by a considerable

number of species. They are all neotropical, the last-named genus extending to the

Antilles, where we find the islands of Cuba, Jamaica, and Haiti each with its single

peculiar species. Eutresis, Scada, Epithomia, and Heterosais do not reach north of

Costa Rica or Panama. Dircenna has been recorded from Rio Grande, Texas, and

Ithomia and Mechanitis from Los Angeles, in California; but as they have not come

under our notice from either the north-eastern or north-western parts of Mexico, it

seems probable that a mistake has been made about these localities, or that the insects

may have been accidentally introduced. They are all of weak flight and live mostly in

the deep shade of tropical forests, and are therefore unlikely to occur in the United

States of North America. A good many have diaphanous wings, a character also

common to a few of the Satyrine and Dismorphiina of the same region. In certain

genera, Mechanitis, &c., many of the so-called species appear to be imperfectly

segregated, as is the case with some of the similarly-coloured Heliconiine, which

do not always vary according to locality; others, again, exhibit a homceochromatic *

* We called these “ homceochromatic associates,’ when writing on the species of the genus Hresia in this

work, in 1882 (I. pp. 184, 185, 188), and Mr. W. F. H. Blandford (Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1897, p. xxii)

subsequently used the term “ homcochromatism ” for this form of reciprocal mimicry.

INTRODUCTION. Xiil

style of marking common to various butterflies inhabiting the same districts.

The Ithomiina appear to be replaced in the Oriental region by Euplea and its allies,

which belong to the group Danaina.

The Satyrine inhabiting Central America are distributed by us under sixteen

genera, all South-American but three; two of these, Paramecera and Drucina, have

not been recorded from outside our limits, and the third, Gyrocheilus, is apparently

confined to Mexico and the United States. Nearly half the total number of species

are referred to Euptychia, which extends north of the Mexican frontier, as well as into

South America. Of this subfamily various southern genera do not reach our region,

as Steroma, Dedalma, Lasiophila, Corades, Pia, &c., though most of these are

represented in the northern part of the South-American continent. So far as we

are aware, three only of the Central-American genera of this subfamily have been

recorded from the West-Indian Islands, and these have never been confirmed. ‘The

transparent-winged forms, Callitera, &c., are not found north of Nicaragua, and Cervis,

Oressinoma, and Pronophila only enter the southern part of ourcountry. Lymanopoda,

Pedaliodes, Oxeoschistus, Pronophila, and Drucina inhabit the forest-clad mountain-

slopes of the Cordillera at a considerable elevation ; and Antirrhea, Hetera, Pierella,

and Callitera frequent shady places in dense forest at a lower altitude. Some of

the species are extremely local, e. g., Drucina championt and Euptychia nelsoni,

conspicuous forms which are only known from a very restricted locality on the Pacific

slope of Guatemala. Taygetis includes some very variable forest-species, their wings

on the underside resembling dead leaves.

The Morphine are represented by the single well-known genus Morpho, of

which we have mentioned nine species as occurring in Central America, less

than half of these reaching Guatemala. | Its northern limits—Tampico on the

Atlantic side (M. peleides) and Mazatlan on the Pacific (M. polyphemus) —indicate

very clearly where the tropical insect-fauna ceases, though southwards the genus

extends to the Argentine Republic. These magnificent butterflies are eminently

characteristic of Tropical America, there being nothing quite analogous to them in the

warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere; all the Old World Morphine are of a

different type, and in general appearance more like some of the Brassoline. The

beautiful, delicate, opalescent forms apparently do not reach so far north as the Isthmus

of Panama, though we possess a specimen of M. sulkowskii labelled “Costa Rica,” but

this locality requires confirmation. ‘The pearly-white I. polyphemus, which is not

XIV INTRODUCTION.

uncommon in Mexico and Guatemala, and ascends to a considerable elevation, is, we

believe, confined to our region, and its nearest ally MW. laertes inhabits South Brazil,

there being no representative of this group in the intervening country.

The Brassoline are confined to the New World, and include some of the largest of

the American butterflies, which belong to the genus Caligo, as well as others of

smaller size, six genera being represented. Unlike the Morphine, they are nearly all

of crepuscular habits, flying but little during the hottest hours of the day, and when

disturbed making for the nearest tree-trunk, usually in the dense growth ; Narope has

even been attracted by light, like a moth. The genera are all tropical, four of them

reaching Southern Mexico, the other two not extending north of Nicaragua or Costa

Rica. In the eastern tropics this group appears to be replaced by Thawmantis,

Tenaris, Discophora, &c., of the subfamily Morphine.

The Acreeine are numerous in species in Central and South Africa and Madagascar,

as well as in certain parts of South America, but within our limits very few are found,

four only being known to us, and one of these is but doubtfully distinct. The

American forms have been separated from Acrwa under the generic name <Actinote.

The paucity of species in Central America is, however, compensated by the abundance

of individuals of one or two of them.

The Heliconiine, like the Brassoline, are all American, and characteristic in-

habitants of the tropical portions of the New World. The two genera, Heliconius and

Eueides, extend throughout the whole of our region, and also occur in the Antilles, the

first-mentioned reaching the United States. Some of the species are very variable in

colour, especially H. erato and the forms mimicking the Danaine genera Mechanitis,

Thyridia, Tithorea, &c. We recognize twenty-eight species of Heliconius and seven of

Eueides from Central America, There seem to be no corresponding forms replacing

this subfamily in the warmer parts of the Old World.

The Nymphaline include some of the most widely distributed forms amongst the

butterflies, and are particularly numerous in Central America, no fewer than fifty-

seven genera being here recorded. Amongst those not confined to America are

Eurema, Vanessa, Grapta, Pyrameis, Junonia, Argynnis, Melitea, and Liimenittis ;

some of these, however, are holarctic, merely extending down the central plateau to

Mexico or Guatemala. Phyciodes, Anwa, Adelpha, Synchloe, Eunica, Eresia, Lubagis,

Timetes, and Catagramma are each represented by numerous species. Of the

INTRODUCTION. xv

essentially tropical genera, those found in the Southern United States are —Colenis,

Agraulis, Phyciodes, Anartia, Eunica, Peridromia, Victorina, Cystineura, Timetes,

Adelpha, Aganisthos, and Anea: Microtia, Myscelia, Eubagis, Callicore, Ageronia,

Didonis, Chlorippe (as understood by us), Prepona, and Smyrna do not reach beyond

Northern Mexico ; Metamorpha, Hematera, Ectima, Pycina, and Hypna inhabit the

southern portion only of Central America, and Panacea just touches our southern

boundary. The most conspicuous South-American forms wholly absent are Callithea,

Batesia, Perisama, and Cybdelis. The holarctic genera extending southward are

Argynnis (which has only come under our notice from Northern Mexico during recent

years), Melitea, Vanessa, Grapta, Limenitis, and Doxocopa. Of those widely distributed

and common to both the Nearctic and Neotropical regions may be mentioned Synchioe,

Euptoieta, Phyciodes, Pyrameis, and Junonia. So far as at present known, Morpheis

and Bolboneura are peculiar to Mexico or Guatemala. Twenty-seven at least out of

the total number of genera (57) are common to the Antilles. |

These insects are nearly all strong on the wing, but are of very diverse habits. The

species of Ageronia, Peridromia, Ectima, Gynecia, and Callizona have the habit of

resting on tree-trunks, with their wings fully extended horizontally (placing them

vertically when disturbed), after the manner of various Geometrid moths, or of the

Noctuid genus [hysania, those of the first two invariably turning their heads towards

the ground. Others, Chlorippe, Aganisthos, Victorina, Amphirene, Timetes, Adelpha,

Colenis, Lresia, Phyciodes, Eubagis, Pyrrhogyra, Callicore, Catagramma, &c.,

frequent the pools left in the water-courses during the dry season, as well as the

refuse cane thrown out from the sugar-mills, damp places in the roads, &c.; while

Siderone, Anewa, and Protogonius resort to moist spots, dung, &c., amongst dead

leaves. Limetes chiron, like the moth Uranidia fulgens, has been noticed by various

observers migrating in great numbers; but it is possible that most or all of these

specimens are of the male sex, the females of this genus being rarely found. Various

species of Anwa frequent the tops of trees, only descending occasionally to damp spots

in the vicinity, and some of the most interesting forms of Nymphaline peculiar to

Central America belong to this genus, viz. A. nobilis, A. excellens, and A. Jansoni ;

Agrias edon has been observed by Arcé in Chiriqui to have the same habit.

LIBYTHEID.

The only known genus of this family, Libythea, is of very wide distribution, as

we have already stated in our remarks on these insects (I. p. 359). The single species

Xvi INTRODUCTION.

inhabiting our region extends northward to Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, and

southward to the Argentine Republic. It is replaced by allied forms in the West-

Indian Islands.

ERYCINIDE.

The headquarters of the Erycinide are in Tropical America, where an immense

number of species are found, the Oriental region having comparatively few repre-

sentatives. We recognize forty-eight genera in Central America, all but two of

which (Apodemia and Polystigma) occur also in South America, where many others not

entering our region are to be met with, the most conspicuous of these being Helicopis,

Stalachtis, Syrmatia, Barbicornis, Amarynthis, and Zelotea. Five extend to the United

States, two of which (Apodemia and Polystigma) are not found south of Mexico, the

other three (Lurygona, Charis, and Emesis) being common to North, Central, and

South America; eight reach Northern Mexico only, and fifteen stop in Nicaragua,

Costa Rica, or Panama. So far as we know, the Erycinide are almost wanting in

the West-Indian Islands (exclusive of Trinidad and Tobago), two or three species

only having been recorded and these not confirmed. Notwithstanding their small size,

these are certainly the most interesting of all the Tropical-American butterflies, and

from their diversity of form and colour they have always attracted the attention of

travellers, among others that of H. W. Bates, who collected and made observations on

the very numerous species inhabiting the Amazons Valley. The most remarkable genera

known from Central America are: Erycina, Diorhina, and Zeonia, which have the general

appearance of a small-tailed Papilio; Anteros, with metallic spots on the underside

of the wings; Caria, with metallic lines and patches above ; lthomeis, a mimetic form

resembling certain Ithomiina; Mesenopsis, Lepricornis, and Aricoris, the species of

which are very like various day-flying moths inhabiting the same districts; Hades, an

insect very similar in colour, both above and beneath, to the Nymphalid genus

Morpheis, both monotypic forms, the first-mentioned, however, having a much more

extended distribution; and Theope, most of the species of which bear a great

resemblance to various T’hecl@ occurring in the same localities.

To show the poverty of the Erycinide north of our boundary, it may be noted that

eleven species only are enumerated by Skinner in his recent Catalogue (Syst. Cat. N.

Am. Rhopalocera, 1898), as against our 240. Most of these insects are confined to the

“ tierra caliente,” or low country, and are of very retiring habits, constantly resting on

the undersides of leaves, some of them being only seen during the very short period

INTRODUCTION. Xvi

when certain trees are in flower. The Central-American species belong to two

subfamilies, the Nemeobiinze and the Erycinine, all but three of the genera belonging

to the latter.

LYCANIDS.

Under this head we have placed six genera: Thecla (in the wide sense), including

upwards of 200 species ; Lycana, which is very poorly represented, as is the case all

through Tropical America, thirteen species only occurring within our limits: Theorema,

Lhectopsis, and Chrysophanus, each containing one or two species only, and the latter

probably not really congeneric with the typical Palearctic and Nearctic forms of that

genus; and Eumeus, with two species. Theorema and Theclopsis are common to

Central and South America; Euwmeus extends north and south of our region, and also

occurs in the Antilles; the insect provisionally referred to Chrysophanus is peculiar to

Guatemala; Thecla and Lycena are generally distributed. We have already spoken

of the great diversity amongst the species of Thecla, and it, no doubt, requires sub-

division. In North America this genus still outnumbers Lycena, the former having

fifty-six and the latter forty-eight species, as given in Skinner’s catalogue, whereas in

Central America the numbers are 215 and 13 respectively. ‘There is a difference of

opinion as to the true position of Eumeus, and an interesting note by Mr. S. H. Scudder

(of. IL. pp. 110-112) has been added to our remarks on the genus.

PAPILIONID&.

The Papilionide include two subfamilies—the Pierine and the Papilionine ;

the first-mentioned dividing into two groups, the Pierina and the Dismorphiina.

Of the Pierina, seventeen genera are mentioned by us as inhabiting Central America.

Pereute, Leodonta, Catasticta, and Archonias frequent the forest-clad slopes of the

Cordillera, some of the species attaining a high elevation. Eucheira is confined to

elevated districts on the plateau of Mexico, living in oak-forests. Hesperocharis affects

mountainous places, and ranges from South Mexico to the Argentine Republic, about

one-third of the known species occurring within our limits. The remainder— Pieris,

Callidryas, Colias, Terias, Nathalis, &c., all widely distributed—frequent open places,

Terias and Pieris being each represented by numerous species. The typical forms of

Colias in the New World mainly inhabit North America and the Andes. C. cesonia,

which is of a somewhat different type, lives in both the low country and the mountains,

extending northward to the Eastern United States and southward to Bolivia; the two

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. L., November 1901. c

XV11 INTRODUCTION.

others, C. chrysotheme and C. philodice, continue down the central plateau to Mexico

or Guatemala. Callidryas and its allies are perhaps the most conspicuous of the

Central-American Pierine, and they congregate in large numbers, with various species

of Terias, Papilio, &c., on the banks of rivers and ponds, or in wet places in the roads,

especially in the dry season, when compact masses of them on a space a foot or so

in diameter are often seen. Archonias dismorphites, A. lyceas, A. nigrescens, and the

females of certain species of Pieris (P. malenka, &c.), as well as Enantia deione (of

the group Dismorphiina), resemble in their style of coloration various Ithomiina and

Heliconiine inhabiting the same places. The females of the Pier’s mentioned also

have narrower wings than the males, the mimicry thus being still more accentuated.

Archonias approximata, again, has the coloration of Papilio mylotes, and inhabits

much the same localities.

The Dismorphiina, a purely Neotropical group, are represented by four genera, most

of the species frequenting forest-districts. In their elongated wings (which in some

forms are diaphanous) and in their weak flight they exactly resemble certain species

of the Danaine group Ithomiina, nearly each genus of which is, as it were, duplicated

amongst the Dismorphiina, as noticed by Bates on the Amazons and mentioned by

him in his paper on “‘ Mimetic Resemblance.” They are characteristic of the Tropical-

American fauna, though more frequent on the mountain-slopes than in the low

ground; our genera are all South-American, Dismorphia reaching North Mexico and

Enantia extending a little north of the Mexican boundary, where possibly it is not

really indigenous.

The Papilionine include two genera only—Vapilio, in the wide sense, which is

universally distributed, and Laronia, the latter represented by a single species peculiar

to the Sierra Madre del Sur, Western Mexico. The gigantic Ornithoptere of the

eastern tropics are altogether absent in America; but this deficiency is richly com-

pensated for by the abundance and variety of Papilio, upwards of eighty species

occurring within our limits. These we have divided into thirteen groups, the typical

representatives of which are zestos, montezuma, mylotes, polydamas, thymbreus, prote-

stlaus, thoas, epidaurus, pandion, zagreus, eurotas, asclepius, and daunus respectively.

It is worth while to again call attention to the dimorphism amongst the females

of some of the South-American species of the P. epidaurus-group, a peculiarity not

shared by the Central-American forms, and to note the resemblance of P. zalates (of

the P. zagreus-group) to some of the Danaine forms, e. g. Lycorea. The genitalia

of the males of many of them are figured on our Plates. The true affinities of

INTRODUCTION. xix

Baronia have still to be ascertained. The only genera of this subfamily in North

America are Papilio, with twenty-three species, as against our eighty-four, and

Parnassius, including four alpine forms; the last-mentioned altogether absent in

Mexico, but perhaps represented by Baronia.

HESPERID.

The Hesperiide are represented by nearly as many species as the Nymphalide,

Tropical America being especially rich, such a great variety occurring in a very limited

district that a collector in almost any locality in the low country (except at the height

of the dry season) may obtain examples of many different forms in a single day’s

excursion. Upwards of 550 species are here recorded, and possibly double that

number are to be found on the South-American continent (though many of these

latter are still unnamed in collections), belonging to three subfamilies—the Pyrrho-

pygine, the Hesperiine, and the Pamphiline. Of the total, rather more than half

belong to the Hesperiinz, and the bulk of the others to the Pamphiline, the Pyrrho-

pygine having only thirty representatives. The Hesperiide, it may be noted, are also

very numerous in America north of Mexico—178 species (exclusive of giale) being

recorded (Skinner, 1898), as against forty-six for Kurope in the wide sense (Staudinger,

1871), and sixty-six for the whole of the Palearctic region (Staudinger and Rebel, 1901).

The “skippers” have a wider distribution than most butterflies; this may be accounted

for, no doubt, by their strong powers of flight and their habit of frequenting com-

paratively open places. A very large number of the species are common to our region

and the northern part of South America.

We have already commented on the difficulty of dealing with the members of this

family, especially with regard to the characters that should be used for generic

separation, and more particularly in connection with the Pamphiline, the time

required for the study of these latter having much delayed the completion of our

enumeration of the Rhopalocera.

The Pyrrhopygine, a Neotropical group, include the well-known genus Pyrrhopyge

and its allies, all insects of large size and robust build. Of the nine genera inhabiting

Central America, one, Pyrrhopyge, reaches a little beyond our northern frontier,

Mysoria extends to Northern Mexico, Azonar is peculiar to Nicaragua, Amenis and

Oxynetra occur in Chiriqui, and the others range from South Mexico or Guatemala to

XX INTRODUCTION.

the South-American continent. About 100 species are known, nearly one-third of

which occur in our region.

The Hesperiinee we have divided (following Watson) into two groups—the one

almost exclusively American, the other being generally distributed, though more

numerously represented in Tropical America than elsewhere. Amongst the genera

including the largest number of species are Hudamus (which has a very wide

distribution), Staphylus, Thymele, Pythonides, Telegonus, and Pellicia; a few are

confined to Mexico and the Southern United States, as Thorybes, Cocceius, Pholisora,

and Celotes; but the majority are strictly Neotropical, extending northward to

Guatemala or South Mexico, a few, like Dyscophellus, Paramimus, and Timochreon,

only reaching the State of Panama.

The Pamphilinz, as shown by our critical study of them, divide by their sexual .

characters &c. into a great number of small groups, some monotypic, others including

two, three, or more species, to which we have reluctantly given generic value. No

attempt has yet been made to classify the whole of the known South-American forms,

and a comparison with them cannot therefore very well be made. We have, however,

traced most of our numerous genera south of Panama, and many of those recorded by

us from Central America only will no doubt eventually be found represented on the

southern continent. Of our total number, twenty-two at least also inhabit the

United States, and some few, Oarisma, Ochlodes, Phycanassa, Atrytonopsis, Stomyles,

Amblyscirtes, and Mastor, are peculiar to that country and Mexico; the remainder are

strictly Neotropical, a good many not reaching north of the State of Panama.

The genera most numerous in species are Thracides, Atrytone (common to the

tropical and temperate regions of the New World), Butleria (extending southward to

Chile), Carystus, Eutychide, Megistias, and Prenes, the last-mentioned being very

widely distributed. The distribution in America of Pamphila (as restricted by

Watson) is somewhat peculiar, viz., United States, Mexico, and Brazil, the species from

the two last-mentioned countries being exceedingly closely allied. Pyrrhopygopsis

in appearance closely resembles Pyrrhopyge and Phocides, but has the neuration &c.

of the Pamphiline. The most striking Central-American forms of this subfamily

belong to Thracides, Perichares, Talides, Aides, Orses, Lycas, and Dion, nearly all of

which are purely Neotropical.

INTRODUCTION. XX1

The Table given on the following pages (pp. xxii-xxvii) will show the distribution

of the genera in the eight divisions into which we have for convenience divided our

region *, as well as their extension north and south, and their representation in the

West-Indian Islands (exclusive of Trinidad and Tobago); but it must be observed

that we have insufficient data for a trustworthy comparison with the Antillean fauna f.

‘The gaps in the distribution of the widely-ranging Neotropical forms merely indicate

that we have not yet received specimens from those districts.

An enormous number cf specimens have passed through our hands for the purposes

of this work, including many lent by the late Dr. Staudinger, principally from Chiriqui,

and by Mr. Schaus, from Mexico. They have been contributed mainly by the following

collectors :—From Mexico by Messrs. Baron, Becker, Brooks, Buchan-Hepburn, Elwes,

Fenochio, Forrer, Gaumer, Hoge, Mathew, Morrison, Richardson, Riimeli, Schumann,

H. H. Smith, Trujillo, J. J. Walker, and myself; from British Honduras by Messrs.

Blancaneaux and Roe; from Guatemala by Messrs. Champion, Conradt, Hague, Salvin,

and myself; from the Republic of Honduras (including Ruatan Island) by Messrs.

Gaumer, Whitely, and Wittkugel; from Nicaragua by Messrs. Belt, Janson, and

Richardson ; from Costa Rica by Messrs. Rogers, Van Patten, and Zurcher; from

Panama (including Taboga and the Pearl Islands) by Messrs. Arcé, Champion,

M‘Leannan, Ribbe, Trétsch, and J. J. Walker.

Mr. Smith collected in Mexico, in 1888-89, chiefly at the following places :—Atoyac,

at the foot of the eastern slope of the Volcan de Orizaba, ‘Teapa in T'abasco, various

localities in Guerrero (from an elevation of nearly 10,000 feet down to Acapulco on

the Pacific coast), Cuernavaca, &c. Mr. Richardson was mostly engaged in ornithology,

but he sent us various butterflies from time to time, chiefly from the Mexican State of

Tamaulipas and from Matagalpa in Nicaragua. Mr. Schaus’s and Mateo Trujillo’s

collections were made mainly at Jalapa, Coatepec, Cordova, and Misantla, in Vera

Cruz, the most productive district in Mexico for butterflies. Most of these places, as

* Salvador cannot be included, owing to want of sufficient material; the Rhopalocerous fauna, however, so

far as we know, is very similar to that of the central portions and Pacific slope of Guatemala. Mazatlan and

Tampico are grouped with Northern Mexico.

t The only list of any importance is that of Lucas, in Ramon de la Sagra’s work on the Natural History of

Cuba, but several of the South-American species enumerated by him from that island have not again been

recorded from there. We have, however, included them in the Table on his authority, but with a ?.

INTRODUCTION.

xxi

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XX111

INTRODUCTION.

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INTRODUCTION.

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XX1V

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XXV

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INTRODUCTION.

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6 * * * * * Ropes sn ade pus

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Sonor]

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. L, November 1901.

es a a ce DOCSTOC Te

% * * x * x * % % * we foereere omdug

‘WNINOIIIGY J

|e] 37 (8

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Steere ginadeg

tk OK OK OK OK Ok

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NAOH KHON DHANAS

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—

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SS tet HONOR NORMANS SS OANA MSHA AN SAMO

INTRODUCTION.

cere e ree seeeees soulyy

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eee ane [oeccceses sNULLOTUTT[ CO

* soe | eeevvensece sopoIsVUyy

. ee eeeane (snedq) sntiday

ee ee snoojng

eae tae ste8ee sigdomolqyoyy

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aoe vee Jeerevecovene soueuhy

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seer eereeneseentes wo1g

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“OTOH

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ook

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‘satoeds

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jo Jequinu [RIO],

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‘sa1eds ‘ury-"¢—

“BOOM “Gg peordouy,

XXV1i

‘(panurguos) uoyngiystq peoydeisoar)

XXVI1

INTRODUCTION.

Som!

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XXVlll INTRODUCTION.

well as Puebla, Amecameca, the Volcanoes of Popocatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl, and

Orizaba, were visited by myself in 1887-88, in company with Mr. Elwes. I also

made an expedition to Tabi, Ticul, Valladolid, and other places in Northern

Yucatan. M. Blancaneaux, in British Honduras, collected in the vicinity of

Belize, on the rivers Hondo and Sarstoon, and at Cayo in the Western District.

Salvin’s three visits to Guatemala, in one of which I accompanied him, were chiefly

devoted to ornithology, but he obtained many butterflies during his travels, particularly

at Duefias, near Antigua, San Gerénimo, in Baja Vera Paz, the coffee-estate of “ Las

Nubes ” (on the Pacific slope, generally termed Cerro Zunil in this work, to avoid

confusion with another place of the same name near the capital), Choctum in Alta

Vera Paz, and the Polochic Valley. On his way home he collected a few insects along

the Line of the Panama Railroad, where he met M‘Leannan, from whom we afterwards

received many interesting butterflies. Salvin also made a journey to Peten, from

Coban, returning again to the city of Guatemala by way of Belize and Yzabal, but

on this trip he paid but little attention to entomology. Enrique Arcé was engaged

by us during our joint visit to this country, and we afterwards sent him to Chiriqui

and Veraguas, in the State of Panama. Mr. Champion, in Guatemala, collected in

the Polochic Valley, the Senahu and San Juan district to the north of it, and Sabo,

Panima, Sinanja, &c. to the south; Cubilguitz, Cahabon, Lanquin, Chiacam, Coban,

‘Tactic, Purula, San Gerénimo (where he had his headquarters for one year), &c., in

Vera Paz; the Los Altos region (Quezaltenango, Ostuncalco, Totonicapam, Quiché,

&c.); the neighbourhood of Antigua, including the Volcanoes Agua and Fuego, and

of the capital; and almost the entire length of the Pacific slope, from the El] Tumbador

district in San Marcos to the Rio Maria Linda, including the Rio Naranjo, Coatepeque,

Champerico, Retalhuleu, San Isidro, Las Mercedes, Cerro Zunil, El Idolo, the Lake

and Volcano of Atitlan, San Agustin, Pantaleon, Zapote, Mirandilla, Torola, San José,

Paso Antonio, &c. In the State of Panama his investigations, like those of Ribbe,

Trétsch, and Arcé, were limited to the Pacific slope (Vivala, Alanjé, Bugaba, David,

Caldera, Los Remedios, Tolé, Pefia Blanca, the eastern, southern, and western slopes

of the Volcan de Chiriqui, &c.); but he also visited Taboga and the Pearl Islands, the

neighbourhood of the city of Panama, Colon, &c. Mr. Rogers devoted his attention

to various places in Costa Rica—the Volcan de Irazu, Caché, Rio Sucio, &c.

Messrs. Arcé, Champion, Richardson, Rogers, Smith, and Trujillo were specially

employed by us in various countries as collectors, subsequent to the visit of Salvin

and myself to Guatemala in 1861, their several expeditions extending over nearly

forty years.

INTRODUCTION. XX1X

Additions may yet be expected from the Atlantic slope of Chiriqui, in the State of

Panama, and from the Isthmus of Darien, districts almost unworked; and, to judge

from a small collection made by Mr. Becker in the neighbourhood of Durango city,

other northern forms are likely to occur in that part of Mexico.

Two important collections of Rhopalocera acquired long ago by us have been of

great assistance in working out the Central-American species, viz., that of H. W.

Bates, including the first set of his captures on the Amazons (in all 11,450 specimens),

and that of Herbert Druce, containing the types of many Costa Rican insects described

by Dr. Butler and himself. The late Dr. Staudinger, to whom our thanks are due,

communicated numerous types of Mabille and Herrich-Schaffer, so that we have been

able to determine with certainty many of the species described by these authors; we

are also indebted to M. Charles Oberthiir, of Rennes, for assistance in the identification

of various insects described by Boisduval. On the other hand, all our attempts to

obtain the loan of Plétz’s quoted (but unpublished) figures of Hesperiide were

unsuccessful, and we have been compelled to leave many of his species unidentified,

the descriptions being in most cases inadequate for the purpose. I must also here

record my special thanks to Mr. Champion for the valuable assistance he has rendered

me, especially in the completion of the Hesperiide, since Salvin’s death.

Following our usual custom, we have given a distinctive specific name, in preference

to a varietal one, to such forms (more especially in the genus Papilio) as seemed to be

confined to a particular district, even if the differences were not very important.

Since we attach but very little value to relative size, no measurements have, as a rule,

been given; our numerous figures, however, which are all drawn natural size when

the entire insect is shown, will supply this deficiency. Where no sex is mentioned in

the diagnosis, it must be understood that the characters are in almost every case taken

from the male.

Of the 113 hand-coloured Plates (including XXIV.a), thirty-four were drawn by

Mr. R. F. H. Rippon, the remainder by Mr. W. Parkiss, illustrating altogether

about 1250 species. The dissections of the genitalia and other preparations were

made either by Mr. A. Cant or by Salvin himself.

In conclusion, it is a matter of regret that Dr. Holland’s excellent work on North-

American butterflies, the second edition of which was published in 1900, reached us

XXX INTRODUCTION.

too late to be of use in the preparation of the concluding portion of these volumes.

Had we received it sooner, much labour would have been saved and some of the

more critical northern forms identified with greater certainty, especially among the

Hesperiide which extend down the central plateau.

F. D. G.

November 1901.

LIST OF PLATES.

| Plate. | Fig. Page. | Plate. Fig. Page.

: |

: i | ———-|_}

. Leucothyris vicina |], ¢ ........ II. , 18 | i. 39, ii. 646

NYMPH ALIDA, | wosion I, do. . Oo IL. | 4 i. 39

| pagasa ||, ¢ .........6.. Ii. | 15 i. 40

Danainx. | Episcada salvinia |, 9 ......... LL 19. | i.41, ii. 646

Olyras theon, d.............. I. | 2 i. 7, ii. 639 || Pteronymia artenatt, dg 2 .... IV. ‘10, 11) i. 42, 11. 646

insignis, 6... eee | 1. | 1 i. 8 alemena ||, Q 0 ......--05 Vv. | i. 48

Eutresis theope .............. | I. | 3 i. 9 parva |], do... . 2 ee eee Vv. , 2 i. 44

Tithorea duenna, 2 .......... | IT. | 7 i. 9, 11, 640 simplex ||, 9 ............ IT. 200 | 1, 45, i. 647

pinthias, @ ............ If. . 8 1,10 rufocincta ||], ¢ .......... II. 21 1, 45 |

salvadoris*, Q .......... II. , 9 |i. 11, ii. 641 fulvescens, 6 Q ........ | IV. ' 8,9 i. 46

irene, 9... .. 2... ee eee Il. | 10 i, 11 agalla, dQ .........4.- IV. 6,7 | 1.47, 11. 647 |

Melinwa scylax, d............ Il. | 12 | i, 12, 11.641 || 1thomia panamensis +t, Lees V. a) 1. 48

imitata, d.............. Il. 11 i. 18, 11. 641 heraldica, ¢ ............ ! Vv. 4 1. 49, 11. 647 |

Scada xanthinat, d .......... IIL. 2 i, 14 XeN0S, G ww. eee eee eee V. | 8 1,50 |

Bria agnat, do... ee III. | 12 | i. 15, ii. 641 patilla§$, dow... Vv. «6 | 1. 50, ii. 648 ©

pacificat, gd ............ [II. 10,11) i. 16, ii. 641 leila, d 6. fee eee eee V. 7 | 1.51, 1. 648 |

Thyridia melantho, ¢ ........ I. i 4 1.17, 11. 642 | hippocrenis, ¢ .......... V. rs) 1.51

Mechanitis lycidice, J Q ...... L. 7,8 | 1.19, 11. 642 | jucunda, Q ............ II. a) 1.52

isthmia §, dQ .......... | L. 11, 12) 1. 20, ii, 642 || Hypoleria libera, ¢ Q ........ IV. 12,138 1. 53

doryssus, d Q .......... | I. 9,10} i. 21, ii. 642 fumosa, 9 ..........005. IV. (14 1, 53

—— ——_, var, do wee ee ee TY, 2 | i, 21, ii. 642 | cassotis||, Q ........0.0. | V. 10. | 4. 54, ii. 648

labotas, Q.....-........ IV, 1 |i. 21, ii, 642 | rhene |, go... - 2. | II. «6 i. 54

macrinus, d @ .......... I. _ 5,6 | i. 22, 11, 643 || Pseudoscada utilla |||, ¢ Q .... Vv. 13, 14 1, 95

Ceratinia decumana, @ ........ TV. 3 | i, 28, ii. 648 Hymenitis lyra||, ¢ Q ........ Vv. 11, 12} 1. 57, it. 649 |

megalopolis ||, Q ........, II. ' 8 | 1.23 | —— furina, dQ ............ | IV. 15, 16 1.59 |

cleis |], Q .....--8-- ae ! LI. db | 1. 28, 1. 648 sosunga ||, dQ ...... eee Vv. 15-18} i. 59, ii, 649

leucania |, d «2... 0-0. IIT. 9 | i. 25, 11. 643 zygia ||, dQ .......4-. . V. 19, 20} i. 60, 11. 649

-—— callispila ||, ¢ ........6. Il. 6,7 | i. 25, 11.643 || Heterosais nephele(], ¢......, V. , 9 i. 61

Napeogenes hemimelena, 9 .... LIT. BO 1. 26 cadral], d .........2000. IT. a, i. 61.

tolosa, ¢ .-.... ee eee eee Il. | 1 | i. 27, ii. 648

amara@], Gd .........05. III. 4 1, 27, 11, 644 | ; ;

pedaretus, GQ ........ IV. 4,55 1, 285 SATYRIN 2. |

Dircenna euchytma||, dQ .... Il. 16,17. i. 30, 11. 644 | Cerois gertrudtus, g.........., CVIL. 1,2 | 1. 62, ii. 649

Callithomia hedila**, Q ...... : LUI. 1 1. 32, i. 644 || Calliteara menander, 9 g ...... VI. 1,2 | i. 68, 17. 650

panamensis, d .......... | I. 2 | i. 32.) Hetera macleannania, dQ ..... VI. 3,4 i. 65

Epithomia callipero|].......... : IT. 14 1.33 | Pierella rubecula, 9 .......... | VI. 10, 11) 1. 67, ii. 651

_ Hyposcada adelphina |, d...... III. 13 | i. 36, ii. 644 incanescens, Q .......... VI. 5,6 | i. 68, 0. 601 |

* Tithorea irene on the Plate. ** Callithomia hezia on the Plate.

tT Oleria xanthina on the Plate. tt Pteronymia tigranes on the Plate.

{ ILthomia eurimedia on the Plate. tt Ithomia lycaste on the Plate.

§ Mechanitis isthmicus on the Plate. §§ LIthomia cotytto on the Plate.

|| Placed under the genus Jthomza on the Plate. ||| Zékomeza puszo on the Plate.

{ Napeogenes tolosa on the Plate. { Ithomia nero on the Plate.

XXXil LIST OF PLATES.

Plate. Fig Page. Plate Fig Page

Pierella ocreata, 6 Q ........! VI. 7-9 i. 68 || Oxeoschistus gigas, Q ........- X. 8,9 1. 110

Antirrhea miltiades, g....... VII. 1,2 i. 70 || Pronophila timanthes, g ...... X. 6, 7 i 1, 111

tomasia, ¢ ............ VII. 3 | i. 70, 11.651 || Drucina championi, d .......- CVII. 15, 16] 1. 118, 11. 663

pterocopha, d@ ........ VIL. 4-6 i. 71

EKuptychia metaleuca, g ...... VIII 1,2 | i. 75, 11. 652

Pemollina®, 0 .. VIII. [13,14 i. 76, ii. 652 MorrHINa.

fetna, So... ee eee VIII 15,16! i. 77, ii. 652 || Morpho justitiw, ¢ ........0- XI. 1,2 i, 115

salvini, Q .......,.....- Vill 17 i. 73 granadensis, d .......... XI. 3]. i. 118

labe, 9 .... eee eee VIII 3 | i. 79, ii. 652 || ——- octavia, 12.6... eee XI. 4,5 |1.121, ti, 663

cleophes, Q ............ CVII 3,4 ii. 653

ulnare, dw... eee eee VIII 11 i. 80 .

equamictriga a VIII 24 | i, 80,, ii. 654 BrassoLinz

similis, Go... ee ee eee VITI 4 | 1.81, ii. 654 || Dynastor strix]], 2 ........ XII. 3, 4 i. 123

renata, ¢ ........ ee eens VIII 5 | i. 82, 11.655 |) Brassolis isthmia, d .........- XII. 5, 6 1. 125

pellonia, ¢ ............ CVII 5,6 li. 655 ane oe XII. 7,8 i, 125

satyrina, dS ......---- ee VIII 23 | i. 84, ii. 655 || Opsiphanes josephus, ¢ ...... XIII 3,4 1,126

polyphemus $f, d ........ VIII 22 i. 85 tamarindi, ¢ .......... XIII 5,6 |i. 128, ui. 664

nebulosa, Q ............ VIII 10 i. 86 xanthicles ***, ¢........ XIi. 1,2 1,130

camerta, ¢ «we. ee eee eee VIII 6,7 | i. 86, il. 656 staudingeri, ¢ .......... CVII. 17,18 li. 665

—— phares, 9 ............-. VIII 8,9 i. 88 || Caligo memnon, d............ XIV. 1,4 j1. 133, 1. 666

sericeella, Q ............ Vill 20, 21 1.89 || -—— telamonius, J .......... XIY. 2,3 4. 134

glaucina, ¢ ............ VIII. 18, 19 1,90 | Eryphanis wardi, gd .. ....... XII. 1, 2 |i. 137, ii, 666

—— philodice, ¢ ............ IX. 15, 16) 1. 90, ii. 656 bubocula, gd .......-.--- XV. 1,2 i, 138

nelsoni, d...... Leas CVII. 7,8 | 1.91, u. 656 re XV. 3 i. 138

argentella, ¢ .......... VIII 26 i, 91, 11.656 || Narope testacea, f .......... XV. 4,5 i. 139

—— clinas, d ........- eee CVII. 9, 10 ii. 656 DQ cece ncn eens XV. 6 i. 189

rogersi, doo... eee eee IX. 13, 14 1. 92

——— pephredo§, d .........- VIII 12 | i. 92, it. 657 .

— pyraemon. Qe. VIL | 27. | i. 93, ii. 658 ACRAIN &.

i— A CVIL. 11, 12) i. 93, ii. 658 |) Actinote anteas TTT, gd ........ XVI. 1 |1.141, 1. 666

hedemannif], Q .......- VIII. 25 | 1.98, 11. 658 guatemalenatTT, Q...... XVI. 2 11.141, 1. 667

i, IX. 17, 18! i. 98, i. 658 nox ttt, ¢ ...... ee eee. XVI. 3,4 |i. 142, i. 667

'Taygetis andromeda tT, ¢ XxX. 1 | 1.98, 1.659 || —— i ree XVI 5,6 |i. 142, 11. 667

| Lymanopoda euopis, d ........ IX. 9,10 i. 102

! QQ cece tee ee eees IX. 11,12 i. 102 Hertconry x

Cinna, G6... eee ee eee CVII 13, 14 ii. 660 °

Pedaliodes pisonia $7, d ...... X. 4 /|1.108, 11.661 || Heliconius melicerta .......... XVI. 12,13 1. 144

napa, do... ee eee eee ee X. 2,3 i. 104 albucilla .............. XVI. 7,8 1. 144

hulda, d .........2-00- IX. 7,8 (1.104, ii. 661 |; —— p VAP. eee eee eee XVI. 9 i. 144

cremera §§, Q ........-. IX. 3, 4 1.105 jucundus .............. XVII. 1,2 1. 146

triaria, do... 2. eee eee IX. 5, 6 11.105, ii. 662 |) —— SSS XVI. 10, 11 i. 146

Gyrocheilus patrobas, d ...... X. 5 |1.106, ii. 662 octavia ........ 6... eee XVII. 9,10 1,148

Oxeoschistus hilarus |j||, ¢ X. 14, 15) 1.107, ii. 662 formosus ............0. XVII. 7,8 i. 148

cothon, SO ......-.--2-e- X. 10,1] 1.108 clarescens ...........00. XVII. 5, 6 1. 150

submaculatus, d ........ X. 12,13 1.109 fasclatus ...........04. XVII. 3, 4 i. 150

rogersi, Q ...........0ee IX, 1,2 i.110 | ——- montanus .............. XVII. 11 |i. 152, ii. 668

* EKuptychia westwoodi on the Plate.

Tt Euptychia zabdi on the Plate.

{ Huptychia cyclops on the Plate.

§ Euptychia gemma on the Plate.

|| Huptychia hilaria on the Plate.

{| Huptychia ithamna on the Plate.

** Huptychia vetones on the Plate.

Tt Tagetis sylvia on the Plate.

tt Pedaliodes dejectu on the Plate.

§§ Pedaliodes cremona on the Plate.

|||| Oweoschistus hilura on the Plate.

44 Brassolis strix on the Plate.

*** Ovsiphanes xanthus on the Plate.

ttt Acrea anteus on the Plate.

ttt Acrea nox on the Plate.

§§§ Heliconius xanthicus on the Plate.

| Plate. Fig Page. | Plate. Fig. Page.

Heliconius galanthus.......... | XVIII. 1,2 /1, 155, ii. 668 || Phyciodes nigrella, g ........ XXI. 24, 25 i. 199

chioneus .............. XVIII. 7,8 i. 156 || —— » Qe cececeeceaee XXI. 26 i. 199

leuce .. 0. eee eee | XVI. | 3.4 i, 156 niveonotis, ¢ .......... XX] | 27 i. 200

—— sappho ..............4.. | XVIII. 5, 6 1. 157 poltis, ¢ ........ ee eee, XXT. 28, 29 i. 200

theudela .............. | XVIII. 9, 10 |i. 157, ii. 669 ||} —— sitalces, Go... ee eee ae, XXII. '30, 31, i. 201

pachinus .............. | XVIII. 11 i. 158 || —— ptolyca, go... 0.00.0... XXII. (32, 33/1. 201, ii. 680

magdalena.............. | XvVuoI. | 13 |i. 159, ii. 669 | —— ——,, var. lelex, 2 ...... XXL 34 i. 201

vereepacis ...........4.. ; XVIII. 12 |i. 159, ii. 669 || —— —_., var. alethes, ¢ XXII. 35 | i. 201

“Eueides vulgiformis ......... | XIX, 3. |i. 162, ii. 669 | —— ——? var. stesilea, XXI | 36 | i, 201

lineata ................ XIX. 2/1. 163, ii. 670 | —— phlegias, § ............ CVIII. 21, 22! li. 680

olympia ...........0 000. | XIX. 1 i. 164 tuleis, So. eee XXII. 1, 2 |i. 203, ii. 681

| frisia, Sw... eee eee. XXII. 6 i. 203

NyMpPHAtin | ardys, Cow. ee eee eee XXIT. 3,4 /1. 204, ii. 681

ee — > QD eee eee ee eeee XXII. 5 |i. 204, ii. 681

Clothilda insignis, 9 ..........; XIX, 4,5. 1. 174 subota, d .......... 0 ee XXII. 7,8 i. 204

Synchloe lacinia, dg @ ........ XIX 6-17) i. 176, ii. 671 drymea, G¢ ............ XXII. 9,10) i. 205

melanarge, ¢ .......... XX. 9,10 | 1.179, ii. 672 | BOSIS, Se... eee eee ee eee XXII. 11,12) i, 205

erodyle, Qo... se ee eee XX. 3,4 11,180, ii. 672 |) nebulosa, gd ..........4. XXIT. 13, 14) i. 205

—— pecile, d ..........00.. XX. 1,2 |1. 180, ii. 672 alexon, d ...... eee eee. CVILI. 23, 24 11. 681

—— eumeda, Sd ............ CVITII. 1,2 u. 672 || —~— 9 QD cece cece ees CVIII. 25, 26; n. 681

dryope, Oo. ce cece cece ee CVILI 3,4 ii. 672 | ——fulgora, Q.............. XXII. 15, 16' i. 206

endeis, d .............4. CVIII 5,6 Ui. 673 | - crithona, ¢ ............ XXII. 17, 1% 1. 206

—— hyleus, gd ...... 0.0.0... CVIII. 7,8) 11. 673 atronia, d...........0.. XXII. 19, 20) 1. 206 |

~—— gaudialis, gd ............ XX, 5,6 1.182, 11.673 | —— > QD eee e cece eens XXII. 21 1. 206 |

- bonplandi*, 9 .......... XX, 7,8 |i. 182, ii, 673 | cassiopea, 2 ............ XXII. 22, 23, i. 207

Eresia mechanitis, 9 .......... | XX, 13, 14 1.183 || —— diallus, 9 .............. XXII. 24, 25, i. 207

drypetis, 6 ............ | XX. 11,12, 1. 184 fulviplaga, Q .......... XXII. 26, 27 1. 208

nigripennis, d .......... XX. 15, 16, i. 186 otanes, f .........0000. XXII. 28, 29 i, 208

——eutropiat, 2 .......... | XX. 17,18) i. 187 CYNO, Oise eee ceeeeeeees CVI. 27, 28 ii, 681

—— a | XXI. 1 i. 187 | —— » Qe cece eee eeeee CVIIIL. = 29, Bu li. 681

— cela, 9 ................! XXI. 2,3 i. 187 sopolis, S ...... ec ee. XXII. 30 i. 209

—— pecilina, 2 ............) XX. 19, 20 i. 188 » Q rece cece eeaes XXII. 31, 32 i. 209

-clara, dQ wee eee eee XX. 21, 22/1. 189, ii. 674 || Microtia elva, ¢ ............ XX. 23 |i, 210, ii, 682

. . . : C © 17 5

Araynnis nitocris, var. ccerules- | CXIL 15, 16 ii. O75 Renee aoe Lecce eee ees a 10 1h i. 214, i 68°

, 5 Qoceeeee cee IXIT 17,18 ii. 675 |) alemena, 9 ............ XXIII. 6, 7 i. 224

Melitsea beckeri, ¢ .........6, CVIII 9,10 i. 676 | pomona, d ............ AXIIEI. 8, 9 1, 225

| schausi, ¢..... 26.0600. CVIII. {11,12 ii. 676 amata, dw... eee ee eee XXIV. | 1,2 i. 225

Phyciodes cyneas, d ........... XXi. 10, 11) i. 191, ii. 677 augusta, d ........ enn. XXIII. 3,4 |i, 226, ii. 684

cynisca, go... ee eee, | XXI. 12 i.191 || —— QO eee ee eee ees XXIII. 5 |i, 226, ii. 684

—— picta, dO... eee cee. XXiI. 4,5 11.198, i. 678 excelsa, d.. 0... 0.00.00. XXIII. = 12,18 i, 226

| —— thebais, f.............. XXI. 13, 14 1.194 || —— modesta, g ............ XXIII. 15, 16/1. 228, ii, 684

— > DQ cece cece ce aee XXI. 15 i. 194 tatilat, gd... eee. XXIII. 14 |i, 229, ii. 685

—— boueardi, g ............ XXI. 16, 17/1. 194, ii.678 || Myscelia ethusa (rogenhoferi), 9; XXIV. 3,4 |i. 231, 1. 685

pallescens, ¢ .......... XXI. 18, 19'i. 195, 11.678 | Epiphile grandis, d .......... XXIV. 0, 6 1, 235

) EXC: Og XXI. 6,7 |1.196, ii. 679 | ——-—-, 2 oo... cl... XXIV. 7 1. 235

—— imitata, 9.........0.0., XXI. 8,9 |i. 196, ii. 679 plutonia, ¢ ............ XXIV. 8,9 i. 235

/——- dymas, gd ..........0.0. CVIII 13, 14 i. 679 | , bee beeen eee XXIV. 10 i, 235

hepburni, gd ............ CVIII 15,16 ii.679 | Bolboneura sylphis, ¢ ........ ; XXIV, /11, 121.237, ii. 686

anomalus .............. CVIIT 17,18 11.679 | Epicalia chromis, ¢ .......... i XXIVa. 1 |i. 243, i1. 686

anieta, go... 0... ee cee XXI. 20 i197 | CQ cece e eee eee. XXIVa. 2 1.243, ii, 686

cluvia, d .............. XXI. 21, 22 1.198 | aglaura, ¢ «ww... eee XXIV. 13, 14 i. 244, ii. 686

—— faustus 2.2... CVIII 19, 20 ii. 680 | Qe eve cece eee XXIV. 15 |i. 244, ii. 686

fragilis, ¢..........0002. XXI, | 23 11.198, 11.680 | Eubagis theseus, d .......... | XX1Va. 7,8 : 246,11. 686 —

| |

LIST OF PLATES.

XXXili

* Synchloe narva on the Plate.

Tt Eresia dismorphina on the Plate.

~ Eunica cerula on the Plate.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., November 1901.

XXX1V

LIST OF PLATES.

—— eupepla, ¢

——- titania, ¢

-—— atlantis, ¢

-—— otolais, ¢

-—— sophax, ¢

—— fessonia, ?

—— creton, 9

Plate. Fig

Eubagis anubis, gd ............ XXIV a. 9

ao XXIVa 5, 6

sosthenes, d ........ ...| XXIVa. [17,18

Lecce ee eens XXIVa. 19

Lecce eens XX[Va. |15,16

salpensa, ¢ ............ AXXIVa, [13,14

—— thalassina, d .......... XXTVa. {10,11

Seca e eee eens XXIVa 12

Leen ee ee eees XxXIVa 20, 21

x) Lc cece ee eee XX1Va 22

C yclogramma bacchis, ¢ ...... XX1Va. 3,4

Callicore astala, 9 ............ XXV. 5,6

1a, Dove eece eee eee CVIII. 31, 32

Ledeen eens XXV. 3, 4

Lecce eens CVIII. 33, 34

neglecta, ¢ ............ XXV. 1,2

Catagramma faustina, d ...... XXV. 7,8

ima, So... eee eee eee XXV. 19

a rr XXV. 17, 18)1. 2

Lecce eee eee XXV. 15, 16

Lene n eens XXV. 11, 12

Lecce ee ee ee XXV. 13, 14

beeen e eens XXV. 9,10

Ageronia glauconome, ¢ ...... XXVI. 9,10/i.

Lecce enee XXVI. 5,6 |i

Ore XXVI. 7,8

Peridromia arienis Tf, ¢ ...... XXVI. ll,

guatemalena f, d........ XXVI. I,

-—— iphthime §, g .......... XXVI. 3,

Amphirene superba, d ........ XXVII. 1,

Timetes corita, ¢ ............ XXVILI. 7,

Lecce nee nee XXVII 9,1

Lee eee eens XXVII lL

Pyrrhogyra ‘by psenor ||, d...... XXVII. 3,

Lene een eens XXVII. 5,

Adelpha melanthe, ¢ ........ XXVIII. | 1,

—— demialba, d ............ XXX. 5,

Lecce ee eens XXIX 1,

Loe e eee XXIX. 11

—-— galmoneus, G ....... ..| SAVITI, 3,

—— leuceriaff, Q0 .......... XXX. 7,

Lee eee eee XXIX. 18;

Lee e eee eee XXIX. 14,

erymanthis, Q .......... XXIX. 5,

——— oberthiiri, d............ XXIX, 3,

iocles, Go ..ee eee eee eee XXX. 3,

Leen eee ee eee CIX. 1

Do pete pete pe pte pede pete bebe pede

tn ene nn a ee Oe SY

GEG G

pats

ie pee

NR HR Oe HOOP [Neon Wore

* Cutagramma guatemalena on the Plate.

Ageronia arinome on the Plate.

Ageronia guatemalena on the Plate.

Ageronia iphthime on the Plate.

Pyrrogyra tipha on the Plate.

Adelpha leacernia on the Plate.

** Adetpha epiphicla on the Plate.

Plate.

Adelpha lerna, ¢ ............ XXIX.

phylaca, Q ............ XXX.

—— pithys, d .............. XXVIIL.

basilea **, go ow... XXVIII.

iphicla th, S21... . 0... XXVIII.

basiloides, Q......... ...| XXVIIT.

felderi tf, d............ XXVIII.

—— sentia, d .....-.....05. XXIX.

pione, Q ...... ee. eee XXIX.

—— massilia, ¢ ............ XXIX.

pareca, Q ...........0.. XXVIII.

Chlorippe callianira §§, d...... XXX.

SST XXX.

oyane SS XXXII.

cherubina §§$, 2 ........ XXXI.

Doxocopa argus §§, ¢ ........ XXX.

———, Pe eee eee eee XXX.

Prepona camilla ||||, d ........ XXXI

wlia, So... eee eee eee CIX.

—— gnorima, gd ............ XXXI.

brooksiana, Q .......... CIX.

Agrias edon, 9 .............. XXXI.

Siderone ide, var. thebais, ¢ ..| XXXVII.

> DQ eee c eee ceca XXXVII

Anea titan, Q .............. CIX.

—— nobilis, gd .............. XXXV

—- 9 Qc e ccc ce eeee XXXV

—— morta, Q .............. XXXII

—- ar XXXIV.

—— indigotica, d .......... XXXIIL.

— 9T. 2 ee, XXXIII.

—— xenica, 9 ...........00. XXXIIT.

—— promenwa, Jd .......... XXXIV.

—— beatrix, d........0.0048. XXXII.

— > Q cece cece eee eee XXXVI-.

—— schausiana, ¢ .......... CIX.

—— » Pee cee ceca ee CIX.

—— perenna ***, goo... 0... XXXII.

—— onophis, 6 ............ XXXIT.

— Or XXXIV.

—— pithyusa, gd ............ XXXII.

—— xenocles, ¢ ........... XXXIT.

proserpina, g .......... XXXILI.

—— 9 Q cece cee ee eeee XXXITLI.

—— laura, do... eee eee XXXVII.

—— ambrosia, 9 ............ XXXVI.

—- ko XXXVI.

i a)

eH OO AT

—

mt OV CS Ss OT ne

c oO

pe My is

o oO

Sie al

OD Orb

mn)

ead

Op et

bo.

Vo}

i. 804

ii, 692

ii. 692

ii, 692

ii. 692

i, 309

i. 309

tT Adelpha tphicleota on the Plate.

tt Adelpha falcata on the Plate.

§§ Placed under the genus Apatura on the Plate.

il] Prepona demophon on the Plate.

VT Anea zelica on the Plate.

¥E* Anca amenophas on the Plate.

LIST OF PLATES. XXXV

Plate. Fig Page. | Plate. Fig. Page.

—|

Ana elara, ¢ «0.0... 0.00. CIX. 11,12 ii. 698 | Mesosemia hesperina, S$? ....) XXXVIIL. 13, 14 i.

anassa, So... eee eee XXXVI. 1,2 i, 849 carissima, ¢ 9 .......... XXXVIIT. | 8,9 i,

—- 9 QD cece e nee eeeee XXXVI. 3,4 i. 849 | gaudiolum, g¢ .......... XXXVI. | 5 i.

forreri, So... eee eae XXXIV. | 3,4 |i.350, ii. 698 = GQ vee eee eeeeee XLII. [| 1 i.

orthesia, @ ........000. XXXVI. 5,6 /i1.351, i. 698 | grandis, SQ wee eeeee, XXXVIII. | 6,7 i.

— > Qe cece cece eens XXXVI. | 7,8 |i. 38], ii. 698 | celestis, Q ............ XXXVITL. | 16 it

—— dia, dw... eee eee eee XXXIV. 7,8 i, 351 | asa, 6 Qo... ee eee XXXVIIT. |10, 11 it

——aureola, f ............ XXXVIT. | 1,2 i, 351 |) —— cecropia, ¢ ............ XXXVIII. | 12 it

—— —, 9 oe, XXXVI. i351 | ——zonalis, Q@.............. XXXVI. | 15 i.

—— jansoni, 9.............. XXXY. 4,5 i. 8353 |; —— i: re XLITI. 2 i.

—— excellens, dO ............ XXXYV. 6,7 1.353 | —— vestalis, 9 ............, XXXVI. | 17 i.

—— callidryas, 9 ............ XXXV. 8,9 i. 3854 | —— lepida, 9 ............., XLII. 3 i.

-—— opalina*, gd ....-....8.0, XXXIV. /|9,10 i, 354 | nivalis, 9 .......0......, XLII. 4 11.386, ti.

. 'Cremna eucharila, ¢ 9........ XXXVIIT. 18, 19 i

_Lyropteryx cleadas, ¢ ........ XLI. 9,10 i

ERYCINID As. eee XL 11, 12 i

NEMEOBIIN &. | Necyria larunda, g¢ .......... XLII. 11,12 1

. | Cyrenia pyrippe, d .......... XI. 13, 14 i

Eurygona ‘nantiaen, Soveaee, ow ier one Ithomeis imitatris, See eae XLI. 15, 16 i.

cheles, 2 .............. OX. 1,2 ii. 699 | 7 2 XLL i

——pgydat, 2 ............ |) OXXKIX. 3.4 i. 364 metoglene dinora, ¢ ........ XLII. 9 i

—— crotopus, 2 ............ XL. 7,8 1. 365 dodone, J ....--........ RT ~ 1

——procula, g ............ XXXIX. 115,16 1. 365 Levri ? g bo a L }

__ -eeeeeeeneeeee XXXIX. 117,18 i. 365 epricornis bicolor, Q. ........ XLII. 3 | 2

athena, do... sees e eee XXXIX. |9)) 99 i. 365 unicolort, ¢ .......... XLVIL. 6 |i. 487,11.

_—— amphidecta, g .......... XL. 5 6 3. 366 | Chameclimnas villagomes - Lees XLII. Bo. i.

eubule, doe... see eee. XL. [13,14] 1.366, ii. 6yg | Chimastrum argenteum §, ¢ ..| XLII. | 28 i.

__ 9 Saeeeeeeene XL, Ip |i 366. ii. Ggy || Limnas gynaceas, 9 .......... CX. 3 ii.

_ hypophaea, 3 ° - XL. 9.10 , 1. 367 Esthemopsis alicia, S veceaeee XLI. 18, 19 i.

leucorrhoa, g¢ .......... XL. 1 L, 12 i. 367 ) ceruleata, J ........ XLI. 6,7 1.

sergia, dv. s-.es see. XXXIX. | 9,10 |i. 367, ii. 699 | (@)radiata, Q 1.1.2... SUI. 5 1.

— 9 oe XXXIX. [11, 12]1.367, ii. 699 | Mesenopsis melanochlora ||, ¢ ..) XLT. St ag

hieronymi, g .......... XXXIX. [13° 14/1. 368, ii. 700 rymmachia, oda Scere, aor 1390 1. 419, 0.

inconspicua, 9 .......... XXXIX. 19, 90/1. 368, ii. 700 | “eseme Igmtcauea, J .......... xr 8 .

——- pusilla, 2.0... eee, XL. {16,17 1.369, ii. 700 mat Qe tect e eens xin | 30 1.4

regipennis, gd .......... XI. 1,2 i. 369 Tubella, J sss esses sees XLIL 23. 94 I.

—— SQ cece cece cece eel XL. 3.4 i, 369 |) a rn oenetd J

eupepla, G1... eee | XLUI. 5, 6 1. 369 eroceella, ¢ .....-...... XLII. 25, 26 I. 423, n

ns res XLUI. | 7g | STIL 5, (423.8

bettina, D2... eee eee XL. |a3) 94 1 B70 | Boy Sas Sweets tes xiv. | 95 .

cataleuca, gd ............ XL. 21. 99/1. 370, 11. 700 achythone gigas, Porte eee eee i ° 1.

aurantia, d ............ XI, 13° 19 i. 370 Charis cadmeis, S ............ XLIV. 1,2 1

a ° x1 30 5 370 velutina, doo... ......0. XLIV. 3,4 |i. 428, ii.

chrysippe, So... eee eae XXXIX. | 5.6 i 3r1 | arByrodines, So... 0... xiv. |e i

—— =, 2 eee, XXXIX. | 7'g oh a <iva (| ji

Methonella chrysomela, ate | be 1 Ore | __ hholostieta, ¢ -o sss, XLIV. | 7 |i.431,417

PQ vette ese ee eee “ne 3, 4 ote macularia], d.......... XLIV. 8 i.

sulphurea, Q «ww... | CX. 4 |1.432, ii,

Erycrntn. i peciloptera, gd ........... XLIV. [28,24 i 4:

Eurybia patrona, d .........8, XXXVIIL. | 1,2 11.375, ii. 700 Calydna venusta, ¢ ......... XLVI. 1, 2 |i. 483, in.

Mesosemia telegone, § 9 ...... | XXXVIIT. | 3,4 1. 379 |» | Sarota psaros * Q eee eee aee XLII. 14,15 1.4:

* Anea callidryas on the Plate. || Limnas melanochlora on the Plate.

Tt Hurygona russata on the Plate. {| Charis ochrias on the Plate.

~ Esthemopsis(?) unicolor on the Plate. ** Anteros psaros on the Plate.

§ Mesene argentea on the Plate. e2

XXXVI LIST OF PLATES.

Plate Fig. Page. Plate Fig. Page.

Anteros renaldus, ¢ .......... XLII 6,7 i.440 | Nymphidium hematostictum, 3 . XLVI 1,27) we a74

Emesis ethalia, dg ............ XLII 16, 17 1.442 || _— sicyon, d ..........-4. XLVI 4 11.475, ii. 710

——, Qe ee eee eeee XLIt 18 1.442 || ——- ipsea, Q ......---. 00, XLV. 17,18 i. 476

tenedia, d...........0-. XLIII 16, 17,1, 448, 11.704 || —— ictericum, g ............ XLVI 3 1, 476

| —— Deen eee eee enes XLII 18 11,448, 11.704 || —— nycteus, Q ............ XLVII 18 i. 476

| —— (lupina), ¢ ........ XL. (13, 14/1, 444, ii. 7u4 velabrum, 2 .........0 0: XLV. {19,20 i477

| yo Q veveaees XLII. 15 |i, 444, ii. 704 || Pandemos nymphidioides, ¢.. XLVI 5, 6 i. 479

brimo, S «6... see eee CX. 5, 6 ii. 704 || Theope eudocia, ¢............ XLVI 10, 11 i481

——~— poeas, Sw. ee eee eee CX. 7,8 i. 704 SQ cece cece ce eeee XLVI 12 | i481

— 9 Qe cece cence CX. 9,10 ii. 704 hypoxanthe, d .......... XLVII 21, 22 i. 482, ii. 710

liodes, GO «1.1... ee eee XLIIT 19 /i,447,i1. 705 |) —_— —-— (isia), d ...... 0... XLVI 20, 21/1. 482, 11.710

Qe cece cee es XLII. (20, 21) i. 447, ii. 75 barea ||, d.seece cece eens XLVI 13, 14 i, 482

| Caria lampeto*, d............ XLIl oe 33 1. a —— 9D cece cece ee eee XLVI 2 1, 482

ino0*, Soo. ee XLII 122, 2311, 449, 11. 70 . , .

eee XLII, [24, 25)i, 449) ii..705 theutis |, 2... ee ee es XLVI { 17 ** } 1. 488

rhacotis *, Q............ XLII 10, 11). 449, 11. 706 folia, So... e eee eee xiv ri i, ries

: 26, : _ herta, fo rr XL a, 1.

| armomia®, So... XLUL. | | 97+ } 1.449 virgilius, does e eee XLVI. | 7,8 {i.484, ii. 711

| Beotis neswa, ¢ ......--.00- CX. 11,12 ii. 706 talna, Qo... eee eee eee CX. 23, 24 ii. 711

' Motacharis victrix t, ¢ ...... XLIV 9, 10 i. 454 diores, d 6... ee see ee eee CX. 25, 26 ii. 711

QD vice even eevees XLIV. 11, 12 j.454 | —-§ __o eee. Cx. 27, 28 ii.711 |.

Tharops purpurata, ¢ ........ XLIV 15, 16 i. 456 eratvlus, do «1... eee XLVI 9 i, 484

isthmica, d ...... eee. XLIV. = ‘{13, 14 1.457 publius, dw... eee eee. XLVIL 19, 20 1.484

trotschi, Qo... .. ee eee CX. 13, 14 ii. 707 || —— eleutho, Q ............ CX. 29, 30 ii. 712

Temonias adelina, g .......... XLVIT 9, 10 1, 459 mania, Q ...... ee eee eee CX. 31, 32 ii. 712

lilina, ¢ wee. eee eee XLIV. 21 11,459, ii. 708 basilea, ¢ ...... 0. cee ee XLVI 22, 23 i, 485

idmon, ¢ ...... eee eee CX. 15, 16 i. 708 |; —— SQ eect cece ceee XLVI 24, 25 1. 485

— see eee eee eee CX. 17,18 ii. 708 decorata, Q .........00. XLVI. 18,19 1.485

——— densemaculata, ¢........ XLIV. 19 1.460 || -— matuta, 9 ............ CX, 33, 84 ii. 712

—— eudocia .............04. CX. 19, 20 11.708 |

—— glauca ................ XLIV 20 1. 460

——— theages, Q .........4.. XLIV 22 i. 460 LYCANIDA.

—— pelarge, Sd ........00.. XLIV 17, 18)1. 461, 13.708

—— agave, Go... ee eee eee XLVII 7,8 i.462 | Eumeus minyas, d .......... XLVIIL. 1,2 ii, 6, 713

—— zeurippa, d .....-...-5- XLV. 4,5 |i, 462, ii. 709 > Q cece cece eee eee XLVIILI. 3 ii. 6, 713

—— Or CX. 21, 22 ii. 709 | Theorema eumenia, ¢ ........ XLVIII. 4 11.8

—— lasthenes, 5 ............ XLV. 1,2 i.463 || —— i Oa XLVI. 5, 6 1.8

— 9 Qe cece eee eee XLV. 3 1.463 || Thecla coronata, ¢ .......... XLVIIL. 7,8 11.10

-——- labotas, do... . 2... cee XLV. 8,9 i.464 | —— Ore XLVIII. 8) 1,10

Hamearis erostratus$, gd ...... XLV. 6,7 i, 465 teresina, Go... eee eee. XLVIIT. 10, 14 ii. ly

—w— domina§, d ............ XLV. 10, 11 1.465 | —— - > Qe cece eens XLVIII. 11 11.10

—— 9 Dec eee ee eee XLV. 12° 1.465 temathea, d............ XLVI. 117,18 nll

Apodemia hypoglauca §, 2 XLV. (18, 141.468, ii, 709 | ——~-—,@ .......... XLVI. | 19 ii.11

-—— hepburni§, g .......... XLVII 11,12 i. 468 nobilis, d ........ 00 eee, XLVI. {20, 21 ii, 12

~-—~ walkeri§, So... 68. XLVII 18, 14/1. 468, 11.709 |} ——--—, QQ ...... 0.0000. XLVITI. 22 ii. 12

Nymphidium preclarum, ? . XLV. 15 1.471 imperialis, ¢ «1.22.0... XLVIII. {15,16 1,138

-—— labdacus, 2 . XEVIL 17 (|i. 471, 11. 709 cypria, dow... ee eee eee XLVI. (12,13) 11.18, 713

| —— laius, d................) XLVI 15, 16 1.472 damo, d ........ eee XLIX. 1,2 11.15, 713

|; —— dorilis, 6.1.0... 0... eee. XLV. 16 i472 |) —~ yD cence c ee eee ee XLIX. 3 ii. 15, 713

| |

* Placed under the genus Symmachia on the Plate.

+ Wrongly numbered 25, 26 at the bottom of the

Plate and in the text.

~ Metacharis nigrella on the P'ate.

§ Placed under the genus Lemonics on the Plate.

| Theope baria on the Plate.

“| Theope thootes on the Plate.

** Wrongly marked 16 ¢, 17 9 at the bottom of

the Plate.

LIST OF PLATES.

Page.

il.

ii.

li.

il,

| Plate. Fig

Thecla augustula, ¢ .......... L. 21, 22

nepia, So... eee eee eee L. 19, 20

—— hisbon, ¢ .............. XLIX. 4,5

— » Qe cece cece eee XLIX 6

—— -hemon, ¢g ............4. XLIX 7,8

——— gaumerl, d ........-.... CXI. 1,2

—— cynara, dw... ee eee eee XLIX 9,10

— On XLIX 11

—— polybe, od ....... ee eee XLIX 12,13

——imachus, od ............ XLIX 14,15

—~- 9 QD rece cee ene eee XLIX 16

—— carpophora, 2 .......... XLIX 17

carpasia, Sw. .... ee eee. XLIX 18, 19

bacis, dw... eee ee eee XLIX 20, 21

— 9 QD ete e cece eens XLIX 22

ON Os XLIX 23

aufidena, ¢ ............ L. 1,2

— Oe L. 3

—— phaleros, g ............ L. 4,5

—— Qe cece eee eee L. 6

coccineifrons, ¢ ...,.... L. 7,8

re 9 2 a ry L. Y

carthea, Od ............ L. 10,11

— 9 QD eee c cence ee, L. 12

caranus, ¢ ............ L. 13, 14

— » Qe cece eee e eee! L. 1d

neora, dw... ee eee ee L. 16,17

— > er rs IL. ] 8

ocela, Q) ww... eee eee, L. 23

Scene. L. 24, 25

laothoé, G wwe eee eee. IL. 126, 27|

erybathis, @ ............ L. 28, 29,

— yD eect eee eee CXI. 3,4 |

busa, dio... eee eee! LI. 1,2

perpenna, od ............ LI. 3,4

—— hyas, 9.0... ee eee. | LI. 5

—. re LI. 6,7

cadmus, d ............ LI. 8, 9

oo ’ 2 a ar | LI. 10

petelina, Q ............ | LI. 11,12

—— furina, Sd ............0.4. LI. ‘13, 14

cyda, Q....... eee eee, Ul. IS, 16

—— parthenia, d............ LI. 17,18

——theia, d .............. LI. 19, 20

— yc ae cece eens LI. i 21

barajo, dow... eee eee LI. 22, 23

-—— yD ccc e eee eeenee LL. Ot

eunus, ¢ ........ ee ee ee LL. 25, 26

—— phea, d ..........0... LI. 27, 28

— > Q veer eee eens LI. 1 29 |

togarna, ¢ ............ LI. 1,2

herodotus. 6 .......... LIT. i 3,4

Pe, in | 6

fusius, d .. 1... .. LIL. | 6,7 |

pastor, @ Le... eee, LIL. 8,9 |

— ,@ Pte LIL 10 |

agricolor, ¢ LIL.

hee

.16, 713

16,713

ii.17

17,714

ii. 714

ii. 19

i.19, 714

ii. 20

20,714

21,714

ii, 21

i1. 26

nn. 715

. 26,715

11.27 |

11.27

i. 34,716 |

i. B4, 716

ii, 34

XXXVil

Plate Page.

Thecla jada, ¢ ...... 0,-0.0... LII 13,14) ii.35,716 |

janias, ¢ ow... eee LIT | 15 11, 35, 716 |

talayra, do... ee eee LIT. 16,17, ii. 36,716 |

atesa, ¢ ow... ee eee eee LILI. 118, 19 i. 38 |

—— hypsea, S .............. LI. 20, 21 11.38

janthina, d ............ | LIL. 22, 23 1. 89

orgia, Sow. eee ee eee LIL. i24, 25 11. 40

— Or Ll, | 26 11. 40

epytus, do... . ee eee LI. 27, 28 ii. 40

—— yD eee eee eee nae LI. 29 ii. 40

ortygnus, G ........00e. LILI. 1,2 11.41, 717

—— pheenissa, gd ............ LIT 3,4 ii. 42

——jebus, 5... eee. LITI 5,6 11. 42,717

— 9 DQ cece cece eee LUI 7 11.42, 717

—— brescia, d..........0... | LIII 8,9 11, 43, 717

—— 9D eee eee eeeeen | LIII (10 | ii. 48,717

Orses, do... eee ee ee LITT 11,12 i. 43

vibidia, Oo... cece eee ee | LI 13,14 ii, 44

ligurina, Sw... eee eee. | LIL 15,16 i1.44,717

——lyde, ove. c eee e cece. (WL 17) 4717

azurina, oe weet ee eee. LIil 18,19: n.45 |

—— mycon, d ..... eee eee) LIT. 20,21 =11.46,717 |

—— 9 Dec e eee eee nee LITE. 22 11.46, 717

——erema, oe... ee eee ee | LUI 23, 24) ii. 46

—— primno, Q...........0.. | LUI. 25,26 ii. 47

—— phobe, ¢ .............. | LITI 27,28 it.47,717

=, 2 eee LM 29, 47,717

terentia, Do... ee eee LIV. 1,2) ii. 48

—— rhodope, d .........005) LIV. 3,4. i. 48

spinetorum, ¢ .......... | CXI. | 5,6 | 11. 717

——oerisia, dg ....--......... LIV. 5,6 ii. 49,718

—— arpoxais, d ............ LV. 25, 26: i. 49

—keila, do... .. eee ee. LIV. 7,8 > i1,.50,718

—— 2 eee. | LIV. 9 ii,50,718

—— orios, d..... eee ees LIV. 10, 11, 1.51

—— praxis, d .........-005, LIV. 12,13, 11. 52

—— ortalus, d.............. LIY. 14,15 i. 82

——cambes, dw... eee | LIV. 16,17 ii. 53

— re LIV. 18 11.53

——volupia, d ........00.. LIV. 19,20 ii. 58, 718

—— epidius, d...........0.4. LIV. 21, 22 11. 54

—— lausus, 9 .............. LIV. 23 u.54

——ochus, g ...... see eee. LIV. 24,25, 11.55,718 |

—— » QD cece cee e eee LIV. 26,27) = i1.55, 718 |

—— pion, d ..... ee eee ee LIV. 28, 29 11. 56,718

__ 9 DQ cece cnc e ence ee LIV. 30 11,56, 718

—— oppia, Sow... eee eee LY. 1,2 11. 56

—— aambrax, d ............ LV. 5,6 11.57

——syedra, d .... ee eee LY. 7,8 1.57

— ericeta, d ...........24. LV. 3,4 11,58

latagus, do... eee eee LV. 9,10 ii. 58 ©

orasus, OG ..... 2. eee eee LV. 11,12 11.59, 71% |

—— gadira, Sd .........000.. LV. 13, 14 11.59 |

norax, d .... eee eee eee LY. 17,18 11, 49 |

—— minthe, d.............. LV. 15, 16 11, 60 |

—— aura, dw... eee eee eee LV. 21, 22 11. 60 |

——attalion, dé ............ LV. 19, 20 11. 60 |

XXXVIii

LIST OF PLATES.

Page.

Plate.

Page.

Thecla ares, Q ............0.

orobia, d ....-. eee eee

tanais, d .........0.05.

-—-—crolinus, ¢ ..........4..

lopas, Gow. eee eee eee

balius, d .........000.

niswe*, do... eee eee,

myrsina, ¢ ........66..

orcidia, dw... . ee eee ee

EEL

meonis, G6 .... ee ee eee.

paron, DG ww. cece ee eeee

heraclides, 6 ..........

amplia, J .......... eee

autoclea, gd ........eeee

nortia, Oo .... eee eee eee

ATE EL

Pisis, di... ee eee eee

Jollia, Sw. ee eee ee eee

jlambe, G .... cee eee eeee

lucagus, ¢ «eee ee ee eee

hesychia, ¢ ............

hicetas, do... ... ce ee eee

—— petus, d ...........05.

Inoa, dw... eee eee eee

—— mevia, d ...... eee eee

—— sCopas, Dd .... ee eee reas

——syllis, 6 ..... eee eee

—— serapio, d..........--..

—— alea, J wc. cee eee eee

i— Cestri, Sw. ee cee eee eee

ii. 61 || Thecla cestri, 2

i. 61 hecatet, ¢

11.62 || —— » 2

ii.63, 719 || ——— semones, ¢

ii. 63, 719 || —— schausi, ¢

ii. 64 || ——~ sesara, 9

ii. 64 || Theclopsis czeus, ¢

ii.65 || Chrysophanus (?) pyrrhias, ¢

ii, 65 || Lycena isola, J

11. 67 ao)

li. 67 zacheina, 3

ii. 67,719 |; —— ao)

11. 67, 719 tulliola, ¢

1. 68 exilis, ¢

1.68 |) —— , 2

ii. 69

i. 70

7 70 “PAPILIONIDA%.

11. 70 a

ii. 71 PIERINZE.

ii.71 | Leodonta chiriquensis {, ¢

ii. 72 | Catasticta ochracea§, ¢

ii. 73 »@

ii. 74, 719 || —— theresa§&, ¢

ii. 74, 719 hegemon, ¢

ii. 74,719 |) —— , 9

ii. 74, 719 cerberus, 9

u.75 actinotis §, ¢

ii. 79 costaricensis, ¢

ii. 81 antipater, ¢

ii. 82, 720 crocea, ¢

ii. 83 || Pieris malenka 7], 2

11. 84 viardi, 3

ii. 85, 720 || —~— >

ii. 86 noctipennis, J

11. 86, 720 || —— »&

11.87 || —— tenuicornis, ¢

ii. 87, 720 »&

ii. 87,720 || Daptonoura ** panamensis, ¢ .

i. 88, 721 ’

i. 89 florinda, 9

11. 89 isandra, ¢

11.92 | Terias boisduvaliana, ¢

ii. 93 2

11. 95 xanthochlora, ¢

11.96 || —— +

ee ry

nigrescens §, ¢

ii. 77,720 || Hesperocharis graphites, ¢

LVIII.

CXI.

LVIII.

LVITIL.

LVIII.

LVITI.

LVIII.

ov)

ii. 96

ii. 98, 722

ii, 98, 722

ii, 722

ii, 101

ii. 101

ii. 104, 722

ii, 104, 722

ii, 107, 723

ii, 108, 723

ii, 109, 723

ii, 109,723

ii, 193

li. 124, 724

li. 126

ii. 183, 725

ii, 188, 725

ii. 134, 725

ii, 134, 725

ii. 137 |

11. 137

ii. 138

11.138

li. 138

ii, 139, 726

ii. 159

ii. 161, 727

ii, 161, 727

th ob oo#

Thecla nicee on the Plate.

Thecla hecale on the Plate.

Euterpe zenobina on the Plate.

§ Placed under the genus Euterpe on the Plate.

|| Euterpe diamorphitis on the Plate.

{ Pieris alethina on the Plate.

** Incorrectly written Daptonura on the Plate.

* Placed under the genus Leptalis on the Plate.

Tt Acmeopteron lula on the Plate.

~ Leptalis jethys, 2 , on the Plate.

§ Wrongly marked 12,

13 9 on the Plate.

LIST OF PLATES. XXXix

Plate. Fig. Page. | Plate Fig. Page.

Terias athalia, ¢ ............ LXIII. 9,10 ii, 164 || Papilio copane, Q............| LXV. 4 ii. 202

> DQ case cece ee een. LXIUTL 11,12 ii. 164 Fas LXVI. 5, 6 ii, 202

—— limbia, ¢ .............. LXIII. 13, 14 i1, 164 | 10pas, Gow. ee ee ee eee CXI. 9, 10 11.728 |

—- 9D eee ee eee eeeee LXIII. 15 ii. 164 eracon, Gd ...ese eee eee CXI. 11,12 ii. 728 |

—— mana, S wee eee eee LXIV. 13, 14 11. 167 procas, d ............6. LXV. 15, 16 11, 203

—_——_ Cc ss 2

ieunda co ee LXIV. me i 8 —— philenor, ¢ (genitalia &e.).| LXV. | a ij. 204

—— cepio, d ...... Lee eee LXIV. 5, 6 ii. 169 0) ol) (a LXVI. 7,8 11. 205

— a DP ve ee rece n evens LXIV. 7,8 li. 169 orsua, dv... eee eee eee LXVI. 9,10 ii. 205

—— sidonia, d.............. LXIII. 16,17 11.169 || —— thymbreus, ¢ (genitalia)..); LXVII 2 ii. 206

_—— i rs LXIILI. 18, 19 11.169 branchus, 3 (genitalia) LXVII 7 11. 207

—— persistens, d .......... LXIII. = [24, 25 1.170 belesis, d .. 1... eee eee LXVII 3,4, 5) 1. 207, 729

— =) Qe ee eee eee LXII. (26, 27 11.170 belephantes, re LXVII 6 li. 208

—— lydia, dw... eee eee. LX. [20,21 i. 170 guacdo, Gwe eee eee wees LXVII 1 11. 209

—- » Qe e eee eee eeee LXIIT. = 22, 23 ii. 170 eridamas, ¢ ............ LXVII 10 ii. 210

vitellina, S ............ LXIV, 1,2 ii.171 || —— phaon, ¢ (genitalia)...... LXVIT 9 it. 211

> Qe cree eeee cane LXIV. 3, 4 ii, 171 || —— pharax, do .............. LXVII 8 ii. 211, 729

Nathalis iole, d.............. LXIV. 15, 16 ii. 172 || ——— metaphaon, dd .......... CXI. 13,14] 11. 212, 729

» Qe cece cece eee LXIV. 17,18 li. 172 protesilaus, ¢ (genitalia)..; UXVIIT 6 11.213

Dismorphia pallidula *, 3 LX, 9,10 11.176 penthesilaus, ¢ (genitalia) | LXVIII 7 ii. 214 |

i LX. 11 11.176 orabilis, ¢ «1... eee eee LXVII. 14, 15 0.216 |

— fortunata*, d .......... LXI. 1,2 il. 177 lacandones, S .......... LXVII. (11-13 11. 216

— 9 QD cece cece cena LXI. 3 1.177 salvini, S ....... ee eee LXVILI. 3,4 ii, 217

ribbel*, Q ........00.0. LXI. + 11.178 calliste, ds... . ee eee LXVIIL. 1,2 11, 217

Acmepteron cinerascens *, ¢ LX. 8 ii. 180 | —— marchandi, ¢ (genitalia)..; J-XVIIT. 5 ii. 218

lalat, So ow... eee eee LXIV 25, 26 ii. 181 || —— neosilaus, gd ............) DXVIII. 8,9 11. 219

Enantia jethys*, ¢ .......... LXI. 5,6 ii. 182 || —— philolaus, 3 (genitalia) LXVIII. 12 1. 220

albania, d.........20... LXIV 27,28) ii.183,727 || —— xanticles, Q gd .......... LXVIII. (10,11 ii, 221

—— a LXI. 7 u. 183,727 || —— epidaus, ¢ (genitalia) LXVIIL. 15 11. 221

——— mercenaria*, ¢ ........ LXI. 8,9 ii. 183 tenochionis, g .......... LXVIIT. (13,14) i1.222,729 |

Virgo *, Si. cece eee LX. 14, 15 il. 184 | —— thoas, 9 (genitalia) ...... LXIX. 4 il, 223, 729 |

Dee ees LX. 16 ii. 184 | -— epidaurus, o (genitalia) .. LXIX. 3 ii. 224,729 |

euryope*, g..........4. LX. 12,138 11.186 |, —-- ——, Qo ...s ee eee eee. LXIX. 1,2} Wi, 224,729 |

oreaS *, dw... eee eee LX. 17, 18 11.186 | —— pallas, Qe cece cece eee LXIX. 5, 6 11,225 |

deione*, ¢ ............, LX. 5) ii. 186 | —— ornythion, ¢ .......... LXIX. 7,8 | 11,227,729 |

— i LX. 6,7 11.186 | ——tolus, d .........008. LXX. 1,2 11. 228

;— Oe LXX. 3, 4 ii, 228

PaPiLionin.x. ——tolmides, § ......00 000. LXX. 5 ii, 220

Papilio children, d .......... LXV. 1,3 ii. 192 | —— erostratus, ¢ (genitalia) . LXIX. 9 1.229 |

» QD se ce cece eeene LXV. 2 ii. 192 pandion, ¢ ............ LXX. 6,7,11) 11. 230, 730 |

iphidamas, ¢ (genitalia &c.). LXY. 5,5a| i1.192,727 | —— rogeri, d ..... 1.0.0... LXX., 3,9 11,231 |

sadyattes, ¢ ...........- LXV. 4 ii. 195,728 | —— polycharmus, § ........ LXX. 10 li, 232

polyzelus, ¢ (genitalia) LXV. 6 11.195 | —— zalates, ¢ ..........005. LXXI. 1,2,3 i. 233

—— photinus, ¢ (genitalia &c.). LXV. 7,74] 1,196,728 | -—— phaeton, ¢ (genitalia) .. LXXI. 6 il. 234

montezuma, 3 (genitalia &c.) LXV. 8, 8a 11.197 | —— cephalus, gd ............ | LXXI. 4,5 li. £35

alopius, 9. 1... .. eee. LXV. 10,11) ii. 197,728 | —— eurotas, ¢ (genitalia) ....) LXXI. 7 i. 237

—— mylotes, ¢ (genitalia &c.).. LXV. '9,9a ii. 198 | —— birehalli, g ...... key en 8,9, 10 ii, 237

rey 12, .: —— asclepius, ¢ (genitalia) .., Io . 3 11, 238

— mycale, SQ oe. eee, IXV. 1) 13's } me199 | clecteyon, 5 eee | ~XXIL | 1,2 ii, 239

polydamas, ¢ (genitalia) . LXV. 14 | ii. 200 syedra, dQ wee. e eee eee. | LXXIL | 4,5 11, 239

—— lycidas, $ (genitalia) LXV. 17 ii. 201, 728 daunus, ¢ (genitalia) ....; DXXIT. 9 ii. 240

numitor, Q ............ LXVI 1 ii. 202,728 | —— pilumnus, ¢ (genitalia) ..| LXXII. 10 ii. 241

— As LXVI 2,3) ii. 202,728 alexiares, d ..........-. | LXXII. 6,7 ii, 241

xl LIST OF PLATES.

Plate Fig. Page. | Plate. Fig. Page.

Papilio americus, enitalia)..| LXXII 8 ii. 248 || Eudamus alciphron, 9 ........ LXXV. 24, 25 i 285

Baronia previcornis, (e Le CXI. 15, 16 11. 730 | metallescens, ¢ .......- LXXV. 27 -29| ii. 285, 733

9 QQ cece cece aee CXL. 17, 18 ii, 730 undulatus, ¢ (genitalia) ../ LXXYV. 30 i 286

Goniurus ceelus, ¢ (genitalia) .. LXer > ii. 287, A 3

. talus, d (genitalia) ...... LXXVI. ll.

HESPERIIDA. Plestia staudingeri, 3 ) Lees LXXVI. 3,4 ii. 289

PYRRHOPYGINE. elwesi, Sd ...... ee eee ee LXXvt 5-7 ii. ri

, - idi itali XXIIL 4 ii. 246 dorus, Gd wee. ee eee eee ee XXVI. ,* ll.

a ee ees ° (emia ») UXXIIL 1, 2,3 s 247 | Tarsoctenus gaudialis, d ...... LXXVI. 10-13 li. 290

gellias, So... 0. cee see OXIL | 1,2] ii. 248,731 perissographus, 2... LXXVI. 4,15) ii. bee

seylla, So... se eee eee ee LXXIII. 5,6 ii, 249 || Phocides pygmalion, 3 (genitalia). LXXVI. 16 i. 292, 73:

Jonas, 29 gw. eee. LXXIUIL. | 7,8 ii. 250 belus, So... see eee eee LXXVI. 17,18) ii. 298, 738

chalybea, 3 (genitalia) LXXIII. | 12 ii. 250 distans, J ..........-455 LXXVI. 19-21 ii. ee re

esculapius, ¢ (genitalia)..| LXXIII. 9 ii. 251 urania, d (genitalia) EXXVI. | 22 | 1.294, 38

creon, Go... cece e eee LXXIII. (10,11 ii, 251 lilea, re LXXVI. 23, 24) ii. 296, 7 is

erythrosticta, d (genitalia)., LXXTIII. 13 ii. 252 || Heteropia bryaxis, ¢ (genitalia). LXXVI. 25 ii. 297

araxes, Gv. sees eee eee LXXII. (14-16 ii, 252 cyda, So... ee eee eee. CXIT | 7,8) ih ey

Mysoria venezuela, S (genitalia).| LXXIII. 17 ii. 254, 731 melon, @ ......... LXXVI. 26, 27| il. 297, 73

affinis, ¢ ...... cece eee LXXIII. [19-21 ii, 255 || Spathilepia clonius, g (genitalia), LXXVL | 28 | — — ii,298

amra, S (genitalia) ...... LXXIII. 18 ii. 255 || Epargyreus exadeus, 3 (genitalia), LXXVILI. 1 il. 299, 734

galgala, $ (genitalia) . LXXIII. 99 11. 256 gaumerl, ........ee ee LXXVITI. | 2,3 i. 300

Amenis ponina, g............ LXXIII. (28, 24 ii. 257 asander, 3 (genitalia) ... LXXVIT. 4 tb 300

[ pionia, 3 (genitalia)}.. LXXIIl. 25 ii. 258 || Proteides idas, 3 (genitalia). ...| LXXVII. 5 ii. 301, »7 34

Yanguna cosyra, ¢ .....2 eee. LXXIV. 1,2 ii. 258 || Chrysoplectrum perniciosum, ¢ ‘| LXXVII. 6-8 . ii. 303

crida, g (genitalia) ...... LXXIVv, 3 ii. 259 || Acolastus amyntas, ¢ (genitalia) LXXVII. 9 ii. 804, 734

Jemadia hospita, ¢ .......... LXXIV. (4,5,6 ii. 261 | Telegonus anaphus, ¢ (genitalia) LXXVIT. | 10 li. 8065

hewitsoni, d............ LXXIV. |7,8,9 ii, 262 AMPYX, Qo... sees. LXXVII. 11, 12 ii, 306

——macleannani, g ........ LXXIV. 10-1 ii, 262 hahneli, ¢ ...... 0... LXXVII. {18,14 i, 306

patrobas, d ............ LXXIV 13-15 ii. 263 chiriquensis, d.......... LXXVII. (15,16 li. 308

azeta, Seek ee eee LXXIV. 16,17 ii. 264 grullus, f............4. LXXVII. 17, 18 ii, 308

Myscelus belti, ¢ ............ LXXIV. (21-23 ii, 265 alardus, ¢ (genitalia) ...., LXXVIH. | 19 | ii, 308

hages, Go... eee e eens LXXIV. (24-26 11.266 || —— megalurus (consus), a... LXXVII. (20-22) i. 309, 134

Azonax typhaon.............. LXXIV, [27,28 ii. 267 apastus, g (genitalia) .. LXXVIT. | 23 _ i. 310

Oxynetra hopfferi, g... ...... LXXIV. | 18 ii, 268 eudemus, S ....... vores) DXXVIL, 24,25 ii. 810

[—— felderi, 3 (genitalia)].. LX XIV 19 ii, 268 || Thymele fulgerator, ¢ (genitalia)) LXXVIII. 1 u. 311, 735

—_— annulata, 2 .......+.0-. LXXIV. | 20 ii, 268 polias, Q «1.2... eae. CXII. 9, 10 ii, 735

enotrus, ¢ (genitalia) .. LXXVIII. 2 ii, 312

eniopeus, d ............ LXXVIII. | 3,4 ii, 312

HesPERIIN a. fulviluna .............. LXXVIII. | 5,6 ii, 318

Eudamus simplicius, ¢ (genitalia),| LXXV. 1 11.270 | —— mephitis .............. LXXVIII. | 7,8 ii. 313

chales, S .........0.00. LXXV. 2,3 ii. 274 egregius, ¢ (genitalia)....;| LXXVIII. 9 ii, 314

chaleo, ¢ (genitalia) LXXV 4 i. 27 phalecus, d ............ LXXVIIT. |10-12 li. 314

proteus, ¢ (genitalia) . LXXV 5 i. 277 chrysorrheea, ¢ ........ LXXVIITI. (18,14 ii. 315

esmeraldus, ¢ (g enitalia). . LXXV. 6 li. 278 || —— aulestes, ¢ (genitalia)....) LXXVIIL | 15 ii. 315, 735

——— dorantes, § (genitalia)....) LXXV. 7 ii. 278, 731 | Telemiades avitus, ¢ (genitalia) | LXXVIIT. | 16 ii, 317

——— zilpa, ¢ (genitalia) ...... LXXV. 8 1.279, 731 phasias, ¢ (genitalia) . LXXVIII. | 17 u. 317

——— catillus, d .... 0.220008 LXXV 9,10 11. 280 megallus, ¢ ......... | LXXIX. 1,2 ii. 318

——-— albofasciatus, ¢ (genitalia) . . LXXV 11 11. 280, 732 || Dyscophellus doriscus, ¢ (geni- . -

alcwus, J (genitalia) ..... LXXV. |12 | 4,281,732 | ‘talia).................. | , EXXVII. | 18 ii, 319

ridens, ¢ ...........0.. LXXV 13-15: ii, 282 || Nascus phocus, 3 (genitalia) LXXVIII. | 19 i, 320

— cachinnans, rr CXIT 3,4 | u. 732 > 9, Var we. eee, CXITI. 11,12 u. 735

——miltas ................ LXXV 18,19 il. 282 cous (eugamon), g ...... LXXVIII. (20,21) ii. 321, 735

—— crlson, 9 .............. LXXV 16,17 ii. 282, 732 gizala (evathlus), 9 ...... LXXVIIL. (22, 28) ii. 322, 736

——b)iolleyi, ¢ ............ CXII. 5, 6 | ii. 732 (=) 0) (0 as LXXIX. 3-5 | i. 322, 736

—— auginus, ¢ (genitalia) ....) LXXV 26 | ii. 283 advena, d .....-.....000. LXXIX. 6,7 ii. 323

—— auginulus, ¢ (genitalia) . LXXV 20-22 11.284 | Bungalotis midas, ¢ (genitalia)..) LXXIX. 8 li, 324, 736

—— octomaculatus, 3 (g genitalia) LXXV 23 | li, 284 ramusis, @ .......000.. LXXIX., 9-11 il. 325

LIST OF PLATES.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1.

; No vember 190 l .

Plate. | Fig Page. Plate.

Bungalotis ramusis, @ ........: LXXIX. 12 ii. 325 | Pellicia bromias, ¢ .......... LXXNXITII.

heras, d ......... LXXIX. ‘16-18! i. B25 » QD eee cee eens LXXNIII.

—- sD cece cece ences OXI. 13, 14 i. 737 costimacula, o vee cee LXXXIIL.

dexo, Sw... eee ee eee. LXXIX. {13,14 11. 326 didia, dw... eee ee eee LXXXIII.

— Oa LXXIX, 15 ii. 326 || —— 9 DQ cece cece eens LXXXIII.

salatis, 3 (genitalia) LXXX, 1 uu, 326 || —— meno, gd ..........00-. LXNXXITI.

Cecropterus neis, ¢ (genitalia) .. LXXX. 2 il, 328, 737 | —— thyestes, ¢ ............ LXXAXIIL

cinctus, 9 ...........05- LXXX. 3 ii. 329 polyctor, ¢ ............' LXXXIITI.

aunus, ¢ (genitalia)...... LXXX. 4 ii. 330 | Mycteris cerulea, d .......... | LXXXIII.

—— capys, Sw... eee eee eee LXXX. 5-7 ii, 330 || Nisoniades(?) pelarge, ¢ . | LXXXIV.

Rhabdoides cellus, ¢ (genitalia). LXXX. ii. 331 | Cyclosemia anastomosis, 3 LXXXIV.

—~—epigona, d ............ LXXX, 9-11 iil. 832 phidyle, Q@ ............ LXAXXIV.

Murgaria albociliata, d ...... LXXX. 12-14) ii. 833, 737 | Anastrus newris, ¢ .......... LXXXIV.

Thorybes mexicanus, ¢........ LXXX. {15-17 ii, 334 yD eee cee eens LXXXIV.

Phoedinus caicus, 6 .......... LXXX. 18-20 ii. 385 | Gorgophone melibea, ¢ Lees LXAXXLIV.

aventinus, G..... eee ce ee LXXX. 21, 22 11.335 || Echelatus varius, 6 ......... LXXAXAIV.

Cocceius pylades, ¢ (genitalia). . LXXX. 23 ii. 336 luctuosus, ¢ ............ LXXXLV.

| Cabares potrillo, d .......... LXXX. |24-26 11. 337 sempiternus, d.......... LXXXIV.

enops, GS. - ee eee eee LXXX. |27, 28 11. 338 eugramma, 9 .......... LXXXILV.

Cogia cajeta, ¢ ..........-.-. LXXXI. 1-3 11. 339 | Grais stigmaticus, d .......... LXXXIV.

eluina, g .........0000- LXXXI, 4,5 | ii. 339,737 || Celenorrhinus eligius, ¢ oe | LXXXV

calchas, ¢ (genitalia) ... TLXXXI. 6 ii, 340 talia) .. eee eee joa

—— hippalus, g .......-.... LXXX. 29-31) ii. 340, 737 | —— fritzgaertneri (variega- | | LXXXV

Typhedanus alladius, ¢........! LXXXI. 7-9 | ii. 842,738 | tus), do... eee eee pees

Ceecina calanus, d ............ LXXXI. 10-12 ii, 343 | chiriquensis, d.......... | LXXXYV.

/Kthilla echina, d ............ LXXXI. (13,14) ii. 344, 738 || Mylon lassia, ¢.............- LXXXV.

Orneates egiochus, d ........ LXXXI. 15-17 ii. 846 pulcherius, ¢ .......... LXAXXYV.

Hydreenomia orcinus, ¢ (geni- | LXXXI. 18 i 347 | Eudamidas melander, 3 (geni- | LXXXV.

talia) ...... eee eee 20) J

Paradros formosus, d ........ LXXXI. [19-21 i. 348 ozema, Ooo... eee ee LXXXYV.

Drephalys helixus, ¢ ........ LXXXI. 22-24 ii, 349 |) Xenophanes tryxus, d (genitalia)) LXXXV.

Lignyostola lacydus, ¢ (geni- - - -. gx, || Carrhenes fuscescens, d ...... LXXXYV.

talia) ....... 2. ee eee LXXXTL 20 ii, 350 calidius, ¢ «1.1.2.6... LXXXV.

Hyalothyrus neleus, 9 ........ LXXXI. 27 1. B51 | callipetes, d ............ LXXXV.

Phanus vitreus, ¢ (genitalia) . LXXXI. 26 ii. 352 | —— meridensis, ¢ .......... LXXXV.,

Entheus matho, ¢............ LXXXI. 128, 29 11, 355 canescens, O............ LXXXV.

, teeeeeeeeeeeee) LXXXI. 30 ii, 355 | leada, Ow... eee. LXXXY.

Artenrotia tractipennis, ¢ (gc- LXXXIL 1 i. 857 ( Potamanax paralus, ¢ (geni- \ LXXXVL

nitalia) ............-0.. talia)].. 0... eee eee Si

Pythonides cerialis, ¢ (genitalia; LXX XII, 2 L. 358, 738 | pammenes, @ .......... | DLXXXVI.

contubernalis, ¢ ........ LXXXIL. | 3-5 ii, 359 | —— melicertes ..........0.008 LXXXVI.

aniclus, d.........200085 LXXANIT. 6,7 11. 360 | caliadne, ¢ ............ LXXXVI.

belti, So... cee eee eee LXXXII. | 8-10 11. 360 | xantholeuce, Q.......... LXXXVI.

lugubris, ¢ ...... 2.000, LXXXIL |11-13 ii, 36L | Achlyodes fridericus, ¢ (genitalia) LXXXVI.

—— wera, Sd... eee eee LXXXIT. 114-16 11, B62 | ceeliginea (caliginea), ¢ ... LXXXVI.

——— menedemus, ¢ .......... LXXXI. (17,18 , B62 | calavius, d .......-.... LXAXXVI.

—— hyacinthinus, ¢ ........ LXXXII. (19-21 11, 362 | bubaris, ¢.............., LXXXVI.

—— scybis, d ........ 0.080. LXXXIL. 22, 23 i. 363 | simplex, Q «1.2... ee ee LXXXVI.

— phila,d .............. LXXXITI. (94, 25 i, 363 | _ - yyT

pelopea, d ........20.. LXXXII. 26, 27 11, 363 - cymna (fasciata), 2 ...... LXXAVI.

Spioniades artemides, ¢ ..... LXXXIT. (28-30 ii, 364 colotes, 9 .............. LXXXVI.

Eracon biternata, ¢ .......... LXXXIII. | 1,2 11. 366 | oiclus, Q ........ eee ee LXXXVI.

Gorgopas viridiceps, gd ........ LXXXIIT. | 3-5 ii. 366 | Sostrata scintillans, g ........ LXXXVI.

Pellicia tiphys, ¢ ............ LXXXIII. | 6-8 | 11. 868 | pusilla, d.......... 008. LXXXVI.

Or LXXXII. | 9,10 | ii. 368 | Paches loxus, ¢ (genitalia) ....) LXXXVI.

macareus, ¢ (genitalia) ... LXXXIII. ' 11 | 11. 369 polla, dw... eee eee. LXXXVI.

—— nyctineme, ¢ (genitalia). | LXXXITI. | 12 | ii. 370 subalbatus, 9 ........... LXXXVI.

{

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xhii

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate. Fig. Page. Plate. Fig. Page.

Ate proxenus, d ............ LXXXVI. (31-83) ii. 401 || Staphylus giselus, d .......... LXXXIX. 24-2 li. 435

pteras, dw... .. see LXXXVI. (34, 35) ii. 401 imbras, d ...e.eee evens LXXXIX. |27, 2& ii, 435

amaryllis, J ............ LXXXVI. (36, 37 un. 402 | —— i Orn LXXXIX. | 29 ii. 435

{Milanion hemes, ¢ (genitalia)].| LX X XVII. 1 ii, 403 | —— ealetas, 5 (genitalia) ....) LXXXIX. | 30 ii. 436 |

marciana, d ............ LXXXVII. | 2,3 11.403 || ——- evemerus, ¢............ LXXXIX. 31,32 li, 436

marica, 9 .............. LXXXVII. | 4,5 ii. 403 unifascia, J 1... eee eee! XC. 1,2 il. 437

Fantis busirus, ¢ (genitalia) ..| LXXXVII. 6 ii. 404, 740 || Scantilla opites, d............ | XC. 3-5 ii, 437

thraso, ¢ (genitalia) LXXXVII. | 7 ii. 405, 740 || Paramimus stigma, ¢ (genit-lia)! XC. 6 i. 438

pallida, d ......--.-008. LXXXVII. | 8-10 ii. 406 | Timochreon satyrus, ¢ (genitalia) XC. 3. 1. 439

Doberes hewitsonius (mexica- .. 6 Zopyrion sandace, cd .........- XC. -10 ii. 440

nus), J (gonitalia) Leeeee } LXXXVIT. | 11 ii, 407, 740 Pholisora mexicana, d ........ XC. 11,1: i. 441

Masices anticus, ¢ .......... LXXXVII. |12-14 11. 408 clytius, d ww... ee ee eee XC. 13, 14 il. 449

Antigonus nearchus, ¢ (genitalia)) LX XXVIL. | 15 ii. 409 alpheus, ¢ (genitalia) .... XC. 15 ii, 442

Systasea erosa, ¢ (genitalia)....) LXXXVIL. | 16 ii. 411 | Atarnes sallei, ¢ (genitulia) XC. 16 il. 443

funebris, G ......-.000. LXXXVII. |17-19 ii. 411 || Heliopetes arsalte, d.......... XC. 17-19 ii. 445

COITOSA, Gi... cee ee eee ee LXXXVII. |20, 21 ii, 412 alana, Gow. cee ee eee XC. 20, 2] ii. 446

emorsa, 9 .........-.-5. LXXXVITI. (22, 23 li. 413 nivella, go... eee eee eee XC. 22-24 li. 446

pulverulenta, g¢ ........ TXXXVII. |24, 25 n. 413 cnemus, Q .........0- XC. 25, 26 ii. 448

Dieeus laceena, ¢ (genitalia)....) LXXXVII. | 26 ii. 414 || Hesperia syrichtus, ¢ (genitalia)! XC. 27 i. 449

Onenses hyalophora, dg ........ LXXXVII. [27-29 i. 415 montivaga, d .......... | XC. 28-30 ii. 450

Gindanes panetius, ¢ ........ LXXXVII. (30, 31 ii. 416 notata, So... ec eee eee XC. 31, 32 ii. 451

—— brontinus, d............ LXXXVII. (32-84 ii. 416 || Celotes nessus, Q ............ | XCL. 27, 28 il. 452

Timochares trifasciatus, d (ge- | wy Paver , & (genitalia) ...... XCI. 29 ii, 452

nitalia) 0.0... sence es LXXXVIL.) 8 Hi 417 | Ghiomara asyeliiey oes | X¢n | 8 | ii. 453, 741

ruptifasciatus, ¢ ........ LXXXVIITI. | 1,2 ii. 418 mithrax, ¢d .......-.--- | XCI,. 4-6 li. 454

Ebrietas osyris, g (genitalia) ..| LXXXVIII.|; 4 il. 419, 740 gesta, oo... eee ee eee XCI. 7-9 li. 455

~— amacreon, d .........25. LXXXVIII. | 5-7 ii. 419 || Thanaos funeralis, d.......... | XCI. 10-12 il. 456

—— ecliptica, d ............ LXXXVIII. | 8-10 ii. 420 ——-, Pee eee cence | XCL. 13, 14 iil. 456

(?) impressa, gd .......... LXXXVIII. 11,12 ii, 421 tristis, ¢ (genitalia)...... | XCI. 15 ii. 457

Camptopleura theramenes, 3 LXXXVIIL. 13-15 ii. 421 || —— mestus, ¢ (genitalia) ... | XCI. 18 ii. 457

~— tisias, O «2... . eee eee LXXXVIII. | 16 li. 423 pacuvius, d ............ XCI. 16,17 ii. 458

Diphoridas phaleenoides, ¢ (ge- + ws albomarginatus, d ...... | XCl. 19-21 li. 458

tnitalia) «sss... see. “e } LXXXVUI. | 17 iris errr XCEL 22,28) ii. 458

palpalis, .......0.00. LXXXVIIL. !18, 19 ii. 424 afranius, ¢ ..........5. XCI. 24-26 li. 459

Gorgythion pyralina, d........ LXXXVITITI. |20-22 li. 425 |

begga, So ow... eee ee eee LXXXVIII. | 23 ii. 425 _ Pawpulrina. .

Anisochoria polysticta, gd ...... LXXXVITI. |24-26 ii. 427 || Butleria microsticta, Q ........ XCIL 1,2 i. 464

Theagenes egides*, ¢ ........ LXXXVIILI. [27-29 ii. 428 |) —— , & (genitalia) ......) XCII 3 li. 464

lactifera, ¢ ........004. XCT. 30-382) ii. 459 anomalat, d .......4.. XCII 4-6 li. 464

stator, So... eee ee eee XC (33-35) ii. 460 pulchra, ¢ wee. e eee XCLL. » | 7,8 ii. 465

Staphylus eylindus, d ........ LXXXIX. | 1-3 | ii. 430 || -—— eryonas, ¢ ............ XCTI 9-11 li. 465

——— cupreiceps, ¢ .......... LXXXIX. | +6) ii. 480 || -—— lalage, J ...--.-...0008 XCII 12,18 11. 466

aurocapilla, d .......... LXXXIX. | 9-11 ii. 431 octomaculata, ¢ ........ XCII 14,15 ii. 466

COE08, Do... ee ee eee LXXXIX. | 7,8 li. 432 faula, Ow. eee eee eee XCIL 16, 17 ii. 466.

——— mazans (ascalaphus), 3 LXXXIX. |12-14! 11,482,740 | Pamphila dardaris, ¢ ........ XCIT 18-21 ii. 467

-— yy Qo wee eee. LXXXIX. | 15 ii. 432, 740 || Apaustus menes, ¢ (genitalia) .. XCII 22 ii. 468

|-—— hayhursti, ¢ (genitalia)]..; IXXXIX. | 16 ii. 433 || Oarisma powesheik 7, ¢ ...... XCII 23-25 ii. 469

--— aztecus, 6 Q.........4.. LXXXIX. 17,18 11. 483 garita§, dw... eee eee XCIL 26-29 ii. 470

——— evippe, d .... eee eee eee LXXXIX. 19, 20 ii. 483 || Adopzeoides simplex, g........ XCII 30-33 i. 47

~-—— OFSINES, Gee eee eee eee ee LXXXIX. (21, 22 hi. 434 , bistriata, Q ...... XCIl 34 i. 471

--— brennus, ¢ (genitalia)....' LXXXIX. | 23 it. 484 | Ancyloxypha arene], d ...-.. XCII 35-38 ii. 472

i |

* Eropus egides on the Plate. § Puradopceu calega on the Plate.

+ Buitlerca leucospila on the Plate. || Ancylorypha myrtis on the Plate.

+ Paracdopea garita on the Plate.

Plate.

Copseodes aurantiaca, d ...... XCII.

Cheerephon citrus, g .......... XCIILI.

rhesus, Q .......-.2.05- XCILI.

» &o (genitalia) ...... XCIIT.

Hylephila phyleus, ¢ (genitalia), © XCIII.

Erynnis morrisoni, ¢ ........ XCIII.

Atalopedes campestris, 3 (geni- } XCLL

talia) 2... eee eee

Thymelicus vibex, d.......... XCIII.

— yD Lecce ee ee eee XCIII.

athenion, ¢ (genitalia).... XCIIT.

Catia druryi, 3 (genitalia) XCIIT.

Ochlodes snowi, d............ XCIIL.

» QD cece cece eee XCIIU.

Augiades heras, d............ XCIIL.

hecale, G wo... ee eee XCILL.

Zariaspes mys, ¢ «1... ee ee XCIIT.

mythecus, d............ XCILI.

» Qi cence eee eeee XCILLI.

Poanopsis puxillius, ¢ ........ XCIII.

Paratrytone rhexenor, dg ...... XCIITI.

polyclea, dw... .. 2... XCIIT.

[Phycanassa viator, ¢ (genitalia)]) XCIV.

psaumis, Q .........08. XCLYV.

Atrytone delaware, ¢ ........ XCIV.

—— zabulon, ¢ (genitalia) . XCIV.

—rolla, do... ee cee eee XCLYV.

— vitellius, ¢ ............ | XCIV.

——mella, od .............. XCLYV.

——mellona, gd ............ XCIV.

—— myron, ¢ .............. XCIV.

— yD eee cence eens XCIV.

——helva, d .............. XCLY.

—. > Q cece cece eee XCLY.

—— melane, d...... 0.0200 XCIV.

—_— » Qe cece cece eee XCIY,

—— gala, do... ee eee. XCIV.

—— monticola, g............ XCLV.

—- 9 QQ eee ee cece eee XCIV.

—— niv eolimbus, Siw eeeeceee ACIY.

—— imimica, Sd ............ XCLY.

vee ee eee XCIY.

Buzyges idothea, re XCY.

Lecce ee eee CY,

Atry tonopsis deva, ¢ ........ XCY.

2 QQ cece cece ee eeee XCV.

-—— pittacus, d ............ XCV.

python, 9 ..........0... XCV.

Lerodea eufala, dg ............ XCVY,

dysaules, ¢ ............ XCV.

Stomyles tolteca, ¢ .......... XCV.

florus, ¢ (genitalia) ...... XCV.

comus, 9 .............. XCY.

nereus, d .............. XCV.

Amblyscirtes nanno, ¢ ........ XCV.

‘folia, Bivcececcceccceeae XCV.

—— fluonia, gd ..........00.. XCY.

LIST OF PLATES. xlili

Fig Page. Plate | Fig. | Page

| |

39-42 ii. 473 | Amblyscirtes elissa, 9 ¢ ...... XcV. 40, a ii, 505

i 1-4 ii. 475 || Halotus saxula, ¢. XCV. 42-44) 11. 505 |

5, 6 ii, 475 || Calpodes ethlius, of (wing ‘&e. ds XCV. 45, 46) i. 507

7 li, 475 | Prenes evadnes, ¢ (wing &e.) . XCV. 47,48 ii, 508

8 11. 476 | pauper, d ..........00-. XCVI. 1-3 ii. 509

9, 10 il. 473 | —— nero, d (genitalia) ...... XCVI. 4 ii. 509

- pag || —— DQ cece ce nee eeeee | XCVI. 5, 6 11. 509

i ne drd | var. corrupta, ¢.... XCVE 7 ii. 509

12-14 ul, 480 || —— philippina, d .......... XCVI. 8,9 ii, 510

15, 16 il. 480 || —— ares, do... eee ee XCVI. 10-12 ii, 510

17 ii, 481 | —— oeola, § .... eee eee XCVI. 13-15 ii, 51]

18 li. 482 vala, d ................ NOVI, 16-18 ii, 512

(19-2) un. 483 || Cydrus nevolus, ¢ ........06) XCVI. 19-21 1. 513

22, 23 ii, 483 | Aides epitus, d ...........008 XCVI. 22, 23) ii, 514

24-26 li, 484 dysoni, 9 .............. | XCVI. 24 ii. 514

27-24 ii, 484 | clara, Skee cece eee | XOVI. 25,26 ii, 515

30, 31 ii. 485 | Paraides ocrinus, ¢ ..........; XCVI. — }27-30 ii. 516

32-34 1. 486 | Xeniades orchamus, ¢ (genitalia) XCVI. 31 11. 517

35, 36 ii. 486 pteras, dw... ee eee eee XCVI. 32-35 ii. 518

37-40 iil, 487 || Telles arcalaus, 5 (genitalia) . XCVI. 36 i. 519

41-43 ii. 488 | Thespieus dalmani, ¢ ........ XCVI, 37-40 11. 520

44, 45 1. 488 | macareus, d ............ XCVI. 41-483 ii. 520

1 ii, 489 | ovinia, d .............., NOVIT, 1,2 i. 521

2.35 ii, 489 || Vacerra litana, d ............ XCVIL. 3-6 | ii, 522

4-6 | ii. 490 9 Qc eee e nee! XCVII. 7,8 ii, 522

7 il. 490 egla, Oo... eee ee eee XCVILI. 9-11 ii. 522

8-10 il. 491 lachares, Q ............ ' XCVII. 12,18 ii. 523

11-13! ni. 492 canente, ¢ (genitulia)....: XOCVILI. 14 nn. 523

14-16 i. 4y2 ,, —- ——, 2... eee. XCVII. /15, 16 i. 523

17-19) 11. 493 | Tirynthia conflua, S.......... XOVIL 17,18 11, 524

20-29) il 1B | x a Lecce eee eee ' XCVII. 19, 20 ni, 524

23, Q4 ii. 493 || Niconiades xanthaphes, 6 ) | met wee

2507 ii 404) (wing &.)...... ae i" XCVIL, [21,22 i, 525

28, 29 il. 494 | CSO, Oe eee eee ee eee | XCOVII. (23-25 11. 526

30-32 il, 494 | ——- merenda, ¢ ............ XCVII. = (26, 27 11, 526

33, 34 ii. 494 viridiceps, Q............, XCVII. 28, 29 11. 526

35, 36 ui, 495 | Oxynthes coruscus, ¢ ........, XCVIT. (30-33 ii. 527

37-39 ii, 495 | Phemiades pro ertius, d (veni- 7 *

40 i495 talia) mo } XCVI. | 34 1. 528

41-48 1.496 | Thoon modins, g ............, NCVIL. 35—-3& 11. 529

44-46 ii. 496 | taxes, d . wee eee eee, ACVII. (39, 46 ii. 530

47 ii. 496 | Rhinthon chiriquensis, g¢ 2.0... NCVILT. (41-44 VD. 531

1-3 i. 497 cynea, do wee. ee ee eee NCVIIT. 1-3 nn. 531

4,5 ii. 497 © alus, do... eee eee eee XCVILI. 4-6 i. 532

6-9 ii. 49% | —— melius, d 2? ............, XCVIIT. | 7,8 ii, 532

10 ii. 498 | epaphus, d ...........- NCVIIL. | 9,10 ii. 533

11-18 i. 498 | megalops, d........000- — XCVITL 11-18 11, 633

14,15 ii. 499 | Cobalus fidicula, ¢ 1.0.0.0... XCVIII, 14-16 11. 535

16-18 ii, 500 gabina, So... e cece eee eee XCVIIL 17,18 ii. BBS |

19, 20 ii. 500 | argus, Owe... ee eee ee XCVIIT. 19-21 11, 580 |

21-23 11. 501 ! percosius, gd .....-...... XCVITI. 22-24 11. 536 |

24 ii, 502 | cann®, So... eee eee eee. XCVIIT. 25-27) ii, 536

25, 26 ii. 502 | warra, doo... . eee eee eee XCVILI. | 28 ii. 537

27-30: ii. 502 | Cobalopsis edda, ¢ .......... XCVIII. 29-31 ii. 537

31-34 ii, SOL | , veeeeeseeesee. MOVIL. | 3 ii. 537

35, 36 i. 5 dyscritus, d (genitalia) XCVIII. | 33 Hi. 538

37-39 ii, 504 | Onophas columbaria, g¢ ........ XCVIUI. 34-37) i. 53Y

{

xliv LIST OF PLATES.

: | : :

| Plate. Fig. | Page. | "Plate. Fig. Page. |

| |

(Honus pyste, d .... eee eee | XCVII. 38-41 ii. 540 | Molo herwa, d .....- eee eee CI. 34-37 ii. 580

Mucia thyla, dg ...........6.. | XOVIL. 42-44 li. 541 | fVinius arignote, d].......... CI. 38-4] il. 580

Morya valerins, @ .... +... +0. | XVI. (5-47, ii, 542 | ——sagitta, goes. co OL (49,43 ii, 581

| Perimeles remus, d .......... XCIX. 1-3 ii. 543 || Padraona epictetus, ¢ ........ CI. 44-46 ii. 582

| Tigasis zalates, ¢ ............ | XCIX. 4,5 ii. 544 | Carystus claudianus, 5 ........ CII. 1-4 li 583 |

| Kutychide cingulicornis, ¢ ....; XCIX. 6-9 ii. 545 eynaxa, do... ee eee eee CII. 5,6 ii. 584

| midia, ¢ ...... cee. eee XCIX. 10-138 ii. 546 |) ——— ebusa, gd, var. .......-.. CII. 7,8 i. 584

| ochus, Gow... ee eee eee XCIX. [14-16 ii. 546 |) —— , o (genitalia) ...... CU. 9 | ii, 584

orthos, S ..... eee eee XCIX. {17-19 ii. 546 | —— marcus, ¢ (genitalia) .... CH. || 10 | ii. 584»

—— lycortas, do... . eee eee XCIX. 20, 21 il, 547 || —— anrelius, Q ............ CLI. 11,12 se 585

aBEMA, Sows ee eee eee eee XCIX. 22, 23 ii, 548 |) —— diversus, Sd ............ CII. 13, 14 li. 585

Phanes (Phanis) justinianus, ¢.. XCIX. (24-27) ii. 549, 741 fantasos, d (genitalia) .... CIT. 15 i. 586

Euroto compta, d .........-.- XCIX. 28-31 li. 550 artona, So... . ee eee eee CII. 16-18 11. 586 |

lyde, Svc ee ee ee ee eee XCIX. 32, 33 ii, 551 coryna, ¢ (genitalia) .... CII. 19 ii, 587

micythus, d ........ 000. XCIX. = [84, 85 ii, 551 || Paracarystus hypargyra, d .... CII. 20-23 ii. 588

| chlorocephala, g ........ XCIX. 36 ii. 551 || Zenis minos, g ..... 2. eee CII. 94-27 11. 589

MAgTUS, DG... see ee ee eee XCIX. = {87-39 li. 552 || Vettius phyllus, ¢ (wing &c.) .. CII. 28, 29 ii. 590

| Phlebodes tiberius, ¢ ........ XCIX. {40-43 ii. 553 lafresnayi, ¢ .........- CII. 30-32 ii. 590

Lerema accius, ¢ (genitalia).... XCIX. 44 ii. 554 || Coeliades fiscella, d .......... CII. 33-36 il. 592

bipunctata, gd .......... XCIX. 45-47 1i. 555 || Dion gemmatus, ¢ .......... CII. 37, 38 ii. 593

penela, oo... . ce ee eee XCIX. 48, 49 iii 555 | Flaccilla ecas, ¢ (wing &¢.)....: CII. 39, 40 i. 693

Meeris striga, ¢ (wing &c.) .... C 1,2 11, 056 | Cymeenes malitiosa, ¢ ........ CII. 41-43 li. 595

hyagnis, ¢ (genitalia) .... C 3 ii. 557 lutulenta, d .........00. CII. 44, 45 ii. 595

Metron chrysogaster, J ........ C 4-7 11. 558 syraces, ¢ wwe eee eee. CIIT. 1-3 i. 595

Metrocles leucogaster, g¢ ...... } 8,9 ii. 559 silius, ¢ «wee. eee ee eee CIII. 4-6 ii. 596

Papias infuscatus, ¢ (wing &c.) . C 10, 11 i. 560 berus, @ eee. ee eee eee CIII. 7-9 i. 596

dictys, ¢ ....... ee eee C 12,138 i. 560 > O, Varo... eee. | CIII. 10 ii. 596

———~ microsema, d ......44.. C 14, 15 ii. 561 || Mnaseas bicolor, ¢ ..........) CII. 11-138 ii. 597

—— phainis, ¢ (genitalia) .... C 16 li. 561 || Methionopsis modestus, ¢...... CIII. 14-16 ii. 599

Mnasinous patage, d.......... C. 17-19 ii. 562 || -—— typhon, ¢ (genitalia) ...., CIIl. 17 ii. 599 |

| Metiscus atheas *, ¢ (wing &c.). 0. 20, 2] i. 563 | Eutocus phthia, d............ CIII. 18-20 ii. 600

'Methion melas, ¢ (wing &c.) C. 22, 23 il. 564 || Eprius (Epeus) veleda, d ..... | CII. 21-28) in. 601, 741

'Thargella fuliginosa, ¢ (wing &c.) C 24, 25 1. 565 || Mnasicles geta, d .........-.. CIII. 24-26 li. 602

' Mnasitheus cephis, ¢ (wing &c.). C 26, 27 ii. 566 hicetaon, ¢ (genitalia).... CIII. 27 ii. 603

simplicissimus, ¢ (wing &c.) C 28, 29 il. 566 | Callimormus juventus, gd ...... CIIl. 28-31 ii. 604

-Mnasaleas uniformis, 5 (wing &c.) C 30, 31 1. 567 |, filata, Gow... eee ee eee CITI. 32, 33 ii. 604

' Mastor anubis, d ............ C 32-35 ii, 568 | gracilis, d (genitalia) ... CIIl. 34 ii, 605

| bellus, g (genitalia)...... C 36 ii. 568 | corades, Ge... eee ce eee. CIll. [35-87 ii. 605

perigenes, ¢ ........ eee C. 37, 38 ii. 569 | Mnestheus ittona, d .......... CIII. 38-41 ii. 606

, Mnasilus penicillatus, ¢ ...... Ye 39-42 i. 570 cometho, d ........0.. CII. 42-44 ii. 607

| Vehilius illudens, d .......... | C. 43-46 ii. 570 Indens, Od ........0200.. CIT. 45, 46 li. 607

venosus, d .....-...04- | } 47-49 il. 571 | [Artines epitus, ¢ (wing &c.)].. Cit. 47,48 ii. 608

' Megistias tripunctatus, d ...... CI. 1-3 n. 572 | artizies, d...... re CII. 49, 50 11. 608

jera, Oo wee. eee eee eee CI. 4,5 ii. 572 | [Falga jeconia, d].....-...... CIY. 1-4 ii. 609

labdacus, ¢ ............ CI. 6,7 i. 573 sciras, Goo... cee eee eee CIV. 5,6 ii. 610

/—— cbasus, d........ eee eee CI. 8 ii. 573 || Enosis qnadrinotata, g........ C1Y. 7 ii. 610

18U8, GO .... eee eee CI. 9-11 11. 574 || Carystoides basochesi, g ...... CIV. 8-1] ii. 611

| ——fraus, d ........ ee eee CI. 12 il. 574 || Lychnuchoides saptine, d...... CIV. 12-15 ii. 613

telata, ¢ wo... eee eee CL. 13-15 ii. 574 || Tisias myna, ¢ ...........-.. CLV. 16,17 ii. 614

epiberus, ¢ ............ CI. 16-18 ii. 575 || Themesion certima, 9 ........ | CIV. 18, 19 li. 615

leucone, Sw... eee ee 11. 19-21 ii, 575 orbius, 9 ..........e eee ' CIV. 20-21 ii, 615

: Parphorus storax, d .......... CI. 29-95 ii. 576 || Turesis lucasi, ¢ ............ CIV. 22, 23 ii. 616

'Vorates decorus, ¢ .......... CT. 2h-29 ii. 577 | theste, S ..... eee eee. CIV. 24-26 ii. 617

sapala, dow... ee ee eae CI. 30, 31 11.578 || Megaleas svrna, d............ CIV. 27,28 1. 617

| Pherwus epidius, ¢ .......... CI. 32,33 11. 579 || Lycas argenteus, 5 (wing &c.).., CIY. 29, 30 ii. 618

* Mnasinous atheas on the Plate.

LIST OF PLATES. xlv

Plate Fig Page. Plate Fig

fOrphe vatinius, ¢ (wing &.)].. CIV. 31, 32! ii. 619 | Thracides placens, 2 .......... CVI. 1,2 |

Damas clavus, d ..........0. CY. 1-4 | il. G21 1 salius, So... ee eee eee CVI. 3-5 |

, Orses cynisea, do (wing &.) .... CV. | 5,6 li. 622 || longirostris, ¢ .......... CVI. 6-8 |

iricolor, dw... , CV. 7,8 ii, 623 | —-——, g, var. .......-.. ev 9 |

_'Thracides phidon, ¢ (wing &c.). .| CV. , 9, 10 ii. 624 |) chiomara, ¢ (genitalia) ..: CVI. 10

deceptus, Q ......-..46- CY 11,12 ii. 624 | xanthura, ¢.........005) CVI. 11-13

luda, di... sce e ee eee CY. 13-15 iil. 625 | Perichares corydon, ¢ (wing &c.) CVI. 14, 15:

molion, Oo. .s eee eee eee CY. 16-18) ii. 625 |i agrippa, d .... eee eee eee CVI. 16, 17:

S125 a0) 5 ls CY. ‘19, 20! li. 625 |: lotus, G ww eee eee eee! CVI. 18-20

-—— henricus, d ............ CY. 21-23} 11. 626 |) A Oran CVI. 21, 22

aroma, ¢ (genitalia) .... cy. 24 ii. 626 || Talides sergestus, ¢ (wing &c.)..| CVI. 23, 24

—_— 5 Pec eee ee eees CV. 25, 26) li, 626 || —-, gd, var ......0... CVI. 25, 26

aurifer, Ge... ee eee eee cy. 27, 28! ii. 626 | Pyrrhopygopsis orasus, g ...... | CVI. 27-30

polles, Qo ve .ee cece eens Cy, 29, 30 ii. 627 | |

16, 32

several

places

ERRATA ET

for J. read T.

for Tikorea read Tithorea.

Before Tab. III. insert Oleria ranthina,

for edesia read edesia.

for Choacus read Chuacus.

for hemimelena read hemimelena.

for Napeogenys read Napeogencs.

for Atayac read Atoyac.

Before Tab. IIT. insert [thomia salvinia,

After Heterosais nephele. insert (Jthomia

nero, Tab. V. fig. 9, d-)

for arcescilaus read arcesilaus.

for not interruptedly read interruptedly.

for Pancina read Panima.

for ferrugineis read ferrugineo.

for Tagetis read Taygetis.

for Neonymypha read Neonympha.

for epinephile read epinephele.

for D. read Tf.

for 7 read 9.

Sor IX. read X.

for peperna read perperna.

for IX. read X.

for Antirrhea read Antirrhea.

for eight read nine.

for P. read M.

for no pencil on the costal side read a pencil on

the inner side.

for Vallalolid read Valladolid.

for Oaxaca read Antioquia.

for Zambador read Tumbador.

for A. read H.

for luce read leuce.

for Clerk read Clerck.

for Voan de Irazu read Volcan de Irazu.

for Clerk read Clerck.

for EUPETOIETA read EUPTOIETA.

\ for Eupetoieta read Euptoieta.

for Eupetoieta read Euptoteta.

for Atayac read Atoyac.

for eranitis read eranites and for alcina read

alsina.

for Calithomia read Callithomia.

for Clerk read Clerck.

for Atajac read Atoyac.

for aineta read anieta.

for Southern Mexico read Mexico.

for alemene read alcemene.

for cynanthe read cyananthe,

for E. read M,

\ for pierrettii and pierettii read pierretit.

for lyre read lyce.

for Graytown read Greytown.

for figg. 12, d, read figg. 11, 12, gd.

after rutila add sp. n.

CORRIGENDA.

Page

264

274

282

285

292

293.

300

304

Line

for 2 read 1.

after PANACEA inseré nomen nov.

for V, read A.

erase the word GuaTeMALa at beginning of line.

before Tab. XXVII. insert P. tipha,

for Atajac read Atoyac.

before Tab. XXX. insert A. leucernia,

for cythera read cytherea.

after sentia add sp. n.

before San Gerdnimo insert GUATEMALA,

before Tab. XXXI. insert Apatura cyane,

before Tab. XXXI. insert Apatura cherubina,

after Siderone ide. insert (Tab. XXXVII.

figg. 8, 9, do, var. thebais ; 10, 2.)

for marpesia read marthesia.

after promenza add sp. n.

after Anza proserpina. ixsert (Tab. XXNIUI.

fige. 7,8, 5; 9, 10, 2.)

for Tab. XXXVI. read Tab. XXXVI.

for Tab. XXXIV. figg. 11, 12 read Tab. XXXVI.

figg. 5, 6, d; 7,8, Q.

for enomais read wnomats,

after opalina add sp. n.

jor Lefebre read Lucas.

for NEBEOBIINE read NEMEOBIIN.E.

for Eurygone read Eurygona.

for mollina read molina.

for C. read EF.

for M. read T.

for Chemelimnas read Chamelimnas,

for melanochlorus read melunochlora.

after yucatanensis add sp. un.

erase the whole of the paragraph beyond the word

Panama.

for C. hedemanni read M. hedemannt.

for mollina read molina.

for perone read perone.

for ochreas read ochrias.

for A. read S.

for aries read ares.

for Atayac read Atoyac.

for Tab. XLIII. figg. 25, 26 read ‘Tab. XLIII.

figg. 26, 27. (The numbers are also incor-

rectly given at the bottom of the Plate.)

for they differ read it differs.

for back read black.

for terra read tierra.

for molina read molela.

for this species read this genus.

before Tab. XLVII. insert Lemonias hepburni,

before Tab. XLVII. insert Lemonias walkeri,

for L. read N.

for godmanni read godmani.

for Atayac read Atoyac.

for Vindot. read Vindod.

BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.

ZOOLOGIA.

Class INSECTA.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

Suborder RHOPALOCERA.

Fam. NYMPHALIDZ.

Subfam. DANAINZE.

Group DANAINA.

Male with a pair of anal pencils of hair; basal joint of palpi short; distal end of

tarsus and tarsal joints of front leg of female flattened, so as to give a club-shaped

termination to the leg ; tibia of male as long as the femur ; tarsus always present.

DANAIS.

Danais, Latreille, Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 10 (1819) ; Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 89.

Subcostal of primaries with one branch before the end of the cell; cell of the

secondaries elongated; discocellulars nearly in the same line and subparallel to the sub-

median nervure ; a wart-like knob by the side of the first median branch in the male.

This genus has a wide range in the tropics; and several species also spread into the

temperate zones in both hemispheres. America is not nearly so rich in species as many

parts of the tropics of the Old World; still the number of individuals of each species

is very great, as in all the more open parts of the country these butterflies are commonly

met with. In Central America three species only are certainly recognizable; but these

show considerable variation, each comprising several imperfectly segregated forms.

1. Danais plexippus.

Papilio plexippus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 767'; Cramer, Pap. Ex. t. 206. f. E, F?.

Danais plexippus, Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 105°.

Papilio archippus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 49°.

Danais archippus, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 184°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 330°.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. B

2 RHOPALOCERA.

Alis supra fulvis, marginibus late et venis distincte nigris; illis nisi coste dimidio basali maculis serie

duplici albo punctatis, anticarum apicibus rufo-nigris, maculis fulvis notatis: subtus ut supra, primariis

pallidioribus, secundariis lete ochraceis, primariarum apicibus macula tripartita ochracea notatis.

Hab. N. Amurica??*,—MeExico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Yucatan (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob.);

Gvaremata, Rio Polochic, Central valleys, Chuacus, Duefias (Ff. D. G. & O. 8.);

Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten®, Carmiol); PANAMA,

Chiriqui (Arcé), Lion Hill (M*Leannan).—AnTILLES and WESTERN S. AmERiIcA to PERU.

Great confusion exists as to the correct identification of this name of Linneus. In

the tenth edition of his ‘Systema Nature’ (i. p. 471), in addition to the brief diagnosis,

reference is made to Sloane’s ‘ Natural History of Jamaica’ (ii. p. 214, t. 239. f. 5, 6)

and to Catesby’s ‘ Natural History of Carolina’ (ii. p. 88, t. 88); but the locality given

is North America. Linneus, in his ‘Museum Ulrice’ (p. 262), seems to have doubted

the accuracy of his reference to Catesby; but in the twelfth edition of the ‘ Systema’

he recurs to his former opinion. Now, concerning Catesby’s figure there can be

no doubt; and, coupled with the North-American habitat, it indicates precisely to which

species the name D. plewippus should be referred. Sloane’s insect 1s undoubtedly

another species, and is the same as that described by Mr. Bates (Ent. Month. Mag. i.

p. 33) as D. jamaicensis, from specimens obtained by us in Jamaica. Fabricius, who

seems to have been the originator of all the confusion, misapplies Linneus’s name and

renames the true D. plexippus D. archippus*, and gives it a wrong habitat. Mr. Kirby

(Cat. p. 5) applies Linnzus’s name in a different sense altogether, for which we can see

no justification. The synonymy of the species seems correctly given in Mr. Herman

Strecker’s work ’.

Central-American specimens, as a rule, agree closely with North-American ones in

having the spots towards the apex of the anterior wings tawny instead of pure white.

In Nicaragua, however, and further to the southward specimens approach more nearly

to the race prevalent in the north-western portions of the southern continent, and have

these spots whiter and the veins of both wings more strongly margined with black.

These characters are very slight, and show a tendency to a certain type rather than a

present existing definable feature; and therefore we are unwilling to separate them.

Still the divergence seems to commence in Nicaragua, all specimens found to the north-

ward belonging to the northern form, whilst those to the southward generally, but

not universally, belong to the southern. D. erippus, Cr., from Brazil, is a fairly defined

race, in which we trace a constant character in the inner margin of the anterior wings.

This portion is never deep black, as in D. plexippus, but (especially in female examples)

tawny red.

Danais plexippus is extremely plentiful throughout Central America in all open

sunny spots up to an elevation of 5000 or 6000 feet. Its flight is slow and somewhat

laboured.

DANAIS. 3

The rapid extension of the range of the North-American race of this butterfly, not

only to Europe, but also to many islands of the South Pacific, to New Guinea, and

Australia, has lately been traced by Mr. Distant (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 93).

2. Danais cleothera.

Danais cleothera, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 185'; Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 12. f. 2”.

Alig supra lateritio-fulvis parte basali et venis obscurioribus, marginibus externis late nigris, maculis albis

serie duplici punctatis, cellule anticarum termino maculis tribus albis notato, maculis tribus quoque apicis

basin transeuntibus: subtus ut supra, secundariis magis brunnescentibus et venis latioribus nigris.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), Cordova (Kimmel) ;

Guaremaa, Rio Motagua, Central valleys (F. D. G. & O. S.); Honpuras’, San Pedro

(G. M. Whitely); Nicaracua, Virgin Bay (Bridges).— ANTILLES”; VENEZUELA’.

Godart’s description of this species is not very intelligible; and as he gives the island

of Timor as the locality where it is found’, there is room for error in assigning this

name to an American Danais. We, however, follow Doubleday and Hewitson’s identi-

fication of Godart’s species; and here we are on surer ground, as the excellent plate in

the ‘Genera’ clearly represents this species*. It is readily distinguishable from the

D. berenice by the absence of the inner row of large white spots between the median

branches of the anterior wing. Its nearest ally is D. eresimus, Cr., of Guiana and the

northern portions of the continent of South America. ‘The specimens attributed to this

species in Messrs. Butler and Druce’s paper on Costa-Rica butterflies really belong to

the following insect.

The range of D. cleothera in Central America is pretty general; but as yet we have

seen no specimens from any locality south of Nicaragua. Doubleday and Hewitson

state that it occurs in Venezuela, Haiti, and Honduras.

3. Danais berenice.

Papilio berenice, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 205. f. E, F’.

Danais berenice, Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 106’.

Danais strigosa, Bates, Ent. Monthly Mag. i. p. 32°, Distant, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. x’.

Danais thersippus, Bates, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 243°.

Danais cleothera, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 330 (nec Godt)*.

D. cleothere quoad colores valde similis, alarum posticarum venis aliquando albo marginatis, anticis maculis

tribus albis intra ramos medianos marginem externum versus notatis: subtus quoque D. cleothere similis,

sed secundariarum cellule margine externo extus et intus albo maculato.

Hab. Norra America!?.—MeExico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Vera Cruz (Hedemann, Mus.

Vindob.), Cordova (Kiimeli); Guatemaua, Central valleys, Chuacus, Rio Motagua, Rio

Polochic, Retalhuleu (F. D. G. & O. 82); Brivish Honpuras, Corosal (Howe); Nica-

raaua, Virgin Bay (Bridges), Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica‘ (Van Patten*), Orosi

(Kramer); Panama’, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—CvusBa; SoutH AMERICA

to SOUTHERN BRAZIL.

4 RHOPALOCERA.

It may be questioned whether this species is distinct from D. gilippus (Cr. Pap. Ex.

t. 26. f. C, D), the patria of which is Rio Janeiro, whence we have several specimens,

and others which we attribute to the same race from Ceard and Maranham, in Northern

Brazil. As a rule, Central-American examples differ from these in the universal absence

on the upper surface of white markings at the end of the cell of the secondary wings,

whereas the nervures beneath are edged with white; but the development of these

marks is by no means constant in Brazilian examples. ‘Thus, in default of other trust-

worthy characters, it is not always easy to define certain Central-American specimens

as distinct from others from Brazil.

Central-American specimens come nearest to Cramer’s figures of his Papilio berenice’ ;

but in many the nervules on the upper surface of the secondary wings are edged

with grey to a variable extent; and upon this character Mr. Bates based his

D. strigosa*. Though noticeable in very many examples, we do not consider this

character sufficiently established to justify our retaining this name, seeing that

we find some specimens without any such markings, together with others bearing

them to a prominent extent. DD. thersippus°’, based upon a _ single male

specimen from Panama, seems, by the light of other specimens from the same and

neighbouring localities, to be an extreme individual variety of the more ordinary form.

The deep dull reddish-brown colour which characterizes this specimen is repeated in

another from Costa Rica almost to the same extent; and looking through our series we

can trace almost every link between this specimen and the ordinary typical form.

This widely ranging common species is found in abundance in all open sunny places

up to an elevation of 5000 to 6000 feet.

ITUNA.

Ituna, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 118 (1847).

Subccstal of primaries with one branch before the end of the cell; cell of the

secondaries short and triangular; lower and middle discocellulars placed at a large

acute angle to the submedian; no wart-like knob near the first median branch in

either sex.

The three species constituting this genus are spread over Central America and South

America (except Guiana and the Lower Amazon) as far south as the Brazilian province

of Rio Janeiro. tuna is a peculiarly neotropical genus, not passing to the northwards

of Southern Mexico. All the species seem to affect mountainous districts, though J.

phenarete has been taken in the Upper Amazon. In having tufts of hair at the

extremity of the abdomen, and none on the costal region of the secondary wings, the

relationship of /¢una to Lycorea and Danais is shown.

ITUNA.—LYCOREA. 5)

1. Ituna lamirus.

Heliconius lamirus, Latr. in Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. i. p. 126, t. 41. f. 7, 8 (1833) *; Butl.

& Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 330°.

Lycorea lamyra, Boisd. Lép. de Guat. p. 28°.

Ituna albescens, Distant, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xi°.

Alis primariis nigris, margine interno, et striga arcuata a basi ad angulum analem extensa, fulvis, striis tribus

transversis subhyalinis, venis divisis, in dimidio apicali positis; posticis fulvis, costa et margine externo

nigris, maculis indistinctis subhyalinis angulum apicalem versus notatis: subtus pallidior, maculis

obscuris rufo tinctis, posticis medialiter albescentibus, margine externo maculis albis notato; primari-

arum apicibus quoque albo notatis.

Hab. Mexico, Mountains of Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuaTEMALA °, Rio Polochic, Chuacus

(F. D. G. & O. S.); Costa Rica* (Carmiol, Van Patten”), Cache (Rogers); Panama,

Calobre (Arcé).—CoLoMBIA.

Specimens from Colombia agree closely with the plate in Humboldt and Bonpland’s

work', Central-American examples showing several points of slight variation. The

light markings on the primary wings are broader and more confluent in northern

specimens, and the secondaries are more uniformly suffused with fulvous, the central

portion of the latter in southern examples being semidiaphanous.

Were these points of distinction constant we should feel disposed to separate the

Central-American specimens specifically from those of Colombia; but the former

show that in Veraguan and Costa-Rican examples there is an indication of the pecu-

liarities exhibited in Colombian ones, and we also see that the more northern

the locality whence individuals have been procured the greater the density of the

colouring of the secondary wings. Constant characters therefore fail whereby to

distinguish these incomplete races; for this reason we are unable to admit Mr. Distant’s

I. albescens* as a distinct species.

Ituna lamirus, though widely distributed, is nowhere very abundant, being found in

mountain-valleys about 2000 or 3000 feet above the sea. It appears to be absent from

the low-lying land of Panama ; but, according to Dr. Boisduval, it is found in Nicaragua’,

LYCOREA.

Lycorea, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 105 (1847).

Subcostal of primaries emitting two branches before the end of the cell.

This genus, though nearly related to Danais, may easily be distinguished from it by

the absence in the male of the peculiar patch on the submedian nervure of the secon-

dary wings which distinguishes the members of the genus Danais, and by other cha-

racters. In possessing tufts of hairs at the extremity of the abdomen, however, its

close relationship to Danais is shown.

6 RHOPALOCERA.

Doubleday placed the genus in the family Heliconiide; but this view is no longer

tenable, as Mr. Bates’s researches have proved (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 517).

The genus is a purely neotropical one. The Central-American representative has a

wide range over the northern parts of South America. The definition of the members

of the genus is by no means well marked, and some of the species may prove to be of

merely nominal value.

1. Lycorea atergatis.

Lycorea atergatis, Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 16. f. 1'; Boisd. Lép. de Guat. p. 27°;

Butler & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 330°.

Alis nigris, fasciis duabus longitudinalibus fulvis, una cellulari, altera venam medianam extus sequente,

macula cellulari subquadrata, duabus inter ramos medianos lacrymiformibus et tribus subapicalibus

ochraceis; secundariis stria discali alteraque submarginali fulvis, et margine nigro maculis albis notato:

subtus ut supra, primariis maculis apicalibus albis notatis.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova (Kiimeli); Guatemata, Duefias, Rio Mo-

tagua, Choctum, Rio Polochic (Ff. D. G. & 0. S.); Honpuras’, San Pedro (G. M.

Whitely); Nicaracua (Bridges, Janson, Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama,

Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan)—VeEnNEZUELA; CoLomBia; Ecuapor; PEru;

Upper AMAZON and MARANHAM.

Though subject to slight variation, the members of this species found in particular

districts are not, in our opinion, separable as distinct races. In specimens from

Eastern Peru, the yellow spots. at the apical half of the anterior wing are reduced to

five small ones (four of which constitute the subterminal row), and a narrow fulvous

line between the first and second median branches. The normal yellow spot at

the extremity of the cell is fulvous; and the lower band on the posterior wings is

obsolete towards its inner end.

These specimens show the most abnormal coloration of our series ; but others approach

them, the chief variation consisting in the yellow spots between the second and third

branches of the median nervure of the anterior wings being confluent or not.

Its nearest ally appears to be L. halia, Hiibn., of Brazil, of which it is a northern race,

the two being found together at Maranham. Another close ally, L. cleobwa (Gdt.),

occurs in the island of Haiti. The Guiana forms, L. pasinuntia (Cr.) and L. ceres

(Cr.), differ rather more decidedly in the distribution of the yellow markings of the

anterior wings.

Group ITHOMIINA.

Males without anal tufts; basal joint of palpi long; front leg of female not club-

shaped; secondary wings with one or more tufts of hair near the subcostal nervure *,

* These tufts are usually only present in the male; but in Methona they exist in both sexes.

OLYRAS. 7

A. Front leg of male with a well developed tibia and a tarsus always present.

OLYRAS.

Olyras, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 107 (1847).

Femur of front legs of male longer than coxa, tibia and tarsus together longer than

femur; subcostal pencil of hair of secondaries of male in a single patch, costa of

secondaries abruptly arched, middle discocellular bent to an acute angle in the middle,

where the recurrent nervule is emitted.

This genus, though having a strong general resemblance to J¢twna, really belongs to

the section of the Danainze which contains the genus /thomia and its allies—the

secondary wings in the male having a costal tuft of hair, the abdominal tufts of

Danais and its allies being absent. Five members at present constitute the genus,

two of which are peculiar to Central America, one is common to Central America

and Colombia; Venezuela and Ecuador have each a peculiar species. All the species

seem to affect mountain-regions, some being found as high as 7000 or 8000 feet.

1. Olyras theon. (Tab. I. fig. 2.)

Olyras theon, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. iii. p. 50°.

Alis anticis fusco-nigris, stria longitudinali venam medianam occupante fulva, fasciis tribus subhyalinis arcuatis

yenis divisis in dimidio apicali; posticis fulvis, extus nigro marginatis: subtus pallidior, alis ambabus

margine externo albo punctulatis; posticarum costa nigra, maculis tribus magnis albis notata, area interna

albicante.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé, Mus. Brit.); Guatemaua (fF. D. G. & O. S.‘), San Gerdnimo,

Rio Polochic (aque).

This species was described by Mr. Bates from a single specimen obtained by us in

Guatemala in 1862 ; unfortunately the record where we captured it was lost, and the

specimen, from its likeness to [tuna lamirus, was for some time not recognized as

distinct from that species. We have little doubt, however, that it was caught in the

vicinity of San Gerdénimo, in the department of Vera Paz, Guatemala, where we

made considerable collections, and whence Mr. Hague subsequently transmitted more

examples. The same gentleman’s collectors in the valley of the Rio Polochic also

met with it. The Mexican specimen in the British Museum, obtained by M. Sallé

was doubtless from the southern and more tropical portion of the Republic.

Our figure is taken from a male specimen captured by Mr. Hague near San

Geronimo.

2. Olyras montagui.

Olyras montagui, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 490'; Lep. Ex. p. 138, t. 50. f. 17; Butl. &

Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 331°.

8 RHOPALOCERA.

O. theoni similis, sed alis anticis nigricantioribus fasciis in dimidio apicali clarioribus, stria vena mediane fere

obsoleta ; posticis medialiter rufescentioribus, fascia mediana irregulariter hyalina: subtus maculis posti-

carum costalibus duabus albis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten*), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé).—CoLomBIa

(Mus. Brit.*).

The original specimen, now in the British Museum, described and figured by Mr.

Butler, is said to have been obtained in Colombia. This example has a semitrans-

lucent patch on the secondary wings, which is hardly shown in our Central-American

examples. These, on the other hand, have indications of a fulvous streak along

the region of the median nervure of the primaries not observable in the original

O. montagui; on the underside there is a single large white spot near the costal

margin of the secondary wings a little beyond the cell.

8. Olyras insignis. (Tab. I. fig. 1.)

Olyras insignis, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iv. p. 163°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874,

p. 331’.

Alis anticis nigris, maculis duabus discalibus, duabus elongatis angulum analem versus et apicibus interne

(venis divisis) flavo-hyalinis ; posticis flavo-hyalinis nigro late marginatis, margine nigro angulum analem

versus rufo notato: subtus margine externo albo-punctato, macula unica costali alba.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Calobre (Arcé').

This well-marked species differs from all its congeners, except, perhaps, O. trans-

lucens of Ecuador, in having the intervals between the dark markings of the wings

transparent, with only a tinge of yellow suffused over them. It was originally

described from a single specimen obtained near Calobre in the State of Panama; but

other specimens have since been secured. It appears to be more abundant in Costa

Rica. Our figure represents the type specimen.

EUTRESIS.

Eutresis, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 111 (1847).

Femur of front leg longer than coxa; tibia and tarsus together longer than femur ;

subcostal pencil of hair of secondaries in a single patch; costa of secondaries uniformly

curved; middle discocellular straight; recurrent nervule emitted from lower discocellular

near the origin of the lower radial.

This small genus, comprising four species, has much the same range as Olyras, but

in Central America does not spread north of Costa Rica. Of the species in South

America, one, the type (E. hyperia), is confined to Venezuela; a second, &. hyspa, is

EUTRESIS.—TITHOREA. 9

found in the mountainous parts of Eastern Ecuador; while the last, EF. imutatriz,

originally obtained in Eastern Peru, extends its range into South-eastern Ecuador.

These four species are all very closely allied to one another ; but the differences seem

strictly associated with the areas where the insects are found.

1. Kutresis theope. (Tab. I. fig. 3.)

Eutresis theope, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 60°.

Eutresis hyperia, Staud. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1875, p. 96 (nec Doubl.)’.

Alis anticis fusco-nigris, area interna hyalina, venis et linea irregulari submarginali divisa, macula triangulari

discali fusca, area ven mediane fulva; posticis fulvis fusco marginatis area interiore hyalina, venis fulvis

divisa: subtus velut supra, anticarum apicibus et posticarum marginibus albo punctatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten), Ivazu (Rogers!) ; Panama, Chiriqui (2¢bde?).

Though several specimens of this species were contained in Van Patten’s Costa-Rica

collection, described by Messrs. Butler and Druce (P. Z.S. 1874, p. 330), no mention

of it is made in their paper. Dr. Staudinger refers to it as having been obtained by

Ribbe in the vicinity of Chiriqui, when describing E. imitatriz. A fair series of

specimens, including all four species, enabled us to discriminate E. theope from the

Venezuelan E. hyperia; and subsequent examination of a still larger series has tended

to show that the characters we pointed out are constant. Our figure is taken from

one of Van Patten’s Costa-Rica specimens.

TITHOREA.

Tithorea, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 99 (1847).

Femur of front legs of male longer than the coxa, tibia and tarsus together longer

than the femur ; pencil of hair on costal area of secondaries in two patches.

In addition to these characters, Tithorea may be easily recognized by its triangular

primaries and pointed apex. The secondaries are also very round. The front legs of

the female seem to be more nearly perfect than in any genus of this group; in one

specimen we examined the claws were well developed, and, except for the smallness of

their size, these legs were in no way atrophied. The genus has a wide range in tropical

America, being absent, however, from South-eastern Brazil. Some of the most re-

markable of the species are found in Colombia; and nearly all, including the most

aberrent in coloration, are imitated by species of Heliconius found with them. Five

species occur in Guatemala belonging to two forms, one of which is represented by

two, the other by three races.

1. Tithorea duenna. (Tab. II. fig. 7.)

Tithorea duenna, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 56).

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. C

10 RHOPALOCERA.

Alis anticis nigris, maculis duodecim flavis in dimidio apicali irregulariter positis, regione vens mediante fulvo

notata; posticis ferrugineis nigro-marginatis, striaque transversa ab angulo apicali marginem internum

versus transeunte nigra, ciliis alarum albo maculatis : subtus ut supra sed dilutiore, alis marginibus maculis

duplicibus albis notatis ; antennis nigris ; prothorace rufo.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé); Guarema.a, Duefias (F. D. G. & 0.8."), Polochic valley (Hague).

This species seems restricted in its range to Southern Mexico and Guatemala, its

place being taken by 7. pinthias in the more southern parts of Central America.

Though not common at Duefias, where we first met with it, it would appear to be

abundant in the valley of the Polochic in Vera Paz, whence Mr. Hague has sent us

many specimens. It hasa considerable range in altitude, as we took specimens in the

woods near Duefias as high as 5000 feet above the sea.

Our figure is taken from one of the types (female) caught near Duefias.

9. Tithorea pinthias. (Tab. II. fig. 8.)

Tithorea tarricina, Bates, P.Z.S. 1863, p. 243 (nec Hew.)’.

Tithorea duenna, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 335 (nec Bates)’.

Tithorea pinthias, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, ii. p. 259°.

T. duenne affinis, sed alarum anticarum stria longitudinali fulva et posticarum stria transversa nigra caret ;

prothorace nigro nec rufo quoque distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt®); Costa Rica (Van Patten”), Caché (Rogers?) ;

Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe), Calobre (Arcé?), Lion Hill (M:Leannan').

This form entirely replaces 7. duenna in Central America between Nicaragua and

Panama, being common everywhere, except perhaps at Panama, whence but few

examples have reached us.

Both T. pinthias and T. duenna belong to a small group of Tithorea consisting of

four species, T. tarricina and T. hecalesina being the other two. The latter are found

in Colombia, and are distinguished by the extent of yellow shown on the secondary

wings, 7’. hecalesina having a large amount of this colour. At least three species of

Heliconius have the pattern of three corresponding species of Tithorea of this group.

Heliconius octavia is found with Tithorea duenna in Guatemala, H. formosus with

T. pinthias in Costa Rica and the countries adjoining, and HT. hecalesia with T. hecale-

sina in Colombia. The peculiarities of each Tithorea are shown by each Heliconius

in the respective countries in which they are found with great precision.

The specimen figured is a female from Calobre, Panama.

3. Tithorea helicaon, n. sp.

Tithorea irene, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 335 (nec Drury)’.

L. irene affinis, sed alis anticis maculis flavis majoribus, cellula anticarum ad basin et regione vene medians

TITHOREA. 11

lineis fulvis bene notatis, margine posticarum angustiore nigro et maculis extra cellulam nigris absentibus

dignoscenda.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten").

Of this race we have four examples, all agreeing so closely with one another that we

have little doubt that they represent the prevalent form of 7. irene found in Costa

Rica.

4. Tithorea hippothous, n. sp. (TZ. irene, Tab. II. fig. 9.)

TL. irene affinis, sed alis anticis ut in 7. helicaone diversa; posticis sicut in 7. irene, et ab T. helicaone sic differt.

Hab. GuaTemata, San Gerénimo (Hague); San Satvapor (Mus. Staudinger).

A single male specimen from Guatemala is in our possession, having been sent us

by Mr. Hague from the neighbourhood of San Gerdénimo. We have also seen

examples from San Salvador, lent us by Dr. Staudinger; and from one of these our

figure is taken. In these the secondaries have a more fully developed black band

than in the Guatemalan specimen; but they do not otherwise differ in any important

character.

5. Tithorea irene. (Tab. II. fig. 10.)

Papilio irene, Drury, Tl. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 38. f. 1.

Tihorea umbratilis, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. iii. p. 86°.

@. Alis anticis nigris, maculis tredecim flavis in dimidio apicali positis, una irregulari ad cellule finem (cum

altera minuta extra cellulam vix disjuncta), quatuor linea arcuata ultra eam, quatuor linea obliqua sub-

apicali et tribus submarginalibus ad angulum analem; posticis fulvis nigro marginatis et maculis duabus

extra cellulam nigris notatis: subtus ut supra, sed posticarum costa fulva marginibusque externis albo

punctulatis: antennis flavis ad basin nigris.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (12 Leannan?).

Drury states that he received his Papilio irene from Jamaica!; and a like origin is

given for the three other butterflies figured on the same plate. As all these other

species have been found on the mainland of South America in the neighbourhood of

the isthmus of Panama, and as none of them are known as inhabitants of Jamaica,

we are probably justified in considering Panama as the probable origin of 7. irene.

This view is supported by the fact that the insect which agrees best with Drury’s

figure is a single female example from Panama, which Mr. Bates described as 7. um-

bratilis®. The only traceable difference is in the indications of rufous marks at the

base of the primaries of Drury’s figure, and the presence of yellowish spots near the

apex of the secondaries, variations perhaps to be attributed to a difference of sex

between our specimen and that figured by Drury, the latter being a male. T. tar-

ricina, Hew. (Ex. Butl. Tith. & Hel. t. iv. f. 1), has a close resemblance to T. irene; but

12 RHOPALOCERA.

the wings being less elongated, and the yellow spots at the apex of the secondaries

well defined, show a stronger relationship to 7. hecalesina, Felder, and its allies.

We have been for a long time disposed to consider the more northern representa-

tives of 7. irene as incomplete races of that insect; but a further examination of the

subject with additional materials reveals the fact that an apparently well-marked race

inhabits Costa Rica, and another Guatemala and San Salvador. These we have described

above under distinct names, and given their differential characters. We are at the same

time aware that the subject of the variation of the 7. harmonia group of this genus is

by no means well worked out; but we think that whatever course is taken with the

various forms of the southern butterfly, 7. irene will be kept distinct from 7. harmonia.

We have figured the type of T. umbratilis from Panama.

MELINA.

Melinea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 11 (1816), partim; Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. p. 549

(1862).

Femur of front legs of male half the length of the coxa, tibia and tarsus together not

longer than the femur; pencil of hair on costal area of secondaries in two patches.

Mr. Bates was the first to define the proper limits of the genus Melinwa, which by

all previous writers and by some subsequent ones has been confounded with Mechanitis,

from which it differs in several important particulars, to which attention is drawn in

Mr. Bates’s paper. The number of known species of the genus is about thirty, which

are distributed over the whole of the tropical portions of the South-American con-

tinent, the greater number of species being found throughout the region of the Upper

Amazon and eastern slopes.of the Andes. Four species are included within our limits,

one of which, however, is barely of specific value.

1. Melingzea scylax. (Tab. II. fig. 12.)

Melinea scylax, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vil. p. 412°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874,

p. 335°.

Melinea ribbei, Weym. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1875, p. 379, t. 2. f. 4°; Staud. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,

Xxv. p. 97°.

Alarum anticarum dimidio apicali nigro, fascia obliqua, maculis tribus apicalibus et una in angulo anali flavis,

dimidio basali fulvo, macula discali nigra; posticis fulvis margine externo anguste nigro: subtus pagina

superiore concolori, posticarum basi flava.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé', Ribbe?, Zahn).

Of this distinct species specimens were first sent us from the neighbourhood of

Chiriqui, about the year 1870, both by Arcé and Zahn; and from the same district

Herr Ribbe appears to have found it in ‘some abundance a few years later®4,

Specimens were contained in Van Patten’s collection from Costa Rica”, which country

seems to be the northern limit of the range of this species. Its most obvious

MELINZEA. 13

distinction from MW. imitata is the absence of the median band on the secondaries of that

species. The Heliconius having a similar pattern to M. scylax is H. clarescens, Butl.

We have figured the type specimen, a male, taken near Chiriqui.

2. Melinza parallelis,

Melinea parallelis, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 155°.

Alis anticis nigris, basi fulvis, fasciis quatuor maculis albis compositis in dimidio apicali, proxima per cellulam ad

angulum analem transeunte, ultima apicem occupante; posticis fulvis, margine externo et fascia lata

mediana nigris : subtus ut supra, margine posticarum albo maculato et fascia subcostali (fasciee longitudinali

conjuncta) nigra.

Hab. Panama’, Chiriqui, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (2Leannan).

A close ally of M. messatis (Hew.), but differing in the black band of the secondaries

passing completely across the wings, in MM. messatis this band being incomplete and

not reaching the abdominal margin. Mr. Butler’s description was taken from a

duplicate from one of M*‘Leannan’s collections. The Heliconius corresponding in

colour to M. parallelis is H. fasciatus, nob.

3. Melina lilis.

Mechanitis lilis, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. t. 17. f. 4°.

Alis anticis nigris dimidio basali (nisi margine interno et maculis duabus una discali, altera inter ramos medianos

primum et secundum, fulvis), dimidio apicali fasciis duabus flavis fulvo marginatis, una extra cellulam obliqua,

altera apicali ex maculis quatuor composita; posticis fulvis, margine externo et fascia mediana nigris: subtus

ut supra marginibus externis albo maculatis; posticis fascia subcostali nigra fasciw longitudinali conjuncta.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan); VENEZUELA’.

A single specimen from the Panama railway has the characteristics of this Venezuelan

form, which here appears probably at the limit of its range in this direction. There is

apparently a gap in the Isthmus where no Melinwa of this form is found, as none have

reached us from any point between the Panama railway and Costa Rica, the gap being

filled by M. scylax. This, perhaps, is an additional argument in favour of WZ. imitata

being a distinct species.

4. Melinewa imitata. (Tab. II. fig. 11.)

Melinea imitata, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 55°.

Melinea tachypetis, Feld. Reise d. Nov., Lep. p. 355’.

Melinea lilis, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 334 (nec Doubl.) ’.

M. lili valde similis, sed macula alarum anticarum discali et macula intra ramos medianos primum et

secundum conjunctis fasciam indivisam constituentibus, marginibus quoque fulvis fasciarum anticarum

apicalium flavarum absentibus.

Hab. Mexico? (Sallé, Doubl. & Hew.), Mts. Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuatTema.a, Retal-

huleu, Polochic valley (O. S. & F. D. G.'); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson) ;

Costa Rica (Van Patten*, Rogers).

14 RHOPALOCERA.

Mr. Bates, in describing this species from specimens obtained by us in Guatemala in

1862, compared it with Melinwa messatis, Hew.; but its nearest ally is undoubtedly

M. lilis, Doubl. & Hew., to which Messrs. Butler and Druce referred it?. So close is

it to that species that its difference from it may well be questioned. The most

noticeable points of distinction consist in the inner of the two bands of yellow spots on

the primaries being purer in colour instead of tinged with tawny as in U/. lilis. The

discocellular dark band of the primaries runs between the first and second median

branches uninterruptedly, and in many cases is joined to the black of the outer margin.

In UM. lilis this band is almost always broken up into spots. ‘These differences assume

a higher value than at first appears, seeing that they are found also to some extent

in Heliconit inhabiting the same localities (H. metalilis, Butl., of Venezuela, and

H. telchinia, Doubl., of Central America). Mexican specimens of MW. imitata were

described by Dr. Felder as M. tachypetis; but an example from Oaxaca differs in no

way from our Guatemalan types, with which also Costa-Rican specimens agree.

In Guatemala this species appears restricted to the hot forests of the lowlands; none

of our specimens were obtained at a higher elevation than a thousand feet.

We have figured one of the types, a male, from the valley of the Rio Polochic.

B. Tibia of front leg of male reduced to a knob at the end of the femur ; tarsus either

altogether absent, or barely distinguishable at the end of the tibial knob.

a. Femur of front leg of male much shorter than the coxa.

SCADA.

Mechanitis, section Oleria, Hiibn., Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. p. 529.

Scada, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 23 (1871).

Terminal joint of palpi almost obsolete; costal and subcostal nervures of secondaries

of male close together ; lower radial directed forwards.

The members of this small genus were placed by Mr. Bates as a section of the

genus Mechanitis, with which no doubt they have considerable affinity. ‘he section,

however, seems sufficiently definite to admit of being treated as a separate genus; and

as such it was placed by Mr. Kirby. As Mr. Bates did not employ Oleria in a generic

sense, and as Oleria of Hiibner contains none of these insects, Mr. Kirby was, we

think, justified in proposing the new name Scada for them. The genus consists of

about ten species, distributed over the greater part of Tropical America from Brazil to

Costa Rica.

1. Scada xanthina. (Tab. III. fig. 2.)

Ithomia (Oleria) xanthina, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. ili. p. 52°.

Scada xanthina, Kirby, Cat. p. 23°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 334°.

SCADA.—AERIA. 15

Alis flavis subhyalinis, marginibus (punctis albis notatis) et fascia obliqua cellule terminum transeunte nigris ;

subtus velut supra sed paulo pallidior.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten*), Irazu (Rogers); Panama?, Calobre (Arcé), Lion

Hill (d‘Leannan').

Mr. Bates in his original description compares this species with the Brazilian

S. gazoria (Godt.), and with S. zemira (Hew.), of Ecuador ; but its nearest ally seems

to us to be S. zibia (Hew.), of Ecuador, from which it differs in the greater extent and

brighter colour of the yellow of both wings. Its range seems restricted to the isthmus

of Central America between Costa Rica and Panama. Colombian and Venezuelan

examples of this form, though certainly very similar to S. xanthina, approach more

nearly to the Ecuadorean S. zibia. The original types of this species were sent us by

the late James M‘Leannan from his station on the Panama Railway, Lion Hill; but we

have figured a male from Calobre in better condition.

AERIA.

Aeria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 9 (1816).

Ithomia, section 3, Aeria, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 126.

Terminal joint of palpi small; costal and subcostal nervures of secondaries of male

wider apart than in Scada; lower discocellular directed backwards.

This small section has similar front legs to Scada, and therein differs from all

other [thomiew except Sats. There are about four or five species of this form, which

seem subject to certain local variations. They are found from Brazil to Guatemala.

1. Aeria agna,n. sp. (Ithomia eurimedia. Tab. III. fig. 12.)

Ithomia agna, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 127 (deser. nulla)’.

Scada? eurimedia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 334 (nec Cramer) ”.

Alis nigris, anticis fascia subtriangulari a basi per cellulam fere ad angulum analem extensa et altera obliqua

subapicali citrinis; posticis fascia eodem colore longitudinali alam mediam occupante; prothorace et

alarum tectricibus rufis: subtus sicut supra sed margine alarum externo punctis albis ornato.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?); Panama,

Chiriqui (Ribbe, Mus. Staudinger), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (J/*Leannan).—Cotompia ;

VENEZUELA}.

A close ally of A. ewrimedia (Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 126. figs. C, D), but differing from that

species in the brighter colour of the citron marks of the wings, in the narrower

median citron band of the secondaries, and in the absence beneath of the rufous marks

in the black submarginal borders of both wings. It is a common species on the

Isthmus of Panama, and thence northwards as far as Nicaragua. In Guatemala its

place is taken by A. pacifica, which differs from it in having rufous marks in the black

16 RHOPALOCERA.

margin of the secondaries beneath, just as in A. ewrimedia. Southward of the Isthmus

precisely similar specimens occur in Colombia, where, however, it is probably found

only on the northern coast, in the great valley of the Magdalena and in Venezuela.

Its presence in the latter country enables us to bestow upon it the name proposed by

Doubleday for it more than thirty years ago 1.

We have figured a male from Panama.

9. Aeria pacifica, n. sp. (Ithomia eurimedia. Tab. III. figg. 10, 11.)

A, agne simillima, sed alarum marginibus nigris, subtus medialiter rufo notatis.

Hab. Guatemaa, Quirigua, Polochic valley, Retalhuleu (/. D. G. & O. S.).

In arranging our coilections after our return from Central America in 1863, Mr.

Bates distinguished this insect as a variety of A. ewrimedia under the above name.

Since then the receipt of additional specimens of it, and also of the more southern

race, leads us to believe that the brighter citron colour of the markings of the wings,

and the narrowness of the median band of the secondaries, are constant characters by

which it may be distinguished from A. ewrimedia, and that the rufous marks in the

black margins of the secondaries beneath distinguish it without fail from its near

neighbour A. agna.

We found this species common in September in the forest in which the Indian ruins

of Quirigua are situated; but it was still more abundant in the same month in the

cocoa-plantations in the outskirts of the village of Retalhuleu, which lies on the Pacific

side of the Cordillera, at the foot of the mountains, about 900 feet above the ocean.

Our figure is taken from a male specimen captured in the valley of the Rio Polochic

below the village of Tucuru.

b. Femur of front leg of male as long as or longer than the coxa.

THYRIDIA.

Thyridia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 9 (1816); Zutr. ex. Schmett. ff. 163, 164 (1818) ;

Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 117 (1847).

Aprotopos, Kirby, Cat. p. 19.

Tarsus of female with four joints; a pair of spurs on the third joint only.

Great difficulty surrounds the correct application of this name. Hubner, in first’

introducing it, associated together 7’. themisto, Hibn., Papilio psidii, Linn., and P. alione,

Cr. T. themisto Hiibner figured in his ‘ Zutrage;’ the figure, as usual, is so good that

no doubt whatever exists as to what species he represented. ‘This species was after-

wards selected by Doubleday and Hewitson as the type and only representative of the

THYRIDIA. — 17

genus Methona. Papilio ilione of Cramer, about which also there is no uncertainty,

became a member of the genus /éuna. The sole representative left in Hiibner’s genus

is Papilio psidi of Linneus. It remains to determine what this species is.

Writers have usually been content to take Cramer’s interpretation of the Linnean

name; but to get at a correct conclusion Linnzus alone must be his own interpreter.

Turning to the ‘Museum Ludovice Ulrice,’ we find a reference to Madam Merian’s

‘Insects of Surinam’ (t. 19); and this we consider to give the best clue to what the

Linnean species was. It will be observed in this figure that the secondaries possess

a submarginal row of white spots, pointing exclusively to the insect usually known as

Thyridia ino, Feld. Hence the type of Thyridia is T. ino (= Papilio psidit of Linnzus).

Cramer’s figure, as Mr. Bates justly says, appears to us to represent a Methona, not-

withstanding the opinion of Messrs. Butler and Druce to the contrary; but we disagree

with Mr. Bates in considering it to be the Linnean species. If Mr. Bates’s view were

correct, Thyridia themisto, Hiibn., and P. psidii, Linn., would be congeneric, and should

both be placed in the genus Thyridia, Hiibn., including Methona of Doubleday and

Hewitson asa synonym. <A new generic name would thus become necessary for Thyridia

edesia and its allies. This is Mr. Kirby’s view, who proposed the name Aprotopos to

supply the want. By keeping P. psidiz, Linn., in the genus Thyridia this difficulty is

obviated. The conclusions we come to are practically the same as those arrived at

by Messrs. Butler and Druce, though our reasons are not identical.

Thyridia, as thus interpreted, has a wide range in tropical America, extending from

Southern Brazil as far north as Nicaragua. Four species are included within this area,

only one of which occurs in Central America.

1. Thyridia melantho. (Tab. I. fig. 4.)

Thyridia melantho, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 50 (1866)'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 331%.

Aprotopos melantho, Kirby, Cat. p. 20°.

Alis anticis nigris, maculis duabus intra cellulam, proxima indistincta, macula subapicali venis divisa, altera

submarginali subrotunda inter ramos medianos secundum et tertium et una subquadrata ad angulum

analem ochraceis; posticis fulvis nigro marginatis, puncto ad terminum cellule nigro: subtus, velut

supra, margine serie punctorum minutorum alborum notato.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?); Panama,

Chiriqui (Arcé, Zahn), Lion-Hill station (J/‘Leannan’).

