_CONTENTS OF VOLUME

Part I.—Aprin, 1903.

Willey, A.—

Constitution of the Fauna of Ceylon

Manders, N.—

Variation in Catochrysops pandava

Mackwood, F. M.—

Nyctalemon patroclus in Kandy ade

Manders, N.—

Note on Mycalesis subdita...

Willey, A.—

The Mahseer and the Murrel in Ceylon

Part IJ.—JuneE, 1903.

Reports and Correspondence concerning the Acclimatization of

Ceylon Crows in the Malay Peninsula

Camerano, L.—

Gordians of Ceylon oo =<

Green, E. E.—

Notes on the Habits of the Green Whip-snake

Notes and Reviews mes oa

Part [III.—NovemBer, 1903.

Shipley, A. E.—

Some Parasites from Ceylon

im Thurn, E.—

Sketch of the Ceylon Pearl Fishery of 1903

Lewis, F.—

Nidification of Gallinago stenura

Green, E. E.—

Nesting Habits of Trypoxylon intrudens and Stigmus niger...

Manders, N.—

Further Note on Species of Mycalesis was

Notes.—

1. Loris Gracilis and Pentatomid Bug. E. E. Green

2: Pupz of the Red Ant (@cophylla smaragdina). E. E.

Green ous Mas

A Case of Protective Mimicry. E. E. Green

Habits of Whip-snake. E.E.Green ...

Food of the Whip-snake. C. Drieberg

eh ade

PAGE

ouoan

Hedgehogs in Ceylon. A. Willey

Dwarf Eggs of Domestic Fowl. A. Willey

- Heralds of the Monsoons. A. Willey ...

Moths of Ceylon. Eda.... a

Some Rare Snakes of Ceylon. A. Willey

Part IV.—Fepruary, 1904.

Linstow, O. von—

Nematoda in the Collection of the Colombo Museum

Coomaraswamy, A. K.—

Crystalline Rocks of Ceylon

Notes.—

CMS coe

Uraninite. A. K, Coomaraswamy

Peregrine Earthworms. Ed.

Rhynchota of Ceylon. Ed.

Dendrophis bifrenalis. Ed. 380

Symbiosis between Bees and Mites. Ed.

PAGE

105

112

115

114

116

117

PREFACE.

pag HE issue of the first volume of a new periodical publi-

cation seems to require afew words of introduction by

way of apology. It may appear rash or even reckless

to launch a new journal upon the already crowded sea

of scientific literature and thereby increase, though to an infini-

tesimal extent, the confusion of mankind. The experiment has

nevertheless been sanctioned by Government, and it must be left

to the future to decide with regard to its success or failure. Its

justification will depend upon its success, and the latter will be

determined not so much by the number of local subscribers as by

the length of years during which it may be continued.

It will be seen from the nature of the contents of the first

volume that “ Spolia Zeylanica”’ contains matter of interest and

intelligence to residents in the Island who are willing to give and

take information of the kind vouchsafed to them in these pages. In

a progressive Colony like Ceylon, where the aspect of the country

is undergoing rapid change, records of apparently trivial observa-

tions often acquire a cumulative importance in the course of years,

and it should be considered an advantage to have the means of

rendering permanent and available for future reference, notes

on the habits of creatures which become more shy and difficult

to procure as time goes on and the new order of things replaces

the old. .

This is especially the case with those unapproachable people,

the Veddas of Ceylon, and it is greatly to be hoped that those

who have the opportunity of holding intercourse with this folk

will rescue their vanishing traits from oblivion. _A subject of

this kind can never be exhausted, and the theory that the study of

the manners and beliefs of primitive races belongs to the “ history

of the folly of mankind” has long been exploded. The same

principle applies to the Rodiyas and the Gypsies and to all who

hold aloof from the great game of destiny.

Ge yi

In addition to its funetion of conveying intelligence of local

significance, this first volume is fortunate in having secured

original contributions which constitute a distinct increase in our

knowledge of the forms with which they deal. Other papers

ot an expert nature are in hand and will appear in the second

volume. Of course it cannot be pretended that these articles will

appeal very strongly to the personal proclivities of every reader

of this journal. In such cases it can only be Suggested that

subscribers should rest content with the assurance that they are

receiving good measure for their money and be satisfied with the

crumbs which fall from the specialist’s table.

‘The following libraries and bodies receive copies of *“*Spolia

Zeylanica”:—

British Museum ; Natural History Museum, London: Royal

Society, London ; Zoological Society, London ; Linnzan Society,

London; Entomological Society, London; Royal Colonial In-

stitute, London; Editor of “ Nature”; Editor of “ Athenzeum ”:

Bodleian Library, Oxford; University Library, Cambridge :

Marshall Library, Owen’s College, Manchester; Manchester

Museum ; University College, Liverpool ; University of Birming-

ham; Museums Association, Sheffield: Marine Laboratory,

Plymouth.

Library of Congress, Washington; U. S. National Museum,

Washington ; Smithsonian Institution, Washington; Columbia

University, New York; American Museum of Natural History,

New York; Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Field

Columbian Museum, Chicago ; Leland Stanford Junior University,

California ; Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg; Philippine Museum,

Manila.

Australian Museum, Sydney ; Linnean Society of New South

Wales, Sydney ; Entomological Branch, Department of Agricul-

ture, Sydney; National Museum, Melbourne: Queensland -

Museum, Brisbane; South Australian Museum, Adelaide ; Tas-

manian Museum, Hobart; Colonial Museum, Wellington, N. Z.:

New Zealand Institute, Dunedin.

Indian Museum, Calcutta; Government M useum, Madras ;

Natural History Society, Bombay ; Raffles Museum, Singapore ;

Sarawak Museum, Borneo.

South African Museum, Cape Town ; Albany Museum, Grahams-

town, Cape Colony ; School of Medicine, Cairo.

Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Jardin des Plantes, Paris ; Muséum

oceanographique, Monaco.

@- yt)

Kgl. Museum fiir Naturkunde, Berlin; Zoologisches Institut,

Leipzig; Zool.-Zoot. Institut, Géttingen; Naturhistorisches

Museum, Hamburg.

Stazione Zoologica, Naples; R. Museo Zoologico, Turin : Museo

civico di Storia naturale, Genoa.

Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften, St. Petersburg.

Zoological Institute, University of Tokyo.

ARTHUR WILLEY,

Director, Colombo Museum.

Colombo, January 2, 1904.

ERRATA.

Page 2.—Paragraph 2: for “there is not even one peculiar Mammalian

species” read ‘‘ there are not more than two or three pecnliar Mammalian

species.”

Page 8.—Footnote : for “ Newton, A. A.” read “ Newton, A.”

Page 18.—For “ Mycalesis subdita” read “ M. rama.”’ See also page 71.

Page 65.—Line 2 : for “ chafering ” read “ chaffering.”

Page 78.—Paragraph 4: for “ Fregata aquila”’ read ‘‘ F. ariel.”

NEMATODA IN THE COLOMBO MUSEUM. 91

NEMATODA IN THE COLLECTION OF THE COLOMBO

MUSEUM.

By Dr. O. von LINSTOW.

( Géttingen.)

With two Plates.

fee small collection of endoparasitic Nematodes here de-

scribed contains representatives of twenty-two species, of

which thirteen are new and one is made the type of a new genus,

Ctenocephalus.

The following is a list of the species recorded, together with

their hosts :-—

1. Ascaris rotundicaudata, n.sp., from Calotes ophiomachus ... 92

2. A. ceylanica, nu.sp., from Haliastur indus and Poliaétus

ichthyaétus and a = 92

3. A. brachyura, u.sp., from Calotes coer ae 93

4, A. quadrata, n.sp., from Crocodilus porosus 93

5. A. mystax, Zed., from Canis familiaris and Felis pavdaee. 94

6. A .vitulorum, @aexe; from Bos indicus ... =i 94

7. Physaloptera varani, Parona, from Varanus bengalensis... 95

8. Physaloptera, spec. ? from Calotes versicolor isa 95

9. Spiroptera dentuta, u.sp., from Sus cristatus ne 95

10. 'S. triangulum, u.sp., from Calotes a = 96

11. S. obtusa, Rud., from Mus decumanus ... awe 96

12. S. bufonis? Stossich, from Bufo melanostictus she 96

13. Heterakis trilaubium, n.sp., from Centropus sinensis hoe 97

14. H. anomala, n.sp., from Tropidonotus piscator fs 97

15. Strongylus pigmentatus, u.sp., from Lepus nigricollis est 98

16. Cylichnostomun tetracanthum (Mehlis), from Equus cabal-

ee ode 99

17. Triodontophorus serratus, ‘Tove, from Hebe caballus ... 99

18. Kalicephalus willeyi, n.sp., from Vipera russelli and Colu-

ber helena aes 99

19. Oxyuris poculum, n.sp., foe Equus bailalis << 101

20. O. acanthura, n.sp., from Calotes versicolor ea 101

21. Ctenocephalus tiara, Von Linstow, from Varanus benga-

lensis and Varanus salvator = = 102

22. Filaria vivipara, n.sp., from Corvus splendens = 103

ASCARIS.

