Catalogue of

Palaearctic Coleoptera

Edited by I. LOBL & A. SMETANA

Volume 1

Archostemata-Myxophaga-Adephaga

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Volume 1

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Butterflies of Iran

VAZRICK NAZARI

2003. 30 x 21 cm. 564 pages incl. 74 colour plates. Distribution map to each species. Text figures.

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BUTTERELIES OF WEST AFRICA

Their origins, natural history, diversity, and conservation

TORBEN B. LARSEN

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Genitalia drawings are especially frequent in the chapter on the Hesperiidae where many were never adequately

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includes numerous new country records from all over the continent.

Much of the content is due to the author’s own research since his first visited West Africa in 1967,

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The Geometrid Moths of Europe

Edited by Axel Hausmann

Vol. 1: Hausmann, A.: Introduction to the series, Archiearinae, Orthostixinae, Desmobathrinae,

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dots for verified specimens. Finally there are line drawings of male and female genitalia of all species and also this

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Nota lepidopterologica

A journal devoted to the study of Lepidoptera

Published by the Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica e.V.

Volume 27 No. 2/3 Dresden, 23.12.2004 ISSN 0342-7536

Editor

Dr Matthias Nuss, Staatliches Museum fuer Tierkunde Dresden,

Koenigsbruecker Landstr. 159, D-01109 Dresden;

e-mail: matthias.nuss@snsd.smwk.sachsen.de

Editorial Board

Dr Enrique Garcia-Barros (Madrid, E), Dr Roger L. H. Dennis (Wilmslow, UK),

Dr Peter Huemer (Innsbruck, A), Ole Karsholt (Copenhagen, DK), Dr Bernard Landry (Genève, CH),

Dr Yuri P. Nekrutenko (Kiev, UA), Dr Erik van Nieukerken (Leiden, NL),

Dr Wolfgang Speidel (Bonn, D)

Contents

ORAN 10 Dalibor Povolny 2... ions. crnnesenst es estate 99

Wakeham-Dawson, A., P. JakSıc, J. D. Holloway & R. L. H. Dennis

Multivariate analysis of male genital structures

in the Hipparchia semele-muelleri-delattini complex

(Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) from the Balkans: how many taxa? .............. 103

Nieukerken, E. J. van, V. V. Zolotuhin & A. Mistchenko

Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region .......................eeennnnneennnenn 12

Nieukerken, E. J. van, A. Mazurkiewicz & K. Patka

Trifurcula pallidella (Duponchel, 1843) (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae):

distribution, biology and immature stages, particularly in Poland ..................... 159

Gelbrecht, J., A. Malkiewicz & R. Stelmaszczyk

Lomaspilis bithynica Wehrli, 1954 stat. rev., a distinct species new

Gia UTOME (CE OMEGA) near. tisse cils miss ssa sers eaoiess rss ins ressent 179

Kaila, L. & B. Wikström

Leucoptera lathyrifoliella (Stainton, 1866) and L. orobi (Stainton, 1870):

two distinct species (Lyonetiidae) 0.00... cccccccscceseccesscceessecesseccesseeeeseeeesseeensees 187

Karisch, T.

On the identity of Epinotia berolinensis (Amsel, 1932)

Wiontrierdae: Olethreutinae). 2... anne 193

Yakovlev, R. V.

What is Cossus sareptensis Rothschild, 1912 (Cossidae)? ............................

Sugisima, K.

Discovery of the genus Epimarptis Meyrick, 1914

(Gelechioidea: Coleophoridae s. 1.) in Japan,

with the description Of a new SPECIES 4... nn

Kaila, L. & P. G. Varalda

The Elachista juliensis complex revisited (Elachistidae) ..............................

Zhang, A. & H. Li

A taxonomic study on the genus Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov,

1964 from China (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) 1.242414 00e

Alipanah, H.

Description of the female of Notocelia punicana Kuznetzov, 1956

(Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) 2... 00. 2.2... RER

195

Book reviews su. ee aa NER 158, 198, 244

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 99-101 99

Professor Dalibor Povolny

13 November 1924 - 6th of November 2004

Professor Dr. Ing. Dalibor Povolny, Dr. Sc., Dr. h.c., our good friend and colleague,

acknowledged lepidopterist and dipterist world-wide, lost his struggle against a grave

disease on the 6th of November 2004, only a week before his 80th birthday.

Dalibor Povolny was born on 13 November 1924 in Trebië, a small town in western

Moravia, in the family of a teacher. Ever since his boyhood he was taught to love

Nature. He was strongly influenced in that direction by his father and by Antonin

Ruzicka, entomologist and Dalibor’s schoolmaster. Immediately after the end of

World War II, Dalibor Povolny enrolled at the Faculty of Agronomy of the University

of Agriculture in Brno. Already during his university studies he worked as an assistant

at the Institute of Applied Entomology under the leadership of Professor Miller. At the

same time, his other love — singing — brought him to the study of operatic singing at

the Brno conservatory, and he had close contacts with the cultural activities in Brno.

Dalibor Povolny started to work at the Entomological Laboratory of the Czechoslovak

Academy of Sciences after having finished his military service in 1953. Shortly

100 Obituary to DALIBOR POVOLNY

thereafter he entered the newly established Parasitological Institute in which, together

with Dr. Rozsypal and Dr. Gregor, he founded a working team that concentrated on

the study of synanthropic flies, gadflies, and pupiparous Diptera. In 1961, Dalibor

Povolny qualified as a university lecturer in zoology at the University of Agriculture

in Brno, and in 1968 he was appointed professor of zoology at that University. In 1962

he became the head of the Institute of Zoology of the Faculty of Agronomy. In

1965-1969 he also lectured in parasitology at the Nangrahar University in Afghanis-

tan, at the same time developing intense research on insects and mammals. In 1971,

for political reasons, he was stripped of all his academic functions, was forbidden to

lecture and publish, and was moved to a detached workplace at Lednice in southern

Moravia. There he devoted all his time to continued extensive investigations.

Unfortunately, it was not until 1989 that he could present his results in their full extent

to the scientific public. In 1990 and 1991 he was vice-chancellor of the University of

Agriculture in Brno. In 1991 he was pensioned, but this brought no change to his life

habits. He continued to work in the Institute of Zoology and Apiculture at the Mendel

University of Agriculture and Silviculture, and his working activity seemed to grow,

as if he tried to catch up with all that he had missed.