This species was originally described from a single specimen sent us by the late

James M‘Leannan from his station on the Panama railway. As no other example has

reached us from the same locality, it would appear that this point is probably near

the southern limit of the range of the species. None of Arcé’s collections formed in

the vicinity of Santiago de Veraguas contained examples; but numerous specimens

have been sent from the Pacific slope of the Volcano of Chiriqui; and from this

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. D

18 RHOPALOCERA.

district northwards to Chontales, in Nicaragua, Thyridia melantho must certainly be

very abundant.

A little variation exists between individuals of this species: in some examples the

proximal discocellular spot of the primaries is almost obsolete; in others the distal

spot is scarcely visible, the whole basal half of the wing being nearly uniform black ;

in one specimen from Chiriqui the black apical angle of the secondaries embraces the

black spot at the end of the cell. The nearest ally to Z. melantho is undoubtedly

T. edesia, which takes its place in the northern portion of the southern continent,

being abundant in the neighbourhood of Santa Marta and the western provinces of

Venezuela. .

Our figure is taken from the type specimen (a male) sent us from Panama.

MECHANITIS.

Mechanitis, Fabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 284 (1807) ; Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 128;

Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxtil. p. 528.

Tarsus of front legs of female with four joints, a pair of spurs on each of the second

and third joints; primaries with recurrent nervule on lower discocellular; secondaries

with recurrent nervule on middle discocellular; costal nervure of secondaries of female

anastomosing with subcostal about the middle of the costal margin of the cell; cell of

secondaries not extending nearly to the apical angle.

Five tolerably well-marked races of this genus are found in Central America, all of

which have received names; but an examination of a large series of these insects, we

think, shows that, though in certain districts particular forms prevail, specimens are not

wanting tending to link most if not all of them together. In fact we find that the

representatives of Mechanitis in Central America present the same features as regards

their variation as those possessed by the insects found in the valley of the Amazons, so

fully discussed by Mr. Bates in his paper in the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society.’

The geographical distribution of these different races in Centra] America is an

instance of how races may be nearly, but not absolutely, confined to particular localities.

M. doryssus, by far the most widely distributed of them all, attains its maximum

development in Guatemala, where it is most abundant. It is found in Mexico, where

it is the sole representative of the genus; towards the isthmus of Panama it becomes

quite rare, its place being taken by J. macrinus. It then reappears in a slightly

modified form in the northern portions of South America.

M. lycidice is also abundant in Guatemala, but becomes rare in the southern portions

of the isthmus, its place being taken by MV. isthmia, a race from which it is but

imperfectly segregated, an almost complete series of intermediate steps being found to

connect the extreme forms. The well-marked yellow cross band seen in many indivi-

MECHANITIS. 19

duals of M. lycidice shows its relationship to M. lysimnia, a species inhabiting the

eastern coasts of South Brazil, and is thus an instance of the similarity to be traced in

races and species found inhabiting these widely-separated localities.

M. isthmia is rarely found beyond the isthmus of Panama and as far north as Costa

Rica; we have, however, a single specimen of J. lycidice, from Guatemala, picked out

of hundreds of the common form of that species, which has several characteristics of

MM. isthmia.

M. labotas appears to be confined to Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua, no speci-

mens from elsewhere having as yet come under our notice.

M. macrinus, though as common in the State of Panama as in Colombia, does not

spread northward of Costa Rica.

1. Mechanitis lycidice. (Tab. I. figg. 7, 8.)

Mechanitis lycidice, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 33°.

Mechanitis doryssa, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 31 (nec Bates)’.

Mechanitis isthmia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 334 (partim)*.

Mechanitis ovata, Dist. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xi’.

Sexus quoad colores fere similes ; alarum anticarum dimidio basali fulvo; posticarum margine anguste nigro,

macula intra ramos medianos primum et secundum cum nigro alarum anticarum apicum confluente;

anticarum dimidio distali nigro, maculis aut fasciis flavis trifasciato, fascia harum interna valde distincta ;

posticis fulvis fascia una longitudinali flava, altcra nigra.

Hab. Guatemata, Retalhuleu, Duefias, Motagua valley, Chuacus, Chisoy valley,

Polochic valley (S. & G.1 and H. Hague); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely);

Nicaracua' (Bridges), Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten®*, Carmiol), Caché,

Trazu (Hf. Rogers).

In this race the extent of black on the primaries is variable, some specimens showing

almost the dark colour of WM. isthmia; the black band of the secondaries in the females

varies considerably, in some being well defined, in others evanescent and reduced to a

rudimentary band at the apical angle. The extent of the yellow band on the secon-

daries is also very variable, in some specimens being well defined, in others altogether

wanting. In Guatemala, though individuals showing considerable variation are not

wanting, this race has more constant characters than in Nicaragua and Costa Rica;

here we find the influence producing J. zsthmia becomes very apparent, and it would

not be difficult to arrange a complete series of specimens connecting M. lycidice with

the more southern race. To one of these intermediate forms Mr. Distant applied the

name JZ. ovatat; but we do not see how its distinctness as a race can be maintained.

We have no specimens from the southern continent agreeing accurately with J.

lycidice; but two examples from Chanchamayo in Peru are certainly very closely allied.

Dr. Boisduval?, under the name Jf. doryssa, evidently describes this species. He gives

Mexico as one of its habitats: it very probably occurs there; but we have seen no

20 RHOPALOCERA.

specimens confirming his statement. We found this species usually associated with

M. doryssus in Guatemala, near Duefias (alt. 5000 ft.); both were very common in

open woods, where they might be seen nearly the whole day flying a few feet from the

ground.

Our figures and descriptions are taken from typical specimens; the male was captured

at Choacus in the valley of the Motagua, the female in the valley of the Polochic.

2. Mechanitis isthmia. (MV. isthmicus, Tab. I. figg. 11, 12.)

Mechanitis isthmia, Bates, P. Z. S. 1868, t. 29. f. 1°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 334?

(partim).

Sexus paulo dissimiles quoad fasciam posticarum longitudinalem nigram; alis anticis nigris macula basali

fulva, fascia interna flava fere obsoleta; posticis fulvis fascia longitudinali nigra in mare bene distincta,

in femina obsoleta aut omnino absente, posticarum margine anguste nigro.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten)?, Irazu, Caché (ZH. Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui,

Calobre (Arcé), Line of railway (M‘Leannan)!.

In some specimens of this race the yellow spot at the end of the cell of the primaries

is absent ; in others it is ill defined; and in a few it is distinctly shown. The black

longitudinal band on the secondaries of the females varies much, in some examples

appearing as an incipient band at the apical angle; in others it is wanting altogether.

This race is very abundant throughout the State of Panama, where its characters are

fairly constant. In Costa Rica individuals are not wanting agreeing accurately with

Panama specimens ; with these, however, are a larger proportion of examples which

vary in the direction of the more northern race, MW. lycidice. From Guatemala we

have a female specimen which has the dark primaries so characteristic of JZ. isthmia;

but the secondaries have a well-defined longitudinal band, as in many examples of

M. lycidice. ‘This is one selected from hundreds of the Guatemalan form, to which

undoubtedly it must be considered to belong ; it shows, however, a tendency to assume

the colour-pattern of a race geographically far removed from it, and proves that, though

races are fairly constant in their respective areas, they are by no means absolutely so.

Our figures and descriptions are taken from Panama specimens, whence the types

were procured. |

A form, closely allied to M. tsthmia, was described by Mr. Reakirt in 1865 as I.

californica, from specimens sent him from Los Angeles in California (Proc. Ent. Soc.

Phil. v. p. 223). The appearance of Mechanitis so far north is remarkable; and a con-

firmation of its presence in California would be acceptable, as the record of the

occurrence of another Panama species, [thomia panamensis, in the same paper, prompts

the suggestion that some mistake may have been made in the locality assigned to

them.

-MECHANITIS. 21

3. Mechanitis doryssus. (Tab. I. figg. 9, 10, & Tab. IV. fig. 2.)

Mechanitis doryssus, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 33'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 334”.

Mechanitis utemaia, Reak. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 241°.

Sexus fere similes; alarum anticarum fascia interna transversa fulva, prope costam tantum flava, fascia media

et apicali flavis, fulvo interdum marginatis, macula intra ramos medianos primum et secundum bene

distincta, posticarum margine late nigro.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio); Guatemaua, Retalhuleu, Duefas, Chuacus, San

Gerénimo, Chisoy valley, and Polochic valley (F. D. G. & O. S.1); Honpuras, San

Pedro (G. M. Whitely); Nicaragua (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten”), Irazu,

Caché (H. Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé).

In the northern portion of South America, Colombia, and Venezuela this species is

represented by a very closely allied race, if, indeed it really differs; it has, however,

been separated by Mr. Butler under the name of UM. veritabilis. In Costa Rica and

Panama a large dark-coloured race not unfrequently occurs, a specimen of which we

have figured on Plate IV. fig. 2. In it the light markings of the primaries are narrowed

and the black colour extended; the tawny colour of both wings is of a deeper tint.

These dark individuals, though common in the above districts, are not restricted to

them; for we possess a Guatemalan specimen (a male), and a female Mexican example,

which approach them very closely in intensity of colour as well as size. Our Honduras

specimen is a male, doubtless that of M. utemaia, Reak.? It agrees with Guatemalan

examples of M. doryssus; and we believe it to belong to that species.

In Guatemala we found this Mechanitis in the woods near Duefas, where it was

exceedingly abundant.

Our figures and descriptions are taken from some of our original Guatemalan

specimens; the male was captured at San Gerdnimo, the female in the valley of

the Polochic.

4. Mechanitis labotas. (Tab. IV. fig. 1.)

Mechanitis labotas, Distant, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xii’.

Mechanitis doryssus, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 334 (partim)’.

Sexus paulo dissimiles, quoad alarum posticarum fasciam longitudinalem nigram ; anticarum fascia interna

transversa fulva, prope costam tantum flava, fascia media et apicali flavis, fulvo interdum marginatis,

macula intra ramos medianos primum et secundum valde distincta; posticarum fascia longitudinali nigra

in mare valde distincta, in femina obsoleta.

Hab. Nicaracua (Belt); Costa Rica (Gabb!, Van Patten®); Panama, Chiriqui

(Zahn), Calobre (Arcé), Line of railway (Jf‘Leannan).

The only character by which this race can be distinguished from its very near ally

M. doryssus is the absence in the female of a continuous black band in the secondaries,

22 RHOPALOCERA.

which is only shown in some specimens in a rudimentary state near the apical angle;

in others it is absent altogether. Finding only females of this form in Costa Rica, we

were for some time uncertain what the male was like; but on further consideration

it became evident that the lighter-coloured specimens from Costa Rica, previously

assigned to M. doryssus, were really the males of MU. labotas. It seems to be a race as

distinct in its characters as the others we here treat of; and as such we admit it.

The specimens described and the female figured are from Costa Rica.

5. Mechanitis macrinus. (Tab. I. figg. 5, 6.)

Mechanitis macrinus, Hew. Exot. Butt., Mechan. t.iii.f. 11°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 334°.

Sexus paulo dissimiles, quoad alarum posticarum fasciam longitudinalem nigram ; alis anticis fascia lata per

cellulam transeunte flava, fascia media obsoleta aut omnino absente, macula intra ramos medianos

primum et secundum sexpe absente; posticarum margine late nigro, fascia longitudinali nigra in mare

valde distincta, in femina obsoleta.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Line of railway (J‘Leannan).

—Co.tompBia!; Ecuapor; VENEZUELA.

The extent of the yellow cross band of the primaries is subject to variation, in some

specimens being fairly defined, in others almost wanting, and in a few quite absent.

This isa common species in the northern part of South America, and appears equally

common on the line of the Panama Railway; from there its numbers appear to

diminish, as from Costa Rica but few examples have come under our notice.

Dr. Boisduval (Lép. Guat. p. 31) includes this species in his list of Nicaraguan

Butterflies ; but we have no corroborative evidence that it is found in that country.

Our figures and descriptions are taken from Panama specimens, the male from

Calobre, the female from the line of railway.

CERATINIA.

Ceratinia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 10 (1816).

Ithomia, section iv. Ceratinia, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. 1. p. 127.

Ceratinia, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 528.

Tarsus of front leg of female with four joints, a pair of spurs on each of the second

and third joints; primaries with recurrent nervule on upper discocellular ; secondaries

with recurrent nervule on lower discocellular; costal nervure of secondaries of female

normal ; cell of secondaries extending nearly to the apical angle: ,

This genus comprehends a number of species found throughout tropical America. Of

these, seven come within our limits, most of them, however, from the more southern

districts, as we have as yet seen but a single species of Ceratinia from Guatemala and

none from Mexico.

CERATINIA. 23

1. Ceratinia decumana, sp. n. (Tab. IV. fig. 3.)

Napeogenes excelsa, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 8384 (nec Feld.)’.

Ceratinia excelsa, var., Dewitz, Mitth. miinch. ent. Ver. 1877, p. 87.

Alis anticis nigris, macula obliqua subquadrata per cellulam, fasciola subapicali venis divisa, duabus majoribus

infra eam, et octo in margine externo seriatim positis flavido-hyalinis ; posticis ferrugineis, limbo apicali

nigro albo punctato, area venee mediane maris (nec feminis) obsolete pellucida: subtus sicut supra, area

interna posticarum albicante.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten), Trazu, Caché, Rio Sucio, San Francisco (Rogers) ;

Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, Ribbe), Calobre (Arce).

This species is undoubtedly very nearly allied to Mapeogenes excelsa, Felder, from

Colombia, which is admirably figured in the ‘Voyage of the Novara’ (Lep. t. 44.

f. 13, 3); but having now seen a large number of specimens both from Colombia and

Central America, we are able to trace a constant difference between them. ‘The con-

spicuous semitransparent band in the secondaries of both sexes of C. excelsa is only

faintly perceptible in the male of C. decumana, and altogether wanting in the female.

In this species the whole of the base of the primaries in both sexes is black, whilst the

male of C. excelsa has the region of the median nervure fulvous,

C. decumana and its ally are almost the largest species of the section Ceratinia; and

they both appear to be not uncommon in the regions to which they respectively belong.

Our description and figure are taken from Costa-Rican examples in our collection.

2. Ceratinia megalopolis. (Jthomia megalopolis, Tab. III. fig. 8.)

Ithomia megalopolis, Feld. Voy. Nov., Lep. p. 360, t. 44. f. 9°.

Alis anticis nigris, dimidio basali macula nigra ornato, intra eam fulvo, extra eam sulphureo-flavo, sinuato ;

maculis paucis exterioribus et serie submarginali sulphureo-flavis ; posticis fulvis, margine externo et

macula apicem versus valde irregulari nigris, hac punctulis flavis ornata: subtus sicut supra, posticis

macula basali nigra et punctis submarginalibus albis ornatis.

Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé), Lion Hill (‘\Leannan); Cotomstal.

We have several specimens from the State of Panama agreeing closely with

Dr. Felder’s figure!. Considerable variation is observable in the amount of black near

the apical angle of the secondaries: in some specimens there is an almost isolated

black spot distinct from the black of the outer margin; in others the black is a large

patch with an irregular inner edge; and in others there are indications of a band

of black extending towards the abdominal edge. The distinction of C. megalopolis

from C. cleis consists in the greater breadth of the median yellow patch on the prima-

ries; but we are by no means certain that this difference is of specific value.

The specimen figured is a female from Lion Hill.

8. Ceratinia cleis. (Jthomia cleis, Tab. III. fig. 5.)

Ithomia (Ceratinia) cleis, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 33°.

Ceratinia mylassa, Druce, Ent. M. Mag. xii. p. 126°.

24 RHOPALOCERA.

C. megalopoli simillima, sed fascia trigona flava alarum medium anticarum occupante angustiore et macula

nigra inter ramos medianos primum et secundum interrupta; posticis omnino ut in C. megalopoli.

Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arce?), Lion Hill (I Leannan’).

C. mylassa seems inseparable from this species, the difference apparently consisting

of the reduction of the median yellow patch of the primaries into smaller spots than

in C. cleis, and is thus a somewhat further departure from C. megalopolis than C. eles

is. But as no two of Mr. Druce’s typical specimens are alike in this respect, and as

the passage into C. cleis is almost perfect, C. mylassa cannot be distinguished with

certainty. C. cleis is apparently by no means common in the State of Panama, where

alone it has been found. Should it hereafter be found necessary to unite this species

with C. megalopolis, as seems not improbable, the name the insect should bear is

C. cleis. Its nearest ally is C. mergelena, Hew.

Our figure represents the type, which came from Lion Hill.

4. Ceratinia dionza.

Ithomia dionea, Hew. Ex. Butt., /th. tab. v. f. 24°.

Alis anticis fulvis, parte apicali, costs basi, margine interno et maculis duabus triangularibus (una intra

cellulam, altera inter ramos medianos primum et secundum, hac apici nigro conjuncta) nigris ; fasciolis

subapicalibus, una infra eas, et septem in margine externo seriatim positis sulphureo-flavis; posticis

fulvis, stria transversa et margine externo nigris: subtus sicut supra sed alis pallidioribus et margine

posticarum nigro punctis septem albis ornato.

Hab. Guatemata, forests of Northern Vera Paz and Polochic valley (f. D. G. &

O. S.).— Venezvetal.

This species was described by Hewitson from specimens said to have come from

Venezuela; but we have not yet met with it in collections from that country, whereas

examples of C. fenestella occur in them not unfrequently. The only specimens we

have seen are those obtained by ourselves in Guatemala, where, however, it cannot be

said to be a common species. These agree very well with Hewitson’s figure. They

show, however, some variation amongst themselves, in that the isolated spot between

the first and second median branches of the primaries is in some specimens yellow (as

in the typical figure), in others tawny. In C. fenestella this spot becomes part of the

transverse yellow subapical band, and thus shows a somewhat different disposition of the

yellow marks of this portion of the wing. The two races, however, are very closely allied.

5, Ceratinia fenestella.

Ithomia fenestella, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. tab. v. f. 25°.

Ceratinia fenestella, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 334°.

C. dionee simillima, sed alarum anticarum macula sulphurea inter ramos secundum et tertium margini externo

propiore et fasciola transversa subapicali plerumque confluentibus, macula nigra inter ramos medianos

primum et secundum subrotunda et apice nigro disjuncta.

CERATINTA. 20

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?, Carmiol).—

VENEZUELA! ; TRINIDAD.

We can detect no difference between Nicaraguan and Venezuelan specimens of this

race, though a considerable gap in its range occurs in the State of Panama, where its

place is taken by its near ally C. leucania. Judging from the number of specimens

that have reached us, it would appear to be as common an insect in Nicaragua and

Costa Rica as in Venezuela. The differences which separate it from C. dionwa are

mentioned in the account of the latter species.

6. Ceratinia leucania. (Jthomia lewcania, Tab. III. fig. 9.)

Ithomia (Ceratinia) leucania, Bates, P. Z.S. 1863, p. 246, pl. 29. f. 2.

©. dionee similis, sed alarum anticarum dimidio apicali maculis albis (interdum flavis) notato; fasciola per

cellulam transeunte quoque alba (interdum flava) sepe obsoleta, seepe maculis duabus bipartita; maculis

nigris cellule et iis inter ramos medianos primum et secundum plerumque apice nigro confluentibus. |

Hab. Paxama, Lion Hill (M*Zeannan), Veraguas (Arcé).

This is a close ally of C. fenestella and C. dionea, being nearer the former. The

chief apparent difference consists, in the majority of specimens, of the spots of the

distal half of the primaries being white instead of yellow. Some examples, how-

ever, have these spots yellow just as in C. fenestella; others have only a yellow tinge;

so that a complete gradation can be shown, in which these spots pass from one colour

to the other. The character therefore fails to be a diagnostic one. In C. leucania the

black colour of the apical portion of the primaries is more extensive than in C. fenes-

tella, the discal spot and the one under it being usually united to the black portion of

the wing. This greater extension of the black in C. lewcania renders it not difficult to

discriminate the race from C. fenestella, even when yellow spots are present instead of

white ones. The race, though abundant in the State of Panama, does not pass out

of it.

Our figure represents a male from Lion Hill.

7. Ceratinia callispila. (Jthomia callispila, Tab. III. figg. 6, 7.)

Ithomia (Ceratinia) callispila, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. iii. p. 85 im

Ceratinia callispila, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 334”.

Alis anticis fusco-nigris, macula fulva subtriangulari ad basin plus minusve angulum analem versus extendente

et interdum marginem internum includente; macula elongata obliqua ad cellule finem, fasciola sub-

marginali, venis divisa, duabus infra eam et septem in margine seriatim positis flavis; posticis fulvis,

angulum apicalem versus anguste nigro marginatis, ct macula nigra extra cellulam (interdum in

fasciam transversam producta): subtus sicut supra, sed posticarum margine indistincte albo punctulato.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Carmiol!, Van Patten’),

Cache (Rogers) ; Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. E

26 RHOPALOCERA.

This is a somewhat isolated species, having no very near allies, though C. cleis

appears to be its next of kin. Great variation, irrespective of sex, is noticeable in the

black median band of the secondaries. In the majority of specimens an isolated black

spot beyond the end of the cell is all that is shown. In some a well-defined black

band is present ; and between these extremes every gradation can be traced.

The species seems to be abundant in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, but does not pass

much beyond these limits, as we have as yet only seen a single specimen from the State

of Panama and none from more northern districts.

Our figures are taken from two male specimens, one (fig. 6) from Costa Rica

(agreeing exactly with the types), the other (fig. 7) from Nicaragua.

NAPEOGENES.

Napeogenes, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 533 (1861).

Tarsus of female with four joints, a pair of spurs on each of the second and third

joints; primaries with recurrent nervule on upper discocellular; no recurrent nervule

on secondaries ; median nervure and discocellulars of secondaries nearly in a line; cell

very long.

Mr. Bates, when describing this genus in 1861, enumerated seventeen species as

belonging to it. Subsequent researches have since more than doubled this number.

Though well represented in the valley of the Amazons, the genus has many species

inhabiting the slopes of the Andes from Bolivia to Colombia; but none of them have

a wide range. Central America has but three—one (J. tolosa) extending from Mexico

to Panama, one peculiar to Costa Rica, and one restricted to Panama.

The genus is an extremely interesting one, from the fact that almost all its members

mimic some commoner species of Jthomia found in the same district. Dr. Boisduval

(Lep. Guat. p. 32) includes two other species of this genus as found in Central America

under the names Ceratonia stella (Hew.), from Nicaragua, and Choridis peridia (Hew.),

from Costa Rica; but both are Colombian species, from which country doubtless his

specimens came. |

1. Napeogenes hemimelena. (Tab. III. fig. 3.)

Napeogenes hemimelena, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 60°.

9 alis anticis nigris, flavo maculatis, maculis duabus discalibus, una majore extra cellulam venis divisa, duabus

inter ramos medianos, serie quoque punctorum submarginalium a costa ad angulum analem extendente ;

posticis dimidio basali lateritio-fulvo, margine exteriore irregulari, dimidio apicali nigro, angulo anali

punctis duabus minutis et serie submarginali flavis notato.

Hab. Panama (fibbe), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan!, Mus. Vindob.).

NAPEOGENES. 27

Of this species we have only seen four examples—one (a male) in the collection of

Dr. Staudinger, another (a female) in our own, and two in the Vienna Museum. Our

specimen is figured on Plate III. fig. 3. All these were taken on the line of the Panama

Railway. The nearest ally of VV. hemimelena is N. peridia (Hew.), of Colombia, from

which it differs in having the two inner series of yellow spots in the apex of the pri-

maries blended into one large one, and in the almost total absence of the large yellow

spots in the apical angle of the secondaries.

2. Napeogenes tolosa. (Tab. II. fig. 1, & Tab. III. fig. 4.)

Ithomia tolosa, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xii. f. 72°.

Napeogenes tolosa, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3347.

Alis fulvis, anticarum costa et dimidio apicali nigris, hoc maculis quinque flavis notato, una discali subquadrata,

reliquis in area apicali positis ; margine externo serie punctorum alborum notato; posticis nigro marginatis :

subtus ut supra, sed alis pallidioribus, marginibus externis punctis albis notatis.

Hab. Mexico!; Guatremaua, Polochic valley (H. Hague); San Satvapor (Mus. Stau-

dinger); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?), Trazu

(Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui and Veraguas (Arcé).

The typical specimen of this species came from Mexico; but we have never yet met

with it in collections from that country. In Guatemala it must be very rare, as a single

specimen only has reached us; and this was taken in the valley of the Rio Polochic by one

of Mr. Hague’s collectors. For the sight of a male specimen from San Salvador we are

indebted to the kindness of Dr. Staudinger. This we have represented on Plate II.

fig.1. The presence of yellow spots at the apical angle of the secondaries in this example

makes us doubt the accuracy of the determination of the sex of Hewitson’s specimen,

which we believe to be a female, and not a male as there stated!. Nicaraguan examples,

and all from more southern localities, depart somewhat from the northern type. The

primaries of these have the fulvous of the basal portion more restricted, in some speci-

mens the base of these wings being wholly black. The spots, too, of the apex are

usually of smaller size. As very considerable variation exists between individuals from

these southern localities, and as some almost exactly resemble our Guatemalan example,

we cannot separate them asa distinct race, though differentiation has proceeded to a

considerable extent. Our figure on Plate III. tig. 4, represents a male of the Nicaraguan

form. Though doubtless rare in the northern parts of Central America, it must be

common in Nicaragua, judging from the number of specimens sent from that country

from time to time. The pattern of Mechanitis isthmia is that which this species affects

in the countries where both species are found.

28 : RHOPALOCERA.

3. Napeogenes pedaretus. (Tab. IV. figg. 4, 5.)

Napeogenys pedaretus, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, ii. p. 257.

d alis flavo-hyalinis nigro circumdatis, anticarum area vene median fulvo lavata, macula triangulari nigra

ad cellule finem, area apicali venis nigris divisa; posticarum margine nigro, intus fulvo tincto, apicibus

albo punctatis: subtus sicut supra, sed marginibus externis albo punctulatis.

mari similis, sed anticis fuscescentioribus, area apicali maculis elongatis semihyalinis inter venas notata et

una subquadrata concolori intra cellulam; posticis ferrugineis margine nigro ad angulum analem fere

obsoleto, maculis duabus semihyalinis ad angulum analem vix apparentibus.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu and Rio Sucio (Rogers).

Of this beautiful species a pair alone have reached us. These were collected in the

above localities by Mr. H. Rogers. The male bears a close resemblance to the same

sex of Ithomia xenos, while the female has the pattern of that sex of Dircenna relata.

The peculiar neuration of the secondaries at once distinguishes them from either of

those species.

Both specimens are represented in our plate.

DIRCENNA.

Dircenna, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 119 (1847).

Tarsus of front leg of female with four joints, a pair of spurs on each of the second

and third joints (sometimes also on the first); primaries with recurrent nervule on

the lower discocellular; a strong recurrent nervule on lower discocellular of secon-

daries; middle discocellular of secondaries of male gradually curved and directed out-

wards, upper discocellular absent; upper radial anastomosing with subcostal at the

end of the cell; costal and subcostal strongly arched ; cell of secondaries short, and

lower segment of discocellular directed inwards.

The genus Dircenna was established by Doubleday to receive D. klugi and another

South-American species. Since then, numerous /thomie have been placed in it; and

the definition of the genus has become obscured by these additions. ‘The hairiness of

the palpi, upon which Doubleday placed much stress, does not seem to be a character

to be relied upon as distinctive of the genus. The joints of the tarsus of the female,

four in number, coupled with the shortness of the cell of the secondaries, seem to be

associated in no other group of Jthomia; and we therefore restrict the term Dircenna

to the insects having these characters. The genus as thus restricted has a wide range,

extending from Brazil to Mexico. Five species are found within our limits, of which

one reaches Mexico and two Guatemala; the rest are found in the more southern parts

of the Isthmus.

1. Dircenna klugi.

veratinia klugit, Geyer, Hiibn. Zutr. ex. Schm. f. 801, 802°.

Dircenna klugi, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 121°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 331°.

DIRCENNA. 29

¢ alis fusco-hyalinis; anticarum costa, marginis externi ciliis, fasciaque in margine interno (utrinque rufo

tincta) fusco-nigris ; fascia arcuata a basi ad angulum analem extensa, macula subquadrata apud cellule

finem et octo extra eam (aream apicalem occupantibus) flavido-hyalinis ; posticis fulvescentibus nigro margi-

natis: subtus ut supra, posticarum costa macula elongata alba notata et limbo externo maculis septem

albis ornato; antennis flavis, basi nigris.

gd mari similis, sed coloribus letioribus et maculis anticarum flavidis magis distinctis, maculisque albis

pagine inferioris majoribus.

Hab. Mexico! (Sallé), Atayac (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob.), Oaxaca (Deppe, Mus. Berol.,

Fenochio) ; Guatemaua, Retalhuleu, Duefias, Chuacus, San Gerdnimo (F. D. G. & 0. 8.),

Chisoy valley and Polochic valley (Hague); Costa Rica (Van Patten ?), San Francisco,

Trazu (Rogers).

Originally described from Mexican specimens!, D. klugi has since been found in

numbers in the southern parts of that country ; and it would appear to be equally common

in Guatemala, where it is perhaps the most abundant of all J¢homiine up to an elevation

of about 5000 feet. Inthe mountainous parts it is more frequently met with than in the

low-lying tropical forests; and this may account for its not being found in Nicaragua,

whereas in the mountains of Costa Rica it again appears. It is nearly allied to D. relata ;

and some signs of connecting links between the two are not wanting in Costa Rica, where

both are found.

2. Dircenna relata.

Dircenna relata, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. 1. p. 95'; Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 189, t. 50. f. 3°.

Dircenna olyras, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 331 (nec Felder).

3 D. klugi similis, sed alis obscurioribus, anticarum basi fere nigra, posticarum margine externo angulum

apicalem versus latiore, area interna proxima fere pellucida, distali fulvescente, antennis flavis basi nigris.

@ maculis anticarum magis distinctis et area posticarum interna unicolori rufa.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Caché

(Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui and Calobre (Arcé).

This is a close ally of D. klugi, the place of which it seems to take, to some extent,

in the southern parts of Central America, where it would appear to be as common as

D. klugi is in Mexico and Guatemala. ‘The chief distinctions between the two consist

in the darker colour of the wings, and the smaller size and the greater distinctness of

the pale yellowish spots of the primaries. It is a somewhat smaller insect, and has, in

the male, more fulvous colour on the outer half of the inner area of the secondaries.

Our descriptions are based upon Costa-Rica examples, the male being the type of the

species, the female a Caché specimen.

3. Dircenna olyras.

Ithomia olyras, Feld. Reis. d. Nov., Lep. p. 358, t. 44. f. 5, 6.

Q D. klugi affinis, sed alis obscurioribus, anticarum basi omnino nigra; posticis fascia lata albescente alam

mediam occupante ornatis. Ab D. relata posticarum coloribus differt.

30 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales (Belt).

We have only a single female example of this species, agreeing with Dr. Felder’s

Plate. The specimens so called in Messrs. Butler and Druce’s paper are best referred

to D. relata.

4. Dircenna lonera.

Dircenna lonera, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 957; Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 189, t. 50. f. 2°.

2 D. relate similis, sed alis latioribus, et maculis anticarum hyalinis (nec flavis) confluentibus ; fascia lata

sicut in D. olyrati posticis notatis: subtus margine posticarum externo tantum albo maculato, coste

maculis albis nullis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten !*), Rio Sucio (Rogers).

Besides the single type specimen of this species we have only seen one other example.

Unfortunately both are females. Several characters seem to distinguish D. lonera from —

its ally D. olyras, the chief one consisting of the greater transparency of the terminal

half of the primaries, owing to the greater size of the hyaline spots. Beneath there

are no costal white spots on the secondaries.

5. Dircenna euchytma, (Ithomia euchytma, Tab. II. figg. 16, 17.)

Ithomia euchytma, Feld. Reis. d. Nov., Lep. p. 357°.

Dircenna euchytma, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 332’.

¢ alis flavo-hyalinis, anticis venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro (nisi marginis interni parte basali rufa)

circumcinctis ; macula transversa per cellule medium et altera ad finem ejus fumatis, fascia subapicali

indistincte fumata a costa ad marginem externum transeunte ; posticis venis rufis divisis: subtus ut .

supra, anticis tribus (posticis una) maculis apicalibus albis notatis, una quoque posticarum costali et octo

submarginalibus maculis albis ornatis.

Q mari similis, sed coloribus multo saturatioribus et maculis obscuris multo latioribus, area quoque posticarum

interna unicolori fulva differt.

Hab. GUATEMALA, Choctum and Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales

(Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten *) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, Ribbe), Calobre

(Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Cotom1a ’. |

This is a common species in the northern parts of South America and Central

America as far as Nicaragua. In Guatemala it is not so abundant, its range being

apparently restricted to certain parts of the department of Vera Paz. ‘The variation

observable in specimens from different parts in this wide area is not great, and consists

chiefly in the colour of the basal part of the inner margin of the secondaries. In some

specimens this is fulvous, in others almost black ; and intermediates occur between these

extremes.

Our figures and descriptions are taken from specimens caught in the valley of the

Rio Polochic, Guatemala.

CALLITHOMIA. 31

CALLITHOMIA.

Calhithomia, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. p. 522 (1861).

Costa of secondaries of male highly arched; lower discocellular straight, meeting

the median nervure at a small obtuse angle; middle discocellular bent to a right angle,

lower segment short, a long strong recurrent nervule emitted from the angle; upper

discocellular short, meeting the subcostal near its extremity at about two thirds of the

length of the costa from its base; costal and subcostal nervures near together, slightly

divergent towards their distal ends; first segment of subcostal much longer than

the three segments of the median; second segment very short; the upper radial of

secondaries of female joins the subcostal beyond the cell.

This genus contains about ten species, so far as is at present known, which are dis-

tributed over the valley of the Amazons, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, and Central

America as far north as Guatemala. In the latter country three species have been

discovered. The best-known of these (C. hezia) ranges from Nicaragua to the northern

parts of the State of Panama; C. hedila is peculiar to the forests of Guatemala, whilst

C. panamensis is only known from a single specimen taken on the line of the Panama

Railway.

1. Callithomia hezia.

Ithomia hezia, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. 4. f. 21".

Callithomia hezia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3317.

Alis anticis nigris, dimidio apicali maculis flavis notato, duabus intra cellulam, serie subapicali a costa ad

angulum analem extendente, altera interiore, et tribus aut quatuor ad apicem ; posticis fulvis, apice late

nigro: subtus ut supra, maculis apicalibus anticarum et margine posticarum albis.

Hab. Nicaraeua (Mus. Brit.!), Chontales (Belt, Janson) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten?),

Trazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn), Calobre (Arcé).

Hewitson’s plate was drawn from a Nicaraguan specimen in the British Museum.

From the same country we have received numerous examples taken in the district

of Chontales by Belt and Mr. KE. M. Janson. All these, as well as more southern

specimens from Costa Rica and Panama, agree in having the spots on the primaries

small and distinct, whereas in the Guatemalan form these are much larger and more

confluent. In the southern continent C. hezia is represented by two allied forms :—one,

C. tridactyla, Dewitz (Mitth. miinch. ent. Ver. i. p. 86, t. 2. f. 2), found in the

Colombian State of Antioquia; the other, C. phagesia, Hew. (Ex. Butt., Zth. t. 29.

f. 186), from Ecuador and Peru, of which we possess a female example taken by Mr.

H. Whitely at Chanchamayo in the latter country. Both these southern species are

at once distinguishable from C. hezia by a hyaline patch near the anal angle of the

secondaries.

32 RHOPALOCERA.

9. Callithomia hedila, n. sp. (C. hezia, Tab. III. fig. 1.)

C. hezi: simillima, sed maculis alarum anticarum majoribus et confluentibus, parte nigra posticarum latiore,

dimidium alarum occupante: subtus ut supra, maculis apicalibus anticarum et quatuor punctis sub-

marginalibus posticarum albis.

Hab. Guatemata, forests of Northern Vera Paz, Choctum (Ff. D. G. & O. 8.), Polochic

valley (H. Hague).

The Guatemalan race of C. hezia seems fairly separable as a species. A considerable

series shows that the spots of the primaries are larger and more confluent, and that the

apical portion of the same wings is in consequence more transparent. The secondaries,

too, have more black on the apical half, the fulvous portion being restricted to the

region of the abdominal margin.

We took several specimens of this butterfly in the forests of the northern portion of

Vera Paz, both near the Indian village of Choctum and on the road to Peten. They

were found at an elevation of from 1000 to 2000 feet above the sea, and were usually

observed flitting along the forest-paths. Other specimens have since been sent us by

Mr. Hague from the valley of the Rio Polochic. We have no evidence of the

existence of the species in the forests of the Pacific side of Guatemala. Our figure is

taken from a female captured in the valley of the Rio Polochic.

8. Callithomia panamensis. (Tab. II. fig. 2.)

Callithomia panamensis, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, il. p. 257.

Alis fuscis, dimidio apicali et punctis duobus (uno intra, altero extra cellulam) nigris, macula lata extus

irregulariter marginata ad terminum cellule posita, et fascia subapicali, venis divisa, flavis ; posticis late

nigro marginatis.

Hab. Panama (£ibée).

This species is a near ally of C. beronilla, Hew. (Ex. Butt., Jth. t. 33. f. 222), of

Colombia, but differs from it in the much greater breadth of the transverse yellow

median band of the primaries. We have only as yet seen a single specimen of the

species, which was captured by Herr Ribbe, and is now in Dr. Staudinger’s collection.

From this our figure and description were taken.

EPITHOMIA (gen. nov.).

Costa of secondaries of male highly arched; lower discocellular bent to a right

angle close to its upper end, where it emits a long recurrent nervule; middle disco-

cellular simply curved; upper discocellular short, meeting the subcostal at an obtuse

angle close to its extremity at a point less than two thirds of the costal margin from

its base ; costal and subcostal nervures slightly divergent, the latter but slightly curved ;

EPITHOMIA.—CALLOLERIA. 33

first segment of subcostal longer than the three median segments; second segment very

short. Tarsus of front leg of female with five joints, a pair of spurs on each of the

second and third joints. (Type Dircenna callipero, Bates.)

The single species which we propose to place in this separate genus has many cha-

racters in common with Callithomia. The palpi are hairy and have a comparatively

long terminal joint; the secondaries are arched as in Callithomia. The neuration of

the secondaries differs, however, in important points, the recurrent nervule being

emitted from the lower discocellular instead of the middle. From Dircenna it differs

not only in having a five- instead of a four-jointed tarsus to the front leg of the female,

but in other characters, in the neuration of the secondaries.

1. Epithomia callipero, (Jthomia callipero, Tab. TIT. fig. 14.)

Dircenna callipero, Bates, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 243, t. xxix. f. 4’; Ent. M. Mag. iii. p. 156°.

Ithomia balboa, Bates, P. Z. S. 18638, p. 245°.

Ithomia agrippina, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. 24. f. 152°?

$ alis semihyalinis, anticarum tertia parte basali fulva, dimidio apicali fumoso-nigro, fascia obliqua per cel-

lulam angulum analem versus transeunte flava, altera subapicali magis pellucida venis divisa, plaga nigra

in cellule medio; posticis fulvis nigro late marginatis: subtus sicut supra, sed marginibus anticarum

tribus, posticarum septem punctulis albis notatis ; antennis nigris, apicibus flavis. 9 mari similis, sed alis

paulo opacioribus.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan' *).—Cotomsta‘ ?

This species does not agree structurally with Dircenna, where Mr. Bates originally

placed it, a view, however, which he subsequently altered?. Whether Jthomia agrip-

pina* is distinct or not from £. callipero it is not easy now to decide. Besides the

apparent difference of neuration to which Mr. Bates has called attention®, Hewitson’s

figure shows a yellow spot between the second and third median branches of the pri-

maries, not seen in E. callipero. Hewitson’s type, formerly in Birchall’s collection, has

now probably been lost sight of; and therefore the accuracy of the plate representing

it, as regards the neuration, cannot be tested. Under this uncertainty respecting

I. agrippina, and seeing that the description of E. callipero was read some days before

the part of ‘ Exotic Butterflies’ containing the figure of J. agrippina was issued, we

feel justified in using Mr. Bates’s name.

£. callipero appears to have a very restricted range, and, though common on the

line of the Panama railway, it does not occur beyond it, as none of the Veraguan

collections which we have examined has contained examples.

Our figure and descriptions are taken from M‘Leannan’s specimens.

CALLOLERIA (gen. nov.).

Costa of secondaries of male gradually arched; lower discocellular, meeting the

median at an acute angle, is bent to a right angle (where it emits the recurrent

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Vor. 1879. F

34 RHOPALOCERA.

nervule) near its upper end; middle discocellular gradually curved ; upper discocellular

very short, meeting the subcostal at about three fourths of its length from its base ;

cell moderately short, but proximal segment of subcostal longer than the three median

segments; costal and subcostal nervures gradually divergent, but the former approaches

the latter near its distal end. Secondaries of female with a short upper discocellular.

Tarsus of front leg of female with five joints, with a pair of spurs on each of the

second and third joints. (Type Jthomia tutia, Hew.)

This section of Jthomia comprehends about eight or nine Tropical-American species,

all more or less nearly allied. Two of these penetrate into Central America. As

a group Calloleria seems allied to Epithomia; but the costa of the secondaries is less

highly arched, the palpi seem less hairy, and the distal segment of the subcostal

nervure much longer in proportion to the length of the nervure itself.

1. Calloleria tutia.

Ithomia tutia, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. ii. f. 6’; Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxin. p. 539’.

Pteronymia tutia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 332°.

Pteronymia azara, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 332°.

Alis subhyalino-fulvis, anticarum area apicali (intus fere pellucida) maculis tribus discalibus et una apud

ramum medianum secundum obscure fuscis, apice ipsa et fascia obliqua a costa angulum analem versus

transeunte flavis ; posticarum margine externo et linea longitudinale mediana fuscis : subtus ut supra, sed

marginibus externis anticarum quatuor, posticarum septem punctulis albis notatis.

Hab. Nicaraeva, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten®), Caché (fogers).—

CoLoMBIA; VENEZUELA’.

The Amazonian locality assigned to C. twtia by Hewitson! is no doubt erroneous, as

Mr. Bates has already pointed out”, indicating its correct habitat as Venezuela. We

possess a specimen from the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta precisely like Hewitson’s

figure, thus confirming Mr. Bates’s statement.

The range of ©. tutia seems to be completely broken in the State of Panama, where

C. azara takes its place. In Costa Rica, however, the two forms blend to some extent ;

but the true C. futia reappears in Nicaragua, uninfluenced by contact with C. azara.

The intermediate forms are characterized by the varied extent of the pale subapical

patch of the primaries, it being well developed in C. tutia and altogether absent in

C. azara. It would seem as if C. azara were the agressive form, and that it was

gradually displacing C. tutia in the Central-American localities where the latter is

found. We have not seen any Costa-Rican specimens wholly of the pattern of C. azara.

The insects referred to that race by Messrs. Butler and Druce* have all some of the

characters of C. tutia; and, though doubtless intermediate between the two, we place

them under the latter name. |

CALLOLERIA.—HYPOSCADA. 35

2. Calloleria azara.

Ithomia azara, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. iv. f. 23°; Equat. Lep. p. 13?.

Ithomia dorilla, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 35°, iti. p. 157%.

C. tutie similis, sed alarum coloribus saturatioribus, macula pellucida apicis anticarum absente ; posticarum

linea longitudinali mediana fere obsoleta.

Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (‘Leannan’).—Ecvavor ! ?.

Panama specimens of this species were described by Mr. Bates as distinct from the

Ecuadorian C. azara?; but an examination of a larger series of examples subsequently

showed him that the two were not really separable*. The insect is common on the

Isthmus of Panama, where, as we have already said, it appears to supplant C. tutia—

the two forms mingling in Costa Rica, where the true C. azara does not occur, so far

as we know. In the southern continent this species is less common; but Mr. Buckley

obtained specimens of it during his first journey to Ecuador’.

HYPOSCADA (gen. nov.).

Antenne long; costa of secondaries of male curved rather abruptly near the apex ;

lower discocellular bent to an acute angle where recurrent nervule is emitted; lower

segment curved; upper segment straight, about half the length of the middle disco-

cellular ; upper discocellular directed outwards about half the length of the middle

discocellular ; proximal segment of the subcostal not much longer than the distal

segment, and about equal to the three segments of the median nervure ; cell conse-

quently short; costal and subcostal nervures wide apart and but slightly curved at

their distal ends. Tarsus of front leg of female with five joints, with a pair of spurs on

each of the second and third joints. (Type Jthomia adelphina, Bates.)

The shortness of the cell of the secondaries in the male of this butterfly, coupled

with the wide separation of the costal and subcostal nervures and the length of the

antenne, seems to justify its removal from the old genus [thomia.

Only two closely allied species are found in Central America; but in South

America several more occur. These show considerable diversity of coloration, but in

the main the same wing-structure.

1. Hyposcada virginiana.

Ithomia virginia, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. ix. f. 54° (nec t. i. f. 18).

Ithomia virginiana, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. xviil. f. 111, text*; Bates, Ent. M. Mag. iil. p. 52”.

H. adelphine similis, sed supra obscuriore ; area anticarum ferruginea ramum medianum secundum tenus (nisi

margine interno) extendente, maculis albis vix flavescenti tinctis: alis subtus quoque dilutioribus colore

paging superioris nigro ferrugineo multo intermixto.

Hab. Mexico! (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob.); GuatemaLa’, forests of N. Vera Paz

(Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Polochic valley (H. Hague), Zapote (Champion).

36 RHOPALOCERA.

This species was originally described by Hewitson from a Mexican specimen as

Ithomia virginia}, a name he had previously used for an Amazon species of Ithomia. This

oversight he afterwards corrected, and substituted the name J. virginiana when figuring

a Colombian insect which he took to bea female of the Mexican form?. The differences

between the two were subsequently pointed out by Mr. Bates?, and are embodied in

our diagnoses now given. |

Hf. virginiana is by no means a common species; the only Mexican specimens we

have seen are those in the Vienna Museum. In Guatemala we only met with it our-

selves when visiting the lowland forests of Vera Paz north of the town of Coban.

Here, however, it was rare; the few specimens we found were flitting near the forest-

paths just like other members of this numerous family. It also occurs in Western

Guatemala, Mr. Champion having recently sent us specimens from Zapote, on the slope

of the Volcan de Fuego, 2100 feet above the sea. A near ally of H. virginiana is

found in some of the Andean valleys of Ecuador; and it seems reasonable to suppose

that these are the least changed from the protean form, and that a centre of variation

has become established in and about the Isthmus of Panama, which has resulted in

H. adelphina, in which unstable characters are still plainly traceable.

2. Hyposcada adelphina. (Jthomia adelphina, Tab. III. fig. 13.)

lthomia virginiana 2°, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. xviii. f. 1127.

Ithomia adelphina, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. iii. p. 52°.

Ithomia adelphina, var., Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 882°.

Alis anticis nigris, area anticarum basali (stirpe typica) ferruginea (sed interdum fere omnino nigra); dimidio

apicali maculis decem albis ornato, duabus ad cellule finem, una ultra eam costam attingente, una

angulum analem versus, quinque submarginalibus limbum apicalem sequentibus et una interiore positis ;

posticis ferrugineis limbo apicali nigro, punctis albis trinotato: subtus sicut supra posticis linea sub-

costali nigra.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten 3), Caché, Rio Sucio

(ftogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe, Mus. Staudinger), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill

(MU Leannan ?).

Mr. Bates’s description of this butterfly was based upon specimens sent us from

Panama*. Subsequent comparison with Colombian examples has shown us that no

specific differences can be traced between them, and that therefore the insect described

and figured by Hewitson as the female of [. virginiana! must be referred to H. adelphina,

a point concerning which Mr. Bates was in some doubt. In Costa Rica and Nicaragua

considerable variation exists in this race, chiefly as regards the extent of the ferruginous

patch at the base of the primaries. In some specimens this patch is hardly shown at

all; in others it is much more apparent. It is, however, essentially uncertain in

amount in different examples, and thus cannot be used as a character by which to

discriminate these varieties from the typical form. H. adelphina appears to be much

more numerous than H. virginiana in their respective homes.

LEUCOTHYRIS, 37

LEUCOTHYRIS.

Leucothyris, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 82 (1870).

Antenne moderately long; costa of secondaries of male gradually curved ; lower

discocellular bent to an acute angle where it emits the recurrent nervule; upper

segment long, and in a line with the long middle discocellular ; upper discocellular

directed slightly forwards; distal segment of subcostal very short; proximal segment

much longer than the three segments of the median nervure, and consequently the

subcostal portion of the cell is very long; costal and subcostal nervures close together.

Tarsus of front leg of female with five joints, with a pair of spurs on each of the second

and third joints. (Type Jthoméa ilerdina, Hew.)

These characters group a number of insects of considerable diversity of coloration,

but of common wing-structure. The cell near the subcostal nervure is produced quite

into the region of the apical angle in some species, as in L. rudescens and L. victorina,

and especially in L. vicina. In L. makrena, though this part of the cell is not so long

as in those just mentioned, it is still considerably longer than that part which lies next

the median nervure.

Leucothyris is represented in Central America by seven species, of which L. victorina

enjoys a wide range, extending from Mexico over the whole area of Central America,

and passing into South America as far as Bolivia. JZ. zea is peculiar to Mexico and

Guatemala, its representative in Costa Rica and Panama being L. vicina. Costa Rica

and Panama have also two more peculiar species in L. rubescens and L. pagasa; in

Panama alone has L. esion at present been found; and here too the common Colombian

species, L. makrena, has also been met with.

1. Leucothyris victorina.

Heliconia victorine, Guér. Icon. Régne Anim. Ins. iii. p. 4701.

lthomia victorina, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. xiii. f. 75°.

Leucothyris victorina, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 333°.

Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis, anticis macula subquadrata ad cellule finem et marginibus (preter costx

dimidium basale rufum) fusco-nigris, fascia subapicali a costa ad marginem externum transcunte alba ;

posticis limbo externo fusco-nigro linea rufa intus notato: subtus ut supra, sed maculis obscuris rufes-

centioribus, posticarum apicibus atomis albis bipunctatis; antennis omnino nigris. Sexus quoad colores

fere similes.

Hab. Mexico (Bilimek, Mus. Vindob.), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Putla (Rébouch); Guate-

MALA, forests of N. Vera Paz, San Gerénimo, Rio Polochic, Rio Motagua, Retalhuleu

(fF. D.G. &. 0. S.), Zapote (Champion); Honpvuras, San Pedro (G. I. Whitely) ;

Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten*), Caché (Rogers); Panama,

Chiriqui, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M*Zeannan).—VEeENEzUELA?; Peru; Bouivial.

We are fortunate in possessing a Bolivian specimen of this species, obtained some

38 RHOPALOCERA.

years ago from Mons. E. Deyrolle, and purporting to be Guérin-Méneville’s type

specimen. This agrees with Peruvian and Venezuelan examples (the latter figured by

Hewitson?) in having the border of the secondaries black and the base of the costa

uniform with the rest, and not rufous. Northern specimens differ in this respect, and

also in having a narrower white transverse band to the primaries. These differences are

so slight that we hesitate to separate the Central-American insect by a distinct name.

L. victorina, in Central America, is one of the commonest species of butterfly, and is

found in all forest districts up to an elevation of about 3000 feet, beyond which it does

not seem to pass.

The type being a female, we have described an insect of that sex taken at Chuacus

in Vera Paz.

2. Leucothyris rubescens.

Leucothyris rubescens, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p.97'; P.Z.S. 1874, p. 384; Butl. Lep. Ex.

p. 141, t. 1. % 9.

Alis hyalinis, anticarum marginibus (apice paulo latiore), stria angusta transversa per cellulam mediam ducta,

altera subquadrata apud finem et venis fusco-nigris, stria subapicali transversa cretaceo-alba ; posticis

rufescenti-nigro marginatis et venis nigris notatis: subtus sicut supra, sed maculis omnibus obscuris

rufescentioribus, alarum apicibus maculis albis bipunctulatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten1), Cache (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribde, Mus.

Staudinger), Calobre (Arcé).

A near ally of [¢homta phemonoe, Doubl. (Hew. Ex. B. th. t. 17. f. 102, 103, 104),

of Venezuela, but differing in the greater size of the black quadrate spot at the end of

the cell of the primaries and in the greater breadth of the dark margins to both wings,

especially about the apical angle of the primaries; the margin of the secondaries, too,

is tinged with rufous instead of being quite black.

LL. rubescens has a restricted range in Central America, not passing northwards of

Costa Rica nor southwards of Calobre, in the State of Panama. It is probably con-

fined to forests of some elevation above the sea-level.

3. Leucothyris zea.

Ithomia zea, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. vu. f. 40*.

Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis; anticarum marginibus macula transversa intra cellulam, altera subquadrata

apud finem ejus et limbo externo (intus valde sinuato) rufis, maculis duabus subapicalibus vitreis, fascia

obliqua a costa ad marginem externum transeunte albescente; posticis, preter marginem analem, rufo

marginatis: subtus sicut supra sed maculis pallidius rufis; anticis puncto apicali et posticis maculis sub-

marginalibus albis notatis.

Hab. Mexico}, Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.); Guatemata, San Gerénimo, Polochic

valley (Hague), Volcan de Fuego (Salvin).

LEUCOTHYRIS. 39

This species was first described by Hewitson from a specimen in Dr. Boisduval’s

collection, said to have been sent from Mexico !, from which country we have seen an

example in the Berlin Museum. It is not uncommon in restricted localities in

Guatemala, especially in the portion of the estate of San Gerénimo in Vera Paz called

San Lorenzo, which skirts the hills surrounding the eastern end of the plain of Salama.

It has also been sent us from the valley of the Polochic, but in smaller numbers. In

1873, at the end of December, Salvin found Z. zea in the oak-forests of the eastern

slope of the Volcan de Fuego, at an elevation of about 5500 feet above the sea. It

was flitting in the open undergrowth of the forest, like other J¢homie, about four or

five fect from the ground. WHewitson’s figure! has the dark marks of the primary

wings coloured blackish brown; in our Guatemalan specimens these marks are rufous,

in which also the subapical white spot of the primaries is usually, but not always,

confluent with the next transverse diaphanous band. In the figure referred to this

spot is quite isolated.

4. Leucothyris vicina. (Jthomia vicina, Tab. III. fig. 18.)

Ithomia vicina, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, iv. p. 169°.

Leucothyris vicina, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 333°.

L. zee similis, sed marginibus maculisque rufis angustioribus, vitta anticarum discali corpori propriore, et

macula ad cellule finem magis triangulari; maculis duabus vitreis ad apicem in aream hyalinam omnino

confluentibus: subtus anticarum puncto albo in limbo costali, nec in margine externo posito, punctis albis

posticarum L. zee submarginalibus absentibus.

Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol!, Van Patten?), Irazu and Caché (fogers); PanaMa,

Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé, Zahn).

A close ally of Z. zea, whose place it appears to take in the mountainous parts of

Costa Rica and in the volcano of Chiriqui. It is rather smaller than Z. zea, and has

all the dark markings of the primary wings smaller; the spot covering the end of the

cell is triangular instead of subquadrate; and the mark across the cell is placed at a

more acute angle and is nearer the body.

5. Leucothyris esion. (Ithomia esion, Tab. II. fig. 4.)

Ithomia esion, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, ii. p. 258.

Alis fulvis, marginibus et dimidio anticarum apicali nigris, area apicali maculis quinque albis notatis, quatuor

submarginalibus et una (maxima) extra cellulam ad costam fere attingente: subtus ut supra, sed alarum

marginibus albo punctatis; antennis elongatis, nigris.

Hab. Panama, Candelaria (Ribbe, Mus. Staudinger).

A single male specimen (that described and figured) in Dr. Staudinger’s collection, is

the only one we have yet seen of this species. JL. ewsion belongs to the L. illinissa

40 RHOPALOCERA.

group, and is most nearly allied te L. abdida (Hew.), from which it differs in the absence

of a black band on the secondaries.

6. Leucothyris pagasa. (Jthomia pagasa, Tab. III. fig. 15.)

Ithomia pagasa, Druce, Ent. M. Mag. xii. p. 126°.

Alis obscure nigris, macula intra cellulam elongata ad basin extendente, altera subovata a costa per cellulam

ad angulum analem ducta, altera extra eam minore et tribus submarginalibus flavo-hyalinis ; posticis

medialiter eodem colore notatis: subtus sicut supra, margine externo nigro punctis albis ornato.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers) ; Panama, Calobre (Arcé}),

The nearest ally of this species is L. zelica (Hew.), from Western Ecuador; but it

has many points of distinction. The yellow spots of the primaries are darker in tint

and more distinct in outline; and the base of these wings is nearly black instead of the

costa and inner margin alone being of that colour.

LL. pagasa appears to be a rare species, but few specimens having come under our

notice: of these, two were obtained by Mr. Rogers during his late expedition to Costa

Rica; the rest, including Mr. Druce’s type, all came from the neighbourhood of

Veraguas, in the State of Panama.

7. Leucothyris makrena.

Ithomia makrena, Hew. Ex. Butt. Ith. t. v. f. 29°.

Alis pellucidis, venis et marginibus, his intus valde sinuatis, fusco-nigris ; cellula anticarum macula fusco-nigra

trigona bisecta, macula altera ad finem subquadrata: subtus sicut supra, sed maculis omnibus obscuris

rufescentioribus et limbo marginali maculis subobsoletis albis ornato.

Hab. Panama (fibbe).—Cotompia!.—Ecuapor ; VENEZUELA.

This common Colombian species is only known to us as an inhabitant of Central

America from a single specimen supplied to us by Herr Ribbe, who obtained it during

his stay on the Panama railway-line. This specimen (a male) exactly resembles the

typical form found in Colombia, from which Ecuadorian examples differ to some

extent in the greater breadth of the marks of the primaries, and especially the margin

of the secondaries.

EPISCADA (gen. nov.).

Costa of secondaries of male gradually curved; lower discocellular at right angles

to third median segment and bent to a right angle where it emits the recurrent

nervule ; middle discocellular nearly in a line with upper segment of lower disco-

cellular; upper discocellular short, directed outwards; upper radial twice as long as

the distal segment of the subcostal; subcostal strong; proximal segment slightly

EPISCADA. 4]

longer than the three segments of the median nervure ; costal and subcostal nervures

divergent, but approximating towards their distal ends. Tarsus of front leg of female

five-jointed, second and third joints strongly spurred. (Type Jthomia salvinia, Bates.)

In this section of the old genus /thomia the secondaries of the male have the full

complement of nervules; but the cell is differently shaped from that of Leucothyris,

being much shorter, and the upper discocellular so short that the upper radial lies close

to the terminal segment of the subcostal. We are acquainted with fifteen or sixteen

species belonging to this form, which range over a wide area from South Brazil to

Mexico.

1. Episcada salvinia. (Tab. III. fig. 19.)

Ithomia salvinia, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 34°.

Alis hyalinis (venis divisis) omnibus anguste rubiginoso circumcinctis, anticis macula eodem colore ad cellule

finem et vitta extra cam subquadrata alba ornatis: subtus ut supra, sed partibus rubiginosis paulo

dilutioribus ; antennis omnino nigris.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), Oaxaca (Fenochio); Britiso Honpuras,

Cockscomb Mountains (Llancaneau); GuatemaLa, Volcan de Fuego (0. S.), Zapote

(Champion), San Gerénimo (Lf. D. G. & O. 8.1), Chisoy and Polochic Valleys (JZague).—

COLOMBIA.

Mr. Bates’s description of this species was based upon a female specimen taken by

us near San Gerdnimo in Vera Paz. Subsequently we received the male insect, which

proved that the location assigned to the species by its describer was quite correct, and

that it belongs to the group containing /thomia sylvo and other allied forms.

E. salvinia is an upland species, seldom perhaps descending below an elevation of

2000 feet. The specimens taken in the Volcan de Fuego were found in one of the

deep ravines clothed with dense forest lying on the north-east side of the mountain, at

an elevation of about 6500 feet. Here they were quite common in July. One of

our Mexican specimens was taken by Mr. Fenochio in the State of Oaxaca, on the east

side of the Cordillera. Three specimens from Jalapa, taken by Deppe, and now in the

Berlin Museum, perhaps mark the limit of the northern range of the species. The

only evidence we have of the species being found southwards of Guatemala is

a specimen, formerly in Mr. Bates’s collection, marked as coming trom “ New

Granada.”

Our figure is taken from a female caught at San Gerénimo. ‘This and a male from

the Rio Chisoy are also described.

2. Episcada apuleia.

Ithomia apuleia, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xxvi. f. 163°.

Pteronymia salvinia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 332 (nec Bates)’,

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Nov. 1879. G

42 RHOPALOCERA.

E. salvinie valde similis, sed alarum marginibus rufis angustioribus et macula alba anticarum omnino vel fere

omnino absente distinguenda.

Q mari similis, sed alarum marginibus paulo latioribus et macula alba anticarum magis distincta.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten?), Trazu (Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—Ecvapor?.

It is with some hesitation that we separate this southern race from the more northern

E. salvinia; but it seems to differ constantly from that species in having the border of

the wings very perceptibly narrower. An Ecuadorian specimen, doubtless referable to

E. apuleia, comes very near indeed to our Costa-Rican examples; the only difference

we can trace is in the total absence in the former of the white spot beyond the cell of

the primaries, this spot in the latter being just visible. This slight difference is not

sufficiently marked to render a separate name necessary. Messrs. Butler and Druce, in

writing of this insect under the name Pferonymia salvinia?, say that it seems to come

very near Ithomia gedera, Hew. This is not so; for, I. gedera belonging to the Hy-

menitis section of Ithomia, the relationship is quite remote.

Our descriptions are taken from Costa-Rica specimens.

PTERONYMIA.

Pteronymia, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 96 (1872).

Costa of secondaries of male gradually curved ; lower discocellular placed at a slightly

obtuse angle to the third median segment, and bent to a wide acute angle where the

recurrent nervule is emitted; upper segment very short, and nearly in a line with the

slightly curved middle discocellular ; upper discocellular absent; the upper radial also

absent (section 4), or (section a) appearing as a short branch to the subcostal ; proximal

segment of the subcostal a little longer than the three segments of the median

nervure ; costal and subcostal nervures nearly parallel ; but the former approaches the

latter near its distal end. Tarsus of front leg of female five-jointed ; first, second, and

third joints spurred. (Type Jthomia aletta, Hew.)

This group has the neuration of the secondaries of the male of a very simple

character, the upper discocellular being totally absent, and in the majority of the species

the upper radial also. We are acquainted with more than forty species having the

structure described above. These range from South Brazil to Mexico.

a. Secondaries of male with upper radial a short branch of the subcostal nervure.

1. Pteronymia tigranes, n. sp. (Tab. IV. figg. 10, 11.)

Pteronymia artena, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 3382 (nec Hew.) !.

Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis marginibus fuscis notatis, anticis macula subquadrata eodem colore apud

cellule finem, altera eadem forma extra eam alba: subtus ut supra, sed coloribus pagine superioris

obscuris rufescentioribus et alarum apicibus punctulis albis, anticarum tribus, posticarum una, ornatis ;

antennis omnino nigris.

Q mari similis, sed alarum marginibus latioribus et rufescentioribus.

PTERONYMIA. 43

Hab. Guaremata, Polochic valley, Motagua valley, and San Gerénimo (fF. D. G. &

O. S.), Volcan de Fuego (0. 8.), Zapote (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten*), Irazu

(Rogers).

This species bears a close outward resemblance to P. artena, but differs from it in

having the upper radial of the secondaries placed as a branch of the subcostal, instead

of being entirely absent as in P. artena.

Like all species of J¢thomia of similar coloration it affects mountainous districts,

being probably not found at a lower elevation in Guatemala than 2000 feet. In the

Volcan de Fuego it flies, in company with Episcada salvinia and Leucothyris zea, in

the densely forested ravines on the north-eastern slope of the mountain, at an elevation

of 6500 feet. In Costa Rica it is a common insect. Specimens from that country differ

slightly from Guatemala ones in having the border of the wings rather darker and less

rufescent.

Our description is based upon Guatemalan examples.

2. Pteronymia alemena. (Jthomia alemena, Tab. V. fig. 1.)

Ithomia alcmena, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 61’.

P. tigrani similis, sed minor et alarum marginibus latioribus et omnino fuscis, maculis (una nigra, altera alba)

anticarum ad cellule finem majoribus et magis oblique positis: subrus alarum marginibus paulo obscu-

rioribus quam in P. tigrane et maculis albis apicalibus fere obsoletis.

Hab. Guatemaa Choctum (Lague').

We possess a single female example of this species, found in a large collection sent

us from Choctum in Northern Vera Paz. Its right position must remain doubtful

until male examples have been examined. In the meantime it seems probable that it

will prove allied to P. tagranes.

3. Pteronymia alope, n. sp.

P. alette (vide infra) quoad alarum colores valde similis, sed anticarum margine interno nigro distinguenda,

ramum posticarum radialem superiorem quoque habet.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (Jf‘Leannan).— VENEZUELA.

Of this species we have three specimens, one of which was received direct from

M‘Leannan, one is said to be from Venezuela, and the third from Mexico; but this

last must at present be considered of very doubtful origin. The species is very like

P. aletta in general coloration, but may be distinguished by the black inner border to

the primaries. A more important character is the presence in the male of an upper

radial in the secondaries, which, just as in P. tigranes, appears as a small branch to the

subcostal.

44 RHOPALOCERA.

6. Secondaries of male with upper radial wholly absent.

4. Pteronymia cotytto.

Heliconia cotytto, Guér. Icon. Régne An. Ins. texte, p. 471°.

Ithomia cotytto, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xiii. f. 76°.

Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis, anticis plaga subquadrata apud cellule finem, apice late et marginibus fusco-

nigris, costa ad basin ferruginea, vitta extra cellulam obliqua a costa ad medium marginis externi tracta

alba: subtus sicut supra, sed colore fusco pagine superioris ferrugineo tincto.

Hab. Mexicot, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova (Riimeli); Bririst Honpuras, Corosal

(Rowe), Cockscomb Mountains (Blancaneau); Guatemaa, Motagua valley (fF. D. G. &

O.8.), Polochic valley, Chisoy valley, San Gerénimo, and Choctum (Hague) ; Panama,

Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (Jf‘Leannan).—VENEZUELA 2.

This common Central-American species was first described from Mexican specimens

by Guérin-Méneville!; and it was subsequently figured by Hewitson from a Vene-

zuelan insect. Though we have traced the range of P. cotytto to Panama, we have

never seen any examples from beyond the limits of Central America. Within this

border it seems to be found nearly universally with the exception of Costa Rica, where

P. parva seems to take its place. From this latter species it is readily distinguishable

by the black of the apex cutting straight across the wing instead of following the curve

of the margin.

Our description is taken from a Guatemalan example captured in the valley of the

Rio Polochic.

5. Pteronymia parva. ({thomia parva, Tab. V. fig. 2.)

Lthomia parva, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iv. p. 168°.

Pteronymia parva, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3327.

P. cotyttoni similis, sed minor, anticarum apicibus magis hyalinis margine nigro angustiore: subtus apicibus

atomis albis, anticarum tribus, posticarum una, ornatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol!, Van Patten?).

This common Costa-Rica species seems to take the place of its near ally P. cotytto

in that country, as we have seen many of the former, but none of the latter, from

there. The difference between the two is slight, but, so far as we are aware, constant.

Our figure and description are taken from the typical specimens.

6. Pteronymia artena,

Ithomia artena, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xiii. f. 481.

P, simplici similis, sed alarum marginibus latioribus, macula apud cellule finem latiore, maculaque alba extra

eam majore distinguenda: subtus alarum apicibus obsolete albo punctatis.

PTERONYMIA. 45

Hab. Mexico! (Sallé), Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.).

Hewitson’s description and figure of this species were taken from Mexican specimens,

whence we have an example brought by Mons. Sallé. Five others from that country

have also come under our notice, which were obtained by Deppe, and are now in the

Berlin Museum. There is nothing in Hewitson’s description or figure to enable us to

determine with certainty whether the name /thomia artena was applied to the present

insect, in which the upper radial of the secondaries is wholly absent, or to P. tigranes,

in which this nervure appears as a branch to the subcostal; but as the former alone has,

so far as we know, been found in Mexico, and not the latter, we are probably correct

in applying the name P. artena to the Mexican species.

Our description is taken from a male specimen from Southern Mexico, captured by

Mons. Sallé.

7. Pteronymia simplex. (Jthomia simplex, Tab. III. fig. 20.)

Ithomia simplex, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iv. p. 168’.

Pteronymia simplex, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3327.

Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et margine angusto rufescenti-fusco circumdatis, linea angusta (in femina

latiore) eodem colore apud cellule finem ct macula alba extra eam ad costam fere attingente: subtus sicut

supra, sed partibus paging superioris obscuris rufescentioribus.

Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol!, Van Patten ?), Irazu (Rogers) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé).

This close ally of P. artena seems restricted in its range to the mountainous parts of

Costa Rica and the adjoining district of Chiriqui, beyond which limits we have not yet

met with it. From P. artena it differs chiefly in the dark margin of the wings being

narrower, and the black mark at the end of the cell being a narrow line just covering

the discocellular nervules. The female of P. simplex almost exactly resembles the

male of P. artena, and can only be distinguished by the sexual difference of neuration.

In Colombia Jthomia apia, Feld., seems to take its place, an insect questionably distinct

from P. artena.

8. Pteronymia rufocincta. (Jthomia rufocincta, Tab. III. fig. 21.)

Ithomia rufocincta, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iv. p. 167°.

Alis hyalinis, venis rufis divisis et rufo marginatis, macula eodem coloro lineari apud cellule finem, margine

anticarum interno stria nigra ornato: subtus sicut supra, sed coloribus rufis dilutioribus.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio 1), Putla (Rébouch).

A very distinct species, with the neuration of P. artena and P. simplex, the range of

which seems restricted to Western Mexico.

Our figure and description are taken from the type specimens from Oaxaca.

46 RHOPALOCERA.

9. Pteronymia notilla.

Pteronymia notilla, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 96'; P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 332’; Butl. Lep. Ex.

p. 140, t. 1. £.7°.

Pteronymia olyrilla, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 96°; P.Z.S. 1874, p. 382°; Butl. Lep. Ex.

p. 140, t. 1. f. 6°.

3S. Alis hyalinis, anticis venis nigris divisis et nigro circumcinctis, margine interno basin versus vix ful-

vescenti tincto, area interna fumosa apud cellule finem obscuriore, parte apicali maculis pallidissimis flavis

(una subquadrata extra cellulam, tribus inter eam et marginem externum et sex submarginalibus) notata ;

posticis pallide ferrugineis nigro extus marginatis: subtus ut supra, sed anticis (in apice) tribus, posticis

quinque (in margine externo) atomis albis ornatis; antennis nigris.

@ mari similis, sed coloribus letioribus, maculis anticarum flavis magis distinctis et cellule apud finem

macula indistincta flavida notata.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten'*), Irazu, Caché, and Rio Sucio (Rogers).

The sexes of this insect were described as distinct species by Messrs. Butler and

Druce **, who compared the female with Ithomia donella, Feld. (of which JI. alinda,

Feld., is the male), and the male with J. /atilla, Hew. With the former of these insects

P. notilla is allied ; but the latter belongs to a different section of J¢homia, in which

the upper discocellular nervule of the secondaries is wanting, and the upper radial

appears as a branch to the subcostal. In P. notila, as in P. alinda, both the upper

discocellular and the upper radial are absent. In P. alinda both the costal and sub-

costal nervures are contorted, being simple curves in P. notilla; besides, the mner

margin of the primaries is rufous in the former and black in the latter insect, so that

the two are really easily recognized species.

P. notilla appears to be a common butterfly in Costa Rica, but has not yet been met

with outside the limits of that Republic.

10. Pteronymia fulvescens, n. sp. (Tab. IV. figg. 8, 9.)

Ithomia latilla, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 832° (nec Hew.).

P. fulvimargini similis, sed antennarum tertia parte apicali flava, posticarum linea submarginali fulva valde

indistincta et feminse area posticarum interna fulvescenti perfusa distinguenda.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten 1), Rio Sucio, Irazu, and Caché (Logers).

This species has nearly the coloration of Jthomia latilla, Hew., but differs from it in

the absence in the secondaries of the upper radial, which in J. latilla appears as a

branch to the subcostal. The yellow tips to the antenne and other characters distin-

guish it from P. fulvimargo. We have only seen Costa-Rican examples of the species,

where, however, it would seem to be a common insect.

PTERONYMIA. 47

11. Pteronymia fulvimargo.

Pteronymia fulvimargo, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 97*; Butl. Ex. Lep. p. 140, t. 50. f. 5.

Alis fusco-flavidis hyalinis, venis divisis et fusco-nigro anguste circumcinctis; macula anticarum ad cellule

finem eodem colore, area apicali maculis flavis valde indistinctis notata ; venis subcostali et mediano rufis ;

posticarum margine nigro precipue ad angulum analem fulvis: subtus sicut supra, sed marginibus fulves-

centioribus et anticarum apicibus, posticarum marginibus externis albo punctulatis; antennis omnino

nigris.

@ mari quoad colores fere similis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten 1).

This insect is a close ally of P. fulvescens, having the same wing-structure and a

general similarity of colour-pattern. It can at once be distinguished by the antenune

being quite black; whereas in P. fulvescens these organs are yellow for the terminal

third of their length. Van Patten’s collection contained several examples of this

species; but we have not met with it elsewhere.

12. Pteronymia aletta.

Ithomia aletta, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. vi. f. 31}.

Alis subhyalinis, anticarum dimidio basali (preeter costam ipsam nigram) lete rufescente, dimidio apicali famoso-

fusco venis nigris diviso, margine externo et interno ad angulum analem et macula subquadrata apud cellule

finem nigris, parte apicali maculis serie duplici pallidissime flavis ornata—una extra cellulam (macula

costam proxime albicante), altera submarginali ; posticis rufescentibus apicem versus hyalinis et venis nigris

divisis, margine quoque nigro ornatis: subtus sicut supra, sed anticarum apice et posticarum margine

externo punctulis albis notatis, linea posticarum subcostali nigra; antennis omnino nigris.

mari similis, sed coloribus letioribus.

Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).—CoLoMBIA ; VENEZUELA!

We have a single male Veraguan example of this species agreeing accurately with

Colombian and Venezuelan specimens. The species was described from Venezuelan

insects!.

Our description of the male is taken from the Panama specimen, that of the female

from a Colombian one.

13. Pteronymia agalla, sp.n. (Tab. IV. figg. 6, 7.)

P. alette similis, sed macula magna extra cellulam flava ornata et area posticarum interna venis inclusis fere

unicolori rufescente ; antennis omnino nigris.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé), Veraguas (Arcé).

Though Van Patten’s Costa-Rica collection contained several examples of this

species, it is not included in Messrs. Butler and Druce’s paper. It is closely allied to

P. aletta, both in colour and in the structure of its wings; but the differences given

above are sufficient to distinguish the two. PP. agalla probably takes the place of

P. aletta in Costa Rica and its vicinity.

48 RHOPALOCERA.

ITHOMIA.

Ithomia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 9 (1816), partim.

Dynothea, Reakirt, Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. p. 222.

Costa of secondaries of male rather highly arched; lower discocellular placed at

nearly a right angle to the third segment of the median nervure, and bent to a small

obtuse angle, where a rudimentary recurrent nervule is emitted; middle discocellular

long; upper discocellular directed outwards, meeting the subcostal at a wide obtuse

angle; proximal segment of subcostal slightly longer than the three segments of the

median nervure ; costal and subcostal nervures enclose an elliptical space, the long axis

of which is about one third the length of the subcostal nervure.

Of the four species included by Hiibner in his genus /thomia, the most desirable in

many respects to retain as the type of the genus is [thomia drymo, a species which has

the neuration of the secondaries arranged as described above, and in which the peculiar

elliptical space included between the costal and subcostal nervures is plainly indicated.

This character is quite diagnostic of the genus, any member of which can at once be

recognized by reference to it alone.

The genus /thomia as thus restricted contains about thirty-five species, of very varied

pattern of coloration and form of wing, but with a common type of neuration. Nine

species are found within our limits, of which only two occur in Mexico and Guatemala,

the rest being peculiar to Costa Rica and the adjoining countries, or else southern

species passing within our boundary.

1. Ithomia panamensis. (Jthomia lycaste, Tab. V. fig. 3.)

Ithomia iphianassa, var. panamensis, Bates, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 244, t. 29. f.5'; Reak. Pr. Ent. Soc.

Phil. v. p. 219°.

Papilio lycaste, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 161°?

Ceratinia lycaste, Reak. J. c. p. 218, partim*.

Ceratinia boucardi, Druce, Ent. M. Mag. xii. p. 126’.

Alis nigris, basi fulvis, anticis plaga magna subtriangulari costam fere attengente, per cellulam transeunte et ad

angulum analem extendente, maculis sex submarginalibus, et duabus (interdum quatuor) area apicali

nigra positis, flavis, alarum basi fulvarum macula in cellule media et dimidio apicali posticarum nigris :

subtus ut supra, sed maculis submarginalibus albis majoribus.

Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (1 Leannan).—Co.omBia.

Mr. Bates, who first described this insect from a single specimen sent us by James

M‘Leannan!, considered it to be an extreme form of I. iphianassa; but an examination

of a large series of examples shows that the peculiarities of LZ. panamensis are shared

in common by all the individuals of the district, and that it is really a sufficiently well-

marked form to deserve a name. The large triangular yellow spot on the middle of the

primaries at once distinguishes it from all its allies. In coloration it has the pattern of

Callithomia panamensis, Ceratinia cleis, and Mechanitis macrinus—all Panama species.

ITHOMIA. 49

Mr. Reakirt, in a careful examination of the races of Ithomia iphianassa and its

allies? 4, identified specimens he had received from Los Angeles, California, with the

Papilio lycaste of Fabricius*, from which Panama specimens hardly differ, if they do at

all. Whether the name P. lycaste is really applicable to this insect is, we think, open to

question. Mr. Butler, who had access to Jones’s unpublished drawings, when compiling

his ‘Catalogue of Fabrician Rhopalocera,’ applied the name to a specimen of Calli-

thomia in the British Museum, which may have been Fabricius’s type, who described

an insect in Drury’s collection. Many of Drury’s specimens were purchased by Milne

when this collection was sold by auction; and it was from Milne that the Callithomia

in question was acquired by the British Museum. As the question cannot now be

settled satisfactorily, we think it best to use the name I. panamensis, upon which no

doubts rest. Los Angeles in California is a very long way from the usual range of

this species; and it seems possible that some error has been made in the locality

attributed to the specimens received from there by Mr. Reakirt. So far as our know-

ledge of the insect goes, its range is restricted to the Colombian States of Panama and

Antioquia.

2. Ithomia heraldica. (Tab. V. fig. 4.)

Ithomia heraldica, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. iii. p. 51’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 333°.

Alis anticis fusco-nigris, fascia plerumque semihyalina et rufo marginata a basi prope angulum analem exten-

dente, macula obliqua subquadrata cellulam transeunte, altera elongata infra eam inter ramos medianos

secundum et tertium, una subapicali tripartita punctisque apicalibus quatuor flavis ; posticis fulvis interne

semipellucidis, margine externo fusco indistincte punctulato : subtus ut supra, sed anticis punctis apicalibus

albidis, posticarum margine septem punctis albis notato, coste basi et corpore infra sulphureo tinctis ;

antennis basi nigris, apice flavis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica! (Van Patten?), San Fran-

cisco, Caché (Rogers); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).

A species allied to I. iphianassa, but quite distinct from any of the forms of that

insect. It was first described from specimens from Costa Rica, where it would appear

to be common. It is equally common in Nicaragua, having been obtained by all

collectors who have worked in the mining-district of Chontales. We have only a

single specimen from the State of Panama; we therefore conclude that it hardly passes

beyond the limits of Costa Rica in that direction.

8. Ithomia plaginota.

Ithomia plaginota, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 95'; Butl. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 338’; Butl. Lep. Ex.

p-139,t. Lf. 4°.

Alis fulvis, anticis macula subrotunda discali, altera plerumque subtriangulari infra eam et dimidio apicali

nigris, fascia obliqua irregulari cellulam transeunte, altera extra eam tripartita septemque punctis sub-

marginalibus flavis; posticarum apicibus nigro anguste marginatis: subtus sicut supra, sed limbo posti-

carum nigro flavo punctulato et area discali macula nigrescente notata.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Vou. 1879. H

50 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten }?); Panama, Chiriqui (27bde).

This is a well-marked species, restricted in its range to Costa Rica and the adjoining

district of Chiriqui. Its nearest ally is J. celemia, Hew., of Colombia, from which it

differs in having all the spots on the apical half of the primaries yellow instead of

white.

4. Ithomia xenos. (Tab. V. fig. 8.)

Dircenna xenos, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. ii. p. 50’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3327.

Alis flavido-hyalinis, anticis preecipue apud venas fumatis, macula fumata obliqua cellulam transeunte, altera

ad finem ejus marginibusque anguste nigris, margine interno late nigro, vena mediana anticarum et venis

posticarum omnibus rufis: subtus ut supra, sed pallidiore, posticarum limbo externo albo punctulato,

costa fascia elongata rufa utrinque grisea picta.

@ mari similis, sed maculis anticarum fumatis saturatioribus et posticis interne magis rufescentibus dis-

tinguenda.

Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiolt, Van Patten”), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui

(Zahn).

Mr. Bates, when describing this species, referred it to the genus or section Dir-

cenna!; but a further examination of the type specimens and others that have reached

us shows clearly that the neuration is strictly that of the section in which we now place

it, and that its resemblance to Dircenna is at most superficial. Though apparently a

very common species in Costa Rica, we have seen but few specimens from beyond the

limits of that country. It has no very near ally that we know of; but it comes nearest

I. lagusa, Hew., of the northern parts of Colombia.

5. Ithomia patilla. (Jthomia cotytto (lapsu), Tab. V. fig. 6.)

Ithomia patilla, Hew. Ex. B., Jih. t. ii. f. 2°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3337.

Ithomia psyche, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 34°.

Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis, et marginibus (anticarum apicibus late) nigrescenti circumdatis ; plaga magna

subquadrata nigra apud anticarum cellule finem spe margine externo cum ramo mediano secundo late nigro

conjuncto, altera extra eam alba costam fere attingente ; margine posticarum nigro intus sepe ferrugineo :

subtus ut supra, sed coloribus obscuris multo dilutioribus et rufescentioribus, coste posticarum basi et

abdomine infra sulphureis; posticarum apicibus albo bipunctulatis ; antennis nigris, prothorace rufo.

Hab. Mexico}, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova (hiimeli), Vera Cruz (Deppe, Mus. Berol.) ;

British Honpuras, Cockscomb Mountains (Blancaneaw); Guaremata, Retalhuleu (F.

D. G. & O.8.), Volcan de Atitlan (0. S.), Zapote (Champion), Polochic valley (Hague) ;

Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten”), San Francisco, Caché

(Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn), Veraguas (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).

One of the commonest species of its family in Central America, being especially

abundant in Guatemala, where we found it in most of the low-lying forest country on

ITHOMIA. 51

both sides of the Cordillera. It was also observed in the forests of the Volcano of

Atitlan at an elevation of between 3000 and 4000 feet. Our specimens from Retal-

huleu were described by Mr. Bates as I. psyche?, and compared at the time with

I. victorina and I. cotytto, species having a very similar outward resemblance to it, but

differing, as Mr. Bates pointed out, in the arrangement of the neuration of the secon-

dary wings. Subsequent comparison has shown us that J. psyche does not differ

specifically from J. patilla (a Mexican insect described by Hewitson from apparently

a female example!), though Guatemalan and southern specimens have the inner

portion of the dark border to the secondaries tinged with rufous, but to a variable

degree.

We have not yet seen specimens of J. patilla from any locality beyond the Isthmus

of Panama; but in South America allied species occur, the nearest perhaps being

I. ardea, Hew., of Peru and Bolivia.

Our figure is taken from one of the types of J. psyche, captured near Retalhuleu in

1862.

6. Ithomia leila. (Tab. V. fig. 7.)

Ithomia leila, Hew. Ex. B., Ith. t. uu. f. 3°.

I. patille affinis, sed alis posticis multo minoribus, anticis macula elliptica pellucida nigro circumcincta intra

ramos medianos secundum et tertium distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico}, Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.); Guatemaua, Choctum (Hague).

Of this rare species but little is known. Hewitson’s plate was drawn from a female

specimen in Saunders’s collection, said to have come from Mexico. From the same

country we have seen two examples captured by Deppe at Jalapa, which are now

in the Berlin Museum. Only three specimens have reached us from Guatemala, two

of which were taken near Choctum, in Northern Vera Paz, by one of Mr. Hague’s col-

lectors. The third we procured from Herr Ribbe, from a collection of Guatemalan

insects. Our Choctum specimens are both males; and from one of them the figure

has been drawn.

7. Ithomia hippocrenis. (Tab. V. fig. 5.)

Ithomia hippocrenis, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. iii. p. 51’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 333 *.

I. patille similis, sed minor, apicibus anticarum magis hyalinis et stria acuta angusta per mediam cellulam

versus ramum medianum primum ducta distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten)?; Panama,

Santa Fé, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan’).

Originally described by Mr. Bates from a single specimen sent in from Lion-Hill

station by the late James M‘Leannan; we have since received a number of others

52 RHOPALOCERA.

from more northern localities. It does not, however, pass beyond Nicaragua in its

northern range. In Colombia its place is taken by an allied species, J. diasia, Hew.,

to which it has a great general resemblance, differing, however, in having the quadrate

spot at the end of the cell of the primaries larger, and in the dark marks of the

underside being suffused with rufous.

Our figure is taken from the type specimen sent us from Lion Hill.

8. Ithomia terra.

Ithomia terra, Hew. Ex. B., Ith. t. iii. £. 16"; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3337.

I. patille affinis, sed minor et anticarum apicibus angustius nigris, plaga alba minus obvia, vena mediana

posticarum inter ramos secundum et tertium et ramis ipsis late nigris distinguenda.

Hab. Costa Rica( Van Patten*), Caché (Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—CoLoms1a! ;

VENEZUELA; ECUADOR.

This southern species, described originally from Colombian specimens, ranges in

Central America as far as Costa Rica, whence numerous examples have reached us.

But little variation is observable in specimens from distant points in the range of the

species; Central-American examples, however, show a faint extracellular white spot

on the primaries, hardly visible in insects of more southern origin.

9. Ithomia jucunda. (Tab. II. fig. 3.)

Ithomia jucunda, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, ii. p. 258.

I, terre similis, sed macula ad cellule anticarum finem majore et angulo anali per ramum medianum late

nigrum conjuncta, maculaque rufa in margine late nigro posticarum posita distinguenda.

Hab. Panama, Candelaria (Ribbe, Mus. Staudinger).

Two specimens of this [¢homia, obtained by Herr Ribbe are in Dr. Staudinger’s col-

lection, and are the only ones we have seen. Both are females; and therefore the

position of the species in the genus Ithomia is somewhat doubtful; but we believe it to

be a near ally of J. terra.

Our figure and description are taken from one of the types.

HYPOLERIA (gen. nov.).

Lower discocellular of secondaries of male directed across the wing and atrophied at

its upper end, not meeting the middle discocellular ; middle and upper discocellulars and

upper radial strong, the latter not uniting with the subcostal at its distal end; lower

radial very slender, a small recurrent nervule attached to its proximal end. Costal and

subcostal divergent in the middle, where they enclose an elliptical space, which, how-

ever, is not closed at its distal end (Section a) ; or costal and subcostal lying close together

throughout their length (Section 8).

Secondaries of the female in Section @ with the middle discocellular very short, upper

HYPOLERIA. 53

discocellular absent, the upper radial being a branch of the subcostal; female of Sec-

tion 6 unknown.

(Types: Sec. a, H. libera, nob.; Sec. b, Ithomia polissena, Hew.)

This genus has many of the characters of Hymenitis, but differs in not having one of

the peculiarities of that genus, in which the upper radial and subcostal of the

secondaries in the male unite at their extremities instead of running free to the margin

as in the present genus. Five species of the group appear to belong to Central

America; but the limits of the genus in South America we have not yet been able to

ascertain. Of these five species, H. libera and H. cassotis are certainly congeneric ; the

position of H. fumosa must remain doubtful until male examples have been examined,

so also must that of H. rhene, of which we have no specimen at hand for reexamination ;

the fifth, H. polissena, is aberrant, inasmuch as the costal and subcostal nervures of the

secondaries of the male lie close together, instead of diverging to enclose an elliptical

space as in HT. libera.

a. Costal and subcostal nervures of secondaries of male divergent in the middle,

where they embrace an elliptical space not closed at its distal end.

1. Hypoleria libera, n. sp. (Tab. IV. figg. 12, 13.)

& alis anticis sordide hyalinis, costa, marginibus, macula subquadrata apud cellule finem et venis nigris,

dimidio apicali maculis decem pellucido-albis ornato (tribus conjunctis ultra cellulam) ; posticis dimidio

interiore rufescente, reliquo pellucido venis nigris diviso, margine externo fusco: subtus sicut supra, sed

posticarum costa rufo notata.

mari similis, sed obscurior, maculis anticarum hyalinis minoribus, posticis fere omnino rufis.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui, Calobre, and Santa Fé (Arcé), Lion Hill (I Leannan).

This is a local race of [thomia lavinia, Hew., a species found in Colombia as far north

as the neighbourhood of Santa Marta. The Central-American race differs constantly in

the greater distinctness of the dark marks of the male, and in the female also being

darker and the secondaries of a duller red, which is more generally suffused over the

wing. H. libera has a very limited range in Central America, being not found outside

the State of Panama.

Our descriptions and figures are taken, that of the male from a specimen captured at

Lion Hill, that of the female from a Calobre example.

2. Hypoleria fumosa, n.sp. (Tab. IV. fig. 14.)

Q H. libere similis, sed alis anticis fuscescentioribus, maculis apicalibus nullis, fascia ultra cellulam magis dis-

tincta, posticis fumoso-rufescenti tinctis: subtus ut supra, sed posticarum costa fulvo tincta.

Hab. Panama, Santa Fé (Arcé).

The description and figure of this species are taken from a single female specimen

sent us from Santa Fé by Arcé. This differs so much from H. libera that we cannot

but consider it distinct. The position of the species must remain somewhat doubtful

until males of it have been examined.

54 RHOPALOCERA.

3. Hypoleria cassotis. (Tab. V. fig. 10.).

Ithomia cassotis, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 357.

Hymenitis cassotis, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 8342.

Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro circumcinctis, anticarum margine ad apicem latiore, macula

subtrigona ad cellule finem et ultra eam vitta alba a costa ad marginem externum transeunte, apicibus

interdum maculis fere obsoletis albis notatis: subtus ut supra, sed partibus fuscis fulvo tinctis; antennis

nigris,

Hab. Guatemata, Choctum and forests of N. Vera Paz (F.D. G. & O.S.), Polochic valley

and Chisoy valley (Hague); Costa Rica (Van Patten”), Irazu and Caché (Rogers).

This species was first described by Mr. Bates, from specimens obtained by us near

Choctum’, in the forests of Northern Vera Paz, not the Motagua valley, as stated in the

original description ; and from the former districts, as well as from the Polochic and

Chisoy valleys, we have received several other specimens through Mr. Hague’s exer-

tions. The species, however, cannot be called common in Guatemala; and its range

seems confined to the hot districts which are situated at a less elevation than 2000 feet.

In Costa Rica it would appear to be a commoner insect, as Van Patten’s collection

contained many examples, and we have also received it from Mr. Rogers.

Our figure and description are taken from a female captured in the forests of

Choctum.

4. Hypoleria rhene. (Jthomia rhene, Tab. Il. fig. 6.)

Ithomia rhene, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, ii. p. 2597.

H. cassotis quoad colores similis, sed posticarum cellula valde elongata, ramo radiali inferiore brevissimo.

Hab. Panama (Ribbe, Mus. Staudinger!).

A single male example of this insect is the only one we have seen. This was

obtained by Herr Ribbe in the neighbourhood of Panama, and is now in Dr, Staudinger’s

collection.

Our description is taken from this type, as well as our figure, and we are indebted to

Dr. Staudinger’s kindness for the loan of it for this purpose.

6. Costal and subcostal nervures of secondaries of male lying close together

throughout their length.

5. Hypoleria polissena.

Ithomia polissena, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xxiv. fig. 151}.

Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro angustissime circumcinctis, macula eodem colore sublineari ad

cellule finem et punctulo ultra eam in costa albo notato: subtus ut supra, sed colore opaco rufo tincto.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ridde, Mus. Staudinger).—Ecvuavor},

Herr Ribbe took a single specimen of this species at Chiriqui; and this, through

Dr. Staudinger’s kindness, we had an opportunity of comparing with an example from

PSEUDOSCADA. 55

Kcuador in our collection, and found them to agree exactly. We have no other evidence

of the existence of the insect in Central America.

PSEUDOSCADA (gen. nov.).

Lower discocellular of secondaries of male placed at right angles to the third segment

of the median nervure, slightly curved and atrophied at its upper end, lower radial very

slender; middle and upper discocellular, upper radial, and subcostal very strong; costal

nervure atrophied, scarcely perceptible as a spur on the subcostal at about one third of

its length from the base; ends of upper radial and subcostal free, not uniting as in

Hymenitis. Three discocellular nervules present in the female; both upper and lower

radials with separate origin. Tarsus of front leg of female with five joints, a pair of

spurs on each of the first, second, and third joints. (Type Ithomia pusio, Godm. &

Salv.).

Though at first sight very similar in structure to Hymenitis, this genus presents

so many differences that its separation seems necessary. The atrophy of the costal

nervure in the secondaries of the male is not found in any other group, so far as we

know; and the subcostal and upper radial having free ends is another divergence from

Hymenitis, from which it also differs in the neuration of the secondaries of the female,

which (in Pseudoscada) has the full complement of nervules.

1. Pseudoscada utilla. (Jthomia pusio, Tab. V. figg. 18, 14.)

Ithomia utilla, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. xvii. f. 101).

Ithomia pusio, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 612.

Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro circumdatis (ad apicem anticarum paulo latiore), macula sub-

trigona ad cellule finem vittaque obliqua alba ultra eam a costa erga marginem externum extensa:

subtus ut supra, sed coloribus opacis ferrugineis, anticarum apicibus atomis duabus minutis albis pictis.

mari similis, sed alarum marginibus paulo latioribus.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson?); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Irazu

(Rogers); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).—ConomBia!; Ecuapor.

When describing /thomia pusio*, we compared it with Ithomia andronica, Hew., a

Species to which, except in its smaller size, it has a strong outward resemblance. A

further examination of its wing-structure shows that its relationship with I. andronica

is not really at all near, and that it cannot be separated specifically from I. utilla, Hew.,

under which name we now place the insect.

A common species in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, P. utilla is absent from the line of the

Panama railway, but reappears again in South America, being found both in Colombia

and Ecuador. |

Our descriptions and figures are taken from Nicaraguan specimens, the types of

I. pusio.

56 RHOPALOCERA.

HYMENITIS.

Hymenitis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 8 (1816).

Lower discocellular of secondaries of male placed at right angles with the third sec-

‘tion of the median nervure, and atrophied at its upper end; middle and upper disco-

cellulars short but strong; upper radial strong, uniting with the subcostal close to its

distal end; lower radial slender, sometimes atrophied at its proximal end. Tarsus of

front leg of female with five joints, a pair of spurs on each of the first, second, and

third joints. Female. Section a: secondaries with a long lower discocellular; middle

discocellular absent ; upper discocellular very short, directed outwards; lower radial

branching from the upper about halfway between the cell and the margin. Section 6:

secondaries with lower discocellular curved near its upper end; middle discocellular

meets the subcostal at an acute angle; upper discocellular absent ; lower radial distinct ;

upper radial branches from the subcostal a little beyond the cell.

(Species described: Section a, H. oto (Hew.); Section 6, H. sosunga, Reak.)

The females of these two sections have very different structures in their secondary

wings; and it may prove necessary to give them generic rank ; but as we have not yet

been able to examine the South-American species with sufficient accuracy to enable

us to ascertain the limits of each section, we prefer keeping them all under the name

Hymenitis for the present. |

The wing-structure of the secondaries of the males is the same in both sections,

except that in H. ofo and its allies the radials are crowded closer to the subcostal than

in the H.-sosunga group.

The genus Hymenitis has a wide range in South America, being found in Southern

Brazil, and throughout the eastern valleys of the Andes to Colombia, extending north-

wards to Mexico, eight species being found within our limits.

a. Secondaries of female with a long lower discocellular; middle discocellular absent ;

upper discocellular very short and directed outwards ; lower radial branching from

the upper about halfway between the cell and the margin.

1. Hymenitis oto.

Ithomia oto, Hew: Ex. Butt., Ith. t. vii. f. 397.

Hymenitis oto, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 833”.

Alis hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro circumcinctis (posticarum margine rufescentiore) ad apicem et ad

finem rami mediani secundi multo latiore, macula subquadrata ad. cellule finem vittaque ultra eam a costa

fere ad marginem internum extensa albis: subtus ut supra, sed coloribus pagin superioris opacis rufis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio); Brirish Honpuras, Cockscomb

Mountains (Blancaneau); GuateMaa, Retalhuleu, Volcan de Fuego, 6400 feet (FD. G. &

HYMENITIS. 57

0. 8.), Zapote (Champion), Chuacus, San Gerdnimo, and Polochic valley (Hague) ; Nica-

Ra@uA, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten ?), San Francisco (Rogers) ; Panama,

Chiriqui and Calobre (Arcé).

Originally described from Guatemalan specimens!, this species is now known to have

a wide range in Central America, being found from Southern Mexico to the State of

Panama. In Guatemala it is one of the commonest species of its group, and is found at

very various altitudes, from the forests of the Volcan de Fuego at a height of between

6000 and 7000 feet to as low as 900 feet at Retalhuleu ; it also occurs in many other

parts of the country at intermediate altitudes. In Nicaragua it seems to be not

so abundant; but in Costa Rica and the adjoining parts of the State of Panama. its

numbers would appear to be quite equal to those in Guatemala. We have no record

of its occurrence beyond the mountainous district of Calobre in Panama.

We have described Guatemalan specimens in our collection.

2. Hymenitis nero.

Ithomia nero, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. vii. f. 37}.

Hymenitis nero, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 333.

fH. otoni affinis, sed anticarum apicibus magis hyalinis, margine fusco multo angustiore differt.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (fiimeli); Guatema.a, Polochic valley, Chisoy valley, and

forests of Northern Vera Paz (Hague), Zapote (Champion) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten?) ;

Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, [ibéde).

Originally described from a Mexican specimen in Dr. Boisduval’s collection, H. nero

is by no means common in that country; and as yet we have only received a single

specimen of it, which was taken near Cordova. In Guatemala it is more abundant, but

still restricted in its range to the low-lying forests of Vera Paz, whence Mr. Hague has

sent us a good many examples—and the forests of the Pacific side, where Mr. Champion

has recently found it at Zapote, on the slopes of the Volcan de Fuego. In Costa Rica

it is also a common insect; but we are somewhat surprised not to have received it from

Nicaragua. This would indicate that, though H. nero is an inhabitant of the lower

forests, it probably prefers an elevation of 1000 to 2000 feet to the country lying nearer

the sea-level.

3. Hymenitis lyra. (Jthomia lyra, Tab. V. figg. 11, 12.)

Ithomia lyra, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, iv. p. 169’.

Hymenitis lyra, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S8. 1874, p. 3337.

H. neroni persimilis, sed minor et area anticarum apicali pellucida nec fusco-hyalina, posticarum venis angu-

stiore nigris, et anticarum femine apicibus late nigris maculas duas indistinctas includentibus.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley! and Chisoy valley (Hague); Costa Rica (Van

Patten?, Carmiol), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn), Calobre (Arcé).

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Fed. 1880. I

58 RHOPALOCERA.

Though like H. nero in the distribution of the hyaline parts of the apex of the

anterior wings, H. lyra is really more nearly allied to the South-American H. andro-

nica (Hew.), from which it chiefly differs in the larger size and different shape of the

subquadrate spot at the end of the cell of the primaries.

It is a rare species in Guatemala, whence but few specimens have reached us. Costa

Rica seems to be its headquarters; and here it abounds, numbers of specimens having

been sent from there. It is rare again in the adjoining parts of Panama, and alto-

gether absent from the line of railway. From this we gather that its chief resorts are

woods of an elevation of not less than 2000 feet above the sea.

We have described and figured type specimens—the male from the Polochic valley,

the female from Calobre, Panama.

4. Hymenitis morgane.

Hymenitis morgane, Geyer, Hiibn. Zutr. ex. Schm. f. 869, 870!.

Ithomia morgane, Hew. Ex, Butt., Ith. t. x. f. 557.

Alis hyalinis, venis, marginibus late et macula ad cellule anticarum finem rufescentibus ; fascia cretacea sub-

obsoleta a costa ad marginem externum extensa: subtus ut supra.

Hab. Muxico? (Karwinsky1, Mus. Vindob.), Oaxaca (Fenochio) .

Though this species has been long known as an inhabitant of Mexico, we have no

precise information of its range except through the specimens sent us by Don A.

Fenochio from the neighbourhood of Oaxaca. From this we infer that the species is

not improbably restricted to Western Mexico.

It is a well-marked species, being easily known by its broad rufous margin.

We have described one of our Oaxaca specimens.

5. Hymenitis anetta.

Heliconia anette, Guér. Icon. Régn. Anim. iii. p. 470’.

Ithomia anetta, Hew. Ex. Butt. i. Intr. p. iv’.

Hymenitis anetta, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 333 °.

Ithomia telesto, Hew. Ex. Butt., Ith. t. x. f. 564.

H. morgane similis, sed minor, alarum marginibus angustioribus et obscurioribus, fascia cretacea anticarum magis

distincta distinguenda.

Hab. Muxico!* (Heller, Mus. Vindod.); British Honpuras, Cockscomb Mountains

(Blancaneau); GuaTEMALA, Volcan de Atitlan, Volcan de Fuego, Duefias, Aceituno

(F. D. G. & O. 8.), Zapote (Champion), San Gerénimo and Polochic valley (Hague) ;

Costa Rica (Van Patten®, Carmiol), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé).

Though apparently not common in Mexico, whence the original specimens came ',

H. anetta is very abundant in Guatemala, ranging from a height of 2000 feet up to

HYMENITIS, 59

nearly 7000 feet above the sea. At Duefias, and in the Volcan de Fuego, it is one of

the commonest species, and may be seen in numbers flitting a few feet from the ground

in the forests. It is equally common in Costa Rica, but is absent from Nicaragua

and the lower parts of the State of Panama, mountains of at least 2000 feet or more

being necessary to its habits.

Southern specimens differ slightly from northern ones in that the rufous border of

the male is sometimes narrower.

We have described a Guatemalan specimen in our collection.

6. Hymenitis furina, n. sp. (Tab. IV. figg. 15, 16.)

Alis anticis fusco-hyalinis, costa, margine interna et plaga in cellule medio fusco-nigris, cellula ad basin fulve-

scenti-fusca, parte distali ochraceo-hyalina ; vitta ultra cellulam, maculis duabus infra eam, serie sub-

marginali et duabus apicalibus ochraceo-hyalinis ; posticis fulvescentibus medialiter magis pellucida, macula

ad cellule finem et margine externo ad apicem valde sinuato fusco-nigris,

mari similis, sed major et coloribus alarum saturatioribus dignoscenda.

Obs. Ithomie kedema, Hew., affinis, sed major, anticarum basi fuscescentiore, et area posticarum interna satu-

ratius fulvescente distinguenda.

Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).

This species is a close ally of H. kedema, but seems sufficiently distinct to be

separable. We possess three specimens, all obtained in the State of Panama, and

all that have come under our notice. A male and female of these are described and

figured.

b. Secondaries of female with lower discocellular curved near its upper end; middle

discocellular meets the subcostal at an acute angle, upper discocellular absent ;

lower radial distinct; upper radial branches from the subcostal a little beyond

the cell.

7. Hymenitis sosunga. (Jthomia sosunga, Tab. V. figg. 15, 16, 17, 18.)

Ithomia sosunga, Reak. Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. p. 217°.

Hymenitis zavaletta, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 333” (mec Hew.).

Alis anticis fusco-semihyalinis, macula in cellule medio, altera ad finem ejus et marginibus fusco-nigris ; macula

subquadrata cellulari, altera sinuata extra eam a costa ad angulum analem extensa et tribus subapicalibus

flavo-hyalinis, maculisque tribus in margine ipso albis; posticis parte basali flavo-hyalina, parte apicali

fusco-hyalina, margine externo late nigro maculis albis inclusis.

Q mari similis, sed area posticarum interna lateritio-fulva et maculis submarginalibus albis majoribus dig-

noscenda.

Hab. GuateMa.a, forests of N. Vera Paz (fF. D. G. & O. S.), Choctum and Chisoy valley

(Hague); Honpuras!; Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten?) ;

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Santa Fé, and Calobre (Areé).

We obtained several specimens of this fine species in the lowland forests of Northern

60 RHOPALOCERA.

Vera Paz; and others were subsequently sent us from the same district, and also from

the Chisoy valley, by Mr. Hague. It is a strictly forest species, being found only in

the thin undergrowth of virgin forest, and may be seen in January and February flitting

near paths.

Under slightly modified forms the species is found in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and the

adjoining parts of the State of Panama, but not on the railway line. Guatemalan

specimens have the yellow of the base of the secondaries more restricted in extent than

is observable in Costa-Rican and Panama specimens; but Nicaraguan examples are

somewhat intermediate. There is a difference, too, in the postcellular yellow band of the

primaries, which in Guatemalan examples is a large continuous spot, but in more

southern specimens is more broken up into separate spots. These differences are slight ;

and as intermediate links are not wanting, we think it best to keep all under the name

H. sosunga, proposed by Mr. Reakirt for a specimen which came from Honduras!.

The male of this butterfly has a great resemblance to Ithomia zavaletta, Hew., in

which the sexes are nearly alike. A Costa-Rica specimen was called by the latter

name by Messrs. Butler and Druce*; but it doubtless ought to have been referred

to this species.

Our figures 15 and 16 represent the Panama form of the species, 17 and 18 repre-

senting the Guatemalan race.

8. Hymenitis zygia. (Jthomia zygia, Tab. V. figg. 19, 20.)

Ithomia zygia, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 61}.

H. sosunge affinis, sed area anticarum apicali fuscescentiore et maculis flavo-byalinis multo minoribus 3 posticis

margine fusco multo angustiore et area interiore ferrugineo tincta.

Q femine H. sosunge similis, sed maculis anticarum minoribus, posticarum margine fusco multo angustiore et

maculis albis submarginalibus majoribus notata.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé).

This beautiful species, though surrounded by the wider-ranging ZH. sosunga, 1s yet

quite distinct from that species. It is restricted in its range to the Volcano of Chiriqui,

whence we have received several examples, most of which are females.

Our figures are taken from two of these Chiriqui examples, which were also the types

of our original descriptions.

HETEROSAIS (gen. nov.).

Subcostal nervure of secondaries of male with a convex and concave curve, costal

nervure forming the chord to the proximal curve; lower discocellular placed at a large

acute angle to the third segment of the median nervure, at its upper end it meets the

lower radial; middle discocellular and upper radial absent, leaving the cell open ;

upper discocellular atrophied, being represented by a slight projection on the subcostal

HETEROSAIS. 61

on its lower side. Lower discocellular of secondaries of female strongly curved and bent

to a large acute angle, where a recurrent nervule is emitted; lower radial strong;

middle discocellular meets the subcostal at a right angle, the upper discocellular and

upper radial being absent. (Type Jihomia nephele, Bates.)

The neuration of the secondaries of the male of insects of this section is quite peculiar,

and in this respect represents the simplest type of wing-structure to be found in the sub-

family Danaine, though Pteronymia is of almost as simple a construction in a different

way. Taking this fact as affecting the position of Heterosais in the subfamily, it should

perhaps stand at the head of the Rhopalocera; but, on the other hand, the presence in

the female of a front leg with a five-jointed tarsus is opposed to this view. ‘This is

a point best reserved for a general review of the whole of the Danaine, being rather

beyond the scope of a faunistic work like the present. |

1. Heterosais nephele.

Ithomia nephele, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 548°; P.Z.S. 1863, p. 244”.

Hymenitis nephele, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 333°.

Alis fuliginoso-hyalinis, venis nigris divisis et fusco-nigro circumcinctis, macula subquadrata obliqua eodem

colore ad cellule finem vittaque cretaceo-alba ultra eam a costa ad marginem externum extensa, et macula

submarginali in angulo anali albescente: subtus ut supra, sed coloribus opacis rufo tinctis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten*, Carmiol); Panama, Chiriqui, Santa Fé (Arcé), Lion

Hill (M‘Leannan ?).—Ecuapor ; Upper AMAzoNs'.

Heterosais nephele was first described by Mr. Bates from specimens obtained

during his expedition on the Amazons at Tabatinga, near the frontier of Brazil and

Peru. It has since been found in some numbers by collectors in Ecuador, in the valley

of the Rio Napo and other localities on the eastern slopes of the Andes. Absent from

Colombia, the species reappears in Central America, where it is found throughout the

State of Panama and in Costa Rica, being especially abundant on the line of the Panama

railway.

Specimens from Central-American localities are very constant in their characters, and

show the peculiar nerve-structure of the secondary wings, which distinguishes this and

its allies from other forms of this group of insects.

2. Heterosais cadra. (Ithomia cadra, Tab. II. fig. 5.)

Ithomia cadra, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, ii. p. 259.

H. nephele similis, sed margine anticarum interno rufescente et area posticarum interna (venis inclusis) rufescenti

induta differt.

Hab. Panama, Rio Gatun (£i6de).

This is a close ally of H. nephele, differing in the points indicated above. Two speci-

62 | RHOPALOCERA.

mens only have as yet come under our notice, both of which were obtained at Rio Gatun

on the line of the Panama railway by Herr Ribbe. One of these is in Dr. Staudinger’s

collection, and one in our own.

From the latter our figure and description are taken.

Subfam. SATV RINE.

CAROIS.

Cerois, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816) ; Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 366,

t. Ixv. f. 1. (Type Papilio arcescilaus, Cr., =P. chorineus, Fab.)

The type of this genus is a species peculiar to Guiana and the Amazon valley,

which, probably on account of the state of atrophy of the front legs of the male, has

been placed at the head of the Satyrine. These legs, owing to the rudimentary

condition of the tibia and tarsus, are very similar to those of Jthomia and its near

allies; and this fact perhaps justifies our making Cwrois stand here next to the Danaine ;

but whether this position can be permanently assigned to it can only be determined by

a more thorough examination of the Satyrine than we can here undertake.

Besides the type, the only other species which has been placed in the genus Cwrois

is the Papilio gertrudtus of Fabricius, of which we possess a mutilated example so

determined by Mr. Butler after an examination of Jones’s drawings, the basis of

Fabricius’s description. In the structure of the wings and front legs this specimen

agrees with Cwrois; so that we have no reason to dissent from Mr. Butler’s decision.

At the same time we cannot but regret that better materials are not forthcoming upon

which to revise the question.

1. Cerois gertrudtus.

Papilio gertrudtus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 72+.

Cerois gertrudtus, Butl. Cat. Fab. Diurn. Lep. p. 8’.

Alis fuscis dimidio basali cyaneo lavatis, anticis macula subapicali fulva, ocello nigro albo pupillato ad apicem

propius; subtus pallide ferrugineis, strigis obliquis ferrugineis quatuor, una ultra cellulam a costa anti-

carum in posticas extendente, altera breviore intra cellulam aliisque duabus corpori propioribus, ad basin

quoque ferrugineo irroratis ; alis posticis hujus speciminis imperfectis dimidio apicali omnino absente.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).

The determination of the only specimen we possess of this species is due to

Mr. Butler, who refers it without hesitation to this Fabrician species2. Unfortunately

this example is but a fragment, possessing, however, many of the characters ascribed

to the species by Fabricius, but differing in having a purple blush over both wings, a

character not noticed in the original description. As our example is a male, the

female may want this peculiarity and thus conform to the Fabrician diagnosis.

CALLITARA. 63

Our specimen was received from the late James M‘Leannan, who took it at Lion

Hill on the Panama railway. We have as yet looked in vain for more specimens; for

none have reached us.

CALLIT/ARA.

Hetera, Div. A, Sec. I. Subsec. 6, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 863 (1851).

Callitera, Butler, Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 101 (1868).

The species of this genus were placed by Doubleday in a subsection of his first

division of the comprehensive genus Hetwra; and they passed under that genus for

many years, until Mr. Butler separated them in 1868. Its nearest allies are Hetera

and Pierella, with which it has in common a short internal nervure on the primaries

which coalesces with the submedian, forming a sort of loop, somewhat as in /thomia

and its allies. As diagnostic characters Callitera has the following:—The tibia of

the front leg of the male is somewhat dilated, and the tarsus is nearly as long as the

tibia ; the lower discocellular of the secondaries meets the median nervure at the

origin of its third branch ; and the terminal joint of the palpi is short.

Callitera is represented by at least three species in the basin of the Amazon.

Another, perhaps two, are found in Guiana. C. aurora is found both in the Amazon

valley and in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Lastly, we have C. menander, almost

peculiar to Central America south of Nicaragua, and C. polita, which probably occupies

nearly the same area.

Mr. Kirby, in his ‘Synonymic Catalogue,’ uses the name Citherias, Hiibner, for

this genus, a title we should have been glad to adopt did we feel that that course was

open tous. Citherias, as understood by Hibner, is a composite genus, first restricted

by Doubleday and placed as a synonym of the typical division of Hetwra, which he

made to contain two sections. Mr. Butler still further restricted Citherias by asso-

ciating it strictly with Hetera, making a new name for Doubleday’s other section. <As

this course was open to him, his assignment of these names must be accepted.

1. Calliteera menander. (Tab. VI. figg. 1, 2.)

Papilio menander, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. t. xxviii. f. 3°.

Callitera menander, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 101°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 337 °.

Papilio andromeda, Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 184°.

Hetera andromeda, Bates, Ent. M. Mag. i. p. 180°; Butl. P.Z.S. 1866, p. 42, t. 1. f. 9°.

$ alis hyalinis, venis divisis, anticarum marginibus striisque duabus transversis fuscis (una per cellulam,

altera ultra eam) indistincte notatis, posticis ad angulum apicalem ocellis nigris flavo circumcinctis et albo

pupillatis, dimidio distali rubro leviter tincto et linea irregulari fusca: subtus ut supra literam V for-

mantibus. .

Q mari similis, sed striis fuscis posticarum distinctioribus et colore rubro minus distincto.

Hab. Ntcaraeua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica 3, Caché (Rogers); PaNaMa,

Chiriqui, Veraguas, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (‘\Leannan *).—Co.omBia.

64 RHOPALOCERA.

Great difference of opinion has of late existed as to the rightful owner of the name

Papilio andromeda, Fabricius, one which has been applied to three very different

insects by different entomologists, all of whom have grounds for the views they hold.

Fabricius, in first introducing this name, makes no mention of the red patch on the

hind wings, but, on the other hand, refers to a “litura parva, cerulea” on those

wings, pointing at once to one of the blue-winged species C. philis or one of the allied

forms, or to C. esmeralda. Mr. Butler uses C. andromeda without hesitation, and

places C. philis (Cram.) as a synonym. Mr. Kirby, probably laying more stress upon

the introduction of the word “ parva ” into the diagnosis, fixes it with equal confidence

to the insect usually known as C. esmeralda (Doubl.). Mr. Bates °, looking to the fact

that Fabricius himself, in his subsequent reference to his Papilio andromeda‘, distinctly

refers the name P. menander, Drury, to the same insect, and amends his diagnosis by

the addition of the words “ posticis apice rubris” (the words “litura cerulea” still

remaining in a note), without hesitation uses the name andromeda, as an older title

than menander, for this butterfly. Under these conflicting circumstances we are

driven to the conclusion that to attempt to fix the name andromeda with certainty is

hopeless, owing to the insufficiency of the original description and the uncertainty of

its author respecting it, and that therefore it ought to be set aside altogether. We

use, then, the following names for these three insects, about which there can be no

reasonable doubts, viz. C. menander (Drury) for the Central-American species now

under consideration, C. philis (Cram.) for the Guiana species, and C. esmeralda for that

found at Para and its vicinity. | |

Although Drury says he received the specimen from which his figure is taken from

Jamaica, it most probably came from the mainland, as this insect is not found in the

West Indies, and his figure agrees accurately with our Central-American examples.

Its range extends from Nicaragua just into Colombia, whence we have two examples,

Thence southward into Peru its place is taken by a closely-allied form named C. aurora

by Felder; this, though varying considerably both in the tint and extent of the

colouring of the secondaries in certain localities, invariably has the blush more vivid

and the inner portion of the cross band wavy instead of straight, and also a second

band near to, but not touching, the outer margin as in the northern species.

Our figures are taken from Panama specimens.

2. Callitera polita.

Hetera polita, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 84°.

@ alis latissimis vitreo-hyalinis, marginibus externis valde rotundatis, anticarum marginibus striisque trans-

versis quatuor fuscis—una intra cellulam, altera per cellulam a costa ad marginem internum extensa,

tertia in cellule finem, quarta arcuata ultra cellulam a costa ad angulum analem extensa; posticarum

margine et striga bicurvata submarginali fuscis, ocello uno nigro fulvo circumcincto et albo pupillato in

angulo apicali marginem attingente.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt 1, Janson) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé).

HETARA, 65

Of this singular species we only possess female specimens; so that we are unable to

examine all the points which would fully justify its being placed in this genus rather

than in Hetwra, where it has usually stood. The neuration of the secondaries, how-

ever, is that of Callitera; and the presence of one and not two ocelli on the same

wings points in the same direction; so that we have little hesitation in placing the

species in this genus. Its peculiar rounded wings, and the absence of any of the bright

colours of Callitera, make it very distinct from any of its congeners.

The species is a rare one, and was originally one of Belt’s discoveries in Nicaragua,

whence we have specimens. As it is also found in the neighbourhood of Chiriqui, it

may be looked for in Costa Rica, from which country, however, no specimens have yet

reached us.

HETARA.

Haetera, Latreille, Mag. f. Insektenkunde, vi. p. 284 (1807).

Hetera, Div. A, Sect. I. Subsec. 6, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 11. p. 365.

Restricting the use of this name to H. piera and its immediate allies, the genus

contains four or five species which are distributed over nearly the whole of Tropical

South America from Costa Rica to South Brazil, one species (H. macleannania) coming

within our limits. Some of the diagnostic characters of the genus, as distinguished

from Cailitera and Pierelia, consist in the male having the tibia of the front legs

slender and the tarsus only about half the length of the tibia. In both sexes the

lower discocellular of the secondaries meets the median close to the common origin

of the second and third median branches, and the proximal segment of the subcostal

is about equal to the proximal segment of the median. The wings are diaphanous as

in Callitera.

In one respect Hetwra differs widely from both Callitera and Pierella; and that is,

in the secondary sexual characters of the male. In the former the upper hook (the

‘“‘teoumen ” of Buchanan-White), besides the central spine (which itself appears split),

has two short lateral projections as in many other Satyride. The lateral jaws (the

‘“harpagones”) have a prominent tooth on the upper edge. In both Callitera and

Pierella the tegumen has a simple central projection, and the harpagones have a

smooth upper edge without any tooth, as in Hetera.

1. Hetera macleannania. (Tab. VI. figg. 3, 4.)

Hetera macleannania, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 180°.

Hetera diaphana, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 337” (nec Lucas).

6 alis anticis vitreo-hyalinis, venis et marginibus fuscis ; posticarum margine externo in medio valde producto

et rubro tincto, striga irregulari submarginali, duos ocellos nigros flavo circumcinctos et albo punctulatos,

in marginem includente, a margine costali ad marginem externum medium, deinde ad marginem internum

extensa fusca: subtus ut supra.

Q mari similis, sed posticis ultra strigam colore coccineo (nisi apud ocellum superiorem) bene lavatis.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, Fed. 1880. K

66 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten®); Panama, Santa Fé (Arcé), Lion-Hill station

(M‘Leannan 1).

This species may readily be distinguished from the Guiana H. piera by the absence

in both sexes of the yellow clouding of the apical half of the secondaries—a character

which prevails to a greater or less extent in all the local forms of H. piera except that

found in South Brazil, which has received the name H. hymenca from Dr. Felder, and

which is almost certainly the same as H. diaphana of Lucas. The latter name was

bestowed upon an insect supposed to have come from Cuba; but we have no more

reason for believing that it did so than we have for crediting H. nereis, also included

in Ramon de la Sagra’s work, to the same island, neither having since been found

there. In their paper on Costa-Rica butterflies ? Messrs. Butler and Druce called the

species of that country H. diaphana; but as Lucas lays stress upon the outer margin

of the secondaries of his insect being less angular than in H. piera, and on the

absence of red in the same region, we cannot admit this identification, and prefer to

adhere to the name bestowed by Mr. Bates upon a female from Panama, with which

Costa-Rican specimens of the same sex are identical.

Of the races of H. piera in South America, that found in Ecuador is perhaps the

most nearly allied to H. macleannania, as in it we find the greatest development of red

about the anal angle of the secondaries of the female. It has, however, the clear

secondaries in common with the Brazilian H. hymenwa, and also the strongly marked

submarginal band.

Our figures are taken from Panama specimens, that of the female from Mr. Bates’s

type.

PIERELLA.

Pierella, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 365 (1851), being Div. A, Sect. Il. of Hetera.

Pierella, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 108.

In this genus the wings are opaque, and the males are distinguished by a small spot

of peculiar scales near the inner border of the secondaries. ‘The tibia of the front legs

of the male is slender and the tarsus as long as the tibia; in the secondaries the

lower discocellular meets the median close to the origin of the first median branch ; the

proximal segment of the subcostal is much shorter than the proximal segment of the

median. The genus thus restricted contains thirteen or fourteen species, which are

distributed over the forest districts of Tropical South America from Mexico to South

Brazil, being very common in the valley of the Upper Amazon, which is probably the

metropolis of the genus. Four species come within our limits, whereof one is found

in Mexico and Guatemala, and the other three between Nicaragua and the Isthmus of

Panama.

1. Pierella luna.

Papilio luna, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 1097.

PIERELLA. 67

Hetera luna, Hew. Exot. Butt. (Het.) t. i. f. 87; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 337°.

Pierella luna, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 104‘.

Heitera pallida, Salv. & Godm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, ii. p. 142°.

Alis fuscis, anticis plaga certa luce viridescente ornatis, linea communi a costa anticarum ad angulum analem

posticarum transeunte obscure fusca, aliis valde indistinctis interioribus ; posticis obscurioribus preesertim

in dimidio apicali, ocellis duobus nigris apud angulum apicalem, superiore majore et albo pupillato: subtus

alis dilutioribus et fusco irroratis lineisque tribus communibus transversis obscuris notatis, posticis serie

punctulis submarginalibus albis ornatis.

Hab. Nicaracua? (Bridges *), Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten?) ; Panama,

Chiriqui, Veraguas, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Cotompia; Guana 14,

The specimens described by Fabricius came from Surinam, and were formerly in

Drury’s possession. Demerara specimens, identified by Mr. Butler4 with this species,

are in the British-Museum collection; but the only South-American examples we

have are from Colombia. These are identical with the insect found in Central

America as far north as Nicaragua. At one time we separated the Nicaraguan butterfly

under the name of Hetera pallida ®, as all the specimens we had then received from that

country were very pale-coloured and resembled Hewitson’s figure *, which, it must be

admitted, represents a much paler insect than usual. The receipt of more specimens

from that country, in no way differing from the Panama and Colombian form, has led

us to the conclusion that P. pallida can hardly be considered the distinct race we once

supposed it to be; and we therefore now reunite it with P. luna.

The nearest ally of P. /una in South America is perhaps P. rhea, of which P. lamia

is a local race. This species differs from it in having, in addition to the ocelli of the

apical angle of the secondaries, a submarginal row of similar ocelli round the outer

margin of those wings. PP. hyceta and P. latona also belong to the same group, as

well as P. astyoche.

We have described a male Nicaraguan specimen of the typical form.

2. Pierella rubecula, (Tab. VI. figg. 10, 11.)

Pierella rubecula, Salv. & Godm. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. ser. 4, ii. p. 142°.

P, lune similis, sed posticarum dimidio apicali, preter marginem ipsum, rufo lavato.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé), Oaxaca (Deppe, Mus. Ber.); GuatemMaLa, Yzabal and Motagua

valley (F. D. G. & O.S.), Polochic valley (Hague).

This race of P. /una differs from the southern form in having a large rufous patch

on the exterior half of the secondaries; the two apical ocelli are large, and frequently

both are pupillated. It appears to be the local race in Mexico and Guatemala of

P. luna, and entirely supplants that species in those countries. In South America two

other species, P. hyceta and P. latona, show a development of rufous colour on the

68 RHOPALOCERA.

secondaries similar to what we find in P. rubecula; but both of these species have

more ocelli on the secondaries, and, in fact, bear the same relationship to P. rhea that

P. rubecula does to P. luna.

The specimens we caught were found in virgin forest, and were usually seen flying

close to the ground over dead leaves and herbage. When at rest with the wings

closed they were most difficult to see.

Our figure and description are taken from the type specimen captured by us in the

Motagua valley. |

8. Pierella incanescens. (Tab. VI. figg. 5, 6.)

Pierella incanescens, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 61°.

Pierella helvina, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 337’.

Alis fuscis leviter purpureo tinctis, anticis fasciis tribus transversis obscurioribus, una prope basin, secunda

ramum medianum primum attingente, et tertia ad cellule finem, fascia cinerea obliqua ultra cellulam a

costa ad angulum analem ducta utrinque obscuro marginata, ocello nigro griseo circumcincto ad apicem,

et tribus punctis albis in linea eadem submarginalibus notatis ; posticis dimidio apicali, preter marginem

ipsum, sanguineo, ocello magno nigro apud angulum apicalem et serie submarginali punctorum alborum

ornatis: subtus alis dilutioribus, fasciaque communi obliqua grisea, in posticis dilatata bene distincta,

colore sanguineo multum dilutiore.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt & Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?, Endres +),

Trazu (Rogers) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé), Chepo (Arcé ').

A very close ally of P. helvina of Hewitson from Colombia, from which it differs in

having the inner band crossing the secondaries less oblique and further beyond the end

of the cell. The ocelli at the apical angle are larger and more conspicuous, and the

red colour more extended, approaching nearer to the outer margin. ‘These differences

are slight, but fairly constant so far as they go; still we should not be surprised to find,

on the receipt of a larger series of the true P. helvina, that the distinctness of P. in-

canescens could not be maintained. |

The ranges of this species and of P. ocreata, next described, are rather singular, the

latter species occupying a small area cut out, as it were, of the territory of its neighbour,

being only found on the line of the Panama railway, and as far as the district of

Santiago de Veraguas in that direction. Forty miles south of Panama at Chepo

P. incanescens occurs; and from the neighbourhood of Chiriqui, through Costa Rica to

Nicaragua, this is the only form. Though the close relationship of P. ocreata to

P. incanescens is obvious, the white spot on the secondaries of the former is so con-

spicuous and so constant that their recognition is easy.

We have figured and described a Nicaragua specimen.

4. Pierella ocreata, (Tab. VI. figg. 7, 8, 9.)

Pierella ocreata, Salv. & Godm. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, ii. p. 143’; Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 105”.

PIERELLA.—ANTIRRH EA. 69

P. incanescenti similis, sed anticis ocello nigro ad apicem minutissimo (aliquando absente); posticis macula

alba subquadrata a costa medio ale tenus extendente, secunda subrotunda minore infra eam in colore

sanguineo posita: subtus fascia obliqua fere alba et posticarum macula infra ocellum majore et rubro

marginata.

Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé*), Lion Hill (/Leannan 12),

As already stated, this is a close ally of P. incanescens and P. helvina, differing

mainly but obviously in having a large white spot on the secondaries. In this respect

it resembles the Brazilian .P. nereis, a point of some significance when the frequent

relationship of Central-American and Brazilian species is considered.

P. ocreata enjoys a limited range in the State of Panama, bounded on both sides by

that of P. incanescens; but the two forms, so far as we know at present, do not in any

way intermingle.

Our figures and descriptions are taken from Panama specimens, some of the original

types.

ANTIRRHEA.

Hetera, Div. B. Antirrhea, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 865 (1851). (Type Papilio philoc-

tetes, Linn.)

Antirrhea auctt., Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 107.

The name Antirrhea was first introduced by Hiibner, in the second volume of the

‘Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge,’ and applied to A. archea alone. This species

was afterwards placed by Westwood in a section of Division B of the genus Hetera,

the other section containing Hetewra philoctetes. Mr. Butler, noticing that these two

sections really constituted two distinct genera, made a new name, Anchipledia, for

A. archea and its allies, leaving A. philoctetes in Antirrhea, when the opposite course

should have been taken and the new name bestowed upon A. philoctetes and its allies.

As, however, the name Antirrhea has so long been associated with the insects Mr.

Butler places under it, we hesitate to disturb matters; still we cannot help feeling that

Hiibner’s original application of his name ought to be respected, accompanied as it is

with an excellent figure.

With Hetera Antirrhea has little in common. The anterior wings of the male

have the submedian nervure curiously arched ; and on the inside of this nervure beneath

is a row of long hairs which curl upwards and meet in a point, the posterior wings

having a patch of peculiar scales to correspond. The secondary sexual male organs

are singularly formed ; the upper piece or tegumen has a long decurved spine, but no

lateral projections; whilst the harpagones are prolonged into long upturned and

slightly recurved rods which are strongly serrate on their inner edge. This arrange-

ment is very different from what is found in Hetera and its allies.

Seven or eight species are now known of this genus; of these, three come within

our limits, one of which extends as far north as Guatemala. Of the South-American

70 RHOPALOCERA.

species the valley of the Amazon, Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia seem to be the

headquarters, none being found in South Brazil.

1. Antirrhea miltiades. (Tab. VII. figg. 1, 2.)

Papilio miltiades, Fabr. Fut. Syst. ii. p. 66°.

Antirrhea miltiades, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Diurn. Lep. p. 28°.

Antirrhea lindigii, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 425°; Reise Nov. Lep. p. 459, t. 66. f. 1, 2°.

Antirrhea casta, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. 1. p. 179°.

3 alis fuscis, anticis macula indistincta costali ferruginea, punctis duobus subapicalibus albis ; posticis obscuri-

oribus macula irregulari albescente in area discali punctoque coloris ejusdem (aliquando absente) apud

angulum analem: subtus alis brunnescentibus in area media et posticarum limbo externo magis

obscurus, fascia communi albescente posticarum angulum analem versus dilatata et in parte latissima

maculam rotundam nigram continente, macula altera minore in angulo anali posita, striga communi arcuata

obscura per cellulas alarum, altera intra cellulam anticarum et a basi propiore ; posticis punctis quatuor

nigris ad basin positis, ciliis posticarum angulum analem versus albicantibus.

Hab. Guatemata, Northern Vera Paz (f. D. G. & 0. S.); Nicaracua, Chontales

(Janson); Panama, Veragua, Calobre (Arcé), Lion-Hill Station (M/‘Leannan).—CoLomBIa.

Fabricius originally described this species from Drury’s collection, referring at the

same time to a figure in Jones’s drawings, but gave no locality for it. Dr. Felder

redescribed it under the name of A. lindigii from a female example he received from

Bogota? ; and Mr. Bates also gave it the name of A. casta, from a specimen procured

by us in Guatemala *.

Mr. Butler, on examining Jones’s drawings, recognized the identity of both Dr.

Felder’s and Mr. Bates’s insects with the Fabrician one, and accordingly united them

all under the name Antirrhea miltiades in his Catalogue of the Butterflies described

by Fabricius ; and we have every reason to believe he was right in so doing”.

The range of A. miltiades extends from Guatemala to Bogota—but not interruptedly ;

for Messrs. Butler and Druce do not include it in their list of the Butterflies of Costa

Rica, nor have we ever seen specimens from that country. On the line of railway and

the adjoining parts of the State of Panama it appears again. This gap in its range is

filled by its near ally A. fomasia, and by the very distinct A. pterocopha described

below. We saw but little of this species in Guatemala, where it is rare. The speci-

mens we took were in virgin forest, flying close to the ground, over dead leaves, ¢ at an

elevation of about 1200 feet above the sea.

Our figure is taken from a Guatemala specimen, the type of Antirrhea casta, Bates.

2. Antirrhea tomasia, (Tab. VII. fig. 3.)

Antirrhea tomasia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, xv. p. 222°.

A, miltiadi similis, sed posticarum macula irregularis in area discali albescens abest, subtus fascia communi

submarginali latiore.

ANTIRRH#A.—TISIPHONE. 71

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn), Bugaba (Arcé 1).

This form, which is very closely allied to A. miltiades, differing from it chiefly in the

absence of the discal white spot of the secondaries, appears to be restricted to Chiriqui

and its vicinity, where it exists to the exclusion of the allied form.

3. Antirrhea pterocopha. (Tab. VII. figg. 4, 5, 6.)

Antirrhea pterocopha, Salv. & Godm. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, ii. p. 148.

3 alis anticis fuscis, punctis tribus minutis griseis in area ultra cellulam positis ; posticis obscurioribus, macula

fulva irregulari ad apicem, puncto minuto griseo infra eam, maculis tribus cyaneis serie alam transeunte :

subtus alis griseis fusco irroratis, fascia communi obscura arcuata a costa anticarum ad angulum analem

posticarum extendente alteraque subparallela interiore griseo-purpureo extus marginatis, serie irregulari

punctorum submarginalium albescentium punctoque nigro basin posticarum versus notatis.

? mari similis, sed colore fusco dilutiore, anticarum fascia transversa ultra cellulam cyanea notata maculas

albidas includente, plaga fulva posticarum multo majore et margine externo late fulvo notato, maculis pos-

ticarum cyaneis ad marginem internum absentibus.

Hab. Costa Rica (Endres); Panama, Santa Fé and Calobre (Arcé).

The specimen from which our original description was taken is a male in bad

condition, sent by our collector, Arcé, from Santa Fé; since then we have received

others of both sexes from the same country and also from Costa Rica. In colour it

most resembles A. philopamen, from the Upper-Amazon region; but it differs very

considerably in the form of its anterior wings. These at their apex are abruptly

obtuse instead of rounded, and the outer margin strongly angulated at the extremity

of the upper radial. The great difference, too, in the size and coloration of the sexes

is remarkable, no such contrast being seen in A. philopemen. It appears to be a

scarce insect, as we have received but few examples of it, notwithstanding the large

collections that have come to us from the country it inhabits.

TISIPHONE.

Tisiphone, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. ii. t. 86. (Type 7. hercyna, Hiibn.)

Tisiphone, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 8370; Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 71.

When first used by Hiibner* this genus included three species, none of which belongs

to Tistphone as now understood. He afterwards added 7. hercyna; and this has long

stood as the only representative of the genus, to the exclusion of the other three.

According to strict law the modern practice is incorrect; but in dealing with

Hiibnerian genera great inconvenience and confusion would arise by enforcing con-

formity, and no doubt Tisiphone had best be left to stand as the name of this genus.

One of the distinguishing characters between Tisiphone and Euptychia and Taygetis

* Verz. bek. Schm. p. 60.

72 RHOPALOCERA.

is the comparative length of the femur and coxa in the front leg of the male. In

Tisiphone the femur is considerably longer than the coxa, whilst in the other genera

the reverse is the case. In Tisiphone, too, the tegumen bears a single central

spine; in Zaygetis and Huptychia there is also a lateral spine on either side.

The front scales on the palpi of Zistphone are shorter and more thick-set than usual

in Satyrine.

Two species have been described of this genus, one of which, 7. maculata, has a

wide range, extending from Mexico to Bolivia. The range of the other, 7. hercyna,

is hardly satisfactorily known; but it appears to be found in the same countries as

7. maculata, though it is doubtless much rarer.

1. Tisiphone maculata.

Tisiphone maculata, Hopff. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 860°.

Tisiphone hercyna, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 338? (nec Hiibn.).

Alis fusco-brunneis, anticis parte apicali nigricante, macula subapicali maculisque septem (secunda et tertia

conjunctis) linea curvata dispositis a margine costali ad angulum analem; posticis paulo dentatis et

lineis duabus obscuris submarginalibus notatis: subtus anticarum basi pallidiore, apice variegato et ocello

parvo notato; posticis purpureo tinctis et valde variegatis, lineis obscuris undulatis et serie ocellorum

sex ornatis, quorum duo cost proximi et unus in angulo anali medius, nigris albo pupillatis.

Hab. Mexico (Koppe, Friedrich, Mus. Berol.1; Sallé), Cordova (Riimeli); Guatema.a,

Retalhuleu, Vera Paz (/. D. G. & O.S.); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa

Rica (Hoffmann', Van Patten?, Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—CoLomBIA; VENE-

ZUELA; Bouivial.

This is a wide-ranging species, of which we have many examples from all parts of

Central America. These all belong to the insect described by Hopffer under this name

as distinct from 7. hercyna, which has the spots of the anterior wings larger, more con-

fluent, and arranged in a more regular curve. In Guatemala it is not common; our

specimens were taken in the low-lying country on both sides of the mountains, at an

elevation of about 1000 feet above the sea.

2. Tisiphone hercyna.

Tisiphone hercyna, Hibn. Samml. ex. Schm. u. t. 86'; Westw. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii.

p. 370, t. 63. f. 2”.

Morpho anosia, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 452°.

T’. maculate similis, sed maculis anticarum majoribus, iis coste proximis omnino conjunctis et omnibus serie

regulari positis.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.2)—Venuzveta?t; Braziu?3.

This species seems to be distinct from the \ast; but being a much rarer insect, its

TISIPHONE.—EUPTYCHIA. 73

range is not so well known. We have a single specimen, said to be from Venezuela ;

but our sole authority for including it in this work rests upon the plate in the ‘Genera

of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ which was taken from a Mexican specimen, and which

undoubtedly belongs to Hiibner’s insect.

ORESSINOMA.

Oressinoma, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 3871 (1851).

This genus contains two species, hitherto only known from the Andes, from Bolivia

to Colombia, and from Venezuela. It is not unlike Huptychia in general appearance,

though differing in the character of its markings. In structure it has several slight

points of divergence. In the front legs of the female the tarsal joints form a sort of

club at the end of the limb; and these legs seem destitute of hairs. In the secondary

wings the upper discocellular is very short, the upper radial and the middle discocel-

lular uniting close to the subcostal nervure. The median and submedian nervures are

swollen at the base in Oressinoma, whereas in Euptychia the costal.and median nervures

are thus enlarged; the eyes, too, are smooth instead of hairy as is usual in Huptychia.

1. Oressinoma typhla.

Oressinoma typhla, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 62. f. 5.

Alis griseo-fuscis, marginibus obscurioribus, fascia communi lata alba a costa anticarum ad angulum posticarum

analem extendente, linea submarginali pallida in anticis fere obsoleta, in posticis undulata: subtus ut supra,

sed alis linea submarginali fulva et altera angusta alba interiore notatis; alis ad basin griseo irroratis.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers) —CoLomBia, VENEZUELA, Ecuapor.

We have only seen from Central America the single female specimen of this delicate

insect which we here describe ; and this was sent us by Mr. Rogers, who captured it

on the volcano of Irazu, in Costa Rica; we presume, therefore, it is scarce in this

region. It appears to be tolerably common in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and

Peru, whence we have many specimens. In Bolivia a very closely allied race is found

having the white band crossing both wings narrower ; the outer margins too are darker.

To this form we gave the name 0. sorata.

EUPTYCHIA.

Euptychia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 53 (1816); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. ui. p. 372.

Mr. Butler, who has long paid attention to the species of this genus, in his latest

revision enumerates 192 species as belonging to it. Though the distinctions he draws

between many of these are very slight and hardly of specific value, there still remain

several undescribed species, which will probably raise the total to about 200 species

as comprised within the genus. These are for the most part distributed throughout

Tropical America, some half-dozen species only occurring in the extratropical region of

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, August 1880. L

74 RHOPALOCERA.

North America. In our limits no less than thirty-four species occur, of which twelve

or thirteen are peculiar to the country, three pass northwards into the United States,

and the remainder southwards into South America.

The limits of the genus Huptychia are by no means easy to define; for though its

members are for the most part small insects, the gradation by size into the genus

Taygetis is quite imperceptible. Then, again, the hairiness of the eyes, a character

upon which considerable stress has been laid, is not one that is quite trustworthy,

many of the larger Taygetes having eyes quite as hairy as most Euptychiw. The palpi,

too, seem to fail to give any definite distinction between the two genera. In E. squa-

mistriga, the type of the genus Pindis of R. Felder, the palpi are so hairy that the

terminal joint is hidden; whilst in most of the other members of the genus the terminal

joint is plainly visible, long and slender, and directed forwards and upwards from the

head; but between these extremes many intermediates occur.

The neuration of the primaries, too, is very variable; and we have not been able to

satisfy ourselves that by trusting too much to these differences the species can be sorted

into natural groups. In £. ewrytus, of North America, the first subcostal branch is

thrown off after the cell in the primaries, a character we have not yet found in any

southern species. In a good many species the first branch is thrown off before the end

of the cell, and the second after it. In others the second branch is emitted close to

the end of the cell; and in others both first and second are emitted before the end of

the cell.

The length of the upper discocellular is also variable: in by far the majority of

species it is quite short; but in /. camerta and its immediate allies it is long; and in

E. hedemanni it is altogether absent. The former of these has been placed in a

genus Neonympha, and the latter as Cyllopsis.

We are hardly prepared to split the genus on such slight and variable characters,

though this may be necessary at some future day. But to do so a close examination

of the majority of the species will be necessary, as well as comparison with the surround-

ing genera.

In the eight divisions we have used in grouping the various species of Central-

American HLuptychie we have found apparently slight characters of colour give tolerably

satisfactory results in our endeavour to define them ; but with these we have associated

characters drawn from the neuration of the primaries, as well as a few other minor

points.

Though these groups would include many South-American species, we are fully

aware that by no means all these southern forms are represented in Central America ;

so that, were the whole genus under revision, considerable additions to and modifications

of our arrangement would become necessary. ‘To do this would carry us beyond the

scope of this work ; so we have confined our attention to the species occurring within

the limits of our fauna.

EUPTYCHIA. 75

a. Internal area of upper surface of wings chalky white; apex of primaries of male

slightly falcate ; middle discocellular of primaries angular, and emitting a recurrent

nervule; two subcostal branches emitted before the end of the cell.

1. Euptychia ocirrhoe.

Papilio ocirrhoe, Fabr. Gen. Ins. p. 260°; Ent. Syst. iii. p. 96°; Bates, P. Z. 8S. 1863, p. 249°.

Euptychia ocirrhoe, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 459*; Cat. Fabr. Diurn. Lep. p. 11°; Butl. & Druce,

P. Z.8. 1874, p. 335°.

3 alis cretaceo-albis, lineis pagine inferioris vix apparentibus; anticarum costa et apice fuscis; posticis

linea duplici submarginali fusca notatis: subtus alis fuscis, fasciis duabus albis et altera ad basin notatis,

lineis duabus submarginalibus (interna valde sinuata); ocellis tribus in area anticarum apicali, et quinque

posticarum submarginalibus (secundo et quinto maximis et albo pupillatis).

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Deppe, Mus. Berol.); British Honpuras,

Corosal (Roe); Guatemata, Yzabal and Retalhuleu (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Zapote (Champion);

Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten®); Panama, Chiriqui

and Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (A Leannan?).—Soutu America to Brazil.

This is a lowland species of very wide range, being found everywhere in forests from

Southern Mexico and Guatemala to South-eastern Brazil, spreading over the valley of

the Amazons, Venezuela, and Guiana (the origin of the Fabrician type!°). The species

seems subject to slight variation; but we have not been able to detect any constant

difference between specimens from the most distant localities. The variety from the

Polochic valley indicated by Mr. Butler+ as 1a, appears to belong to the next species.

The specimens we took at Yzabal (one of which we have described) were fiying in the

low brushwood of the forest near the town.

2. Huptychia metaleuca. (Tab. VIII. figg. 1, 2.)

Neonympha metaleuca, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 63°.

Euptychia ocirrhoe, var. a, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 459°.

Euptychia butleri, Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xii*; Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. p. 116%.

E. ocirrhow affinis, subtus fascia alaruam communi alba unica nec duplici distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli); Britis Honpuras, Corosal (foe); GuatTematal,

Chisoy and Polochic valleys, Chiacam, Cahabon (Hague), Pancina (Champion), Yzabal,

forests of NorthernVera Paz (F. D. G. & O. S.); Nicaraeva, Chontales (Janson); Costa

Rica (Gabé?), Cache (Rogers).—Ecuabor.

This butterfly was for some time confused with its near ally £. ocirrhoe, of which

Mr. Butler considered it a variety 2. It was described by Dr. Boisduval in 18701, and a

few years afterwards by Mr. Distant’, whose names were placed together by Mr. Butler

in his last revision of the genus Euptychia*.

76 RHOPALOCERA.

The species has now been traced over a wide area, being found in low-lying lands

almost uninterruptedly from Southern Mexico to Ecuador. We have, however, not

yet received specimens from any part of the State of Panama; nor have we seen it from

other districts of Colombia.

It frequents the same forests as E. ocirrhoe, flying amongst the low herbage of the

undergrowth.

We have figured a Guatemalan specimen from the Polochie valley.

6. Wings either chalky white on the inner area of the wings or brown, the transverse

lines and spots of the underside showing distinctly above; middle discocellular of

primaries angular, emitting a strong recurrent nervule at the angle; two subcostal

branches emitted before the end of the cell.

8. Euptychia mollina. (Z. westwood, Tab. VIII. figg. 13, 14.)

Euptychia mollina, Hiibn. Zutr. i. p. 20,*f. 105, 106°.

Euptychia westwoodi, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 481°, 1867, t. 12. f.3°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874,

p. 336%.

Euptychia mollis, Staud. Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, 1875, p. 105’.

Alis albescentibus, fasciis duabus transversis fuscis, anticarum costa et area apicali (ocellum includente) eodem

colore tinctis; posticis linea submarginali obscura ocellisque duobus ornatis, uno ad apicem, altero ad

angulum analem positis: subtus alis albidis, fasciis sicut supra rubido-fuscis, altera ad basin (in anticis

obliqua) notatis ; posticis ocellis sex submarginalibus ornatis, secundo et quinto maximis.

Hab. Muxtco, Oaxaca (Deppe, Mus. Berol.); GuaTEMALA, Pancina, Polochic valley,

Cubilguitz, Cahabon (Champion), Honpuras (Mus. Brit.*); Nicaraeua, Chontales

(Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribde>), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).

—VENEZUELA; GUIANA; AMAZONS.

We have now seen a large number of specimens of this species from various parts of

its range, which extends from the valley of the Amazons through Guiana, Venezuela,

and Central America as far north as Southern Mexico. Though specimens vary con-

siderably from different places, we are unable to group any races in a definite manner,

the extremes being connected by intermediate forms so completely. It has been pro-

posed to divide the species into three, the name for the oldest of which is Hiibner’s

E. mollina, the type of which probably came from Northern Brazil. A Honduras

example was the type of Mr. Butler's H. westwoodi; and the Chiriqui insect was

described by Dr. Staudinger as EL. mollis.

We have seen typical specimens of both of the latter, and have compared them with

Amazons and Guiana examples. The Central-American butterfly has the cross bands of

the wings usually rather wider and more rufous in colour; and this difference is espe-

cially obvious in Nicaraguan insects ; but others are undistinguishable from Amazonian

specimens, so that a race has not yet been completely formed. &. mollis and E. west-

woodz seem to us to be almost absolutely alike.

EUPTYCHIA. 17

4, Kuptychia fetna. (Tab. VIII. figg. 15, 16.)

Euptychia fetna, Butl. Ent. M. Mag. vi. p. 2507.

Alis valde rotundatis, fuscis ; anticis fasciis duabus transversis et plaga ad angulum analem ferrugineis notatis,

ocello unico ad angulum apicalem ; posticis fascia mediana transversa et altera submarginali ferrugineis

ornatis, lineisque submarginalibus forma catenz positis, ocello ad angulum analem: subtus ut supra sed

pallidior et magis distincte notata, posticis serie quinque ocellis ornatis (secundo et quarto maximis, reli-

quis fere obsoletis).

aulo major, ocellis valde majoribus et maculis alarum pagine superioris multo magis distinctis.

Pp J J pag p of

Hab. GUATEMALA, San Geronimo (Hague!, Champion), Cubilguitz (Champion).

Of this pretty species the single specimen sent to us by Mr. Hague, the type of

Mr. Butler's description, was long the only one we possessed. Lately, however, we

have had the pleasure of receiving several others from Mr. Champion, who obtained

them, also at San Gerdénimo, in August 1879 and again in the present year.

Though very distinct, the species clearly belongs to the group of Euptychia which

contains £. mollina.

We have figured and described the type.

5. Kuptychia anacleta.

EKuptychia anacleta, Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. p. 123°.

Alis pallidissime fuscis, lineis mediis duabus transversis et marginibus externis obscurioribus, anticis oceilo ad

apicem, posticis quinque serie submarginali, ultimo maximo: subtus ut supra, sed alis dilutioribus et

anticis plaga mediana flavescenti-rufo suffusa et angulum analem versus extendente, ocello nigro, flavo

circumcincto, ad apicem, duobus infra fere obsoletis; posticis ocellis quinque submarginalibus, ultimo

maximo, lineaque valde undulata ad margines externos.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe')—Co oss’.

A curiously pale-coloured species, also distinguished by its nearly straight row of

ocelli on the underside of the secondaries, as well as by the patch of yellowish rufous

on the primaries beneath. It has no near allies, but seems best placed in the same

group as L. mollina, though Mr. Butler thinks its affinities are with E. myncea. The

second subcostal branch in the primaries is emitted nearer the end of the cell than in

£. mollina.

A single specimen was contained in Belt’s collection, the only one we have seen

except the types when they were in Mr. Butler’s hands for description. The latter

belong to Dr. Staudinger, and came from Chiriqui and Colombia.

6. Kuptychia insolata.

Euptychia insolata, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 99!; P. Z. S. 1874, p. 3377; Butl. Journ. Linn.

Soe. Zool. xiii. p. 117°.

Euptychia macrophthalma, Staud. Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, 1875, p. 106‘.

78 RHOPALOCERA.

Alis fuscis, lineis transversis et ocellis pagin inferioris se permonstrantibus: subtus argenteo-griseis, margines

versus obscuris, fasciis duabus mediis transversis ferrugineo-fuscis; anticis linea obliqua ejusdem coloris ad

basin, ocello ad apicem, alteroque minore infra eum; posticis ocellis duobus magnis et duobus inter

eos notatis.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten 1?); Panama, Chiriqui

(Arcé, Ribbe*).

This insect is probably most nearly allied to /. picia of Butler, which has a con-

siderable range in the northern portion of the South-American continent. From it

E. insolata differs in having the secondaries rather more produced, and in the marking

of the upper surface, the ocelli being rather more clearly defined.

As regards Dr. Staudinger’s £. macrophthalma, we have specimens so named from

him. These we have compared with the type of £. insolata, and find them identical.

Mr. Butler, in his latest revision of the genus Huptychia®, places EL. macrophthalma

next to his HL. dinocula, not recognizing its true position.

As in EF. anacleta, the second subcostal branch of the primaries is emitted close to

the end of the cell.

c. Secondary wings with a large ocellus in a fulvous patch near the anal angle; pri-

maries with a linear group of metallic spots surrounded by a dull brown oval line;

middle and lower discocellulars in a continuous curve; two subcostal branches

emitted before the end of the cell.

7. Euptychia salvini. (Tab. VIII. fig. 17.)

Euptychia salvini, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 498, t. 40. f. 13!.

Alis supra pallide fuscis; anticis sex, posticis tribus lineis transversis fuscis notatis: subtus anticis ad apicem

linea ovali maculas argenteo atomatas continente notatis; posticarum parte distali fulva, ocellis duobus ad

angulum apicalem et altero magno ad angulum analem ornata.

Hab. Panama’, Lion Hill (1 Leannan).

Of this species the single ragged female specimen described by Mr. Butler is the only

one we have yet met with. This was sent to us by the late James M‘Leannan from his

station on the Panama railway.

It belongs to the group of Euptychia which contains E. chlorimena (Stoll), E. itonis,

Hew., and their allies, species all more or less rare in South America, Guiana and the

Amazons valley being their headquarters.

d. Wings of male opaque brown, of female paler, the markings of the underside some-

times showing faintly above; upper discocellular of primaries very short, directed

outwards, middle discocellular strongly convex.

a’. First subcostal branch emitted before the end, the second at the end of the cell.

EUPTYCHIA. 79

8. Euptychia labe. (Tab. VIIL fig. 3.)

Euptychia labe, Butl. Ent. Monthly Mag. vi. p. 250, t. 1. f. 2'; Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xii’.

Euptychia crantor, var., Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 373° (nec Cramer, fide Butler).

Euptychia myncea, Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xii (nec Cramer) *. ,

Euptychia myncea, var. c, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 461°.

Alis supra fuscis, lineis obsoletis submarginalibus notatis, anticarum area apicali ocello unico plerumque ornata,

posticarum angulo anali quoque ocellato: subtus alis pallidioribus, lineis duabus subrectis rufescentibus a

costa anticarum ad marginem posticarum internum ductis; plaga ochracea in area anticarum distali;

anticis ocello apicali et aliis infra eum obsoletis ornatis; posticis serie ocellorum quinque (secundo et

quinto maximis) notatis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli) ; Guatemana, Choctum and Polochic valley ! (Haque),

San Gerénimo, Zapote (Champion); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.?); Nicaragua, Chontales

(Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten, Gabb?*); Panama, Santa Fé and Calobre (Arcé?),

Lion Hill (1£Leannan).—Cotomsia, Valle Dupar (Simons).

This species is a near ally of H. myncea (Cr.) of Guiana, and may possibly be found

inseparable from that insect. The chief differences consist in the greater development

of the tawny patch near the margin of the anterior wings beneath, and in the transverse

bands of the wings on the underside being narrower and redder. In some specimens

the primary wings have an ocellus near the apex on the upper side ; in others this is

evanescent ; and in others again it is entirely absent. In specimens from the State of

Panama the ocellus of the secondary wings is large and conspicuous.

E. labe has a wide range in Central America, being found in the low-lying lands

from Southern Mexico to Panama.

We have figured and described one of the types from Calobre, Panama.

9, Euptychia terrestris.

Euptychia terrestris, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 462, t. 39. f. 1°.

E, labe similis, sed minor, plaga ochracea anticarum pagine inferioris absente, et striolis metallicis inter posti-

carum ocellos duos elongatis nec rotundatis distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).—Amazons, Para’, &c.

A single, rather faded specimen from Belt’s collection agrees fairly with Mr. Butler's

type of E. terrestris, a species originally described from a Para example, but which we

now trace throughout the Amazons valley.

10. Euptychia pieria.

Euptychia pieria, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 463, t. 39. f. 3'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 336’.

Euptychia usitata, var. 6, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 463°.

Euptychia usitata, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 886*; Butl. Ent. Monthly Mag. vi. p. 252’.

80 RHOPALOCERA.

Alis brunneis, fascia communi fusca transversa, altera per cellulam anticarum et duabus submarginalibus

notatis, ocello (bipupillato) ad anticarum apicem, altera ad angulum posticarum analem: subtus alis ful-

vescentioribus, fascia communi pallida extra cellulam ornatis, ocellis (uno magno, altero parvo) bipupillatis

ad angulum posticarum apicalem, margine externo lineis duabus submarginalibus fuscis notato.

Obs. E. labe affinis, plaga fulva anticarum pagine inferioris absente.

Hab. Mexico (Deppé, Mus. Berol.), Cordova (Riimelt) ; Guatemaua, Polochic valley’,

Choctum and Yzabal (F. D. G. & O. 8.), Pancina, Polochic valley (Champion) ; HonDURAS

(Mus. Brit.1), San Pedro (G. M. Whitely); Nicaraaua, Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica

(Van Patten?*); Panama, Chiriqui (2ibdé), Lion Hill (Md Leannan).— VENEZUELA *

This species has a wide range in Central America; and if the Venezuela form is the

same, as Mr. Butler thinks it in all probability is®, it spreads into the north-western

parts of South America. As the name £. pieria was originally applied to a Central-

American insect, we retain that name for the present species, leaving the question of

its identity with the Venezuelan form for further consideration, as we have not yet had

sufficient materials before us to enable us to form a decided opinion on the subject.

E. pieria is a lowland species, being probably restricted to districts lying below an

elevation of 2500 feet.

We have described a specimen from Honduras, where the type of £. pieria was

taken 1. |

11. Euptychia gulnare. (Tab. VIII. fig. 11.)

Euptychia gulnare, Butl. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vi. p. 250, t. 1. f. 3°.

Alis supra fusco-brunneis unicoloribus: subtus alis pallidioribus, linea fusco-nigra submarginali valde sinuata

aliisque duabus (una ultra, altera per cellulam transeuntibus); alis anticis ocello unico ad angulum apicalem

notatis; posticis ocellis quinque submarginalibus, secundo et quinto maximis et albo distincte pupillatis,

reliquis parvis et indistinctis.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (Af Leannan).

Of this dull-coloured species only a single male specimen has as yet reached us; this

Mr. Butler described in 18701, and compared it with E. harmonia. The neuration of

the primaries, however, places it with E. lade and its allies, whilst £. harmonia goes

with /. camerta in a distinct group.

12. Euptychia squamistriga. (£. zabdi, Tab. VIII. fig. 24.)

Pindis squamistriga, R. Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 475°; Butl. Lep. Ex.

“ Corrections ”’’,

Euptychia zabdi, But]. Lep. Ex. p. 11, t. 4. £. 7°.

Alis supra fuscis, anticis truncatis, posticis in margine externo angulum analem versus distincte dentatis:

subtus alis nigricanti obsolete irroratis, linea submarginali valde indistincta sinuata et altera communi,

in posticis angulata, transversa fusco-nigricantibus, alis ultra hance pallidioribus; posticis punctis quinque

nigris ornatis (secundo maximo, quinto albo pupillato).

EUPTYCHIA. 81

Hab. Mexico, Huahuapam (Hedemann 1), Cuernavaca (Mus. Felder.1); Guaremaa,

Choctum (Hague).

The eyes in this species are destitute of hairs, and the palpi more densely hairy than

in almost any other Luptychia that we have examined. These and other less important

characters induced R. Felder to place E. squamustriga in a genus by itself; and we

should be glad to adopt this division, were we able to trace any well-defined group of

insects possessing such characteristics. But the hairiness or smoothness of the eyes, SO

far as we have been able to see, is subject to considerable variation in Euptychia, and

still more so the hairiness of the palpi; so that we have not been able to make any

satisfactory divisions resting upon these features. The neuration of the primaries

places E. sguamistriga with the insects which here precede it, where it may rest

pending a thorough examination of the whole genus.

This species is apparently a rare one, as we have received but a single specimen from

Guatemala, the type of Z. zabdi, now figured. In Mexico, besides the type obtained

by Lieut. v. Hedemann at Huahuapam, near Cordova, Felder speaks of two other

males in his collection captured at Cuernavaca.

The names given by R. Felder and Mr. Butler to this butterfly were proposed within

a few weeks of each other. The paper containing the description of the former author

was read, but probably not published, prior to the issue of the part of ‘ Lepidoptera

Exotica’ containing the description and figure of the latter. As Mr. Butler in his

corrections places his name, £. zabdi, as a synonym of E. squamistriga, we follow him

in so doing.

6’. First subcostal branch of primaries emitted before the end of the cell, the second

beyond it.

13. Euptychia similis. (Tab. VIII. fig. 4.)

Euptychia similis, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 463}.

? Kuptychia similis, var., Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 463°, 1867, t. 12. f£. 10°.

? Euptychia undina, Butl. Ent. Month. Mag. vi. p. 252‘.

E. labe affinis, sed alis anticis subtus haud fulvo notatis et serie ocellorum submarginali obsoleta, ocello ad

angulum analem tantum bene definito; striis transversis multo angustioribus.

Hab. Muxtco, Oaxaca (Rébouch); Guatemata, San. Geronimo (Champion), central

valleys (fF. D. G. & O. S.' & H. Hague); tNicaracua (Mus. Brit.2**).

Though closely resembling E. pieria, this butterfly appears to be sufficiently distinct

from that species to be recognizable. Besides the slight difference in the position of

the second subcostal branch of the primaries, the chief differences observable are the

position of the ocellus of the anal angle of the hind wings beneath (which in £. similis

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, August 1880. M

82 RHOPALOCERA.

is placed further from the margin), and in the principal band of the wings beneath

being straighter. In Guatemalan specimens the anal ocellus is the only one that is

enlarged, but in the example from Nicaragua in the British Museum, which Mr. Butler

first described as a variety of EL. similis?, and afterwards as a distinct species‘, the

second spot from the costa is also enlarged. We do not feel confident that the Nica-

raguan insect is really distinct, a larger series being requisite to establish its validity.

E. similis has a rather restricted range in Guatemala, being found in the central

districts at an elevation of about 3000 feet above the sea.

We have figured the type specimen.

14. Kuptychia renata. (Tab. VIII. fig. 5.)

Papilio renata, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 326. f. A’.

Euptychia renata, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 336”.

Euptychia disaffecta, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 336°.

Alis fuscis, linea submarginali duplici notatis, area posticarum anali occllata: subtus alis griseo-fuscis, fusco

irroratis et lineis duabus transfasciatis; posticis ocellis tribus (aliquando omnino absentibus), uno ad

angulum apicalem, duobus ad angulum analem, ornatis.

Hab. Guatemaua, Polochic and Chisoy valleys (//ague), Chiacam and Pancina, Polochic

valley (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (v. Patten?*), Caché

(Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (A/*Leannan)—Co tompia; VENEZUELA ;

GUIANA; AMAZONS VALLEY.

There seems to be no certain local variation in specimens from the wide area indicated

above. The ocelli of the under surface of the secondaries are perhaps rather smaller, as

a rule, in Central-American examples; but the difference is not material. The specimen

described by Messrs. Butler and Druce from Costa Rica as KH. disaffecta® proves to be

an example of E. renata with rather small ocelli; but we have a specimen from that

country where the ocelli are obsolete, and this was selected from others of more

normal type.

One of the chief characteristics of this species is the mottled appearance of the under

surface of the wings. This is well rendered in Cramer’s figure; so that the applicability

of his name is hardly doubtful.

We have figured a female specimen from the Chisoy valley.

15. Euptychia rubricata.

Euptychia rubricata, W. H. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. iii. p. 212'.

Alis valde rotundatis, supra brunneis, lineolis tribus submarginalibus notatis, plaga magna lete ferruginea

ornatis, ocellis duobus argenteo bipupillatis, uno ad angulum anticarum apicalem, altero ad angulum

posticarum analem: subtus alis griseo-brunneis, area media anticarum lete ferruginea, lineolis marginalibus

et ocellis sicut In pagina superiore ; anticis stria rubida a costa ad angulum analem ultra cellulam trans-

eunte, duabus maculis duplicibus ceruleo-argenteis infra ocellum apicalem notatis ; posticis stria fusca a costa

EUPTYCHIA. 83

ad marginem internum (extus pallide griseo limbata) et ocellis quinque serie submarginali positis ornatis,

primo maximo, reliquis obsoletis sed argenteo indicatis.

Hab. Norta America, Texas \—Mexico (Deppe, Mus. Berol.); Guaremaua, Cachil,

Vera Paz (Champion).

Mr. Champion has recently sent us several specimens of this pretty species, all taken

3000 or 4000 feet above the sea, on the steep hill-side near the village of Cachil, and

overlooking the plain of Salama in Vera Paz. These agree very fairly with Mr. W. H.

Hdwards’s description of his H. rubricata, described from Texan specimens. In

Guatemala the insect is doubtless very local in its distribution. Mr. Champion only

obtained it in one place; and we never met with it ourselves, nor have we received it

from any other collector. Two years ago we examined five specimens of a Euptychia

in the Berlin Museum, two of which were of Deppe’s collecting, the others from Texas.

From our notes we have little doubt they all belong to E. rubricata.

c'. First and second subcostal branches of primaries emitted before the end of the cell.

16. Huptychia oreba.

Huptychia oreba, But). Cist. Ent. i. p. 19’; Ent. Monthly Mag. vi. p. 252, t. 1.f.7°; Dist. Pr. Ent.

Soc. 1876, p. xii.

Alis supra ferrugineo-fuscis ; posticis rotundatis, extus paulo sinuatis: subtus alis cinerascentioribus ; linea sub-

marginali nigricante, altera valde sinuata, tertia fere recta ultra cellulam, et quarta indistincta per

cellulam notatis ; anticis ocellis quinque albo pupillatis sed indistinctis serie submarginali positis ; posticis

quoque ocellis quinque notatis, secundo et tertio obsoletis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Gabb*).—CoLomBia.

This species was originally described from specimens of which the locality was not

recorded’. These are now before us, and agree fairly with the specimen referred by

Mr. Distant to £. oreba in his supplementary enumeration of Costa-Rican butterflies °.

We have also specimens from the neighbourhood of Santa Marta, Colombia, which we

consider to belong to the same species. Between these specimens, five in number, a

certain amount of variation exists, but not enough to justify their separation without

more materials. The Costa-Rica example comes nearest to the type.

17. Kuptychia libye.

Papilio libye, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 772°.

Euptychia libye, Butl. P. Z.S. 1866, p. 486°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 336°.

Euptychia libyoidea, Butl. P. Z.S8. 1866, p. 487*, 1867, pl. 11. f. 13° ; Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xiii ®.

Alis supra fuscis, marginibus externis lineis duabus angustis circumcinctis: subtus alis multo pallidioribus ;

posticis purpureo tinctis, fasciis duabus jerrugineis, una per cellulam, altera ultra eam transfasciatis, lineis

duabus submarginalibus et plaga elongata intra eas notatis; anticis ocello parvo in apice notatis; posticis

ocellis quinque ornatis, primo et quarto multo majoribus et bipupillatis, quinto parvo, reliquis obsoletis,

M 2

84 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Ff. D. G. & 0.8.7), Chisoy valley (Haque), Choctum

(Hague), Retalhuleu (F. D.G. & O. S.), Cubilguitz, Chiacam, Cahabon and Zapote (Cham-

pion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (v. Patten®, Gabb®); Panama,

Chiriqui, Calobre, and Santa Fé (Arcé).—Sovurn America to North Brazil; Jamaica.

This is one of the commonest species of Huptychia in Central America; and we have

received numbers of specimens from Guatemala. It varies to some extent in the

markings of the underside; but we fail, at present, to see any definite geographical

races, though Mr. Butler has separated an insect of this form from Nicaragua as a

distinct species. In Guatemala, as doubtless elsewhere, L. /ibye is an inhabitant of the

low-lying hot country.

18. Euptychia tiessa.

Euptychia tiessa, Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 37!; Butl. Lep. Exot. p. 48, t. 18. f. 42.

Alis supra rufo-fuscis, linea obscura submarginali notatis; posticis dentatis et ocello nigro rubro circumdato

ornatis: subtus ut supra, alis lineis duabus transversis mediis ferrugineis, linea duplici submarginali ejusdem

coloris, inter has fascia lata grisea centro ferrugineo notatis ; anticis ad apicem uno, posticis quinque ocellis

submarginalibus ornatis, primo (maximo), quarto et quinto pupillatis, reliquis obsoletis.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (v. Patten), Irazu (Rogers);

Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—Ecuapor.

This species may readily be distinguished from all its allies by the rich ferruginous

markings of the underside, and by the broad submarginal grey band with a central

ferruginous streak, in which the ocelli are placed. We have several examples taken

by Mr. Belt at Chontales, in Nicaragua—southward of which locality it would appear

to be rather a scarce insect, as we have only two specimens from Costa Rica and one

from Panama. These, however, all agree with one we have from Guadalquiza, in

Ecuador, where the types were obtained 1.

19. Euptychia satyrina. (Tab. VIII. fig. 23.)

Tagetis satyrina, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p.179*; Butl. & Druce, P.Z.S. 1874, p. 335”.

Euptychia gigas, Butl. P.Z.8. 1866, p. 486, t. 40. f. 7°; Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xiii‘.

Taygetis incerta, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 98°; Butl. Lep. Exot. p. 149, t. 53. £.1°%

Alis fuscis (aliquando ferrugineo notatis) ; posticis ocello nigro albo pupillato, plerumque ferrugineo circumcincto

(aliquando fere obsoleto), angulum analem versus: subtus dilutior, alis linea submarginali valde undulata,

ferruginea, altera curvata interiore, tertia basin propiore; anticis punctis nigris indistinctis apud apicem ;

posticis ocellis quinque notatis, primo, quarto et quinto maximis.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.); Guaremata, Polochic valley (F. G. & O. 8), Chuacus,

Plain of Salama, Choctum, Chisoy valley (Hague); Coban, Pancina, and San Gerénimo

(Champion) ; Costa Rica (v. Patten ?**, Gabo*), Irazu (fogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé),

EUPTYCHIA. 85

This species was originally described by Mr. Bates from a specimen obtained by us

in the Polochic valley, Guatemala’. It is a common insect in the shady forests, and

exhibits a considerable amount of variation, which has led to its having been redescribed

by Mr. Butler. We have a good series of specimens picked from a large number

of individuals. These show a gradual variation from the type specimen, which is

dark brown on the upper side, faintly ocellated between the first and second median

branches of secondaries, beneath rusty brown, both wings crossed near the middle

by parallel ferruginous lines edged with ochreous, the outer line on the inner side,

the inner line on the outer side; both wings are paler towards the outer margin.

Some of our specimens from Costa Rica have the whole of the interior area of the

primaries and a portion of the secondaries on the upper side ferruginous; these are

much paler beneath, being of a rich ochreous brown, especially on the anterior wings ;

they also have two small white spots near the apical ocellus of the anterior wings,

the second and third ocelli of the secondaries being also white. Between these

two extremes there is every grade of variety, rendering it quite impossible to recog-

nize more than one species. Taygetis incerta’, of which we have the type, we consider

nothing more than a pale variety of the present species. The markings are precisely

in the same places in each; and we have likewise intermediate examples leading up to

this form.

20. Kuptychia polyphemus. (Z£. cyclops, Tab. VIII. fig. 22.)

Euptychia polyphemus, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 488°.