The mouth is surrounded by three lips, of which the dorsal is

placed symmetrically across the dorsal middle line, while the

two ventro-lateral lips abut upon the ventral middle line; the

r 25-03

92 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

intestine is often prolonged into a ccecum, which lies below the

cesophagus, and the latter frequently carries a tubular gland which

rests upon the dorsal side of the intestine. The male possesses

two equal spicula or cirri, but no bursa at the caudal end of the

body.

Ascaris has the musculature characteristic of Schneider’s Poly-

myaria, and belongs to the division Secernentes, in which the

lateral fields or ridges are narrow and project well inwards; each

ridge contains a canal, and the two lateral canals unite in front

in the mid-ventral line, where they open to the exterior by a

common porus excretovius, not far behind the mouth.

1l.—Ascaris rotundicaudata, n.sp.

PR a tioets

Habitat: stomach and intestine of Calotes ophiomachus (*ka-

tussa,” Sinh.), Colombo.

Cuticula annulate or transversely striate: lips broad and short,

denticulate, without intermediate lips, papille set far back ; dorsal

lips nearly quadrilateral with rounded fore-edge, 0:22 mm.

broad and 0-068 mm. long.

The cesophagus occupies =}, of the entire. body nr in the

male, 5}, in the female.

‘The male has a length of 46 mm. with a diameter of 0° 73 mm.

The tail is rounded with a conical extremity and equals A, of

the body length. The cirri or spicula measure 88 mm.; at the

tail end of the body on each side there are papille—thirty-one pre-

anal papille and three post-anal. The pre-anal papille extend

forwards to a distance of 3°2 mm. from the caudal extremity.

Quite at the posterior end there is also a dorsal papilla.

In the female, with a length of 72 mm. and diameter 1-14 mm.,

the rounded tail occupies ;},; of the body length, and terminates

in a fine conical prolongation. The vagina opens approximately

in the middle of the body. The thick-shelled eggs are nearly

spherical, 0:078 mm. in diameter; the shell surface is finely

granulated,

2.— Ascaris ceylanica, n.sp.

Piles sfige 28

Habitat : (a) intestine of:the Brahminy kite, Haliastur indus,

Bodd., Colombo; (0) stomach of the fish eagle, Poliaétus

ichthyaétus, Horsf., Kalpitiya.

. This is a fairly large species, allied to A. microlabium, but not

identical with it. All the specimens are fragmentary, so that

measurements cannot be given,

NEMATODA IN THE COLOMBO MUSEUM. 93

-Cuticula annulate; lips with large intermediate lips without

denticulations (Zahnleisten); the inner pulp is produced forwards ;

the dorsal lip is 0-099 mm. broad, C073 mm. long; the tail end is

conically attenuated.

--The male is 1:22 mm.in diameter, the very short tail measures

only 0-22 mm., the long cirri measure 5°53 mm.

The female has a diameter of 150 mm.: length of tail, 0°32

mm. ; spherical thick-shelled eggs, 0-062 mm.

3.—Ascaris brachyura, n.sp.

Bigs:

Habitat : intestine of Calotes versicolor, Dum. et Bibr., Colombo.

Cuticula broadly annulate ; lips with tooth-rows, the denticles

high and acute: intermediate lips absent; dorsal lip concave

in front, 0°176 mm. broad, 0°097 mm. long; papille large,

obliquely placed ; body slender, tail very short and rounded ; the

cesophagus extends over ,, to ,, of the body length.

The male has a length of 31:6 mm. and a diameter of 0°91 mm. ;

the tail has a length equal to 74, of the body, and carries a very

fine style-shaped process ; the falciform cirri have rounded ends

and measure 0°62 mm. ; at the caudal end on each side there are

22 pre-anal and two post-anal papille.

The female attains a length of 34-3 mm. and a width of 0°36 mm.;

the tail is ;1, of the entire length, and is destitute of a styliform

process at the end; the vulva lies somewhat in front of the

mid-region of the body, dividing the latter in the proportion of

3:5; the reproductive organs leave the anterior third of the

body free, and behind /', ; eggs were not mature.

4.— Ascaris quadrata, n.sp.

-Pl: I., fig. 4.

.. Habitat: stomach of Crocodilus porvsus, Gray, Bolgoda.

_ There is only one specimen in the collection, an immature

female, but the formation of the lips is so characteristic, and

diverges so much from that of the other Nematodes known from

African and American crocodiles, that it is possible to diagnose

the species.

The cuticula is finely annulate ; lips without teeth and without

intermediate lips ; the dorsal lip is 0-132 mm. broad, 0-088 mm.

long, quadrangular, with front angles rounded ; the pulp (pulpa)

is produced into two quadrangular projections. The length

amounts to 15°8 mm., the diameter to 0°55 mm.; the csophagus

occupies 1 of the entire length ; a ccecum arises from the intestine

94 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

and extends forwards below the cesophagus, % length of latter

the short tail is conical, ;!, of the body length.

The Ascaride hitherto known from crocodiles are as follows :—

Ascaris helicina, Molin ;* lips with intermediate lips, the pulp

gives rise in front to two spheres with forked processes ; body

spirally involute ; North America.

A. agilis, Wedl.;t lips with dentigerous ridges (Zahnleisten),

narrow at the base ; pulp with three roundish projections: body

spirally involute ; Egypt.

A. lanceolata, Molin ;{ lips with two semi-circular dentate

ridges in front; North and South America.

A. tenuicollis, Rud., from North and South America, has been

so defectively described that it is impossible to recognize the

species.

).—Ascaris mystax, Led.

Habitat: Canis familiaris, L.; passed by a young sucking

puppy, Colombo; also from intestine of young Felis pardus, L.,

Wirawila.

Cf. A. Railliet, Traité de zoologie médicale et agricole, Paris,

1895, pp. 402-405, fig. 265.

6.—Ascaris vitulorum, Goeze,

= A. vituli, Neumann.

Habitat : Bos indicus, L.; passed by a young calf of four to six

months, Colombo.

Cf. G. Neumann, Revue vétérinaire, Toulouse, 1883, pp. 1-20,

pl. [TI.-IV.

[Collected and presented to the Colombo Museum by G. W.

Sturgess, Esq., M.R.C.V-.S.]

PHYSALOPTERA.

Two lateral lips at the head end, surrounded by a circular cuti-

cular sheath; the musculature is of the type of Schneider’s

Polymyaria ; the genus belongs to the Secernentes ; at the caudal

extremity of the male there is a lancet-shaped or bean-shaped

bursa ; the two cirri of the male are unequal; on each side of the

cloacal aperture at the tail end, four stalked papille, median

and unstalked papille in varying numbers.

* Of. vy. Drasche, Verhandl.d. k. k. zool-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, XXXII, 1882,

p. 120, tab, IX., fig. 9. ;

+ Wedl, Sitzungsber. d. k. k. Akad. d. Wissensch, mathem. naturw. Classe.

Wien, Bd. XLIV., 1861, p. 467, tab. I.-IL., figs. 12-16.

{ v. Drasche, J.c., p. 133, tab. X., figs. 5-11.

NEMATODA IN THE COLOMBO MUSEUM. 95

7.—Physaloptera varani, Parona.

Habitat : stomach of Varanus bengalensis (“talagoya,” Sinh.),

Bolgoda. Cf. Parona, Elminti di Birmania, 1890, p. 776, tab. III..

fie. 1.

8.—Physaloptera, spec. ?

Habitat : intestine of Calotes versicolor, Colombo.

The collection contains only two specimens, which are not suffi-

ciently well preserved to render a specific diagnosis possible.

Length 12-6 to 13°6 mm. ; diameter 0°59 to 1:12 mm.; lips with

three conical projections, of which the central is the highest and

carries a tooth at its apex; the cesophagus is equal to =~ of the

body length ; the tail, rounded behind, |,th of the entire length.

SPIROPTERA.

Head sometimes with two lips, sometimes with four, and some-

times with none ; the musculature corresponds with Schneider’s

Polymyaria—Secernentes; male with two unequal cirri: the

caudal papille are arranged in two longitudinal rows, and on each

side there are four pre-anal papille.

9.—Spiroptera dentata, n.sp.

PE Te fies) 5=7-

Habitat : stomach of wild boar, Sus cristatus, Chilaw.

Cuticula finely annulate. The mouth leads into a vestibulum.

0°11 m.m. in length ; its entrance is armed with a dorsal and a

ventral tooth ; the mouth is a transverse slit, the border of which

shows, both above and below, three notches with papilla. The

cesophagus measures < of the entire length, and presents a spiral

musculature: in a young worm of 14-6 mm. the nerve ring

surrounds the cesophagus 2°64 mm. from the head end, and at a

point situated 0-31 mm. behind it the porus excretorius opens.

The male (25 mm. long by 0°79 mm. broad) has a closely

involute tail,which resembles that of Spiroptera strongylina, Rud.:

the cirri are respectively 0°35 and 0°92 mm. long, the shorter one

bearing at its end a barb. Immediately in front of the cloaca, on

each side, there are four closely packed pre-anal papille; behind

it there is one papilla, and all have long stalks; the cloaca is

surrounded by a broad ring, notched externally ; the bursa shows

longitudinal rows of oval scales.