The scope of Professor Povolny’s scientific knowledge was considerable, but the

study of Lepidoptera and Diptera was always the centre of his interests. He and

Frantisek Gregor, his lifelong friend, were among the first in the Czech Republic to

engage in serious scientific studies on Microlepidoptera. Their joint efforts yielded a

number of papers on mining species, especially of the genus Phyllonorycter, and a

comprehensive paper on Moravian burnet moths. In the early 1950s, Povolny started

to specialise himself in the study of moths of the family Gelechiidae, and very soon

he became a foremost specialist of this insect group. For example, he worked on a

voluminous material of South American gelechiids and studied the Californian species

of this group. The scientific results obtained by Professor Povolny are admirable. Let

us just mention the mere fact that he described over 250 taxons as new to science.

At the turn of the 1950s, Dalibor Povolny was charged with the task of

studying synanthropic and parasitic Diptera. Although being rather compelled to do it,

Povolny took to the job with his characteristic enthusiasm and he soon assumed the

leadership of a productive team. Among other involvements, the team was invited to

co-operate in the monumental work on “Flies and Disease”, edited by Professor

Greenberg and published in the USA in 1971. In 1997, Povolny’s many years’ study

of the central European flesh flies yielded an extensive monograph published in

Munich, Germany, that is widely used throughout Europe. Povolny worked on flesh

flies intensively, particularly during the past decade. Every year he travelled to

various parts of central Europe and the Mediterranean region to study them. His last

trip in June 2004 was to his beloved Sicily. Already suffering from considerable health

problems and pains, he still worked hard in the field. He was fully aware of his

impaired health, yet he never ceased persuading himself that it might yet improve so

that he would be able to complete his unfinished projects.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 99-101 101

Povolny’s interest did not concentrate only on flies, butterflies, and moths. He also

devoted much of his time to a number of theoretical as well as practical problems in

ecology, domestication, evolution, and forensic entomology, to name a few. He was an

enthusiastic popularizer of zoology and entomology in the broadcasting media and

popular magazines, and he gave many lectures to the general public and to scientific

audiences both at home and abroad. He was regularly invited to give lectures several

times each year and he always tried to oblige. He participated in a large number of

international congresses and symposiums, some of them organised by himself. He was

a member of numerous national and international scientific societies. His publishing

activity was incredible. He is the author of some 350 original scientific papers, a number

of comprehensive monographs, and hundreds of other articles and communications.

His work in this field was highly appreciated.

Professor Povolny was an ardent scientist and, like most scientists, he did dislike

being disturbed when working. Nevertheless, he was always very obliging and ready

to help in any way possible. To save time, he would run rather than walk along the

University’s corridors. His memory was excellent, and his ability to clearly and rapidly

formulate his ideas in a discussion was amazing. However, he often stuck to his

opinions without compromise, which got him involved in a number of problems.

Sometimes it was difficult, or even impossible to convince him that he was mistaken.

Povolny was not one of those tedious scientists. His sense of humour was known to

everybody. He never ruined the good mood of a party, he was an excellent storyteller,

and he never spoilt a joke. That is why he was often the centre of attention, even at

scientific meetings, and at times a discussion on a serious scientific topic would often

take quite a different direction... Professor Povolny could perfectly mimic the voices

of his friends and, above all, those of the colleagues with whom he disagreed in ide-

ology or expert opinions. And in matters he considered important he could fight like

a Kilkenny cat.

Dalibor loved art and, above all, music. He was an excellent operatic tenor, and he

could not forget about it even during his scientific work. He would sing when exam-

ining specimens in his lab and during field work. His sonorous voice would resound

at considerable distances so that one would first hear an aria and then only glimpse a

man sweeping his entomological net. Loaded with an incredible amount of energy,

Dalibor was an unforgettable personality that seemed to be indestructible...

ZDENEK LASTUVKA

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 103-124 103

Multivariate analysis of male genital structures in the

Hipparchia semele-muelleri-delattini complex (Nymphalidae,

Satyrinae) from the Balkans: how many taxa?

ANDREW WAKEHAM-DAWSON |, PREDRAG JAKSIC 2, JEREMY D. HOLLOWAY 3 &

ROGER L. H. DENNIS 4

! Mill Laine Farm, Offham, Lewes, East Sussex, BN7 3QB, UK.

2 Vojvode Stepe 140/VII/20, 11000 Beograd, Yugoslavia

3 Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K.;

e-mail: jdh@nhm.ac.uk

4 School of Biological Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 OBP. U.K. and

Department of Entomology, The Manchester Museum, Manchester University, Oxford Road,

Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.; e-mail: rlhdennis@aol.com

Abstract. Two closely related Hipparchia taxa, Hipparchia delattini Kudrna, 1975 and H. semele

muelleri Kudrna, 1975 have been described from the Balkans based on differences in male genital

structure, compared to each other and to another nominal European taxon (H. semele Linnaeus, 1758).

Subsequently, Kudrna (1977) synonymised both H. delattini and H. muelleri with H. volgensis

(Mazochin-Porshnjakov, 1952). Application of multivariate statistical techniques on male genital data

indicates a cline in several aspects of genital morphology linking these three taxa across Europe.

Although clusters are repeatedly found that correspond with the three taxa, it is not possible to ascribe

every individual specimen to one of the three Hipparchia taxa. Hipparchia muelleri is shown to occupy

an intermediate position between A. semele and H. delattini. Generally, H. delattini is present in an area

covering part of northern Greece and the central Balkans. H. semele is present in western Europe, the

Balkans and down the western side of Greece. However, individual specimens that classify to H. delattini

in the current analyses may occur much further west, where historically only H. semele has been, and

there appears to be a correlation between putative taxa and altitude with A. delattini occurring at higher

altitudes. It is suggested that genetic differentiation between these taxa has been maintained and enhanced

during glacial-interglacial cycles. The results of this study are discussed in relation to other morphological

characters and biogeography and require further testing with molecular data.

Key words. Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Hipparchia semele, Hipparchia delattini,

Hipparchia muelleri, Hipparchia volgensis, genitalia, Balkans, biometrics, numerical taxonomy.