Euptychia umbracea, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 98°; Butl. Lep. Exot. p. 149, t. 53. f. 2”.

Euptychia cyclops, Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. p. 126, t. 12. f. 2*.

Alis fuscis: subtus ut supra, linea submarginali sinuata obscura duabusque mediis subparallelis; anticis

punctis minutis albis ad apicem, posticis aliis quatuor submarginalibus ocelloque nigro albo pupillato,

inter ramos medianos secundum et tertium notatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (v. Patten?*), Rio Sucio (fogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Ridbbe*,

Zahn).—CotomBiat; Ecuapor; Perv‘.

After a close examination we are unable to discover any differences by which to

recognize Mr. Butler’s three species as distinct from each other. We possess the types

of E. umbracea and of £. cyclops, and have compared these with that of £. poly-

phemus in the British Museum, and are satisfied as to their all belonging to the same

species. The South-American race appears to be a trifle smaller; and the ocellus

beneath at the apical angle of the secondaries is perhaps also smaller in an average

number of specimens; the transverse lines, too, on the secondaries are usually closer

together. But these points of difference break down when a series of specimens is

examined.

The species is not unlike £. satyrina, differing in the shape of the wings, the more

even edge of the secondaries, and in the generally darker tint of the wings beneath.

86 RHOPALOCERA.

21. Kuptychia antonoe.

Papilio antonoé, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 60, f. EH, F’.

Euptychia antonoé, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 486°.

Alis supra fuscis, lineis tribus indistinctis submarginalibus notatis: subtus alis dilutioribus et grisescentioribus,

fasciis mediis duabus ferrugineis lineisque tribus subparallelis pone marginem externum ; anticis ocello

parvo apud angulum analem et posticis ocellis quinque ornatis, primo et quarto maximis, his cum quinto

albo pupillatis, reliquis obsoletis.

Hab. Guatemata, forests of Northern Vera Paz, Choctum (fF. D. G.& 0. S.), Polochic

valley (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé), Lion Hill

(M‘Leannan).—VENELUELA; AMAZONS; GUIANA’.

This is one of the largest species of the genus, and is distinguished by the pointed

form of the primaries, the outer margin being in some male specimens slightly

concave.

Central-American specimens are quite as large as southern ones, and usually have

the wings of a rather browner tint beneath; but the difference is slight. In female

specimens the anal spot of the secondaries beneath shows through on the upper surface

of the wing.

92. Kuptychia nebulosa. (Tab. VIII. fig. 10.)

Euptychia nebulosa, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 479", 1867, t. 12. f.27.

Alis supra olivaceo-fuscis, lineis tribus submarginalibus notatis; anticarum margine externo paulo concavo:

subtus alis dilutioribus, lineis duabus mediis transversis, tribusque ad margines externos, intima sinuata,

ferrugineis; anticis ocello apicali albo pupillato; posticis ocellis quinque notatis, primo (albo bipupillato),

quarto et quinto maximis.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ridse), Lion Hill (Ad*\Leannan).—VENEzvELA?.

This species, though much smaller than . antonoe, has similar pointed primaries ;

and the neuration being also similar, it may be placed next that species. It is a rare

insect in Central America, as only two specimens have as yet come under our notice.

These agree fairly with Mr. Butler’s type, though the apical ocellus of the primaries

of the Lion-Hill example, a female, is almost obsolete.

e. Wings of both sexes opaque brown; upper discocellular of primaries long and

directed forwards, middle discocellular straight, short, and also directed forwards ;

first subcostal branch emitted before the end of the cell, the second beyond it.

23. Euptychia camerta. (Tab. VIII. figg. 6, 7).

Papilio camerta, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 293. f. F’.

EUPTYCHIA. 87

Euptychia camerta, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 835 7.

Papilio hermes, Fab. Ent. Syst. 1. p. 158°.

Euptychia hermes, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 336 *.

Papilio sosybius, Fab. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 219°.

Euptychia sosybius, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 474°; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 1497.

Neonympha fallax, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. vi. p. 177°.

Euptychia fallax, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 336°.

Euptychia maimouné, Butl. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vi. p. 251, t.1. f.4°; Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876,

p. xii”.

Alis supra fuscis: subtus dilutioribus, lineis duabus submarginalibus fuscis ornatis, interiore sinuata, fasciis

duabus subparallelis, una ultra cellulam, altera intra eam transeuntibus; anticis ocellis quinque submar-

ginalibus notatis (seepe obsoletis), posticis ocellis sex ornatis, secundo et quinto maximis, et omnibus

plerumque albo pupillatis.

Hab. Nortu America, Southern States, Texas ’.—Mexico, Tomasulapam (Hedemann,

Mus. Vind.), Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Lenochio); Britiss Honpvuras, Corosal (Roe);

GuatTeMALA, Duefias (7. D. G. & O. S.), San Geronimo (f. D. G. & O. S., Champion),

Zapote (Champion), Polochic and Chisoy valleys (Hague), Choctum (f. D. G. & O. S.);

Honpuras (Mus. Brit.); Nicanacua*, Chontales (Belt, Janson), Costa Rica (v. Pat-

ten? 49, Gabb™); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé)—Sovutrn America generally to Brazil.

With nearly a hundred specimens before us of this species, selected out of several

times that number, we have vainly endeavoured to separate them into different races,

for which no lack of names exist ready made for their reception. We have failed,

however, to see how E. camerta, E. hermes, E. sosybius, E. fallax, and E. maimouné

can be defined by any trustworthy characters so as to distinguish the one from the

other. The submarginal spots of the secondaries vary very much ; and though Central-

American specimens show a tendency to have the outermost but one at each end of the

row a well-formed and conspicuous ocellus, examples are not wanting where all the

ocelli are nearly equal, this being the prevalent character of the Guianan and Brazilian

insects. Other characters are equally fugitive; so that we find it impossible to follow

Mr. Butler and others in their minute subdivision of this species.

The name F. camerta, which we adopt, is the oldest, and, resting as it does on

Cramer’s figure, is, on the whole, the most desirable one to use.

The species is quite one of the commonest of Huptychie, being found nearly every-

where throughout Central America, from an elevation of 5000 or 6000 feet to the sea-

level.

We have figured two rather extreme forms, one (fig. 6) from the Polochic valley, the

other (fig. 7) from Choctum.

88 RHOPALOCERA.

24. Kuptychia phares. (Tab. VIII. figg. 8, 9.)

Satyrus phares, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 491°.

Neonympha phares, Westw. & Hew. Gen. Dinrn. Lep. p. 375, t. 67. f. 47.

Euptychia phares, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 477°.

Alis supra fuscis, lineolis tribus subparallelis marginatis; anticis ocello unico in angulo apicali, posticis ocellis

quatuor linea submarginali positis ornatis, primo et quarto maximis: subtus multo pallidioribus, lineis et

ocellis multo magis distinctis, linea communi fusca extus sordide albido limbata et anticis plaga magna

media fulva notatis.

Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—VENEZUELA®; Braziut.

Of this species we have a single female specimen, sent us from Calobre by Arcé,

that now described and figured. This agrees closely with a series of examples from

Brazil and Venezuela, showing that this insect, though apparently nowhere common,

has a very extensive range. |

25. Kuptychia harmonia.

Euptychia harmonia, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 478, t. 39. f. 177.

Alis supra fuscis: subtus dilutioribus, lineolis tribus fuscis marginatis, fascia rufescenti-fusca communi in

posticis trisinuata extra cellulas, altera per cellulas transeunte; anticis ocellis quatuor vel quingque

ornatis, eo ad angulum apicalem majore, reliquis obsoletis ; posticis ocellis quinque notatis, quarto maximo,

secundo quoad magnitudinem proximo, reliquis fere obsoletis, sed omnibus albo pupillatis.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu and Caché (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribde).—Ecuapor }.

This species, which by its neuration belongs to the same group as E. camerta, was

originally described from Ecuadorean specimens!. Since then we have received a

number of examples both from Costa Rica and from the neighbourhood of Chiriqui.

These all agree accurately with the typical form from Ecuador.

J. Wings, especially the apical portion of the secondaries, more or less washed with

shining blue in both sexes; first and second subcostal branches emitted before the

end of the cell; middle discocellular angular, and emitting a short recurrent

nervule.

26. Kuptychia ebusa.

Papilio ebusa, Cram, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 292. f. F, G’.

Euptychia ebusa, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 489°.

Euptychia arnea, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 837 (ex Fabr.) *.

d alis supra pallide fuscis, lineis pagine inferioris translucentibus, posticarum dimidio apicali late ceruleo :

subtus dilutioribus; posticis ad marginem internum leviter ceruleo lavatis, lineolis tribus fuscis sub-

parallelis marginatis, fasciis duabus ferrugineis, una ultra cellulas a costa anticarum ad marginem posti-

EUPTYCHIA. 89

carum internum, altera per cellulas transeunte ; anticis ocello unico apicali notatis, posticis ocellis quinque

serie submarginali ornatis, primo et quarto maximis, tertio quarto confluente.

Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten®), Trazu (Rogers);

Panama, Veraguas (Arcé), Lion Hill (‘Leannan).—Sovtn America to the ‘Amazons

valley; Gurana tl.

This is a common South-American butterfly, occurring in numbers in collections from

Guiana. It is also abundant on the Isthmus of Panama and thence northwards to

Nicaragua. These do not differ from Guiana specimens, whence Cramer’s types were

procured.

Messrs. Butler and Druce? follow Mr. Kirby in using Fabricius’s name LE. arnea for

this species; and they may be right in so doing. But as Fabricius, in his later works,

considered EK. fea of Cramer to be probably the same as his £. arnca, the association

of the latter name with £. ebusa is at least doubtful. We therefore adopt Cramer’s title

as more certain, and therefore preferable, one too that has been until recently almost

universally used.

27. Huptychia sericeella. (Tab. VIII. figg. 20, 21.)

Euptychia sericeella, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 202'; Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 489%.

interna angustiore differt.

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob.); Guatemata, forests of Northern

Vera Paz, Choctum (0. 8. & f. D. G.1).

It is quite possible that this insect, when more is known of it, will prove to be

inseparable from E. ebusa. It is certainly not intermediate, as Mr. Butler suggests ?,

between that species and E. cluwena (Drury). Though Mr. Bates states that he described

a male, the fact of both wings being suffused with blue shows, we think, that it was

really a female specimen he had before him. This supposition is confirmed by our

specimen, marked as the type, being a female and not a male. ‘Though we have seen a

male specimen in the Vienna Museum, we were not able to examine it with sufficient

care to say how it differs from the same sex of L. ebusa, so that specimens of this sex

still remain to be compared; and it is more than probable, judging from analogy, that

the chief distinction between FE. sericeella and EL. ebusa, relied upon by Mr. Bates when

describing the former, will disappear when the male sex is examined. Besides the

greater amount of blue on the wings, females only differ from that sex in HL. ebusa by

the ocelli being smaller, and the inner of the two transverse bands beneath being

narrower, both unimportant characters. The species is quite rare in Guatemala: we

took a specimen in the forests of Vera Paz, north of Coban, at an elevation of about

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1, February 1881. N

90 RHOPALOCERA.

1200 feet; and since our return a single example has been sent us from Choctum, in

the same district.

We have figured and described the type from the forests of Northern Vera Paz.

g. Wings of male dead blue, of female brown, but wings of both sexes beneath always

tinged with blue: first subcostal branch of primaries emitted before the end of the

cell, the second just after it: upper discocellular very short ; second strongly convex.

28. Euptychia glaucina. (Tab. VIII. figg. 18, 19.)

Euptychia glaucina, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 203’.

$ alis supra griseo-cyaneis, venis, costa et margine externo fuscescentibus: posticis lineolis duabus submar-

ginalibus notatis ; subtus pallide cyaneis, lineolis duabus submarginalibus et quatuor transversis rufescenti-

fuscis ornatis; linea posticarum tertia ocellos quatuor includente, duos ad angulum apicalem et duos ad

angulum analem.

@ alis supra fuscis ; posticis lineolis obsolete marginatis, subtus sicut in mare.

fab. MExtico, Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), Potrero (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob.), Valla-

dolid, Yucatan (Gaumer); GuatmMALA, Duefias (FD. G. & O. 8.1), Zapote, San Isidro,

and Cahabon (Champion).

This is a northern representative of EH. lycidice, differing, at a glance, from. that

species in the much greyer tint of the wings of the male. Until quite recently the

only specimen known to us was one captured by us at Duefias in 1861, which served as

the type of Mr. Bates’s description, and is the one now figured. Within the last few

months we have received additional specimens from Yucatan, and also a good supply of

examples from Mr. Champion, who captured them chiefly in the neighbourhood of

Cahabon, though he also found it elsewhere. It would thus seem to have a considerable

range, and in altitude is found from the sea-level to a height of 5000 feet.

h, Secondary wings beneath with a submarginal row of metallic spots or lines; first

subcostal branch of primaries emitted before the end of the cell, the second

after it.

a’. Upper discocellular of primaries short, directed forwards.

29. Kuptychia philodice. (Tab. IX. figg. 15, 16.)

Euptychia philodice, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 264’.

¢ alis supra fusco-brunneis; posticis macula conspicue irregulari fulva ultra cellulam, ocellis tribus submar-

ginalibus absque pupillis; subtus rubescenti-brunneis, anticis lineis tribus subparallelis ferrugineis, fascia

subtriangulari pallide fulva inter duas exteriores marginem internum versus; posticis linea valde sinuata

per cellulam, altera extra eandem et extus fascia fulvida late limbata, ocellis duobus submarginalibus ad

medium marginis externi, maculas argenteas sagittiformes includentibus, maculis quoque similibus ad

marginem reliquum.

2 mari similis, sed alis paulo dilutioribus et marginibus suis magis rotundatis.

Hab. Costa Rica, Volean de Irazu (Rogers).

EUPTYCHIA. 91

This well-marked species belongs to the same group as £. gemma, with which

£. phocion of the United States is usually associated, and has the apical angle of the

secondaries produced as in EL. argentella and E. rogerst. The peculiar tawny marks of

the secondaries render the species very distinct from its allies. This marking on the

upper surface is subject to some variation, being more restricted in some specimens

and divided by the brown of the inner portion of these wings running through it

longitudinally.

Mr. Rogers sent us a good series of specimens, all taken on the slopes of Irazu, in

Costa Rica.

We have figured the type.

30. Euptychia nelsoni, sp. n.

Alis supra fusco-brunneis olivaceo tinctis, anticarum apicibus et posticarum marginibus obscurioribus, his maculas.

obsoletas nigras includentibus ; subtus anticis fere unicoloribus fuscis, posticis paulo grisescentioribus, fascia

lata recta valde distineta a costa ad angulum analem ducta albicante, et fascia altera interiore sinuata

indistincta fusca, ornatis ; ocellis duobus submarginalibus ad medium marginis externi, maculas argenteas

sagittiformes includentibus, maculis quoque similibus ad marginem reliquum. Exp. 1°75 poll.

submarginalibus nigris magis distinctis; subtus quoque fascia conspicua albicante absente distinguenda.

Exp. 1:9.

Hab. Guatemata, Cerro de Zunil (Champion).

Of this pretty and distinct species Mr. Champion has recently sent us a good

series of specimens, which he captured in the forests of the southern slope of the Cerro

de Zunil, at an altitude of about 6000 feet above the sea. When exploring this moun-

tain, Mr, Champion stayed at Las Nubes, a coffee-estate founded by the late Mr. William

Nelson, an old friend of ours, after whom we have named the species.

In the series before us we trace a slight variation in size, and also in the distinctness

of the dark margin of the secondaries from the rest of the wings. On the underside

the conspicuous transverse band is broader in some specimens than in others; and in

one example the middle portion has a few dark scales, rendering it less pure in colour.

As regards the single female specimen, it agrees sufficiently with the males in every

particular, except in wanting the pale band of the secondaries beneath, which is

replaced by dark rusty red. As the position of this band is indicated, and as we see no

other evidence pointing to the presence of a second species, we incline to the opinion

that this female is the normal female of the males taken in the same woods. The

difference, however, is more than is usually seen between the sexes of species of

Euptychia. The nearest ally of E. nelsoni appears to be E. philodice of Costa Rica.

31. Euptychia argentella. (Tab. VIII. fig. 26.)

Euptychia argentella, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 98°; P.Z.S. 1874, p. 337°.

92 RHOPALOCERA.

E, philodice similis, sed plerumque minor et posticis macula fulvida absente, subtus fascia flava anticarum et

posticarum absentibus, linea transversa posticarum exteriore valde angulata et extrorsum (in specimine

typico) flavido leviter limbata ; ocellis omnibus multo minoribus.

Hab. Guatemata, Duefias, Calderas, and Cerro de Zunil (Champion); Costa Rica

(Van Patten 12), Volcan de Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Areé, Ribbe).

Typical male examples of this species from Costa Rica are considerably smaller than

those from Guatemala, and have a yellowish transverse mark on the secondaries, not

seen or only faintly in the more northern insects. These differences, though fairly con-

stant, are scarcely of sufficient importance to justify the division of the species. Chiriqui

examples, one of which we have figured, agree with those from Costa Rica.

In a series of specimens from Zunil, recently received, further variation 1s also to be

traced: in some examples the wings are more rounded than in others, and of a rich

ferruginous tint; on the underside, too, the colour of the wings varies from ferruginous

to almost grey, and the ocelli of the secondaries, well marked in some individuals, are

almost obsolete in others.

As in E. philodice two, and sometimes three, blind ocelli are visible near the middle

of the outer margin of the secondaries. This character distinguishes these species from

E. rogersi, which shows only one such ocellus.

Some of Mr. Champion’s Guatemala specimens were captured at elevations ranging

between 5000 and 7000 feet above the sea.

32. Euptychia rogersi. (Tab. IX. figg. 13, 14.)

Euptychia rogersi, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 265°.

E, argentelle similis, sed posticis supra ocello unico notatis; alis subtus magis fuscescentibus fascia inter strias

transversas duas externas griseo-fusca; ocello magno unico ad angulum apicalem et maculis argenteis

majoribus differt.

2 mare pailidior, et alis striis ferrugineis pagins superioris notatis. ~

Hab. Costa Rica, Volcan de Irazu (Rogers*).

The single ocellus of the secondaries, which shows on the upper surface as a black

submarginal spot, at once serves to distinguish this species from its allies. The anal

angle of the secondaries, as in E. philodice and E. argentella, is considerably produced,

and even more so than in those species.

Mr. Rogers sent us four specimens of this insect, including both sexes. All were

taken on the slopes of the Volcan de Irazu.

38. Kuptychia gemma. (Tab. VIII. fig. 12.)

Neonympha gemma, Hiibn. Zutr. Ex. Schm. p. 8, f. 7, 8°.

EUPTYCHIA. 93

Euptychia gemma, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 500°; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 150°.

Euptychia cornelius, Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. p. 122 (ex Fabr.)*.

Alis supra cinereis, posticis ocellis duobus indistinctis ad marginem externum; subtus ut supra fusco irroratis,

anticis tribus, posticis duabus lineis ferrugineis transfasciatis, posticis duobus ocellis bipartitis et argenteo

ornatis ad marginis externi medium, area circumjacente ferrugineo atomata, margine reliquo externo

maculis argenteis sagittiformibus ornato.

Hab. NortH America, Southern States!, Texas?.—Mexico (Deppe, Mus. Berol.) ;

GuATEMALA, Duefias, San Gerdénimo and Polochic valley (Ff. D.G. & O. S.), San Gerénimo

(Champion).

This is one of the few species of Huptychia which extends its range into the United

States, where it appears to be not uncommon in Georgia, Florida, and Texas. In

Guatemala it can hardly be called rare, being found in places situated between 3000

and 5000 feet above the sea.

In using Hiibner’s name for this species we follow Mr. Herman Strecker ?, who

rightly considers Fabricius’s name E. cornelius* too uncertain to be received.

We have figured a male from San Gerdénimo.

34. Kuptychia pyracmon. (Tab. VIII. fig. 27.)

Euptychia pyracmon, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 499*; 1867, p. 109, t. 11. £.10°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S.

1874, p. 337°.

E. gemme valde affinis, sed major, alis supra paulo rufescentioribus et fasciis pagine inferioris magis distinctis.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Mus. Brit.) (Koppe, Mus. Berol.); Guatemata, Vera Paz

(Hague), Cachil (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten®); Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn).

This species is very closely allied to EZ. gemma, but differs in the few points indicated

above. Its range does not correspond with that of E. gemma, as it is found at least as

' far south as Chiriqui, and even further, if a specimen in our collection said to be from

Venezuela really came from that country. Its northern range, too, terminates in

Southern Mexico, whereas EH. gemma spreads over the Southern States.

Mr. Champion’s specimens were taken from the hills above Cachil, in Vera Paz, at

an elevation of between 3000 and 4000 feet above the sea.

é. Upper discocellular of primaries entirely absent.

35. Euptychia hedemanni. (£. ithamna, Tab. VIII. fig. 25; £. vetones,

Tab. IX. figg. 17, 18.)

Cyllopsis hedemanni, R. Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 474°.

Euptychia ithama, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 9, t. 4. f. 4°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 337°.

Euptychia vetones, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 265 *.

6 alis anticis paulo falcatis, posticis angulatis angulum analem versus sensim dentatis; alis supra fuscis ;

94 RHOPALOCERA.

subtus undique fusco-nigro irroratis, fasciis duabus transversis ferrugineis, una per cellulas, altera ultra

easdem, posticis ocello unico ad marginis externi medium punctisque argenteis apud marginem externum

notatis.

mari similis, sed major, anticarum apicibus minus acutis et alarum pagina superiore lineis transversis

ferrugineis notata.

Hab. Mexico, Potrero (Hedemann 1); Guatemata, San Gerdnimo (Hague?, Champion),

Panima, Polochic valley, Cerro de Zunil, and Calderas (Champion); Costa Rica (Van

Patten *), Volcan de Irazu (Rogers *).

On seeing the type of Cyllopsis hedemanni in the Vienna Museum we at once recog-

nized the species known to us as Huptychia ithama. Mr. Butler, in the corrections to

his ‘ Lepidoptera Exotica,’ states that C. hedemanni and Taygetis kerea are names of the

same species; but this is not the case.

For a long time a single female specimen, the type of Mr. Butler’s description, was

the only one known to us; and until quite recently only females had come under our

notice. Mr. Champion, however, has now sent us both sexes; and with the additional

materials now before us we do not consider the Costa-Rican form, which we separated

as E. vetones*, to be really distinguishable from the Mexican and Guatemalan insect. It

is true that the transverse lines on the underside of E. vetones are rather more distinct

than in £. hedemanni ; but the difference is hardly sufficient to justify its separation.

Of both forms we now possess a good series of specimens, including both sexes of each.

In Guatemala EF. hedemanni ranges from 2000 feet above the sea to about 7000 feet,

and is probably nowhere very common.

Note.—Besides the foregoing species, the names of a few others have been published,

but which we have not yet been able to recognize. These names may apply to species

unknown to us, or more probably refer to some of those which are here treated of.

They are as follows :—

Neonymypha lupita, Reakirt, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 331. Near Vera Cruz and

Orizaba, Mexico.

Neonympha epinephile, Felder, Reise d. Nov. Lep. i. p. 476. Mexico.

Neonympha pomptlia, Felder, tom. cit. p. 479. Colombia and Mexico.

TAYGETIS.

Tayyetis, Hubn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 55 (1816) ; Westw. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 355.

As already hinted (anted, p. 74), the limits between this genus and Euptychia are

not so definite as. could be wished; some of the species, especially those allied to

T. valentina, having so strong a resemblance to some Euptychie, that were the whole of

the species of the two genera fully examined some rearrangement of the position of

certain species would result.

TAYGETIS. 95

So far as 7. mermeria is concerned, we have no doubt of its generic distinctness.

In the genital armature of the male of T. mermeria differences are observable when com-

pared with the same organs in Euptychia, the lateral hooks of the tegumen being

developed in a remarkable way, being long slender rods curved like fish-hooks.

The palpi, too, of 7. mermeria have the terminal joint much shorter than in 7. vir-

gilia ; and the front legs of the male are densely hairy.

These points show that the whole group requires a very thorough examination, an

undertaking beyond the scope of a faunistic work like the present.

We take the genus as usually understood, and much as it stands in Mr. Butler’s

‘ Catalogue of Satyride in the British Museum.’ The number of species it contains is

difficult to estimate, so many of them being merely nominal ones. Mr. Butler in his

Catalogue admitted twenty-seven; and he subsequently added several more in his

‘Lepidoptera Exotica.’ In our own collection we admit about twenty, of which some

are of doubtful value. Within the limits of Central America we find nine species, of

which only three reach Southern Mexico, the genus being strictly a tropical one.

a. Large species; median transverse band of secondaries straight or in a simple curve.

1. Taygetis mermeria.

Papilio mermeria, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 96. f. B’; iv. t. 289. £. E, F2.

Taygetis mermeria, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schm. ii. t. 843; Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p-7*; Butl. & Druce,

P.Z.S8. 1874, p. 835°.

Faunus tenebrosus, Blanch. d’Orb. Voy. Am. Mérid. vi. p. 222, t. 32. £. 1, 28,

Taygetis excavata, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 8, t. 1. f. 17.

Alis olivaceo-fuscis, anticarum apicibus valde productis, posticarum margine externo ad angulum analem plus

minusve dentato: subtus alis pupurascenti-fuscis aut ferrugineis, ad basin pallidioribus et undique fusco-

nigro irroratis; anticis ocellis quinque submarginalibus ornatis ; posticis linea recta transversa intus

nigricante, extus dilutiore notatis ultra eam serie sex ocellorum linea fere recta positorum et linea sub-

marginali persinuosa ornatis.

Hab. Muxico (Sallé) ; Guatemana, Retalhuleu (7. D. G. & O.8.), Volcan del Zum-

bador (Champion); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.1); Nicaracua‘ (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica

(Endres, Van Patten®, Rogers).—Soutn AMERICA, to Brazil and Bolivia.

Though considerable diversity exists in the shape and coloration of the wings of

specimens from different points in the wide range of this species, we are unable to group

them in any definite manner so that each race should bear a separate name. The chief

points of variation consist in the shape of the apex of the primaries, which in some

specimens is produced to a sharp point; the anal angle of the secondaries in others is

more deeply indentated, and these wings rather more produced and less rounded. The

colour of the underside presents the greatest diversity; and the only constant character

to be traced is the straightness of the transverse median band of the secondaries—a point

of distinction between 7. mermeria and T. armillata.

96 RHOPALOCERA.

Geographically these differences are generally distributed as follows :—

In Guiana the primary wings are least produced and the secondaries most rounded.

This form is represented on Cramer's plate 96*, and must be considered the typical

T. mermeria. This form also spreads into the Upper Amazons valley and to Ecuador.

Here it meets and blends with an insect with the primaries produced to a point, a

character to be found in this Taygetis from Mexico to Brazil, and which is represented

in d’Orbigny’s ‘ Voyage’ as Fawnus tenebrosus®; Cramer’s plate 289 also represents this

form from Surinam2. In Central America the secondaries are somewhat produced and

have the anal angle rather more conspicuously notched. This form is Mr. Butler's

T. excavata’. But to show how slight this character is, we find that this entomologist

has assigned to Central America the true 7. mermeria®, a local form of it4, and also

his 7. excavata’, a statement the evidence of our specimens does not support.

The coloration of the underside of the wings resembles that of dead leaves ; and as too

close an adherence to one pattern and tint would to some extent render the likeness

less complete, we find great diversity in this respect and only a general pattern retained

by all the members of the species.

T. mermeria in Guatemala frequents the shades of the forest, flies close to the ground,

and is very difficult to distinguish from the surrounding decayed leaves when settled on

dead vegetation. It is only found in the low-lying country, and probably not much

above an elevation of 1000 feet.

We have described a Nicaraguan specimen, where, however, the greatest diversity of

colour of the underside exists in different individuals.

2. Taygetis armillata.

Taygetis armillata, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 8, t.1. £.3°.

Taygetis jimna, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 17, t. 7. f. 5°.

T. mermerdoe similis, sed subtus serie ocellorum anticarum linea rectiore posita, fascia posticarum transversa

magis curvata et margine externo in medio valde dentato distinguenda.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (1/‘Leannan?).—Cotompia!; Ecuapor; Borrvial.

The only specimen we possess of this species from Central America is that sent us by

M‘Leannan, which formed the type of Mr. Butler’s 7. jimnat. This is in very poor

condition and much faded and worn, accounting for some of the differences Mr. Butler

describes as separating it from the Colombian 7. armillata. Of the latter insect we

have specimens from the last-named country and from Ecuador ; and on comparing these

with the Panama butterfly and making allowance for the inevitable differences of colour

found in species of this genus, we do not see how their distinction can be maintained ;

nor do we see any difference in the form of the wings of specific importance. |

TAYGETIS. 97

b. Medium-sized species; median band of secondaries beneath straight.

8. Taygetis virgilia.

Papilio virgilia, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. p. 150, t. 96. fC’.

Taygetis virgilia, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 9°.

Taygetis chrysogone, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 335 (nec D. & H.) ?*

Alis olivaceo-fuscis, posticarum margine externo serrato et ferrugineo plerumque late marginato; subtus alis

rubescenti-fuscis, lineis duabus parallelis transfasciatis, una per cellulam, altera ultra eam, ultra hanc

dilutioribus et ocellis obsoletis notatis, linea submarginali sinuata obsoleta quoque ornatis.

Hab. Mexico, Valladolid, Yucatan (Gawmer) ; Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague),

Cahabon and Coatepeque (Champion) ; Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson) ; Costa Rica

(Van Patten®); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé).—SoutH America to Guiana’ and

Brazil 2.

This species varies considerably in coloration, especially in the tint of the underside

of the wings, some specimens being dull brown, others of a rich rusty red. The

secondaries; too, of many specimens have a very distinct ferruginous margin; but in

others this passes into the general colour of the rest of the wings, a series showing a

complete transition from one to the other. The rufous margin, however, is more

commonly seen in specimens from northern localities.

We are not quite sure that the insect called 7. chrysogone in Messrs. Butler and

Druce’s list of Costa-Rica butterflies? is rightly referred to this species ; but as we cannot

trace any specimen of the true 7. chrysogone in Dr. Van Patten’s collection, and as we

find a single specimen of 7’. virgilia having the rufous margin to the secondaries already

spoken of, which, to a much greater extent, is present in 7. chrysogone, we think it

probable that this name was inadvertently applied to the Costa-Rica butterfly.

It is not always very easy to distinguish this species from 7. andromeda. In Central

America the presence in the secondaries of a well-defined subanal spot in the latter is

one distinguishing character; and the greater straightness and better definition of the

inner of the two transverse lines also helps in their differentiation. In South America

these points of difference are not so apparent.

4. Taygetis nympha.

Taygetis nympha, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p.9, t.1. £77.

T. virgilie affinis, sed anticarum apicibus magis acutis, et subtus linea submarginali multo magis sinuata

distinguenda.

Hab. Guatemaua, central valleys (F. D. G. € O.S.), Chuacus (Hague); Honpuras

(mus. Brit.'); Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson).

As Mr. Butler remarks, this species is somewhat intermediate between 7. chelys of

Brazil and T. virgilia. On the upperside it strongly resembles the former; but the

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., Apri/ 1881. O

98 RHOPALOCERA.

secondaries are never so deeply serrated. On the underside it is more like 7. virgilia,

having the outer transverse band nearly straight; but it does not appear ever to

assume the rich ferruginous tint of J. virgilia, and the submarginal line is very much

more sinuated.

The type of the species came from Honduras!. We have described a specimen from

Chuacus, our specimens having been taken in the vicinity.

5. Taygetis andromeda. (Taygetis sylvia, Tab. X. fig. 1.)

Papilio andromeda, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. p. 149, t. 96. f. A’.

Taygetis andromeda, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 11’.

Papilio thamyra, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. p. 83, t. 242. f. BY.

Taygetis thamyra, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 335 *.

Taygetis sylvia, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 153°.

Taygetis uzza, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 18, t. 7. f.1°.

Taygetis leuctra, But. Cist. Ent. i. p. 19"; Lep. Ex. p. 149, t. 53. f£. 3°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S.

1874, p. 335°.

Alis olivaceo-fuscis, linea submarginali obscuriore notatis; subtus alis purpurascenti- aut grisescenti-fuscis,

interdum fulvo notatis, linea transversa ultra cellulas, altera minus distincta interiore, ocellis submargi-

nalibus precipue indistinctis, secundo posticarum maximo, linea submarginali valde sinuata; anticis

interdum truncatis interdum acutis, posticis serratis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio); Guatemala, San Gerdnimo,

Motagua valley and Retalhuleu (fF. D.G & O.S.), Chuacus, Choctum, Polochic and

Chisoy valleys (Hague), Chiacam, San Isidro, El Reposo, and Las Mercedes (Champion) ;

Nicaracua 2, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten? 4°); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé),

Veraguas (Arcé), Lion Hill (/*Leannan*).—Sovurn America to Guiana}? and Brazil.

At first sight it seems difficult to believe that all the above names belong to but one

species. Our collection, however, contains about 100 specimens selected from a much

larger number; and on a close examination of these, we find intermediate forms

between them all, leaving us no alternative but to unite them under one name.

Even in form there is considerable variation: some have the apex of the primaries blunt,

as though the points had been cut off; but between this and an almost pointed apex

there is every gradation. All our Central-American specimens have the second

ocellus from the anal angle on the underside of the secondaries more conspicuous

than the rest; but as this is likewise exhibited in some of our South-American

examples, it cannot be considered a really distinguishing feature. Some insects,

especially those from Veragua, have a broad buff border on the underside of the

primaries, in some cases extending halfway across the secondaries; this is also seen in

some Guatemalan examples, one of which was described by Mr. Butler as 7. uzza®.

This form, too, reappears in South America mixed with others of more usual colour.

The same is the case with the species described by Mr. Butler as D. leuctra’®, an

TAYGETIS. 99

apparently well-marked form, which passes by obvious and gradual steps into such an

extreme as T. renana*.

T. sylvia® is perhaps the most distinct of all, the wings being pointed and the outer

band of the primaries beneath parallel to the outer margin; but the passage between

this and the ordinary 7. andromeda seems quite complete.

T. andromeda is a fairly abundant species everywhere throughout its range up to an

elevation of 3000 or 4000 feet.

c. Small species ; median band of secondaries beneath in a waved line directed either in

a straight or in a curved line across the wing.

6. Taygetis keneza.

Taygetis keneza, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 19, t. 7. f. 47.

Alis fuscis, anticarum apicibus obtusis, posticis serratis ; subtus anticis pallidioribus, posticis griseo-purpureis

fasciis duabus mediis curvatis obscuris transeuntibus, serie submarginali ocellorum albo-pupillatis lineaque

undulata obscura margini propiore notatis.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Bel¢); Panama, Chiriqui, Veragua (Arcé).—Ecuapor,

GutaNa’; BRazIL.

Mr. Butler described this species from a Cayenne specimen in our collection. It

appears to be a distinct species having a wide range. It comes near T. valentina,

differing chiefly from that species in having the central band of the secondaries curved

instead of in an undulating line across the wing ; the bands too of the primaries beneath

are broader, and the outer margin of the secondaries more dentate. We have only as

yet seen four specimens from Central America; but these agree fairly with the Guiana

type, due allowance being made for the variation found in members of this genus.

7. Taygetis valentina.

Papilo valentina, Cr. Pap. Ex. iii. p. 83, t. 242. f. A’.

Taygetis valentina, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 18.

Debis marpessa, Hew. Ex. Butt. iv. Debis, t. 1. f. 2°.

Taygetis zimri, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 19, t. 7. f. 6%.

Alis fuscis, subtus pallidioribus et griseo-purpureo tinctis, lineis tribus curvatis obscuris transeuntibus, et

serie ocellorum submarginali fere obsoleta notatis.

Hab. GuatemaLa, Chuacus (Hague*), Cerro Zunil and Las Mercedes (Champion) ;

Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).—Sovutn America to Amazons valley * and Guiana 12.

For several years two examples from Chuacus, from one of which Mr. Butler’s

description of 7. zimri was taken, were all the Central-American specimens we possessed

of this species. Mr. Champion has now sent us a good series, which prove 7. zimri to

* Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 18, t. 7. f.3.

100 RHOPALOCERA.

be so closely allied to 7. valentina of Cramer as to be practically inseparable from it.

The chief difference in the type of 7. zémri consists in the ocelli being all nearly

obsolete, whereas in 7. valentina the first, fourth, and fifth are usually the most

prominent; but this is a character which breaks down when a series is examined.

From 1’ keneza it chiefly differs in the bands of the wings beneath being narrower, and

the outer margin of the secondaries less dentate.

8. Taygetis kerea.

Taygetis kerea, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 11, t. 4. £. 27.

Alis fuscis, subtus cinereo, fulvo et fusco notatis, linea curvata transversa cellulas transeunte, altera ultra eam,

tertiaque undulata submarginali, ocellis indistinctis intra et iis parallelis notatis.

Hab. GuatEMaLa, Polochic valley (F. D. G. & O. 8.1), Chuacus, Chisoy valley (Hague).

This butterfly was described by Mr. Butler from specimens in our collection. It

appears to be a scarce insect, as we have only received four examples of it. It belongs

apparently to the same group as 7. valentina, being, however, a much smaller insect.

d. Small species; a longitudinal fulvous patch on the secondaries beneath.

9. Taygetis penelea.

Papilio penelea, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. p. 8, t. 101. f. G*.

Taygetis penelea, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 13”.

Alis fuscis, anticis fascia submarginali lata pallidiore, maculas duas (aliquando tres) nigras includente ;

subtus anticis dilutioribus, ocello nigro apud angulum apicalem ornatis; posticarum regione costali nigri-

canti-fusca, fascia pallida bisecta, posticarum reliqua parte griseo- -fusca, Plaga fulva longitudinali ornata

et ocellis quatuor notata, tertio obsoleto.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (d‘Zeannan).—Sovts America? to Guiana! and the Amazons

valley. .

This is a well-known South-American species which just enters our fauna in the

isthmus of Panama, whence M‘Leannan sent us several specimens. ‘These do not

differ from southern examples, except .that the fulvous longitudinal patch of the

secondaries beneath is wider and more conspicuous.

PARAMECERA.

Paramecera, Butler, Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 98 (1868).

The single species of this genus is a rather peculiar-looking insect, recalling in the

pattern of its coloration the common Pararge megera of Europe. But its relationship

with Pararge is not very close, the antenne being less abruptly clubbed, the eyes less hairy,

besides differences in the neuration of the wings. Like many species of Pararge, however,

the male is distinguished by having a patch of compact scales on the lower side of the

PARAMECERA.—LYMANOPODA. 101

median nervure of the primaries—a character which serves to distinguish it from all

members of the genus Euptychia, which structurally is its nearest ally. The neuration

of the primaries is much the same as in Euptychia libye and its allies, two subcostal

branches being thrown off before the end of the cell (antea, p. 83). The differences

between Paramecera and Euptychia consist in the greater distinctness of the club of the

antennee and in the terminal joint of the palpi being more slender and directed forwards

at a less obtuse angle. They are not very important ; and, considering the diversity

of the members of the latter genus, the former might well be included in Luptychia.

However, as the separation has been made, and as a further subdivision of Euptychia is

almost inevitable, we are content to keep Paramecera distinct. ‘The range of the genus

is that of its single species as given below.

Mr. Butler, in his description of the genus, alludes to the upper surface of the wings

being densely hairy, more so than in any other species of Satyrinee. This peculiarity is

not obvious to us, as our specimens, though certainly densely clothed with scales on the

wings, are not more so than is the case with many other species.

1. Paramecera xicaque.

Neonympha xicaque, Reak. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 336°.

Paramecera xicaque, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 99, t. 2. f.5”.

Alis rufescenti-fuscis, marginibus et anticarum plaga submediana obscurioribus ; posticis rotundatis et bene

dentatis ; anticis ocellis duobus ad apices et posticis serie submarginali ornatis ; posticarum limbo externo

ad angulum analem rufescente, lineis fuscis margini subparallelis notato; subtus alis magis fulvescentibus ;

anticis lineis transversis rufis notatis, una per cellulam, altera ultra eam ad angulum analem ducta ; posticis

fascia lata transversa rufo limbata ornatis, ocellis pagine superioris albo pupillatis et margine externo

lineis duabus subparallelis ornatis.

@ mari similis, sed major et plaga fusca anticarum submediana absente distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico”, near Vera Cruz (W. H. Edwards"), mountains of Oaxaca (Henochio).

This species, which seems restricted in its range to the southern States of Mexico,

Vera Cruz, and Oaxaca, was first described by Mr. Reakirt from specimens obtained by

Mr. W. H. Edwards in the vicinity of VeraCruz. We have since obtained several examples

from the eastern slope of the mountains of Oaxaca, which were sent us by Don A. Fenochio.

The species is also represented in the collection of the British Museum ®; and there was

one in the Kaden collection bearing a MS. name of Herrich-Schaffer’s. As already stated,

the peculiarity of the colour of this species, coupled with the dark submedian patch on

the primaries of the male, distinguishes it from all members of the genus Luptychia, to

which it seems very closely allied.

LYMANOPODA.

Lymanopoda, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 401 (1851).

The head quarters of this genus is the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, where

102 RHOPALOCERA.

as many as twenty-seven species have been found. In Central America L. ewopis is the sole

representative, a species peculiar to the highlands of Costa Rica. Like Pedaliodes, Prono-

phila, and the allied genera, the median nervure of the primaries is not distinctly swollen

at the base. Two subcostal branches are thrown off before the end of the cell; and there

is a long strong recurrent nervule, the secondaries also showing a similar character as a

short but distinct spur. In Pronophila a recurrent nervule is present in the primaries;

but in the other above-mentioned genera it is obsolete.

1. Lymanopoda euopis. (Tab. IX. figg. 7,10¢, 11, 122.)

Lymanopoda euopis, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 266.

3 alis fusco-nigris, anticis ocellis quinque transversis albo pupillatis in serie bicurvata in area inter cellulam et

marginem externum nigris; posticis quinque ocellis ultra cellulam ornatis ; subtus ferrugineo-fuscis, ocellis

in fascia ochraceo-fusca (marginibus nigricantibus valde sinuatis) positis, macula subtriangulari flavescente

intra cellulam apud finem ejus, fasciis transversis sinuosis rubiginosis serieque punctulorum nigrorum ultra

cellulam albo pupillatorum notatis.

Q mari similis, colore fusco dilutiore, anticarum ocellis in dimidio apicali majoribus in fascia lata male definita

flava positis; posticis in exemplis quibusdam dimidio apicali fulvis, subtus flavescentibus.

Hab. Costa Rica, Volcan de Irazu and Cache (Logers).

Mr. Rogers first found this species in the mountains of Irazu in Costa Rica, whence

he subsequently sent us several specimens of both sexes. It is the only species of the

genus with which we are acquainted that is found in Central America. It is very

different from all others, and may be readily recognized by the prominent row of sub-

marginal ocelli, which are most conspicuous in the females. In this sex some diversity

of colour seems to prevail. The first specimen received, which is that represented on

our Plate, has the distal half of the secondaries tawny, the blind ocelli showing clear

and distinct from the dark proximal half of the wings. In another female example the

wing is more uniform in colour, the distal half being hardly lighter than the rest and

the ocelli indistinct. As this second specimen resembles the male, we suppose the first

to be abnormally coloured.

PEDALIODES.

Pedaliodes, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xx. p. 267 (1867).

Of this genus upwards of eighty species have been described, mostly from the Andean

and Subandean regions of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia; of these only seven

occur within our borders, and none of them further north than Guatemala, where two

species are found. The genus to a great extent takes the place of Hrebia and its allies

of the mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere. Hewitson, with whom these

butterflies were always favourites, included them with Oxeoschistus and several other

smaller groups in the genus Pronophila; but Mr. Butler’s separation of them is, we

think, fully justified. The primaries have no recurrent nervule; the eyes are distinctly

hairy ; and the median nervure of the primaries is not swollen at its base.

PEDALIODES. 103

1. Pedaliodes manis.

Pronophila manis, Feld. Reise d. Nov., Zool. ii. Lep. Th. iii. p. 469’.

Pedaliodes manis, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 337 7.

Alis nigro-fuscis, anticis limbum externum versus dilutioribus; subtus ferrugineo-fuscis, fascia lata submarginali

pallidiore, interne valde curvata, et atomis albescentibus tinctis, margine interno ferrugineo.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten *).—CoLoMBiA!; VENEZUELA; Ecuapor.

We have a single example of this species which came in Van Patten’s collection from

Costa Rica. It agrees fairly with some of the South-American specimens, though, like

most members of this genus, individuals differ slightly from each other. In some the

amount of the rufous marking on the underside at the anal angle is greater and more

concentrated than in others; the submarginal line varies also in its distinctness.

Dr. Felder’s specimens came from the neighbourhood of Bogota, whence we have

examples, and also from the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, and from Merida in

Venezuela: these latter have a rather conspicuous ocellus near the anal angle of the

secondaries beneath, and may be referable to another species.

2. Pedaliodes pisonia. (Pedaliodes dejecta, Tab. IX. fig. 4.)

Pronophila pisonia, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, 1. p. 6, t. 3. f. 21°.

Pedaliodes pisonia, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 173°.

Pronophila dejecta, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 179°.

Pedaliodes lithochalcis, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p.100*; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 338’.

Alis supra fuscis fere unicoloribus, marginibus externis paulo dilutioribus ; subtus pallidioribus, anticis interdum

angulum analem versus ferrugineo tinctis et fasciis indistinctis transfasciatis, una per cellulam altera ultra

eam transeuntibus; posticis nigro irroratis, fascia indistincta valde sinuata ultra cellulam ornatis, ocello

unico ad angulum analem quoque notatis.

Q mari similis, sed major et coloribus alarum pagine inferioris multo magis distinctis.

Hab. Guaremata, Polochic valley (7. D. G. & O. S.3); Costa Rica (Van Patten *?),

Volcan de Irazu and Rio Sucio (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé).— VENEZUELA ? ?.

Mr. Bates described a single specimen of this butterfly obtained by us in the valley

of the Polochic, Guatemala, under the name Pronophila dejecta®. Van Patten subse-

quently sent examples of the same insect from Costa Rica, to which Messrs. Butler and

Druce gave the name P. lithochalcis 4, comparing it with P. pisonia. We have received

specimens from Mr. Rogers from the Rio Sucio and the Volcan de [razu in Costa Rica,

and also from Arcé from Chiriqui; and thus we possess a considerable series from these

various sources. On a close examination of them we are unable to discriminate more

than one species. Though there is a slight variation in the intensity of the mottled

marking of the under surface of the wings, this does not seem to be peculiar to any

locality. Again, comparing examples of the Central-American insect with Hewitson’s

types of Pedaliodes pisonia from Venezuela in the British Museum, we do not see how they

104 RHOPALOCERA.

can be separated. Mr. Butler placed P. dejecta as a synonym of P. pisonia; if he is

right in so doing (and we think he is), it follows, almost necessarily, that P. lithochalcis

of Costa Rica falls under the same category.

3. Pedaliodes perperna.

Pronophila peperna, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, i. p. 161.

Pedalioides perperna, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 337”.

Alis fuscis, anticis ocello nigro albo pupillato et rufo circumcincto prope angulum analem (aliquando absente) ;

subtus rufo-fusco irroratis, fascia lata submarginali pallidiore, anticis et posticis ocello albo pupillato apud

angulos anales, anticis quoque puncto albescente ad angulum apicalem.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten ?).— VENEZUELA ”.

Van Patten sent a single female specimen from Costa Rica, which we refer to this

species. It agrees closely with our Venezuelan examples; the ocellus, however, at the

anal angle of the primaries, both above and below, is surrounded with rufous, which

appears only to a very limited extent in our Venezuelan examples; but we consider it

undoubtedly belongs to the same species. |

4, Pedaliodes napa. (Tab. IX. figg. 2, 3.)

Pedaliodes napea, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 1797.

Alis fuscis, marginibus dentatis, fascia lata submarginali in anticis dilutiore, in posticis ferruginea ; subtus fuscis

ferrugineo irroratis, fasciis pagine: superioris pallide notatis, ocello nigro albo pupillato angulum analem

versus indistincte indicato.

Hab. Guatemata, San Gerénimo (Ff. D. G. & O. 8.1, Champion), Calderas and Cerro

Zunil (Champion).

We only obtained a single example of this species during our stay in Guatemala,

and this unfortunately in poor condition; but Mr. Champion has lately sent us several

beautiful fresh specimens taken at various altitudes (ranging from 3500 feet to 6000 or

7000 feet). It is very distinct from any other species known to us; and, so far as we

are aware, it is peculiar to the highlands of Guatemala.

5. Pedaliodes hulda. (Tab. IX. figg. 7, 8.)

Pedaliodes hulda, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 99*; P.Z. 8. 1874, p. 338°.

Alis anticis nigro-fuscis, posticis marginibus externis prope angulum analem fulvescentibus et linea obscura

submarginali notatis ; subtus ut supra, sed anticis lineis tribus transversis rubiginosis marginibus externis

subparallelis, una submarginali, altera interiore sed ultra cellulas, tertia interius posita ; posticis triente

anali ferrugineo, striga interrupta transversa flava eum transeunte, ocellis duobus angulum analem versus.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten }*), Volcan de Ivazu (Rogers).

Mr. Butler described this species from a broken specimen in Mr. Druce’s collection,

PEDALIODES., 105

sent by Van Patten from Costa Rica; since then we have received a considerable series

from the volcano of Irazu in the same country. Individuals show but little variation ;

some, however, have the outer margin of the secondaries on the upperside slightly

rufous, whilst others are of a uniform brown. Probably its closest allies are P. ocellifera

of Colombia and Venezuela and P. polusca of Ecuador and Bolivia; but it differs from

both of these in the absence of the submarginal row of ocelli on the underside of the

secondaries and in the greater amount of rufous colouring towards the anal angle.

6. Pedaliodes cremera. (P. cremona (err.), Tab. IX. figg. 3, 4.)

Pedaliodes cremera, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 267 *.

Alis fuscis, anticis integris, fascia lata submarginali costam versus ampliore fulva, posticis marginibus sinuatis ;

subtus ferrugineo-fusco irroratis, fascia fulya anticarum ut in pagina superiore, ocello nigro albo-pupillato

in ea inter ramos medianos primum et secundum notatis, fascia pallida curvata ultra cellulam, ocello

nigro inter ramos medianos primum et secundum, duobus minoribus ad angulum analem propius, omnibus

albo pupillatis ornatis.

Hab. Costa Rica, Volcan de Irazu (Rogers ').

This large species, at present only known to us from a single worn example sent us

from Costa Rica by Mr. Rogers, seems to be allied to Pronophila pasicrates, Hew.,

described from a specimen the origin of which was not known. The position of the

broad fulvous submarginal band of the primaries is similar in both insects; but in

P. cremera, instead of being oval, the inner edge is concave, and the band itself runs

out to the costa on the one side and the inner margin on the other. The underside

of P. cremera appears to be generally paler, and the ocelli of the anal angle of the

secondaries much more conspicuous.

7. Pedaliodes triaria. (Tab. IX. figg. 5, 6.)

Pedaliodes triaria, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1878, p. 266°.

Alis fuscis, fascia arcuata fulva a costa anticarum ad medium marginis externi posticarum extendente, anticis

punctis subapicalibus quatuor coloris ejusdem; subtus fuscis, nigro irroratis, anticis fascia pagine

superioris latiore, punctisque quatuor subapicalibus albis, posticis ad apicem flavescentibus et ocellis sex

(albo pupillatis) submarginalibus ornatis.

Hab. Costa Rica, Volcan de Irazu (Rogers’).

Allied to P. praxithea from Ecuador, but differs in having its primaries more pointed

at the apex; the tawny bands are narrower and of a paler colour; beneath the surface

is uniform brown mottled with black, the submarginal ocelli of the secondaries being

absent in P. praxithea. The original specimen from which our description was taken

was obtained by Mr. Rogers in the volcano of Irazu, whence he subsequently sent

other examples.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., June 1881. P

106 RKHOPALOCERA.

GYROCHEILUS.

Gyrocheilus, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xx. p. 267 (1867).

This genus is closely allied to Pedaliodes, differing chiefly in the shorter and broader

cell of the primaries, in its rounded wings, and long porrect palpi. The eyes, too,

are smooth, whereas in Pedaliodes they are distinctly hairy. The only species we are

acquainted with appears restricted in its range to the highlands of Southern Mexico ;

but a second has been described by Mr. W. H. Edwards from Arizona as G. tritonia*.

1. Gyrocheilus patrobas. (Tab. X. fig. 5.)

Pronophila patrobas, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 16, t. vi. ff. 40, 41°; Ex. Butt. Pronophila,

t. iv. f. 207.

Gyrocheilus patrobas, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xx. p. 267°.

Alis fuscis, anticis marginibus externis pallidioribus, punctis tribus (aliquando quatuor) submarginalibus albis ;

posticis fascia submarginali rufa, angulum analem versus multo latiore ; subtus ut supra, sed anticis ocellis

nigris tribus (aut quatuor) submarginalibus albo pupillatis, apicibus griseo tinctis, posticis fascia sub-

marginali purpureo-grisea, ferrugineo irrorata, et introrsum maculis albidis notata.

Hab. Mexico 1, Oaxaca (Fenochio).

Besides the Mexican type specimens of this beautiful species in Hewitson’s collection

we have seen others in the Berlin Museum, and we also possess a good series (one of

which is figured) sent us by Don A. Fenochio from the eastern slope of the Cordillera

of Oaxaca; and we believe this species to be restricted in its range to the highland

forests of Southern Mexico. All the specimens we have seen are fairly constant in their

markings ; but the number of the ocelli of the primaries beneath varies, some having

only three whilst others have four.

OXEOSCHISTUS.

Oxeoschistus, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xx. p. 268 (1867).

The members of this genus were included in Pronophila, until Mr. Butler separated

them in 1867. Apart from the general aspect of the different species of Oxeoschistus

from those of Pronophila, there seems to be a constant difference in the form of the

palpi, which in the former are less prominent, and the terminal joint shorter and more

slender. The other differences are chiefly in the shape of the wings and their colour

and markings. ;

Sixteen species of Oxeoschistus have now been described, the Andes of Venezuela,

Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru being their headquarters. In Central America we now

know of eight species, three only of which are found as far north as Guatemala, the

remainder belonging to the highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. One species

(O. puerta) is also found in the northern parts of South America.

* Trans, Am. Ent. Soc. v. p. 18.

OXEOSCHISTUS. 107

1. Oxeoschistus hilarus. (Tab. X. figg. 14, 15.)

Pronophila hilara, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 178".

Alis fusco-brunneis, maculis submarginalibus fulvis serie duplici notatis, posticis inter has seriem ocellorum

nigrorum (marginem costalem versus fere obsoletam) includentibus; subtus pallidioribus, anticarum

apicibus ferrugineis maculis sordide albis notatis, inter ramos medianos maculis ovatis, punctis nigris

divisis, fulvis ornatis; posticarum venis, stria per cellulam, et altera ultra eam ochraceo-albis notatis,

fascia quoque late ultra cellulam fulva, margine externo ochraceo valde sinuato et ocellos nigros albo

pupillatos linea fere recta positos includente, ornatis.

Hab. GuatemMa.a, Volcan de Fuego and Quezaltenango (road to coast) (f. D. G. &

O. S.1), Cerro Zunil and Purula (Champion).

This species was first described by Mr. Bates from specimens obtained by us in the

high oak-forest of the Volcan de Fuego, 6000 feet above the sea, and also in similar

forest on the road to the Pacific coast from the city of Quezaltenango. We only

obtained three examples; and these were all that had come under our notice, until

Mr. Champion sent us one from Purula, in the department of Vera Paz, and shortly

afterwards a good series of specimens from the Cerro de Zunil, where he found them in

profusion at an altitude of from 5000 to 6000 feet in damp forests at no great distance

from where our Quezaltenango specimen was captured.

The series we now possess shows that the species is of fairly stable character. In

one specimen, however, the double row of fulvous spots on the secondaries is becoming

obsolete, whilst in the Purula example the two bands are confluent near the anal angle ;

and it thus resembles the next species, 0. ewryphile, more than the ordinary type. O. hilarus

is probably restricted in its range to the highland forests of Guatemala, its place being

taken in similar districts in Costa Rica by O. euryphile.

Our figure represents one of the types captured on the Quezaltenango road in

September 1862.

2. Oxeoschistus euryphile.

Oxeoschistus euryphile, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 73’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 338.

Alis fuscis, fascia late submarginali flavo-fulva ab angulo anali posticarum apicem anticarum versus

extendente, et ocellis nigris irregulariter notata, in maculas quoque subrotundas ad costam anticarum

divisa ; subtus anticis fuscis, apicibus et ramo mediano cinereis, maculis submarginalibus ut in pagina

superiore, posticis ferrugineo-fuscis, stria flavescente ttansversa ocellata ultra cellulam, altera interiore

angustiore, vena mediana, macula ad cellule finem, et margine interno flavescenti-cinereis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten 1), Irazu (Rogers).

A single example of this species, sent by Van Patten from Costa Rica, was described

by Mr. Butler from Mr. Druce’s collection. Since then we have received numerous

specimens from the mountains of Irazu forwarded by Mr. Rogers, showing that it is an

inhabitant of the highlands, where it appears to take the place of the last species.

So far as we know, its range is restricted to this country.

108 RHOPALOCERA.

The broad submarginal orange band distinguishes it at once from 0. hilarus, which

has a double row of spots; the two species, however, bear a great resemblance to each

other beneath.

3. Oxeoschistus tauropolis.

Pronophila tauropolis, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 66. f. 17; Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. ii.

p. 157’.

Pronophila letifica, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 164°.

Oxeoschistus cothon, Butler & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 338* (partim).

Alis fuscis, anticis macula magna apud ramum medianum, altera minore in costa ultra cellulam, aliisque

quatuor margini externo subparallelibus, limonaceis; posticis plaga magna, margine externo valde

sinuata mediam alam occupante; subtus anticis fere ut supra, sed dilutioribus, et ad apicem rufo-fuscis,

posticis fulvo-fuscis, fasciis duabus ochraceo-albis transeuntibus (exteriore extus valde sinuata, intus

pallide feruginea) et seriem ocellorum includentibus, quorum tribus mediis minutissimis.

Hab. Mextco!, Cordova (Riimeli), Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), Oaxaca (Fenochio) ;

GuaTEMALA, Polochic valley (f. D. G. & O. 8.3), Cerro Zunil (Champion), Chuacus,

San Gerénimo, Chisoy valley (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt) ; Costa Rica? (Van

Patten *).

This upland species is an inhabitant of Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua; and if

the testimony of Dr. Van Patten is to be depended upon, it extends into Costa Rica, as

some of the specimens in his collection from that country belong to this northern

form.

All the examples, however, that Rogers took belong to the more southern race

described below; and we think it just possible that Dr. Van Patten’s may have come

from Guatemala, as he also travelled in that country.

O. tauropolis was originally described by Doubleday and Hewitson1 from Mexican

specimens, and is well known as a characteristic butterfly of the highlands of the

southern part of that country. It was subsequently described by Mr. Bates from

specimens we brought from Guatemala ® as P. /etifica ; but soon afterwards its identity

with P. tawropolis was acknowledged ?. Oak-forests of considerable elevation are the

favourite resort of this species.

4, Oxeoschistus cothon. (Tab.’X. figg. 10, 11.)

Oxeoschistus cothon, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vii. p. 413°; Butl.& Druce, P. Z. S. 1874,

p. 3387.

O. tauropolt simillimus, sed anticis punctis duobus conscriptis ad apicem, altero inter ramum secundum et

tertium ven mediane; posticarum macula limonacea majore, subtus stria per cellule finem latiore et ad

basin propius transeunte.

Hab, Costa Rica (Van Patten *), Tvazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé !).

This is a slightly modified form of the preceding species, differing, however, in the

OXEOSCHISTUS. 109

primaries having two additional apical yellow spots, and another between the second

and third branches of the median nervure ; the spot, too, on the hind wing is larger, and,

beneath, the band passing through the cell of the secondaries is wider and occupies a

larger portion of the cell. This species or race seems to be fairly constant in these points

of difference, which are of no great value, but, with the exception of some of Dr. Van

Patten’s specimens already referred to, seem to be associated with a distinct area; and

therefore, to give this apparent fact prominence, it isas well that the two races should

bear distinct names. |

In Costa Rica 0. cothon appears to be common, as Rogers sent us many specimens.

It is also probably equally abundant as far south as the Volcan de Chiriqui.

5. Oxeoschistus puerta.

Pronophila puerta, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 358°.

Pronophila puerta, Hew. Ex. Butt. (Pronophila) t. 2. ff. 10, 11°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874,

p- 388°,

Alis fuscis, fascia fulva submarginali, linea mediana punctorum nigrorum ab angulo anali posticarum ad

apicem anticarum extendente; subtus anticis ut supra, sed dilutioribus, posticis ferrugineis, linea duplici

transversa argenteo-alba, extrorsum valde serrata, et ocellos albo pupillatos continente, striaque altera

interiore notatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten *).—Co.tomBia?; VENEZUELA}.

Van Patten sent a single specimen from Costa Rica which agrees closely with our

Venezuelan and Colombian examples of this species. The three species 0. puerta,

O. simplex, and O. submaculatus are all very closely allied. The first appears to

have the widest range and extends from Venezuela and Colombia to Central America as

far north as Costa Rica. It has a strongly marked row of black spots in the middle

of the fulvous band of both wings; the ocelli beneath in the posterior wings are far

more conspicuous. O. simplex isan Andean form, ranging from Ecuador into Colombia,

and differs from the preceding chiefly in the median row of spots in the fulvous band

being evanescent, with the exception of one or two towards the anal angle of the secon-

daries; beneath, the transverse white marking of the posterior wings is more faint and

the ocelli less prominent. 0. submaculatus, which seems to be restricted to Costa Rica,

has the apical portion of the submarginal fulvous band of the primaries very narrow

at the apex, and never reaching the costa. The median row of ocelli in this band are

either altogether absent or in some specimens only faintly indicated in one or two

places.

6. Oxeoschistus submaculatus. (Tab. X. figg. 12, 13.)

Oxeoschistus submaculatus, But). & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 338°.

O. puerte similis, sed fascia fulva anticarum apud costam angustissima et haud eam attingente, ocellis medianis

110 RHOPALOCERA.

omnino (aut fere) absentibus; subtus area basali anticarum obscuriore et ocellis intra lineam duplicem

posticarum minoribus.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten'), Trazu (Rogers).

Very closely allied to O. puerta of Colombia, and O. simplex of Colombia and Ecuador ;

it differs, however, chiefly in the submarginal fulvous band being broader on the secon-

daries, whilst it becomes very narrow towards the costa of the primaries, which it does

not quite reach. Most of our Costa-Rican specimens are either destitute of or only

have one or two ill-defined black spots on this band. Beneath also it is very similar to

O. simplex, but has the inner portion of the primaries blackish brown instead of

ferruginous.

The original description was based upon a single specimen in Dr. Van Patten’s

collection. We have since received several other examples, all agreeing with the type.

7. Oxeoschistus rogersi. (Tab. IX. figg. 1, 2.)

Oxeoschistus rogersi, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 267°.

Alis fuscis, anticis fascia submarginali venis divisa et parte posteriore maculas disjunctas formante, iis inter

ramos medianos et radiales superiores fusco notatis, ciliis albescentibus; subtus anticis ut supra, sed

dilutioribus et maculis minus definitis, posticis fusco-fulvis, serie ocellorum submarginalium maculisque

variis per alam sparsis argenteo-albis.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers!) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Mus. Staudinger).

The first example of this insect was obtained by our collector Mr. Rogers from

the mountains of Irazu, in Costa Rica. Soon after the receipt of this specimen

Dr. Staudinger sent us another to name from the neighbourhood of Chiriqui. These

are the only ones we have seen at present. It nearest ally is O. phaselis (Hew.), a

species placed in the genus Pronophila by Hewitson, and subsequently in Dedalma by

Mr. Butler, but which, in our opinion, ought to be removed to Oxeoschistus. From

this O. rogersi differs at first sight in the tawny markings on the primaries, those

wings of O. phaselis being of a uniform brown. On the underside the two are very

nearly alike.

8. Oxeoschistus gigas. (Tab. X. figg. 8, 9.)

Oxeoschistus gigas, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 62°.

alis fuscis, anticis punctis submarginalibus quinque albis, aliis duobus interioribus marginem internum versus,

posticis marginibus late fulvis, venis fuscis divisis, et puncto nigrescente inter ramos medianos primum et

secundum notatis; subtus anticis ut supra, sed apice fulvo tincto et maculis indistinctis albidis notatis,

posticis fulvescentibus externe pallidioribus, ocellis subapicalibus indistinctis serie positis et maculis variis

albidis per alam notatis.

Hab. Guatemaua, Aceytuno (Rodriguez), Purula (Champion).

The type specimen of this fine species was given to Salvin by Don Juan Rodriguez,

OXEOSCHISTUS.—PRONOPHILA. 111

who had it in a case with other insects hung on a wall of a room in his house at

Aceytuno, near the city of Guatemala. As far as could be ascertained, this specimen

was captured in the vicinity of the hacienda. Since then Mr. Champion has sent us a

fine fresh specimen which he took near Purula, in Vera Paz, at an elevation of between

4000 and 5000 feet above the sea. This second example agrees accurately with the

type. The species is a remarkably distinct one, as the figure will show, and is the

largest of its genus. It is probably restricted in its range to the highland forests of

Guatemala, but is nowhere common.

PRONOPHILA.

Pronophila, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 357 (1851, partim); Butl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 3,

Xx. p. 266.

Pronophila, as restricted by Mr. Butler, is a compact genus, containing nine not very

very well-defined species, which are found throughout the Andes as far south as

Bolivia, one species occurring in our region. The palpi in this genus are very pro-

minent, the terminal joint being directed forwards; the median joint is densely clothed

with long hair-like scales. Asin Oxeoschistus, the middle discocellular nervule of the

primaries is bent to a right angle about the middle, where it emits a strong recurrent

nervule; the lower discocellular is gradually curved outwards. ‘The upper discocellular

is short in these two genera, as also in Drucina, and directed slightly forwards ; and the

eyes in all are densely hairy.

1. Pronophila timanthes. (Tab. X. figg. 6, 7.)

Pronophila timanthes, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vil. p. 412’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S.

1874, p. 338°.

Alis nigro-fuscis, anticis maculis elongatis submarginalibus quinque rufescentibus medialiter ocellatis ; subtus

anticis ut supra, sed dilutioribus et ocellis cyaneo pupillatis ; posticis griseo-fuscis, fasciis indistinctis obscu-

rioribus transvittatis ocellisque submarginalibus serie fere obsoleta notatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten ?), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé 1).

At the time we described this species it was the only known one of its genus which

differed from all others in having the submarginal row of elongated rufous spots on the

primaries; but a short time ago Mr. Buckley brought specimens of a similar insect from

Granadillas, in Ecuador, which has the same character, and is perhaps hardly speci-

fically distinct. The only apparently constant differences we can trace are in the

rufescent spots of the primaries of the Ecuador race being restricted to the outside

of the ocelli instead of passing inside them as in P. timanthes; the secondaries, too, of

the latter have a rather less indentated outer margin.

P. timanthes is the only representative of Pronophila in Central America, and is

112 RHOPALOCERA.

restricted in its range to the highlands of Costa Rica and the volcano of Chiriqui.

Our types came from the latter district; but we have from time to time received a

good series from the former country, where this would appear to be not uncommon.

DRUCINA.

Drucina, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 72 (1872).

A genus closely allied to Pronophila, of which up to the present time only a single

species from the highlands of Costa Rica was known. We now add a second species

from Guatemala. The most obvious distinction between Drucina and Pronophila is

the elongated pointed subfalcate wings of the former in contrast with the short

rounded wings of the latter. The palpi of Drucina are even longer than those of

Pronophila, the terminal joint is directed forwards (not downwards, as stated by

Mr. Butler) and is longer than in the allied genus, the median joint has shorter hair-

like scales. In the primaries the middle discocellular nervule is bent close to the origin

of the lower radial, where it emits a long strong recurrent nervule; the lower discocel-

lular is bent abruptly nearly to a right angle instead of gradually curved. The antenne

of Drucina are longer in proportion than those of either Pronophila or Oxeoschistus.

1. Drucina leonata.

Drucina leonata, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 727; Lep. Ex. p. 187, t. 49. £.5°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S8.

1874, p. 338°,

é alis rufo-fuscis, anticis maculis quinque aut sex submarginalibus albescentibus; posticis fascia lata discali

ferrugineo-fulva, maculis duabus subapicalibus coloris ejusdem, interdum in fasciam confientibus ; subtus

anticis fuscis, apicibus pallidioribus et punctis tribus notatis, maculis submarginalibus quatuor, una quoque

in cellula, altera ultra eam, et tertia apud ramum medianum secundum ; posticis griseo-fuscis, fascia lata

obscuriore a costa ad marginem internum irregulariter transeunte, ocellisque septem submarginalibus fere

obsoletis notatis.

¢ mari similis, sed anticis macula albescente pone cellam et altera ad basin rami mediani secundum, posticis

fascia discali latiore et maculis subapicalibus conjunctis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten }?3), Irazu and Rio Sucio (Rogers).

This remarkable insect was first sent over from Costa Rica by Van Patten, and was

described by Mr. Butler from specimens in the possession of Mr. Druce, into whose hands

Van Patten’s entire collection passed. Mr. Rogers subsequently found it in the mountains

of Irazu, in the same country, and forwarded us several examples in fine condition.

There is little variation between individuals of this species; but in some the pri-

maries have six submarginal spots, in others the apical one is wanting. The rufous

subapical spots of the secondaries, too, are sometimes distinct and sometimes joined to

the larger patch of the same colour. The latter is the case in all female examples we

have examined ; but it is not a sexual character. Females, too, have extra spots on the

primaries, one just beyond the end of the cell, another on the second median branch.

DRUCINA.—MORPHO. 113

2. Drucina championi, sp. n.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis acutis et paulo falcatis, maculis quingue aut sex submarginalibus ochraceis notatis,

posticis elongatis sensim dentatis et maculis sex submarginalibus pulchre cyaneis ornatis, macula anali

minima, duabus proximis maximis ; subtus fusco-nigris, anticarum apicibus grisescentibus et fusco varie-

gatis, anticis serie submarginali ocellorum albescentium notatis, posticis grisescentibus fusco irroratis, vena

mediana late nigerrima, maculis duabus costalibus et altera majore a cellule fine ad marginem internum,

ocellis submarginalibus obsoletis quoque notatis. Exp. cir. 4 poll.

Hab. Guatemaa, Cerro Zunil (Champion).

A recent collection of Mr. Champion’s contained several specimens of this beautiful

species, which he obtained in the humid forests which clothe the southern slopes of

the Cerro de Zunil at an elevation of from 5000 to 6000 feet above the sea.

Its relationship to Drucina leonata is evident from the elongated pointed primaries

and the general character of the markings beneath. The remarkable blue spots of the

secondaries above, however, are in strong contrast with the fulvous patch of those wings

in D. leonata ; and the greater elongation of the secondaries is also very evident. The

blue spots recall similar marks on the secondaries of Antirrhea philopemen and its allies ;

but with this genus D. championi has of course no close affinity.

We gladly avail ourselves of this opportunity of naming this fine species after

Mr. Champion, its discoverer, whose successful industry has added vastly to our know-

ledge of the insect fauna of Guatemala. We hope to figure it in a supplementary

Plate.

Subfam. MVORPHINA*.

MORPHO.

Morpho, Fabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 337.

The genus Morpho is strictly confined to the warmer parts of the Neotropical Region,

* The position of this group of Butterflies has long been a matter of doubt. Prof. Westwood, in the ‘ Genera

of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ admitted a family Morphide, dividing it into two sections. Mr. Bates subsequently

did away with the Morphide as a family altogether, and placed Prof. Westwood’s second section as a subfamily

Brassoline of the large family Nymphalide. This arrangement has been very generally adopted. The genus

Morpho, however, and its allies he placed with the Nymphaline, an assignment of them which has not been

so favourably received. On the whole, and notwithstanding the cell of the secondary wings being open, we

think that these Butterflies have associated characters of sufficient number and value to allow them to stand as

a separate subfamily Morphine, which may be placed next the Satyrine, and followed by the Brassolinze—not

that any particular alliance is indicated thereby, but solely from the necessity of a linear arrangement. The

Morphine seem to come, in fact, between the Satyrine and the Nymphalinw. The arguments respecting the

position of the genus Morpho and its allies are well given by Prof. Westwood in the ‘Genera of Diurnal

Lepidoptera,’ and in a paper “On the Oriental Species related to Morpho” (Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. iv.

p. 158 e¢ seqq.), and also by Mr. Bates in the ‘Journal of Entomology’ (ii. p. 177). As we do not propose,

in a faunistic work like this, to go at large into questions of classification, we simply refer to these works as

giving the most recent discussions of the subject.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. L., June 1881. Q

114 RHOPALOCERA.

and is generally distributed from Southern Mexico in the north to the Argentine Republic

in the south, the metropolis of the genus being equatorial South America, especially

the eastern slopes of the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The genus is unrepre-

sented in the West-Indian Islands. As now known it contains about fifty species; but,

owing to the variation of many of these, the number would differ considerably according

to the views of various entomologists. Within the limits of our region we find eight

species, representing all but two of the groups into which Morpho may be divided.

These two are:—the one containing the largest species of the genus, represented by

M. hecuba, distinguished by their great size and by the margin of the secondaries being

nearly entire, the end of the second median branch alone bearing a large lobe; the

second group forms a subsection of that containing WW. cypris, and is represented by the

delicate If. sulkowskii, the presence of which in Central America is very doubtful.

The characters of the genus are well given in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera ;’

and as Morpho has no allies in the New World, we need not repeat them for the pur-

poses of comparison.

a. Wings rich brown, either uniform or suffused with grey; primaries pointed ;

secondaries deeply dentated.

1. Morpho theseus.

Morpho theseus, Deyr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860, p. 213°.

Morpho aquarius, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 74°; Lep. Ex. p. 113, t. 41. f. 1°; Butl. & Druce, P.Z. 8.

1874, p. 339 *.

Alis anticis falcatis, posticis (presertim apud angulum analem) dentatis, supra lete brunneo-fuscis, triente basali

argentatis, linea duplici fulva marginatis, serie macularum ejusdem coloris submarginali ornatis, anticis

altera quoque interiore notatis; subtus ferrugineo-fuscis, colore dilutiore nubilatis, anticis tribus, posticis

quinque ocellis ornatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten ?**), Caché (Rogers); Panama, line of railway

(M‘Leannan).—Co.omsts }, Magdalena and Cauca valleys.

Dr. Van Patten’s Costa-Rica specimens were described by Mr. Butler under the

name of Morpho aquarius; and he subsequently gave a good figure of one of the types

in his ‘Lepidoptera Exotica,’ which, however, represents a male and not a female

specimen, as the insects now in our collection prove. Mr. Butler compares his species

with M. theseus, and strongly expresses his opinion as to its distinctness from that

butterfly. With a large series of specimens before us from all the localities mentioned

above, we are quite unable to discover any constant characters whereby to distinguish

the Colombian and Costa-Rican insects. A certain amount of individual variation

exists in all species of this genus; and in this case we do not see that the limits of

individual variation have been passed by any one of the series before us. Mr. Butler

gives, in his comparison of Jf. aquarius and MM. theseus, a long list of differences, none

MORPHO. 115

of which is sufficiently constant to enable us to discriminate between the two.

Having come to this conclusion, we look upon UV. theseus as a species of a rather

wide range, extending from the upper valleys of the Cauca and Magdalena rivers in

Colombia, probably uninterruptedly, through the State of Panama to Costa Rica.

Beyond this point we have not yet traced it. In Guatemala and Southern Mexico

its place is taken by the next closely allied species, UM. justitic.

2. Morpho justitia. (Tab. XI. figg. 1, 2.)

Morpho justitie, Salv. & Godm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, ii. p. 1491.

Morpho theseus, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 61°.

M. theseo persimilis, sed alarum colore argenteo in mare absente, in femina vix preesente.

Hab. Mexico; Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague).

A rare species in Guatemala, or one difficult of capture, judging from the few single

individuals that have reached us at long intervals in the very large collections sent us

by Mr. Hague from the valley of the Polochic in Vera Paz. We never met with it

ourselves ; and it was not until 1867 that Mr. Hague secured the first example.

Our authority for including Mexico within the range of VW. justitie rests on a single

female specimen which was formerly in Mr. Druce’s collection, and said to be from

that country.

The species is very nearly allied to IZ. theseus, but constantly differs in the colour of

the upper surface of the wings being rich brown to the base, the hoary grey of this

portion of the wings of I. theseus being wholly absent in the male, and only faintly

shown in the female. The other differences mentioned in our original description are

probably of much less importance, and mostly indicate individual differences. Com-

paring the female of MM. justitie with the male M. theseus the differences are not so

marked as when individuals of the same sex are placed together. This probably led

Boisduval to call a female of the former by the latter name 2.

On the whole M. justitie is a fairly defined race, with a habitat distinct from that of

M. theseus.

Our figure represents one of the Polochic-valley specimens in rather fresher condition

than the type, but not otherwise differing from it.

6. Wings white, with a few black marks above and ocelli beneath.

8. Morpho polyphemus.

Morpho polyphemus, Westw. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 339, t. 55. f. 17.

Morpho luna, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 4°; Lep. Ex. p. 50, t. 19. f. 2°, p. 118 (note)*.

Alis albis semipellucidis, maculis pagine inferioris supra apparentibus, anticarum apicibus et fascia ad cellule

finem plus minusve fuscescentibus ; posticis lunulis submarginalibus coloris ejusdem ornatis ; subtus anticis

fascia per cellule medium fusca notatis et ocellis duobus (interdum tribus) ornatis, posticis ocellis sex

(interdum quinque) notatis.

Q 2

116 RHOPALOCERA.

mari similis, sed major et alarum pagina inferiore spe maculis et lineis irregularibus indistincte fuscis

notata.

Hab. Mexico1?%, Cuernavaca and Putla (coll. Oberthiir *), Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuatE-

MALA, Chuacus, San Bernardo, Quirigua, below Alotenango, Cerro Zunil, Retalhuleu

(Ff. D. G. & O. S.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama.

The nearest ally of I. polyphemus is the South-Brazilian WV. laertes, no representative

of this group of the genus being known anywhere in the intermediate region. From

M. laertes (M. epistrophis, Hiibn., being probably not specifically distinct) its northern

congener differs at first sight in the purity of the white of its colour, the Brazilian

insect always having a delicate greenish tint pervading its wings; and there are other

differences. Both forms seem liable to a considerable amount of individual variation.

The dark apex of the primaries in MV. polyphemus in some individuals is altogether

absent ; in others it is a strong feature; the dark mark at the end of the cell varies

from an evanescent stripe to a prominent streak; the submarginal row of spots on the

secondaries likewise varies from a mere indication to a series of conspicuous marks.

None of these variations seems associated with any particular locality. On the under-

side great variation exists in the size of the ocelli. In Mexican specimens those of the

secondaries are usually smaller than. in Guatemalan examples; and in the former that

beyond the end of the cell is often absent.

Morpho tuna, described by Mr. Butler from a Mexican specimen, which is now in our

possession, is a large male example with the markings more than usually developed ;

but our Mexican specimens gradually lead up from an almost spotless individual to

this extreme form, and we consequently do not see how the distinctness of MW. luna can

be maintained. We arrive at this conclusion, notwithstanding Mr. Butler’s strongly

expressed opinion to the contrary*. It may be remarked that Mr. Butler has never

told us what the distinctive characters of his species are to distinguish it from

M. polyphemus ; for in the first instance he seems to have compared it with MV. laertes2,

which is not really to the point. As to the difference of locality alluded to by him on

the authority of M. Oberthiir, we do not attach much importance to the statement ;

Cuernavaca and Putla are places in Mexico at no great distance apart, and are situated

on the same side of the mountain chain. |

In Guatemala WM. polyphemus has a very wide range, being found in suitable localities

in the forest districts bordering both oceans, and it also extends its range to an elevation

of quite 4000 feet above the sea. These butterflies usually fly at a considerable height

from the ground amongst the forest-trees; but on one occasion we met with a number

of individuals which were flying low through the little village of San Bernado, in the

valley of the Motagua river, and we easily captured several specimens.

The flight of UM. polyphemus is, like that of other Morphos, rather rapid and

undulating.

MORPHO. 117

c. Wings brilliant metallic blue, with a transverse band of white and a

submarginal row of white spots.

4. Morpho cypris.

Morpho cypris, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 339; Hew. Ex. Butt. iv. Morpho, i. f.2”; Feld. Reise d.

Nov., Zool. ii. Lep. p. 456, t. 63. ff. 1-8°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 339 *.

Alis nitidissime cyaneis, fascia communi alba a costa anticarum ad marginem internum posticarum ducta, in

anticis interrupta, in posticis integra; maculis quoque albis in serie submarginali positis ornatis; subtus

fuscis albo marmoratis et anticis ocellis tribus, posticis sex, notatis.

@ alis fuscis, area interna et maculis submarginalibus lete ochraceis, margine ipso paulo obscuriore ; alis

subtus iis maris similibus, sed dilutioribus et flavescentioribus.

@ altera mari similior, pagina alarum superiore cyaneo leviter lavata.

Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Veraguas

(Arcé), line of railway (M‘Leannan).—Couomsta 18.

Though a single male specimen of this species was included in Dr. Van Patten’s

Costa-Rica collection, Messrs. Butler and Druce believed it to have been obtained in

Colombia*. It can hardly be doubted, however, that the species does occur in Costa

Rica, as we have the excellent testimony of the late Mr. Belt of its presence at

Chontales, some distance further north. We also have specimens from the State of

Panama, sent us direct from that country; and the late James M‘Leannan informed us

that individuals might not unfrequently be seen flying high in the opening of the

trees cut for the Panama railway. Owing to the great difficulty of catching them,

he only secured a single specimen.

There is some variation in Central-American individuals of this species. Those from

Nicaragua seem quite similar to the usual type of the Colombian insect. The specimen

from the Panama railway is a small one with rather short primaries, and the white band

on the secondaries much narrower. These differences, however, are of no specific value.

We have one female specimen from Nicaragua which is of the yellow type as figured

by Hewitson?; but we believe the form with the blue shade also occurs there. This

form is well figured by Dr. Felder 3.

[Morpho sulkowskii, Westw. This species was mentioned in Messrs. Butler and

Druce’s collection of Costa-Rica butterflies with doubt as to the origin of Dr. Van

Patten’s single specimen. We have no confirmation of the occurrence of this species

within our limits; and though it may possibly be found there, being a Colombian

insect, we hesitate to include it formally in our list. ]

d. Wings rich metallic blue; primaries rather falcate, with the apex black.

5. Morpho amathonte.

Morpho amathonte, Deyr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860, p. 211'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 339%.

Morpho menelaus, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 61°.

Alis cyaneo nitentibus, anticis valde arcuatis, costa et apice nigris, posticis leviter dentatis; subtus ferrugineo-

118 RHOPALOCERA.

fuscis griseo (presertim ad margines exteriores), griseo marmoratis; anticis tribus, posticis quoque tribus

ocellis ornatis.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten?); Panama, Chiriqui

(Arcé), line of railway (1/‘Leannan).—Cotomsta 1,

It seems open to question whether this insect is really separable from M. menelaus

(L.), with which Boisduval seems to have placed it?; but, on the whole, we think we

can trace the following differences between them. The primaries of JZ. amathonte are

rather longer and more falcate, the costa and outer margins in IZ. menelaus are blacker,

and the black of the apex rather more extensive ; the abdominal margin is also blacker.

The general tint of the blue of the wings is of a rather greener hue in MZ. menelaus

and bluer in MM. amathonte. These differences are slight and unsatisfactory, and point

to the disintegration of a species rather than to an established specific difference.

There is considerable diversity in the colour and markings of the females of the two

race.

M. amathonte does not appear to be common in Central America; for though we

have received specimens from various points as far north as Nicaragua, it has never

been sent us in any numbers.

é. Wings blue, with a black or brown border, or with a blue band leaving the base

of the wings brown.

6. Morpho granadensis. (Tab. XI. fig. 3.)

Morpho granadensis, Feld. Reise d. Nov., Zool. ii. Lep. p. 458*,

Morpho polybaptus, Butl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, xv. p. 338 .

Morpho candelarius, Staud. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 101°.

Alis cyaneis, marginibus externis nigris, anticarum apicibus albo sparsim maculatis; subtus fuscis, lineis

pallidis subparallelis regulariter marginatis ; anticis ocellis tribus permagnis ultra cellulam ornatis, posticis

triente basali lineis undulatis griseis bene notata, fere sicut in M. deidamia, ocellis quatuor notatis,

uno ad coste medium, reliquis conjunctis apud angulum analem, omnibus fulvo circumcinctis et albo vix

pupillatis.

Q mari similis, sed major et margine nigro pagine alarum superioris multo latiore.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Gabb?); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé),

Rio Candelaria (42b0e ?).—CotomB1a 1.

At first sight the appearance of this species on the upperside recalls I. peleides ; but

the very definite marks on the underside seem rather to place it with /. deidamia and

its near ally M/. neoptolemus. The most striking feature, as will be seen by reference

to the figure, is the size of the ocelli beneath, which far exceed those of either

MM. peleides or M. deidamia. These ocelli are nearly uniform black, and have a con-

spicuous fulvous ring, which is yellower in its allies. The shape of the secondaries is

MORPHO. 119

rather that of M. peleides, being more rounded than those of WV. deidamia. As in

M. deidamia, the interior of the ocelli is almost wholly black.

MM. granadensis was first described by Dr. Felder from a Colombian example sent him

by M. Deyrolle, from whom we also have a specimen. We also possess a Veraguan

example which does not differ from the type of M. polybaptus of Mr. Butler. We have

seen two specimens of M. candelarius in Dr. Staudinger’s collection, and are convinced

of the specific identity of them all. Besides these a fine female from Belt’s collection

shows that the species ranges into Nicaragua.

7. Morpho peleides.

Morpho peleides, Kollar, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, math.-nat. Classe, i. p. 856’; Butler & Druce, P. Z. 8.

1874, p. 339°.

Morpho montezuma, Guénée, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1859, p. 373°; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p- 60%.

Morpho corydon, Guénée, loc. cit. p. 372° (ex Boisduval, MS.); Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 60°.

Morpho hyacinthus, Butl. Ent. Monthl. Mag. ii. p. 2047.

Alis cyaneis, marginibus externis fusco-nigris, maculis submarginalibus albidis (in posticis obsoletis), macula

parva costali alba; subtus rufescenti-nigris, lineis tribus pallidis subparallelis marginatis, triente basali

obsolete griseo-rufo lineato; anticis ocellis tribus posticis quatuor ornatis, omnibus rosaceo pupillatis et

puncto albo in medio notatis; margine posticarum rotundato et vix dentato.

2 mari similis, sed major, margine alarum fusco-nigro multo latiore et anticis linea altera macularum albarum

margini externo subparallela distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Sallé*, Riimeli), Valladolid, Yucatan ( Gaumer); British

Honpuras, Rio Hondo (Blancaneaur), Corosal (Roe); GuaremaLa, Yzabal, San Ger6-

nimo, Motagua valley, Choctum and Polochic valley (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Senahu, Sabo

and San Juan (Champion); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.*); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt,

Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten®); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), line of railway

(Md‘Leannan).—CotomBia!5; Ecuapor; VENEZUELA ®.

It is pretty generally admitted that the separation of the races of Morpho achilles

(Linn.), of which this is one, is by no means an easy task, owing to the great individual

variation exhibited by the insects of different localities and the gradual passage of even

the most diverse of these races into one another. The colour-pattern of the underside

in these butterflies is almost useless in their classification, so variable is it, and we have

to trust almost entirely to the distribution of the blue of the upper surface of the wings

for the discrimination of the various races, if such they are.

The true M. achilles of Guiana has a blue band, common to both wings, which is so

placed as to leave the bases of the wings as well as a broad border black. In

M. peleides the blue spreads over the whole of the wings, except a narrow black

marginal border. It is upon the width and purity of this black border that greatest

stress has been laid in dividing the several forms of this species.

The Colombian insect, which is the true VU. peleides of Kollar, has a comparatively

narrow border; but the difference between it and that of Mexican specimens (the true

120 RHOPALOCERA.

M. montezuma) is slight, and not sufficiently constant to justify the maintenance of the

two species as distinct. In general, too, the wings of the northern specimens are more

rounded and the secondaries less pointed than in southern examples. In default of other

trustworthy characters we therefore unite these two under Kollar’s name, Messrs. Butler

and Druce having already used it for Costa-Rica specimens?. Its range, from Southern

Mexico to Colombia, seems quite continuous; and specimens fairly typical are not

wanting wherever it occurs. With these, however, are mingled others whose position

is yet open to question. These occur, for the most part, in the State of Panama; and

we find at Calobre, mixed with a dark-blue insect with a wide black border (agreeing

with the usual Mexican and Guatemalan form), others of a paler more silvery blue,

which show distinct spots and lunules on the dark marginal band and an inner row

of white spots on the primaries. One specimen from the same locality diverges much

more even than these, in being very pale with the blue much as in UW. octavia, to

which the insect bears a close resemblance. Were it not that the base of the wings

in all these specimens is blue, we should class them with M. marinita rather than with

M. peleides. They undoubtedly form a link between the two. In the form found

on the line of railway the blue of the wings in both sexes is of a peculiarly dark

hue, in strong contrast to the light-coloured Calobre Morpho.

In Guatemala MM. peleides is restricted in its range to the eastern or Atlantic side of

the main cordillera, where it is common in suitable localities from the sea-level up to

an elevation of about 3000 feet. In the forests of the Pacific slope its place is entirely

taken by M. octavia, a closely allied species, but with an unmistakable tint of the blue

of the wings, which renders it not difficult to recognize.

With this exception M. peleides is the only Morpho of this form in Guatemala, and

is fairly constant in its characters in that country. Dr. Boisduval 4 ® considered that

two species inhabited the northern parts of Central America and Mexico, which he calls

M. corydon and M. montezuma—a view that, in our opinion, cannot be supported.

The relationship of UW. peleides with M. marinita is curious; and we believe it

quite possible to arrange a series of Costa-Rica specimens which would lead from

M. peleides to M. marinita—M. hydorina, Butl., and M. limpida, Butl., being

intermediate steps.

The following theory suggests itself as a possible explanation of this state of things :—

Before the complete formation of the Central-American isthmus, and when, as was most

probably the case, islands existed where Costa Rica and the State of Panama now stand,

and just prior to their union, a Morpho inhabited Costa Rica like If. marinita, and

another Colombia like J. peleides, none at that time being found in Guatemala or

Mexico. When the union of the land took place, I/. peleides was the one to spread,

and pushed its way along the isthmus, passed W/. marinita in Costa Rica, and then

occupied the rest of Central America, Yucatan, and Southern Mexico. For some cause

or other, those which established themselves in the Pacific coast-region of Guatemala

MORPHO. 121

varied and became J. octavia, the rest remaining fairly true to their Colombian

ancestors. When UM. peleides came into contact with MW. marinita a partial amalga-

mation took place, giving rise to the intermediate forms we now see. The peculiarities

of the Calobre and Panama specimens may be explained on the supposition that some

small islands had each a race of Morpho allied to lV. peleides, but that these were swept

away by the irruption of M/. peleides and were absorbed, but not so completely as to

obliterate all traces of their existence.

In Guatemala MW. peleides was a very familiar species to us, as we were in the habit

of seeing it almost daily at different places in the department of Vera Paz. Unlike its

congeners MV. cypris and M. justitie &c., it flies low amongst the scrubby forest, yet is

not so easy to catch as would appear at first sight, its undulating buoyant flight

making it easily missed with net. Particular specimens seem to have tracts of forest

to themselves, round which they fly in nearly the same track every ten minutes or so.

Having missed an insect, then, one has only to wait and another chance shortly occurs.

We have described Mexican specimens answering to the true I. montezuma.

8. Morpho octavia. (Tab. XI. figg. 4, 5.)

Morpho octavia, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 163°; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 60°.

M., peleide similis, sed alis rosaceo lete indutis, alarum marginibus pallide fuscis nec fusco-nigris, et alis

omnibus magis pellucidis, ocellis pagine inferioris supra apparentibus distinguenda.

Hab. GuatEMa.a, Pacific coast, San Diego, Retalhuleu (fF. D. G. & O. S.1), San Isidro,

El Reposo, Paraiso (Champion); Sauvapor (fide Boisduval °).

As already stated, this race entirely takes the place of M. peleides in the low-lying

lands of Guatemala which border the Pacific Ocean. Here it is very numerous, being

found at various elevations up to between 2000 and 3000 feet above the sea. In its

habits it resembles WU. peleides. According to Boisduval it is also found in the adjoining

country of Salvador ?.

This race does not seem subject to much variation; and the slight difference of the

tint of the delicate rosy blue of the wings is due to the age of the specimen rather than

to any other cause.

9. Morpho marinita.

Morpho marinita, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 75*; Lep. Ex. p. 113, t. 41. f. 2°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S.

1874, p. 339°.

Morpho limpida, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 75 *.

Morpho hydorina, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 76°; Lep. Ex. p. 113 (bis), t. 42. f. 2°; Butl. & Druce,

P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 8397.

Alis fusco-brunneis, marginibus externis maculis sagittiformibus serie duplici ornatis; fascia lata interdum ad

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., August 1881. R

122 RHOPALOCERA.

anticas restricta, interdum ad angulum posticarum analem extendente, interdum fere alas totas (marginibus

exceptis) occupante, cyanea ; subtus fere ut in M. peleide, anticarum triente apicali griseo magis notato.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten 145); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé).

Owing perhaps to contact with M. peleides, this insect is variable in the amount of

the blue of the wings. In Mf. marinita the amount is least and is restricted to the

primaries; in M. hydorina the blue occupies both wings as a broad band, leaving the

base of the wings rich brown; between these comes I. limpida with the blue of less

extent. Mr. Butler, after having divided the specimens in Dr. Van Patten’s collection

into these three, seems afterwards to have reconsidered the matter and united M. limpida

as a variety of MW. hydorina. In our opinion he might have gone further and united

all three under M. marinita, as we now do. We have examined a very extensive

series of this Morpho, of which the six-and-twenty specimens in our collection are but a

part; and we do not hesitate to say that, if any separation were to be made, nearly every

specimen would have to bear a name. To adopt such a course would be absurd; and

the only other alternative is to unite them all. Mr. Butler’s figures show the extremes

of variation as known to him; but we now have specimens from Chiriqui in which the

blue encroaches so much on the brown base of the wings as to threaten its absorption,

and thus the passage into P. peleides seems at least possible.

Subfam. BRASSOLINA *.

DYNASTOR.

Dynastor, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 346 (1851).

Four species are included in this somewhat peculiar genus—the well-known D. napoleon

and D. darius, with which we place D. macrosiris and D. strix, two species that have

hitherto stood under the genus Brassolis. We have not been able to make dissections

* We use this name precisely in the sense given it by Mr. Bates (Journ. Ent. ii. p. 176). It includes the

genera of Professor Westwood’s family Morphide which have a prediscoidal cell in the secondary wings and

the cell itself closed. So far as we can see, the Central-American genera should be grouped somewhat as

follows :—

Dynastor and Brassohs have a moderately large prediscoidal cell in the secondaries, and both have an

extremely short terminal joint to the palpi; but they may be distinguished by the difference in the form of

the club of the antennz, and other characters.

Opsiphanes is in many respects like Dynastor, but has a larger prediscoidal cell and a longer terminal joint

to the palpi. The secondary sexual characters of the male also resemble those of Dynastor.

Caligo and Eryphanis both have a small prediscoidal cell and somewhat similar secondary male sexual

characters as distinguished from Opsiphanes ; but these are recognizable znter se.

Narope stands alone in the peculiarity of the male characters ; the prediscoidal cell is very large.

There are other South-American genera, which require further examination before the whole can be

satisfactorily arranged.

DYNASTOR. 123

of these last-named insects so as to fully establish their position; but the rounded wings

and the gradually clubbed antennz place them in Dynastor rather than in Brassolis.

Of these four species, D. napoleon is peculiar to Eastern Brazil, D. darius has a wide

range from Guateniala to Brazil, D. striz is peculiar to Central America, and D. macro-

siris to Guiana.

D. darius, which must be taken as the type of Dynastor, has the body short, the

antenne gradually clubbed; the prediscoidal cell of the secondaries is moderately large ;

the wings are rounded, the terminal joint of the palpi very short. The tegumen of the

male has a pair of strong points on the ventral surface directed outwards, much as in

Opsiphanes; the harpagones have their proximal ends very broad, the ends are rounded

and dentate towards the end of the dorsal edge. There are no distinct pencils of hair

on the secondaries.

1. Dynastor darius.

Papilio darius, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 482°.

Dynastor darius, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 40’.

Papilio anaxarete, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 95 a, B®.

Potamis superba, Hiibn. Sammi. ex. Schmett. i. t. 72‘.

Dynastor stygianus, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 73°; Lep. Exot. p. 125, t. 47. f. 1°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S.

1874, p. 339”.

Alis fuscis, anticis fascia ultra cellulam, maculis tribus infra eam, duabus minoribus ad apicem, albidis; posticis

macula apicem versus albicante, linea undulata ab ea extendente grisea, margine externo albicante, subtus

ochraceis ferrugineo piperatis, dimidio posteriore anticarum fusco, maculis albidis marginem exteriorem

versus notato.

Hab. Guatemaa, Chuacus (f. D. G. & O.S.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa

Rica (Van Patten®®"); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).—Cotompia; Ecuapor; Bottvia;

Lower Amazons ; SoutH Braziu}.

This is a widely ranging species, extending from Guatemala to Rio. Mr. Butler

describes a female from Costa Rica under the name of D. stygianus, and says it “ seems

quite distinct from D. darius”®. Mr. Butler also speaks of D. stygianus being twice

the size of D. darius; from this it would appear that he compared a female of the

former with a male of the latter. We have carefully compared the type specimen of

D. stygianus with females of D. darius from South America, and find no difference in

size. The white spots are somewhat larger ; but from the series before us this appears

to be a rather variable character ; we are therefore unable to admit D. stygianus as a

distinct species. D. darius has no very close ally with which we are acquainted.

2. Dynastor strix. (Prassolis striz, Tab. XII. figg. 3, 4.)

Brassolis strix, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 164’.

Alis fuscis, ad basin pallidioribus, fascia transversa ultra cellulam et macula infra eandem, maculisque minoribus

R 2

124 RHOPALOCERA.

duabus apud apicem albis, posticis albo marginatis; subtus anticis nigrescentibus dimidio basali lineis griseis

transeuntibus, fascia albescente fere ut in pagina superiore et ultra eam ocello duplici nigro, fulvo

circumcincto, posticis cinnamoneis strigulis variis nigris, marginem interiorem versus dilutioribus.

Hab. Mxxico, Cordova (Hoge); Guatemaua, Chuacus}, Cerro de Zunil (F. D. G.

& O.S.).

Described first by Mr. Bates from specimens found by us at Chuacus, in Guatemala,

in 1861. Salvin afterwards procured a single specimen at the hacienda of Las Nubes,

on the slope of the Cerro de Zunil; and we have recently received another example

taken by Mr. Hége in Mexico. All these are females. It appears to be a rare species,

as in all the collections we have received no other specimens have occurred. Its nearest

ally is B. macrosiris of Guiana, of which there is a figure in ‘The Genera of Diurnal

Lepidoptera ;’ and of this species there is an example in the British Museum which

strongly resembles D. strix, especially in the marking of the underside. J. strix,

however, differs from this at first sight in having a conspicuous white band crossing

the end of the cell of the anterior wings towards the anal angle.

The gradually clubbed antenne and the rounded wings of this species indicate that

its position is in this genus rather than in Brassolis, where Mr. Bates originally placed

it. The markings of the underside, however, are different from those of D. darius,

being much more strongly shown and in more vivid colours. Indeed, in this last respect

hardly any butterfly that we know of shows so beautiful and harmonious a combination

of colours.

A specimen from Chuacus is figured.

BRASSOLIS.

Brassolis, Fabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807), partim ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 350.

This genus, as restricted by Prof. Westwood, contains three closely allied species, one

of which (B. isthmia) is peculiar to Central America, a second (5. sophore) to Guiana

and the basin of the Amazons, and the third (B. astyra) to Eastern Brazil. A fourth

species (B. macrosiris) included in the genus by Prof. Westwood, should, in our opinion,

be removed to Dynastor.

Like Dynastor the terminal joint of the palpi is very short, and the prediscoidal cell

of the primaries is moderately large; but the primary wings are much more pointed,

and the antenne abruptly clubbed. The costal margin, too, near the base is concave,

especially in the male. The tegumen of the male is a simple hook without lateral lobes

on the ventral surface. The harpagones are also simple, short, and stout, with a slight

serration near the tip of the dorsal edge. There are no pencils of hairs on the

secondaries.

BRASSOLIS.—OPSIPHANES. | 125

1. Brassolis isthmia. (Tab. XII. figg. 5,64; 7,89.)

Brassolis isthmia, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 164’.

3. Alis fuscis, anticis fascia transversa lata a costa per cellule finem ad angulum analem eunte, fulva et apud

cellule finem macula fusca notata, posticis linea angusta ramo mediano primo attingente fulva; subtus

alis dilutioribus et albido irroratis, fascia fulva anticarum paging superioris costam versus interrupta, linea

duplici submarginali nigra et ocello nigro apud apicem ornatis; posticis ocellis tribus notatis, uno ad cost

medium altero ultra cellulam, altero ad angulum analem, et maculis duabus fulvis ad basin ornatis.

@ mari similis, sed major, et posticis omnino fuscis distinguenda. .

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Lion-Hill Station (J‘Leannan 3),

Flamenco Island (0. S.).

Our first specimens of this insect were two males captured by M‘Leannan on the

Panama railway. ‘These were recognized by Mr. Bates, into whose hands they passed,

as distinct from B. sophore, and described by him. Since then Salvin obtained a female,

which he caught one evening in April 1873 on board ship when lying off Flamenco

Island in the Bay of Panama; and we have received other examples from the State of

Panama. A pair were also taken by Mr. Belt in Nicaragua, which agree fairly with

the Panama insect; the male, however, wants the tawny streak of the secondaries.

b. isthmia differs from B. sophore in the absence of the tawny markings of the secondaries;

the males, however, have a fine linear tawny streak on the side of the first median branch ;

but this is absent in the females. ‘The third species of the genus, B. astyra, which is

from Brazil, is also closely allied. This, though it wants the tawny markings of B. sophore,

may readily be distinguished from both the northern forms by being of a much darker

brown colour.

The male specimen figured came from Lion Hill, and the female from Flamenco

Island.

OPSIPHANES.

Opsiphanes, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 344 (1851).

This genus as at present constituted contains some twenty species, which are spread

over the whole of Tropical America from Mexico to Southern Brazil. These are

divisible into several groups, and it is very probable that at some future time it will be

found advisable to split up the genus into several minor ones.

In Mexico and Central America eight species have hitherto been found, representing

most of the groups into which the genus seems divisible. The section, however, repre-

sented by Opsiphanes syme has not yet been discovered anywhere but in South-eastern

Brazil; and there is no species exactly answering to O. zanthus of Guiana.

The chief characters by which Opsiphanes may be known are, taken together :—the

large size of the prediscoidal cell of the secondaries; a denuded patch on the submedian

nervure of the secondaries in the male with or without a central pencil of hair, as in

Caligo; the coxa of the front legs of the male is short and stout, and shorter than the

126 RHOPALOCERA.

femur. The tegumen of the male has a pair of hooks on the ventral edge directed

forwards much as in Dynastor; the harpagones are simple, without lobes, but have a

pair of dentate processes at the extremity of the dorsal edge. The pencils of hair on

the secondaries vary in different sections, which admit of precise definition.

a. Body stout ; secondary wings of male without any pencils of hair.

1. Opsiphanes josephus, sp.n. (Tab. XIII. figg. 3, 4.)

Alis fuscis, anticis falcatis, fascia profunde serrata ultra cellulam a costa ad angulum analem fulva, punctis ad

apicem albis; posticis macula subtriangulari intra ramos medianos primum et secundum nigra; subtus

alis lividis obscure marmoratis, anticis fascia pagine superioris leviter notatis, lineis tribus aut quatuor

undulatis cellulam transeuntibus, ocello apud apicem, posticis duobus ocellis pallidioribus, uno ad marginem

anteriorem, altero angulum analem versus ornatis.

Hab. Guaremaa, San José de Guatemala (0. S.).

This curious species is unlike any other in our collection; but in having slightly

falcate wings and in the absence of any pencils of hair on the secondaries it agrees with

Opsiphanes cassiope of Guiana and the Lower Amazons. We have therefore placed it

in the same group of the genus as that species. The peculiar triangular patch of black

felted scales on the secondaries at once distinguishes it from 0. cassiope.

The only specimen that has hitherto come under our notice was caught by Salvin at

the port of San José de Guatemala the evening before he left the country in March 1874,

when, every thing being packed up, it was consigned to an envelope and placed with letters,

where it remained for several weeks. The condition, therefore, of this specimen is not

good, the body being much flattened and the wings rubbed. This specimen, a male, we

have figured.

b. Body stout; a pencil of hair in the cell of the secondaries near the origin of the

first median branch; no pencil on the costal side of the submedian.

2. Opsiphanes boisduvali.

Opsiphanes boisduvalit, Westw. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 345, t. 57. f. 1’.

Caligo boisduvali, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 557.

Alis obscure croceis, apice margineque anticarum externo fuscescentibus, macula apud apicem fusca; subtus

dilutioribus, lineis minutis transversis obscurioribus irroratis, in cellula anticarum latioribus, anticis ocello

apud apicem, posticis duobus, uno ad marginem costalem altero angulum analem versus.

Hab. Mexico}, Jalapa (Hége); Guaremata, San Gerénimo (/. D. G. & O. S.), Polochic

valley (Hague); Honpuras (fide Botsduval?).

This very distinct species was named and figured in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepi-

doptera’ from a Mexican specimen, whence we have also received examples. In

Guatemala we found it at San Gerénimo, on the plain of Salama, and examples were

OPSIPHANES. 127

afterwards procured by one of Mr. Hague’s collectors in the Polochic valley, and

forwarded to us. We have no knowledge of the extension of this species further

south, beyond the doubtful reference to its occurrence in Honduras given by Boisduval?.

It appears to be a scarce insect, being, like other members of the genus, of crepuscular

habits, and very rapid, powerful flight.

3. Opsiphanes cassie.

Papilio cassie, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 265*; Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 106. f. A’.

Opsiphanes cassie, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 41°.

Caligo fabricit, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 54%.

Alis fuscis, anticis fascia transversa a costa ad angulum analem ducta (costam versus bifida) ferrugineo-

ochracea ; posticis fascia submarginali coloris ejusdem; subtus fuscis griseo marmoratis, litura a cellula

ad angulum analem fusca, figuris ad basin nigris, anticis uno, posticis ocellis duobus ornatis.

Hab. Mexico, Vallalolid, Yucatan (Gawmer); Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague),

central valleys and Retalhuleu (FP. D. G. & O. S.); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.) ; Nicaracua,

Chontales; Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Avcé).—Co.LomBia; Ecuapor;

Peru; Guiana?; BRaAzIu.

This name of Linnzus evidently refers to this insect, as he specially calls attention to

the fulvous band of the primaries bifurcating near the costa, whereas in O. invire this

band is simple. Evidence is not wanting, however, pointing to the probable identity of

these so-called species; for the band of the primaries is not only of very variable width,

but also a transition can, to a certain extent, be traced between the simple straight band

and the bifurcated one, and this without any reference to locality.

In our region O. cassie is decidedly the most abundant form; indeed, with the single

exception of a Costa-Rica example, O. invire is not represented at all.

4. Opsiphanes invire.

Potamis superba invire, Hibn. Samml. ex. Schm. i. t. 76°.

Brassolis invire, Hiibn. Sammi. ex. Schm. ii. t. 66.

Opsiphanes cassia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 339° (nec Linn.).

O. cassie persimilis, sed fascia anticarum fere recta nec bifida forsan distinguendus.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten®).—Co.LomBia ; VENEZUELA; PERU; Amazons; Brazi;

PaRraGuay.

The chief, if not the only character by which this species is distinguished, is in the

band of the primaries being simple, and not bifid towards the costa. Our Costa-Rica

example, though referred to O. cassie by Messrs. Butler and Druce, seems clearly to

belong here. Compared with O. cassiv, O. invire has in our region a much less

extensive range, and only enters Central America as far as Costa Rica, whence we have

a single specimen.

128 RHOPALOCERA.

5. Opsiphanes tamarindi. (Tab. XIII. figg. 5, 6.)

Opsiphanes tamarindi, Feld. Wien. ent. Monat. v. p. 111’ (ex Boisd. MS.).

Caligo tamarindi, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 547.

Opsiphanes glycerie, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 41° (partim); Dist. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xiii *

(nec Fabr.).

Alis obscure fuscis, anticis fascia transversa ultra cellulam albida, punctis ad apicem albis; posticis aliquot

rubescentibus ; subtus alis brunneis griseo irroratis et ad basin lineis nigris notatis, anticis ocello unico,

posticis duobus, uno ad marginem costalem, altero angulum analem versus, notatis.

Q mari similis, sed major, posticis rufescentioribus et fascia albida anticarum supra et subtus latiore

distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé1), Volcan de Orizaba (Sallé?), Cordova (Riimeli); GUATEMALA,

Retalhuleu and Motagua valley (F. D. G. & O. S.), San Gerénimo and Polochic valley

(Hague); Costa Rica (Van Patten, Carmiol), Talamanca (Ga6d?); Panama, Veraguas

(Arcé), Lion Hill (/‘Leannan).—CotomBia!; VENEZUELA!.

This species was first recognized by Dr. Felder, who described certain Venezuelan,

Colombian, and Mexican specimens under this name. We possess a large series of

examples from Central America which exhibit no tangible differences. The nearest

ally to O. tamarindi is O. crameri, Feld., a name which is probably synonymous with

O. glycerie (Fabr.). From this insect 0. tamarindi differs in having the secondaries

usually more rufescent, especially in the female, and the transverse band of the

primaries yellowish white instead of tawny. This band varies considerably: in one

Colombian male in our collection it is but faintly indicated ; in others it is broad,—and

this without any apparent reference to locality.

As already remarked, 0. glycerie of Fabricius is probably the same as O. crameri

of Felder; but the Mexican specimen referred by Mr. Butler to O. glycerie in his

catalogue of Fabrician Diurnal Lepidoptera no doubt belongs to O. tamarind: ®.

One of the older specimens he mentions under O. glycerie appears to be correctly

named.

A specimen from the Polochic valley is figured.

6. Opsiphanes quirinus, sp. n.

Alis nigricanti-brunneis, anticarum dimidio basali et posticis (margine excepto) late rufescentibus, margine

externo posticarum valde sinuato sicut in O. quiteria; anticis fascia transversa ochracea et punctis albis

apicalibus fere ut in O. invire; subtus alis brunneis nigro valde distincte irroratis, ocellis ut in speciebus

hujus generis.

Q mari similis, sed multo major et fascia anticarum alba nec ochracea distinguenda.

Hab. Guatemaa, Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belt); Panama,

Chiriqui and Calobre (Arcé).

This is a race of O. quiteria of Guiana, the Amazons valley, and Northern Brazil,

having the same deeply indentated margin to the secondaries; it differs, however, in

OPSIPHANES. 129

having the base of the primaries and the whole of the secondaries, except the outer

margin, deep rufous; the female, too, has a white instead of a fulvous band.

O. quirinus appears to be more abundant in the southern part of Central America

than in Guatemala, whence we have received only a single specimen.

7. Opsiphanes amphirhoe.

Brassolis amphirhoe, Hibn. Samml. ex. Schm. ii. t. 67 '.

Alis nigricanti-fuscis, anticis fascia arcuata fulva a costa ad angulum analem interdum integra interdum

interrupta, maculis tribus albis apud angulum apicalem ; posticis valde elongatis et margine apud angulum

apicalem fulvo notato; subtus fere ut in aliis speciebus hujus generis, sed maculis omnibus bene definitis.

Hab. Guatemata, Mirandilla (Champion).—S.E. Braziu.

A single example of this Opsiphanes sent us by Mr. Champion agrees accurately with

South-Brazilian specimens. The appearance of this Brazilian species in Central

America is a singular fact—the more so, seeing that it has never been noticed in the

intermediate region.

Some confusion has prevailed respecting this species, the name 0. amphirhoe having

been placed as a synonym of 0. xanthus (Linn.); but with that insect, as we have already

shown, it has no near relationship. It agrees in structure with the more typical

members of the genus, O. xanthus with its allies forming a somewhat abnormal

section.

c. Body comparatively slender; pencil of hair on the secondaries as in Section 8.

8. Opsiphanes orgetorix.

Opsiphanes orgetoriz, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vi. p.177'; Ex. Butt., Opsiphanes, t. 1. ff. 1, 2”.

Alis obscure brunneis ; anticis falcatis, fascia arcuata a costa ad angulum analem fulva, maculis tribus apicalibus

albis; posticarum margine externo fulvo; subtus alis brunneis, brunneo et albo irroratis, fascia communi

obscura per ocellos posticarum ad costam anticarum mediam extensa, anticarum margine externo gilvo

lineis duabus valde sinuatis notato, anticis ocello unico ad apicem, posticis duobus magnis, uno mediam

costam attingente, altero ad angulum analem ornatis.

2 mari similis, sed fascia anticarum multo rectiore et violaceo tincta, margine quoque posticarum fulvo multo

latiore distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt!*); Panama, Chiriqui and Veraguas (Arcé).

This beautiful species was discovered by the late Mr. Thomas Belt at Chontales in

Nicaragua; and his specimens were described by Hewitson!, and the female figured in

‘Exotic Butterflies’?. Since then several specimens have been sent from Chiriqui and

elsewhere in the State of Panama; but we have no tidings of it from Costa Rica, though

doubtless it also occurs there.

In the rounded form of the secondary wings and in the more slender body this species

resembles O. xanthus, Linn., and its allies, rather than the stout-bodied species which

we have placed before it; but the arrangement of the pencils of hair on the secondaries

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., August 1881. S

130 RHOPALOCERA.

is just as in O. tamarindi and in all the other Central-American Opsiphanes, except

O. xanthicles described below. Though the male resembles that of 0. xanthus in many

respects, the female is quite different; so that O. orgetoriz has no near ally that we

know of.

d. Body slender; secondaries rounded ; no pencil of hair in the cell of the secondaries

near the origin of the first median branch, but a pencil in front of the pre-

discoidal cell.

9. Opsiphanes xanthicles, sp.n. (Opsiphanes xanthus, Tab. XII. figg. 1, 2.)

Alis fuscis, anticis fascia arcuata a costa ad angulum analem fulva, maculis apicalibus albis; posticis unico-

loribus, maculis obsoletis fulvis apud angulum apicalem; subtus obscure brunneis albo (nisi anticarum

dimidio basali lineis nigris notato, et fascia posticarum transversa) irroratis, ocello distincto apud

anticarum apicem et duobus parvis (uno costam posticarum attingente, altero ad angulum analem) notatis.

@ adhuc ignota.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui and Veraguas (Arcé).—UPPER AMAZONS.

This species has a very close general resemblance to 0. zanthus, so much so that for

some time we considered that it ought to bear that name. Having now obtained a

specimen of the true O. zanthus from British Guiana, agreeing well with the figure in

Clerk’s ‘Icones Insectorum,’ the basis of Linneus’s description, we are able to detect

important differences in the present species.

The true O. canthus has a pencil of hairs in the cell, just as in most Opsiphanes,

whereas in O. vanthicles this pencil is wholly absent. The long patch of transverse hair

so prominent in O. xanthus is here much reduced. These differences (and there are

others) at once serve to distinguish the two species. Indeed O. xanthicles, so far as we

know at present, stands alone in not having the pencil of hairs in the cell near the

origin of the first median branch.

Besides our Central-American examples we have others from the Upper Amazons,

one taken by Mr. Bates at Ega, and another by Hauxwell at Pebas; so that O. xanthicles

enjoys a wide range.

We have figured one of the Panama specimens.

CALIGO.

Caligo, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 51 (1816) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 340.

This genus contains the largest Butterflies of the South-American fauna. Excluding

the members of the next genus (Eryphanis), some twenty species are now known, of

which seven are found in Central America. Of these only one, C. wranus, can claim to

be peculiar to the region. The rest are all found in South America, some of them (such |

as C. ewrylochus and C. ilioneus) having an exceedingly wide range. Southern Mexico is

the northern limit of the genus, where three species (C. uranus, C. otleus, and C. memnon)

CALIGO. 131

occur. In addition to the two sections of the genus represented in our fauna there is

another, with densely hairy eyes, found in South America, which has not yet been

detected within our border; this is represented by the Brazilian C. martia, and on our

frontier by the Colombian C. oberthiiri. As will be seen below, the two sections of

Caligo with smooth eyes, of which alone we have to treat here, have fairly good

characters by which to distinguish them.

Caligo has large rounded wings and a robust body; the prediscoidal cell of the

secondaries is quite small ; there is in the male a denuded patch on the submedian

nervure of the secondaries, with a small pencil of hairs in the middle on the inside of

the nervure; the femur of the front legs of the male is about equal in length to the

coxa, which is stout. The tegumen of the male has a lobe in the middle of the ventral

edge on each side; the ventral edge of this is nearly straight and serrate, and at its

proximal end bears a long spur directed outwards ; the harpagones are long and slender,

strongly dentate on their upper edge, which is either a simple curve or bears a lobe

strongly dentate in front.

A. Secondary wings without fulvous buff; secondary sexual organs of the male with

the dorsal edge of the harpagones simply dentate.

a. Base of primaries bluish fuscous, margin not very distinctly darker.

1. Caligo eurylochus.

Papilo eurilochus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 33. f. A, t. 34. f A’.

Caligo eurylochus, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 339°.

Pavonia eurylochus, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 56°.

Pavonia eurylochus, var. brasiliensis, Feld. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 476°.

Caligo galba, Deyr. Rev. Zool. 1874, tt. 6, 7°.

Alis fuscis, marginibus late obscure nigricantibus; dimidio primariorum basali ceruleo vix tincto; posticarum

parte basali viridescente ad marginem externum obscurum purpurascentiore; subtus omnino marmoratis,

anticis ad apicem ocello unico, posticis tribus ornatis, horum uno ad coste medium, altero maximo ultra

cellulam super ramos medianos, altero inconspicuo ultra cellulam positis; inter duos maximos lineis

paucis nigris, sed coloribus irroratis, haud interruptis.

@ mari similis, sed major et primariis fasciis duabus submarginalibus obscure fulvis distinguenda.

Hab. Guaremata’, Motagua valley (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), San Juan (Champion); Nica-

raGcua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui and

Veraguas (Arcé).—CoLomBia; Guiana!; Braziu‘.

We have some hesitation in placing Central-American specimens of this Caligo under

the name of C. eurylochus; for, comparing our series with Guianan, Amazonian, and

Brazilian specimens, we find that the outer margin of the primaries is usually darker

than in the typical form, and the mottling of the undersurface is less evenly distributed,

especially on the primaries; the secondaries, too, have a whiter ground near the base of

the wing. These differences, however, are not quite constant enough to be available as

s 2

132 RHOPALOCERA.

specific characters; we therefore prefer to use the name C. eurylochus for our specimens,

including those from South Brazil, which Dr. Felder proposed to call Pavonia bra-

siliensis *. Should the Central-American insects ultimately prove to be distinct,

M. Deyrolle’s title C. galba may be applied to them. This name was attached to two

plates, representing the upper and underside, which were published in the ‘ Revue de

Zoologie’ for 1874, but unaccompanied by any letterpress. We have, however, a

specimen from M. Deyrolle marked as the type of C. galba, and with the locality

‘“‘Colombie” attached to it. This specimen presents no material differences from our

Central-American ones.

C. eurylochus appears to be a rare insect in Guatemala, as the only specimens we

possess from that country are one taken by ourselves, in the year 1861, in the valley of

the Motagua, and another recently sent to us from San Juan, in the Polochic valley, by

Mr. Champion. We have never seen it in the vast collections sent us from Vera Paz

and elsewhere. In Nicaragua and thence to South America it is much more abundant.

2. Caligo oileus.

Pavonia oileus, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 111'; Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 454, t. 65. f. 2?;

Bates, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 248°.

Caligo oileus, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 388%.

Pavonia scamander, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 57°.

C. eurylocho affinis, sed minor et area inter ocellos maximos pagine posticarum inferioris omnino brunnea,

lineis nigris valde sinuatis notata, distinguendus.

Hab, Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli); Guatemaua, Yzabal (Pf. D. G.& O.8.); Nicaraaua,

Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Lion-Hill Station (I/‘Leannan®).

—CoLomBiA!; VENEZUELA!; Ecuapor.

This species seems most nearly allied to C. ewrylochus, but is usually a much smaller

insect. The mottling of the undersurface is not so uniformly distributed, and is

altogether interrupted between the costal and the largest ocelli of the secondaries.

This part of the wing is rich brown, with strong black very sinuated lines. The

character is well shown in Dr. Felder’s plate®. C. otlews was originally described from

Venezuelan and Colombian specimens!. We now trace it through Central America as

far north as Mexico (whence we have a single specimen) and Guatemala, where we

obtained a male in the forest near Yzabal in September 1861. It must be rare in

Mexico and Guatemala, as no other specimens have come to us from there. Nor does

it seem much more common elsewhere, as the three Panama specimens mentioned by

Mr. Bates in his paper on Butterflies of that district? are the most we have from any

one place. Its home seems to be the northern parts of Colombia.

CALIGO, 133

6. Base of primaries blue, submarginal parallel bands very distinct.

83. Caligo ilioneus.

Papilio ilioneus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 52. f. A‘,

Pavonia ilioneus, Bates, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 249°; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 56°.

Potamis conspicua teucer, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schmett. i. t. 774.

Alis cxruleo indutis, marginibus externis late nigricantibus ; posticis paulo purpurascentioribus ; anticis lineis

duabus fulvis subparallelis et maculis nigris albo intus punctatis apud angulum analem notatis; subtus

ochraceis, fusco irregulariter marmoratis et lineis pallidis et obscuris notatis; ocellis ut in preecedentibus

speciebus,

$ mari valde similis, sed major et paulo minus ceruleo lavata.

Hab. Panama, Lion-Hill Station (M*Leannan? ).—CotomBia; Ecuapor; AMAZONs;

TRINIDAD; Gutana!; Braziu; Paraguay.

This widely spread species may readily be known by the blue of the basal part of

the primaries and by the two distinct submarginal fulvous bands of the same wings.

These are well represented in Cramer’s figure 1, which is otherwise rather exaggerated,

a much more accurate representation of it being given by Hiibner 4.

C. ilioneus only just comes into our fauna at Panama, where M‘Leannan captured a

few specimens”. Dr. Boisduval states that it occurs in Guatemala?; but this assertion

requires confirmation.

c. Blue of upper surface restricted to secondary wings; central area of primaries much

| paler than the margin.

4. Caligo memnon. (Tab. XIV. figg. 1, 4.)

Pavonia memnon, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 454*.

Caligo memnon, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 3897.

Alis fuscis, marginibus late nigricantibus ; anticis medialiter et linea submarginali griseo-ochraceis ; posticis

dimidio basali purpurascenti-cyaneo ; subtus fere ut in C. altoneo, area anticarum mediana ochrascente

maculis et lineis obscuris obsoletioribus.

Hab. Muxico (Sallé4), Cordova (fiimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Valladolid, Yucatan

(Gaumer); Guaremata, Yzabal, Polochic valley, San Gerénimo, Motagua valley, and

Retalhuleu (Ff. D. G. & O. 8.), Teleman, San Isidro, and Pantaleon (Champion); Nica-

RaGua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten ?); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui and

Veraguas (Arcé).— VENEZUELA.

In his description of this species Dr. Felder very properly compares it with C. teucer,

with which it is very closely allied, the chief, if not the only trustworthy, point of

difference being the greater extent of the greyish-buff patch on the primaries and the

more indistinct marks on the central portion of the primaries beneath—not very salient

characters.

How far it can be distinguished from C. taramela (Godt.), of Brazil, we are unable

134 RHOPALOCERA.

to say, as we have no authentic specimens from that country with which to compare it.

It appears, however, very closely to resemble that species.

Dr. Felder’s types came from Mexico and the Pacific side of Guatemala, the latter

having been supplied him by us!. From both these countries we have seen a very large

number of specimens, it being the only Caligo of this section found in Mexico, and quite

the commonest of its genus in Guatemala. Thence it spreads over the rest of Central

America to the State of Panama, and into Venezuela, whence we have a specimen which

agrees with C. memnon rather than with C. teucer, though the marking of the primaries

beneath is stronger than is usual with the former species.

The resort of C. memnon is the forests of moderate elevation down to the sea-level ;

and it is also found in scrubby forest as high as 3000 feet above the sea.

When disturbed it takes short flights through the underwood a few feet from the

ground, settling on the stem of a tree with closed wings, where it is very difficult to see,

unless marked to the spot where it alights.

A male from San Gerénimo, Guatemala, is figured.

5. Caligo telamonius. (Tab. XIV. figg. 2, 3.)

Pavonia telamonius, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. vi. p. 422; Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 454, t. 64. f. 1’;

Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 57°.

C. memnoni persimilis, sed anticarum basi magis fulvescente et linea submarginali ochracea in mari minus

distincta, posticis quoque in certa luce multo magis purpurascentibus, hoc colore ad marginem extendente,

distinguendus.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui and Calobre (Arcé), Lion-Hill Station (/‘Leannan).

—CoLoMBIA 1. . |

Boisduval gives Nicaragua as a locality for this species*, a statement we cannot as

yet support, as we have no tidings of it in that direction beyond Chiriqui, in the State

of Panama. It was originally described from Colombian examples, whence we have

specimens from the neighbourhood of Santa Marta. Northern Colombia must be con-

sidered its head quarters, whence it passes into the narrowest part of the Isthmus of

Panama.

As a species C. telamonius is quite distinct, though it has a great general resemblance

to C. memnon. The more ochraceous primaries, and especially the extent of the blue

of the secondaries, render it not difficult to distinguish.

A male from Calobre, Panama, is figured.

[Boisduval (Lép. Guat. p. 56) has described another species of this group, from

Honduras and Guatemala, under the name of Pavonia dardanus. We have specimens

from Mons. Deyrolle, from Colombia, thus designated ; but from them it appears that

this name is only a synonym of C. prometheus (Koll.), a Colombian insect. As we have

no other tidings of it in our region, we await specimens from a more trustworthy source

before inserting it as a member of our fauna. |

~CALIGO. 135

B. Secondary wings with conspicuous orange or fulvous-buff margin; secondary sexual

organs of the male with the harpagones bearing a distinct posteriorly dentate lobe

on the middle of the dorsal edge.

6. Caligo atreus.

Morpho atreus, Kollar, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, Math. Cl. i. p. 356, t. 44. ff. 1, 27.

Caligo ajax, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 342, t. 56. f. 2”.

Pavonia ajax, Bates, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 248°; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 57 *.

Alis brunneo-fuscis, anticis fascia albida a costa per cellule finem ad angulum analem eunte, et in hac regione

purpureo suffusis ; posticis fascia lata in linea eadem aurantiaca, angulum apicalem ipsum haud occupante ;

subtus brunneis, anticarum cellula nigro distincte figurata, posticarum parte basali nigro irrorata, fascia

ultra cellulam anticarum albicante, posticis litura lata sicut supra fulva, lineis obscuris in medio divisa ;

ocellis ut solet in hoc genere.

Q mari similis, sed major.

Hab. Nicaracva‘, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, 2-3000 feet (Cham-

pion, Arcé), Lion-Hill station (I Zeannan *).--CotomBia! ; W. Ecuapor?; VENEZUELA2.

This magnificent species was first described by Kollar from specimens obtained by

Sulkowski in Colombia!; and a figure of a female accompanies his paper. Our

Colombian specimens are all males, and were obtained by the late T. K. Salmon at

Frontino, in the State of Antioquia. These do not materially differ from Kollar’s figure,

except that the orange band of the secondaries is in some cases narrower, with a

tendency to break up into spots, and in some paler in colour. The species also occurs

in Venezuela”, specimens from which country were named C. ajax by Doubleday, and

whence we also have examples. These differ slightly from the Colombian ones in

having the orange band of the secondaries broad and deeply coloured, and the white

band of the primaries rather more distinct. These differences, however, are hardly

specific. As regards the species in Central America, our specimens from the Panama

railway agree rather with those from Antioquia, whilst those from Chiriqui and

Nicaragua are just like the Venezuelan insect. As yet no specimens have reached us

from Costa Rica; but it is certainly to be found in the hot low-lying forests of that

country. Nicaragua seems to be the extreme limit of its range in this direction. In

Guatemala and Southern Mexico C. wranus entirely takes the place of C. atreus, a

species closely allied to it no doubt, but with unmistakable specific characters.

Another species allied to C. atreus has been described by Mr. Druce as C. dentina*,

and said to be from South Peru. This insect has hardly any white on the primaries ;

and the orange band of the secondaries is creamy white. It is a local form, perhaps

not really separable from C. atreus. The locality given for it can hardly be correct ;

and we believe it should be looked for in the forest-region of Western Ecuador, whence

Mr. Edward Whymper has recently brought home a specimen, which we have had an

opportunity of examining.

* Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 155.

136 RHOPALOCERA.

7. Caligo uranus.

Caligo uranus, H.-Sch. Samml. ausserenr. Schmett. p. 55, ff. 1,21.

Pavonia uranus, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 57”.

Pavonia telemachus, Hew. Zoologist, viii. p. 2976 *.

C. atreo similis, sed anticis fere omnino cyaneo suffusis et margine posticarum externo ab angulo apicali ad

angulum analem late aurantiaco distinguendus.

Hab. Mzxico18, Cordova (Hége) ; Guatemata, Quirigua, Polochic valley, forests of

Northern Vera Paz and Retalhuleu (Ff. D. G. & O. 8.), Rio Naranjo and Mirandilla

(Champion) ; Honpuras 2?

As already stated, this species is closely allied to C. atreus, and takes the place of that

butterfly in Southern Mexico and Guatemala. The most obvious difference is in the

orange band of the secondaries, which here occupies the whole outer margin of the

wing, including the apical angle; the primaries, too, have the blue gloss more exten-

sively spread.

C. wranus, besides being found in Southern Mexico, is not an uncommon butterfly in

the hottest forests of Guatemala. We found it in such places, amongst the Indian ruins

of Quirigua, in the Motagua valley, throughout the dense forests of Northern Vera Paz,

on the track to Peten, and also in the forests of the Pacific coast, where also Mr. Cham-

pion has recently met with it in several places. |

Its habits are like those of its congeners. It flies a few feet from the ground in the

forest, going a short distance when disturbed, and settling on the stems of the trees.

ERYPHANIS.

Eryphanis, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 57 (1874).

The members of this genus, of which EF. automedon, Cr., is the typical species, were

placed in the genus Caligo until Boisduval separated them in 1874. This step seems

to be justified, as a comparison of the following characters with those of Caligo will

show :—The body is rather slender, the prediscoidal cell being, as in Caligo, quite

small; there is a denuded patch on the submedian nervure of the secondaries of the

male, but no central tuft of hairs; the male, too, has a peculiar oval patch of long

closely felted scales near the anal angle. The coxa of the front leg of the male is

rather slender and shorter than the femur. The tegumen of the male has a long

slightly curved slender hook, and on the ventral surface on either side a rectangular

lobe, the ventral edge of which is smooth, without serrations or spur as in Caligo; the

harpagones are long, slender, and simple, without lobes, but strongly dentate on their

dorsal edge.

Hight or nine species are now known of the genus, which is a purely Neotropical one

and spread over the whole of tropical America as far south as Brazil. Of these three are

ERYPHANIS., 137

found within our borders, whereof one (E. @sacus) is peculiar to Mexico and Guate-

mala; the others (Z. bubocula and E. wardi) just enter South America, being found in

the Colombian State of Oaxaca.

a. Outer margin of secondary wings distinctly angulated.

1. Eryphanis wardi. (Tab. XIII. figg. 1, 2.)

Eryphanis wardi, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 58".

Pavonia automedon, Bates, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 249? (nec Cramer).

Caligo automedon, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 339° (nec Cramer).

Alis supra brunneo-fuscis, area anticarum interna et plaga magna in dimidio externo posticarum violaceo-cyaneo

tinctis; anticis linea obsoleta submarginali fulva ad apicem bifida et punctis albis subapicalibus costam

versus notatis; posticis area anali nigro induta; subtus sordide brunneis nigro irroratis, stria communi

nigra a costa media anticarum ad angulum analem posticarum ducta; alis intus albicantioribus, extus area

haud irrorata sed lineis variis valde sinuatis notatis et in posticis ocellis duobus ornatis, uno costam attin-

gente, altero extra cellulam ; hac area in anticis linea sinuata ultra cellulam terminata; linea altera latiore

submarginali quam margo magis sinuata, inter ramos radiales ocellos duos aut tres includente, duabus lineis

submarginalibus quoque notatis; anticarum cellula tota lineis variis distinctis scripta.

mare major, fascia anticarum submarginali paginw superioris multo magis distincta et area discoidali distali

ochraceo suffusa, posticis nigro late marginatis area interna ceruleo leviter tincta.

Hab. Nicaracua}, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten?); Panama, Chiriqui,

Veraguas (Arcé), Lion-Hill station (M‘Leannan ?).—Co.omBIa.

This is a slightly modified northern race of E. automedon of Guiana and the Amazons

valley. From this it differs in being rather larger, in the violet colour of the primaries

being of a rather more rosy tint, and in having an indistinct submarginal stripe, bifid

towards the apical angle, and enclosing two more or less distinct black spots; beneath

it is paler and of a reddish brown, mottled and marked after the pattern of E. auto-

medon. The females are paler on the upperside and of a more ochraceous colour. In

the series before us there is a slight variation in the rosy tint of the primaries of

different specimens. This species was described by Boisduval, who says that it is found

in collections sent from Guatemala and Nicaragua. We ourselves have never seen it

from further north than the latter country, and are inclined to doubt whether it extends

its range into Guatemala, as it has never been sent in the numerous and large collections

we have received from there. We trace it as far south as Colombia. In Ecuador,

Guiana, and southward its place is taken by a smaller species, with wings of purer

blue, the true £. automedon of Cramer, and in Brazil by EZ. amphimedon, Feld. We

have figured a male from Nicaragua.

6. Outer margin of secondaries rounded.

2. Eryphanis zsacus.

Caligo esacus, H.-Schaff. Aussereur. Schmett. ff. 3, 4.

Eryphanis esacus, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 58.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., October 1881. T

138 RHOPALOCERA.

Alis fuscis, dimidio exteriore violaceo tinctis, anticis linea indistincta submarginali apud apicem bifida et puncta

duo nigra includente ochracea; posticis plaga magna apud angulum analem nigra in certa luce violaceo

tincta; subtus ochraceis, fascia lata transversa communi fusca, anticis figuris nigris et albidis notatis intus

et extus albido marginatis, posticis ocellis supra et binis infra cellulam ; ceteris partibus fusco marmoratis.

® multo pallidiore, area interna ceruleo lavata, anticis linea submarginali ochraceo notata.

Hab. Mexico}, Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio) ; GUATEMALA, Chuacus and

Polochic valley (F. D. G. & O. S.), Rio Naranjo (Champion); NicaRaeva, Chontales

(Belt). |

This is the smallest species of the genus with which we are acquainted, and may

readily be distinguished from the last at first sight by the large black patch, showing

a deep purple in certain lights, towards the anal angle of the secondaries, which are

rounded instead of angulated. The basal portion of the wings is not tinged with violet ;

but this colour extends over the outer half of the anterior and the apical area of the

posterior wings. The underside is more strongly mottled in this than the last species ;

and the central transverse band is margined externally and internally with a creamy

colour; there is a double ocellus below the cell with a yellow border, a single one out-

side above.

Originally described from Mexico !, this species does not appear to be very common

in that country. The same may be said of Guatemala, where it is very local. Most

of our specimens were taken at Chuacus, a village lying at an elevation of nearly

3000 feet, in a small valley which opens out into that of the Motagua. Here it

frequented thin scrubby forest, which abounds in that district. We also obtained

specimens from the Polochic valley; and Mr. Champion has recently sent us others

from Rio Naranjo, on the Pacific side of the Cordillera. From Nicaragua we have only

a single female specimen, which, though rather large, agrees on the underside better

with this species than with £. bubocula.

8. Eryphanis bubocula. (Tab. XV. figg. 1, 24, fig. 39.)

Caligo bubocula, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 741; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 339°.

E. esaco similis, sed major, et posticis colore violaceo margine externo solum apicem versus notatis, subtus alis

multo fortius picturatis,

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten1*), Cache (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé).—

COLOMBIA.

This race takes the place of its northern ally L. @sacus in Costa Rica, and extends

into Colombia, whence we have a specimen from the State of Antioquia. It differs

chiefly from the preceding in its much larger size and in having the violet colour of the

posterior wings restricted to the outer margin towards the apex, while in H. wsacus this

colour occupies the discal area within the black patch. In some Costa-Rican examples,

however, there are a few violet scales in this portion of the wing, showing almost a

ERYPHANIS.—NAROPE. 139

transition from the one to the other. The much larger size, however, of the southern

specimens, coupled with the more strongly pronounced markings of the undersurface,

and also the absence of the continuous violet on the discal area of the secondaries, in

addition to the greater faintness of the submarginal ochreous line in the primaries,

enable one without difficulty to discriminate between the two forms.

E. bubocula was described by Mr. Butler from specimens in Van Patten’s Costa-Rica

collection, whence we have also received examples, as well as others from the State of

Panama. None of these are females, and that sex is only known to us from a specimen

in Dr. Staudinger’s collection. We hesitate to admit that the Mexican females in the

British Museum, alluded to by Mr. Butler in his description, really belong here. If

the locality given to them is correct, it is far more probable they will prove to be

females of H. wsacus. Our figures are taken, the male from one of the types from

Costa Rica, the female from the one in Dr. Staudinger’s collection already alluded to,

and which came from the State of Panama.

NAROPE.

Narope, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 348 (1851).

Seven species have now been described of this peculiar genus, which, though not

nearly allied to any of the foregoing genera, clearly belongs to the Brassoline, a position

indicated for them by Prof. Westwood. As in Opsiphanes, the prediscoidal cell of the

secondaries is large; but the terminal joint of the palpi is longer than usual in this

subfamily. There is a tuft of hair on the underside of the primaries above the middle

of the submedian nervure, and a denuded patch to correspond on the upperside of the

secondaries near the costa. The tegumen of the male (in WN. cyllastros) has a pair of

peculiar short spurs, one on each side of the ventral surface, directed outwards; the

harpagones have a simple dorsal edge, with a strong tooth near the extremity and

another at the end. |

Only one of the seven species is found in Central America; the rest are widely

dispersed over South America, being found in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil.

None are as yet known from Guiana, though one is said to have been taken at Para.

From what is said below it is probable that all the species are nocturnal in their

habits; and as the underside of the wings has the coloration of a dead leaf, when at rest

during the day with wings closed they must be very difficult indeed to detect. Hence

their great scarcity in collections.

1. Narope testacea. (Tab. XV. figg. 4, 54, fig. 6 2.)

Narope testacea, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, ii. p. 259°.

Alis supra obscure testaceis, anticarum apicibus et posticarum dimidio basali obscure fuscis ; subtus pallide fuscis,

atomis et maculis obscuris irroratis, plerumque ex lineis plus minusve margini externo parallelis compositis ;

posticis macula parva ad coste medium nigra notatis.

T 2

140 RHOPALOCERA.

Q margine anticarum externo convexo, posticis paulo angulatis ; alis supra fuscis, subtus punctis parvis nigris

maculatis ; linea pallida ab apice anticarum ad marginem internum eunte.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe 1).

The only specimens we have seen of this species are the types in Dr. Staudinger’s

collection, which were taken at Chiriqui by Herr Ribbe, who has since informed us that

they came to sugar placed at night for capturing Heterocera. It would thus appear

that the great apparent rarity of all the members of this genus is probably due to their

nocturnal habits.

Subfam. ACRAINA*.

ACTINOTE.

Actinote, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 27 (1816).

Acrea, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 187 (partim).

This section of the old genus Acre@a contains nearly fifty South-American species,

which are distributed throughout tropical America from Southern Mexico to the

Argentine republic, the metropolis of the genus being Ecuador and Peru. Whether

any are found in Guiana is doubtful. Within our region four species occur, only one

of which reaches Southern Mexico; one is peculiar to Costa Rica; and two are widely

distributed over the country, one of which passes into the northern part of South

America.

Actinote may readily be recognized from the Old-World representatives of Acrea by

the tibia of the front legs of the male being very short, and the tarsus being altogether

absent, or only present in a single short rudimentary joint. In A. anteas the femur is

considerably longer than the coxa; but in A. now and some of its southern allies these

joints are nearly equal. In A. horta, which should be taken as the type of the genus

Acrea, the tibia is comparatively long, and there is a well-developed single tarsal joint.

In other forms, such as A. natalica, the tarsus consists of four slender joints.

Regarding the secondary sexual male characters, Actinote does not differ materially

from Acrea, as represented by A. horta; the tegumen is a simple slender hook, and

the harpagones also simple, without teeth; the chitinous piece which projects back-

wards along the ventral surface of the abdomen is very broad, and shaped somewhat

* Doubleday, who seems to have paid considerable attention to this subfamily, divided it into six sections,

but kept them all in the single genus Acrea. A thorough revision of these insects would, we are confident,

fully justify their division into several genera; for not only do we find very diverse conditions in the proportion

of the joints in the front legs of the male, but also in the size and shape of the penis and the secondary sexual

male organs. The American members of the subfamily, so far as we have been able to examine them, seem

fairly constant in their characters; and for them we use Hiibner’s title Actinote, and give a few of its leading

characters under the generic heading.

ACTINOTE. 141

like the toe of a shoe; the penis is a sharp-pointed chitinous rod of moderate length.

In A. natalica this organ is enormously developed, being *4 inch in length.

Regarding the neuration of the wings, on which Doubleday laid considerable stress

when compiling the sections of the genus Acrwa, we find that Actinote does not

materially differ from Acrea horta. In other Old-World forms important differences

are observable.

1, Actinote anteas. (Acrea anteas, Tab. XVI. fig. 1.)

Acrea anteas, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 142, t. 18. £. 57.

Actinote anteas, Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xiv’.

Actinote thalia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 352°.

Alis nigro-fuscis, anticis maculis duabus intra cellulam alteraque inter venas medianam et submedianam, fascia

quoque lata subapicali venis divisa flavidis; posticis area interiore ferrugineo-flava, venis et stria inter

venas nigro notatis ; subtus alis dilutioribus et marginibus flavido et nigro radiolatis.

Hab. Guatemata, Central valleys (F. D. G. & O.8.), San Gerénimo (Champion), El

Zambador (Champion) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten®); Talamanca (Gadd 2), San Francisco

(Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Areé, Zahn, Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—CoLoMBIA ;

VENEZUELA 1,

It is open to question whether A. anteas, which was originally described from Vene-

zuelan specimens, is really separable from A. thalia (Linn.) from Brazil; and the only

distinction that we can trace is in the greater width of the subapical band of the primaries

in the northern form, and their yellower less ferruginous colour. But these characters

fail us when Colombian specimens are examined, both races being apparently repre-

sented in that country. In Central America we find A. anteas agreeing with the

Venezuelan insect; but even here some variation can be traced, which chiefly affects

the extent of the yellow spots of the base of the primaries, as well as the subapical

band; but these variations seem to be purely individual. We have never as yet seen

an Actinote of this form from Guiana; and Mr. Bates only captured one specimen at

Para, which he called Acrwa thalia*. A little further east, at Maranham, this insect

appears to be much more common, as we have several specimens from there captured

by the late Mr. T. Belt. These differ more from the true dA. thalia than A. anteas

does, the rusty yellow of the base of the wings being of greater extent, forming a large

subtriangular nearly confluent patch. This race should also probably have a name.

Actinote anteas is abundant in the valleys of the interior of Guatemala up to an

elevation of about 3000 feet. It is not, so far as we know, found in the forests of the

low-lying lands; and this may account for its not having been sent us from Nicaragua

or the line of the Panama railway.

2, Actinote guatemalena. (Acrwa anteas, Tab. XVI. fig. 2).

Acrea guatemalena, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 587.

* Trans. Linn. Soc, xxill. p. 564.

142 RHOPALOCERA.

A. ante similis, sed alis obscurioribus, anticis maculis omnibus minoribus et sordide flavis, posticis colore eodem

anguste striatis.

Hab. Guatemaua, Polochic valley (&. D. G. & 0. S.1); Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson

& Belt).

Mr. Bates described this insect from examples procured by us in the valley of the

Polochic in 1861. It is allied to A. anteas, but is very much darker, and the markings

of both wings are of a pale dirty yellow. Both Janson and Belt have also sent it from

Chontales; these latter specimens are rather brighter in colour than those from

Guatemala.

At one time we thought that this species was the female of A. anteas; but a closer

examination has convinced us that this is not the case, as we have both sexes of each .

species, showing conclusively their distinction.

The range of A. guatemalena is somewhat different from that of A. anteas, it being

found in Guatemala exclusively in the valley of the Polochic, and occurring again in

Nicaragua ; but in Costa Rica the next species appears to take its place. In South

America it has a close ally in A. equatoria, Bates, and some other not very definite

forms. We have figured one of the types, which is a male, and not a female as stated

on the Plate.

3. Actinote melampeplos, sp. n.

A. guatemalene similis, sed alis anticis maculis basalibus et fascia apicali latioribus, posticis leviter ferrugineo

tinctis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten).

This is closely allied to the last-named species, but seems to us to require specific

distinction. It may readily be known from A. guatemalena by having the basal spots

and subapical bands of the primaries much wider, and the interior area of the secon-

daries tinged with ferruginous. We have seven specimens in our collection, all of

which have the same characteristics. ‘These were sent by Dr. Van Patten from Costa

Rica, and were probably considered by Messrs. Butler and Druce to be females of what

they called A. thalia.

4. Actinote nox. (Acrea nox, Tab. XVI. figg. 3,46, 5, 69).

Acrea nox, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 597.

Actinote nox, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 352.

Acrea leucomelas, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 59.

Acrea orizava, Reakirt, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 243.

6. Alis nigris nitentibus, subtus nigris, anticis macula basali triangulari magna, posticis minore ochraceis,

Q. Alis nigrescentibus, macula trifida in area mediana ochracea, subtus pallide ochraceis nigro striatis et

anticis macula magna in area mediana ochracea.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Rimeli), Jalapa (Hoge); Guatemaa, Dueifias, central valleys,

ACTINOTE.—HELICONIUS. 143

and San Gerénimo (F. D. G. & O. 8.), Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales

(Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten); Volcan de Irazu and San Francisco (Rogers) ; PaNnaMa,

Chiriqui, Veraguas (Arcé, Champion).

This is a common widely-ranging species in Mexico and Central America, being

found from the southern parts of the former country to the State of Panama. Females

of it are subject to some variation in the extent of the yellow spots of the pri-

maries; and one from Mexico, in which these marks were unusually developed, was

described by Mr. Reakirt as A. orizava; but we do not see any grounds for considering

the Mexican race distinct. Males are very uniform in their colour; but one specimen

we have from Nicaragua has a few yellow scales in the middle of the primaries.

Actinote nox frequents scrubby woods, of elevation varying from 3000 to 5000 feet ;

and the two sexes, originally described by Mr. Bates as distinct species, may be seen

flying together, often in considerable numbers. Its allies in South America are

A. ozomene of Colombia, and an undescribed species from the State of Antioquia,

which has the base of the primaries beneath rufous instead of pure yellow.

‘Our figures are from typical specimens, the male from the Polochic valley, and the

female from Dueiias.

Subfam. HELICONINA.

HELICONIUS.

Heliconia, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv. p. 108 (1805).

Heliconius, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. vi. p. 79; Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 553.

This is one of the largest and most characteristic genera of the Butterfly-fauna of

Tropical America, the number of described species it contains now exceeding 100. In

structure the whole of these are exceedingly similar, both as to the neuration of the

wings and also the form of the legs; but great diversity exists in the shape of the

wings and in the pattern of their coloration. A satisfactory arrangement of the various

species is hardly possible, as the groups into which the most marked forms may be

separated are blended by intermediate species, so as to obscure the characters of demar-

cation. We have nevertheless attempted to sort the species which we here treat of

by the pattern of the wings; but this arrangement is only approximately a natural one.

Twenty-seven species are here included as inhabitants of Central America and

Mexico, the larger proportion of which are peculiar to the country. Eight species

only are also found outside our limits; and of these seven belong to the northern parts

of South America, and H. charithonia is also common in the West-Indian Islands.

The secondary sexual male organs in Heliconius are of a complicated character, and

not easily comprehended from specimens that have been once dried. So far as we can

see from an examination of several species, there is great uniformity in the arrangement

144 RHOPALOCERA.

of the different parts; but at the same time specific peculiarities exist. The tegumen

has, on the ventral surface inside the cavity, a piece like an inverted stirrup, which is

pointed at the end and directed outwards; the harpagones have a strong bar along the

lower edge; and this seems to be joined to the tegumen by a continuous membrane, the

folds of which give rise to much confusion by obscuring the outlines of the whole

structure. On the harpagones there are no dentations; but they terminate in a blunt

end. The penis, in every species examined, is very short.

As the proportion of the joints of the front leg of the male H. erato differs from that

of other members of the genus here treated of, we use this character to separate this

species from the rest. Our other divisions rest on the colour-patern of the wings

alone.

a, Femur of front legs of the male slender, longer than the coxa; tibia and tarsus

also slender ; body usually elongated, projecting beyond the anal angle of the

secondaries.

a’. Wings ferruginous or tawny, with black margins and black transverse marks on one

or both wings; or extremity of primaries black, with yellow or white spots.

1. Heliconius melicerta. (Tab. XVI. figg. 12, 13.)

Heliconius melicerta, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 87}.

Alis supra ferrugineis, anticis costa, macula discali, altera ad cellule finem, area apicali tota et margine posti-

carum late nigris; anticis plaga magna, extus valde sinuata ad cellule finem a costa ad angulum analem

extensa; serie macularum subapicali, una inter ramos medianos secundum et tertium, duabus ad angulum

analem et duabus angulum posticarum apicalem versus lete flavis ; subtus et supra posticis maculis sub-

marginalibus et duabus ad angulum apicalem albis; antennis flavis, ad basin nigris.

Hab. Panama, Lion-Hill station (d/‘Leannan 1).—Cotomsta 1.

A species allied to the well-known JH. sylvanus (Cr.), of Guiana, but differs in many

particulars, fully described by Mr. Bates!. It is a larger species, with broader

primaries; the yellow patch at the end of the cell nearly absorbs the macular band

beyond the cell, leaving only some black spots within its area.

Two specimens only, strictly referable to this species, have reached us from Panama,

one of which (the type) is figured; but we have a good series from Colombia, where it

occurs not only at Frontino in the Cauca valley, but also near San Buenaventura, on

the west coast. Some little variation is to be traced in these, as might be expected ;

this chiefly affects the large median yellow spot of the primaries, which in some cases

encroaches more on the apex of the wing than in others.

2. Heliconius albucilla. (Tab. XVI. figg. 7, 8, and fig, 9, var.)

Heliconius albucilla, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii, p. 887.

-HELICONIUS, 145

H, melicerte similis, sed maculis anticarum albidis aut sordide fulvis nec flavis, posticis margine externo angusto

et fascia transversa nigra distinguendus.

Hab. Panama, Lion-Hill station (M‘Leannan 1), Veraguas (Arcé).

Except for the very obvious difference of having a black band crossing the secon-

daries, this insect might pass for an abnormal variety of H. melicerta; but this can.

hardly be the case. It appears to be a very rare species, as we have as yet only

obtained three specimens. Two of these, both from Panama and both figured, differ

considerably from one another: both have the black band of the secondaries; but the

markings of the primaries, which in one are white, in the other are dingy fulvous.

We possess a specimen which was obtained by Mr. Birchall, probably in Northern

Colombia, which closely resembles the type of H. albucilla; but in this example the

bands of the secondaries only reach half across the wing, and the white spot of the

primaries is purer and more extended. It is thus probable that a race allied to

H. albucilla exists in Northern Colombia.

3. Heliconius claudia, sp. n.

H. melicerte valde similis, sed alis angustioribus et rufescentioribus ; maculis anticarum duabus analibus absen-

tibus, et macula discali haud rotundata sed basin versus elongata, distinguendus.

Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé).

This form seems to take the place of H. melicerta in the western and more moun-

tainous portion of the State of Panama. In the shape of its wings it more nearly

resembles H. syl/vanus; but in coloration it agrees with H. melicerta, except that the

ferruginous tint of the base of the wings is of a deeper shade, the discal black spot is

not round, but elongated in the direction of the body, and the two yellow spots of the

anal angle are always absent. These differences are slight; but, being constant, they

certainly seem to point to a distinction between the two forms.

4. Heliconius fornarina.

Heliconia fornarina, Hew. Ex. Butt., Hel. t. 3. f. 9°.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis plaga irregulari lata per cellule finem flava maculas tres includente nigras fasciisque

duabus maculosis exterioribus coloris ejusdem ; posticis puncto ad apicem flavo, nonnunquam anticis linea

mediana, posticis altera per cellulam transversa rufa; subtus ut supra, sed alis dilutioribus, anticis ad

basin rufescentibus, posticis costa fasciisque duabus transversis rufis; margine externo albo punctato,

maculis duabus ad apicem coloris ejusdem ; antennis nigris, finem versus flavis.

Hab. Guatemata, Retalhuleu and El Idolo (/. D. G. & O.S.), Paraiso, El Reposo,

San Isidro, Coatepeque, Rio Naranjo and Mirandilla (Champion).

Hewitson described and figured this species from a specimen in the British Museum,

the origin of which is unknown! Since then we have found it to be not uncommon in

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., October 1881. U

146 RHOPALOCERA.

the forests of Guatemala bordering the Pacific Ocean, where it appears to be peculiar,

as we never met with it elsewhere in that country. Besides the specimens we obtained

ourselves, Mr. Champion has recently sent us a good series. We thus see that it is

subject to slight variation in different individuals. Some insects have the base of the

primaries wholly black, others have a dark rufous streak over the median nervure and

another at the base of the secondaries. The large yellow median spot of the primaries

is sometimes almost broken up into spots by the encroachment of the black of the wings.

The chief resort of H. fornarina is the virgin forest lying at an elevation between

1000 and 2000 feet; and it does not seem to pass much beyond these limits. Here it

is not uncommon, and may be seen flying in shaded roads.

5. Heliconius chrysantis, sp. n.

Alis anticis nigris, margine interno late ferrugineo; macula irregulari magna ad cellule finem venis divisa,

maculas duas nigras includente, fasciis maculosis ultra eam ad apicem flavis, punctis tribus submargi-

nalibus ad angulum analem; posticis ferrugineis nigro marginatis, maculis duabus ad apicem et stria

transversa per cellulam flavis; subtus fere ut supra, alis maculis albis submarginalibus ornatis, posticis

macula quoque ad coste medium flava.

Hab. Nicaracua (Bridges).

Of this species only a single specimen has yet reached us. This was obtained some

years ago by the late Mr. T. Bridges, somewhere on the shores of the lake of Nicaragua.

It is not in very good condition, the secondaries being not quite fully developed ; we

have thus long hesitated to describe it, hoping to obtain better examples. In having

a yellow streak across the cell of the secondaries, and a yellow spot near the middle of

the costa of the same wings beneath, this species is peculiar ; otherwise it is not unlike

H, zuleika, the inner and second band of yellow spots of the primaries of that species

being united imperfectly into one large spot.

6. Heliconius jucundus. (Tab. XVII. figg. 1, 2; H. wanthicus, Tab. XVI.

figg. 10, 11). \

Heliconius jucundus, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. 1. p. 56°.

Heliconius xanthicus, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. 1. p. 57”.

Alis anticis nigris, triente basali (costa excepta) aurantiaco-fulvo, area apicali fasciis quatuor albis maculosis

transvittata, tertia a quarta propiore a secunda magis distante ; posticis aurantiaco-fulvis nigro marginatis

et litura nigra transfasciatis, puncto albo ad angulum apicalem ; subtus ut supra, posticis maculis albis

submarginalibus ornatis.

Var. H. xanthicus, maculis anticarum omnibus flavis nec albis, litura transversa posticarum ad marginem

internum obsoleta.

Hab. Panama, Lion-Hill station (I Leannan), Veraguas (Arcé).

This butterfly, in the normal form prevalent on the isthmus of Panama, is very

distinct in its characters; but specimens are not wanting which diverge considerably

HELICONIUS. 147

from the type, and approach the more northern H. zuleika in coloration. H. zuleika,

on the other hand, is also subject to variation in the colour of the spots of the primaries,

and thus approaches H. jucundus; so that there seems to be almost a gradual passage

from one to the other.

The most obvious distinction between the two is the black transverse band of the

secondaries, present in H. jucundus, but absent in H. zuletka. In some specimens of

the former this is evanescent, and in one entirely wanting. The colour of the spots of

the primaries is another distinctive character, those of H. jucundus being white, and

those of H. zuleika yellow ; but we have specimens of the former in which some spots

are yellow and others white; and in some, as in the type of H. xanthicus, they are all

yellow. In H. zuletka, on the other hand, the same thing occurs in a few specimens

from the southern extremity of its range; some of the spots are white, and some yellow;

and in one from the western part of the State of Panama all the spots are white, as

in H. jucundus. The best guide to distinguish these insects seems to be the colour

of the base of the cell of the primaries. This part in H. jucundus is orange-tawny,

the costa alone and a spot in the middle of the cell being black, whereas in H. zuleika

the costa, this spot, and the whole of the base of the cell are uniform black, which

colour unites with the black of the apex of the wing.

As regards H. xanthicus, which Mr. Bates separated from H. jucundus with some

hesitation 1, we are now of opinion that it is not deserving of this distinction, as it is

found with H. jucundus, and a series of specimens in our collection unites it with that

species by almost insensible steps.

H, jucundus seems to be common about the line of railway across the isthmus of

Panama, whence the late James M‘Leannan sent us a quantity of specimens. In its

typical coloration it seems almost restricted to this limited district, as in the western

portions of the State of Panama H. zuletka entirely supplants it.

7. Heliconius zuleika.

Heliconia zuleika, Hew. Ex. Butt., Hel. t. 3. f. 10'; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 307.

Heliconius zuleika, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 351°.

H. jucundo similis, sed maculis anticarum flavis, nec albis, cellula ad basin tota nigra nec aurantiaco-fulva, et

fascia transversa posticarum absente, diversus.

Hab. Guatemata, Yzabal (Ff. D.G. & O. S.); Nicaracua!? (Bridges), Chontales

(Janson) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten?), Volcan de Trazu (fogers); Panama, Volcan de

Chiriqui, 2000 to 3000 feet (Champion), Veraguas (‘Arcé).

As will be seen above, this species has a much wider range than H. jucundus,

extending as far north as Guatemala, where, however, it is rare, the only specimens we

have from there having been captured by ourselves in the forests close to Yzabal. In

Nicaragua and thence southwards to the State of Panama it is much more common,

148 RHOPALOCERA.

judging from the number of specimens that have been sent from those places. It

is along its southern border, in the State of Panama, that varieties occur, some

specimens having the spots of the primaries white, some yellow and white. One of

our Guatemala examples has indications of a transverse band on the secondaries.

This is a forest-loving species, flying under the shade of the largest trees, not far

from the ground.

8. Heliconius octavia. (Tab. XVII. figg. 9, 10.)

Heliconius octavia, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 86°.

Alis anticis productis, costa arcuata margine externo paulo incurvo, nigris, regione ven mediane ferrugineo-

fulva, fasciis duabus maculosis flavis, una a coste medio ad marginem externum, altera transversa apud

apicem, et punctis quinque submarginalibus flavis ; posticis ferrugineo-fulvis, margine nigro maculis sub-

marginalibus flavis notato. Subtus ut supra, sed alis obscurioribus et colore fulvo rufo-brunneo, posticis

area interna lilacino tincta et plaga magna costali notatis, antennis nigris.

9 mari similis, sed maculis anticarum fulvis nec flavis, colore ferrugineo alarum multo magis fulvo, stria fulva

apud venam medianam ad angulum analem extensa et antennis plerumque flavis distinguenda.

Hab. Guatemaua, Duefias (F. D. G. & O. 8.1), Pandn, Las Mercedes, San Isidro,

Cerro Zunil, Volcan de Atitlan, Mirandilla (Champion).

This species and H. formosus belong to a small section of the genus Heliconius, the

members of which have each a species of Zithorea with a similar pattern of coloration.

Thus H. octavia has a close colour resemblance to 7. duenna.

H. octavia is a rare species in Guatemala, being confined, so far as we know, to the

forests of the mountains sloping towards the Pacific Ocean. It was here that we first

met with it, on the road from Duefias to the coast, between the volcanos of Agua and

Fuego, at an altitude of about 4000 feet. It is also found at a much lower level, as

Mr. Champion, to whom we are indebted for a fine series of specimens, took it at

various places in the Pacific coast region of Guatemala, as low as 1500 feet above the

sea. To Mr. Champion we owe the discovery of the female of this butterfly, of which

he hassent us several specimens. These differ from the males, as pointed out above, an

unusual circumstance in this genus, the sexes in which are nearly alike in their coloration.

9. Heliconius formosus. (Tab. XVII. figg. 7, 8.)

Heliconius formosus, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 87’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 851°.

Heliconius hecalesia, Bates, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 247° (nec Hew.).

H. octavie similis et eadem figura, sed supra anticis fere omnino nigris, posticis colore marginis nigro ad apicem

concentrato, colore lilacino ares discoidalis absente, distinguendus.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Volcan de

Chiriqui, 2000 to 3000 feet (Champion, Arcé), Veraguas (Arcé) Lion-Hill station

(M‘Leannan **),

This species takes the place of the Guatemalan H. octavia in the southern section of

HELICONIUS. 149

the great Central-American isthmus, and is found from Nicaragua to the line of the

Panama railway. Southwards of this, in the northern part of Colombia, H. hecalesia,

Hew., takes its place; and on the west coast it is represented by a species allied to

H. gynesia, Hew. All these species, and also H. longarena, Hew., have the submarginal

row of yellow spots very well developed and placed in arow parallel to the margin. In

H. formosus the black margin is almost restricted to the apical angle, where the yellow

spots are comparatively small. This character also serves to distinguish it from H. octavia,

from which it can be also known by the base of the primaries being nearly black. In

this last character some variation is visible in different individuals. One specimen from

the Volcan de Chiriqui is somewhat remarkable in having the black border of the apex

of the secondaries more extensive, and the yellow spots larger and more elongate. It

thus, to a slight extent, approaches ZZ. hecalesia.

The Zthorea which resembles H. formosus in colour is 7. pinthias *.

10. Heliconius telchinia. |

Heliconia telchinia, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 104, t. 14. f. 47.

Heliconius telchinia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 351%.

Alis anticis nigris, cellula (preter fasciam elongatam medianam) et regione vene median et rami ejus primi

fulvis ; fascia maculosa transversa ultra cellulam a costa ad medium marginis externi alteraque extra eam

flavis ; posticis fulvis, margine externo et fascia mediana transversa nigris ; subtus ut supra, margine externo

et fascia nigra posticarum transversa et coste aliquot sericeis; anticarum apice et margine posticarum

externo punctis albis ornatis, macula quoque alba ad angulum posticarum apicalem ; antennis pro majore

parte flavis.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Deppe), Cordova (Riimeli), Potrero (Hedemann); Britisu

Honpuras, river Sarstoon (Blancaneaux); Guatemaa, Yzabal, San Gerdénimo, Choctum,

Polochic valley, Retalhuleu (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), El Zumbador, Panima, Sabo, and

Teleman (Champion); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely) ; Nicaragua, Chontales

(Janson) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten), Cache (Rogers).— VENEZUELA ! 2

Though the type of this species is stated by Doubleday to have come from Venezuela,

the figure of it undoubtedly represents a butterfly well known and common in Mexico

and in Central America, the Venezuelan representative of which differs in several

points, and has since been described by Mr. Butler as H. metalilist. We therefore

believe that the Venezuelan habitat ascribed to H. telchinia is erroneous, and that the

species is restricted in its range to Central America and Mexico.

In Guatemala this Heliconius frequents the forests of the warmer parts of the

country, and is found from the sea-level up to an elevation of about 3000 feet.

Melinea imitata t closely resembles H. telchinia in coloration, the two species being

found together, though the former, so far as we know at present, has not so great a

range in altitude. Southwards of Costa Rica we have no evidence of the presence of

* Anted, p. 10. + Cist. Ent. i. p. 167. + Anted, p. 13.

150 RHOPALOCERA.

H. telchinia, the species which seems to take its place in the State of Panama being |

H. clarescens.

Note.—Under the name of H. anderida, Hewitson described a species of Heliconius

allied to H. telchinia, which was said to be from Honduras. So far as we can see, the

figure agrees very well with the Venezuelan butterfly since described by Mr. Butler

as H. metalilis; and we strongly suspect that in this, as in so many other instances,

the specimens were collected by Dyson, and that his Honduras and Venezuelan localities

have been confused. If this surmise be correct, the name H. metalilis becomes a

synonym of H. anderida, and the species must be removed from the Central-American

fauna.

11. Heliconius clarescens. (Tab. XVII. figg. 5, 6.)

Heliconius clarescens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, xv. p. 223°.

H. telchinie similis, sed fascia nigra posticarum transversa nulla, et posticarum costa subtus haud nigra facile

distinguendus.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Arcé), Volcan de Chiriqui, 2000 to 3000 feet (Champion).

This species is only known to us from a few specimens sent to this country from the

neighbourhood of Chiriqui. One of these was described by Mr. Butler, whose type is

before us. A second specimen, that represented on our Plate, differs in a few points

from the type, in which the discal spot of the primaries is smaller, and an elongated

yellow spot is indicated between the first and second median branches ; the black border,

too, of the secondaries is broader. In coloration H. clarescens has the pattern of

Melinea scylax*.

12. Heliconius fasciatus. (Tab. XVII. figg. 3, 4.)

Heliconius fasciatus, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 62°.

H. jucundo similis, sed macula nigra in cellule medio parte apicali nigro conjuncta, punctis quatuor in linea ad

apicem albis (his subtus fortioribus), posticis fascia transversa nigra bene definita, distinguendus.

Obs. H. ismenio, Latr., proxime affinis, sed posticis fascia transversa nigra integra et puncto posticarum ad

apicem albo diversus.

Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé), Lion-Hill station (I‘Leannan !).

At first sight this Heliconius appears exceedingly like H. jucundus; but on closer

inspection the different position of the apical row of white spots on the primaries at

once distinguishes it. In H. fasciatus this row of spots follows the curve of the apex,

lying close to the margin; in H. jucundus it lies obliquely across the wing further

inside. |

H. fasciatus, no doubt, takes the place of the Colombian H. tsmenius, described and

figured by Latreille in Humboldt’s ‘Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie’; but it

* Anted, p. 12.

HELICONIUS. 151

constantly differs from that species in having a complete black band across the secon-

daries instead of only an incipient one.

It is by no means a common species; and M‘Leannan only sent us a few specimens.

Besides these, one other has reached us, taken further in the interior of the State of

Panama.

6’. Wings with black and yellow transverse bands.

13. Heliconius charithonia.

Papilio charithonia, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 757°.

Papilio charitonia, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 191. f. F’.

Heliconia charitonia, Boisd. & Lec. Lép. Am. Sept. p. 140, t. 41°; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 284.

Heliconius charithonia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 351°; Strecker, Cat. Macr.-Lep. N. Am.

p. 107°.

" Alis nigro-fuscis, anticis fasciis tribus obliquis (quarum intima a basi adscendente) ; posticis una transversa

per cellulam, altera submarginali maculosa, punctisque minutis variis apud angulum analem, omnibus flavis,

subtus alis dilutioribus ad basin punctis coccineis ornatis.

Hab. Nortu America ?®, Florida ®&—Muxico 3, Mazatlan (Forrer), Cordova (Riimeli),

Oaxaca (Lenochio), Valladolid, Yucatan (Gaumer); Brirtsq Honpvras, Corosal (Roe) ;

GuaTEMALA, San Gerénimo, Chuacus, Duefias (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Zapote (Champion) ;

Howpuras*; Nicaracua (Bridges), Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten®),

San Francisco (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui 2000 to 3000 feet (Champion),

Chiriqui (Arcé)—CoLomBiaA; VENEZUELA; ANTILLES 4 ® generally.

H. charithonia is one of the oldest known species of butterflies, having been described

and figured by Sloane in 1725* and by George Edwards in 1746+, the former giving

it as an inhabitant of Jamaica, and the latter of the island of Montserrat. It is now

known as one of the most universally-distributed species of the West-Indian Islands,

and as equally common in Mexico and Central America. In North America it seems

restricted to Florida, according to Mr. Strecker ®, though previous writers give it a

more extended range in that continent??. In South America we do not trace it

beyond the limits of Colombia and Venezuela. Mr. Bates does not include it in th

butterfly-fauna of the Amazons valley ; nor is it found in Guiana.

In Central America it ranges from the sea-level to an altitude of about 5000 feet,

affecting the scrubby rather than the dense forest.

c’. Wings black, a yellow patch on the primaries, a red one on the secondaries.

14. Heliconius hortensia.

Heliconia hortense, Guér. Icon. Régn. Anim. iii. texte, p. 469°.

Heliconia hortensia, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 103, t. 15. f. 17; Bois. Lép. Guat. p. 29°.

* Nat. Hist. Jam. ii. p. 217, t. 239. £.15, 16. tT Nat. Hist. Birds, ii. t. 89.

152 RHOPALOCERA.

Alis nigris, marginibus externis undulatis, anticis ad apicem valde hamatis, macula transversa irregulari venis

divisis ad cellule finem flava ; posticis area interna late rufo-coccinea; subtus alis dilutioribus, punctis ad

basin coccineis, anticis regione apicali griseo notatis, posticis coloris ejusdem et in area mediana rubro-

albicantibus, costa flava; antennis nigris.