The female grows to a length of 55 mm., with a width of 1:10

mm.; the short conical tail is curved over the back ; the vulva is

placed far behind the middle, and divides the body in the

96 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

proportion of 70: 23; the eggs are small, thick-shelled, and

eylindrical, measuring in length and breadth 0-039 and 0-017 mm.

respectively.

10.—Spiroptera triangulum, n.sp.

PL. L, fig. 8.

From body cavity of Oalotes ophiomachus (‘ katussa,” Simh.),

Colombo.

One male specimen, 4°1 mm. long, 0°51 mm. broad ; cuticula

annulate ; at the junction of cesophagus and intestine there is a

deep circular constriction of the body wall.

The head is rounded, and presents on each sidea triangular mark

with a small papilla at the apex; the mouth leads into a small

vestibule ; the spicula (cirri) are sub-equal and measure 0:41 mm.;

they are attenuated and pointed at the end, and show externa a

reticulate design ; the wsophagus is equal to ;- an the tail to 753 of

the entire length ; the tail is flattened dorsally ; on each side of

it are four pre-anal and two post-anal papille; the former

increase in size from before backwards, and the first post-anal

papille are finger-shaped.

11.—Spiroptera obtusa, Rud.

From stomach of Mus decumanus, Pallas, Colombo.

See Von Linstow, Arch. f. microse. Anat., Bd. 56; Bonn, 1900,

pp. 363-366, tab. XV., figs. 3-4.

12.—Spiroptera, spec.?

From peritoneum of Bufo melanostictus, Schneider, Colombo.

A larva of 35 mm. by 1:18 mm.; head not distinct : Ea

tive organs not developed. :

Stossich* describes under the name Spiroptera bufonis a larva

from the peritoneum of the common toad (Bufo vulgaris), with a

length of 44 mm. and breadth of ] mm., which closely resembles

the present example.

HETERAKIS.

“Mouth generally surrounded by three lips; the musculature

is of the type of Schneider’s Polymyaria; the genus belongs

to the Secernentes; caudal extremity of the male provided

with a bursa, and in front of the cloacal’ aperture with a circular

sucker, into which radial muscles are inserted ; two unequal

spicula.

* Boll. soc. Adriat., vol. XX., Trieste, 1900, p. 5, tab. IL, figs. 14-18.

NEMATODA IN THE COLOMBO MUSEUM. 97

13.—Heterakis trilabium, n.sp.

LP naire PP

From the intestine of the jungle crow (Centropus sinensis,

Ilig.), Horana.

Cuticle annulate; three semi-circular lips at the head end, of

which the dorsal lip carries two papille, the two others one papilla

each ; the esophagus occupies ;), of the total length. The male

attains a length of 26 mm. and a breadth of 0°69 mm.; the conical

tail is zy of the bodylength and carries on each side four large pre-

anal and six post-anal papille. One pair of the latter occupies a

sub-median position close behind thecloaca. In front of the latter

there is acircularsucker. The cloacal aperture is triangular ; the

long sub-equal spicula measure respectively 1°95 and 1:97 mm.;

their hinder end is rounded.

The female (39 mm. by 1:11 mm.) has a conical attenuated tail

zs of total length, with small digitate prolongation ; the vulva

lies behind the mid-body, dividing the body in the proportion of

8:5; the thick-shelled smooth eggs are 0°081 mm. by 0-047 mm.

broad.

14.—Heterakis anomala, n.sp.

PIS figs: LON:

From the stomach of T’ropidonotus piscator, Schneider (“ dia

polonga,” Sinh.), Colombo.

“Cuticle annulate ; head with three elongate, sinuate lips ; at their

base the cuticle is swollen, and presents transverse rings with

distinct posterior margins ; the cesophagus equals } to } the total

length.

The male measures 34mm. by 1:14 mm.; the caudal end is

pointed and occupies 1, of the body length; on each side there

are three pre-anal and four post-anal papille ; of the latter one pair

lies close behind the cloacal orifice, and the next two pairs of lateral

papillee are remarkably large and touch one another ; the sub-

equal spicula are granulated and measure 1-7C and 1:75 mm ; the

sucker-like organ is beset with eight roundish projections, of which

the cuticle shows pore canals.

The female is 33 mm. long by 1:14 mm. broad ; the finely

pointed tail is 4, of the body length ; the vulva opens at two-

thirds of the length from the head end ; the thin-shelled eggs

measure 0°055 mm. by 0:036 mm.

STRONGYLUS.

Body slender ; the musculature is of the type of Schneider’s

Meromyaria, consisting of long rhombs generally arranged in six

longitudinal rows; the genus belongs to the Secernentes ; male

98 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

with two equal spicula; a wide generally trilobed bursa at the

tail end, supported by ribs; the ribs of the bursa are muscular

and terminate witha papilla; head without buccal capsule, plainly

rounded or with simple lips, frequently with six papille ; in the

female the vulva lies behind the middle of the body.

15.—Strongylus pigmentatus, n.sp.

Pl. L., figs. 12, 13.

From stomach of hare, Lepus nigricollis, Cuv., Ranna, Southern

Province.

This species is allied to Strongylus retorteyformis, Zed.

The cuticle is annulate ; the head trilabiate, each lip carrying on

its summit a small papilla; the cesophagus occupies in the male

yx, in the female ~,; of the total length; the tail is acuminate ;

cesophagus, testes, uterus, eggs, and especially the ovaries are

coloured black.

Size of the male 7-7 mm. by 0°12 mm.; the spicula are short,

0-68 mm.; they are pale brown, and have at the root a scutiform

appendix; they terminate behind in three branches, of which

the largest is rounded, the others pointed; the bursa has two

strong lateral lobes.and a very narrow median lobe ; the latter is

supported by a rib which bifurcates, and each branch again divides

into two branchlets which lie close beside one another ; the outer

branches are the shorter; the lateral lobes of the bursa are each

supported by six slender ribs.

The female is 10°5 mm. long by 0°14 mm. broad ; the tail is

gs of the total length ; the vulva is situated posteriorly, dividing

the body in the proportion of 37: 11; the eggs are 0:062 mm.

long and 0:036 mm. broad.

The species differs from Strongylus retorteformis, Zed.,* in the

formation of the head, the pigment, the cirri or spicula, and the

position of the vulva. The spicula of S. retorie@formis end in

a point and are undivided and twisted ; the vulva of this species

is only 0°75 mm. distant from the end of the tail, in contrast with

S. pigmentata, where it lies 2-46 mm. from the caudal extremity,

the two species being approximately equal in size.

CYLICHNOSTOMUM.

Belongs to the Strongylide, Schneider’s Meromyaria, and the

Secernentes ; at the head there is a buccal capsule surrounded by

two lateral and four sub-median papille, the lateral projecting

freely above the cuticle ; the lumen of the capsule is lined by a

*See W. Stédter. Die Strongyliden in dem Labmagen der gezihmten Wieder-

kimer. Hamburg, 1901, pp. 76-86, 92; tab. XI., figs. 6-8, tab. XII.

NEMATODA IN THE COLOMBO MUSEUM. 99

bacillary layer; the two halves of the male bursa are each

supported by ten ribs, of which the second and third lie close

together ; the 8th, 9th, and 10th are ramifications of one rib.

16.—Cylichnostomum tetracanthum, Mehlis.

Passed by ponies on Iranativu; the animals succumbed to

enteritis, anemia, and exhaustion. Presented by G. W. Sturgess,

Esq., M.R.C.V.S.

Syn. Strongylus tetracanthus, Mehlis ; Sclerostomum tetracan-

thum, Wedl. ; Cyathostomum tetracanthum, Molin.

See A. Looss. The Sclerostomidz of horses and donkeys in

Egypt, Cairo, 1901, p. 124, tab. IV., VI.-XI., XIII.

TRIODONTOPHORUS.

Strongylide, Meromyaria, Secernentes ; large buccal capsule

with six papille, two lateral and four sub-median; mouth

surrounded by bristles; at the bottom of the capsule are three

teeth ; male bursa as in the preceding genus.

17.—Triodontophorus serratus, Looss.

From Equus caballus, L.; passed by ponies on Iranativu.

Presented by G. W. Sturgess, Esq.

Cf. A. Looss, op. cit., pp. 83-86, tab. IIL, figs. 31-38.

KALICEPHALUS.

Head with thick-walled chitinous mouth, laterally compressed,

the wall traversed laterally by longitudinal tracts of parenchyma

with a dorsal and ventral impression; cesophagus remarkably

Short and broad, the posterior half thickened to form a bulbus

containing valves; the male bursa is broad and trilobed, the

cirri are equal ; lateral lines narrow and raised, with a vessel ;

vulva behind the mid-body ; the genus belongs to the Strongylide,

more particularly to the Sclerustomina, to the Meromyaria, and

Secernentes. The species live in the stomach and intestine of

snakes in South America and the East Indies.

18.—Kalicephalus willeyi, n.sp.

Pl. I., figs. 14-18.