Introduction

Kudrna (1975), through comparison of male genital structures in a relatively small

number of specimens, described two Hipparchia taxa from Greece and the Balkans,

namely Hipparchia muelleri (type locality: Mt. Chelmos, southern Greece) and H.

delattini (type locality: Pristina, Kosovo), differentiating them from each other and

from H. semele (Linnaeus, 1758; type locality: Sweden). Later, Kudrna (1977) syn-

onymised both H. delattini and H. muelleri with H. volgensis (Mazochin-Porshnjakov,

1952). According to Kudrna (1977), the H. semele male valve has a prominent termi-

nal dorsal process, which is triangular in shape, and a well-pronounced distal termina-

tion, while in A. delattini the dorsal process is poorly pronounced. H. muelleri has a

valve dorsal process that is intermediate between H. semele and H. delattini (Kudrna

1975; Coutsis 1983).

In a study to test the validity of these nominal taxa (Wakeham-Dawson et al. 2003),

discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to compare Hipparchia specimens

104 WAKEHAM-DAWSON et al.: Numerical taxonomy of the Hipparchia semele complex from the Balkans

captured in Greece and the Balkans against specimens of nominal taxa from type loca-

lities (topotypes). This analysis indicated the presence of specimens consistent with

one or other of the topotypical concepts of H. semele, H. muelleri and H. delattini in

the area. We did not incorporate topotypical H. semele material from Sweden, but our

sample of this species included specimens from southern England, Spain, France and

various localities to the north of the Balkans from Italy to Romania. However, in the

same study, cluster analysis of a sample of these data without preconceptions of the

validity of the taxa cast doubt on the presence of three taxa (Wakeham-Dawson et al.

2003). The cluster analysis indicated two main groups: a Balkan cluster (incorporating

the majority of the nominal A. muelleri and H. delattini specimens of the DFA analysis)

and an extra-Balkan cluster (incorporating mainly nominal H. semele specimens of the

DFA analysis). There was some, albeit limited, overlap between the clusters that could

be the result of errors in measurement, or represent hybrids, or a continuum between

the two clusters, which might become more apparent with additional data.

The results were thus inconclusive. To test these hypotheses further, and supplied

with additional data from the second author that extended through areas of the Balkans

not represented in the first analysis, the current paper returns to the question: is it

possible to recognise more than one discrete taxon in the Balkan area? Such issues in

taxonomy require several distinct approaches: (1) the investigation of dimensionality

and relationships in and among variables and the placement of individuals and putati-

ve taxa within axes describing these dimensions; (11) the degree to which putative taxa

can be discriminated within the space described by the variables; (111) an exploration

of natural clusters (putative taxa) using information on the specimens representing

them. This latter approach makes no prior assumptions about the allegiance of indivi-

duals and works either by determining whether a fixed number of clusters exist or by

allowing numbers of clusters (taxa) to be generated by the data.

Preliminary analysis by the second author of an initial data set including 91 specimens

and using Lorkovic’s total and partial transitions method (see Sijarié 1980) failed to

show a clear separation between Balkan specimens subjectively classified as H. delattini

and H. semele, when uncus length was plotted against valve length. It should be noted

that the current study does not include specimens of the more distantly related Balkan

species Hipparchia senthes (Fruhstorfer, 1908) (see Olivier & Coutsis 1997;

Wakeham-Dawson et al. 2003).

Methods

Sources of data and measurements. The genitalia data used in the current study are

taken from 82 male butterfly specimens captured in the Balkans and other areas in

Europe (see Appendix). These include measurements from 20 specimens in the second

author’s collection added to the data set used for By analysis in Wakeham-Dawson et

al. (2003), as well as further specimens from the northern Balkans included in that

analysis but not clustered. Of these, 54 specimens have been identified by subjective

comparison of genitalia (see Kudrna 1977; JakSié 1998) and capture locality in relation

to type locality for the nominal taxa; a further 28 specimens are not assigned to a

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 103-124 105

taxon. The first author made all the measurements using the methods described in

Wakeham-Dawson (1998) (see Fig. 1). Diagonal length (DL) is divided by valve

length (VL1) to produce a unitless ratio D, which measures overall proportion (shape)

of the genitalia independently of size variation between individuals in a taxon.

Similarly, valve length (VL1) is divided by valve breadth (VB2) to produce a ratio V1,

representing overall valve shape. Posterior valve length (VL2) is divided by posterior

valve breadth (VB1) to produce a ratio V2, representing valve shape at the posterior

end of the valve. Uncus length (UL) 1s divided by uncus breadth (UB) to produce a

ratio U, representing uncus shape. Brachium length (BL) is divided by brachium

breadth (BB) to produce a ratio B, representing brachium shape. Tegumen length (TL)

is divided by tegumen breadth (TB) to give a ratio T, representing tegumen shape, and

phallus length (PL) is divided by phallus breadth (PB) to give a ratio P. This provides

20 variables (13 measurements and 7 ratios) for analysis.

Statistical analysis. We first investigated the dimensionality and relationships among

the genitalia variables using principal components analysis (PCA). This also allows the

examination of specimens, and the taxa to which they putatively belong, in a reduced

space accounting for key amounts of the variance, typically the first two dimensions.

We entered key geographical variables (latitude, longitude and altitude) as supplemen-

tary to the analysis allowing trends in variables and taxa to be determined.

Second, we determined the degree to which the Hipparchia specimens can be

discriminated and classified to taxa by using discriminant function analysis (DFA).

DFA, like PCA, also produces linear combinations of the original variables, but DFA

constructs these new variables (discriminant functions) to maximize differences

between groups allocated a priori to analysis. To be completely effective as a tech-

nique the groups need to be allocated on different criteria (variables) from those used

in the DFA. We have not been able to apply such rigour here. But, a number of the

individuals (N = 54) were previously allocated to taxa on the basis of geography and

visual inspection of the genitalia, as indicated above, independently of this analysis.