Hab. Mexico}, Jalapa (Deppe), Oaxaca (Fenochio); British Honpuras, river Sar-

stoon (Blancaneaur) ; GuaTEMALA, Choctum, Chisoy valley, San Gerénimo, Motagua

valley, Duefias (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Balheu, Panima, and Sabo (Champion); Honpuras ®.

This is a characteristic species of the temperate forests of Mexico and Guatemala,

where it is found at an elevation as high as 6000 feet, whence it descends as low as

1000 feet above the sea-level; but it is more abundant in suitable localities, lying at an

elevation of from 4000 to 5000 feet, than elsewhere. In such places it is very common

in Guatemala, and widely distributed over the mountainous parts of the country.

Guérin, who first described A. hortensia, correctly gave its habitat as Mexico!; but

Doubleday? put it down as a Colombian species ; on what grounds we cannot tell, but

have no doubt he was wrong in so doing. We have no evidence of the occurrence of

the insect south of Guatemala, except Boisduval’s statement that he received it from

Honduras °: this may well be correct ; but the authority is untrustworthy.

15. Heliconius montanus. (Tab. XVII. fig. 11.)

Heliconius montanus, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, vii. p. 414’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874,

p- 851%,

H. hortensice similis, sed marginibus externis vix undulatis et anticis ad apicem rotundatis (nec hamatis), fascia

flava angustiore, diversus.

Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol!, Van Patten?), Orosi (Kramer'), Volcan de Irazu and San

Francisco (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn).

Though we have compared this species with the one most nearly allied to it in our

region, the Colombian H. clysonymus, Latr., is really its next of kin. From that insect

it may be known by the much greater breadth of the red band of the secondaries. As

both H. montanus and H. clysonymus are, like H. hortensia, species inhabiting moun-

tainous countries, their respective ranges do not come into contact, being separated by

the hot lowlands of the State of Panama and Northern Colombia. The slight differ-

ence between the two species, therefore, is not likely to be neutralized by intermediate

forms.

The first specimen we received of H. montanus was obtained by Mr. Kramer, a

botanist employed by Messrs. Veitch, near Orosi, in the Costa-Rican highlands. Since

then we have seen a number of examples from the same district. These confirm the

characters pointed out in our description, except as regards size. We now see no

difference in this respect between H. montanus and H. clysonymus. The type being in

rather poor condition, we have figured a fresher specimen from Costa Rica.

HELICONIUS. 153

d'. Wings black, a red spot on the primaries.

16. Heliconius petiveranus.

Heliconia petiverana, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 103* (ex Petiver, Gaz. t. 4. f. 2).

Heliconius petiverana, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p-. 851°.

Heliconia demophoon, Ménétr. Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. p. 86, t. 2. f. 4°.

Heliconius demophoon, Bates, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 247‘; Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xiii’.

Heliconia mexicana, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 28°.

Heliconia rosina, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 297; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 351°.

Heliconia amaryllis, Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xiv °.

Alis nigris, anticis fascia transversa irregulariter ovata per cellule finem coccinea, posticis fascia transversa

flava; subtus ut supra, macula anticarum coccinea medialiter albicante, posticis punctis minutis ad basin

coccineis ornatis et coste parte proxima anguste flava.

Hab. Mexico, Alvarado (Deppe), Acapulco (A. Markham, Ransonnet, Mus. Vindod.),

Potrero (Hedemann), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer); British Hon-

DuRAS, Corosal (foe), Rio Hondo (Blancaneauz) ; Guaremata, Pacific coast, Retalhuleu,

Yzabal, Motagua valley, and Polochic valley (fF. D. G. & O. S.), Zapote and Panima

(Champion) ; Honpuras, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely); Nicaracua? (Bridges), Chontales

(Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten? 8), Cache (Rogers) ; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, 2000

to 8000 feet (Champion), Bugaba, Calobre (Arcé), Lion-Hill station (M‘Leannan), Colon

(Markham).—Cotompta ; Ecuapor.

Some difficulty presents itself as to the proper name to adopt for this Heliconius ; but

there can, we think, be no doubt that the titles petiveranus and demophoon were both

intended for the same insect. The former is based upon an old figure in Petiver’s

‘Gazophylax.’ That this was meant to represent this species there can, we think, be

little doubt; but it would have been much more satisfactory had Doubleday, when

introducing the name ZZ. petiveranus, described the species instead of merely referring

to this figure. This seems to have been the opinion of Ménétriés, who went so far as

to propose a name of his own to supersede that of Doubleday %. In so doing he has

been followed by several writers. We prefer, however, to use the name H. petiveranus,

believing as we do that no uncertainty is incurred thereby. ‘The insect described by

Boisduval as H. rosina’, though admitted as distinct by Messrs. Butler and Druce 8, has,

in our opinion, no right to such distinction. We find in many places specimens in

which the yellow band of the secondaries beneath does not quite reach the outer

margin ; but this character, by which alone H. rosina seems separable, we do not consider

of specific value. With regard to H. amaryllis, Feld., we are not so certain, as our series

of southern specimens is not sufficiently extensive to enable us to form a decided opinion.

We notice, however, that variation occurs in the number of red spots at the base of the

secondaries, rendering the position of H. amaryllis doubtful ; and, moreover, we hesitate

to admit the existence of two forms in Costa Rica, which is Mr. Distant’s opinion 9,

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., December 1881. x

154 | RHOPALOCERA.

On the whole H. petiveranus is fairly constant in its markings; but the more

northern specimens have the yellow band of the secondaries very narrow, but do not

otherwise differ.

This species is quite characteristic of the hot regions of Central America, being always

to be seen in the forest-paths of the tierra caliente. It is never to be met with in the

temperate region, its home lying between an elevation of about 2000 feet and the sea-

level. In such localities we found it everywhere in Guatemala.

The nearest allies to H. petiveranus are H. phyllis and H. beskii, both of South-eastern

Brazil. In Guiana and the Amazons valley no allied species is found.

17. Heliconius melpomene.

Papilio melpomene, Linn. Mus. Ludov. Ul. p. 282+; Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 191. f. C*.

Heliconius melpomene, Bates, Trans. L. S. xxiii. p. 557°.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis fascia irregulari lata transversa per cellule finem coccinea ; subtus dilutioribus, punctis

ad basin coccineis, posticis costa flavo notata.

Hab. Nicaracua, Greytown (Muncaster); Payama, Santa Fé and Calobre (Arcé),

Lion-Hill station (Jf‘Leannan).—NortH CoLomBia; VENEZUELA; GUIANA?; AMAZONS,

Obydos and Santarem ?; Nort Brazit, Maranham.

Linneus’s description 1 seems to apply to this species ; and Cramer’s figure ? certainly

does; but the plates referred to by the former do not support his description, that in

Edwards’s ‘ Natural History of Birds,’ t. 38, representing one of the forms of A. melpo-

mene with red at the base of the primaries, and that in Sloane’s ‘ History of Jamaica’

being of very doubtful application. The name H. melpomene, however, has now a well-

established meaning, and we use it in the same sense as Cramer and Mr. Bates. It is

a butterfly of wide range throughout the northern parts of South America, and passes

into Central America as far as the port of Greytown in Nicaragua. Except that the

average size of Central-American specimens is rather small, we see no difference between

them and Southern examples. In all the shape of the red spots of the primaries is very

variable. In Colombia an allied form with a blue gloss on the wings has been described

by Mr. Reakirt as H. guarica*; but this has not yet been certainly found in Central

America, though Boisduval includes it under the name H. euryas?. In Western

Colombia, too, a species somewhat intermediate in its markings between H. melpomene

and H. petiveranus occurs, which Mr, Butler described under the name H. vulcanus f,

giving Panama as its habitat. We believe, however, that it, in fact, hardly occurs

within our limits, but just beyond them; for from San Buenaventura on the west coast

of Colombia we have specimens supplied us by Dr. Staudinger, the species being

unknown to our collectors on the isthmus itself.

* Pr. Ac. Phil. 1868, p. 91. tT Lép. Guat. p. 29. t P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 483.

HELICONIUS. 155

é. Wings blue-black, with a white or yellow band across the primaries, sometimes with

secondaries margined with white or yellow.

18. Heliconius galanthus. (Tab. XVIII. figg. 1, 2.)

Heliconius galanthus, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 581; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 351’.

Heliconia diotrephes, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 33°.

Alis chalybeio-indigoticis, anticis in medio late albis et venis divisis fere dimidium ale occupante, macula disco-

cellulari ad costam conjuncta nigra, apicibus coloris ejusdem; posticis ad apicem punctis variis albis

notatis; subtus dilutioribus, posticis fuscis, costa (nisi basin versus) et linea plus minusve ovata in area

discali rufis, posticis (interdum quoque anticis) punctis albis marginatis, costa ad basin flavescente.

Hab. British Honpuras, Rio Hondo (Llancaneaux); GuaTeMALA, Choctum, Motagua

valley (Ff. D. G. & O. 8.1), Polochic valley (Hague), Cubilguitz, Sabo, Senahu, and San

Juan (Champion) ; Nicaragua, Chontales? (Belt, Janson), Greytown (Muncaster) ; Costa

Rica (Van Patten ?), Volcan de Irazu and Cache (Rogers).—W. CoLomBIa.

Mr. Bates’s description of this species was based upon specimens obtained by us in

the forests of Eastern Guatemala in 1862, where it has since been found in various

places by Mr. Hague’s collectors, and more recently by Mr. Champion. It also appears

to be by no means an uncommon butterfly in the district of Chontales in Nicaragua

and in Costa Rica; but in the State of Panama its place seems to be taken by an allied

species (1. chioneus), which differs in having a broad white submarginal border to the

secondaries. Curiously enough a species so closely resembling H. galanthus that we

hesitate to separate it, reappears in Western Colombia in the neighbourhood of San

Buenaventura.

The Nicaraguan insect was separated by Hewitson? under the name of H. diotrephes,

on account of the presence of a submarginal row of white spots near the apex of the

primaries beneath, and the secondaries being distinguished by having the base of the costa

yellow. Neither of these characters is peculiar to the Nicaraguan butterfly, as both

are to be traced in some specimens in the Guatemalan form, though with less distinctness.

In the Colombian race these characters are much more strongly impressed ; and did

they show more stability it would be necessary to give this insect a separate name. As

it is, we prefer to treat them all under the title H. galanthus, and the species as one

of wide range.

Heliconius galanthus is found in the same forests as H. leuce, just as H. chioneus is

found with H. sappho, the main difference between the associated species being in

the coloration of the underside of the secondaries—H. galanthus and H. chioneus

having russet streaks across, H. leuce and H. sappho red spots at the base of these

wings. In the northern parts of South America we find several other species paired,

as it were, in this singular way. In Colombia we find H. cydno of the H. galanthus

form with H. eleuchia of the H. leuce form, and again in Ecuador ZH. alithea of the

156 RHOPALOCERA.

former with H. primularis of the latter. We see no way at present of accounting for

this singular state of things. :

Of the present species we have figured one of the type specimens, a male from

Choctum in Northern Vera Paz, Guatemala.

19. Heliconius chioneus. (Tab. XVIII. figg. 7, 8.)

Heliconius chioneus, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. 1. p. 58°.

H. galantho similis, sed litura alba anticarum angustiore, posticis albo marginatis (venis divisis); subtus ut

supra, sed posticis rufo notatis fere ut in H. galantho.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui, Santa Fé and Calobre (Arcé), Lion-Hill station (IZ‘Leannan’).

—CoLomBiA, Frontino.

A single example, which we now figure, was the type of Mr. Bates’s description of

this species. This was sent us by the late James M‘Leannan from his station on the

Panama railway. He subsequently sent us a few other examples; but the species does

not appear to be so abundant on the line of railway as further to the westward in the

State of Panama, whence we have received a good supply of specimens. In this

direction it spreads as far as the neighbourhood of Chiriqui; but in Costa Rica its

place is taken by H. galanthus. In Colombia it occurs near Frontino in the Cauca

valley.

There is some slight variation in members of this species, chiefly affecting the inner _

margin of the white band of the primaries. The submarginal band, too, of the secon-

daries is nearer the margin in some specimens than in others; but in all it is a

feature by which they may at a glance be distinguished from H. galanthus.

Note.—The Colombian Heliconius cydno is included by Messrs. Butler and Druce*

in their list of Dr. Van Patten’s Costa-Rica collection, on the faith of a single specimen

contained in it. In default of further evidence of the occurrence of the species within

our limits, we are inclined to think that this specimen had been accidentally introduced

into the collection from another source, as seems to have happened in other instances.

20. Heliconius leuce. (Tab. XVIII. figg. 3, 4.)

Heliconia luce, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 1027.

Ajantis sappho, Hiibn. Zutr. ex. Schmett. iii. p. 36, figs. 565, 566 (nec Drury).

H. galantho similis, sed margine externo fascia alba anticarum profunde dentato, subtus posticis fuscis, punctis

variis coccineis ad basin notatis.

Hab. Brivisn Honpvuras, river Sarstoon (Blancaneaux); GuaTeMaLa, Yzabal, Motagua

valley, and forests of Northern Vera Paz (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Polochic valley (Hague),

Cubilguitz, Panima, Teleman, and Panzos (Champion) ; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt) ;

Costa Rica (Lndres).

* P. ZS. 1874, p. 851.

HELICONIUS. 157

This Heliconius was first recognized by Hiibner, who gave an excellent figure of it in

his ‘ Zutrage zur Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge’ in 1825. Unfortunately he

thought it belonged to the same species as that described by Drury as Papilio sappho,

a mistake subsequently rectified by Doubleday, who gave it the name it now bears.

Both Hiibner and Doubleday, however, put it down as a species of Brazil, which is no

doubt erroneous, as we have no recent evidence of its occurring outside the limits of

Central America. Here, as will be seen above, it occurs throughout a wide extent of

country from Guatemala to Costa Rica. In the latter country it is rare, but not so in

the former, as we have both taken it ourselves and received many specimens, all from

the eastern forests of that country.

It is strictly a forest-haunting species, being found from the sea-level to a height of

about 1500 feet above it.

We have figured a female specimen from the valley of the Polochic, Guatemala.

21. Heliconius sappho. (Tab. XVIII. figg. 5, 6.)

Papilio sappho, Drury, Il. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 538, t. 38. f. 4°.

H. leuce similis, sed fascia alba anticarum angustiore et margine ejus externo fere recto, posticis albo marginatis

(venis divisis); subtus ut supra, maculis basalibus coccineis majoribus.

Hab. Panama, Santa Fé (Arcé).

Drury, who first described this species, figured it on the same plate with three others,

all of which, together with the present insect, are now known to inhabit the Isthmus

of Panama, whence doubtless the original specimens were first taken to Jamaica, before

they passed into Drury’s possession, who put them down as inhabitants of the island,

instead of the continent. This mistake has been transmitted to the present time in

published works, though we have long ascertained the true patria of the species,

having received specimens direct from the State of Panama from one of our most active

collectors. Jn Panama it would appear to be a scarce insect, as Santa Fé is the only

locality we are able to record where it is found. It probably has a wider range within

the State—one perhaps, judging from analogy, coinciding with that of H. chioneus, its

companion species.

We have figured a male from Santa Fé.

22. Heliconius theudela. (Tab. XVIII. fige. 9, 10.)

Heliconia theudela, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. x. p. 224°.

Alis chalybeio-nigris, anticis fasclis duabus obliquis venis divisis, flavis, posticis maculis ovatis flavis margi-

natis ; subtus dilutioribus, ad basin punctis minutis variis coccineis ornatis,

Hab. Panama}, Chiriqui (fide Staudinger), Veraguas (Arcé).

Of this scarce species but few specimens have come under our notice. These have

mostly passed through Dr. Staudinger’s hands, whence probably Hewitson’s type was

158 RHOPALOCERA.

also derived. One specimen was forwarded to us by Arcé from the neighbourhood of

Santiago de Veraguas; and this we have now figured.

H. theudela has no very near allies in the genus, but partakes of the characters of

two groups: the yellow submarginal band of the secondaries suggests an alliance with

H. eleuchia, whilst the two yellow bands of the primaries recall H. rhea and its allies.

23. Heliconius pachinus. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 11.)

Heliconius pachinus, Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vii. p. 4147; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874,

p. 3517; Staudinger, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1875, p. 98°; Hew. Ex. Butt., Hel. t. 8. f. 26%.

Alis chalybeio-nigris, anticis fasciis duabus ultra cellulam, posticis una aream mediam transeunte, omnibus

venis divisis, flavis; subtus ut supra, sed dilutioribus, anticis costa ad basin, posticis margine anteriore

et maculis basalibus rubro pictis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé}, Zahn, Champion,

Ribbe®).

The vicinity of the volcano of Chiriqui seems to be the headquarters of this remark-

able species, and where it is very common, as would appear from the plentiful supply

of specimens that are to be found in all collections made in that district. It is, however,

extremely local ; a single specimen from Costa Rica was in Dr. van Patten’s collection,

and is the only one we have seen from that country; nor does it appear to be found in

any other part of the State of Panama, except Chiriqui.

In having two yellow bands to the primaries and red spots at the base of the secon-

daries beneath, H. pachinus recalls the South-American H. aranea and its allies; but

the well-defined yellow band on the secondaries at once distinguishes it from all of these.

We have figured a male from Chiriqui, one of the type specimens.

24. Heliconius hewitsoni.

Heliconius hewitsoni, Staudinger, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1875, p. 98°; Hew. Ex. Butt., Hel. t. 8.

f. 26°.

H. pachino persimilis, sed fascia intima flava anticarum per cellule finem (nec ultra eam) transeunte distin-

guendus.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui? (Ribde 1).

We have not yet received specimens of this Heliconius, which is a close ally of

H. pachinus, as will be seen by reference to Hewitson’s plate?. According to

Dr. Staudinger ! (who derived his information from Herr Ribbe, the discoverer and sole

collector of the few specimens that have reached Europe), H. hewitsoni is found in the

higher parts of the volcano of Chiriqui, taking the place, at an elevation of 6000 feet,

of H. pachinus, which occurs at a lower level.

_ HELICONIUS. 159

f'. Wings blue-black, a yellow or white patch on the primaries.

25. Heliconius magdalena. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 13.)

Heliconius magdalena, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 577.

Heliconius rhea, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 851.

Heliconius sara, Dist. Pr. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xiii.®

Alis chalybeio-nigris, anticis fascia obliqua per cellule finem flava, altera angustiore apicem versus; subtus

dilutioribus, punctis ad basin coccineis.

Hab. Nicaracua (Bridges), Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten,

Endres), Talamanca (Gabb?); Panama, Bugaba and Veraguas (Arcé), Lion-Hill station

(MU Leannan).—CotomsBia!; Ecuapor; VENEZUELA.

This species represents the Guianan H. rhea and the Brazilian H. apseudes in the

north-western portions of South America, penetrating into Central America as far as

Nicaragua. It is distinguished, as Mr. Bates has pointed out, by having both the yellow

belts of the primaries linear and narrow instead of the inner one being oval. The fringe

of the secondaries, too, is more conspicuous in H. magdalena.

In the State of Panama this species is common, and almost equally so throughout its

Central-American range; we have also many southern specimens all keeping their

distinctive features. In Guatemala it is replaced by H. verwpacis.

We have figured a typical specimen from Panama.

26. Heliconius vereepacis. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 12.)

Heliconius verepacis, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 57°.

H. magdalene similis, sed alis paulo dilutioribus et fascia interiore anticarum latiore et pallidiore.

Hab. GuateMaLa, forests of Northern Vera Paz (f. D. G. & O. S.), Polochic valley

(Hague).

This is also a close ally of H. rhea and of H. magdalena. The spots of the primaries

are paler than those of any of the allied species ; and the inner one, though broader than

that of H. magdalena, is more quadrate than that of H. rhea, with the margin more

irregular. All the specimens we have are constant in these differences ; so that the race

seems fairly established.

Guatemala is the only country from which we have yet obtained specimens. We

first discovered it in the low-lying forests of Northern Vera Paz, at about 1200 feet

above the sea, in February of the year 1862. Since then Mr. Hague has sent us a few

examples from the Polochic valley; but it is decidedly a much rarer species than its ally

H. magdalena is in its own country, and has a much more restricted range.

We have figured one of the types.

160 RHOPALOCERA.

b. Femur of front leg of the male not longer than the coxa; tibia and tarsus short ;

body stout, not projecting beyond the anal angle of the secondaries.

27. Heliconius erato.

Papilio erato, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 281° (ex Clerk, Ic. Ins. t. 40. f. 1).

Heliconius erato, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 557°; P.Z. S. 1863, p. 248°; Butl. & Druce,

P.Z.S. 1874, p. 351.

Papilio doris, Linn. Mant. p. 536°; Cr. Pap. Ex. iv. p. 92, t. 337. f. C .

Heliconia doris, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 29".

Papilio amathusia, Cr. Pap. Ex. ii. p. 124, t. 177. f. F°.

Heliconia thetis, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 29°.

Papilio quirina, Cr. Pap. Ex. i. p. 101, t. 65. f. A, B”.

Nereis festiva delila, Hibn. Samml. ex Schmett. i. t. 13”.

Alis nigris, anticis macula irregulari ad cellule finem (venis divisis) flava, altera angustiore apicem versus, posticis

area basali rubra (nonnunquam cerulea aut viridi) marginem externum versus radiante et punctis minutis

submarginalibus albis; subtus ut supra, sed lineis albescentibus radiantibus marginem exteriorem versus,

maculisque variis coccineis ad basin ornatis.

Hab. British Honpvras, river Sarstoon (Blancaneaux); GuatemaLa, Yzabal, forests

of Northern Vera Paz, Motagua valley (F. D. G. & O. S.), Polochic and Chisoy valleys

(Hague), Cubilguitz, Panima, and Teleman (Champion); Nicaraeoa, Chontales (Belt,

Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten *), Volcan de Irazu, Cache (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui

(Zahn), Volcan de Chiriqui, 2000 to 3000 feet (Champion), Calobre (Arcé), Lion-Hill

station (M‘Leannan® § 1°),—CoLomBia; VENEZUELA; GUIANA®; AMAZONS valley?; N. BRazIL.

A remarkable species, on account of the polymorphism of individuals, which represent

at least four styles of coloration. In one the base of the secondaries is red, in another

blue, and in another green, the fourth having the spots of the primaries white instead

of yellow. Different as these colours are, but slight evidence can be traced of the

existence of any intermediate forms; some specimens, however, with a red base to the

secondaries have in their deeply indentated margin a narrow blue or green border.

Such a specimen is figured by Cramer under the name P. amathusia®. These differ-

ences are quite independent of sex and, for the most part, of locality, Mr. Bates having

reared both the red and the blue forms from larve which fed on the same tree?. The

older authors not unnaturally considered them distinct species. Linneeus himself gave

them two names. JH. erato was first applied to the red-winged form represented by

Clerk! and also, with his usual accuracy, by Hiibner'. Linnzus’s second name was

given to the blue-winged form subsequently figured by Cramer as P. guirina®. The

green-winged form, which is scarcer than the others, has apparently not been described ;

but that with white-spotted primaries Cramer figured as P. doris ®.

In Central America the three first-mentioned forms occur; but in the case of the red-

winged form the base of the primaries is usually black, though traces of red are not

_ HELICONIUS.—EUEIDES., 161

wanting. This race Boisduval described as H. thetis®, but, in our opinion, on an

insufficient and unstable character.

In Guatemala we found H. erato most abundant in the virgin forests of Northern

Vera Paz, where the red- and the blue-winged forms were commonest, and flew quite

indiscriminately in the forest paths. Respecting the distribution of the differently

coloured members of this species, Mr. Bates’s observations are of great interest ; for after

enumerating various localities where the blue- and the red-winged forms fly together,

he goes on to say that at St. Paulo, on the Upper Amazons, the blue-winged form alone

was found in profusion, to the exclusion of the other 2.

H. erato has only one near ally in H. metharme, which is a not uncommon insect at

Ega and St. Paulo ; but from this it differs in many points ?.

EUEIDES.

Eueides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 11 (1816) ; Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 145.

This genus was placed by Doubleday as the head of his family Nymphalide; but in

his description of its characters he alludes to the many points of resemblance it bears to

Heliconius, the chief difference being the clavate antenne.

Mr. Bates subsequently * associated Hueides with Heliconius in his Acreeoid Helico-

nid, removing it altogether from the Nymphaline. ‘This association seems to have

since been pretty generally adopted, and Eueides placed next to Heliconius in the sub-

family Heliconine.

Whether we look at the structure of the front pair of legs, the neuration of the

secondaries, the general shape of the wings, or to the secondary sexual characters of the

male, the resemblance of Kueides to Heliconius is evident.

Regarding the secondary sexual male organs the same complicated character observ-

able in Heliconius can be traced, and the main outlines of the various parts seem to be

very similar; but the difficulty in interpreting their meaning from an examination of

specimens that have been dried is great and the result not always satisfactory. The

tegumen has a similar stirrup-like piece inside its cavity as in Heliconius ; the harpagones

are of similar form, having what appears to be a membranous envelope; the penis, too,

is very short.

The obvious point of distinction between the two genera rests almost entirely with

the antenne, which in Eweides are distinctly clubbed, and in Heliconius gradually

thickened towards the distal end.

Some twenty-four species of this genus are now known. These are spread over

nearly the whole of Tropical America, some being also found in the larger Antilles, such

as Cuba and St. Domingo. In Mexico and Central America we now know of seven

species, five of which are peculiar to the region. Two of these are found in Mexico (none

* Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 496.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., December 1881. Y

162 RHOPALOCERA.

penetrating to the United States) ; Guatemala has four species ; and the rest are found in

the southern portions of the country.

All are inhabitants of the warmer districts, 3000 feet being about the limit of their

range in altitude.

1. Eueides vibilia.

Cethosia vibilia, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 245°.

Colenis vibilia, Hiibn. Zutr. ex. Schmett. iii. p. 16, ff. 449, 450°.

Eueides vibilia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 350°.

Eueides pavana, Ménétr. Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. t. viii. f. 4°.

Alis anticis fuscis, macula a basi ad ramum medianum primum fulva, fascia obliqua venis late divisa ad cellule

finem alteraque apicem propiore flavo-fulvis ; posticis fulvis, venis omnibus et margine externo nigris ;

subtus ut supra, sed alis dilutioribus et punctis marginalibus albis ornatis.

Hab. Guatremata, Polochic valley (Hague); Costa Rica (van Patten ®).—Brazii? 4.

This species was first described by Godart from Brazilian specimens, from which

country we have also obtained it. We have no knowledge of its occurrence northward

of this till we reach Costa Rica, whence we have received several examples differing

in no material respect from our insects from Rio Janeiro; but there is a certain amount

of variation in individuals from the same locality, no two being exactly alike. We have

one from Costa Rica which has the mark at the base of the primaries and the whole of

the interior area of the secondaries dark ferruginous, the latter not being divided by black

nervules till close to the outer margin. We have also a single Guatemalan specimen

sent by Mr. Hague from the Polochic valley; in this all the fulvous markings are

orange, but the black veining of the secondaries is strongly shown. These, however,

are extreme cases; and we are unable to point out constant differences whereby the

northern insects can be separated from the southern.

The distribution of E. vibilia is one of the many instances we have to bring forward

of the close connexion of the Central-American and Brazilian faunas, these widely distant

countries being occupied by allied and even, as in this case, by the same species, the

intervening tract of land being devoid of them.

9. Hueides vulgiformis. (Tab. XIX. fig. 3.)

Eueides vulgiformis, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 102"; P.Z.8. 1874, p. 851”.

Alis anticis nigris, macula ad cellule finem, duabus infra, fascia maculosa subapicali punctisque aliis ad apicem

ipsum cervinis ; posticis ferrugineis nigro marginatis et puncto albo ad apicem notatis; subtus dilutioribus,

alis ambabus punctis submarginalibus albis serie ornatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (van Patten 12), Irazu, Cache, and Rio Sucio (Rogers); PANAMA,

Volcan de Chiriqui (Zahn).

This insect was brought to light by van Patten, and described by Messrs. Butler and

Druce in their paper on the Butterflies of Costa Rica1. It appears to have a very

EUEIDES. 163

restricted range, since we have only met with it in Costa-Rican and Chiriqui collections.

It is closely allied to £. edias of Hewitson, of which it is a darker form. The spots

on the primaries are smaller, and the black much more intense; the secondaries also

are more ferruginous.

The pattern of the wings of E. vulgiformis is repeated in Heliconius formosus, in

Eresia nigripennis, and in Ithomeis imitatrix, all of which inhabit the same country

Several species of /thomia and its allies also partake of very much the same style of

coloration.

3. Kueides aliphera.

Cethosia aliphera, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 246°.

Colenis aliphera, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schmett. ii. t. 212.

Eueides aliphera, Bates, Trans. L. S. xxii. p. 564°.

Alis fulvis, anticis costa, marginibus, fascia obliqua a cellule fine ad marginem externum eunte alteraque in

area submediana anguste nigris ; posticis nigro marginatis ramisque margines attingentibus nigris, subtus

dilutioribus.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli); Britise Honpuras, Corosal (foe); GUATEMALA,

forests of Northern Vera Paz, San Gerénimo, Polochic valley, Retalhuleu (Ff. D. G. &

O. S.), San Juan in Vera Paz (Champion); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt & Janson) ; Costa

Rica (van Patten), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui and Calobre (Arcé), Lion-Hill

station (M‘Leannan).—CotomBia, and South America generally to Braziu1 3,

A very widely ranging species, and probably one of the most common, as few collections

made anywhere between Mexico and Brazil are without it. There is a certain amount

of individual variation in different specimens as to the width of the black margins of

the wings, and also as to the depth of the fulvous colouring ; but this does not appear

to have much reference to locality. In shape the present species differs from all others

of the genus in having the wings narrower, the apex of the primaries more straight

instead of rounded, and their external margin hollowed out.

In Guatemala we found it an abundant species in scrubby forest up to an elevation

of 8000 feet at San Geronimo.

In the pattern of its wings E. aliphera closely resembles Colenis delila; but it is only

half the size of that butterfly. C. dedila in its various races is an equally abundant and

widely distributed species.

4. Kueides lineata. (Tab. XIX. fig. 2.)

Eueides lineata, Salv. & Godm. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, 11. p. 145°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8.

1874, p. 3507.

E. aliphere similis, sed alis magis ferrugineis et latius nigro notatis, nervulis marginem versus nigris; subtus

posticis punctis albis marginatis.

y 2

164 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley and Chuacus (Hague), Senahu, Panima (Champion) ;

Costa Rica (van Patten *), Rio Sucio (Rogers).

We described this species from examples sent us by Mr. Hague from Guatemala ;

since then we have likewise received it from Costa Rica. It is very similar to

LE. aliphera, but is rather larger, with the apex of the primaries more rounded, the

tawny colour darker, and the black markings much stronger, the secondaries beneath

have a row of white spots on the margin, which is not present in HL. aliphera. As far

as we know, it is confined to the localities indicated above.

The specimen figured is one of the types from Guatemala.

5. Kueides lybioides.

Eueides lybioides, Staudinger, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1875, p. 99°.

Alis anticis fuscis, fascia arcuata a basi per aream mediam fere ad marginem externum eunte, et macula obliqua

apicem propiore fulvis, posticis nigro marginatis.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (7061, Arcé).

This species was described by Dr. Staudinger, who pointed out how it differed from

its very close ally E. lybia. These differences, though slight, are constant in all our

specimens ; and LF. /ybioides appears to constitute a distinct race. On the upperside the

subapical tawny spot of the primaries is paler than in EF. lydia. Beneath, the whole

surface is also somewhat paler ; and this is especially the case with the subapical spot,

which is of a dirty yellow. There is also a faint yellow additional spot at the apex of

the primaries ; and the black margin of the secondaries is divided by a similarly coloured

streak. The base of the costa of the primaries beneath in E. lydia is red, but not so in

E. lybioides. .

The range of F. lybia extends throughout Guiana and the Amazons basin to Peru,

whilst that of £. lybzotdes is confined to the State of Panama.

6. Kueides olympia. (Tab. XIX. fig. 1.)

Papiho olympia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 166°.

ueides olympia, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Diurn. Lep. p. 120?.

Eueides leucomma, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 88°.

£, lybioidi similis, sed macula anticarum prope apicem alba distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Panama, Santa Fé (Areé), Lion-Hill

station (lU‘Leannan ?).—W. CoLoMBIA.

Mr. Bates described this insect, under the name of E. leucomma, from Specimens he

received from us captured by M‘Leannan on the Panama Railway. There can, however,

be no doubt that Fabricius’s Papilio olympia refers to this species, as Mr. Butler has

pointed out*; and therefore the latter name, having priority, must be used. E.

olympia is very like H. lybioides, but may be distinguished from it at a glance by its

EUEIDES. - 165

having the subapical spot on the primaries of a pure white instead of dirty yellow.

It appears to have a wider range than E. lybioides, being apparently found from

Nicaragua to Panama and southwards to the neighbourhood of San Buenaventura in

Western Colombia; but as yet we have not seen any specimens from Costa Rica, though

it can hardly fail to be found there in suitable localities.

We have figured a specimen from Lion-Hill, Panama, one of the types of E. leucomma.

7. Hueides zorcaon.

Eueides zorcaon, Reakirt, Proc. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 243°.

Eueides anaxa, Ménétr. Cat. Mus. Petr., Lep. pp. 21, 115? (ex Boisduval).

Hueides cleobea, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S8. 1874, p. 851° (nec Hiibner).

Alis nigris, anticis fascia arcuata a basi ad marginem externum inter ramum medianum primum et secundum

eunte, altera infra eam in margine interno, maculis duabus elongatis, una ad cellule finem, altera infra

eam, fasciaque maculosa subapicali, omnibus fulvis (in dimidio distali nonnunquam flavis); posticis fasciis

duabus per alam transeuntibus, margine externo nigro, angulum analem versus albo punctato; subtus alis

fere ut supra, sed dilutioribus et duplici serie punctorum alborum in margine externo ornatis.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé), near Vera Cruz (W. H. Edwards '), Cordova (Riimeli) ; Britis

Hownpvuras, Corosal (foe); Guatemata!, Polochic valley (f. D. G. & O.S.); Honpuras!;

Nicaracvua 2, Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica (van Patten *), Irazu, Cache, and Rio Susio

(ftogers) ; Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion-Hill station (MacLeannan).

Mr. Kirby has placed £. zorcaon as a synonym of F. cleobewa of Hiibner; but Mr.

Reakirt has pointed out that his species differs from Hiibner’s. This difference is no

more than we might expect, as the former is found in Central America, while the

locality given for the latter is Cuba. Unfortunately we have no Cuban examples in

our collection: but no specimen in our series exactly agrees with Hiibner’s figure ;

hence we conclude with Reakirt that EF. cleobea is a distinct race. In the series before

us there is no material variation in the pattern. H. zorcaon is very closely allied to

EE. dynastes, Feld., which inhabits Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador; but, besides other

minor differences, it may at once be distinguished from £. dynastes by having a double

row of white marginal spots on the underside of the secondaries. ‘The colouring of the

spots on the apical half of the primaries varies in different individuals, though, as before

remarked, the pattern is the same: in some these spots are bright yellow ; and in others

they pass from that to the dark tawny colour of the basal portion of the wing. These

differences do not seem to be associated with special localities.

The colour-pattern of the wings of E. zorcaon is much that of Lycorea atergatis,

Heliconius telchinia, Eresia mechanitis, and other species, all occurring in some common

locality.

166 RHOPALOCERA.

Subfam. NY MPHALINA *.

METAMORPHA.

Metamorpha, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 43 (1816).

Colenis, Section III., Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 149.

The butterfly usually known as Colenis dido presents so many differences from the

species with which it is usually placed that we think it ought to be regarded as

belonging to a distinct genus. To this Hiibner’s name Metamorpha may be applied,

a title originally proposed for VM. dido and two other species having a slight colour-

resemblance to it, viz. the species now known as Victorina steneles and V. sulpitia.

These latter we now remove from this association, and reserve Metamorpha for M, dido

alone.

As already pointed out by Doubleday, the first subcostal nervure is thrown off before

the end of the cell. The tarsi of the front legs of the male are very short, being not

more than one third the length of the tibia ; and both femur and tibia are rather stout.

Besides these characters, the secondary sexual organs of the male present peculiarities.

The harpagones are bilobed, with a long recurved hook on the lower lobe on each side,

the upper lobe being blunt. The tegumen is much as in Heliconius, with two points,

an upper decurved and a lower recurved one. This latter portion of these organs is

very similar in true Colenis as now restricted.

At present, so far as we know, WM. dido is the sole representative of this form, a

common tropical American insect having a wide range, as given below.

1. Metamorpha dido.

Papilio dido, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 782*; Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 196. f. E, F’.

Metamorpha dido, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 43°.

Colenis dido, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 186°.

Alis nigris viridi maculatis ; subtus ut supra, sed colore nigro pagine superioris rubiginoso argenteo tincto.

Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales ( Belt, Janson); Panama, Lion Hill (M/‘Leannan).—SovutTa

America, from Colombia to Brazil.

This is a very peculiar insect, both in its style of marking and coloration, differing

widely in these respects from all other species of the genus with which it has hitherto

been associated. It has an extensive range, being distributed generally throughout

* As already stated (anted, p. 113), we omit the subfamily Morphine from Mr. Bates’s Nymphaline (Journ.

Ent. ii. p. 177); but in other respects we treat this group of Butterflies as he has done, and we also follow him

in the consecutive arrangement of the genera. As to the classification of the subfamily itself, we regret that we

are obliged to relinquish any attempt to do more than follow in the old lines. As Mr. Bates well observes, any

satisfactory subdivision of the Nymphaline must necessarily involve an examination of the representatives of

these butterflies wherever they are found throughout the whole world; and as they are everywhere numerous

both in genera and species, such a task is far beyond the scope of our present work.

COLANIS. 167

tropical South America; we have, however, no trustworthy record of it in our country

to the north of Nicaragua, where both Belt and Janson met with it. Doubleday,

however, gives it from Honduras with doubt, a statement requiring confirmation. The

older authors received their specimens from Surinam! 2, where, according to Madam

Merian, the caterpillar feeds on the fruit of the pine. Mr. Bates speaks of it as a

conspicuous object in all semicultivated places near settlements on the banks of the

Amazons 4.

COLZENIS.

Colenis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 31 (1816).

Colenis, Section I., Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 143.

In Colenis, as here restricted, we continue to associate C. julia and its allies, which

must be regarded as the typical species of the genus, and C. ph@rusa, an aberrant form

so far as regards the characters of the secondary sexual male organs. In C. julia the

harpagones are unilobed, the distal margin being rounded and without hooks or

prominences. In C. pherusa they are bilobed, the upper lobes being two distinct

decurved hooks, the lower lobes being blunt. Regarding the structure of the front

legs of the males no material differences are to be traced: the femur, tibia, and tarsus

are all slender; and the tarsus is about half the length of the tibia instead of one third

as in Metamorpha dido. The subcostal branch of the primaries is thrown off beyond

the cell in C. julia, instead of before it as in M. dido. Should it prove necessary to

separate C. pherusa from C. julia and its allies, Hiibner’s name Pantoporia may be

used for the former.

Colenis is also a tropical American genus just reaching Texas, and well represented

in the larger Antilles by races allied to C. julia. About eight species are known.

1. Colenis pherusa.

Papilio pherusa, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 293; Syst. Nat. i. p. 780°.

Papilio phetusa, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 180. £. B, C*.

Colenis pherusa, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 149*; Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 186°; Butl. & Druce,

P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 350°.

g. Alis fulvis, anticis fasciis tribus atris obliquis, posticis transversis, his maculis minutis submarginali-

bus fulvis aut flavis notatis; subtus ut supra, sed anticis fascia subapicali et posticis fasciis omnibus

citrinis fulvo marginatis, his costa maculisque submarginalibus flavis.

@. Mari similis, sed omnibus alarum coloribus dilutioribus.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli) ; Bririsn Honpvras, Corosal (Roe); Guaremana 5,

Polochic valley, Chilasco (Ff. D. G. & O. S.); Honpuras4; Nicaraeva, Chontales

(Belé); Costa Rica (Van Patten 6), San Francisco (Rogers); Panama, Lion-Hill station

(M‘Leannan).—Cotomsta; Perv; Gurana?; Amazons®; Braziu‘.

The shortest and broadest-winged species of the genus, but subject to some variation.

We have examples from the region of the Lower Amazons in which the transverse black

168 RHOPALOCERA.

bands of both wings are almost obsolete, giving place to a nearly uniform tawny colour ;

other specimens have the two upper black bands on the primaries, while the third is

absent or nearly so; from this we have every gradation to the deep-black bands mentioned

in the description above. The females are of a lighter and duller tawny ; and their

transverse bands are less strongly indicated. This species ranges southwards from

Mexico to Pera and the Lower Amazons; but we are not acquainted with it from Brazil,

though Doubleday includes that country within its range +.

2. Colenis delila.

Papilio delila, Fabry. Syst. Ent. p. 510°.

Colenis delila, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 350’; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 108°,

Colenis julia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 850%.

Alis elongatis fulvis, anticis marginibus maculaque ad cellule finem (fere obsoleta) nigris ; posticis limbo externo

linea undulata triplici coloris ejusdem ; subtus dilutioribus ct nebulosis, angulis posterioribus albo punctatis,

posticis striga subcostali flava, puncto coccineo ad cellule basin.

Hab. Norta America, Texas *.—Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio); Britisq Honpuras,

Corosal (foe), Sarstoon (Blancaneaux); GuateMALA, San Gerénimo and Zapote

(Champion), Chuacus, Pacific coast, Polochic, and Motagua valleys (/. D. G. & O. S.),

Choctum (Hague); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely); Nicaracua, Chontales

(Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Rogers, Van Patten?*); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).—

JAMAICA,

There seems to be some obscurity as to the insect to which Fabricius’s name delila

applies. Mr. Butler in his Catalogue of Fabrician butterflies identifies it with the

Jamaican species ; and in so doing, we think, he is correct. Central-American specimens,

however, are undistinguishable from the Jamaican; and therefore we follow Mr. Butler

in his application of the name to this race. It occurs in Mexico, and is found abun-

dantly southwards throughout our country. The primaries of this insect are much more

elongated than those of the preceding species, and are somewhat falcate towards the

apex. Individuals are subject to slight variation, some being of an almost uniform tawny

colour, with the outer margins alone narrowly bordered with black, while in others the

black lunule of the primaries mentioned by Fabricius is conspicuous. The series in

our collection shows every intermediate between these two extremes, and this without

reference to locality. In South America, ranging from Colombia to South-eastern

Brazil, it is represented by a very close ally, C. yudia, in which there are two strongly

marked black stripes on the primaries, and the secondaries are also more strongly

bordered with the same colour. In Cuba a slightly modified race exists, the male of

which corresponds accurately with Cramer’s figure of C. cillene. It is very similar to

C. delila and C. julia, but differs from both in having a subtriangular black spot at the

end of the cell, sometimes followed by a second and smaller one beneath and beyond it.

The female of this is of a duller tawny colour, darker towards the base of the wings,

COLZNIS.—AGRAULIS. 169

and has a conspicuous black oblique streak crossing the end of the cell. In Haiti a

fourth race is found, which is of nearly the same pale tawny colour as C. cillene, but

the black streak in the primaries of the males extends nearly or quite to the outer

margin, and the second streak at the apex is but faintly indicated. This Haitian

insect seems to have no specific name. Both C. delila and C. julia are included in

Mr. Strecker’s Catalogue of the Butterflies of North America as occurring in Texas.

AGRAULIS.

Agraulis, Boisduval & Leconte, Hist. Gén. Lép. Am. Sept. i. p. 142 (1833); Doubl. Gen. Diurn.

Lep. p. 153. |

Dione, Hitbn. Samml. exot. Schm. ii. t. 20; Verz. bek. Schm. p. 31 (1816).

Though Hiibner in 1816 gave the name Dione to one of his groups of butterflies

containing species of this genus, the genus itself was not properly defined until 1833,

when Boisduval and Leconte characterized it under the name of Agraulis, afterwards

adopted in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’

The relationship of Agraulis with Colenis as here restricted is very close, the chief

if not the only important difference being in the middle and hind legs. These, as

already pointed out by Doubleday, in Agraulis are without either paronychia or pulvillus,

both being well developed in Colenis.

The secondary sexual male organs are like those of Colenis, and also very similar to

those of Heliconius, especially as regards the form of the tegumen, which has an

internal projecting piece terminating in a point in the middle line, which points out-

wards and slightly upwards towards the hook of the tegumen. Nothing of this sort is

to be found in Argynnis and its allies, so far as we have as yet been able to discover.

The antenne have thirty-nine joints, whereof ten form a gradually thickened terminal

club. The palpi have the terminal joint short but swollen; the middle joint is long

and but slightly dilated. The front legs of the male are clothed with fine hair;

coxa =? femur, tibia = femur; tarsus long (single-jointed *) =} tibia. The claws of

the middle and hind legs are very straight, and there is neither pulvillus nor paronychia ;

the outer surface of the tibia is slightly spiny. The primaries have the first subcostal

branch thrown off before the end of the cell.

Six species are included in the genus Agraulis, three of which (Ad. vanille,

A. moneta, and A. juno) have a very wide range in Tropical America. A. glycera is

restricted to the Andes of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, A. andicola to Western

Ecuador, and A. lucina to the valley of the Upper Amazons. A. vanille alone is

found in the Southern States of North America.

* In A. lucina the remains of some of the joints seem to be indicated by notches.

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., June 1882. Z

170 RHOPALOCERA.

1. Agraulis juno.

Papilio juno, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 215. f. B, C’.

Agraulis juno, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 187.

Dione juno, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 350°.

Agraulis huascuma, Reak. Proc. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 243%.

Alis fulvis, anticis fascia obliqua per cellule medium, altera ad finem ejus ad limbum externum extendente,

apice et margine externo nigris; posticis late nigro marginatis; subtus fusco marmoratis, anticarum

apicibus et posticis undique maculis argenteis variis ornatis.

Hab. Mexico *, Cordova (Hége, Riimeli), Oaxaca (Deppe); British Honpuras, Corosal

(Roe); GuatemaLa, Polochic valley (F. D. G. & O. S.), Cubilguitz, Tamahu, Teleman

Panzos (Champion); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Rogers, Van

Patten *); Panama, David (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé), Lion-Hill station (1/‘Leannan).

~——CoLomBIA and SoutH AMERICA generally to the Argentine Republic.

The typical form of this wide-ranging species is subject to but little variation; and

this only affects the series of indistinct lunules in the outer black border of the

secondaries. These are perhaps most prominent in Mexican examples, but further

south become less distinct ; they disappear altogether in the true A. juno of Guiana},

but can be traced again in Brazilian and Argentine examples. This character is too

variable and insignificant to justify Mr. Reakirt’s separation of the Mexican insect as

Agraulis huascuma *,

Agraulis juno has two localized races in South America, which occupy much more

limited areas than the species now under consideration. One of these, A. lucina,

Felder, is not uncommon in Upper Amazonia, but seems confined to this and the

adjoining district of the Upper Rio Negro. The other, A. andicola, Bates, has as yet

only been observed on the western slope of Chimborazo, in Ecuador, where Mr. Spruce

found it, and supplied Mr. Bates with specimens 2.

Agraulis juno, though, as already indicated, a species of wide range in Central

America, is restricted to the hotter districts of low elevation. Our Guatemala speci-

mens were all taken below 2000 feet above the sea; and those from Mexico are also

probably from low-lying districts.

2. Agraulis moneta.

Dione moneta, Hiibn. Samml. exot. Schmett. ii. t. 207.

Argynnis moneta, Poey, Mag. Zool. 1832, t. 11?.

Agraulis moneta, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 154, t. 22. f. 1%.

Dione moneia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 849%.

Dione poeytt, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, xii. p. 227°.

Alis fulvis, area basali rufo-brunneis, venis marginibus et strigulis duabus tortuosis per cellule finem nigris ;

posticis linea submarginali dentata maculas fulvescentes includente ; anticis subtus ad basin roseis, punctulis

minutis nigris notatis, ad apices areaque tota posticarum vittis argenteis pictis.

AGRAULIS. | 171

Hab. Mexico® (Dupont *), Ventanas and Ciudad in Durango (Forrer), Jalapa (Hoge),

Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuatemaLa, Duefias, Polochic valley (fF. D. G. & 0. S.), Chuacus

(Hague), Quiche Mountains, San Gerénimo, Purula, Teleman, San Isidro (Champion) ;

Costa Rica (Van Patten*), Voan de Trazu, Cache (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de

Chiriqui (Arcé).—CoLomBia?; VENEZUELA?; Peru®; Bo.rvia.

There is some difficulty about the application of Hiibner’s name to this species,

whether it refers to the same insect subsequently figured by Poey and Doubleday

respectively, or to that described by Dr. Felder under the name of A. glycera. Ona close

examination of Hiibner’s figure we believe it is intended for the former, although it is

scarcely dark enough towards the base of the wings on the upperside; the underside,

however, agrees well enough in having the pink colouring at the base of the primaries ;

and on this the small black spots are distinctly indicated, which, from our series of

insects, we believe to be a characteristic of the form found in Central America. About

the insect named A. glycera by Felder there can be no doubt, as the types from which

his description was taken have since passed into our hands and are now before us. In

this insect, as pointed out by the describer, the deep fulvous colour on the upperside

is of uniform tint, whereas in the allied species the base of the wings is of a deep

rufous-brown, and the outer portion lighter fulvous.

Mr. Butler, apparently relying upon the comparatively uniform fulvous tint of the

upper surface of the primaries in Hiibner’s figure, asserts> that it and A. glycera,

Felder, refer to the same butterfly, and takes the opportunity of renaming the older

species Dione poeyit. Apart from the obvious inconvenience of shifting the name

A. moneta from one species to another, a practice which can hardly ever be justified,

we do not see the necessity for such a step; for had he been guided by another and

better character, viz. the presence or absence of black spots in the base of the cell of

the primaries beneath, he could have left the names alone. We take this course, and

revert to the practice of Doubleday and other authors.

Agraulis moneta, as shown above, has a very wide range, from Mexico to Bolivia.

In the former country, and throughout Central America, it is abundant at various

elevations from near the sea-level to a height of 6000 or 7000 feet, thus ranging far

above its congener A. juno.

A. glycera does not occur within our limits, being found in the Andes from Northern

Colombia to Bolivia, where it is as abundant as A. moneta.

3. Agraulis vanille.

Papilio vanille, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 8306"; Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 212. f. A, B’.

Dione vanille, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 350%.

Agraulis vanille, Strecker, Cat. Butt. N. Am. p. 108%.

Papilio passiflore, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 60°; Smith & Abb. Ins. Georg. i. 1. 12°,

172 RHOPALOCERA.

Alis fulvis, anticis maculis quatuor in cellula, tribus infra eam, strigisque ad marginem externum nigris;

posticis maculis discalibus et fascia nigra marginatis, puncta sex rotundata includente; subtus ut supra,

sed anticis ad apicem et area tota posticarum maculis oblongatis argenteis pictis.

Hab. Norra America from Virginia and Georgia ® southwards 4.—Mexico, Mazatlan

and Palmarito (Forrer), Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio); British Honpuras,

Corosal (oe) ; GuaTeMaLa, Polochic valley (F. D.G. & O. 8.), San Gerénimo (Champion) ;

Costa Rica (Van Patten*®), San Francisco (Rogers); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé), Lion-

Hill station (1/‘ZLeannan).— VENEZUELA; GUIANA? and SoutH AMERICA generally to the

Argentine Republic; AwtiLLes, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica.

This is a common insect, and has a very extended range; it is included by Smith and

Abbot in their work on the Lepidopterous insects of Georgia; and our collection

contains a continuous series of examples from all countries southward to the Argentine

Republic. Individuals are subject to slight variation: the four black spots within the

cell of the primaries in some are united so as to form only two, while the number of

those occupying the discal area of the secondaries varies from one to three; the amount

also of the black stripes towards the outer margin of the primaries varies; and this

occurs without reference to locality. This species was named by Linnzus, who, in his

description, refers to the figures in Clerk’s ‘Icones Insectorum,’ Merian’s ‘ Surinam,’

and Sloane’s ‘History of Jamaica.’ Fabricius, referring to the same figures, renames

the species P. passiflore, doubtless having ascertained the food-plant of the insect;

and Smith and Abbot follow him in this, remarking that in Georgia D. vanill@ does

not feed on the Vanilla, but on the Passion-flower (according to Mr. Strecker Passifiora

cerulea and P. incarnata), as the former plant does not grow there, and therefore

Linnzeus’s name is not a suitable one. Specimens from Haiti, Cuba, and Jamaica are

identical with those from the mainland.

In Guatemala Agraulis vanill@ is found in suitable localities from the sea-level to an

altitude of about 3000 feet above the sea.

CLOTHILDA.

Clothilda, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 440 (1840); Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 155; Salv.

Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 391. .

With the general appearance of some members of the genus Argynnis, Clothilda

differs in many important particulars. The chief and most obvious of these is the

presence of a well-defined discocellular nervule in the secondaries, which completely

closes the cell of those wings. The first and second branches of the subcostal nervure

of the primaries are thrown off before the end of the cell. There is no upper disco-

cellular, the lower discocellular is abruptly bent, where it throws off a small recurrent

nervule. ‘The costa of the primaries is strongly arched near its proximal end. The

antenne have thirty-three joints, the terminal nine forming a moderate-sized club.

CLOTHILDA. 173

The palpi have the terminal joint rather short, the middle joint being long, curved, but

slightly swollen, and all the joints densely clothed with long hairs. The front legs of

_ the male are covered with long fine hair; the coxa is rather attenuated; coxa =

3 femur; tibia = femur + trochanter; tarsus long (single-jointed), >+ tibia.

The male secondary sexual organ is very different from that of Argynnis. The

tegumen, though projecting, is very feeble; the harpagones are large, but slenderly

built, and without hooks; inside of them, however, is a strong hook on each side.

The penis is long and sharply pointed.

Six species are now known of this genus—two continental, both of which are

mentioned below, and four peculiar to the Greater Antilles. Two of these latter are

found in Cuba, and two in Haiti. Clothilda is one of the few genera found in the

Antilles and in Central America and Mexico to the exclusion of the rest of America,

both North and South. All the species are said to affect the forests of the higher

mountain-ranges where a damp temperate climate prevails.

1, Clothilda euryale.

Argynnis euryale, Klug, Neue Schmett. Mus. Berl. pt. i. p. 2, t. 2. f.1, 2.

Clothilda euryale, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 156, t. 21. f. 47; Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869,

p. 894°.

Synalpe euryale, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 36+.

Anelia thirza, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schm. iii. t. 34’.

Clothilda thirza, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 150°.

Alis fuscis, anticis supra et subtus distincte rubro notatis, posticis fuscis haud fasciatis.

Hab. Mexico? (Deppe '), Oaxaca‘ (Fenochio?) ; GUATEMALA, mountains above Quiche 3,

Volcan de Fuego ®, San Gerénimo and highlands of Vera Paz (f. D. G. & O. 8.), Cerro

Zunil, Purula (Champion); Honpuras ? 4.

This beautiful species was first discovered in Southern Mexico by Deppe, whose

specimens passed into the Berlin Museum, and were described by Klug in 18361.

Probably about the same time the same species was figured in the third (uncompleted)

volume of Hiibner’s ‘Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge’ under the name Anelia

thirza, a title adopted by Mr. Kirby in his Catalogue ®, but without real evidence that

it was published prior to that of Klug. Since its discovery C. ewryale has been found

from time to time in Southern Mexico, and was captured by us in various parts of

Guatemala in 1861-62. Here it is an inhabitant of the highland forests; and though

observed as low as about 4000 feet in Vera Paz, it was nowhere so abundant as in the

mountains above Quiche, at an altitude of over 8000 feet above the sea. Several

specimens were captured there in the month of August as they flew lazily about the

foot of a precipice reeking with the moisture of the rainy season.

Mr. Champion has recently sent us specimens, all taken, like our own, in the highland

forests of Guatemala.

174 RHOPALOCERA.

2. Clothilda insignis. (Tab. XIX. figg. 4, 5.)

Clothilda insignis, Salvin, Ent. Trans. 1869, p. 394; Butler & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 349”.

C. euryale persimilis sed alis posticis ochraceo late transfasciatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Arcé}, Van Patten ?), Volcan de Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Volcan

de Chiriqui (Arcé).

Like the last species, this is an inhabitant of the higher lands. A female was

originally sent us by our excellent collector Arcé from the mountain district of Costa

Rica; and from this the original description was taken1. Subsequently Mr. Rogers

obtained several examples of C. insignis in the volcano of Irazu at an elevation of

between 6000 to 7000 feet; and Arcé also found it in the volcano of Chiriqui, beyond

which we are not aware that it extends. C. insignis closely resembles C. euryale, but

may at once be distinguished from it by the broad submarginal dirty white streak

extending across the secondary wings.

The type specimen from Costa Rica, a female, is figured.

EUPETOIETA.

Eupetoieta, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 168 (1848).

This genus, which includes the two following species of wide range, has a close

general resemblance to Argynnis, with which it has many characters in common.

Like Argynnis, the secondary male sexual organs have a well-developed tegumen

with a long median hook. The antenne have forty-one joints, the terminal twelve

forming a rather abrupt club (in Argynnis selene the number of joints is thirty-five).

The palpi have a very small terminal joint, the middle joint being much distended,

especially towards the distal end. The front legs of the male are clothed with fine

hairs; coxa stout, =? femur, tibia=% femur, tarsus (single-jointed)=2 tibia. In

Argynnis selene the femur is rather shorter in proportion to the coxa, and the tarsus

not more than 3 the tibia. The claws of the hinder legs are much straighter than in

Argynnis; but the tibia are spiny all over as in that genus. In the primary wings the

second subcostal branch is thrown off further from the end of the cell than is usual in

Argynnis. |

1. Hupetoieta claudia.

Papilio claudia, Cr. Pap. Exot. t. 69. f. E, F’.

Eupetoieta claudia, Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 109’.

Argynnis columbina, Boisd. & Lec. Lép. Amér. Sept. t. 44°.

Alis fulvis, lineis variis transeuntibus nigris, ea per medium alarum angulosa, serie punctorum margini externo

parallela, maculaque ovata in cellula anticarum nigris; subtus anticis fere et supra, sed ad apicem et area

tota posticarum pallide nebulosa.

Hab. Unitep States23, Texas, Arizona 2,-Mexico, Cordova (Rimelt); GUATEMALA,

EUPETOIETA. 175

Volcan de Fuego (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Purala (Champion).—ArceEntinE REpuBLic;

JAMAIcA!,

This and the following species are very closely allied, so much so that, had we to

_ judge from the markings of the wings alone, it might become a question if they ought

not ultimately to be united. We notice, however, that an important difference is

perceptible in the genital armature of the males which points to their real specific

difference. ‘The upper lobe of the harpagones in Z. claudia is armed with six or seven

strong recurrent spines, a feature we are unable to trace in EL. hegesia. ,

Cramer describes both species as coming from Jamaica!; that named and figured by

him as P. claudia has the zigzag transverse line passing across the centre of both

wings, while the under surface is, with the exception of the basal half of the primaries,

which resembles the upper surface, of a clouded greyish-brown colour. ‘The figure of

P. hegesia differs from that of P. claudia in the absence of the transverse black lines

on the basal half of the secondaries, and in the apex of the primaries and the whole

of the secondaries on the under side being of a mottled rufous-brown colour. As

regards this latter character, however, we have some specimens which appear to be

intermediate in this respect; and consequently we place but little stress upon it. In

our series all the specimens which are without the zigzag line on the secondaries are,

both above and beneath, of a darker colour. As regards their distribution, both

forms are certainly found together in Mexico and as far south as Guatemala; thence to

Rio our collection contains only examples of E. hegesia ; in the Argentine Republic,

however, a race exists which resembles FE. claudia so closely that we have placed

it under that name. There is considerable difference in the size of specimens of

E. claudia, some from Guatemala being no more than half that of those from the

United States and Mexico; but the markings in each are the same.

In Guatemala E. claudia is an upland species, being found in the mountains, in

places ranging between 3000 and 7000 feet above the sea.

2. Eupetoieta hegesia.

Papilio hegesia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. t. 209. f. EB, F°.

Euptoieta hegesia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 349°; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 109’.

E. claudic persimilis, sed linea per medium posticarum transversa carente, subtus alis rufescentioribus.

Hab. Sovramrn Unrrep Statss 3, Mexico, Tres Marias islands and Ventanas (Forrer),

Cordova (Riimeli); Bririse Honpuras, Corosal (Roe); GuareMaLa, Choctum (fague),

Polochic valley, San Gerénimo, central valleys (fF. D. G. & O. S.), Panzos, Coban,

San Isidro (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten”),

Cache (Rogers) ; Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).—CoLomBla ; VENEZUELA ; AMAZONS ; GUIANA ;

Braziu; CuBa; JAMAICA},

Closely resembles E. claudia, but, as before said, differs from it in having no black

176 RHOPALOCERA.

transverse line on the proximal half of the secondaries; it is also of a more mottled

rufous colour beneath. Further particulars have been given under the preceding species.

E. hegesia overlaps E. claudia in the Southern United States and in Mexico and

Guatemala, but in Costa Rica and throughout its wide range in South America it is

foundalone. In Guatemala it usually occurs in places of a lower level than those where

E. claudia flies, and probably is not found at a higher elevation than 4300 feet at

Coban and 3000 feet at San Gerénimo, whence it descends to the sea-level at Panzos.

SYNCHLOE.

Synchloe, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 185 (1848) (ex Boisd. MS.).

Chlosyne, Butl. Cist. Ent. 1. p. 38.

Coatlantona, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 178.

This name was applied by Hiibner to a “ coitus ” of Pieride in 1816, and for this reason

was transferred by Messrs. Butler and Kirby to Prerts daplidice and its allies, a new name

being given by each author to the present insects. As, however, Doubleday had in 1848

fully described this genus under the title Synchloe, we prefer to adhere to his ruling.

The secondary male sexual organs in Synchloe are very like those of Melitwa

(M. cinxia). The tegumen is atrophied, and is simply a transverse bar with no pro-

jecting median hook; the harpagones are short and rounded, but armed with two

terminal strong hooks recurved towards each other like the horns of an ox. This

arrangement is very different to what we find in Argynnis (A. selene). The antenne

have thirty-nine joints, the terminal sixteen forming a moderately abrupt club. ‘The

palpi are like those of Melitwa, the terminal joint being thicker than in Phyciodes,

and the middle joint swollen gradually towards the middle. The front legs of the

male are clothed with fine hairs. The coxa is rather stout, <4 femur - trochanter,

tibia femur, tarsus (single-jointed*) = tibia. In Melitwa cinxia the tarsus is

two-jointed and=4 tibia. The claws of the other legs are curved; and the tibia is

without spines on the upper surface as in Aelitea.

The metropolis of Synchloe is certainly Mexico and Central America, where no less

than ten out of about thirteen species are found. The extralimital species are :—

S. perezt, peculiar to the island of Cuba; S. ¢ulita, peculiar to the island of Puerto

Rico; and on the continent of South America we find S. narva in Venezuela, a close

ally of S. donplandit. In North America races of S. lacinta occur in Texas and

Arizona.

a. Primary wings but slightly elongated.

a’. Discal area of secondaries red (brownish black in some varieties of S. lacinia).

1. Synchloe lacinia. (Tab. XIX. figg. 6-17.)

Araschnia lacinia, Geyer in Hiibn. Zutr. Ex. Schmett. Fiinft. Hund. p. 25, f. 899, 900’.

Chlosyne lacinia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 349°. .

* At the end of the tarsus are some notches, apparently indicating the sutures of the last terminal joints.

SYNCHLOE. | 177

Synchloe saundersii, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 186, t. 24. f. 2°.

Synchioe tellias, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 84*; iil. p. 157°.

Synchloe quehtala, Reak. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 248°.

Synchloe ardema, Reak. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 336’.

Synchloe paupera, Feld. Reise d. Nov., Lep. p. 395°.

Synchloe mediatrix, Feld. Reise d. Nov., Lep. p. 395°; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 126”.

Synchloe misera, R. Feld. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 471”.

Synchloe pretona, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 87".

Synchloe crocale, Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. v. p. 17°; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 127".

Chlosyne adjutrix, Scudd. Bull. Buff. Soe. ii. p. 269”.

Synchloe adjutrix, Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 126”.

Synchloe adelina, Staud. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1875, p. 102”.

Alis fusco-nigris ciliis albo intermixtis, anticis lineis duabus transversis bifractis punctorum alborum ornatis ;

posticis area discali rufa et ad basin rufo variegatis: subtus anticis ut supra, costa ad basin rufa maculis

alteris flavis submarginalibus notatis; posticis fascia lata flava transvittatis, extra eam serie punctorum

ruforum deinde serie altera punctorum nigrorum albo pupillatorum maculisque sex submarginalibus flavis.

notatis.

Obs. Species valde mutabilis, interdum posticis fere omnino nigris (=S, adelina ”), interdum anticis fascia lata

rufa et maculis rufis ornatis (=S. saundersi*® et S, adjutria).

Hab. Nortu America, Arizona 13, Texas 5.—Mexico (Karwinski 1, Deppe), Vera Cruz

(W. H. Edwards’), Orizaba (Sallé), Huahuapan (fedemann 10), Oaxaca (Lenochio) ;

British Honpuras, Corosal (Roe); Goatematat !, Yzabal, Motagua valley, Duenas,

Pacific coast (F. D. G. & O. S.), Polochie valley (Hague); Nicaraaua (Bridges), Chontales

(Belt); Costa Rica (Carmiol, Van Patten *), San Francisco, Volcan de Irazu (Rogers) ;

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Ribde 16, Arcé), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—

CoLtomBiA® 9; VENEZUELA?; Ecuador; Peru; Bo.ivia.

The Mexican insect described by Geyer as S. lacinia1, and which is very nearly

represented by figg. 6, 7 on our Plate, occupies an intermediate position between the

extreme varieties of this species, which, on the one side, lose all their bright markings

and become (as represented by figg. 16, 17) the Synchloe adelina of Staudinger !’; on

the other hand, the amount of colour is increased to a considerable extent, till we have

S. saundersi® (approximately represented by figg. 8, 9). Between these extremes every

gradation of colour can be traced ; and all the rufous markings, as well as the yellow

ones of the underside, can be exhibited in different individuals from their maximum

development till they vanish altogether.

Though in nearly every part of Central America each gradation is found, it is very

evident that certain varieties preponderate in numbers in certain districts. Thus in

Mexico the dark extreme (S. adelina) occurs with the true S. lacinia, and also inter-

mediate forms; but the dark form, perhaps, slightly predominates. In Guatemala the

S. lacinia pattern is by far the most abundant ; but this also passes by almost insensible

steps (figg. 14, 15) into the dark extreme (figg. 16, 17). In Nicaragua the prevalent

form approaches the S. saundersi type. In Costa Rica the S. adelina type is most

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., June 1882. 2A

178 RHOPALOCERA.

abundant, but still associated with S. dacinia, and connected with it as shown by

figg. 12, 18. The same state of things prevails in Panama. In South America

S. saundersi is far the commonest form, but still the steps to S. adelina are not

altogether absent.

In the Southern States of North America a form occurs which is very like S. saunders¢

and is prevalent in Texas. Thisis S. adjutrix, Scudder } ; but we doubt the possibility

of maintaining its distinction. In Arizona another form occurs, S. crocale, Edw., which

we take to be undistinguishable from S. adelina, and therefore connected with the whole

series.

Regarding the other names which have been proposed for varieties of this butterfly,

S. tellias* is equivalent to S. lacinia®. WS. quehtala ® is like S. adelina above, with traces

of the yellow band of the secondaries beneath still extant. A form identical with or

very similar to this is S. misera™. 8. ardema is also like S. adelina, but has two rufous

spots near the inner margin of the primaries (see figg. 12, 13). S. paupera® is like

S. adelina above and S. lacinia beneath. SS. mediatrix® comes between S. lacinia and

S. saundersi. 8S. pretona™ is like S. adelina, but with rufous instead of white marks

on the primaries.

The proposers of these names give in detail their characters; but the position of each

is generally indicated above.

In Guatemala §. lacinia is very abundant up to an elevation of about 5000 feet.

Our series of varieties mostly come from the valley of the Polochic river.

Our figures represent the following specimens :—

Figg. 6, 7, a male, from Oaxaca, Mexico.

» 8, 9, a female, from Corosal, British Honduras.

» 10, 11, a male, from Nicaragua.

5, 12, 13, a female, from Costa Rica.

» 14, 15, a female, from Polochic valley, Guatemala.

» 16,17, a male, from Calobre, Panama.

2. Synchloe janais.

Papilio janais, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ins. iii. p. 22, t. 17. ff. 5, 6°.

Synchloe janais, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 186°; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 37°.

Chlosyne janais, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 349 *.

Alis nigris, anticis albo punctatis, posticis area basali rufis; subtus dimidio basali flavis nigro-maculatis, fascia

rufa exteriore, altera punctorum alborum, lunulis submarginalibus flavis, anticis costa ad basin nigris,

Hab. Mexico”, Cordova (Rimelt), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Lerma, in Yucatan (Hedemann) ;

GuatemaLa, forests of Northern Vera Paz (/. D. G. & O. S.), Cubilguitz, Tamahu

(Champion), Polochic valley (Hague); Honpuras?, San Pedro (G. MZ. Whitely); Nica-

raGuA, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten *, Carmiol), San Francisco and Cache

(Rogers); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).

SYNCHLOE. 179

Drury, who carefully described and figured this species}, gave “Sierra Leon” as its

habitat—an error no doubt, as it has since been proved to be an insect peculiar to

Mexico and Central America, where it occurs abundantly in all low-lying districts. In

its general appearance it much resembles the typical form of the variable S. lacinia,

but may at once be distinguished from it by the whole costa of the primaries beneath

being black and without the rufous spot at the base.

6’. Discal area of secondaries black.

3. Synchloe hyperia.

Papilio hyperia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 1197.

Synchloe hyperia, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Diurn. Lep. p. 113”.

Araschnia hippodrome, Geyer in Hiibn. Zutr., fiinft. Hund. p. 17°.

Synchloe hippodrome, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 186*; Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880,

p. 123°.

Chlosyne hippodrome, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 349°.

Alis nigris, anticis fascia bifida maculosa apicem versus alba; subtus posticis fascia mediana maculosa rubra,

altera punctorum alborum exteriore, lunulis submarginalibus et punctis ad basin flavis.

Var. S. hippodrome posticis punctis ad basin flavis nullis.

Hab. Mexico * (Karwinski*, Nieto), Atayac (Hedemann), Cordova (Riimeli, Bilimek),

Oaxaca (Deppe, Fenochio); Guatemata, Chuacus (ff. D. G. & O. 8.), Polochic valley

(Haque), San Gerénimo (Champion), Pantaleon, Panima, Chacoj, Teleman (Champion) ;

Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten®); Panama, David (Champion),

Calobre (Arcé).—CoLomBIA°.

There can be no doubt, we think, that Fabricius’s name “ Papilio hyperia, hab. in

Indiis,” 1 is referable to the southern form of the species, usually known as Synchloe

hippodrome, which has yellow spots at the base of the secondaries beneath not seen in

more northern specimens. ‘These are best shown in our examples from Manaure in

Northern Colombia ®, but can also be traced in a less degree in Panama insects. In

Costa Rica both forms occur, but in none are the yellow spots more than just visible,

showing that here the two races coalesce.

The name S. hippodrome was applied by Geyer to Mexican specimens obtained by

the traveller Karwinski?; and the species has since been found abundantly in the

southern parts of that country. In Guatemala it is also a common insect at various

elevations up to about 3000 feet.

4, Synchloe melanarge. (Tab. XX. figg. 9, 10.)

Synchloe melanarge, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 85°.

Synchloe paupera, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 38° (nec Felder).

Alis nigris, anticis fascia maculosa arcuata flava; subtus ut supra, sed posticis lunulis submarginalibus flavis,

macula (interdum aliis fasciam interruptam formantibus) ad angulum analem rubra, costa ad basin anti-

carum coloris ejusdem.

2a 2

180 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Mexico?; Guaremata!®, Yzabal, Motagua valley (f. D. G. & 0. 8.), Tocoy

(Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Lelt).

Our original specimens of this peculiar species, one of which is figured, were all

obtained in the valley of the Motagua, at an elevation of about 1000 feet above the sea,

and at Yzabal on the shores of the lake of the same name. Since then the only

Guatemalan examples we have received were procured by Mr. Champion at Tocoy,

in the Motagua valley; -hence it appears that in Guatemala at least S. melanarge

has avery restricted range. Our authority for including Mexico within its range rests

on a single specimen in our possession without authority, said to be from that country.

Near Chontales it is not uncommon, Belt having captured it in some numbers.

c. Discal area of secondaries above yellow, base of costa of primaries beneath red.

5. Synchloe erodyle. (Tab. XX. figg. 3, 4.)

Synchloe erodyle, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 84°.

Chlosyne erodyle, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 349°.

Alis nigris, anticis albo maculatis, posticis area basali irregulariter flavis, macula ad angulum analem (interdum

pluribus) rubra; subtus ut supra, sed posticis maculis rubris quatuor (interdum quinque), duabus ad

angulum analem, alteris apicem versus, anticis costa ad basin rubra, palpis nigris lateraliter albis.

Hab. Mexico (Bilimek), Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuatreMALa!, Motagua and Polochic

valleys (F. D. G. & O. S.), Teleman (Champion); Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belt); Costa

Rica (Van Patten”).

There is some confusion as to the application of this name, which appears to have

originally been one of the many uncharacterized ones put in circulation by the late

Dr. Boisduval. Mr. Bates, however, restricted its use to the insect with white spots on |

the primaries, and thus named specimens obtained by us in various parts of the interior

of Guatemala}. So far as Guatemala and Nicaragua are concerned, there is little

variation between specimens of this race, all having white-spotted primaries; but in

Southern Mexico these have a yellowish tinge, and in this respect approach S. pecile,

the southern form. These Mexican specimens, however, have the spots of the primaries

of the same rounded shape as those of S. erodyle; and we therefore place them under

that name, not, however, without some hesitation.

One specimen in our collection is peculiar in having the primaries unspotted black ;

but this we take to be an individual aberration.

S. erodyle is a lowland form, and is probably not found at a greater elevation

than 2000 feet above the sea.

A female, from the Polochic valley, is figured.

6. Synchloe pecile. (Tab. XX. figg. 1, 2.)

Synchloe pecile, Feld. Voy. Nov., Lep. p. 396"; Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 123”.

S. erodyle similis, sed anticis flavo (nec albo) maculatis.

SYNCHLOE. 181

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—Conomsia *?;

VENEZUELA.

This name was applied by Dr. Felder to specimens from the neighbourhood of

Bogota, whence we also have received it, and also from Manaure, in the northern

portion of the same country. These southern examples are all larger than the insects

from Panama, and have four instead of two red spots on the secondaries; but they are

alike in the yellow spots of the primaries, and do not differ sufficiently for separation.

The species is apparently not uncommon in the western portion of the State of Panama ;

but we have not yet seen any specimens from the line of railway.

7. Synchloe melitzoides.

Synchloe meliteoides, Feld. Voy. Nov., Lep. p. 396°.

S. erodyle similis, sed palpis albidis, posticis subtus flavissimis.

Hab. Mexico! (Koppe, Mus. Berol.).

A little-known species, described by Dr. Felder from specimens in the Berlin

Museum. We possess a single example, without locality, which was formerly in the

collection of Dr. Kaden, which agrees accurately with the above description. From

this we gather that S. meliteoides is a species fairly distinct from S. erodyle, having

the palpi nearly white instead of black with white sides; the secondaries beneath have

the yellow much more extended, and the black, so prominent in the allied species, is

reduced to small spots. The yellow spots on the primaries beneath, too, are much

larger.

b. Primary wings short and rounded.

8. Synchloe marina.

Araschnia marina, Geyer in Hiibn. Zutr., fiinft. Hund. p. 20, ff. 877, 878°.

Alis rotundatis, fusco-nigris, anticis albo punctatis, posticis fascia maculosa transversa flava, maculis duabus ad

angulum analem aliisque apicem versus rubris; subtus maculis omnibus majoribus et pallide flavis, anticis

costa ad basin maculaque in cellula ferrugineis, posticis flavis nigro notatis et maculis quatuor marginem

externum versus rubris.

Hab. Mextco (Sommer 1), Huahuapan (Hedemann), Oaxaca (Lenochio).

This peculiar species is restricted in its range to Southern Mexico, whence we have

received a few specimens from Don A. Fenochio, and seen others in the Vienna

Museum. It was originally described and figured by Geyer from examples in the

Sommer collection 1}.

One of the chief characteristics of S. marina is the shortness of its primaries, giving

the insect the general appearance of some members of the genus Phyciodes. We

believe, however, that it is rightly placed here.

182 | RHOPALOCERA.

c. Primaries much elongated, base of costa beneath black.

9. Synchloe gaudialis. (Tab. XX. figg. 5, 6.)

Synchloe gaudialis, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 84°; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 37”.

Chlosyne gaudialis, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 349°.

Alis nigris valde clongatis, anticis macula discali coccinea, punctis in linea bifracta marginem versus albis,

posticis plaga in area basali venis divisa flava, punctis fere obsoletis exterioribus albis; subtus ut supra;

maculis omnibus majoribus et posticis lunulis submarginalibus flavo illitis.

Hab. Guaremata12, forests of Northern Vera Paz and Polochic valley (/. D. G.

& 0. 8.), Cubilguitz, Zapote (Champion) ;.Honpuras?; Nicaraeua, Chontales (Belt) ;

Costa Rica (Van Patten), Volcan de Irazu, Cache (Rogers).

Mr. Bates described this species for us from specimens obtained in the forest-region

of Northern Vera Paz, where we found it by no means uncommon in the months of

February and March 1862, at an elevation of about 1500 feet above the sea. Since

then Mr. Champion has met with it in the same districts, and also on the slopes of the

Volcan de Fuego, about 2000 feet above the Pacific Ocean. It is also fairly abundant

in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, the latter country being the limit of its southern as

Guatemala is of its northern range.

Specimens on the whole are fairly constant in their markings; but there is slight

variation in the size of the characteristic scarlet spot of the primaries, which in some

cases, especially in southern ones, trespasses beyond the limits of the cell.

We have figured a male, one of the types, from the Polochic valley, in Guatemala.

10. Synchloe bonplandi. (8. narva, Tab. XX. figg. 7, 8.)

Cethosia bonpland, Latr. in Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 199, t. 18. f. 5°.

Synchloe bonplandi, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 186, t. 24. f. 3° (partim) ; Boisd. Lép.

Guat. p. 88°.

Chlosyne narva, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 349% (nec Fabricius).

Alis valde elongatis, nigris, anticis maculis aurantiacis, posticis area basali coloris ejusdem striga transversa atra

divisa, alis ambabus serie marginali punctorum alborum; subtus fere ut supra, sed alis maculis flavis (nec

aurantiacis) eb punctorum serie submarginali duplici notatis (in anticis utraque alba, in posticis exteriore

flava).

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten 4), Volcan de Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui

(Zahn, Champion), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (d‘Leannan).—Cotomsia ; Ecuapor }.

There appear to be two races of this form, one found in Ecuador and Colombia,

which spreads northwards as far as Costa Rica, to which Latreille’s name bonplandt is

applicable. ‘The other is peculiar to Venezuela and North-eastern Colombia ; and for

this Fabricius’s name may be used. The chief difference between these two races

consists in the greater extent and in the orange tint of the yellow spots of the more

western insect. As they seem to have definite limits, these two races may be kept

separate. )

SYNCHLOE.—ERESIA. 183

S. bonplandi is not uncommon in the State of Panama and in Costa Rica, but seems

restricted to the low-lying districts.

A male, from Lion Hill, is figured.

ERESIA.

Eresia, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. t. 7 B. f. 8 (1836) ; Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 182.

The species now usually associated in this genus have elongated primary wings; and

in some the pattern of the colour of these wings is very different in the two sexes.

These points are most strongly shown in LE. eranitis, E. alcina, and the allied species:

they are not, however, universally present; and the line of demarcation between

Eresia and Phyciodes is nearly broken down by such species as E. myta and E. ofeila.

Then, again, there is a large section of the genus, the members of which mimic the

colour and the shape of the wings of other Butterflies. Thus several South-American

species take the pattern of corresponding species of Actinote; others are like Heliconius

or Mechanitis on a small scale; others, again, resemble Colenis and even Callicore and

Threnodes (Erycinide). We thus have a very mixed assemblage of insects, the relation-

ship of which is somewhat obscure; and future researches may tend either to their

further separation or to the transference of some species to the genus Phyciodes, itself

one of some complexity. So far as the Central-American species are concerned, the

character of the elongated primaries seems the best indication of the genus as

distinguished from Phyciodes.

The antenne of LH. alsina have thirty-seven joints, the terminal fourteen forming

a rather abrupt club. The terminal joint of the palpi is rather more attenuated than

in Melitea, but not quite so much so as in typical Phyciodes; the middle joint is

rather swollen towards the distal end. The front legs of the male are slightly hairy ;

the coxa stout, < femur + trochanter; tibia < femur, tarsus (single-jointed) = 4 tibia.

The claws of the other legs are much curved, and the tibia not spiny on the outer

surface. The first subcostal branch of the primaries is thrown off before the end of

the cell, the second after it, as in all these closely allied genera.

Eresia, as we understand it, contains between fifty and sixty species, which are

widely distributed over tropical South America. Of these, thirteen are found within

our limits.

a. Wings more or less elongated and coloured fulvous and black.

a’. Sexes nearly alike.

1. Eresia mechanitis. (Tab. XX. figg. 13, 14.)

Eresia mechanitis, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 269°.

Eresia eunice, Butl. & Druce P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 350’.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis fascia curvata (in regione vene mediane bifurcata) a basi ad angulum analem fulva,

apice fasciis duabus flavicantioribus transvittata; posticis area interna fulva fascia transversa nigra

184 RHOPALOCERA.

notata; subtus ut supra, sed alis dilutioribus et flavicantioribus marginibus nigris externis lunulis flavis

vix notatis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten®).

This species is closely allied to the South-American EH. eunice (Hiibn.), well described

in several of its forms by Mr. Bates*. From all of these forms E. mechanitis differs in

having the apex of the wings crossed by two well-defined yellowish tawny bands, the

innermost of which has but slightly indented margins instead of being broken up into

an indefinite band. The outer band is distinct, instead of being a faint spot as in

EH. eunice.

As in the region of the Amazons, this form of E. ewnice follows the colour-pattern of

the races of Mechanitis polymnia and Heliconius numata found in the same district—

Mechanitis doryssus and Heliconius telchinia being what may be called the homeeochro-

matic associates of E. mechanitis.

E. mechanitis is a scarce species; for the type from Nicaragua’ and two specimens

from Costa Rica are the only ones we have yet seen.

Our figure is taken from the Nicaraguan type.

9. Eresia drypetis. (Tab. XX. figg. 11, 12.)

Eresia drypetis, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 269°.

E. mechaniti similis, sed margine anticarum interno fulvo nec nigro, macula flavicante ad apicem minore, et

fascia transversa posticarum nigra angustiore distinguenda.

Hab. Guaremata, interior (F. D. G. & O.S.1); Panama, Lion-Hill station (M‘Leannan?).

—CoLoMBIA.

This, too, is a close ally of E. ewnice and the last-mentioned species, but differs in

several points. The transverse band of the secondaries is so narrow as to be almost

broken up into spots; and it resembles in this respect the race of Lf. eunice described

by Mr. Bates as E. olivencia. The band across the primaries is isolated and distinct,

though the spot in the apex is much smaller than in £. mechanitis. 'The tawny colour

of the base of the primaries reaches to the inner margin; and the black mark over the

median nervure in FE. eunice and E. mechanitis is almost obsolete,

Though, as will be seen above, £. drypetis has a wide range, it is by no means a

common insect. A single Guatemalan example and two from Panama are all the

Central-American specimens we possess. The former was taken by usin 1862; but the

record of the precise locality has been lost: it was most probably from the department

of Vera Paz. Besides these examples we have lately received others from Dr.

Staudinger, which were taken in Western Colombia, on the Rio San Juan, not far

from San Buenaventura.

We have figured a Panama specimen.

* Journ. Ent. i. p, 191.

ERESIA. : 185

3. Eresia aveyrona.

Eresia aveyrona, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 192, t. 10. f. 4°.

Alis valde elongatis, nigro-fuscis, plaga magna (externe lacerata) ad anticarum apicem, altera arcuata a basi

ad angulum analem extendente fulvis; posticis area interna fulva, margine externo nigro, linea fulva

angulum analem includente: subtus maculis fulvis flavicantioribus et majoribus, macula anticarum apicali

linea nigra bisecta, posticarum costa ad basin flava, et posticis linea submarginali alba notatis,

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten); Panama, Chiriqui (Ridbe).—Ecuapor; Amazons}.

Mr. Bates described this species from a single female example captured by himself

at Aveyros on the Tapajos river1. Since then Mr. Buckley has found male specimens

in Eastern Ecuador, both at Cururai and Sarayacu. We also have males from Central

America from the sources given above. These latter agree very well with the Ecuador

insects, the only difference we can detect being in the tawny spot of the apex of the

primaries, the upper edge of which is more ragged.

Though of wide range, E. aveyrona appears to be everywhere rare. Its homceochro-

matic associate is Hueides aliphera (antea, p. 163), a very common insect, and on a

larger scale Colenis delila (antea, p. 168).

b'. Sexes differently marked.

4. Eresia eranites.

Eresia eranites, Hew. Ex. Butt., Eresia, t. 2. ff. 8-10'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3507.

g. Alis anticis fusco-nigris, area mediana, macula ultra cellulam, altera bifida infra eam alisque minoribus

apici propius fulvis ; posticis interne fulvis, margine externo nigro et fascia submarginali nigra notatis:

subtus alis multo pallidioribus et maculis, preter aream anticarum medianam, ochraceo tinctis, anticarum

apicibus ochraceo notatis; posticis serie punctorum nigrorum submarginali ornatis.

@. Major, maculis omnibus magis distinctis, iis ad anticarum apices ochraceis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli, Hedemann); Guatemaua, forests of Northern Vera

Paz (fF. D. G. & O.8.), Polochic valley (Hague), Cubilguitz (Champion); Nicaraaua,

Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten”), Cache (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de

Chiriqui, 2000 to 3000 feet (Champion), Santa Fé (Arcé).—CoLoMBIA!; VENEZUELA ;

Ecuapor.

A common species in the hotter parts of Guatemala, where it frequents forests up to

an elevation of about 2000 feet. Its range extends northwards into Southern Mexico,

and southwards throughout Central America to Ecuador, where Mr. Buckley found it

near Macas.

E. eranites was originally described by Hewitson from Colombian specimens !, whence

we havea male. This agrees closely with Mexican examples, the species varying but

little throughout its wide range.

5. Kresia phillyra.

Eresia phillyra, Hew. Ex. Butt., Eresia, t. 1. f. 1’.

Eresia ezorias, Hew. Ex. Butt., Hresia, t. 2. f. 13’.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., dugust 1882. 2B

186 RHOPALOCERA.

dg. Alis anticis elongatis, fusco-nigris, margine externo paulo incurvo, area anticarum mediana ad angulum

analem extensa et venis nigris divisa, fasciisque duabus transversis ultra cellulam, venis quoque divisis,

_ fulvis; posticis interne fulvis, costa, margine externo et fascia transversa nigro notatis: subtus alis pallidi-

oribus, fasciis ad anticarum apicem flavidis, posticis lunulis submarginalibus albidis notatis.

9. Major, anticis minus productis, maculis ad apicem et ad marginem externum ochraceis.

Hab. Mexico ! 2, Cordova (Rimeli, Hoge), Oaxaca (Menochio) ; GuatTEMALA, forests of

Northern Vera Paz and Motagua valley (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Polochic valley (Hague),

Purula and Teleman (Champion).

The difference between the sexes of this species led Hewitson to describe them under

different names, the female as E. phillyra} and the male as E. ezorias*, both specimens

being from Mexico. We have since obtained from Mexico and Guatemala a large

series of both sexes, and have no hesitation in placing them as one species. In

Guatemala and doubtless elsewhere F. phillyra is a forest species, ranging in altitude

from nearly the sea-level to a height of about 4000 feet.

As will be seen above, E. phillyra does not appear to be found south of Guatemala.

In Nicaragua and Costa Rica its place is taken by £. alsina, a species from which it

may easily be distinguished by the black transverse band of the secondary wings.

6. Eresia alsina.

Eresia alsina, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 33'; Ex. Butt., Hresia, t. 8. ff. 62, 63°.

E, phillyre similis, sed anticis minus falcatis, maculis alarum fulvis paulo dilutioribus, fasciaque posticarum

nigra transversa absente distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt 12); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Cache (Rogers).

This was one of Belt’s discoveries in Nicaragua, whence he sent many specimens,

some of which passed into Hewitson’s collection! and some into ours. We now trace

it southwards to Costa Rica, where it appears to be not uncommon in the lowland

forests. As already mentioned, it has a close ally in the more northern EL. phillyra;

and southwards, in the State of Panama, several allied forms take its place.

7. Kresia nigripennis. (Tab. XX. figg. 15, 16.)

Eresia nigripennis, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, iv. p. 170°.

Eresia dismorphina, Butl. Cist. Ent.i. p. 78°; Lep. Ex. p. 182, t. 63. f.1°; Butl. & Druce, P.Z.S.

1874, p. 850°*.

¢. Alis anticis elongatis falcatis fusco-nigris, maculis indistinctis ultra cellulam serie duplici transversa

positis alteraque inter ramos medianos primum et secundum flavis; posticis area interna fulva, costa et

margine externo anguste nigris, maculis duabus indistinctis ad angulum apicalem: subtus ut supra, sed

maculis flavis multo majoribus, anticis plaga magna fulva ad basin notatis; posticis medialiter albicantibus,

et lunulis submarginalibus ornatis.

Q. Mari nonnihil similis, alis anticis minus falcatis et maculis flavis multo magis distinctis, plaga quoque

indistincta fulva in regione vene mediane.

Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol!, Van Patten 234), Cache (Rogers).

ERESIA. 187

The first specimen of this Eresia that reached us was sent by the well-known bird-

collector, Carmiol. This is a male, and was described in 1869. Three years sub-

sequently Mr. Butler described ? and afterwards figured ? the female as EL. dismorphina.

We have both types now in our possession, and also a good series of both sexes sent us

by Mr. Rogers; and we have no doubt as to the two insects being male and female of

one species.

In the shape of its wings EF. nigripennis comes nearest to EL. phillyra, but it is not

remotely allied to EF. alsina. The primary wings of the male being wholly black to

the base, and the spots in the apical part of the wing being small and indistinct, at once

separate it from its allies.

The insect figured is the type of Z£. nigripennis ; that called the female on the plate

we now find to belong to another species, as will be seen below.

8. Eresia eutropia. (EZ. dismorphina, Tab. XX. figg. 17,18; Tab. XXI. fig. 1.)

Eresia eutropia, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. xi. p. 56°.

E. nigripenni similis, sed alis anticis minus elongatis nec falcatis, maculis in dimidio apicali majoribus et macula

fulva ad basin notatis distinguenda; ? anticis ad basin fulvis et margine posticarnm latiore diversa.

Hab. Panama}, Santa Fé (Arcé), Lion-Hill station (A/*Leannan).

A close ally of EL. nigripennis, which it perhaps represents in the State of Panama.

The specimens sent us by M‘Leannan (both females) differ from what we take to be

the normal female by having all the spots of the primaries white instead of yellow ;

but, as they are placed in exactly the same positions in both forms, we believe them to

be abnormally coloured. More specimens are requisite to determine this point.

Hewitson described this species from a male said to have been taken at Panama}, but

whether on the line of railway or further westwards we are not informed.

9. Eresia cela. (Tab. XXI. figg. 2, 3).

Eresia coela, Druce, Ent. Monthl. Mag. xi. p. 37°.

Alis anticis rotundatis fusco-nigris, macula in quatuor partita ultra cellulam, altera in costa apicem propiore

tertia infra eam duplici et serie submarginali albescentibus ; posticis fulvo-rufis, costa et margine externo

nigris, maculis duabus albis ad angulum apicalem et lunulis submarginalibus flavidis notatis: subtus ut

supra, maculis omnibus magis distinctis. .

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten) ; Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).

Mr. Druce described this species from a single Costa-Rican specimen, since which

time another has reached us from the State of Panama. In this example there is a

large spot on the underside of the primaries, in the cell and over the median nervure,

only faintly indicated in the type. On the upperside a fulvous patch is indistinctly

shown in the same region. Both these specimens are females, the male being unknown

at present.

2B2

188 RHOPALOCERA.

E. cela seems to be allied to E. emerantia, Hew., a Colombian form not found

within our limits. There is another allied species in Western Colombia, which has

not yet received a name so far as we are aware.

10. Eresia pecilina. (Tab. XX. figg. 19, 20.)

Eresia pecilina, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 183°.

Alis anticis fusco-nigris, dimidio apicali frequenter flavo maculato; posticis fulvis, costa et margine externo (ad

angulum apicalem late) fusco-nigris, maculis sex submarginalibus alteraque interiore flavis notatis: subtus

ut supra, anticis ad basin fulvis, posticarum costa ad basin flava.

Hab. Panama, Santa Fé (Arcé’).

A single female specimen is all that we have yet received of this Hresia; this formed

part of a collection sent us by our collector Arcé, and was taken by him near Santa Fé

in the State of Panama. This specimen was described by Mr. Bates in 1866}.

E. pecilina has a very close ally in E. ithomioides, an insect described by Hewitson

from a specimen obtained by Mr. Birchall in Colombia. This has now passed into our

possession, and proves to be a male, differing in having a much broader dark outer

margin to the secondaries, which, instead of tapering to nothing towards the anal

angle, as in EL. pecilina, continues as a broad black band to the inner margin.

The homeeochromatic associates of E. pecilina are Tithorea pinthias, Mechanitis

isthmia, Calithomia hezia, &c.

Our figure is taken from the unique type.

6. Wings less elongated than in group a; wings of all the species spotted or banded

with white or yellowish white; sexes nearly alike in colour.

11. Kresia myia.

Eresia myia, Hew. Ex. Butt., Eresia, t. 3. ff. 16, 17°.

Alis nigro-fuscis, anticis macula magna rotunda apud ramum medianum primum, aliisque minoribus ultra

cellulam albis; posticis fascia transversa mediana alba: subtus maculis albis ut supra, anticis ad basin

ferrugineis, apicibus brunneo et fusco marmoratis; posticis ad basin fusco irroratis, dimidio distali

nebuloso, maculis irregulariter notato, lineis undulatis apud marginem externum.

@. Mari similis, sed major et maculis magis distinctis.

Hab. Mexico’, Cordova (Riimeli, Hoge), Oaxaca (Lenochio) ; GuatEMaLa, Choctum

(Hague), Cahabon and Cubilguitz (Champion) ; Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson).

_ This and the following species are perhaps out of place in this genus, and may have

to be removed into Phyciodes, to some species of which, both in the markings of the

underside and the shape of the outer margins of the primaries, they bear a close

resemblance. The wings, however, especially in H. ofella, are more elongated than is

usual in Phyciodes; so we place them in Hresia for the present.

E. myia is best distinguished from £. ofella by the rufous colour of the base of the

ERESIA. 189

primaries beneath; the white spot near the middle of the inner margin of the

primaries is smaller and rounder in the former than in the latter. The range of these

two near allies overlaps to a considerable extent; but E. ofella has a more southern

extension and does not pass beyond Guatemala.

12. Eresia ofella.

Eresia ofella, Hew. Ex. Butt., Eresia, t. 3. ff. 18, 19°.

E. myic similis, sed alis anticis paulo magis productis, macula apud marginem internum majore et subtus anticis

ad basin griseo-cretaceis nec rufis distinguenda.

Hab. Guatemata, forests of Northern Vera Paz and Polochic valley (Ff. D. G. & 0. 8.),

Zapote (Champion); Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion-Hill

station (M‘Leannan).—CotomBiaA!; VENEZUELA.

The differences between this species and E. myia are given above under that species.

In its wide range some slight variation occurs between individuals from extreme points.

Southern examples, especially those from Venezuela, are whiter than is usual in specimens

from Guatemala ; but the difference is hardly of specific value. The type described and

figured by Hewitson came from Colombia and formed part of Mr. Birchall’s collection 1.

13. Kresia clara. (Tab. XX. figg. 21, 22.)

Eresia clara, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 192 '.

Papilio nauplia, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 316. ff. D, E? (nec Linn.).

Eresia nauplia, Butl. & Druce, P.Z. 8. 1874, p. 350°.

‘Alis fusco-nigris, anticis maculis quatuor, posticis fascia transversa lata, albis notatis: subtus maculis majoribus,

cellula anticarum ad basin flavida, alarum omnium apicibus albis, anticis ad costs basin margine externo

partim et posticis ad marginem externum ferrugineo notatis ; posticis ad basin lineis fuscis bifasciatis et

linea angusta alba ad angulum analem ornatis.

Hab. Guatumaua, Polochic valley and Choctum (Hague), Central valleys (FD. G. &

O. S.*), Teleman and Panzos (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa

Rica (Van Patien*); Panama, Chiriqui and Veraguas (Arcé), Lion-Hill station

(MM Leannan).—CoLomBia ; VENEZUELA; Guiana ?; Amazons},

As Mr. Bates pointed out’, this species has usually been confounded with EZ. nauplia

(Linn.), with which it associates in the valley of the Amazons and throughout a large

portion of its range. Mr. Bates adds that he took both sexes of each species in about

equal numbers in the Amazons valley, and found the differences between the two

forms quite constant. Both species are figured on plate 46 of Clerk’s ‘Icones

Insectorum:’ figg. 1, 2 represent the true E. nauplia, whilst figg. 3, 4 represent the

present species.

In Central America £. clara is alone found, the insect called E. nauplia by Messrs.

Butler and Druce* belonging here. It has a wide range in the hotter districts from

Guatemala southwards.

190 RHOPALOCERA.

PHYCIODES.

Phyciodes, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 29 (1816).

Melitea section ii., Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 181.

The species of this group of Nymphaline have received very various treatment at

the hands of different authors. Doubleday, to whom a comparatively few species

were known, places some of them as a second section of the genus Melitea, others

under Eresia. Hewitson called all the species Eresia; and Kirby followed him, substi-

tuting Hiibner’s name Phyciodes for the whole group. Strecker, in his ‘Catalogue of

North-American Butterflies, on the other hand, includes them under Melitea, whilst

Scudder splits them up into a number of different genera.

The tangible points of separation are by no means obvious; and though many of

the species may be arranged in groups, others do not lend themselves to such a

division, but serve to blend the whole.

We have examined the anal appendages in the males of a considerable number of

species, with results which show that our present knowledge of these organs is not

sufficiently advanced to enable us to use them in classification. On the whole, these

parts in Phyciodes resemble those of Melita (M. cinzxia) rather than those of Argynnis

(A. selene), inasmuch as the tegumen is, as a rule, somewhat atrophied and devoid of

the hook present in Argynnis. But, as usual, much variation is present in different

species, the harpagones being considerably reduced in P. drymea and short in P. liriope,

whilst P. Jewcodesma has the tegumen more developed, thus resembling some species

of Argynnis.

The character by which Phyciodes can be best distinguished from Melitea is the

terminal joint of the palpi, which in the former genus is much more attenuated than

in the latter. The tibia of the middle and hind legs of Phyciodes are like those of

Melitwa, the outer surface being smooth and not spiny as in Argynnis. The neuration,

too, is essentially that of Melitwa, the first subcostal branch of the primaries being

thrown off before the end of the cell, and the second after it. The antenne have

33 joints, the terminal 12 forming an abrupt club. The front legs of the male are

slightly hairy, the coxa stout, femur-+ trochanter >2 coxa, tibia=femur, tarsus short

(single-jointed) = tibia.

So far as the Mexican and Central-American species are concerned, the division of

the species into those which have a simply rounded outer margin to the primaries and

those in which this margin is sinuated and which possess a distinct prominence near

the anal angle, seems to a great extent a natural one. This, at least, is true so far, as

the former section includes all the species of the P. tharos group, a more northern

type whose range does not extend beyond the highlands of Guatemala. The species

with the notched wing are of a southern type, the northern extension of which reaches

Texas, where P. teranus occurs. The group represented by P. fragilis and P. nigrella,

PHYCIODES. 191

however, which have a rounded margin to the primaries, are of southern range; but

we have as yet failed to find characters by which to separate them from the P. tharos

section, with which we here associate them.

Though our classification must thus be considered tentative, we believe our determi-

nation of the following forty-one species to be correct, so many of the types being in

our possession, or having been examined by us at various times.

a. Outer margin of primaries rounded in a simple curve, and without tooth-like

projection near the anal angle.

P. cyneas group. A series of yellow spots in a dark band across the secondaries

beneath beyond the cell.

1. Phyciodes cyneas. (Tab. XXI. figg. 10, 11.)

Phyciodes cyneas, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.8. 1878, p. 269°.

Alis fuscis, anticis macula cellulari, altera infra eam et seriebus duabus margine externo subparallelis flavis ;

maculis duabus ad marginis externi medium ferrugineis; posticis fasciis macularum flavarum duabus

transvittatis, una per cellule finem, altera ultra eam, maculis sex submarginalibus ferrugincis: subtus

anticis pallide ferrugineis et sicut in pagina superiore flavo maculatis serie autem apicali addenda; posticis

flavis, venis et fascia transversa (maculas sex flavas includente) nigris.

Q. Mari similis, sed major et maculis alarum ferrugineis, majoribus inter fascias flavas quoque ferrugineo

notatis.

Hab. Mrxico, Oaxaca (Fenochio ').

This species and the next belong to a group of Phyciodes represented in North

America by P. leanira(Feld.) and P. fulvia (Edw.), one of the distinguishing characters

of which is a dark band across the secondaries, in which is a series of yellow spots *.

From P. leanira the present species differs in having a well-defined row of red spots on

the secondaries. The bases of the wings are spotless; the costa, too, of the primaries

is dark brown, and not rufous as in P. leanira. Beneath, the dark marks across the

cell of the secondaries are wanting. PP. fulvia has more elongated primaries than

P. cyneas, and much more of the rusty-coloured marking on the distal half of the wings.

We know but little of this species: the type, a male which we now figure, from

Oaxaca, and two females from some other part of Mexico, are all we have seen.

2. Phyciodes cynisca, sp.n. (Tab. XXI. fig. 12.)

P. cynee affinis, sed maculis supra ferrugineis nullis, fascia posticarum per cellule finem flava multo latiore, et

subtus anticarum basi eb maculis submarginalibus tantum rufis distinguendus.

Hab. Muxico, Orizaba (Sallé), Jalapa (Hoge).

We have four specimens of this species which, agreeing with one another, differ in

many respects from P. cyneas, as shown above. It is, however, nearly allied to that

species and to P. leanira of California.

* This group, with P. theona and P. ezra, would go into Mr. Scudder’s genus Thessalia (Bull. Buff. Soc.

N. H. ii. p. 265),

192. RHOPALOCERA.

P. theona group. A broad yellow or whitish band across the end of the cell of the

secondaries beneath.

3. Phyciodes theona. |

Melitea theona, Ménétr. En. Corp. An. Mus. Petr. p. 86, t. 2. f.5'; Strecker, Cat. Butt. N. Am.

p. 126°.

Alis fuscis, anticis maculis duabus in cellula, altera infra eam, septem in serie undulata marginem propioribus

et una ad medium marginis externi flavidis, maculis ad angulos apicales et anales ferrugineis quoque

notatis; posticis fascia (venis divisa) per aream mediam flavida, maculis in serie submarginali positis

rufis, interdum altera exteriore flava: subtus anticis plerumque rufis, maculis pagine superioris bene

notatis serieque altera submarginali ornatis ; posticis maculis basalibus, fascia mediana et altera submar-

ginali argenteo-albidis, inter fascias fuscis rufo notatis.

Hab. Norta America, California, Texas?.—Mexico, Palmarito (forrer), Oaxaca

(Fenochio), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gauwmer); British Honpuras, Corosal (oe) ;

Guatemala, Yzabal (fF. D. G. & O. 8.), Polochic valley, Chisoy valley, and San Gerdénimo

(Hague), Tamahu, San Juan in Vera Paz, and Cahabon (Champion) ; Nicaragua, Chon-

tales (Belt).

A common species in Southern Mexico and Guatemala, but becoming more rare in

Nicaragua, whence the original specimen was procured, and whence we also have an

example. It also ranges northwards across the Mexican frontier into California and

Texas. In Guatemala it is a lowland species, inhabiting districts lying between the

sea-level and 3000 feet above it. We have no indication of its existence on the western

or Pacific side of the country.

The figure of P. theona given by Ménétriés is quite recognizable; but the inner of

the two bands of the secondaries is more rufous than is usual in Guatemala examples,

and not so yellow; but some of our specimens are quite like the figure.

4, Phyciodes ezra.

Eresia ezra, Hew. Ex. Butt., Eresia, t. iv. fig. 29°.

Eresia yorita, Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. p. 2247,

Alis nigro-fuscis, anticis macula in cellula, altera infra eam majore, ramo mediano primo divisa, et fascia trans-

versa maculosa ultra cellulam flavidis; posticis fascia lata transversa, venis divisa, per cellule finem quoque

flavida: subtus ut supra, coste anticarum basi, posticarum basi, maculis anticarum apicalibus rufis;

posticis ad basin flavo maculatis, faseia duplici submarginali exteriore albida, interiore rufa notatis.

Hab. Honpuras?; Panama, Bugaba and Calobre (Arcé).

This species, which seems to replace P. theona in the State of Panama, was described

by Hewitson from a specimen of unknown locality. We have since received a number .

of specimens, all from the State of Panama, where it appears to be common.

These Panama specimens all undoubtedly belong to the form described by Reakirt

as P. yorita, a name based upon a specimen without spots at the base of the secondaries.

As we notice a trace of these in some of our examples, we do not attach any import-

ance to the character. Reakirt’s specimen is said to have come from Honduras.

_ PHYCIODES. 193

P. tharos group. Wings above more or less mottled with fulvous spots.

5. Phyciodes tharos.

Papilio tharos, Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist. i. p. 43, t. 21. ff. 5, 63.

Melitea tharos, Strecker, Cat. Butt. N. Am. p. 120°.

Phyciodes tharos, W. H. Edw. Butt. N. Am. Phyciodes, t. 1, 2°.

Alis fuscis, maculis fulvis (marginibus exceptis) notatis; subtus fulvis, posticis magis ochraceis fusco preecipue

ad marginem externum variegatis.

Hab. Norta AMERICA generally, east of the Rocky Mountains 2, New York !, Texas 3.

— Mexico.

We have one specimen of this species from Mexico, which was formerly in Mr. Bates’s

collection, and is, though rather dark on the upperside, much like the form of P. tharos

represented by P. morpheus.

We have no other record of the species within our limits, though it occurs on the

north-eastern frontier in Texas.

Mr. W. H. Edwards’s observations on the development of this species and the

influence of temperature on the developing imago are worthy of careful study in con-

nexion with the members of this genus. We should not be surprised to find that

some unexpected relationship between some of the insects now supposed to be distinct

species would be revealed were similar observations made upon them. ‘This of course

can only be done by a naturalist resident in the country where they live.

6. Phyciodes picta. (Tab. XXI. figg. 4, 5.)

Phyciodes picta, W. H. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iv. p. 201°.

Melitea picta, Strecker, Lep. Rhop.-Het. p. 65, t. 8. £. 10%.

Alis fuscis, maculis fulvis et flavidis notatis fere ut in P. phaonte; subtus flavis, anticis maculis paucis notatis,

posticis fere immaculatis.

Hab. Nortu America, Nebraska, Colorado, Arizona ! 2,—MeExico 2.

We are indebted to Mr. Strecker for a Mexican specimen (which we figure) of this

species, by no means a common one in the South-western States of America, where it

was originally discovered.

The nearly pure yellow secondaries beneath is a characteristic feature of this species.

7. Phyciodes orseis.

Phyciodes orseis, W. H. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. iii. p. 206°.

Melitea pratensis, var. orseis, Strecker, Cat. Butt. N. Am. p. 121’.

Alis fuscis, fulvo maculatis, posticis fascia fulva submarginali notatis: subtus anticis ad basin fulvis ochraceo

indistincte notatis, ad marginem externum fusco variegatis et maculis argenteis apicalibus ornatis; posticis

rufescente fusco variegatis, maculis ad basin, una ad medium marginis externi et linea transversa bicurvata

ultra cellulam argenteis.

@. Mari similis, posticis magis fulvo ornatis.

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., August 1882. 2c

194 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Norra America, Sierra Nevada!2.—Mexico, Milpas in Durango (Forrer),

Cordova and Jalapa (Hége).

Mexican specimens agree very closely with Californian, offering no tangible differences

by which to separate them. All our examples are fairly constant in their characters ;

but a specimen from Milpas in Durango, sent us by Mr. Forrer, is more fulvous above

than any of the specimens from Cordova &c.

P. orseis is closely allied to P. pratensis of California, so much so that some authors

treat it as a variety of that insect?. As our Mexican specimens agree with the true

P. orseis rather than with P. pratensis, we place them under the former name.

8. Phyciodes thebais. (Tab. XXI. figg. 13,144, 15 @.)

Phyciodes thebais, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 267°.

Alis fuscis, maculis sordide albidis notatis, in posticis fasciam mediam curvatam formantibus ; subtus P. orseidi

simillimus.

Obs. A P. orseide maculis alarum paginz superioris pallidis nec fulvis, colore quoque fulvo posticarum fere

absente distinguendus.

Hab. Muxico, Oaxaca (Fenochio1); Guatemata, Duefias | and Volcan de Fuego (/. D.G.

& O. S.), Calderas, Chilasco (Champion).

This species belongs to the same group of the genus as P. pratensis, Behr, and is

closely allied to P. orseis, Edw., of California, itself considered by some American

writers to be but a variety of P. pratensis. From both these forms the males of

P. thebais can be recognized by the spots being much paler and, as a rule, smaller.

There is too in the males hardly a trace of the band of fulvous on the secondaries,

which is conspicuous in P. orseis, and includes a row of black spots. ‘The females in

all these forms are practically undistinguishable. Of the first specimens we obtained

of P. thebais, one came from Oaxaca, and another from Duefias in Guatemala; since

then Mr. Champion has sent us a good supply of specimens, mostly taken at Calderas,

on the slopes of the Volcan de Fuego, at an elevation of about 7000 feet; other

specimens were obtained in Vera Paz, in the high mountain-district above San

Gerénimo.

We have figured Calderas specimens, in fresher condition than either of the types.

9. Phyciodes boucardi. (Tab. XXI. figg. 16, 17.)

Phyciodes boucardi, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 268°.

P. orseidi similis, sed minor, alis magis rotundatis et maculis ad basin alarum magis distinctis ; subtus alis undique

ochraceo-fulvis, posticis fere unicoloribus lineis indistinctis notatis, macula ad medium marginis externi

fusca, maculis argenteis P. orseidis absentibus.

Obs. Quoad staturam et formam alarum P. vesie similis, sed colore posticarum pagine inferioris differt.

Hab. Mexico, Putla (Rébouch 1), Cordova (Riimeli).

This is one of a group of small species having a general resemblance to P. pratensis

PHYCIODES. 195

and its allies, but with rounder wings, and the spots more evenly distributed over the

surface of the wings. ‘The colour of the underside of the secondaries is one of the

chief distinguishing characters of P. boucardi. This is best seen by reference to the

Plate, where the type is represented. .

A single example obtained by M. Rébouch at Putla, in Western Mexico, which we

now figure, was for some time the only one we possessed. Several others have since

come into our hands from the collection made by Riimeli near Cordova.

There appears to be great probability that P. bowcardi is a seasonal form of P. vesta,

as it much resembles the summer form of that species, as represented by Mr. W. H.

Edwards (Butt. N. Am. Phye. t. 2. figg. 18, 19); but we think it best to keep P. boucardi

apart for the present, until reared specimens prove its actual position.

10. Phyciodes vesta.

Phyciodes vesta, W. H. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. ii. p. 871 (1869)’; Butt. N. Am. Phyciodes,

| t. 2. ff. 18-217,

Melhtea vesta, Strecker, Cat. Butt. N. Am. p. 120°.

Eresia graphica, R. Feld. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 470 *.

P. boucardi persimilis et ejusdem forme, colore magis obscuro posticarum pagine inferioris differt.

Obs. Forsan forma hiemalis P. boucardi.

flab. Norta America, Texas!?3.— Mexico, Huahuapan (Hedemann*), Cordova

(Liimeli); GUATEMALA, San Gerdnimo (Hague).

Mexican and Guatemalan specimens of this species are rather darker on the upper

surface than the ordinary Texan examples of it, of which we have a fair series from our

North-American friends.

Our single Guatemalan specimen we took to Vienna some years ago, and comparing

it with the type of P. graphica found them agree, showing that this name and P. vesta

are synonymous. Which of the two names was first published cannot now readily be

determined ; but we use Mr. Edwards’s title on account of its having become current in

the literature of North-American butterflies.

In Mr. Edwards’s work 2 will be found an excellent account of this species.

11. Phyciodes pallescens. (Tab. XXI. figg. 18, 19.)

Eresia pallescens, R. Feld. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 469°.

P. veste et P. boucardi similis, sed anticis magis elongatis fere sicut in P. pallido, Edw., macula magna

anticarum extra cellulam costam attingente et iis inter ramos medianos quam relique paulo magis

flavescentibus; subtus anticis vix nigro maculatis, sed pallide fusco notatis, posticis sordide ochraceis

fusco indistincte marmoratis.

Hab. Mexico, Puebla (Hedemann'), Oaxaca (Lenochio).

We have compared a Mexican specimen in our collection with the type of P. pallescens

in the Vienna Museum. ‘The species isa somewhat obscure one; and we should not be

2c2

196 RHOPALOCERA.

surprised to find that its relationship to the North-American P. phaon and its allies is

closer than we are able to trace at present with the scanty material before us.

We have figured a male from Oaxaca, Mexico.

12. Phyciodes elada. (Tab. XXI. figg. 6, 7.)

Eresia elada, Hew. Ex. Butt. Eresia, t. 7. ff. 54, 55°.

Eresia socia, R. Feld. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 470’.

P. veste et P. boucardi quoad alarum paginam superiorem valde similis, sed subtus valde distinctus, anticis

fuscis fulvo maculatis, posticis fasciis tribus nigro marginatis, una basali, altera per cellule finem, altera

lunulosa submarginali, inter has maculis fulvis nigro marginatis ornatis.

Hab. Muxico 1 (Deppe, Hedemann*), Palmarito (Forrer), Oaxaca (Lenochio).

Hewitson’s figure of P. elada represents an insect with smaller spots than the

specimens we attribute to this species, which agree, in fact, with the type of P. socia 2,

with which we have compared the specimen from Oaxaca we now figure. As some

variation is present in the specimens in our collection, and as still more may be

reasonably looked for in a larger series, we are unwilling to admit the distinctness of

P. socia from P. elada. It remains a question whether P. imitata will not hereafter

prove to belong to the same species. So few specimens have come into our hands,

and we have seen so few in other collections, that we hardly feel in a position to speak

positively on the value of these names.

13. Phyciodes imitata. (Tab. XXI. figg. 8, 9.)

Melitea imitata, Strecker, Lep. Rhop.-Het. p. 180°; Cat. Butt. N. Am. p. 189°,

Melitea ulrica, W. H. Edw. Can. Ent. ix. p. 189°.

P. elade valde similis, sed maculis omnibus fulvis pagine alarum superioris subequalibus et multo majoribus

distinguendus.

Hab. Norra America (Texas }*).—MeExico, Cordova (fide Strecker).

This species was described by Messrs. Strecker and W. H. Edwards about the same

time from Texan specimens under different names, their identity being shown by

Mr. Strecker in the Appendix to his Catalogue of North-American Butterflies!. Our

acquaintance with the species is due to the kindness of Mr. Strecker, who sent us a

specimen from Cordova, Mexico, which we now figure.

P. imitata obviously belongs to the same group as P. elada; and the only doubt we ©

have respecting it is whether it may not prove to be an extreme form of that species.

A good series of specimens is necessary to determine this point.

Another near ally of P. elada is P. larunda (Strecker) = P. dymas, W. H. Edwards,

also a Texan species, of which we have a specimen from Arizona sent us by Mr. Henry

Edwards. This, too, most probably occurs within our limits.

It differs from P. elada in having black spots on the basal half of the secondaries

beneath, as well as other characters.

PHYCIODES. 197

P. leucodesma group. Secondary wings, except the outer margin, and base and middle

of inner area of primaries white.

14. Phyciodes leucodesma.

Eresia leucodesma, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 103+; Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 394, t. 50.

ff. 11, 12°.

Eresia cincta, W. H. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ii. p. 502°.

Alis fuscis, macula magna a margine interno ad ramum discocellularem inferiorem, altera elliptica supra eam

costam attingente, una minuta in cellula et aliis ad apicem albis; posticis prawter basin et marginem ex-

ternum albis: subtus ut supra anticarum basi flavida, maculis albis ad apicem et margine externo ;

posticarum basi et apice albis, serie macularum nigrarum submarginalium ornatis.

¢@. Mari fere omnino similis.

Hab. Norta America, Texas®, Florida?.—Nicaraeva, Chontales (Belt); Panama, David

(Champion), Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé, Champion), Calobre (Arcé), Lion-Hill Station

(M‘Leannan).—Co.omBia?; VENEZUELA1; TRINIDAD.

We can see no tangible difference between a Texan specimen (the P. cincta of

Edwards) and our series from Venezuela and Trinidad (the P. leucodesma of Felder).

It is, however, a remarkable fact that a wide gap, including the whole of Mexico and

Central America as far as Nicaragua, occurs in the range of the species. Here, and

through Costa Rica and the State of Panama, P. leucodesma is common.

Mr. Champion has sent us paired specimens of this species, showing that the sexes

are almost exactly alike.

P. fragilis group. Primary wings and secondaries internally for the most part

plain fulvous.

15. Phyciodes anieta. (Tab. XXI. fig. 20.)

Eresia anieta, Hew. Ex. Butt. Hresia, t. 6. f. 43, 44°.

Phyciodes claudina, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 348? (nec Eschscholtz).

Alis fulvis, anticis ad basin cost, apice, margine externo et linea a costa ad marginem externum ducta fusco-

nigris, posticis ad basin et margine externo fusco-nigris; subtus fulvis anticarum regione apicali et

posticis omnino fusco-ochraceo marmoratis.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Tamahu and Purula (Champion);

Nicaragua, -Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten”), San Francisco and

Cache (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—CoLomBIA ;

VENEZUELA!; Ecuapor; Prervu; Bo.ivia.

The type of this species came from Venezuela’, whence we also have an example,

only differing from Hewitson’s figure in having the apical fulvous spot of the primaries

rather more isolated, the black transverse band being more distinct. With our Vene-

zuelan example we have a number from Costa Rica and the State of Panama agreeing

in every respect. The Guatemalan insects we place here with some diffidence, as the

base of the wings is much more broadly black, as is also the outer border of the

198 RHOPALOCERA.

secondaries, and specimens are larger. A Panama specimen, however, agrees with

these, others from the same locality being of the normal type. The Nicaragua examples

are small, the tawny colour paler, and the primaries are rather more pointed. These,

too, can be matched in our series from Panama.

The specimen from Mr. Druce’s collection, called P. claudina®, seems certainly to

belong here. The name P. claudina is synonymous with P. flavia, and applies to a

Brazilian species.

In Guatemala P. anieta ranges to a height of about 4000 feet at Purula, but it seems

restricted to the valley of the Polochic.

We have figured a male from Costa Rica.

16. Phyciodes cluvia, sp.n. (Tab. XXI. figg. 21, 22.)

P. aniete affinis et ejusdem stature, alarum marginibus et basi multo latius nigris; subtus valde fuscescenti-

oribus, anticis maculis duabus ochraccis, una magna in regione rami mediani, altera fasciiformi extra

cellulam.

Hab. Guaremaa, Purula and Cerro Zunil (Champion).

We base this species upon two specimens obtained by Mr. Champion in the above

localities. On the upper surface it much resembles the Guatemala form of P. anveta ;

but the black borders are still broader. Beneath it differs in having the wings (except

the region of the median branches and a transverse band across the apex) of a ferru-

ginous brown instead of tawny.

It would appear to, be an inhabitant of damp highland districts, ranging between

4000 and 6000 feet.

We have figured the specimen from Purula.

17. Phyciodes fragilis. (Tab. XXI. fig. 23.)

Melitea fragilis, var. guatemalena, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 189°.

P. aniete quoque affinis, sed plerumque major; alis dilutius fulvis, marginibus alarum nigris multo angusti-

oribus, macula anticarum apicali fulva haud fascia fusca separata.

Hab. Muxico, Cordova (Riimeli), Jalapa (Hoge); Brrrisa Honpuras, Corosal (foe) ;

GUATEMALA, interior (I. D. G. & O. 8.), Las Nubes (0. S.), Choctum, San Gerénimo,

Polochic valley (Hague), Zapote, Las Mercedes, Cahabon and Teleman (Champion) ;

Honpuras, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely)—Co.ompia; VENEZUELA; LOWER Amazons 1;

S. Braziu.

This species, as Mr. Bates has pointed out, is allied to P. diriope, a common butterfly

in Guiana and many parts of the Amazon valley. The typical form of P. fragilis was

obtained by Mr. Bates on the banks of the Cupari, a branch of the Tapajos. At the

time he described it he referred our Guatemalan examples to a local race of the same

insect as var. guatemalena. Since then we have received a large series of specimens

which show that the differences between the Cupari insect and those from Central

- PHYCIODES. 199

America are not always obvious. One of the chief differences in P. guatemalena is the

narrowness of the dark border to the secondaries, which in some cases is obsolete.

This is seen in Mexican examples. In San-Gerénimo specimens the fulvous colour of

the wings is pale, and in this respect resembles that of the Brazilian P. flavia, but the

distinct marks of the apex of the primaries are wanting. The wings of specimens from

localities on the Pacific side of the mountains of Guatemala are darker, and have a

broader border, than the true P. fragilis itself.

The range of this species is somewhat singular; for it is very common in Guatemala

up to an elevation of about 3000 feet; we get it again in Honduras; but between

this point and the continent of South America the allied form P. anieta takes its place.

We have figured a male from Teleman, in the Polochic valley, a specimen in better

condition than the types.

P. nigrella group. Wings either wholly brownish black or marked internally each

with a large median white or yellowish-white spot.

18. Phyciodes nigrella. (Tab. XXI. figg. 24, 25 3, 26 2.)

Melitea nigrella, Bates, Ent. Mouthl. Mag. in. p. 133’.

Alis fusco-nigris interdum immaculatis, interdum macula anticarum submediana, aliis duabus subapicalibus et

fascia per medium posticarum indistincte ochraceis fere obsoletis ; subtus sordide ochraceis fusco marmo-

ratis, anticis ad costam et fascia transversa per cellule finem fuscis.

Q. Mari similis, sed major, et maculis anticarum et fascia posticarum ochraceis bene definitis.

Hab. Guatemata, San Gerénimo (Ff. D. G. & O. S.1, Champion).

Mr. Bates described this curious species from specimens obtained by us near San

Gerdénimo in Guatemala, in which locality Mr. Champion has also recently found it in

some numbers; but it seems to have a very restricted range. There is a certain amount

of variation in individual specimens of this species: in some the wings above are almost

of a uniform brownish black ; in others a yellowish spot on the median branches of the

primaries and a band across the middle of the secondaries are faintly indicated. These

marks in the female are quite distinct.

We have figured specimens from San Gerénimo, Guatemala.

19. Phyciodes lutescens, sp. n.

P. migrellee valde affinis, sed in sexibus ambobus maculis alarum bene definitis et in mare hujus speciei sicut

in femina P. nigrelle.

®. Maculis anticarum et fascia transversa posticarum multo magis distinctis, P. anicte approximans.

Hab. Guaremana, Las Nubes (0. S.), Cerro Zunil, Purula, and San Gerénimo

(Champion).

A form closely allied to P. nigrella, and perhaps only an extreme variety of it. The

males, however, have distinct yellow spots on the primaries and a band on the

200 RHOPALOCERA.

secondaries, being, in fact, as distinctly marked as the females of P. nigrella. We think,

too, that in all probability P. lutescens is found in a rather higher range of country.

Like its ally it is very local, but has been found in the widely separated districts of

Purula and the slopes of the Cerro Zunil. At present we have only seen five

specimens, four males and one female.

20. Phyciodes niveonotis. (Tab. XXI. fig. 27.)

Phyciodes niveonotis, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 100'; P. Z. S. 1874, p. 348”.

P. nigrelle et P. lutescenti affinis, sed maculis anticarum et fascia posticarum albis nec ochraceis distinguendus ;

alarum pagina inferiore grisea quoque differt.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten 1?), Cache (Rogers).

Described from a single rubbed specimen in Van Patten’s Costa-Rica collection 1.

Since then we have received a good series from Mr. Rogers, most of them in good

condition, one of which we have figured. P. niveonotis is obviously allied to P. nigrella

and P. lutescens, differing from the latter in having the yellow markings of the wings

replaced by white. Like its allies it, too, appears to have a very restricted range.

6. Outer margin of primaries sinuated, with a distinct tooth-like prominence near

the anal angle.

a'. Scales of secondaries above normal.

P. poltis group. A tawny spot at the costal end of the transverse band of

the secondaries.

21. Phyciodes poltis. (Tab. XXI. figg. 28, 29.)

Phyciodes poltis, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, i. p. 261°.

Alis fuscis, anticis maculis paucis fulvis notatis, una ad cellule finem, altera ultra eam, una intra ramos

medianos et una infra eam, posticis fascia transversa flavido-albida macula fulva ad finem costalem ; subtus

rufescenti-fuscis, anticis fulvo tinctis, posticis fascia media albida serie punctorum alborum infra eam.

Hab. Mexico}.

Of this species we have as yet only seen the type, which was formerly in Mr. Druce’s

collection, and was supplied to him by M. Boucard. Its nearest ally seems to be

P. orthia (Hew.) of Brazil and Paraguay.

P. tetana group. Base of the primaries beneath rich ferruginous red.

22. Phyciodes texana.

Melitea texana, W. H. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ii. p. 81’; Strecker, Cat. Butt. N. Am. p. 119’.

Hresia smerdis, Hew. Ex. Butt. Eresia, t. 5. ff. 88, 34°,

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis maculis albidis notatis, duabus in cellula, aliis extra eam, duabus intra ramos

PHYCIODES., 201

medianos, aliis fasciam transversam valde irregularem formantibus ; posticis fascia maculosa ultra

cellulam et altera lunulosa submarginali albidis: subtus anticis dimidio basali ferrugineo, dimidio apicali

nigricante maculis variis notato; posticis fascia albida indistincte notata, alarum reliquo griseo et fusco

maculis varlis irrorato.

. Major et alarum basi maculis ferrugineis notata.

Hab. Norta America, Texas, Florida ?.—Mexico 2, Acatlan (Hedemann), Ventanas

and Milpas (forrer), Oaxaca (Fenochio).

This is a common species in Texas and some of the other southern States of North

America. In Mexico it appears to be less frequent, though it occurs in the southern

parts of the country. In Guatemala its place seems to be taken by the next species,

which is restricted to a limited district in the high mountains of Vera Paz. An allied

species in South America is P. hera, which is found in South Brazil and the Argentine

Republic. P. ¢exana and its allies may easily be recognized by the base of the

primaries beneath being of a rich rusty red.

The butterfly described by Hewitson, from an unknown locality, as Eresia smerdis?

is evidently the same as P. texana.

23. Phyciodes sitalces, sp. n. (Tab. XXI. figg. 30, 31.)

P. texane forsan affinis, sed alis brevioribus, posticis fascia maculosa transversa vix notatis; subtus posticis valde

ferrugineis, linea alba transversa absente.

Hab. Guatema.a, Chilasco (Champion).

We only know this species from specimens sent us by Mr. Champion from the Santa

Cruz or Chilasco district of Vera Paz. He there found it not uncommon at an elevation

of about 6000 feet above the sea. Its chief difference from P. fexana consists in the

band of spots on the secondaries being almost obsolete. ‘The secondaries beneath, too,

have a more rufous tinge.

P. ptolyca group. Marks at the base of the wings indistinct ; bands of the

secondaries tawny or buff and continuous.

24. Phyciodes ptolyca. (Tab. XXI. figg. 32, 33, 34, 35, 36.)

Melitea ptolyca, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 81°.

Melitea alethes, Bates, loc. cit. p. 82°.

Melitea stesilea, Bates, loc. cit. p. 82°.

Melitea lelex, Bates, loc. cit. p. 81 *.

P. tecane similis quoad alarum paginam superiorem, sed maculis et fasciis omnibus fulvescentioribus ; subtus

anticis ad basin flavidis plus minusve lineolis variolatis, posticis valde instabilibus, aliquando maculis

distinctis notatis, aliquando ferrugineis fusco indistincte irroratis.

Q plerumque major, maculis fasciisque fulvis majoribus.

Hab. Mexico (Boucard), Palmarito (Forrer), Cordova (Riimeli), Yucatan (Hedemann) ;

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., August 1882. 2D

202 RHOPALOCERA.

British Honpvuras, Corosal (Roe); Guatemaua’, Chisoy and Polochic valleys, Choctum

(Hague), central valleys (F. D. G. & O. 8.1), Duefias (F. D. G. & 0. S., Champion), San

Gerénimo (F. D. G. & O. S., Champion), Panima, Chiacam, and San Juan in Vera Paz

(Champion); Panama,Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan *).— VENEZUELA ; EcuabDor 2,

When we first submitted the comparatively small series of this form of Phyciodes to

Mr. Bates, on our return from Guatemala in 1863, he considered that they were sepa-

rable into five species. The large additional materials which have since come into our

hands now show us that the lines of demarcation between at least four of these forms

are obliterated; and therefore we have no alternative but to unite them under one

name. At the same time, we have thought it desirable to figure a typical example of

each of Mr. Bates’s species, to show more clearly what they are than can be expressed

in words.

The characters are chiefly to be sought on the underside of the wings.

The typical form of P. ptolyca is represented on Plate XXI. (figg. 32, 33) and

described above. This is a common form throughout Guatemala, and we have many

specimens from the highlands near Duefias and from San Gerénimo; but the variety

P. stesilea (represented by fig. 36) occurs, but in very sparing numbers, in both loca-

lities. The variety P. alethes also occurs at Duefias ; but we have not yet seen specimens

from any other part of Central America, though it is found in Venezuela and Ecuador.

This variety is represented by fig. 39. |

The variety P. lelea, represented by fig. 34, appears to be commoner in Mexico than

in Guatemala, and it is also the only one of this form found in the State of Panama.

These varieties are connected together by insensible degrees, and there seems to be

no stability in the very indefinite markings of the underside by which to distinguish

them. Nor do the sinuations of the outer margin of the primaries offer a better

result.

As regards the distribution of the species as a whole, it is worthy of remark that it

seems to be entirely absent from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and the district of Chiriqui,

where, as far as the two latter countries are concerned, other members of the genus

amply supply its place.

The careful observations of Mr. W. H. Edwards on P. tharos and its allies, which

have led to such remarkable discoveries as regards the seasonal broods of that species,

remind us that some similar influence may be at work in the case of the present insect,

and that the broods of the wet season and of the dry season may be so different as to

account for the extreme variation observed. This question can only be settled by an

entomologist working in the country where P. ptolyca is found, and raising successive

broods over a considerable period of time.

PHYCIODES. 203

25. Phyciodes tulcis. (Tab. XXII. figg. 1, 2.)

Melitea tulcis, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 82°.

Eresia archesilea, R. Felder, Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 471°.

P. ptolycee persimilis, sed maculis fasciisque alarum supra fere albidis nec fulvis: subtus anticis ad basin flavido-

albis ; posticis sordide albis, plaga magna irrorata ad medium marginis externi.

@. Major, maculis fasciisque magis distinctis.

Hab. Mexico, Ventanas ( Forrer), Cordova (Hedemann?, Riimelt),Vallodolid in Yucatan

(Gaumer); GuatTeMALa, central valleys (FP. D. G. & 0.8.1), San Gerénimo and Zapote

(Champion), Polochic valley (Haque); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. M.Whitely); Nicaraaua,

Chontales (Belt, Janson); Panama, Calobre (Arcé).

A closely allied species to P. ptolyca, but differing from it in all its varied forms in

having the spots and bands of the upper surface pale buff instead of tawny. On the

underside the wings are pale drab, the basal half of the primaries being yellowish, and

the dark marks of the secondaries concentrated in a patch on the middle of the outer

margin.

The range of P. tulcis is extensive ; but it appears to be more common in Mexico and

Guatemala than elsewhere. We have not yet seen any specimens from Costa Rica.

Regarding Eresia archesilea®, we examined the type in the Vienna Museum, and on

comparing it with an example of P. tulcis we found them identical.

Our figure represents a specimen from the Polochic valley.

P. frisia group. Marks at the base of the wings distinct.

26. Phyciodes frisia. (Tab. XXII. fig. 6.)

Melithea frisia, Poey, Cent. Lep. Cub. p. 9, t. 2°.

Melitea frisia, Strecker, Cat. Butt. N. Am. p. 119’.

Eresia gyges, Hew. Ex. Butt., Eresia, t. 6. £. 45, 46°.

Alis fuscis, anticis usque ad basin fulvo maculatis, posticis ad basin fulvo maculatis, fasciis tribus submarginalibus

fuscis, intima latissima ; subtus anticis fuscis, ad basin et maculis apicalibus fulvis, posticis fulvis fusco vix

variegatis,

Hab. Nortu America, Florida ?.—PANAMA.—COoLOMBIA ; VENEZUELA ; ANTILLES, Cuba},

Jamaica *, Haiti.

Of this species we have a single specimen from Panama, but without any information

concerning the collector. It may well occur there, as we have well authenticated

specimens from Santa Marta in Colombia and from Venezuela, where it appears to be

a not uncommon insect. These do not differ in any essential particulars from Antillean

examples, which must be referred to the M. frisia of Poey.

We have figured our Panama example.

204 RHOPALOCERA.

P. ardys group. Bands of secondaries broken into spots in the male, evanescent

or absent.

27. Phyciodes ardys. (Tab. XXII. figg. 8,4¢,59.)

Eresia ardys, Hew. Ex. Butt., Eresia, t. 5. f. 35, 36°.

Phyciodes ardys, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 348”.

Alis fuscis, anticis fere ut in P. texana flavido maculatis, posticis fasciis tribus submarginalibus notatis, intima

in maculis fracta, externa lunulosa; subtus anticis sicut in P. ptolyca, posticis ferrugineis fusco irregu-

lariter marmoratis.

Hab. Mexico !, Cordova (Riimeli); Costa Rica (Van Patten”), Cache, San Franciso,

and Irazu (fogers).

Originally described from Mexican specimens!, where it is not uncommon. In

Guatemala it has not yet been noticed, its place being probably taken by P. sudota.

In Costa Rica it is quite abundant at elevations varying from 2000 to 4000 feet.

Two specimens from Mexico vary considerably from the ordinary type; the spots of

the upper surface are white, without any tinge of yellow; beneath they are paler, and

have the markings of the secondaries distinct and not suffused, as usual in P. ardys.

With so few specimens of this form before us, we hardly think it expedient to describe

them under another name.

Our figure is taken from a male captured by Herr Hoge at Cordova, Mexico.

28, Phyciodes hermas.

Eresia hermas, Hew. Ex. Butt., Eresia, t. 5. f. 32°.

Melitea hermas, Strecker, Cat. Butt. N. Am. p. 119”.

Eresia genigueh, Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. p. 225°.

P. ardys valde similis, sed maculis alarum paging superioris albis et subtus multo pallidioribus et maculis magis |

distinctis forsan distinguendus.

Hab. Mexico 2, Cordova (Riimelt).

Hewitson originally described this insect from specimens in the British Museum },

but gave no locality for it. We have since received two specimens from Mexico and

seen others. Reakirt gives Los Angelos in California as the origin of the type of his

E. genigueh; but this statement requires confirmation. According to Mr. Strecker, this

name is a synonym of P. hermas.

29. Phyciodes subota. (Tab. XXII. figg. 7, 8.)

Phyciodes subota, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 268°.

P. ardys affinis, sed lineis posticarum submarginalibus fere obsoletis, alarum basi unicolori fusco-nigra ; subtus

posticis purpureo-cinereo nec ferrugineo lavatis.

Hab. GoateMaLa, Polochic valley (fF. D. G. & O. 8.1, Hague), Purula, Panima, and

Sinanja (Champion) ; Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers 1).

A species on the upperside very similar to P. ardys; but the narrow submarginal

PHYCIODES. 205

lines of the secondaries are obsolete, and the base of the primaries is quite uniform

brownish black. Beneath, the general colour is dark grey instead of ferruginous.

P. subota is not uncommon in the valley of the Polochic in Guatemala, up to an

elevation of about 4000 feet; but we have not seen it from anywhere else in that

country. From Costa Rica we have only two specimens; these are somewhat aberrant,

the cross band of the secondaries being narrower and the base of the wings beneath darker.

We have figured one of the types from the Polochic valley, Guatemala.

30. Phyciodes drymza. (Tab. XXII. figg. 9, 10.)

Phyciodes drymea, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 268°.

P. ardys quoque similis, sed supra fascia maculosa posticarum transversa fere obsoleta; subtus maculis omnibus

valde indistinctis obscure griseo-fuscis, fusco irroratis.

Hab. Guatemaua, Las Nubes (0. 8.1), Chisoy and Polochic valleys (Ff. D. G.& O. 8.1),

Sinanja, Purula, Duefias, and Calderas (Champion).

Allied to the last species, but differing in having a row of very small spots across

the secondaries instead of a distinct band. Beneath, the marks of the secondaries are

very indistinct, and the general colour is of a brownish tinge.

Our series of specimens show great uniformity.

P. drymea is peculiar to the mountain-districts of Guatemala, ranging as high as

7000 feet at Calderas in the Volcan de Fuego.

We have figured a male from Purula, Guatemala.

31. Phyciodes sosis. (Tab. XXII. figg. 11, 12.)

Phyciodes sosis, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, 1. p. 262°.

P, ardys quoque similis, maculis posticarum absentibus, sed alis posticis lineis undulosis tribus submarginalibus

notatis, subtus maculis rufo-brunneis late ornatis.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu and Rio Sucio (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, 2000

to 3000 feet (Champion).

A small distinct species of limited range, allied to P. drymea, but with three

indistinct submarginal bands of lunules on the secondaries, the innermost taking the

place of the row of spots of P. drymea and P. subota. The markings of the secon-

daries beneath are more distinct than in P. drymea; and the general tint is of a more

russet hue.

We have figured one of the types from Irazu, Costa Rica.

P. nebulosa group. Spots of the primaries ferruginous.

32. Phyciodes nebulosa, (Tab. XXII. fig. 13, 14.)

Phyciodes nebulosa, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 269°.

Alis fuscis, anticis ferrugineo maculatis; posticis ad basin ferrugineo maculatis, fascia lunulosa submarginali

notatis: subtus anticis ad basin flavidis ; posticis rosaceo-albidis, rufo-brunneo irroratis, macula magna

irregulari mediam costam attingente rufo-brunnea.

206 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Guatemaia, Las Nubes (0. 8.1).

We only know this species from a single specimen taken by Salvin at the Hacienda

of Las Nubes, on the slopes of the Cerro Zunil, in February 1874. Mr. Champion,

though for some time in that locality, did not meet with it. It is a peculiar species,

with no near ally in Central America. The rufous-brown spot on the secondaries

beneath suggests a relationship with the P. atronia group.

The type is now figured.

P. fulgora group. Primaries crossed with a conspicuous tawny band.

33. Phyciodes fulgora. (Tab. XXII. fig. 15, 16.)

Phyciodes fulgora, Godm. & Saly. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, ii. p. 261°.

Alis valde elongatis, fuscis, anticis macula ad cellule finem, altera magna infra eam et tertia magna costam attin-

gente aliquando secunde conjuncta late fulvis ; posticis fasciis tribus submarginalibus notatis, intima lata,

aliis angustis undulosis: subtus anticis ferrugineis, posticis ochraceis, omnibus fusco variegatis.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu, Cache, and Rio Sucio (Rogers).

Of this fine species the only specimens we have seen are those taken by Mr. Rogers

in Costa Rica, one of which we now figure.

34. Phyciodes crithona. (Tab. XXII. figg. 17, 18.)

Melitea crithona, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, vii. p. 415+.

Phyciodes crithona, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 3482.

Alis fuscis, anticis fascia lata subapicali transversa venis divisa et macula ad angulum analem lete fulvis;

posticis lineis tribus angustis submarginalibus notatis: subtus anticis rufo-fuscis fulvo maculatis, posticis

rufis griseo marmoratis.

2. Mari similis, sed major et fascia anticarum fulva latiore.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten), Cache (Rogers) ; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Areé },

Champion).

This species was described from specimens sent us from Chiriqui by our collector

E. Arcé}. It seems to be common in that district, as Mr. Champion has recently found

it in abundance. From Costa Rica we have only three examples, showing its greater

rarity in that country. It has no near allies that we are aware of, though in general

appearance it is not unlike P. Sulviplaga.

One of the types from Chiriqui is figured.

b'. Costal half of secondaries covered above with dull sericeous scales; sexes dissimilar.

35. Phyciodes atronia. (Tab. XXII. figg. 19, 203, 212.)

Melitea atronia, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 183°.

Eresia obscurata, R. Felder, Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 4717.

Alis fuscis, anticis indistincte rufo punctatis, posticis area dimidio costali sericeo-brunnea unicolori, dimidio

anali lineis submarginalibus obsoletis notato; subtus anticis fuscis parte apicali indistincte punctatis

. . . . ° . . ?

posticis griseo-fuscis fusco irroratis, plaga fusca ad mediam costam.

PHYCIODES. 207

2. P. ptolyce supra haud dissimilis, fascia posticarum extus rufo marginatis; subtus mari similis, sed multo

pallidioribus et maculis magis distinctis.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Atajac (Hedemann?), Cordova (Riimeli); Guaremata, Duefias

(fF. D. G. & O. S.1, Champion), Zapote (Champion).

We have compared a typical specimen of this species with the type of Eresia

obscurata in the Vienna Museum and found them identical. The species, however,

does not seem to be common in Mexico. In Guatemala, so far as we know, it is

restricted to the slopes of the Volcan de Fuego at elevations varying from 2000 to 5000

feet above the sea.

As will be seen by reference to the figures, the female we refer to this species is a

very different-looking insect. We have little doubt they are correctly associated, the

clue to their relationship having been supplied us by paired specimens of P. sopolis

taken by Mr. Champion.

Our figures are taken from Mr. Champion’s specimens from Zapote, Guatemala,

which are in better condition than the types, but differ in no other way.

36. Phyciodes cassiopea. (Tab. XXII. figg. 22, 23.)

Phyciodes cassiopea, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, ii. p. 2627.

Phyciodes otanes, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 848° (nec Hewitson).

P. atronie quoad marem omnino similis.

2. Femine P. atronie quoque similis, sed supra maculis omnibus anticarum et fascia posticarum albis distin-

guenda.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten”), Cache (Rogers 1).

The male of this species is undistinguishable from P. atronia; but the female, as will

be seen from the figure, differs materially.

This sex we described under the name of P. cassiopea before we recognized its true

position. We now give a figure of the type.

As in the case of P. atronia, the males are much more abundant than the females.

37. Phyciodes argentea, sp. n.

P. atrome similis, sed posticis subtus argenteo-albo nec griseo-fusco lavatis.

2. Feminz P. atronie persimilis, sed posticis sicut in mare subtus argenteo-albo suffusis.

Hab. GuateMmata, Polochic valley (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Choctum (Hague); Nicaragua,

Chontales (Belt).

A close ally of P. atronia, but differing in the underside of the secondaries of the male

being of a silvery tint. This is also shown in the female.

The female was obtained by us in 1862, but has remained unrecognized till now, as

we had no clue to the differences of the sexes in this group of the genus until recently.

38. Phyciodes diallus. (Tab. XXII. figg. 24, 25.)

Phyciodes diallus, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, ii. p. 2603.

208 RHOPALOCERA.

P. atronie quoad marem omnino similis.

Q. Femine P. cassiopee et P. atronie similis, sed anticis fascia ultra cellulam lata alba et posticis fascia alba

nulla distinguenda.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Ridbe 1), Bugaba (Arcé).

This species too was described by us from a female example in the collection of

Dr. Staudinger ; and we have since received another from Herr Ribbe, which we now

figure. We have also a male, which, as in the case of P. cassiopea, does not differ from

that sex of P. atronia. The three species derive their characters from the females

alone, the differences in this sex being associated with a difference of locality.

Regarding P. chromis (Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N.-H. ser. 5, ii. p. 260) we are

in some doubt, as it now seems to us that it not improbably belongs to P. diallus, the

chief difference being in the colour of the marks of the primaries. It may, however,

represent a fifth species of the P. atronia group, having a male like the true P. atronia,

but a female differing slightly from all the rest.

c'. Secondaries above, except outer margin and anal angle, covered with dull

sericeous scales.

39. Phyciodes fulviplaga. (Tab. XXII. figg. 26, 27.)

Phyciodes fulviplaga, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 772; Lep. Ex. p. 183, t. 63. f. 2°; Butl. & Druce,

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 348°. .

Alis fuscis, anticis macula transversa lata ultra cellulam punctisque marginem versus ochraceis, posticis margine

excepto sericeo-fuscis, linea submarginali anguste fulva; subtus area mediana plaga magna fusco-nigra

ornata, posticis rufo-fuscis fusco irregulariter marmoratis.

2. Mari similis, fascia anticarum fulva ad angulum analem producta.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten !*), Cache (Rogers).

A pretty species, with no near allies, which was first discovered by Van Patten and

described by Mr. Butler. We have since received many specimens from Mr. Rogers,

one of which, a female, we now figure.

40. Phyciodes otanes. (Tab. XXII. figg. 28, 29.)

Eresia otanes, Hew. Ex. Butt., Eresia, t. 6. £. 477.

P, fulviplage similis, maculis anticarum fulvis absentibus, colore sericeo posticarum in aream medianam anticarum ~

extendente.

flab. Guatemata (0. S.1), Duefias and Zapote (Champion).

This species was originally described by Hewitson from a specimen obtained in

Guatemala by Salvin in 1859, and figured in the ‘ Exotic Butterflies.1 Since then

Mr. Champion has obtained several additional specimens at Duefias and Zapote, the

type having most probably been taken at the former place.

We have not yet seen a female of P.otanes,which probably resembles that sex of P.sopolis.

Our figure represents,a male from Duefias.

PHYCLODES. 209

41. Phyciodes sopolis. (Tab. XXII. figg. 30¢, 31, 329.)

Phyciodes sopolis, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 5, 11. p. 262 ‘.

P. otani similis, sed anticis fulvo maculatis.

Q. Mari dissimilis. P. ptolyee aliquantum similis quoad maculas anticarum ; posticis supra rufo perfusis.

- Hab. Guatemata, Choctum (Hague 4), Sinanja, Purula (Champion).

A close ally of P. otanes, chiefly differing in having the primaries distinctly spotted.

At present we have only seen specimens from the department of Vera Paz, in Guate-

mala, P. otanes being restricted to the mountains sloping towards the Pacific Ocean.

Both sexes, as determined by Mr. Champion from a pair captured at Purula, are

represented on the Plate.

Note.—The following species have been placed in the genus Phyciodes by Mr. Kirby

and others, and are said to come from Mexico or Central America. We have not been

able to identify them satisfactorily.

Phyciodes mylitta, W. H. Edw.; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 173.

Melitea collina, Behr, Pr. Cal. Ac. 1863, p. 86.

A species bearing the latter name is said to come from Mexico. We have not yet

met with it. °

Eresia sydra, Reak. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 330.

Near Vera Cruz, Mexico (W. H. Edwards).

This name most probably applies to P. atronia, Bates (antea, p. 206)=P. obscurata

(R. Feld.); but we cannot speak positively on this point.

Phyciodes clio (Linn.), Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 177.

This name is based upon a figure of Merian’s (t. 35), and represents a Surinam insect,

more like an Jthomia than a Phyciodes. Mr. Kirby gives its locality as “ Honduras,”

but on what authority we know not.

Phyciodes polina (Hew.), Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 177.

This is Eresia polina, and comes from Ecuador, and not Honduras, as stated by

Mr. Kirby.

Phyciodes thymetus, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xiii, ex Fabricius, Mant.

Ins. 1. p. 30.

The insect called by Mr. Distant by this name is the same as P. aineta (Hew.). But

as Fabricius’s description is too vague to admit of certain recognition, and no habitat

is given, it had therefore better be passed over.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., December 1882. 26

210 RHOPALOCERA.

MICROTIA.

Microtia, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 83 (1864).

This genus was proposed by Mr. Bates to receive the single species described below,

allied to Melitea, from which it differs in several important particulars.

The genital armature of the male, however, is very like that of Melitewa cinxia, the

tegumen being destitute of prolonged hook, and the harpagones rounded and armed with

two curved points at the distal end.

The antenne are densely scaled, more so than in the allied genera : they are composed

of 32 joints, of which the terminal 13 form an abrupt club. The front legs of the

male have but few long hairs; the coxa is stout=4 femur-+trochanter; tarsus very

short; tarsus+tibia—femur-+ trochanter. The claws of the other legs are much curved,

and the tibie are sparingly spined beneath.

The first subcostal branch of the primaries is thrown off before, the second after the

end of the cell; there is no upper discocellular ; but the upper radial starts from beneath

the subcostal beyond the cell. The terminal joint of the palpi is rather long and

moderately swollen, the middle joint being but slightly dilated. |

1. Microtia elva. (Tab. XX. fig. 23.)

Microtia elva, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 83*; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 348’.

Alis rotundatis, nigro-fuscis, anticis fascia transversa subapicali, macula subtriangulari in margine externo

et fascia posticarum discali fulvis; subtus omnino ac supra similibus, sed maculis et fasciis fulvis paulo

dilutioribus.

@. Mari similis, at major et fasciis fulvis latioribus distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio and Ventanas (Forrer), Oaxaca (Deppe), Valladolid in Yucatan

(Gaumer); Guatemata, Yzabal, Motagua valley, and San Gerdnimo (F. D. G. & O. 8.+),

Chisoy and Polochic valleys (Hague); Nicaracua!, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van

Patten *).—Co.LoMBIa.

This species was originally described by Mr. Bates from specimens obtained by us

in Guatemala, and from others in his own collection from Nicaragua. We have since

discovered its existence in the Berlin Museum, to which it was sent from Mexico by

Deppe some fifty years ago. We now trace it to Northern Colombia, where it occurs

in some profusion near Santa Marta.

There is some slight variation in specimens from different parts of its range. Those

from Mexico have the tawny bands of the wings narrower than is usual in examples of

more southern origin. ‘This especially applies to individuals from Yucatan, in which

these bands are very narrow.

The vertical range of M/. elva in Guatemala extends from the searlevel at Yzabal to

a height of about 3000 feet at San Gerdnimo. We never met with it in the countries

bordering the Pacific Ocean.

Our figure represents one of the types from Yzabal, Guatemala.

MORPHEIS.—EUREMA. 211

MORPHEIS.

Morpheis, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schm. iii. t. —; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 255.

Anemeca, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 179.

This name was first used by Hiibner for a “coitus” of Heterocera, but afterwards

applied to the present species, and adopted by Westwood for the same insect. The

position of the genus is now considered to be near Synchloe and its allies; and this we

think correct. Westwood, however, placed it in quite another association, Pyrrhogyra,

teona, and. Epicalia being its nearest neighbours in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’

The genital armature of the male is very like that of Melitea, the tegumen being

atrophied and the harpagones developing curved horn-like spines. The antenne have

37 joints, the terminal 15 constituting a moderate-sized club. The terminal joint of

the palpi is long and stout, the middle joint short, and but slightly swollen. The front

legs of the male are densely hairy, all the joints being short and stout ; femur + trochanter

= coxa; tibia=$ femur; tarsus= % tibia. Claws of the other legs curved ; tibize not

spiny on the outer surface. The first subcostal branch of the primaries thrown off

before, and the second after the end of the cell.

The single species of this genus is peculiar to Southern Mexico.

1. Morpheis ehrenbergi.

Morpheis ehrenbergi, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schm. iii. t. —'; Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 255,

t. 43. £. 17.

Alis nigris, anticis maculis quatuor subapicalibus elongatis et posticis nonnunquam lineis leviter indicatis

citrinis; subtus ut supra, sed lineis citrinis multo longioribus in anticis ad marginem ductis, in posticis a

basi ad marginem externum radiantibus, alis omnibus ad basin et pedibus rubris.

Hab. Mexico (Deppe), Mazatlan (Forrer), Tacubaya (Hedemann), Oaxaca (Fenochio).

This somewhat peculiar species is well figured by Hiibner *, both sexes being repre-

sented. It is peculiar to Southern Mexico, where, however, it is not uncommon,

specimens being included in most collections made in that country. In its sombre

coloration and in its size and the shape of the wings, W. ehrenbergi resembles the Erycinid

Hades noctula ; but it is questionable if that species is found in the same districts.

EUREMA.

Eurema, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 192 (1848).

Hypanartia, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schm.

_ This genus comprises seven American species, one from West Africa, and one from

South Africa, Bourbon, and Mauritius, all of them being, so far as we can see,

congeneric. The American species are almost strictly Neotropical, a single species

only (E. lethe) crossing the Mexican frontier into Texas. In Central America five

species occur, only one of which (£. arc?) is peculiar to our region. . lethe and

- 25 2

212 RHOPALOCERA.

E. dione have a very wide range over the southern continent; and E. godmant and

E. kefersteini are found in Colombia and Venezuela.

The genital armature of the male is rather peculiar in being much compressed ; the

tegumen is strongly developed, and the central spine is long and stout: the harpagones

are feeble: those of E. lethe are two-lobed, each lobe bearing a blunt spur ; those of

E. kefersteini have a single lobe without spur, but terminated with hairs.

The palpi are slightly hairy, the terminal joint being rather stout and about one

third the middle joint, which is slender and but slightly swollen. The antenne have

37 joints, whereof the terminal 10 form a moderate club, the last joint being blunt.

The front legs of the male are hairy and slightly scaled; coxa > 4 femur-+ trochanter ;

tibia=femur ; tarsus (suture of a joint just visible)=% tibia. Claws of the other legs

much curved, paronychia nearly straight, pulvillus very large. The costa of the

_ primaries is in a simple curve; the first and second subcostal branches are thrown off

before the end of the cell, the third some distance beyond it; the upper discocellular

is very short, and the middle about half the lower, which is well developed. The

precostal nervure of the secondaries is nearly straight, and stands about at right angles

to the costal.

a. Primary wings without hyaline spots; outer margin of secondaries produced

so as to form a slight tail. .

1. Eurema lethe.

Papilio lethe, Fabr. Ent. Syst. i. p. 807.

Eurema lethe, Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 127°.

Hypanartia lethe, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 346°.

Alis fulvis, anticarum apicibus et fascia transversa per cellulam ad angulum analem extendente nigris, area

apicali nigra maculis fulvis serie duplici ornatis; posticis maculis submarginalibus, plaga elongata apicali

et lunulis submarginalibus ad angulum analem nigris: subtus fulvo-flavis brunneo marmoratis, posticis

pro majore parte brunneo irroratis ad angulum analem, griseo atomatis.

Hab. Nortn America, Texas ?.—Mexico, Cordova (Réiimelz), Jalapa (Hoge), Oaxaca

(Deppe, Fenochio); Guatemata, Chuacus, San Gerdénimo, Polochic valley (f. D. G. &

O. S.), Purula, Cerro Zunil (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten *), Irazu (Rogers) ;

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé, Champion).—Souts America from Colombia to

South Brazil and Paraguay.

A common and widely ranging butterfly, which is found throughout our region, and

just passes the northern frontier into Texas?. In Guatemala it has a mountain range

as high as about 4000 feet at Purula, but the low-lying lands are its home.

This species is very constant in its markings. Notwithstanding its range, we

are unable to trace any noteworthy difference between Mexican and Paraguayan

specimens.

EUREMA. 213

2. Hurema godmani.

Eurema godmani, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 85°.

Hypanartia godmani, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 346°.

Eurema atropos, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 397, t. 51. ff. 5, 6°.

E. lethe similis, sed anticarum apicibus nigris, fascia maculosa alba ad apicem notata, distinguenda; subtus

’ Pp :

quoque alis multo obscurioribus et lineis brunneis latioribus diversa.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé*), Potrero (Hedemann), Cordova (Riimeli), Yucatan (Bilimek) ;

GuareMaLa, Yzabal and central valleys (F. D. G. & O. 8.1), Polochic valley (Hague),

San Gerdnimo, Cerro Zunil (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Volcan

de Chiriqui (Arcé, Champion).—CoLomBIA® ; VENEZUELA.

This is a close ally of E. Jethe, and, though much more restricted in its range, it is

found in some of the same districts as that species. It doesnot pass the northern

frontier of Mexico, and in South America it is confined to the north-western parts, Viz.

Colombia and Venezuela.

E. godmani was first described by Mr. Bates from specimens obtained by us in

Guatemala!. It soon afterwards received another name from Dr. Felder, who described

and figured Mexican and Colombian examples as EL. atropos*. The species, as already

said, is allied to E. lethe, but may at once be distinguished by the apical half of the

primaries being wholly black, with the exception of a transverse apical row of white

spots.

3. Eurema kefersteini.

Eurema kefersteini, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 194, t. 24. f. 4°.

Hypanartia kefersteini, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 346%.

Alis rufis, anticis dimidio apicali nigro punctis albis notato, posticis serie duplici macularum vel linearum sub-

marginali nigra notatis; subtus alis rufis brunneo irroratis, et anticis maculis minutis albescentibus pictis

precipue ad marginem externum.

Hab. Guaremata, Polochic valley (F. D. G. & O. S.), Purula (Champiow) ; Costa Rica

(Van Patten)?, Rio Sucio (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).—CoLoMBIA ;

VENEZUELA!; Ecuapor; Peru; Bonivrat.

Originally named, and figured in the ‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ by Doubleday

and Hewitson from South-American specimens!. We have also received it from

Guatemala and Costa Rica. The whitish spots on the primaries of our Central-

American examples are rather larger than in examples from South America; but the

difference is not great. In the neighbourhood of Bogota there is a closely allied

form having the spots of the primaries transparent instead of white, which has been

separated by Dr. Felder and described under the name of £. lindigit.

214 RHOPALOCERA.

b. Primary wings with a small hyaline spot between the first and second median

branches; secondaries elongated so as to form a conspicuous tail.

4. Eurema dione.

Vanessa dione, Latr. in Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 87, t. 37. ff. 1, 2°.

Alis fuscis, anticis nigro transfasciatis, macula hyalina inter ramos medianos primum et secundum, et aliis

minutis ad angulum apicalem; posticis lineis nigris margini externo plus minusve parallelis notatis ;

subtus alis ferrugineo-rufis fusco irroratis, anticis lineis irregularibus brunneis transfasciatis, posticis

quoque similiter notatis et ocellis indistinctis ceruleo pupillatis ornatis.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague), Purula (Champion).—CotomBia ; Ecuapor ;

Perv; Botivia.

This insect has but little external resemblance to the two preceding species of the

genus. At first sight it approaches more nearly in its general form and markings to

some of the members of the genus Timetes. This was remarked by Latreille, who .

compares it with Cramer’s figure of 7. chiron, and points out its similarity to that

insect. From Timetes, however, it may readily be distinguished by the presence of a

small hyaline spot between the first and second median branches of the primaries.

Its range is somewhat singular, as it inhabits Guatemala, where, however, it is not

very abundant. Thence southwards to Panama it does not occur; but in this district its

place appears to be taken by its close ally £. arcei. It reappears in Colombia, south

of the isthmus, whence it extends as far as Bolivia.

5. Hurema arcei. (Tab. XXIII. figg. 1, 2.)

Eurema arcei, Salv.. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, vii. p. 415°.

Hypanartia arcei, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 346°.

E. dione similis, sed alis obscurioribus et anticis fascia subtriangulari fulva plus minusve margini externo

parallela distinguenda.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten*), Rio Sucio (Rogers); PANama, Chiriqui (Arcé 1, Zahn).

As mentioned under the preceding species, this is a close ally of #. dione. \t differs

from it in the wings being of a much richer and darker brown colour, and in having

a broad subtriangular fulvous band towards the outer margin of the primaries. It

occurs in Costa Rica, and extends southwards to the Isthmus of Panama, appearing

to replace H. dione in these districts.

This species was originally described by us from a specimen sent by our collector

Arcé (after whom we named it) from Chiriqui.

VANESSA.

Vanessa, Fabricius, Mag. f. Insectenk. vi. p. 281 (1807) ; Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 198.

Vanessa is strictly a genus of the northern hemisphere, and only enters our fauna as an

inhabitant of the subalpine regions of Mexico and Guatemala. Here we find the well-

VANESSA. 215

known and widely ranging species V. antiopa, and in the former country V. cyanomelas,

of which little can be said at present.

In V. urtice the tegumen is very feeble, but the harpagones well developed, com-

pletely enclosing it ; parallel to the ventral edge of these latter is a long straight spine;

and the outer margin is drawn into several well-defined spinous lobes. The palpi are

slightly hairy, the terminal joint being slightly swollen, and about one third the middle

joint, which is not at all distended. The antenne have 39 joints, whereof 11 form a

moderate club, the last joint being acute. The front legs of the male are hairy and

closely scaled, the tibia and tarsus having long isolated hairs. “Coxa=2 femur -—-+

trochanter ; tibia? femur-+ trochanter; tarsus (two-jointed)=tibia; the claws of the

other legs are curved, the paronychia straighter, and the pulvillus moderately developed.

The costa of the primaries is simply curved ; the first and second subcostal branches

are thrown off before the end of the cell; the upper discocellular is very short, the

middle abruptly curved, and the lower feeble and almost atrophied; the precostal

nervure of the secondaries is nearly straight, and stands nearly at right angles to the

costal.

1. Vanessa antiopa.

Papilio antiopa, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 776".

Vanessa antiopa, Staud. Cat. Lep. Eur. p. 16°; Strecker, Cat. N. Am. Butt. p. 183°.

Alis sanguineo-brunneis marginibus late flavis, punctis cyaneis serie submarginali positis; subtus nigrican-

tibus nigro crebre irroratis, marginibus flavidis nigro quoque irroratis.

Hab. Norta America! generally, except polar regions*.—MeExico, Orizaba (Sailé),

Oaxaca (Henochio); GuatEMALa, tablelands near Antigua and Duefias (7. D. G. & O. 8).

— Europe’; Nortuern Asta? and Japan.

This well-known insect has a very extensive range, being found in the highlands of

Mexico and Guatemala, and throughout temperate America, Asia, and Europe. In

Guatemala it is a very scarce species, and is confined to the mountain-regions. We

obtained but two specimens: the first was captured by: ourselves near Antigua,

_where it had settled at the sides of a wet place in the road in company with some

Cyclogrammata and Eubages. The outer margins of all our Central-American examples

are of the ordinary yellow colour.

2. Vanessa cyanomelas.

Vanessa cyanomelas, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 201, t. 26. £. 5°.

Alis obscure viridescentibus (secundum figura Hewitsoniana) marginibus externis pallidioribus et nigro

irroratis.

Hab. Mexico}.

This insect bore a manuscript name of Boisduval, which was adopted by Doubleday and

216 RHOPALOCERA.

Hewitson, who gave a figure of it in their ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’ We have

never seen this specimen, nor any thing like it from Central America; but Monsieur C.

Oberthiir, into whose hands Dr. Boisduval’s collection passed, tells us that the type still

exists, and that the figure is a good representation of the insect, which he considers to

belong to an excellent species. It is evidently closely allied to V. antiopa, and is said to

inhabit Mexico.

GRAPTA.

Grapta, Kirby, Fauna Bor.-Am. iv. p. 292 (1837) ; Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 195.

This is another northern genus, found in both the Old and New Worlds, and entering

our region only in Mexico, where two species have been discovered.

The secondary male sexual organs in Grapta have the tegumen very feeble, but with

lateral projections, one on each side, meeting in the middle line below the central spine

the harpagones have the dorsal edge prolonged into a stout incurving spine.

The palpi are hairy, and clothed anteriorly with densely matted scales; the terminal

joint is about one third the middle joint, which is slightly swollen; the antenne have

87 joints, whereof 11 form a moderate club, the last joint of which is blunt; the front

legs of the male are slightly hairy, but clothed with densely matted scales; coxa=3

femur-+trochanter ; tibia—femur; tarsus=} tibia; the claws of the other legs are

strongly curved, the paronychia being also curved and the pulvillus well developed.

The margins of the wings are very undulating, the costa of the primaries sinuated

towards the base; the first and second subcostal branches are thrown off before the end

of the cell, the third a short way beyond it; the upper discocellular is short and only

half the middle. The costal nervure of the secondaries is much curved, the precostal

being nearly at right angles to it.

Grapta may be distinguishcd from Vanessa not only by the curvature of the costa

and the crenulated margin in both wings, but by the palpi and front legs being clothed

with large densely matted scales.

1. Grapta g-argenteum.

Grapta g-argenteum, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 197, t. 26. f. 3°.

Alis fulvis ad basin magis obscuris, area mediana maculis nigris notatis, anticis fusco marginatis, posticis

serie duplici macularum nigrarum submarginali notatis; subtus alis sordide fulvis nigro precipue

ad basin irroratis, et litera « vel c argentea ad cellule finem notatis.

Hab. Mzxico 1, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Rio del Monte (coll. Staudinger).

We have a single example of this species, obtained by Fenochio in the mountains of

Oaxaca, and have seen others in the collection of Dr. Staudinger from Rio del Monte.

The former agrees accurately with Doubleday and Hewitson’s figure in the ‘ Genera

of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’ In its size and in the arrangement of the black spots of the

GRAPTA.—PYRAMEIS. 217

wings G. g-argenteum resembles G. interrogationis of Fabricius, a common insect in

North America. It differs from this, however, in having more dentated margins, and

in the nearly uniform bright tawny colour of its upper surface. Beneath it is paler

and more irrorated. It does not appear to be a very common insect, and is doubtless

confined to the highlands.

2. Grapta haroldi.

Grapta haroldii, Dewitz, Mitth. Miinch. ent. Ver. 1877, p. 89, t. 2. f. 67.

Alis fulvis (secundum figuram) nigro marginatis, anticis costa et basin versus rubro-fuscis, maculis nigris

notatis.

Hab. Mexico (Ehrenberg 1).

The only two examples we know of this insect were obtained by Ehrenberg in

Mexico, and are now in the Museum at Berlin, where we saw them in 1876. The

species has since been described and figured by Herr Dewitz. It differs considerably

from any other member of the genus with which we are acquainted, as will be seen by

reference to Herr Dewitz’s figure.

PYRAMEIS,

Pyrameis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm, p. 33 (1816) ; Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i. p. 202.

Members of this genus are distributed all over the world, P. cardui having probably

the widest range of any butterfly.

In Pyrameis the tegumen has two long lateral spines besides the central one; the

harpagones are large, projecting beyond the tegumen and inclosing it ; they bear

three spines on the inner surface, placed rather widely apart. The antenne have

41 joints, 12 forming a rather abrupt club, the last joint being acute; the palpi

are slightly hairy, the terminal joint < half the middle joint, which is slightly swollen.

The front legs of the male are hairy and slightly scaled; coxa =+4 femur + trochanter :

tibia=femur ; tarsus (two-jointed)=tibia. The costa of the primaries is simply curved ;

the first and second subcostal branches are thrown off before the end of the cell, the

third a long way beyond it; the upper discocellular is absent, and the lower atrophied ;

the precostal nervure of the secondaries is nearly straight, and stands nearly at right

angles to the costal.

1. Pyrameis cardui.

Papilio cardui, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 774°.

Vanessa cardui, Staud. Cat. Lep. Eur. p. 17”.

Pyrameis cardui, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 346°; Strecker, Cat. Butt. N. Am. p. 186%.

Alis nitide fulvis nigro notatis precipue ad apicem anticarum, macula ultra cellulam tripartita aliisque quatuor

subapicalibus albis, posticis ocellis submarginalibus quatuor (interdum quinque) cecis; subtus alis diluy-

tioribus, anticis dimidio proximo rosaceo lavatis, posticis ochraceo-fuscis albo marmoratis, ocellis pupillatis

totidem ut in pagina superiore.

Hab. NortH America, except polar regions *.—British Honpuras, Corosal (Roe);

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., December 1882. 28

218 RHOPALOCERA.

GuateMana, Polochic valley (Hague); Costa Rica (Van Patten ®).—Europs, Azores and

Canary Islands; Asta and Japan; Arrica and Madagascar.

We have examples of the true P. cardui from Corosal, almost at the sea-level, in

British Honduras, from the hot valley of the Polochic in Guatemala, and also from

Costa Rica. It is one of the commonest butterflies throughout North America and

Europe, and is also found in Asia and Africa. From all this area we have specimens

which show scarcely any variation in their markings.

2. Pyrameis kershawi.

Cynthia kershawii, M‘Coy, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, i. p. 76°.

P. cardui simillimus, sed posticis ocellis tribus angulum analem propioribus ceruleo-pupillatis.

Hab. Costa Rica, Trazu (Rogers).— AUSTRALIA !.

Mr. F. M‘Coy separated the Australian form of P. cardui under the above name in

consequence of all the specimens from that country having the pupils of the last three

submarginal spots and two small spots at the anal angle of the posterior wings bright

blue. In all other respects they agree with P. cardui. We have two examples, sent

us by Mr. Rogers from Irazu in Costa Rica, which have precisely these markings, and

are consequently undistinguishable from the Australian insect. Hence, if P. kershawt

is to be admitted as a distinct species, it must be included in the Central-American

fauna, though its occurrence at two such widely separated places seems to cast some

doubt on the value of such slight specific characters ; and this is of more weight, as in

two or three specimens of P. cardui from North America we find slight but decided

indications of these blue markings.

3. Pyrameis huntera.

Papilio huntera, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 499°.