From the stomach and eesophagus of Vipera russelli, Gray (“tic-

polonga,” Sinh.), Colombo and Weligatta ; and from the intestine

of Coluber helena, Daud., Horana.

The mouth cavity is large, compressed, and traversed by three

paired parenchymatous bands ending in front in papille ; there

is a dorsal and ventral notch, rounded in front, acute behind ;

Q 25-03

100 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

the cuticle is smooth; the short cesophagus occupies in the male

rs, in the female 3, of the body length; the posterior half

expands to forma bulbus with valves; the nerve collar surrounds

the csophagus approximately in the middle at its thinnest

portion ; the porus excretorius discharges below the middle of the

cesophageal bulbus in the female 0°39 mm. from: the head end.

Along the dorsal surface of the cesophagus occurs a gland, the

duct of which lies at the dorsal side of the mouth opening;

shortly before the orifice is reached the duct expands into a vesicle.

‘The intestine has a thick lining membrane which is united with

the outer or basement membrane on each side. The lateral ridges

occupy the 10th part of the periphery of the body wall and

project inwards far beyond the musculature ; they are divided by

a septum into a dorsal and a ventral half, and at the inner edge of

the septum there is a canal with triangular lumen.

The material consisted of a very large number of females with

only one male, which was 5:°9 mm. in length and 033 mm.

in diameter ; the bursa is trilobed, the unpaired median dorsal lobe

is supported by a forked rib, the inner fork again divides at the

end ; the lateral lobes have four ribs each, of which the anterior

is double, while the others arise from a common root; the thin

cirri measure 0:37 mm.

The female attains a length of 19 mm. with a breadth of

0°51 mm.; the vulva is circular and rather prominent, lying

behind the middle, and dividing the body in the proportion of 18:

5; the eggs measure 0:057 mm. by 0:036 mm.

The genus Kalicephalus was established by Molin,* who described

seven species from Brazil, of which one was figured, viz, K.

inermis. One of Molin’s seven species, K. appendiculatus, was

subsequently re-discovered by Stossich,f who also described an

eighth species under the name Strongylus ersilie,{t from the

Indian Python molurus. The species here described is therefore

the ninth of the genus.

OXYURIS.

Belongs to the Meromyaria and the Secernentes. The ceso-

phagus is long, terminating in a bulbus containing valves; male

with one cirrus; frequently three papillz on each side of the tail ;

female with long acuminate tail; eggs generally asymmetrical ;

the species live in mammals, amphibia, reptiles, insects, and

myriopods.

* Tl sottordine degli Acrofalli. Mem. Ist. Venet., vol. [X., Venice, 1861, pp.

114-125, tab. VIL., figs. 1-3.

+ Boll. Soc, Adriat., vol. XX., Trieste, 1900, pp. 2, 3, tab. L., figs. 7, 8, tab. IT.,

fig. 9. ;

{ Jhid., vol. XVII., 1896, p, 124, tab. IV., figs. 11-13.

NEMATODA IN THE COLOMBO MUSEUM. 101

19.—Oxyuris poculum, D.sp.

Pl. IL., figs. 19-21.

Passed by ponies on Iranativu. Presented by G. W. Sturgess,

Esq., M.R.C.V.S.

This species is nearly related to Oxyuris curvula, Rud., having

the same form as the latter ; the mouth is hexagonal with two large

lateral papille in contradistinction to the six papille of O. curvula ;

the cesophagus in the male occupies a of the total length, termi-

nating in a bulbus; the ducts of the three csophageal glands

lie quite anteriorly in the lumen of the cesophagus, and are cup-

shaped with denticulate margin, whereas in O. curvula they

are tubular.

The male is 14-2 mm. long by 0°99 mm. in diameter; the

cirrus is 0°44 mm. long, finely acuminate ; the tail carries four

papille, of which two lie at the posterior angles of the quadrangular

portion of the body and twoare placed ventrally. The six median

papille of O. curvula are absent in the present species.

The female has a long filamentous hind body, and attains a

length of 65 mm. and breadth of 2°57 mm.; the eggs have a

double shell ; the outer shell is perforated at one pole, the orifice

being closed by a plug; the eggs measure 0:081 mm. by 0:047

mm., those of O. curvula being 0:099 mm. by 0°042 mm,

20.—Oxyuris acanthura, n.sp.

Pl. IL, fig. 22.

From rectum of Calotes versicolor, Dum et Bibr., Colombo.

Head rounded, without lips and papille ; the cesophagus is long

and narrow, ending behind ina strong bulbus ; in the male it is

zs of the total length, in the female }; the intestine is wider

than the cesophageal bulb ; the cuticle is deeply ringed.

The male (2:29 mm. by 0:37 mm.) has a rounded tail end

with a curved process bearing on each side one papilla, while the

body has two papillez on each side ; the cirrus measures 0:065 mm.

The female is 5°84 mm. long and 0°55 mm. broad ; the rounded

tail, 1, of the body length, ends with a style-shaped process ; the

vulva lies behind the mid-body, dividing the body in the propor-

tion of 7: 5. Eggs were not mature.

The species has affinity with Oxyuris brevicaudata, Duj., from

Ascalobotes fascicularis. Parona* refers to an unnamed Oxyuris

from Calotes, spec., with a length of 20 mm., the vulva opening in

the anterior third of the body.

* Elminti di Birmania, Ann, Mus., Genova, ser. ii., vol. VIL, 1890, p. 771.

102 SPOLIA ZEYLANIGA.

OTENOCEPHALUS, n.g.

At the head end a dorsal and a ventral erectile lip, whose end

lobes interdigitate ; four cervical glands with two orifices in the

dorsal lip; cephalic cuticle thickened like a turban with

transverse grooves ; low and narrow lateral lines without vessel ;

excretory pore absent; two equal cirri; belongs to the Poly-

myaria and Resorbentes.

21.—Ctenocephalus tiara, Von Linstow.

Pl. IL., figs. 23-27.

From stomach of Varanus bengalensis, Daud. (‘ talagoya,”

Sinh.), Bolgoda, and from stomach of Varanus salvator, Gray

(“kabaraguwa,” Sinh.), Horana.

I described this species in the year 1879 under the name

Ascaris tiara.t I now perceive that it must form the type of a

distinct genus. The original specimens were taken from the Natal

monitor, Varanus ornatus, Daud.

The formation of the head is very remarkable, comprising a

dorsal lip with three rounded projections and a ventral lip with

four similar processes, interdigitating ; the lips can also separate

from one another and be erected; in their hinder portion there

are four club-shaped glands with round lumen, reaching backwards

0-'2mm.; outwardly the glands are furnished with spiral muscles ;

the two glands on the right and left side, respectively, unite into

a common duct, and both ducts (right and left) open to the

exterior on the dorsal lip ; the cuticle is deeply grooved at intervals

of 0:088 mm.; the cesophagus measures 4-1 of the total length ;

the tail is conical ; dorsal and ventral tracts narrow ; the lateral

tracts (“Seitenfelder ”’) are broad and low, and do not project

inwards beyond the musculature ; they occupy, on each side, “es

of the periphery of the body; a septum divides them into dorsal

and ventral halves, but there is no vessel and consequently no

porus excretorius.

The worms had bored with their heads deep into the wall of

the stomach, which had grown firmly round them ; the nutrition,

therefore, cannot take place through the mouth, but evidently, as

with Filaria and all other Resorbentes, through the cuticle ; the

lateral fields appear to play the part of absorbing organs.

The male is 18-20 mm. long and 0°63-1 mm. in diameter ; the

tail measures .! of the total length ; the two falciform cirri have

pointed ends and a length of 1*6 mm. ; there are on each side of

+ Wiirttemb. naturw. Jahresh. Jahrg., XXXV., Stuttgart, 1879, p. 320, tab. V.,

fig. 1.

NEMATODA IN THE COLOMBO MUSEUM. 103

the tail two prz-anal, one large par-anal, and three post-anal

papille.

The length of the female amounts to 25-28 mm., with breadth of

12-13 mm.; the tail measures 2, of the length of the body; the

vagina opens behind, dividing the body in the proportion of 50:

11; the eggs are 0:065 mm. by 0:042 mm. in size ; they have thin

shells, and their surface is beset with fine granulations.

FILARIA.

Belongs to the Polymyaria and the Resorbentes; elongated

Nematoda ; low and broad lateral fields, which generally occupy 4

of the circumference of the body ; excretory pore absent ; caudal

end of the male generally spiral ; two unequal cirri ; at the tail end

two rows of papillz, on each side four pre-anal ; in the female the

vulva lies quite in front.

The species occur in Vertebrata, especially mammals and birds,

in all organs except in the digestive tract.

22.—Filaria vivipara, v.sp.

From the peritoneum of Corvus splendens, Vieillot, Colombo.