DFA is particularly useful in the current case for identifying significant discriminatory

variables and for classifying specimens without labels. For DFA, variables were first

selected as being significant discriminators by applying ANOVA. We have chosen

non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMMS) based on Mahalanobis’s distance (D?)

for the placement of individuals in the multidimensional discriminant space; this

allows distances on all discriminant axes to be adequately portrayed instead of their

placement on just the first two discriminant axes. DFA produces Mahalanobis’s D2

between taxa and groups. The closer a particular specimen’s discriminant score is to a

particular taxon’s mean location (centroid) in the discriminant space (measured by

Mahalanobis’s D2) compared to the mean location of other taxa, the more likely it is

that it belongs to that taxon. Similarly, the closer a taxon (represented by group

centroids) is to another in discriminant space, the more similar the two are morpholo-

gically. Wilks’s lambda (À) measures the discriminatory power of the model. Its value

ranges from 0 (perfect discriminatory power) to 1 (no discriminatory power). The

106 WAKEHAM-DAWSON et al.: Numerical taxonomy of the Hipparchia semele complex from the Balkans

Fig. 1. Diagram of male genitalia, including measurements made on male genitalia, of Hipparchia but-

terflies. Terminology based on Higgins 1975. a = diagonal length (DL), measured from dorsal junction

of tegumen and uncus to base of saccus (the line running at the same angle as the vinculum); b = valve

length (VL1); c = valve breadth (VB2), measured across the widest part of the central valve process and

at 90° to the line b; d = posterior valve length (VL2), measured from valve apex to line e; e = posterior

valve breadth (VB1), measured across the widest part of the terminal valve process and at 90° to the line

b; f = uncus length (UL), measured from uncus apex to mid-point between junction of tegumen and

uncus; g = uncus breadth (UB), measured at 0.5 mm from uncus apex and at 90° to line f; h = brachium

length (BL), measured from apex of brachium to dorsal junction of tegumen and brachium; i = brachium

breadth (BB), measured across junction of tegumen and brachium; j = tegumen length (TL), measured

from dorsal junction of tegumen and uncus to junction of apex angularis and vinculum, at same angle as

line a; k = tegumen breadth (TB); | = phallus length (PL); m = phallus breadth (PB).

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 103-124 107

u nh

on om

--..

ur Pr

- É „-

Sn 1 Piz

mn L ' of

. Se LS LÉ . .

in Say x 1 -

-. == - 0 =

Ba . \f © atitude

RS 0

unse

Fig. 2. Principal components analysis of 20 genitalia variables (13 measurements and 7 ratios) in

Hipparchia (N = 82). Geographical variables (latitude, longitude and altitude) were entered as supple-

mentary to the analysis. See Tables 2 and 3 for eigenvalues and loadings for axes.

success of DFA is determined by the percentage of specimens classified correctly as

predicted, which itself requires prior assumptions of the validity of the taxa involved

and of material that can be referred definitely to them.

Third, we subjected the data on the 82 specimens for the 20 variables to k-means

clustering (Legendre & Legendre 1998). This technique starts with k random clusters

and then moves objects between those clusters with the goal to (1) minimize variability

within clusters and (ii) maximize variability between clusters. The technique is rela-

ted to ANOVA, and the success of the operation is determined from the F statistics

associated with each dimension (variable). It is a suitable technique for situations

when a certain number of groups is suspected to exist and allows the testing of a priori

108 WAKEHAM-DAWSON et al.: Numerical taxonomy of the Hipparchia semele complex from the Balkans

A H. muelleri

Fig. 3. Placement of Hipparchia specimens (N = 82) in the first two axes of a principal components ana-

lysis for 20 genitalia variables (see Fig. 2 and Tables 2 and 3). Undesignated specimens prior to analysis

indicated by small dots.

classifications. Here, we tested for 3 groups as three putative taxa occur but also

discuss results for a 2k solution. The approach we used is to ‘seed’ the analysis with

three ‘types’ for H. semele (awd281 (case 30) from Eastbourne, Sussex, UK), H. muelleri

(awd127 (case 12) from Mount Chelmos, S. Greece) and H. delattini (pj117 [kos-

5/6293] (case 65) from Pristina, Serbia), the latter two coming from the type localities

and chosen independently of the DFA.

Fourth, non-hierarchic (permitting clusters to overlap) B, clustering procedure of

Jardine & Sibson (1968) is used to explore clustering structure in data sets, using asso-

ciation coefficients (Euclidean distance measures) derived from all variables. This

method is independent of a priori classifications or hypotheses of the number of

groups expected. B, clustering is used to build up linkage diagrams from low to

progressively greater distance levels and assessing them for clustering structure. In B,

clustering, as values of k increase, the number of links required below a certain

distance level for an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) to join a cluster is equal to k,

but k-1 OTUs can also fall into an overlap between clusters under certain circumstances

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 103-124 109

A H. muelleri

@ H.delattini

Fig. 4. Non metric multidimensional scaling plot (2 dimensions) of Mahalanobis’s D2 distances for the

82 Hipparchia specimens based on 20 variables (measurements and ratios). Kruskal stress and coefficient

of alienation < 1%. See Appendix for specimen locality data and text for explanation. Undesignated spe-

cimens prior to analysis indicated by small dots.

without those clusters being thereby united. Single linkage is the first in the sequence,

with k=1 and therefore no overlap, and represents the only situation where a hierar-

chic classification is derived. In the approach of assessing linkage diagrams under B,

rules, the clusters forming as one moves from a low to a high dissimilarity (distance)

level are examined for the extent of linkage amongst their component OTUs in relation

to linkages with other clusters. In the situation of discriminating taxa, evidence is

sought for strong within-cluster linkage and of only limited between-cluster linkage

and few OTUs in cluster overlap.

The method has been applied also in biogeographic and ecological analyses to explore

commonality of distribution patterns and associations of species across samples

(e.g. Holloway 1977, 1979; Davis et al. 2001). It offers a more sensitive method of

recapturing information on clustering structure in data than other approaches such as

averaging methods which are usually favoured because the results produced appear

more clear-cut, but sometimes unjustifiably so because of their tendency to break chai-

ning in the data structure rather than identify where it occurs.

110

WAKEHAM-DAWSON et al.: Numerical taxonomy of the Hipparchia semele complex from the Balkans

ee DN

11 /

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Fig. 5. Linkage diagram showing the links clustering 64 of the 82 specimens to a dissimilarity level of

0.40, although for clarity, only links to 0.35 are shown for Clusters 2 and 3. The additional links to 0.40

are predominantly within each of these two clusters, though 75 and 77 (two links) and 18 (seven links)

in Cluster 3 show further affinity to Cluster 2 and could also be considered intermediate. Links to 0.30

are shown as solid lines, those to 0.35 as broken lines, and those to 0.40 outside clusters 2 and 3 as lines

of small dashes. 18 of the next 22 links for Cluster 1 (except OTU 53) are interior to the cluster, suppor-

ting its distinctiveness and homogeneity.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 103-124 111

Tab. 1. Measurements (mm) (means + standard errors) of male genitalia in three Hipparchia taxa from

six geographical localities. N = number of specimens.