Pyrameis huntera, Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 188°; Dist. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xii*.

Pyrameis carye, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 346* (nec Hiibner).

P. cardui similis, sed anticis macula ultra cellulam fulva nec alba plerumque distinguenda ; ocellis duabus

posticarum pagine inferioris magnis quoque differt.

Hab. Norto America, from Canada southwards?.—MeExico, Oaxaca (Fenochio) ;

GuateMALA, Duefias, Los Altos and central valleys (7. D. G. & O. S.), San Gerénimo

(Champion), Polochic valley (Hague); Costa Rica (Van Patten +), Talamanca (Gadd) 3 |

Volcan de Irazu and San Francisco (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, Champion).—

AntiLLes, Haiti and Jamaica; Sovrn America, Andes from Colombia to Bolivia,

Argentine Republic; Canary IsLanps.

This species may readily be distinguished from P. cardui by its brighter colour on

the underside, and in having two large ocelli on the posterior wings in place of the

row of submarginal spots. It is an exceedingly common insect throughout the whole

of America from Canada to the Argentine Republic.

PYRAMEIS.—JUNONIA. 219

It is a singular fact also that P. huntera, and not P. cardui, is the common “ Painted

Lady” of the Canary Islands.

4, Pyrameis carye.

Hamadryas decora carye, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schm. i. t. 45°.

Vanessa charie, Blanch. in Gay’s Faun. Chil. vii. p. 26; Atl. Lep. t. 2. £57.

Pyrameis carye, Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 188°.

P. cardui similis, sed macula anticarum ultra cellulam semper fulva nec alba; subtus posticis obscurioribus et

ocellis pagins superioris vix indicatis.

Hab. Norta America, Californa, Nevada, Arizona 3.—Mexico, J alapa (Hoge), Oaxaca

(Fenochio); GuatEMALA, Duefias and Los Altos (/. D. G. & O. S.).—Ecuapor; PrErv ;

Cuiti?; ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

Closely allied to P. cardui, but differs in being of a much brighter colour on the

upperside, in having the transverse spot beyond the cell on the costa tawny instead of

white. The apical submarginal spot on the secondaries is obsolete; the remaining

four have blue pupils; and the underside is likewise of a duller colour.

Our examples of this species show that its range extends from California to the

Argentine Republic.

5. Pyrameis atalanta.

Papilio atalanta, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 779°.

Vanessa atalanta, Staud. Cat. Lep. Eur. p. 17”.

Pyrameis atalanta, Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 185 °,

Alis nigris, anticis macula ultra cellulam venis divisa et quinque aliis ad apicis marginem albis, fascia trans-

versa a costa ad angulum analem coccineo-rufa, posticarum margine externo eodem colore maculas albas

includente; subtus alis fuscis, anticis inter maculas pagine snperioris ceruleo notatis; posticis nigro

marmoratis, margine externo cinerascente.

Hab. Nortu AMERICA, except polar regions?—Mexico, Orizaba (Sallé), Cordova

(Riimeli); Guatemaua, Duefias, Los Altos (7D. G. & O.S.).—Haitt; Europe generally,

except polar regions”; AZORES.

Found in the highlands of Mexico and Guatemala, but not very abundant. Speci-

mens from these countries do not differ from those from Europe. It has a close ally

in India in P. callirhoe, and is also represented in Java, Australia, New Zealand,

and the Sandwich Islands by kindred species

JUNONIA.

Junonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 34 (1816); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 206.

The American representatives of this genus are limited to two closely allied species

which are spread over the greater part of South America, Central America, and the

2F 2

220 RHOPALOCERA.

southernmost of the United States. In the Old World about a score of species have

been described: and these are spread over the whole of the tropical portion of the

eastern hemisphere, one species (J. vellida) being found in Australia and many of the

islands of the Pacific Ocean.

J. cenia seems to belong to the same Old-world group as this species.

In J. cenia the subcostal nervure of the primaries gives off two branches before the

end of the cell, and the absence of a lower discocellular nervule renders the cell quite

open. The front legs of the male are slightly hairy; the coxa >4 femur- trochanter ;

tibia+tarsus (single-jointed) about=femur; of the middle and posterior legs the

femur is bare, the tibia and tarsi being strongly spined beneath, and the claws mode-

rately curved. The palpi are moderately hairy, the terminal joint rather slender, the

middle joint being stout and moderately swollen. The antenne have 37 joints,

whereof the terminal 10 form an abrupt club. The secondary sexual organs of the

male have a tegumen with a long slightly decurved median hook; the harpagones are

long, narrow, and rounded at the end, with a strong slightly recurved tooth on the

inner edge near the end.

1. Junonia czenia. |

Junonia cenia, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schm. ii. t. 8321; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 1887.

Junonia pallens, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 401°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 346°.

Junonia genovera, Dist. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. xiii’.

Alis fuscis bioculatis, anticis maculis duabus in cellula ferrugineis, tertia magna ultra eandem irregulari a costa

ad marginem externum extendente, posticis lineis submarginalibus tribus nigris ornatis; subtus valde ~

variabilibus, plerumque fusco-ferrugineis et ocellis pagines superioris plus minusve indicatis, his interdum

fere obsoletis.

Hab. Norta America, southern portion?.—Mexico (Deppe), Orizaba (Hedemann),

Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio); British Honpuras, Corosal (Roe) ; GUATEMALA,

Motagua and Polochic valleys (fF. D. G. & 0. 8.), Chuacus (Hague), San Gerénimo,

Cahabon (Champion) ; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten*, Gabb®) ;

Panama, Chiriqui, Calobre (Arcé), Caldera (Champion); Lion Hill (M‘Leannan), Colon

(Markham).—Antitues, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti; CoLoMBIA.

Considerable variation occurs in this species, both on the upper and under sides.

The ocelli in North-American specimens are very large, and the insect is generally of a

lighter colour than those from further south. Hiibner’s figure of J. cwnia represents

one of these northern forms; but we have Mexican examples which are not to be

separated from them, though in passing southwards towards Colombia the ocelli

become much smaller, and the insect has generally a darker colour; but these differ-

ences are not quite constant in the same locality. In South America there is a closely

allied species, the male of which has the internal area of the secondaries more or less

tinged with dark green.

ANARTIA. 221

The variations of this species have caused it to be described many times; but with

our long unbroken series of specimens before us we do not think it possible to separate

more than two species. Our Costa-Rican specimens are of the usual type found in

Central America; and we do not separate them under the names selected for them by

Messrs. Butler and Druce * and Mr. Distant 5.

ANARTTA.

Anartia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 33 (1816) ; Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 214.

The peculiar arrangements of the subcostal branches of the primaries in the members

of this genus render it of easy definition. Doubleday first drew attention to these

characters, and described them with his usual care; but on one or two small points we

find he is not quite correct, as we will shortly show.

In Anartia iatrophe the first subcostal branch traverses the costal nervure; the

second anastomoses with it, but does not pass out to the costa as a separate nervule.

In A. fatima the first subcostal branch seems to be entirely absent ; the second cuts

the costal nervure and passes beyond it.

In A. lytrea and A. chrysopelia the second subcostal branch starts as a branch of

the first, and does not originate from the subcostal nervure. Doubleday says that the

first branch is wanting ; but this, so far as we can see, is not the case.

Thus the members of the genus group themselves into three categories as regards

their neuration, and not two as arranged in the ‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’

The front legs of the male of A. iatrophe are slightly hairy; the coxa > femur +

trochanter; tibia=femur ; tarsus (single-jointed) < 4 tibia. The middle and posterior

legs are spinous, and the claws moderately curved. The palpi are slender, moderately

hairy, the terminal joint rather attenuated, and the middle joint but slightly swollen.

The antenne have 33 joints, the terminal 9 forming a slender club. The secondary

male organs have a tegumen with the central spine bifid for the greater part of

its length ; the harpagones are simple, without spines or projections, and they do not

protrude beyond the point of the tegumen.

Anartia comprises five species, most uf which are very common insects, being inha-

bitants of the more open country. Two species are found in our region—one, A. fatima,

being peculiar to it, but represented in South America by A. amalthea; the other,

A. iatrophe, is common everywhere throughout the Neotropical Region. Two other

species are peculiar to the Antilles—A. chrysopelia belonging to Cuba, and A. lytrea

to Haiti and Jamaica.

1. Anartia iatrophe.

Papilio jatrophe, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 779°.

Anartia jatrophe, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 346°; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 139°.

222 RHOPALOCERA.

Alis fusco-canescentibus lineis undulatis fuscis notatis, anticis ocello uno, posticis duobus nigris ornatis ; subtus

alis dilutioribus, lineis fuscis paginee superioris plerumque coccineo lavatis.

Hab. Norru America, Florida, Texas °.—Muxico, Presidio (Forrer), Cordova (Riimelt),

Oaxaca (Deppe); British Honpuras, Corosal (oe); GuatemaLa, Yzabal, San Gerénimo,

Polochic valley, Retalhuleu (F. D. G. & 0. S.), Teleman (Champion) ; Nicaraaua, Chon-

tales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten?) ; Panama, Chiriqui (Champion), Calobre ( Arcé);

Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan), Colon (A. H. Markham).—Antiuuss ; SourH AMERICA

to South Brazil.

A very common insect throughout Tropical America. Individuals are subject to

some variation, certain specimens being much darker in colour than others, while some

have the wavy lines on the underside of the secondaries bright red instead of brown.

This species is a very distinct one, having no very close allies. It is found in all the

warmer parts of Guatemala up to an elevation of about 3000 feet, and flies in the more

open country rather than the forests.

2. Anartia fatima.

Papilio fatima, Fabr. Ent. Syst. i. p. 81°.

Anartia fatima, Hiibn. Zutr. ex. Schm. finftes Hund. p. 8, ff. 813, 814°; Butl. & Druce, P.Z.8.

1874, p. 346%.

Alis subcaudatis fuscis fascia communi albida, anticis maculis exterioribus coloris ejusdem, posticis fascia

abbreviata interrupta ultra cellulam coccinea; subtus pallidioribus, anticarum cellula lineis nigris trans-

fasciata et posticis linea nigra per cellulam transeunte.

Hab. Mexico?, Presidio (Forrer), Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Deppe, Fenochio) ;

BritisH Honpuras, Corosal (Roe); Guatemana, Polochic and Motagua valleys, Retal-

huleu (F. D. G. & O. S.), Choctum (Hague); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica

(Van Patten), San Francisco (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Champion), Calobre (Arcé),

Lion Hill (f/Leannan), Colon (A. H. Markham).

Like the last, this is a very common species, ranging from Mexico to Panama, where

its place is taken by an allied form (A. amalthea), which continues southwards as far

as Southern Brazil. In Guatemala it is found from the sea-level to an elevation of

about 3000 feet, frequenting the more open spots and clearings.

EUNICA.

Eunica, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 61 (1816).

Myscelia (partim), Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 220.

This genus, as now restricted, contains about sixty species, the valley of the Amazons

and the eastern spurs of the Andes being the abode of the greater number. In Central

America, however, it is well represented by fourteen species, four of which occur in

Mexico, only one passing across our northern frontier into the United States. The

rest of our species are found in Costa Rica and the State of Panama.

EUNICA. 223

The position of certain pencils of hairs on the wings, or their absence altogether,

affords a ready method of dividing the numerous species of the genus into sections,

and gives fairly natural results in grouping allied species together. Besides those

pencils of hairs mentioned in the following arrangement, others exist in more southern

members of the genus; so that the same system of subdivision can be carried out in

regard to the whole of the species. |

The neuration of the primaries is much like that of a number of closely allied genera,

such as Myscelia, Epiphile, &c.; but sexual difference in the length of the terminal

joint of the palpi serves to distinguish Hunica from any of these.

In Eunica the subcostal nervure of the primaries gives off two branches before the

end of the cell. In some species, such as E. pusilla, the median nervure is considerably

swollen towards the base; and in these species the first median branch is thrown off at

the distal end of the swollen part. In others, such as E. augusta, the median nervure

is much less swollen, and the first branch thrown off much nearer the base of the

nervure, the branch partaking of its slight swelling. The front legs of the male are

slightly hairy; coxa > femur+trochanter ; tibia slightly < femur; tarsus (single-

jointed) nearly=tibia. Middle and posterior legs spinous beneath ; claws short and

much curved. Palpi rather stout; terminal joint in the male very short and ovate, in

the female longer and more pyriform; middle joint in both sexes stout and slightly

swollen. Antenne with 43 joints, the terminal 12 forming a slight club. The secon-

dary male organs havea tegumen with a slender point hardly depressed ; the harpagones

are elongated and narrow, without hooks or projections, slightly upturned at their

distal ends, and hairy along the ventral surface near the end.

a. Male with a pencil of hairs near the base of the cell of the secondaries above.

a’. Apex of primaries rounded, outer margin convex.

1. Eunica mira. (Tab. XXIII. figg. 10, 11.)

Eunica mira, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 63°.

Alis nigro-fuscis, anticis ultra cellulam ceruleo lavatis, fascia subapicali alba et plaga cerulea ad angulum

analem notatis, posticis ad angulum apicalem sordide albis, maculis duabus nigris in hac regione notatis ;

subtus submicanti-viridi-ceruleis nigro distincte variegatis, anticarum apicibus albis, posticis linea longi-

tudinali fulva per medium eunte.

Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé ').

A single damaged female specimen is all we have yet received of this species, which

doubtless cannot fail to be one of considerable beauty. The secondaries beneath,

bearing a line of fulvous over the region of the median nervure, point to the relationship

of E. mira with E. sophronisba and E. chlororhoa, both remarkable species in the genus.

From analogy we believe the male will prove to have black wings, and the distal half

of the secondaries rich blue or some other brilliant colour.

224 RHOPALOCERA.

6’. Apex of primaries elongated, onter margin concave.

2. Hunica caresa.

Cybdelis caresa, Hew. Ex. Butt. Cybdelis, i. f. 20°.

Eunica caresa, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 197”.

Alis velutino-fusco-nigris, albo extus ciliatis, anticis elongatis apice valde hamatis, area discali et ale parte

basali late purpureo-cyaneis, posticis ad basin eodem colore lavatis; subtus fuscis, anticarum apicibus et

posticis omnino rosaceo tinctis et undique albido atomatis, maculis et lineis omnibus valde indistinctis,

ocello unico ad anticarum apicem, et posticis quatuor ultra cellulam ornatis, his minutis, parte proxima

nigra, parte distali ceerulescente.

Femina brunnea, anticis ad apicem obscurioribus fascia lata alba transvittatis, maculis tribus subapicalibus

quoque notatis ; subtus sicut in mare, maculis paulo clarioribus.

Hab. Guatemaita, Zapote (Champion).—CoLomBia!; Ecuapor; Peru; Botivia;

AMAZONS ?.

Colombia is the country whence Hewitson’s types were procured ; but the range of

the species has since been traced as far south as Bolivia and to the valley of the Upper

Amazons. We have also recently received from Mr. Champion several examples from

the mountains of Guatemala sloping towards the Pacific Ocean; these were taken at

an elevation of about 2000 feet above the sea. It is remarkable, however, that no

other trace of it has as yet been found in Central America. Our Guatemala speci-

mens have the markings of the secondaries rather more uniform beneath than is usual

in South-American examples; but as these latter offer considerable variation in this

respect, too much stress must not be laid upon it.

E. caresa, though provided with a pencil of hairs near the base of the cell of the

secondaries, as in HL. sophronisba, has the wings of a very different shape, falcate

instead of rounded. Its nearest South-American allies are EL. picea and E. cabira, both

described from Venezuela by Dr. Felder.

b. Male with a pencil of hairs near the base of the submedian nervure of the primaries

beneath.

3. Eunica alemena. (Tab. XXIII. figg. 6, 72.)

Callianira alemena, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 28. f. 1°.

Eunica alemena, Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 123’.

Alis nigris, fascia subcostali a basin ad angulum apicalem (ad cellule finem fere interrupta) cerulea, posticis

fascia submarginali eodem colore sed magis micante; subtus fuscescentibus, anticis ad apicem colore

pallidiore notatis, posticis rufescenti-fuscis, maculis fusco-nigris variegatis, ocello bipupillato ad angulum

apicalem aliisque duobus magnitudine diversis angulum analem propioribus.

Femina alis obscure brunneis, anticis ad apicem obscurioribus fascia transversa ultra cellulam alba.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli, Hoge); Brrvish Honpuras, Corosal (Roe); Guatn-

MALA, Polochic valley (fF. D. G. & O. S.), Teleman (Champion), Choctum (Hague) ;

Panama, Bugaba (Arcé, Champion).—Co.omBIa ?.

EUNICA. 225

This is, perhaps, the best-known and commonest of all the Central-American species

of unica, being found from Southern Mexico, where the types were procured, to

Panama and the adjoining portion of Colombia. It is an inhabitant of the low-lying

country, ranging from the sea-level to an altitude of perhaps 3000 feet. We have not

yet seen it from Costa Rica.

4. Eunica flora.

Eunica flora, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. vi. p. 111'.

E. alemene similis, sed fascia cxerulea anticarum haud interrupta, ad angulum apicalem magis extensa, marginem

externum totum fere attingente, fascia posticarum plerumque latiore ; subtus alis omnino brunnescentioribus

sed maculis fere similiter positis.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe).—N. Braziu!, Rio Negro (Felder); Ecuapor; Psru;

Bouivia.

A single specimen in our possession obtained by Herr Ribbe in Chiriqui agrees in all

essential particulars with our series of examples from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia,

which we attribute to E. flora of Felder. The bands of blue, however, on both wings

are rather narrow; but finding variation in this character, we are unwilling to lay too

much stress upon it. Dr. Felder’s specimen came from the upper Rio Negro; and the

species seems to spread over the whole eastern slopes of the Andes and the Amazons

valley as far east as Pebas. It is unknown from Colombia and Venezuela.

5. Hunica pomona. (Tab. XXIII. figg. 8, 9.)

Faunula pomona, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 407, t. 52. f. 11, 12.

E. alemene quoque similis, sed colore alarum cyaneo magis purpurascente ; colore quoque subtus magis brun-

nescente differt.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Arcé, Champion).—CoLomBia 1.

Some time ago we received a single specimen of this Colombian species from Chiriqui,

but recently others have reached us from Mr. Champion. They all agree with Felder’s

figure, and with specimens from Colombia, the typical locality. The species is allied

to E. alemena.

6. Eunica amata, (Tab. XXIV. figg. 1, 2.)

Eunica amata, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 285".

E. alemene affinis, sed colore cyaneo alarum multo magis purpureo et obscuro, subtus quoque maculis, pra~

sertim ocellis multo minoribus differt.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten').

The two original specimens, which were in Dr. Van Patten’s collection, and formed

the subject of Mr. Druce’s description, are all that we have seen of this species. It

may at once be distinguished from all its congeners by the rich purple tint of the blue

of the upper surface of the wings.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., January 1883. 24

226 . RHOPALOCERA.

c. Male without pencils of hair on either wings.

¢. Median nervure of primaries not swollen, first branch thrown off not far from the

base of the wing.

7. Eunica augusta. (Tab. XXIII. figg. 3,44, 52.)

Eunica augusta, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 185"; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 349”.

Alis nigris, anticis dimidio basali cyaneo nitentibus fascia transversa subapicali alba, posticis ad basin tantum

cyaneis ; subtus fusco-nigris, anticarum apicibus et posticis undique nigro variegatis et atomis ceruleis

perfusis.

Femina alis obscure virescentibus, anticarum apicibus late nigris et fascia lata alba transvittatis, subtus fere ut

in mare.

Hab. Muzxico, Cordova (Riimeli, Hoge); GUATEMALA, Polochiec valley } (Hague), Tele-

man, San Gerénimo (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé).

Mr. Bates described this species from specimens sent us by Mr. Hague from the

valley of the Polochic in Guatemala, and compared it with E. celina of Godart, with

which, no doubt, it is closely allied ; but its nearest relative is clearly EL. olympias: of

Felder, from which it alone differs in having a white transverse band across the apex of

the primaries. As will be seen above, its range extends throughout our region from

Southern Mexico to Panama, where it is found in the hot low-lying forest-country.

Immediately outside our border in Colombia E. olympias takes its place. We have

figured the types, both from the valley of the Polochic.

8. Eunica venusia.

Faunia venusia, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 407, t. 52. f. 8-5’.

Alis nigris, anticis productis et falcatis ; posticis ad marginem externum plaga magna ceruleo lavata: subtus

obscure fuscis, anticis preter apices nigris fasciis duabus viridi-ceruleis notatis, una brevi ad cellule

medium, altera extra eam ad angulum analem extensa; posticis obscure fusco notatis, ocello magno

bipupillato extra cellulam aliisque duobus magnitudine diversis ad angulum analem ornatis.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Arcé).—-CoLomsra '.

Originally described from Colombia, this species is by no means uncommon in the

State of Panama. In general appearance it is not unlike E. excelsa; but the brilliancy

of the blue colouring of the posterior wings is reflected at a different angle. The

markings on the basal half of the primaries beneath are bluish green, as in E. celma

and E. volumna. This is not so in E. excelsa.

9, Eunica excelsa. (Tab. XXIII. figg. 12, 18.)

Eunica excelsa, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 63°.

E. venusi@ similis, sed anticis cyaneo nitentibus, posticarum cyaneo magis notabili, subtus maculis omnibus

magis distinctis, fasciis anticarum viridi-ceeruleis omnino carentibus, differt.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé), Bugaba (Champion).

EUNICA, 227

A species peculiar to the Chiriqui district, in the State of Panama. Its allies are

E. aspasia of Felder and E. venusia of the same author. From the former it differs in

the greater extent of the smalt-blue of the anterior wings. The glistening blue of the

secondaries is more refulgent than in either of the above-named species. The under

surface almost exactly resembles that of E. cinara of Hewitson; but the differences on

the upper surface are obvious. . excelsa is by no means a common insect, few

specimens having yet come into our hands; these are all males, the female being still

unknown to us. We have figured one of the types from the volcano of Chiriqui.

10. Kunica mygdonia,

Nymphalis mygdonia, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 4161.

Eunica mygdonia, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 1967.

EKunica anna, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 349 * (nec Cramer).

Alis fuscis, anticis punctis duobus subapicalibus albidis: subtus dilutioribus, anticis area mediana obscura fascia

tripartita ultra cellulam transeunte punctisque duobus subapicalibus albidis; posticis ferrugineo lavatis,

rufo-fusco variegatis, plagis magnis duabus hoc colore costam attingentibus.

Femina alis quam ew maris pallidioribus, fascia alba transversa ultra cellulam et punctis tribus subapicalibus

albis notatis. .

Hab. Guatemata, Zapote (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Chiriqui

(Arcé).—CoLomBIA and VENEZUELA to Peru and AMAZONS VALLEY 2; Braziu}.

According to Godart, the describer of this species, it is found in Brazil; but if we

except the valley of the Amazons, where Mr. Bates met with it, we have no confir-

mation of its occurrence in that country. In Ecuador and Colombia, however, it is by

no means uncommon, whence it spreads through Central America as far north as

Guatemala. Dr. Van Patten’s Costa-Rican specimen, which is now before us, certainly

belongs to this species, and not to EH. anna, as stated by Messrs. Butler and Druce3.

Mr. Champion’s specimens were all obtained at an elevation of about 2000 feet above

the sea; they are larger than the general run of South-American examples, but differ

in no important respect.

11. Eunica malvina.

Eunica malvina, Bates, Journ. Ent. 11. p. 195, t. 9. ff. 2, 2a'; Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880,

p- 123°.

Alis fuscis ad margines dilutioribus, anticis maculis subobsoletis apicem versus notatis: subtus griseo-albidis,

anticis area mediana fusco-nigra fascia tripartita alba divisa; posticis rufo-brunneo variegatis maculis

duabus costam attingentibus, ocellis duobus (annulo communi conjunctis) nigris ceruleo-albo pupillatis

ultra cellulam aliisque duobus distinctis magnitudine diversis ad angulum analem.

Femina mari aliquot similis, anticis dimidio apicali obscuriore et fasciis duabus maculosis transfasciatis,

Hab. Guatemata, Zapote, El Tumbador (Champion); Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—

CoLoMBIA? and VENEZUELA to the AMAZONS VALLEY },

Mr. Bates discovered this species during his sojourn in the valley of the Amazons,

2a 2

228 RHOPALOCERA.

where he says it was nowhere common. We now trace it through Ecuador, Venezuela,

and Colombia, as far north as Guatemala, specimens from which country in no way

differ from the Amazonian types before us.

a’. Median nervure of primaries swollen at the base, first branch thrown off some

way from the base of the wing.

12. Eunica pusilla.

Eunica pusilla, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 198, t. 9. ff. 5, 5a’.

Alis fuscis violaceo tinctis, subtus rufescenti-brunneis, anticis ultra cellulam obscurioribus macula indistincta

notatis; posticis lineis duabus per cellulam, aliis extra eam, una submarginali, ocellis duobus fere obsoletis

ad angulum apicalem et duobus ad angulum analem notatis.

Femina mari similis, colore ceruleo absente, anticis ad apicem obscurioribus et fasciis maculosis transvittatis.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba, Calobre (Arcé), at sea off Punta Mala (0. S.). —CoLomBIA ;

VENEZUELA; Lower AMAzoNS!; CuBa.

This species and E. modesta appear to be very closely allied ; and the females perhaps

are not always separable. The male, however, in the present insect is destitute of

spots on the upperside of the anterior wings, whereas in H. modesta white spots on

the apical half of these wings are very distinct. In their range it is noteworthy that

LE. pusilla, which has a much more eastern extension, is only found within our limits

in the State of Panama, the only district unoccupied by EH. modesta, which ranges

from Mexico to Costa Rica, and reappears in Northern Colombia and some of the

larger Antilles.

As regards the names for these two butterflies, there can be no doubt as to the

application of Mr. Bates’s titles, whose types are before us. It is a question, however,

whether Cramer’s name, P. monima, is not applicable to one of them; and it has already

been used for 4. modesta by Herrich-Schaffer in his ‘ Butterflies of the Island of Cuba.’

As Cramer’s figure is any thing but good, and his locality obviously erroneous, we

prefer to adhere to a name about which no uncertainty exists.

Several specimens of H. pusilla were captured at sea a few miles off Punta Mala, on

the coast of Panama, in company with other butterflies, in May 1873. “They were

probably in the act of migration.

13. Eunica modesta. (Tab. XXIII. figg. 15, 16.)

Eunica modesta, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag.i. p.1181; Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 1237.

Eunica monima, Strecker, N. Am. Butt. p. 140°.

E. pusille similis, anticis fasciis duabus maculosis transversis albidis in dimidio apicali obscuriore notatis.

Femina mari similis, colore ceeruleo absente.

Hab. Nortu America, Texas, Florida ?—Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli) ; Guatemaa 1,

central valleys (f. D. G. & O. S.), San Gerdénimo (Champion), Polochic valley (Haque) ;

EUNICA.—MYSCELIA. 229

Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers).—CotomBia 2; Gurana;

ANTILLES, Cuba, Haiti.

Described by Mr. Bates from specimens obtained by us in Guatemala, where we

have since found it to be common in the low-lying lands of Vera Paz up to an elevation

of 3000 feet. It is also common in Mexico, judging from the number of specimens

that have reached us; and it is doubtless the same species which Mr. Strecker calls by

Cramer’s name of E. monima, giving its range into Texas and Florida 3.

We have already alluded to the differences between this species and E. pusilla, and

to the possibility of Cramer’s name Papilio monima being applicable to it.

Our figure represents a male from Central Guatemala.

14. Kunica tatila. (Eunica cerula, Tab. XXIII. fig. 14.)

Eunica.tatila, H.-Sch. Samml. ansereur. Schm. ff. 69-72 '.

Eunica cerula, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 64°; Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 123°.

Alis fuscis, area interna violaceo suffusis, anticis apice excisis, dimidio apicali fasciis duabus maculosis albis

transvittato punctoque ejusdem coloris inter ramos medianos; subtus maculis sicut in pagina superiore,

_ posticis fuscis fere unicoloribus sed serie ocellorum submarginalium fere obsoleta notatis.

Femina mari similis, sed area alarum interna cyaneo nec violaceo suffusa, subtus posticis maculis clarioribus et

interdum linea longitudinali fulva notatis.

_ Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli) ; Guatemaua, Polochic valley (Hague 2).—Co.omsta 8 ;

ANTILLES, Cuba }, Haiti.

Since describing this species under the name of E. cwrula we have received a large

series of specimens of both sexes from Mexico. From these it appears that there is

considerable sexual difference in the coloration of this species, the wings of the males

being suffused with violet-purple, while those of the females are blue. Our Haitian

specimens are all females, whilst those from Guatemala are all males; hence the source

of our error.

The characters of the upperside in both sexes are extremely constant; but the under

surface of the secondaries varies from a uniform dark brown to a much lighter colour.

Some of our specimens are mottled with rufous, while two females from Mexico have a

broad longitudinal buff line running from the base to the middle of the outer margin.

The locality of Herrich-Schiaffer’s types is not given with precision; but he afterwards

calls Cuban specimens by this name. We now know it to be common in Southern

Mexico and in some parts of Guatemala. It appears to be absent from the rest of

Central America; but it reappears in Northern Colombia, where Mr. Simons found it?.

MYSCELIA.

Myscelia, Section I., Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 220 (1849).

This genus seems best restricted to about nine species, all more or less allied to

M. cyaniris of Doubleday, and forming the first section of the wider group included in

230 RHOPALOCERA.

Myscelia by that author, who not only placed the whole of the genus Eunica in it, but

also the females of Epicalia, whose relationship at that time was not understood.

Of the nine species known to us, no less than six are found in our region; and of

these certainly three, and perhaps four, are not found beyond it, as will be seen below. Of

the external species one, WU. orsis, is peculiar to South-eastern Brazil, but has a closely

allied race, as yet unnamed, in the Lower Amazons valley. The third species, M.antholia,

is the largest and finest of the whole genus, and is peculiar to the island of Haiti.

M. orsis and its Amazons ally are distinguished by the difference in the coloration of

the sexes; and the males are further differentiated by having the inner margin of the

primaries convex and covering a black patch over the middle of the subcostal nervure

of the secondaries. WV. cyaniris has this black patch in a slight degree; but the sexes

do not differ much in coloration. In MV. lewcocyanea there is a sexual difference, in that

two of the blue stripes of the secondaries become almost fused in the male but not in

the female. The same appears to be the case in MV. ethusa and M. pattenia; but of

these species we have never seen females. In UM. cynanthe the fusion of the two bands

is complete. |

The subcostal nervure in Myscelia throws off two branches before the end of the

cell; the upper discocellular is very short, and the chords of the middle and lower run

at large obtuse angles to the subcostal, so that the lower discocellular meets the median

some way beyond the origin of the second branch (not close to it as in Kunica, Epiphile,

&c.). The costal and median nervures are gradually but slightly swollen towards the

base. The front legs of the male are slightly hairy; coxa>% femur + trochanter ; tibia

< femur; tarsus (single-jointed) =3 tibia. Middle and posterior legs moderately spined ;

claws short, moderately curved. Palpi hairy, terminal joint (in both sexes alike) rather

long; middle joint not swollen. Antenne with 41 joints, the terminal 12 forming a

moderate club. The secondary male sexual organs have a well-developed tegumen,

with a long slightly depressed central hook; the harpagones are feeble, not projecting

beyond the point of the tegumen, without hooks or projections, but hairy towards

the extremity, especially on the ventral surface.

a. Male with an indistinct black spot on the upper surface of the secondaries over

the middle of the subcostal nervure.

1. Myscelia cyaniris.

Myscelia cyaniris, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 222, t. 27. f. 2°.

Cybdelis cyaniris, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 40°.

Alis fuscis, nitide cyaneo perfusis, anticis valde hamatis vena radiali superiore producta, anticarum costs

dimidio proximo, striga cellulari et altera infra eam griseo cerulescentibus, hac albescentiore, macula

irregulari ejusdem coloris ad angulum analem ; dimidio anticarum apicali maculis variis albis ornato;

posticis strigis quatuor griseo cerulescentibus transversis, duabus proximis puncto albido extus termi-

natis: subtus fuscis, anticis ad apicem et posticis omnino pallidioribus ferrugineo-fusco irroratis,

Femina mari similis, colore nitide cyaneo absente.

MYSCELIA. 231

Hab. Mexico ! (Sallé), Cordova (Riimeli), Yucatan (Hedemann); British Honpuras,

Corosal (Joe); GuatEmaLa *, Choctum (Hague), San Isidro, Coatepeque, Las Mercedes

(Champion); Honpuras!: Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Panama, Bugaba

(Champion), Lion Hill (1 Leannan).—Cotomsia; Ecvapor.

This is one of the commonest species of the genus, being found from Southern Mexico

to Ecuador. It is an inhabitant of the low-lying country of both coasts of Guatemala.

It may be distinguished from all its allies by the blue sheen suffused over both wings

of the male.

6. Both sexes alike as to the number of bands on the secondaries.

2. Myscelia rogenhoferi. (Tab. XXIV. figg. 3, 4.)

Myscelia rogenhoferi, R. Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 472°.

Alis fuscis, fasciis et maculis quoad situs iis M. cyaniri similibus sed cerulescentioribus (maculis in dimidio

anticarum apicali albis exceptis); subtus posticis multo saturatioribus, griseo et fusco pulcherrime marmo-

ratis, fasciis duabus transversis et angulo apicali dilutioribus.

Femina mari similis, sed alarum coloribus magis obscuris.

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Forrer), Huahuapan (Hedemann'), Vera Cruz and Cuerna-

vaca (Sallé1), Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Deppe); Nicaracua (coll. Hewitson).—

CoLomBra |.

This species was first described by Rudolph Felder from specimens obtained by

Lieut. Hedemann at Huahuapan, in Mexico; but Mons. Sallé had previously met with

it, and some fifty years ago Deppe obtained the examples which are now in the Berlin

Museum. In its general appearance it is not unlike I. ethusa; but, besides having all

the spots in the distal half of the anterior wing white, the blue bands of the posterior

wings are distinct, as in M. cyaniris, the third and the penultimate band in M. ethusa

coalescing towards the apical angle. J. cyaniris is probably its nearest ally ; but the

blue gloss present in that species is wholly absent, and there are other differences.

We have no authentic specimens from any country except Mexico; but there is

one in the Hewitson collection in the British Museum which is marked as coming

from Nicaragua, and its occurrence in Colombia is recorded by Felder, a male being in

his collection from Santa Marta.

c. Secondaries with three distinct median bands in the male, four in the female.

3. Myscelia leucocyanea.

Myscelia leucocyanea, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 106*; Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 408, t. 53. f. 8, 9”.

Alis supra fuscis, anticis fascia discali, altera supra venam medianam, duabus obliquis marginem internum attin-

gentibus et punctis duobus ad cellule finem grisescenti-ceruleis, maculis duabus ad cellule finem aliisque

duodecim in dimidio alarum apicali albis; posticis striga basali brevi, lunulis submarginalibus ad angulum

analem aliisque tribus transversis (ea in medio ad marginem internum bifurcata) grisescenti-ceruleis :

subtus anticis ut supra maculatis, apice et posticis omnino fuscis nigro irroratis et marmoratis.

232 RHOPALOCERA.

Femina mari similis, sed colore grisescenti-ceruleo pallidiore et violaceo tincto et posticis fascia transversa

mediana longitudinaliter omnino divisa; subtus alis dilutioribus, posticis plaga discali magna fusco-nigra.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belé, Janson); Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas

(Arcé), Lion Hill (/‘Leannan).— VENEZUELA 1.

Dr. Morritz discovered this species in Venezuela; and his specimens, both females,

formerly in Dr. Kaden’s collection, now in our own, were described by Dr. Felder and

subsequently figured in the ‘ Voyage of the Novara.’ We have since traced the species

through the State of Panama and as far north as Nicaragua; but none have as yet come

before us from Costa Rica. WV. leucocyanea belongs to the M. ethusa section rather

than to that containing W. cyaniris, as there is a long discocellular blue streak on the

primaries of the male and four instead of five blue cross bands on the secondaries, the

third and fourth being fused, the submarginal band thus becoming the fourth instead

of the fifth. The female closely resembles that sex in U/. cyaniris; but, besides being

smaller, it always has two white spots at the end of the cell of the primaries, which are

not shown in the other species.

4, Myscelia ethusa.

Cybdelis ethusa, Boisd. in Cuv. Rég. An. Ins, Atl. ii. t. 188. f. 3°.

Myscelia ethusa, R. Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 472, note’.

Myscelia cyanecula, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 408, t. 53. f. 5°.

M. leucocyanew affinis, sed fasciis alarum cyaneo saturatioribus et violaceo tinctis, maculis intra cellulam et ultra

eam ejusdem coloris nec albis,iis ad apicem exceptis; subtus alis multo obscurioribus.

Hab. Mexico} (Sallé*), Huahuapan (Hedemann), Cordova (Riimelt).

An excellent figure of this species was given by Boisduval in Cuvier’s ‘ Régne

Animal’!; and it was again figured by Felder in the ‘ Voyage of the Novara’. The

identity of the insect represented by these two figures was subsequently shown by

Rudolph Felder in a note to the short paper describing the new species in Lieut.

Hedemann’s collection. M. ethusa is a scarce species in Southern Mexico; and we

have no record of its occurrence elsewhere.

Boisduval (Lép. Guat. p. 40) mentions two species from Honduras under the names

Cybdelis ethusa and C. cyanecula. If the locality is correct, the specimens should

probably both be called MW. pattenia.

5. Myscelia pattenia.

Myscelia patienia, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 101'; P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3477; Butl. Lep. Ex.

p. 172, t. 60. £.1°,

E. ethuse similis, et fasciis alarum ejusdem coloris, sed maculis ultra cellulam albis nec cyaneis, fasciis quoque

posticarum plerumque angustioribus distinguenda, ab Z. leucocyanea maculis duabus albis in cellule fine

nullis diversa. ~

Hab. GuatrEMaLa, central valleys (fF. D. G. & O. S.), Chisoy valley (Hague); Costa

Rica (Van Patten 12°),

MYSCELIA.—EPIPHILE. 238

M. pattenia takes the place of M. ethusa in Guatemala and Costa Rica; but it is a

very scarce species in both countries, three specimens being all that have come under

our notice. Its chief and obvious difference from M. ethusa consists in the spots in the

anterior wings beyond the cell being white instead of blue, the stripes alone being of

the latter colour. The single specimen obtained by us was probably from the neigh-

bourhood of San Gerdnimo, as that received from Mr. Hague was captured in the

lower part of the same valley.

The type from Costa Rica was the only specimen in Van Patten’s collection, and,

being a male, cannot be the opposite sex of M. cyananthe, as suggested by Messrs.

Butler and Druce}.

6. Myscelia cyananthe.

Myscelia cyananthe, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 408, t. 58. f. 6, 7°.

M. ethuse quoque affinis, sed alis multo magis nigricantibus fasciis alarum ceruleis abbreviatis et anticis

maculis albis nullis primo visu distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico 1, Oaxaca (Deppe).

A single specimen in the late Dr. Kaden’s collection formed the subject of

Dr. Felder’s description and figure of this fine species; but many years previously the

indefatigable collector Deppe had sent three specimens from Oaxaca to the Berlin

Museum. There are three examples also in the British Museum and one in the

Vienna Museum; but the species is evidently a scarce one. MM. cyananthe is remarkable

for the prevalence of the intense black on the upper wings. The blue marks which

characterize both it and its allies are reduced to a few spots near the apex of the

primaries and three streaks near the base, white spots being wholly absent. The

secondaries have two broad bands and the outer margin blue, the rest of the wings

being black.

Note.—Boisduval, in his ‘ Lépidoptéres de Guatemala,’ includes a species, possibly of

this genus, from Nicaragua, as “Cybdelis lycopsis, Klug.” This is apparently a manu-

script name, and we have no clue to what species it refers.

EPIPHILE.

_Epiphile, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 224 (1849).

Epiphile contains fourteen species now known to us, which are spread over the

Neotropical Region, to the exclusion of Guiana and the Amazons valley, from Mexico

to South Brazil. The focus of the genus is Colombia and Venezuela, where seven

species are known to occur. Two species are found in South Brazil, and two in Bolivia

and Peru, whilst five occur within our limits, only one of which (£. eriopis) is also an

inhabitant of Colombia.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. L., January 1883. 24H

234 RHOPALOCERA.

The genus seems to be divisible into two sections, according as the sexes are approxi-

mately alike or widely different.

The subcostal nervure in Epiphile emits two branches before the end of the cell; the

upper discocellular is very short, the chord of the middle discocellular nearly at right

angles to the subcostal, the chord of the lower at a small obtuse angle to it, the lower

discocellular meeting the median nervure close to the origin of the second branch, as in

Eunica. The costal margin of the secondaries is slightly concave in the middle. The

front legs of the male are hairy; coxa> 4 femur-+trochanter ; tibia=femur; tarsus

(single-jointed) a little<tibia. Middle and posterior legs slightly spined, claws short

and much curved. The eyes are hairy. The palpi slightly hairy, the terminal joint

(shorter in the male than in the female) long, nearly as long in the female as the

middle joint, but neither of them swollen. Antenne 37-jointed, the terminal 12

forming a moderate club. The secondary male sexual organs have a tegumen with a

long hooked central spine; the harpagones are very feeble, narrow, and without hooks

or spines, but hairy towards the distal end.

a. Sexes approximately alike in coloration.

1. Epiphile adrasta.

Epiphile adrasta, Hew. Ex. Butt. Epiphile, t. 2. ff. 9-11'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 346”;

Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 40°.

Alis nigris purpureo tinctis, fasciis duabus obliquis transeuntibus flavido-fulvis, una omnino in anticis extra

cellulam a costa ad angulum analem ducta, altera, basin anticarum versus, a costa ad medium marginis

posticarum externi: subtus anticis ut supra ocello ad angulum apicalem; posticis rufescente fusco

variegatis, macula triangulari in costee medio flava et serie ocellorum indistincte notata margini externo

parallela.

Femina mare distinguenda fascia anticarum externa flavido-albida et alis omnibus ad basin fulvis fascia interna

vix apparente, anticis puncto albo apicali notatis.

Hab. Mexico} (Sallé®), Cordova (Riimeli, Hoge), Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuaTEMALa,

Yzabal, Motagua valley (/. D. G. & 0. 8.), Polochic valley (Hague), El Tumbador

(Champion), San Gerénimo (Hague, Champion); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa

Rica (Van Patten®), Cache (Rogers); Panama, Bugaba (Arcé, Champion), Volcan de

Chiriqui, 2500 to 4000 feet (Champion).

A common species throughout Central America, from Southern Mexico to Panama,

and probably the commonest of the genus. It is very constant in its markings; in

some male specimens, however, we notice a small white spot in the apex of the

primaries, and in some, but not in all, the apex itself is tawny. In its vertical range

E. adrasta reaches to about 3000 feet, being found at all lower elevations down to the

sea-level. It flies in the scrubby vegetation rather than in thick forest.

Hewitson first described the species from Mexican specimens, adopting for the species

a manuscript name of Boisduval’s !, who applied it to examples collected by M. Sallé 3,

EPIPHILE, 235

Mr. Champion has sent us several paired specimens taken together ; so that the sexes

of this species are satisfactorily determined.

2. Epiphile eriopis.

Epiphile eriopis, Hew. Ex. Butt. Epiphile, t. 1. ff. 5, 6°.

Alis nigris, anticis fascia obliqua ultra cellulam et apice ipso albis, fascia lata communi a basi anticarum ad

medium marginis posticarum externi transeunte fulva; subtus anticis fere ut supra, apice fulvescente

ocello indistincto notato, posticis rufescente brunneo marmoratis area anali pallidiore, macula triangulari

argenteo-fulva ad medium marginis externi.

Femina adhuc ignota.

Hab. Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belt).—Cotomsral.

Colombia is the country whence this species has hitherto been procured, and where

Hewitson’s types were obtained!. Belt’s collection, however, contained a single

example showing the northern extension of the species into our region.

E. eriopis is a beautiful species, having no near allies, but belonging apparently to

the same group as £. adrasta and E. chrysites (Latr.) &c.

b. Sexes widely divergent in coloration.

3. Epiphile grandis. (Tab. XXIV. figg. 5,6 ¢,7 2.)

Epiphile grandis, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 76°; Lep, Ex. p. 152, t. 54. f 4°; Butl. & Druce, P. ZS.

1874, p. 347°.

Alis nigris violaceo saturate suffusis, fascia obliqua ad apicem et altera interiore ultra cellulam anticarum ad

. marginem externum posticarum extendente fuscis; anticis costa ad basin et litura intra eam margineque

posticarum externo rufis; subtus fere ut in £. adrasta sed coloribus omnibus saturatioribus.

Fomina alis fuscis, anticis ad apicem obscurioribus et punctis tribus notatis fascia lata obliqua ultra cellulam

fulva, posticis margine apicali ejusdem coloris; subtus fere ut supra, sed alis dilutioribus, posticis rufo-fusco

marmoratis.

Hab. Guatemata, Purula (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten **).

This name was founded on a single female specimen contained in Van Patten’s

collection, and was subsequently figured by Mr. Butler. Quite recently Mr. Champion

has sent us from Purula, in Guatemala, a male of a large and beautiful species

previously unknown to us, but which we now feel confident is the male of the Costa-

Rican insect.

Single specimens only having occurred in the large collections of Dr. Van Patten

and Mr. Champion shows, we think, how scarce this fine insect must be. The male

. resembles no other species of the genus with which are acquainted ; but the female, as

Mr. Butler remarks, is not unlike that sex of E. orea, but is of course much larger.

4. Epiphile plutonia. (Tab. XXIV. figg. 8,9 ¢,10 2.)

Epiphile plutonia, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 118 -

Alis nigro-fuscis, anticis fascia obliqua ultra cellulam fulva, macula cellulari transversa ejusdem coloris, puncto

2H 2

236 RHOPALOCERA.

ad apicem albo; posticis area discali lete cyanea: subtus alis rufescentioribus anticarum apicibus et

posticis fusco marmoratis, macula triangulari argenteo-flavida ad coste medium notatis.

Femina alis brunneis, apicibus obscurioribus et puncto albo notatis, fascia lata obliqua ultra cellulam et angulo

posticarum apicali fulvis; subtus alis ochraceo rufescentibus fusco marmoratis, fasciz anticarum fulve

marginibus nigricantibus, macula posticarum costali sicut in mare.

Hab. Guaremata, Polochic valley (F. D. G. & O. 8.1), Purula, Paraiso (Champion).

This species is at present only known to us from Guatemala, where, however, though

very few specimens have come to us, it is pretty widely distributed. Mr. Bates, when

describing this species, compared it with E. epicaste of Hewitson; but it is in fact a

northern race of the Brazilian EZ. orea, and the still more northern £. zbdis, a fourth

race being E. plusios, the insect next described. From £. iblis, E. plutonia differs in

having a white spot in the apex of the primaries instead of a tawny band of contiguous

spots. The innermost tawny band consists of a discocellular spot, which is not continued

onwards towards the anal angle as in the allied species.

The female agrees exactly with Hewitson’s representation of that sex of H. orea, the

cross band of the primaries being narrower than in the females of either the next

species or of L. ibis.

The type being in bad condition, we have figured a male specimen from Purula, and

a female from Paraiso, both captured by Mr. Champion.

5. Epiphile plusios, sp. n.

E. plutonie valde similis, sed fascia anticis ultra cellulam obliqua angustiore et fascia altera per cellulam ad

angulum analem extensa notatis; posticis colore czruleo forsan magis nitente.

Hab. Costa Rica, Cache and Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé).

This is the race of E. orea found in Costa Rica and Panama. It has a white apical

spot on the primaries as in Z. plutonia; but the interior tawny band is much the same

as in E. iblis. The blue patch of the secondaries is perhaps a little lighter than in any

of the allied forms. The female has the tawny band of the primaries intermediate in

width between that of E. plutonia and #. iblis. We have only seen three specimens

of this form, one of each sex from Costa Rica, and a male from the Volcan de

Chiriqui.

Note.—Besides the above species, Boisduval includes in his ‘ Lépidoptéres de Guate-

mala’ two Colombian species of Epiphile as occurring within our limits, viz. E. chrysites

(Latr.) and E. epicaste, Hew. Both are said to have been obtained in Nicaragua; but

we have no evidence confirming this extension of their range.

BOLBONEURA. 237

BOLBONEURA.

Bolboneura, Godman & Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 62.

‘A single species at present constitutes this genus, which is restricted in its range to

Southern Mexico and Guatemala.

The position of Bolboneura is somewhat intermediate between Hunica, Temenis, and

Epiphile, having the swollen costal and median nervures of some members of Eunica ;

but this character is much more developed in Bolboneura. The palpi are elongated as

in Epiphile &c.; but the eyes are smooth, and the anal angle of the secondaries rounded

and not produced.

As in Epiphile, the subcostal nervure emits two branches before the end of the cell,

the upper discocellular is short, the chords of the middle and lower discocellulars stand

at less than two right angles to one another, the former making an obtuse angle with

a tangent to the subcostal; the lower discocellular meets the median just beyond the

origin of the second branch ; the costal and median nervures are much swollen at their

bases. The front legs of the male are very slightly hairy; coxa> 4 femur-+ trochanter ;

tibiaxtarsus; tarsus (single-jointed)>% tibia. Middle and posterior legs hairy but

not spiny beneath; claws short, strongly curved. Eyes smooth. Palpi hairy; terminal

joint elongated (more so in the female than in the male), ovate; middle joint stout and

swollen. Antenne 33-jointed, terminal 12 forming a moderate club. The secondary

male sexual organs are very much like those of Epiphile; the tegumen has a central

spine elongated and depressed into a hook; the harpagones are feeble, hairy at the

end, but without spines.

1. Bolboneura sylphis. (Tab. XXIV. figg. 11, 12.)

Temenis sylphis, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 113°.

Bolboneura sylphis, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 62%.

Alis anticis extus dentem ferentibus, posticis margine externo omnino dentato, anticis dimidio apicali fasciis

duabus ochraceis transvittato, dimidio basali et area posticarum interna rosaceo-ceruleis, a margine fusco

rufo separatis linea submarginali chalybeo-ceruleo: subtus anticis fuscis, apice flavido variegato, basi et

fascia obliqua transversa flavis, ad cellule finem linea transversa chalybeo-cerulea ; posticis griseis rufo-

fusco variegatis, maculis magnis hujus coloris apud cost medium et ad angulum analem, macula triangulari

costali flava sicut in genere Hpiphile.

Femina mari similis sed paulo major.

Hab. Mexico (Deppe); Guatema.a, valleys of the interior (FD. G. & O. S.*), Polochic

valley (Hague), San Gerénimo (Champion).

Though the specimens we obtained in Guatemala in 1862 were the first that were

described of this pretty species, Deppe, as has so frequently been the case, had sent

specimens to the Berlin Museum from Mexico some fifty years previously. In Guate-

mala B. syiphis is by no means common; but we have recently received from our

excellent collector Mr. Champion several examples all taken in the neighbourhood of

San Gerdénimo.

238 RHOPALOCERA.

TEMENIS.

Temenis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 84 (1816); Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 203.

Temenis, as restricted by Mr. Bates, contains two species—one the very variable

insect mentioned below, the other 7. pulchra (Hew.), which possibly should be

separated generically from 7. ariadne. The genus is spread over the whole of the

Neotropical Region, and is closely allied to Epiphile, from which its smooth eyes at

once distinguish it.

The subcostal nervure in Temenis throws off two branches before the end of the cell;

the upper discocellular is very short, the middle curved ; its chord and that of the lower

discocellular are in the same line, which lies at a small obtuse angle to the subcostal ;

the lower discocellular meets the median at the origin of the second branch; neither

the costal or median nervures are swollen at their bases. The front legs of the male

are slightly hairy; coxa>4 femur-+trochanter; tibia<femur; tarsus (single-jointed)

—tibia. Claws of middle and posterior legs feeble, moderately curved. Eyes smooth.

Palpi slightly hairy, terminal joint in the male <4, in the female >4% the middle joint

as in Epiphile; middle joint slightly thickened towards the distal end. Antenne with

41 joints, the terminal 14 forming a moderate club. The secondary male sexual organs

have a tegumen with prolonged, central, decurved spine; the harpagones project to the

end of the tegumen, and have a broad lobe without hooks or spines, but are hairy

towards the distal end.

1. Temenis ariadne.

Papilio ariadne, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 182. ff. A, B’.

Temenis ariadne, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 2087; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 347°.

Papilio agatha, Faby. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 54".

Papilio liberia, Fabr. Syst. Ent. iii. p. 185°; Don, Ins. Ind. t. 30. f. 4°.

Alis anticis extus angulatis, posticis angulo anali sensim producto; alis fulvis anticarum apicibus obscurioribus

plaga fulva interdum indistincte inclusa, posticis interdum puncto nigro inter ramos medianos primum et

secundum; subtus posticis paulo obscurioribus, ocellis quatuor submarginalibus et linea submarginali

lunulari ornatis.

Femina mari similis at paulo major, posticis minus productis.

Hab. Muxico, Oaxaca (Fenochio); British Honpuras, Corosal (foe); GUATEMALA,

Polochic valley, Choctum (Hague), San Gerénimo, Duefias (F. D. G. & O. S.), Teleman,

Tocoy, San Isidro (Champion) ; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten?) ;

Panama, David (Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—Sourn America, Colombia to Paraguay.

Most of the many varieties of this widely spread species have been fully described by

Mr. Bates2, to whom it was well known during his sojourn in the valley of the Amazons.

Of the varieties there mentioned, two occur in our region, the palest form (P. liberia,

Fabr.5) being the commonest in Mexico and Guatemala, whilst in Nicaragua, and thence

into Colombia, the variety with darker apex to the primaries (P. agatha, Fabr.’) prevails.

NICA. 239

We have not yet met with any representatives in our region of the variety represented by

Hiibner as Temenis merione, nor yet of that called by Cramer Papilio laothoe. The two

Central-American varieties are not strictly localized as indicated above ; for in Guatemala

the dark-tipped insect occurs with the lighter one, though more sparingly.

Temenis ariadne in Guatemala enjoys a wide range in altitude, being found from

nearly the sea-level at Teleman to 5000 feet above the sea at Duefias. It is a forest-

loving species, though not always forest of the densest kind.

NICA.

Nica, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schm. ii. t. 17; Bates, Journ. Ent. i. p. 204.

Three species are included in Mica, all of which are very closely allied, if indeed they

are really separable. WV. flavilla is the Brazilian race; WV. sylvestris that of the Amazons

valley ; and WV. canthara is found in Venezuela and Colombia, and thence northwards to

Guatemala.

In its general coloration Nica much resembles the lighter forms of Temenis; but the

hind wings are more rounded and less produced at the anal angle than in that genus.

A dark transverse line crosses both wings beneath—a character Mica has in common

with Peria, but which is not found in Temenis.

The subcostal nervure in Mica throws off the first branch before the end of the cell,

the second at the junction of the short upper discocellular; the chords of the middle

and lower discocellular nervules are in a line running at right angles to the subcostal,

and meeting the median a little beyond the origin of the second branch; neither the

subcostal nor the median nervures are swollen at their bases. The front legs of the

male are slightly hairy; coxa stout, >4 femur-+ trochanter ; tibia thickened at its

distal end, <femur ; tarsus thickened at its proximal end, <tibia. Eyes smooth. Palpi

slightly hairy, terminal joint rather >4 middle joint, which is slightly swollen towards

its distal end. Antenne with 31 joints, the terminal 12 forming a rather abrupt club.

The male secondary sexual organs have a tegumen with a long central spine, which is

abruptly depressed into an almost recurved hook; the harpagones project beyond the

tegumen, are hairy at the end, but have no spines.

1. Nica canthara.

Myscelia canthara, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 226°.

Nica flavilla, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3447.

Alis posticis rotundatis margine externo sensim undulato; supra alis fulvis, anticarum apicibus fuscis aut

nigris interdum maculam includentibus; subtus ochraceo-flavidis linea communi transversa extra cellulas

fusca, lineis undulatis duabus submarginalibus fulvidis, anticarum apicibus ocellis albo pupillatis

duobus, posticis duobus ad costam extra lineam transversam altero versus angulum analem.

Hab. Guatemaua, Panan, Pantaleon, San Gerdénimo (Champion), Pacific slopes,

Motagua and Polochic valleys (F. D. G. & O. S.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa

240 RHOPALOCERA.

Rica (Van Patten®), Caché (Rogers); Panama, Bugaba (Arcé), Chiriqui (Champion),

Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—CoLomBia ; VENEZUELA!; JAMAICA.

Though differences can be traced between some Guatemalan specimens of this species

and those from Nicaragua &c., we hesitate to separate them, as neither are very constant

in their markings. The more northern specimens have a less distinct dark apex to the

primaries, and the tawny spot sometimes almost blends with the rest of the wing thus

coloured. Nicaraguan examples, as well as those found in Costa Rica and Panama,

agree with Colombian and Venezuelan specimens, and belong, no doubt, to the species

from the latter country named WN. canthara. Guatemalan specimens, on the other

hand, are not unlike the Brazilian NV. flavilla as figured by Hiibner; but they have no

indication on the upperside of the dark transverse band which crosses both wings

beneath. |

The Amazonian form, NW. sylvestris, Bates, has a dark apex to the primaries, in which

is a white spot.

In the variations of the dark apex of the primaries, V. canthara seems to follow

exactly the modifications of that of Temenis ariadne found in the same district.

In Guatemala Mica canthara is not uncommon in the hotter parts of the country up

to an elevation of about 3000 feet.

EPICALIA.

Epicalia, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 256 (1850).

~ Catonephele, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 40; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 202.

The genus Epicalia contains about seventeen species, all of which are confined to the

Neotropical Region. In Central America we know of five species, three of which reach

Southern Mexico, and are distributed over nearly the whole of our region. Of the

other two, one (EZ. chromis) is found in Costa Rica and the adjoining parts of Panama,

and reappears again in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; the fifth is the widely

dispersed LZ. acontius, which just enters our borders in the State of Panama. In most

of the species of Epicalia the sexes are very different in their markings—so much so,

that for a long time males and females were treated as different species. Mr. Bates’s

observations, however, made when resident in the valley of the Amazons, enabled him

to correct the errors of his predecessors ; and with the clue thus afforded the sexes of

the different species have now been correctly paired so far as we can see.

In Epicalia the subcostal nervure throws off two branches before the end of the cell:

the upper discocellular is very short, the middle angular, its chord running nearly at

right angles to the subcostal; lower discocellular nearly straight, in a line with the

chord of the middle discocellular, and meeting the median nervure some way beyond

the origin of the second branch; the costal nervure somewhat swollen towards its base,

the median not so. The front legs of the male are slightly hairy; coxa> $femur-+

EPICALIA. 241

trochanter; tibia<femur; tarsus (single-jointed)=tibia. Claws of middle and poste-

rior legs moderately curved. Eyes smooth. Palpi slightly hairy, terminal joint about

$ middle joint (in E. nyctimus about 4), which is slightly thickened towards the distal

end. The antenne have 39 joints, whereof the terminal 12 form a moderate club.

The secondary male sexual organs have a tegumen with a long, slightly depressed,

central spine, the harpagones are simple lobes, hairy at the end, and reaching to the

end of the tegumen. In addition to these parts is a separate chitinous piece, probably

present in most Nymphalidw, which, starting from the ventral surface of the distal end

of the seventh segment of the body, extends in two rods almost to the end of the

harpagones, and have some strong spines at their distal ends. This character seems

unusually developed in some species of Epicalia.

a. Costa of secondaries much rounded to cover a large pencil of hairs on the

underside of the primaries.

1. Epicalia acontius.

Papilio acontius, Linn. Mant. p. 5377.

Epicalia acontius, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 2022; F. Miill. Arch. d. Museu Nac. ii. p. 31, t. 3°.

Papilio medea, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 508%.

Alis supra brunneo-nigris, fascia communi lata fulva a ramo discocellulari inferiore anticarum ad medium

marginis interni posticarum ; subtus nebuloso-sericeo-fuscis, anticarum ad apicem albicantibus.

Femina major, anticis magis productis, alis trifasciatis fasciis prima et media extus maculosis, tertia fere omnino

maculosa et omnibus flavis, posticis linea flavicante submarginali, angulo anali rubro-fulvo; subtus

anticarum apicibus et posticarum nebuloso-griseis, lineis indistinctis notatis.

Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (f*Leannan).-—Sovtn America, from

Colombia to Brazil °.

Of this widely spread species we have as yet only seen two female specimens captured

within our border; but it is possibly this species to which Boisduval refers (Lép. Guat.

p- 41) under the name Lpicalia antinoe, the females of the two insects being very

similar in their markings. The male, however, of E. acontius, besides wanting the

apical tawny spot in the primaries, has the peculiar tuft of hairs on the underside of the

primaries so well described by F. Miiller®. Though rare in Panama, it is common,

according to Mr. Bates”, in the Amazons region and in Guiana. We have also a good

supply of specimens from Colombia, just beyond our border.

6. Costa of secondaries normal; no pencil of hairs on primaries.

a’. Sexes widely different in colour, wings not green beneath.

2. Epicalia esite.

Epicala esite, R. Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 1859, p. 472!.

Alis nigris, anticis macula rotunda super ramos medianos sed cellulam haud intrante, altera elliptica ad apicem,

fulvis; posticis macula magna discali ejusdem coloris, angulo apicali et serie punctorum submarginalium

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1., March 1883. 21

242 RHOPALOCERA.

lilacino-ceeruleis ; subtus anticis ochraceis, fascia transversa fusca ultra cellulam ; posticis fuscis ad costam

ochracescentibus.

Femina alis obscure fuscis litura obliqua per cellule finem maculisque ad apicem flavis, posticis lineis duabus

submarginalibus quoque flavis, subtus anticarum apicibus et posticis fusco-griseis, his medialiter leete

rufo-brunneo ornatis.

Hab. Muxico, Potrero (Hedemann}), Cordova (Riimeli & Hoge), Oaxaca (Fenochio) ;

British Honpuras, Rio Hondo (Blancancaux); GuaTEMALA, Panan, Cubilguitz, Pantaleon,

Las Mercedes (Champion), Pacific slope (F. D. G. & 0. 8.), Polochic valley (Hague);

Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica, Cache, Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui,

Bugaba (Champion), Calobre (Areé).—CoLoMBIA.

This species is very closely allied to the Brazilian E. penthia, from which the male

differs in having the inner of the two tawny spots of the primaries rounder in form and

placed wholly outside the cell; the spot, of the same colour, near the base of the

secondaries is also rather more restricted longitudinally. The females of these two

species are almost identical in colour; the transverse yellow band of the primaries in

Central-American examples is perhaps a little narrower. Both #. estte and EL. penthia

have a near ally in £. numilia (Cr.); and the males of the two last named are perhaps

not to be distinguished from one another. ‘The female of EL. numilia, however, has the

whole of the inner area uf the secondaries brick-red, with a submarginal row of black

spots outside the cell.

The closer affinity of L. estte to the Brazilian EL. penthia than to the Guianan and

Amazonian £. numilia is another of the many instances of the relationship subsisting

between Central-American and Brazilian forms, of which we have already had several.

i, esite was first described by Rudolf Felder from Lieut. Hedemann’s specimens

captured at Potrero in Mexico’, where it would appear, from the number of specimens

sent us by Herr Hoge and by Rumeli, to be not uncommon. In Guatemala it enjoys a

wide range in the hotter parts of both sides of the country. It is doubtless also an

inhabitant of low-lying forests throughout the rest of its range.

It is probably to this species Boisduval refers (Lép. Guat. p. 41) under the name

E. numilia.

3. Epicalia nyctimus.

Epicalia nyctimus, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 257*; Hew. Ex. Butt. Epicalia, t. 2. £.5,67; Butl,

& Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 847°; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 41°.

Epicalia sclacia, Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 123 (nec Hew.)’.

Alis supra brunneo-nigris, fascia communi lata fulva ab anticarum apice ad medium marginis posticarum

interni; subtus rufo marmoratis, marginibus externis fere rufo immaculatis, anticis fascia fulva sicut in

pagina superiore sed apicem haud intrante.

Femina femine LE. chromidis supra similis sed minor, subtus fasciis pagine superioris bene indicatis, posticis

griseo et rufo marmoratis, plaga magna unicolori fusca ad angulum apicalem.

Hab. Mexico* (Deppe), Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuatemaLa, central

EPICALIA. 243

valleys, San Geronimo (F. D. G. & O. S.), Teleman, San Juan, Cubilguitz, Coatepeque,

Zapote, El Tumbador (Champion), Polochic valley (Hague); Honpuras4; Nicaragua,

Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten); Panama, Chiriqui (Champion), Calobre

(Arcé).—CotomBia>; VeNuzvEta!; Ecvapor!.

This is the commonest species of the genus in Central America, being found from

Southern Mexico through our region to the north-western portion of South America.

Specimens from all parts of this wide area are remarkably uniform in their markings,

and show no differences worthy of note. The South-American ally of E. nyctimus is

EL. salacia, Hew., a species of the upper portion of the Amazons valley; to this insect

we erroneously ascribed Mr. Simons’s specimens from Northern Colombia®.

Mr. Champion has recently sent us paired specimens of this species, satisfactorily

proving that, different as the sexes are in colour, they belong to one insect.

£. nyctimus is a lowland species, not ranging above 3000 feet in Guatemala.

4. Epicalia chromis. (Tab. XXIV a. figg. 1, 2.)

Myscelia chromis, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 27. f. 1.

Epicalia pierretiu, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 8472.

Alis supra brunneo-nigris, fascia lata communi fulva a ramo anticarum discocellulari inferiore ad medium

marginis posticarum interni; anticis macula ejusdem coloris elliptica ad angulum apicalem; subtus

anticis ochraceis, costa late cum margine externo conjuncta nigris, maculis duabus in costa aliisque quatuor

submarginalibus albidis; posticis ad basin ochraceis lineis tribus nigris transfasciatis, a cellule fine ad

marginem externum sericeo-rufo-fuscis litura indistincta ochracea in medio notatis.

Femina alis fusco-nigris, anticis vitta discali et maculis duodecim flavis notatis, posticis fascia per cellulam

(anticas intrante) flava, fascia altera maculosa margini externo parallela et linea submarginali quoque

flavis notatis; subtus, anticarum apicibus et posticarum ad basin albidis, his extus sicut in mare sed serie

ocellorum in medio quoquc notatis.

Hab. Honpuras (Doubleday & Hewitson*); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Rio Sucio,

Trazu (Rogers) ; PAnama.—CoLoMBIA.

This species is so nearly related to E. pierettii that when males alone are compared

no tangible difference can be traced. The females, however, present the following

slight characters, which serve to distinguish the two species:—The spots on the

primaries are all yellow; the innermost transverse yellow band of the secondaries is

narrower in £. chromis; and in the apex of the primaries is a tawny-red spot not visible

in the allied form.

When Doubleday named this species the relationship of the sexes in Epicalia were

not understood, and LE. chromis was placed in the genus Wyscelia, the male of the allied

E. pierettii appearing in its proper genus Hpicalia. We now have both sexes of each

of these species, and can thus trace their true affinity. An ailied species is £. salambria,

Feld., the male of which differs on the underside of the wings.

. chromis is not a common butterfly, being found at a considerable elevation in the

forest-clad mountains of Costa Rica and Panama. We have a single female specimen

21 2

ond

244 RHOPALOCERA.

from Northern Colombia, captured by Mr. Simons near San José, in the Sierra Nevada

de Santa Marta.

6’. Sexes not very different in colour, wings green beneath.

5. Epicalia aglaura, (Tab. XXIV. figg. 13,143,15 ¢.)

Epicalia aglaura, Westw. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 29. f. 37.

Epicaha obrinus, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 8477.

Alis nigris, anticis fascia ultra cellulam lata et altera minuta subapicali cyaneis; posticis litura costali fulva ;

subtus virentibus, anticis fasciis pagine superioris pallidioribus lineis transversis in cellula; posticis linea

transversa obscura bisectis, punctis submarginalibus et linea submarginali notatis.

Femina mari similis, sed alis magis fuscescentibus et litura fulva carentibus.

Hab. Mexico!; Britiso Honpuras, Corosal (Roe); GuatemaLa, Polochic valley

(Hague), Cahabon (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van

Patten). |

The only evidence we have of the occurrence of this species in Mexico is the state-

ment, in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, that the type came from that country ’.

From British Honduras we have a pair, and from Guatemala several males (one of

which is figured), and a female from the same country. All our Guatemalan specimens

are from the Polochic valley, except one taken by Mr. Champion in the adjoining

valley of the Cahabon river.

Most writers who have had occasion to refer to this species have treated it as a

variety of E. ancea of Guiana and the valley of the Amazons; but we have seen enough

specimens to convince us that the difference in the shape and position of the fulvous

spot of the secondaries is quite constant, and that the species is, in fact, a very good

one, restricted in its range to the low-lying forests of Central America.

It was first made known by Hewitson’s figure in the ‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’

EUBAGIS.

Eubagis, Boisduval, Voy. de Astr. Entom. p. 70; Atlas, Lep. t. 3. f. 3 (1832) ; Doubleday, Gen.

Diurn. Lep. p. 233.

Dynamine, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 41 (1816).

This genus contains upwards of thirty species, all of which belong strictly to the

Neotropical Region, to the exclusion of Chili and the extreme southern parts of the

South-American continent. The focus of the genus seems to be the valley of the

Amazons, where Mr. Bates found no less than twenty-two species. Eubagis, however,

is well represented in our region by twelve species, only four of which are not found

elsewhere. Of the remainder, some, such as Z. postverta, have a range as wide as the

genus itself; others are more restricted, being only found outside our limits in the

adjoining South-American States; others again, such as the rare E. chryseis, occupy in

common Central America and the Amazons valley.

EUBAGIS. 245

Eubagis seems divisible into two sections, which have almost the value of genera. The

section in which the sexes are coloured alike and have a comparatively long upper

discocellular nervure to the primaries, the middle discocellular merged in the lower

radial, and no lower discocellular at all, besides peculiarities in the secondary

sexual male organs, is that to which the name Eudbagis strictly applies, EL. athemon

being the typical species. For the other section Hiibner’s name Dynamine may be

used, the typical species being LE. postverta. In this section the sexes are divergent in

colour, the upper discocellular is short, and there is a feeble lower discocellular, besides

other characters. As there is much in common between these two sections, we hesitate

to separate them, and follow the usual practice of keeping them in one genus, for

which, as is our custom, we prefer to use Boisduval’s name Hudbagis, so well defined

by Doubleday, instead of that of Hiibner.

In Lubagis (E. postverta) the subcostal of the primaries emits two branches before

the end of the cell, the third branch a long way beyond it; the chord of the middle

discocellular is in a line with the short upper discocellular, that of the atrophied lower

discocellular, which meets the median nervure at the origin of the second branch, is at

right angles to the subcostal. In L. theseus the upper discocelJular is much longer

than in £. postverta, the middle discocellular is merged in the lower radial, which is

nearly straight from where it parts from the upper radial, and there is no trace of a

lower discocellular. The front legs in the male (£. postverta) are slightly hairy ;

coxee >+ femur + trochanter; tibia = femur; tarsus (single-jointed) =3 tibia. Eyes

hairy. Antenne with 31 joints (37 in H. theseus), the terminal 11 forming a moderate

club. Palpi slightly hairy, terminal joint short; middle joint rather stout and long,

somewhat swollen in the middle. The male secondary sexual organs have a well-

developed tegumen terminating in a sharp point; the harpagones have two recurrent

hooks, one near the distal end, the other on the ventral edge. In £. theseus these

hooks are absent.

a. Sexes nearly alike; inner area of both wings white.

a’. Secondaries without ocelli beneath.

1. Eubagis agacles.

Papilio agacles, Dalm. Anal. Ent. p. 47’.

Eubagis agacles, Bates, Journ. Ent. il. p. 320°.

Alis albis fusco-nigro marginatis, ciliis posticarum omnino albis, anticis macula ultra cellulam costam attingente

et duabus ad marginem externum albis; subtus marginibus fuscis ochracco variegatis et viridi lincatis,

maculis albis pagine superioris majoribus et posticis lunula angustissima ad angulum apicalem alba

ornata.

Obs. E. theseo similis, sed statura minore et colore viridi anticarum costali absente differt.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, Calobre (Champion).—-VENEZUELA ; LowrR

Amazons?; SoutH Braziu}.

246 RHOPALOCERA.

Eubagis agacles differs from all the species of this section, except H. ate described

below, in the absence of the metallic colour towards the base of the dark costa of the

primaries. From E. ate it can at once be recognized by the absence of the dark

discoidal band of the secondaries.

We have many specimens from the neighbourhood of the Volcan of Chiriqui; these

differ in no way from those collected by Mr. Bates at Para and in its vicinity; nor can

they be distinguished from Pernambuco examples captured by Mr. W. A. Forbes.

Others from the Brazilian province of St. Paulo are also identical.

Mr. Bates’s specimens were taken about the skirts of the woods on the banks of the

Amazons. ;

This is the smallest species of the group.

2. Kubagis pieridoides.

Eubagis pieridoides, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 410’.

i. theseo similis, sed plerumque major, colore viridi coste anticarum magis extenso, macula alba discali absente ;

subtus stria obliqua alba ad cellule basin, et macula apicali posticarum alba fere obsoleta distinguenda.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Cortompia!; VENEZUELA.

We have a single female specirnen from Panama, agreeing with others from Colombia

and Venezuela, which we attribute to this species of Dr. Felder’s. It is most nearly

allied to H. theseus, differing in the white of the inner portion of the wing extending

into the cell and absorbing the discal spot of . theseus, which is represented by a

notch. Beneath there is an oblique white streak inside the cell of the primaries, not

seen in the allied species. The white lunate spot near the apical angle of the

secondaries is almost obsolete.

E. pieridoides was described by Felder from Bogota specimens, which were probably

taken in the hot forests of the valley of the Magdalena river. Our Venezuelan

specimens were captured by Dr. Hahnel near San Esteban.

8. Eubagis theseus. (Tab. XXIV a. figg. 7, 8.)

Eubagis theseus, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 106°.

Alis albis fusco-nigro extus marginatis, anticis puncto in cellula albo, altero extra eam majore costam

attingente et duobus in margine externo albis, regione costali viridi nitente; subtus ut supra, sed punctis

albis majoribus et parte fusco-ochraceo lineis viridescentibus variegata, posticis quoque lunula alba ad

angulum apicalem ornatis.

Femina mari similis, sed colore viridi ares costalis anticarum fere obsoleto vix distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico, Valladolid in Yucatan (Gawmer); GUATEMALA, San Gerénimo (Cham-

pion), Motagua valley, Pacific slopes (. D. G. & O. S.); Costa Rica (Van Patten).—

CotomspiaA!; VENEZUELA},

Besides one of the types of this species, formerly in Dr. Kaden’s collection, we have

a Colombian example named by Dr. Felder himself. These differ in no way from

EUBAGIS. 247

Guatemalan examples, where the species is far from uncommon. At first sight

E. theseus much resembles E. agacles; but, besides being larger, the males have the

base of the wings suffused with greenish blue. From E. pieridoides it differs in having

a white spot within the cell of the primaries, the white of the interior portion of the

wing keeping outside the cell.

Our figure represents a specimen taken at San Gerénimo, Guatemala.

4. Eubagis anubis. (Tab. XXIV «a. fig. 9.)

Eubagis anubis, Hew. Ex. Butt. Eubagis, t. 3. f. 16, 17'; Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 821’.

. theseo haud dissimilis, sed margine posticarum externo angustiore fusco et subtus posticis macula costali

ferruginea, macula alba apicali nulla distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaracua (Belt ?).—Ecuapor; AMAZONS VALLEY ! 2

We only know of the existence of this species within our limits from the single

Nicaraguan specimen mentioned by Mr. Bates2, which is now in our possession, and

which we have figured. This is a male, and differs from Hewitson’s figure in the

narrowness of the black border of the secondaries. The valley of the Amazons seems

to be its chief habitat.

E. anubis is the largest of the Central-American species of this group, and differs

from all of them in having a costal spot on the secondaries beneath.

b’. Secondaries with two ocelli beneath.

5. Eubagis ate, sp.n. (Tab. XXIV a. figg. 5, 6.)

Alis supra fere ut in E. theseo, sed marginibus omnibus obscuris multo latioribus fascia fusca cellulam posti-

carum transeunte anticarum marginem internum intrante (sicut in femina HZ. athemonis) bene separata ;

subtus quoque ocellis duobus in margine posticarum externo ab E. theseo et ab omnibus hujus sectionis

speciebus distinguenda.

Hab. Guatemaua, Teleman, Cubilguitz (Champion).

At first sight this species recalls some of the forms of E. athemon, on account of the

discal stripe across the secondaries; but not only is the costa of the primaries without

any metallic colour, but the secondaries beneath have two ocelli, a character that does

not occur in any other member of this section.

At present we have only seen three specimens of this species, two of which were

captured at Teleman, on the Polochic river, by Mr. Champion, a little above the level

of the sea. one of which is figured; the other is from Cubilguitz, in the forests of

Northern Vera Paz, at an elevation of about 1200 feet.

248 . RHOPALOCERA.

6. Sexes different.

ce’. Secondaries beneath without ocelli.

6. Hubagis sosthenes. (Tab. XXIV a. figg. 17,183,199.)

Eubagis sosthenes, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 34°.

Alis supra olivaceo-viridibus, anticarum apice, margine externo et angulo anali indentato fusco-nigris, posticis

angulo anali late ejusdem coloris; subtus anticis maculis sex magnis albis notatis, area angusta inter has

fusca ochraceo variegata et viridi lineata; posticis sericeo-albis, lineis quinque transversis fulvis bene

separatis notatis.

Femina anticarum dimidio apicali fusco maculis sex albis notato, posticis margine externo et linea submarginali

fusco notatis ; subtus fere ut in mare, maculis anticarum albis minoribus.

Hab. Nicaraeva, Chontales (Belt!).

The nearest allies of this species are the Brazilian H. ines and the Colombian

E. setabis, from both of which it differs in having the outer dark margin of the

primaries reduced to a narrow border, and in the anal angle of the secondaries being

broadly blackish. It differs from EF. setabis beneath in having the ultimate and penul-

timate bands of the secondaries single instead of double. . chryseis is also an allied

species, but has the apex of the primaries broadly black. So far as we know,

E. sosthenes is restricted in its range to Nicaragua, where it was obtained by Belt,

who supplied Hewitson with the specimens he described; and from this same source

the examples we now figure were obtained.

7. Eubagis chryseis. (Tab. XXIV a. figg. 15, 16.)

Eubagis chryseis, Bates, Journ, Ent. ii. p. 822, t. 14. ff. 2, 2a.

E. sosthent affinis, sed anticarum apicibus late fusco-nigris, posticis margine externo angustissime fusco distin-

guenda ; subtus quoque maculis albis anticarum minoribus diversa.

Femina adhuc ignota.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).—UPprer AMAZONS.

In having no ocelli on the secondaries beneath, EL. chryseis shows its relationship to

Ei. sosthenes and its allies; but the wholly black apex of the primaries at once distin-

guishes it from all of these. Belt is the only naturalist who met with this species in

Nicaragua; his specimens differ in no way from Mr. Bates’s previously unique type

from St. Paulo on the Upper Amazons.

A Nicaraguan specimen is figured.

8. Hubagis salpensa, (Tab. XXIV a. figg. 13, 14.)

Eubagis salpensa, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 113'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3447.

Eubagis tithia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 344 (nec Hiibner)'*.

Alis cyaneo-viridibus, anticis dimidio distali fusco-nigro maculis albidis quinque notatis; posticis linea angusta

submarginali fusca; subtus anticis ad basin et apicibus fulvis, his macula magna alba notatis, maculis alteris

EUBAGIS. 249

sicut in pagina superiore, posticis fulvescenti-albidis lineis tribus fulvis transvittatis, ea per cellule finem

transeunte duplici.

Femina femine £. sostheni similis quoad alarum paginam superiorem, sed macula magna alba ad posticarum

marginem costalem ; subtus posticis lineis tribus nec quinque transversis differt.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten); Panama, Bugaba

(Arcé).—CotomBia; VENEZUELA; Peru; Bo.ivia.

A close ally of the Brazilian E. tithia, the chief difference consisting in the innermost

of the transverse bands of the underside of the secondaries being nearly of the same

width throughout, whereas in L. tithia it diverges considerably towards the costa.

E. tithia shows two submarginal bands to the secondaries, one only being visible in

EE. salpensa. .

This species was originally described by Dr. Felder from specimens from the Rio

Negro in Northern Brazil ; we now trace it through Venezuela and Colombia, and in our

region as far north as Nicaragua, where Belt obtained the male example now figured.

d'. Two ocelli on the secondaries beneath.

9. Eubagis thalassina. (Tab. XXIV«. figg. 10, 113,129.)

Eubagis thalassina, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 42".

Eubagis immarginata, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 63’.

Alis supra olivaceo nitentibus, anticis immaculatis et limbo externo haud fusco marginato, posticis margine

externo fusco puncto albo interdum ad angulum analem; subtus alis ochraceo-fuscis, anticis lineis

duabus (una discali, altera infra cellulam) et maculis sex albis area inter maculas viridi lineata, posticis

albidis, lineis quinque ferrugineis transvittatis, area inter secundam et tertiam obscuriore, area inter

quartam et quintam ferrugineo lavata et ocellis duobus (una ad angulum analem, altera ad apicem) ornata.

Femina fusca, lineis duabus transversis communibus albis, anticis quoque maculis quinque notatis, posticis linea

albida obscura submarginali.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson”); Costa Rica!; Panama, Volcan de

Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé).

This species is allied to EL. postverta, from which it differs in the absence of all spots

on the primaries above; these are of the uniform green characteristic of so many

members of the genus. The females of these two species are very much alike; that of

E. thalassina differs, however, in having the central band of the secondaries beneath

rather narrower, and inclosing a less distinct whitish mark.

When describing this species under the name of E. immarginata, we did not recognize

Boisduval’s description ; we are now convinced that both names refer to the same insect,

to which, therefore, the title of E. thalassina must be applied.

Besides the single specimen sent us by Janson, we have found others in Belt’s

collection, a male and a female of which are figured, also from Nicaragua; we have,

too, several examples from the State of Panama.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., March 1833. 2K

250 RHOPALOCERA.

10. Eubagis postverta.

Papilio postverta, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 254. ff. C, D*.

Eubagis postverta, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 3257.

Papilio mylitta, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 2538. ff. D, E°.

E. thalassine affinis, sed anticis limbo externo (medialiter indentato) fusco et maculis duabus ejusdem coloris

(una minore ad cellule finem, altera majore infra eam) primo visu distinguenda, ©

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Deppe, Fenochio), Jalapa (Hoge), Valladolid in Yucatan

(Gaumer); British Honpuras, Corosal (oe); GuaremaLa, San Gerénimo, Teleman

(Champion), Yzabal, Choacus (F. D. G. & O. S.), Polochie valley (Hague); Honpuras,

San Pedro ( Whitely); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Cache

(Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui, Bugaba, Calobre (Arcé).—Soutn America from Colombia

to Brazil.

This has by far the widest range of any species of the genus, as will be seen above.

It is an exceedingly common insect throughout the whole of Central America, and is

everywhere very constant in its markings. It is the only species of Hubagis we know

of which has an isolated black spot between the branches of the median nervure,

rendering it easy to recognize.

In Guatemala it is a denizen of the warmer parts of the country, its range in altitude

not much exceeding 3000 feet.

11. Eubagis dyonis.

Dynamine dyonis, Hiibn. Zutr. ex. Schmett. ff. 871, 872?.

Eubagis dyonis, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 344°.

Eubagis egea, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 844 (nec Fabr.) *.

Alis eeneo-olivaceis nitentibus ab omnibus hujus generis distinguenda, marginibus externis fuscis, anticis

medialiter indentatis ; subtus ocellis posticarum fascia alba a margine externo bene separatis.

Femina fascia alba communi una nec duabus a femina ZL. postverte distinguenda; subtus lateribus fascie

medie posticarum haud parallelis.

Hab. Mexico (Karwinsky1), Jalapa (Hoge), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer);

GuaTEMALA, Polochic valley (Hague), Cahabon, San Gerénimo, El Reposo (Champion),

Motagua valley, Pacific slopes (/. D. G. & O. S.); Nicaracua, Chontales (Janson) ;

Costa Rica (Van Patten ??), Trazu, San Francisco (Logers).

This species, first described from specimens brought from Mexico by the traveller

Karwinsky 1, is, we believe, peculiar to Central America; we have seen no examples

of it from any place south of Costa Rica. The male can be easily recognized from

its allies by the golden tint of its upper surface. The female, as pointed out

below, differs from that sex of £. glauce in having the central cross band of the

secondaries beneath divergent towards the inner margin, where it encloses a whitish

triangular mark.

EUBAGIS.—HAEMATERA. 251

12. Eubagis glauce. (Tab. XXIV a. figg. 20, 21g, 222.)

Eubagis glauce, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 324°.

Alis olivaceis nitentibus, anticarum apicibus fuscis maculam indistinctam includentibus. E. dyont affinis, colore

alarum in mare haud eneo tincto distinguenda.

Femina femine £, dyonis persimilis, sed subtus lateribus fascisee medi posticarum parallelis dignoscenda.

Hab. GuaTeMALA, Choctum, Polochic valley (Hague), Northern Vera Paz, central

valleys (F. D. G. & O. S."); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van

Patten), Cache, San Francisco (Rogers). —CotomBia; VENEZUELA; Peru; AMAZONS

VALLEY’.

This species is most nearly allied to E. dyonis; but the males may be distinguished

by the greener and less golden tint of the upper surface. The females, which are very

much alike, differ in the central cross band of the secondaries beneath being of a nearly

uniform width; in H. dyonis this band widens towards the inner margin, where it

encloses a whitish triangular mark. In both these species the ocelli are more isolated

than in L. postverta.

E. glauce was described by Mr. Bates from specimens from the Amazons valley,

where he found it abundant in the neighbourhood of Ega. In our country it is by no

means uncommon in Guatemala, and thence southward to Costa Rica; but we have no

specimens from the State of Panama. We have figured Guatemalan examples—the

male from the Polochic valley, the female from the forests of Northern Vera Paz.

HAMATERA.

Hematera, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 231 (1849).

There appear to be three species contained in this small Neotropical genus. That

first described under the name of Papilio pyramus occurs in the Amazons region and

Colombia, and is the one we include in our fauna, two specimens being in Belt’s

collection from Nicaragua. A species closely allied to this, and figured as P. pyramus

by Stoll, occurs in Brazil and Paraguay. The third species is P. thysbe, which is found

in Northern Colombia and Venezuela. The genus is not closely allied to any other

that we know of; we place it here, following Doubleday’s arrangement.

In Hematera the subcostal nervure of the primaries emits its first branch just before

the end of the cell, the second some way beyond it; the upper discocellular is longer

than in the neighbouring genera, except Eubagis; the middle curves rather abruptly into

the lower radial, there being no trace of a lower discocellular; the costal and median

nervures are considerably swollen towards their proximal ends. The front legs of the

male have the coxa > 4 femur-+ trochanter; tibia < femur; tarsus < tibia. The eyes

are smooth. The palpi are slightly hairy, the terminal joint being about 4 the middle

joint, which is stout and slightly swollen towards the distal end. The antenne have

38 joints, the terminal 10 forming an abrupt club. The secondary male sexual organs

2K 2

252 RHOPALOCERA.

have a tegumen terminating in a long depressed central spine, beneath which, in the

interior of the cavity of these organs, are two strong spines ; the harpagones are simple

lobes, hairy, but without spines; they project about to the end of the tegumen; the

detached piece below the harpagones is abruptly splayed out at its distal end, which is

cut square ; the two angles bear two long strong hairs each.

1. Hematera pyramus.

Papilio pyramus, Fabr. Spec. Tns. ii. p. 180"; Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist. iii. t. 28. f. 3, 4; Don. Nat.

Rep. i. t. 8. f. 2 (nec Stoll) *. .

Alis nigris, anticis medialiter, posticis plaga magna costam attingente coccineis, alis ambabus ad basin ferrugineo-

rufo lavatis; subtus anticis ut supra, apicibus vero et posticis omnino fuscis griseo irroratis, his maculis

quibusdam fulvis indistincte notatis.

Femina ut videtur a mare differt anticis solum nec posticis coccineo ornatis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Choutales (Belt).—CoLomBia ; AMAZONS VALLEY.

Two specimens in the late Mr. Belt’s collection, the only Central-American ones we

have seen, agree with others from Colombia and the Amazons valley, and appear to be

the species represented by Donovan ? and Drury? as Papilio pyramus of Fabricius 1.

Both Belt’s specimens are males; but a female from Santarem in the Amazons valley,

which we attribute to this species, differs from the male in having a large red spot on

the primaries alone, the secondaries being uniform black. A similar sexual difference

exists in the South-Brazilian Hematera.

CYCLOGRAMMA.

Cybdelis, Sect. II. Cyclogramma, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 219 (1849).

Doubleday, who first suggested this name for the two species mentioned below, does

not seem to have examined either of them thoroughly; for he would at once have seen

that their affinities were with Callicore rather than with Cybdelis. Indeed, so close is

the relationship with the former genus that we somewhat doubt the propriety of keeping |

them separate. In Cyclogramma the upper discocellular of the primaries, though short,

is distinctly visible; but in Callécore the upper radial branches immediately from the

subcostal. The tibia, too, of the latter genus are more dilated than in Cyclogramma.

Two species have hitherto been associated in this genus, both of them Central-

American or Mexican. To these may probably be added the Ecuadorean Catagramma

ceryx, Hew., which has more the appearance of a Cyclogramma than of the genus in

which Hewitson placed it; but we have not examined this rare species critically.

In Cyclogramma the first subcostal branch in the primaries is emitted beyond the end

of the cell, the upper discocellular is short, the middle curved into the lower radial,

there being no lower discocellular. The front legs of the male are hairy ; the coxa rather

long=3 femur+trochanter; tibia > femur; tarsus (single-jointed)=femur; both tibia

and tarsus slightly expanded laterally. Eyes hairy. Palpi slightly hairy, terminal

CYCLOGRAMMA. 253

joint <4 middle joint, neither being dilated. Antenne with 33 joints, the terminal 9

forming a rather abrupt club. The secondary male sexual organs have a pointed

tegumen; the harpagones have a terminal lobe without spines, but inside near the base

is another elongated lobe or blunt spine.

1. Cyclogramma pandama.

Cyclogramma pandama, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 219, t.27.£.5'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8.

1874, p. 349°.

~ Alis brunneo-fuscescentibus, anticarum dimidio postico obscuriore, puncto subapicali albo, stria transversa ultra

cellulam a costa ad angulum analem fulva; subtus anticis plus quam dimidio basali coccineo, deinde fascia

transversa nigra, apice et posticis griseo-fuscescentibus, his fascia valde sinuata transversa et duabus

submarginalibus lunulatis nigris et figuras duas 8 formantibus notatis.

Femina mari similis, coloribus supra forsan pallidioribus.

Hab. Mexico! (Deppe), Cordova (Hége), Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuaTemata, Dueiias,

Polochic valley (F. D. G. & O. 8.), San Gerénimo, Fl Tumbador (Champion); Costa

Rica (Van Patten ®), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé, Champion),

Bugaba (Champion).

One of the most familiar species in Central America, being found throughout the

country from Southern Mexico to the State of Panama. We met with it at Duefas

and elsewhere in Guatemala at an elevation of about 5000 feet, which is probably nearly

the extreme limit of its vertical range.

It frequents the roadside pools in company with Callicore, Callidryas, &c.

Deppe’s specimens, now in the Berlin Museum, were probably the first sent to

Europe; but the species was not figured until nearly twenty years afterwards, in the

‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ in 18491.

2. Cyclogramma bacchis. (Tab. XXIV a. figg. 3, 4.)

Cybdelis bacchis, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 2191.

Cyclogramma bimaculata, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, v. p. 565 a

Alis fuscis cyaneo tinctis, anticis macula magna discali et altera minore ad apicem albis; subtus fere sicut in

C. pandama, sed anticis ad basin tantum coccineis et maculis albis pagine superioris apparentibus.

Hab. Mexico2, Acatlan, Huahuapan (Hedemann), Tuzantla (Bilimek), Oaxaca

(fenochio).

Doubleday, in describing this species, gave its locality as Bolivia, doubtless in error,

as we find our Mexican specimens agree accurately with the type. This mistake

probably misled Hewitson, who redescribed this insect under the name of C. bimaculata?.

In the catalogue of his collection, however, it stands under Doubleday’s name.

C. bacchis has a very restricted range in Southern Mexico, where it would appear to

be by no means common. We have figured an example from our collection sent us

from Oaxaca by Don A. Fenochio.

254 . RHOPALOCERA.

Besides the specimens in our collection and those in the British Museum, we have

seen others in the Museum at Vienna obtained through Lieut. Hedemann and Herr

Bilimek.

CALLICORE.

Callicore, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 41 (1816); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 237.

Mr. Kirby in his Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera includes the names of twenty-

three species in this genus; but many of these were proposed by Guénée in 1872, the

greater part of which have not been satisfactorily recognized by more recent workers.

In our own collection we possess some twenty species, which number probably about

represents the specific strength of the genus. Of these, five are found within our area,

only two of which, C. astala and C. eupepla, are peculiar to it, the former being generally

distributed throughout the region from Mazatlan to Panama, the latter being peculiar

to Costa Rica and Panama. The metropolis of the genus seems to be the slopes of the

Andes, few species being found in Guiana and Southern Brazil.

In Callicore the first branch of the subcostal nervure of the primaries is emitted

beyond the end of the cell, the upper discocellular is absent, the middle curves into

the lower radial, there being no trace of a lower discocellular. The front legs of the

male are hairy ; the coxa stout, >% femur+trochanter ; tibia swollen, > femur; tarsus

(single-jointed)=femur. yes hairy. Palpi hairy, terminal joint=4 middle joint,

which is not swollen. Antenne with 385 joints, the terminal 12 forming a somewhat

abrupt club. The secondary male sexual organs are very like those of Cyclogramma:

they have a pointed tegumen; the harpagones are simply lobed, and there is what

appears to be an inner lobe starting from near the base of each harpagone.

a. One or more indistinct spots in the rings of the underside of the secondaries.

1. Callicore astala. (Tab. XXV. figg. 5, 6 2.)

Catagramma astala, Guér. Icon. Régne An. Ins. texte, p. 479".

Callicore astala, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 3447,

Callicore cornelia, H.-Sch. Samml. aussereur. Schm. ff. 21, 22’.

Alis supra nitidissime ceruleis, ciliis externis albis, anticarum apicibus nigris maculam albam includentibus,

plaga sericeo-cerulea discali a cellule fine ad angulum analem transeunte; subtus anticis dimidio antico

coccineo, preter basin albam dimidio postico nigro apice albo, linecis duabus submarginalibus notatis,

posticis sericeo-albis, costa et linea submarginali coccincis, hac inter lineas duas nigras posita, lineis

quoque duabus transversis nigris ad basin, et extra eas duobus annulis figuram 8 habentibus, maculis

duabus indistinctis inclusis.

Femina mari similis, colore cxruleo absente et macula sericeo-cerulea majore et viridescenti tincta, atomis

quoque Viridibus ad anticarum basin notata.

Hab. Mexico}, Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio); Guatemata, San Gerénimo,

Polochic valley, Choctum (Hague), Senahu, San Gerdénimo, Zapote (Champion), Yzabal,

Pacific slope, Duefas (£. D. G. & O. S.); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica

- CALLICORE. 255

(Van Patten?), Cache, San Francisco (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion,

Arcé). 7

Callicore astala may be distinguished from all its Central-American allies by having

the spots within the rings on the underside of the secondaries nearly obsolete, a

character it has in common with the Colombian C. gabaza. It is an exceedingly common

species throughout the whole of Central America. In Guatemala we found it at all

elevations up to about 5000 feet. It is a curious fact that females are extremely rarely

met with; we have seen many hundreds of males, but only three of the opposite sex

have ever come under our observation. We can only suppose that the latter are much

more retiring in their habits than the males, which are conspicuous in the crowds of

butterflies that throng damp sandy places. One of these females is figured.

Callicore astala was described by Guérin-Méneville from Mexican examples!; and

the same country supplied Herrich-Schaffer with the specimen he subsequently figured

as C. cornelia®.

6. One or more distinct black spots in the rings of the underside of the secondaries.

a’. A white spot near the apex of the primaries.

2. Callicore anna.

Catagramma anna, Guér. Icon. Régne An. Ins. texte, p. 480’.

Catagramma phytas, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 41°.

Alis nigris, ciliis externis albis, anticis fascia transversa ultra cellulam a costa ad angulum analem viridescenti-

cerulea nitente, puncto albo ad apicem, posticis fascia submarginali cretaceo-cerulea notatis; subtus fere

sicut in C. astala, colore posticarum coccineo ad costam restricto, annulis distincte nigro bipunctatis.

Hab. Mexico 1, Mazatlan (forrer), Orizaba, Oaxaca (fenochio), Jalapa (Hége), Cordova

(Riimeli); British Honpuras, Rio Hondo (Blancaneaur); GuaTemMata, Duefas (Ff. D. G.

& O. S.), Chisoy valley, Choctum, San Gerdénimo, Polochic valley (Haque), Las Nubes

(Salvin) ; Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers).

This species at first sight is not unlike C. astala, having a white spot near the apex

of the primaries as in that insect; but it wants the dark blue sheen of C. astala, and it

has a submarginal blue band to the secondaries; the spots also in the rings of those

wings beneath are clearly defined.

Like C. astala it has a very extended range, the two species being often found in

close proximity.

We have not yet met with the female of this common species.

Like the preceding, C. anna was described by Guérin-Méneville from Mexican

specimens, whence we have received several specimens. Boisduval’s name, C. phytas,

seems undoubtedly to belong to the same species. We know of no other common

Guatemalan Callicore to which his description is at all applicable.

256 RHOPALOCERA.

8. Callicore eupepla. (Tab. XXV. figg. 3, 4.)

Callicore eupepla, Godm. & Saly. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4; ii. p. 146’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S.

1874, p. 3442,

Alis nitidissime ceeruleis, certe luce ambabus viridescente nitentibus, anticis puncto apicali albo, posticis litura

subapicali cretaceo-cerulea ; subtus fere omnino ut in C. anna colore coccineo anticarum magis restricto.

Femina adhuc ignota.

Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol }, Van Patten ?), Cache (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé),

Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba (Champion).

One of the most beautiful species of the genus, being allied to C. phlogea of Colombia

and C. metiscus of Venezuela, all of them insects with a brilliant greenish-blue gloss on

the wings, which varies according to the angle at which the light falls upon them.

C. eupepla was first described from specimens from Costa Rica, where we have since

ascertained it is by no means uncommon ; it is equally abundant in the neighbourhood

of the Volcan de Chiriqui.

b'. No white spot near the apex of the primaries.

4, Callicore marchalii.

Catagramma marchalii, Guér. Icon. Régne An. Ins. texte, p. 481°.

Callicore eucleides, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 844°.

Alis nigris, anticis fascia viridi-cerulea ultra cellulam a vena subcostali ad angulum analem transeunte, posticis

litura angusta (nonnunquam absente) submarginali cretaceo-cerulea; subtus sicut in C. anna, colore

sericeo-albo verum fumoso-brunneo suffuso.

Femina mari similis, at fascia anticarum paulo latiore.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten?), Cache (Rogers) ;

Panama, Chiriqui, Veraguas (Arcé), Bugaba (Champion), Lion Hill (M*Leannan).—

CoLoMBIA!; VENEZUELA; Ecuapor.

Distinguished from its allies by having the ground-colour of its posterior wings

beneath of a smoky brown instead of white. In this respect it resembles the Colombian

C. gabaza, which, however, has the spots within the rings on the secondaries obsolete,

those in C. marchalii being clearly defined.

Nicaragua is, so far as we know, the most northern point reached by this species; but

in Costa Rica and in the State of Panama, as well as in Colombia, it appears to be very

abundant.

We have one female of this species from Nicaragua, the only one we have yet seen.

C. marchalii was described by Guérin-Méneville from Colombian examples.

5. Callicore neglecta. (Tab. XXV. figg. 1, 2.)

Callicore neglecta, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iv. p. 176°.

Alis nigris, fascia anticarum et litura posticarum submarginali nitenti-ceruleis, hac litura altera angusta

cretaceo-ceruleo marginata; subtus fere omnino ut in C. anna.

Femina adhuc ignota.

Hab. GuatEemMata, Central valleys (F. D. G.& 0. S.1)—Ecvapor; Peru; Bo ivia.

CATAGRAMMA. 257

Though of wide range in South America, a single specimen from Guatemala is the

only one we have received from Central America. It is most nearly allied to C. clymena,

but, besides having the markings of the underside less deeply impressed, there is a second

submarginal blue band on the secondaries, not seen in any other species of the genus.

The inner and wider of the two blue bands of the secondaries is shining blue, like the

band of the primaries; this is not so in C. clymena, showing that the narrow external

dull band in C. neglecta is the homologue of the wider band of C. elymena.

CATAGRAMMA.

Catagramma, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. t. 9. f. 2 (1836) ; Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 2438.

The genus Catagramma is a purely Neotropical one, containing about forty species,

which are distributed throughout Tropical America to the exclusion of the West-Indian

Islands. The greatest number of species are to be found in the Amazons valley and

the eastern slopes of the Andes of Ecuador and Peru. In Central America and Mexico

we find twelve species, only four of which reach Southern Mexico, where all are rare,

and two of them peculiar to the country, being represented at present by single speci-

mens. (Guatemala has six species, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama eight. Of the

whole twelve, eight species are peculiar to our country, the other four speading into

the adjoining parts of Colombia and some into Ecuador.

Catagramma may easily be distinguished from Callicore by its smooth eyes and by

the subcostal nervure of the primaries throwing off its first branch before the end of

the cell. The front legs, too, of the male have the tibia and tarsus more dilated at the

end.

As already stated, the subcostal nervure of the primaries in Catagramma (C.

pitheas) emits the first branch before the end of the cell, the second some way beyond

it; the upper discocellular is very short; the middle discocellular curves abruptly to

join the lower radial, there being no trace of a lower discocellular. The front legs of

the male are hairy, the coxa slightly > 4 femur-+trochanter ; femur slender; tibia<

femur, slender at its proximal end, but considerably dilated towards its distal end;

tarsus (single-jointed) rather >4 tibia, swollen and rounded at its distal end. The eyes

are smooth. Antenne with 39 joints, of which the terminal 13 form a rather abrupt

club. Palpi with terminal joint short, being<4 the middle joint, which is slender and

of nearly uniform thickness throughout. The male secondary sexual organs have a

tegumen with a long central spine, below which in the cavity of these organs are two

strong spines curved abruptly downwards and outwards; the harpagones are feeble,

simple, slightly upturned lobes, projecting to the point of the tegumen and slightly

hairy on the ventral and lateral surfaces.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., March 1883. 21

258 RHOPALOCERA.

a. Primaries crossed with a tawny or red band, base black or blue.

a’. Spots of secondaries beneath arranged in a line.

1. Catagramma atacama.

Catagramma atacama, Hew. Ex. Butt. Catagramma, t. 1. f.1, 21; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874,

p. 343°.

Alis nigris, anticis fascia obliqua ultra cellulam fulva, anticarum basi et area interna posticarum distali virides-

centi-cyaneis ; subtus anticis fere ut supra, costa ad basin, linea longitudinali in cellula et fascia trans-

versa apicali flavis notatis, maculis quoque tribus cyaneis in apice ipso, posticis fasciis sex flavis transfas-

ciatis, prima basali marginem internum attingente, quarta ad angulum analem maculis duabus cyaneis

terminata, area nigra inter quintam et sextam ad angulum analem lunulis quibusdam cyaneis notata,

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten®); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Veraguas

(Arcé).—Cotomsia }.

Hewitson described this species from specimens said to have come from Quito, but

all our South-American examples have been obtained in the more northern State of

Colombia. Within our limits it is by no means an uncommon species in collections

made in the vicinity of Chiriqui; and a single specimen was in Van Patten’s Costa-

Rican series. . |

The markings of this insect are very constant; but one individual from Colombia has

the tawny band which lies in the same line as the two blue spots of the secondaries

beneath broken up into a series of spots. In this respect it resembles C. faustina; but

in that species all the spots in this band are blue instead of being tawny.

2. Catagramma faustina. (Tab. XXV. figg. 7, 8.) |

Catagramma faustina, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p.184'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 343”.

C. atacame similis, sed subtus linea transversa posticarum quarta omnino macularum cyanearum composita

distinguenda.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Lion Hill (If*Leannan').

C. faustina was described from a single specimen sent us by M‘Leannan from the

Isthmus of Panama. ‘The only other example we have met with is that included by

Messrs. Butler and Druce in their list of Van Patten’s Costa-Rican collection.

As already stated, this species is closely allied to C. atacama, but may at once be

distinguished by the row of blue spots which crosses the secondaries beneath. This

in the allied species for the greater part of its length is replaced by a continuous tawny

band, which, again, in rare instances is broken up into tawny spots.

Our figure is taken from the Panama insect, the type of Mr. Bates’s description.

b'. Spots of secondaries beneath not in a line, but enclosed in a single ring.

3. Catagramma, lyca.

Catagramma lyca, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 28. f. 4; Hew. Ex. Butt. Catagramma, t. 5.

f. 38, 39”.

CATAGRAMMA. 259

C. atacame similis, quoad colorem alarum paging superioris; subtus anticis fascia discali ad basin nulla, posticis

lineis tribus flavis transfasciatis, area inter secundam et tertiam maculis ceruleis septem irregulariter

positis notata, fascia quoque cerulea submarginali ornatis.

Hab. Mexico1?; Guatemana, Choctum (LHague).

A rare species, at present only known from Mexico and Guatemala; and from the

latter country a single specimen alone has reached us. It was first described and

figured in the ‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ under a manuscript name of Boisduval’s,

and again figured by Hewitson in his ‘ Exotic Butterflies.’

It may be distinguished from its allies in having the tawny band of the primaries as

well as those of the secondaries beneath very narrow. The blue submarginal band of

the secondaries extends right round to the apical angle. In the only other allied

Central-American species this band for half its length is tawny, and the blue of the

secondaries above is of a much brighter hue.

In South America three other allied species occur, the nearest being C. salamis of

Felder ; but this differs both from C. lyca and C. erias (next described) in having the

tawny band of the primaries beneath approaching almost to the base of the wing; C.

mionina of Hewitson is also an allied form with a large elliptical tawny spot in the

primaries. C. egina of Felder is again another nearly related species, in which the

tawny band of the primaries occupies more of the costa and approaches the base of

the wing.

4, Catagramma erias, sp. n.

Catagramma lyca, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 343} (nec Doubleday).

C. lyre similis, sed plaga cyanea posticarum viridescentiore, subtus linea posticarum submarginali haud omnino

cyanea sed dimidio apicali flavo distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson), Graytown (Muncaster); Costa Rica

(Van Patten1); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé), Lion Hill

(M‘Leannan).

It seems desirable to separate this Central-American form from its South-American

allies, seeing that the differences observable, though small, are very constant. It

comes nearest to C. salamis, having the tawny band of the primaries above of nearly

the same width. Beneath, however, this band does not approach the base of the

wing as in that form. From C. lyca it differs in the greater brilliancy of the blue

of the secondaries, and in having the apical half of the submarginal band of those

wings beneath tawny.

C. erias is by no means scarce in the State of Panama, and thence northward to

Nicaragua. A Costa-Rican specimen obtained by Van Patten was called C. lyca by

Messrs. Butler and Druce; but it undoubtedly belongs to the present species.

a 2u2

260 RHOPALOCERA.

_¢!. Spots of secondaries beneath enclosed in two rings.

5. Catagramma tolima. (Tab. XXV. fig. 19.)

Catagramma tolima, Hew. Ex. Butt. Catagramma, t. i. f. 7, 8°; Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 114.

Alis nigris, anticis fascia lata fulva bisectis, area posticarum anali chalybeo-cyanea; subtus fascia flava latiore,

altera minuta ad angulum apicalem, linea submarginali cerulea, posticis punctis cyaneis duplicibus flavo

(figuram 8 formante) annulatis, fasciis duabus ejusdem coloris ad basin macula fulva ad costam conjunctis ;

fascia submarginali cyanea a coste medio ad ale basin, ad apicem extra eam linea submarginali flava

ornatis.

Hab. GuateMALa, central valleys (F. D. G. & O. S.).—Ecvapor '.

Hewitson’s types of this species came from Ecuador, whence we have several spe-

cimens. Our only record of it in Central America is derived from a single example

taken by ourselves in the interior of Guatemala. It can at once be distinguished from

C. denina by the absence of a tawny band intervening between the ring which encloses

the spots and the blue submarginal band. Like C. denina it has a reddish costal spot

on the secondaries, a character which is absent in C. pacifica.

6. Catagramma denina. (Catagramma guatemalena, Tab. XXV. figg. 17, 18.)

Catagramma denina, Hew. Ex. Butt. Catagramma, t. 8. f. 60, 61°.

Catagramma guatemalena, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 184°.

C. tolime similis, sed subtus posticis fascia altera flava inter annulum maculas circumcingentem et fasciam sub-

marginalem cyaneam ornatis, fascia illa cum fascia flava secunda conjuncta.

fab. GUATEMALA, Polochic valley 2, Choctum and San Gerénimo (Hague), Panima

(Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Panama, Lion Hill (1d*Leannan).—

CotomBia!; Ecuapor.

This species occurs with hardly a break from Ecuador to Guatemala; but we have

not yet seen specimens from Costa Rica. The Guatemalan insect was described by Mr.

Bates under the name of C. guatemalena, and was compared by him with C. tolima, from

which it is no doubt perfectly distinct. Weare unable to trace any tangible difference

between Guatemalan and Colombian examples which should bear Hewitson’s name

C. denina; all therefore should pass under this name, being the oldest. The only

difference worthy of note is that the spots of the secondaries beneath are not divided

by ‘the yellow band in C. guatemalena. ‘This character, however, fails in certain

instances.

In Guatemala this species is found only on the eastern side of the country up to an

elevation of about 4000 feet; in Nicaragua and Panama it is found at a much lower

level. It is a curious fact that all our Panama specimens, five in number, are females ;

elsewhere the males are much more numerous than the other sex.

CATAGRAMMA. 261

7. Catagramma pacifica. (Tab. XXV. figg. 15, 16.)

Catagramma pacifica, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 185°; Butl. & Druce, P.Z.S. 1874,

p. 343°. .

Catagramma bugaba, Staud. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 103°.

C. denine et OC. tolime similis, sed subtus macula posticarum fulva ad costam absente primo visu distin-

guenda.

Hab. Guatemata, Pacific slopes (F. D. G. & O. 8.1), Rio Naranjo (Champion) ; Costa

Rica (Van Patten”); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Ribbe*, Arcé, Champion), Bugaba

(Arcé, Champion); Calobre (Arcé).

This insect is found only on the Pacific side in Guatemala, whence the specimens

first described by Mr. Bates were derived; it is, however, much more common in the

neighbourhood of Chiriqui, where all collectors who have visited that region have met

with it in abundance. Specimens from this latter locality were described by Dr.

Staudinger as C. bugaba; but there can be no doubt as to the identity of the two

insects. C. pacifica can be readily distinguished from C. denina and C. tolima by the

absence of the quadrate reddish-orange spot near to the base of the costa of the

secondaries beneath.

b. Primaries red at the base either above or beneath.

8. Catagramma titania. (Tab. XXV. figg. 12¢, 13, 142.)

Catagramma titania, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, iv. p.177*; Butl. & Druce, P.Z. 8. 1874,

p. 343 2.

Alis nigris, cyaneo suffusis, anticis dimido basali coccineo, fascia indistincta subapicali rufa ; subtus anticis fere

ut supra fascia subapicali flava et maculis apicalibus cyaneis notatis, posticis punctis duplicibus cyaneis

flavo indistincte circumcinctis, fasciis duabus ad basin et altera submarginali ejusdem coloris, inter has

fascia cyanea parallela.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Deppe); GUATEMALA, central valleys, Polochic valley, Pacific

slope (F..D. G. & O.S.), Choctum (Hague), Tocoy (Champion) ; Nicaracua, Chontales

(Janson); Costa Rica ( Van Patten) ; Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).

A common species throughout Central America, and especially so in Guatemala, where

+t occurs in the lowlands bordering the two oceans. Its nearest ally is C. maimuna,

which is found in Ecuador and the Upper Amazons ; but the red of the primaries in

the northern species is more restricted, the dark parts of both wings are glossed with

blue, the anal angle of the secondaries 1s more produced, the patch of blue more

widely diffused, and on the underside the yellow lines are constantly narrower.

As a rule, this species is fairly constant in its markings; but we have a male specimen

from the Pacific side of Guatemala which is altogether devoid of the blue tint of the

upper surface.

262 RHOPALOCERA.

9. Catagramma, patelina.

Catagramma patelina, Hew. Ex. Butt. Catagramma, t. 2. f. 13, 14°; Butl. & Druce, P.Z. 8. 1874,

p. 343.

C. titania similis, sed alis magis rotundatis, coloré coccineo anticarum saturatiore et magis restricto, subtus

posticis maculis tribus annulo flavo inclusis et fascia flava separatis, fascia quoque cerulea submarginali

maculosa distinguenda.

Q mari similis, sed major et alis magis rotundatis, posticis ad basin brunneo lavatis.

Hab. Guatemata}, San Miguel, Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belt,

Janson) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten).

C. patelina was described by Hewitson from a specimen from Guatemala, where,

however, it must be extremely rare, for out of the many thousands of butterflies from

that country examined by us we have only been able to detect a single male example.

In Nicaragua it would appear to be rather more abundant, judging by the number of

specimens sent by Mr. Belt. From Costa Rica we have only one example.

This species differs from C. titania in having the red of the primaries more restricted,

and the markings of the underside more clearly defined. Instead of two pairs of spots

on the secondaries, there is only one, next the costa; the ring enclosing these spots is

complete; and the submarginal blue band is broken up into spots.

10. Catagramma, rutila.

? femine C. pateline affinis, sed colore anticarum coccineo multo magis extenso, posticis ad basin distincte

rufo-brunneis.

Hab. Mexico (Boucard).

Of this species we have a single specimen, formerly in the collection of Mr. Druce,

who obtained it from M. Boucard, with the locality “ Mexique” attached to it. It

evidently represents a Mexican species allied to C. patelina; but the much greater

extension of the red of the primaries precludes it from being placed with that species.

The male, which is at present unknown to us, from the analogous case of C. titania

doubtless resembles the female in the extent of the red of the primaries, and the dark

parts will probably show a blue reflection.

11. Catagramma casta. (Tab. XXV. figg. 9, 10.)

Catagramma casta, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, iv. p. 178 -

Alis nigris cyaneo suffusis, anticis macula subapicali flava venis divisa; subtus anticis ad basin coccineis macula

flava pagine superioris majore et extra eam linea submarginali cyanea ; subtus lineis et maculis sicut in

C. patelina positis, sed omnibus multo tenuioribus et minoribus.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (enochio 1).

A single male specimen sent us by Mr. Fenochio, which formed the type of our

description, is the only one we have yet seen of this beautiful species. It was obtained

CATAGRAMMA.—CALLIZONA. 263

on the eastern slope of the mountains of Oaxaca in Southern Mexico, at an elevation of

about 3000 feet above the level of the sea.

12. Catagramma, pitheas.

Erycina pitheas, Latr. in Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 90, t. 37. f. 5, 6°.

Alis nigris, anticis fascia subapicali et altera communi a basi coste ultra posticarum cellulam extendente

coceineis ; subtus axticis sicut supra fascia subapicali flava et altera ultra eam angustissima cyanea, posticis

rosaceo-flavis, maculis duabus nigris (una cyaneo pupillata ad medium coste, altera interdum bipupillata

angulum analem versus), extra has annulo nigro incompleto costam haud occupante, parte submarginali

linea cyanea notata, parte marginem internum attingente linea flava picta.

mari similis, sed major et colore coccineo dilutiore distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaracua, San Juan del Sur (Salvin), San Miguelito (Janson), Chontales (Belt) ;

Panama, Calobre,’ Bugaba (Arcé), David (Champion), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—

ConomBIA!; VENEZUELA; Perv; Lowrer Amazons.

There are two forms of this insect which seem always associated together in the same

locality. In one, the marks of the secondaries beneath are narrow and the spot nearer

the anal angle has a single light centre; on the upperside the red of the secondaries is

less produced: this is the true C. pitheas of Latreille. In the other form the dark

marks of the secondaries beneath are wider, the anal spot contains two light marks, and

the red of the secondaries above extends further toward the outer margin. Both

these forms occur in Central America.

Though not yet met with in Costa Rica, C. pitheas is not uncommon in Nicaragua,

where it was taken by both Belt and Janson. Salvin also captured some specimens in

the month of April 1873, in the scrubby forest in the outskirts of the seaport of San

Juan del Sur.

In the State of Panama it is not uncommon; but in Northern Colombia it occurs

in abundance, and thence southward to Peru.

CALLIZONA.

Callizona, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 246 (1850).

As Doubleday remarks, the single species composing this genus seems somewhat out

of place in the position he has assigned to it, and where subsequent writers have been

content to leave it. As will be noticed below, there are characters in the secondary

male sexual organs which suggest an affinity between Callizona and Melitea. Godart

placed C. acesta in the genus Argynnis, which allocation Doubleday admitted to be not

without justification. Our observations, therefore, tend somewhat to confirm this view.

On the other hand the pupa, according to Stoll, has appendages like those of Ageronia,

a fact of undoubted weight.

In Callizona the subcostal nervure of the primaries emits two branches before the

264 RHOPALOCERA.

end of the cell, the second close to the origin of the short upper discocellular ; the

middle discocellular is slightly curved, its chord standing at right angles to the lower

radial ; a nerve-rudiment represents the lower discocellular. The front legs of the

male have a stout coxa, >4 femur-+trochanter; tibia=femur; tarsus (single-jointed)

=coxa, the femur, tibia, and tarsus are all very slender. The eyes are smooth.

Antenne with 39 joints, the terminal 9 forming a slender club. The palpi have a very

short terminal joint, about =} the middle joint in the male, = in the female ; the

middle joint is slender and of nearly uniform width throughout. The male secondary

sexual organs have a very short tegumen, blunt and without central spine; the harpa-

gones have a blunt terminal spine ; below is a short recurved hook ; in addition to these

there is a strong outwardly curved spine nearly in the middle of the inner surface of

harpagones. In structure these parts are unlike what we find in the genera usually

associated with Callizona, and greatly resemble those of Melitwa cinaia.

2. Callizona acesta.

Papilio acesta, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 2987; Clerck, Ic. Ins. t. 43. f. 37.

Callizona aceste, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 212°.

Trigidia acesta, Aurivill. K. Svensk. Vet.-Ak. Handl, xix. no. 5. p. 98 *.

Alis fulvis, maculis pagine inferioris perlucentibus, anticis dimidio distali nigro fasciam obliquam flavam et

alteram maculosam apicalem includente; subtus anticis ut supra, basi vittis nigris notatis et ad apicem

maculis albidis ornatis, posticis pallide rosaceo-fuscis, lineis transversis et maculis variegatis, illis ad basin

et marginem internum attingentibus crebrioribus, lineis minutis submarginalibus et inter eas linea fulva

angulum analem attingente.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten), Irazu (Rogers);

Panama, Bugaba, Chiriqui (Champion), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Sovutn AMERICA to

the Amazons valley and North Brazil.

There is but one species of this genus spread over this wide area, which, though

subject to some variation, does not admit of subdivision. The chief point of variation

is in the amount of black in the distal portion of the primaries: in most cases it extends

towards the base so as to isolate a tawny cross band from the rest of the wing; in

others it is reduced so that the tawny band becomes united with the basal portion of

the same colour. The width of this tawny band varies, and also its colour, being much

paler in some individuals than in others.

Mr. Bates tells us that it is a common insect in the Amazonian forest. It is always

found about the trunks of trees, settling frequently on the bark with its wings held in

a perpendicular position.

Callizona acesta was known to Linneus from specimens in the Museum Ulrice,

which form the subject of Clerck’s figure. Doctor Aurivilius, in his recent paper upon

these Linnean types, has given a careful summary of the references to this species

by early writers.

GYNACIA. 265

GYNZCIA.

Gynecia, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 248 (1850) (ex Boisduval MS.).

A single species of wide range throughout Tropical America constitutes this genus.

In some respects this insect has a general appearance not unlike that of Callizona: but

the resemblance is superficial, though the habits of the two coincide in that they settle

on trees in the same way with the wings perpendicular.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in Gynecia emits two branches before the

end of the cell; the upper discocellular is very short, the middle nearly straight but

slightly curved where it meets the lower radial. There is a rudimentary lower disco-

cellular which meets the median nervure a little beyond the origin of the first branch.

The front legs of the male have a stout coxa a little >+4 femur-+ trochanter; tibia

slightly swollen towards its distal end=femur ; tarsus single-jointed==2 tibia *.

Hyes smooth. Antenne with 40 to 42 joints, whereof the terminal 10 form a rather

abrupt club. Palpi slightly hairy, terminal joint >4 middle joint, which is slender and

of nearly uniform width. The male secondary sexual organs have a pointed tegumen ;

the harpagones are broad lobes, hairy at the extremity and on the ventral surface ;

there is a decurved dentate process at the distal end and a curved hook on the inner

surface of each harpago. The penis is not straight, but is curved upwards in the

middle.

In the structure of these parts Gynecia differs widely from Callizona.

1. Gynecia dirce.

Papilio dirce, Linn. Mus. Uly. p. 287’.

Gynecia dirce, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 250, t. 29. f£.1°; Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 212°.

Colobura dirce, Aurivill. Kong. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl. xix. no. 5, p. 90+.

Papilio bates, Clerck, Ic. Ins. t. 36. f. 3°.

Alis fuscis, posticis subcaudatis, anticis fascia obliqua flava bisectis ; subtus fascia anticarum pagine superioris

obvia, alarum reliquo pallide lilacino-flavo lineis variis undique ornato, posticis ocellis submarginalibus ab

angulo apicali decrescentibus ; duabus quoque in angulo anali producto positis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli); Guatemaua, Las Mercedes, San Isidro (Champion),

Polochic valley (Hague), Chuacus, Pacific slopes (f. D. G. & O. S.); Honpuras?;

Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (I/‘Zeannan).

— ANTILLES *, Cuba, Haiti; Sourw America generally to Brazil.

A wide-ranging species, extending over the whole of Tropical America, including some

of the West-Indian islands. Except that the underside of specimens from the latter

* In one of the specimens dissected the tarsus of one side, but not of the other, has five strong spurs at

equal intervals near its distal end. These may indicate the tarsal joints, which in other respects have become

fused and the sutures entirely obliterated,

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., November 1883. 2M

266 RHOPALOCERA.

region are darker, it is remarkably constant in its characters. In Guatemala it is found

in the lowlying portions of the country and up to an elevation of about 3000 feet.

Mr. Bates met with it in the same situations as Callizona acesta, settling on the trunks

of trees in the same way ; but though it has considerable resemblance on the underside

to that insect, not only does it differ in the shape of the wings, but also in many other

important points of structure, as we have indicated above.

ECTIMA.

Ectima, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 227 (1849).

This genus contains four or five species, some of which are not very clearly defined.

These range over the whole of Tropical America from Southern Brazil to Nicaragua,

no species, however, being found as yet in the West-Indian islands.

The species all bear a strong resemblance to one another, being mottled above,

somewhat as in Ageronia, and with a distinct bar across the primaries. Like the

Ageronie the species of Ectima settle on tree-trunks and lie with the wings expanded.

The subcostal nervure in Ectima emits the first branch before the end of the cell, the

second some way beyond it; the upper discocellular is very short, the middle much

curved, and the lower an atrophied nervule reaching the median just beyond the origin

of the second branch. The front legs of the male have a stout coxa >} femur- tro-

chanter; the femur, tibia, and tarsus are all slender, the tibia slightly> tibia, tarsus

4 tibia; the tarsus has two joints. Eyes smooth. Palpi slightly hairy; terminal

joint=# middle joint, which is slender and of uniform width throughout. Antenne

with 34 joints, of which twelve form a rather abrupt club. ‘The male secondary sexual

organs have a tegumen with a slightly depressed hook, below which is a projection

pointing outwards in the middle of the anal cavity; the harpagones are simple narrow

lobes, hairy at their extremity and along the ventral edge. On the ventral surface and

independent of the harpagones and tegumen is a long chitinous rod forked at its distal

end and reaching almost to the end of the harpagones. ‘This rod is not an extension of

the penultimate segment, but extends as a rod into the abdomen, reaching beyond the

withdrawn penis. The latter is straight and not curved as in Gynweia.

1. Ectima rectifascia.

Ectima rectifascia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 345°.

Ectima livia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 344 (nec Fabr.)’.

Alis fuscis, anticis fascia ultra cellulam (margine interno haud indentato) albida transvittatis, macula subapicali

nigra punctis tribus albis notata, anticarum basi et posticis omnino lineis transversis nigricante fuscis

notatis, posticis ocellis submarginalibus cecis notatis; subtus anticis ut supra parte basali et apice sordide

cinereis, posticis ejusdem coloris maculis et lineis ferrugineo-fuscis notatis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten!*); Panama, Buguba

(Arcé), Volean de Chiriqui (Champion).

Central-American specimens of this Ectima are very constant as regards the light-

ECTIMA.—AGERONIA. 267

coloured cross band of its primaries, which from the straightness of its margins suggested

the name given it by Messrs. Butler and Druce!; but we fail to find any example in

Dr. Van Patten’s collection at all answering to EL. “ria, a name which is also included

in their list ?.

Mr. Bates, who found allied species throughout the Amazons region, observed them

in company with Gynecia dirce, all settling on the trunks of trees, but the Hetima

lying with its wings flat, in the manner of the Ageronie.

We never met with Ectima ourselves, as the most northern point of its range is

Nicaragua, where Belt obtained it. In the neighbourhood of Chiriqui it appears to be

abundant, judging from the number of specimens Mr. Champion has forwarded to us.

AGERONTIA.

Ageronia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 41 (1816), partim.

The species usually placed in Ageronia naturally group themselves into two sections,

each of which presents sufficient characters to justify its being considered a genus.

These differences are pointed out below.

The name Ageronia was applied by Hubner to four species, all belonging to the

genus as hitherto understood. Three of these, however, go with A. arethusa into

Boisduval’s genus Peridromia ; the fourth, Ageronia chloe, therefore, we retain as the

type of Ageronia. With this species we place five or six others, all having the essential

characters of Ageronia. In Central America we find four species of Ageronia as thus

restricted, one being the widely spread A. ferentina, which ranges from Mexico and

some of the Antilles to the Argentine Republic; of the rest, 4. g/auconome is found

from Southern Mexico to Nicaragua, A. atlantis is common to Mexico and Guatemala

but nowhere abundant, and A. lJedaps has hitherto only occurred in the Mexican State

of Durango.

The peculiar habits of the Ageronie have been frequently described, how they settle

on the trunks of trees with the wings expanded and the head down, and how when

pursuing one another they produce a sharp cracking noise apparently with the wings ;

but this point has never yet been satisfactorily determined.

The subcostal of the primaries (A. atlantis) emits two branches before the end of the

cell; the upper discocellular is very short, the middle convex, and the lower also slightly

convex in a simple curve and meeting the median nervure at the origin of the second

branch. The front legs of the male have a rather stout coxa about=#% femur-+tro-

chanter; tibiamfemur; tarsus with sutures of joints sometimes visible=tibia. Eyes

smooth. Antenne with 48 joints, whereof 9 form a moderate club. Palpi slightly

hairy ; terminal joint short, about=% the middle joint, which is of nearly uniform width

throughout. The male secondary sexual organs have a pointed tegumen, beneath

which in the anal cavity is a strong spine directed outwards ; the harpagones are

2M2

268 RHOPALOCERA.

simple pointed lobes without spines, but hairy towards the end. There are also two

rods attached to the upper edges of the ventral portion of the terminal segment of

the abdomen.

a. Two submarginal ocelli in the anal angle of the secondaries beneath, composed of a

black ring and a tawny lunule outside a black one embracing the upperside of a

white spot.

1. Ageronia ferentina.

Nymphalis ferentina, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 428°.

Ageronia ferentina, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 312°.

Papilio feronia, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 362. A, B (nec Linn.)’.

Alis griseis fusco et olivaceo variegatis; posticis ocellis submarginalibus ornatis, ocello singulo, annulo nigro

lunulis duabus, una exteriori ferruginea altera interiori nigra circumcingente et medialiter macula nigra

pupillata; subtus cinereis, anticis parte distali fusco variegatis, posticis linea valde irregulari ultra cellulam

et ocellis quinque submarginalibus notatis, horum secunda a costa et duabus angulo anali proximis

lunulis ferrugineis et nigris notatis.

Hab. Mexico, Acapulco (Markham), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova (Riimeli), Valladolid

in Yucatan (Gaumer); Guavemata, Yzabal, Chuacus, Central valleys, Pacific slope

(f. D. G. & O. S.), Polochic valley (Hague), Chiacam, Panima (Champion) ; Honpuras,

San Pedro (Whitely); Nicaragua; Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—CoLomBIa ; VENEZUELA;

Amazons?; Peru; Braziu!; Argentine REPUBLIC; ANTILLES, Haiti.

This is a variable species as regards the colour of the upper surface, some specimens

being greyish, while others are of a browner hue; but we can detect no difference

between some of our Mexican examples and one from the Argentine Republic, so there

can be but little doubt that the same species spreads throughout the whole area.

Mr. Bates speaks of it as a common and widely-distributed insect frequenting orange-

orchards and open sunny places in the forests, and when sporting or quarrelling with a

companion it makes a sharp cracking noise with its wings. A. jferonia and other

species have similar habits. We also noticed A. ferentina when alighting on the trunk

of a tree turn head downwards with its wings expanded, as mentioned by Darwin when

writing of an allied species *.

2. Ageronia glauconome. (Tab. XXVI. figg. 9, 10.)

Ageronia glauconome, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 114).

Ageronia enoe, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 26°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 847°.

A, ferentine similis, sed alis omnibus cinerascentioribus et area anticarum apicali plaga magna cretaceo-alba

cinereo variegata ornata ; ocellis posticarum sicut in A. ferentina.

* Narr. Voy. Beagle, iii. p. 38.

AGERONIA. 269

Hab. Mexico, Acapulco (Markham), Yucatan (Boisduval*); Guatemata, Polochic

(Hague), Central valleys (F. D. G. & O. 8.1); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt) ; Costa Rica

(Boisduval).—CoLomB1a 2

A pretty species, distinguished by its delicate grey colour and by the extensive patch

of chalky white on the apical portion of the primaries. Mr. Bates described it from

specimens obtained by us in the interior of Guatemala !, where, however, it is by no

means common, and confined, so far as we know, to the department of Vera Paz. We

have a single specimen from Acapulco, in Mexico, captured by Captain A. H. Markham,

and it also occurs in Yucatan, according to Boisduval?; the same authority records it

from Costa Rica, whence, however, we have no specimens, though we have several from

the adjoining State of Nicaragua.

A single specimen captured by Mr. F. Simons at Manaure in northern Colombia

differs to some extent from Central-American examples. ‘The cretaceous white of the

primaries is more extensive and more broken up with grey marks; it has also some white

spots near the apex of the secondaries. ‘These discrepancies are to some extent in the

direction of A. ferentina, and the specimen may hereafter prove to be an extreme form

of that insect, or possibly a distinct species.

6. Submarginal ocelli of secondaries black with a blue centre.

8. Ageronia atlantis. (Tab. XXVI. fige. 5,63,7,82.)

Ageronia atlantis, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 115°.

Alis fuscis, viridi-olivaceo marmoratis, anticis apicem versus litura fere obsoleta alba notata; posticis ocellis sex

submarginalibus ornatis lineola cerulea pupillatis ; subtus griseo-albis, anticarum dimidio distali pro majori

parte nigerrimo, parte proximali lineis nigris variegata, posticarum parte submarginali fusco variegata et

ocellis sicut supra ornata.

Q mari similis, sed major et litura anticarum apicali magis distincta; subtus anticarum parte distali nigro

variegato haud plaga nigra integra notata.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Staudinger); Guatemana, Chuacus (f. D. G. & O. S.1, Hague).

The first example of this species was taken by us in the little hamlet of Chuacus in

Guatemala, situated in a valley which opens into that of the Rio Motagua at an

elevation of about 3000 feet above the sea. This specimen was a female and was

described by Mr. Bates!. Mr. Hague subsequently obtained a series of examples from

the same spot, where alone it has yet beenfound. With all the characteristic markings

of this genus, A. atlantis has peculiarities not shared by any other species except the

following. The chief points of note are the strong greenish tinge of the upper surface

of the wings, the rounded primaries, the blue pupil of the ocelli, and the black apical

portion of the underside of the primaries of the male.

270 RHOPALOCERA.

4, Ageronia lelaps, sp. nov.

9 A. atlanti affinis et ocellis posticarum eodem modo ceruleo pupillatis, alis omnibus supra fuscescentioribus

viridi haud tinctis, anticis lituris indistinctis duabus haud una transfasciatis.

do adhuc ignotus.

Hab. Mexico, Ventanas (Forrer).

A single female specimen of this Ageronia was captured by Mr. Forrer at Ventanas

in the State of Durango, Mexico, at an altitude of about 3000 feet above the sea. It

differs from A. atlantis in its upper surface being browner, the apical band being dusky

instead of white, and having the indications of a second band within. The ocelli are

smaller, the blue pupils are obsolete on the upper surface, but are plainly visible

beneath. Our single specimen is not in very good condition, and we look anxiously

forward for more perfect examples, including the male.

PERIDROMIA.

Peridromia, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. t. 23. f. 5 (1858).

Ageronia, part., Hiibner et auctt.

In this genus we propose to place the species of Ageronia which have in the male

the first two branches of the subcostal nervure anchylosed in a common origin from the

subcostal, and in which the lower discocellular has a double curve and meets the median

halfway between the first and second branches. In the female the neuration is much

more like that of both sexes of Ageronia; the first and second subcostal branches have

each a separate origin, and the lower discocellular joins the median nearer to, if not

actually at, the origin of the second branch. In other respects the two groups are very

similar; the femur, tibia, and tarsus are, perhaps, more slender in Peridromia than in

Ageronia, but the difference is not great ; the lower radial too of the primaries is not

so straight. |

There are thirteen species known of Peridromia, the focus of the genus being the

valley of the Amazons. In Central America we find seven species, all of which, with the

exception of P. guatemalena, are also found in South America.

a. Sexes differently coloured; underside of wings black.

1. Peridromia arethusa.

Papilio arethusa, Cr. Pap. Ex. i. t. 77. ff. H, F°.

Ageronia arethusa, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 83°; Bates, Journ. Ent. i. p. 314°.

Papilio laodamia, Cr. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 180. f. A.

Peridromia arete, Luc. Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 310° (nec Doubl.) ; Boisd. Lep. Guat. p. 27°.

Alis velutino-cyaneo-nigris, maculis cyaneis precipue ad costam et marginem externum anticarum et margines

externum et interiorem posticarum notatis; subtus nigris, posticis punctis ad basin tribus aliisque ad mar-

ginem interiorem et externum coccineis ornatis.

§ mari similis, sed punctis cyaneis crebrioribus, anticis fascia alba bisectis ; subtus maculis coccineis majoribus.

PERIDROMIA. 271

Hab. Mexico # ®, Oaxaca (Fenochio); British Honpuras, Rio Hondo (Blancaneauz) ;

GuaATEMALA, San Gerénimo, Polochic valley (F. D. G. & O. S.*), Las Mercedes (Champion) ;

Nicaracua, Chontales (elt); Panama, Chiriqui, Veraguas (Arcé).—CoLoMBIA ; VENE-

ZUELA*?; Peru; Bouivia?; Gurana?2,

Some confusion has existed regarding this species, owing to its close relationship to

the South-Brazilian P. arete*, which, however, may be distinguished from it by the

upper surface of the wings of the male being much more profusely and evenly spotted

with blue. The female is not so easily recognized; but, as far as we can see from our

own examples, the white cross-band of the primaries in P. arete is narrower and more

distinctly cut by the veins, the portion nearest the anal angle being broken off into a spot.

With the exception of South-eastern Brazil, P. arethusa is found throughout Tropical

America. It was first described by Cramer from Surinam examples!. Mr. Bates found

it at many places on the banks of the Amazons and its tributaries. In our region it

occurs as far north as Mexico; in Guatemala it is found in the hot lowlands, and up to

an elevation of about 3000 feet.

b. Sexes nearly alike; underside of wings nearly black or black and red.

2. Peridromia amphinome.

Papilio amphinome, Linn. Syst. Nat. il. p. 779°; Cr. Pap. Ex. i. t. 54. ff. EH, F?.

Ageronia amphinome, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 314°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 347 *.

Peridromia mexicana, Lucas, Rev. Zool. 1858, p. 311’.

Alis nigris cyaneo variegatis, anticis ultra cellulam fascia sordide alba obliqua venis divisa notatis ; subtus nigris,

fascia anticarum ut supra et maculis subapicalibus notatis ; anticarum basi et posticis pro majore parte

coccineis venis nigris divisis, posticis ad apicem nigris punctis cyaneis notatis, margine externo quoque

nigro, alis omnibus maculis marginalibus albidis notatis.

@ mari haud dissimilis.

Hab. Mextco®, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova (fiimeli) ; Brrriso Honpuras, Rio Hondo

(Blancaneaux); GuateMata®, central valleys and Pacific coast (fF. D. G. & 0. S.),

Polochic valley (Hague), San Isidro (Champion); Nicaragua (Bridges), Chontales

(Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Chiriqui and Veraguas (Arcé), David

(Champion).—Soutn AMERICA generally to Bolivia and Brazil °.

Lucas separated Mexican specimens of this insect under the name of Peridromia

mexicana®, stating that the differences between them consisted in the band of the

primaries in the northern form being straighter and more distinctly cut up by the veins

and powdered with grey scales, and also in its having an extra spot in the apex of the

primaries, and the wings being of a more rusty red. We have examined a large series

of specimens closely, and though we notice the points alluded to by Lucas, they are by

* Boisduval® complains that Doubleday gave his name P. arete to a different species from that to which he

intended it to apply ; but as Boisduval’s name was only in MS., Doubleday’s assignment of it must hold good.

272 RHOPALOCERA.

no means confined to Central-American examples, but may be traced in individuals from

the extreme southern limits of the range of the species. In Guiana and the valley of

the Amazons the band of the primaries is for the most part of a purer white; but this

character as well as the others is variable. Peridromia amphinome is a common species

in Central America. In Guatemala it is found chiefly in the lowlands, its range in

altitude probably not exceeding 3000 feet.

3. Peridromia arienis, sp.n. (Ageronia arinome, Tab. XXVI. figg. 11, 12.)

P. amphinome sed anticarum apicibus nigrescentibus, fascia anticarum multo magis indistincta, angustiore, et

fusco atomata; subtus maculis tribus posticarum basalibus et aliis submarginalibus tantum coccineis

diversa.

@ adhuc ignota.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Co.omBia.

A close ally of P. arinome, but differs in having the apex of the primaries blacker,

the band of the same wings narrower and much obscured by dusky markings. Beneath

the colour is darker, and there are three red spots at the base of the costa of the

secondaries instead of two, the usual number in the allied species. P. arienis is

probably a north-western race of the Guianan and Amazonian P. arinome. It differs

from P. amphinome in having the red marking of the underside of the secondaries

reduced to three spots at the base of the secondaries, and a submarginal row of four or

five spots on the same wings. The costa of the primaries too is more curved towards

the apex.

Two male specimens are all we have at present seen of this butterfly—one sent us by

M‘Leannan from Panama, the other by Salmon from Frontino in the Cauca valley of

Colombia.

a’. Underside of secondaries tawny.

4, Peridromia fornax.

Ageronia fornax, Hibn. Samml. ex. Schm. ii. t. 40. £1, 2°; Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep.

p. 83, t. 10. f.17; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 347 *; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 140°.

Alis fuscis griseo-ceeruleo variegatis, anticarum dimidio apicali preter apicem ipsum sordide albo maculato, posticis

ocellis serie submarginali positis ; subtus anticis triente basali fulvida, reliquo fusco albo maculato ; posticis

pro majore parte fulvis, angulo apicali et margine externo nigris, serie macularum albarum submarginalium

et aliis marginalibus albis.

Hab. Nortn America, S.W. Texas*.—Mexico2, Cordova (Riimeli); GUATEMALA,

Polochic valley (Hague), central valleys (F. D. G. & O.S8.); Costa Rica (Van Patten 3);

Pawama, Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion).—CoLomB1a; VENEZUELA? ; Ecuapor ; Bo.ivia ;

BRAZIL ?.

A wide-ranging species first made known by Hiibner’s figure 1, and subsequently by

that of Doubleday 2. It is included in the fauna of North America by Strecker “, as it is

PERIDROMIA. 2738

found in South-western Texas. We have specimens from Mexico and from various

points in Central and South America down to Rio Grande in Brazil. The species,

however, appears to be absent from Guiana and the valley of the Amazons. Its range

in altitude in Guatemala does not exceed 3000 feet.

c. Underside of secondaries pure grey, or slightly tinged with fulvous.

5. Peridromia feronia.

Papilio feronia, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 2831; Clerck, Ic. Ins. t. 31. f. 12.

Ageronia feronia, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 312°; Aurivillius, Kongl. Sv. Ak. Handl. xix. no. 5, p. 877%.

Alis supra fere ut in P. fornact, ocellis posticarum albo pupillatis, subtus posticis cinereis, ocellis simplicibus

annulo nigro macula alba circumeingente.

2 mari sat similis.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (Mi Leannan).—V ENEZUELA ;

Cotompia; Peru; Bonrvia; AMAZONS VALLEY ?; BRAZIL; Hartt; TRINIDAD.

This widely spread South-American species is only found within our limits in the

State of Panama, its place being taken in Costa Rica and elsewhere in Central America

by the very nearly allied form A. guatemalena, from which it differs in having the

secondaries beneath pure grey without any admixture of buff. In the Amazonian

region Mr. Bates tells us it is the commonest species of the genus, being found in spaces

in the forest where there is no underwood, or in plantations, settling on the trunks of

trees 3.

6. Peridromia guatemalena. (Ageronia guatemalena, Tab. XXVL. figg. 1, 2.)

Ageronia guatemalena, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 115°.

Ageronia feronia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3477; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 189°?

P. ferome persimilis, sed maculis anticarum pagine superioris plerumque majoribus, ocellis posticarum cinereo

nec albo pupillatis et subtus posticis ochraceo tinctis vix distinguenda.

Hab. Norru America, 8.W. Texas °.—MeExico, Mazatlan (Forrer), Oaxaca (Fenochio),

Cordova (fiimeli), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer); Brivisu Honpuras, Corosal (Roe) ;

GuATEMALA, Polochic valley, San Gerdnimo (Hague), Chuacus, central valleys, Pacific

slopes (f. D. G. & O. 8.1); Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten 2),

Irazu (Ltogers).

Mr. Bates separated this form from P. feronia}. The differences, he says, are in the

belt of dingy white spots of the fore wing, which consists of much more elongate spots

giving a different aspect to the insect. The submarginal ocelli are very different from

those of P. feronta. In the fore wing they have much larger round pupils (of a dingy

grey instead of a white colour) and narrower black irides ; in the hind wing they have

also large suboval dingy pupils encircled by three concentric rings, two narrow and grey,

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., Movember 1883. 2N

274 ~ RHOPALOCERA.

the third intermediate broad and black. Beneath almost the only difference from

P. feronia is the pale saffron ochreous hue of the hind wings. These differences are

apparent when comparing Mr. Bates’s types with specimens of P. feronia; but with a

more extensive series before us than Mr. Bates had access to we find that most of the

distinctions alluded to above are of an unstable character. Asa rule, however, the

submarginal ocelli of P. guatemalena have grey and not white pupils. The under

surface of the secondaries too is suffused with buff instead of being pure grey.

P. guatemalena is abundant in Mexico and Guatemala, where it is found in the

hotter districts. It also occurs in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, but in Panama its place

is taken by P. feronia.

7. Peridromia iphthime. (Ayeronia iphthime, Tab. XXVI. figg. 3, 4.)

Ageronia iphthime, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 116°.

Ageronia iphimede, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 26°?

P. feronie similis quoad paginam superiorem ; sed subtus maoculis et lineolis omnibus fusco-ferrugineo tinctis

et posticis isabellino lavatis distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova (Riimeli); GuateMaLa?, Polochic valley,

Pacific slopes (F. D. G. & O. S.), Choctum (Hague); Panama, Chiriqui, Bugaba (Arcé),

Lion Hill (/*Leannan).—Cotomsia; Upper Amazons 1.

The upper surface of the wings of P. iphthime have a strong general resemblance to

those of P. feronia. ‘They are, however, of rather a more dingy hue; beneath all the

dark marks are of a rich brown instead of being nearly black. Mr. Bates described

this species from specimens obtained by us in Guatemala}, where it is by no means

uncommon in the lowlying forests on both sides of the Cordillera. It is also found in

Southern Mexico and, doubtless, in the rest of Central America, but no specimens have

yet reached us from Costa Rica. Thence it spreads through Colombia to the valley of

the Upper Amazons, where Mr. E. Bartlett found it on the Ucayali. In South Brazil

a closely allied species, P. epinome, takes its place.

PANACEA,

Panacea, nobis (vice Pandora, nom. preoc.).

Pandora, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 300, t. 43. f. 5 (1850).

If, as we believe, the insects belonging to this genus are separable from Batesia, the

name Pandora, having been already used several times in zoology, cannot be retained

as their generic term. Mr. Kirby in his synonymic catalogue has already pointed this

out; but he gets over the difficulty by placing all the species in the genus Latesia.

Besides having the radial nervures of the primaries parallel as Mr. Bates has indicated,

instead of the upper radial being curved as in Batesia, there are differences in the

PANACEA.—DIDONIS. 275

male anal appendages between the two that can hardly be overlooked. ‘These are

described below.

Six species of Panacea, as we now propose to call this genus (including that now

described) have been recognized, all of which are more or less closely allied. The focus

of the genus seems to be the valley of the Upper Amazons, where three species occur ;

two others are from Colombia, and the sixth is that described below from the State of

Panama.

In Panacea the subcostal nervure of the primaries throws off two branches before

the end of the cell; the upper discocellular is very short, the middle curved, and the

lower nearly straight, meeting the median at the origin of the second branch. The

front legs of the male have a stout coxa >4 femur-+trochanter; tibia=femur; tarsus

(single-jointed) a little >tibia. Eyes smooth. Antenne with 45 joints, whereof the

terminal 13 form a moderate club. The secondary male sexual organs have a tegumen

with a simple hook, and inside in the anal cavity is a double spine directed outwards ;

the harpagones have a rounded end with a depressed hook at the extremity ; the penis

is straight.

In Batesia these organs are very different: the tegumen instead of having a simple

hook has a thickened piece at the end before the hook commences, the hook itself

being quite small; the harpagones, instead of having a depressed hook at the end,

terminate in a rounded lobe, but on the dorsal edge there is a large dentate process.

1. Panacea lysimache, sp. n.

Alis nitentibus prasinis dimidio basali lineis interruptis nigris transeuntibus, anticis apicibus nigris, fascia

subapicali maculosa albescenti, altera ultra cellulam lata seneo micante; posticis margine externo linea

angusta duplici nigra notata, ocellorum serie interiori fere obsoleta; subtus anticis nigro-fuscis, fascia

subapicali alba, cellula viride maculis binis ferrugineis, posticis rufo-fuscis lineis nigris undulatis cellulam

transeuntibus, serieque ocellorum submarginalium notatis.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Boucard).

Only a single male example of this fine insect has yet come under our notice. This

was obtained from M. Boucard, who received it from a correspondent in Chiriqui. It

is a close ally of P. procilla of Hewitson, but differs from it in having the green band

crossing the centre of the primaries beyond the cell very much broader; the black

basal cross lines of both wings are less uniformly continuous, and the submarginal

series of ocelli on the secondaries, so conspicuous in P. procil/a, is nearly obsolete ; the

underside is rather more rufous than in the last-named species.

DIDONIS.

Didonis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 17 (1816) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 405.

This genus is a purely Neotropical one, its members ranging from Mexico to Paraguay.

These are separable into three or four ill-defined races, two of which come within our

2N2

276 RHOPALOCERA.

borders—one, D. aganisa, being restricted to Mexico and Guatemala, the other is the

widely ranging D. biblis, which occurs as far north as Nicaragua.

Jidonis is peculiar in its coloration, being dark brownish black with a red submarginal

band on the secondaries of varying width, recalling certain species of Papilio. The

palpi are peculiar, those of the male having the terminal joint short and elliptical;

this in the female is much longer and more slender.

The costal nervure of the primaries is much swollen for nearly half its length; the

subcostal emits two branches before the end of the cell; the upper discocellular is distinct

and directed forwards ; the middle discocellular is curved and the lower atrophied in the

middle ; the lower end meets the median nervure a little before the origin of the second

branch. In the male there isa thickly felted patch of scales between the median and sub-

median nervures of the primaries beneath, and a corresponding patch on the secondaries

above between the costal and subcostal nervures. The front legs of the male have a rather

long coxa, >% femur-+ trochanter ; tibia >} femur; tarsus (single-jointed) >4 tibia.

Kyes smooth. Palpi in the male with a short elliptical terminal joint <4 middle joint ;

in the female this joint is half as long again, more slender, and >¥% the middle joint.

Antenne with 50 joints; the club, consisting of 15 or 16 joints, is slender. The male

secondary sexual organs have a tegumen with a double point and some strong folds

along the outer edges; beneath these and projecting as far is another point in the anal

cavity ; the harpagones are rounded at their ends and hairy; at their upper extremity

is a feeble incurved hook ; at the extremity of the abdominal surface is a detached piece

having a blunt end with strong central bristles; it also has on either side a lobe

terminating in a blunt point with strong bristles directed outwards; the penis is nearly

straight.

1. Didonis aganisa.

Biblis aganisa, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. t. 9. f.. 77.

Didonis aganissa, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 406°.

Alis fusco-nigris, margine posticarum externo valde sinuato, fascia fere recta, marginibus serratis, ab apice ad

angulum analem coccinea; subtus pallidioribus, posticarum fascia intus pallide rosacea, maculis ad basin

tribus et una ad coste medium coccineis.

Hab. Mexico”, Oaxaca (Deppe, Fenochio); British Honpuras, Corosal (Loe) ;

GuatEMaLa, San Gerénimo, Yzabal, Motagua and Polochic valleys (F. D. G. & O. S.).

Boisduval first separated this insect in the ‘Species Général des Lepidoptéres,’ giving

the locality “ Java,” which is obviously transposed for “ Mexique,” applied to Melanitis

ceryx figured on the same plate.

From Mexico D. aganisa spreads through Guatemala from the sea-level to an altitude

of 3000 feet. In Nicaragua its place is taken by D. biblis, from which it differs in the

red line of the secondaries running nearly straight from the apical to the anal angle,

which in the other species follows the curve of the outer margin.

DIDONIS.—CYSTINEURA. 277

D. aganisa is found in second-growth woods and in clearings on the borders of the

forest.

2. Didonis biblis.

Papilio biblis, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 505°.

Didonis biblis, Bates, Journ. Ent. 316’.

Papilio hyperia, Cr. Pap. Ex. ui. t. 236. E, F°.

Didonis pasira, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 406, t. 31. f. 24; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 347°.

D. aganise similis, sed fascia posticarum coccinea haud subrecta sed margini externo parallela, venisque

nigris divisa distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten®), Irazu (Rogers).—Soutu

America from Colombia to Paraguay ; Harti.

Didonis biblis is a common species found over nearly the whole of Tropical America,

and occurs within our borders as far north as Nicaragua. Though subject to slight

- variation there seem no sufficient grounds for subdivision of the species; at the same

time we note that specimens from the Upper Amazons and the neighbouring districts

have the red band of the secondaries unusually wide, agreeing with, and even exceeding in

this respect, Cramer’s figure of P. hyperia from Surinam ?, We observe no difference

between examples from Nicaragua and others from South Brazil and Paraguay.

Messrs. Butler and Druce ® identify the Costa-Rica insect with D. pasira of Doubleday 4;

but we believe this name to be a synonym of D. diblis, Fabricius.

Mr. Bates says that this insect flies about waste grounds on the borders of the forest,

hovering moderately slowly over bushes ?.

CYSTINEURA.

Cystineura, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. t. 9. f. 1 (1886) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 406; Bates, Journ.

Ent. ii. p. 317.

Mr. Bates considers this genus to be, with Olina, related to Didonis, Pyrrhogyra, &c. ;

but without disturbing this arrangement we cannot but feel that the differences

separating them are of considerable importance. Besides the difference in the outlines

of the wings the fact of the tibia and tarsus of the front leg of the male being

atrophied so much as to form a simple knob at the end of the femur is peculiar in the

Nymphaline, and recalls the structure so common in /¢huinia and its allies. There are

points too in the secondary male sexual organs described below which ought not to be

overlooked.

Nine or ten species have been recognized of Cystineura, whereof only one, C. amymone,

has been found within our region, though the very closely allied C. dorcas may also

occur within the northern frontier. The other species are distributed over Tropical

South America, one being found in the island of Jamaica.

278 RHOPALOCERA.

The various species inhabit the borders of the forests.

The costal nervure of the primaries of Cystineura is very much swollen at its proximal

half; the subcostal emits one branch before the end of the cell, the second at the origin

of the very short upper discocellular; the middle discocellular is rounded into the lower

radial, and the lower discocellular is an atrophied nervule meeting the median at the

origin of the second branch. The front legs of the male have a coxa nearly =femur + tro-

chanter; the tibia and tarsus are both condensed into a single short joint hardly longer

than the trochanter. There are faint indications of a suture representing the tibio-

tarsal joint, and also of a single tarsal joint in some specimens. The front leg of the

female is well developed, the coxa being about =#% femur-+ trochanter ; the tibia is

slightly thickened at its distal end and is about =2 femur; the tarsus has the usual

joints and spines, but there is no terminal claw. The eyes are smooth; the palpi

slender, the terminal joint >4 the middle joint, which is of uniform width throughout.

The antenne have 41 joints, whereof about 13 form a moderate club. ‘The secondary

male sexual organs have a tegumen with a simple central spine, beneath which is a

spine in the interior of the anal cavity ; the harpagones have two lobes at the end, both

of which are decurved, and the lower one as well as the ventral surface hairy.

1. Cystineura amymone.

Cystineura amymone, Mén. Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. p. 123, t. 9. f. 67.

Alis griseo-fuscis, plaga magna ultra cellulam venis divisa albida, posticis fere omnino fuscis fascia maculosa

transversa indistincta albida et plaga magna ad marginem externum fulva; subtus fulvescenti tinctis,

maculis omnibus distinctioribus, posticis fascia altera maculosa ad basin notatis.

Hab. Mexico (Deppe), Presidio, Ventanas (forrer), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova

(Riimelt), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer); British Honpuras, Corosal (oe) ;

GuaTeMaLa, Yzabal, Polochic and Motagua valleys, Pacific slope (F. D. G.& O. 8.), San

Gerénimo, Cahabon (Champion); Honpuras, San Pedro (Whitely); Nicaraaua

(Delattre 1), Chontales (Belt).

A common species throughout Central America from Mexico to Nicaragua, but we

have not yet received specimens from Costa Rica or further south. It exhibits slight

variation in the intensity of its markings, some specimens being much darker than

others and having a greater extension of grey; but all have a broad fulvous submarginal

band near the anal angle of the secondaries, extending nearly to the apex.

Cystineura amymone is closely allied to C. dorcas of Fabricius; but this species has

also a patch of fulvous towards the centre of the outer margins of the primaries, which

is wanting in C. amymone. ‘There are also various species in South America, but in

most of these the fulvous on the upperside is absent.

VICTORINA. 279

VICTORINA.

Victorina, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. iu. p. 447 (1850) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 264.

Four or five species are usually associated in this genus ; but as the type (V. stelenes)

has peculiar characters in the secondary male sexual organs which can hardly be over-

looked, we have here removed V. superba and V. epaphus to the genus Amphirene,

which has already been suggested for them, and with them V. trayja follows. Victorina

stelenes thus remains the only species of the genus Victorina, the particulars of the

range of which are given below.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries emits two branches before the end of the cell,

the second running close to the subcostal for some distance before diverging to the costa ;

the upper discoceilular is short and directed outwards; the middle discocellular meets

the lower radial at nearly a right angle, where a short spur is emitted, no doubt a

rudiment of the lower discocellular. The front legs of the male have a stout coxa

about =#% femur-+trochanter; tibia <femur; tarsus =} tibia; tarsus single-jointed

(in one specimen dissected the sutures of three short additional joints are just visible) ;

antennee with 43 joints, the terminal 10 forming a moderate club; palpi moderately

hairy, of nearly equal thickness throughout, middle joint slightly swollen towards the

distal end, terminal joint about =4 middle joint, blunt at the end with an apical cavity ;

this joint is rather longer in the female than the male; eyes smooth. The male

secondary sexual organs have a tegumen, with two swollen masses at its proximal end,

each of which bears a long spike directed outwards straight along the dorsal edge ; but

with a deep keel along the ventral surface. The harpagones have a simple rounded

lobe at the end, and a pointed lobe directed downwards inside the surface of each

harpago, and situated at about one third of its length from the end. From the outer

edge of each side of the tegumen near its base a rod starts first in a downward direction

and then turned outwards till it meets and apparently unites with the corresponding

rod of the other side, and thus seems to act as a support to the penis. This organ is

curved as in 7imetes, and, as in that genus, has a rod extending from the hinge of the

harpagones to the middle of its curve. In the interior of the penis, where this rod

meets it, are some erect papille starting from the lower edge. ‘These may be homo-

logous with the external papille so prominent in the penis of Amphirene superba; but

the point requires closer investigation. The under surface of the penis near the end is

lacerated. On the whole these organs resemble those of Amphirene in having a tegumen

with two spines, instead of a single one as in Timetes. ‘The harpagones, too, are much

like those of Amphirene; the penis itself and the structural arrangements more

immediately connected with it are more like those of Zimetes than those of any other

genus we have hitherto investigated.

280 RHOPALOCERA.

1. Victorina stelenes.

Papilio stelenes, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 218°; Clerck, Ic. Ins. t. 85. f. 2%.

Victorina steneles, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 320°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 345°; Strecker,

Butt. N. Am. p. 142°.

Metamorpha stelenes, Aurivillius, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. xix. no. 5. p. 37°.

Alis fuscis, maculis magnis glauco-viridibus semihyalinis ornatis, anticis seriebus tribus positis, una sub venam

medianam cellulam intrante, secunda ultra cellulam, tertia subapicali, maculis duabus quoque ad angulum

analem, posticis fascia lata subbasali et serie extra eam (e maculis septem composita) submarginali ; subtus

omnino albicante glaucis area inter maculas extus et intus rufo marginatis, cellule anticarum fine linea

sinuosa alba nigro marginata ornata.

@ mari similis at paulo major.

Hab. Norva America, S.W. Texas ®.—Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova (Riimelt),

Valladolid in Yucatan (Gawmer); Britisa Honpuras, Corosal (Roe); GuaTEMALA, San

Gerénimo, Polochic and Motagua valleys, Pacific slopes (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Purula,

San Isidro (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten *) ;

Panama, Chiriqui (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé)—Soutna America, Colombia to South

Brazil 3.

Victorina stelenes is found everywhere throughout the lowlands of Tropical America,

in Guatemala not extending to a greater altitude than 3000 or 4000 feet. In its colour

and general markings it resembles Metamorpha dido, though the difference in the shape

of the wings renders it easily distinguished*. In all northern specimens we notice that

besides the light green spot within the cell of the primaries, there is a second beyond

it which is absent in South-American examples. In specimens from Panama it only

occasionally appears as a very small spot, and this is likewise the case in Antillean

insects, hence we attach but little value to the character.

Mr. Bates speaks of this species as frequenting open sunny places, such as deserted

plantations and the borders of woods; which agrees with our observations.

AMPHIRENE.

Amphirene, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 86 (1844); Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 33.

f. 2 (1850).

This genus seems only to have been indicated by name by Doubleday, who adopted

a manuscript title of Boisduval’s in one of the British-Museum Catalogues, and also

used it on a plate illustrating A. epaphus in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’

Prof. Westwood, however, when describing these insects did not discover sufficient

difference to separate A. epaphus from Victorina stelenes, and placed them both with

A. trayja in Victorina.

We now, for reasons given below, place A. epaphus, A. trayja, and A. superba

together in Amphirene, leaving V. stelenes alone in Victorina.

* It will be noticed that we use Hiibner’s name Metamorpha in a different sense from Dr. Aurivillius. Our

application of it dates from December 1881 (antea, p. 166), that of Dr. Aurivillius from the following year.

AMPHIRENE. 281

In the neuration of the wings Amphirene differs but little from Victorina. In

A. epaphus the middle discocellular of the primaries passes into the lower radial in a

simple curve, there being no trace of a lower discocellular. In A. superba these two

nervures form an angle, where a short spur is emitted, as in Victorina stelenes. The

tarsi of the front legs of the male in Amphirene are shorter in proportion than in

Victorina, those of A. superba being shorter than in A. epaphus. In the secondary

sexual organs of the male the tegumen and harpagones are much as in Victorina, there

being no essential difference ; but the penis in Amphirene is much dilated for more than

its distal half, and there is no rod between it and the hinges of the harpagones. There

is, moreover, considerable difference between the penis of A. superba and that of

A. epaphus: in the former the lower surface of the distal half is flattened, and in it are

two parallel rows of strong papille; in the latter there are no papille, but in the

interior of the organ are two strong chitonous pieces, which bifurcate in the middle,

one branch going straight forwards, the other upwards.

Of the three known species of Amphirene, A. superda is restricted to Central America

from Mexico to Costa Rica; A. epaphus is a very common butterfly, ranging throughout

our region, and southwards through the western parts of South America. It is absent

from Guiana and the valley of the Lower Amazons; but occurs in numbers in South-

eastern Brazil. A. trayja, the third and last of the genus, is found in Brazil alone.

1. Amphirene epaphus.

Vanessa epaphus, Latr. in Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 74, t. 35%.

Amphirene epaphus, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 33. f. 27; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874,

p. 345 *.

Alis nigricanti-brunneis, anticis linea alba bipartitis dimidio apicali rufescente venis nigris diviso, posticis

fascia submarginali, dimidio costali albo, dimidio anali tenui cierulescente, ciliis albis; subtus rufescenti-

brunneis, anticis ad cellule finem maculis albis nigro circumcinctis, fascia submarginali alba intus nigro

limbata, fascia quoque extra eam rufescente ; macula ad coste mediam et fascia altera brevi ab angulo

anali, albis.

@ mari similis, sed plerumque paulo major.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli); Guatemata, San Gerdnimo, Polochic valley,

Chuacus, Duefias, Central Valleys (FD. G. & O. S.), San Isidro (Champion); Hon-

DuRAS, San Pedro (@. M. Whitely); Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica (Van

Patten®); Panama, Chiriqui (Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—Cotomsta ! to Bouivia.

This common species was first described by Latreille from specimens obtained in

Colombia, where it isabundant, and also throughout the Andes, as far south as Bolivia,

North of the isthmus it ranges to Mexico. We trace no variation between individuals in

any part of this wide area. The species is in no way represented, so far as we know, in

Guiana; but in South Brazil an allied form (A. trayja) takes its place; this, however,

may at once be distinguished by having the apex of the primaries the same colour as

the base, instead of being tawny. In Guatemala the range in altitude of A. epaphus

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., December 1883. 20

282 RHOPALOCERA.

extends from near the sea-level to an altitude of 5000 feet; but it is, perhaps, most

numerous in places of an intermediate height.

2. Amphirene superba. (Tab. XXVII. figg. 1, 2.)

Amphirene superba, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. 1. p. 161 1, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 345°.

Victorina aphrodite, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 483°.

Alis nigricanti-brunneis, anticarum apicibus paulo dilutioribus, fascia communi alba ceruleo limbata, a costa

anticarum ad medium marginis posticarum externi transeunte, posticis lunulis pallide fuscis submargina-

libus et intra eas alteris sagittiformibus ceruleis ornatis: subtus rufo-brunneis, area anticarum apicali et

posticis ad medium rosaceo-albicantibus, posticis seriebus duabus lunularum albidis et una fulva extra eas,

omnibus nigro separatis submarginalibus notatis ; anticis quoque similariter extus (preter apice) margi-

natis; anticarum cellula ad medium serie punctorum alborum nigro marginata transfasciata alisque ad

finem ejus.

Hab. Mexico®, Cordova (Riimelt); Guatemata, Choctum, San Geronimo, Polochic

valley, Retalhuleu (F. D. G. & O. S.), San Gerdnimo, Purula ( Champion) ; Costa Rica

(Van Patten?) ; Panama, Chiriqui, Veraguas (Arcé).

Mr. Bates first described this species from specimens obtained by us in Central

Guatemala, where it is byno means uncommon up to an elevation of about 4000 feet 1.

It is not, however, confined to that district, for we also found it in the forest-country

bordering the Pacific Ocean. It extends also to Southern Mexico, as we are unable to

distinguish the insect of that district separated by Mr. Butler under the name of

Victorina aphrodite*®. Southwards it spreads as far as the State of Panama ; but has

not yet been found in the southern continent.

At first sight A. superba bears a strong resemblance to V. trayja; but, besides

having more falcate primaries and dentate secondaries, it has beneath a series of trans-

verse spots across the cell of the primaries, and the secondaries have three series of

submarginal lunules, and there are other differences. A. trayja, as already remarked,

is really more closely allied to A. epaphus than it is to the present insect.

TIMETES.

Tymetes, Blanchard in Cuv. Régne Anim. Atlas Ins. ii. t. 189. f. 1 (ex Boisduval, MS.) (1836).

Timetes, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 262.

Megalura, Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. i. p. 446.

This genus was sufficiently indicated in the illustrated edition of Cuvier’s ‘ Régne

Animal, where a good figure of 7. merops is given. It contains about twenty-two

species, all belonging to the Neotropical Region. Of these, thirteen are found within

our borders, only four of which are peculiar to the region, the rest being more or less

widely distributed over the Southern continent.

The external structure of the various species of Timetes presents few points of

variation, with the exception of the shape of the primaries, which, in some species,

TIMETES., 283

such as 7. peleus, have a very broken external margin; in others the curves are quite

simple, as in the type, 7. merops.

In Timetes merops the subcostal nervure of the primaries emits the first branch before

the end of the cell, the second some way beyond it. There is no upper discocellular,

and the middle discocellular is short and curves into the lower radial; of the lower

discocellular there is no trace. In 7. harmonia and T. peleus there is a short upper

discocellular in a line with the lower radial, the middle and lower discocellulars being

absent. The front legs of 7. merops have a rather slender coxa, >4 femur-+trochanter ;

tibia nearly=femur ; tarsus (single-jointed)=+ tibia; eyes smooth; antenne with 33

joints, whereof 11 form a moderate club. The terminal joint of the palpi >4% the

middle joint, which is slightly swollen towards the distal end. The male secondary

sexual organs vary considerably in different species; but all have a common character

in that the penis is much curved, and a short chitinous piece meets it in the middle of

the curve, the other end of which rests at or near the hinge of the harpagones. In

the majority of the species this is a simple rod; but in 7. berania and T. harmonia it

has a long projection directed forwards, which runs parallel to the penis itself. In

T. corinna the lower end expands into a flat triangular piece. The harpagones have a

common character in being more or less rounded at the end, without hooks or pro-

jections : the inner surface presents great diversity ; the simplest form is in 7. harmonia

and 7’. berania, in which there is a patch of closely-set scales near the middle. In all

the other species (except 7. coresia) there appears to be a transverse fold on which, in

the majority of species, is a patch of papille. In 7. merops and T. chiron the lower

edge of the harpagones is turned inwards, and in the former the edge itself is serrated.

The tegumen in most species of Timetes is a simple elongated spine; but in 7. merops

there is a short lateral projection on each side.

The variation that exists in these organs, so far as we have been able to examine

them, is very considerable ; but with our present knowledge of them it is unadvisable

to employ them in our classification. How far they will influence any future system

remains to be seen.

a. Primaries elongated and strongly but bluntly falcate ; anal lobe of the secondaries

very prominent.

1. Timetes peleus.

Papilio peleus, Sulz. Gesch. Ins. t. 13. f. 4°; Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 87. f. D, E’.

Timetes petreus, Bates, Journ. Ent. p. 327°.

Megalura peleus, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 345%.

Alis anticis elongatis valde hamatis, vena radiali superiore producta, margine externo valde sinuoso, posticis

vena mediana elongata angulo anali quoque producta; supra fulvis lineis duabus transversis aliisque

cellulam anticarum transeuntibus nigro-fuscis, posticis cauda elongata et angulo anali fuscis, hoc ocellos

202

284 RHOPALOCERA.

duos includente; subtus ferrugineo perfusis posticis linea fusca bisectis, alis ambobus serie obsoleta

ocellorum submarginalium pupillis nigris ornatis.

Q mari similis, sed major et lineis omnibus magis distinctis forsan distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Mazatlan (Forrer), Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Kenochio),

Valladolid in Yucatan (Gawmer); British Honpburas, Corosal (oe); GUATEMALA,

Coatepeque (Champion), San Gerénimo, Yzabal, Polochic valley (7. D. G. & O.S.);

Nicaracua, Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Bugaba (Cham-

pion), Veraguas (Arcé).—Soutu America, Colombia to South Brazil.

The elongated and strongly-hooked primaries of 7. peleus render it easy to be at

once distinguished from all other members of the genus. It is found commonly

throughout Tropical America. Mr. Bates says’ that on the Amazons it frequents “the

open sunny places, gardens, plantations, and banks of streams; settling on flowers and

on the ground in moist situations.”

In the males of this species there is but little variation, except in the distinctness of

the black cross bands of the upper surface of the wings, which are very plain in

some individuals and only just visible in others. On the under surface, too, some

specimens are more mottled than others. The females seem always to have darker and

broader bands on the upper surface of both wings.

6. Primaries short, sometimes falcate ; anal lobe of secondaries moderately developed.

a’. A tawny band on the primaries and a purple patch on the secondaries.