The material only contained females, 16-21 mm. long and

0:32 mm. broad; the esophagus measures ;!;, the tail J, of the

total length; the generative orifice lies in front 1:5-1°8 mm.

from the cephalic extremity ; the eggs with membranous chorion

measure 0:039 mm. by 0-031 mm.; the species is viviparous,*

_and the uterus and vagina were filled with immense numbers of

embryos. Both ends of the body are rounded; on each side of

the head a small papilla; lateral fields 1 of the periphery. The

embryos are 0-043-0°364 mm. long and 0:0052 mm. broad,

relatively very long and slender; the head of the embryo is

rounded, the tail pointed, and no internal organs can be distin-

guished.

Presumably the embryos penetrate into the vascular system of

the bird, where they live as blood-filariz.

SS SSS EEE EE eee

’ * See “Spolia Zeylanica,” part IL., p. 28 .

104 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Illustrating Dr. von Linstow’s Paper on Nematoda in the Colombo Musewm.

PLATE I.

Fig. 1.—Ascaris rotundicaudata. Dorsal lip.

Fig. 2.—A. ceylanica. Dorsal lip.

Fig. 3.—A. brachyura. Dorsal lip.

Fig. 4.—A. quadrata. Dorsal lip.

Fig. 5.—Spiroptera dentate. Head end from the side.

Fig. 6.—Same. Frontal view of head.

Fig. 7—Same. Tail end of the male.

Fig. 8.—Spiroptera triangulum. Tail end of male.

Fig. 9.—Heterakis trilabium. Tail end of male; cirri omitted.

Fig. 10.—H. anomala. Head.

Fig. 11.—Same. Tail end of male.

Fig. 12.—Strongylus pigmentatus. Bursa of male.

Fig. 13.—Same. Cirrus of male.

Fig. 14.—Kalicephalus willeyt. Frontal view of head.

Fig. 15.—Same. Side view of head.

Fig. 16.—Same. Dorsal view of head.

Fig. 17.—Same. Bursa of male.

Fig. 18.—Same. Transverse section of body; d. intestine ;

s. lateral field ; g. lateral vessel or canal.

PLATE II.

Fig. 19.—Oxyuris poculum. Frontal view of head.

Fig. 20.—Same. A cup-shaped expansion of the duct of the .

cesophageal glands.

Fig. 21—Same. Tail end of male.

Fig. 22.—Oxyuris'acanthura. Tail end of male.

Fig. 22.—Ctenocephalus tiara. Frontal view of head ; d. dorsal

lip; v. ventral lip; a. external orifice of the cervical glands.

Fig. 24.—Same. Ventral view of head ; v. erected ventral lip ;

h. cervical gland.

Fig. 25.—Same. Tail end of male.

Fig. 26.—Same. Transverse section through the neck region ;

0. cesophagus ; /. cervical gland.

Fig. 27.—Same. Transverse section through a female ; d. dorsal

tract ; v. ventral tract; s. lateral field ; d. intestine ; 0. ovary.

ylani

volta Ze

VoL. PL.

Frankrort

Wixter,

crner &

—-

7 ’

a S

‘

» .

‘i -

°. ¥

‘

Voll PLM.

NEMATODA- von LINSTOW.

Lah. Werner A Winter, Frandbfore at

CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF CEYLON, 105

THE CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF CEYLON.

By A. K. COOMARASWAMY, B. Sc.,

Director, Mineralogical Survey of Ceylon.

HE following Paper is intended to give a brief account of the

crystalline rocks of Ceylon, so far as at present known and

studied.

The first question which arises is one of nomenclature. Fora

long time the rocks of Ceylon were somewhat summarily

classified as gneisses, or as belonging to a“ metamorphic series.”

It must here be pointed out that on the Continent theterm “gneiss”

is often used in its strict original sense and applied only to foliated

crystalline rocks having the mineral composition of granites, and

thus consisting essentially of orthoclase-felspar and quartz, with

one or more of the minerals mica, hornblende, or augite. In this

strict sense the term “ gneiss ” is only applicable to certain of the

rocks of Ceylon. It has, however, been widely used in England

and even abroad to designate rocks characterized rather by the

possession of a “ gneissose”’ structure than by any particular

mineral composition. In this extended sense the term is

applicable to many or most of the rocks of Ceylon.

The name “granulite” has been extensively employed to

designate foliated crystalline rocks of fine grain in which ortho-

clase, quartz, garnet, and more or less biotite, hornblende, or

augite occur, but which are especially characterized by the

presence of garnet.

This term is thus particularly applicable to the majority of

Ceylonese rocks, and its use is perhaps to be preferred to that of

the term “ gneiss.”

Mr. Holland has recently named the rock series of Southern

India (which closely resembles that of Ceylon) the Charnockite

Series. Ceylon and Southern India form together a well-marked

petrographical province, and there is no doubt that the rocks of

Ceylon must be considered as forming part of the charnockite

series. It should be noted that the term “ charnockite ” is used

to designate both a whole group of rocks and also one of the types

of rock (having particular and definite characters) characteristic

of the group. It is thus safest as a general rule to speak of

106 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

the foliated crystalline rocks of Ceylon as sranulites, and as

pelonging to the charnockite series of Ceylon and Southern

India.

With regard to the use of the term “ metamorphic series,” it

should be recognized that the evidence tends to show that the

mass of Ceylon rocks is rather conspicuous for the small evidences

of metamorphism subsequent to formation which it affords. The

term “metamorphic,” embodying as it does a very definite

and, generally speaking, erroneous view, is thus to be avoided.

If we come to inquire as to the real nature of the rocks composing

the granulite or charnockite series, we are at first struck by the

appearances in the field suggestive of a sedimentary origin (figs.

Jand2). It isnot surprising that the conspicuous bedded charac-

ter, varied mineral composition, and local abundance of alternating

beds of limestone should have led to the supposition that such a

gneissose series as we have here to deal with really represents the

highly metamorphosed remains of some ancient sedimentary series.

Closer examination of the rocks, however, reveals but little in

support of such a view. Their mineral composition is found to

indicate a chemical constitution differing in important respects

from that of the great majority of sedimentary rocks, but similar

to that of many well-known types of deep-seated igneous rock.

Moreover, when we come to examine the minuter characters of

the foliation or mineral banding 80 characteristic of the Ceylon

rocks, we see that there is rather a lenticular than a definitely

parallel structure (fig. 2), and also that some definite relation

is evident between the lighter-coloured (more acid) rock types and

those of a darker colour—the more basic. :

This definite relationship may show us ovoid lenticular masses

of heavy dark rock included in a much lighter-coloured, more

acid rock that seems to have flowed around them, In other cases

the more acid types give other evidence of their intrusive relation

to the more basic bands and lenticles. When the rock examined

possesses a general dark colour and basic character we often find

the more acid portions existing as irregular patches a few inches

or feet in diameter, which send long tongues of acid material

in parallel bands along the foliation planes, giving a banded

character to a rock which would otherwise present a more

uniform appearance. Such phenomena, together with others

which a microscopic examination of the rocks reveals, are known to

be characteristic of many rocks whose igneous origin is undoubted.

It may then be assumed with safety that at least the greater part

of Ceylon rocks, so far as at present known, are of igneous

origin and that their well-banded appearance (fig. 2) results

FIG. 1.—FOLIATION PLANES IN GRANULITES.

(Charnockite series.) Near Teldeniya. Central Province.

‘ FIG. 2.—FOLIATION IN ROCKS OF THE GALLE GROUP.

(Charnockite series.) Galle Fort. About 7 feet thickness shown.

To face p. 106

ORYSTALLINE ROCKS OF CEYLON. 107

from the drawing out by flowing movement of the various paris

of a heterogeneous magma, probably during its gradual consoli-

dation under conditions of great pressure.

The observed relations of the acid and basic varieties show that

the latter types were amongst the earlier products of the magma,

the more acid types as usual crystallizing later and having a more

or less intrusive relation towards the more basic. The continuous

flowing movement accompanying intrusion and consolidation has

had the effect of drawing out together in bands the acid and basic

types and preventing the former from transgressing the latter in

the form of dykes.

No very definite nomenclature can be applied to the different

varieties of granulite, which shade insensibly into one another,

and are sometimes so intimately interbanded as to make it

difficult to collect even a hand specimen of uniform composition.

The following general types, however, include the more conspi-

cuous varieties, beginning with the most acid :—

Amongst the rocks of the charnockite series are abundant

beds of granular quartz rock of very various thickness possessing a

mineral composition which varies in different cases from nearly

pure quartz, throngh types containing small quantities of felspar

and garnet and sometimes mica, to others which are at once

recognizable as the more acid types of granulite. Weare thusled

to regard the quartz bands as genetically connected with the other

members of the charnockite series, and in fact, as the last and most

acid products of the magma.

A less acid group is that of the J/eptynites, rocks composed

essentially of quartz and felspar (orthoclase microperthite

predominating), with or without more or less garnet and biotite

and accessory minerals such as graphite, zircon, and apatite.

These light-coloured rocks bulk largely amongst the granulites.

The garnetiferous leptynites are especially conspicuous, the bright

red garnets in a nearly white rock giving a very handsome

appearance. An especially characteristic feature of some

leptynites is the great elongation of the quartz grains.