H. semele H. semele H. muelleri H. delattini H. delattini

(UK) (France/ Spain) (S. Greece) (Kosovo) (N. Greece)

=9 = N=8 N=7 N=8

Mean Mean Me:

3.19 | 0.06 |

0.42

0.47 | 0.01 |

2.50

0.20

1.95

All procedures, but the BJ cluster analysis, have been carried out in STATISTICA

version 5.5 (Statsoft 1999). It was unnecessary to normalise the variables. Variables

have been standardised for the PCA, DFA and k-means clustering and analysis has

been carried on all 20 measurements and the seven ratios separately for the three

(A. semele, H. muelleri and H. delattini) and two taxa (A. semele and H. delattini).

Results

Summary statistics are provided in Table 1 for geographical units with adequate

samples rather than the taxa as these concepts of taxa may prove to be unsupported.

Principal components analysis. Table 2 and 3 record the eigenvalues and

loadings for the 20 variables. The first two axes accounted for 47% of the variance;

the distribution of variables and specimens in the axes are provided in Figs 2 and 3.

Axis 1 primarily distinguished the majority of variables from D, the ratio of diagonal

length (DL) to valve length (VL1). All but three variables (UB, U and B) have their

highest loadings on the first two axes. Latitude increases in the same direction as D,

whereas the majority of other variables are related to increasing longitude and altitu-

de (Fig. 2). Latitude correlates significantly with 13 of the genitalia variables, longi-

tude with 14 and altitude with 10 variables at P < 0.05 (11, 12 and 5 respectively with

Bonferroni correction at P < 0.0025). The distribution of putative taxa correspond with

this pattern; a clear gradient is established from H. semele through H. muelleri to H.

delattini, the latter increasingly located in the direction of higher values (increased

size) for most genitalia variables and with increasing longitude and altitude (Fig. 3).

Principal components of the 7 ratios produced much the same results (not tabulated).

The first two axes accounted for 53% of the variance. All variables had their highest

loadings on the first two axes. Axis 1 separated V1, V2, T and P (loadings —0.60 to

112 WAKEHAM-DAWSON et al.: Numerical taxonomy of the Hipparchia semele complex from the Balkans

Tab. 2. Eigenvalues and extracted variables for the first 10 components of a principal components ana-

lysis on 20 genitalia variables (13 measurements and 7 ratios).

Component : % Total % Cumulative

Eigenvalue ; [

extracted variance variance

l 6.715 33.58 33.58

Se mires .

6 | 12134 | 607 ONU

8 | 0976, | ese

J 9 | 0518 | 250 OS

Tab 3. Loadings for the first six axes of a principal components analysis of 20 genitalia variables

(13 measurements and 7 ratios) in Hipparchia specimens (* supplementary to analysis. Hipparchia

specimens include all 82 individuals in the study).

RM |

|B | 0.0087 | 0.229]703537 20.5337 cores ss

| P| -0.524 | -0.450 | 0.096 | 0496 | 0.171 | 0416 |

-0.488 | 0.123 | 0.100 | 0.194 | -0.032 | -0.162

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 103-124 113

—0.83) from D (+0.76), and axis 2 distinguished variables U and B (+0.70 and +0.77)

from the remainder (<0.20). Longitude, altitude and latitude are again polarised on

Axis 1, with longitude (-0.66) and altitude (-0.34) relating to V7, V2, T and P and

latitude (+0.50) to D. The distribution of taxa is similar to that from PCA on all varia-

bles, but a priori designated A. muelleri are offset from FH. semele and H. delattini — a

distribution reappearing in the NMMS plot of Mahalanobis’s D? distances (Fig. 4) —

rather than sandwiched between them, and linking up more with variable T rather than

V1, V2 and P.

Discriminant function analysis. ANOVA identified 17 of the 20 variables

that significantly distinguished a priori labelled Hipparchia to the three taxa (F 3,50)

= 2.82 to 22.70, P = 0.048 to < 0.00001), 13 variables at P < 0.0025 (Bonferroni

correction); the exceptions were VB2, TB and V/. Stepwise DFA of the 54 specimens

that had been labelled (the others had not been assigned to a taxon prior to the classi-

fication; see Wakeham-Dawson et al. 2003) selected six variables (UB, UL, VB1, BB,

BL and PL) that contributed to the discrimination. This results in 94% correct classi-

fication of specimens (Wilks’s lambda = 0.136, F( 12,90, = 12.81, P< 0.001), with only

three specimens being incorrectly classified. The parameters for variables are given in

Table 4, the distances in Table 5 (lower diagonal) and the classification matrix in

Table 6. An NMMS plot of Mahalanobis’s D2 distances between labelled specimens,

including those not labelled, shows three clusters, each overlapping to a degree but

with ‘semele’ and ‘delattini’ separated more than ‘muelleri’ and ‘semele’ (Fig. 4). The

predicted classification of individuals not previously tagged is given in the Appendix

together with a marker for those misclassified. Specimens classified as H. delattini are

restricted to the Balkans but those determined to be H. semele occur as far east as 23°E

and down the west side of the Balkans.

Stepwise discriminant function analysis for the three taxa based only on the

seven ratios selected three variables that contributed to the discrimination of a priori

designated individuals (V2, U, B). Significant discrimination was achieved (Wilks’s

lambda: 0.32, F (6 9)=12.443, P < 0.00001) with 85.2% correct classification of

designated individuals. H. muelleri was intermediate in distance between H. semele

and H. delattini with all Mahalanobis’s D? distances being significant (see Table 5,

upper diagonal).

Further DFA for just two taxa (H. semele and H. delattini) based on the seven ratios

selected three variables (V2, V1, T) that discriminated between individuals. Significant

discrimination was achieved (Wilks’s lambda = 0.35, F (3 49) = 25.52, P< .00001) with

93.48% correct classification. H. muelleri specimens were regarded as unclassified

prior to the analysis. Mahalanobis’s D2 between the two groups is = 7.65, F(3 42) =

25.40, P < 0.00001. Individuals classified as H. delattini occurred as far west as 14°E

and those classified as H. semele occurred as far east as 23°E. An interesting outcome

is that of the collection of eight H. muelleri specimens from the same locality (22°E,

38°N), six were classified as H. semele (cases 12, 14-17, 19) and two as H. delattini

(cases 18, 20).

K-means clustering. This technique resolved three main clusters based on three

type individuals, group | H. semele (n = 15), group 2 H. muelleri (n = 42) and group 3

114 WAKEHAM-DAWSON et al.: Numerical taxonomy of the Hipparchia semele complex from the Balkans

Tab. 4. Parameters for variables entered into stepwise (forward) discriminant function analysis of

54 specimens designated a priori to three Hipparchia taxa (Wilks’s Lambda: 0.13632. F(1 99)=12.813

P < .00001).