2. Timetes marcella.

Timetes marcella, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 108°.

Timetes corinna, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 32. f. 1”.

Megalura valetta, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 101°; P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 845*; Butl. Lep. Ex.

p. 172, t. 60. £. 2°.

Megalura corita, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 345°.

Timetes napo, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 44:7.

Alis fuscis, anticis fascia permagna fulva ultra cellulam, et lineis transversis ad basin notatis; posticis angulo

apicali usque ad medium marginis externi, fascia anticarum concolori; plaga magna alam mediam occupante

cyaneo-purpurea ; subtus pallide fulvescentibus lineis albis distincte transfasciatis, lunulis albis submargi-

nalibus quoque ornatis, eis ad angulum posticarum analem nigro intus marginatis.

@ alis fuscis, lineis obscuris transfasciatis, anticis fascia alba ultra cellulam transvittatis, subtus fere ut in mare

sed albicantiore et fascia alba paging superioris perlucente.

Hab, Costa Rica (Van Patten? *), Cache, San Francisco (Rogers); Panama, Volcan

de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Chamy ion), Veraguas (Arcé).—Sovurn America, Ecuador’, Peru,

Bolivia.

The figure given under the name of T. corinna, var., in Doubleday and Hewitson’s

work, undoubtedly represents this species, as pointed out by Felder, since the tawny

TIMETES. 289

band of the primaries is nearly twice as proad as in Latreille’s species, which is the

chief distinguishing character.

Messrs. Butler and Druce described an insect from Costa Rica under the name of

Tf. valetta, not recognizing that it was the female of this species. We have since

received other specimens from the same locality. They are very unlike the male, being

of a dark brown on the upperside, faintly marked with transverse lines, and having a

white band across the primaries. Like the male it resembles the corresponding sex of

T. corinna, except that the band is broader.

_ We trace 7. marcella from Costa Rica southwards to Bolivia; but it does not extend

further northwards.

As may be gathered from what has been said above, it is a close ally of 7. corinna,

which is also found from Colombia to Bolivia, but not within the confines of our

country.

3. Timetes corita. (Tab. XXVII. figg. 7,83, 9,109.)

Timetes corita, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 263'; Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 129%.

Timetes theonis, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 44°.

T. marcelle persimilis quoad alarum paginam superiorem, subtus alis magis fusco-ferrugineis linea, communi

obscura bisectis, intus albido irregulariter marginata, extra eam nigro variegatis, lineis albidis aliis nullis.

Hab. Guatemata; Mexico (Deppe), Oaxaca (Boisduval *), Cordova (Riimeli); Guate-

MALA, Polochic valley (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), San Gerénimo, El Tumbador, Panima,

Cahabon (Champion) ; Honpuras 3.

T. corita was first described by Mr. Bates, though the name had been previously

applied to specimens of this species in the collection of the British Museum, by West-

wood, in the list of species belonging to this genus, given in the ‘ Genera of Diurnal

Lepidoptera.’ In the markings of the upperside there is but little difference between

this insect and 7. marcella; the wings are slightly more pointed at the apex. Beneath,

as indicated above, they are quite different. The female on the upperside resembles

that of 7. marcella, except that the band crossing the primaries is tawny instead of

white; beneath it resembles the male, except that all the markings are much stronger.

Messrs. Butler and Druce include this species in their list of the Butterflies of Costa

Rica; but in this they were no doubt in error, as Van Patten’s specimen, formerly in

Mr. Druce’s collection, belongs to the allied species 7. marcelia. So far as we know,

T. corita is confined to Mexico and Guatemala; but we have the doubtful authority of

Boisduval for its occurrence in Honduras.

Mr. Champion took it in great abundance in the forests of Alta Vera Paz, at an

elevation of about 4000 feet. It frequents the banks of streams.

286 RHOPALOCERA,

4. Timetes phiale. (Tab. XXVII. fig. 11.)

Timetes phiale, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 270%.

Tf. corite similis, sed alis maris subtus magis ferrugineis.

@ multo pallidior, alis fulvo-brunneis lineis fuscis distincte transfasciatis, anticis fascia transversa ultra

cellulam pallide fulva, subtus alis iis maris similibus sed paulo dilutioribus maculis valde indistinctis.

Hab. Guatemata, Volcan de Atitlan (Salvin 1).

The male of this species is very like that of 7. corita, and can only be distinguished

by the markings of the underside being very indistinct, on a paler more ferruginous

ground, and on the upperside the tawny colour of the apical angle of the secondaries

extends further along the costa. The female, however, is a very different-looking insect

from that of 7. corita, the markings on the upperside being much more distinct, whilst

those of the underside are much less so.

The only specimens, two males and a female, we have of this species were taken by

Salvin in a ravine on the southern slope of the volcano of Atitlan, at an elevation of

about 4000 feet above the sea. Several specimens were noticed as they flew about an

opening in the forest, where a small stream ran; they would occasionally alight on

leaves of bushes five or six feet from the ground.

6’. Whole underside of wings silvery, crossed with fine dark lines.

5. Timetes harmonia.

Nymphalis harmonia, Klug, Neve Schmett. t. 2. f. 3, 47.

Timetes harmonia, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 32. f. 2”.

Alis supra lete fulvis, apicibus valde acutis, lineis quatuor fuscis transfasciatis, margine anticarum externo

quoque fusco; posticis lineis angustis submarginalibus et ocellis duobus obsoletis ad angulum analem

notatis ; subtus argenteis lineis fulvis ut supra notatis.

Q alis fulvo-albescentibus, lineis fuscis multo magis distinctis quam in mare.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (Deppe), Cordova (Riimeli); Guatemata, Choctum (Hague).

The male of 7. harmonia closely resembles that of T. berania; but the apex of the

primaries is much more pointed, the tawny colour brighter, and the underside more

silvery. Above the female is of almost a pure white, marked with lines, as in

T. berania.

T. harmonia was first described by Klug from specimens in the Berlin Museum,

doubtless collected by Deppe at Jalapa in Mexico4, Our Mexican examples are from

the neighbouring town of Cordova. In Guatemala it appears to be a very local insect,

as we only know of its occurrence at Choctum, in the forest-country of Vera Paz,

where Mr. Hague obtained examples of both sexes.

6. Timetes berania.

Timetes berania, Hew. Ex. Butt. Timetes, t. 1. f. 1; Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 8287.

Megalura berania, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 345°.

TIMETES, 287

Alis fulvis, apicibus rotundatis, marginibus et lineis angustis fuscis transvittatis; subtus fulvo-argenteis lineis

fulvis sicut supra transvittatis.

2 mari similis, sed lineis transversis alarum multo latioribus.

Hab. Guaremata, Polochic and Central valleys (F. D. G. & 0..S.), Panima, ‘Teleman

(Champion); Nicaraeua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten?) ;

Panama, Bugaba (Arcé, Champion).—CotomBia; Venezveta; Ecuapor!; Purv;

Upper Amazons ! 2,

First described and figured by Hewitson from specimens said to have been obtained

from Quito and the river Amazons}. As far as our experience, however, goes, it does

not reach an altitude much exceeding 3000 feet. It is common in Guatemala, and

thence southward in the intervening countries as far as the Upper Amazons; but

Mr. Bates says it is not found on the Lower Amazons ?.

Hewitson’s figure is a good representation of the upperside of the male ; beneath it

is of a silvery buff, crossed by tawny lines, situated as the bands above. That figured

as the female in the same plate belongs to another species (7. livius). Mr. Bates

describes an individual of this sex, which is now in our possession, and differs consi-

derably from one we have from the Polochic valley. .The former is of a rich tawny

brown, the black stripes being in the same position as in the male, but broader and

paler, while our Guatemalan insect is of a bright yellow, and has four whitish spots

towards the apex; in other respects it resembles the southern specimen. The males

show considerable variation in the intensity of the black lines of the upperside, which

-In some examples are altogether wanting, and in others only shown on the posterior

wings. Mr. Bates says that the females are very rare.

7. Timetes alcibiades.

Megalura alcibiades, Staud. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxv. p. 104).

Forma T. chironis et alis supra fere ejusdem coloris, subtus fere ut in 7. berania.

Q mari similis, sed major et alis supra minus rufescentibus, anticis maculis quatuor subapicalibus notatis,

posticarum cauda medialiter rufescente sicut in mare ; subtus magis argenteo-albis sicut in 7’. livii.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (fibbe +), Veraguas (Arcé).

T. alcibiades appears to be a very scarce insect, only a few specimens of it having

been captured in the neighbourhood of Chiriqui by Mr. Ribbe. Possibly it has

escaped observation through its close similarity on the upperside to the very common

T. chiron. It is most nearly allied to 7. derania, the female of which insect it strongly

resembles in the brown colour of the upperside, while beneath it is of rather a darker

colour.

Dr. Staudinger points out that the second short tail at the anal angle present in

T. chiron and Tf. berania is almost obsolete in this insect. ‘The example we possess is

a male, for which we are indebted to Dr. Staudinger.

288 RHOPALOCERA.

The female which we attribute to this species is very like 7. ivtus in general appear-

ance, so much so that we long thought it belonged to that insect ; but, in spite of its

more silvery underside, we now think it really belongs here. The middle of the

caudal appendage of the secondaries is fulvous, as in the male, and it has other slight

characters which point to 7. alcibiades rather than to 7. livius. This female was in

one of Arcé’s collections sent from the province of Veraguas.

8. Timetes merops.

Tymetes merops, Blanch. in Cuv. Régne An. Ins. ii. t. 187. f. 1°.

Megalura merops, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 845 *.

Alis pallide fuscis, lineis obscuris transeuntibus, anticarum dimidio distali maculis albis conspicuis notato

subtus argenteis lineis fulvis transfasciatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).—CoLoMBIA.

A very pretty species, confined, so far as we know, to Costa Rica, Panama, and

Colombia. It is of a pale brown crossed by dusky lines, the outer half of the primaries

and raargins of the secondaries being marked with white spots. Beneath the wings

are of a pure silvery white, crossed with pale ferruginous lines as in 7. livius.

It is a close ally of 7. egina, which, however, besides being smaller, has fewer spots

and has a more southern range.

Timetes merops is the type of the genus Timetes, being well figured under this name

by Blanchard in the illustrated edition of ‘ Cuvier’s Régne Animal.’ |

c. Proximal half of underside of wings silvery, distal half dark.

9. Timetes chiron.

Papilio chiron, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 452".

Timetes chiron, Bates, Journ. Ent. 11. p. 827’.

Megalura chiron, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 345°.

Papilio marius, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 200. f. D, EB’.

Alis fuscis lineis pallidioribus transfasciatis, anticis ad apicem punctis tribus (interdum sex) albidis notatis ;

subtus linea argentea bisectis, dimidio proximo albido, lineis fulvis transfasciatis, dimidio distali fusco,

lineolis submarginalibus et posticarum angulo anali ocellis cecis tribus ornatis.

Hab. Muxico (Deppe), Cordova (Riimelt), Oaxaca (Kenochio); GuaTEMALa, Central

valleys, Duefias (Ff. D. G. & O.8.), Polochic valley (Hague), San Gerénimo (Champion) ;

Honpvras, San Pedro (G. MW. Whitely); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa

Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Chiriqui, Veraguas (Arcé), Lion

Hill (4 Leannan).—Cotomsia to SourH Braziu; Harri; Cua.

A very common insect throughout the whole of Tropical America, frequenting the

open places in the forests and more open country. Individuals are subject to some

variation on the underside. Some examples have the basal half of the wings of a pale

TIMETES. 289

silvery colour crossed with darker bands, while the outer half varies from a dull tawny

to dark brown, which is frequently tinged with a steely blue. The silvery band crossing

the wings is always present. Cramer’s figure represents a dark variety +.

We once witnessed a migration of this species near San Gerénimo in Guatemala.

We were riding one afternoon down the mountain-side skirting the plain of Salama,

when we met thousands of this species, which were flying with the wind along the hill-

side. All were going in the same direction, which took them to the higher ranges of

this district, and beyond into the valleys of the Polochic and Motagua.

10. Timetes coresia.

Nymphalis coresia, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 359°.

Megalura coresia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 345°.

Marpesia zerynthia, Hibn. Samml. ex. Schmett. ii. t. 51°.

Alis anticis hamatis, velutino-brunneis marginibus externis rufescentibus linea submarginali fusca, subtus linea

rufa, extus valde sinuosa et nigro marginata bisectis, dimidio proximo albo, lineolis tribus fulvis trans-

fasciatis, dimidio distali sericeo-fusco, lineolis submarginalibus rufis et nigris notatis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Hége); Guatemaua, Polochic valley (Ff. D. G. & O.8.);

Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten®), Caché (Rogers); Panama

Chiriqui (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé).—Co.omsia ; Ecuapor; Peru; Bouivia; Braziu!.

T. coresia may readily be distinguished by the uniform rich chocolate colouring of

its upperside, which contrasts strongly with the silvery base of the wings beneath,

and makes it a conspicuous insect. ‘There is nothing similar to it in the disposition of

its markings.

It frequents clearings and second-growth woods and the banks of streams in the dry

season, and is often found about sugar-factories, resorting to the bruised cane after

the juice has been recently extracted.

c. Primaries short, sharply falcate; anal lobe of secondaries obsolete.

11. Timetes iole.

Papilio iole, Drury, I. Nat. Hist. iii. t. 38. f. 2°; Stoll, Suppl. Cr. t. 29. £4, 4d”,

Megalura iole, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 346°.

Alarum dimidio proximo saturate fulvo, dimidio distali nigro, area discali purpureo tincta ; subtus fusco-ferru-

gineis, lineolis variis valde sinuatis notatis.

Q alis ad basin obscure fulvis lineis nigris distincte transfasciatis, triente apicali fusco-nigra maculis sex ad

apicem notata.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama,

Bugaba (Champion), Chiriqui, Veraguas (Arcé).—CoLoMBIA; VENEZUELA.

This Timetes is said by both Drury! and Stoll? to inhabit Jamaica. At present,

however, we have it from the mainland alone, where it does not appear to be found

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., April 1884. 2P

290 RHOPALOCERA.

northward of Nicaragua. The lovely purple tinge on the upper surface of the wings

renders it a conspicuous insect.

The female differs considerably from the male, having wings of a reddish brown with

broad dark margins, and a paler stripe crossing the middle. Some specimens are,

however, much brighter-coloured than others.

Mr. Champion captured many specimens of both sexes of this species on the slopes

of the Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, where its favourite resort was banks of streams

in the dry season. |

12. Timetes hermione.

Timetes hermione, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 108°.

Timetes heraldicus, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 328”.

Timetes funestis, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 10°.

T. tole similis, sed alis magis falcatis, colore alarum fulvo pallidiore et colore purpureo absente distinguendus.

Hab. GuATEMALA, central valleys (F. D. G. & O. S.).—Amazons?; Ecuapor?; Peru };

Bo ivi 3.

Felder first described this species, under the name of 7. hermione, from examples

obtained from Ecuador and Peru. Mr. Bates, who met with it on the Upper Amazons,

with some hesitation renamed it 7. heraldicus ?, remarking that Felder, in his description

of T. hermione, mentions neither the falcate form of the wings nor the clear limitation

of the basal spot, and therefore concludes it was distinct. Subsequently Mr. Butler

gave the name of 7. funestis to a female specimen in Mr. Druce’s collection from

Bolivia ®. “We have now before usa considerable series of both sexes of this insect ; and

there can be no doubt that all these names refer to but one species, which must there-

fore retain Felder’s name.

We have but a single individual of it from Guatemala, obtained by ourselves in 1862,

nor have we met with it again in any of the numerous collections since received from

Central America.

Mr. Bates says that it was extremely rare on the Upper Amazon, and it would appear

to be even more so within our region.

It may be distinguished at a glance from 7. tole of Drury by the absence of the

purple tinge on the disk of the primaries and the more falcate form of these wings at

the apex. |

The female differs but little from that of 7. iole. In some examples the base of the

wings is of a brighter colour, showing considerable variation in this respect; but all

the markings occur in the same position.

PYRRHOGYRA. 291

PYRRHOGYRA.

Pyrrhogyra, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 48 (1816); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 252.

A Neotropical genus, containing about eight species, which are spread from Mexico

to Brazil to the exclusion of the West-Indian Islands.

Within our region five species occur, of which all but P. hypsenor are also found in

some part of the South-American continent.

Besides the coloration of the species, which is somewhat peculiar, the members of

Pyrrhogyra can readily be distinguished by the great difference between the terminal

joint of the palpi in the male and female, being short in the former and very long

in the latter.

In P. edocla the subcostal nervure of the primaries emits two branches before the

end of the cell, these branches lying close to one another as they approach the costa;

there is no upper discocellular ; the middle is nearly straight and in a line with the

lower radial; an atrophied lower discocellular meets the median nervure a little beyond

the origin of the second branch. The front leg of the male has a moderately stout

coxa, >2 femur + trochanter; tibia = femur; tarsus (single-jointed) <tibia. Hyes

smooth; palpi in the male with a short terminal joint <3, but >$ the middle joint.

In the female the terminal joint is nearly as long as the middle joint, which in both

sexes is slender and of nearly uniform width throughout. Antenne with thirty-seven

joints, but slightly thickened towards the end into a club.

The secondary male sexual organs in P. edocla have a simple pointed tegumen, from

which is attached a piece on either side bearing a strong point which projects outward

in the anal cavity ; these pieces pass onwards to the ventral margin; the harpagones are

very slender lobes, hairy on the outer surface and at the end; the penis is straight.

In P. otolais these parts are almost exactly similar.

All the species of Pyrrhogyra are found in sunny places in the forest, where they sit

upon the foliage. In the dry season they frequent streams, alighting on rocks and

stony ground.

1. Pyrrhogyra tipha.

Papilio tipha, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 776" ; Clerck, Ic. Ins. t. 82. £37; Cr. Pap. Ex. t.8. f. D, BE’.

Pyrrhogyra tiphus, Bates, Journ. Ent. 1. p. 319°.

Papilio neerea, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 297°.

Pyrrhogyra neerea, Aurivill. Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. ix. no. 5, p. 97°.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis macula ultra cellulam subovata alba, fascia communi lata infra eam angulum posti-

carum analem versus extendente, subtus anticis pro majore parte albis, parte alba lineis nigris tripartita,

costa cellule fine et linea ultra maculam distalem coccineis, triente ad marginem externum fusca albo

variegata et lineola submarginali notata; posticis albis, margine externo late fusco albido variegato, intus

linea coccinea (ad costam producta), maculis sex nigris extus attingentibus notato, lineolisque sub-

marginalibus fuscis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson); Panama, San Lorenzo, Volcan de Chiriqui,

2P2

292 RHOPALOCERA.

Bugaba (Arcé, Champion), Lion Hill (Jf*Leannan).—CotomBia; VENEZUELA; LOWER

_ Amazons 4; Braziu.

Dr. Aurivillius has recently® drawn attention to the misapplication of Linnzeus’s

name P. newrea, which, instead of belonging to a species distinct from P. tipha, is

really synonymous with that name, and precedes it by a few pages in the work in which

they were both published. For this latter reason apparently the learned Doctor adopts

the name P. newrea for the species commonly known as P. tipha, and, at the same

time, he suggests that the species hitherto called P. neerea should be called P. cramerit.

The inconvenience of thus shifting the name P. newrea from one species to another in

the same genus is obvious. As we can, without doing violence to the law of priority,

still continue to use the title P. tipha as hitherto understood, with P. neerea as

a synonym, we prefer to do so, adopting at the same time Dr. Aurivillius’s name

P. crameri.

Clerck’s figure? no doubt represents a female of this species and agrees well with

examples in our collection of that sex from Brazil. The two pairs of whitish spots

shown on the primaries and the obsolete submarginal series on the upper surface are

not indicated in the males, which are also of a darker hue. These markings, however,

on the underside are represented by a submarginal series of very distinct white spots,

which is present in all the closely allied races with which we are acquainted, except

P. hypsenor.

P. tipha does not appear to extend into our region beyond Nicaragua, whence

northward through Guatemala and British Honduras it is replaced by its last-

named ally.

2. Pyrrhogyra hypsenor, sp. nov. (Tab. XXVII. figg. 3, 4.)

P. tiphe similis, sed fascia alarum alba angustiori, subtus marginibus externis fuscis haud albo notatis.

Hab. British Honpuras, Corosal (Roe), Rio Hondo (Blancaneaux); Guatemata,

Polochic and Motagua valleys, Pacific slope (f. D. G. & O. S.), Zapote (Champion).

As mentioned above, this species differs from P. ¢ipha in having the white band of

the wings narrower, and also in the absence of the submarginal series of white spots

beneath. All our specimens from countries north of Nicaragua are constant in these

respects, and the insect therefore appears to us to require specific distinction.

Our original Guatemalan specimens were captured by ourselves, and it would appear

to be rather uncommon, as we have received but few in subsequent collections from

that country; so far as we know it does not extend its range into Mexico,

A Guatemalan specimen is figured.

3. Pyrrhogyra edocla.

Pyrrhogyra edocla, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 253. t. 82. f. 5"; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S.

1874, p. 3487.

PYRRHOGYRA. 293

P. tiphe similis, sed anticis magis elongatis maculis et fascis albis viridi lavatis, et anticis macula altera sub-

apicali notatis ; subtus anticarum linea mediana nigra, intus coccinea et posticarum costa ad basin tantum

coccinea distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Rimeli), Guatemata, Polochic valley, Choctum (Haque),

Tamahu, El Tumbador, Zapote (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten”); Pamama,

Veraguas (Arcé).—Conomsia ; VENEZUELA!; Bottvta }.

A very pretty species, found commonly throughout Southern Mexico and Central

America, and extending its range to Bolivia}. Eastwards in the valley of the Upper

Amazons its place is taken by P. cupari, a species with a much broader and paler

band on the wings.

4. Pyrrhogyra crameri.

Pyrrhogyra crameri, Aurivill. Kong. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. ix. no. 5, p. 987.

Papilio neerea, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 75. C, D?.

Pyrrhogyra neerea, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 319°.

P. edocle similis, sed minor, alis magis rotundatis et fascia alarum communi viridi-alba latissima, et ab omnibus

hujus generis diversa linea anticarum subtus mediana absente.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Chiriqui, Veraguas

(Arcé), Lion Hill (1/‘Leannan).—Ecuapor ; Upper Amazons; Gorana?2; N. BRaziu.

As we have already stated under P. ¢ipha, the name P. neerea adopted by Cramer

from Linnzus and used by nearly all subsequent writers is not applicable to this insect.

Dr. Aurivillius’s name suggested as a substitute is appropriate and must now be

employed}.

On the upperside P. crameri closely resembles P. ofolais; it may, however, be

readily distinguished from it by the absence of the red line on the underside of the

median nervure of the primaries. Mr. Bates says it is a common insect in the forest

over the whole Amazons region?; but in Central America it does not appear to extend

further north than Costa Rica.

5. Pyrrhogyra otolais. (Tab. XXVII. figg. 5, 6.)

Pyrrhogyra otolais, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 126°; Journ. Ent. ii. p. 3187; Butl. & Druce,

P.Z. S. 1874, p. 348°.

Pyrrhogyra neis, Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 473 *.

P. crameri quoad staturam et colorem pagine alarum superioris similis; subtus anticis linea fusca intus coccinea

supra venam anticarum medianam differt.

Hab. Mexico}, Atajac (Hedemann*), Vera Cruz (Sallé*), Cordova (Riimelt), Valladolid

in Yucatan (Gaumer); British Honpuras, Corosal (foe); GuatEMaLa!, Polochic

valley (Hague), Motagua valley, Pacific slopes (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Teleman, Zapote,

Mirandilla, Panima, Panan, Cubilguitz (Champion); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt);

Costa Rica (Van Patten*®).—Co.omBia‘ ; Ecuapor; Upper AMAzons?,

294 RHOPALOCERA.

P. otolais is a common species throughout our region, where individuals are very

constant in their markings.

Mr. Bates says? he met with it only at San Paulo on the Upper Amazons, and

remarks that the single specimen he captured there differed slightly from Mexican

and Guatemalan insects. We have since received others from Mr. Whitely, taken at

Pebas and various places on the upper waters of the Amazons, all showing similar

differences. A specimen likewise was sent us by Dr. Felder, who received it from

Bogota and marked it ‘“‘ P. otolais, var.”

The chief points of divergence from the northern form are the presence of a pair of

whitish spots near the centre of the outer margin of the primaries, and the rather

broader and paler red markings on the underside ; but we hesitate to place a specific

value on such slight characters, and are content to indicate the points of variation.

Regarding P. neis, Felder, we have no hesitation in considering it the same as

P. otolais; not only does the description agree, but the range indicated of P. neis is

nearly identical with that of P. otolats.

One of our Guatemalan specimens is figured.

ADELPHA.

Adelpha, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 42 (1816).

Heterochroa, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. t. 8. f. 4; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 276.

This large, almost exclusively Neotropical genus contains upwards of seventy species,

of which no less than thirty-one are found within our fauna, one only of which, the

aberrant Adelpha bredowi, passes northwards across the frontier of Mexico, where a

closely allied species, A. californica, is also found. In South America Adelpha does

not pass beyond the limits of Brazil and Bolivia; it is more strongly represented in

the eastern slopes of the Andes than elsewhere, though Mr. Bates found thirteen species

during his sojourn in the valley of the Amazons.

Regarding the position of A. bredow?, we have some doubts whether it ought not to

be removed from Adelpha on account of its smooth eyes and other characters. Though

the former feature associates it with Limenitis as usually understood, the latter, such as

secondary male organs, point rather to an independent position. As for Limenitis

itself it certainly requires revision, as the type of the genus, L. populi, has many points

of difference from L. camilla, and there are Indian species with hairy eyes that require

careful dissection before their position can be settled. On the whole, therefore, we

think it best to leave A. bredowi in Adelpha, at the same time drawing attention to its

peculiarities, to be of service when the whole group is recast.

Prof. Westwood, in his note on the genus, speaks of its affinity to Apatura; but this

view, we think, can hardly be maintained, Apatura having several peculiar characters

not shared by Adelpha. |

ADELPHA. 295

We should have been glad to have continued the name Heterochroa proposed by

Boisduval, and so carefully defined by Westwood; but that name has previously

been used for a genus of Caryophyllacee. We therefore follow Mr. Kirby in falling

back upon Hiibner’s title Adelpha.

In all species of Adelpha we have examined the primaries have a rudimentary

interno-median nervure near the base of the median on the underside; this is directed

rather outwards and not across towards the submedian. We find this rudimentary

nervure present in “ Limenitis” lorquint and in L. camilla, but in Limenitis populi we

do not trace its existence.

There is but little variation in the neuration of the primaries in Adelpha; the sub-

costal of all emits two branches before the end of the cell; the upper discocellular in

some species, such as A. iphicla, is evanescent; in others it is very short (A. celerio,

A. erotia, A. fessonia, A. melanthe, &c.); the middle discocellular is usually rounded,

but in A. fessonia it is almost straight, and placed obliquely across the wing. The

lower discocellular is always present in an atrophied state; it usually starts from the

junction of the middle discocellular and lower radial, and passes in a simple curve to

the origin of the second median branch. In A. fessonia it joins the median on the

proximal side of the second branch, and in A. bredowi on the distal side of the same

point. The neuration of Limenitis camilla is practically the same as that of Adelpha

iphicla, except that in the Jatter the distance from the base of the cell to the origin of

the upper discocellular is greater than the distance from the same point to the origin

of the second median branch; in the former the reverse is the case. Limenitis lorquint

agrees with J. camilla in this respect, so does L. populi. But the transition between

these species is completely shown in the various forms of Adelpha. The front legs of

the male in this genus vary but little; the coxa is stout, > 4 femur+trochanter; the

tibia< femur ; tarsus (single-jointed)=$ femur. In A. bredowi the tibia is short, the

tarsus being equal to it ; in A. sophar the tibia is as long as the femur, and the tarsus

short. The legs of Limenitis camilla and L. lorquini are very much like those of

Adelpha ; those of L. popwlt have a much thicker tarsus. The eyes are hairy in front,

except in A. bredowi, which agrees in this respect with L. lorquini, the other North-

American Limenitis, and with LZ. camilla and L. populi. The antenne have from 49

joints in A. bredowi to 37 in A. leucophthalma, with nearly every intermediate number ; 12

or 14 joints form a slight club. Limenitis popult has the smaller number, L. bredowi the

larger. The terminal joint of the palpi is very short, the middle joint of nearly uniform

width throughout. The male secondary sexual organs are more uniform in structure

than usual; the tegumen has a rather long slightly depressed central spine, beneath

which is a single projecting spine in the cavity of the structure; the harpagunes in

most species have a lobe starting from the middle of the ventral edge, and directed

upwards and slightly serrated on the inner edge; they have a longitudinal fold along

the middle of nearly their whole length, and they usually end in a blunt point, which

296 RHOPALOCERA.

is serrate beneath. In A. dredowi there are three strong teeth near the end of the

ventral surface of the harpagones; there is no ascending lobe, and the spine of the

tegumen in the middle of the cavity is double. The structure of these parts in Lime-

nitis popult and L. lorquini is almost exactly like that of Adelpha, but L. camilla has

the harpagones considerably produced into a depressed point,

A. Eyes hairy in front.

a. Markings of the distal half of the secondaries beneath radiating towards the

outer margin. |

1. Adelpha melanthe. (Tab. XXVIII. figg. 1, 2.)

Heterochroa melanthe, Bates, Ent. Month]. Mag. i. p. 129°.

Heterochroa melantho, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3437.

Heterochroa melane, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 45° (partim).

Alis saturate brunneis, anticis fascia lata obliqua extus sinuata ultra cellulam transvittatis, maculis indistinetis

albidis ad cellule finem; subtus ochraceis, anticis ad costam et posticis ad marginem externum lineolis

fuscis radiolatis; anticarum cellula nigra albo et ochraceo pulchre maculata; posticis plaga magna

discali et lineis tribus in dimidio basali transversis fuscis notatis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimelt); Guatemata, San Gerénimo, Tocoy, Chiacam

(Champion), Motagua and Polochic valleys, San Gerdénimo, central valleys (f. D. G. &

O. S.1); Honpuras?; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten), Cache,

Irazu (Rogers) ; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé).—CoLomBia 8,

There seem to be three closely allied species of this form, all having a fulvous trans-

verse band on the primaries. The northern race is the insect here treated of, which

spreads throughout our region from Southern Mexico to Panama, and thence passes

into the Cauca valley as far as Frontino. Further south in Colombia a slightly modified

form exists, having both the apex of the primaries and the distal half of the secondaries

beneath much darker: this we propose to call Adelpha melanippe*. The third race is

A. spruceana, described by Mr. Bates from a specimen taken in Ecuador by Mr. Spruce

on the western slopes of Chimborazo; this on the underside resembles the Colombian

A. melanippe, but on the upperside the transverse fulvous band of the primaries is as

narrow as it isin A. lara. The male of the insect referred to by Boisduval 3 as Hetero-

* Adelpha melanippe, sp. n.

A, melanthe similis quoad picturam paging alarum superioris, sed subtus alis omnino obscurioribus colore

ochraceo magis restricto. A. spruccane quoque similis, sed fascia anticarum fulva multo latiore dis-

tinguenda.

Hab. CoLoMBia,

Mus, nostr.

ADELPHA, 297

chroa melane probably belongs here, but the female with a white band is doubtless of

another species.

A. melanthe was described by Mr. Bates from specimens captured by ourselves in the

valleys of Central Guatemala. As will be seen above, it has since been taken in many

other places, not only in Guatemala but elsewhere throughout our region. It inhabits

thinly-wooded districts, chiefly situated at an elevation of from 2000 to 3000 feet.

b. Markings of the distal half of the secondaries beneath more or less parallel to

the outer margin.

a'. Distal half of the primaries spotted with white.

2, Adelpha demialba. (Tab. XXX. figg. 5, 6.)

Heterochroa demialba, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 77*; Lep. Ex. p. 108, t. 38. £. 3%.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticarum area apicali albo maculata; subtus ferrugineo-fuscis, anticis ut supra albo macu-

latis, anticarum cellula et posticis lineolis variis fuscis et glaucis transfasciatis; posticarum margine

externo serrato ciliis albis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten1?), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui

(Arcé, Champion), Pefia Blanca (Champion).

A remarkable species, by reason of its dark wings and the apical portion of the

primaries being covered with large white spots.

Besides the type, which is in a damaged condition, we have since received several

other specimens from Costa Rica; we also have it from the neighbourhood of Chiriqui.

Curiously enough, of these specimens, seven in number, only two are at all perfect.

Mr. Butler’s figure represents a female from Costa Rica; that now drawn is a male

from Chiriqui, but, beyond usual slight difference in the shape of the wings, the sexes

are alike.

A. demialba is a mountain species, being found at an elevation of 4000 to 5000 feet.

It flies high in open spaces in the forest. At Pefia Blanca Mr. Champion saw several

specimens, but all out of reach.

b’. Band of the primaries transverse.

a", Secondaries nearly uniform.

3. Adelpha sophax. (Tab. XXIX. figg. 1, 2.)

Adelpha sophax, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, ii. p. 265°.

Alis brunneis, anticis fascia fulva bisectis, posticis lineis obsoletis margini externo subparallelibus notatis ; subtus

anticis fascia multo pallidiore, maculis apicalibus et alteris cellularibus nigro marginatis notatis ; posticis

lineis margini externo subparallelibus nigro marginatis, una maculosa submarginali et duabus ad basin

albis notatis, reliquis plerumque fulvis.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., April 1884. 2q

298 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers1); Panama, Bugaba (Arcé).—Co.omsia 1.

An interesting species, combining the characters of several others. On the upper-

side it closely resembles A. tizona, A. salmoneus, &c.; the underside, however, is like

that of A. epione. Our first specimens were derived from Costa Rica and Colombia ;

we now know it from the neighbourhood of Chiriqui, and we have also additional

examples taken by Salmon in the Cauca valley.

4. Adelpha tizona. (Tab. XXIX. fig. 11.)

Heterochroa tizona, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 424°.

Alis supra A. sophaci simillimis; subtus valde distinctis, maculis anticarum ad basin indistinctis, obscure

cinereis maculis inter‘’ramos medianos nullis, posticis ad basin griseis, lineis transversis cellulam trans-

euntibus haud ad marginem internum productis.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).—Cotompia!; Perv.

A species of not uncommon occurrence in the neighbourhood of Chiriqui; but we

have not yet met with it elsewhere within our district. We have examples from

Colombia, one of which has been compared with Dr. Felder’s type. The species also

occurs in Southern Peru, Mr. Whitely having found it in the Cosnipata valley.

As already stated, A. tizona bears a strong resemblance to A. salmoneus on the upper-

side; but they may be distinguished by the markings on the underside of the secon-

daries, as will be seen on reference to the figures of the two species.

It is also very similar to A. sophax on the upperside, but beneath differs considerably,

as the figures show, that of A. tizona having been taken from a Chiriqui specimen.

It is a forest butterfly.

5. Adelpha salmoneus. (Tab. XXVIII. figg. 3, 4.)

Heterochroa salmoneus, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 667, f. 1°.

A, sophact similis, quoad picturam alarum pagine superioris; subtus alis omnino rufescentioribus, lineis trans-

versis magis indistinctis, maculis ad cellule finem anticarum duabus nec una diversa.

Ab A. tizona differt alis subtus rufescentioribus et lineis posticarum transversis usque ad marginem internum

productis.

Hab. Guaremaua, Yzabal (F. D. G. & O. S.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).—Co-

LOMBIA; VENEZUELA 1,

An ally of A. tizona and A. irmina, the differences being chiefly in the markings of

the underside of the secondaries; these will be best seen by reference to the figures.

A. salmoneus seems to be everywhere a scarce species; Mr. Butler’s type came from

Venezuela +, and we have specimens from Colombia. Mr. Belt obtained a few examples

of it in Nicaragua, and a single insect captured by ourselves at Yzabal in Guatemala is

the only evidence we have of its occurrence in that country.

ADELPHA. 299

6", Secondaries with a white discal spot.

6. Adelpha leucophthalma.

Nymphalis leucophthalma, Latr. in Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. i. p. 247, t. 25. f. 3, 4’.

Heterochroa mephistopheles, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 7°; Lep. Ex. p. 101, t. 88. f. 4°.

Alis brunneis, anticis fascia lata fulva bisectis, posticis macula discali rotunda alba notatis ; subtus rufescentibus,

anticis fascia sicut supra sed pallidiore, macula ad cellule finem, altera basi propiore, tertia inter ramos

medianos, cinereis, omnibus nigro circumcinctis; punctis duabus subapicalibus griseo-albidis; posticis

fusco nebulosis macula rotunda sicut supra, altera costam mediam attingente, fasciis duabus fractis trans-

versis cinereis ad basin nigro cinctis, serie macularum submarginalium albescente.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica, Cache, Irazu (Rogers); Panama,

Pefia Blanca (Champion).—CotomBia?3; Perv’.

Though we have no specimens of this species from Peru, the country whence

Latreille’s type was procured, our Colombian examples (including the type of Mr.

Butler’s A. mephistopheles) agree so well with the figure in the ‘Observations des

Zoologie’ that we cannot but consider them as identical with the insect there repre-

sented. The apex of the primaries is without tawny spots, and the white spot of the

secondaries is nearly round. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama are the only districts

within our region whence we have received specimens; in all these countries the next

species, A. lacina, is found with A, lewcophthalma. In Colombia A. justina takes the

place of the latter species.

Mr. Champion’s specimen from Pefia Blanca was taken in open country away from

the forest.

7. Adelpha lacina.

Heterochroa lacina, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 102, t. 38. f. 5°.

Heterochroa justina, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 47 ?”.

A. leucophthalme similis, sed alis anticis macula (interdum duplici) subapicali fulva; posticis macula discali

elongata transyersa ad fines acuta, subtus maculis discali et costali conjunctis, serie submarginali macu-

larum fasciam indistictam formante.

Hab. Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten1), Irazu (Logers) ;

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé).

This species is very closely allied to A. justina of Colombia and Venezuela, having

tawny spots in the apex of the primaries, as in that insect. The outer margin of the

fulvous band of the primaries is rather less irregular, and the white spot of the secon-

daries is much more elongated. It seems to be quite a scarce butterfly in Central

America, for, besides the type from Van Patten’s collection, we have only seen three.

other examples. It is probably this species to which Boisduval alludes under the name

of Heterochroa justina *.

2Q2

300 RHOPALOCERA.

c’. Band of the primaries subparallel to the outer margin.

ce”. Transverse lines across the end of the cell of the primaries beneath.

a”. Band common to both wings fulvous.

8. Adelpha leuceria. (Tab. XXX. figg. 7, 8.)

Heterochroa leuceria, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 2867.

Alis supra brunneis, fascia communi marginibus externis subparallela ad costam anticarum bifida fulva ; subtus

rufescentibus, fascia sicut supra albicante, serie communi macularum submarginalium indistincte albida ;

anticis maculis cellularibus duabus et una ultra eam cinereis nigro utrinque marginatis, posticis ad basin

fasciis duabus cinereis intima utrinque extima margine interno tantum nigro marginatis.

Hab. Guatemaua, Polochic valley (Hague), Sinanja (Champion); Costa Rica, Rio

Sucio (Logers).

Mr. Hague supplied us with the types of this pretty species, which were taken in

the valley of the Polochic!; Mr. Champion has since found it in an adjoining valley.

It occurs, too, in Costa Rica, where Mr. Rogers captured two specimens.

It has no near allies that we know of. The tawny band running across both wings

is a peculiar feature shared only by A. ethelda of Ecuador, a species which differs totally

from the present one on the underside.

6". Secondaries above without conspicuous marks.

9. Adelpha tracta.

Heterochroa tracta, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 102, t. 88. f. 6"; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3437.

Alis supra brunneis, anticis fascia lata margini externo parallela venis divisa fulva, extra eam fascia altera

maculosa indistincta ; posticis fasciis tribus margini externo subparallelibus obsolete fulvidis ; subtus fere

ut in A. leuceria fascia posticarum angustiore.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten 1), Rio Sucio (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui

(Arcé, Champion).

The first examples of this insect came in Van Patten’s collection from Costa Rica

and were described by Mr. Butler}. We have since obtained many specimens from

Mr. Champion taken in Chiriqui, where it appears to be by no means uncommon at an

elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet. .

Mr. Butler’s plate represents the band of the primaries of far too pale a colour; it is,

in fact, tawny brown, a darker tint than is usual in this genus.

Like A. leuceria, A. tracta is a very isolated species, but they are perhaps more

nearly related to each other than to any others in the genus.

ADELPHA. 301

e, Band common to both wings white.

10. Adelpha fessonia. (Tab. XXIX. figg. 18, 19.)

Heterochroa fessonia, Hew. Ann. & Mag. N. H. p. 260, t. 20. f. 67; Mén. Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. ul.

p. 119’; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 343°.

Heterochroa cestus, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 45 *.

Alis brunneis, indistincte lineolis obscurioribus notatis, fascia communi a costa anticarum (ad venam medianam

angulata) ad angulum posticarum analem transeunte alba; anticis plaga magna subapicali costam attingente

fulva; subtus rufescentibus fascia communi alba ut supra, altera angustiore basi propiore, plaga fulva

subapicali anticarum albido marginata et inter venas saturate fulvo notata; maculis indistinctis submar-

ginalibus nigro-brunneis.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio (Forrer), Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuatemMaa, Motagua valley

(F. D. G. & O.S.); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.1); Nicaragua 2, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica

(Van Patten), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, David (Champion).

The white band running through both wings from the costa of the primaries towards

the anal angle of the secondaries distinguishes this species from all others except

A. cestus of Venezuela, a species with which it is no doubt closely allied. It differs,

however, in having a much larger and rounder spot at the apex of the primaries, and

the white transverse band of the same wings is somewhat abruptly bent where it crosses

the median nervure.

Hewitson first described A. fessonia from a specimen in the British Museum from

Honduras; we now trace it northward through Guatemala to the Mexican State of

Durango. Southward it spreads to the State of Panama, but it appears to be nowhere

common. Our only Guatemalan specimen was captured by ourselves in the valley of

the Motagua.

It is probably this species which Boisduval refers to under the name of /eterochroa

cestus, saying that it is fairly common in Honduras *.

d", Band on primaries wholly or almost entirely fulvous; band on secondaries white.

11. Adelpha erotia. (Tab. XXIX. figg. 14, 15.)

Heterochroa erotia, Hew. Ann. & Mag. N. H. xx. p. 259, t. 20. f. 3’; Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 332’;

Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 342°.

Alis brunneis ad basin et marginibus indistincte lineolatis; anticis fascia irregulari a costa ad marginem

internum margini externo subparallela, maculisque duabus aut tribus subapicalibus fulvis ; posticis fascia

mediana alba bisectis ; subtus ferrugineis fasciis alarum sicut supra in anticis maculosis, anticis ad basin

maculis griseo-albis nigro marginatis notatis; serie punctorum submarginalium albida ; posticis ad basin

lineis duabus fusco-marginatis griseo-albis transfasciatis ; area submarginali fasciis tribus notata, extima

maculosa albida.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica

(Van Patten®), Cache, Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui, Veraguas (Arcé), Bugaba

302 RHOPALOCERA.

(Champion), Lion Hill (M‘Zeannan).—Sovutn America, from Colombia to Bolivia’;

AMAZONS 2.

We restrict this name to individuals having the tawny band extending down to or

beyond the first branch of the median nervure, as it approaches the inner margin. In

some specimens the space between the first median nervule and the inner margin is —

more or less occupied with white, some individuals from the State of Pandma having

more white than is usual. When we come to Guatemala we not only find examples

of the true A. erotia, but also another form which has been separated under the name

of A. phylaca; in this latter insect the white band is developed at the expense of the

tawny one, and extends quite up to the second median branch.

A. erotia was described by Hewitson from Bolivian specimens in the British Museum!;

it has since been found to be a common species throughout the Amazons region 2, and

northward in Central America as far as Guatemala.

12. Adelpha erymanthis, sp.n. (Tab. XXIX. figg. 5, 6.)

A. erotic affinis, sed anticis magis elongatis et falcatis, posticis ad angulum analem multo magis dentatis, fascia

posticarum alba ad angulum eodem acuta et limbo externo ad costam fulvo marginata; subtus A. erotic

persimilis, parte alarum basali glauco-ceerulescentiore.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers).

We have two specimens of this species, both males, which, though evidently closely

allied to the common A. erotia, is nevertheless easy to be distinguished by the characters

given above.

13. Adelpha oberthuri. (Tab. XXIX. figg. 3, 4.)

Heterochroa oberthiirti, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 46°.

A. erotie similis quoad alarum paginam superiorem, sed minor; subtus alis omnino grisescentioribus et maculis

omnibus magis indistinctis; fascia anticarum linea ferruginea longitudinaliter divisa.

Hab. Guaremata !, Polochic valley (Hague), Zapote and Panan (Champion) ; Costa

Rica, Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Arcé, Champion).

We have great doubts whether this species is really separable from A. thesprotia of

Felder from Colombia. The only differences which we can detect are that the fulvous

band of the primaries is narrower, and that the white band of secondaries nearly always

passes a short way into the primaries.

Through the kindness of M. Charles Oberthtir we have had an opportunity of

comparing Boisduval’s type with our series from Guatemala; and we have also named

specimens of A. thesprotia from Dr. Felder, so that we are able to compare typical

examples.

A, oberthiiri is a forest species.

ADELPHA. 303

14, Adelpha urraca.

Heterochroa urraca, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 116°.

Heterochroa lorze, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 467.

Heterochroa plesaure, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8.1874, p. 342°.

A. oberthiiri et A. erotic affinis, sed maculis ad apicem anticarum supra fulvis nullis aut obsoletis; subtus

anticis fascia fulva multo latiore distinguenda.

Hab. GuaveMaa?, Polochic valley (Hague), Panima (Champion) ; Nicaragua, Chon-

tales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten ®); Panama, Bugaba (Arcé, Champion).

—Brazit, Rio Negro }.

A specimen compared with the type of Heterochroa urraca agrees with the type of

Boisduval’s H. lorze@, so that the latter becomes a synonym of the former. The species

is closely allied to A. cocala, differing chiefly in the fulvous band of the primaries not

bifurcating towards the costa, there being in the males no fulvous spots in the apex;

and in the more diffused markings of the distal half of the primaries beneath it may be

further distinguished from A. obderthiiri, which is found throughout the same country.

e’, Band on primaries partly fulvous, partly white, sometimes connected, sometimes

broken.

15. Adelpha diocles. (Tab. XXX. figg. 3, 4.)

Adelpha diocles, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1878, p. 270°.

Alis brunneis ad basin et marginibus indistincte lineolatis, anticis maculis duabus cellulam transeuntibus rubidis

fusco utrinque marginatis; macula elongata subapicali a costa ad ramum medianum primum extensa

fulva; fascia communi a vena anticarum mediana ad angulum posticarum analem alba; subtus albidis

fasciis ut supra, sed latioribus et lineis fulvis nigro limbatis utrinque marginatis ; anticarum cellula maculis

duabus fulvis nigro utrinque marginatis una ad medium altera ad finem positis, linea submarginali indis-

tincta fusca ad angulum posticarum nigra bene definita.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé 1).

The single specimen described by us in 1878 still remains unique. On the upper-

side the species bears some resemblance to the South-Brazilian A. syma, but beneath

it differs materially from that species, as it does from all others with which we are

acquainted.

16. Adelpha cytherea. |

Papilio cytherea, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 305°; Clerck, Ic. Ins. t. 39. f. 3%.

Najas moderata cytherea, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schm. 1. t. 62°.

Heterochroa cytherea, Bates, Journ. Ent. il. p. 333°,

Adelpha cytherea, Aurivill. K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. xix. no. 5, p. 103°.

Papilio elea, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 242. f. D, E°.

Alis brunneis, ad basin et marginibus indistincte lineolatis, anticis fascia lata ultra cellulam a costa ad marginem

internum extendente fulva, fascia communi ramum medianum secundum fere attingente usque ad angulum

posticarum analem extendente alba; subtus fulvis, ad basin lineolatis fasciis sicut supra; serie communi

submarginali punctorum alborum notatis.

304 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Guaremata, Cahabon, Cubilguitz (Champion), Polochic valley (Hague), Yzabal,

Choctum (F. D. G. & O. 8.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers) ;

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui and Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Co.omsia to

Souta Brazit.

With the exception of Mexico this species spreads throughout Central America and

the whole of the South-American continent as far as South Brazil. In all this wide

area we find great constancy in its general markings, though the width of both the

fulvous and white bands varies to some extent. We found A. cythera most abundant

in Guatemala in open places in the forests of Vera Paz, which lie to the north of Coban,

at an elevation of about 1200 feet above the sea, whence it descends to the coast.

The early synonymy of A. cytherea has recently been carefully worked out by Dr.

Aurivillius, who considers Hiibner’s plate best represents the Linnean species °.

17. Adelpha lerna, (Tab. XXIX. figg. 12, 13.)

Heterochroa lerna, Hew. Ann. & Mag. N. H. xx. p. 257, t.20. f.4°; Bates, Journ. Ent. i. p. 3327;

Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 343°.

Alis brunneis, ad basin et marginibus indistincte lineolatis ; anticis plaga magna ultra cellulam a costa ad

ramum medianum secundum extensa, maculisque tribus subapicalibus fulvis; fascia communi a ramum

anticarum medianum ad angulum posticarum analem transeunte alba; subtus ferrugineis maculis omnibus

bene definitis fascia communi alba sicut supra, anticis cellula parte basali albida linea longitudinali notata,

macula alba utrinque nigro limbata ad finem, aliisque duabus ultra eam, triente apicali et serie submarginali

maculosis; posticis lineis duabus arcuatis ad basin albis, area marginali externo fasciis maculosis albidis

quatuor notatis.

Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten®); Panama, Volcan de

Chiriqui, Bugaba (Arcé, Champion).— Peru; Boutvia; AMAZONS VALLEY ?.

A common species in the State of Panama, whence it ranges northward as far as

Nicaragua; but we have not yet seen specimens from Costa Rica, though its name

is included in Messrs. Butler and Druce’s list of Dr. Van Patten’s collection 3. It was

described originally by Hewitson from Bolivian specimens!. Mr. Bates found it

sparingly on the Upper Amazons? in sunny places in the forests. In general appear-

ance this insect is not unlike A. phylaca, but the apical fulvous spot of the primaries is

completely separated from the white band, and the markings of the underside, especially

those of the outer margin of the secondaries, are more clearly defined.

18. Adelpha phylaca. (Tab. XXX. figg. 1, 2.)

Heterochroa phylaca, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. ili. p. 135°.

A, lerne similis quoad alarum paginam superiorem, sed plaga anticarum fulva fasciam albam attingente; subtus

maculis omnibus magis indistinctis et plerumque griseo indutis distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Rimeli); Guatemaua, Polochic valley (Hague 1).

~ ADELPHA. 305

This, perhaps, is a form more nearly allied to A. erotia than to A.lerna. It is found

in Guatemala, and differs from the former species in the white band of the primaries

extending from the inner margin to the second median branch.

We are doubtful whether this character will ultimately be tenable, as the amount of

white in this part of the wing-band is certainly variable. Mr. Bates described this

species from a female specimen, and compared it with A. iphicla, which is not its

nearest ally }.

In addition to the type we have several male examples from Guatemala, all from the

valley of the Polochic. We have also one from Cordova in Mexico.

19. Adelpha pithys. (Tab. XXVIII figg. 7, 8.)

Heterochroa pithys, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 128°.

Alis brunneis ad basin et marginibus indistincte lineolatis; anticis plaga submarginali bisinuata fulva, fascia

communi lata a vena mediana usque ad angulum posticarum analem extensa alba, angulo ipso fulvo

nigro bipunctato ; subtus pallidissime fulvis, plaga et fascia communi sicut supra, alis ambobus ad basin

lineolatis, ad marginem externum indistincte fasciolatis.

Hab. Guaremata, Tablelands (. D. G. & O. S.1) and Polochic valley (Hague).

This is a rare species in Guatemala, for besides the type (a male now figured) obtained

by us in the highlands near Duefias!, only two other examples have reached us, and

these were sent by Mr. Hague from the valley of the Rio Polochic.

It is closely allied to A. donysa, but differs in having the white band common to both

wings wider, and in the markings of the underside being more faintly impressed. Both

species have the fulvous spot at the anal angle of the secondaries, in which are two

black dots. |

So far as Guatemala is concerned, both A. pithys and A. donysa seem to fly together

at altitudes varying from upwards of 5000 feet to as low as 2000 feet and under.

A. pithys, however, has not yet been traced to Mexico.

20. Adelpha donysa.

Heterochroa donysa, Hew. Ann. & Mag. N. H. xx. p. 260, t. 20. f. 5°.

Heterochroa rela, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 46°.

A, pithys similis sed major, fascia alarum communi alba multo angustiore et pictura alarum subtus multo

obscuriore et ad basin griseo tincta.

Hab. Mexico!2; Guatemaa, Calderas (. D. G. & O. S.), Polochic valley (Hague) ;

Honpvuras ? 2.

This species was described by Hewitson as long ago as 18471 from specimens in the

British Museum and his own collection said to have been sent from Mexico !.

Boisduval’s A. rela also came from Mexico and belongs here, as an examination of

the type proves. Honduras is also given as within its range; but this is perhaps

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1., April 1884. 28

306 RHOPALOCERA.

doubtful 2. In Guatemala we took a male near Calderas at an altitude of 7000 feet

on the Volcan de Fuego; but we have other specimens from the Polochic valley,

showing that A. donysa, like its near ally A. pithys, has a wide range in elevation.

A. donysa may be distinguished from the last species by its narrower white band and

by the markings of the underside being more distinct. It also appears to be a somewhat

larger insect. A Brazilian ally of both these species is A. abia (Hew.).

21. Adelpha basilea. (4. epiphicla, Tab. XXVIII. figg. 9, 10.)

Papilio basilia, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 188, f. D’. ;

Heterochroa basilea, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 331°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 342°.

Alis brunneis ad basin et marginibus indistincte lineolatis; plaga anticarum subapicali valde irregulari et

macula (vena divisa) ultra eam fulvis ; fascia communi a vena mediana ad angulum posticarum analem

alba; subtus ferrugineo-fuscis, ad basin griseo fasciatis, ad marginem externum fusco fasciolatis, plaga

anticarum et fascia communi sicut supra.

@ mari similis, sed fascia communi alba in anticis ad ramum medianum secundum tantum extensa.

Hab. Mexico, Acapulco (Markham), Cordova (Riimeli); GuaTeMaa, Polochic valley

(Hague), Zapote and Tocoy (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica

(Van Patten*); Panama, Bugaba, San Lorenzo (Arcé §& Champion).—CoLoMBIA ; UPPER

AMAZONS 2,

This species has long stood in our collection under the MS. title of A. epiphicla, and

is thus named on our Plate; we find now, however, that it is not separable from the

well-known South-American A. basilea. It also stands in M. Oberthiir’s collection

under a MS. name of Boisduval’s.

A. basilea is a common species in Guatemala, whence we have a good series of

examples. It appears to be an inhabitant of the low country. The species is closely

allied to A. zphicla, but may always be recognized by the presence of a second apical

spot on the primaries.

All our female examples have the white band in the primaries shorter than in the

male, and we suppose this to be a normal character.

22. Adelpha iphicla. (A. iphicleola, Tab. XXVIII. figg. 11, 12.)

Papilio iphicla, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 780"; Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist. i. p. 27, t. 14. f. 3, 4°.

Heterochroa iphicla, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 381°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.8. 1874, p. 342+.

Adelpha iphicla, Aurivill. Kong]. Sv. Ak. Hand]. xix. no. 5, p. 106°.

Heterochroa iphicleola, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 128°.

A. basilee similis, sed macula ad anticarum apicem fulva absente distinguenda, anticis plaga fulva tantum

ornatis.

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Morrer), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Valladolid in Yucatan ( Gaumer) ;

GuaTeMALA®, San Gerénimo, Panima, Tamahu, Cubilguitz (Champion), Choctum,

Polochic valley (Hague), Yzabal, Motagua valley, Pacific slopes (F. D. G. & 0. 8.);

Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten *), Cache, Irazu (Rogers) ;

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).—Sovuru AmERica to Guiana ? and Brazit; Cusa.

ADELPHA. 307

We have examined a very large series of this insect not only from Central America

but also from various parts of the Southern continent, and a selection of these, some

sixty in number, present no tangible differences that we can detect. We are therefore

obliged to place Mr. Bates’s name as a synonym of that of Linneus as represented by

Drury 5.

A. iphicla is a very common species wherever it is found. In Guatemala it may be

met with nearly everywhere from the sea-level up to an elevation of 4000 feet.

23. Adelpha basiloides. (Tab. XXVIII. figg. 15, 16.)

Heterochroa basiloides, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 8327.

Heterochroa lydia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 3, xvi. p. 898°.

Heterochroa lemnia, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 417°.

A, iphicle persimilis, sed fascia alba anticarum ultra venam medianam extendente distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico! (Sallé*), Cordova (Riimeli); Guarmmata, San Gerénimo (F. D. G. &

O. S.); Honpuras?; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Panama, Volcan de

Chiriqui (Champion), Calobre (Arcé).

Mr. Bates’s description of this species was based upon a single female specimen from

Mexico, from which country we have several other examples, including a male. The

latter is destitute of the small elongated white spot between the radial nervules of the

primaries, and thus exactly resembles another male from Calobre in the State of Panama,

which was examined by the late Rudolph Felder and pronounced by him to belong to

the species described as H. lemnia, with the type of which he compared it. Felder’s

description, however, was based upon a female example from Mexico, and attention is

expressly drawn to the presence of the white spot in question, thus making it certain

that the names 1. lemnia and H. basiloides both refer to the same butterfly. It must

be remarked, however, that none of our females from the State of Panama have this

white spot; but in one of our Guatemalan examples it is almost obsolete, and we are

therefore unwilling to admit of the existence of two species on so slight and evanescent

a character.

A. basiloides, thus considered, probably ranges throughout our region, but we have

not yet seen specimens from Costa Rica.

24. Adelpha felderi. (A. falcata, Tab. XXVIII. figg. 13, 14.)

Heterochroa felderi, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 45°.

Adelpha falcata, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 270”.

A, iphicle quoad paginam alarum superiorem similis, sed anticis magis falcatis, et macula posticarum anali

absente ; subtus omnino magis ferrugineis maculis ad basin disjunctis griseis utrinque nigro marginatis;

serie subapicali macularum unica et intra eam fasciola obscura notatis.

Hab, Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli); Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague), Sinanja,

Cubilguitz (Champion) ; Costa Rica}.

2R2

308 RHOPALOCERA.

We are indebted to M. Charles Oberthiir for the opportunity of examining Boisduval’s

type of this species, which we find to be identical with the insect we named A. falcata

in 1878 2.

On the upperside A. felderi has a general resemblance to A. iphicla; but the

primaries are more falcate, and there is no fulvous spot at the anal angle of the

secondaries. On the underside the present species has peculiarities of its own, as will

be seen on reference to our figure.

With the exception of a single specimen from Mexico, all our series are from Guate-

mala, where it is by no means an uncommon insect. Boisduval’s type is marked from

Costa Rica, but we have ourselves no evidence of its occurrence in that country.

ad". Three black-margined white spots in a triangle at the end of the cell of the

primaries beneath.

25. Adelpha celerio.

Heterochroa celerio, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 127*; Journ. Ent. u. p. 330, t. 13*. f. 4”.

Papilio iphicla, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 188. f. E, F (nec Linn.)’.

Alis fusco-brunneis ad basin et marginibus indistincte lineolatis, anticis plaga subapicali fulva, fascia communi

lata a vena mediana ad angulum posticarum analem alba viridescente vix tincta; subtus ferrugineis,

plaga et fascia ut supra; anticarum cellula, stria basali, maculis tribus triangulum formantibus ad finem et

altera infra eam albis nigro marginatis; posticis fascia transversa ad basin nigro limbata, alis ambabus

margine externo maculis lunulatis serie duplici positis albidis ornatis.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Cordova (Riimelt) ; Guatemata!, Polochic valley,

Chuacus, Choctum (Hague), Panima, Chiacam (Champion), San Gerénimo, central

valleys, Pacific slopes (F. D. G. & O. 8.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa

Rica (Van Patten), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, David, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba

(Champion), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan)—Cotompi1a; Amazons vaLuEy!; N. Brazit.

This is one of the commonest species of Adelpha in Central America, being found

throughout the region from Southern Mexico to Panama; thence it passes into South

America, and is, according to Mr. Bates, found sparingly throughout the Amazon

region”. It inhabits the low country up to an elevation of 3000 feet.

26. Adelpha serpa.

Heterochroa serpa, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. t. 8. f. 4°.

A, celertoni similis, sed fascia communi angustiore et viridescenti haud tincta; subtus alis omnino flavicanti-

oribus, lunulis posticarum submarginalibus latioribus serie duplici lineola angustissima divisa.

Hab. GUATEMALA.—Brazit },

The authority for including this Brazilian species in our fauna rests upon a single

specimen formerly in Mr. Bates’s collection, labelled as coming from Guatemala.

This example is a female, and differs in no way from many others in our collection:

- ADELPHA, | 309

from Rio Janeiro and its neighbourhood. ‘We have no record of its occurrence in any

intermediate locality.

Mr. Kirby, in his catalogue, groups some five or six species as varieties of A. serpa

of Boisduval, including amongst them A. celerio, A. massilia, and A. pareca. In this

we are unable to follow him, as will be seen from the reasons given under the head of

each species.

27. Adelpha sentia. (Tab. XXIX. figg. 9, 10.)

A, serpe similis, sed macula fulva anticarum multo minore, fascia communi alba ad finem anteriorem venis

divisa et fulvo extus tincta ; subtus alis omnino albescentioribus, plaga anticarum apicali haud ad cellulam

extensa, fascia fulva posticarum interiori intus albescente.

Hab. British Honpvuras, Corosal (Roe).

Our description of this species rests upon a single male specimen obtained by Mr.

Roe in British Honduras. Though undoubtedly allied to A. serpa, A. celerio, and

A. massilia, it is obviously distinct, as reference to the figures will show. The white

band of the wings being tinged with fulvous at its upper extremity serves to separate

it from all these species.

28. Adelpha pione, sp. n. (Tab. XXIX. fige. 16, 17.)

A, serpe similis sed fascia alarum alba multo angustiore, et plagula fulva anticarum in stria maculosa usque ad

angulum analem posticarum ducta.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (dus. Staudinger).

This species, of which we have only seen a single female specimen in Dr. Staudinger’s

collection from Chiriqui, is most nearly allied to A. seriphia of Felder, from Venezuela;

but it not only has a very narrow white band, but a second band of a fulvous colour

lies outside this and appears to be a continuation of the fulvous apical spot of the

primaries. Beneath it is very similar to A. serpa.

29. Adelpha massilia. (Tab. XXIX. figg. 7, 8.)

Heterochroa massilia, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 423°.

A. celerioni similis, sed fascia communi angustiori et ad finem superiorem maculosa.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé +), Cordova (Riimeli, Hoge).

. A number of specimens, obtained by both Hoge and Riimeli in Southern Mexico, are,

we believe, referable to this species, which was described by Dr. Felder from examples

taken by Sallé in the same country. It differs chiefly from A. celerio in the narrowness

of the white band in the wings, but more especially by that portion which lies in the

primaries being broken up into distinct spots both on the upper and lower sides.

310 RHOPALOCERA.

30. Adelpha parseca. (Tab. XXVIII. figg. 5, 6.)

Heterochroa pareca, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 127°.

Heterochroa emathia, Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 473’.

A, celeriont quoque similis, sed fascia communi forsan angustiore et pure alba, macula fulva infra plagam

fulvam notata; subtus alis omnino magis distincte picturatis et lunulis submarginalibus, precipue eis

anticarum, distinctioribus.

Hab. Mexico, Potrero (Hedemann*), Cordova (Riimeli), San Gerénimo (Champion),

plain of Salama (Hague), central valleys (F. D. G. & O. S.); Costa Rica, Rio Sucio

(Logers).

Mr. Bates, in describing this species, compared it with A. serpa, from which it differs

in the white band being entire from one end to the other. Beneath the general colour

is whiter, the outer border of the white band is much darker in colour, the double row

of submarginal lunules is more pronounced, besides minor differences.

We have little doubt that the species described by Rudolph Felder under the

name of fH. emathia, from Potrero in Mexico, belongs to this species. Not only do

Mexican specimens from the same district agree with our Guatemalan type, but notes

we took on this species, when in Vienna some few years ago, confirm us in this view.

In Guatemala A. parewca is by no means a common species; our type, and all the

specimens we have since received were taken in the neighbourhood of San Gerdénimo

in Vera Paz. <A single specimen from Costa Rica does not differ materially from more

northern specimens.

B. Eyes smooth.

31. Adelpha bredowi.

Heterochroa bredowii, Hibn. Zutr. ex. Schmett. f. 825, 826+.

Limenitis eulalia, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 36. f. 1’.

Alis fuscis, cellula anticarum maculis duabus indistinctis transversis nigro utrinque marginatis, linea altera

nigra inter eas; plaga magna subtriangulari subapicali fulva; fascia communi a costa anticarum fere ad

angulum posticarum analem alba, in anticis in maculis disjuncta; subtus parte proximali fulvida lineis

griseis nigro marginatis variegatis; parte distali lete brunnea, lunulis submarginalibus serie duplici

positis albidis, posticis fascia alba utrinque nigro limbata et fascia altera angusta extra eam grisea notata.

Hab. Norra America, Arizona.—Mexico!?, Chihuahua (A. Buchan-Hepburn),

Oaxaca (Fenochio); GuaTeMaLa, San Gerénimo (/. D. G. & O.S.), Polochic valley

(Hague), Santa Rosa in Vera Paz (Champion).

Californian examples of a species allied to this Butterfly have been separated by

Mr. Butler under the name of Heterochroa californica, several small differences serving

to distinguish them. The true A. bredowi, however, occurs in Arizona, as Mr.

Morrison’s specimens recently sent from there prove to belong to the southern rather

than to the northern form.

A. bredowt is a local species sparingly distributed in Mexico and only found in

LIMENITIS. dll

Guatemala in the department of Vera Paz. Here we used not unfrequently to meet

with it, especially in the neighbourhood of San Gerénimo and in open places near Santa

Rosa at an elevation of more than 4000 feet above the sea.

LIMENITIS.

Limenitis, Fabricius, in Ill. Mag. f. Ins. vi. p. 281 (1807) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 274.

Nearly thirty species are included in this genus which belong to North America,

Europe, and Asia, including the Philippine Islands, Celebes, Java, and other islands of

those seas. In our country but one species occurs, and this only on the northern

frontier of Mexico. This insect is perhaps only a modified form of one of the widely

distributed species of North America. The species from this region seems quite

congeneric with Limenitis camilla of Europe, which diverges slightly from the typical

L. populi, the atrophied lower discocellular nervule of the primaries meeting the median

at the origin of the second branch instead of beyond it, and in having a rudimentary

spur on the lower side of the median as in Adelpha, this spur being absent in L. popult.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of LZ. camilla (the species we have dissected)

emits two branches before the end of the cell; the upper discocellular is short and

directed forwards, the middle curves rather abruptly into the lower radial, and the

atrophied lower discocellular is sinuous and meets the median at the origin of the

second median branch. The front legs of the male have a moderately stout coxa

>4 femur + trochanter, tibia < femur ; tarsus slender pointed > tibia; eyes smooth ;

terminal joint of palpi very short, middle joint long and of nearly uniform width.

The male secondary sexual organs have a pointed tegumen, beneath which two chitinous

slips meet in the middle line forming a short spine; the harpagones are long and

decurved, projecting considerably beyond the point of the tegumen; there is on the

inner surface an upturned lobe slightly serrated on the edges, as in so many species of

Adelpha. The penis is short.

e e e e e

1. Limenitis arizonensis.

Limenitis ursula, var. arizonensis, W. H. Edw. Papilio, 1. p. 22°.

Alis supra viridescente nigris, anticis maculis submarginalibus novem viridibus ornatis ciliis inter venas albis ;

posticis fascia lata ultra cellulam viridi venis divisa, maculis submarginalibus octo albido-viridibus et extra

eas ad marginem lunulis ejusdem coloris notatis, ciliis inter venas albis; subtus eneo-viridibus, anticis ad

apicem brunnescentibus maculis, una cellulari, altera ad finem ejus, ochraceis nigro marginatis, maculis

quoque ochraceis ad marginem externum, lineis lunulatis duabus submarginalibus albis ; posticis maculis

tribus basalibus ochraceis nigro marginatis, maculis quoque septem ochraceis et serie duplici lunulis albis

submarginalibus ornatis.

Hab. N. America, Arizona1.—Mexico, N.W. frontier (7. HK. Morrison).

It is doubtful if this form is really separable from the more northern L. astyanar

(Fabr.) or, as Mr. W. H. Edwards calls it, Z. wrswla (Fabr.)'’. The primaries are,

312 RHOPALOCERA.

however, more produced, there are no white spots on the costa near the apex, beneath

the wings have a more metallic sheen, and there are other slight differences which,

taken with the difference of habitat, seem of some importance.

This butterfly is included in our fauna on the strength of a single male specimen

sent us by Mr. H. K. Morrison from the United States and Mexican frontier, between

Southern Arizona and Northern Sonora.

Mr. W. H. Edwards has given an interesting account of the relationships of the

North-American butterflies of this form, showing that distinguishing characters between

L. astyanaz (=L. ursula), L. proserpina, and even the white-banded L. artemis, cannot

always be traced *. With these LZ. arizonensis will probably have to be placed, unless

it be proved to have a definite area in which its distinctive characters though slight

are fairly constant.

CHLORIPPE.

Chlorippe, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 47 (1870).

In this genus we place, with a few exceptions, the Neotropical species hitherto

included by most writers in Apatura. The neuration of the primaries is much as in

that genus, the subcostal emitting two branches before or at the end of the cell.

The difference from Apatura consists in the shape of the front legs of the male, which

have the tibia and tarsus flattened and divided into three longitudinal sections by two

grooves running along each of these joints. These legs are always of a pale green

colour, and this, too, seems to be characteristic ft.

Chlorippe thus considered contains about twenty-three species, which are distributed

over the Neotropical region, some, such as C. cyane, having a very wide range.

There seem to be three sections at least of this genus, one represented by C. laure

and C. cyaneé, the second by C. vacuna, and the third by C. zunilda, the two former

having the same neuration and structure of front legs; in the latter the second sub-

costal branch starts at the end of the cell and the joints of the legs are less flattened.

The secondary male sexual organs in C. /awre have a tegumen with a central somewhat

depressed spine, below which, in the anal cavity, is a strong slightly upturned central

spine; the harpagones are hairy at the end and on the outer surface, but are without

spines. In C. vacuna the tegumen is shorter and stouter, and the central piece below is

also shorter and pointed downwards and not upwards; the sexual armature in C. zunilda

is much as in C. lawre. “The palpi in Chlorippe vary in the length of the terminal joint,

which is short in C. laure, not above one fifth the middle joint, which is slightly

* ‘Butterflies of North America,’ second series, part viii. Limenitis I.

T Messrs. Butler and Druce in noticing this genus of Boisduval’s speak as if the describer had said the

palpi were green, and finding that they were not so, at once rejected the name Chlorippe. But it was the

front legs and not the palpi which Boisduval rightly describes as green.

CHLORIPPE. 313

swollen towards the distal end. In C. cyane the terminal joint is longer and more

conical. The palpi of C. vacuna are like those of C. cyane.

In Chlorippe as in Apatura there are indications of two or three tarsal joints in the

front legs of the male; these are shown by a slight constriction at each joint and an

almost obliterated suture.

a. Second subcostal branch emitted at the end of the cell.

1. Chlorippe felderi, sp. n.

Apatura zunilda, var., Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 117’.

Alis fuscis violaceo-micantibus, anticis maculis ad cellule finem et aliis ultra eam albidis; cellula quoque

indistincte maculata; subtus rufescente fuscis, anticis ad basin fulvis, nigro in cellula maculatis, extra

eam albo punctatis: posticis lineola undulata transversa rubida bisectis, ultra eam ocellis duobus inter

ramos medianos nigris ceruleo pupillatis.

fulva, subtus posticis lineis tribus submarginalibus rubidis (in mare obsoletis).

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (2tbbe)—Cotomsia! to Perv.

Dr. Felder pointed out that Bogota specimens of this insect differ from the true

C. zunilda from South Brazil in several particulars, and we have a specimen from the

former locality marked by him Apatura zunilda, var. occidentalis. The chief points of

difference consist in the upperside of the wings being more deeply tinged with blue, the

three spots between the median and costal nervures smaller, the three beyond these

much further removed from the apex, and the outer stripe on the secondaries paler.

We have five northern male specimens ranging from Chiriqui to Peru, all of which

are pretty constant in their markings, and differ from the Brazilian C. zwni/da in the

points above mentioned; hence we have thought it best that the northern insects

should be separated, and pass under a separate name; and as Dr. Felder first mentioned

the points of difference, we have called it after him.

b. Second subcostal branch emitted before the end of the cell.

2. Chlorippe clothilda.

Apatura clothilda, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 487, t. 57. £. 4, 5°.

Alis fusco-nigris, area tota interna nitidissime cyaneo micante ; anticis maculis tribus subobsoletis ultra cellulam ;

subtus ferrugineo-fuscis, anticarum cellula fulva lineis nigris transvittata, maculis albis ultra cellam ad

angulum analem et aliis subparallelibus ad apicem ; posticis linea valde irregulari a cost medio ad medium

marginis interni, lineisque duabus undulatis submarginalibus ferrugineis; ocello inter ramos medianos

ceruleo pupillato.

9 alis multo magis rotundatis colore cyaneo absente; anticis fascia obliqua lata ultra cellulam transeunte

fulva, subtus fascia anticarum fulva obvia.

Obs. A. agathine affinis, quoad picturam paging alarum inferioris, sed colore alarum supra micante cyaneo

distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Bugaba (Champion). Chiriqui, Veraguas

(Arcé).—CoLomBral.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER. Rhopal., Vol. L., June 1884 2s

314 RHOPALOCERA.

Originally described by Dr. Felder from a single specimen sent him from Colombia

by Lindig!, this species has now been traced to the province of Chiriqui, and in a

single female specimen to Nicaragua, where, however, as elsewhere, it is by no means

common.

At first sight the relationship of C. clothilda appears to be with C. cyane and C.

cherubina, the upper surface of the wings having a similar brilliant blue gloss. On

the underside, however, it reveals an affinity to C. agathina and its allies, and to this

section of the genus it uudoubtedly belongs. We are in some doubt regarding the

female of this species, of which we have only a single specimen from Nicaragua, a

locality a long way from the previously recorded range of the species. This specimen

bears the same relationship in colour to the male of C. clothilda as the sexes of C.

agathina do to one another ; and as it has characters in common with the male, we

feel justified in placing it here. In general appearance this female resembles Adelpha

salmoneus.

8. Chlorippe callianira. (Apatura callianira, lab. XXX. figg.9 ¢, 10,112.)

Apatura callianira, Mén. Cat. Mus. Petr. Lép. i. p. 87, t. 2. f. 67.

Apatura thaumas, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 1380’.

C. feldert quoad mares similis, sed major, colore alarum violaceo saturatiore, maculis ultra cellulam albidis

majoribus ; posticis strigula subapicali angulum analem versus extendente fulva.

2 omnino differt, alis fuscis multo pallidioribus, anticarum dimidio distali albo maculato, posticis lineis

submarginalibus distincte notatis.

Hab. Mexico (coll. Staudinger) ; GuatEMALA, Motagua and central valleys (F. D. G.

& O. S."), Tocoy (Champion); Nicaraeva (Delattre?).

Ménétriés described and figured the male of this species from specimens obtained by

Delattre in Nicaragua under the name of Apatura callianira}, and it was subsequently

redescribed by Mr. Bates from examples taken by ourselves in the interior of

Guatemala’. It is by no means a common Butterfly in Central America, for amongst

all the collections since received from that country we have only been able to add one

other specimen to our series, a male captured by Mr. Champion at Tocoy. But it

occurs in Mexico, whence Dr. Staudinger has received a specimen which he recently

submitted to us.

The female differs considerably from the male, being of a pale mottled brown

without any purple gloss. The outer portions of the primaries are marked with white

spots instead of being banded. It thus closely resembles the female of C. vacuna from

Brazil, to which species it is nearly related. . edis occupies an intermediate position

between these two, ranging from Colombia to Bolivia, and undoubtedly belongs to the

same section, thoguh of this last-named insect we have not yet seen a female.

CHLORIPPE. 315

4. Chlorippe pavonii.

Nymphalis pavonii, Latr. in Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. i. p. 197, t. 18. f. 3, 41.

Apatura pavonii, Hew. Ex. Butt. Apatura, f. 3, 4°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 342°.

Chlorippe mentas $ , Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 484.

Alis fuscis violaceo suffusis, fascia communi fere obsoleta ultra cellulam albescente, altera submarginali vix

conspicua, anticis macula subapicali fulva ; subtus fere ut in A. callianira, anticis haud albo eodem modo

maculatis, posticis linea mediana multo rectiore.

2 fusca, fascia communi lata alba, anticis macula subapicali fulva sicut in mare; subtus ut supra, sed alis multo

pallidioribus et lineis submarginalibus notatis.

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Forrer), Cordova (Riimelt), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Valladolid

in Yucatan (Gaumer); British Honpuras, Rio Hondo (Blancaneaux), Corosal (Roe) ;

GuaTEMALA, Las Mercedes, Pantaleon, Teleman (Champion), Polochic valley (Haque),

Motagua valley, Pacific slopes (F. D. G. & O. 8.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa

Rica (Van Patten*®); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, David (Champion), Veraguas

(Arcé).—Co.tomBia!; VENEZUELA ; Ecuapor.

Through the kindness of M. Charles Oberthiir we have been able to compare

Boisduval’s type of Chlorippe mentas with our series of C. pavonii, and after a careful

examination we find that it belongs to that species.

C. pavonit is a very common insect throughout its range. Some individuals,

however, show a slight amount of variation, both in the width of the whitish stripe

crossing both wings, and also in the size of the orange spot towards the apex of the

primaries. Boisduval founded his C. mentas chiefly on the small size of this spot; but

on an examination of our series, numbering nearly forty specimens, we cannot admit

that this is a tangible character. The females likewise vary to some extent.

The insect figured by Felder under the name of Apatura angelina which Boisduval

imagined to represent a variety of the female of his C. mentas, belongs to another

section of the genus, in which the male has the brilliant blue-green band crossing

the centre of both wings.

We are not aware that C. pavonii has any very close ally.

The female has a superficial resemblance to such species of Adelpha as A. iphicla

and A. celerio.

5. Chlorippe laure.

Papilio laure, Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist. ii. t. 17. f. 5, 6°.

Chlorippe laura, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 47°.

Apatura acca, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. iil. p. 485, t. 57. £. 2°.

Apatura druryi, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 342 *.

Alis fuscis, ceeruleo, preter dimidium anticarum distale, leetissime suffusis ; fascia lata communi in anticis fulva,

in posticis alba, anticis macula apicali quoque fulva; subtus anticarum apice et posticis argenteis, fascia

ut in pagina superiore, anticis lineis tribus prope cellule finem nigris maculisque nigris ad angulum

analem ; posticis margine externo albo.

282

316 RHOPALOCERA.

2 major, alis ceruleo inornatis, fascia communi omnino alba, macula bene separata fulva prope anticarum

costam, macula apicali mulla; alis ambabus lineis submarginalibus obscuris notatis.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé), Presidio (Forrer), Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenoch io)

GuateMmaLa, Polochic valley (Hague), Yzabal, Motagua valley, Pacific slope (Ff. D. G.

&§& O. S.); Nicaracua, Chontales (Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama,

Chiriqui (Arcé), Bugaba (Champion).—CoLoMBIA ; VENEZUELA.

Although Drury states! that he received the specimen from which his description and

figure of C. laure were taken “from a part of Africa situated about six degrees of

north latitude,” there can be no doubt that he really refers to this insect, whose range

we have given above.

Doubleday’s figure of C. Jawre, as pointed out by Boisduval, undoubtedly refers to

another insect. It exhibits none of the beautiful blue colour shown on the upper-

side of that species, and Brazil and the West Indies are given as the locality where it

is found, while the true C. /aure does not, so far as we can trace it, extend south of

Venezuela.

C’. laure is included by Messrs. Butler and Druce in their catalogue of the Butterflies

of Costa Rica‘, under the name of Apatura druryi of Hibner, a closely allied but

distinct insect, inhabiting the island of Cuba.

The outer margins of C. druryi are much paler in both sexes, but especially in the

female, and the double-spotted submarginal line is more strongly marked. Besides

this there is a third closely allied species inhabiting Peru and the Upper Amazons,

C. griseldis. In this insect all the colours, including the purple gloss on the upperside,

are of a darker hue, and the tawny spot at the apex of the primaries of the male is

absent.

6. Chlorippe linda.

Apatura linda, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 117°.

Apatura plesaurina, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 102°; P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 842°; Butl. Lep. Ex.

p- 173, t. 60. f. 4%.

Apatura laura, Burm. Descr. Phys. Rep. Arg. v. p. 181° (nec Drury).

C. laure affinis, sed colore ceeruleo alarum maris absente differt.

@ a femina C. laure fascie anticarum parte superiore fulva nec alba dignoscenda.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten??4); Panama, Bugaba (Arcé).—Ecuapor; Perv ;

AMAzONS VALLEY; Brazit; Paraguay; ARGENTINE REPUBLIC ®. .

A single specimen procured by Van Patten in Costa Rica was named Apatura

plesaurina by Messrs. Butler and Druce. They compared it with Chlorippe laure and

pointed out its chief differences from that species; to this, however, it is not very

closely allied, having no blue on the upper surface of the wings. The above-named

example is now before us, and after comparing it carefully with our series of C. linda,

CHLORIPPE. 317

a species having a wide range and showing throughout a certain amount of variation.

especially in the width of the band crossing the wings, we feel that we are unable to

separate it from that insect. A female obtained by Arcé at Bugaba confirms us in

this view; it has the white band of the primaries extending nearly to the median

nervure, which is not the case in our most southern specimen.

Mr. Butler’s figure of C. plesaurina is much too dark throughout.

We have a specimen of C. linda from Paraguay, which renders it most probable that

it is to this species that Dr. Burmeister refers under the name of A. laura®.

7. Chlorippe cyane. (Tab. XXXI. figg. 1, 29.)

Nymphalis cyane, Latr. in Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 82, t. 86. f. 3, 4°.

Chlorippe cyane 2 , Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 49°.

Apatura lucasii, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. t. 45. f. 2°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874,

p. 3424,

Apatura laurentia, Hew. Ex. Butt., Apatura, f. 5, 6.

Chlorippe mentas ¢ , Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 48 °.

Alis nigro-fuscis, litura aream internam posticarum occupante (interdum in marginem anticarum internum

extendente) metallico-cyanea, certa luce in viridem mutante, area cyanea crescente ; subtus anticis preter

apicem fulvis nigro maculatis, apicibus et posticis sordide sericeo ochraceis, lineola transversa sinuata ultra

cellule finem eunte.

lineis submarginalibus obscuris notatis ; subtus mari similis, linea posticarum transversa recta.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Hoge, Riimeli); Guatemaa, Polochic valley (Hague) ;

Costa Rica (Van Patten *), Ivazu (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba

(Arcé, Champion).—CoLOMBIA!; VENEZUELA; Ecuapor; Peru; Bo.ivia.

Although Latreille’s figure of this insect is easily recognizable, it is not a good

representation of it!, All the colours are far too pale. Hewitson, however, faithfully

depicts it in Doubleday and Westwood’s ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ under the

name of Apatura lucasii*®. Both these figures have the blue patch confined to the secon-

daries, and in our series we find that this is the case in all specimens from Ecuador,

Peru, and Bolivia. In Colombian insects we observe it extending to the inner margin

of the primaries; and as we get still further north we have this colour encroaching, till

in Mexico it has become a blue spot of considerable size on the primaries.

CG. cyane is allied to C. clothilda, but perhaps it is still more closely related to a

species we have lately received from the Argentine Republic which Dr. Burmeister

has called Apatura lucasii*. When looked at from in front the blue marking in all

specimens increases considerably and extends over nearly the whole base of the wing,

* Chlorippe burmeisteri.

Apatura lucasti, Burm. Descr. Phys. Rep. Arg. v. p. 182 (nec Doubleday).

C. cyane affinis, sed area discali secundariorum saturatiore cyanea. [Over.

8318 RHOPALOCERA.

the central portion becoming greener ; this, however, is not observable in any other

position.

The female of Boisduval’s Chlorippe mentas belongs here, as proved by an inspection

of the types.

8. Chlorippe cherubina. (Tab. XXXI. figg. 3, 42.)

Apatura cherubina, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 435°.

Apatura laurentia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 842° (nec Godart).

C. cyane affinis, sed colore cyaneo posticarum fere ad costam anticarum extendente distinguenda.

? a femina C. cyane forsan vix distinguenda, sed fascia communi alarum ad costam anticarum in maculas

disjuncta.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli); Guaremaa!, Polochic valley, Duefias (/. D. G.

§& O. S.), San Gerénimo (Hague), Las Mercedes (Champion); Costa Rica (Van

Patten®); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé).— WESTERN

SoutH America from Colombia to Bolivia! ; Rio Negro in North Brazil?.

This Chlorippe is very closely allied to C. seraphina (Hubner) and it is questionable

whether it is really distinct. It is, however, a larger insect, and the blue band of the

wings is wider. ‘The true C. seraphina does not enter our fauna, though it is found in

Colombia in company with the allied form. In Brazil C. seraphina alone is found.

Regarding the females of this species and of C. cyane, we are in considerable doubt

whether we have rightly assigned our specimens to their respective males, and further

we are also in doubt if the females of these species can always be distinguished from

one another. Of what we consider to be females of C. cherubina we have only two

specimens, which differ from a considerable series of females associated with C. cyane

in having the band of the primaries broken up into spots instead of being entire to

nearly the costal margin.

C. cherubina was separated by Dr. Felder upon specimens from various parts of

South America, with which he included Guatemalan examples obtained by ourselves.

DOXOCOPA.

Doxocopa, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schm. iii. t—; Scudder, Rep. Peabody Ac. Sci. 1871, p. 30.

Some American entomologists hesitate to separate this group of Butterflies from the

genus Apatura, but Mr. Scudder seems rightly to urge its definite independent

position. Not only does the subcostal nervure of the primaries emit but a single

2 valde dissimilis a femina A. cyane, alis multo pallidioribus, fascia communi omnino sordide fulva, extra eam

altera submarginali ejusdem coloris.

Hab, Axeentine Repusiic, Tucuman (Burmeister), Sierra de Tortoral, Catamarca (LE. W. White).

The male of this insect hardly differs from that sex of A. cyane, but the specific characters are in the female,

which are indicated above. We have several males and two females, all taken by Mr. E. W. White in the

Sierra de Tortoral, in Catamarca, in the Argentine Republic.

DOXOCOPA. 319

branch before the end of the cell instead of two, as in Apatura, but the secondary

sexual characters of the male differ considerably from those of Chlorippe in having two

points to the tegumen instead of one, and none in the anal cavity instead of a prominent

one ; the harpagones have a small, stout, recurved spine at the extremity. The front

legs of the male are somewhat intermediate in shape between those of Apatura and of

Chiorippe; the tibia is slightly swollen at its distal end, but its anterior surface is

rounded and not grooved as in Chlorippe.

Regarding the appropriation of Hiibner’s name Doxocopa for this genus, which we

limit to Apatura celtis and its allies, it may fairly be questioned whether it is rightly

applicable. Hiibner first employed it* to a set of species, nearly all of which are

true Apature, and it was only in one of the plates forming the third incomplete volume

of the ‘ Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge’ that he figured his Doxocopa idyja, which

is one of the same group as Apatura celtis. But his having done so, renders, we think,

Doxocopa a name available for this genus as restricted; to employ it thus is better

than coining a new title.

Only one species of Doxocopa certainly occurs in Mexico and Guatemala, but D.

leilia (W. H. Edw.) occurs in Arizona and may pass our northern frontier.

In North America some six species have been described ; these are reduced to two,

each with two varieties, by Mr. Sirecker. In the Antilles D. ¢dyja is the only species ;

this occurs in Cuba and Haiti.

1. Doxocopa argus. (Apatura argus, Tab. XXX. figg. 12,133,142.)

Apatura argus, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 180°.

Alis ferrugineis, triente anticarum apicali nigra intus fulvo marginata, maculis duabus subapicalibus duabusque

alteris inter ramos medianos albis; posticis serie ocellorum submarginali et extra eam serie punctorum

fulvescentium fusco marginatis: subtus glauco-fuscis, anticarum cellula ferrugineo transfasciata et

terminata, posticis linea ferruginea bisecta, extra eam glaucescentibus; ocellis ut supra sed albo pupillatis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimelt), Oaxaca (Fenochio); Guatemata, San Gerdnimo

(Champion), Chisoy valley (Hague), Motagua valley (Ff. D. G. & O.S.).

This Doxocopa was described by Mr. Bates from a male specimen captured by ourselves

in the Motagua valley in Guatemala; and we have since received other examples,

including a female from the same country, and several males from Mexico.

D. argus has no near allies in our country, but it is closely related to D. clyton of

N. America and D. idyja of Cuba and Haiti, differing from both in the black apex of

the primaries with its white spots. Our female is very much larger than the male,

and the markings on the secondaries are less distinct.

* Verz. bek. Schm. p. 49.

820 RHOPALOCERA.

PREPONA.

Prepona, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. t. 7. £. 13 (1836); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 299.

This genus contains, according to Mr. Kirby, nineteen species; but the lines of

demarcation between some of them are drawn with such uncertainty that a closer

examination of the different species will probably result in a considerable reduction

of their number. In Central America we only recognize six, three of which reach to

Guatemala, and one to Mexico. Four of the six species belong also to the southern

continent.

All are inhabitants of the hotter forest-region. As might be expected from their

strong build, these insects have a powerful and rapid flight.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries emits two branches before the end of the

cell—the first branch starting from the middle of the costal side of the cell, the third

branch starts just beyond it, and the upper fork of the subcostal bends rather abruptly

downwards near the end. The upper discocellular is very short, and directed slightly

outwards; the middle discocellular is short, and there is an atrophied lower disco-

cellular which reaches the median nervure beyond the second branch; the secondaries

have a rudimentary nervule across the cell, which reaches the median nervure at the

origin of the second branch. There is a narrow prediscoidal cell. The front legs of

the male have a stout coxa about=femur-+trochanter; tibia<femur; tarsus slightly

> tibia. Terminal joint of the palpi short, about + middle joint, which is flattened and

curved and of nearly uniform width throughout. The antenne have about 56 joints

and terminate in a slender club. The secondary male organs have a tegumen termi-

nating in a short, slightly depressed point, and in the centre of the anal cavity depending

from the tegumen is an opaque, transverse strap, the outer edge of which is rounded: the

harpagones are elliptical lobes, with their outer edges slightly rolled inwards; they are

turned up at the end and terminate in two spines, below which they have long hairs

directed outwards. The penis is short, straight, and stout. These organs do not

suggest any close affinity to any of the genera near to which Prepona is placed.

a. Tuft near the inner margin of the secondaries in the male black.

a’. Under surface of wings not divided by a straight black line.

1. Prepona demophon.

Papilio demophon, Linn. Mus. Ul. p. 215'; Clerck, Icon. Ins. t. 29. f. 2”.

Prepona demophon, Bates, Journ. Ent. i. p. 837°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 342‘; Aurivill.

Kongl. Sv. Ak. Handl. xix. no. 5, p. 85’,

Papilio sisyphus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 158. f. C°.

Potamis superba thalpius, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schm. i. t. 71°.

Alis nigris, fascia communi lata maculisque ad finem ejus in costam anticarum viridi-ceruleis; subtus sordide

argenteo-fuscis fusco nebulosis et lineis variis nigris notatis, linea nigra a costa posticarum fere ad angulum

PREPONA. 321

analem ducta, extra cellulam leviter curvata integra paulo sinuosa; maculis obsoletis septem submar-

ginalibus, illa ad angulum analem duplici.

Q mari similis, sed major.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague), San Isidro (Champion) ; Nicaragua,

Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui

and Bugaba (Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—Sovtu America, from Colombia to South

Brazil. |

This species in its typical form is widely spread throughout the tropics, from

Guatemala to South Brazil, and is well represented both by Clerck? and by Hiibner’.

Cramer’s figure ® shows a somewhat aberrant form in which the under surface of the

wings are strongly marked with dark blotches; but the essential characters of the true

P. demophon being all present, we agree with Mr. Bates in placing Cramer’s name as a

synonym of that of Linnzus °.

In the true P. demophon the black transverse line which crosses the secondaries

starts from a point on the costa about one third of its length from the base; this line

follows roughly the curve of the outer margin, and then turns towards the anal angle;

it is not abruptly sinuated or broken in its course, and it crosses the median nervure

almost at right angles. The outer margin of the secondaries is hardly undulating, and

the outer edge of the blue band of the primaries is but slightly indented.

It is with reference to these small points that both the species which follow are

differentiated.

As in the Amazons region *, Prepona demophon is common in Central America, but

perhaps more so in the State of Panama than in Guatemala, the northern limit of its

range. It inhabits forests and second-growth woods, often settling on trees with its

head downwards. Its flight is powerful and rapid.

2. Prepona camilla, sp.n. (P. demophon, Tab. XXXI. figg. 9, 10.)

P. demophonti similis, sed anticarum fascia cerulea extus magis indentata; alis subtus magis ochraceis argenteo

vix tinctis, anticis fascia bicurvata margini externo subparallela fusca, fascia posticarum transversa magis

sinuata precipue ad ramos medianos, maculis submarginalibus magis distinctis et margine ipso magis

sinuato.

Q mari similis, sed major.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé).

We have several specimens of this form of Prepona demophon, which seem to be

sufficiently distinct to warrant this separation from that species. Though the typical

species is variable, the differences pointed out above go beyond the limits we assign to

it. These will be seen on comparing the figure, representing a male from Veraguas,

with a specimen of P. demophon.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., June 1884. 27

322 RHOPALOCERA.

3. Prepona phedra, sp. n.

P. demophonti similis, sed posticis ocellis septem submarginalibus notatis; alis subtus multo magis obscuris,

fasciola per cellulam anticarum valde sinuata, linea nigra transversa posticarum valde interrupta ad venam

subcostalem et ad venam medianam.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (7ré¢sch).

We are indebted to Dr. Staudinger for bringing this species under our notice, as no

specimens have as yet been sent to us. It seems certainly distinct from both P. demo-

phon and P. camilla, the distinct row of submarginal ocelli of the secondaries alone

rendering it not difficult of recognition ; in addition to this, the transverse black band

of the secondaries beneath is almost as much broken as in P. amphitoe, which again

differs in the silvery tint of the wings beneath.

4. Prepona amphitoe.

Nymphalis amphitoe, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 407°.

Prepona amphitoe, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 337”.

P. demophonti similis, sed subtus alis argenteo-cinereis (nec ochraceis), linea posticarum transversa interrupta et

valde sinuosa dignoscenda.

Hab. Guatemata, Duefias, central valleys (fF. D. G. & O. S.), San Juan in Vera Paz

(Champion); Nicaraava, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Cache

(Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Boucard), David, Volean de Chiriqui (Champion), Lion

Hill (Af‘Leannan).—Cotompia to Sourn Brazi..

There is scarcely any difference between this species and P. demophon on the upper-

side, but beneath it is of a silvery grey (not ochreous), and the lines are always black

or dusky, and that crossing the centre of the secondaries, although taking much the

same direction as in P. demophon, is always strongly angulated, which is not the case

in the other species. We find that certain specimens vary much in the same direction

as in P. demophon, being clouded with an obscure ashy colour.

It is tolerably abundant in Central America; but Mr. Bates says it is less common

than P. demophon throughout the Amazons region ?.

b'. Wings beneath divided by a straight black line.

5. Prepona amphimachus.

Papilio amphimachus, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 4577.

Morpho amphimache, Hiibn. Ex. Schmett. ii. t. 59.

Prepona amphimachus, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 387°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 3414,

Papilio menander, Cr, Pap. Ex. t. 12. f. A, B’.

Prepona menander, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 336°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 3427.

Alis supra P. demophonti similibus, subtus ochraceo- aut cinereo-argenteis, linea communi per cellule finem anti-

carum ad angulum analem posticarum nigra, area basali lineis nigris notatis, dimidio apicali fuscescenti.

PREPONA. 323

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimelt); Guatemata, Cubilguitz, San Isidro (Champion),

Retalhuleu (7. D. G. & O. S.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten 4");

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Chiriqui, Veraguas (Arcé)—SovutH AMERICA,

from Colombia to South Brazil.

There has been some confusion as to the name of this insect, which has arisen from

what appears to us to be the inconstancy of the coloration of its underside. Mr. Bates

in the ‘ Journal of Entomology’ notes the points of difference between P. amphimachus

and that figured by Cramer under the name of P. menander®. He says the latter has

the outer halves of the wings beneath of a much darker hue, and a paler outer border

to the fore wing, separated from the dark brown by a line nearly parallel to the margin,

while in the true P. amphimachus the outer halves of the wings beneath are of a more

uniform pale brown colour marked with a dusky line, angular towards the apex. We

have before us a large series of specimens of this insect (including Mr. Bates’s Amazons

insects) ranging from Mexico to South Brazil, and we find very considerable divergence

in coloration of their undersides, and this without reference to locality. Between the

two extreme forms mentioned we find almost every intermediate, and are thus quite

unable to separate them.

This species may be readily distinguished from all others of the genus found within

our district by having a dark straight line running from the costa of the primaries

through the end of the cell to the anal angle of the secondaries; in the darkest

specimens this line is absorbed in the brown colour of the outer half of the wings.

The female is larger than the male, and the underside is usually of a nearly uniform

pale ochreous colour, with the central straight line paler.

b. Tuft near the inner margin of the secondaries in male yellow.

6. Prepona gnorima. (Tab. XXXI. figg. 7, 8.)

Prepona gnorima, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 336°.

Alis fusco-nigris, fascia communi lata ultra cellulam anticarum fere ad angulum posticarum analem cyanea, in

anticis intra eam purpureo lete suffusa; subtus sericeo-cinereis lineis nigris undulatis variegatis, posticis

dimidio distali fusco et griseo lentiginosis, ocellis duobus uno ad angulum analem altero ad angulum

apicalem notatis.

@ mari similis sed major, fascia communi ad costam anticarum extensa et colore purpureo ad basin absente

distinguenda.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague), central valleys, Chuacus (fF. D.G. & 0.8.) ;

Panama, Chiriqui, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—CoLomBia'.

Mr. Bates first described this species from Colombian specimens’, and noted its

points of difference from those of its close ally P. demodice of Godart.

We have since received several examples of it from Central America, where we trace

it as far north as Guatemala. .

It differs chiefly from P. demodice, of which it is a northern race, in the less expanse

27 2

324 RHOPALOCERA.

of the violet hue on the upper surface of the wings, this colour being confined to the

region within the blue stripe of the fore wings, while in the former species it extends over

nearly the whole surface of both wings within and beyond the blue stripe. It also

wants the tawny patch on the underside of the primaries which exists in P. demodice.

Mr. Bates says that the blue costal spots are also wanting; but to this we attach

little importance, as it is not a constant character, since we find them faintly indicated

in one of our Colombian, and more fully developed in some of our Guatemalan speci-

mens. Examples from this latter country slightly differ, however, from Colombian in a

still less extension of the purple coloration. In the females the purple hue is absent.

Our figure represents a male from the State of Panama.

AGANISTHOS.

Aganisthos, Boisduval & Leconte, Lép. Am. Sept. p. 194 (1838); West. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 301.

A single species represents this genus, and is very widely distributed throughout

the tropics, from Mexico to Brazil. It is also found in Florida, and in a slightly

modified form in some of the Antilles.

Aganisthos orion is an insect of powerful flight, and in this respect resembles the

members of Prepona.

The wings are entire without projections, the subcostal nervure of the primaries

emits two branches before the end of the cell, the third branch running for a long

distance parallel to the subcostal before diverging to the costa. The upper disco-

cellular is short, the middle bent in the centre, the lower is absent, but an atrophied

spur a little beyond the submedian branch shows its position; the cell of the secondaries

is open. The front legs of the male have a stout coxa=2 femur-+ trochanter; tibia<

femur; tarsus=} tibia; terminal joint of the palpi long=} middle joint, which is

slightly swollen at the distal end. Antenne with 52 joints, of which 13 form a mode-

rate club. Of the male secondary organs the tegumen has a simple, slightly depressed

central spine, and two strong dependent central spines directed outwards ; the harpagones

are turned upwards at the end, on the inside of which is a strong, upturned spine, and

on the ventral edge a recurved notch.

1. Aganisthos orion.

Papilio orion, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 4851.

Aganisthos orion, Boisd. & Lec. Lép. Am. Sept. p. 195, t. 52°; Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 335°;

Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 53‘; Strecker, Butt. N. Am. p. 146°.

Papilio odius, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 457°.

Aganisthos odius, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 341”.

Papilio danaé, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 84. f. A, B®.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis litura a basi ultra cellulam extendente ad marginem externum obtusum fulva,

AGANISTHOS.—COEA. 325

macula in costa apicem versus alba, posticis albido marginatis; subtus brunneis linea communi a

macula costali anticarum ad angulum analem nigra, fasciis duabus fuscis nigro marginatis ad basin, linea

altera arcuata a costa media ad angulum posticarum analem nigra; fascia quoque brunnea arcuata ab

angulo posticarum apicali ad angulum analem, extra eam et margine externo albido atomatis.

Hab. Fuoripa®?—Mexico, Cordova (iimeli); Guatemaa, San Isidro (Champion) ;

Moraeua Vary, Pacific slopes (fF. D. G. & O. S.); Costa Rica (Van Patten’),

Cache (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Bugaba (Arcé), Lion Hill

(M‘Leannan).—Cotomsia to South Brazit; Harrt.

A common and very widely distributed species, varying but little throughout its

range. It has a rapid and powerful flight. Mr. Bates says it frequents open sunny

places in the neighbourhood of towns’. Haitian specimens have the tawny marking

of the primaries broader.

Fabricius described this species twice over in his ‘Systema Entomologie.’ The

second name® has been more generally used than the first 1, and we continue the practice.

Mr. Butler and others resort to that first given; but both having appeared in the same

work, we do not see why question of priority need have been raised.

COEA.

Coea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 48 (1816, partim).

Aganisthos et Megistanis, auctt. partim.

The common South-American butterfly Papilio cadmus of Cramer has been usually

placed either in the genus Aganisthos or in Megistanis. Prof. Westwood associated it

with the latter genus; but Mr. Bates considered that all its essential points of structure

agreed with those of the former. A close examination shows us that in reality it does

not agree satisfactorily with either, as will be seen from the following comparison :—

The cell in both wings is closed by an atrophied lower discocellular nervure as in Megi-

stanis, that of Aganisthos being open. In the outline of the primaries and in general

coloration it agrees with Aganisthos, but the secondaries have a caudal appendage and

a dentate outer margin as in Megistanis; in the pattern of the underside of the wings

it differs widely from both these genera, and in this respect recalls to mind several

species of the Old-World genus Charaxes. In the structure of the male armature it

has peculiarities apart from the species with which it has been associated, as will be

seen below.

Hiibner’s name Coea seems here applicable as a generic term for this species, having

been used for Papilio cadmus, and to another butterfly now placed in Philognoma.

In Coea cadmus the subcostal of the primaries emits two branches before the end of

the cell, the third branch lies close to the subcostal for some distance, and then diverges

to the margin; both the upper and middle discocellulars are very short, and an atrophied

326 RHOPALOCERA.

lower discocellular runs nearly straight across the wing to a little beyond the origin of

the second median branch. ‘The secondaries are closed by an atrophied nervure. The

coxa of the front leg of the male is stout, >4 femur trochanter ; tibia nearly=femur ;

tarsus slender, >+ tibia; terminal joint of the palpi long, =4 the middle joint. The

secondary male organs have a tegumen with a single, slightly depressed central spine ;

a single dependent spine hangs below this, which is doubtless formed by the two spines,

usually found in allied genera, coalescing ; the harpagones are rounded at the extremity,

the edge being much lacerated, and on the inner surface is a lobe also with a lacerated

edge; on the middle of the ventral edge of the harpagones is a recurved hook.

C. cadmus is the only species of the genus which has a very wide range in Tropical

America.

1. Coea cadmus.

Papilio cadmus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 22. ff. A, B’.

Aganisthos cadmus, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 8357.

Papilio acheronta, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 501°.

Megistanis acheronta, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 341°.

Papilio pherecydes, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 330. ff. A, B’.

Alis fuscis, anticarum apicibus late nigris et albo punctatis, litura a basi marginem externum versus extendente

rufo-fulva; subtus sericeo-fuscis lineis variis undulatis, nigro preecipue in dimidio basali notatis, maculis

albis ad costam anticarum et ad basin posticarum ornatis; margine externo albido atomatis; posticis

spatulatis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli); Guatemaua, San Gerénimo, Polochic valley (Hague),

central valleys (F. D. G. & O. S.); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica

(Van Patten*); Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Chiriqui, Veraguas (Arcé).—CoLomBia to

SoutH Brazit; Hartt.

Described and figured by Cramer under this name, and redescribed and figured later

in the same work as A. pherecydes. Like the last it is an exceedingly common and

widely ranging species. The upperside is pretty constant in its markings, but the

underside shows considerable variation, and it was probably from this cause that

Cramer was led to consider A. pherecydes distinct from A. cadmus.

The name Papilio acheronta was given it by Fabricius the same year as Cramer’s

A. cadmus. The former has been employed by Kirby and others; but Cramer’s name,

accompanied, as it is, by a figure, seems to us the best to use.

MEGISTANIS.

Megistanis, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 311 (1850, ex Boisduval, MS.).

Prof. Westwood first characterized this genus, adopting a name of Boisduval’s. The

typical species is no doubt Papilio cadmus of Cramer, as Megistanis bwotus, which is

MEGISTANIS, 327

figured by Hewitson and associated with P. cadmus, is spoken of as aberrant. By

using Megistanis for M. beotus and its strict congeners, and applying Hiibner’s name

Coea to P. cadmus we avoid some difficulty and confusion which would be caused by

shifting titles from one species to another. At the same time we are aware that some

lepidopterists would retain Megistanis for Papilio cadmus, and place M. bewotus under

a new name, or perhaps Eribea, Hiibner. Others might go still further, and sink

Megistanis altogether as a synonym of Coea! .

Megistanis, as here understood, contains two or three species, M. beotus and

M. ducalion, both of which have a nearly conterminous range, extending from the

valley of the Amazons westward to Peru and Colombia, and in the case of M. beotus

to Bolivia and Nicaragua; the third species is 1. wclus, Cramer, of which we have no

recent information. Its habitat was stated to be Amboina!, and it has been supposed

to be a variety of MW. beotus.

M. beotus has the primaries moderately produced at the apex, and the outer margin

but slightly concave ; the subcostal nervure emits two branches before the end of the

cell, the third branch lies close to the subcostal for some distance before diverging to

the margin; the upper discocellular is short, and the middle also, and there is an

atrophied lower discocellular running straight across the wing to a little beyond the

origin of the second median branch; a similar nervure closes the cell of the secondaries.

The coxa of the front legs of the male are rather stout, =} femur+trochanter; tibia

<femur; tarsus single-jointed, =} tibia. The terminal joint of the palpi is long,

= about 4 the middle joint, which is slightly swollen towards the distal end. The

antenne have 57 joints, the club being slender. The male secondary organs have a

tegumen with a blunt central point, and the depending pieces apparently uniting in a

strong outwardly directed spine; the harpagones terminate in a hairy lobe, and have

two strong diverging spines, starting before the end, and directed outwards and slightly

upwards. Aganisthos orion has one such spine ; in Coea cadmus none exist.

1. Megistanis bzotus.

Megistanis beotus, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 48. f.2*; Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 3897.

Alis nigris, fascia communi lata a vena anticarum mediana fere ad angulum posticarum analem extensa nitide

cerulea; anticis maculis duabus, una ad coste medium, altera ultra cellulam ejusdem coloris, maculis

quoque duabus submarginalibus albidis; subtus argenteo-albis undique nigro maculatis, anticis et posticis

macula inter ramos medianos lutea, illa in posticis ocellata; posticarum margine externo valde dentato,

vena mediana in caudam producta.

@ adhuc ignota.

Tlab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson).—CoLomBia! ; Ecuapor; Psru; Bottivia;

AMAZONS ?.

We have a single specimen of this fine species, obtained by Janson at Chontales in

328 RHOPALOCERA.

Nicaragua, the sole instance, so far as we know, of its occurrence within our country.

It is found in Colombia and Ecuador; and Mr. Bates says it is very abundant on the

Upper Amazons, from Ega westward to the slope of the Andes.

The female is unknown.

AGRIAS.

Agrias, Doubleday & Hewitson, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 45; West. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 298.

There are eight or nine species now known of this beautiful genus, one of which is

found in South Brazil, and one Colombian species extends its range as far north as

Chiriqui. The remaining species are all found either in the Amazons valley, the

metropolis of the genus, or the eastern and northern slopes of the Andes.

We have not materials for a thorough dissection of Agrias; but from such examination

as we can make of the whole insect the genus appears to come near Prepona, but the

primaries are much more rounded, and the general pattern of the under surface of the

wings very different. This latter character is of singular interest, inasmuch as some

species closely resemble species of Callithea or of Catagramma found in the same

district. Like Prepona the males of Agrias have a pencil of hair near middle of the

inner margin of the secondaries.

1. Agrias edon. (Tab. XXXI. figg. 5, 6 9.)

Agrias edon, Hew. P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 46, t. 17; Ex. Butt. Agrias & Siderone, f. 2°; Doubl. & Hew.

Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 298, t. 47°; Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 124°.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis litura elongata basali usque ad angulum analem extensa saturate punicea; posticis

litura discali lete purpureo-cyanea; subtus litura punicea quam ea paging superioris pallidiore, anticarum

apice pallide fusca maculis duabus in cellulam linea ad finem ejus et duabus obliquis ultra eam brunneis ;

posticis fuscis, dimidio proximali brunneo maculato, fasciis tribus margini externo subparallelibus fuscis,

ocellis septem submarginalibus cyaneis nigro circumdatis et albo pupillatis, ocello ad angulum analem

bipupillato.

Q mari similis, sed alis puniceo tantum ornatis, posticis omnino fuscis.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé).—Sourn Amurica!, Colombia 234,

We have a single female specimen of this species, which was taken by Arcé at a

considerable elevation in the Volcano of Chiriqui, where he shot it, as it did not come

within reach of his net. The wings, as might be supposed, are a good deal damaged by

this rough mode of capture. Dr. Staudinger has, we believe, a specimen in his collec-

tion from the same country.

Agrias edon was originally described by Hewitson from a male specimen taken by

Mr. Empson somewhere in South America!. It has since been received from various

points of Colombia, where also Mr. Simons found it at Manaure, and sent us two

examples, a much-worn male and a female ¢.

We have described a perfect Colombian male in our collection, the characters of the

female being taken from the Chiriqui specimen alluded to above, which is also figured.

SMYRNA. 329

SMYRNA.

Smyrna, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. ii. t. 65; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 297.

There are two apparently closely allied species of this genus, both of which occur

throughout our region; but whereas S. blomfildia is also found in Western South

America as far as Paraguay, S. karwinskii doesnot extend its range beyond Colombia.

These two species are very much alike in all the details of the coloration of their

wings; but besides a difference in the shape of the anal angle of the secondaries, the

secondary male sexual organs are so distinct that there can be no doubt as to the

validity of the two species.

In S. dlomsildia the subcostal emits two branches before end of the cell, and the third

branch diverges at once on leaving the subcostal. The upper discocellular is short and

transverse, the second rounded into the lower radial; an atrophied lower discocellular

crosses the cell transversely to a point a little beyond the origin of the second median

branch. A similar nervule closes the cell of the secondaries. The front legs of the

male have a stout coxa=% femur+trochanter; tibia=femur; tarsus single-jointed,

= 2 tibia; the front legs of S. karwinskit have two tarsal joints; terminal joint of the

palpi long and rather slender, =} the middle joint, which is rather swollen towards the

distal end. The antenne have 52 joints, and terminate in a moderate club. The

tegumen has a strong central spine, which terminates rather abruptly in a decurved

point; the harpagones are simple lobes, terminating in a blunt point. In S. karwinskit

the tegumen has two recurved hooks dependent from its edges, but these do not

approach one another in the middle line; the harpagones have a long, slightly incurved

spine arising about the middle of the dorsal edge, inside of which is another short

spine.

1. Smyrna blomfildia.

Papilio blomfildia, Fabr. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 84°.

Smyrna blomfildii, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schmett. i. t. 65°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 5. 1874, p. 348°.

Papilio proserpina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. i. p. 228 .

Nymphalis bella, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 375°.

Alis fulvis ad basin saturatioribus, anticis triente apicali nigris maculis tribus subapicalibus sordide albis ;

posticis linea submarginali nigra ad angulum apicalem multo latiore, angulo anali leviter producto; subtus

anticis fascia transversa lata ochraceo-flava, extra eam nigris, basi et apice nigro et albo variegatis; posticis

marmoratis ocellis submarginalibus quatuor, duobus mediis caxcis.

@ alis multo brunnescentioribus, anticis fascia transversa ochraceo-flavida bisectis.

Hab. Mxxico, Cordova (Riimeli); British Honpuras, Sarstoon river (Blancaneauz) ;

GuatemaLa, Cerro Zunil, San Isidro (Champion), Polochic river (Hague), Duefas,

Chuacus, Retalhuleu (F. D. G. & O. S.); Nicazacua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa

Rica (Van Patten*); Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé)—SoutH AMERICA,

from Colombia to Paraguay.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., June 1884. 2U

330 RHOPALOCERA.

An exceedingly common insect throughout the whole of Central America, frequenting

open places and the neighbourhood of houses, where they may be seen clinging to

white-washed walls exposed to the sun. :

In South America it extends to Paraguay, but it does not, so far as we know, spread

eastwards through the valley of the Amazons or to Guiana.

2. Smyrna karwinskii.

Smyrna karwinskii, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schmett. iii. t—’; Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 46. f. 2”.

8S. blomfildie simillimus, sed posticarum angulo anali ecaudato, et linea submarginali preter ad angulum

apicalem absente.

Hab. Mexico 1”, Jalapa (Hoge), Cordova (Riimeli); Guatemata, San Gerénimo (Cham-

pion), Motagua valley, central valleys, Duefias (7. D.G. & O.S.); Panama, Volcan de

Chiriqui (Champion).—CoLoMBIa.

This species scarcely differs from the last, except in the absence of the short tail of

the secondaries, and in the secondary male sexual parts described above. Its distribu-

tion, however, is somewhat different. The two species are found together throughout

Central America. Thence we trace it into Colombia, but, so far as we know, it does

not extend further south.

PYCINA.

Pycina, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 805 (1850).

This genus has long been known from a single species from Colombia and Ecuador,

described under the name of P. zamba. The species described below is a slight local

modification of the previously known form. Pycina has a general colour-resemblance

to Smyrna, but may readily be distinguished by its more elongated primaries and by

the undulating costa of the secondaries. The second branch of the subcostal of the

primaries is emitted close to the end of the cell; the upper discocellular is short and

directed rather backwards, the middle is long and curved, and the lower closes the cell

obliquely and joins the median some way beyond the origin of the second branch; the

submedian is slightly swollen near the base ; an atrophied lower discocellular closes the

cell of the secondaries. The eyes are densely hairy; the terminal joint of the palpi is

moderately long and tapering, the middle joint is long and of nearly uniform width

throughout; the front legs of the male are very hairy, and have a comparatively short

and slender coxa; the femur is long, and with the trochanter =2 coxa; tibia=femur

+trochanter; tarsus (single-jointed) =2 tibia. The tegumen of the male secondary

organs has a strong median spine, which is decurved at the point, and depending from

it are two short strong spines united at their bases, and slightly inclined towards one

another at their tips; the harpagones are simple lobes, slightly constricted towards the

tip, where there is a short recurved hook.

PYCINA.—SIDERONE. 331

1. Pycina zelys, sp. n.

Pycina zamba, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 341%.

Alis rufo-brunneis, posticis ad angulum analem saturatioribus, anticis bitriente apicali nigris, fascia maculosa

arcuata a costa ad marginem externum extensa et macula subapicali costam fere attingente albis, posti-

carum costa late nigricante; subtus anticis nigris basi fulvis maculis albig sicut in pagina superiore, apice

et posticis omnino marmoratis, harum coste dimidio basali albicante, posticis ocellis quinque submargina-

libus ornatis, illo inter ramos medianos maximo.

Obs. P. zambe affinis, sed anticis minus rufo-brunneis, marginis interni dimidio haud superante.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten), Rio Sucio (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui

(Champion).

This species is closely allied to Pycina zamba, but differs in having the fulvous of the

base of the primaries more restricted and somewhat darker in colour. The true P. zamba

is a scarce species, being found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela; P. zelys seems

equally rare in Costa Rica and Panama, whence we have seen but few specimens.

SIDERONE.

Siderone, Hubner, Samml. ex. Schmett. ii. t. 56; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 320.

Siderone comprises several species, the limits of which are not very definite, owing to

the amount of variation to which they are subject. All, however, are strictly tropical

insects, and the genus spreads from Southern Mexico to South Brazil, and is found in

some of the West-Indian Islands. Within our limits we recognize five species.

Though greatly resembling Anwa in its general construction, the neuration of the

primaries is strictly normal in character, and does not present any of the running

together of the subcostal branches with the costal, which forms so curious a feature in

Anea and its immediate allies Hypna and Protogonius.

In Siderone ide the subcostal of the secondaries emits two branches before the end

of the cell, and the third and fourth not far apart, some way beyond it. The upper and

middle discocellulars are both present, but short; the lower discocellular meets the

median some way beyond the origin of the second branch. The front legs of the male

have a stout coxa — 3 femur-+ trochanter; tibia< femur; tarsus =2 tibia; the terminal

joint of the palpi is short, = about § the middle joint. The antenne have about 52 joints,

and terminate in a moderate club. The secondary male organs have a strong tegumen

terminating in a decurved spine, below which are two short spines; the harpagones

have a pointed end, and are covered towards the extremity with long strong hairs. °

a. Wings of both sexes testaceous or tawny.

1. Siderone isidora.

Papilio isidora, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 235. f. A, B, EH, F’.

Siderone isidora, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 3437.

2u 2

332 RHOPALOCERA.

Papilio itys, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 119. f. F, G’*.

Siderone itys, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 53. f. 3*.

Alis anticis falcatis, apice acuto, margine interno ad angulum analem excavato, posticis ad angulum analem

lobatis; alis anticis bifenestratis testaceis, apice et macula ad cellule finem fusco-nigris, posticis quoque

testaceis linea submarginali indistincta fusca ; subtus pallidioribus glauco variegatis, linea communi fusca

ab anticarum apice ad angulum posticarum analem.

Q mari similis, sed alis magis rotundatis et pallidioribus, anticis fascia transversa lata ultra cellulam fulva.

Hab. British Honpuras, Rio Sarstoon (Blancaneaux) ; GuateMaLa, Yzabal (fF. D. G.

& O. S.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers).—CoLomBIA to

AMAZONS VALLEY? and PARAGUAY.

This widely distributed species has a rather restricted range in our region. In

Guatemala we only know it from a single male specimen taken by ourselves at Yzabal

in 1861. From the same neighbourhood M. Blancaneaux has sent us an example from

the valley of the Sarstoon, the frontier river between Guatemala and British Honduras.

In Nicaragua it appears to be tolerably abundant, but, with the exception of a single

Costa-Rican example, we have not met with it again north of Colombia. Mr. Bates

found S. zsidora distributed throughout the Amazons region in thinned parts of the

forest ; and he further remarks that both sexes appear to be very unstable in the form

of the wings and in markings.

This species may be known from the next by the black tips to the primaries, and by

the females usually having a tawny band across these wings. If this band is absent the

wings are pale testaceous and not tawny, as is the case in S. ellops.

2. Siderone ellops.

Siderone ellops, Ménétr. En. Corp. An. Mus. Petr. i. p. 88, t. 3. f. 1*.

Siderone isidora, Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 124” (nec Cramer).

S. tsidore affinis, sed plerumque minor, maris alis pallidioribus et anticarum apicibus vix fusco tinctis.

Hab. Guatema.a, Polochic valley and San Gerénimo (Hague), Cubilguitz (Champion) ;

NicaraGua!; Panama, David (Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—CoLomMBIA?.

This is a small paler form of the more widely distributed S. ¢sidora, and is tolerably

common in Central America and in the extreme north of Colombia. It was first

described by Ménétriés from Nicaragua specimens; and though we have none actually

from that country, we have no difficulty in recognizing the species in specimens from

Guatemala and the State of Panama. The differences from 8S. zsidora consist chiefly in

the paler colour of the males and the nearly total absence of the black tips to the

primaries ; the secondaries are of a nearly uniform tawny colour, and the primaries are

not banded, as is usually the case in the allied species.

Mr. Champion captured several specimens of both sexes near the town of David,

SIDERONE, 333

where they resorted to a low hill, called San Cristobal, which is clothed on its slopes

with thin forest.

b. Wings of both sexes black with crimson bands.

8. Siderone ide.

Siderone ide, Hiibn. Samml. ex. Schmett. ii. t. 56°.

Siderone thebais, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 4227; Reise d. Nov. Lep. t. 60. f. 6, 7°; Butl. &

Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 340°.

Alis anticis extus rotundatis, posticarum angulo anali producto, omnibus fusco-nigris ; anticis triente basali et

fascia lata obliqua ultra cellulam coccineis, punctis duobus ad apicem albis, posticis macula apud coste

medium interdum in fasciam producta coccinea, maculis indistinctis submarginalibus precipue ad angulum

analem canis; subtus lete velutino-rufo-brunneis maculis obscurioribus irroratis, linea communi ab angulo

anticarum apicali ad angulum posticarum analem, plaga magna subtriangulari apice costam posticarum

attengente et margine externo dimidio anali glauco rufescentibus, anticarum apice nebuloso cano maculato,

palpis subtus et pectore canescentibus.

Hab. Muxico, Valladolid in Yucatan (Gawmer); Guatemaa, Polochic valley (Hague),

Las Mercedes (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten *) ;

Panama, David (Champion), Chitra, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan). —

CotomBia 2 to Sour BraZzIL.

The extreme forms of this species are represented by Siderone ide, in which the red

of the secondaries is reduced to a costal spot, and by S. thebais, in which the red

constitutes a distinct band running towards the anal angle.

The S. ide type is found prevalent in Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica ; in the

neighbourhood of Panama the S. thebais form is found, but at Chiriqui the two pass

completely the one into the other by insensible steps, so that any certain definition

between them fails.

Outside our limits we find S. ide in Brazil, and S. thebais in Colombia, and another

form appears in S. marthesia in Guiana and the valley of the Amazons. This latter

insect is distinguished in its typical form by the red of the primaries blending into

one continuous patch; but there is evidence in the specimens before us that this

character is not very stable. ‘lhe typical females, moreover, of S. marthesia have the

red of the primaries replaced by tawny. ‘This character, too, appears to fail in more

western examples, as we have insects from Ecuador red like the males. In Cuba and

Haiti a Siderone occurs which is probably not really separable from 8. ide, but our

series is hardly sufficient to settle the point. The femalesin this form have a dull reddish

border to the secondaries not observable in continental specimens, except at Panama, and

these, again, have more red on the secondaries. There are two names available for this

Antillean Siderone. It is evidently the Papilio nobilis nemesis of Iliger described from

Haitian specimens, and it is also the Mymphalis rogerti of Godart, figured by Lucas in

his ‘ Lépidoptéres exotiques.’

Should it be found necessary to unite all these forms under one specific name,

334 RHOPALOCERA.

as seems to us not at all improbable, Cramer’s title S. marthesia will have to be

adopted.

Siderone ide, as we prefer to call this butterfly for the present, is rare in Guatemala.

All we saw of it was a wing which we picked up amongst the Indian ruins of Copan.

Mr. Hague subsequently sent us specimens from the valley of the Polochic; and

Mr. Champion also found it. To the last-named collector we are indebted for a good

series of examples captured on the top of a small hill in the vicinity of David, in the

State of Panama. Here they resorted to bushes during the hottest part of the day; on

being disturbed they flew to the higher trees on the slopes of the hill, where they

settled on the trunks.

4, Siderone syntyche.

Siderone syntyche, Hew. Ex. Butt. Agrias and Siderone, f. 4, 51.

S. cde similis, sed anticis plaga magna basali coccinea tantum notata, fascia ultra cellulam nulla, parte alarum

obscura cyaneo lete suffusa distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico!; GuaTEMA.a.

This beautiful species was described and figured by Hewitson from a Mexican

specimen formerly in the collection of the late W. Wilson Saunders, and we have had

no further tidings of the species until quite recently Dr. Staudinger submitted to us a

damaged specimen from Guatemala, showing the extension of its range into that.

country, though none of our other correspondents and collectors have as yet met

with it.

Hewitson supposed that S. syntyche was probably the male of S. marpesia; but in

this opinion he was evidently mistaken, the true S. marpesia having much more red on

the primaries, and none of the brilliant blue which so distinguishes the present species,

and which separates it at once from all the allied forms, except the following, which

probably represents it in the southern parts of our region.

5. Siderone polymela, sp. n.

S. syntyche affinis et anticis eodem modo cyaneo suffusis, anticarum vero plaga basali coccinea ad angulum

analem multo magis producta distinguenda.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

Mr. Champion during his recent expedition captured a single male specimen of this

species, which is closely allied to S. syntyche, and has the same beautiful blue gloss on

the dark portions of the primaries; the red band on these wings is extended towards

the anal angle, and not restricted to the base of the wing as in S. syntyche.

Other allied species are S. vulcanus and S. mars, but in both of these the blue colour

alluded to above is either wholly absent or can only be traced in a certain incidence of

light. ‘The red patch, too, of both these species is rather differently shaped.

ANZA. 339

ANEA.

Anea, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 48 (1816).

Paphia, Fabr. in Til. Mag. f. Insectk. vi. p. 282 (nec Lamarck); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 317.

Anca is one of the largest as well as one of the most characteristic of Neotropical

Nymphaline, and it probably contains not less than 100 species, so far as our present

knowledge extends. All of these, with the single exception of Anwa ops, which occurs

on the northern side of our frontier, are found within the Neotropical Region, no less

than thirty-five occurring within our limits.

One of the most remarkable features in this genus is in the relative positions of the

costal nervure of the primaries to the subcostal and its branches, the branches of

the subcostal coalescing with the costal in various ways, independent slips passing

between the costal and the margin. Prof. Westwood, with his usual care, has

drawn attention to this feature; but the question which he raises of the relationship

of these slips to the subcostal branches which they, to some extent, supersede, we are

still unable to explain satisfactorily. Proceeding along the costa in most butterflies

from the base of the primaries the first nervure that reaches the margin is the costal,

then come the subcostal branches in their order (first, second, third, fourth), and then

the subcostal itself, or, as it is sometimes reckoned, its fifth branch. In Anwa the

subcostal branches all unite with costal, except the fourth, and there are two or three

slips from the costal to the margin; these do not start from opposite the subcostal

branches, but usually between them. It seems probable that the first of these slips is

the termination of the costal, that between it and the second slip and the apparent

extension of the subcostal is in reality the continuation of the first subcostal branch

which passes abruptly to the costa as the second slip, the second subcostal does the

same, and so on. If this be correct, the costal, which apparently runs the whole length

of the wing to the apex, does not really do so, but for a considerable part of its length it

is made up of the costal branches, which unite for some distance to separate again. Two

other points require notice: in some species the first subcostal branch is atrophied, and

does not reach the costal at all; in others the third subcostal branch is itself branched,

_the upper limb reaching the costal, the lower running free to the margin. In this instance

there are but three subcostal branches, and it is reasonable to suppose that the third is

the third and fourth united till the subbranch separates. Against this supposed arrange-

ment of the nervures is the fact that the costal presents no indication that it is thus

built up, but it runs in a single tube uninterruptedly throughout its length to the apex,

gradually diminishing in size without reference to the nervules it receives and emits.

The arrangement of the nervures in the neighbourhood of the costa throughout the

genus all partake of this tendency to anchylosis; but the variations are so many and so

little in accordance with other characters, that we hesitate to adopt them for the

purpose of dividing the genus into groups; but taking these characters in a primary

336 RHOPALOCERA.

sense, so far as some of the Central-American species are concerned, we get the

following results :-—

A. Three slips from costal to costa; first and second subcostal branches uniting

with costal; third branch divided, one slip uniting with the costal, the other

passing to the outer margin: glycertum, nobilis, ryphea, pithyusa, electra.

B. Two slips from the costal to the costa; first subcostal branch atrophied, second

and third united to costal, fourth free: aidea.

C. Two slips from costal to costa; first and second subcostal branches united to

costal; third divided, one slip uniting with costal, the other passing to the

outer margin: dza.

D. Two slips from costal to costa; first subcostal branch absent; second united to

costal; third divided, one slip joining costal, the other passing to the outer

margin: echemus.

EK. One slip from costal to costa; first subcostal atrophied; second and third

united to costal; third divided, one slip joining costal, the other passing to

the outer margin: senocles.

In all species of Anwa there is a lower discocellular closing the cell of the primaries.

This joins the median some way beyond the origin of the second branch; an evanescent

nervure also closes the cell of the secondaries. The front legs of the male (4. glyce-

rium) have a coxa =% femur + trochanter, tibia =}? femur; tarsus single-jointed,

= tibia. In other species of the genus there is some variation as to the relative

strength of the joints, but the general proportions seem to be maintained. The

terminal joint of the palpi is short in A. glycerium and A. dia, and in most species

about = the middle joint; in A. electra about =}; the middle joint is of nearly

uniform width throughout and rather stout. The antenne have 39 joints (A. glyce-

rium), 54 (A. dia), 41 (A. nobilis), 43 (A. electra), 38 (A. ryphea), 47 (A. xenocles),

4] (A. pithyusa), 43 (A. aidea).

The structure of the male secondary organs is tolerably uniform. In A. glycerium

the tegumen terminates in a slightly depressed spine, and there is a pair of dependent

strong outwardly directed spines below it; the harpagones are simple lobes with a short

spine slightly bent inwards at the end. In 4. dia there is a dense pencil of hair-like

scales at the end of the harpagones; in JA. electra this pencil is present, but not the

terminal spine. Of the species examined, A. aidea departs furthest from A. glycerium

in respect to these organs; the two spines below the tegumen, and dependent from it,

are long and turned upwards, and their ends are cleft into two points instead of re-

maining a single one; the harpagones are longer and more curved, and not so elliptical

in outline.

ANZA. 337

a. Body stout, anal angle of secondaries not produced as a lobe.

a'. Wings more or less rufous at the base.

A. glycerium group.

1, Anza glycerium.

Paphia glycerium, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 319, t. 50. f. 1°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8.

1874, p. 3417; Druce, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 686°.

Alis ferrugineo-fulvis, anticarum apice fusco-nigro, margine interno valde irregulari, margine externo valde

sinuato, posticis caudatis; subtus testaceis ferrugineo-fusco undique irroratis, anticis linea transversa

fere bisectis et plaga magna ad marginem externum ferrugineis, posticis lineis duabus transfasciatis, una

ultra cellulam altera submarginali, maculis parvis submarginalibus albis.

Hab. Mexico}, Cordova (Riimeli), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gawmer); GUATEMALA,

Central valleys and Polochic valley (f. D. G. & O. S.), Choctum (Hague), Teleman and

Las Mercedes (Champion); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten),

San Francisco (Rogers); Panama, Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Calobre

(Arcé).—Soutn America, Colombia, Venezuela, E. Brazil; JaMatca.

This is perhaps the commonest species of Anwa in Mexico and Central America, and

we have received specimens from all parts, from Southern Mexico to Panama. In

South America it appears to be not nearly so abundant; but we trace it to Pernambuco

in Brazil, where the late W. A. Forbes found it. His specimens are the smallest we

have seen, but evidently belong to the Mexican species.

In Central America this species frequents thin forest in the hotter parts of the

country.

One of the chief characteristics of A. glycerium is the sinuous outer margin to the

primaries, and in this respect it has no near allies. In its general colour it resembles

A, ryphea.

A. titan group.

2. Anza titan.

Nymphalis titan, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 447, t. 60. f. 4°.

_ Paphia titan, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 340°; Druce, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 636 °.

Alis purpureo-rufescentibus, violaceo suffusis fusco-nigro indistincte limbatis, anticis triente apicali nigra maculam

rufescentem includente, linea sinuosa submarginali in posticis continuata nigra; posticis caudatis: subtus

alis ferrugineis fusco et albido undique irroratis, area ad anticarum marginem externum fere unicolori, posticis

linea obscura transversa bisectis, extra eam altera linea latiore, punctis albis nigro pupillatis submar-

ginalibus ad angulum analem.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten *).—Cotomsta '.

A single male specimen in Van Patten’s Costa-Rica collection is our sole authority

for including this Colombian species in our fauna. This possibly may have come from

another source.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., June 1884. 2x

338 RHOPALOCERA.

A. titan is one of Lindig’s discoveries in Colombia, and was described by Dr. Felder’

in ‘Voyage of the Novara.’

Mr. Druce remarks that the Costa-Rican example is darker and larger than others

from Colombia; but on these points we see no difference when the specimen is com-

pared with a typical one received from Dr. Felder himself.

A. aidea group.

3. Anza aidea.

Nymphalis (Thymetes?) aidea, Guér. Icon. Régne An. texte, p. 4787.

Paphia aidea, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 683°.

Alis testaceis fuseo marginatis, anticarum cellule fine et linea angusta sinuosa a costa margini externo sub-

parallela in posticarum apicem extensa fuscis; subtus sordide cineriis fusco irroratis, anticis ad marginem

internum ferrugineis.

Q mari similis, sed major notatione alarum fusca latiore multo magis distincta.

Hab. Mexico, Milpas in Durango (Forrer), Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio),

Campeachy (Perbosc'), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer); GuaveMALa, Chisoy valley

(Hague), Central valleys and Polochic valley (F. D. G. & O. S.), San Gerénimo and

Teleman (Champion) ; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).

This species was described by Guérin from a specimen taken on board ship in the

Bay of Campeachy !. .

It has some close allies in the West-Indian Islands, and in Texas a species (A. ops,

Druce) occurs which probably spreads across the Rio Grande into our borders; but we

have no evidence that this is the case.

In Mexico and Guatemala A. aidea is a common species, but we have not traced it

southwards beyond Nicaragua.

A, chrysophana group.

4. Anea chrysophana.

Paphia chrysophana, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 152?; Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 6342.

Nymphalis pyrrhothea, Feld. Reise d. Noy. Lep. p. 447, t. 60. £. 3°.

Paphia helie, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8..1874, p. 341.

Alis intus saturate fulvis, extus fuscis et omnino purpureo lete suffusis; anticis acutis, posticis caudatis macula

ad apicem anticarum elliptica fulva; subtus sordide ferrugineis undique fusco irroratis, posticis punctis

nigris (intus cruleo-albidis) apicem versus ornatis.

¢ fulvalis, anticis triente apicali nigra plaga magna discali, altera subapicali ochraceis ; subtus sordide ochraceis,

undique fusco maculatis et irroratis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten‘); Panama, Veraguas (Arcé12), Line of Railway

(M‘Leannan 1 *).—CotompBia2 3; Prrv 2.

Mr. Bates described this species from specimens sent to us from the State of Panama !,

.and soon afterwards it was described and figured by Felder*®. The insect called P. helie

by Messrs. Butler and Druce + also belongs here, as the specimens testify.

ANZA. 339

Though obviously allied to A. ryphea this species may readily be distinguished by its

smaller size and by the beautiful purple sheen which pervades the whole of the upper

surface of the wings. In this respect it is like A. halice of Brazil, from which the

coloration of the female easily renders it separable. The female differs from those of

all the allied species in having a large ochraceous patch on the primaries and a spot of

the same colour on the apical angle.

A. chrysophana is apparently a rare species, and no specimens have been sent us from

the district of Chiriqui. Our Peruvian example was taken by Mr. E. Bartlett at

Yurimaguas, near the foot of the Andes on the eastern side.

5. Anza ryphea.

Papilio ryphea, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 48. f. G. H‘.

Paphia ryphea, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 341°; Druce, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 634°.

Alis saturate ferrugineo-fulvis, anticarum apicibus nigris maculam ellipticam fulvam includentibus; posticis

caudatis macula indistincta pallida ad angulum analem; subtus ferrugineis undique fusco irroratis

atomisque albidis sparsis, posticis linea obscura bisectis lituraque subapicali lata notatis.

Q mari similis, sed major et alis pallidioribus macula ad anticarum apicem et aliis duabus ad costes medium

ochraceis ; subtus sordide ochraceis et maculis omnibus majoribus.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio*); Guaremaia, Polochic valley,

Choctum (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt*, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten),

San Francisco (Rogers), Orosi (Kramer); Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé).

—Goiana 1; VENEZUELA; Ecuapor; Peru; Botivia.

This seems to be the species figured by Cramer from a Surinam specimen'. It is

rather a redder insect than A. phidile, and appendages to the secondaries are always

present. |

A. ryphea has a very wide range, being found throughout our region from Southern

Mexico to Panama, and thence spreads over a large portion of Tropical South America.

We can trace no difference between Mexican and Bolivian specimens.

6. Anza phidile.

Paphia phidile, Geyer in Hiibn. Zutr. ex. Schm. fiinftes Hund. p. 27, f. 905, 906; Bates, Journ.

Ent. ii. p. 3427; Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 635°.

A, ryphee valde similis, sed alis posticis saturatioribus ecaudatis, subtus linea mediana posticarum valde

sinuata haud recta distinguenda.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten*?); Panama, Calobre (Arcé3), Line of Railway

(MLeannan).—SovutH AMeERIcA, Colombia to Brazil.

The most obvious distinction between this species and A. ryphea is the absence in

the males of the caudal appendages, which, however, in some specimens are just

indicated by a notch. Im addition to this the secondaries are more darkly coloured,

and the median line beneath is waved instead of straight.

2x2

340 RHOPALOCERA.

In some specimens there is a cluster of large white spots across the secondaries

beneath, in others there are a number of large blackish spots at the base of the

same wings.

With a very similar range in the continent of South America to A. ryphea, this

species does not extend beyond the State of Panama; for though Mr. Druce records it

from Costa Rica®, we have no specimen from there.

The origin of Geyer’s type was not known.

A. nobilis group.

7. Anza nobilis. (Tab. XXXV. figg. 1, 24, 32.)

Paphia nobilis, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 162+; Druce, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 636%.

Alis sanguineo-rufis, dimidio anticarum distali fusco-nigro, maculis sanguineis notatis ; posticis caudatis satura-

tioribus parte distali nigricantiore ; subtus obscure ferrugineis undique irroratis, posticis linea transversa

bisectis altera latiore extra eam et ocellis submarginalibus ad angulum analem notatis.

margini anticarum subparallela, posticis parte distali ochraceo irroratis et punctis submarginalibus nigris

notatis; subtus sordide ochraceis maculis et lineis omnibus magis distinctis.

Hab. Guaremaa, San Gerénimo (Ff. D. G. & O. 8.1, Champion).

This fine species is, so far as we know, restricted to the hills surrounding the east

side of the plain of Salama, where the village of San Gerénimo is situated. It was here

that we discovered it in 1862, and where Mr. Hague subsequently obtained specimens

for us. Mr. Champion, too, met with it in the same district during his recent sojourn

in Guatemala.

It frequents the mountain-streams, flying rapidly close to the water. Some specimens

were caught on dung, others on wet sand.

A. nobilis has no near allies that we know of; but it is perhaps best associated with

the red species, which it resembles on the underside.

b'. Wings bluish black or purple, more or less blue or green at the base.

a. Secondaries tailed in both sexes.

a", Inner margin of primaries deeply falcate at the distal end.

A. morvus group.

8. Anea morta. (Tab. XXXII. figg. 11,129 ; Tab. XXXIV. figg. 5,6 ¢.)

Paphia morta, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 645°.

Paphia onophis, Bdv. Lép. Guat. p. 50? (nec Felder).

Paphia iphis, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 841° (nec Latreille) ; Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 641 *;

Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 124°.

Paphia morvus, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 689° (nec Fabricius).

ANA, 341

Alis cyaneo-nigris, basi cyanescentibus, anticis maculis cyaneis obsoletis ad angulum apicalem ; subtus sericeo-

rufescenti-fuscis griseo irroratis, margine anticarum externo grisescentibus ; posticis fascia obscura discali

valde irregulari, altera submarginali, punctisque submarginalibus nigris ornatis.

@ major colore ad alarum basin dilutiore, maculis anticarum subapicalibus magis distinctis et ab apice magis

distantibus, subtus alis omnino pallidioribus et maculis fuscis valde irregulariter notatis.

Hab. British Honpuras, Corosal (foe!); Guatemata 24, San Gerdénimo (Champion),

Motagua valley (f, D. G. & O. S.), Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales

(Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten®); Panama‘, Chiriqui (Ribde%, Arcé, Champion),

Line of Railway (M‘Leannan).—N. Cotomsia >.

The greatest confusion has existed respecting this species, owing chiefly to the

misapplication of the name Nymphalis iphis of Latreille. This, we are now strongly of

opinion, confirmed by specimens so named from Mr. Bates’s collection, is synonymous

with Paphia meris of Felder, and applies to quite a distinct species from that named

P. iphis by Dr. Felder in our collection, and from the one so called in Mr. Druce's

monograph.

With the true P. iphis (=P. meris), therefore, this species has no relationship. It

is in fact so near to P. morvus of Fabricius that we have some hesitation in separating

it. The chief difference, if not the only really stable one, is in the general colour of

the female, which is devoid of any of the purple tinge seen in that sex of P. morvus.

Regarding the name P. onophis of Boisduval, we know, from the types having been

submitted to us by M. Charles Oberthiir, that they belong to this insect; but unfor-

tunately Dr. Felder has previously used this name for another species, so that it is not

available here.

The title we adopt was given by Mr. Druce to a single female specimen in our

collection from British Honduras. This differs to some extent, especially on the under-

side of the wings, from other Central-American examples of the same sex. ‘The wings

beneath are rather yellower and the markings are few and obscure; above the blue of

the base of the hind wings is rather more restricted. In view of the great diversity in

the colour of the wings of specimens of many species of Anwa we do not think these

differences are of specific value.

A. morta is found throughout Central America and in Northern Colombia, where

Mr. Simons obtained it at Manaure, at the foot of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta.

His specimens are rather dark, and beneath are rather richer ferruginous than our

Guatemalan examples.

9, Anza onomais.

Paphia enomais, Bdv. Lép. Guat. p. 51°.

A. morte affinissima, sed minor, alis anticis magis falcatis, alarum basi viridescentiore.

quoque minor et alis purpurascente tinctis.

Hab, Guaremata}, Polochic valley (Hague), Cubilguitz (Champion); Nicaraeva,

342 RHOPALOCERA.

Chontales (Belt) ; Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui and Bugaba (Arcé,

Champion), Calobre (Arcé).

This small form of 4. morvus seems to be distinct, though we have some doubts on

the subject. As regards the coloration of the female it agrees better with the South-

American A. morvus than with A. morta of Central America; but the insect is much

smaller, the anterior wings of the male more hooked at the apex, and the base of both

wings have a greener tint. |

In its range it occupies nearly the same area as A. morta, but we have not yet traced

it beyond the district of Chiriqui in the State of Panama. ..

Mr. Druce in his monograph placed the name Paphia enomais, Boisduval, as a

synonym of P. pithyusa, Felder; but the types of the former submitted to us by

M. C. Oberthiir show that it was this species that Boisduval described.

Some of our specimens of this species seem to have been called Paphia iphis in

Mr. Druce’s monograph.

A. indigotica group.

10. Anza indigotica. (Tab. XXXIII. figg. 1,28; A. zelica, figg. 3,42.) ~

Paphia indigotica, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, iv. p. 180°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874,

p. 840°; Druce, P.Z.S. 1877, p. 645 °.

Paphia zelica, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, iv. p. 180%.

Papua cheronea, Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 124°?

Alis cyaneo-nigris ad basin vix cyanescentibus, anticis fascia transversa arcuata apicem versus et margine

posticarum externo schistaceo-cyaneis, posticis caudatis; subtus castaneis linea mediana communi et

posticis lineis duabus margini externo subparallelis fuscis ; costa anticarum et margine posticarum externo

angulum analem versus albo irroratis, posticis ocello singulo ad medium marginis externi.

@ alis brunneo-purpureo suffusis, anticis fascia lata fulva arcuata a costa fere ad angulum analem, posticarum

apice eadem colore; subtus alis fere ut in mare, sed pallidioribus et notatione omnino magis obvia,

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten *), Trazu and Cache (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de

Chiriqui (Arcé), Bugaba (Champion), Calobre (Arcé 14).—N. CoLomta ? 5.

This species was first described from specimens sent us by Arcé from Calobre in the

State of Panama!+. At the same time the great difference between the sexes of the

species, without parallel in the genus, except in the case of the closely allied A. xenica,

was not recognized, and the male and female were described as distinct species.

Mr. Druce was the first to call attention to their real relationship °, and the receipt of

more specimens fully confirms his view on this point.

The range of A. indigotica is restricted to Costa Rica, the State of Panama, and

probably Northern Colombia. In Mexico and Guatemala the allied forms A. promenca

and A. xenica take its place. In the interior of Colombia A. cheronea is probably its

representative, as the males agree in the general character of their markings. The

female of A. chewronea, however, is at present unknown to us.

ANZA. 343.

‘Regarding Mr. Simons’s specimens from the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, we are

now of opinion that they probably belong to A. indigotica rather than to A. cheronea,

where we placed them®. Females are required to decide the point satisfactorily.

11. Anza xenica. (Tab. XXXIII. figg. 5, 6.)

Paphia xenica, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 1631; Druce, P.Z. S. 1877, p. 646’.

A, indigotice affinis, sed alarum maris basi viridescenti fascia subapicali nulla et posticis margine externo haud

limbato.

Q quoque A. endigotice affinis, alarum basi viridescenti distinguenda.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (F. D. G. & O. 8.1), Purula (Champion).

A single female specimen of this remarkable species was for a long time the only one

we possessed. This was obtained during our expedition to Guatemala in 1861-63, and

formed the type of Mr. Bates’s description!. Since then we have received another

female, and Mr. Champion was fortunate enough to secure a single male example at

Purula during his recent visit to Guatemala. There is also a female, said to be from

Guatemala, in the Hewitson collection in the British Museum.

12. Anea promenza. (Tab. XXXIV. figg. 1, 2.)

A, wenice valde affinis, sed alarum basi maris cyanescentiore femine purpurascentiore differt.

Ab A. indigotica absentia fascia maris subapicalis et margine posticarum schistaceo-cyaneo differt.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimelz).

This species seems to take the place of the Guatemalan A. xenica in Mexico, the

male differing in having a bluer base to the wings, and the female being in the same

part of a rich purple tint. The difference of both these species from A. indigotica is

easily seen by comparing male examples. |

The only specimens of A. promenea that have reached us, a male and a female,

were taken by the late Herr Riimeli near Cordova, and the male we now figure.

A. beatriz group.

13. “Ana beatrix. (Tab. XXXII. figg. 9,10; Tab. XXXVI. figg. 9, 109.)

Paphia beatriz, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 2871; P. Z.S. 1877, p. 6417.

Paphia cheronea, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 340°?

Alis cyaneo-nigris, anticarum basi et posticis fere omnino chalybeo-viridescentibus, anticis fascia (venis divisa)

arcuata subapicali ad angulum analem producta alarum basi concolore, posticis caudatis; subtus late

sericeo-fuscis, rufescenti-fusco et albo undique irroratis, fasciis duabus valde indistinctis margini posti-

carum externo subparallelis alteraque alarum medium transeunte.

rufescenti-fusco irroratis, fasciis indistinctis ut in mare collocatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten *), Cache (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé,

Champion), Bugaba (Champion).

344 RHOPALOCERA.

Mr. Druce’s description of this beautiful species was based upon a single male

specimen sent us by Arcé from the neighbourhood of the Volcano of Chiriqui’, Here

and at Bugaba Mr. Champion obtained several specimens in good condition on the

margin of forest, which show that the species is a more beautiful one than the type,

which is rubbed, indicates. The female is very like that sex of A. anassa (=A. cleo-

mestra, Hew.), but may be distinguished by the apical blue spot of the primaries being

situated much nearer the apex of the wing instead of in a line with the blue band which

is common to both wings.

A single female specimen was in Van Patten’s collection, and appears to have been

called Paphia cheroneain Messrs. Butler and Druce’s paper °. We have another female

from the same country, sent us by Mr. Rogers.

The alliances of A. beatriz are not very obvious, but we are inclined to associate it

with the true A. tphis (Latr.) (=A. meris, Feld.) and with A. lorna (Druce).

6", Inner margin of primaries nearly straight.

A. perenna group.

14. Anza perenna. (A. amenophis, Tab. XXXII. figg. 3, 4.)

Paphia amenophis, Druce, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 637* (nec Felder).

A, onophi similis, sed alis supra fere omnino cyaneo-nigris unicoloribus, maculis anticarum multo majoribus»

posticarum margine externo ab apice ad caude finem cretaceo-ceruleo; subtus fere omnino ut in

A, onophi.

Hab. GuatEMata, central valleys (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), San Gerénimo (Hague, Champion).

—CotomBia; Peru; Lower AMAZONS.

Mr. Druce in his monograph considered this species to be Dr. Felder’s Mymphalis

amenophis, but on referring to the description of that species we are convinced that that

name applies to an Anwa allied to A. morvus, and perhaps the same as Paphia victoria,

Druce; but as the description of A. amenophis was based upon a female example, this

point cannot be readily decided. Anyhow with the present species it has little in

common, and we are obliged to give it a name.

In Guatemala A. perenna is not an uncommon insect, but we have not seen it from

any other part of Central America. In Colombia it reappears, and thence spreads to

Peru and even to the Lower Amazons, a specimen being in our collection which was

sent us some years ago from Para by Mr. Henderson.

The specimen figured was taken at San Gerénimo, Guatemala.

15. Anza onophis, (Tab. XXXII. figg. 1, 2; Tab. XXXIV. figg. 11, 129.)

Nymphalis onophis, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 110* (nec Boisduval).

Paphia onophis, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 687 *.

Paphia eubena, Bdv. Lép. Guat. p. 50°.

ANZA. 345

Alis extus sinuatis cyaneo-nigris, basi cyanescentibus, anticis maculis quatuor aut quinque (interdum duabus)

exterioribus pallide cyaneis, posticis punctis submarginalibus albidis ; subtus omnino nitide cinereis fascia

communi discali irregulari obscuriore, alteraque eodem colore submarginali in posticis extra eam punctis

nigris notatis.

9 alis extus valde sinuatis, colore alarum ceruleo pallidiore quam in mare; subtus sordide pallide fuscis undique

ferrugino-fusco irroratis.

Hab. Mexico (?)?; Guatemata 8, Polochic valley, Tablelands (F. D. G. & O. S.), Volcan

de Atitlan, El Tumbador, Rio Naranjo, Panima ( Champion) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten);

Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, Champion), Bugaba ( Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—CoLoMBIA ;

EcuaDor!; PErv.

This is not the Paphia onophis of Boisduval’s published work; but nevertheless the

species must pass under this name on Dr. Felder’s authority, as he publicly used it several

years before its inventor, though in a different sense.

The name actually given to it by Boisduval is P. ewbwna, as reference to the type has

shown us.

The original description by Dr. Felder was based upon a specimen from Ecuador,

whence we also have examples. In these the submarginal spots of the primaries are

five in number. At the other extreme of the range of the species a less number prevails,

but there is no specific difference between individuals from these extremes.

A. onophis is closely allied to A. pithyusa, but the males may be distinguished by the

base of the wings being bluer beneath; the discal dark band of the primaries has the

outer edge much more irregular. If we are right in the determination of the female

described above, it is a very different insect from that sex of the allied species. The

base of the wings of the former is bright blue, in the latter they are hardly tinted, and

the spots of primaries are very distinct in A. pithyusa, being five in number and nearly

white ; in A. onophis only two distinct spots are seen. The undersides present hardly

any similarity.

Mr. Champion found this species on the banks of rivers in the forest during the dry

season, and settled on dung in the pathways; on being disturbed they would fly to a

tree-trunk.

16. Anza pithyusa. (Tab. XXXII. figg. 7, 8.)

Nymphalis pithyusa, R. Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 473°.

Paphia pithyusa, Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 124°; Druce, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 638°.

A, onophi similis, sed alarum basi viridescente, posticis paullo magis productis et subtus margine externo fascis

communis in anticis haud sinuato, macula quoque fulva ad cost posticarum medium distinguenda.

@ a femina <A. onophis omnino differt, maculis anticarum valde distinctis ceruleo-albidis, subtus omnino

dilutioribus maculis sicut in mare.

Hab. Mexico, Potrero (Hedemann1), Cordova (Riimeli), Valladolid in Yucatan

(Gaumer); GuaTeMALa *, Central valleys and Pacific slope (Ff. D. G. & O. 8.), Chisoy

valley and Choctum (Hague), Rio Naranjo, Coatepeque, Cubilguitz ( Champion) ;

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., Judy 1884. 2¥

346 RHOPALOCERA.

Nicaraeva, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten ®); Panama, Bugaba (Champion),

Veraguas (Arcé *).—CoLomBIa ?.

This is a common species throughout our region from Southern Mexico to Panama

whence it passes into Northern Colombia, where Mr. Simons obtained it near Santa

Marta, It was first described by Rudolph Felder from specimens, now in the Vienna

Museum, obtained by Hedemann at Potrero, near Cordova, in Mexico. We have several

examples from this locality, one of which we have compared with the type.

Though nearly allied to A. onophis and A. arginussa it is apparently quite distinet

from both these butterflies as stated above. If we have described the right female of

A, onophis, the differences in this sex are very much more apparent than in the males.

The fulvous spot on the costa of the secondaries and the simple curve of the outer

edge of the transverse band of the primaries beneath connect this species with

A. herbacea.

17. Anza artacena.

Paphia artacena, Hew. Ex. Butt. Paphia, t. 2. ff. 6, 7°; Druce, P. Z.S8. 1877, p. 6887.

Alis viridescenti-nigris basi viridescentiore, anticis fascia transversa bisecta a costze medio ad angulum analem et

puncto subapicali viridi-albidis; posticis spatulatis maculis submarginalibus ad apicem pallide viridescentibus

et puncto nigro (intus albo) inter venam medianam et ramo suo secundo notatis; subtus cinerascentibus

ferrugineo irroratis, fascia irregulari discali anticarum et plaga magna ad costam posticarum fere omnino

ferrugineis. ™

Hab. GuateMaLa, Choctum (Hague?); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson”); Panama,

Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé 2),—CoLomBia 1.

Hewitson described this species from a Colombian specimen in his collection, but we

have not received any examples thence ourselves. It is, however, not a very uncommon

species in Nicaragua, and we have traced it northwards as far as Vera Paz in Guatemala.

Southwards it occurs sparingly in the State of Panama, but we have not yet seen any

specimens from Costa Rica, where doubtless it is also found.

The alliances of A. artacena are with A. onophis and A. pithyusa, but it is remarkably

distinct, owing to the conspicuous greenish-white band on the primaries.

Mr. Champion’s specimens were found on leaves in the dense forest.

A, xenocles group.

18. Anza xenocles. (Tab. XXXII. figg. 5, 6.)

Paphia xenocles, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p.319*; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 340; Druce,

P. Z.S. 1877, p. 639°.

Alis chalybeo-nigris, basi viridi-cerulescentibus, anticis apice subfalcatis margine interno integro, maculis

quinque parvis viridi-ceruleis, prima pone medium versus costam posita et quatuor submarginalibus duabus

ANZA. 347

approximatis ; posticis breviter spatulatis serie submarginali macularum viridescentium ornatis ; subtus

alis sericeo-fuscis griseo irroratis; anticis ad marginem externum et posticis huc illuc nebulosis.

Hab. Guatemata, San Geronimo (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten*); Panama,

Volcan de Chiriqui (Ribbe, Arcé *, Champion), Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé*).—

CotomBiA?; Venezueta; Borivial; S.E. Braz 3.

The type of this species was from Bolivia !; our South-American specimens are from

Colombia, Venezuela, and South-eastern Brazil. These and our many Central-American

examples all agree fairly with one another. We notice, however, that they all have a

submarginal row of greenish spots on the secondaries, not mentioned in Prof. West-

wood’s description.

Though present in Guatemala it is not common, and Mr. Champion appears to have

met with it only at San Gerénimo. In the State of Panama it is one of the commonest

species of Ane@a. Here it abounds in the dry season and may be seen about the banks

of streams.

19. Anwa herbacea.

Paphia herbacea, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 100+; P. Z.S. 1874, p. 340°; Butl. Lep. Ex.

t. 60. f. 3°; Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1877, p. 638 *.

Alis supra cyanescenti-nigris, basi viridescentibus, anticis macula subapicali ejusdem coloris, posticis macula

fulva ad costes medium ; subtus sericeo-griseo-ferrugineis, anticis fascia lata integra saturate castanea

divisis ; posticis fascia angulata, et nebula ad marginem externum ejusdem coloris notatis, maculis duabus

costalibus albidis; anticis acutis haud falcatis, posticis spatulatis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten 1734).

The only specimens we have of this species are those obtained by Van Patten, which

served as Messrs. Butler and Druce’s types; these came from Costa Rica, beyond which

country we have not yet traced the species.

The fulvous spot near the middle of the costa of the secondaries is a curious character,

shared alone, as far as we can see, by A. pithyusa, to which species A. herbacea has

another slight character in common, in that the outer edge of the transverse band of

the primaries beneath is simply curved and not abruptly broken. In other respects

the two species are not very similar.

Of the female of A. herbacea we have as yet no tidings.

20. Anza glauce.

Nymphalis glauce, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. vi. p. 119°.

Paphia glauce, Bates, Journ. Ent. u. p. 342, t. 13 *, f. 2°; Butl. & Druce, P.Z. 8. 1874, p. 340°;

Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 640°.

Alis supra eneo-nigris, basi late plumbeo-ceeruleis, anticis macula obliqua pone apicem, altera ad marginis

externi medium ejusdem coloris ; subtus sericeo-fuscescentibus griseo et fusco irroratis, anticis ad marginem

externum et posticis lineis duabus margini externo subparallelibus nebulosis; anticis acutis vix falcatis ;

posticis leviter caudatis.

2 mari valde similis, alis subtus ferrugineis, posticis fortiter caudatis.

2y¥2

348 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patien*); Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé).—

Peru; Amazons ?4; Rio Nzero !.

This Anwa was discovered by Mr. Bates in the valley of the Upper Amazons during

his celebrated expedition, but it was described by Dr. Felder under the name suggested

for it by Mr. Bates}.

It has now been traced to Costa Rica in the north and Peru in the south. Specimens

from these various points, though varying to some extent, do not seem to be specifically

separable. All have the peculiar brassy sheen which distinguished the species; but

some specimens from Bugaba have rather less than usual, the blue of the base being

more circumscribed. A Costa-Rica specimen, however, agrees accurately with typical

examples from San Paulo, Amazons.

6". Secondaries tailed in the female, but not in the male.

A. proserpina group.

21. Anza proserpina.

Paphia proserpina, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, iv. p. 181°; Druce, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 645?

(partim).

Paphia pedile, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 287°.

Alis cyaneo-nigris, anticis ad basin et fascia arcuata subapicali ad angulum analem extendente cyaneis ; posticis

ecaudatis fere omnino cyaneis plaga magna ad angulum apicalem cyaneo-nigra, margine externo ad

angulum analem letiore cyaneo ; subtus lete castaneis albo sparsim irroratis, linea obsoleta communi

mediana et posticis punctis albis submarginalibus notatis.

@ major, alis nigris, basi lete ceruleis, anticis ad apicem macula elongata ejusdem coloris; subtus pallidioribus.

Hab. GuatEMAta, Polochic valley (Hague1), Purula,Senahu, and Cubilguitz ( Champion).

For this fine species we are indebted to Mr. Hague, who obtained our first specimens in

the valley of the Polochic in Guatemala. Since then Mr. Champion has secured a

good series, chiefly at Purula, at an elevation of about 4000 feet above the sea. Here

they frequented the margins of the forest.

The only species we know of at all nearly allied to 4. proserpina is A. laura of

Costa Rica and Panama. This is easily distinguished by the coloration of the male,

as pointed out below. The females of the two species seem to be quite alike.

22. Anea laura. (Tab. XXXVI. figg. 4, 5.)

Paphia laura, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 647°.

Paphia proserpina 9 ?, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8.1874, p. 340°; Druce, P. Z. 8.1877, p. 645 ° (partim).

A, proserpine proxima, sed alis multo obscurioribus anticarum apice vix fascia notato et posticarum margine

cyaneo externo omnino absente, subtus quoque paullo saturatiore castaneis distinguenda.

2 femine A. proserpine omnino similis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten?*) ; Panama, Veraguas (Arce !).

A single male specimen from the province of Veraguas, sent us by Arcé, formed

ANA, 349

the type of Mr. Druce’s description of this species, which is a southern race of the

Guatemalan A. proserpina. A female from Costa Rica attributed with doubt to A.

proserpina by Messrs. Butler and Druce? we have little hesitation in placing here. In

so doing we are influenced by the general similarity of the Costa Rica and Panama

faunas, rendering it much more probable that this female belongs to the Panama

than to the Guatemalan race.

93. Anwa ambrosia. (Tab. XXXVI. figg. 11,12¢; Tab. XXXVIL. fige. 6, 7.)

Paphia ambrosia, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 2881; P.Z.8. 1877, p. 648’.

Alis cyanescenti-nigris, basi viridescentibus, anticis macula obliqua subquadrata conspicua pone apicem nitide

viridis, margine externo eodem colore suffuso ; posticis quoque maculis submarginalibus et margine externo

ipso ejusdem coloris; subtus lete sericeo-castaneis, linea communi ab angulo anticarum apicali ad

marginis interni posticarum medium, in posticis valde angulata fusco-ferruginea, anticis ad apicem et

marginem externum albo marmoratis ; anticis acutis haud hamatis ; posticis ecaudatis rotundatis.

@ mari similis et macula anticarum apicali eodem modo collocata, subtus quoque castaneis sed pallidioribus ;

posticis cauda spatulata ornatis.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé!?, Zahn, Ribbe, Champion), Bugaba

(Champion).

This beautiful species was described by Mr. Druce from a specimen in our collection

sent us by Arcé from the Volcano of Chiriqui!, where other collectors have since

found it, and where, and at Bugaba, Mr. Champion obtained us a good series of specimens,

including the female.

As Mr. Druce remarks 1, A. ambrosia is a very distinct species, having no near allies

that we know of. It seems to find its place in the genus next to A. proserpina and

A, laura.

A. anassa group.

24, Ang@a anassa. (Tab. XXXVI. figg. 1,2¢, 3,42.)

Nymphalis anassa, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. vi. p. 120°.

Paphia anassa, Druce, P. Z.8. 1877, p. 647°.

Paphia cleomestra, Hew. Ex. Butt. Paphia, t. 2. figs. 8, 10°; Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1877, p. 641 *.

Paphia ada, Butl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, xv. p. 222”.

Alis cyaneo-nigris, basi vix cyanescentiore, fascia arcuata transversa subapicali ad angulum analem producta

cyanea; posticis margine lato externo ejusdem coloris; subtus saturate sericeo-brunneis albo irroratis

fascia transversa indistincta communi ab anticarum apice ad medium marginis posticarum interni,

fasciisque duabus aliis margini externo subparallelibus ; anticis acutis, posticis ecaudatis.

@ alis fusco-nigris, basi obscure cyanescente, fascia lata communi cyanea, supra eam costam anticarum prope

macula duplici ejusdem coloris ; subtus sordide ochraceis fusco sparsim irroratis ; fasciis omnibus ut in mare.

Hab. Nicaraava, Chontales (Belt 4); Panama, Bugaba® (Arcé, Champion), Veraguas ®

(Arcé 2 *).—CotomsBia 225; Rio Nuero 1.

We have little doubt that the insects hitherto known as 4. anassa and A. cleomestra

‘are the males and females of one species; they have the same geographical range.

Up to the present time 4. anassa has only been known from male specimens, and on

2300 RHOPALOCERA.

the other hand females alone of 4. cleomestra have reached us. It is true that con-

siderable difference is observable in the markings of the upper surface of the wings,

but we have parallel instances in such species as 4. proserpina, A. laura, A. ambrosia,

and others. On the under surface all the essential characters in the position of the

transverse and submarginal lines correspond in both insects; in the female, however,

they are much more clearly seen, the ground-colour of the wings being much paler.

This, too, is a feature in many species of Anea.

The range of 4. anassa, as we now propose to call this species, extends from

Colombia and the Rio Negro as far as Nicaragua, and, with the exception of the South-

American localities, we have specimens of both sexes from all points of its range. The

type of A. cleomestra came from Colombia ?.

A. forreri group.

25. Anza forreri, sp.n. (Tab. XXXIV. figg. 3, 4.)

Alis cyaneo-nigris, basi cyanescentibus, anticis fascia subapicali a costa fere ad marginem externum et maculis

duabus confluentibus ad angulum analem cyaneis; anticis valde acutis; posticis ecaudatis ; subtus pallide

fuscis fusco irroratis et griseo precipue ad angulum anticarum analem marmoratis, anticarum area

discali ferrugineo suffusa.

Hab. Muxico, Presidio near Mazatlan (Forrer).

Of this species we have a single male specimen captured by Mr. A. Forrer near

Mazatlan. A second Mexican specimen in our collection, the source of which is

unauthenticated, differs on the underside, which is much darker and more rufescent in

tint, and the markings less distinct. This specimen may belong to another species, but

our materials are insufficient to determine the point satisfactorily.

26. Anza hedemanni.

Nymphalis hedemanni, R. Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 473°.

“Ad sectionem N. Xenoclis, Westw., et Glauces, Feld.; minor quam Gilauce, alis anticis ad apicem fortiter

productis, acute falcatis, in regione interna abbreviatis, posticis ecaudatis, sed apud ramum medianum

tertium distincte angulatis, alis omnibus supra chalybewo-nigris, dimidio basali anticarumque maculis

quinque subterminalibus chalybeis, subtus nitide cano-fuscis, albido strigillosis, fascia discali apud ramum

medianum tertium angulata, introrsum effusa, striga limbali in anticis arcuata et zonam marginalem

griseo-viridem amplectente anticarumque plaga antico-subapicali diffusa fuscis, posticis punctis nonnullis

posticis plus minus evanescentibus atris, intus glauco-ceruleo notatis.”—Felder, 1. ¢.

Hab. Mexico, Potrero (Hedemann 1),

The only specimens of this species are the types in the Vienna Museum, a careful

drawing of one of which has been recently sent us by Dr. Steindachner. From this we

are of opinion that 4. hedemanni belongs to a group in which the males have no

appendage to the secondaries, and this brings it near the species next described as

Anea orthesia. The more falcate wings, together with blue spots across the apex of

the primaries and parallel to the outer margin, show its distinctness from that insect.

ANADA, 351

27. Anzea orthesia, sp.n. (Tab. XXXIV. figg. 11, 12.)

Paphia mora, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 646? (partim).

Alis purpureo-nigris, basi cerulescente atomatis, anticis margine externo indistincte ceruleo; subtus. lete

sericeo-castaneo-fuscis undique saturate ferrugineo et albo irroratis, anticis valde acutis, posticis ecaudatis.

Q alis fusco-nigris, basi ceerulescentibus, anticis macula ad apicem cerulea, subtus fuscis rufescente suffusis et

undique fusco et albo irroratis ; posticis caudatis.

Hab. Guatemata!, Polochic valley (Hague), Panima, Cubilguitz (Champion).

We have four specimens, three males and one female, of this species, which has no.

very. near ally in Central America; but it is so closely related to a Colombian species,

A. mora, that Mr. Druce hesitated to separate it in his monograph 1.

_ From: A. mora, however, it may be recognized by the more purple shade of the wings,

the blue at the base being more restricted and less of a greenish shade.

The female is like that sex of 4. wnomais, but the wings are more acute and the

base of a bluer shade. Our single female was taken by Mr. Champion at Cubilguitz

in Northern Vera Paz. He also captured a male at Panima in the Sinanja valley. Our

other specimens are from the valley of the Polochic, into which the Sinanja flows.

A. orthesia is also allied to A. odilia (Cr.), and more remotely to A. basilia (Cr.).

A. dia group.

28, Ansa dia, sp.n. (Tab. XXXIV. figg. 7, 8.)

Alis viridescenti-nigris, anticarum basi vix viridescentiore; fascia arcuata, venis divisa, subapicali ad angulum

analem producta nitide viridescente, posticis eodem colore late marginatis, ciliis albis, ecaudatis ; subtus

saturate sericeo-brunneis, anticarum apice et posticarum margine externo canescentibus; posticis plaga

magna discali saturate rufo-brunnea, margine interno dilutiore.

Hab. Panama, David (Champion).

Mr. Champion captured several male specimens of this beautiful species near the

town of David. They were caught on bushes on the top of the hill of San Cristobal

in the hottest sun..

The nearest ally to 4. dia is A. polyxo from Brazil, the type of which, obtained by

Beske, is now in our collection. Another example from the Ucayali differs slightly

from the type, the markings of the wings above being of a much bluer tint. When

more specimens of these rare insects come to hand it may be necessary to separate these

two races. From both, however, A. dia differs in the coloration of the markings of

the upper surface of the wings, the general tint of which is of a green rather than a

blue cast.

29. Anwa aureola. (Tab. XXXVII. figg. 1,2 ¢, 3 9.)

Paphia aureola, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 152"; Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 648°.

Alis supra olivaceo-nigris ; fascia lata communi in anticis subapicali arcuata a costa ad angulum analem deinde

posticarum marginem externum occupante usque ad angulum analem nitide «eneo-viridi; subtus saturate

sericeo-fuscis, anticis linea ab angulo apicali sordide albida, macula magna marmorata ad angulum analem

352 RHOPALOCERA.

posticis fascia valde irregulari transnebulatis, linea obsoleta margini externo subparallela, marginibus

interno et externo albido irroratis; anticis haud falcatis ; posticis rotundatis ecaudatis.