Many conspiciuous hills (e.g., Bambaragala near Teldeniya,

Central Province), with rocky summits weathered into “tors,”

consist almost entirely of a granular granite-like leptynite

composed essentially of quartz and orthoclase microperthite, but

often with a small amount of biotite as well. In such cases the

rock seems to form a large ovoid mass amongst more basic types.

Typical charnockite consisting of quartz, felspars, and hyper-

sthene has a very different aspect, being of a greenish colour and

usually coarser grain, and having a greasy lustre. A considerable

R 25-03

108 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

range of types varying much in relative acidity have neverthe-

less a very similar appearance in the field, and we pass by gradual

transitions to rocks having the composition of norites (labrado-

rite-hy persthene rock) and diorites (hornblende-labradorite rock),

&e. Most of these less acid types might also be called pyroxene

granulites. The most basic types occur chiefly as lenticles and

‘pinched ” bands amongst medium and acid types; they include

rocks of which the principal constituents are hypersthene, augite,

garnet, basic plagioclase, &c. It is generally more or less evident

that these most basic types are to be regarded as amongst the .-

earliest products of the granulite magma.

Rocks of anomalous or unusual composition are sometimes met

with, eg., a felspar corundum rock from near Kandy, and a

garnetiferous leptynite in which spinel is very abundant; atten-

tion may also be called to the remarkable rocks containing

corundum, sillimanite, &c., described by Professor Lacroix. There

occur also in the Balangoda district certain zircon granites con-

taining a large quantity of well-crystallized zircon ; little is known

as to the relations of these rocks; it is not unlikely that they

may have some connection with the occurrence of a group of

rare minerals (including uraninite, &c.) found in the Balangoda

district ; they are probably intrusive in the charnockite series.

Pegmatite Dykes, consisting essentially of orthoclase and quartz

with mica or hornblende or both, are found occurring as dykes

crossing the granulite foliation planes and as sills running along

these planes. The pegmatites must be in many cases regarded

as segregation veins; they appear to have crystallized before the

cooling of the matrix, as the minerals are interlocked at the

junction, which is rather a transition than an abrupt junction.

An important series of rocks not yet referred to is that of

the crystalline limestones. These rocks are found intimately

interbanded with the ordinary granulites, the beds of limestone

varying in thickness from hundreds of yards down to a few

inches. Many varieties are dolomitic, but there is great variation

in this respect. Many interesting accessory minerals occur, such as

phlogopite, forsterite, graphite, spinel, apatite, amphibole, clinohu-

mite, &c. The nature and origin of these rocks is exceedingly

obscure. Many would perhaps regard them as the highly

metamorphosed remains of some ancient calcareous sedimentary

series included in the vast mass of granulites, and owing their

characters to the effects of contact metamorphism. ‘There are,

however, great difficulties in the acceptance of such a view.

Amongst these may be mentioned the, on the whole, small

quantity of the limestone compared with the vast bulk of the

CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF CEYLON. 109

granulites, and the still smaller quantity of other rocks possibly

of a metamorphosed sedimentary character, the frequent oc-

currence in the limestones of fragments of peripherally modified

granulite, and the strong general similarity between the characters

of the erystallized limestones and those of igneous foliated

crystalline rocks.

Putting aside, however, the doubtful question of origin, it

is clear that as far as their present characters are concerned

the crystalline limestones are contemporaneous with the granu-

lites; and there can be little doubt that they existed in a state

akin to fusion at the time of the consolidation of the latter,

and that their accessory minerals crystallized under conditions

resembling those accompanying the cooling of such plutonic

magmas as have for example given rise to the granulites

themselves. The foliation of the limestones must have been

acquired at the same time and in the same way as that of the

granulites.

A group in some respects intermediate between the limestones

and granulites includes rocks composed essentially of one or more

of the minerals diopside, mica (phlogopite,&c.),amphibole, scapolite,

spinel, sphene, and calcite, with more rarely felspars, marcasite.

serendibite, &c. In these rocks the silicates are usually idiomor-

phic when moulded by carbonates. Of the minerals mentioned

diopside and mica are predominant. The rocks occur (@) as

junction rocks between limestone and granulite, (4) as inclusions

in the limestones, (c) as dykes in the granulites, these dykes

being usually narrow and having a zoned structure, and (d) as bands

of rock interbedded with the granulites. Micaof commercial value

may occur in rocks of this type. The bands rarely exceed 6 ft.in

thickness and are often narrow. Continuity between the types

included here are very handsome, especially the coarse varieties

in which scapolite is conspicuous.

Rocks of the Galle group are also in some respects intermediate

between the limestones and granulites, inasmuch as they contain

numerous lime silicate minerals and differ in other respects from

the typical granulites, although in many ways resembling them :

the presence of wollastonite (not yet found elsewhere in Ceylon)

and of scapolite and sphene (in addition to a green pyroxene

and the quartz and felspars characteristic of the granulites) and

absence of garnet, amphibole, and mica are distinguishing characters

of the Galle rocks. As in the granulites, there is a wide range

of types, from basic to acid, and mineral banding is very conspi-

cuous (fig, 2).

110 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

‘

A brief description of the erystalline rocks is now concluded,

but a few other points remain to be considered.

Not a great deal can be said as to the conditions under which

the rocks were formed: they must have crystallized under great

pressure, and of course the temperature must have been high ;

during crystallization the magma was probably rather viscous

than fluid. There was evidently much flowing movement. The

magma was probably far from homogeneous to begin with, and

in addition to this the basic minerals crystallized in general before

the acid; this heterogeneity combined with movement produced

the conspicuous mineral banding. Probably the rocks crystallized

at a great depth, the absence of even ancient sedimentary rocks

overlying the granulites showing that denudation has long been

at work in Ceylon. In India as we proceed southwards the

paleozoic rocks die out, and it is probable that the charnockite

series is of prepalzeozoic or archean age.

Since their formation the rocks have suffered from earth

movements, but seemingly not of a violent character, inasmuch

as there is little evidence of deformation, nor has evidence of the

existence of thrust planes or similar phenomena been noted.

An important series of pressures has thrown the granulites into

a main series of anticlinal and synclinal folds, and to this system

of folds we may give the name of Taprobanian ; the axes of the

synclines and anticlines, some of which are of great size while

others are quite small, have amore or less constant trend about 30°

W. of N. in the Kandyan districts, and perhaps more nearly north

and south in the Badulla and some other districts; no evidence to

date the movements is available. <5

This structural feature of the mountains of Ceylon is rendered

conspicuous by its effect on the directions of river systems and

even of roads and railways; every one interested in Ceylonese

topography must be acquainted with the north-west and south-

east valleys which are so conspicuous and which are due to the

rivers cutting their way along the foliation planes of the granu-

lites, forming strike* valleys, with corresponding strike ridges

separating them. Valleys, usually of less importance, have also

been made by streams that have cut their way along the juint

planes and thus occupy joint valleys oriented approximately at

* The inclination of a rock to the horizontal is termed its dip ; a line drawn at

right angles to the dip on the foliation plane is called the strike of the rock; or

the strike might be definited as identival with the outcrop on a horizontal surface.

In fig. 1 the rocks are dipping from left to right; the water line on the

foliation planes serves to indicate the strike. Joints are divisional planes (other

than foliation or bedding planes) occurring in a rock, and are usually approxi-

mately at right angles to the foliation planes.

CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF CEYLON. 111

right angles to the strike valleys. Sometimes a stream occupies

a strike valley for part of its course and a joint valley elsewhere,

the change being indicated by a sharp turn. Perhaps the besi

illustration of the occurrence of parallel strike valleys is found in

the Hatton district ; in a map of this district the parallel valleys,

along which run road and rail as well as stream, are most

noticeable (fig. 3).

There are no data available to estimate the actual thickness of

the charnockite series in Ceylon (measured in a direction at right

angles to the foliation planes), but it is clearly not unlimited,

corresponding portions of the series sain repeated by the

foldings.

MAP

+ na HAT TON distract

Sheuwimng

\: Strike - Vo llays

NE hee S |

; \ oh ‘

' NQ ys

: imps LF 86 comacnnn

Bee Ge Next

a SE ON, Scote. | Miles

ay é Ge Ga ee eee

LE ae }

$a uch. <& - Wioteon. os

9 Ne

AN .

te Mc. Ds ees

Pel —

4 = 4

pees

“ Fomcs Ly ae

ns 3 rr ¢ sin =

eh ies

en Nels

oe . be Bat \

£ Ktaom’s. Peak \ as ay Sh

28 Nar

ne | \.

ae ‘, ae \ ain es dea st

> Re ee f

= nie ¥ / Ww i> a

112 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

NOTES.

1. Uvraniniie.—This mineral (otherwise known as pitchblende)

is of considerable interest as being the chief source of radium at

the present time, associated with other rare elements. The

composition is somewhat variable, but the mineral is usually

described as a uranate of uranyl, lead, usually thorium (or

zirconium), often the metals of the lanthanum and yttrium

groups, with the gases nitrogen, helium, and argon in varying

amounts ; radium is present in very small quantities.

A considerable quantity of uraninite in small cubic erystals has

been obtained by Mr. D. Holland in the Balangoda district, but

it is not yet known 72” situ in this area.

Crystal of Uraninite from Ambalawa, Gampola.