Variable | Wilks' Partial | F245 to remove | P level

ee | ioe | er

0.190

16.35

Tab. 5. Mahalanobis’s D? between taxa for the 54 designated Hipparchia specimens (Lower triangle

based on all genitalia variables; for comparison, the upper triangle is based on 7 ratio variables).

| Hsemele | 0.00 | 467 | 620 7

| Hmuelleri | 10.27 | 000 | 427)

H. delatini | 14.70 | 1025 | 000

Tab. 6. Classification matrix from discriminant function analysis of 54 specimens designated a priori to

three Hipparchia taxa (Rows: observed classifications; columns: predicted classifications).

Group identity | Percent | AH. semele | H. muelleri | H. delattini

Correct

> Hisemeis | 90.86 | 026 | oe SNRCE

| Hmuelleri |\10000 | 0 | 3)

LH delatini ? | 0444 | 0 | M NE

H. delattini (n = 25). The distances between the groups and the accompanying

ANOVA results are given in Tables 7 and 8. In phenetic (Euclidean) distances, group

2 is intermediate to groups 1 and 3, mirroring the PCA and DFA results. Fifteen varia-

bles have significant F values at P < 0.05; this number is still 14 with a Bonferroni

correction. Nearly 65% of individuals were correctly assigned to the presumptive

taxa. However this figure varied considerably among taxa, respectively 42.9% for

H. semele, 75.0% for H. muelleri and 94.4% for H. delattini (Table 9). H. semele

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 103-124 115

Tab. 7. K-means clustering for three groups, Analysis of Variance

Between | Within

DL | 28.564 | 52.436 | 21.517

vu | 53.195 | 27.805 | 75.571

[_VI2 | 35.114 | 45.886

76.263

74.566 | 3.408

| UL | 51.421 | 29.579 | 68.669

[__UB | 17.968 | 63.032 | 11.260

| BL | 45.110 | 35.890 | 49.648

| BB | 28.991 | 52.009 | 22.018

| TL | 27.136 | 53.864 | 19.899

| TB | 1.693 | 79.307 | 0.843

PL | 45402 | 35.598 | 50.378

| PB | 1.949 | 79.051 | 0.974

| D | 23194 | 57.806 | 15.849

v1 | 12.340 | 68.660 | 7.099

v2 | 39.150 | 41.850

u | 0.940 | 80.060

BE EP

[UT | 19601 | 61.399 | 12.610

| P| 27071 | 53.929 | 19.828

Tab. 8. K-means clustering for three groups, Euclidean distances between clusters (Distances below

diagonal; squared distances above diagonal).

No. 3 (4. delattini)

tended to be misclassified to H. muelleri, H. muelleri to H. delattini and H. delattini

to H. muelleri. The groups were significantly different for geography and altitude with

group number corresponding to the seeding by H. semele, H. muelleri and H. delattini

respectively; specimens classified to H. semele occur to the north and west, and at the

lower altitudes, those classified to H. delattini occur to the south and east, and at

higher altitudes and specimens classified to H. muelleri occur at intermediate altitudes

and geographical locations (Table 10). Even so, there is substantial geographical

116 WAKEHAM-DAWSON et al.: Numerical taxonomy of the Hipparchia semele complex from the Balkans

Tab. 9. Summary (means and standard errors) for geographical variables of clusters from k-means

clustering (ANOVA on normalized data; latitude: F{, 79) =19.23, P < 0.00001; longitude: F{, 79) =29.84,

P < 0.00001; altitude: Fi 79) =11.79, P < 0.00003).

Groups No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Total % correct

(H. m (H. —n (H. — classification

Tab. 10. Summary (means and standard errors) for geographical variables of clusters from k-means

clustering (ANOVA on normalized data; latitude: F{, 79) =19.23, P < 0.00001; longitude: F{; 79) =29.84,

P < 0.00001; altitude: F{ 79) =11.79, P < 0.00003).

a Je | (on

No. 1 47.83 1.12

ona Jon

coma | * | | PPS

(MH. leiler)

ccm | *” |. ® 79? 1-09 |

(A. delattini)

RSR 9

453.33 163.55

Tab. 11. The geographic distribution of the Hipparchia specimens in each BJ cluster (see text for expla-

nation).

2 Intermediate 3 Bie

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Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 103-124 Mir

overlap based on all 82 specimens with H. delattini designated specimens being found

as far west as 2° East and H. semele designated specimens being found as far east as

22° East.

Running k-means clustering for two groups, seeded with the H. semele and H. delattini

specimens, rather than three is highly instructive. Sixteen variables provide significant

group differentiation at P < 0.05 and 14 variables at P < 0.0025. There is 91.3% correct

classification of H. semele and H. delattini, the two taxa used to seed the two groups.

All H. delattini are correctly classified and all but four of the 24 H. semele. The eight

H. muelleri are allocated to group 2 (H. delattini). In the k = 2 solution, there is as

much geographical overlap of all 82 specimens as in the k = 3 means clustering

solution, despite the fact that they again differ for longitude, altitude and latitude

(t test; t(go): latitude 6.14, longitude —6.60, altitude -4.90; all P < 0.00001). Group 1

(seeded with H. semele) occur eastwards to 20°E and Group 2 (seeded with H. delattini)

occur west to 20E.

B, analysis. This produces four main clusters, and a number of clusters that are

not so well defined (Fig. 5). Cluster 1 includes nominal H. semele specimens from

southern England and three from the Balkans. These specimens are: awd279 (28),

awd281 (30), awd283 (32), awd284 (33), awd285 (34), awd286 (35), awd287 (42),

bmnh13377 (52), bmnh13374 (55), and bmnh29808 (57). See Appendix for capture

locations. Numbers in parenthesis are those allocated to each specimen during cluster

analysis and used in Figs 3 & 4. Cluster 2 largely contains Balkan specimens,

including most of the H. muelleri topotypes and some unidentified specimens. These

specimens are: bmnh29865 (2), bmnh29867 (4), bmnh29872 (6), bmnh29869 (7),

bmnh29874 (8), bmnh29875 (9), bmnh29871 (10), bmnh29868 (11), awd127 (12),

awd382 (14), awd386 (16), awd316 (37), awd288 (38), and awd289 (39). Cluster 2

has some peripheral specimens; these are: bmnh11994 (1), awd247 (13), awd392 (19),

awd427 (59), awd428 (60), and pj115 (63). Cluster 2 links through intermediates with

Cluster 3; this includes H. muelleri topotypes and nominal H. semele specimens.