9 alis quoad colorem mari similibus, sed fascia seneo-viridi nulla, anticis autem fascia transversa albida ultra

cellulam ; subtus anticarum dimidio distali latissime albido marmorato ; posticis caudatis.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley, San Gerdnimo (Hague).—CoLomB1a ?.

For this species we are indebted to Mr. Hague, whose collectors, employed in our

behalf, secured three male specimens and one female in the valley of the Polochic and

at San Gerénimo. The fact that Mr. Champion, working over the same ground, did

not meet with it, is sufficient testimony to its rarity. The statement of its occurrence

in Colombia rests on the authority of a specimen in Mr. H. G. Smith’s collection, said

to have been obtained in that country by Mr. Birchall’. This specimen was examined

by Mr. Druce, but we have not seen it ourselves.

A. aureola was compared by Mr. Bates with 4. anassa1, but its distinctness from that

species is very obvious. Unless it be 4. dia, now described, and 4. polyxo of South

America, 4. aureola has no near affines.

6. Body slender, anal angle of secondaries produced as a lobe.

c’. Secondaries of both sexes bearing a spatule.

30. Anza electra.

Paphia electra, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 8319’; Hew. Ex. Butt. Siderone and Paphia, ff. 1, 27;

Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 340°; Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 649 4.

Alis sordide fulvis, anticarum apice et margine externo fuscis limbo interno valde sinuoso ; posticis rufescenti-

fulvis extus fusco limbatis ; subtus pallide sericeo-fuscis, fusco irroratis, posticis linea bifida fusca trans-

fasciatis, lineisque duabus margini externo subparallelis ; anticis valde hamatis, posticis caudatis angulo

anali producto.

Q mari similis, sed major.

Hab. Muxico?, Vera Cruz1; British Honpuras, Corosal (Roe+); Guatemaa,

Polochic valley (Hague*), San Gerdénimo (Hague, Champion), Panima ( Champion) ;

Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten ®); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui

(Arcé, Champion).

The type of this species is said to have come from Vera Cruz, but we have no

Mexican examples. In Guatemala, however, the species is by no means uncommon,

and is found throughout the lowlands of the eastern districts and as far north as the

vicinity of Corosal in British Honduras. Southwards it occurs everywhere, as far ag

the neighbourhood of Chiriqui, beyond which point it has not been traced.

A. electra has no near ally in the genus, but belongs to the same section as 4.

jansont and others, the common characters of which are indicated above.

Mr. Champion found this species in dense forest, where it was seen flying round

the tops of the highest trees, but occasionally descending to the streams, and settling

on the overhanging boughs.

ANZA. 353.

31. Anza jansoni. (Tab. XXXV. figg. 4, 5.)

Paphia jansoni, Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, vii. p. 165*; Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 649°.

Alis anticis fusco-nigris maculis tribus aut quatuor fulvis notatis, una inter ramos radiales, a]tera inter venam

medianam et ramum suum secundum, tertia subapicali ; posticis late testaceis, regione costali late flavida ;

subtus pallide fulvis undique irroratis sicut in A. electra; posticis fascia transversa nigra bisectis ; anticis

valde hamatis, posticis spatulatis et angulo anali valde producto.

9 alis anticis fusco-nigris ad marginem internum rufo-fulvis, maculis quatuor, linea arcuata collocatis, a costa

medio ad angulum analem transeuntibus, altera ad apicem, flavis; postivis rufo-fulvis fusco limbatis ;

subtus fere uti in A. electra, sed alis minus sericeis, paullo obscurioribus et magis distincte irroratis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson1); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion,

Trotsch).

Until quite recently we had only seen female specimens of this fine species, and. these

had reached us both from Nicaragua and the State of Panama. A short time ago Dr.

Staudinger, with his usual kindness, submitted to us a male from Chiriqui, which, though

differing considerably from the female, we have no doubt is the male of A. jansoni.

The most obvious point of distinction is in the secondaries, which have the whole of

the costal region yellow as in A. panariste. With this clue we are enabled to state

that the beautiful insect described by Mr. Druce as A. bertha is in all probability the

female of A. panariste, though the contrast between the sexes is much greater than.

in A. jansoni.

A. jansoni was discovered by the late E. M. Janson at Chontales in Nicaragua; but

the further extension of its range into the State of Panama has been proved by Mr.

Champion, who took several specimens on the Volcano of Chiriqui, at an elevation of

about 3000 feet.

32. Anza excellens. (Tab. XXXV. figg. 6, 7.) |

Paphia excellens, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 162*; Druce, P. ZS. 1877, p. 649°.

Alis supra fuscis, basi (preter costam ct venas) fulvis, anticis serie duplici punctorum ochraceorum margini

externo subparallelibus, aliisque elongatis inter eos et cellulam ejusdem coloris ; posticis quoque scrie

duplici punctorum similariter ornatis, margine externo et cauda elongata ochraceo variegatis ; subtus

notationibus omnibus fere ut in A. electra, sed multo magis distinctis, posticis macula reniformi prope costs

medium argentea ornatis; anticarum costa valde arcuata, falcata; posticis bene spatulatis et angulo

anali producto.

9 mari similis, sed plerumque major et alis supra pallidioribus forsan distinguenda.

Hab. Guatemata, Central valleys (fF. D. G. & O. S.+), San Gerénimo (Champion,

Hague).

This wonderful species is extremely local in Guatemala; we obtained it in the hills

skirting the east side of the plain of Salama, near the village of San Geronimo, and

here, too, Mr. Champion found it, but in no other locality has it yet occurred, so far

as we know. Here it associates with A. electra and has similar habits. Inits markings

and the general shape of the wings A. excellens has no near allies in the genus, but

it evidently belongs to the section containing A. electra, A. jansont, and others.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. 1., October 1884. 22

354 RHOPALOCERA.

d’. Sexes coloured nearly alike; secondaries of female alone tailed.

83. Anmwa callidryas. (Tab. XXXV. figg. 8, 92.)

Nymphalis callidryas, R. Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 474°.

Paphia callidryas, Druce, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 649°.

Alis pallidissime fulvis ad basin opalescentibus, anticarum apice fusco, posticis linea submarginali lunulata

notatis ; subtus ochraceo-fulvis rufescente marmoratis, anticis ad basin, angulis apicali et anali rufescentibus

albido marmoratis; linea communi eodem colore ab angulo anticarum apicali ad angulum posticarum

aualem producta; posticis albido irroratis linea submarginali rufescente et extra eam omnino rufescentioribus ;

anticis leviter falcatis, angulo anali quoque hamatis, posticis margine externo leviter undulato et ad

vene mediane finem vix producto.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Neto!) ; Guaremana, Polochic valley (Hague), Panima

(Champion).

Of this singular species we have two female specimens from Guatemala. Some time

ago we examined the type in the Vienna Museum, and convinced ourselves that it

was a male of our Guatemalan female; and this view is confirmed by a careful drawing

sent us by Dr. Steindachner of the Vienna type, which has enabled us satisfactorily

to come to the conclusion that the Chiriqui specimen described below is a distinct

though allied species.

Mr. Champion caught his specimen on the banks of the Rio Sinanja near open

forest.

There can be no doubt that this singular species is rightly placed in Anqa and not in

Siderone. We cannot see how many slips pass between the costal nervure and the

costa, but the first, second, and third subcostal branches all coalesce with the costal.

In Siderone all these nervules run independently to the margin.

34, Ansa opalina, (A. cailidryas 3 , Tab. XXXIV. figg. 9, 10.)

A, callidryadi certe affinis, sed anticarum maris apicibus et margine externo saturatius fulvis, maculis duabus

rotundis diaphanis inter ramos medianos; posticis ad marginem externum multo magis fulvo tinctis et

margine ipso magis sinuato et angulo anali producto; subtus omnino saturatioribus et marginibus alarum

ambarum ferrugineis. :

Hab. Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).

We have a single male specimen of this fine species, which we at one time considered

to be the male of A. callidryas and so named it on our plate. A drawing of the type

of that species showed us our error, and we now describe the present species under a

different name.

Mr. Champion captured this specimen on dung near the margin of the forest, at an

elevation of 4000 feet, on the Voicano of Chiriqui.

ANZA.—HYPNA. 355

c. Body slender, anal angle of secondaries not produced as a lobe.

35. Anza echemus.

Cymatogramma echemus, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 816, t. 49. f. 4"; Herr.-Sch. Schm.

Ins. Cuba, p. 4’.

Paphia echemus, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 636°.

Megalura poeyi, Lefebre in R. de la Sagra’s Hist. de Cuba, vii. p. 241 *.

Alis supra brunneis ad basin ferrugineis, anticarum apicibus pallidioribus, posticis caudatis ocellis duobus

aut tribus ad medium marginis externi; subtus sordide griseo-fuscis undique irroratis, anticis ad basin

et ad marginem externum obscurioribus, posticis linea valde irregulari transversa ad costam albo atomata.

Hab. Honpvuras !.—Cusa ? 4.

_ We have some doubts whether this species ought to be included in our fauna, but

it was originally described as coming from Honduras, and we have in our collection a

specimen, formerly in that of Dr. Kaden, stated to be from that country. For this

reason we admit it here.

Its true home is undoubtedly the island of Cuba, where, according to Dr. Gundlach,

it is common on the sea coast 2. It is included in La Sagra’s work under the name of

Megalura poeyi, and is said to be found near Havana and also in the island of Jamaica ;

but this latter statement requires confirmation.

A. echemus is obviously allied to A. verticordia of the island of Haiti, and these,

with another species recently brought by Mr. Angas from Dominica, which we have

called A. dominicana, form a separate group of the genus probably confined to the

West-Indian islands. For this section Westwood proposed the name Cymatogramma ;

but in view of the great diversity of the arrangement of the costal nervures in Anea

generally, we think it perhaps best to keep this species and its allies in that genus.

HYPNA.

Hypna, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 56 (1816) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 314.

The chief distinction of this genus, if such it be, lies in the peculiarity of its markings

as compared with some species of Anea. We can find no very tangible difference in

structure from such species as A. electra, and we should not be surprised if at some

future time the small-bodied large-winged species of Anga, such as A. electra, should

be separated from Anca and placed in closer connection with Hypna and Protogonius,

or that both these genera should be merged in Anea.

Of Hypna we can only recognize three species, though several more have been

suggested. These all belong to tropical America, H. clytemnestra, the only one

occurring within our limits, having a very wide range.

Two subcostal branches of the primaries are emitted before the end of the cell, both

222

356 RHOPALOCERA.

of which, and also the third branch, unite with the costal, and there are two slips

beyond the costal to the costa itself. There is practically no middle discocellular, as

the radials start from the same point; the upper discocellular is very short, and the

lower crosses the end of the cell in a curve to the median, some way beyond the origin

of the second branch. The front legs of the male, the palpi, and the secondary male

sexual organs are quite similar to those of Anwa electra.

1. Hypna clytemnestra.

Papilio clytemnestra, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 187. f. A, B, & t. 364. A, B?.

Hypna clytemnestra, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 49. f. 17; Bates, Journ. Ent. ii.

p. 339°,

Hypna clytemnestra, globosa, hubneri, hubneri var. et velox, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, pp. 208, 209 *.

Anticis plus minusve hamatis, costa arcuata, posticis margine externo dentatis, vena mediana spatulata vena

submediana producta, nigricanti-fuscis ; anticis ad apicem nigricantioribus fascia lata transversa a costa

fere ad angulum analem extensa flavido-alba, punctis duobus subapicalibus albis; posticarum costa flavida

maculis duabus coloris ejusdem ad angulum apicalem ; subtus lete brunneis undique marmoratis, maculis

variis ad basin argenteis, fascia anticarum sicut supra ad costam argentea et fusco lentiginosa, macula

subapicali argentea.

§ mari similis, sed major et alis paullo dilutioribus.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill

(AfsLeannan).—Sovutn America, Colombia to South Brazil.

In the P.Z.S. of 1866 Mr. Butler reviewed the genus Hypna, which up till that

time contained but one species. He there broke it up into what he considered six

distinct species, which he described under various names. He remarks that the

acuteness or non-acuteness of the fore wings is no proof of the identity of the species,

and also that pattern and coloration can only be used as general characters, as they vary

considerably ; but he then proceeds to describe the new species, making use of these

characters, which he says are valueless. Our large series, of thirty-four specimens, of

what we take to be H. clytemnestra, comes from countries ranging from Panama to

South Brazil, in which, it is true, individuals show considerable variation in form, in

the convexity of the costa, the apex of primaries being either acute or hooked, in the

extent to which the outer margins are excavated, in the prolongation of the secondaries,

and also in the size of the spatulate tail. On a careful examination of our series,

including several of Mr. Butler’s types, we find every gradation in form between the

extremes; and this apparently occurs without any relation to the locality in which the

insect exists, hence we are compelled to reunite them under one name.

In Colombia and Venezuela there is a race, of which we have several specimens,

showing a considerable amount of rufous colouring on the secondaries; this has

been described by Mr. Butler as H. rufescens. We likewise have a third from

Pernambuco, which appears to us to be distinct from H. clytemnestra, in which the

-PROTOGONIUS. 357

‘band in the primaries and also the other spots are of a pure white instead of cream

colour *.

Mr. Belt met with H. clytemnestra in Nicaragua, and this appears to be its extreme

northern range, whence to Brazil it is not uncommon. Mr. Bates found it generally

distributed throughout the Amazons valley, flying near the borders of the forest and

settling on projecting branches of trees.

PROTOGONIUS.

Protogonius, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 100 (1816) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 313.

This is another genus closely allied to Ana, and, considering the variation in

structure found within it, Protogonius as well as Hypna might be also included.

There are, however, characters in the coloration, as well as in the shape of the primaries,

‘which seem to justify its retention as a separate group.

The median nervure of the primaries is prolonged, and carries a long projection on

the outer margin. Two subcostal branches are emitted before the end of the cell, and

both join the costal. The third branch splits, and one branch joins the costal and the

other proceeds to the margin. There are three slips between the costal and the costa.

The upper and middle discocellulars are both moderately long, and in this respect

Protogonius differs from Hypna. There are no special characters in the front legs of

the male, the palpi, or the male sexual organs to distinguish this genus from Hypna

or, indeed, from Anea electra.

As in Hypna Mr. Butler has separated a number of species of Protogonius, including

no less than fifteen in his two papers on the subject. ‘The value of several of these is

open to question, especially those which occur in the Amazons valley, where specific

limits often cannot be traced with precision. Within our limits two closely allied

species occur, one of which ranges from Mexico to Costa Rica; the other takes its

place in the State of Panama and passes into the southern continent.

1. Protogonius cecrops.

Protogonius cecrops, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 314, t. 49. f. 2°; Butl. P.Z.S. 1878,

p- 773°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 341 °.

Alis anticis hamatis margine externo medialiter multo producto, fusco-nigris ; coste dimidio proximo et fascia

arcuata a basi ad angulum analem fulvis; fascia altera obliqua, ultra cellulam valde irregulari, macula

submarginali inter venam medianam et ramum suum secundum et altera apicali flavis; posticis spatulatis et

* Hypna forbesi, sp. n.

H. clytemnestre affinis, sed multo minor, alis ad basin grisescentioribus, fascia anticarum angustiore ad angulum

analem minus extensa et pure alba nec flavida, differt; anticis paullo hamatis.

Hab. Brazit, Quipapa, in the Province of Pernambuco (W. A. Forbes).

Mus. nostr.

358 RHOPALOCERA.

angulo anali producto fulvis, margine externo fusco-nigro lunulas quatuor flavas continente; subtus alis

ochraceo-fulvis, undique marmoratis.

Q mari similis, sed major.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli); Guatemata, San Gerénimo, Polochic valley (f. D.

G. & O. S.); Senahu, Cahabon, Cubilguitz, Panima, Las Mercedes, and San Isidro

(Champion); NicaraGua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten).— Ecuavor}.

The type of P. cecrops is said to have come from Guayaquil in Western Ecuador,

but we have never seen an authentic specimen from further south than Costa Rica.

The figure given in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’ fairly represents the Central-

American insect, except that the latter has the marks in the apical part of the primaries

of a purer yellow. The characteristic yellow apex is, however, shown, though rather

more tawny in tint.

P. cecrops is very closely allied to the next species, and the only tangible difference

is in the apex of the primaries being yellow, instead of a band of yellow spots running

more or less parallel to the outer margin.

2. Protogonius tithoreides.

Protogonius tithoreides, Butl. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 774.

P. cecropi persimilis, sed anticarum apice haud flavo et maculis sex submarginalibus flavis notatis, prima, quinta

et sexta maximis ; fascia quoque fulva extus flavo limbata, distinguenda.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba and David (Champion), Calobre (Arcé),

Lion Hill Station (M‘ZLeannan).—Co.tomBia !; VENEZUELA.

This species can be distinguished from P. cecrops by a slight character which seems

constant. ‘The primaries have a band of yellow spots more or less parallel to the outer

margin instead of the apex alone being yellow. ‘That it should bear this name

bestowed upon it by Mr. Butler seems certain, but whether it can be always distin-

guished from other forms of P. hippona is perhaps doubtful. We have a large series

of Protogonius, and we feel convinced that this is one of those cases where the larger

the series examined the greater will be the difficulty in defining the races into which a

smaller series seems divisible.

Protogonius tithoreides is abundant in the State of Panama, from the district of

Chiriqui to the line of railway. In Costa Rica it.is replaced by P. cecrops.

LIBYTHEA. 359

Fam. LIBYTHEIDA*.

LIBYTHEA.

Libythea, Fabricius, Mag. f. Insekt. vi. p. 284 (1807); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 412.

This is a very widely distributed genus, occurring in temperate and tropical countries

nearly all over the world, except Australia and the islands of the Pacific. In continental

America we have one wide-ranging species in L. carinenta, which extends from the

southern frontier of the United States to the Argentine Republic. North-east of this

a closely-allied form exists in L. bachmani, which is, perhaps, hardly separable from

LL. carinenta. The islands of Cuba and Haiti have each a distinct species, raising the

total of the American species to three or four. In Europe and North Asia with Japan

we find one species ; in India and the islands of Java, Borneo, &c. two or three closely

allied forms ; in New Guinea, the adjoining islands, the Philippines, &c. other species

occur; and in West Africa we also find one allied to the European form.

The early stages of Libythea bachmani of North America have been carefully described

and drawn by Mr. W. H. Edwards, and the transformations were long given by Boisduval

and Leconte.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries emits two branches before the end of the cell,

the upper radial and the middle discocellular start from the same point of the subcostal,

there being no upper discocellular (or if present it is extremely short), the middle and

lower discocellulars form one curve, the lower being slightly the longer, and both being

atrophied towards the middle, where the lower radial joins them. The lower disco-

cellular meets the median some way beyond the origin of the second branch. There is a

slender internal nervure proceeding from the submedian to the base of the wing. The

secondaries have atrophied discocellulars, the lower one of which meets the median

close to the origin of the second branch. The front legs of the male have a rather

* The systematic position of the genus Libythea has long been a matter of discussion. Prof. Westwood

(Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 412) places it in a distinct Family, and we here follow him. Mr. Bates, on the other

hand, includes the genus as a separate subfamily of Erycinide (Journ. Ent. ii. p. 176). There can be little

doubt that Libythea occupies a somewhat intermediate position between the great families of the Nymphalidx

and Erycinide. As in the former the pupa is suspended freely by the tail, whilst that of the Erycinide is

either rigidly attached by the extremity or secured with a girdle across the middle. The structure of the fore

legs of the female is as in the Erycinide, these legs being perfect and not more or less atrophied as in the

Nymphalide. In the extraordinary development of the palpi Libythea stands alone, and its general appearance

and extensive distribution also indicate an isolated position. The construction of the male secondary organs

follows in main the same general plan as in the genera of the Nymphalidx, whereas, so far as we can see at

present, the Erycinide diverge widely. Another point remains to be noticed, and that is the presence in the

primaries of Libythea of an internal nervure. This nervure is always found in the Danaine, in Hetera and

its allies of the Satyrins, and, so far as we have seen at present, in the Erycinide. In the Nymphalina it is

absent altogether.

360 RHOPALOCERA.

long slender coxa, which is slightly produced beyond the trochanter-coxal joint; femur

swollen=# coxa; tibia and tarsus about=femur, and both of them cylindrical. Front

legs of the female slender but perfect, with five tarsal joints, claws, &c.

Palpi exceedingly long, the terminal joint longest and gradually tapering to the end.

The antenne have about thirty-eight joints, and terminate in a well-defined club. The

secondary male organs have a tegumen with a central spine which terminates in a short

depressed hook ; the harpagones are simple lobes, with rounded extremities projecting

beyond the hook of the tegumen, and with slightly hairy lateral surfaces but no spines.

Above the tegumen, and apparently formed by an independent prolongation of the

penultimate segment, is a blunt projection, and on either side of it a long recurved hook :

the shape of this piece is very similar to that of the tegumen itself in many Erycinidee.

1, Libythea carinenta.

Papilio carinenta, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 108. f. E, F’.

Libythea carinenta, Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 352°; Strecker, Cat. N. Am. Macrol. p. 105°.

Libythea carinata, Burm. Descr. Phys. Rep. Arg. v. p. 196°.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis maculis quatuor ultra cellulam, tribus in linea obliqua, albis, striga cellulari et plagis

duabus ad angulum analem fulvis; posticis dilutioribus plaga valde irregulari discali fulva ; subtus anticis

fere ut supra, apice et posticis omnino griseis fusco irroratis, his interdum fasciis duabus transversis

nebulosis; anticis apice valde obtuso margine externo valde sinuato, posticis rotundatis leviter dentatis.

Hab. Nortu America, Arizona ®—Mextco, Acapulco (J. J. Walker), Cordova (Riimeli,

Hége), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gawmer); Guaremata, Polochic valley,

Pacific coast (I. D. G. & O. S.), Paraiso (Champion); Honpuras, San Pedro (G. WM.

Whitely); Nicaracva, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten*), Irazu (Rogers) ;

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), at sea near Punta Mala (0. S.), Empire Station

(J. J. Walker).—Sovutn America to Guiana! and Argentine Republic ¢,

This species has a very wide range over South America from the Argentine Republic

northwards, and it is also found throughout our region. On the upperside the

coloration of the wings is fairly constant, but we notice in some specimens that the

white spots of the primaries are of a russet colour, though this peculiarity is not

confined to any special locality. On the under surface, especially of the secondaries,

the variation is considerable, some specimens having these wings mottled grey with

clouded patches of brown, in others the surface is of nearly uniform tint.

Though found throughout our region, L. carinenta exclusively frequents the hotter

portions of the country. Mr. Champion met with it on river-banks, alighting on stones

or on small twigs, and when at rest the wings are closely shut and the primaries are

placed very far back, giving the insect in this position a very peculiar appearance.

Mr. Champion considers that in its habits the resemblance of LZ. carinenta is much

more with the Nymphalide than with the Erycinide.

ERYCINIDZ. 361

Fam. ERYCINID.

In studying the members of this family we have had occasion to make a large

number of dissections, prepared from representatives of by far the greater part of the

~ recognized genera; these preparations have all necessarily been made from dry speci-

mens, and the process we have adopted has only enabled us to reserve the chitinous

structures such as are not soluble in caustic potash. The parts we have been able to

prepare satisfactorily are the wings, the antenne, the palpi, and the legs, as well as the

secondary sexual organs of the male; those of the female, except as regards a very few

points, have not given us any tangible materials for generalization. By a process, for

the knowledge of which we are indebted to Mr. Wood-Mason, by which the colour of

the scales of the wings and the hairs of the legs and body have been destroyed, we have

been enabled to see the extent to which the discocellular nervules of the wings have

become atrophied and the exact relative position of each nervule and branch, whilst the

different parts of the legs and the number of the tarsal joints have been traced with a

certainty not otherwise attainable. Our observations have led to the discovery of some

characters not noted by previous writers. One of the most noteworthy is a peculiarity

in the front legs of the males, where the trochanter is inserted at various distances from

the end of the coxa, leaving a long projecting portion of the coxa beyond the trochanter

joint. In the front leg of the female the relative position of the coxa and trochanter is

normal. The tarsus of the front legs of the male in the family Erycinide is more or less

atrophied as regards its joints, both as to their number and development, while those of

the female are perfect, of the normal number of joints, the terminal joint bearing claws

and the usual appendages.

The next point of importance is the presence or absence in the secondaries of both sexes

of what we have termed a basal nervure ; this nervure originates at the joint of the wing,

and proceeds upwards outside the precostal lobe. It is fully developed, and very evident

in by far the majority of American Erycinide ; it is either wholly absent or quite rudi-

mentary in all the Old-World genera, and it is absent also in the N ew-World genera

Eurygona, Methonella, Hades, and Helicopis. These four genera, with those of the

Old World, form our first subfamily, characterized by the secondaries not having a basal

nervure or only a rudimentary one. The remaining genera form our second subfamily,

characterized by the presence of a well-developed basal nervure. The removal of the

first four American genera named above enables us to divide the remaining genera into

three sections, according as the subcostal nervure of the primaries has four, three, or two

subcostal branches. The position of these branches with reference to the end of the

cell enables us to subdivide the second section into three groups, in the first of which

all the branches are emitted beyond the cell, in the second one is emitted before

and two beyond the end of the cell, in the third two are emitted before the end of

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. L., December 1889. 3A

362 RHOPALOCERA.

the cell and one after it. These form the main divisions of the scheme submitted

below.

Regarding the secondary sexual organs of the male much diversity prevails, as might

be supposed, but one common character pervades the whole, the tegumen being a hood-

like structure with a setose lateral lobe on either side, below which proceed two strong

hooks curved at first inwards and then outwards, sometimes overlapping one another.

The harpagones are very varied in form, as is also the penis; this will be seen from our

descriptions which follow. We have not ventured to make much use of these characters

in our scheme of classification; we have, nevertheless, availed ourselves of them in

grouping some of the genera in their order of sequence.

Regarding the females, all we have done is to notice certain very definite structures

in the bursa copulatrix ; these being of a hard chitinous nature have survived the process

of preparing the specimens ; their shape is various, but they are by no means universally

present ; their further investigation, as well as the organs to which they are attached,

must be undertaken from fresh specimens properly prepared for that purpose.

To return to the question of classification, we should have preferred to have adhered

the very useful scheme published by Mr. Bates in 1867, now eighteen years ago, but

the discovery of fresh characters seems to justify our recasting the classification of the

family. We have, we believe, introduced greater precision in our definitions, and this,

we hope, we have done without overstraining natural ties.

It must not be supposed that the characters we have given for the genera below are

by any means exhaustive ; they are rather intended to supplement those given in the

‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera’; thus we seldom allude to the shape of the wings or

the clothing of the palpi or front legs.

Subfam. NEBEOBIIN A *.

Secondaries without or with a rudimentary basal nervure.

EURYGONA.

Eurygona, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. t. 21. f. 3; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 437.

The genus Eurygona is characteristic of Tropical America. It contains about ninety

species, which are spread from Arizona and Southern Mexico to South Brazil, the

* In this subfamily we include all the Old-World genera of Erycinidew, viz. :—Nemeobius, Dodona, Zemeros,

Abisara, Stiboges, and Taaila. Also of the New-World genera Helicopis, as well as those mentioned in the

following text. This subfamily therefore differs from that of Mr. Bates by the addition of Hurygona, Metho-

nella, Hades, and Helwcopis, and by the subtraction of Alesa, Eurybia, Eunogyra, Mesosemia, Cremna, and

Hyplilaria. We have not yet discovered satisfactory characters whereby to separate the Old from the New-

World genera of this subfamily.

EURYGONA. 363

metropolis of the genus being probably the valley of the Upper Amazons to the base

of the Andes. Within our limits we now know of twenty species; three of these are

found in Southern Mexico. Their numbers gradually increase as we approach Panama,

where twelve species occur. No less than seventeen species are found between

Nicaragua and Panama, and of these six pass southwards into Colombia and Ecuador,

and one of them (£. crotopus) to the Amazons and Guiana. One species (H. abreas)

has been recorded from Arizona*. This is evidently allied to L. mys, of which E. sergia

is the Central-American representative, but apparently distinct.

As is well known, the number of subcostal branches in the. primaries in this genus is

variable, and we have used this character to subdivide it into three sections according

as the species have four, three, or two of these branches, those with three being much

the most numerous.

E. aurantiaca has four branches to the subcostal of the primaries, two before the

cell and two after it. The upper radial meets the subcostal some way beyond the end

of the cell; the middle discocellular is perfect and meets the subcostal a little beyond

the second branch; it runs almost in a line with the lower radial, making a slight angle

where the atrophied lower discocellular meets it ; this latter joins the median some way

beyond the second branch; the costal side of the cell is shorter than the median side.

The secondaries appear to be without a basal nervure ; the upper discocellular runs in a

line with the radial and meets the subcostal beyond the first branch; the lower disco-

cellular is atrophied for its upper half, it makes a large obtuse angle with the upper

discocellular and meets the median some way beyond the second branch ; the costal side

of the cell is much shorter than the median side. The primaries of E. aurantia are of

similar structure, but differ in having only two branches to the subcostal, both of them

being emitted before the end of the cell; in other species, such as L. argentea &c., there

is a third small subcostal branch near the apex. In the front legs of the male the

trochanter is inserted about the middle of the coxa, the femur = $ coxa and is slightly

dilated towards the distal end, the tibia = 2 coxa; tarsus = femur. The terminal joint

of the tarsus of the female (Z. auwrantia) = second + third joints ; it has a setose pad on

the under surface; the third and fourth joints terminate beneath with two strong

spines. The terminal joint of the palpi is short and oval; the second joint is nearly four

times as long as the first joint; the basal and second joints are subequal, the latter being

the stouter of the two. The antenne have thirty-six joints, the terminal ten forming a

very distinct club. The secondary sexual organs in E£. awrantiaca have the tegumen

with its two lateral hooks of the usual shape, but in addition there is a long dependent

lobe from the base of the lateral margin, slightly serrated on its outer surface towards its

extremity. The harpagones are subtriangular and simple, setose on the lower edge and

towards the outer angle. The penis is short and stout, and there is apparently no strap

connecting it with the base of the harpagones. These organs, in F. awrantia, are quite

* W. H. Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix. p. 36 (1881).

3a 2

364 RHOPALOCERA.

similar, except that the harpagones are rather more pointed and the dependent lobes

of the tegumen are serrate at the extremities.

All the species of this genus have the habit of resting on the under surface of leaves

within a few feet of the ground.

a. Subcostal nervure of primaries with four branches.

1. Eurygona aurantiaca. (Tab. XXXIX. figg.1, 24; XLIII. figg. 9,102.)

Eurygona aurantiaca, Godm, & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, ii. p. 149°.

Alis fulvo-aurantiis, dimidio distali anticarum et angulo posticarum apicali fusco-nigris; subtus albidis fascia

indistincta ultracellulari fusca, margine externo late fusco,seriem macularum submarginalium albam extus

nigro punctatam includente. .

@ alis russatis, anticis apice et margine externo fusco-nigris, fascia lata ultracellulari flavo-aurantia; subtus

brunnescentibus fascia communi fusca transvittatis, maculis submarginalibus fere obsoletis.

Hab. GuateMAta, San Gerénimo (Hague1, Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).

Mr. Hague obtained us the first specimens of this species at San Gerénimo, where

Mr. Champion subsequently found it in some numbers, his series including females and

paired sexes. It was found frequenting a flowering tree on the bank of a small stream

amongst second-growth woods. . aurantiaca has also been found in Nicaragua, but in

no intermediate locality. In the State of Panama L. gyda, an allied form, seems to take

its place.

2. Eurygona gyda. (E. russata, Tab. XX XIX. figg. 3, 42.)

Eurygona gyda, Hew. Ex. Butt., Eurygona, t. 8. f. 79’.

Eurygona russata, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 361’.

Alis flavo-aurantiis, anticis costa, apice et margine externo fusco-nigris; subtus argenteis, lincis transversis

valde indistinctis notatis, puncto nigro ad medium marginis externi aliisque minoribus ad angulum

analem.

fuscis, fascia indistincta communi fusca; posticis punctis triangularibus nigris submarginalibus albo

limbatis.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé), Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).—Ecvuapor}.

Of this species we possess a pair from Chiriqui and a single male from Sarayacu in

Ecuador. It differs in several points from #. aurantiaca, the black margin of the

primaries being more restricted, there being no black spot at the apex of the secon-

daries ; the colour of the wings is yellower above and more silvery beneath. The females

differ still more widely.

The type of E. gyda, Hew., is said to have come from Brazil; but of the two

specimens now in the Hewitson collection under this name, one is marked as coming

from Ecuador and the other from Panama. They agree with our examples, but neither

of them is the type, which has probably been given away in exchange or destroyed.

EURYGONA. 365

6. Subcostal nervure of primaries with three branches.

3. Eurygona argentea.

Eurygona argentea, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 166'; Ex. Butt., Eurygona, t. 10. f. 98, 99, 100”.

_Alis obscure fuscis, anticis infra cellulam rufis a basi usque ad alee medium, posticis fascia rufo-aurantia a basi

ad marginem externum; subtus argenteo-albidis, anticis fasciis quatuor transversis et margine externo

fuscis ; posticis fasciis sex transvittatis omnibus ad angulum analem transeuntibus extima macula nigra

parva notata, margine externo nigro maculam magnam aurantiacam gerente.

parva ejusdem coloris in margine externo prope angulum analem.

Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales' (Belé ?).

We have only a female specimen of this species, doubtless one of the types from

Belt’s collection. The descriptions given above are taken from Hewitson.

This species is quite unknown from any other part of Central America.

4, Kurygona crotopus. (Tab. XL. figg. 7, 8 2.)

Papilio crotopus, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 336. f. EH, F°.

Eurygona crotopus, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 422°.

Alis nigro-brunneis, posticis certa luce purpureo suffusis; subtus fuscis linea communi ultracellulari et altera

extra eam rufescentibus, macula nigra ad angulum anticarum analem; posticis serie submarginali ocel-

_lorum nigrorum rufo-ciliatis.

subtus mari similis, sed alis pailidioribus, et minus distincte notatis.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé).— Amazons”; Guiana? ?,

The form of this Eurygona, found sparingly in the State of Panama, agrees with

that of the Upper Amazons, there being no distinct fulvous patch on the disk of the

primaries. Mr. Champion captured his specimens in the forest of the hot couniry.

5. Eurygona procula, sp.n. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 15, 163,17, 182.)

Alis fusco-nigris, posticis dimidio interno umbrino-brunneis ; subtus fuscis, fascia communi lata ultracellulari (in

posticis refracta) rufa nigricante limbata; anticis fascia altera extra eam; posticis ocellis ochraceis submar-

ginalibus notatis, eo ad medium maximo et extus albo ornato, iis ad angulum analem elongatis.

alis fuscis magis rotundatis, subtus fere ut in mare.

Hab. Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers).

Mr. Rogers procured us two specimens of this species, the male being much injured.

It has no near ally that we are acquainted with.

6. Eurygona athena. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 21, 22 3.)

Eurygona athena, Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 46’; Ex. Butt., Eurygona, t. 9. f. 91, 92°.

Alis fuscis, posticis triente apicali aurantia ; subtus griseo rufescentibus, fascia communi ultracellulari rufa fusco

limbata a costa anticarum ad marginem posticarum internum in posticis refracta ; anticis fascia altera extra

eam, ocello magno ad medium marginis posticarum externi et punctis ad angulum analem.

Q adhuc ignota.

Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé).—Ecuapor *?.

366 RHOPALOCERA.

A single male specimen in bad condition is the only Central-American one we have

seen. It agrees fairly well with Hewitson’s figure of Buckley’s examples from Santa

Inez in Ecuador. A larger series of better specimens may prove that the Central-

American insect is distinct.

7. Kurygona amphidecta. (Tab. XL. figg. 5, 6 ¢.)

Eurygona amphidecta, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 361’.

Supra £. ewbule valde similis, maculis anticarum ochraceo-fulvis absentibus, colore rufo-brunneo angulum

analem haud attingente; alis subtus fere unicoloribus, linea communi minus sinuata, posticarum margine

externo distincte serrato distinguenda.

@ nobis ignota.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe 1), Bugaba (Champion).—CoLomBia.

The serrated margin of the secondaries distinguishes this Hurygona from all the

species allied to it by the colour of the wings above. It was discovered by Herr Ribbe

at Chiriqui, and described by us from specimens submitted to us by Dr. Staudinger.

Mr. Champion has since secured a specimen at Bugaba, and Herr Trétsch found it

in Western Colombia. It has therefore a wider range than some of its congeners,

though it is by no means abundant anywhere.

8. Eurygona eubule. (Tab. XL. figg. 13,143,152.)

Eurygona eubule, R. Feld. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 467 *.

Eurygona hypophea 2 , Salv. & Godm. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 860’.

Alis fusco-nigricantibus, anticis area interna rufo-brunnea macula cellulari et duabus medianis ochraceo-

fulvis; posticis (marginibus costali et externo exceptis) rufo-brunneis; subtus fuscis triente apicali

dilutiore et a parte obscuriore linea fusco-nigra valde sinuosa divisa; posticis serie ocellorum submargi-

nalium notatis,

@ alis fuscis triente apicali dilutiori, anticis maculis tribus albidis notatis; subtus omnino pallidioribus et

maculis sicut supra notatis.

Hab. Mexico (Hedemann’), Cordova (Riimelt), Jalapa (Hoge); Costa Rica (Endres) ;

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).

We possess specimens of this species from Southern Mexico, whence Lieut. Hede-

mann procured his type. These do not differ materially from others obtained by

Mr. Champion on the slopes of the Volcan de Chiriqui.

As Felder says’, the nearest relative of E. eubule is E. ewplwa, Hew., from Brazil.

The female described by us in 1878? as the female of E. hypophwa most likely belongs

here, but the colour of the wings is rather greyer below than those of a female from

Dr. Staudinger’s collection, concerning which we have no doubts. The white spots too

are much larger. This example was contained in a collection made by the late E. R.

Endres in Costa Rica, but it is in bad condition.

EURYGONA. 367

9. Eurygona hypophza. (Tab. XL. figg. 9,103.)

Eurygone hypophea g, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 360°.

Alis fusco-nigricantibus medialiter rufescentibus; subtus fuscis fascia communi lata ultra cellulam indistincta ;

posticis serie submarginali punctorum nigrorum fere obsoleta.

@ alis fuscis, anticarum area interna et posticis pallidioribus.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (226de1), Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion).

In describing the male of this species from a specimen in Dr. Staudinger’s collection,

we associated with it a female from Costa Rica which had long been undetermined in

our collection. We now find that we were in error in so doing, and that the true

female of E. hypophea is as described above, and that the other specimen is very

probably a female of E. eubule, though, as will be seen in our remarks on that species,

we are not quite certain on this point. That the specimen described by us as the

female of EL. hypophea is that sex of H. eubule we have now no doubt whatever.

E. hypophea seems restricted in its range to the neighbourhood of Chiriqui. It

flies in the early morning between 8 and 9 o’clock, and is found in second-growth

woods.

10. Eurygona leucorrhoa. (Tab. XL. figg. 11, 122.)

Eurygona leucorrhoa, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S8. 1878, p. 360°.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis (preter aream costalem, apicem et marginem externum) et posticis omnino rufo-

brunneis ; subtus sericeo-fuscis, triente anticarum distali et area apicali posticarum obscurioribus ; posticis

dimidio distali sericeo-albido ; linea communi ultra cellulas a costa anticarum ad marginem posticarum

internum ducta, in posticis sinuata ad marginem externum plus minusve parallela; posticis serie submar-

ginali ocellorum, eo ad medium marginis maximo, margine ipso rufo.

@ nobis adhuc ignota.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ridde*), Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion).

This Eurygona is restricted to the neighbourhood of the Volcano of Chiriqui, whence

Mr. Champion sent us a series of many specimens. The first that came under our

notice were obtained by Herr Ribbe, and were submitted to us by Dr. Staudinger.

One of these we have figured.

The species most nearly allied to E. leucorrhoa is E. eucrates, Hew., from Ecuador ;

this has a wider dark edging to the outer margin and a dark triangular mark on the

outer margin of the secondaries not seen in E. leucorrhoa.

This species has the same habits as L. hypophea.

11. Eurygona sergia, sp.n. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 9, 10¢, 11, 122.)

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis triente basali (preter costam) et posticis area abdominali rufo-brunneis; subtus griseo-

fuscis, fascia communi ultra cellulas rufa nigro marginata, a costa anticarum ad marginem posticarum

internum ducta; anticis fascia altera exteriori obscura ; posticis ad marginem externum nigro variegatis

et ocellis submarginalibus ornatis, eo ad medium maximo, iis ad angulum analem elongatis.

Q mari similis, sed colore alarum rufo-brunneo dilutiore.

9 altera (?) alis supra fuscis inornatis.

368 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Guatema.a, Polochic valley (Hague), Panima (Champion); Costa Rica, Sar

Francisco, Cache (Rogers) ; Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

This species is undoubtedly closely allied to E. mys, concerning the variations of which

there seems to be some confusion, judging from Hewitson’s figures of it. From the

true EL. mys, as figured by Herrich-Schiffer, the Hurygona we now describe differs in

the greater extension of the rufous-brown colour on the primaries, as well as on the

secondaries, which in /. mys is restricted to a small basal spot on the primaries and a

comparatively narrow portion of the abdominal area of the secondaries, the inner

margin being distinctly defined. There is some variation in our series of £. sergia,

but the above points seem fairly constant. In South America we do not find

Lf. sergia, as none of the so-called varieties of HL. mys agree with it.

A female from Costa Rica, which agrees with the normal female from the same

country on the underside, differs above in being wholly without the red-brown colour

of the wings. We believe we are correct in assigning it to EH. sergia, such variation

in the females being of not unfrequent occurrence in members of this genus.

In the State of Panama JL. sergia is very abundant, and we trace it northwards to

Guatemala, where, however, it is not nearly so common. It has the same habits as

the preceding species.

12. Kurygona hieronymi. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 18, 14¢.)

Eurygona hieronymi, Godm. & Salv. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, ii. p. 1497.

Alis fusco-nigris, posticis margine interno rufo-brunneo; subtus griseo-fuscis, et omnino ut in EZ. sergia notatis..

¢ alis omnino fuscis, inornatis; subtus mari similibus, sed dilutioribus.

Hab. GuatTEMaLa, San Gerénimo (Hague 1, Champion), Tocoy, Cubilguitz (Champion).

- This is also allied to H. mys, and even more closely resembles Herrich-Schaffer’s.

figure than F. sergia. It differs in having the primaries uniform rufous brown without

any rufous spot, and in the inner margin of the secondaries being more narrowly edged.

with that colour.

Our first specimens were sent us by Mr. Hague from San Gerénimo, where Mr.

Champion also found it, including a pair taken together. It is evidently a scarce

species of very restricted range. Mr. Champion’s specimens were taken on the banks.

of small streams amongst second-growth woods.

13. Kurygona inconspicua. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 19, 20¢.)

Eurygona inconspicua, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 361°.

carum ad marginem posticarum internum ducta; anticis fascia altera extra eam, margine externo fusco }

posticis serie submarginali punctorum nigrorum, eo ad medium maximo, lis ad angulum elongatis.

6 adhuc ignotus.

Hab. Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers*) ; Panama, Chiriqui (£20e).

EURYGONA. 369

We have hitherto been unable to find the male of this Hurygona, the species

apparently being quite a distinct one. The two females originally described are the

only ones we have seen.

14. Eurygona pusilla. (Tab. XL. figg. 16, 17.)

Eurygona pusilla, R. Felder, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 467 °.

9 alis fusco-nigricantibus, anticis area discali flavido-rufa, posticis fere omnino rufo-brunneis ; subtus glauco-

albis linea communi, in posticis flexuosa, rufa; anticis triente apicali fusca lunulas albas includente ;

posticis ad marginem externum punctis nigris notatis, eo ad medium maximo.

Hab. Mexico, Potrero (Hedemann'); British Honpuras, Corosal ( Roe).

We have a single female specimen from British Honduras, which we have little

hesitation in assigning to this species, described from a male obtained by Lieut.

Hedemann at Potrero in Southern Mexico. Felder, in his description, compares

E. pusilla with E. teleclus; but the differences are very great, not only from it, but

from all other species of Hurygona with which we are acquainted.

15. Eurygona regipennis. (Tab. XL. fig. 1,2¢, 3,42.)

Eurygona regipennis, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 1031; P. Z.S. 1874, p. 3527.

Eurygona eurysthenes, Hew. Cat., partim *.

Alis nigris, costa luce purpurea nitentibus, posticis ad marginem internum intense nigris ; subtus pallide fuscis,

fascia mediana alba, introrsum rufo late limbata, extrorsum rufo-fusco; posticis ocellis ad marginem ex-

ternum ochraceo cinctis, extus albo limbatis, eo ad medium maximo, et intus purpureo nitente, iis ad

angulum analem distortis et elongatis.

9 alis fuscis, fascia communi lata alba anticarum costam haud attingente ad marginem internum posticarum

ducta ; subtus mari similis, fascia alba latiori.

Hab. GuateMaa, Teleman (Champion); Costa Rica (Van Patten '*), Cache (Logers) ;

Panama (Mus. Hewitson *).

Of this beautiful species we have the type, a male in rather poor condition and a.

female, both from Costa Rica, and also another female from Guatemala, the only one

obtained by Mr. Champion.

The female on the upper side recalls E. ewbages, Hew., but the markings of the

under surface show that it has no near relationship with that species.

In the neighbourhood of Chiriqui its place is perhaps taken by i. eupepla, the

females being very similar. The males, however, differ essentially on the underside.

A female from Panama in the Hewitson collection stands under the name of

E. eurysthenes °.

16. Eurygona eupepla, sp.n. (Tab. XLIII. figg. 5,64, 7, 82.)

Alis supra iis E. regipennis similibus, letissime purpureis, posticis plerumque nigerrimis margine externo tan-

tum purpureo; subtus ochraceo-fulvis, fascia communi ultracellulari rufa in posticis refracta; anticis fascia

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., December 1885. 3B

370 RHOPALOCERA.

altera extra eam ; posticis ocello magno ad medium marginis externi rufo ciliato, albo extus limbato et

intus purpureo nitente, lineis variis rufis plus minusve elongatis ad marginem analem.

Q femine L. regipennis persimilis, fascia alarum alba subtus minus distincte rufo limbata.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

Mr. Champion procured us a male and two females of this beautiful species in the

forest west of Bugaba. The male differs from that of EH. regipennis in the rich

colouring of its underside, the females of the two species being hardly distinguishable.

ce. Subcostal nervure of primaries with two branches *.

17. Kurygona bettina, (Tab. XL. figg. 23, 24.)

Eurygona bettina, Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 46!; Ex. Butt., Hurygona, t.9. f. 85.

Alis fusco-nigris cyaneo vix tinctis, anticis ad apicem paulo dilutioribus; subtus pallide aureis unicoloribus,

macula parva ad medium marginis posticarum externi nigra maculisque duabus minoribus ad angulum

analem.

@ mari similis, sed alis omnino dilutioribus.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt) ; Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers).—Ecuapor }.

Originally described from Ecuador, where Buckley obtained it in some numbers}.

In Central America it seems to be rare, and as yet we have only seen specimens

from Costa Rica and Nicaragua. From the latter country Belt sent a single male

specimen.

E. bettina may readily be distinguished from the species it resembles on the upper

side by the pale golden tint of the wings beneath.

18. Kurygona cataleuca. (Tab. XL. figg. 21, 22.)

Eurygona cataleuca, R. Felder, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 467°.

Alis sericeo-fusco-nigris, anticis ad apicem dilutioribus, subtus omnino argenteis immaculatis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova, Potrero (Hedemann'), Cordova (Riimeli): Guatemata, Cubil-

guitz (Champion).

This species seems to come next to L. ewmenes, Hew., of Colombia and the valley of

the Amazons, but differs in the wings being destitute of all markings beneath. It

was first obtained by Lieut. Hedemann in Southern Mexico, where it has since been

found by Riimeli. Its presence in Guatemala is proved by a single male specimen

‘caught by Champion in the forest country of northern Vera Paz.

19. Eurygona aurantia. (Tab. XL. figg. 18,19 ¢, 209.)

Eurygona aurantia, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 1081; P.Z. S. 1874, p. 8537.

Alis fusco-nigris, area interna plaga magna subtriangulari rufo-aurantia; subtus omnino argenteis immacu-

latis; abdomine supra medialiter rufo-aurantio.

* The drawing of the wings of the species mentioned below is incorrectly given.

EURYGONA.—METHONELLA. 371

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten1?); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Cham-

pion), Chiriqui (bbe).

The original specimens of this pretty species formed part of Van Patten’s Costa

Rica collection, and are the only ones we have seen from that country; but we have

a large number from the neighbourhood of Chiriqui sent us by Mr. Champion, amongst

which are several pairs captured together. It was found abundantly in second-growth

wood, flying in the early morning.

20. Eurygona chrysippe. (Tab. XXXIX. figg. 5,63,7, 82.)

Eurygona chrysippe, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 154°; Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 423°;

Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 352°.

Eurygona labiena, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vi. p. 226*; Ex. Butt., Eurygona, t. 9. f. 89°.

Alis fusco-nigris, area interna omnino rufo-aurantia; subtus aurantiis posticis serie submarginali punctorum

. nigrorum ; abdomine medialiter aurantio.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belé45); Costa Rica (Van Patten ?); Panama, Santa

Fé (Arcé 1 #).—CoLomsia.

On the upper surface of the wings this Eurygona closely resembles £. aurantia,

except that the inner orange patch of the wings is larger 4nd leaves a narrower dark

border; beneath, the two differ widely, EH. aurantia being silvery and E. chrysippe

orange.

In their range EF. chrysippe is more widely diffused than £. aurantia, being found in

Nicaragua and also in Colombia. Except in Costa Rica, where Van Patten obtained

both species, they do not appear to be found together.

Specimens from the State of Panama were the types of Mr. Bates’s description of

E. chrysippe. Hewitson described examples from Nicaragua as £. labiena, but there

can be no doubt both these names refer to one species.

METHONELLA.

Methonella, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 533 (1852), vice Methone, p. 422.

There are but two closely allied species in this genus, one of which occurs in Costa

Rica, Panama, and Colombia, the other in Surinam and the Amazons region.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in WV. cecilia emits two branches before and

two beyond the end of the cell, the upper radial meets the subcostal beyond the end

of the cell; the middle discocellular is perfect, and, running as a continuation of the

lower radial, meets the subcostal some way beyond the second branch ; the lower disco-

cellular is atrophied towards the upper end, and meets the median at a large acute

angle some way beyond the origin of the second branch; the costal side of the cell

is a little shorter than the median side. The secondaries have no basal nervure; the

3 B2

372 RHOPALOCERA.

upper discocellular joins the subcostal some way beyond the first branch, and forms

a continuation of the radial; the lower discocellular is atrophied towards its upper end,

it meets the median beyond the second branch ata large acute angle; the costal side of

the cell is much shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male have a stout coxa; the trochanter is inserted about two

thirds of its length from the base; the femur is short=i coxa, dilated towards the

distal end; the tibia is rather < the coxa, dilated in the middle; the tarsus short and

elliptical<femur. The terminal tarsal joint of the female=the third+fourth ; the

third and fourth joints terminate beneath with a single strong spine. The terminal

joint of the palpi is small and oval, =4 middle joint; the basal joint is a little shorter

than the middle joint, and dilated towards its base. The antenne have thirty-four

joints, and terminate in a moderate club.

The males have the tegumen normal, except that there are two lateral hooks on

each side instead of one. The harpagones are simple pointed lobes, setose outwardly

and along the lower edge; above the penis in the middle of the anal cavity is a single

spine directed outwards; the penis itself is truncate, but without a strap connecting

it with the harpagones.

1. Methonella chrysomela. (Tab. XLI. figg. 1,2¢, 3,49.)

Methonella chrysomela, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 78°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 353°.

Alis nigris, anticis plaga magna marginem interiorem attingente et posticis dimidio proximo rufo-aurantiis ;

subtus flavis, anticis marginibus costali et exteriori et fascia arcuata transversa fusco-nigris ; posticis

dimidio distali fusco-nigro series duas punctorum includente, interiori flava exteriori alba; ad basin et ad

marginem interiorem aurantio lavatis ; abdomine fere omnino aurantio.

@ major, anticis fascia arcuata ad apicem plaga aurantia extus flava notata, posticis margine nigro maculas tres

flavas continente; cilia aiba.

Obs. Anticarum maris apice interdum plaga elongata flava ornato.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten *), Cache, Irazu (Rogers) ; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui

( Champion ).—Co.omBIa !.

By far the majority of male specimens of this species from Central America and

Colombia have the apex of the primaries uniform black, but we have two examples

from Costa Rica which have a conspicuous spot there, as in UW. cecilia; the colour,

however, is yellow, and not orange. The two species may be further distinguished by

the secondaries in M. cecilia having a confluent yellow band running parallel to the

outer margin inside the submarginal row of white spots. In JM. chrysomela this band

is broken up into distinct spots.

Mr. Butler described the male of this species from a Costa-Rican specimen in Mr.

Druce’s collection, others being known to him from Colombia!. We have since

obtained a good series of examples, including females, both from Costa Rica and the

State of Panama. Mr. Champion found it in dense forest, at an elevation of about

3000 feet.

HADES. 373

HADES.

Hades, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 435 (1851).

Moritzia, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 100.

Two species are included in this genus—one, H. noctula, of wide range, as given

below; the other, H. hecamede, as yet only known from Ecuador. The description of

the genus was based upon a single female specimen obtained by Dyson in Colombia,

and Professor Westwood was unable to indicate its position. In Mr. Bates’s arrange-

ment it stands between Cyrenia and Necyria, but with neither genus has it much real

affinity, nor have they with one another. One peculiarity of Hades lies in the number

of subcostal branches, which is four in the male and three in the female ; this is not

the case in either of the genera referred to; and the secondary male organs are of a

simple structure, very different from the complicated arrangement of those in Necyria,

Cyrenia again having peculiarities of its own.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of the male emits two branches before the

end of the cell and two a long way afterwards, in the female only one close to the apex,

The upper radial meets the subcostal beyond the cell; the middle discocellular is

perfect, and forms a curved line with the lower radial; the lower discocellular meets

the median some way beyond the origin of the second branch. The costal side of the

cell is considerably shorter than the median side. There appears to be no basal

nervure to the secondary wings in either sex; the upper discocellular of the secondaries

is well defined, the lower atrophied meeting the median some way beyond the origin

of the second branch. The costal side of the cell is much shorter than the median

side.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted in the coxa about two thirds

of its length from its base; the femur is short and stout, a little shorter than the

tibia; the tarsus is about the same length as the femur and there is a strong terminal

seta, very probably not always present. The front legs of the female have the

terminal tarsal joint rather long, with a setose pad on the under surface ; the third and

fourth joints have each a spur on its under surface. ‘Lhe terminal joint of the palpi

is very short and elliptical; the second joint is swollen towards its proximal end,

and is about three times the length of the terminal joint; the basal joint dilated

= second joint. The antenne have about fifty joints, whereof the terminal nine

or ten form a somewhat abrupt club. i

The secondary male organs have a bilobed tegumen, each lobe being covered externally

with numerous sete; on the ventral edge on either side is a strong hook directed

outwards; the harpagones are simple lobes, setose at the extremity and along their

dorsal and ventral edges. The penis is short and stout ; there is no strap connecting it

with the base of the harpagones, but above it is a projecting piece directed outwards

and forked towards its end.

374 RHOPALOCERA.

1. Hades noctula.

Hades noctula, Westw. in Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 435, t. 72. f.31; Bates, Journ.

Linn. Soe. Zool. ix. p. 4277; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 25°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 353 *.

Moritzia paradoxa, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 100°.

Alis fumoso-nigris, ciliis albis ; subtus ad basin aurantiis, extus inter venas albido biradiolatis.

2 mari similis, sed alis fuscescentioribus et supra interdum indistincte albido radiolatis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli); Guaremaa3, Polochic valley (Hague), Chiacam,

Pantaleon, San Isidro, Cerro Zunil (Champion); Honpuras*; Costa Rica (Van Patten *),

San Francisco, Cache (Rogers) ; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, David (Champion),

Calobre (Arcé).-—CotomBia 12; VENEZUELA ®.

_The likeness of this curious species to the Mexican Nymphalid Morpheis ehrenbergt

is remarkable, and since writing on that species (antea, p. 211) we find that the two

are found, if not actually in the same district, at least in close proximity, a fact we

were not aware of at that time.

If these two forms assumed the similar colouring of the wings by mimicry, they

must have for a long time coexisted in the same area. Their distribution now would

show either that the Morpheis has been largely exterminated, or that the Hades has

vastly extended its range.

At San Isidro in Guatemala, Mr. Champion found this species in great numbers

in cacao-plantations, under the forest trees, at an elevation of about 1500 feet. It

settles beneath leaves like so many of this family. It was equally common near

Chiriqui. ©

Subfam. ERYCININAE*.

Secondaries with a well-developed basal nervure.

A. Subcostal nervure of primaries with four branches f.

EURYBIA.

Eurybia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 17 (1816) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 416.

Eurybia is a strictly Tropical American genus, containing ten or twelve species, its

most northern limit extending to Southern Mexico. Five species occur within our

borders, none of which (excepting the somewhat doubtful FE. unvia) are peculiar.

The specific characters of most of the members of Eurybia are not very constant,

and the variations of both colour and size between individual specimens render the

species difficult to define with precision.

Setting aside the Brazilian H. carolina and #. pergea, which may be distinguished

by their uncinate primaries, the remainder of the species may be divided by the

* This is Mr. Bates’s subfamily Erycinin, with the addition of Alesa, Eurybia, Eunogyra, Mesosemia, Cremna,

and Hyphilaria removed from his subfamily Nemeobiine.

+ Compsoterta also comes into this section, in addition to the genera mentioned in the preceding note.

EURYBIA. 375

presence or absence of an ocellus at the end of the cell of the primaries. A blue

sheen over the wings serves as a basis for another division.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of Eurybia halimede emits two branches

before the end of the cell and two beyond it ; the lower and middle discocellulars are

atrophied only towards their junction with the lower radial; the upper radial and the

middle discocellular meet the subcostal at the same point, the latter at a small acute

angle; the lower discocellular meets the median nervure some way beyond the origin

of the second branch also at an acute angle; the costal and median sides of the cell

are subequal. The secondaries have a strong basal nervure ; the upper discocellular

is not atrophied, it leaves the subcostal a little before the first branch, and runs in an

almost continued curve with the radial; the lower discocellular is atrophied towards

its junction with the radial and meets the median some way beyond the origin of the

second branch, the median itself being somewhat abruptly bent at the point of junction ;

the costal side of the cell is much shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male have a slender coxa; the femur is short, somewhat

dilated towards its distal end; the tibia > femur, also dilated towards its distal end; the

tarsus is single-jointed, nearly=2 tibia, is much swollen and club-shaped for about

two thirds of its length. The terminal joint of the tarsus of the front leg of the female

is longer than either of the three preceding joints; the first, second, third, and fourth

joints all terminate with two strong spines. The palpi have a very small, nearly

spherical terminal joint; the middle joint is at least eight times as long as the first ;

basal joint dilated, =4 middle joint. ‘The antenne have forty-three joints, and taper

very gradually towards a small elongated club.

The tegumen has a double lobe, setose on the outer surface towards the extremity,

and with two strong lateral hooks. The harpagones have two long strong spines

which diverge from one another outwardly; the upper spine is setose on its under

surface towards the base; the under spine has a pencil of longer hairs about the middle

of its length. The penis is strong and pointed, and a strap curved outwardly connects

its base with the base of the harpagones.

a. An ocellus at the end of the cell of the primaries.

a'. No blue on the secondaries.

1. Eurybia patrona. (Tab. XXXVIII. figg. 1, 2.)

Eurybia patrona, Weymar, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1875, p. 368, t. 1. f. 2°.

Eurybia persona, Staud. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1875, p. 109°.

_ Eurybia juturna, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 352°.

Alis supra fuscis, anticis ocello ad cellule finem cyaneo, fulvo circumcincto, fascia valde obscura transversa

ultra cellulam et altera submarginali fulvescentibus; posticarum dimidio distali testaceo-rufo seriebus

duabus macularum nigrarum submarginalium, ea interiori elongata; subtus alis dilutioribus, maculis

376 RHOPALOCERA.

submarginalibus fulvo indistincte circumcinctis nigris, anticarum ocello sicut supra ; posticis puncto nigro,

fulvo marginato ad cellule finem.

Hab. Guatemata, Poctun (f. D. G. & O. S.); Costa Rica (Van Patten *); Panama,

Volcan de Chiriqui (Ribde?), Bugaba (Champion), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—

CoLomBIA}.

Herr Weymar’s description of this species was published in the middle of April 1875,

whilst that of Dr. Staudinger was read before the Vienna Society on the 7th of the

same month, and the actual publication of the name must have taken place after some

lapse of time; hence we adopt the name EL. patrona, Weymar, for this species.

The insect most nearly allied to this species seems to be £. juturna, Feld., of which we

have specimens so named from the Lower Amazons and also from Eastern Peru. From

these, #. patrona differs in its larger size and in the greater extension of the rufous colour

on the outer portion of the secondaries; in the ocellus of the primaries the blue spot

is More conspicuous and of a brighter tint. Our only Guatemalan specimen was taken

by Salvin in an open savanna near Poctun, in the department of Peten. From Costa

Rica we have several examples, and Mr. Champion captured a single example at

Bugaba, where Dr. Staudinger’s types were taken ; we have several from the line of

the Panama Railway, and one from Colombia, whence Herr Weymar’s type was.

derived.

f. patrona is the largest species of the genus in Central America, and equals in size

£. donna of Colombia.

Mr. Champion took his specimen in dense undergrowth in damp places.

2. Eurybia salome.

Papilio salome, Cram. Pap. Ex. t.12. f. G, H*.

Hurybia salome, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 415”.

E. patrone similis, sed multo minor ; anticarum ocello saturatiori ceruleo, anticis punctis binis ad costam ultra

cellulam albis.

Hab. Nicaraeua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan), Panama city

(J. J. Walker).—Ecouapor ; AMAzons?; Guiana |.

We have a Panama example of this butterfly which agrees accurately with others

from the Lower Amazons and Guiana, and these again conform to Cramer’s figure.

As a species, it seems to be fairly separable from EH. patrona; the two small white

subcostal spots on the primaries are present in all our specimens, their absence being

equally plain in the allied form. At the same time the value of these spots as a.

definite character is somewhat questionable, for they fail to differentiate E. lycisca

from E. /amia, as certain undoubted specimens of the former have them, whilst others.

do not.

EURYBIA. 377

b'. Secondaries suffused with blue.

3. Eurybia unxia, sp. n.

E. salome et E. upis affinis, sed posticis ceruleo lavatis forsan distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui,

Calobre (Arcé).

This form of Eurybia is certainly very closely allied to #. upis, Hubner, but seems

separable by reason of the blue shade which overspreads the secondary wings when

held in a certain light. It is also distinguished from H. salome by the absence of the

brick-red colouring of the outer portion of the secondaries.

Our specimens are chiefly from Costa Rica; those from the State of Panama have the

blue of a rather more purple hue.

4, Kurybia lycisca.

Eurybia lycisca, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 417, t. 69. f. 4°; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc.

Zool. ix. p. 415’; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 20°.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis transversim obsolete fasciatis, ocello ad cellule finem czxruleo fulvo ciliato ; posticis,

preter costam et marginem externum anguste, letissime cwruleis; subtus alis fuscis, ocello ut supra,

fasciis anticarum magis distinctis et fere lunulatis; posticis maculis submarginalibus intus fulvo

marginatis.

Q mari similis, colore posticarum ceruleo paulo dilutiore.

Hab. Guatemata, Quirigua (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Choctun, Chisoy valley (Hague),

Panima, San Juan in Vera Paz (Champion); Honpuras'*; Nicaraaua, Chontales

(Belt); Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Bugaba, David (Champion), Lion Hill

(M‘Leannan).—CotomsBia ; EcuaDor ; VENEZUELA ; Guiana; Braziu?.

This Eurybia differs from E. lamia in having the blue colour restricted to the

secondaries, and in general, but not always, in the absence of two white subcostal

spots on the primaries, always present, so far as we know, in Ei. lamia.

As will be seen above, E. lycisca has a wide range, and is fairly constant in its

markings at least in Central America; our Venezuelan and Guiana examples are much

smaller than usual, though one of our Nicaraguan specimens is about equal to them in

size. In Nicaragua too there seems to be more variation in colour than elsewhere, for

in a male specimen in our series, which in other respects seems to be E. lyeisca, the

characteristic blue of the secondaries is wholly absent, and in a female it is only faintly

seen. These can hardly belong to another species; for the present, at least, we treat

them as aberrations from the normal type.

Our specimen from Quirigua was captured in the forest where the wonderful Indian

ruins stand, not far from the bank of the Motagua river. Mr. Champion’s specimens

were taken in dense undergrowth.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., December 1885. 3

378 RHOPALOCERA.

b. No ocellus at the end of the cell of the primaries.

5. Kurybia halimede.

Limnas subtilis halimede, Hiibn. Sammi. ex. Schmett. i. t. on,

Eurybia halimede, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 4157.

Alis fuscis, serie duplici macularum submarginalium, exteriori punctis nigris fulvo marginatis, interiori punctis

in anticis albo in posticis testaceo pupillatis, anticis ad cellule finem maculis indistinctis notatis sed ocello

sicut in £. salome etc. haud ornatis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (76ge) ; GuateMALA, Polochic river (Hague), Panima, Miran-

dilla, San Isidro, Cerro Zunil (Champion) ; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica,

Cache (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, David (Champion), Calobre

(Arcé), Panama city (J. J. Walker).—Conomsia ; AMazons?; Braziu ?.

This is perhaps the commonest species of Eurybia in our country, and may be

distinguished from all its allies by the absence of the ocellus on the primaries, though

its position is indicated by some dark marks.

As will be seen above, its range is very extensive. Mr. Champion obtained many

specimens both in Guatemala and in the State of Panama, and captured it in shady

forests as high as 4500 feet on the slopes of Zunil. It was equally common in the low-

lying hotter districts.

MESOSEMIA.

Mesosemia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 20 (1816) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 453.

This is also a strictly tropical genus, containing upwards of one hundred species which

are spread from South Mexico to South Brazil. Sixteen species are found within

our limits, whereof only two reach as far north as Southern Mexico; as we proceed

southward the number of species increases, as we find thirteen between Nicaragua and

the State of Panama. Ten out of the sixteen species are peculiar, and of the remaining

six, three are not known to pass beyond the limits of Colombia, one reaches as far as

Venezuela, and two Guiana, one of the latter being also found in Ecuador. It is

somewhat singular that not a single one occurs in the Amazons valley so far as we

know. In dividing out this genus we have used certain colour characteristics which

will be found a convenient help in distinguishing the species. Underlying these we have

little doubt other differences will be found; but our dissections at present only include

three species.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in Mu grandis emit two branches before the

end of the cell and two beyond it; the discocellulars are atrophied towards their

junction with the lower radial; the middle discocellular and the upper radial meet the

subcostal at the same point, the former at an acute angle; the lower discocellular meets

the median some way beyond the origin of the second branch; the costal and median

sides of the cell are subequal. The secondaries have a strong basal nervure; the upper

MESOSEMIA. 379

discocellular is not atrophied—it meets the subcostal a little beyond the origin of the first

branch ; the lower discocellular is atrophied near its junction with the radial—it meets

the median some way beyond the origin of the second branch ; the costal side of the cell

is much shorter than the median side.

In Vv. asa the discocellulars of the primaries are rather more atrophied and less

curved, the middle discocellular leaving the subcostal at a larger acute angle.

In WU. mollina there is a very short upper discocellular running almost in a line with

the radial, the middle and lower discocellulars are still more atrophied, and the upper

stands almost at a right angle to the upper radial.

The front legs in the male of M. grandis have the extension of the coxa beyond the

trochanter joint long and slender; the tibia is short and dilated towards its distal end ;

the tibia is > femur + trochanter; the tarsus is > tibia; there is a constriction near

the end, the rudiment of a joint, and two short spines at the ends.

In M. asa the fore legs of the male are similar to those of M. grandis; but those

of M. mollina differ widely, being similar to those of Perophthalma tenera, except that

the tarsus is even more reduced in length, being hardly larger than the trochanter.

The fore leg of the female in WV. asa has the terminal joint of the tarsus=the three

preceding ones; the under surface has a densely setose pad; the first, second, third, and

fourth tarsal joints each terminate with a strong spine.

The palpi in both Wf. asa and M. grandis have a small subspherical terminal joint,

the middle joint being about six times as long, and gradually tapering towards the

distal end; basal joint dilated = 4 middle joint. The antenne of M. grandis have

thirty-seven joints, those of M. asa and M. mollina thirty-two. The eyes of all three

species are slightly hairy.

The male secondary sexual organs have the usual bilobed setose tegumen with two

long lateral spines. The harpagones are subtriangular, the angle directed outwards

being setose ; the lower edge is curved outwards slightly in the middle, the projecting

piece being setose. The penis has a curved strap from the middle to the base of the

harpagones.

In WU. asa the projecting piece on the under surface of the harpagones is produced

into a spine ; in WV. mollina the upper point of the harpagones becomes a lobe ; the lower

projection is still more produced than in M. asa.

a. Discal area of secondaries blue crossed by dark bands.

1. Mesosemia telegone. (Tab. XX XVIII. figg. 3g, 42.)

Diophtalma telegone, Boisd. Sp. Gén. t. 21. f. 2°.

Mesosemia telegone, Hew. Ex. Butt., Mesosemia, t. 1. f. 9, 10’; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix.

p. 416°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p.352*; Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 124°.

Mesosemia lamachus, Hew. Ex. Butt., Mesosemia, t. 1. f. 3-6°.

Mesosemia amiana, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 100" (?).

302

380 RHOPALOCERA.

Alis fuscis, anticis ad basin pallidioribus margine interno ad basin (interdum) et posticis lavendulo-ceruleis,

anticis ocello nigro albo pupillato et fulvo ciliato ad cellule finem et juxta eum lineis transversim fuscis

irregulariter notatis; posticis margine externo et lineis duabus transversis ultracellularibus fuscis ; subtus

pallide fuscis fascia communi irregulari mediana anticarum ocellum includente, intus irrorata et utrinque

lineis fulvis et fuscis marginata, posticis ocello parvo quoque notatis; fasciis duabus alteris marginibus

externis subparallelibus, exteriori nigro maculosa.

§ mari similis, sed colore cwruleo posticarum nitentiore et lineis obscuris plerumque latioribus.

Hab. Honpuras*; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten *), San

Francisco (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui 1, Bugaba, David (Champion), Calobre

(Arcé), Lion Hill (1d‘Leannan).—Coromsia ! 3°; VENEZUELA? 2

We are in some doubt if this is the true UW. telegone of Boisduval, whose figure is

anything but satisfactory, nor does Hewitson much mend matters, and adds a further

complication by figuring an obvious female asa male. Two of Dr. Felder’s YW. amiana

are before us, and we have little doubt that this name refers to the same species,

though there is a slight difference in the female, which has much less blue on the

secondaries.

n examination of Hewitson’s specimens of I. lamachus in the British Museum,

and of the specimens figured as MM. telegone, we believe them to be referable to the

same species.

Examples from Costa Rica have the bands of the secondaries unusually broad, and

this is also seen in some Veraguas specimens, but it is not to be considered a specific

character.

M. telegone differs from M. methion in having the blue of the secondaries in the

male of one tint, whereas in the allied species the costal half is of a deep blue, and the

rest of the wing much duller in tone.

This Mesosemia is one of the commonest of its genus in the country in which it is

found.

2. Mesosemia methion, sp. n.

Mesosemia lamachus, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 416° (partim).

Diophtalma lamachus, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 20.

M. telegone certe affinis, sed posticis in mari bicoloribus dimidio costali obscure ceruleo, dimidio reliquo sordide

purpurascente-ceruleo.

Hab. Mexico ?®, Valladolid in Yucatan (Gawmer); British Honpuras, Corosal (foe) ;

GuaTEMALA °, Chisoy and Polochic valleys (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Panima, Sinanja, Zapote,

E] Tumbador, Cerro Zunil, Las Mercedes (Champion).

This species is the northern form of I. telegone, taking its place in Mexico and

Guatemala. From the former country there is a female specimen in the British

Museum, and Boisduval mentions one from the same country under the name

MM. lamachus.

MESOSEMTIA. 381

It is a common species in the low-lying forests of Guatemala on both sides of the

mountain chain up to an elevation of about 3000 feet. It frequents the forest, hiding

beneath leaves.

6. Both wings obscure blue, covered with dark transverse bands.

3. Mesosemia hesperina. (Tab. XXXVIII. figg. 133,142.)

_Mesosemia hesperina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 430°.

Alis lavandulo-ceruleis, anticis ocello nigro albo pupillato ad cellule finem, lineis sex transversis nigris, quatuor

(margine externo incluso) externis plus minusve margine externo subparallelibus, duabus internis

obsoletis per cellulam transeuntibus ; posticis lineis sex nigris transfasciatis; subtus griseo-fuscis, lineis

fuscis ut supra transfasciatis, anticis ocello ut supra sed fulvo ciliato et juxta eum irregulariter fusco

notatis ; posticis ocello parvo ad cellule finem.

2 alis fuscis, obscure fusco frequenter transfasciatis, et prope ocellum anticarum fulvo notatis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt 1); Panama, Bugaba (Champion, Arcé).

We have Mr. Butler’s type specimen of this species before us, and several other

males from Chontales, all collected by the late Mr. Belt. We now trace it to the

neighbourhood of Chiriqui, where Mr. Champion also obtained a female.

As Mr. Butler remarks, VM. hesperina is allied to the Brazilian J. veneris, but it has

a still closer relative in a species from the west coast of Colombia*; and IM. calypso,

Bates, is also nearly allied.

c. Discal area of secondaries blue, without dark bands.

4, Mesosemia carissima. (Tab. XXXVIII. figg. 83,92.)

Mesosemia carissima, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 153*; Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 417.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis ocello nigro, ceruleo-albo pupillato et pallide fusco ciliato ad cellule finem ; posticis

plaga magna discali subrotunda lete cerulea; subtus pallide fuscis, extus aliquot nebulosis, ocello

anticarum tripupillato et fulvo ciliato, posticis ocello altero simili, fascia communi ultracellulari angusta.

Q mari similis, sed major et alis omnino dilutioribus, anticis parte distali saturatiore et linea submarginali

pallida bisecta, linea altera obscura transversa ultra cellulam.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson) ; Panama, Veraguas (Arcé').

This beautiful species was described by Mr. Bates from specimens sent us by our

collector Arcé from the neighbourhood of Veraguas. It has since been found at

Chontales by the late Mr. Belt. Curiously enough it is not known in any of the

* Mesosemia thetys, sp. n.

M. hesperine affinis, sed major, colore ceruleo magis obscuro et paulo viridescentiore, plaga nigra infra ocellum

anticarum et fasciis omnibus nigris latioribus distinguenda.

Hab. Cotomsta, Rio San Juan (Trétsch).

Mus. nostr.

We are indebted to Dr. Staudinger for the possession of two males of this species.

382 RHOPALOCERA.

intermediate country, and has never, so far as we know, been found in the great

collecting grounds of Chiriqui and its vicinity. |

d. Wings black, crossed by a broad bright blue band.

5. Mesosemia gaudiolum. (Tab. XX XVIII. fig. 5, Tab. XLII. fig. 1 ¢ .)

Mesosemia gaudiolum, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 202*; Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 417°.

Alis nigris anticis, plaga magna subtriangulari a dimidio cost basali ad angulum analem extendente nitide

cerulea; posticis margine externo angulato plaga triangulari submarginali nitide cerulea; subtus fuscis,

fascia communi lata transversa lineis fulvis et fuscis marginata et ocellos includente; posticis maculis

sordide albidis submarginalibus.

9 alis fuscis, anticis bitriente basali dilutiore, parte distali linea pallida bisecta, ocello nigro bipupillato et fulvo

ciliato ad cellule finem, extra et intra eum linea fusca ad marginem internum producta et posticas

transeunte ; posticarum parte distali nigra et plaga purpurascente-cyaneo notata; subtus mari similis.

Hab. Guavemata, Vera Paz (F. D. G. & O. 8.17), Choctun, Polochic valley (Hague),

San Juan in Vera Paz, Senahu, Chiacam (Champion).

We obtained several male specimens of this species during an excursion to the

forests of Vera Paz north of Coban in 1862, and since then Mr. Hague has forwarded

us others from the Polochic valley and elsewhere. Mr. Champion also found it, and to

him we are indebted for the single female we now describe.

M. gaudiolum frequents the dense forests of the hotter districts, and, so far as we know

at present, its range is restricted to the department of Vera Paz in Guatemala.

6. Mesosemia grandis. (Tab. XX XVIII. figg. 63,72.)

Mesosemia grandis, Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 159°.

M. gaudiolo affinis, sed plagis nitide ceruleis fasciam communem latam formantibus a coste anticarum medio

ad angulum posticarum analem transeunte.

@ anticis parte distali rufo-brunneo lavata, posticis ad marginem externum haud ceruleis,

Hab. Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé 1), Volcan de Chiriqui,

Bugaba (Champion).

Mr. Druce described this species from specimens sent from Chiriqui, and we have

since received a large series from Mr. Champion, including examples of both sexes. Its

presence has also been traced to Costa Rica, whence Mr. Rogers sent us a single female.

M. grandis frequents the denser forests up to an elevation of about 4000 feet on

the Volcano of Chiriqui.

e. Base of primaries and discal area of secondaries pale shining blue; female

stmilar to male.

7. Mesosemia ceelestis, sp.n. (Tab. XXXVIII. fig. 16 9 .)

Alis ccelestino-ceruleis, anticis parte distali nigra ocello nigro ad cellule finem et ultra eam linea acuta trans-

versa nigra, marginem internum haud attingente ; posticis nigro marginatis; subtus alis fuscis, anticis ocello

MESOSEMIA. 8383

sicut supra sed ceruleo pupillato et fulvo ciliato, infra eum maculis irregularibus obscure fuscis, plaga

submarginali fusca medialiter rufa, lineisque aliis transversis ad basin, posticis lineis novem obscure

fuscis transverse notatis.

mari similis, sed alis dilutioribus posticis lineis tribus transversim fuscis fere obsoletis notatis ; subtus plaga

magna ad medium marginis externi fulva.

Hab. Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers).—CoLomBIA.

_ We have long had in our collection two damaged female specimens of this species

which were sent us by Mr. Rogers from Costa Rica. The same insect has since been

found by Dr. Staudinger’s collector, Herr Trétsch, at San Pablo, on the Rio San Juan

in Western Colombia, and to Dr. Staudinger we are indebted for a male and two

female examples. The latter have the transverse lines on the secondaries above rather

more distinct than is the case in our Costa-Rica types, and the tawny rufous patch near

the outer margin of the primaries beneath is not quite so distinct, but in spite of these

slight differences we have no doubt they all belong to one species.

f. Base of primaries and discal area of secondaries very dark blue ; female without blue,

but with white subapical band.

8, Mesosemia asa. (Tab. XXXVIII. fige. 109,119).

Mesosemia asa, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 35°.

Mesosemia frequens, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 104’; P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 852°.

Alis nigris, anticis ad basin chalybeo-ceruleis, ocello nigro albo pupillato ad cellule finem, fasciola nigra trans-

cellulari intra eum ; posticis chalybeo-ceruleis nigro marginatis; subtus saturate fuscis extus aliquot

nebulosis, fascia lata communi transversa lineis obscuris et pallidis marginata, ocellos includente ; posticis

paulo productis.

9 alis fuscis, triente apicali obscuriore, ocello sicut in mare sed fulvo ciliato, fascia transversa apicem versus

alba; posticis lineis quatuor (marginem includente) transversis obscure fuscis ; subtus omnino dilutioribus,

posticis aliquot irroratis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten? ?), Cache (Rogers) ;

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion).—CoLomBIA.

This Mesosemia appears to be very common from Nicaragua southwards to Colombia,

and we have many examples from various points included in that area. Hewitson was

the first to describe the male from Belt’s Chontales specimens; subsequently Messrs.

Butler and Druce characterized the female from Costa-Rica examples contained in Van

Patten’s collection. No doubt UW. asa and M. frequens are the sexes of one species.

Hewitson compares it with WM. telegone ; but the resemblance is not very apparent.

Mr. Champion, who took many specimens in the district of Chiriqui, found it in

humid dense forest. ‘They frequently bask for a few moments on the upper side of a

leaf on which a gleam of sunlight rests.

384 RHOPALOCERA.

g. Wings black, a narrow transverse band on primaries and outer margin of

secondaries very dark blue.

9. Mesosemia cecropia. (Tab. XXXVIII. fig. 12.)

Mesosemia cecropia, Druce, Ent. Month]. Mag. xi. p. 37°.

Alis ceruleo-nigris ad basin ceruleis, anticis fascia arcuata transversa ultra cellulam (ad costam latiore) cerulea,

fascia altera ejusdem coloris submarginali ad apicem obsoleta, ocello nigro, albo tripupillato ad cellule

finem vix obvio; posticis ceruleo marginatis ; subtus fuscis, anticis ocello ut supra sed fulvo ciliato et

lineis alteris duabus irregulariter circumcincto, linea transversa lata submarginali et margine ipso obscure

brunneis ; posticis brunneo frequenter transfasciatis, ocello bipupillato ad cellule finem.

2 alis pallide fuscis, ocellis ut in mare sed in anticis supra magis obviis, et lineis duabus irregulariter circum-

cinctis, margine externo late brunneo medialiter vix pallidiore ; posticis, lineis septem transfasciatis, duabus-

exterioribus latioribus et margine externo subparallelibus ; subtus mari similis, sed alis omnino pallidiori-

bus; posticis ad medium marginis externi paulo productis.

Hab. Costa Rica’ (Van Patten).

Of this pretty species the only specimens we have are those which formed part of Van

Patten’s collection, and the types of Mr. Druce’s description. The female is from the

same source. MV. cecropia has no very close allies.

h. Wings brown, with a common broad white curved band.

10. Mesosemia zonalis, sp.n. (Tab. XX XVIII. fig. 15 9 , Tab. XLIII. fig. 2 ¢ .)

Alis fuscis, fascia communi lata arcuata, a costa anticarum ad angulum posticarum analem cretaceo-alba, anti-

carum margine externo late, posticarum anguste, fusco; anticis ocello nigro pupillato et fulvo ciliato ad

cellule finem, lineis ovalibus extra eum alterne fuscis et albidis ad costam fractis, extima marginem internum

attingente; posticis dimidio basali (basi ipsa excepta) lineis obscure fuscis transfasciatis, fascia alba ad

angulum analem lineis obsoletis fuscis longitudinaliter notata; subtus fere omnino ut supra sed colore

fusco dilutiore et fascia alba posticarum linea fusca bisecta, margine quoque latiore fusco.

Q mari persimilis, sed fascia alba communi in posticis bifurcata.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Cache (Rogers); Panama,

Bugaba (Champion), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (/‘Leannan).—Covompia.

M. machara, from the Amazons, seems to be the species most nearly allied to this;

but in that species the sexual difference in coloration is greater, the base of the wings

being altogether darker.

M. zonalis is evidently a common species in the neighbourhood of Chiriqui, and

thence we trace it northwards to Chontales, where Belt captured several examples, and

southwards to Western Colombia, whence we have a single specimen obtained by

Dr. Staudinger’s collector, Herr Trétsch, at San Pablo, on the Rio San Juan.

Mr. Champion took his examples in dense forest.

2. Wings cretaceous white, crossed by narrow dusky bands.

11. Mesosemia vestalis. (Tab. XXXVIIL. fig. 17 9.)

Mesosemia vestalis, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 203".

% alis cretaceo-albis punctis submarginalibus nigris ornatis, anticis ocello elongato parvo ad cellule finem ;

MESOSEMIA. 385°

fasciis duabus, margine externo subparallelibus (ad marginem posticarum internum productis) et margine

ipso fuscis, fascia altera transcellulari; subtus lineis omnibus multo latioribus, anticis ad basin posticis

medialiter fusco irroratis.

Hab. Guatemata, forests of Northern Vera Paz (f. D. G. & O. S.1), Cubilguitz,

Panima, Purula, Sinanja, Sabo (Champion).

The first specimen we took of this species is a female, and all that have since come

to us are of that sex; but there is little difference in coloration between the sexes in

this section of Mesosemia.

The distinguishing characters of V. vestalis are the submarginal row of black spots

on both wings, and the rather elongated ocellus on the primaries. There is no sub-

marginal ocellus on the primaries nor on the secondaries above or below ; M. lagora

has both, M. lepida the former and a cellular ocellus beneath, and M. nivalis no

cellular ocellus above or below.

With the exception of WM. leucogea described below, M. vestalis seems most nearly

allied to U. philemon of the Amazons region; but that species has a line instead of the

submarginal row of black spots.

It is an inhabitant of dense forest up to an elevation of about 4000 feet.

12. Mesosemia leucogza, sp. n.

M. vestali similis, sed minor, et anticarum lineis fuscis latioribus punctis submarginalibus vix apparentibus,

anticarum ocello majore, rotundo et albo bipupillato, posticis lineis transversis tribus (nec duabus) fuscis,

diversa.

Hab. Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belz).

We have two female specimens of this species, which, though closely allied to

- M. vestalis, seems sufficiently distinct. The size of the ocellus of the primaries recalls.

the South-American W. hyphea and M. matisca.

13, Mesosemia lagora.

Diophthalma lagora, Herr.-Schaff. Samml. aussereur. Schmett. p. 55, f. 43, 44".

M. vestali similis, sed anticis ad marginem externum fuscis, ocello submarginali, altero parvo ad medium

marginis posticarum externi, subtus ocello cellulari nullo.

@ mari similis.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).—

Guiana }.

We have little doubt this species is rightly named MW. lagora, Herr.-Sch., concerning

which much confusion has arisen, chiefly owing to Hewitson having mistaken the insect

and figured another species under this name.

The characteristics of IM. lagora are the presence of submarginal ocelli in both wings

above and below, and the absence of any ocellus in the cell of the primaries.

Found in dense humid forest (Champion).

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., December 1880. 3D

386 RHOPALOCERA.

14. Mesosemia lepida, sp.n. (Tab. XLIII. fig. 3.)

M. lagore proxima, sed posticis ocello submarginali haud notatis forsan distinguenda.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

It is perhaps doubtful if this insect will ultimately prove distinct from MV. lagora.

We have six specimens of it, none of which have any indication of an ocellus or black

spot near the middle of the outer margin of the secondaries on the upper side.

15. Mesosemia molina, sp. n.

Mesosemia lagora, Hew. Ex. Butt., Mesosemia, t. 3. f. 20 (nec Herr.-Sch.)!; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S.

1875, p. 3522,

M. lagore quoad paginam superiorem proxima, sed subtus anticis ocello cellulari facile distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten®), Irazu (Rogers) ;

Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Cotompia!; Ecuapor; Gurana.

This species, which Hewitson figured as MW. lagora from Colombian examples, is

easily to be distinguished from that insect by the presence of a very distinct ocellus on

the primaries beneath, which, in some examples, shows through to the upper side, as

indicated in Hewitson’s plate.

It is perhaps one of the commonest forms of this section of Mesosemia as far north

as Nicaragua.

16. Mesosemia nivalis, sp. n. (Tab. XLIIL. fig. 4.)

M. lagore quoque similis, sed alis candidissimis lineis fuscis angustissimis, anticarum margine externo haud

fusco, et ocellis in pagina superiore nullis distinguenda.

Hab. Mzxico, Jalapa (H. Edwards); Guarmemata, Polochic valley (Hague), Panima,

Zapote, Pantaleon, Las Mercedes, San Isidro (Champion) ; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).

This is much the whitest of these Mesosemie in our region, being even whiter than

M. vestalis.

The submarginal ocelli of WV. lagora are just indicated by black spots on the under-

side; but on the upper side they are not visible. There is no ocellus in the cell of the

primaries, and in this respect VV. nivalis differs from MW. vestalis and MW. molina.

At San Isidro it is found in the cacao-plantations (Champion).

Two other species allied to IM. nivalis are represented in our collection by a good

series of specimens. They are described below *.

* Mesosemia nivea, sp. n.

M. nivali similis quoad paginam superiorem sed lineis fuscis aliquot latioribus; subtus alis macula ad cellule

finem nigra, et posticis punctis submarginalibus nigris distinguenda.

Hab. Botrvia (Buckley); Brazrt, Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo.

Mus. nostr. [See opp.

CREMNA. 387

CREMNA.

Cremna, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 456 (1851).

There are nine species of this genus known to us, two of which occur in our country ;

the range extending from Guatemala throughout tropical America to South Brazil.

Like Mesosemia the subcostal nervure of the primaries has four branches; the wings,

too, are truncate as in that genus, and though it seems well placed here its style of

coloration and markings readily distinguish its members. The subcostal nervure of

C. eucharila emits two branches before and two after the cell; the middle discocellular

and the upper radial leave the subcostal at the same point; the former, as well as the

lower discocellular, are atrophied as they approach the lower radial; the costal and

median sides of the cells are subequal. The secondaries have a strong basal nervure ;

the upper discocellular is perfect, and meets the subcostal a little beyond the first branch ;

the lower discocellular is bent in the middle, the upper half being atrophied ; the

costal side of the cell is shorter than the median side. The front legs of the male

have the coxa pointed, the trochanter being inserted about the middle; the femur

= coxa; tibia < coxa; tarsus (single-jointed) < tibia, with a single spine at the end.

The terminal tarsal joint of the female = second + third joints, and has a setose pad

beneath. The first joint ends with a single spine, the second, third, and fourth with

‘two. The terminal joint of the palpi is slender, about one fifth of middle joint,

which is of nearly equal width throughout; the basal joint is slightly > the terminal

joint. The antenne have thirty-five joints ( C. umbra thirty-two) and terminate ina

well-defined club. The eyes are smooth.

The secondary male organs have the tegumen as in Mesosemia; the harpagones

terminate in a strong slightly upturned spine; the penis has a short strap in the usual

position: the penis of C. wnbra has a filament exserted from its extremity ; we do

not see this character in C. eucharila. The bursa copulatrix of the females of both

these species have two conical chitinous points with finely granulated surfaces.

1. Gremna eucharila. (Tab. XXXVIII. figg. 18¢, 192.)

Napea frequens actoris, Hiibn. Samm. ex. Schmett. i. t. 84* (nec Cramer).

Cremna eucharila, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 420 *,

Alis fuscis sordide albo maculatis, posticis plerumque saturatioribus (interdum fere immaculatis), fascia sub-

marginali ferruginea interdum lata interdum fere obsoleta; subtus maculis omnibus majoribus in posticis

lineatis fascias transversas fere formantibus, venis quoque pallidis, anticis maculis singulis discalibus intus

plaga magna nigricante conjunctis.

Q major et alis dilutioribus maculis omnibus majoribus.

Mesosemia chionea, sp. n.

Speciei precedenti affinis et maculis cellularibus subtus eodem modo ornatis, anticis lineis fuscis paginz supe-

rioris latioribus, subtus linea altera submarginali alba notatis.

Hab. Gurana, Roraima (Whitely), Cayenne (Bar).

Mus. nostr.

3D 2

388 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica, San Francisco (Rogers); Panama,

Chiriqui (Ribbe, Zahn), Bugaba, David (Champion), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill

(1 Leannan).—Co.omB1a ; VENEZUELA; AMAZONS2; GUIANA; BRAZIL ?.

We are unable to treat this species otherwise than as a very variable one, especially

as regards the coloration of the male specimens from the northern extremity of its

range. This variation is chiefly shown in the colour of the secondaries, which in some

individuals are almost unspotted black with a broad ferruginous band ; in others this

band disappears and the wings are more or less spotted.

Its nearest ally is C. actoris (Cramer), under which name it was figured by Hiibner }.

Mr. Bates separated it in his catalogue of Erycinide. C. actoris seems to differ chiefly

in the total absence of the rusty band of the secondaries, but the two insects are very

closely allied.

In Central America C. ewcharila is not uncommon as far north as Nicaragua, and

both Belt’s collection and that of Mr. Champion from Chiriqui contained a fair series

of specimens. The largest and most aberrant specimens in our collection are from

Costa Rica and are those figured on our Plate.

2. Cremna umbra.

Hypophylla umbra, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 23°.

Cremna crebrenia, Hew. Ex. Butt., Pachythone and Cremna, t. 1. f. 1-3* (Jan. 1, 1878).

Alis fuscis, lineis fusco-nigris valde irregularibus transvittatis, anticis puncto subapicali albo; subtus alis

pallidioribus maculis nigricantibus magis obviis.

@ mari omnino similis.

Hab. Guaremata, Zapote, San Isidro, El Tumbador, Chiacam, Cahabon (Champion),

Polochic valley, San Gerénimo (Hague); Honpuras!?; Costa Rica, Cache (Logers).

This species has a close ally in C. phryxe, Felder, from Brazil, but may be distin-

guished by the paler under surface of the wings, the spots being more prominent and

less linear.

Both Boisduval’s and Hewitson’s types were from Honduras; we have compared that

of the former, thanks to Mons. C. Oberthiw’s kindness, with our series, and find them

agree!2, In Guatemala it is not uncommon in the hotter districts on both sides of

the cordillera up to an elevation of about 3000 feet. We have not yet traced it south-

wards of Costa Rica.

B. Subcostal nervure of primaries with three branches.

a. Subcostal nervure of the primaries with all its branches emitted beyond the end

of the cell.

ZEONIA.

Zeonia, Swainson, Zool. Ill. Ins. ser. 2, ui. t. 111 (1833); Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 431

(1851).

ZEONTA. 389

Zeonia contains about eight species spreading from Nicaragua to South Brazil; only

one occurs within our borders and this is also found in Colombia.

The wings being for the most part hyaline render it a conspicuous genus, which is

usually associated with Erycina, but from which it differs in several important par-

ticulars; the neuration of the secondaries as well as their shape suggests a relationship

with Diorhina, the prolonged palpi of which latter genus readily distinguish it.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of Z. corineus emits its three branches beyond

the cell; the first branch sometimes forms an anchylosis with the costal nervure; the

middle discocellular is perfect and meets the subcostal at an acute angle; the lower

discocellular is curved, atrophied in the middle, and meets the median beyond the

second branch; the costal side of the cell is longer than the median side. ‘The secon-

daries have a very long basal nervure ; both discocellulars are atrophied, the upper meets

the subcostal beyond the first branch, the lower joins the median beyond the second

branch ; the two branches of the median start close together and diverge very gradually

from the median, the first branch is prolonged and carries a tail-like appendage ; the

costal side of the cell is much shorter than the median side. The front legs of the male

have the trochanter inserted before the middle of the coxa; femur >+ coxa; tibia

<coxa, dilated in the middle; tarsus==femur-+ trochanter, there are two constrictions

indicating the tarsal joints. The terminal joint of the palpi is very small, <4 middle

joint, which tapers towards its distal end; basal joint stout =4 middle joint; antenne

forty-three joints, the terminal seventeen forming a moderate club.

The harpagones in the male secondary sexual organs are slightly setose; between

them in the middle line is a long slightly upturned setose spine; a piece apparently

arches over the penis between the upper lobes of the harpagones. The penis tapers

very gradually to the end and is slightly decurved ; the strap connecting its base with

that of the harpagones is directed outwards and then bent back again.

1. Zeonia bogota.

Zeonia bogota, Saund. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, v. p. 981; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 430°.

Alis hyalinis venis nigris divisis, anticis costa, margine externo et fascia per cellule finem obliqua nigris ;

posticis margine externo dimidio distali, margine interno late et fascia submarginali nigris, plaga magna ad

angulum analem coccinea ; subtus ut supra sed partibus nigris certa luce cxruleo lavatis, posticis macula

alba in angulo inter venas costalem et subcostalem, striaque ad marginem internum ejusdem coloris

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); PANama, Bugaba (Champion).—CoLOMBIA 1

Central-American examples agree best with those from Colombia, which we have

little doubt are referable to Z. bogota of Saunders. This form is closely allied to

Z. amazona of the Amazons valley, the chief, if not the only, differences being the

absence in that species of the blue gloss on the wings beneath, and in the scarlet patch

being rather larger and more narrowly edged with black between the ends of the sub-

median nervure and the first median branch.

390 RHOPALOCERA.

Z. bogota seems to be rare in Central America, and our series includes but few

examples; with them is a single damaged male from Belt’s Chontales collection. ,

Frequents sunny openings in the forest (Champion).

b. Subcostal nervure of the primaries with one branch emitted before and two after

the end of the cell.

a’. Middle discocellular of primaries perfect*.

DIORHINA.

Diorina, Morisse, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vi. p. 422 (1837).

We recognize four species of this genus, its range extending from South Mexico to

South Brazil; all but one of these are also found in our country, only one of them,

however, D. butes, is at all common.

Diorhina is very closely allied to Erycina, the neuration of the wings offering, so far

as we can see, no material difference, except that one branch is emitted from the

subcostal of the primaries instead of none ; the palpi projecting in front of the head are

very apparent when viewed from above, and the absence of metallic colouring from

the wings of both sexes serve as distinguishing characters; there are differences in

the secondary sexual organs. The harpagones have a single lobe which bends

upwards rather abruptly at its extremity, near which are some strong spines directed

upwards and mingled with them some long hairs; an arch extends over the penis

bearing two lobes directed upwards and slightly expanded towards the extremity and

edged with short strong spines directed slightly outwards ; the penis itself is not nearly

so dilated towards the base as in Erycina; the strap connecting it with the base of the

harpagones is directed forward before being bent backwards again. In D. butes both

the lobes of the harpagones and those of the median arch are more pointed and bear

strong spines towards their ends. The bursa copulatrix of D. periander is without

chitinous spines.

1. Diorhina periander.

Papilio periander, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 188. f. C?.

Diorhina periander, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 429°.

Ancyluris iphinoe, Hibn. Samml. ex. Schm. iii. t. *

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis ad basin et posticis fere omnino lete cerulescentibus ; anticis fascia transversa indi-

stincta ultracellulari fusco-albida; posticis maculis duabus puniceis, una ad medium marginis interni, altera.

ad angulum analem ; subtus fuscis bifasciatis, fascia interiori latiore, anticis ad basin coste coccineis,

posticis ad angulum analem maculis tribus (interdum confluentibus) puniceis; palpis extus albidis,

cruribus anticis fuscis.

Q major, alis omnino fuscis albido bifasciatis, aliter mari similis.

Hab. British Honpuras (Blancaneaur); Guatemana, forests of Northern Vera Paz

(F. D. G. & O.8.); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—~

SoutH AMERiIcA, Colombia to Peru, Amazons valley and Guiana }.

* The extralimital genera Orestia and Threnodes (?) come into this division.

DIORHINA. 391

A very abundant widely ranging species over the northern parts of South America,

and in our country found as far north as British Honduras and Guatemala, but in

the latter countries, as indeed throughout Central America, it is by no means so common.

The name D. periander was founded by Cramer upon a female specimen which we

have no difficulty in recognizing. Central-American males have an incipient median

white band on the secondaries; this can also be traced to a less extent in southern

examples. It is not a character of specific value.

The alliances of D. periander are with D. psecas and D. dysoni, but it has many

points of distinction ; with the former it is compared below.

2. Diorhina psecas.

Erycina psecas, Saund. Trans. Ent. Soc. v. p. 219, t. 20. f. 4, 4a’.

Diorhina psecas, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 429”.

D. periandro similis, sed alis ceerulescentioribus et albido distincte bifasciatis, posticis fascia arcuata transversa

punicea ad angulum analem ; subtus nigricantioribus fasciis, pure albis, anticarum costa multo minus

coccinea, posticis macula ut supra pure coccinea distinguenda.

@ alis fuscescentibus vitta obliqua ab angulo posticarum anali extendente et macula supra eam coccineis ;

subtus fere omnino ut supra.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).—Sovtn America, Colombia to Bolivia?

and to Guiana.

Mr. Champion captured two male specimens undoubtedly belonging to this species

on the slopes of the Volcan de Chiriqui. These are the only Central-American

examples of it we have seen. In South America it has a wide range, the original types

having come from Perut.

8. Diorhina butes.

Papilio butes, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 794°; Clerck, Icon. Ins. t. 46. f. 6°,

Diorhina butes, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 429°.

Papilio licarsis, Fabr. Gen. Ins. p. 271 *.

Erycina licarsis, Morisse, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1887, p. 419, t. 14.f.1,2°; Butl. Ent. Monthl. Mag.

iii. p. 53°.

Papilio rhetus, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 63. f. C’.

Rhetus crameri, Sw. Zool. Ml. ser. 2, i. t. 33°.

Diorhina thia, Morisse, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1837, p. 419,t. 14. f. 8,4°; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc.

Zool. ix. p. 430”.

Alis fusco-nigris, albo bifasciatis ; anticis ad coste basin coccineis, posticis parte distali nitide ceruleis valde

productis, ad angulum analem coccineis et ultra vitta transversa albida; subtus ut supra, colore ceruleo

absente ; thorace ceruleo, abdomine utrinque coccineo lineato.

Obs. A D. psecas statura minore et posticis valde productis differt.

Hab. Mexico’, Cordova (Riimeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Valladolid in Yucatan

(Gawmer); Brrvish Hoypuras, Corosal (Roe); GUATEMALA, Cubilguitz (Champion), San

Gerénimo, Polochic valley (F. D. G. & 0. 8.); Panama, David (Champion).—SovurTa

America, Colombia to South Brazil °.

392 RHOPALOCERA.

As will be seen above this species has a continuous range from Mexico in the north

to South-eastern Brazil, and in our series of twenty-six specimens it is represented from.

nearly every point. Some variation in specimens from so wide an area was to be

expected, but on the whole there is little individual variation, still less any that can be

fixed to a definite locality. Mexican and Brazilian specimens are inseparable, and it is

only in the Amazons region, and perhaps Guiana, that a slight thickening of the outer

band of the primaries can sometimes be traced. With the evidence of the specimens.

before us, together with the published descriptions and figures, we are driven to the

conclusion that there is but one species of this form which should bear the Linnean

name D. butes.

Mr. Butler has endeavoured to show that at least two South-American species exist

of this form ; but when he argues that Swainson figures both of them on the same plate,

the subjects of which, we infer from the text, that traveller captured flying around the

same shrub, we feel justified in doubting the value of Mr. Butler's differential

characters.

Regarding D. thia of Morisse, which has usually been kept separate from D. butes,

we are of the opinion that the Mexican form has nothing to distinguish it with certainty

from the insect of Colombia or Brazil.

D. butes flies usually in open scrubby brushwood, such as is found at San Gerénimo:

and other places in Central Guatemala, lying at an elevation of about 3000 feet above

the sea.

ERYCINA.

Erycina, Fabricius, Tl. Mag. vi. p. 286 (1807) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 428.

This genus includes about twenty-two species, ranging from Mexico to the valley of

the Amazons, Bolivia, and Guiana. Two only are certainly found within our limits,

which have the same range from Mexico to Panama; one of them, £. inca, just passes.

our southern border into Colombia, the other is represented in that country by a very

closely allied species. A third species, C. cacica of Colombia, is stated by Boisduval to

be found in Nicaragua.

The subcostal nervure in the primaries of EL. inca emits one branch before the end of the

cell and two after it; the upper discocellular is perfect but short, meeting the subcostal

at a slightly acute angle; the lower discocellular is atrophied in the middle and meets

the median a little beyond the second branch; the upper radial meets the subcostal a.

little beyond the cell; the costal side of the cell is slightly longer than the median side.

The secondaries have a strong basal nervure ; the discocellulars run nearly in a line from

the subcostal nervure beyond the first branch to the median a little beyond the second ;

both are atrophied for the greater part of their length; the costal side of the cell is.

much shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted about the middle of the coxa ;.

ERYCINA. 393:

femur=1 coxa, tibia=coxa, tarsus (single-jointed)=% tibia. The terminal tarsal joint

of the front leg of the female is longer than either of the three preceding joints, and

has a setose pad beneath ; the first four joints terminate beneath with a pair of strong

“spines.

The terminal joint of the palpi is short =+ middle joint, it is dilated towards its base

but tapers towards its distal end; the basal joint is short, slightly longer than the

terminal joint. Antenne have fifty-two joints, of which the terminal eighteen form

a moderate club.

The secondary male organs have the tegumen normal; the harpagones are bilobed,

slightly setose externally ; a strap proceeds from near the end of the penis, is directed.

outwards between the harpagones, and is then bent abruptly backwards to their base.

The penis itself is swollen towards the base, slightly decurved and pointed towards

the extremity, whence apparently proceed several filaments furnished with chitinous

papille. ‘The bursa copulatrix of the female has a pair of chitinous spines, smooth,

and of the shape of mamme.

1. Erycina jurgenseni.

Erycina jurgenseni, Saund. Trans. Ent. Soc. v. p. 220, t. 20. f. 3°.

Erycina montezuma, Saund. loc. cit. p. 226, t. 21. f. 5, 5a°; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool..

ix. p. 429°.

Erycina erigone, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 20°.

Alis nigricante-fuscis, fascia communi mediana punicea in posticis ad marginem internum refracta et ultra eam

macula ejusdem coloris ; posticis fascia maculosa angusta viridescente micante (in anticas interdum pro-

ducta), angulo ipso letissime czruleo ; subtus nitidissime ceeruleo-viridescentibus marginibus et fascia com-

muni lata mediana nigerrimis, macula ad medium posticarum marginis interni coccinea, macula altera infra

~ eam et ciliis inter venas albis; cruribus anticis nitide ceeruleo-viridescentibus fusco ciliatis.

2 multo major, alis fuscis albo bifasciatis, fascia interna latiore et utraque coccineo terminata ; posticis macula

ejusdem coloris ad angulum analem, utraque maculis albis, lutra eas ceruleo micantibus ; subtus fere ut

supra, fascia externa alba magis distincta.

Hab. Mexico (Jurgensen 124); Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague) ; NICARAGUA,

Chontales (Belt); Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

The late Mr. Wilson Saunders described the female of this species as E. jurgensent,

and in the same paper the male as E. montezwma, at the same time suggesting that

they were sexes of one species, a surmise we believe to have been fully justified. We

have no specimens from Mexico whence the types were derived, but we recognize the

species in our examples from the rest of Central America, and note the distinction

between them and Colombian specimens, the true E. atahualpa of Saunders. These

_ differences are very slight, but, so far as we can see, constant. There is a red spot at

the anal angle of the secondaries not seen in E. atahualpa; the blue submarginal spots

of the secondaries are smaller.

E. jurgensent is nowhere common ; a specimen or two from each of the above localities

are all we have seen.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., December 1885. 35

394 RHOPALOCERA.

2. Erycina inca.

Erycina inca, Saund. Trans. Ent. Soc. v. p. 227, t. 21. f. 6, 6a'; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.

ix. p. 429°; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 18°.

Erycina ocollo, Saund. Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 2, v. p. 105, t. 10. f. 6, 7*; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soe.

Zool. ix. p. 429°?

Alis nigris, anticis fascia mediana transversa aurantia, posticis ad angulum analem ceruleo micantibus et

maculis transversis albis indistincte notatis, ciliis inter venas albis ; subtus viridi-ceruleo micantibus venis

divisis, fascia communi lata velutino-nigra ad marginem posticarum internum refracta; anticis macula infra-

cellulari alba, altera ad angulum analem aurantia ; posticis macula ad medium marginis interni aurantia,

altera ad angulum analem alba; cruribus anticis ceruleo micantibus fusco ciliatis; abdomine utrinque

aurantio lineata.

2 mari similis, fascia anticarum latiore; posticis plaga magna discali viridi-cerulea, altera ad medium costs

aurantia; subtus omnino differt, alis nigris ambabus aurantio bisectis, anticis ad apicem albo trimaculatis ;

posticis maculis in serie submarginali positis albis.

Hab. Mexico (Jurgensen!); Guatema.a, forests of northern Vera Paz, Polochic

valley (F. D. G. & O. S.), Panima (Champion); Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belt) ; Panama,

Bugaba, Tolé, San Feliz (Champion), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M*Leannan).—

CoLoMBIA4 ® 2

Erycina inca is the commonest species of Hrycina in Central America, being found

in abundance in all the heavily forested country from Mexico to Colombia. In

Guatemala, however, it seems restricted to the eastern side of the country, and it is only

when we reach Chiriqui that we find it near the shores of the Pacific Ocean.

Of the Colombia insect, the female of which was described by Saunders as E. ocollo, we

have only a single example. We suspect that the male has been described by Boisduval

as Erycina lais, which is said to differ from E. inca in having the caudal projections of

the secondaries devoid of blue. If this is a stable character the insect should bear the

name £. ocollo; but we have no materials to prove this point. The figures of E. ocollo

represent accurately females of the Central-American FE. inca.

This species possesses the same habit as others of the genus and also of Diorhina in

settling beneath leaves, the wings spread out horizontally ; if disturbed it invariably

seeks to hide itself beneath another leaf (Champion).

3. Erycina cacica.

Erycina cacica, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 290".

Erycina zinna, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 19’.

Alis supra nigricantibus, anticis fascia transversa lata fere a coste: medio ad marginem internum angulum analem

versus, intus recta extus leviter arcuata, coccinea, certa luce opalescente, macula minuta subcostali supra

eam ejusdem coloris; posticis linea a costa ad ramum medianum ultra cellulam coccinea utrinque cyaneo

marginata, plaga magna tripartita ad angulum analem nitente cyanea, maculata obsoleta ad marginem

internum coccinea, altera infra eam albida; subtus saturatioribus, anticis striga subcostali, plagula discali

et dimidio alarum distali nitide virescenti-cyaneis, venis nigris divisis, macula ad angulum analem

coccinea ; posticis margine interno fascia discali abreviata et altera submarginali virescenti-cyaneis, venis

nigris divisis, maculis marginis interni ut supra sed multo magis obviis. Femina ignota.

Hab. Nicaraava (fide Boisduval 2).—Cotomstia 1.

ERYCIN A.—LYROPTERYX. 395:

We include this species in this work on the authority of Boisduval, one of whose

types of EL. zinna is stated to have been obtained in Nicaragua, but we have no con-

firmation of its occurrence in Central America. M. Oberthiir has kindly lent us one of

the types for examination and we have no difficulty in recognizing it as a species

described by Dr. Felder as E. cacica of Colombia. It is allied to £. huascar, obvious.

differences being the greater width of the scarlet band of the primaries and the

opalescent tint pervading it. E. formosa is also allied to it, but the scarlet band on

the secondaries is wanting in this species.

LYROPTERYX.

Lyropteryx, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 433 (1851).

Five species are included in this genus, spread from Guatemala on the north to

southern Brazil in South America; one species occurs within our limits, which has close

allies in Colombia, the Amazons valley, and Brazil.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in the male of L. cleadas emits one branch

before the end of the cell and two after it; the upper discocellular is not atrophied, it

makes an acute angle with the subcostal, which it meets nearer the base than the

upper radial ; the lower discocellular is curved and atrophied in the middle, it joins the

median beyond the second branch ; the costal side of the cell is longer than the median

side. The secondaries have a strong basal nervure; the upper discocellular is not

atrophied and meets the subcostal beyond the first branch at an obtuse angle ; the lower

discocellular is atrophied in the middle, it meets the median beyond the second branch ;

the costal side of the cell is much shorter than the median side. In the front legs of

the male the trochanter is inserted before the middle of the coxa; the femur —4 coxa,

dilated towards its distal end ; tibia = coxa, dilated towards the middle ; tarsus (single-

jointed) = femur. Palpi have the terminal joint very small = % middle joint, which

tapers gradually towards the distal end; basal joint dilated, short = 3 middle joint.

Antenne have fifty-five joints, the terminal twenty-four forming a very gradual club.

The tegumen in the secondary organs of the male is normal ; the harpagones are long

rods bent in the middle and then extending upwards almost to the tegumen ; there are

patches of strong spines inside the angle, and at the extremity there is a cluster of

spines. Over the penis there is an arch produced outwards in a point in the middle

line; at its base on either side is a lobe directed outwards, at the extremity of which is

a cluster of strong spines.

1. Lyropteryx cleadas. (Tab. XLI. figg. 9,109, 11, 122.)

Lyropteryz cleadas, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 359°.

Alis cyaneo-nigris, anticis ad basin et ad costam viridi-ceruleo notatis, fascia communi in anticis subapicali in

posticis submarginali nitenti-viridescente, venis nigris divisa et inter venas albida; posticis macula ad

3E 2

396 RHOPALOCERA.

basin coste coccinea ; subtus fuscis undique a cellulis ad margines albo radiolatis, anticis ad basin maculis

quatuor, posticis octo, pure coccineis nigro marginatis, notatis ; cruribus anticis medialiter viridi-ceeruleo

micantibus.

@ alis nigris, fascia submarginali communi coccinea venis divisa in anticis apicem fere attingente; subtus

fuscis, bitriente distali inter venas albido biradiatis, fascia communi pagine superioris maculosa, macula

singula coccinea rosaceo-albo circumeincta, maculis basalibus sicut in mare.

Hab. GuatEMALA, Polochic valley (Hague1), Panzos (Champion); Panama, Bugaba

(Champion).

This Central-American representative of Lyropteryx is found from Guatemala to the

State of Panama, its place being taken in Colombia by Z. lyra, the males almost

exactly agreeing on the upper side; but the two species are readily distinguished by

the spots at the base of the wings beneath, those of ZL. cleadas being pure scarlet,

while those of L. lyra have a purple cast, as in Z. apollonia. L. olivia, of Brazil, also

has these spots pure scarlet; but the female of that species differs from that sex of

L. cleadas by the red band of the primaries crossing the wing much further from

the apex.

Mr. Druce, when describing L. cleadas, states that he had seen a Chiriqui specimen

from Dr. Staudinger’s collection which agreed with the type of Z. olivia; but we are

confident that he must have made an error in this identification, as our female from

Chiriqui agrees in all respects with the type of that sex from Guatemala, and specimens

of both sexes of L. olivia are in the Berlin Museum from Brazil. ‘The female of L. lyra

is, we believe, as yet unknown.

Mr. Champion’s Bugaba specimens were captured about the flowers of a small tree in

the second-growth woods.

NECYRIA.

Necyria, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 482 (1851).

There are fourteen species belonging to this genus: three of them are found within

our limits, the remainder extending southwards along the Andes, and one reaching into

Bolivia. It is a well-marked genus, and is allied to Lyropteryx, both as regards the

neuration of the wings and the secondary sexual characters in the males.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of the male in V. manco emits one branch

before the end of the cell and two after it; the middle discocellular is perfect and meets

the subcostal at an acute angle close to the junction of the upper radial; the lower

discocellular is atrophied in the middle and meets the median at an acute angle a little

beyond the second branch; the costal side of the cell is a little longer than the median

side. The secondaries have a strong basal nervure; the upper discocellular is perfect

and meets the subcostal a little beyond the first branch at an obtuse angle ; the lower

discocellular is atrophied towards its upper end and meets the median a little beyond

the second branch ; the costal side of the cell is much shorter than the median.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted about the middle of the coxa;

NECYRIA, 397

the femur =% coxa, dilated towards the distal end; tibia > coxa, dilated in the middle ;

tarsus < femur (single-jointed). ‘The terminal joint of the palpi is short =3 middle

joint; basal joint dilated = $ middle joint. Antenne with forty-eight joints, the

terminal seventeen forming a moderate club.

The tegumen in the male of the secondary sexual organs is normal ; the harpagones

are long, slightly tapering rods, blunt at the end, and the inner edge bears long strong

sete; a chitinous piece forms an arch over the penis and is produced outwards into a

long stout depressed hook; on either side of the base is a lobe bearing at the end a

pencil of strong sete; a strap extends from the base of the penis outwards and then

curves backwards to the base of the harpagones.

1. Necyria beltiana.

Necyria beltiana, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vii. p. 8'; Ex. Butt., Erycina and Necyria, f. 5, 6%.

Alis nigris vix viridi tinctis, anticis fascia arcuata nitente viridissima ultracellulari a costa ad angulum analem

extensa, lineolis inter venas omnes albis notata, macula parva ad cellule finem micante-viridi ; posticis

margine externo nitente-viridi venis diviso et inter venas albo lineolato, margine ipso nigro ciliis albis ;

subtus nigris, anticis ultra cellulam et posticis ad marginem externum splendide viridescentibus, alis

ambabus ad basin eodem colore maculatis, fronte et palpis fusco-nigris, cruribus anticis splendide viri-

descentibus, abdomine utrinque rubro lineato.

@ supra mari similis, alarum lineolis albis majoribus, subtus colore metallico absente, anticis maculis duabus

una cellulari altera inter venas medianas et submedianas coccineis, posticis macula ejusdem coloris supra

cellule finem.

Hab. Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belt * 2).

The only specimens of this species which have come under our notice were obtained

‘by the late Thomas Belt, after whom the species was named by Hewitson!, WV. beltiana

has no very near allies in Central America; WV. vetulonia, of Ecuador is perhaps its next

akin in the southern continent.

2. Necyria ingaretha.

Necyria ingaretha, Hew. Ex. Butt., Necyria and Esthemopsis, f. 8, 9’.

Alis obscure fascis, maculis viridibus intus albo hastatis in serie submarginali; posticis subtus ut supra, sed

maculis submarginalibus omnino albis et multo magis distinctis ; posticis macula triangula coccinea ad

medium marginis interni, ciliis albis.

6 adhuc ignotus.

Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales (Belt).

The only specimen known of this species is that described by Hewitson from Belt’s

collection. Though found with W. beltiana near Chontales, NV. ingaretha seems quite

distinct from that insect, but until we know the male we cannot speak with certainty

as to its alliances.

3. Necyria larunda, n. sp. (Tab. XLII. figg. 11, 12.)

Alis chalybeo-cxruleo-nigris, preter basin lineolis elongatis albis inter venas notatis; posticis macula costali,

altera ad medium marginis interni, coccineis; subtus ut supra sed posticarum dimidio distali cerulesentiori,

398 RHOPALOCERA.

° . } «ee . . . oo. . . .

anticis ad medium marginis interni macula coccinea, posticis maculis duabus hujus coloris ad coste:

medium ; abdominis lateralibus coccineis.

Hab. GuateMata (fide Dr. Staudinger).

The specimen described above was kindly submitted to us by Dr. Staudinger as.

coming from Guatemala, and in the same box was such a characteristic Guatemalan

species as Ana excellens. This is the only evidence of the existence of a Necyria from

that country.

The specimen referred to was not in good condition and the antenne were missing ;.

but we nevertheless think it well to give a figure of so interesting a butterfly.

MONETHE.

Themone, Section B. Monethe, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 462 (1851).

Two species have been recognized as belonging to this genus, to which we now add.

a third ; these are sparingly distributed over tropical America from Nicaragua to South

Brazil; this latter locality requires confirmation, resting at present on a specimen in

the British Museum, said to have come from Rio Janeiro.

The subcostal branch of the primaries in IZ. albertus emits one branch before the

end of the cell and two after it; the middle discocellular is short and meets the sub-

costal almost at a right angle; the upper radial meets the subcostal a little beyond the

cell; the lower discocellular is atrophied towards its upper end, it meets the median at.

an acute angle beyond the second branch; the costal side of the cell is shorter than

the median. ‘The secondaries have a basal nervure; the upper discocellular meets the

subcostal beyond the first branch at a wide obtuse angle; the lower discocellular meets.

the median at an acute angle beyond the second branch; the costal side of the cell is

much shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted beyond the middle of the

coxa; the femur >4 coxa, slightly dilated towards the distal end; tibia = coxa, dilated

in the middle; tarsus short, single-jointed <$ tibia. Terminal joint of palpi very small

and slender =4 middle joint, which tapers slightly towards the extremity ; basal joint

short = $ middle joint.

The harpagones have two short blunt setose lobes towards the extremity on the

outer side; a central piece arches over the penis and sends outward two blunt setose

lobes on either side of the middie; a broad filament thickly covered with papille.

apparently proceeds from the penis; the strap from the base of the penis proceeds out-

wards as far as the end of the harpagones, it is then splayed out laterally and turned

back to their base.

1. Monethe rudolphus, sp. n.

Alis nigris, area discali et anticis macula subapicali flavis; subtus ut supra sed macula ayticarum apicali multo.

majore fasciam formante; posticis maculis quinque submarginalibus albis notatis, macula frontali

MO NETHE.—NOTHEME. 399

utrinque, altera pone oculos, palpis (preter apices), pedibus plerumque, et striis duabus abdominalibus,

flavis.

Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales (Belt).—CoLomBIa.

This species may be distinguished from J. albertus by the submarginal row of white

‘spots on the secondaries beneath, the allied species having a single yellow spot near the

anal angle of the secondaries. JBelt’s Chontales collection contained a single male

example, the only one known from our country ; we have another obtained near Muzo,

in Colombia, by the plant-collector Chesterton ; a third, formerly in the Kaden col-

lection, was perhaps from Venezuela.

b'. Middle discocellular of the primaries atrophied *.

NOTHEME.

Themone, Section Notheme, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 462 (1851).

Amblygonia, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 308.

We are not acquainted with Amblygonia amarynthina, doubtfully referred to this

genus by Mr. Bates. WV. ewmeus, the only species known to us, has a wide range, as will

be seen below.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries emits one branch before the end of the cell

and two after it; the upper radial and the atrophied middle discocellular meet the sub-

costal at the same point, the latter at an acute angle; the lower discocellular is also

atrophied and meets the median close to the origin of the second branch; the

costal side of the cell is longer than the median side. The secondaries have a long

basal nervure; the upper discocellular is atrophied, and leaves the subcostal a little

beyond the first branch and makes an abrupt angle with the radial; the atrophied

lower discocellular can hardly be traced, but it meets the median opposite the origin of

the second branch; the costal side of the cell is shorter than the median side. The

front legs of the male have a short coxa; the trochanter is inserted a little beyond

the middle; the femur >+4 coxa, tibia = coxa, tarsus < tibia. Front leg of the female

has the terminal joint of the tarsus=second, it has a small setose pad beneath ; the first,

second, third, and fourth joints have each a strong spine at the end. The palpi of

the male have a rather slender terminal joint = + the middle joint, which tapers

slightly towards the distal end; basal joint < 3 middle joint ; the terminal joint in the

female is long and slender >}4 middle joint, and > basal joint. The antenne have

forty-one joints, the terminal thirteen forming a moderate club.

The secondary male sexual organs have the tegumen normal. The harpagones

terminate in a blunt slightly upturned lobe; another piece starts from the base of the

harpagones and meets above the penis, in a central blunt spine with two upturned

teeth at the extremity; it also emits two lateral lobes setose towards their extremity ;

* Extra-limital genera of this division are Panara, Themone, Oreas, and Syrmatia.

400 RHOPALOCERA.

beneath the penis, near its proximal end and slightly diverging from it, is another:

chitinous piece; towards its distal end it turns upwards and bifurcates laterally, each

fork terminating on the inside with a roughened pad without sete.

1. Notheme eumeus.

Papilio eumeus, Fabr. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 63’.

Notheme eumeus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Diurn. Lep. p. 142’.

Papilio erota, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 276. f. G?.

Papiho ouranus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 335. f. C*.

Notheme ouranus, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 425°.

Amblygonia agathon, Feld. Reise d. Nov. p. 308, t. 37. f. 25, 26°.

Alis fusco-nigris, ciliis nigris, ad apices albis; fascia communi mediana albida, in posticis utraque aurantio-

terminata ; posticis fasciola metallica submarginali, subtus ut supra sed fasciola metallica absente.

Hab. Guatemata, Pantaleon, Boca Nueva in the Polochic valley (Champion) ;

NicaraGua, Chontales (Janson).—Soutu America, Colombia to Guiana 134 and Eastern

Brazil °.

Of this southern species we have received a few specimens from widely distant points:

within our limits, where it must be a scarce insect. The most northern examples

hardly differ from others from the Amazons valley, except, perhaps, that the band of

the wings is rather wider, whiter, and less fawn-colour.

Mr. Champion only met with this species in the forest-region of the “tierra.

caliente.”

CYRENIA.

Cyrenia, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 435 (1851).

If we except Erycina belphegor of Westwood, doubtfully referred by Mr. Bates to:

this genus, there are but two closely allied species of Cyrenia, one of which ranges

over the Amazons valley, the other is found in Panama. Mr. Bates places it between

Lyropteryx and Hades in his Monograph on the Erycinide ; but it seems to us to have

no very near connection with either form.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in C. martia emits one branch before the end

of the cell and two after it; the discocellulars are nearly in a line and atrophied towards.

the middle ; the upper discocellular makes an acute angle with the subcostal, meeting

it at the same point as the upper radial; the lower discocellular meets the median at

right angles at a little beyond the second branch; the costal side of the cell is

considerably longer than the median side. The secondaries have a strong basal

nervure ; the discocellulars are atrophied, the upper meeting the subcostal at an obtuse

angle a little beyond the first branch, the lower the median a little beyond the second

branch ; the costal side of the cell is shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted in the middle of the coxa ;

CYRENIA.—ITH®MEIS. 401

the femur =} coxa; tibia =? coxa, much swollen throughout its length, its width in

the middle being about one third its length; there is a depression at the distal end,

the tarsus being absent. ‘The palpi have a somewhat long and slender terminal joint

—1 middle joint. The antenne have fifty joints, whereof seventeen form a very gradual

club. yes hairy.

There are no peculiarities in the tegumen of the male secondary sexual organs ;

the harpagones are two rather slender ascending lobes dentate at the extremity and

setose at the outer end; there is apparently an arch over the penis bearing a triangular

lobe on either side, dentate and setose along its upper surface; the penis itself is

deflexed almost into a semicircle; a strap proceeds from its base outwards to between

the harpagones, and is then bent abruptly to their base.

1. Cyrenia pyrippe. (Tab. XLI. figg. 13, 14.)

Cyrenia pyrippe, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1878, p. 362°.

Alis fuscis, anticis ad basin indistincte nigro translineatis, plaga discali elliptica alba; posticis plaga albida fere

obsoleta marginem externum versus, maculis duabus, una ad medium marginis interni, altera ad coste

medium, coccineis; subtus fere ut supra, plaga alba posticarum multo magis distincta ; abdomine subtus

rufo-ochraceo ; posticis valde rotundatis.

Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé 1).

The single specimen of this Cyrenia we described in 1878 is the only one we have

yet seen. Its ally, C. martia, is found in Colombia, and thence spreads throughout

the Amazons valley to Guiana.

C. pyrippe differs from its congener in having shorter, more rounded secondaries,

the white spot on which is nearly obsolete on the upper surface and placed nearer the

outer margin. ‘The red spots, too, beneath are much smaller.

ITHOMHEIS.

Ithomeis, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p. 541 (1862).

We are acquainted with eight species of this genus, which is remarkable for the

resemblance its members bear to certain species of [thomia and Eresia. Its range is

chiefly confined to the Amazons valley; but two species occur in Colombia and one

enters our region, being found in Costa Rica and the adjoining portion of the State of

Panama.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in J. heliconina emits one branch before the

end of the cell and two after it *; the middle discocellular and the upper radial meet

the subcostal almost at the same point, but in the male a very short upper discocellular

* Mr. Bates, in his description of this genus, states that the subcostal has two branches; but he seems to

have mistaken the lower fork of the subcostal for the upper radial. We have examined every species of the

genus, and the number of subcostal branches is invariably three.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., January 1886. 3 F

402 RHOPALOCERA.

can be traced ; the lower discocellular is atrophied towards the upper end, and meets the

median a little beyond the second branch; the costal side of the cell is a little shorter

than the median side. The secondaries have a long basal nervure ; the upper discocellular

is atrophied for the greater part of its length, it meets the subcostal at a large obtuse

angle a little beyond the first branch ; the lower discocellular is atrophied towards its

upper end, and meets the median beyond the second branch ; the costal side of the cell

is shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted beyond the middle of the

coxa; the femur =4 coxa; tibia = coxa, dilated in the middle; tarsus =? tibia.

The terminal tarsal joint of the female = three preceding joints, with a large setose

pad on the under surface; the second, third, and fourth joints terminate with a strong

spine. The palpi have a very short terminal joint = § middle joint, which tapers

gradually towards its distal end, the basal joint is dilated = } middle joint. Antenne

with forty-three joints, and terminating with a slender club. The harpagones terminate

in two short stout setose lobes; above the penis is a single long depressed spine. The

penis itself is slightly decurved, blunt at the extremity; a strap connects it with the

base of the harpagones, running outwards and then curving abruptly back.

1. Ithomeis imitatrix, (Tab. XLI. figg. 15,166,179.)

Ithomeis imitatrix, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 362’.

Ithomeis eulema, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 353’.

Alis nigris, anticis apice alba, maculis sex margini externo subparallelibus ochraceo-albidis, tribus ad costam

proximis elongatis, maculis duabus inter ramos medianos et una in cellula ejusdem coloris, fascia infra-

cellulari et posticis preter marginem externum saturate fulvis, posticarum margine externo albo punctato ;

subtus sicut supra, costa posticarum saturate fulva; prothorace utrinque albo punctato, fronte alba,

abdomine fulvo supra, medialiter fusco.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten”), Cache, Irazu (Rogers!); Panama, Veraguas

(Arcé *).

This [thomeis is certainly very closely allied to I. eulema, Hew., differing in its

primaries being blacker at the base, the fulvous streak being very small or altogether

wanting. ‘The black border of the secondaries is wider towards the anal angle, instead

of being nearly parallel throughout.

It is no doubt a form of J. eulema; and perhaps, when a larger series is examined,

not to be separated from that species.

The homceochromatic associates of J. imitatriv are Eresia pecilina, Callithomia

hezia, Euterpe dismorphina, &c.

TMETOGLENE, 408

TMETOGLENE.

Tmetoglene, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. vi. p. 235 (vice Brachyglenis, p. 78).

Metapheles, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 155.

_ We now know of four species belonging to this genus (two of which are here

described for the first time), three of them being found in our region; the fourth is

from Brazil, the extreme southern limit of the genus.

We have dissected specimens of Tmetoglene esthema and T. dodone, and we find in

them no tangible generic differences. Metapheles dinora appears to be essentially the

same so far as external characters go, nor can we trace the difference in the neuration

of the primaries spoken of by Mr. Bates when he described the genus; all the peculiar

markings of the body are similar in both types; we therefore unite them under one

genus.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in 7’. esthema emits one branch before the

end of the cell and two after it; the upper radial meets the subcostal beyond the end

of the cell; the middle discocellular is atrophied, and meets the subcostal at an acute

angle a little beyond the first branch ; the lower discocellular is atrophied towards its.

upper end; it meets the median at an acute angle a little beyond the second branch ;

the costal side of the cell is very little shorter than the median side. The secondaries

have a basal nervure; the discocellulars are atrophied towards the middle, the upper

meets the subcostal a little before the first branch, the lower the median just beyond

the second branch; the costal side is much shorter than the median side; the cells of

both wings are very short. In Z. dodone the first subcostal branch of the primaries

anchyloses with the costal, but to a different extent in the wings of the same insect.

The front legs in the male of 7. esthema have the trochanter inserted a little

beyond the middle of the coxa, the femur =} coxa, tibia > coxa, tarsus = femur +

trochanter; in M/. dodone both the coxa and tibia are rather stouter. The palpi

(M. dodone) have a short terminal joint = middle joint, which is stout, tapering

gradually towards the end; the basal joint is dilated and longer than the terminal joint.

The harpagones have two lobes: the upper one is narrow and directed forwards, the

lower one springs from the base and is long and club-shaped, and extends upwards

to the lobes of the tegumen. The strap to the penis, after proceeding forwards,

bends back to the base of the harpagone; at the angle a long piece projects outwards

in the middle line. ‘These parts are practically the same in 7. dodone; the lower lobe

of the harpagones is shorter.

1. Tmetoglene dinora. (Tab. XLII. fig. 1.)

Metapheles dinora, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 155°.

Alis hyalinis ; marginibus, venis omnibus et fascia in anticis obliqua ultracellulari a costa ad angulum analem

transeunte nigris letissime nitido-cyaneo lavatis; anticis plaga ultra fasciam transversam albicante venis

divisa ; fronte nigra utrinque alba; cruribus anticis albis ; abdomine cyaneo-nigro utrinque ochraceo-rufo,

3p 2

404 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Nicaraeva, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Calobre (Arcé 1).

The only specimen from the State of Panama in our collection is the male described

by Mr. Bates in 1866. From Nicaragua we have a female taken by Belt.

‘We doubt whether this species is found in the southern continent. A Brazilian

insect much resembling 7. dinora in general appearance often stands for it in col-

lections. This we describe below in order to clear up the confusion *.

T’. dinora is readily distinguished by the beautiful blue gloss on the upper side of the

wings. ‘his blue colour also extends to the abdomen, which has a large ochre patch

on either side, but no white lines.

2. Tmetoglene dodone, sp. n. (Tab. XLII. figg. 2,343,429.)

T. dinore similis sed alis multo minus hyalinis, venis latius nigris, colore cyaneo, haud nitido.

Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Chiriqui

(fibbe, Zahn).

This species of Tmetoglene is much more abundant than J. dinora, being found

commonly at Chiriqui, where, so far as we know, 7. dinora does not occur. Its range

northwards is also more limited, not reaching Nicaragua. It is therefore possible that

these two allied species do not coexist in the samearea. That they are distinct species

there can be no doubt, as reference to the figures will show.

Found on the margins of the forest and second-growth woods (Champion).

8. Tmetoglene esthema.

Brachyglenis esthema, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. vi. p. 73°.

Tmetoglene esthema, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 306, t. 38. f. 15, 16’.

Alis canescentibus, venis omnibus, anticarum costa et apice, margine externo quoque fuscis cceruleo vix tinctis ;

anticis fascia venis divisa subapicali albicante; subtus ut supra sed omnino albicantioribus ; fronte nigra

utrinque alba; cruribus anticis albis ; abdomine lateraliter ochraceo.

Obs. A T. dinora et T. dodone anticarum fascia transversa lata ultracellulari fere absente, alis latioribus minus

productis, posticarum angulo anali magis acuto differt.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ridde).—Rio Nuero12; Ecvapor ; Boutvia.

The blue gloss on the wings of this species is more conspicuous in fresh specimens.

It is readily distinguishable from its allies by the several characters pointed out above,

though the general resemblance is obvious.

Dr. Felder’s type came from the Rio Negro!; the species has since been traced to

* Tmetoglene drymo, sp. n.

T. dinore primo visu sat similis, colore cyaneo alarum fere absente; posticarum margine interno albo striato,

abdomine supra et infra albo longitudinaliter bistriato, et anticis subtus ad basin macula ochraceo-rufa

notatis distinguenda.

Hab. Braziz, 8. Paolo (Rogers).

Mus. nostr.

LEPRICORNIS., 405

Ecuador and Bolivia, where Buckley procured specimens in both countries. In our

region it has as yet only been caught in the neighbourhood of Chiriqui; and here only

by Herr Ribbe, Mr. Champion not having met with it.

LEPRICORNIS.

Lepricornis, Felder, Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 307.

This genus was based by Felder upon a single specimen obtained by Sallé in

Mexico, and a second species from South Brazil was placed in it by Butler. Of

the last-named insect we have several examples; but we are unwilling to describe this

as typical without comparing them with the actual type.

Felder’s generic characters are as follows:—“ Antenne sat breves, crassiuscule, in

clavam elongatam, excavatam sensim increscentes, squamis subpatulis piliformibus

(presertim apud articulos) dense tecte. Palpi crassiusculi, faciem superantes. Ale

integerrime, ecaudate, sat late, anticee vena subcostali triramosa, ramo primo non

multo ante, secundo proxime pone cellule clausum ascendente, vena discoidali superiore

e vena subcostali sat longe post cellule extimum oriente, inferiore bene supra venule

discocellularis medium emissa, ramo mediano secundo et tertio bene distantibus,

postice vena costali brevi ante coste medium excurrente, cellula discoidali brevissima,

ramo mediano secundo et tertio in conditione ordinaria, sed interstitiis vene primarie

medianz sat brevibus.”

1. Lepricornis melanchroia.

Lepricornis melanchroia, Felder, Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 307, t. 38. f. 25.

“ Ale anticw costa pone medium deflexa, supra omnes fumato-nigrescenti-fusce, margine externo excepto

chalybeo suffusee, radiis dilutius chalybeis inter venas (in anticis solum in regione basali et interna),

antice fascia subapicali margines non attingente subdiffusa chalybeo alba e maculis quatuor confluente ;

ale subtus ut supra, radiis chalybeis tantum angustioribus letioribus anticarumque fascia angustiore,

palpi et collare aurantiaco fulva.” (Felder, loc. cit.)

Hab. Mexico (Sallé 1).

We have never met with this species, the type of Felder’s genus Lepricornis.

2. Lepricornis bicolor, sp. nov. (Tab. XLIII. fig. 13.)

Alis brunneo-nigris area interna et macula magna in regione anticarum apicali aurantiacis, macula inter

antennas, collari, stria utrinque corporis, macula frontali, palpis (preter apices), pedibus et abdomine

subtus ejusdem coloris, fronte superiori cirrosa nigerrima, antennis omnino nigris.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

We have a single specimen of this species. The thickened antenne, of nearly

uniform width throughout, resemble those of Lepricornis atricolor ; and the neuration,

so far as we can examine it, agrees with the description given by Felder of the genus

and also with the species just mentioned. The peculiar tuft of decurved black hairs

406 RHOPALOCERA.

on the upper part of the forehead is noteworthy, and when a proper dissection is made

other differences may be revealed.

This species greatly resembles a day-flying moth frequenting the same forest region

of the low country (Champion).

CHAMALIMNAS.

Chamelimnas, Felder, Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 304.

This genus contains six species, distributed between the State of Panama and

Southern Brazil. Of these one only just enters our borders, a single specimen of the

Colombian C. villagomes having been taken by Herr Ribbe near Panama.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of C. briola emits one branch before the end

of the cell and two after it; the middle discocellular and the upper radial meet the

subcostal at the same point, the former making an acute angle with the subcostal ;

the lower discocellular is atrophied towards the upper end and meets the median just

beyond the second branch. The secondaries have a basal nervure; the upper disco-

cellular is short and meets the subcostal at an obtuse angle beyond the first branch;

the lower discocellular is atrophied and meets the median some way beyond the second

branch.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted beyond the middle of the

coxa, the femur is very short <3 coxa, tibia >2 femur, tarsus =} tibia (single

jointed). Palpi have a short terminal joint slender, = 4 middle joint, which is swollen

towards the middle, the basal joint is long, dilated, and > $ middle joint. Antenne

with about thirty-three joints, the terminal thirteen forming a slender club.

The harpagones are very feeble lobes, slightly setose at the ends; between thei is

a piece arching over the penis and produced forward to a blunt point, setose at

the end, and bearing a lateral lobe on either side also setose at the end. The strap

from the base of the penis is produced forward to beyond the harpagones, where it

turns slightly upwards; it then is bent abruptly backward to their base; the penis

tapers gradually to the end and is bent almost to a semicircle. The bursa copulatrix

of the female has two very small smooth chitinous papille.

1. Chamelimnas villagomes. (Tab. XLI. fig. 6.)

Chamelimnas villagomes, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 163; Ex. Butt., Chamelimnas and

Ithomiola, fig. 6°.

Alis nigris, anticis plaga mediana elliptica et striola discali longitudinali aurantiis, posticis dimidio basali

coloris ejusdem, macula frontali supra palpos quoque aurantia.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe, mus. Staudinger).—Ecuapor } 2,

This species has several close allies in C. briola and C. phenias and others; but

a characteristic feature distinguishes it, viz. the orange spot in front of the head.

CHIMASTRUM. 407

It is only known to us as an inhabitant of our region from a single specimen taken

by Herr Ribbe in Chiriqui, which was kindly submitted to us for examination by Dr.

Staudinger.

CHIMASTRUM, gen. nov.

The primaries rounded, costa and outer margin outwardly convex, inner margin

nearly straight. The subcostal nervure emits one branch before the end of the cell,

and two afterwards; the upper radial joins the subcostal some way beyond the second

branch and far beyond the end of the cell; the middle discocellular meets the subcostal

at an acute angle, and is slightly curved and atrophied for most of its length ; the lower

discocellular is also convex and atrophied for its upper half, it meets the median some

way beyond the second branch; the costal and median sides of the cell are nearly

equal ; the secondaries are rounded; there is a strong basal nervure; the upper disco-

cellular meets the subcostal at an obtuse angle before the first branch, the lower

discocellular the median at an acute angle some distance beyond the second branch ;

the costal side of the cell is shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted about the middle of the

coxa; the femur =2 coxa and slightly dilated towards its distal end, tibia—coxa,

tarsus=femur. The front leg of the female has the terminal tarsal joint a little

longer than the second joint, and a setose pad beneath; the second, third, and fourth

joints terminate beneath with a pair of spines. The palpi are peculiar in that the

terminal joint seems to be fused with the middle joint—there is not even a constriction

showing an atrophied joint; the basal joint is short. There are thirty-one joints in

the antennz, whereof the terminal eleven form a well-defined club.

The secondary sexual organs of the male have the harpagones with a single lobe,

rather acute and setose towards its extremity; the penis is short, truncate, and

decurved, and either within its cavity or attached to its sheath are two patches

of long strong spines; the usual strap proceeds from its base to the base of the

harpagones.

In the female the bursa copulatrix has two short blunt granular spines, and the duct

leading to it is much enlarged towards its external orifice ; it is corrugated towards the

middle and granular.

The alliances of this genus are somewhat complex. The neuration of the primaries

differs essentially from that of Mesene in that the subcostal nervure emits one branch

before and two after the ‘end of the cell, thus resembling to some extent Chemelimnas ;

the position of the upper radial corresponds with neither genus. ‘The palpi are also

peculiar, as are the male organs, though these bear some slight relationship in both

sexes to those of Esthemopsis. We place the genus in this position solely in virtue

of the neuration of its wings.

408 RHOPALOCERA.

1, Chimastrum argenteum. (Mesene argentea, Tab. XLII. fig. 28.)

Mesene argentea, Bates, Ent. Month]. Mag. iii. p. 154°.

Mesene hewitsoni, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 22°.

Alis niveis undique, preter margines externos, nigro circumcinctis ; alis ad basin, thorace, palpis et cruribus

anticis, pallide ochraceis.

2 mari similis.

Hab. Guatemata?, Polochic valley (Hague'), Panima, Cubilguitz, Teleman (Cham-

pion); Panama, Chiriqui (22bde), Bugaba (Champion).

We have now a considerable series of this pretty species from Guatemala and the

State of Panama, where it would appear to be fairly abundant in certain districts,

frequenting dense humid forests of the low country.

Esthemopsis carnutes, Hew. (Ex. Butt. Erycina, Symmachia, &c.), of Colombia,

appears to be strictly congeneric with C. argenteum.

The moth Astyochia crane (Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am. Lep. Het. i. p. 158, t. 14. f.18, 19),

especially the female, is very like C. argenteuwm in size and colour.

c. Subcostal nervure of primaries with two branches emitted before

and one after the end of the cell.

c’. Palpi not projecting beyond the forehead.

a", Antenne without white or pale rings *.

LIMNAS.

Limnas, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. t. 20. f. 1 (1836) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p- 459.

After removing Limnas bryaxis and its allies from this genus, there remain about

twenty-five species strictly belonging to it: these are distributed throughout Tropical

America, from Mexico to South Brazil. Only four species occur within our limits, all

of them found in Mexico or Guatemala, and only one of them, L. jarbas, extending

southwards to Ecuador and Guiana.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of Z. pive emits two branches before the end

of the cell, and one after it; the discocellulars are both atrophied as they approach the

lower radial; the middle discocellular and upper radial meet the subcostal nearly at the

same point; the lower discocellular meets the median a little beyond the second branch;

the costal side of the cell is nearly equal to the median side. The secondaries have a

strong basal nervure; the discocellulars are atrophied—the upper meets the subcostal

beyond the first branch, the lower meets the median beyond the second branch ; the

costal side of the cell is considerably shorter than the median side.

* Barbicornis, Xenandra, Lucilla, and Pheles come into this division, and probably Dryas.

LIMNAS. 409

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted beyond the middle of the

coxa; the femur is <4 coxa, dilated towards its distal end; tibia=coxa dilated in the

middle; tarsus (two-jointed)=femur-+trochanter. The terminal tarsal joint of the

female=second joint ; the first, second, third, and fourth joints terminate beneath with

strong spines; there are other spines beneath on the first and second joints. The

terminal joint of the palpi is short, about =} middle joint, the basal joint is much

dilated and =} middle joint. Antenne with forty joints, of which the terminal fifteen

form a moderate club.

The tegumen in the secondary organs of the male is normal; the harpagones are

lobes terminating in a slightly upturned point, and are setose on their outer surface

towards the end; above the penis is an arch armed externally with a setose lobe on

either side; the strap which proceeds from the base of the penis reaches forward as far

as the end of the harpagones; it is there splayed out and returns abruptly to the base

of the harpagones. The penis itself is bent almost to a semicircle, and terminates in

an abrupt point, a little before which are two small dentations on the upper side, and

a filament of uncertain shape proceeds from the orifice a little further back.

1. Limnas pixe.

Limnas pize, Boisd. Sp. Gén. t. 20. f.1'; Lép. Guat. p. 267; Butl. & Druce, P.Z.S. 1874,

p- 853°.

Alis nigris, anticarum apicibus flavis, macula ad basin, altera ad posticarum basin et serie submarginali coccineis ;

subtus omnino similis; abdominis lateralibus coccineo maculatis.

Obs. Ale anticee maris interdum ad angulum analem maculis una duabus aut tribus coccineis ornate.

Hab. Mexico! (Sallé?, Deppe), Cordova (Riimeli, Hoge), Valladolid in Yucatan

(Gaumer); Brirish Honpvras, Corosal (Roe), Belize (Blancaneaux) ; GuaTEMALA, Polo-

chic valley and Central Guatemala (Ff. D. G. & O. S.), Panima, Chiacam, Cahabon,

Zapote, Paraiso (Champion) ; Honpuras 2; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson) ; Costa

Rica (Van Patten®); Panama, Bugaba (Champion, Arcé), Calobre (Arcé).

Boisduval says in his Lepidoptera of Guatemala?, that the specimen he figured in

his “ Species Général” was obtained in Mexico, by M. Sallé ; but some years previously

Deppe had sent examples to the Berlin Museum, where we saw them a short time

ago. Limnas pixe is a common insect in Southern Mexico, and throughout Central

America, as far as the district of Veraguas, in the State of Panama. It frequents the

hotter forest country, up to an elevation of about 3000 feet.

There is considerable variation in the size and number of the red spots at the anal

angles of the primaries in this species. These spots do not exist in Mexican specimens.

In Guatemala some are without them, others have as many as three, and the same is

the case in examples from the State of Panama. The Calobre individuals have all the

red spots large, and of rather a yellower shade than is usual.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., January 1886. 3G

410 RHOPALOCERA.

2. Limnas jarbas.

Papilio jarbas, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 83 '.

Lymnas jarbas, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Diurn. Lep. p. 143°.

Papilio electron, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 321°.

Limnas melantho, Ménétr. En. Corp. An. Mus. Petr. i. p. 93, t. 3. f, 7*; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc.

Zool. ix. p. 426°; Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 26°.

Alis nigris ad basin macula coccinea notatis, anticis fascia transversa ultracellulari, apice (interdum) et

posticarum margine externo precipue ad angulum analem aurantio-flavis; subtus omnino ut supra venis

vix pallidioribus.

Hab. Guatemata, La Tinta (Champion); Honpuras (Dyson ?); Nicaragua 45 6&—

CoLomBia ; Ecuapor; VENEZUELA ?; Trintpap; Gurana ! 23,

This Limnas can readily be distinguished from L. pixe by the yellow band which

crosses the primaries, the apex in the latter species being yellow.

In Central America L. jarbas appears to be very scarce. Though recorded from

Nicaragua many years ago, we have only a single specimen from thence, and Mr. Cham-

pion captured only one during the whole of his stay in Guatemala, and never met with

it in the State of Panama at all.

The Nicaraguan insect was described by Ménétriésas L. melantho, but we are unable

to distinguish it from the South American form. The small yellow spot at the apex

of the primaries is a very variable character, and of no specific value. The yellow

edging to the secondaries is also variable, but in Z. yarbas seems always to include, not

only the fringe, but also a portion of the wing. In ZL. melander, to which L. jarbas

is intimately allied, the fringe alone is coloured yellow, and is even dark in some

cases. :

3. Limnas cephise.

Lyropteryx cephise, Ménétr. En. Corp. An. Mus. Petrop. i. p. 89, t. 3. f. 8°.

Limnas cephise, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 427 *.

Alis sordide nigris, venis omnibus albicantibus macula coccinea ad basin notatis ; subtus omnino ut supra,

posticis macula altera coccinea ad basin coste ornatis.

Hab. Muxtco, Mazatlan (Forrer) ; Nicaragua 2 (Delattré ').

We have recently received from Mr. Forrer a specimen of this species, taken near

Mazatlan in Mexico, which agrees in all respects with others from Nicaragua,

and with Ménétriés’s figure. This specimen was captured in the same locality

as others of L. acrolewca—a somewhat remarkable fact, if the latter species be really

distinct.

Like L. jarbas, L. cephise seems to be rare in Central America; besides the Mexican

locality above mentioned and Nicaragua, we know of no other place where it is

found.

LIMNAS.—ESTHEMOPSIS. 411

4. Limnas acroleuca.

Limnas acroleuca, R. Feld. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 4677.

L. cephise affinis sed alis nigricantioribus et anticis albo ad apicem terminatis forsan distinguenda.

Hab, Mexico, Mazatlan (Forrer), Huahuapan (Hedemann 1), Oaxaca (Deppe).

It is perhaps doubtful if this insect is really separable from L. cephise. Almost the

only tangible difference is the presence in the former of a white tip to the apex of the

primaries, not seen in the latter. This character of a white or yellow apex in species

of Limnas is one that shows considerable variation, and we use it to differentiate L.

acroleuca with some hesitation.

The first specimens of this insect sent to Europe were those obtained by Deppe at

Oaxaca, which are now in the Berlin Museum. It has since been found at various

places, but seems to be more abundant near Mazatlan than elsewhere.

ESTHEMOPSIS.

Esthemopsis, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 306 (1865).

Pseudopheles, Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. iu. v. p. 544.

Esthemopsis clonia is the type of this genus, a species discovered in Colombia by

Lindig, and now traced northward through the State of Panama to Nicaragua.

The genus contains nine or ten species, all agreeing fairly well in their generic

characters ; with these we now include two others which have some characters in

common with EHsthemopsis, while others are certainly aberrant, but as each of these

species is represented by a single individual, we are unwilling to attempt to place them

definitely, and they will be found at the end of the account of the family.

The northern limit of the range of Esthemopsis is Guatemala; thence it passes south-

wards throughout the Amazons valley to Maranham in North Brazil. Four species

occur within our region, one of which is the aberrant form referred to above.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of £. clonia emits two branches before the

end of the cell and one beyond it ; the upper radial meets the subcostal beyond the

cell; the atrophied middle discocellular is at right angles to the subcostal; the lower

discocellular is bent in the middle, the upper half atrophied, the lower meeting the

median some way beyond the origin of the second branch; the costal and median

sides of the cell are subequal. Secondaries with a strong basal nervure, both disco-

cellulars atrophied, the upper meeting the subcostal at an obtuse angle beyond the

origin of the first branch, the lower meeting the median at a large acute angle beyond

the origin of the second branch; the costal side of the cell is shorter than the median

side. ‘The front legs of the male have the coxa considerably produced beyond the tro-

chanter-coxal joint ; the femur =% coxa, dilated towards the distal end; tibia > femur

+trochanter, tarsus=tibia, two-jointed, with two short sete at the extremity. The

front legs of the female have the second joint nearly equal to the fifth, the fourth

3 G2

412 RHOPALOCERA.

being the shortest. Antenne gradually taper towards the extremity, having an abrupt

club. The palpi have a very small terminal joint, the middle one tolerably stout,

tapering towards the extremity and about four times as long as the terminal joint.

The secondary sexual organs of the male have the tegumen with two lobes, setose on

their outer surface towards the ends; between them is a short depressed hook, and in

the middle what appears to be a central keel, on either side also a strong incurved

hook. The harpagones bilobed, the lower lobe incurved, and both setose outside

towards the distal end. The penis is short and truncate, with a broad strap dilated in

the middle between it and the base of the harpagones; inside are two rows of dentate

papille which in our preparation reach to a little beyond the orifice; there is also a

strong chitinous piece, apparently dependent from the penis, upturned with an out-

wardly serrate edge; the precise attachments of this piece are not clear in our pre-

paration.

1. Esthemopsis clonia.

Esthemopsis clonia, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 306, t. 88. ff. 11, 12'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S.

1874, p. 358°.

Alis chalybeo-nigris, anticis fascia arcuata macularum quinque aut sex albarum subapicali a costa ad marginem

externum (interdum ad angulum analem) transeunte, posticis maculis quinque aut sex guitiformibus sub-

marginalibus notatis ; subtus fere ut supra; prothorace lateraliter, fronte et palpis rubris; cruribus anticis

fuscis.

@ mari similis,

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa R1ca (Van Patten?) ; Panama,

Bugaba (Champion).—CotomBia 1,

Colombian specimens upon which the name was founded have the white band of the

primaries rather broader than Central-American examples ; but there seems to be no

essential difference.

#. clonia has a much wider range than E. strigosa, being not uncommon in Nica-

ragua and extending into Colombia, F. strigosa being, so far as we know, confined to

the district of Chiriqui, where it is much more common than its more widely diffused

ally.

It was found by Mr. Champion in the forest region of the low country west of

Bugaba. It greatly resembles a day-flying moth frequenting the same locality.

2. Esthemopsis strigosa.

Esthemopsis strigosus, Staud. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 1875 »p. 110°%.

Alis nigris cyanescenti vix tinctis, anticis fascia macularum quatuor fere recta ultracellulari a costa ad medium

marginis externi transeunte, striolis inter ramos medianos et venis posticarum canescentibus ; subtus ‘ut

supra sed striolis canescentibus magis obviis ; prothorace lateraliter et palpis aurantiis; cruribus fuscis.

@ mari similis,

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ribée 1), Bugaba (Champion).

ESTHEMOPSIS. 413

This species is, as Dr. Staudinger says, closely allied to HE. clonia, one of the

chief differences being in the band of the primaries, which in Z. strigosa consists of

four spots in a nearly straight row, and in Z. clonia of five or six in a curve. The

radiating stripes between the nervules are more marked in £. strigosa, whence its

name.

Herr Ribbe supplied Dr. Staudinger with his types, and we have examples from the

same source, and also several others sent us by Mr. Champion, who met with it in the

same district frequented by LH. clonia.

8. Esthemopsis alicia. (Tab. XLI. figg. 18, 19.)

Pheles alicia, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 203".

Esthemopsis alicia, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1x. p. 433°.

Alis chalybeo-nigris, anticis fascia obliqua subapicali venis divisa alba; subtus ut supra, posticis ceeruleo radio-

latis ; prothorace undique, fronte et palpis rubris ; cruribus anticis fuscis, medialiter albidis.

Q nobis ignota.

Hab. Guatemata 2, forests of Northern Vera Paz (F. D. G. & 0.8.1), Polochic valley,

Choctum (Hague).

Of this species we captured a single male specimen in the forest-region of Vera Paz,

north of Coban, at an altitude of about 1200 feet above the sea; and from the same

district, as well as from the valley of the Polochic, Mr. Hague sent us three other

examples. Mr. Champion did not meet with it.

The insect figured as this species by Hewitson is distinct, for not only is the band of

the primaries different, but the prothorax and palpi are black.

4, Esthemopsis (?) czeruleata. (Tab. XLI. figg. 6, 7.)

Limnas ceruleata, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 362°.

Alis ceruleo-nigris, anticis fascia transversa ultracellulari flava; subtus anticis ut supra colore czeruleo absente ;

posticis lineis ceruleis longitudinalibus ad angulum analem ornatis; fronte et cruribus anticis flavis.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (2ibde 1).

The single specimen of this species obtained by Herr Ribbe in Chiriqui is the only

one we have yet met with. We are in some doubt as to the correct position of the

species, which was originally referred to the genus Limnas. On further consideration

we now think it belongs rather to Esthemopsis, but until we obtain sufficient materials

to make a fuller dissection we must leave the matter in doubt. We can detect no

outward structural character not shared by Esthemopsis; and the anal angle of the

secondaries being somewhat produced corresponds with what we find in such species as

Esthemopsis clonia, while the radiating blue lines on the secondaries beneath resemble

those of E. alicia.

E. ceruleata would be an abnormal species as regards its coloration in any genus yet

known to us, but has some features in common with Lucilla.

414 RHOPALOCERA.

MESENOPSIS, gen. nov.

We find, on dissection, that the so-called Limnas bryaxis of Hewitson cannot be

retained in that genus. Not only are there slight differences in the neuration, but the

structure of the male secondary organs differs so widely that it seems necessary to

place it elsewhere. The latter characters suggest a relationship with JMJesene and

Cricosoma, and we accordingly place it near those genera.

We recognize three, perhaps four, species as belonging to this genus, two of which

belong to our region; a third is from Western Colombia*; and a fourth, represented

by a fragment which formed part of the late Mr. Belt’s Maranham collection, is from

Northern Brazil. This latter specimen may prove to belong to our MW. melanochlorus.

The subcostal branch of the primaries of MM. bryaxis emits two branches before the

end of the cell and one after it; the discocellulars are atrophied, the middle one and

the upper radial meet the subcostal at the same point, the lower one the median a little

beyond the second branch; the costal side of the cell is a little longer than the median

side. ‘The secondaries have a strong basal nervure; the atrophied upper discocellular

meets the subcostal opposite the first branch, the lower the median beyond the second

branch; the costal side of the cell is a little longer than the median side. The

trochanter of the front legs of the male is inserted in the coxa a little beyond the

middle; the femur <4 coxa, dilated towards its distal end, tibia=about # coxa, tarsus

(single-jointed) =2 tibia. The terminal tarsal joint in the legs of the female is about

= second and has a setose pad beneath ; the first, second, and third joints terminate

beneath with two strong spines; the fourth has three, and there are other spines on

the third and fourth beneath. The terminal joint of the palpi is short=+ middle

joint, which is somewhat dilated in the middle ; the basal joint is long turgid >$

middle joint.

The secondary male sexual organs have a normal tegumen; the harpagones are

simple, terminating above in an acute angle; beneath is a strong spine in the middle

line, connected below with the base of the harpagones. The penis is short and

truncate, and inside the orifice at its extremity are numerous patches of dentate

papille, which are probably attached to filaments and capable of extrusion, as in

Cricosoma.

1. Mesenopsis bryaxis.

Limnas (?) bryaxis, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vi. p. 227'; Ex. Butt., Limnas, 3. f. 20, 21”.

* Mesenopsis briseis, sp. n.

M. bryaxt similis, sed minor, fasciis alarum flavis haud margines exteriores attingentibus, marginibus his late

nigris distinguenda,

Hab. Cotomsia, San Pablo, R. San Juan (T'rétsch).

We are indebted to Dr. Staudinger for a pair of this species.

MESENOPSIS.—SYMMACHIA. 415

Alis nigris, ambabus fascia lata longitudinali flava ; subtus omnino ut supra, posticarum angulo anali flavido ;

fronte, palpis, tectricibus alarum, cruribus anticis et abdominis lateribus flavis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt 12, Janson).

Belt obtained many specimens of this species, and others were taken by Janson.

In shape and colour it closely resembles Plavinia leta, a moth found in the same

districts (Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am. Lep.-Het. i. p. 150).

2. Mesenopsis melanochlora. (Limnas melanochlorus, Tab. XLI. fig. 5.)

Limnas melanochlora, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p, 362°.

L. bryaxi similis, fascia alarum angustiore et magis aurautia, et lateribus suis fere parallelibus distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Chiriqui (Ridbe'), Bugaba (Champion).

In its style of coloration this species closely resembles LZ. bryaxis, but we have no

doubt that it is really distinct. The yellow longitudinal bands of the wings are of

nearly equal width throughout, instead of being subtriangular, and their colour is

decidedly richer.

It is a much rarer species than ZL. bryaxis—three specimens only, one from Chontales

and two from Chiriqui, being all we have seen.

In the latter country Mr. Champion found it in the forest region of the low country

west of Bugaba.

Josia ligata, a moth found at Bugaba, is very like this species in size and colour

(Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am. Lep.-Het. i. p. 148).

6". Antenne with white rings or spots *.

SYMMACHIA.

Symmachia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 25, 26 (1816) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 444

(1851).

After removing the section of this genus the wings of which are of a metallic green,

and for which we have revived Hiibner’s name Caria, there remain about twenty-five

species of true Symmachia, of which nine are found within our limits; of these, only

three also occur in South America, leaving six peculiar. No less than eight species

occur in Nicaragua; this is perhaps due to the great attention paid to them by Belt,

with whom the genus was a special favourite.

The primaries in S. threissa have the costa waved ; the subcostal nervure emits two

branches before the end of the cell and one after it; the discocellulars are atrophied ;

the middle meets the subcostal at nearly the same point as the lower radial (S. menetas

has a very short upper discocellular), the lower the median some way beyond the

* This division includes the following South-American genera :—Stseme, Rhicdina, Amarynthis, Zelotea,

Imelda, and Dysmathia.

416 RHOPALOCERA.

second branch; the costal side of the cell is a little longer than the median side.

The secondaries have a basal nervure; the discocellulars are atrophied; the upper meets

the subcostal a little beyond the first branch, the lower the median a little beyond the

second branch; the costal side of the cell is shorter than the median side. The front

legs of the male in S. menetas have the trochanter inserted about the middle of the

coxa ; femur = 3 coxa, tibia = 3 coxa, tarsus = tibia: there is a slight constriction

showing the remains of a joint. The terminal joint of the palpi (in S. menetas) is short

and slightly swollen, = ¢ middle joint; basal joint being rather long and much dilated

towards its distal end.

The harpagones in the male (i. threissa) are very short obtuse and setose at the

extremity ; the penis is short and truncate, and near its extremity is an elongated patch

of delicate spines. In S. menetas the harpagones are still very short and have two

lobes, both setose ; the spines of the penis are much denser and more numerous. In

S. probetor the harpagones have a single lobe; the spines of the penis, though dense,

are not so many in number.

a. Wings pale brown.

1. Symmachia emesia.

Symmachia emesia, Hew. Ex. Butt., Symmachia, f.7'; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 437 ?.

Alis fulvis, lineolis transversis interruptis fuscis, macula irregulari costali semidiaphana ultra cellulam anti-

carum ; subtus ut supra sed alis pallidioribus et lineolis rufescentioribus.

Hab. Nicaracua!? (Mus. Hew. et nost.).

We have a single male specimen of this insect which was formerly in Mr. Bates’s

collection, and a female is in the Hewitson collection. The species seems to have

escaped the notice of both Belt and Janson.

The alliance of S. emesia is with S. fatima, from which it differs in being duller

in colour and in the spots above not being metallic.

2. Symmachia yucatanensis.

S. emesic similis, sed alis supra multo fuscescentioribus maculis et lineolis magis distinctis.

Hab. Mexico, Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer).

We have four examples of this Symmachia from Yucatan. It is closely allied to

S. emesia, but differs in the points mentioned above.

6b. Costa of secondaries of male red.

8, Symmachia accusatrix.

Symmachia accusatrixz, Westw. in Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 4451; Bates, Journ. Linn.

Soc. Zool. ix. p. 438 *.

Alis fusco-nigris, anticis viridi certa luce micantibus, macula ad cellule finem et quinque ultra eam elongatis,

SYMMACHIA. AIT

ad angulum apicalem semihyalinis; posticis area costali coccinea, margine interno albido; subtus alis

brunescentibus, alis ut supra maculatis, cellula quoque albo bimaculata, posticis maculis variis albidis

notatis; palpis ochraceo-rufis, abdomine utrinque rufo lineato et subtus albo transfasciato.

2 alis brunneis, anticis lineola submarginali et maculis ad basin coccineis, maculis alteris flavis; subtus flavo

maculatis linea submarginali aurantio-rufa.

Hab. Guatemaua, Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama,

Chiriqui (idse), Chitra (Arcé).— Amazons VALLEY!?; GUIANA.

As will be seen above, this species has an extensive range, but throughout is very

constant, specimens from Guatemala and the Lower Amazons presenting no tangible

points of difference. Mr. Belt, with whom Symmachia was a favourite genus, captured

a good series of specimens at Chontales.

4. Symmachia threissa.

Symmachia threissa, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vi. p. 227°; Ex. Butt., Symmachia, 2, and Charis, 2,

f.19?.

Alis chalybeo-nigris, anticis macula parva triangulari diaphana ad'cellule finem ; posticis area cellulari coccinea ;.

subtus fusco-nigricantibus, posticis punctis albidis vix maculatis; abdominis lateribus coccineis.

@ nobis ignota.

Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales (Belt 12).

To the late Mr. Belt we are indebted for this species, of which he took a good many

examples.

5. Symmachia championi, sp. n.

Alis viridi-nigris, maculis ad basin anticarum pure nigris, posticarum area costali coccinea; subtus fuscis,

posticis maculis albidis variis vix notatis.

9 alis fuscis, anticis plaga apicali et maculis variis basalibus ferrugineis, costa ultra cellulam maculis tribus.

albidis ; posticis sordide albo-indistincte maculatis ; subtus pallidioribus.

Hab. Guatemata, San Gerdénimo (Champion).

This and the next species strongly resemble S. probetor of the Amazons and Guiana,

but there are differences in both sexes which render them easy to be distinguished.

The present species may at once be recognized by the black spots at the base of the

primaries of the male, and the female by its generally darker colour, all the spots

' being very small.

Mr. Champion’s specimens were all captured at San Gerdnimo, and include a pair

taken together; the species inhabits humid places in the second-growth woods at an

elevation of 3000 feet.

6. Symmachia, belti, sp. n.

S. championi similis, sed paulo minor, maculis nigris ad basin anticarum nullis, plaga magna @ margine interno

ad cellulam deinde ad angulum apicalem producta nigra.

@ alis marginibus externis rufis nigro maculatis, posticis undique maculis rufis adspersis, subtus maculis

omnibus sordide albis, multo majoribus.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., January 1886. 3H

418 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Nicaracva, Chontales (Belt).—CoLomsta.

This species is still more nearly allied to S. probetor than the last-mentioned one.

The male may be recognized by the dark patch on the primaries spreading outwards

towards the apical angle. In the female the spots are rufous instead of being nearly

white; and in S. probetor there is a narrow submarginal red line not seen in the

present insect.

A good many specimens of this species were in Belt’s collection, and we are pleased at

the opportunity of connecting his name with a genus of which he collected no less than

eight species during his residence at Chontales.

c. Primaries of male spotted, discal area of secondaries dull red.

7. Symmachia cleonyma.

Symmachia cleonyma, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vii. p. 4°; Ex. Butt., Symmachia, 2, and Charis, 2,

ff. 12, 132.

Alis lete brunneis, anticis rubro intra cellulam maculatis, maculis submarginalibus in serie duplici positis,

fulvis; posticis medialiter rubris; subtus fuscis griseo-albidis preecipue in posticis undique maculatis;

prothorace, tectricibus alarum et abdominis lateribus rubris, cruribus anticis sordide albis.

Q nobis ignota.

Hab. Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belt 12),

This was another of Mr. Belt’s discoveries in Nicaragua, whence alone we have seen

examples. It comes nearest to S. juratrix of the Amazons valley, which is, however, a

much larger insect, besides differing in other respects.

8. Symmachia leena.

Symmachia leena, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vi. p. 2261; Ex. Butt., Symmachia, 2, and Charis, 2,

ff. 14, 152.

Alis brunneis saturate rubro maculatis, in posticis confluentibus, maculis quibusdam aliis ad costam et anticarum

angulum apicalem, albidis; posticis ad medium marginis interni penicillatis; posticis fuscis griseo-albido

sparsim maculatis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belé 12).

We have what we believe to be a female of this insect, but it is in such an injured

condition as to be unfit for description. Though a much smaller insect, 8. Jeena has

a general resemblance to S. cleonyma, but the peculiar tuft of hair situated on the

secondaries, between the median and submedian nervures, at once distinguishes it, not

only from S. cleonyma, but from all other members of the genus, except that from

Colombia which we describe below *.

* Symmachia harmodius.

S. leone similis sed anticis brunneis fere immaculatis distinguendus.

Hab. Rio San Juan, Western Colombia.

We are indebted to Dr. Staudinger for two specimens of this insect, which formed part of an interesting

collection made by Herr Tritsch.

SYMMACHIA.—CRICOSOMA. 419

d. Inner half of primaries and whole of secondaries bright reddish orange.

9. Symmachia rubina. (Tab. XLII. fig. 12.)

Symmachia rubina, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. 111. p. 155'.

Emesis irata, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 127.

Alis testaceo-rubris, anticis dimidio costali nigris, striis duabus costalibus et tribus ad apicem coste sub-

parallelibus punctisque duabus inter eas sordide albis, posticis angulo apicali nigro.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Panama,

Veraguas (Arcé), San Lorenzo (Champion), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Couomst ?.

Mr. Bates described this species from examples in our collection from Panama, whence

we trace it northwards to Guatemala. Two female specimens from the latter country

have indications of a submarginal row of black spots on the secondaries, but this alone

will hardly justify their separation.

The type of Mr. Butler’s Emesis irata, a female, is in our collection, and can be

exactly matched in our Panama series.

There is a slight amount of variation in the amount of black at the base of the

primaries. Some specimens have a spot isolated from the rest of the black border, in

others it is joined to it, in others, again, it is wanting altogether.

S. menetas (Drury) is an allied species from Brazil which may be distinguished by

the black border to the secondaries, a character which also separates other forms found

in the valley of the Amazons.

Found in the dense forest region of “ the tierra caliente” (Champion).

CRICOSOMA.

Cricosoma, Felder, Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 292.