It occurs also at Gampola, where it was found on Ambalawa

estate by Mr. G. P. Gaddum. It is here found very sparingly, in

lustrous sharp-angled cubic crystals in a pegmatite vein travers-

ing granulite. ‘The pegmatite is seen in several boulders on the

upper slopes of the Ambalawa estate: the boulders are evidently

derived from the hill aboye. The pegmatite vein consists of quartz,

flesh-coloured orthoclase, and biotite (in six-sided crystals), with

accessory greenish apatite, black tourmaline, and also uraninite.

The uraninite is rather easily recognized by its high specific

gravity (exceeding 9:0), black colour, and cubic form. The peg-

matite vein does not exceed 14 inches in width, and runs mainly

parallel to the foliation planes of the granulites, but sends off

branches and tongues which cross the foliation and again run

along the foliation planes. The minerals are interlocked at the

junction, and there is rather a transition from pegmatite to

granulite than a sharp junction. In other words the pegmatite,

asis often the ease in Ceylon, has rather the aspect of a segregation

vein. This occurrence is of considerable interest, as the mineral

NOTES. 113

has not been previously recorded in Ceylon (there existed a

massive fragment in the original Museum collection), and it is to

be hoped that the examination of this locality will lead to its

discovery in other districts,

A. K. COOMARASWAMY.

2. Peregrine Earthworms at Peradeniya.—A collection of

earthworms made by Dr. H. Uzel at Peradeniya in July, 1901, is

the subject of a report by Dr. W. Michaelsen* of Hamburg, a copy

of which has been courteously forwarded here from the Natur-

historisches Museum at Hamburg. The material consisted of earth-

worms belonging to twelve species, two of them being described

as new. The remarkable feature of this collection is that it is

hardly at all representative of the terricoline fauna of Ceylon

(which is uncommonly rich), at least nine and perhaps ten of the

Species being foreign to Ceylon, having been introduced here

from various parts of the world, presumably through the mediation

of the Botanic Gardens.

Thus about 80 per cent. of Dr. Uzel’s collection of earthworms

belonged to the fugitive or peregrine element in the Ceylon fauna,

and this fact is recorded by Dr. Michaelsen as affording the first

numerical basis for estimating the influence of Botanic Gardens

in modifying the fauna of a country in certain directions.

A former collection of Ceylon earthworms accumulated by Drs.

Fritz and Paul Sarasin was submitted to Dr. Michaelsent in the

year 1887 and was found to comprise twenty-seven species, of which

twenty-two were certainly indigenous to Ceylon, only about 15 per

cent. being peregrine or introduced. The cause of this difference

between the Sarasin and the Uzel collections is attributed by Dr.

Michaelsen to the character of the localities, the former having

been -procured from different parts of the Island, often from

districts remote from horticultural intercourse. The acclimati-

zation of useful exotic plants in Ceylon has. resulted in the legs

desirable acclimatization of exotic Species of earthworms.t

The Paper contains a table showing the further distribution of

the so-called peregrine species which have been carried to and

from such distant provinces as Madagascar, the Philippines, New

Zealand, and Central America.

* Michaelsen, W., Oligochaeten von Peradeniya auf Ceylon, eiti Beitrag zur

Kenntnis des Hinflusses botanischer Giirten auf die Einschleppung peregriner

Thiere. S. B. Béhmisch. Ges. Prag, No. XL., 1903, pp. 1-16.

t Michaelsen, W.. Die Terricolenfauna Ceylons. Mt. Mus. Hamburg, Bd. XIV..

1887.

{ &. Michaelsen, W.. Die geographische Verbreitung der Oligochaeten,

Berlin, 1908,

114 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

The indigenous species obtained by Dr. Uzel are Plutellus

uzeli, n.sp., and Pheretima taprobane (Beddard), while Perionyz

ceylanensis, nu.sp., is called doubtfully endemic, being closely

allied to a species, P. sansibaricus, from Zanzibar.

3. Rhynchota of Ceylon.—The order of insects which contains the

bugs is called Rhynchota on account of the structure of the mouth-

parts, which have the form of a jointed suctorial rostrum formed

by the labium, the mandibles, and the maxille, modified to form

astylet or piercing organ which is carried bent back under the body

when not in use. By means of their stylet these insects are

enabled to perforate the epidermis and suck the juices from

berries and young shoots. Some are carnivorous, preying upon

other insects,and some are ectoparasitic. In mode of life most

are terrestrial ; a few families are aquatic, and there is a group of

pelagic Rhynchota which skim over the surface of the high seas.

The term Hemiptera, referring to the half-coriaceous, half-

membranous texture of the wings in many of the families, was

formerly applied to the order of bugs, but the name is now super-

seded by the more comprehensive one Rhynchota, the character

of the mouth-parts being of fundamental importance in classifica-

tion throughout the animal kingdom.

The Rhynchota are divided into.two principal sub-orders : the

Heteroptera, in which the anterior wings are folded flat upon the

secondly, the Homoptera, where the wings meet along their inner

edges, covering the body like a roof, their texture being commonly

homogeneous. ;

There are some twenty-five familiesof Heteroptera, of which only

the first three are dealt with by Mr. W. L. Distant in the first

volume on the Rhynchota-Heteroptera of British India, published

in 1902 (Fauna of British India. London, Taylor & Francis).

Statistics relating to the three families referred to are given in

the subjoined table :—

Family. Geographical Area. Genera. Species.

I. PrenTaroMip& ...| British India (including! 199 542

Ceylon and Burma)

Ceylon (total) | 51 80

Do. (endemic) | 3 28

II. CoreiIbé ...| British India | 45 143

Ceylon (total) 22 45

Do. (eniemic) 1 14

Til. BERYTIDA ...| British India 3 4

Ceylon (total) 1 1

Do. (endemic) 1 3 ae

NOTES. 115

Of the fifty-one genera of Pentatomide occurring in Ceylon,

thirty-seven are represented by single species, or in other words are

monotypic in the Island according to existing records. The genus

of Pentatomide with the greatest number of local species is Copto-

soma, with seven species, of which five are peculiar to Ceylon.

These are small plant bugs somewhat resembling ladybirds (Cocci-

nellidz) in size, lustre, and general superficial appearance. In the

whole of British India fifty-one species of this genus are described

by Mr. Distant.

The Coreidz ‘closely resemble both in form and position the

Longicornia amongst the Coleoptera ” (Distant, op. cit., page 331).

The family was formerly designated Supericornia on account of

the insertion of the 4-jointed antennz on the upper side of the

head. In this sense it may be said that the Supericorn bugs are

to the Rhynchota what the Longicorn beetles are to the Coleoptera.

Of the twenty-two genera of Coreidz in Ceylon thirteen are

represented here by single species. The most extensive or

polytypic genus in the Island is Homeocerus, with eleven species,

of which two are peculiar. This genus has thirty-four species

altogether in British India.

The only representative of the Berytidz at present recorded

from Ceylon is Hubertiella cardamomi, Kirkaldy, a small, slender

bug with very long legs, found by Mr. E. E. Green on the under

surface of leaves of cardamom (Distant, op. cit., page 42+).

The Rhynchota-Homoptera (Cicadas, Jantern flies, &c.) of

Ceylon form the subject of a recent monograph by Dr. L. Melichar*

of Vienna, who obtained his material from various sources,

including a large collection made by Dr. Heinrich Uzel, who was

recently in the Island. At Dr. Uzel’s request the collection of

Homoptera in the Colombo Museum was forwarded to Dr. Meli-

char for the purpose of this work, and was returned by him with

names attached to the specimens. The monograph contains

accounts of 349 species distributed among 147 genera, including

161 new species and 38 new genera.

The families of the plant lice (Aphidz) and the scale insects

(Cocecidz) also belong to the Homoptera, but are not included in

Dr. Melichar’s book.

An elaborate and richly illustrated treatise on the Coccide of

Ceylon has been in course of publication since 1896 under the »

authorship of Mr. E. E.Green. Two parts, each containing thirty

coloured lithographic plates, have been already published (Lon-

don: Dulau & Co.).

* Melichar, L., Homopteren-Fauna von Ceylon, 233 pages, 6 plates. Berlin

(Felix Dames), 1903.

S) 25-03

116 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA.

Such of the Rhynchota as are of economic importance in respect

of the injury which they inflict upon the tea plant are described

in considerable detail in the second edition of “ The Pests and

Blights of the Tea Plant,” by Sir George Watt and Harold H.

Mann, Calcutta, 1903: see Chapter XIV., pages 247-319.

In this useful volume we are told that “ the damage done by the

tea mosquito* and the tea green flyf alone probably equals that of

all other pests taken together.” Nearly forty pages are devoted

to the discussion of the attacks of the ‘tea mosquito” and of the

ways in which they may be withstood or prevented. Mr. E. E. .

Green’s discovery{ of the “hibernation” of the insect on the tea

bush itself is quoted and confirmed as an important guide in

devising methods of isolation and prevention. During the dor-

mant periods, when the pest is not active, the mature females, which

may be found lurking in the bushes by careful searching for them,

contain on the average more than half as many eggs again as are

found during the attacks, 7.e., twelve to thirteen eggs per insect

during the dormant periods, as against eight eggs during the

periods of attack (see Watt and Mann, op. cit., page 269).