These are specimens: awd383 (15), awd391 (18), awd393 (20), jdh60 (49),

bmnh29807 (56), bmnh29809 (58), pj61 (73), pj62 (74), pj63 (75), pj64 (76), pj65

(77), pj67 (79), pj68 (80), pj70 (81). Specimens: bmnh29866 (3), bmnh29870 (5),

awd282 (31), awd315 (36), jdh 59 (50), bmnh13378 (51), and pj66 (78) are those

intermediate between Clusters 2 and 3. Cluster 4 contains nominal H. delattini

specimens from North Greece and an H. delattini topotype from Pristina, Kosovo.

These are specimens: awd387 (17), awd394 (21), awd396 (22), awd398 (23), awd399

(24), awd400 (25), and pj118 (66). Specimens: awd401 (26) and bmnh13375 (53) are

peripheral to Cluster 4. An additional loose cluster (Cluster 5) contains a mix of

specimens that includes H. delattini topotypes from Pristina, Kosovo. These are

specimens: pj121 (69), pj123 (71), pj124 (72), awd402 (27), awd292 (40), awd356

(48), and pj122 (70). Specimens: awd280 (29), awd355 (47), pj119 (67), pj120 (68),

and pj71 (82) are extreme outliers. These clusters show some geographical segregation,

although the sample size for each geographic region in Table 11 is small.

A DFA (based on the genitalia measurements and shape ratios) of the specimens iden-

tified in the five main B, clusters confirms the integrity of these clusters by showing

118 WAKEHAM-DAWSON et al.: Numerical taxonomy of the Hipparchia semele complex from the Balkans

segregation of the clusters (Wilks’s lambda = 0.008, F(39 185) = 15.45, p < 0.001) and

95% correct classification of specimens within clusters (variables UL, DL, PL, U, BL,

TB, BB and B retained in the stepwise forward entry analysis). However, there is some

overlap between clusters, especially if only ratios are used in a DFA (Wilks’s lambda

= 0.387, F 12,145) = 5.25, p < 0.001; 55% correct classification of specimens within

clusters; ratios D, U and T retained in the stepwise forward entry analysis), so size is

an important factor in segregating specimens. PCA and DFA on the clusters failed to

identify just which variables might be used to distinguish individuals to groups as

Clusters 1 and 2 did not separate neatly from Clusters 3 and 4. However, PCA

suggests that H. semele specimens from southern England (Cluster 1) are largely

distinct from the three southern European H. semele (also included in Cluster 1)

because of genital shape differences as well as size difference.

When B, clusters are presented visually (Fig. 5), the nominal H. semele specimens

from southern Europe are grouped into Clusters 2 & 3 with the nominal A. muelleri

specimens. The nominal H. semele specimens from southern England (Cluster 1) are

segregated to one side of Cluster 2 and nominal H. delattini specimens (Cluster 4)

from North Greece and Kosovo are segregated to the other side.

Discussion

This study was generated by questions concerning the number of Hipparchia taxa in

the Balkans, particularly on the existence of one or two Hipparchia species closely

related to H. semele. A number of findings emerge. First, clusters for the three taxa,

H. semele, H. muelleri and H. delattini, are repeatedly found in all analyses based on

genital morphology; in the PCA, DFA, NMMS of Mahalanobis’s D2 distances, the

k-means clustering and the B, clustering. Second, even so, the clusters merge and are

not so distinct that every individual can be categorised unequivocally to one of the

three taxa, certainly not on individual genital morphology and with even less success

for genital ratio variables which control for differences in absolute size. Overlap

occurs for the putative taxa in PCA, the NMMS plot of Mahalanobis’s D2 distances

and B, clustering and incorrect classification occurs in DFA and k-means clustering.

Third, from the highly significant associations of genital morphology with longitude,

latitude and altitude, there is a strong suggestion of a gradient (cline) in genital

morphology. In this, H. muelleri largely adopts an intermediate position between

H. semele and H. delattini, but not exactly an intermediate position for all genital

attributes as evident in the PCA of ratio data. Just whether H. muelleri is more

closely associated with H. semele or H. delattini depends on the analysis being applied

and which variables are used. For example, DFA on two groups for ratios links

H. muelleri more with H. semele, but k-means clustering for k = 2 on ratios allocates

H. muelleri to H. delattini.

Fourth, despite the apparent cline for many variables in genital morphology, classifi-

cation (DFA, k-means clustering) reveals a geographical overlap of taxa, regardless of

whether two or three groups are considered. The overlap is greater for k-means cluste-

ring than for DFA; the reason for this is that, in the absence of distinct morphological

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 103-124 119

boundaries between the taxa being considered, k-means clustering has shifted the

morphological boundary between them into A. semele; that is, more a priori designated

H. semele are misclassified than H. delattini and the latter has grown in number and

geographical range (expanding westwards) at the expense of the former. A more

conservative picture is provided by DFA on two groups for ratios. This shows that

H. delattini extends no further west than 14°E but that H. semele extends eastwards

to 23°E. It is a more reliable picture since complications associated with H. muelleri

are removed and genital comparisons are based on ratios, not purely on size aspects

on genital morphology.

Arising, then, from this analysis is the possibility of two Hipparchia taxa present in

the Balkan study area, a finding greatly in need of confirmation from more extensive

sampling and DNA markers. Broadly, these are H. semele and H. delattini (which

includes H. muelleri-like forms). Kudrna (1975) originally described H. muelleri as a

subspecies of A. semele; on the whole, we find H. muelleri to be closer to H. delattini

than to H. semele in male genital morphological space. The two species may have

broader distributions (geographical ranges) than previously considered. H. delattini,

which is probably conspecific with Russian H. volgensis (see Kudrna, 1977), appears

to be largely confined to the Balkans and Northern Greece. A. semele is present in

western Europe, but also into the Balkans. The complexity of some clusters (clusters

2 and 3) in B, clustering may point towards hybridisation between the two taxa.

The suggested relationship between taxa and altitude accords with the findings of

Pamperis (1997), who recorded H. muelleri at low to intermediate altitudes and

H. delattini (synonymised with H. volgensis) at intermediate to higher altitudes in

Greece. However, it should be noted that the validity of Pamperis’ wing-pattern based

method of taxa identification has been questioned by Wakeham-Dawson & Kudrna

(2000).