Seven or eight species of this genus are known to us, chiefly belonging to the

Amazons region, but found also in the neighbourhood of Bahia in Eastern Brazil, and

as far north as Nicaragua within our country. It is closely allied to Mesene, but we

find differences in the male organs which probably warrant its separation.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries emits two branches before the end of the cell

and one after it; the upper radial and the atrophied middle discocellular leave the subcostal

at the same point ; the lower discocellular is also atrophied and meets the median a little

beyond the second branch ; the costal and median sides of the cell are nearly equal. The

secondaries have a basal nervure; the upper discocellular leaves the subcostal a little

beyond the first branch, the lower meets the median beyond the second branch; the

costal and median sides of the cell are nearly equal.

The front legs of the male are slender, the coxa extends far beyond the trochanter

joint, femur > 2 coxa, tibia = coxa, tarsus > tibia and has two joints and two sete

at the end. The front legs of the female have the second and last joints about equal,

and greater than the third and fourth, the last has a setose pad on the under

surface, the rest have two strong spines at the extremity of the under surface. The

| 3H 2

420 RHOPALOCERA.

terminal joint of the palpi is very small and about one fourth the middle one; the

basal joint being long and > 4 middle joint. The antenne have thirty-nine joints, the

terminal fourteen forming a moderate club.

The tegumen in the male has an even terminal edge, and there are two strong lateral

hooks ; the harpagones extend upwards, and are then bent outwards, and are terminated

in a narrow setose lobe, they seem to be united beneath into a long strong spine. The

penis is a broad truncate tube, from the interior of which proceed three filaments

strongly armed with dentate papille ; there is no strap proceeding from the penis to the

base of the harpagones. In addition, there is a peculiarity in the male of Cricosoma

arypete which we have not noticed elsewhere: between the second and third segments

of the abdomen are peculiar patches of scales, one on either side; these scales are

of bulbous shape, and terminate in a spine with a knob at the end; there are also

similar patches between the third and fourth segments.

1. Cricosoma xypete.

Mesene xypete, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vi. p. 227’; Ex Butt., Erycinide, ff. 8, 9”.

Alis testaceo-rubris, marginibus externis et punctis submarginalibus nigris, anticis costa maculis transversis sex

notata; subtus ut supra, alis ad basin nigro punctatis, linea submarginali puncta nigra includente

flavida.

Q mari similis sed alis pallidioribus maculis nigris magis distinctis, posticis lineis duabus submarginalibus

notatis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt 1?, Janson); Panama, Chiriqui, Calobre (Arcé).

This is a very distinct species, having no near allies, so far as we know. C. phedra

of Bates probably comes closest to it, but the black spots on the wings are nearly evenly

distributed in that species, whereas in C. xypete the internal area is plain-coloured.

It is a tolerably common insect in Nicaragua, where Belt discovered it; it occurs

again in the State of Panama, but we have not seen specimens from the neighbourhood

of Chiriqui, which is somewhat strange, considering how thoroughly this district has

been investigated.

MESENE.

Mesene, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 441.

We know of about forty-five species belonging to this genus, and these are spread over

the whole of Tropical America from Southern Mexico to Peru. Ten species occur

within our limits, of which no less than seven are peculiar. In coloration great variety

is shown amongst the different species, by which means the genus may be separated —

into tolerably distinct groups, some of which may prove to be of generic value when

more minute dissections have been instituted.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of Uf. hedemanni emits two branches before

the end of the cell and one after it; the middle discocellular and upper radial meet the

subcostal very nearly at the same point, the lower discocellular meets the median

nervure beyond its second branch, both discocellulars being atrophied; the costal and

median sides of the cell are subequal. The secondaries have a strong basal nervure;

MESENE. 491

the discocellulars are atrophied—the upper one meets the subcostal a little beyond

the first branch, the lower one joins the median a little beyond the second branch ; the

costal and median sides of the cell are subequal.

The front legs of the male of Mf. phareus are slender, the trochanter is inserted before

the middle of the coxa, femur < 3 coxa, tibia = 3 coxa, tarsus = tibia. The front legs of

the female (I. hedemanni) have the second and fifth tarsal joints about equal, the

latter having a strong setose pad on the under surface ; the fourth joint is the shortest,

and the first, second, third, and fourth terminate beneath with two strong spines. The

terminal joint of the palpi is very small and oval, <4 the middle joint, which is nearly

uniform in width throughout, the basal joint > $ middle joint. Antenne have thirty-

nine joints, the terminal thirteen forming a moderate club.

The male organs are very similar to those of Cricosoma, so far as regards the tegumen.

‘The harpagones are subtriangular in shape, and have an irregular outer edge, the upper

portion of which, as well as the upper edge, is setose. The penis in general form is

like that of Cricosoma, and it also has two or three series of strong dentate papille

which may or may not be capable of extrusion. There is a curved strap connecting

the penis with the harpagones as in many genera of the Erycinid, but which is absent

in Cricosoma. There is no central spine between the harpagones as in that genus. The

‘bursa copulatrix of M. hedemanni has a chitinous spine, two being visible in M, leucopus

and none in Cricosoma.

In other respects the structure of M. leucopus is quite similar to that of C. hedemanni.

a. Wings mottled beneath, sexes dissimilar.

1. Mesene ignicauda. (Tab. XLII. figg. 19, 203, 219.)

Mesene ignicauda, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 363°.

Alis nigris, posticis macula in margine interno et abdomine rubra; subtus obscure fuscis, maculis nigris griseo

marginatis dense notatis.

Q mari similis, sed macula rubra posticarum fere ad finem cellule anticarum producta; subtus macula

rubra anticarum ut supra, abdomine obscuro.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ridde), Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé*).

This species is allied to M. wrope of the Amazons valley, but the male differs in

having a red abdomen, and the female in the red bands of the primaries not crossing

the wings.

Mr. Champion found it in the low forest region west of Bugaba.

6. Wings of male black beneath, sexes dissimilar.

2. Mesene phenicura, sp. n.

Alis saturate fuscis, lineis obscuris indistincte transfasciatis, abdominis apice rubro; subtus saturate fuscis,

immaculatis.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt).—CoLoMBIa.

422 RHOPALOCERA.

Of this curious species we have a single specimen from Belt’s collection which agrees

with two others from Western Colombia sent us by Dr. Staudinger.

It has no near allies that we are acquainted with, but has a faint resemblance to

M. fuliginea of the Amazons valley, from which it may be at once distinguished by the

absence of markings on the wings beneath, and by the red apex to the abdomen.

3. Mesene tyriotes.

Mesene tyriotes, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 8637.

Alis nigro-fuscis, fascia lata per medium alarum posticarum et corporis aurantio-rubra transeunte ; subtus nigro-

fuscis unicoloribus.

Q alis obscure fuscis, anticis fascia aurantio-rubra (quam in mare pallidiori) a coste medio ad angulum

analem transeunte; subtus ut supra sed pallidioribus.

Hab. Guatemaua, Choctum (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Chiriqui

(hibbe), Calobre (Arcé 1),

This is a northern form of the common WU. sagaris of South America, and may

readily be distinguished by the red band of the secondaries not entering the internal

margin of the primaries as in the allied species. MV. crocostigma is also an allied form,

but has the abdomen wholly dusky.

Though widely distributed in Central America, but few specimens of this species

have reached us, and it appears to be much rarer than the allied form, which enjoys

an extensive range over nearly the whole of tropical South America.

c. Wings beneath and above similar.

a’. Secondaries rounded.

4, Mesene rubella. (Tab. XLII. figg. 223, 23, 249.)

Mesene rubella, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 204’.

Alis testaceo-coccineis, marginibus et fasciola ad cellule anticarum finem anguste nigris; subtus ut supra sed.

anticarum dimidio costali, apice, et marginibus externis fuscis.

mari similis sed alis pallidioribus ; subtus omnino ut supra, anticarum costa tantum fusca.

Hab. GuateMata, Choctum (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, David

(Champion), Veraguas (Arcé), Lion Hill (/*Leannan'),

This species is allied to the common UM. phareus of South America, but differs in

having the wings more narrowly bordered with black, and in the costal half only of the

primaries beneath being dusky, and there are no whitish spots on the dusky margin of

the secondaries.

Mr. Bates described this species from a somewhat faded female specimen sent us

from Panama, and he speaks of it as paler in colour than the same sex of UV. phareus ;

the receipt of subsequent examples, however, shows that there is no material difference

in this respect between these two species.

MESENE. 423

5. Mesene croceella. (Tab. XLII. figg. 25, 263, 2792.)

Mesene croceella, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 204°.

Alis croceis marginibus nigricantibus ; subtus ut supra.

Hab. Mexico, Potrero (Hedemann, Mus. Vindod.); Guaremata, Motagua valley

(F. D. G. & O. 8.1), San Gerénimo (Hague, Champion); Nicaraeua, Chontales (Belt).

‘This was also described by Mr. Bates from a single specimen, which was not in good

condition, the fore legs being wanting, so that the sex cannot be determined by this

character. Mr. Bates considered it to be a male, but from the shape of the wings we

have no doubt it isa female. It is allied to M. rubella, but differs in the more saffron

colour of the wings, the absence of any mark at the end of the cell of the primaries, and

by the dusky colour of those wings beneath being restricted to the costa and the outer

margins. We have now several specimens of this pretty species from Guatemala, and

others from Nicaragua which only differ in being rather smaller.

Found in second-growth woods (Champion).

Eudule invaria (Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am. Lep.-Het. i. p. 137), a common Central-

American moth, resembles I. croceella in size and colour.

6. Mesene margaretta.

Agathina margaretta, White, Zool. 18438, p. 28°.

Mesene margaretta, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 440°.

Mesene semiradiata, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 292, t. 87. ff. 27, 28°.

Alis testaceo-rufis, anticis triente apicali nigro, albido radiato, posticis margine externo nigro, intus profunde

serrato et albido notato; subtus ut supra sed alis pallidioribus, posticarum margine distincte radiato.

9 mari omnino similis sed alis pallidioribus.

Hab. Mzxico, Cordova (Hedemann, Mus. Vindob., Riimeli) ; GuaATEMALA, Zapote

(Champion); Honpuras!2; Panama, Calobre (Arcé *).—Conomia ?®.

A widely ranging species, but everywhere scarce. Mr. Champion only took a single

specimen in the forests near Zapote.

A point of interest in this peculiarly marked species is its resemblance to a moth,

Pseudomennis coccinea (Druce, Biol. Centr.-Am. Lep.-Het. i. p. 162, t. 14. f. 11), which

is also found in Central America.

7. Mesene leucopus, sp. n.

Alis flavidis, marginibus externis latis, anticarum costa et apice fuscis; subtus omnino ut supra, cruribus

anticis albidis.

? mari similis, alarum marginibus fuscis angustioribus.

Hab. Guaremata, San Gerénimo (Champion).

Of this species Mr. Champion obtained a good series of specimens in Guatemala,

where alone it has been found, in second-growth woods at an elevation of 3000 feet.

It has a near ally in UM. stlaris of Nicaragua, but differs in its larger size and in having

white instead of black fore legs.

494 RHOPALOCERA.

8. Mesene silaris. (Tab. XLII. fig. 29.)

Mesene silaris, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 363".

MM. leucopo similis, cruribus anticis nigris facile distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt 1).

Our specimens of this species are from Belt’s collection in Nicaragua, from whence

alone we have received it. Its black front legs easily distinguish it from its near ally

M. leucopus.

9. Mesene barce.

Beotis barce, Hew. Ex. Butt., Lemonias and Bzotis, f. 77.

Alis rufescenti-brunneis, anticis macula parva ad cellule finem, altera ad medium marginis interni, aurantiacis,.

posticis fascia transversa ejusdem coloris bipartitis; subtus ut supra. Exp. al. 0-9 in.

Hab. Mexico (G. Mathew 1).

The only specimen we have seen of this distinct species is that in the Hewitson

collection in the British Museum. This was obtained by Mr. Gervase Mathew of the

Royal Navy, who took it in Mexico, probably near to some port on the west coast.

The palpi being short, and not projecting beyond the forehead, indicate that this

species should be placed in Mesene and not in Beotis. Its nearest ally is perhaps

Mesene monogramma (Bates), synonyms of which are Beotis quadrinota, Butl. Cist. Ent.

li. p. 82, and B. barzanes, Hew. Ex. Butt., Erycinide, f. 2.

6’. Anal angle of secondaries produced.

10. Mesene hedemanni.

Mesene hedemanni, R. Feld. Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 468 °.

Mesene niciades, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 22?.

Alis nigro-fuscis, anticis fascia interna et plaga elongata obliqua ultra cellulam flavidis; posticis fascia basali

alteraque submarginali ejusdem coloris; subtus ut supra fasciis pallidioribus ; abdomine fusco ad basin

flavido cincto,

mari similis sed fasciis pallidioribus.

Hab. Mexico, Paso del Macho near Cordova (Hedemann'); Guatemata 2, Chiacam,

Panima, Cahabon (Champion), Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt) ;

Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers); Panama, Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui ( Champion), Chiriqui

(fibbe).—CoLomBIa.

A species allied to MW. tricolor (Symmachia tricolor, Hew.), with which it has often

been confounded, JM. tricolor on the upper side has the transverse outer spots much

more rufescent ; beneath the primaries have a discal streak parallel to the costa, and

the secondaries have a yellowish patch near the middle of the inner margin, neither of

which marks are found in I. hedemanni.

This isa common species in the State of Panama and also in Nicaragua; but in Guate-

PACHYTHONE. 425,

mala and Mexico it is rarer. We have no specimens from the latter country, though

the types were procured there. Boisduval’s type of Mesene niciades, kindly lent us by

Mons. C. Oberthiir, is a much rubbed female of this species.

Found in sunny openings in the forest (Champion).

PACHYTHONE.

Pachythone, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 389 (1868).

We know of nine species of this genus, which is distributed from Panama to South

Brazil, five being found in the Amazons valley; two species occur within our limits,

both in the State of Panama. All the members of this genus are very scarce insects,

so much so that we have none to spare for dissection; we therefore copy Mr. Bates’s.

diagnosis of the genus, and leave it in the same position in the family as he placed it.

“This new genus is formed to include a number of species very similar in size and

range of coloration to Mesene, but differing in the much more bulky thorax and

abdomen, and especially in the abbreviated and thickly clubbed antenne. The wing

neuration is the same as in Mesene and the allied genera; the palpi are very short, not

passing the lower edge of the frontal pad; and the hind wings are broadly rounded,

with the outer margin on about the same level as the anal angle. The antenne scarcely

reach to half the length of the costa of the fore wing; their shafts are brown, spotted

obscurely with ashy or lighter brown. Eyes naked. The male fore legs are very short ;

the other legs are moderately elongate and clothed with short scales.”

1. Pachythone philonis.

Pachythone philonis, Hew. Ex. Butt., Pachythone and Cremna, ff. 3, 4°.

Alis fusco-brunneis, anticis fascia aurantia a costee medio fere ad angulum analem transeunte; subtus sicut

supra, posticis fascia submarginali pallida vix obvia.

d nobis ignotus.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Ridde), Bugaba (Champion).—CoLomsia *.

We have some doubts whether this is really P. philonis of Hewitson, as our specimen

shows no traces of any spots towards the base of the wing ; the colour of the wings

below is also much darker. Our materials, however, are too scanty to form a definite

opinion as to whether there is more than one species.

Our single specimen was taken by Mr. Champion in the low forest region west of

Bugaba, whence Herr Ribbe also sent Dr. Staudinger an example; both these are

females, as are also the type of P. philonis and of an allied species, P. palades, from

Brazil; the male therefore of this form of Pachythone remains yet to be discovered.

2. Pachythone gigas. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 25.)

Pachythone gigas, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 364°.

Alis nigris, anticis macula elliptica magna in triente apicali, altera acuta ad basin, per margine interno exten-

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., January 1836. 31

426 RHOPALOCERA.

dente, sed costam non attingente; posticis preter margines pallide flavis; subtus ut supra, posticarum

margine nigro per costam totam non extendente.

Hab. Panama, line of railway (Ridbe 3).

Described from a female in Dr. Staudinger’s collection, taken by Herr Ribbe on the

Isthmus of Panama. We have never seen another example of it. In its general appear-

ance it is not unlike P. mimula, but is very much larger.

PARNES.

Parnes, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 464 (1851).

Only two species are known to belong to this genus; both of them are found in the

Amazons valley and Guiana, and a single specimen of P. nycteis has been taken in the

State of Panama.

The subcostal nervure in the primaries of P. nycteis emits two branches before the

end of the cell and one after it, the first branch anchyloses with the costal to a slight

extent; the middle discocellular meets the upper radial just before the latter joins the

subcostal so that there is a very short upper discocellular; the lower discocellular is

atrophied towards its upper end, it meets the median a little beyond its second branch ;

the costal side of the cell is longer than the median side. The secondaries have a basal

nervure ; the discoidals are much atrophied, the upper meets the subcostal a little beyond

the first branch, the lower the median opposite the second branch; the costal and

median sides of the cell are about equal.

The front legs of the male have a very long coxa, the trochanter being inserted more

than two thirds of its length from its base, the femur, tibia, and tarsus are all extremely

short, the tibia being slightly the longest. The form of these legs much resembles that

of Perophthalma tenera and Mesosemia mollina ; the wings, however, have a very different

neuration. The palpi have a small terminal joint, = 4 middle joint, which is dilated

towards the middle. There are twenty-nine joints to the antenne, of which the terminal

ten form an abrupt club.

The harpagones of the secondary male organs are subtriangular, the lower side

undulating, the apex pointing slightly upwards, and setose on the outer surface. The

penis is short and slightly decurved, with the usual strap connecting it with the

harpagones,

1. Parnes nycteis.

Parnes nycteis, Westw. in Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 464, t. 73. f. 37.

Alis fuseis, subtus undique fulvo vermiculatis, marginibus externis ejusdem coloris, ciliis fuscis, ocellis ad

angulos apicales nigris albo bipupillatis.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (mus. Staudinger).—AMAZONS VALLEY; BRITISH GUIANA.

The only specimen we have seen of this little species from Central America was

submitted to us by Dr. Staudinger ; it agrees well with our series from the Amazons

valley, except that the subapical ocelli are very small.

CHARIS. . 427

CHARIS.

Charis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 21; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 452.

Of this genus we are acquainted with about forty species, distributed throughout the

whole of Tropical America from Mexico to South Brazil; two species occur beyond our

northern frontier in the United States, and fourteen are found within our limits. The

genus is divisible into several groups, which may be readily distinguished by their style

of coloration. In general size the members of Charis resemble those of Mesene, and

include some of the smallest of butterflies; but, apart from other characters, the

constant presence in the former of submarginal metallic lines on the wings is a a ready

means by which it may be distinguished from the latter.

In Charis zama the subcostal nervure emits two branches before the end of the cell

and one afterwards; the discocellulars are atrophied, the middle discocellular and the

upper radial leave the subcostal at the same point, the lower discocellular meets the

median a little below the second branch; the costal side of the cell is slightly longer

than the median side. The secondaries have a strong basal nervure; the discocellulars

are atrophied—the upper one meets the subcostal a little beyond the first branch, the

lower meets the median a little beyond the second branch; the costal and median sides

of the cell are subequal.

The front legs in the male of C. holosticta have the trochanter inserted before the

middle of the coxa, femur = 4 coxa, tibia < coxa, tarsus (two-jointed) = tibia. The

front legs in the female (C. zama) have the terminal tarsal joint a little longer than

the second, with a setose pad on the under surface; the fourth joint is the shortest,

and the first, second, third, and fourth each terminate beneath with a strong spine.

The terminal joint of the palpi is very small and oval, about = 4 middle joint, which

is slender; basal joint turgid = 4 middle joint.

The male secondary organs have a bilobed tegumen, each lobe being setose externally,

and two strong lateral hooks. The harpagones are simple lobes, setose towards the

extremity, and with two deep lacerations on the outer edge. The penis is simple,

curved downwards, and pointed; a long strap extends from its base outwards, and then

curves backwards and unites with the base of the harpagones.

There is no important difference in the structure of Charis argyrodines or of C. holo-

sticta, but the latter has a stouter penis, with a row of papille.

a. Wings beneath suffused with metallic purple or blue.

1. Charis cadmeis. (Tab. XLIV. figg. 1, 2.)

Charis cadmeis, Hew. Ex. Butt., Charis, t. 1. f.1*; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 442’.

Alis glauco-fuscis nigro irregulariter transfasciatis, punctis submarginalibus nigris, venis omnibus ad margines

externos metallico-plumbeis, ciliis albis; subtus nitide viridescenti-ceruleis saturate cyaneo transfasciatis,

punctis submarginalibus sicut supra,

Hab. Cosra Rica, Cache (Rogers).—Ecuapor; Amazons !?.

312

428 RHOPALOCERA.

The only Central-American specimens we have received of this fine species are from

Costa Rica; these agree accurately with specimens from the Amazons.

2. Charis zama.

Charis zama, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 392’.

C. hermodore similis quoad alarum paginam superiorem ; alis subtus purpureo-rufescentibus lineis nigris trans-

fasciatis; posticis linea plumbea unica tantum notatis.

mari similis sed alis subtus ferrugineis, ambabus linea unica submarginali plumbea notatis.

Hab. Guatemaua, Polochic and Chisoy valleys (Hague), San Gerénimo, Panima, San

Juan, Lanquin, Cahabon (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa

Rica, Cache (Rogers); Panama (Hepburn), Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, David (Cham-

pton).—CoLoMBIA ; Ecuapor; Amazons VALLEY}.

As Mr. Bates says, this is a common species throughout Tropical America, being

abundant in the Amazons valley; it is equally so in Central America from Guatemala

southwards. The purplish red tint of the primaries beneath renders it easily distin-

guishable from its allies; this colour varies to some extent in richness.

The females of typical Amazons examples are more distinctly spotted and altogether

lighter in colour than is the case with our Central-American specimens, though we

notice some variation in this respect.

Mr. Champion took specimens in second-growth woods and margins of the forest

from sea-level to 3000 feet.

3. Charis velutina. (Tab. XLIV. figg. 3, 4.)

Charis velutina, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 364".

Alis nigricanti-fuscis, lineis nigricantibus ad basin obsolete notatis, fasciolis plus minusve integris ferrugineo-

nigris, una ultra cellulas, altera submarginali, fasciis duabus plumbeis submarginalibus, interiori valde

irregulari, exteriori integra; subtus saturate purpurescentibus lineolis valde obsoletis ad basin, lineola

submarginali unica plumbea in anticis interrupta, cilia alterne fusca et alba.

Q mari similis sed alis pallidioribus ; subtus ferrugineo-fuscis, lineola anticarum submarginali plumbea haud

interrupta.

Hab. Muxtco (Deppe); Guatemaza, Polochic ! and Chisoy valleys, Choctum (Hague),

Zapote, Panima, Cahabon (Champion).

This very distinct Charis has its head quarters in Guatemala, where it is abundant,

especially at Panima in the Sinanja valley. Like C. avius and C. iris the colouring of

the under surface of the wings in the male is of a rich tint, but the colour itself is deep

purple, and not blue as in those species.

4, Charis avius.

Papilio avius, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 92 B’.

Charis avius, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 443°.

Supra C. zame similis, alis subtus letissime ceruleis certa luce viridi-micantibus, maculis quibusdam evanescen-

tibus obscuris, lineola submarginali plumbea aut evanescente aut omnino absente, cilia alterne fusca et alba.

CHARIS. 429

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribde), Volcan de

Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion).—Sovrn Amurica, Colombia to Amazons and Guiana ”.

The only species with which this can be confounded is C. iris, but from it it may be

readily distinguished by the colour of the cilia, by the evanescent spots on the wings

beneath, and by the total absence of the plumbeous submarginal line. It is a common

insect in the valley of the Amazons, and probably also in Guiana, whence Cramer’s

types were procured. In our country it is equally abundant in the State of Panama,

and apparently also in Nicaragua, but we have not yet seen specimens from Costa Rica,

whence C. iris alone has reached us.

It frequents the opener parts of the forest (Champion).

5, Charis iris.

Charis iris, Staud. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. xxv. p. 110°.

. avio proxima sed ciliis albis, alarum pagina inferiori letissime cyaneo, immaculata, et lineola submarginali

plumbea distinguenda.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica, Cache (Hogers); Panama, Chiriqui

(Ribbe), Bugaba (Champion), Lion Hill (I‘Leannan).—CoLomBiA.

This beautiful species is common in the neighbourhood of Chiriqui, whence

Dr. Staudinger received his types. We also have specimens from as far north as

Nicaragua, and it occurs too in Colombia. The pure white fringe of the wings, which

only has a few dark spots in the primaries, is a ready character by which to distinguish

it from its allies, especially from C. avius.

It occurs in the low-lying forest region west of Bugaba (Champion).

b. Wings beneath dark brown to fulvous.

6. Charis hermodora.

Charis hermodora, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 991; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 443”.

Charis argyrea, Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 125 (nec Bates) °*.

Alis obscure fuscis, striis nigricantibus obsolete transvittatis, linea submarginali obscure ferruginea nigro

punctato plumbeo utrinque limbata; subtus alis pallidioribus lineolis nigris magis distinctis, punctis

submarginalibus pagine superioris sed linea tantum unica submarginali plumbea.

Q mari similis, lineolis omnibus magis distinctis, subtus sicut supra.

Hab. Nicaracuat, Chontales (Janson); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), line of railway

(Ribbe).— CoLomBIA 3; VENEZUELA 1.

This species just enters our fauna, where, however, it appears to be scarce, its home

being Venezuela, whence Dr. Felder’s types now before us were derived, and the adjoining

parts of Colombia.

C. argyrea of the Amazons valley is a closely allied species, but may be distinguished

by the wings beneath having two submarginal plumbeous lines instead of one.

430 RHOPALOCERA.

7. Charis argyrodines. (Tab. XLIV. figg. 5, 6.) |

Charis argyrodines, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 154’; Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 444°.

C. hermodore similis, lineis paginz superioris magis integris, fascia communi fusca sat distincta.

Hab. Mexico, Pinos Altos in Chihuahua (Buchan-Hepburn), Tres Marias Islands,

Milpas, Ventanas (Forrer), Jalapa (Hége), Cordova (Riimeli), Valladolid in Yucatan

Gaumer); GuatemaLa, Choctum, Polochic valley (Hague), San Gerdénimo, Duefias

(fF. D. G. & O.8., Champion), Zapote, San Jose de Guatemala (Champion); Nicaraava,

Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Irazu, Cache, San Francisco (Rogers) ;

Panama, Bugaba, Calobre (Arcé).—Prrv; Brazit.

Guatemala specimens of this common insect, upon which Mr. Bates’ description was

based, are very constant, but directly we trace it beyond this area differences declare

themselves on all sides; thus in Mexico we find specimens with somewhat elongated

wings mingled with the ordinary type, and again others in which the dusky band

common to both wings can scarcely be traced. In Yucatan a male example has the

anal angle of the secondaries more produced than usual. In Nicaragua and Costa Rica

similar divergences show themselves, and specimens of a pale colour, with the cross

band very distinct, are decidedly numerous; these two have the outer margin of the

primaries more irregular than in the typical form. A further divergence is indicated

in a single specimen we possess from the Tres Marias Islands, but on such scanty

materials it would be rash to draw definite conclusions. Brazilian specimens, of which

we have several, conform very fairly to the Guatemala type.

In Guatemala C. argyrodines is a very common species, and may be seen flying in

open places amongst bushes. .

8. Charis australis.

Charis australis, W. H. Edwards, Field & Forest, iii. p. 87 (fide Strecker) *.

Charis guadeloupe, Strecker, Rhop. Het. p. 181’.

C. hermodore similis anticis magis productis, margine externo undulato, fascia communi fusca et colore subtus

pallido forsan distinguenda.

Hab. Norta America, Texas.—MeExico, Sonora (Morrison).

Mr. Morrison sent us good series of specimens from our northern frontier marked

C. australis of Edwards. These are very fairly uniform in their markings, and form a

race certainly distinct from C. cwnius, and probably also from C. argyrodines.

9. Charis laverna.

Charis cenius, Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 125 (nec Linn.)*.

Alis rufescenti-fuscis, lineolis nigris undique transvittatis, punctis nigris submarginalibus inter lineas duas

plumbescentes ; subtus ferrugineis nigro-maculatis punctis submarginalibus et lineis plumbeis ut supra,

linea interna maculosa.

Hab. Mexico, Presidio (Forrer); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.); Panama, Volcan de

CHARIS. 431

Chiriqui (Champion), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M*Leannan).—CoLomsia ; VENEZUELA ;

BraZzIL.

We follow Mr. Bates and the American writers in applying the name of C. cwnius

(Linn.) to the North-American insect, although the Linnean description would equally

suit any one of the southern races; but having applied it to the northern form, the

southern appears to be without a designation ; hence we name it as above.

It is closely allied to C. cenius, the only difference being the more pointed apex of

the primaries. From C. argyrodines a tolerably definite character can be traced in

the more uniform distribution of the dark spots on the wings, and the nearly total

absence of the dark band which crosses both wings in the allied form. The two

specimens from Presidio in Mexico we place here with some doubt; they are of a more

russet colour above, and the plumbeous bands beneath are closer together than usual.

We should not be surprised to find that these belong to a distinct species, but more

materials are necessary to establish their position.

c. Wings above yellow or orange spotted with black.

10. Charis crocea. (Tab. XLVII. figg. 3,4¢,5 2.)

Charis crocea, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1878, p. 364°.

Alis aurantio-rufis; anticis marginibus, costali et externo, posticis marginibus, externo et interno, nigro-

maculatis, lineola plumbea submarginali, in anticis maculosa ; subtus pallidioribus, aliter fere ut in pagina

superiori.

2 mari similis sed maculis marginalibus minoribus, area distali quoque sparsim maculata.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Calobre

(Arcé 1).

This species is very like at first sight to Cricosoma xypete, but the presence of the

plumbeous submarginal line shows its position in the genus Charts, an allied species

being C. perone from the Amazons valley. Another still more closely allied species is

found in Western Colombia; this we describe below as C. occidentalis *.

Found near the margins of the forests (Champion).

11. Charis holosticta. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 7.)

‘Charis holosticta, Godm. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1878, p. 364°.

Alis lemonaceo-flavis, punctis fuscis undique diffusis, lineola plumbea submarginali; subtus ut supra sed paulo

dilutioribus, punctis fuscis majoribus; cruribus anticis flavis, tibiis ad finem fuscis.

* Charis occidentalis.

C. crocee similis sed alarum marginibus fuscis. nigro maculatis; subtus sordide griseis undique dense fusco

maculatis.

Hab. Rio San Juan, Western Colombia (T'rétsch).

432 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab, GuateMata, San Gerdénimo, Panima, San Isidro (Champion); NIcaRaqua,.

Chontales (Belt); Panama, Bugaba (Arcé 1).

We described this species from a specimen obtained in Veraguas, but Mr. Champion

has since found it in Guatemala, where he captured it at various places, especially at.

San Gerdnimo.

It has no very near ally, but comes next to C. crocea and C. perone of the Amazons.

valley.

Found in open parts of the forest (Champion).

12. Charis macularia. (Charis ochrias, Tab. XLIV. fig. 8.)

Mesene macularia, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 227.

Charis ochreas, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 865 *.

Alis albis flavido vix tinctis, anticis maculis quatuor costalibus, una ad angulum apicalem, duabus ad marginem

externum, una ad angulum analem, duabus quoque ad marginem internum et una discali ultra cellulam,

nigris ; posticis maculis sex marginalibus, tribus discalibus ejusdem coloris, lineola plumbea submarginali

evanescente ; subtus omnino ut supra.

Hab. GuateMaLa +; Honpuras!; Cosra Rica, Irazu (Rogers 2); PANaMa, Bugaba (Arcé).

— COLOMBIA.

We described this species as C. ochrias from a specimen sent us from Costa Rica,

and we have since received others. These we now find agree with the type of Mesene

macularia, Boisduval, kindly lent us by Mons. C. Oberthiir for examination. C. macue

laria is closely allied to C. sudphurea, but on comparing the types we noticed that the

former was paler in colour, and had all the spots of the outer margin larger; there

was also a spot on the inner margin which was absent in C. sulphurea.

13. Charis sulphurea,

Charis sulphurea, R. Felder, Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 469°.

“ Ch. perone, Doubl. et Hew., affinis, alis supra sulphureis maculis circiter quindecim parvis dispersis atris,

plumbeo plus minus impletis, posticarum marginalibus sex minimis, linea argentea obsoleta connexis,.

subtus pallidioribus, maculis iisdem sed nigris, capite, palpis, pectore et pedibus cum alis concoloribus,

abdomine..... ”

Hab. Muxico, Atayac (Hedemann 1),

The specimen in the Vienna Museum described above is the only one we have seen.

d. Wings above brown spotted with white.

14. Charis peciloptera. (Tab. XLIV. figg. 23, 24.)

Charis peciloptera, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8, 1878, p. 3657.

Alis griseo-brunneis, maculis sordide albescentibus dense notatis, in anticis marginem externum versus

majoribus, maculis parvis externe nigris serie submarginali positis; punctis submarginalibus plumbeis.

vix obviis ; subtus anticis sicut supra, posticis argenteo-albis irregulariter fusco maculatis.

CALYDNA. 433

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Mus. Staudinger’).

We are indebted to Dr. Staudinger for the loan of the single specimen of this insect

which we described and now figure. It is an isolated species, having no near allies

that we are acquainted with.

CALYDNA.

Calydna, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 436 (1851).

Calydna comprises about thirty species, ranging from Mexico to South-east Brazil;

three only come within our limits, and all occur in Mexico.

The subcostal branch of the primaries in C. hegias emits two branches before the end

of the cell and one after it; both the lower and middle discocellulars are atrophied, the

latter meets the upper radial a little beyond its junction with the subcostal, so that there

is a very short upper discocellular, the former meets the median some way beyond the

second branch; the costal and median sides of the cell are very nearly equal. The

secondaries have a basal nervure; the discocellulars are atrophied, the upper meets the

subcostal beyond the first branch, the lower the median beyond the second branch ;

the costal side of the cell is about equal to the median side.

The front legs of the male are slender, they have the trochanter inserted beyond the

middle of the coxa, femur > 4 coxa, tibia < coxa, tarsus=femur; the terminal tarsal

joint of the front leg of the female=second joint, and has a setose pad beneath, the

first, second, third, and fourth joints each terminate beneath with a pair of strong

spines. The palpi have a slender terminal joint— % middle joint; the antenne have

thirty-two joints, the terminal twelve forming a well-defined club.

The harpagones in the secondary sexual organs of the male are subtriangular; the

outer edge curves outwards about the middle, and recedes again before the apex, which,

as well as the outer margin, is setose. The penis is a simple rod, with the usual

curved strap running from its middle to the base of the harpagones. The bursa copu-

latrix of the female has two well-defined chitinous spines with granular surfaces.

1. Calydna venusta, sp.n. (Tab. XLVII. figg. 1, 2.)

Alis obscure fuscis, maculis nigris brunneo marginatis notatis, lmeola submarginali lunulata albida, extra eam

maculis nigris in serie positis, anticis macula subtriangulari ad cellule finem, duabus minoribus extra eam,

altera juxta costam, semihyalinis ; subtus pallidioribus maculis omnibus multo magis distinctis, cilia alterne

fusca et alba.

alis brunnescentioribus, aliter mari sat similis.

Hab. Muxtco, Acapulco (J. J. Walker); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).

We have two specimens of this species, one a male in beautiful condition, which was

captured by Mr. Walker near Acapulco and kindly presented to us; the other, from

Nicaragua, is apparently a female, but much worn.

We do not know that it has any near ally.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., January 1886. 3K

434 RHOPALOCERA.

2. Calydna hegias.

Calydna hegias, R. Feld. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p- 468°.

Alis anthracinis, anticis macula ad cellule finem tetragona, punctoque supra eam semihyalinis, posticis macula

fascieformi per cellule finem irregulariter excisa ejusdem coloris, ciliis albis nigro intermixtis, lineola

tenuissima submarginali cana, extra eam atomis variis ejusdem coloris, posticarum costa bitriente basali

ferruginea ; subtus dilutioribus maculis nigris bene notatis, maculis semihyalinis sicut supra.

alis fuscis, maculis nigrescentibus fulvo marginatis undique notatis, maculis semihyalinis sicut in mare sed

multo minoribus ; subtus ut supra.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Rémeli), Oaxaca (Fenochio), Yucatan (Hedemann), Valla-

dolid in Yucatan (Gawmer) ; Guatemana, Vera Paz (Hague), San Gerénimo, Cubulco

(Champion); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).

Rudolph Felder described this species from Yucatan specimens!, whence we also have

an example which agrees with others from Mexico, and a large series of both sexes

from Guatemala, where Mr. Champion found it in abundance in the second-growth

woods on the slopes of the hills near San Gerénimo. We have little doubt that we

have rightly named our specimens. The only point of discrepancy is as regards size.

Felder says that C. hegias is a little larger than C. hiria; but our specimens are

decidedly smaller. C. hiria, however, is not the species most nearly allied to that we

are now considering, for it can with difficulty be distinguished from C. sternula as we

understand that species; in the latter, however, there is a small spot in the cell of the

primaries, and two others on the outer half of the costa. This is but a slight difference,

but constant so far as we can see.

3. Calydna sinuata.

Calydna sinuata, R. Feld. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 468°.

“« Preecedenti (C’. hegias) affinis, sed tertia parte fere minor, alis anticis apice subfalcato, margine externo denti-

culato, medio convexo, posticis inter venam subcostalem et ramum medianum tertium sat profunde

sinuatis, denticulatis, supra omnibus obscure cinereis, ciliis sordide albescenti intersectis, striga ante-

ciliari, fasciolis basalibus, fascia discali flexuosa alteraque submarginali maculari extus lineolis albo-

cinereis cinctis nigricantibus, atomis albo-cinereis limitatis, anticarum macula ad cellule extimum,

punctis duobus supra unoque pone eam et quarto supra venam internam, posticarum macula fascisformi

lacerata ante medium hyalinis, atro marginatis, subtus omnibus pallidioribus, maculis et fasciis multo

saturatioribus.”

Hab. Mexico, Atayac (Hedemann’).

We have never seen specimens of this species.

SAROTA.

Helicopis, Sect. 2 (Sarota), Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 424 (1851).

We recognize two sections of this genus, one represented by S. chrysus, a species

of wide range, as will be seen below; the other by 8. gyas. The position of the former

species has long been a matter of doubt ; it was originally placed by Westwood in a

section of Helicopis, whence it was removed to Anteros by Mr. Bates. The densely

hairy character of the front legs of the males of all the species of these two genera has

SAROTA. 435

suggested these alliances, but on further dissection the separation of Sarota into a

distinct genus seems unavoidable. Not only do the wings differ in neuration, but the

spiny tarsus, in addition to its hairiness, as well as the difference in the sexual

characters of the male, all indicate generic distinction. The subcostal nervure of the

primaries emits two branches before the end of the cell and one after it; the lower and

middle discocellulars are almost if not quite atrophied; there is a short upper disco-

cellular directed outwards. The secondaries have a basal nervure, the discocellulars

are completely atrophied, a small spur beyond the first branch of the subcostal marks

the position of the upper discocellular ; a similar spur on the median beyond the second

branch marks the position of the lower discocellular ; the first median branch and the

median itself are both elongated and carry lobes beyond the general contour of the

outer margin; the anal angle is produced and carries a long fringe.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted a little beyond the middle of

a short slender coxa, femur =? coxa and is slightly dilated towards its distal end, tibia

=coxa dilated in the middle, tarsus <tibia densely spined beneath, and with two con-

strictions, the remains of former joints. Palpi have a slender terminal joint =4 middle

joint. Antenne have thirty-six joints, whereof the terminal fourteen form a moderate

club. The eyes are smooth.

The harpagones have two lobes, the lower one short and pointed, the upper one

elongated and blunt, both densely setose. There is a short slightly depressed hook

between the lobes of the tegumen; the penis is exceedingly long, reaching backwards

to the third segment of the body, where it passes the sixth segment there is a short

patch of dentate papille, it bends downwards towards its extremity, and there is the

usual strap connecting it with the harpagones.

In S. gyas the neuration of the primaries is very similar to that of S. chrysus; it also

has a short upper discocellular ; the secondaries are without the prolongation of the

median nervure and its first branch. The tarsus of the front legs of the male has a

few spines beneath, which appear to be arranged in pairs, indicating the position of

former joints.

The secondary male organs are very similar in both species, the penis being shorter

in A. gyas. The female of this latter species has two well-defined flattened chitinous

spines in the bursa copulatrix.

a. Median nervure of the secondaries and its first branch much produced beyond

the margin of the wing.

1. Sarota chrysus.

Papilio chrysus, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 380. D, E’.

Anteros chrysus, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 485°.

Helicopis (Sarota) dematria, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 71. f 10°.

Anteros dematria, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 435 *.

Alis nigricanti-fuscis, anticis ad basin, posticis preter marginem externum pallidioribus, anticis macula ad

3K 2

436 RHOPALOCERA.

cellule finem, altera inter ramos medianos et tribus subapicalibus albis, posticis maculis tribus indistinctis

inter venam medianam et angulum analem nigricantibus, vix albido circumcinctis ; subtus gilvis maculis

albis, nigris, castaneis, et metallicis undique marmoratis, posticis vena mediana et ramis suis productis ad

finem distinete ciliatis, angulo anali quoque producto et ciliato; cruribus fulvis.

2 subtus pallidior, anticis ad basin et posticis sordide cinerescentibus, anticis macula altera alba inter ramum

primum et submedianum.

Hab. Guatema.a, Chisoy valley (Hague); San Gerénimo, San Isidro, Panima (Cham-

pton); Honpuras’*; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Bugaba, Calobre (Arcé).—

CoLtomsia ; Amazons?; Gutana!.

Guatemala specimens of this species are darker beneath than those from the State of

Panama ; this is due to the black markings being slightly larger, at the expense of the

chestnut marks surrounding them. Examples from the Lower Amazons are somewhat

intermediate in this respect, and we find it inexpedient to attempt any separation, no

points of apparent difference forming tangible characters. The range, too, of the

species as a whole seems uninterrupted from Guatemala to the Amazons valley.

Frequents second-growth woods (Champion).

6. Secondaries rounded or uniformly serrate.

2. Sarota gyas.

Papilio gyas, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 28. ff. F, Gl.

Alis fusco-nigricantibus unicoloribus, marginibus externis integris, ciliis omnino fuscis ; subtus rubidis, margi-

nibus externis fulvis, linea nigra, deinde altera metallica, intus limbatis; anticis linea metallica margini

externo parallela a vena mediana ad marginem internum extensa, intra eam plaga irregulari nigra, linea

metallica subcostali partim interrupta, altera infra eam ad angulum apicalem, maculis duabus nigris, una

ad cellule finem, altera infra eam ; posticis plaga magna ad cellule finem, altera ultra eam, nigris, ultra et

intra et lineis variis metallicis; cruribus sordide fulvo-albidis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Lion Hill

(M‘Leannan).—Sovurn America from Colombia and Guiana! to Brazil.

This species has been associated with A. acantus of Cramer, to which no doubt it

bears a very strong resemblance; but the anterior legs are pale fulvous, whereas

in A. acantus they are black. The two lines parallel to the costa near the apex of

the primaries in S. gyas are not seen in the allied species ; the line parallel to the outer

margin, which in S. gyas terminates at the median nervure, is carried forward almost

to the costa.

Mr. Belt procured several specimens of this species; but unfortunately all more or

ess In a bad condition.

3. Sarota gamelia, sp. n.

A, gyadi similis, cruribus eodem modo pictis, subtus anticis maculis submarginalibus elongatis, serie positis,

haud linea conjunctis, costa ipsa metullica, haud fulva, et maculis multis disjunctis nigris castaneo circum-

cinctis, angulo anali magis producto et ciliis posticarum leviter sinuatis.

SAROTA.—-ANTEROS. 437

Hab. Guaremaua, Choctum (Hague), Sinanja (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales

(Belt); Panama, Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion).

This species, so like its allies on the upper side, and resembling S. gyas in the colour

of its legs, may readily be distinguished by the submarginal elongate spots on the

primaries beneath, which it alone possesses. The metallic costal border connects it

with S. myrtea and A. acantus, both of which, however, have the front legs black.

Both our Guatemala specimens are females and are of large size; they do not, however,

differ essentially from those taken by Mr. Champion in the State of Panama, where he

found them in open places in the second-growth woods, sometimes about flowers.

4, Sarota myrtea, sp. n.

A, gyadi similis sed cruribus anticis fusco-nigris (haud fulvo-albidis) distinguendus. Alis subtus multo obscuri-

oribus et maculis nigris castaneo circumdatis, anticis costa ipsa metallica.

Hab. Guatemata, Cubilguitz (Champion) ; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).

In the colour of its legs this species comes close to S. acantus, but there are differ-

ences in the markings of the under side: the second submarginal metallic band in

8. acantus, as we have already said, extends very nearly to the costa; in the allied

species it stops short at the median nervure, and beyond towards the apex are two

metallic bands running parallel to the costa, the costa itself being metallic, whereas in

A. acantus it is chestnut; in S. myrtea, also, the black markings are more broken up

into spots, and are surrounded with chestnut.

We have only three specimens, all males from the above localities.

5. Sarota psaros, sp.n. (Anteros psaros, Tab. XLII. figg. 14, 10.)

Supra alis nigricante-brunneis, macula ad cellule finem indistincte nigra ; posticis maculis tribus subimar-

ginalibus ad angulum analem nigricantibus, atomis nonnullis ad angulum eundem fulvis, ciliis alterne

fuscis et albis, ad fines ramorum posticarum valde productis ; anticis margine externo medialiter productis,

subtus niveis fusco et fulvo sparsim atomatis, ad basin castaneis nigro maculatis lineisque variis metallicis

notatis ; marginibus externis castaneis, lineis submarginalibus duabus, exteriore nigra, interiore metallica,

et maculis submarginalibus eodem modo pictis ; anticis ultra cellulam castaneis, nigro et colore metallico

punctatis; cruribus niveis.

do adhuc ignotus.

Hab. Guaremaua, Cahabon (Champion).

Mr. Champion obtained a single female specimen of this beautiful species at Cahabon.

It is quite unlike any other Sarota, the colouring of the under side being very peculiar.

The serrate margin of the hind wings suggests an affinity with S. acanthoides.

ANTEROS.

Anteros, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 77 (1816) ; Westwood, Diurn. Lep. p. 427 (1851).

We recognize thirteen species of this genus as at present restricted, that is excluding

the members of the genus Sarota, which have hitherto been included in it. Six of

438 RHOPALOCERA.

these occur within our limits, of which A. carausius is spread over the whole of our

region; the others belong chiefly to more southern parts, though A. roratus occurs in

Guatemala.

The primaries of A. formosus differ from those of A. chrysus in having practically no

upper discocellular, though in A. carausius there is a very short one; and the front legs

of the male of 4. formosus have no tarsal spines as in the allied genus. The legs are hairy.

The tegumen of the male male sexual organs in A. formosus has a very short central

spine between the lateral lobes ; the harpagones have two long rods, both of them dentate

along their upper edge, and setose towards their extremity, the upper lobe has also a

single dentate process beyond the middle; the penis is straight for half its length, then

curves upwards and finally downwards, there is the usual strap from its centre to the

base of the harpagones. These organs in A. caraustus differ in the form of the harpa-

gones, the upper rod is flattened and widened out towards its extremity, where it is

strongly setose on its outer surface as well as along its upper edge, the lower rod is.

much shorter, with a few hairs at its extremity.

a. Wings beneath yellowish white, with jewelled spots.

1. Anteros cupris.

Anteros cupris, Hew. Ex. Butt., Erycinide, f. 4, 5’.

Alis fuscis, anticis macula magna subtriangulari infra cellulam lactea ; subtus lacteis, maculis saturate castaneis.

>] 5 > ?

punctis metallicis notatis undique diffusis, posticis costa lactea.

> mari similis macula anticarum permagna; posticis preter aream costalem et lineam submarginalem lacteis.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (£tbbe), Bugaba (Champion).—CoLomBIa ; VENEZUELA’.

This is the northern form of A. acheus of Guiana and the valley of the Amazons, and

certainly very closely allied to it. The milky spot on the primaries is considerably

larger, and the secondaries have nearly the whole of the outer portion of that colour ;

the chestnut spots beneath are not quite so dark in colour, and the metallic spots inside

them are of less extent. It was described by Hewitson from specimens said to come

from Venezuela.

Found on the margins of the forest of the low country (Champion).

2. Anteros formosus.

Papilio formosus, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 118. f. G’.

Anteros formosus, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 435°.

Papilio cresus, Fabr. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 117°.

Papilio valens, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 67%.

Anteros micon, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 360°.

Alis fuscis, macula rotunda et posticarum costa lacteis; subtus ochraceo-lacteis maculis castaneis metallico-

gemmatis, linea submarginali aurea, intra eam altera castaneo-atomata.

ANTEROS. 439

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe), Bugaba (Champion),

Calobre (Arcé).— VENEZUELA; AMAZONS VALLEY’; GUIANA’.

With Mr. Druce’s type of A. micon before us we are unable to distinguish any differ-

ences whereby to separate it from A. formosus, which seems to enjoy an uninterrupted

range from Nicaragua to the mouth of the Amazons and Guiana. Its relationship is

evidently with A. cupris and A. acheus; but it is a very much smaller insect, and has

characters of its own.

3. Anteros allectus.

Anteros allectus, Westw. in Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 428’; Hew. Ex. Butt., Anteros,

ff. 5, 6°; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 486°.

Alis fuscis, posticis margine costali lacteo ; subtus lacteis medialiter ochraceis, viridi-argenteo sparsim gemmatis,

ciliis albis, ad fines venarum fuscis.

® mari similis, anticis medialiter uni- aut bi-maculatis.

Hab. Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion).—Uprrr Amazons’.

We have several specimens of this pretty species from the State of Panama, which

agree closely with those captured by Mr. Bates at Ega on the Amazons. ‘The ochreous

patch in the middle of the wings is hardly so dark as in the southern form, and the

spots on the primaries of the female are, as a rule, larger ; but neither of these characters

is sufficiently stable to justify a separation of the Central American and the Amazon

‘insects.

This is the only Central American Anteros with which we are acquainted which has

no submarginal line beneath.

Found on the forest margins, where once or twice pairs were beaten out on to the

‘net in copula (Champion).

4. Anteros roratus, sp. n.

Alis fuscis, anticis immaculatis, posticis margine costali lacteo; subtus lacteis, medialiter ochraceis, cellulis

et ultra eas frequenter maculis parvis viridi-argenteis gemmatis, linea maculosa submarginali ejusdem

coloris.

9 anticis macula elliptica in medio notatis, posticis dimidio distali plerumque lacteis venis fuscis divisis.

_ Hab. Guaremara, Cahabon (Champion) ; Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica,

‘Cache (Rogers); Panama, Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui (Ribbe, Champion).

This is a race of A. chrysoprasta, differing in the males having no milky spot on the

primaries above; the females, for the most part, but not always, have the distal half of

the secondaries of this light colour.

A. roratus seems to be a common species in Chiriqui, whence we have a series of

examples, but rarer farther north, there being but a single specimen in Belt’s collection,

and only one was captured by Mr. Champion in Guatemala.

Found in sunny openings on the margins of the forest. This, like other species of

440 RHOPALOCERA.

the genus, rests beneath leaves, the wings extended horizontally; if disturbed, it

immediately flies to another leaf (Champion).

6. Wings beneath mottled.

5. Anteros carausius.

Anteros carausius, Westw.in Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p.428'; Hew. Ex. Butt., Anteros, i.

ff. 3, 4°; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 485°.

Anteros medusa, Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 160;.

Alis nigricantibus, anticis ad basin, posticis fere omnino glauco-cerulescentibus, macula hyalina obliqua ad

cellule anticarum finem, altera juxta eam inter ramos medianos ; subtus ochraceis, castanco plus minusve

irroratis, anticis maculis hyalinis ut in pagina superiori, striis variis ad basin metallico-lineatis lete

castaneis, in posticas transeuntibus (nonnunquam interruptis), linea submarginali communi ejusdem coloris

utrinque metallico limbata, margine ipso alterne castaneo maculato; cruribus saturate castaneis.

Hab. Muxico’* (Sallé), Presidio (Forrer), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer); GuatE-

MALA, Polochic valley (Hague), Cahabon, San Gerdénimo (Champion); Nicaracua,

Chontales (Belt); Panama‘, Bugaba, Taboga Island (Champion), Calobre (Arcé).

Professor Westwood based this name upon Mexican specimens, in which country

this species has a wide range, and whence we trace it throughout Central America to

our southern limits. In the State of Panama we meet with examples in which the

markings of the under side are less varied ; the apex of the primaries and the discal area

of the secondaries are uniformly mottled with ochre and chestnut, the latter being desti-

tute of black spots. Upon one such specimen Mr. Druce based the name A. medusa, but

we find examples of the Mexican type also in Panama, with intermediate examples

connecting the two forms; we therefore place them all under the name A. carausius.

Found in open places about flowering bushes (Champion).

6. Anteros renaldus. (Tab. XLII. figg. 6, 7.)

Papilio renaldus, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 18. ff.1,1a'; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 70. f. 67;

Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 485°.

Alis nigricantibus anticarum dimidio interno et posticis fere omnino ceruleis certa luce rosaceo nitentibus ;

maculis duabus hyalinis, una ad cellule finem, altera infra eam inter ramos medianos ; subtus sordidis

fusco-nebulosis, maculis hyalinis ut supra, vitta obliqua posticarum basi transeunte ad medium anticarum

cellule acute terminata; posticis maculis variis discalibus sordide metallicis, linea communj submarginali

flavida intus metallica ; fronte, palpis, cruribus et margine posticarum hirsuto, rosaceis.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt).—Co.ompia ; Lower Amazons?; Gutana’.

There can be but little doubt that this species is that described by Stoll under the

specific name of renaldus. Although the figure he gives of it is not very accurate, still

we recognize it by the colour of the upper side and the rosy tint of the legs, the latter

a most trustworthy character. It is somewhat strange that Nicaragua alone in Cen-

tral America has produced us specimens of this species, but we have it from just

over our border in Western Colombia.

EMESIS. 441

EMESIS.

Emesis, Nliger, Mag. vi. p. 287 (1807) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 446 (1851).

About thirty species are contained in this genus, ranging from Mexico to South

- Brazil ; fourteen are found within our area, two of which cross the frontier northwards

into the State of Arizona. Their numbers are pretty evenly distributed from South

Mexico to Panama.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of the male in E. lucinda emits two branches

before the end of the cell and one after; both discocellulars are atrophied, the middle

meets the subcostal at the same point as the upper radial, the lower the median a little

beyond the second branch; the costal and median sides of the cell are subequal. The

secondaries have a strong basal nervure; both discocellulars are atrophied, the upper

meets the subcostal beyond the first branch, the lower the median beyond the second

branch ; the costal side of the cell is shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted beyond the middle of the

costa; femur =} coxa; tibia=# coxa; tarsus (four-jointed) > tibia, first joint longer —

than the other three together; there is a spine near the end éf the tibia, and a long

and a short one at the end of the terminal tarsal joint. The terminal tarsal joint

in the front leg of the female is as long as the two preceding, and has a setose

pad beneath ; the first four joints terminate in a pair of strong spines, and there are

shorter spines beneath on the first and second joints. The palpi have a short slender

terminal joint ={ middle joint, which is stout and of uniform width throughout.

The antenne have thirty-six joints, whereof the terminal thirteen form a moderate club.

The barpagones in the male secondary sexual organs have two short rounded lobes,

setose at their extremity ; these are connected by a piece forming an arch over the penis.

The penis itself is long, and near its middle consists of a number of trachia-like rings,

inside of which is a strong spine directed outwards; beyond this structure the usual

strap proceeds forwards, and bends round to the base of the harpagones. The bursa

copulatrix of the female has two very short blunt prominences, of smooth texture,

and without granulations.

In E. ethalia the neuration of the wings is similar to that of E. lucinda, and in

this respect the secondaries of LE. tenedia, E. fatimella, and E. zela all agree. The

front legs of the males of all these species agree in being four-jointed; but in the

front leg of the female of E. ethalia the third joint of the tarsus is longer than

the terminal joint, is much dilated, and has a large setose pad on its under surface.

The general structure of the secondary sexual organs of the male in the four species

above named is very similar, small differences in the development of the lobes of the

harpagones being alone traceable. In the penis of EL. fatimelia we can discern the

trachea-like rings present in H. lucinda; in the other species the penis is simple, but

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., February 1886. | 3 L

442 RHOPALOCERA.

the internal spine is present in the other species, except perhaps in £. zela. Spinous

processes are present in the bursa copulatrix of all the above species except L. tenedia,

which we have not examined; they are long and well developed in £. zela and

E. fatimella, especially in the latter; in E. ethalia they are reduced to granular

patches.

| a. Sexes similar.

a’. Males without a yellow band on the primaries.

1. Emesis ethalia. (Tab. XLII. figg.16,17¢,18 2.)

Emesis ethalia, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. pp. 885, 4377.

Emesis olive, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 1037; P.Z.S. 1874, p. 353°.

Polystichtis ocypore, Geyer in Hibn. Zutr. ex. Schmett. v. f. 989, 990 *?

Alis fuliginoso-fuscis, supra lineolis fuscis transvittatis, una vitta prope cellulam et duabus submarginalibus ;

subtus ut supra sed alis dilutioribus.

Hab. Guatemata, Panzos (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Cosra Rica

(Van Patien?*); Panama, Chiriqui (Zahn), Bugaba (Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—

CotomBia’; EcuaDor; AMAZONS.

Mr, Bates described this species from specimens collected at Santa Marta, Colombia,

by the late M. Bouchard. It has since been traced to Pebas and other places in the

Amazons valley, and northwards in our country to Guatemala. It is, however,

much more common in Nicaragua and places lying to the south of it than in Guate-

mala, whence we have but a single specimen.

With the types of L. ethalia and of E. olive, of Messrs. Butler & Druce, before us,

we have no hesitation in referring these two names to one species.

2. Emesis fatimella.

Emesis fatimella, Westw. in Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 4471; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc.

Zool. ix. p. 437 *,

Papilio fatima, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 271. C, D (nec A, B)*.

Alis ochraceo-ferrugineis undique nigro irregulariter lineolatis, punctisque submarginalibus notatis ; subtus

supra.

Hab. Panama, David (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé).—Sourn America, Colombia? to

Brazil}, and Amazons valley 1.

Specimens from the Amazons region are not quite so clearly spotted as those from

our country and from Brazil; but we think there can be no question as to the identity

of the species.

HE. fatimella appears to be rare in Central America, as we have only two specimens from

the State of Panama. In the south it is more common. It is the brightest species of

mesis in our country, and distinguished by the clear ferruginous colour of its wings.

EMESIS. 443

3. Emesis mandana.

Papilio mandana, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 271. HE, F’.

Emesis mandana, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 436°.

Nelone mandana, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 24°.

Erycina ops, Latr. in Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 89, t. 37. ff 3, 4°.

Nelone ops, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 23°.

Emesis furor, Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 104°; P. Z. S. 1874, p. 353".

Alis rufo-brunneis transversim obscure-fusco lineolatis, punctis submarginalibus nigricantibus; subtus lete

ochraeeo-ferrugineis nigricanti-brunneo sicut supra magis distincte notatis.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova (Riimeli), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer); British Hon-

puRAS, Corosal (Roe); GuatEMALA %, Polochic valley, San Gerénimo (f D. G. & 0. S.,

Champion) ; Honpuras* ® ; Costa Rica® (Van Patten ® 7), Irazu (Rogers); Panama, David

(Champion) —Soutn America, Colombia? to Paraguay, Amazons ?, and Guiana 1}.

As may be seen above, this species ranges over the whole of Tropical America, and,

as might be expected, shows some variation within the limits of this wide area. We

do not, however, see characters sufficiently strong in any one district to enable us to

divide the species. Moreover, Mexican and South-Brazilian specimens are almost

absolutely alike.

Found in thinly-wooded districts (Champion).

4, Bmesis tenedia. (Tab. XLIII. figg. 16,17 ¢, 182.)

Emesis tenedia, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 99°; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 436’;

Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 353°.

Alis fuscis, lineis sinuosis obscuris transfasciatis ; subtus fusco-rufescentibus lineis interruptis nigris transvit-

tatis, ad margines externos punctulatis.

@ alis pallidioribus lineis transversis magis obviis, anticis fascia transversa irregulari ultra cellulam plus minusve

distincta fulva; subtus fulvis, punctis nigricantibus ad margines externos distincte notatis.

Hab. Muxico, Cordova (Riimeli), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer); GUATEMALA,

Duefias, Polochic valley, Chisoy valley, Choctum (f. D. G. & O. S.), Guatemala City

Duefias, Cubulco, San Gerénimo, San Juan in Vera Paz, Senahu, Panima, Cahabon

(Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Costa Rica ( Van Patten *), Rio Sucio,

Cache, Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Zahn, Arcé, Champion), Bugaba

(Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—CoLoms1a}?; VENEZUELA}.

This is the commonest species of Emesis in Central America, being especially abundant

in Guatemala, where it is found from nearly the sea-level to an elevation of about

5000 feet. It frequents the second-growth woods and the margins of the forest. The

males of E. tenedia are very constant in their colour, but the females vary in the extent

and colour of the cross-band of the primaries, which is in some examples almost a dirty

white, and in others it approaches the colour of the rest of the wing, so as to be not

very distinct. These differences in the female are found, so far as we can see, nearly

3L2

444 RHOPALOCERA.

everywhere throughout the range of the species, but the darker individuals are preva-

lent in Mexico and in the south, the light-banded ones predominating in the inter-

mediate countries, especially in Costa Rica.

LE. tenedia was based upon Venezuelan examples} which are now in our possession.

5. Emesis vulpina, sp. nov.

E. tenedie similis sed alis supra multo rufescentioribus vix lineolatis ; subtus quoque pallidioribus fere ochraceis

lineolis subobsoletis.

Hab. Muxico, Presidio near Mazatlan (Forrer).

Mr. Forrer procured us three specimens in this locality, which, so far as we know, is

considerably outside the range of E. tenedia.

£. vulpina almost approaches E. fatimella in the colour of its wings, but is still

duller than that species.

6. Emesis lupina, sp. nov. (Tab. XLII. figg. 13,146, 152.)

H,, tenedi@ similis sed alis multo grisescentioribus lineolis pagine superioris magis obviis ; subtus pallidioribus,

lineolis plerumque evanescentibus.

Hab. Honpuras, San Pedro (G. I. Whitely); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa

Rica, Irazu, San Francisco (Rogers).

The greyer colour of the wings of this Emesis seems to be its chief characteristic

whereby to distinguish it from ZL. tenedia. This also affects the female as well as the

male. Most of our specimens are from Costa Rica, where Rogers obtained a good many

examples.

7. Emesis tegula, sp. nov.

E, tenedice quoque similis sed alis fulvescentioribus lineolis pagine superioris magis distinctis; subtus ferru-

gineis rufo lineolatis, posticis punctis submarginalibus fuscis notatis,

2 alis omnino pallidioribus lineolis alarum supra et subtus magis conspicuis.

Hab. Mexico, Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer); GuaTEMAaa, Zapote (Champion) ;

Nicaracua (Bridges); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M*Leannan).

Though we have compared this species with E. tenedia, its nearer allies are E. aurelia,

of North Brazil, and #. diogenia, of Rio Janeiro and its neighbourhood. In both these

species the submarginal spots of the secondaries beneath are well developed. They

are just indicated in EL. tegula, more so in the female than in the male.

LE. teguia is a rare species to us, and the above-mentioned localities are each repre-

sented in our collection by only a specimen or two.

8. Emesis zela.

Emesis zela, Butl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, v. p. 864°; Lep. Ex. t. 14. f. 7,

Lemonias ares, W. H. Edw. Papilio, ii. p. 186°.

Alis fuscis, transversim obscure fusco lineolatis, anticis plaga ultra cellulam subquadrata ejusdem coloris costam

EMESIS. 445

attingente, posticarum dimidio costali (preter marginem externum) fulvo-nigro maculato, punctis submar-

ginalibus fuscis; subtus ferrugineis maculis evanescentibus fulvis, anticarum dimidio interno nigro

maculato.

9 alis ferrugineo-fuscis undique fusco-nigro notatis; subtus ochraceo-fulvis, aliter sicut in mare.

Hab. Norru America, Arizona *.—Mexico!2, Northern Sonora (Morrison), Orizaba

(Sallé), Oaxaca (Fenochio)— VunnzvE.a ¢¢}?.

Mr. Butler’s types of this species agree with our specimens from Southern Mexico

and with a large series from Arizona, or from the country lying immediately to the

south of it; and we altogether doubt the correctness of their reputed locality, Venezuela.

In Mr. Morrison’s series, representing the Lemonias aries of Edwards, we notice some

variation, especially in the distribution of the tawny portions of the secondaries, which

in some examples pervades the whole wing, instead of only the costal portion of it.

9. Emesis cleis.

Lemonias cleis, W. H. Edw. Papilio, ii. p. 187°.

E. zele similis, sed alis magis distincte maculatis, anticis punctis submarginalibus distincte notatis, plaga ultra-

cellulari nulla.

Hab. Norvu America, Arizona 1.—Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison).

This species has a more restricted range than E. zela, and has as yet been found only

on our northern boundary and in Arizona. It was one of Mr. Morrison’s discoveries,

from whom alone we have received specimens.

a". Both sexes with a yellow band on the primaries.

10. Emesis lacrines.

Emesis lacrines, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vii. p. 5*; Ex. Butt., Emesis, i. f. 2”.

Alis rufis dimidio basali lineis nigris transfasciatis et punctis submarginalibus notatis, anticis fascia ultracellu-

lari fulva; subtus brunneo-fulvis ad basin grisescentibus, maculis pagine superioris latioribus et valde

distinctis.

2 mari similis, sed alis pallidioribus et magis distincte notatis, fascia anticarum ultracellulari ochracea.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt !?).

This beautiful and distinct species has hitherto only been found in Nicaragua,

where it was procured by Belt. In size it fully equals EZ. mandana, a species it may

possibly take the place of in Nicaragua, as hitherto we have not seen the latter from

that country.

11. Emesis cypria.

Emesis cypria, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 99'; Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 293, t. 36. ff. 12, 13°;

Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 436°.

Alis supra rufescenti-fuscis, anticis ultra cellulam fascia fulva bisectis, posticis fasciis evanescentibus margini

interno plus minusve parallelibus pallide fuscis; subtus saturate ferrugineis ad basin fusco transvittatis,

fascia anticarum ut supra, posticis lineis tribus submarginalibus notatis.

mari similis, sed posticarum fasciis magis distinctis.

446 RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten), Cache, Irazu (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui

(Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—CotomB1a?; Venezurta! 2; Ecuapor; Bo.ivia.

Described from Venezuela, this distinct species has been traced to Bolivia in the

south and to Costa Rica in the north, being everywhere, judging from the number of

the specimens that have reached us, by no means uncommon.

The fulvous stripe which crosses the primaries in this species renders it easily

distinguishable from all other Central American members of this genus.

It inhabits second-growth woods and forest margins (Champion).

12. Emesis paphia.

Emesis paphia, R. Feld. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 4677.

‘“H. cyprie, Feld., accedens, sed minor, alis brevioribus supra fuscis, strigulis basalibus diffusis obsoletissimis

posticarumque strigis duabus subrectis pone medium et maculis obsoletis seriatis submarginalibus obscu-

rioribus, anticis utrinque fascia latiuscula eequali, obliqua, ochraceo-fulvescente, subtus ferrugineo-fuseis,

fascia eadem sed latiore, basi grisescenti atomosa et obsolete fusco punctata, posticis ibidem dilutioribus

quam supra, venis ultra medium, basi et margine interno grisescenti atomosis, punctis basalibus obsoletis

nigricantibus, strigis duabus supernis magis tamen diffusis maculisque submarginalibus valde obsoletis,

introrsum aliis sublinearibus ochraceo-canis atomatiis, apud plicas insedentibus, palpis frontem haud attin-

gentibus et pedibus ochraceis, pectore et ventre pallide grisescentibus.”—Féelder ut supra.

Hab. Mxxico, Atayac (Hedemann }).

Described from a female specimen which we have not been able to recognize.

6. Sexes dissimilar.

13. Emesis aurimna.

Nelone aurimna, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 241.

Emesis fastidiosa, var., Hew. Ex. Butt., Emesis, f. 8.

Alis glauco-cinereis dimidio basali lineolis fuscis transfasciatis ; fasciis duabus margini externo subparallelibus

ejusdem coloris, anticis ad apicem pallidioribus et immaculatis; subtus ferrugineis ferrugineo-fusco sicut

supra transfasciatis.

mari similis, sed alis paullo pallidioribus, anticis ad apicem plaga magna et punctis duobus ultra eam albis;

subtus sordide albis ferrugineo vix tinctis, lineolis omnibus distincte notatis.

Hab. Guatemata}, Vera Paz (F. D. G. & O. 8.), Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaragua,

Chontales (Belt); Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).

— COLOMBIA ?.

This species seems to take the place of EZ. lucinda in Central America and parts of

Colombia. From the true £. lucinda it differs in several points—its larger size, its

somewhat greener and more pointed wings, and the absence of a distinct submarginal

row of spots on the secondaries. Its nearest ally is the Brazilian E. fastidiosa,

which differs in having rather browner wings and the apex of the primaries more

pointed and almost falcate. The females of the latter species are of a rather purer

white beneath.

Boisduval’s type of Nelone aurimna, kindly lent us by Mons. C. Oberthiir, is marked

EMESIS.—CARIA. 447

as coming from Guatemala. It is a male, and is rather lighter than our Nicaragua

specimens, especially the light spot at the apex of the primaries, but not otherwise

different. Our Guatemala specimens are all females.

14. Emesis saturata, sp. nov.

Alis supra lete saturate brunneis, dimidio basali lineis quibusdam indistinctis fusco-nigris transfasciatis ; linea

submarginali communi lata pallidiori; subtus ferrugineis nigro maculatis, fascia communi submarginali

ejusdem coloris et extra eam maculis minutis serie positis; palpis ferrugineis; anticis acutis paullo

hamatis.

Hab. Muxico, Oaxaca (Sallé, in Mus. Brit.).

There is a single male specimen of this species in the British Museum, obtained in

Southern Mexico by M. Sallé or M. Boucard. It is allied to E. fastidiosa of Brazil,

but is darker than the males of that species, the submarginal band of the wings being

more definite; beneath, the submarginal line is narrower. The colour of the upper

surface at once distinguishes H. saturata from J. aurimna, its nearest neighbour in

point of locality.

15. Emesis liodes, sp. nov. (Tab. XLIII. figg. 194, 20, 212.)

E. aurimne quomodo similis sed multo minor, anticis minus acutis, posticis majis rotundatis angulo anali

minus producto, alis ambabus multo fuscescentioribus ; macula subapicali feminz multo minore.

Hab. Mexico, Valladolid in Yucatan (Gauwmer).

Of this species we have three specimens, two males and a female, all from Northern

Yucatan. It evidently forms part of the group of Emesis, of which &. fastidiosa may

be considered typical. That it is distinct from E. aurimna can, we think, hardly be

questioned.

CARIA.

Caria, Hiibner, Zutr. ex. Schmett. ii. p. 14 (1823).

This genus contains the section of Symmachia having patches of green scales to a

greater or less extent upon the upper surface of the wings. On dissecting an example

of C. lampeto, we find that some of the essential structures are very different from

corresponding ones in true Symmachia, thus :—

The secondary sexual organs of the male, instead of conforming to those of Charis,

~ yesemble very closely those parts of Lasaia and of our new genus Exoplisia; indeed,

were it not for the undulating costa and the smooth eyes, we know of no other essential

characters whereby to separate it from the latter genus.

The costa of C. lampeto is waved as in Symmachia; the subcostal nervure emits two

branches before the end of the cell and one after it; both discocellulars are atrophied,

the middle meets the subcostal at the same point as the upper radial, the lower the

median beyond the first joint; the costal and median sides of the cell are subequal.

The secondaries have a basal nervure; the discocellulars are atrophied, the upper meets

448 RHOPALOCERA.

the subcostal beyond the first branch, the lower the median beyond the second branch ;

the costal side of the cell is shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted before the middle of the

coxa, the femur < coxa, somewhat dilated in the middle, the tibia >coxa, also dilated,

the tarsus=# tibia, with a slight constriction near the end, showing the remains of a

joint. The palpi have the terminal joint short=4 middle joint, which is swollen at the

base and tapers towards the distal end, the basal joint is tumid = middle joint. The

antenne have thirty-eight joints, whereof the terminal thirteen form a distinct club.

The harpagones have two slender lobes at the end, setose at the extremities; a piece

arches over the penis, bearing two small lobes on either side, also setose. The strap

from the base of the penis is very strong, and proceeds outwards to the extremity of

the harpagones, where it bends abruptly backwards and joins their base; at the bend

is a patch of strong spines curving outwards. We find this latter structure repeated in

Lasaia and Exoplisia, and in a modified form in Beotis. The bursa copulatrix of the

female has two strong thorn-like processes with granular surfaces.

1. Caria lampeto, sp. nov. (Symmachia lampeto, Tab. XLII. figg. 8, 9.)

Symmachia amazonica, Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 125 (nec Bates) *,

Alis saturate fuscis, anticis macula triangulari ad basin, fascia lata transversa ultra cellulam ad costam latiore

(et extus nigro limbata), posticis ad marginem externum pracipue nitenti-viridibus, anticis ad medium

coste atomis quibusdam sneo-purpureis, macula subapicali rufa, altera ultra eam et lineola submarginali

plumbeis, extra hance maculis elongatis transversis fusco-nigris; subtus viridi-nigricantibus, anticarum

cellula coccinea, fronte et thorace viridissimis. ;

mari similis sed alis dilutioribus, subtus alis fuscis nigro maculatis, anticis dimidio costali maculis ad

margines costales medialiter plumbeis, anticis dimidio costali rubro, macula subapicali plumbea.

Hab. Guatemata, San Juan in Vera Paz (Champion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt) ;

Panama, Bugaba, Champion), Veraguas (Arcé).—CoLomBra |.

This species is closely allied to C. amazonica, with which we for some time con-

founded it. On closer examination we find considerable points of difference. The

inner margin of the secondaries is devoid of green scales, and the submarginal band is

green, not golden, and less clearly defined. ‘The under side is altogether darker.

From both Guatemala and Nicaragua we have but a single specimen; but in the

State of Panama it appears to be far from uncommon.

Found about flowering bushes in the second-growth woods and _ forest margins

(Champion).

2. Caria domitianus.

Hesperia domitiana, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 315 '.

Symmachia domitianus, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 437%.

Alis fuscis ad basin nigricante variegatis, lineola submarginali rosaceo-plumbea, inter eam maculis nigris fascia

ferruginea positis, anticis plaga magna subtriangulari supra cellule finem viridissima, posticis linea sub-

marginali ejusdem coloris; subtus lateritio-rufis nigro indistincte maculatis, posticis maculis submargina-

libus nigris et inter eas aliis rosaceo-plumbeis et ad anticarum apicem duabus ejusdem coloris.

CARIA. 449

mari similis, sed alis pallidioribus, maculis nigris magis, viridi minus, distinctis ; subtus fuscis nigro macu-

latis, anticis dimidio costali rufo, maculis suis medialiter plumbeis.

- Hab. Nicaracua 2, Chontales (Bel¢).—CotomBia?; GUADALUPE 1.

To this species Fabricius’s name has been usually attached, and we see no reason

for not thus applying it. Its range appears to be very much restricted, the greater

number of our specimens being derived from Nicaragua. We have never seen examples

in the large collections made in the State of Panama, but we have a specimen from

Santa Marta in Colombia.

3. Caria ino, sp. nov. (Symmachia ino, Tab. XLIII. figg. 22, 234, 24, 252.)

Alis fuscis lineola submarginali rosaceo-plumbea, anticis ad cellule finem et ad coste basin atomis variis ejusdem

coloris, posticis lineola altera submarginali ceeruleo-viridescente ; subtus saturate ferrugineis maculis nigris

medialiter rosaceo-plumbeis undique dispersis, lineola submarginali in posticis maculosa ejusdem coloris,

anticis ad apicem fuscis.

2 mari similis, sed alis pallidioribus magis rufescentioribus et undique nigro indistincte maculatis; subtus

pallide ferrugineis, aliter sicut in mare notatis.

Hab. Mexico, Ventanas (Forrer).

This species is allied to C. domitianus, from which it differs in several important

points, one of the most obvious being the absence of the glittering green scales above,

and in this respect it differs from every other member of Caria.

4. Caria rhacotis. (Symmachia rhacotis, Tab. XLII. figg. 10, 11.)

Symmachia rhacotis, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 363°.

2 a femina C. domitiani differt, lineola plumbea anticarum submarginali margini multo propiore, posticis

quoque plumbeo eodem modo lineolatis ; subtus omnino differt, alis undique rufescentibus maculis parvis

nigris notatis, iis in areis costalibus plumbeo notatis.

¢ nobis ignotus.

- Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague!); Honpuras, San Pedro (@. M. Whitely*).

The two specimens described by us are the only ones we have seen. ‘They are both

females, not males, as stated in our original descriptions.

5. Caria harmonia, sp. nov. (Symmachia harmonia, Tab. XLII. figg. 25, 26.)

C. domitiano similis, anticis ad basin rufescentibus, posticis atomis variis ad angulum analem viridissimis,

lineola submarginali quoque viridissima ; subtus posticis multo fuscescentioribus, anticarum costa tanta,

plumbeo notatis.

@ nobis ignota.

- Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).—Cotomaia (Mus. Brit.).

A single male specimen from Bugaba is the only one we have seen of this very

distinct species. Its nearest ally is perhaps C. galbula of Venezuela, from which,

however, it differs in many important respects. The colouring of the under side recalls

Mesene zama.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., February 1886. 3M

450 RHOPALOCERA.

EXOPLISIA, gen. nov.

On examining the species described by Dr. Felder as Amarynthis hypochalybe, we

found sufficient important points to necessitate its removal into a separate genus. The

second costal branch of the primaries is emitted much nearer the end of the cell than

in Amarynthis, and there are differences in the secondary sexual organs of the male, which

will be described in detail below.

Exoplisia, as we propose to call the genus, is a Colombian insect, stated by Boisduval

to occur in Nicaragua.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries emits two branches before the end of the

cell, the second being almost opposite the middle discocellular; the third branch is

emitted a long way beyond the cell, as is also the upper radial ; the lower discocellular

meets the median a little beyond the second branch; the costal side of the cell is a

little longer than the median side. The secondaries have a strong basal nervure; the

atrophied discocellulars run nearly in a line across the wing, the upper meets the

subcostal a little beyond the first branch, the lower the median beyond the second

branch; the costal side of the cell is much shorter than the median side.

The front leg of the male has the trochanter inserted before the middle of the coxa;

femur=4 coxa, and is considerably dilated towards its distal end; the tibia is also

dilated =? coxa; tarsus=tibia, a constriction near its extremity indicates the remains

of a joint; there are two or three spines close to the end, and two or three others

distributed sporadically. The eyes are hairy.

The male secondary sexual organs are very similar to those of Zasaia and Caria. The

harpagones are single lobes, setose and rounded at the extremity; they are united by a

piece which passes over the penis, and is slightly convex outwards, with a short point

in the middle line, where it is covered with long sete; dependent from this on either

side of the penis is a stout slightly upturned hook, blunt at the end and setose along its

upper edge ; outside these, again, are two short subtriangular setose lobes. The penis

is sickle-shaped ; from the angle the strap proceeds outwards, makes a fold near its

extremity, and then turns abruptly backwards to the base of the harpagones ; close to

the bend on the upper side is a cluster of spines, curved outwardly, just as in Lasaia

and Caria. In the former genus Ezoplisia might well be placed, were it not that the

palpi do not project as is the case in Lasaia.

1. Exoplisia hypochalybe.

Amarynthis hypochalybe, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. v. p. 98'; Voy. Nov. Lep. p. 293, t. 37.

ff. 21, 22°.

Nelone praxithea, Boisd. Lep. Guat. p. 24°.

Alis fuscis lineis angustis transfasciatis, iis in dimidio proximo duplicatis, exterioribus marginibus subparalleli-

bus; subtus chalybiis, costa, marginibus et fasclis transversis nigris,

Hab. Nicaragua (fide Boisduval ?)—Cotomsia! 2,

_PEROPHTHALMA. 451

M. C. Oberthiir tells us that the species described by Boisduval as Nelone praxithea

is identical with the Colombian insect called Amarynthis hypochalybe by Dr. Felder.

Boisduval is the only authority we have for including it in our fauna.

PEROPHTHALMA.

Perophthalma, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 455 (section ** of Mesosemia).

Mesosemia tenera has usually been considered an aberrant form of Mesosema, but

the characters of the venation of the primaries differ so positively that its generic sepa-

- ration seems demanded.

As already stated, Mesosemia has four branches to the subcostal nervure to the

primaries, two before and two beyond the end of the cell; the upper radial and the

middle discocellular leave the subcostal at the same point, so that there is no upper

discocellular. In Perophthalma the subcostal emits only three branches, two before

and one beyond the end of the cell; the middle discocellular joins the upper radial

some way beyond the junction of the latter with the subcostal, so that there is a well-

defined upper discocellular. These points make it necessary that Perophthalma should

be removed altogether from the neighbourhood of Mesosemia. Its position here, how-

ever, must be considered provisional.

The front legs of the male have a very long coxa, the trochanter joint being placed

at about two thirds from the base; the femur is exceedingly short but thick< 3 coxal

projection ; tibia> femur +trochanter, tarsus= tibia.

The male secondary organs are very like those of Mesosemia grandis, but inside the

cavity of the penis is a row of serrate papille.

1. Perophthalma tenera.

Mesosemia tenera, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 455'; Hew. Ex. Butt., Mesosemia, t. 3. f. 197;

Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 419°.

Alis pallide fuscis, anticis fascia transversa per cellulam ad marginem internum extensa albida; ocello ad cellule

finem nigro, albo bipupillato et fulvo ciliato ; striis undulatis pallidis submarginalibus ; posticis area discali

ochracea, striis undulatis pallidis submarginalibus ; subtus ut supra sed alis paullo dilutioribus.

@ mari similis. ,

Hab. Guarewata, Choctum (Hague), Cubilguitz, Cahabon, San Isidro, Zapotes,

Mirandilla (Champion) ; Honpuras!; Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica, Irazu

(Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, David (Champion), Calobre (Arcé).—

CoLoMBIA; VENEZUELA 13; EcuaDor; AMAZONS 13; GuIANA; Braziv?.

There appear to be two forms of this insect, which seem to blend together insensibly.

The prevalent form throughout our region has a white band across the primaries. In

South America this is much less perceptible. But of this southern form we have

examples from Nicaragua and the State of Panama.

3M 2

452 RHOPALOCERA.

P. tenera seems to be common throughout Central America, as Mr. Champion

obtained a large series of specimens, all of which he captured in the hot country, the

species frequenting the sunny openings in the forest, and sometimes to be seen in

numbers in one little spot; the insect rests on the upper sides of the leaves, and has

much the habit of Mesosemia. |

Mr. Butler considers the Guiana form of this species to be the Papilio tullius of

Fabricius; but this identification is open to great doubt.

d'. Palpi, especially those of the female, projecting beyond the forehead*.

BALOTIS.

Beotis, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 21 (1816) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 451 (1851).

Beotis, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. 395 (1868).

. There are about twelve species of this. genus, which spreads to South-eastern Brazil,

one only occurs within our region, it is generally, though sparingly, distributed from

Southern Mexico to Panama.

The subcostal branch of the primaries in B. zonata emits two branches before the

end of the cell and one after, the middle discocellular meets the subcostal close to its

junction with the upper radial, the lower the median just beyond its second branch,

the costal side of the cell is considerably longer than the median side. The secondaries

have a strong basal nervure, the upper discocellular meets the subcostal some way

beyond the first branch, the lower the median a little beyond the second branch, the

costal and median sides of the cell are subequal.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted beyond the middle of the

coxa, the femur, tibia, and tarsus are all very short but thick, the tarsus is a little

shorter than the femur, the tibia longer than either of them. The palpi are rather

long, the terminal joint bulbous and not attenuated, = about } middle joint. The

antenne have thirty-seven joints, of which the terminal twelve form a moderate

club.

The harpagones of the male secondary sexual organs are elongated and appear to have

two small lobes at the extremity, both of them setose, and a piece stretching across above

the penis in the form of an arch, beneath in the middle line is a long slightly upturned

rod, terminating in a blunt upturned point, on either side of which is a pair of strong

hooks starting backwards and bending upwards, the strap from the penis runs directly

into this rod instead of curving backwards to the harpagones.

The structure of these parts is extremely different from that of Charis and its allies,

with which Leotis has usually been associated.

* The following genera also belong here :—Huerycina, Catagrammina, Uraneis, and Stalachtis.

BAOTIS.—METACHARIS. 453

1. Bxotis zonata.

Beotis zonata, R. Feld. Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. 1869, p. 469°.

Mesene simbla, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 22”.

Charis libna, Butl. Ann. Mag. N. H. ser. 4, v. p. 364°; Lep. Ex. p. 40, t. 14. f£1°%.

Alis flavidis marginibus externis late fuscis, maculas duas flavidas includentibus, fascia communi obliqua

marginem posticarum internum haud attingente et anticarum costa, fuscis, lineola submarginali et maculis

ad angulum posticarum analem plumbeis; subtus pallidioribus, lineola et maculis plumbeis absentibus ;

corpore supra fusco, subtus cum cruribus flavidis.

Hab. Mexico 3, Potrero (Hedemann'); Guatemata?, Polochic valley (Hague); Costa

Rica, San Francisco (Rogers) ; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Calobre (Arcé).

—CoLoMBIA.

We compared our Panama specimens with the types in the Vienna Museum and

found that they agreed. It is nowhere a common species though widely distributed.

We havea single example from Guatemala, though Mr. Champion did not meet with it.

We have the type of Mr. Butler’s C. lidna, they differ in no way from B. zonata, and

Boisduval’s type of Mesene simbla kindly lent us by Mons. C. Oberthiir belongs to the

same species.

METACHARIS.

Metacharis, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. iti. p. 174 (1867).

_ This genus contains seven or eight species distributed throughout Tropical America,

only one occurring within our borders. It was separated from Charis by Mr. Butler, who

included it in five species. To these Mr. Bates in his synopsis of the family added five

others, but restored Charis cadmeis to the genus Charis, he also placed with Metacharis

three members of Hiibner’s genus Echenais, which, from their coloration alone, seem

fairly separable.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of I. victrix emits the first branch before the

end of the cell, the second close to the end, and the third a long way beyond it; the

lower radial meets the subcostal some way beyond the end of the cell, the discocellulars

are both atrophied and curved slightly inwards, the upper leaves the subcostal just

beyond the origin of the second branch, the lower meets the median just beyond the

second branch; the costal side of the cell is longer than the median side. The

secondaries have a basal nervure; the discocellulars are atrophied, the upper leaves the

subcostal a little beyond the first branch, the lower meets the median a little beyond

the second branch; the costal side of the cell is longer than the median side.

The front legs of the male have the coxa considerably produced beyond the

trochanter joint ; the femur is short and dilated towards its distal end; the tibia =2

femur; tarsus = femur, single-jointed. In the front legs of the female, the terminal

joint of the tarsus is longer than the three preceding joints together, and has a setose

pad on the under surface ; the second, third, and fourth joints have each a long spur

454 RHOPALOCERA.

from the distal ends of the under surface. The terminal joint of the palpi is very

slender = about 4 middle joint, which is rather stout. Antenne with thirty-eight

joints, the club being not abrubtly thickened at the extremity.

The tegumen in the male sexual organs is bilobed, each lobe being setose on its outer

surface, towards the ends there is a central keel and two strong lateral hooks. The

harpagones are small with simple points and setose ends. Above the penis is a hood-

shaped piece with two lateral lobes on either side from the end of the upper one, and

from the base of the lower one are strong sete; a long strap proceeds from the base of

the penis and thence bifurcates to the harpagones, and beyond again continues in a strong

deflexed spine ; the penis itself is long and slender, slightly deflexed towards its extre-

mity, bent to a right angle towards its base, which is bulbous. The bursa copulatrix

of the female has two mamme-like projections with granular surfaces.

1. Metacharis victrix. (1. nigrelia, Tab. XLIV. figg. 9,10 ¢, 11, 129.)

Charis victriz, Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 501.

g alis supra saturate ferrugineis ceruleo plus minusve purpureo lavatis, bitriente basali nigro irregulariter

maculatis, anticarum apicibus maculis duabus nigris rufo circumcinctis, striolis utrinque plumbeis ;

posticis maculis submarginalibus rufis et inter eas lineolis plumbeis; subtus latissime chalybeo-

cyaneis.

Q alis ferrugineis undique nigro maculatis, striolis plumbeis inter maculas submarginales; subtus ut supra sed

alis multo pallidioribus maculis nigris magis obviis.

Hab. Nicaraaua, Chontales (Belt); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba ( Champion).

—CoLomBia; Ecvapor}.

This species seems to be rather variable as regards the colour of the males, and this

without reference to locality. Some specimens are more ferruginous on the upper

surface of the wings, and the primaries are more elongated, beneath the shade of blue

is not quite so pure and has a greenish tint.

Mr. Champion obtained many specimens of both sexes of this insect in sunny open

places in the dense forest. This species rests with the wings expanded on the upper

surface of the leaves, but when disturbed it hides itself beneath. Our Colombian

examples were recently taken by Mr. Wheeler, and the types from Ecuador by Buckley

at Saryack.

We have figured a male from Bugaba and a female from Chontales, Nicaragua.

LASATA.

Lasaia, Bates, Journ, Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 397 (1868).

There are two species belonging to this genus, one confined to the Amazons valley

and the other extending from Mexico to South-east Brazil.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in LZ. meris emits two branches before the end

of the cell and one after it; the discocellulars are atrophied, the middle meets the

LASATIA, 455

subcostal at the same point as the upper radial, the lower the median a little beyond

the second branch; the costal and median sides of the cell are nearly equal. The

secondaries have a strong basal nervure; the discocellulars are atrophied, the upper

meets the median a little beyond the first branch, the costal side of the cell is a little

shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted about the middle of the

coxa; the femur =} coxa; tibia =% coxa; tarsus long >3 coxa, there is a constriction

near the end indicating a rudimentary joint, and a strong seta at the extremity.

Palpi have a long terminal joint >4 middle joint. The eyes are hairy. The

antenne have forty-three joints, of which the terminal eighteen form a slender club.

The harpagones in the secondary sexual organs of the male are bilobed, each setose

at the extremity, the lower lobe is broad, the upper one somewhat pointed and

directed upwards; there is a central arch over the penis, and the strap proceeding from

near the base is directed outwards to beyond the harpagones, it then returns abruptly

to their base, at the bend the strap is spead out vertically, and on its top there is a pad

of strong papille directed outwards.

1. Lasaia meris.

Papilio meris, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 366. B, C’.

Lasaia meris, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 445°.

Erycina agesilas, Latr. in Humb. & Bonp. Obs. Zool. i. p. 251, t. 25. ff. 7, 8°.

Alis glaucis nonnunquam fuscescentibus, maculis transversis nigris frequenter notatis ; subtus fusco-violaceis

aut ochraceis, fascia submarginali communi pallidiori, lenticulis plurimis nigris interspersis.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Fenochio), Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer) ; GUATEMALA ?,

San Gerdnimo, Chisoy, Polochic valley (Ff. D. G. & O. S., Champion), Panima (Cham-

pion); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica, Cache (fogers); Panama, Chiriqui

(Arcé), Bugaba (Champion).—Sourn America, Colombia? and Amazons valley ® to

Brazil.

This is a very variable species, as regards the tint of both surfaces of the wings;

but we are unable to trace any definite lines of difference between the extreme forms.

The number of back spots and their size also vary, and in some specimens, especially

towards the costal margin of the primaries, the spots become confluent. |

L. meris appears to be an abundant species throughout Tropical America, and we

have specimens from all parts of our region from Mexico to Panama.

It is of a different habit from most of its allies, being found about the banks of

rivers in thinly wooded districts, where it is fond of settling on the damp sandy margins

or upon partly submerged rocks. It is a very active species on the wing, and difficult

to capture (Champion).

456 RHOPALOCERA.

THAROPS.

Tharops, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 109 (1816); Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 222

(1867).

Lemonias, sect. i. Tharops, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 458 (1851).

We are acquainted with twelve species belonging to this genus distributed from

Guatemala in the north to Panama, and thence southward to Southern Brazil.

In the ‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ Tharops is included as a section of Lemonias,

and so remained until Mr. Butler in 1867 definitely separated it, chiefly on account of

the shape and colour of the wings, the anal angle of the secondaries being more or less

produced. The body also is more robust than in typical species of Lemonias. In the

section containing 7’. menander, represented in our country by T. purpurata, there is a

pencil of black hairs near the middle of the inner margin of the secondaries; this serves

to distinguish this group from 7. pretus and its allies, where no such pencil exists. In

T. hebrus there is a patch of white hair near the anal angle.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries of 7’. hebrus emits two branches before the

end of the cell and one after it; the discocellulars are atrophied, the upper meets the

subcostal at the same point as the upper radial, the lower the median a little beyond

the second branch; the costal side of the cell is a little longer than the median side.

The secondaries have a basal nervure; the discocellulars are atrophied, the upper

meets the subcostal a little beyond the first branch, the lower the median just beyond

the second branch ; the costal and median sides of the cell are nearly equal.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted about the middle of the

coxa; the femur <# coxa; tibia = coxa; tarsus=# tibia; the terminal tarsal joint of

the front leg of the female is longer than the second one, and has a setose pad beneath ;

the second, third, and fourth joints terminate beneath with two strong spines. The

palpi are long; the terminal joint long and tapering, = 4 middle joint. The antenne

are slender, with forty-six joints, the terminal thirteen forming a slight club.

Kach harpago bears a strong outwardly directed slightly upturned spine; the penis

is strong, decurved towards its extremity, and with the usual strap connecting it with

the base of the harpagones. The bursa copulatrix of the female has two very large

thorn-like prominences of granular texture.

a. Secondaries with a tuft of black hair near the middle of the abdominal side.

1, Tharops purpurata. (Tab. XLIV. fige. 15, 16.)

Tharops purpurata, Godm. & Saly. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 365+.

Alis nitide purpureo-ceruleis, anticis regione apicali et posticis ad apicem fusco-nigris, anticis maculis elon-

- gatis transversis; subtus cinereo-albis, anticis ad apicem et marginibus externis alarum ambarum fusces-

centibus, maculis minutis fuscis notatis, iis proximis angulos apicales et anales anticarum maximis.

? mari similis sed alis obtusioribus et posticis supra, velut anticis, maculis elongatis nigris notatis.

THAROPS.—LEMONIAS. 457

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague+); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panama,

Bugaba (Champion), Calobre (Arcé ?).

In describing this species we compared it with 7. menander, and mentioned the more

purple tint of the wings above; this we now find to be a variable character, as the

colour in these wings passes from purple to blue without reference to locality. The

under surface is decidedly whiter and the spots smaller, especially those of the apical

and anal angles of the secondaries.

T. purpurata is nowhere a common species, though it has been met with over a

widish area within our country.

b. No brush of hairs near the middle of the abdominal margin of the secondaries.

2. Tharops isthmica. (Tab. XLIV. figg. 13, 14.)

Tharops isthmica, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 366°.

Alis viridi-cyaneis, anticis, costa margine externo late (lineola submarginali excepta), maculis tribus in cellula

et quatuor infra eam nigris, posticis angulo apicali maculisque submarginalibus aliisque ad marginem

internum nigris; subtus albidis rosaceo variegatis, maculis tribus in cellula anticarum hujus coloris.

Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé ').

There are two males only of this species in our collection. It is allied to 7. splendida

of the Amazons valley, but besides being smaller, the ground colour of the wings beneath

is nearly uniformly sprinkled with pinkish scales; the allied species has the central

area of both wings nearly white; there are no conspicuous spots at the apical angle of

the secondaries.

3. Tharops picta, sp. nov.

Alis nigris, ceruleo-viridi maculatis, lineola submarginali et extra eam lunulis coloris eyusdem ; subtus fulves-

centibus, anticis dimidio anali nigro, dimidio costali et posticis omnino albo maculatis.

@ mari similis, colore viridi pallidiori ; subtus anticis ad apicem immaculatis, posticis ad marginem externum

albo atomatis.

Hab. GuateMaLa, Panzos (Champion) ; Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt).—CoLomBia.

This species is closely allied to 7. pretus of Guiana and the Amazons valley, from

which, however, the male may be readily distinguished by the bluer tint of the spots on

the upper surface; the female is spotted like the male, whereas that sex in the allied

species has the spots whitish brown with scarcely a shade of green. We have three

specimens of 7’. pieta, one from each of the localities mentioned above.

LEMONIAS.

Lemonias, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 457 (1851) ; Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 213

(1867).

According to Mr. Bates’s arrangement this genus would contain about seventy species

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., February 1886. 3.N

458 RHOPALOCERA.

but we remove from it the fourth section (Hamearis) containing upwards of twenty

species ; these constitute our genera Hamearis, Apodemia, and Polystigma. As compared

with the genera just named, Lemonias can be distinguished by the front legs in the male

having a single tarsal joint, and the primaries with no upper discocellular. In Hamearis

this nervule is distinctly present; in Apodemia the tarsus of the front leg of the male

has two joints; in Polystigma not only has the front leg of the male three distinct

joints, but the third seems to be the fusion of the third, fourth, and fifth; moreover,

the extremity of the tarsus has a distinct pair of claws. Basing our division of the old

genus Lemonias on these characters we seem to get very natural groups. Lemonias

itself is thus a purely neotropical genus, having its focus in the Amazons valley; in our

region the number of species decreases towards the north; thus in the State of Panama

we find no less than ten of our fourteen species, in N icaragua five, in Guatemala four,

and in Mexico only one.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in LZ. sudias emits two branches before the

end of the cell and one after it; the lower and middle discocellulars are both atrophied

for the greater part of their length, the upper meets the subcostal at the same point as

the upper radial, the lower the median just beyond the second branch; the costal and

median sides of the cell are subequal. The secondaries have a basal nervure; the

discocellulars are both atrophied, the upper meets the subcostal beyond the first

branch, the lower the median just beyond the second branch, the costal and median

sides of the cell are subequal. .

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted beyond the middle, the femur

< 4 coxa, tibia < coxa, tarsus (single-jointed) nearly = tibia; there is a short seta at

the extremity; the terminal joint of the female=second joint, and has a setose pad

beneath ; the second, third, and fourth joints terminate beneath with a spine. The

palpi have a long terminal joint (longer in the female than in the male), =4 middle

joint (in female >4). The antenne have forty-eight joints, of which the terminal

fourteen form a moderate club.

The harpagones in the secondary sexual organs of the male have a projecting lobe

slightly setose at its end, above this is a long slender rod rounded at the end and setose

in the middle; the penis is long and slightly decurved, and the usual strap connects it

with the base of the harpagones. In Z. wmulius the tegumen has distinct dentate

projections on both lobes; the harpagones appear to consist of two slightly overlapping

lobes, the upper one bearing two strong dentate processes. In ZL. penthea the outer

margin of the lobes of the tegumen is also dentate; the harpagones have a single

Icbe terminating with a short, strong upturned point. In L. emulius the harpagones

are single-lobed, with two dentate processes at the end. The penis is shorter and

stouter than in either of the two preceding genera, and shows an elongated patch of

spines towards the distal end. In Z. trenea the harpagones terminate in a strong

gradually tapering slightly upcurved point. The penis is both long and stout, and

LEMONIAS. 459

rather abruptly decurved towards the distal end; there is a spinous patch near the

proximal end. |

Regarding the bursa copulatrix of females, we note nothing in L. sudias or in

L. emulius; in L. penthea are two hemispherical structures each terminating in a

chitinous edge armed with five distinct dentations; the teeth of these two structures

fit into each other like the cogs of two wheels; there seems to be a duct leading from

them towards the exterior opening. We have not previously met with any structure

like this, and we cannot speak very positively respecting it.

a. Sexes similar.

1. Lemonias adelina. (Tab. XLVII. fige. 9, 10.)

Lemonias adelina, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 79°; Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 354°.

Anticis supra fusco-nigris maculis magnis obscurioribus valde distinctis notatis, eis in cellula et ad marginem

externum griseo-ceruleo tenuissime circumcinctis, regione costali quoque ejusdem coloris, angulo anali

atomato et posticis (preter basin) letissime aurantiis ; subtus maculis pagine superioris griseo distincte

marginatis et inter eas hoc colore atomatis, posticis fere albis maculis quibusdam nigricantibus ad coste

basin. Antennis nigris albo crebre annulatis.

9 mari similis sed posticis sordide albidis nec aurantiis. distinguenda.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten'?), Cache (Rogers); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui

(Champion).

Mr. Butler, who described this species, compares it with L. emulius of South America,

a butterfly to which it is certainly very closely allied. The orange colour of the

‘secondaries is deeper in tint and extends nearer the base, and the primaries are darker,

their spots being much less distinctly margined with grey.

Van Patten’s collection contained four specimens, which are all we have seen from

Costa Rica. Mr. Champion only captured a single male in Chiriqui; this was taken

on the margin of the forest region west of the volcano at an elevation of 4000 feet.

2. Lemonias lilina. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 21.)

Lemonias lilina, Butl. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vi. p. 252, t. 1. £.8 -

Anticis rufo-brunneis ceeruleo variegatis, plaga magna triangulari ad medium coste, angulo anali et bitriente

parte marginis interni et posticis preter basin niveis, anticis linea valde sinuata transversa plagam costalem

attingente nigra. Antennis albo annulatis.

Hab. Muxico (22); Pawama, David (Champion).

The type of this pretty species was presented to the British Museum by E. Doubleday

in 1848 with fifty-nine other butterflies from various localities. Its Mexican origin

must be considered more than doubtful. We have lately received fresh specimens from

Mr. Champion, who met with the species flying about bushes in the thinly wooded

savanna regions of the low country.

3Nn 2

460 RHOPALOCERA.

3. Lemonias densemaculata. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 19.)

Lemonias densemaculata, Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 53°.

Lemonias debilis, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 3662.

Alis obscure fuscis, ochraceo irroratis, maculis fuscis ochraceo marginatis undique notatis, maculis his ad

margines externos conjunctis ; subtus ut supra sed alis pallidioribus et magis ochraceis.

Hab, Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt 2); Panama, Chiriqui (idbe 2).—Ecvapor |.

When describing this species in 1878 we did not recognize its identity with the

insect from Ecuador, called L. densemaculata by Hewitson.

It is apparently a scarce species though of wide range. Mr. Champion did not meet

with it during his stay in Chiriqui.

There is a specimen of this species from Nicaragua in the Hewitson collection under

Hibner’s name Echenais leucophea. We apply this title to an allied form from

Guiana, probably the same as L. aristus (Stoll).

4. Lemonias glauca, sp. nov. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 20.)

Alis glauco-ceruleis undique fusco maculatis, lineola submarginali nigra, anticis ad marginem externum fuscis,

annulis quinque submarginalibus cerulescentibus; subtus albicantibus fusco ut supra maculatis.

Hab. Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers).

We have a single example of this species obtained by Mr. Rogers; unfortunately it

is much damaged, the head and abdomen being wanting. The primaries are much

rounded, from which we infer that the specimen is a female.

It is most nearly allied to LZ. cwrulis and L. zerua.

5. Lemonias theages. (Tab. XLIV. fig. 22.)

Lemonias theages, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 366.

Alis obscure fuscis, anticis albo maculatis, macula ad cellule finem, altera infra eam maximis, posticis area

discali alba, punctis basalibus et serie submarginali albis; subtus ut supra, posticis ad basin albis fusco-

nigro maculatis, ciliis alterne fuscis et albis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers1); Panama, Bugaba

(Champion), Veraguas (Arcé').

The nearest ally to this species is L. orpheus of the Amazons valley, but the white

spots of the primaries are much larger and the dark margin of the secondaries broader.

We have only received five specimens of this species from various points between

Nicaragua and Panama.

Low forest region west of Bugaba (Champion).

LEMONIAS. 461

b. Sexes dissimilar.

a. Anal angle of secondaries rounded.

6. Lemonias pelarge. (Tab. XLIV. figg. 17, 18.)

Lemonias pelarge, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 366°.

Anticis ad basin et posticarum margine externo fusco-nigris, illis maculis indistinctis apicem versus cexruleis,

macula ad angulum analem et harum area interna (basi excepta) rufo-aurantiis ; subtus griseo-ceruleis

fusco-nigro maculatis, margine externo anticarum late, posticarum anguste, fusco-nigris, abdomine supra

nigricante, infra griseo.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague 1), Cahabon (Champion).

This species is closely allied to L. parthaon of Guiana and the Amazons valley; the

blue spots of the wings are smaller, there is an orange-red spot near the anal angle of

the primaries, and this colour extends almost to the very base of the secondaries.

Beneath, the primaries have more blue-grey, and the submarginal spots of the

secondaries are obsolete; moreover, the abdomen above is black instead of being

rufous, as in the allied species.

Our first example of this Lemonias was sent us from the Polochic valley by Mr. Hague,

a second specimen was taken by Mr. Champion near Cahabon in the adjoining valley.

These are all we have seen.

7. Lemonias cilissa.

Lemonias cilissa, Hew. Ex. Butt., Lemonias, 4. f. 38, 347; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 447°.

Alis rufo-fuscis, anticis punctis tribus subapicalibus albis, area mediana ad marginem internum et posticis fulvis,

lineolis nigris transversim notatis; subtus nigro maculatis, maculis submarginalibus albis, anticis fuscis ad

marginem internum pallide ochraceis, posticis (preter marginem externum fuscum) albis.

@ alis pallide cervinis maculis transversis tenuissimis vix notatis, anticis margine externo late fusco, maculas

submarginales albas includente, posticis maculis albis fusco cinctis in serie submarginali positis ; subtus

fere ut supra sed paullo pallidioribus.

Hab. Nicaracua2, Chontales (Belt!); Panama, Chiriqui (Ribbe), Bugaba (Champion).

Except in Costa Rica, where the species does not appear to exist, LL. cilissa is very |

common from Nicaragua to the district of Chiriqui in the State of Panama. We have

received a large number of specimens from the latter locality.

Some variation is noticeable amongst them, the secondaries of the males, especially

in Nicaraguan specimens, are darker at the base; intermediate examples occur every-

where. Hewitson’s types are from Nicaragua.

Frequents low bushes in the second-growth woods of the “ terra caliente” (Champion).

8. Lemonias pseudocrispus.

Lemonias pseudo-crispus, Westw. in Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 459°; Butl. Journ. Linn.

Soc. Zool. ix. p. 216, t. 6. ff. 9, 107; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. ix. p. 447 *.

462 : RHOPALOCERA,

Papilio crispus, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 118. F (nec D, E)*.

Lemonias maculata luciana, Hibn. Samml. ex. Schmett. i. t. 36. ff. 3, 4 (nec Fabr.)°.

Lemonias nepioides, Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p- 217, t. 6. ff. 12, 13°.

Lemonias nepia, Westw. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 459, t. 73. f. 27.

Alis testaceis nigro maculatis, costa et margine externo anticarum fusco-nigris ; subtus glaucis nigro maculatis,

posticarum dimidio costali fusco nebuloso.

mari similis, sed area anticarum discali pallidiore, posticarum fuscescentiore, differt.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion), Veraguas (Arcé).—Soutu America, Colombia to

Amazons valley 367, and Brazil }.

We do not see our way to separate this species under the various names that have |

been suggested for it, and we have followed Mr. Bates in uniting them under the name

of L. pseudocrispus, adding L. nepia as an additional synonym.

The supposed differences are based upon slight modifications of colour and size, but

on looking through our series of specimens, which certainly includes all the so-called

species, we do not see our way to grouping them definitely.

The female is more variable than the male, some specimens having the disc of the

secondaries of a pale fawn colour.

It is a scarce species in the State of Panama, as Mr. Champion only took one pair.

9. Lemonias agave, sp. nov. (Tab. XLVII. figg. 7, 8.)

Alis rufescente-fuscis ad basin et ad margines externos ferrugineis et undique fusco sparsim maculatis, alis

ambabus macula discali alba parva inter ramos medianos, posticis altera costam propiore, plaga magna

anali marginis interni dimidium includente nivea; subtus glaucescentibus, fusco sparsim maculatis, anticis

fere omnino pallide fuscescentibus, posticis ad marginem externum eodem colore indutis.

Hab. Panama, David (Champion).

Mr. Champion obtained two male specimens of this species, which, though differing

in many important points, seems more nearly related to L. pentheus of the Amazons

valley and Guiana than to any other species of the genus.

L. agave frequents the thinly wooded savanna-region of the low country.

10. Lemonias zeurippa. (Tab. XLV. fige. 4, 5.)

Hypophylla zeurippa, Boisd. Sp. Gén. t. 20. f. 53.

Lemonias zeurippa, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 447°.

L. lasthenes similis, anticis dimidio apicali purpurescente cwruleis, posticis plaga submarginali multo magis

rotundata et rufescentiore.

Hab. Mexivo1?; Guatemaia, Choctum (Hague).

Boisduval named and figured this species from a Mexican specimen. It appears to

be a very rare insect, as the only example we have ever seen was sent us by Mr. Hague

from Choctum in the low-lying forest country of Vera Paz. Asa species it is perfectly

distinct from L. sudias, its congener in the same country.

LEMONIAS. 463

11. Lemonias sudias. |

Lemonias sudias, Hew. Ex. Butt., Lemonias, t. 2. ff. 12, 18,141; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. ix.

p. 4477,

Alis fuscis, anticis area interna purpurescente-ceruleis fusco sparsim notatis, posticis rufescentioribus margine

externo rufescente-fulvo ; subtus griseis et sicut supra punctatis, posticis margine externo pallide fulvo.

@ alis fuscis, anticis fascia lata transversa alba bisectis, apice intra eam saturatius fusco; subtus griseis fascia

alba anticarum sicut supra, aliter mari similis, posticarum margine externo fulvo absente.

Hab. Guatema.a?, Polochic valley, Choctum (Hague), San Juan in Vera Paz, Senahu,

Panima, Chiacam, Cahabon, Panzos (Champion); Honpuras}.

This distinct species is the only one of this section of the genus in which the fulvous

margin of the secondaries is reproduced on the under surface, in other respects it much

resembles L. zewrippa and L. lasthenes. It was originally described by Hewitson from

specimens said to have come from Honduras. In Guatemala it is by no means

uncommon in the forest-districts of Vera Paz, whence we have received many specimens

of both sexes; these are very constant in their characters, the females alone differing

slightly in the width of the white band of the primaries.

12. Lemonias lasthenes. (Tab. XLV. figg. 1, 24,39.)

‘Lemonias lasthenes, Hew. Ent. Monthl. Mag. vii. p. 5"; Ex. Butt., Lemonias, t. 5. f. 47°.

Alis fuscis dimidio apicali cerulescente, ad marginem internum rufescentibus, lineis duabus transversis ultra

cellulam, altera brevi ad cellule finem et margine externo ipso nigris, ciliis hie illic albis, posticis rufes-

cente fuscis nigro bivittatis, plaga magna submarginali fulva angulum apicalem haud attingente; subtus

glauco-ceruleis nigro transversim lineolatis, marginibus externis fuscis albido maculatis, posticis maculis

duabus duplicibus una ad angulum apicalem, altera ad angulum analem.

@ alis fuscis indistincte maculatis, anticis fascia obliqua flava lata bisectis, angulo apicali ultra eam saturate

fusco et maculis indistinctis co#ruleis notatis ; subtus fere ut in mare sed pallidioribus et fascia flavida sicut

in pagina superiore.

Hab. Nicaraava, Chontales (Belt !?); Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

Hewitson’s specimens were given him by Belt, who took them in Nicaragua, but the

figure of the type represents a much more rufous insect than our specimens from the

same source.

Our female examples from Nicaragua are much worn and faded, and we have described

a specimen of that sex from the State of Panama; this can at once be recognized from

the female of L. sudias by the transverse band of the primaries being yellow instead of

white.

6'. Anal angle of secondaries produced.

13. Lemonias irenea.

Papilio irenea, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 328. C, D'.

Lemonias irenea, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 3547.

Papilio belise, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 376. E, F’*.

Lemonias belise, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 450°.

Alis nigricantibus fascia communi lata ceruleo utrinque limbata a vena anticarum mediana ad marginem posti-

464 RHOPALOCERA.

carum internum, anticis macula ovali transversa ultra cellulam alba, posticis lineola submarginali ceruleo ;

subtus fulvis, sicut supra albo notatis, fascia communi nigro haud ceruleo limbata, fascia anticarum cellulari

et posticarum basi albis, marginibus externis albo indistincte bilineatis,

2 mari similis sed supra colore ceruleo absente et fascia indistincta submarginali notatis.

Hab. Guatemata, Cajabon, Panzos, Chacoj, Teleman (Champion), Polochic valley

(fF. D. G. & O. 8.); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Cache (Rogers); Panama, Veraguas

(Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Soutn AMERiIcA, Colombia to Guiana‘* and Amazons

valley 4.

There can be no doubt that Cramer’s two figures represent sexes of one species; and

though the female is figured as LZ. irenea, that name should be retained as the older.

The range of the species is very extensive, embracing the whole of the northern por-

tions of the continent of South America, thence spreading through Central America as

far north as Guatemala; but restricted to the low forest-ground.

So far as the males are concerned there is but little variation in colour, but great

diversity exists in the width of the white band common to both wings of the female.

14. Lemonias labotas. (Tab. XLV. figg. 8, 9.)

Lemonias labotas, Hew. Ex. Butt., Lemonias and Beotis, ff. 1, 2’.

Alis fuscis nigro ad basin sparsim transfasciatis, anticis maculis duabus costalibus ultra cellulam albis, angulo

anali pallide ceruleo, posticis dimidio distali albo ad marginem externum ceruleo, punctis nigris submar-

ginalibus in serie positis, angulo anali fusco; subtus pallide glaucis, anticis parte apicali fusca glauco

maculata, posticis margine externo fusco maculas glaucas includente.

Q alis fuscis, anticarum costa et marginibus exterioribus obscurioribus maculis quibusdam albis, ultra medium

coste area interna nigro maculata, posticis maculis submarginalibus albo aliquot limbatis; subtus glaucis,

fascia transversa maculosa nigra, anticis margine externo late fusco, maculis duabus ad medium glaucis,

aliis ad costz medium albis, posticis ad marginem externum fusco irregulariter notatis, maculis duabus

glaucis ad angulum apicalem.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Panamal.

Hewitson’s description of this species, from which we have derived our own, was

based upon a Panama example; we only possess a male which formed part of Belt’s

collection. These, though differing widely, we have little doubt represent sexes of one

and the same species.

L. labotas has no near allies that we know of, but the male somewhat recalls J. molina

on the upper side, though the differences are very obvious.

HAMEARIS.

Hamearis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 19 (1816).

Lemonias, section Hamearis, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 447.

The members of this genus have usually been associated with Apodemia, either as a

separate genus or as a section of Lemonias, but the presence in the primaries (1. epulus)

of a distinct upper discocellular nervule serves to distinguish what appears to be really

HAMEARIS. 465

a natural association of species, the most aberrant being the H. albinus of Felder.

Hamearis contains eight or nine species, all strictly South American with the exception

of three which just enter our limits in the State of Panama.

Compared with Lemonias sudias the primaries, as already stated, have an upper

discocellular, the front legs of the male offer no peculiarity, the tarsus being single-

jointed ; the first four joints of the tarsus of the female are terminated with very strong

spines; the secondary sexual organs of the male resemble somewhat those of L. trenea,

the harpagones have four very distinct slightly incurved teeth at the extremity ; besides

the usual structures we find, in addition, a pair of long rods proceeding from either

side of the base of the penultimate segment of the body and standing outwards as far

as the end of the harpagones, and terminating in a sharp slightly decurved point. The

bursa copulatrix of the female has two long thorn-like projections with granular.

surface and one edge irregularly serrate.

1. Hamearis erostratus. (Lemonias erostratus, Tab. XLV. figg. 6, 7.)

Lemonias erostratus, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 458, t. 71. f. 4°.

Alis fulvis, anticis maculis transversis paucis ad basin notatis, litura transversa ultra cellulam cum margine

externo conjuncta, fuscis, hoc fasciam maculosam submarginalem fulvam includente ; posticis dimidio distali

fusco adumbrato maculis nigris in serie submarginali positis; subtus anticis ut supra, maculis in cellule

aliisque ad apicem albis; posticis fuscis dimidio basali albo, annulis fuscis dense (interdum confluentibus)

notatis, annulis quoque submarginalibus albis, iis ad angulum analem et apicalem intus nigris.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Arcé), Taboga Island (Champion).—CoLomBia ; VENEZUELA’.

A somewhat variable form, individuals differing in the width of the markings of

the upper surface of the wings; beneath, too, the spots of the secondaries are arranged

in more definite lines in some examples than in others. We see no essential difference

between our examples from Panama and Venezuela, whence the types are said to have

been derived. |

Mr. Champion met with this species not uncommonly on the steep rocky slopes of

the island of ‘Taboga.

9. Hamearis domina. (Lemonias domina, Tab. XLV. figg. 10, 116,122.)

Lemonias domina, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. i. p. 204’.

Alis fulvis, anticis maculis nigricantibus sparsim notatis, margine externo late nigricante ; posticis costa et

margine externo coloris ejusdem, hoc lunulas fulvas includente ; subtus anticis ut supra, maculis costalibus

ultra cellulam aliisque submarginalibus albidis, posticis fuscis preecipue in linea mediana albo maculatis.

Q mari similis sed alarum marginibus annulis fulvis distincte notatis, subtus fascia mediana communi venis

divisa alba.

Had. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé1), line of railway (M/‘Leannan), near the city

(J. J. Walker).

The largest species of this section of the genus, and restricted, so far as we know,

to the district of the Panama railway and the adjoining province of Veraguas, whence

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. L., February 1886. 30

466 RHOPALOCERA.

M‘Leannan and Arcé have sent us a few specimens, and where, quite recently,

Mr. J. J. Walker also found it.

The difference in the size of the spots of the primaries of individuals of this species

renders it an obviously variable one; there is also great diversity in the size of the

insect.

Its nearest ally is perhaps L. aurinia.

3. Hamearis albinus.

Lemonias albinus, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. v. p.101'; Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 299, t. 37. f. 1-4°; Bates,

Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 448 *,

Anticis ad basin albis, a dimidio distali fulvo distincte divisam, litura transversa ultra cellulam fulva, extra eam

maculis tribus albis, altera ad angulum analem albido-fulvo marginatis; posticis albis, costa et margine

externo fuscis, hoc intus ad angulum apicalem fulvo, ad angulum analem albo-atomato et macula nigra

notato; subtus fuscis ad basin rufescentibus, anticis maculis duabus infra cellulam et altera ad angulum

analem nigris, maculis tribus in cellula, duabus ultra eam, litura transversa exteriori, fascia maculosa sub-

marginali et plaga magna subtriangulari ad marginem internum albis, posticis fascia alba bisectis, margine

externo et maculis magnis subcostalibus albis, macula duplici ad angulum analem nigra, altera ad angulum

apicalem.

Hab. Panama, near the city (Champion), Taboga Island (J. J. Walker).—Co.omBia2 ;

VENEZUELA ! 2,

This well-marked species has its nearest ally in L. glaphyre of South Brazil, but it is

twice as large as that insect, besides other points of difference.

It was described by Dr. Felder from specimens taken by Dr. Moritz in Venezuela,

whence it has been traced to the neighbourhood of Santa Marta and Panama.

Mr. Champion took it near the city, and Mr. Walker in the island of Taboga in the

bay.

These western specimens differ slightly from Dr. Felder’s figure, having more rufous

on the upper surface of the primaries.

APODEMIA.

Apodemia, Felder, Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 302 (1865).

Dr. Felder separated this species from Lemonias, placing in it certain species found

in the south-western States of North America and in Northern Mexico. The number of

these now amounts to seven or eight, of which six are found in our region, all of them

in Northern Mexico.

The neuration of the primaries in A. cythera resembles that of Lemonias, except that

the middle discocellular is much less atrophied; the costal and distal sides of the cell

are subequal, the lower discocellular meets the median a long way beyond the second

branch.

In the front legs of the male the trochanter is inserted some way beyond the middle

of the coxa; the femur is short=4 coxa, slightly dilated towards its distal end ;

APODEMIA. 467

tibia is ovoid, > femur + trochanter, first tarsal joint also ovoid,= femur, terminal joint

subcylindrical,= trochanter, the terminal tarsal joint of the front leg of the female=

third joint; the third and fourth joints terminate each with a pair of long spines; the

first and second joints, as well as the tibia, have in addition several strong spines

beneath. The palpi have a very slender terminal joint=} middle joint, which is tumid.

The bursa copulatrix of the female has two sagittate chitinous patches.

Regarding A. palmeri and the allied species 4. hepburni and A. walkeri, we can say

nothing of their sexual structure as we have not sufficient materials for dissection.

Their general resemblance to A. virgulti is obvious, and this is why we place them in

this genus. .

Nemeobius mexicanus, Behr, evidently an Apodemia, we have not been able to

recognize.

1, Apodemia cythera.

Lemonias cythera, W. H. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. iv. p. 345°.

Alis testaceis marginibus externis fuscis, maculis albis nigro limbatis ad basin et serie submarginali ejusdem

coloris, linea valde sinuata ultra cellulas nigra, maculas albas extus attingentibus; subtus (presertim posticis)

pallidioribus, marginibus externis haud fuscis sed fere albis nigro maculatis, ciliis alterne nigris et albis.

2 mari similis, sed major.

Hab. Norrn America, Arizona !.—Maxico, Northern Sonora (Morrison).

A common species in Arizona and along our northern frontier, judging from the

number of specimens sent us by Mr. Morrison. It is closely allied to L. mormo of

Felder and L. virgulti of Behr. Mr. Strecker, indeed, treats it as identical with the

last-named species, and this again asa variety of L.mormo. ‘The more rufous secondaries

above and their lighter colour beneath, chiefly owing to the greater size of the white

spots, seem to us to sufficiently distinguish it.

2. Apodemia virgulti.

Nemeobius virguiti, Behr, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Se. iii. p. 178°.

Lemonias mormo, var. virgulti, Strecker, Butt. & Moths N. Am. p. 104 -

Apodemia sonorensis, Feld. Reise d. Nov. Lep. p. 303°.

L. cythere similis, sed anticis magis acutis ad basin multo fuscescentioribus; subtus posticis fuscis, maculis

irregularibus albis, maculis alteris albis nigro cireumcinctis ultra cellule medium.

Hab. Norva Amertca, Southern California ', Arizona.—Mexico, Sonora (Lorquin) °.

Dr. Felder described this insect under the name of ZL. sonorensis from Mexican

specimens, and we have an example of Mexican origin from Mr. Bates’s collection.

The latter agrees with the Californian specimens sent us from the United States as

L. virgulti. It is closely allied to LZ. mormo, but differs in having some rufous

markings on the secondaries above, and the wings of the male are perhaps a little more

pointed.

302

468 RHOPALOCERA.

3. Apodemia hypoglauca, (Lemonias hypoglauca, Tab. XLV. figg. 13, 14.)

Lemonias hypoglauca, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 3671.

Alis griseo-fuscis, maculis nigrescentibus indutis, eis intra et infra cellulam anticarum maximis ; maculis posti-

carum seriebus submarginalibus duabus positis, congerie irregulari intra et circa cellule finem ; subtus

albidis, maculis, in anticis obscuris, in posticis rufis, sicut supra locatis.

Hab. Mxxico!, Huahuapam (Hedemann, mus. Vindob.)

We described this species from a single female specimen formerly in Mr. Druce’s

collection, and which we now figure. The exact locality where this was taken was not

recorded, but other similar examples in the Vienna Museum were captured by

Hedemann in Mexico.

Its relationship is with Z. walkeri rather than L. palmeri.

4. Apodemia palmeri.

Lemonias palmeri, W. H. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iii. p. 195*; Strecker, Butt. & Moths N. Am.

p. 104”.

Alis griseo-fuscis, maculis albis nigro limbatis undique notatis, ad margines externos et in dimidio posticarum

costali fulvescentibus; subtus glauco-rufescentibus, maculis albis sicut supra sed majoribus, ciliis fere

omnino albis,

Hab. Norra America, Utah !2, Arizona.—Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison).

This species just enters our territory on its northern boundary, where Morrison

procured it, and from this source our specimens were derived. ‘The types described by.

Mr. Edwards were obtained by Dr. Palmer in Utah.

5. Apodemia hepburni, sp. nov. (Tab. XLVII. figg. 11, 12.)

L. palmeri similis, sed maculis albis plerumque evanescentibus et posticarum angulo anali magis producto,

Hab. Mxxico, Pinos Altos in Chihuahua (Buchan-Hepburn).

We have a single male specimen of this species, taken by Mr. Buchan-Hepburn in the

above locality. It is closely allied to L. palmeri, differing in having the spots on the

upper surface much less conspicuous, and its primaries more pointed.

6. Apodemia walkeri, sp.nov. (Tab. XLVII. figg. 13, 14.)

Alis fuscis, maculis pallidioribus nigro utrinque limbatis notatis, fascia maculosa per cellulas, altera submargi-

nali, nigris; subtus glauco-albidis, sicut supra nigro notatis, ad margines exteriores rufescentibus.

Hab. Muxico, Acapulco (J. J. Walker).

This species is obviously different both from L. palmeri and L. hepburni, the

primaries having no well-defined spots.

The single specimen from which the description is taken is a male, and was given us

by Mr. J. J. Walker, late of Her Majesty's Ship ‘ Kingfisher,’

POLYSTIGMA. 469

POLYSTIGMA, gen. nov.

The single species of this genus is remarkable for the unusual development of the

front legs of the male, which are perfect, that is to say they possess terminal claws.

The fourth and fifth joints appear to be nearly fused, and the joint between the third and

fourth is barely indicated. There is a spine beneath at the end of the tibia, another

near the proximal end of the first tarsal joint, and another on what appears to be the

fourth joint. The terminal joint of the front leg of the female is as long as the

second joint, and all the tarsal joints as well as the distal end of the tibia are strongly

spinous beneath. This nearly perfect structure of the front leg of the male we have

not found in any other Erycinid; it, in fact, forms an exception to the definition of

the family, so far as the development of the tarsi is concerned. The prolongation of

the coxa beyond the trochanter joint is present, as is universally the case in this family,

this and the strong development of the basal nervure of the secondaries indicate its

true position beyond all doubt.

The harpagones of the male are bilobed, the lower lobe short and blunt, the upper

one produced to a slightly upturned point, both of them outwardly setose. There is a

piece stretching across above the penis in an arch; the penis itself is stout and

decurved from its distal half, where there is a line of ten or twelve strong papille.

The bursa copulatrix of the female has two long strong thorn-like projections, the

surface of which is granular.

1. Polystigma nais.

Chrysophanus nais, W. H. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. v. p. 291 a

Lemonias nais, W. H. Edw. op. cit. ix. p. 7°; N. Am. Butt. 11. Lemonias, t. 1°.

Alis rufis fusco marginatis, disco nigro maculato, anticis macula costali ultra cellulam alba; subtus anticis

pallide rufis nigro maculatis, posticis glaucis, nigro quoque maculatis, plaga ultra et infra cellulam linea-

que submarginali rufis, ciliis alterne albis et fuscis.

@ mari similis.

Hab. Norv America, Southern California 1, Colorado?, Arizona 1—MExIco, Northern

Sonora (Morrison), Pinos Altos in Chihuahua (Buchan-Hepburn).

An isolated species, bearing a curious resemblance to some members of the genus

Chrysophanus, in which genus Mr. W. H. Edwards placed the first specimens that

came under his notice. |

It is common in Southern Colorado, where Mr. Neumogen found it at Oak Creek

Cafion in the months of July and August.

Most. of our specimens were taken by Mr. Morrison in Arizona and the adjoining

| portions of Sonora. Mr. Buchan-Hepburn took a single female at Pinos Altos in the

State of Chihuahua.

470 ~ RHOPALOCERA.

NYMPHIDIUM.

Nymphidium, Mlliger, Mag. vi. p. 286 (1807) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 447 (1851).

This genus comprises about seventy species, ranging throughout Tropical America

from Mexico to South Brazil; of these, nineteen are found in Central America, the

numbers gradually increasing as we approach the southern continent, three species

being found in Mexico, seven in Guatemala, and no less than thirteen in the State of

Panama. Six out of the nineteen species extend their range into the southern continent,

leaving thirteen peculiar to our country.

The subcostal nervure in the primaries of WV. molpe emits two branches before the

end of the cell and one after it; there is a very short upper discocellular, the atrophied

middle discocellular meeting the radial close to its junction with the subcostal; the

lower discocellular is also atrophied, and meets the median a little beyond the second

branch ; the costal side of the cell is a little longer than the median side. The secon-

daries have a basal nervure; both discocellulars are atrophied, the upper one meets

the subcostal a little beyond the first branch, the lower the median a little beyond the

second branch; the costal side of the cell is shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male of WV. lycorias have the trochanter inserted beyond the

middle of the coxa, femur=4 coxa, tibia=coxa, tarsus=tibia. The terminal joint of

the tarsus of the female (NV. molpe) is the same length as the second joint, and all

except the last terminate in a spine. The palpi have the terminal joint longer in the

female than in the male, >4 middle joint; the antenne have forty-five joints, and

terminate in a very slender club.

The harpagones in the secondary sexual organs of the male consist of two long

slightly depressed spines, the lower slightly setose, except at the distal end, the upper

setose near its distal end; there is a large patch on either side near the base of the

harpagones of long sete. The penis is decurved and stout, and the usual strap runs from

its base to the base of the harpagones. The bursa copulatrix of the female has a pair

of thin projections strongly serrate along one edge, and granular towards their base.

In WN. lycorias the harpagones of the male differ widely from those of W. molpe, being

lobes with a vertical outer edge, slightly dentate, and terminating at the upper

angle with a flattened elongate projection bearing at its end several well-defined

papille.

a. Sexes dissimilar.

1. Nymphidium mycone.

Nyphidium mycone, Hew. Ex. Butt., Nymphidium, t. 3. ff. 16, 17, 18'; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc.

Zool. ix. p. 451 *.

Alis brunneis maculis ad basin et lituris duabus submarginalibus saturatioribus, inter has fascia fusca albido

NYMPHIDIUM. 471

extus limbata, posticis fasciola altera simili marginem externum propiore ; subtus griseo-albidis fusco ut

supra notatis, posticis maculis submarginalibus nigris, iis ad angulum apicalem maximis.

Q plaga elliptica communi alba, in pagina inferiori quoque obvia distinguenda.

Hab. Mexico, Valladolid in Yucatan (Gawmer); GuaTEMALA, Polochic valley (Hague);

Honpuras, San Pedro (G. M. Whitely); Nicaracua!? (Bridges), Chontales (Bele) ;

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Calobre (Arcé).

Hewitson described this species from Nicaraguan specimens; whence we also have

examples, and have traced it northwards to Mexico and southwards to the State of

Panama.

The great dissimilarity between the sexes is one of its chief characteristics. ‘The

male is not unlike that of N. orestes, while the female has a general resemblance to

that of WV. calyce, as Hewitson has already suggested.

2. Nymphidium preclarum. (Tab. XLV. fig. 15.)

Nymphidium preclarum, Bates, Ent. Month]. Mag. iii. p. 156°; Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 451",

Alis stramineis (interdum albis), anticis ad basin fuscis annulis stramineis notatis, apice et margine externo

fuscis, lineam submarginalem maculosam stramineam includente; posticis ad basin fuscis, lituris duabus

submarginalibus venis pallidis divisis coloris ejusdem, interiori ad angulum analem plus minusve interrupta,

Hab. Panama (M‘Leannan '?), Tolé, San Miguel in the Pearl Islands (Champion).—

CoLoMBIA.

A single female specimen sent us from Panama formed the basis of Mr. Bates’s

description of this species. We have since acquired three other examples from our

region, including two from the Pearl Islands. These latter are smaller than the type,

and the submarginal bands of the secondaries are broken up into definite spots; we

have also twa from the west coast of Colombia sent us by Dr. Staudinger, in these the

bands of the secondaries are entire. All these six specimens are females, and as yet

the male remains unknown to us. This, from analogy, should resemble that sex of

N. apame of the Amazons valley. We have further to note’ regarding the females of

N. preclarum that there appear to be two styles of coloration ; the yellow of the type

being as often as not replaced by white.

We have one specimen of each variety from the mainland, from the Pearl Islands,

and from Colombia.

It frequents open second-growth woods of the low country (Champion).

3. Nymphidium labdacus, sp. nov. (ab. XLVII. fig. 17.)

Alis lactescenti-albis, anticis ad basin griseo-fuscis annulis griseis notatis, apice et margine externo fuscis fere

immaculatis, posticis maculis ad arnigulum apicalem et margine externo ipso nigricantibus ; subtus fere

omnino albidis, anticis ad angulum apicalem et marginem externum vix adumbratis, posticis maculis duabus

ad angulum analem, duabus alteris angulum apicalem versus fuscis.

¢é ignotus.

Hab. Guatemata, Teleman (Champion).

A472 RHOPALOCERA.

A single female specimen taken by Mr. Champion at Teleman in the Polochic valley

is the only one we have seen of this fine species. In size and pattern it resembles the

insect figured by Hewitson as WN. ethelinda from Brazil. On the strength of this resem-

blance, we place the species in this section of the genus.

4. Nymphidium laius, sp. nov. (Tab. XLVII. fig. 15, 16.)

Alis nigricanti-fuscis, posticis preter basin, costam et angulum apicalem, flavescentibus; subtus anticis palli-

dioribus, ad basin et marginem externum flavido atomatis, maculis inter et infra cellulam ad finem ejus,

ultra eam in fascia sinuosa et serie submarginali nigricantibus, posticis maculis quibusdam costalibus

tribus ad angulum apicalem et una ad angulum analem coloris ejusdem.

Hab. GuaTEMALA, Sinanja (Champion).

A single male specimen represents this fine species in our collection. This was also

one of Mr. Champion’s captures, who found it in the low hot wooded valley of the river

Sinanja, a tributary of the Polochic. It bears a general resemblance to the male of

N. ethelinda of Hewitson, and it is just possible that N. laius and WV. labdacus are sexes

of one species; but the difference in size and colour is so great that, notwithstanding

Hewitson’s opinion with regard to W. ethelinda, we hesitate to place them together

without further evidence.

5. Nymphidium clearista.

Emesis clearista, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, viii. p. 2837.

2 alis albis, anticarum margine costali (cellula inclusa) et margine externo rufescentibus, maculis obscuris

tribus in cellula, posticis angulo anali rufescenti; subtus ut supra sed marginibus pallidioribus, posticis

maculis sparsissimis et maculis indistinctis submarginalibus notatis, abdomine albo.

Hab. Honpuras (Dyson, Mus. Brit.)

This species is only known from a single specimen in the British Museum, said to

have been obtained by Dyson in Honduras.

We have placed it provisionally in this section of the genus, but its true position can

only be ascertained when the male is known.

6. Sexes similar.

a’. Anal angle of secondaries rounded.

6. Nymphidium dorilis, (Tab. XLV. fig. 16.)

Nymphidium dorilis, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. ili. p. 1567; Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 4517.

Alis rufo-brunneis, fascia communi lata, annulis submarginalibus aliisque inter et infra anticarum cellulam

fulvis ; subtus pallide fuscis sordide albo ut supra notatis.

Hab. Panama, Lion Hill (M*‘Leannan ! 2).—Conomeia.

NYMPHIDIUM. 473

The single male specimen, from which Mr. Bates’s description was drawn, is still the

only one we have received from our country; but Dr. Staudinger sent us another

male from Colombia, which only differs from our type by the greater extension of the

fulvous band to the costa of the primaries.

It is a well-marked species, and perhaps most nearly allied to W. geda, as Mr. Bates

pointed out. |

7. Nymphidium molpe.

Limnas subtilis molpe, Hibn. Sammi. ex. Schmett. i. t. 31°.

Nymphidium molpe, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 451 an

Nymphidium azanoides, Butl. Ent. Month. Mag. ii. p. 221 *,

Nymphidium. ascolia, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 854".

Alis fusco-nigricantibus, annulis inter et infra cellulam griseis, maculis submarginalibus nigris griseo circum-

cinctis in posticis fere confluentibus, litura submarginali intra eas rufescente, fascia communi lata (in

anticis subtriangulari) alba; subtus multo pallidioribus sed eodem modo notatis, maculis submarginalibus

posticarum magis obviis et colore rufescente nullo.

¢ mari similis sed plaga anticarum alba multo minus acuta, anticarum costa angustiore fusca.

Hab. Mexico, Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer); Brrtisa Honpuras, Corosal (oe) ;

GvuaTemaALA, Polochic valley, Chisoy, Choctum (Hague), Tocoy, Chiacam, Panima,

Panzos, Teleman, Chacoj (Champion) ; Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van

Patten*); Panama, Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M*Leannan), San Miguel in the Pearl

Islands (Champion).—Sovta America, Colombia to Guiana and the Amazons valley’.

The variation in the size of this species is considerable, but the average of those from

Central America is much less than that of the southern examples, but mingled with

large southern specimens are others with dimensions no greater than our Central

American insects.

N. molpe is one of the most abundant species of the genus in Central America, being

found chiefly in the low-lying country up to an elevation of 3000 feet.

8. Nymphidium lamis.

Papilio lamis, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 835. F, G’.

Alis fascis, fascia communi (in anticis triangulari) alba, lineolis intra cellulam anticarum, semicirculisque

submarginalibus griseo-ceruleis et intra eos litura rufa; subtus ut supra, semicirculis intus aut nigris aut

albis, punctis quibusdam nigris albo circumeinctis ad basin.

@ mari similis.

Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé).—GuIANa '.

We have only a single female specimen of this species from our region, which, how-

ever, agrees so closely with others from Guiana as to leave no reasonable doubt as to

their identity.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., February 1886. 3P

474 RHOPALOCERA.

We have no specimens from intermediate localities, but we have some doubts as to

the distinctness of NV. lysimon of Stoll, which Mr. Bates traces throughout the Amazons

valley. Should they prove inseparable, the interval in the range of the species becomes

in a great measure filled up.

9. Nymphidium onzum.

Nymphidium oneum, Hew. Ex. Butl., Nymphidium, t. 4. ff. 27, 287.

Alis albis fusco marginatis, anticis maculis inter et infra cellulam (griseo vix marginatis) nigris, semicirculis

submarginalibus griseis, cellula anticarum et parte infra eam (maculis nigris exceptis), plagaque ad angulos

alarum ambarum anales, rufis; subtus ut supra sed marginibus pallidioribus et magis distincte notatis.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales ! (Belt); Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers); Panama, Veraguas

(Arcé).

This species was described by Hewitson from Nicaragua specimens, whence we also

have examples. In Costa Rica it appears to be abundant, but further south it becomes

rare, as we have only a single example from the State of Panama contained in one of

Arcé’s collections. In South America there are several allied species, of which, perhaps,

N. carice is most nearly allied, but in that insect there is a submarginal rufous band

in both wings, which in WV. onwum is restricted to the anal angle.

10. Nymphidium hematostictum. (Tab. XLVI. fige. 1, 2.)

Nymphidium hematostictum, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 367°.

Anticarum costa et margine externo nigricante-brunneis, plaga triangulari, macula ad apicem et posticis

intus omnino albis; maculis submarginalibus nigris utrinque lineolis angustis undulatis cwrulescente-

- griseo marginatis, anticarum margine bitriente ab angulo anali introrsum rubro, aliter et margine angusto

brunneis; subtus marginibus ut supra sed linea irregulari intima maculos submargnales nigros circumcin-

gentibus fere alba, anticis maculis irregularibus duabus in margine exteriori, una media et altera

angulum analem prope, rubore anticarum magis restricto.

Hab. Panama (Ribbe1, mus. Staudinger).

We described this species from a single specimen in Dr. Staudinger’s collection. Its

nearest ally is WV. chimborazia of Western Ecuador.

11. Nymphidium olinda.

Nymphidium olinda, Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 204'; Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p- 453’.

Alis fuscis fascia communi alba, anticis annulis inter et infra cellulam griseo-ceruleis, semicirculis in margine

externo coloris ejusdem, posticis margine externo ipso albo deinde ceerulescente, lineis semiovalibus griseo-

ceruleis ; subtus pallidioribus lineis omnibus latioribus albis (nec ceerulescentibus).

Hab. Panama!?, Bugaba (Champion).—AMAZONS VALLEY 12,

This species must be rare in our district, for, although Dr. Staudinger has one speci-

men from Chiriqui and Mr. Champion also took one at Bugaba, we have no other

NYMPHIDIUM. «478

evidence of its presence in the State of Panama, except that one of Mr. Bates’s types

came from there. In the Amazons valley it is more common.

Mr. Bates places the species between the beautiful N. mantus and N. beotia, the

former of which occurs just beyond our limits at Santa Marta in Colombia.

12. Nymphidium sicyon. (Tab. XLVI. fig. 4.)

Nymphidium sicyon, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 368°.

Alis stramineis, marginibus externis et anticarum costa nigricantibus, posticis margine externo lineas duas

stramineas includente, area inter eas nigro maculata; subtus pallidioribus, posticis margine externo ut supra

maculatis haud lineatis.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley ! (Hague).

Our type, described by us in 1878, is still the only specimen in our collection. We

formerly compared it with W. agle, but are now disposed to consider J. ochra a nearer

ally. From it WN. sicyon can readily be distinguished by the absence of the narrow

yellow band which runs parallel to the outer margin of the primaries.

13. Nymphidium ascolia.

Nymphidium ascolia, Hew. Ex. Butt., Nymphidium, t. 1. f. 4°.

Desmozona ascolides, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 21°.

Alis pallide primulinis fusco marginatis, semicirculis serie submarginalibus tenuissimis griseo-albidis, posticis

macula ad angulum analem rufa; subtus fere ut supra, sed anticis in cellula lineis transversis griseis, in

marginem externum maculis quibusdam albis notatis; abdomine medialiter primulino.

Hab. Guatemata2, Polochic valley (Hague), Cahabon, Panzos (Champion); Nica- -

Racua, Chontales (Belt, Janson); Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion), Veraguas

(Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—Sovutn America, Colombia to Amazons valley’.

Nymphidium ascolia was described by Hewitson from the Amazons valley, and

examples in Mr. Bates’s collection are doubtless typical; these, as well as the figure,

have a broader dark margin to the wings than is usual in Central American insects,

but in the absence of other characters we are not disposed to separate them solely

on this account.

N. ascolia may easily be confounded with NV. cachrus of Fabricius, but the light-

coloured abdomen of the former, as contrasted with the dark one of the latter, seems a

character by which they may be distinguished.

We have a considerable series of specimens from our region, ranging between Guate-

mala and Panama, with the exception of Costa Rica*.

* The specimen from Van Patten’s collection called WV. ascolia by Messrs. Butler and Druce should be called

N. molpe.

3P2

476 RHOPALOCERA.

The type of Desmozona ascolides, Boisd., which, through Mons. C. Oberthiir’s kindness,

we have examined, agrees with our Central American series, and this name can be used

for it should its separation from JV. ascolia hereafter be deemed advisable.

14. Nymphidium ipsea, sp. nov. (Tab. XLV. figg. 17, 18.)

Alis fuscis plaga lata communi costam anticarum haud attingente flavida, inter et infra cellulam annulis

evanescentibus aliisque ad marginem externum coloris ejusdem; subtus ut supra sed omnino dilutioribus

annulisque omnibus magis distinctis.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt).

At present we know of but a single female example of this species, taken by Mr. Belt

in Nicaragua. It has a general resemblance to that sex of NV. molpe, but the inner area

of the wing is yellowish and not white, and there is no rufous in the outer border of the

secondaries.

15. Nymphidium ictericum. (Tab. XLVI. fig. 3.)

Nymphidium ictericum, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 867°.

Alis ad basin ochraceo-brunneis; anticis fascia lata obliqua, ad medium constricta, a costa marginem

externum versus eunte, macula irregulari in margine interno aliisque quibusdam prope marginem

externum, posticisque omnino, ochraceo-flavis; anticis lineis indistinctis obscuris cellulam transeuntibus ;

subtus ut supra sed alis pallidioribus.

G mari similis sed omnino pallidior.

Hab. Panama, Veraguas (Arcé!), Chiriqui (Ribbe 1).

A peculiar species of which, as yet, we have only seen two specimens; one, a male,

taken by Arcé, which is in our collection, the other, a female, which is in that of

Dr. Staudinger.

16. Nymphidium nycteus, sp. nov. (Tab. XLVIL. fig. 18.)

Alis albis, anticis fascia mediana longitudinali rufo-brunnea, maculis tribus transversis in cellulam duabusque

infra eam nigris, margine externo nigricante maculas sex submarginales albas includente, ea ad angulum

analem maxima, posticis ad basin et macula duplici ad angulum apicalem nigris; subtus fere omnino

albis, anticis ad apicem et macula ad medium marginis externi fuscescentibus albido variegatis, posticis

macula duplici ad angulum analem nigra.

6 adhuc ignotus.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

We can suggest no near ally to this species, one of the largest and most striking of

the genus.

It is only known to us through a single female specimen forwarded by Mr. Champion

from Bugaba in the State of Panama.

NYMPHIDIUM. 477

b'. Anal angle of secondaries produced.

17. Nymphidium velabrum. (Tab. XLV. figg. 19, 20.)

Nymphidium velabrum, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 368°.

Alis nigricante-fuscis fascia communi alba a cellule anticarum fine alba, ultra eam macula subquadrata costam

anticarum attingente et angulo posticarum anali fulvis, maculis his duabus linea angustissima eyusdem

coloris conjunctis, extra eam fasciis duabus pallidis marginibus externis propioribus, anticis annulis inter

et infra cellulam indistincte griseis; subtus ut supra sed omnino grisescentioribus, annulis anticarum

cellularibus et fasciis submarginalibus magis distinctis.

Hab. Panama, Calobre (Arcé 1).

This species is only known to us from three rather damaged specimens sent us by

Arcé from Calobre, its range, therefore, probably is very limited. Though obviously

distinct, it is manifestly allied to V. phliassus of Guiana. Their differences can be best

expressed by stating that, whereas the latter bears a superficial resemblance to Adelpha

cocala, N. velabrum takes the pattern of A. iphicla.

18. Nymphidium lycorias.

Nymphidium lycorias, Hew. Ex. Butt., Nymphidium, t. 1. ff. 7,8'; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix.

p- 452’.

Alis fuscis plaga communi subovali margines haud attingente, anticis macula subapicali altera infra eam,

posticis lineis duabus submarginalibus, ea interiori multo latiore, albis, anticarum tectricibus, maculis tribus

cellularibus, macula ad angulum analem et posticis regione anali rufis, hac macula nigra notata; subtus ut

supra, fasciis submarginalibus omnino latioribus, anticis litura longitudinali cellulari alba, maculis rufis

absentibus; posticis ad basin albis.

9 mari similis sed anticis macula ad angulum analem alba.

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Forrer), Oaxaca (Deppe), Cordova (Riimeli); GuaTEMALA ®,

Polochic valley (Hague), San Gerénimo (Champion): Honpuras!? (Mus. Brit.).

Though formally described by Hewitson from specimens said to have been taken in

Honduras, an example had previously remained undescribed in the Berlin Museum for

upwards of twenty years. It formed part of the rich collection made by Deppe in Mexico.

In the latter country it appears to be not uncommon, and we have traced it as far north

as Mazatlan. In Guatemala itis locally distributed, but not uncommon in open second-

growth woods, at San Gerénimo 3000 feet above the sea, and is also found in the valley

of the Polochic. Southward of Honduras its place is taken by the next species, N. adel-

phinum, a very close ally.

19. Nymphidium adelphinum.

Nymphidium adelphinum, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878 °.

Nymphidium lycorias, Butl. & Druce, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 354°.

N. lycorias, simile posticis fascia alba interiori marginis externi fere obsoleta, macula alba ad apicem anticarum

multo minore, vix distinguendum.

478 , RHOPALOCERA.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (Van Patten), Cache (Rogers) ;

Panama, Calobre (Arcé).

This insect is a southern race of NV. lycorias, taking its place in Nicaragua and

extending its range to Panama. It is common in Costa Rica, and occurs again in

Calobre in the State of Panama, but we have no specimens from the district of Chiriqui,

which is somewhat remarkable. In Western Colombia there is a still more modified

form which we describe below *.

PANDEMOS.

Pandemos, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 25 (1816) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 440 (1851).

We are acquainted with but four species belonging to this genus, three of which are

known only from single specimens; the fourth is P. arcas, the type of the genus which

we here describe. Two species occur within our limits.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries emits two branches before the end of the cell

and one after it; both the lower and middle discocellulars are atrophied, the upper

meets the subcostal at the same point as the upper radial, the lower the median beyond

the second branch ; the costal side of the cell is a little longer than the median ; there

is a large patch of thickly felted scales below the junction of the median and its first

branch. ‘The secondaries have a basal nervure, both discocellulars are atrophied, the

upper meets the subcostal a little beyond the first branch, the lower the median nearly

opposite the second branch ; the costal side of the cell is a little shorter than the median ;

there is a patch of thickly felted scales between the costal and subcostal nervures

corresponding to the similar patch on the primaries. In the female these patches are

absent.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted beyond the middle of the

coxa; femur >4 coxa, ovoid and dilated towards its distal end; tibia < coxa; tarsus

> ¢ tibia, two-jointed, with a constriction in the terminal joint, the remnant of an

atrophied third joint. The terminal joint of the palpi in the male are long and

slender, =% middle joint; that of the female is much longer, =? middle joint. The

antenne have fifty-four joints, the terminal seventeen forming a slender club.

The harpagones of the male in the secondary sexual organs are subtriangular, the

apex being a simple lobe slightly setose; a short rod proceeds from the base of the

harpagones in the middle line, and the strap passes from the middle of the penis to the

base of the harpagones. The penis itself gradually tapers, and is decurved throughout

its length.

* Nymphidium germanus, sp. n.

L. lycorias similis sed plaga alarum communi angusta margine externo nigricante latissimo, fascia submarginali

interior! angusta et fusco atomata, subtus maculis omnibus albis submarginalibus distinctissimis.

Hab, Cotomaia, Rio San Juan (Trétsch).

PANDEMOS.—ARICORIS. 479

1. Pandemos nymphidioides. (Tab. XLVI. figg. 5, 6.)

Pandemos nymphidioides, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 79'; Butl. & Druce, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 3547.

Alis anticis rufescenti-brunneis, maculis intra et infra cellulam saturatioribus, maculis tribus inter ramos

medianos, posticis (preter basin et angulum analem) pallide ochraceis; subtus sordide albis, anticis extus

pallide fusco-nebulosis, maculis tribus ad angulum posticarum analem fuscis.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten } 2).

The single male specimen described by Mr. Butler is the only one which has yet

reached us; though its coloration suggests that Nymphidium is the genus in which it

ought to be included we are in little doubt that it was rightly placed by Mr. Butler in

Pandemos. We note, however, that the peculiar patches on the wings of P. arcas are

absent in this species, and it is possible that closer dissection may reveal other

differences.

2. Pandemos godmanni.

Pandemos godmanni, Dewitz, Mitth. Miinch. Ent. Ver. i. p. 90, t. 2. f. 7°.

Alis anticis apicibus aculeatis, margine externo apicem versus inciso, margine interno arcuato, posticis

elongatis et rotundatis. Anticis rufo-brunneis, fascia ultra cellulam arcuata a costa fere ad angulum

analem extendente alba, introrsum pallide lilacinis; posticis violaceis, marginibus fuscis; subtus sordide

griseis, anticis fascia alba pagine superioris latiore et plaga magna intra eam usque ad basin (preter

costam) extendente, nigra.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Deppe 3).

This species is alone known to us from the single male example in the Berlin

Museum obtained by Deppe at Vera Cruz in Mexico, and described and figured by

Dr. H. Dewitz in the “ Mittheilungen des Miinchener entomologischen Vereins” in

1877, and placed by him in the genus Pandemos. Whether it really belongs to this

genus or not it is impossible to say, as the shape of the wings is abnormal, and the

figure does not show the projecting palpi ; moreover, the neuration of the front wings

is evidently not drawn with exactitude. Our description was compiled from Dr. Dewitz’s

figure.

ARICORIS.

Aricoris, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 449 (1851).

We are acquainted with fifteen species belonging to this genus, which extends from

Nicaragua southwards to the Amazons valley and Guiana, two only entering our

country.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in A. jansoni emits two branches before and

one after the end of the cell; the discocellulars are only partially atrophied, and both

of them convex; the middle discocellular meets the subcostal at the same point as the

upper radial, the lower the median a little beyond the second branch; the costal side

of the cell is a little longer than the median side. The secondaries have a basal nervure ;

480 RHOPALOCERA.

both discocellulars are atrcphied, the upper meets the subcostal some way beyond the

first branch, the lower the median a little beyond the second branch; the costal side of

the cell is shorter than the median side.

The terminal joint of the palpi is long and slender, =+ middle joint; the antenne

have forty-seven joints, and terminate in a slender club.

The harpagones in the male secondary sexual organs are simple lobes pointed

outwards, and are setose on the upper and lower regions, as well as towards the point;

the penis is short, slightly tapering and decurved throughout its length, and the usual

strap proceeds from its middle to the base of the harpagones.

1. Aricoris jansoni.

Aricoris jansoni, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 31’; Lep. Ex. p. 41, t. 14. f. 57.

Alis purpurescente-ceruleis, costis et angulis apicalibus nigricantibus, macula bifida ad medium rami mediani

secundi alba ; subtus fuscis extus inter venas albidis, ad basin quoque albo notatis.

Q mari similis, sed anticis ad basin et area posticarum interna tantum ceerulescentibus, anticis fascia lata ultra

cellulam a costa fere ad angulum analem ochracea; subtus multo pallidioribus colore cruleo nullo,

posticis maculis submarginalibus indistinctis albidis.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt, Janson1); Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers); PANAMA,

Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion).—CoLoMBIA.

This is not an uncommon species in Nicaragua, and thence along the isthmus to

Panama. In the former country it was obtained in some numbers by the late

KE. M. Janson, after whom Mr. Butler named it. The nearest South American ally is

A, lagus, from the female of which it seems constantly to differ in having the wings

suffused with blue.

Frequents second-growth woods and forest margins up to 3000 feet (Champion),

2, Aricoris cleomedes.

Aricoris cleomedes, Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. vii. p. 4*; Ex. Butt., Erycina, Symmachia, &c. f. 11°.

Alis aurantiis, costis et marginibus externis nigricantibus, anticis maculis tribus subapicalibus albidis; subtus

omnino pallidioribus, posticarum costa aurantia, maculis submarginalibus albidis.

@ mari similis, sed alis pallidioribus, posticarum costa haud nigricante.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt! 2),

The only collector who has as yet met with this species is Belt, and he obtained

several examples, some of which are now in our possession. Its position in the genus

of Aricoris is open to question as the similarity of the sexes is an exceptional feature ;

but until we have material for dissection we leave it where Hewitson placed it.

THEOPE.

Theope, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 489 (1851).

This singular genus, many members of which bear such a strong resemblance to

THEOPE. 481

Lycenide, contains at least fifty species ranging through Tropical America from Mexico

southwards, the majority of the species congregating in the valley of the Amazons and

on the eastern slopes of the Andes. We at present know of fourteen species as inha-

biting our own country.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in 7. ewdocia emits two branches before the

end of the cell and one after it; the first branch anchyloses for a short distance with

the costal; the lower and middle discocellulars are both atrophied, the latter meets the

upper radial some way beyond its junction with the subcostal, so that there is a well-

defined upper discocellular; the lower discocellular meets the median a little beyond

the second branch; the costal side of the cell is shorter than the median side. The

secondaries have a well-defined straight basal nervure; the lower and upper disco-

cellulars are both atrophied, the latter meets the subcostal beyond the first branch, the

former the median beyond the second branch ; the costal and median sides of the cell

are nearly equal.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted about the middle of the coxa,

the femur <4 coxa, dilated towards its distal end, tibia >4 coxa, tarsus = femur

+trochanter. The terminal joint of the tarsus of the female=second joint, and has a

setose pad beneath ; the second, third, and fourth joints terminate with a strong spine.

The palpi are long and slender; those of the male =} middle joint; those of the

female are still longer, being a little shorter than the middle joint.

The secondary sexual organs in the male have bilobed harpagones, the lower obtuse,

the upper pointed and slightly depressed, and both setose; a long rod proceeds from

the base of the harpagones in the middle line, and is pointed and slightly upturned

towards its end; the penis is strong and curved downwards towards its base, and the

usual strap proceeds from its middle to the base of the harpagones.

a. Wings uniform beneath, no spots near the anal angle of the secondaries.

a’. Secondaries orange above.

1. Theope eudocia. (Tab. XLVI. figg. 10,113,122.)

Theope eudocia, West. in Doubl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 439, t. 70. f.4'; Bates, Journ. Linn,

Soc. Zool. ix. p. 453”.

Alis anticis nigricantibus, plaga subapicali violacea, altera magna cellule dimidium et marginem internum totum

amplectante posticisque omnino saturate croceis ; subtus omnino saturate citrinis.

Q mari similis sed colore anticarum nigricante magis restricta et plaga violacea nulla.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).—SovTH AMERICA, Venezuela to Bolivia, Amazons

valley !2, and Guiana.

This is a peculiar species, being the only one of the genus in which the orange yellow

colour predominates on the upper surface. Its range is wide, and includes the whole

of the Amazons valley, and thence northward to the sea; in Central America it is only

known to us from Nicaragua. |

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Rhopal., Vol. I., February 1886. 3 Q

482 RHOPALOCERA.

6’. Secondaries blue above.

a', Wings orange or yellow beneath.

2. Theope hypoxanthe. (Tab. XLVII. figg. 21, 22.)

Theope hypoxanthe, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 405’.

Alis supra violaceo-ceruleis, anticarum costa apice et margine externo late nigris, posticis margine externo

quoque nigro; subtus omnino lete aurantiacis.

mari similis sed colore cwruleo anticarum magis restricto, posticis dimidio costali nigricanti-fusco.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).—AMAZONS VALLEY ' and GUIANA.

Two specimens from the State of Panama we are unable to separate from Mr. Bates’s

types from the Amazons valley; we have not yet met with the species from any inter-

mediate locality.

Low forest region west of Bugaba (Champion).

3. Theope isia. (Tab. XLVI. figg. 20, 21.)

Theope isia, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 3681.

Precedenti similis sed alis magis ceerulescentibus haud violaceis, subtus pallidius aurantiacis.

Hab. Mexico, Atayac (Hedemann, mus. Vindot); Guatemata, Polochic valley

(Hague’).

A single specimen only of this species is in our collection, sent us by Mr. Hague from

Guatemala. We have seen one other in the Vienna Museum taken by Hedemann at

Atayac in Southern Mexico.

It is closely related to 7. pedias and T. hypoxanthe, differing from both in its much

paler under surface. .

4, Theope cenina.

Theope cenina, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 83697.

Alis anticis fuscis, cellula fere ad finem, margine interno et posticis omnino, purpureo-cyaneis ; subtus lividis.

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Aibbe’).

This is only known to us from a single specimen which formed part of Herr Ribbe’s

collection from Chiriqui. The under side is of a very pale yellow.

5. Theope barea. (Tab. XLVI. figg. 13,143,159.)

Theope barea, Godm. & Salv. P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 869°.

Precedenti similis sed anticis plaga ultra cellulam sericea, subtus paulo flavescentioribus.

Hab. Hoyvuras (Mus. Brit.); Paxama, Veraguas (Arcé'), Chiriqui (idbe').—Cotomsra.

Our type of this species was sent us from Veraguas by our collector Arcé, and we

have since received two others from Western Colombia; it has no very near allies, but

the silky spot on the disc of the primaries suggests the relationship with 7. aureocincta.

THEOPE. 483

| | 6", Wings grey beneath.

6. Theope thootes.

Theope thootes, Hew. Exot. Butt., Theope, ff. 9, 10°; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 454’.

Anticis nigricantibus, cellula et infra eam ad marginem internum, posticisque omnino, lete ceruleis, subtus

fuscescentibus.

Q marisimilis sed colore anticarum cyaneo magis extenso et extus bifurcato, subtus anticis paullo saturatioribus.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).—AMazons VALLEY *”.

We have a single male specimen from Nicaragua which agrees with our series from

the Amazons, the country of the true 7. thootes. The anal angle of the secondaries is

rounded, and there are no spots in this region. ‘These characters separate T. thootes

from T. theutis, a species we have long confounded with it.

6. Wings beneath with spots near the anal angle of secondaries, or crossed with a

common dark band.

c!. Secondaries beneath with spots near the anal angle.

7. Theope theutis, sp. nov. (TZ. thootes, Tab. XLVI. figg. 16, 17 *.)

T’. thooti similis sed alis subtus paullo saturatioribus, posticis angulo anali magis producto haud rotundato maculis-

que minutis interdum fere obsoletis notato.

Hab. Guatemata, Polochic valley (Hague); Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt).

We have a single female specimen of this species from Guatemala, and a male and

two females from Nicaragua. At first sight it may readily be mistaken for T. thootes,

but the points given above fairly distinguish it.

8. Theope folia, sp.n. (Tab. XLVII. figg. 23, 24.)

Precedenti similis, sed anticis magis acutis, costa magis sinuosa, colore cyaneo magis nitente ; subtus cinereo-

fuscis, extus pallidioribus.

Hab. Panama, Pefia Blanca (Champion).

There is a specimen in the British Museum, said to be from Rio Janeiro, but the

name of the collector has not been recorded. Our type is the only one captured by

Mr. Champion during his recent journey.

9. Theope herta, sp.n. (Tab. XLVI. figg. 25, 26.)

Alis fuscis ad basin ceruleo atomatis; subtus sericeo-murinis, maculis parvis ad angulum posticarum analem.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

This species rests upon a single example obtained by Mr.Champion. It has no near

* These figures are erroneously marked on the Plate as 166,179; they refer to the upper and under side

of the same insect, a female of 7. theutis.

3Q 2

484, RHOPALOCERA.

allies that we are acquainted with, and is distinguished by its dark colour with a few

blue scales towards the base of the wings.

10. Theope virgilius. (Tab. XLVI. figg. 7, 8.)

Hesperia virgilius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iti. p. 323°.

Theope virgilius, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 455 ?.

Alis nigris, dimidio basali preter costam et posticis omnino ceruleis ; subtus flavo-fuscis ocellis quibusdam

ad angulum posticarum analem.

mari similis sed colore ceruleo pallidiore et macula ejusdem coloris ad angulum anticarum apicalem.

Hab. British Honpuras, Corosal (oe); Guatema.a, San Gerénimo (Hague, Champion),

Tocoy (Champion) ; Honpuras (Dyson) ; Nicaracua 2, Chontales (Belt, Janson) ; PANAMA,

Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba (Champion), Calobre (Arcé), Lion Hill (M‘Leannan).—

CoLoMBIA; EcuaporR; VENEZUELA.

T. virgilius is by far the commonest species of this genus. We have many specimens

from all points in its range given above, these are all fairly constant in their coloration.

11. Theope cratylus, sp. nov. (Tab. XLVI. fig. 9.)

7. virgilio affinis sed colore ceruleo anticarum magis extenso et extus magis curvato, et anticis magis acutis.

Hab. Panama, David (Champion).

This species is described from a single male specimen taken by Mr. Champion.

It is undoubtedly closely allied to 7. virgilius, but the distribution of the blue on the

upper surface of the primaries serves to distinguish it.

d'. Wings beneath with a common dark band.

c". A brand at the end of the cell of the primaries.

12. Theope publius. (Tab. XLVII. figg. 19, 20.)

Theope publius, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 98*; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 455”.

T. virgilio quoque affinis sed anticis plaga ultracellulari sericea et ultra eam macula indistincta cerulea ; subtus

fascia communi fusca a costa anticarum ad angulum posticarum analem transeunte.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion, Trotsch).—VENEZUELA! ?.

This species was described by Dr. Felder from Venezuelan specimens, which formed

part of the late Dr. Kaden’s collection, and which are now before us. With these

several examples from Chiriqui closely agree, except that they are brighter and in

fresher condition. The band at the end of the cell of the primaries distinguishes this

species, this is in a similar position, and mimics a character very common among the

Thecle of Tropical America. Low forest-region west of Bugaba (Champion).

THEOPE.—ISAPIS. A85

d', No brand at the end of the cell of the primaries.

13. Theope basilea. (Tab. XLVI. figg. 22, 23, 24, 26 2.)

Theope basilea, Bates, Ent. Monthl. Mag. iii. p. 155"; Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 455°.

T. virgilio similis, sed posticis ad angulum analem multo magis productis ; subtus saturatius rufescentioribus, fascia

obscura communi ab angulo anticarum apicali ad medium marginis interni posticarum transeunte, macula

in medio cellularum, altera ad finem earum et una ad medium posticarum coste albidis, ocellis binis ad

angulum analem.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson); Panama!2, Calobre(Arcé), Lion Hill(M‘Leannan).

—COLOMBIA.

T. basilea is the largest member of the genus. It was described from a female

specimen sent us by M‘Leannan from the Isthmus of Panama. To these we have

added three males, one from each of the localities mentioned above.

c. Wings beneath brown, the base of the primaries yellow.

14. Theope decorata. (Tab. XLVI. figg. 18, 19.)

Theope decorata, Godm. and Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 369°.

Anticis et posticarum marginibus nigris, macula in margine interno angulum analem prope et ad basin sparsim

atomatis, et area posticarum interna cyanea; subtus obscure fuscis, apicibus dilutioribus, dimidio basali

costee anticarum et posticis ad basin ochraceis, fascia arcuata costam partim occupante ad apicem curvata,

certa luce purpurescenti-cerulea.

Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (Belz *).

T. decorata belongs to a small section of the genus containing T. janus and T. discus

of Bates, the wings of which have a blue blush beneath, and some of them, as in the

present case, being yellow at the base of one or both wings. Our description is based

upon a single specimen which formed part of Belt’s Chontales collection.

C. Subcostal nervure of primaries with two branches only.

ISAPIS.

Isapis, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 465 (1851).

This genus either consists of one or perhaps two variable species, or when our

materials are more complete it may be found capable of further subdivision. It is

found throughout Tropical America from Guatemala to Brazil.

The subcostal nervure of the primaries in J. agyrtus emits one branch at the end of

the cell and one beyond it, the upper radial meets the subcostal some way beyond the

end of the cell, the middle discocellular is short but perfect, it meets the subcostal

nearly at a right angle, the lower discocellular is curved and atrophied in the middle

486 RHOPALOCERA.

and meets the median just beyond the second branch, the costal and median sides of

the cell are very nearly equal. The secondaries have a strong basal nervure, the upper

discocellular meets the subcostal at an obtuse angle, the lower discocellular is atrophied

towards its upper end, and meets the median at an acute angle beyond the second

branch; the costal side of the cell is much shorter than the median side.

The front legs of the male have the trochanter inserted beyond the middle of the coxa,

the femur <3 coxa, tibia <coxa, much dilated in the middle, tarsus single-jointed and

slender =? tibia. Palpi have a short terminal joint =+ middle joint, which is stout at

the base and tapers towards the end. Antenne forty-one joints, the terminal fifteen

forming a moderate club.

The harpagones of the male secondary sexual organs are pointed upwards, the outer

and upper edge of the point being setose, in the middle of the outer edge is a narrow

lobe, terminating with stray spines directed slightly upwards, arching over the penis is

a piece terminating in a blunt point, from the base of the harpagones a long, slightly

incurved sharp rod curves upwards into the cavity of the tegumen, the strap from the

penis meets the upper edge of this near its base, the penis itself is slightly swollen

towards its base, pointed and decurved.

1. Isapis hera, sp. nov.

Alis purpurescenti-nigris, anticis fascia obliqua angusta ultra cellulam margines haud attingente aurantia,

subtus fere ut supra sed brunnescentioribus, fascia anticarum ad margines producta fulva, altera a cellule

anticarum medio ad angulum posticarum analem ejusdem coloris eunte.

Hab. Guatemata, Sinanja (Champion).

This is anear ally to J. agyrtus, but it differs in its longer primaries, its upper surface

being purplish black instead of brown, the upper band is narrower, and beneath the

inner band is also narrower and exactly the same colour as the outer, instead of being

yellow. Mr. Champion obtained a single specimen in Guatemala, which seems suffi-

ciently distinct from the Guiana type to be separated. Other forms occur in Venezuela

and Colombia which may also be separable, but our materials are hardly sufficient to

determine this question. There is a second Guatemala specimen in the British

Museum agreeing with ours.

Species incerte sedis.

Esthemopsis (?) radiata, sp. nov. (Tab. XLII. fig. 5.)

Q alis nigris maculis submarginalibus guttiformibus albis, subtus omaino ut supra, palpis tantum ochraceis ;

anticarum vena subcostali ramis quatuor nec tribus ut in speciebus generis Esthemopsis.

do nobis ignotus.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu (Rogers).

ESTHEMOPSIS. 487

A single female specimen, sent us from Costa Rica by Mr. Rogers, is the only one

we have seen of this peculiar species, which is quite distinct from all known to us. Its

position in Esthemopsis is doubtful, as the subcostal nervure of the primaries has four

branches instead of three, the normal number in the genus.

There appears to be a strong basal nervure to the secondaries.

The palpi in £. radiata seem more erect and hairy than in typical species of Esthe-

mopsis ; but they are red, which is characteristic of the typical species.

Our materials are wholly insufficient to determine the position of this insect satis-

factorily.

Esthemopsis (?) unicolor, sp. nov. (Tab. XLVI. fig. 6.)

Alis omnino nigris, collare, palpis, et ano aurantio-rufescentibus, antennis nigris vix clavatis.

Hab. GuateMata, Panima (Champion).

We have but a single specimen of this species, a female, which we thought at one

time might be placed temporarily in the genus Esthemopsis. But until we have

additional examples, and are able to dissect them, its position cannot be satisfactorily

ascertained. The chief difference from Esthemopsis which we detect at present lies in

the neuration of the primaries, one branch of the subcostal being emitted ‘before the

end of the cell instead of two.

Mr. Champion captured a single example at Panima in the low hot valley of the

river Sinanja, a tributary of the Polochic.