With regard to remedial measures the authors come to the

conclusion that careful collection of the insects in the early part

of the year is the best method of grappling with the evil.

In Ceylon it appears from Mr. Green’s observations, quoted by

the above-named authors on page 265 of their book, that the

periodicity of the insect is subject to fluctuations within the year.

In the Kelani Valley, for example, the worst attack takes place in

July and August, after which it decreases to a minimum in

November, increasing again in virulence until a second though

less serious climax is reached in March. After this the pest

declines, practically disappearing in May. The recrudescence

commences towards the end of June. There are thus two periods

of major infestation in March and August, and two minor or

quiescent periods in May'and November. The March rise coin-

cides with a period of comparative drought, and the August crisis

is accompanied by heavy rains (Green, Cire. Roy. Bot. Gardens,

1902, No. 2, page 24).

4. Dendrophis bifrenalis, Boulenger (Rept. Ind., p. 338).—

Since reference was made to this tree snake on pages 86 and S7 in

* Helopeltis antonii, Signoret ; sub-order Heteroptera, family Capside.

} Chlorita flavescens, Fabr. = Empoasca flavescens [Melichar, op. cit., p. 215],

sub-order Homoptera, family Jasside.

t Green, E. E., Further Observations on Helopeltis, Circ. Roy. Bot. Gardens,

Ceylon, vol. II., No. 2, June, 1902.

NOTES. EG

“ Spolia Zeylanica,” Part TIL., an example of it has been presented

to the Museum by Mr. H. M. Drummond Hay, who found it Close

to his bungalow at Punagalla, Yatiyantota, in N ovember, 1903.

Another specimen had been found by Mr. Hay at Hopewell,

Balangoda, on a former occasion. It ig distinguished from its

olive colouration of the lateral portions of the ventral shields above

the lateral keels,

In the letter accompanying this welcome addition to the

Museum collection of Ceylon types, Mr. Hay gives interesting

particulars illustrating the local distribution of certain snakes,

He writes :—“ I have had a great many specimens of Dendrophis

pictus brought to me while I have been here (Yatiyantota), but

none of D. caudolineatus ;” on the other hand, “ on Hopewell I

found PD, caudolineatus to be a common snake, and I only came

across one specimen of D. pictus,”

Coluber helena and Lycodon aulicus, both frequently taken in

Colombo, occur at Yatiyantota, but apparently not at Balangoda ;

at any rate they were not found on the Hopewell estate, where

Lycodon carinatus was rather common. The burrowing snake,

Cylindrophis maculatus, is another Species which ig often taken

in Colombo and other parts of the low-country (2.9., Tangalla,

Sigiriya) ranging up to the elevation of Kandy, but Was not

found by Mr. Hay on Hopewell, though very Common on the

- adjoining estate Allupolla, the highest point of which lies at a

lower elevation than 3,000 ft. above the sea, lower in fact than

the lowest point of Hopewell.

With the exception of the earth snakes ( Uropeltide), Mr. Hay

found that by far the commonest snake on Hopewell wag the

poisonous pit viper, Ancistrodon hypnale, one of the snakes known

as “ karawala ” (Sinhalese). Two living specimens of this snake

were sent to the Museum in October last by Mr. E.R, Green, who

obtained them from Dumbara. One of them died after a few

weeks of captivity, but the other survived until near the middle

of December, feeding upon insects, Tt has also been Sent to the

Museum by Mr. G. G. Ross Clarke from Calsay estate, N anu-oya,

where it is associated with Dipsas ceylonensis.

d. Symbiosis between Bees and Mites.—A remarkable instance

of symbiosis or Special adaptation on the part of a host for the

accommodation of its parasite has been brought to light in recent

years by two independent observers, Messrs. E. E. Green and

R. C. L. Perkins,

118 SPOLIA ZEYLANICA,

The hosts are species of the great black wood-boring bees, very

common in Ceylon, of {He family Xylocopidze belonging to the

genus Coptorthosoma.* This genus is characterized principally

by the structure of the basal segment of the abdomen, which fits

against the hinder wall of the thorax. This segment is attached

to the thorax by a somewhat narrow pedicle below ; the rest of

the front wall of the segment presents a sharply truncate free

border and a concave anterior surface. When the border of the

basal abdominal segment is closely applied to the thorax a closed

chamber is produced owing to the aforesaid concavity of its front:

wall. “Tf,” says Mr. Perkins,f ‘the basal concavity of the first

abdominal segment be examined in the female bee, a distinct

orifice will be found in the middle, generally small and overhung

with hairs, but in some species large and quite exposed.”

This orifice leads into a wide chamber which projects back-

wards, filling a large part of the interior of the segment.

The chamber is inhabited by species of mites (Acaride), two

of which have been named Greenia perkinsi and Greenia alfkeni

by Dr. A. C. Oudemans. Sometimes the acarids are so numerous

as to fill the chamber, and occasionally they may be noticed

projecting through the orifice. Perkinsfound the chamber in the

females only of seven species of Coptorthosoma, namely, C. latipes,

tenuiscapa, estuans, verticalis, cerulea, caffra,and trepida. The

last two species are from South Africa, the others from the Indo-

Malay region.

The fact that the chamber is only found in the female bees is

interesting, because “the male bees are short-lived and vagrant,

rarely returning to the nest for more than a few days ” [ Perkins ],

so that it is an advantage to the parasites to confine themselves to

the more stable females. Mr. Perkins, however, found that ‘“ not

every species of Koptorthosoma possesses the chamber, for Dr.

Willey has brought home from New Britain females of a species,

very closely allied to K. wstuwans, which show no more trace of it

than do the males of those species above mentioned.”

Also no species of the genus Yylocopa in its restricted sense

were found to be provided with an acarid chamber in the

female.

* Sometimes written ‘“ Koptorthosoma.”

+R. C. L. Perkins. On a special acarid chamber formed within the basal

abdominal segment of bees of the genus Koptorthosoma (Xylocopine). Ent.

Monthly Mag. (second series), vol. X., February, 1899, pp. 37-39.

t A drawing of the chamber Sonine the position which it occupies in the

body of the bee is reproduced in a paper entitled “On some Parasites of Xylocopa

fenuiscapa, Westw.,” by E. E. Green, in Ent. Moms Mag. (second series), vol.

XIII., October, 1902, pp. 232, 233.

NOTES. 419

Quite recently Dr. Oudemans* has returned to this subject.

having ascertained that the existence of an acarid chamber in

wood-boring bees had been noticed many years ago.

Of late years, as indicated above, this example of symbiosis was

discovered in February, 1898, by Mr. Green, who found it in two

species of Coptorthosoma, C. tenuiscapa and C. bryorum, oceurring

in Ceylon, and sent specimens to Colonel Bingham, the well-

known hymenopterist, and to Mr. A. D. Michael, the acarologist in

London, but did not publish his discovery. Quite independently,

in October of the same year, Mr. Perkins made the same observa-

‘tion and published the paper on the subject quoted above. Dr.

Oudemans points out that Mr. Perkins was therefore the “ official

discoverer” so far as the present incident is concerned.

Dr. Oudemans, however, has since unearthed earlier records of

this form of symbiosis in various journals, proceedings, and

archives of societies in Holland. In 1856 R. T. Maitland, a

Dutch entomologist, described an abdominal sac in Xylocopa

(Coptorthosoma) latipes containing acarid parasites, which he

named Gamasus saccicola. Still earlier, in 1846, a similar instance

was described by H. Zollinger, the bee-host being probably refer-

able to Coptorthosoma estuans and the acarid parasite a species

of Trichotarsus.

Finally, the observation goes back to the year 1839, when Herr

Brilman recorded somewhat vaguely the occurrence of mites in

the abdomen of wood-boring bees.

Between 1856 and 1898 the phenomenon appears to have been

overlooked, a circumstance which illustrates how effectually an

interesting and important biological observation may be buried

in a publication unless it is followed up and placed in a category

with analogous facts drawn from other sources, .

END OF VOL. I.

'* A. C. Oudemans. Symbiose von Coptorthosoma und Greenia. Eine Priori-

titsfrage. Zool. Anz. Bd. XXVII., December, 1903, pp. 137-139. This paper

contains further bibliographical references.

T 25-03

A Quarterly Publication designed to promote a know.

the Natural History of Ceylon (exclusive .of Botany) for

information of residents in the Island, and also for the advz

ment of Science.

It will contain Records and Contributions, together with

Abstracts, and Reviews, relating to the economie and sys

knowledge of the natural resources (Zoology, Anthro

. Geology) of the Island and of the surrounding seas.

depend on circumstances, and the Parts will wa published a as 3

to the quarter days as possible.

The Journal will be illustrated by line- blocks, half-t

and lithographic plates.

Authors will receive 25 copies of their contributio

50 copies if desired.

Subscription, Rs. 5 perannum ; single copies, Re. 1- 25;

Communications should be addressed to the Directo

Museum.