The two apparent taxa of the current study may be the product of speciation during

isolation in ice-age refugia; other species conform to this east versus west European

pattern (see Dennis et al. 1991; Dennis 1993; Hewitt 1999, 2000; Schmitt & Seitz

2001a, b). This model would describe the different taxa evolving in western (H. semele)

and eastern (A. delattini or H. volgensis) regions at Mediterranean latitudes and reco-

lonising northern areas in Europe and coming into contact following each glacial

stage. Subsequent glacial advances tend to erase populations north of the Alps in which

case genetic differentiation is maintained and enhanced during glacial-interglacial

cycles (Dennis et al. 1991). Examples of similar ‘cryptic’ taxa are provided by sibling

species groups of Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Thomson 1987), Pontia daplidice

(Linnaeus, 1758) and P edusa (Fabricius, 1777) (Geiger et al. 1988) and Leptidea

reali Reissinger, 1989 and L. sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mazel 2001), the last of which

comprises components that extensively overlap in geographical range. The two taxa

hypothesis produced by the current study is supported by a study of female genitalia

(Coutsis 1983), which shows a clear disjunction in morphology between H. semele

and H. delattini. Coutsis (1983) groups H. muelleri with H. delattini based on female

genital morphology, corresponding with the closer relationship found here for

H. muelleri and H. delattini than that for H. muelleri and H. semele based on male

120 WAKEHAM-DAWSON et al.: Numerical taxonomy of the Hipparchia semele complex from the Balkans

genital attributes. No significant difference was found in the morphology of H. muelleri

and H. delattini androconia (Wakeham-Dawson 1998). Even so, in all analyses of

male genitalia, there is failure to discriminate absolutely between the three taxa

investigated here, and H. muelleri emerges as being approximately equidistant from

H. delattini and H. semele in phenetic distances.

The issue arises that variation in male genitalia may not be a reliable taxonomic

characteristic. Any structure that is not critical during copulation will probably not be

under powerful sexual selection and so will not be a reliable indicator of reproductive

isolation between taxa. If this is the case, genital shape may be neutral to selection and

subject only to random processes, or to pleiotropic effects. In another satyrine butter-

fly, Maniola jurtina Linnaeus, 1785, there is an absence of an apparent relationship

between valve shape and either mating success or strength of the male-female bond

(Goulson 1993). However, both valve shape and uncus are much larger in species with

a sphragis (e.g., Heteronympha penelope Waterhouse (Lepidoptera: Satyridae), and

this may be an adaptation to sphragis removal during mating (Orr 2002).

Specimens, which are as yet unmeasured, from Bulgaria, appear to exhibit two clear

forms of male genitalia (valve shape) that associate more definitely with H. semele or

H. delattini (S. Abadijev, loan material) than do most specimens from the Balkans.

The next stage in this research is: (1) to test the two-taxa (semele and volgensis)

hypothesis with further specimens from across Europe including the Balkans and

eastwards into Bulgaria and Russia, and (2) to assess the morphological data against

molecular data.

Acknowledgements

Our grateful thanks to Professor Konrad Fiedler for his valuable suggestions that have greatly helped to

improve the text. Thanks also to Dr Stanislav Abadjiev and Dr Otakar Kudrna for loan of material and

useful discussion.

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[22 WAKEHAM-DAWSON et al.: Numerical taxonomy of the Hipparchia semele complex from the Balkans

Appendix. Label data of the 82 Hipparchia specimens included in the current study. Sp. no. = specimen

number; Case no. = cluster number used in cluster diagrams and Figs 3 & 4. Taxon: ? (specimens of

uncertain taxonomic attribution ) determined by discriminant function analysis; classification noted as ‘s’

semele, ‘m’ muelleri or ‘d’ delattini. The three individuals misclassified and their reclassification are

indicated by appropriate letter. Specimens deposited at The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH),

the collection of A. Wakeham-Dawson (AWD), the collection of P. JakSi¢ (PJ), the collection of J. D.

Holloway (JDH), and the Booth Museum, Brighton (BMB).

bmnh11994 (1) Gorizia, La Logua

awd127 (12) muelleri S. Greece Mount Chelmos 1300 m, 15.v11.1995, AWD

Peloponnisos

bmnh13374(55)_| ?s

bmnh13375 (53) | ?m

bmnh13376 (54) | ?m

sae

Bee

in 02

bmnh13377 (52) 16.vi.1933, leg. A.H.G Alston & N.Y.

Sandwith, BM 1932-383, BMNH

bmnh13378 (51) 12.vi.(19)08, H. Stauder, Rruhstorfer,

Coll., BM 1987 285, BMNH :

m a

sp. no. (Case no.)

awd279 (28)

awd280 (29)

awd281 (30)

awd282 (31)

awd286 (35) England 200 m, 4.viii.1996, AWD

awd288 (38) Mount Canigou, E. Pyrenees 2200 m, 28.v11.1993, AWD

awd289 (39) Les Ares, Alps 2600 m, 1 viii 1993, AWD

awd292 (40) Prades, E. Pyrenees 1000 m, 17.vii.1990, AWD

awd283 (32) England 200 m, 4.viii.1996, AWD

awd284 (33) England 200 m, 4.viii.1996, AWD

awd287 (42) England 200 m, 4.viii.1996, AWD

awd285 (34) England 200 m, 4.viii.1996, AWD

bmnh29807 (56) 2

Croatıa Knin July (19)08, Fruhstorfer, Coll., BM

2 Croatıa Dernis 10.vi.(19)08, H. Stauder, Fruhstorfer,

bmnh29809 (58) ? Croatıa Perkovic 12.vi.(19)08, H. Stauder, Fruhstorfer,

bmnh29865 (2)

2 Romania Biharfüred, Bihar Mts 800-1200 m, K. Jordan, 20.vu.1911

EN rs

m s

m .

bmnh29869 (7)

S 5

bmnh29808 (57) ’m

bmnh29866 (3) |

bmnh29867 (4) | vii

bmnh29868 (11) ? 5 -

bmnh29870 (5) Senjska drega 17.vii.1912, BMNH

- =

12.vii.1912, BMNH

bmnh29871 (10) Szovata, Maros-Torda c 27.v11.1910, BMNH

bmnh29872 (6)

bmnh29874 (8)

bmnh29875 (9)

awd315 36)

awd3 16 (37)

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 103-124 123

Notes

sp. no. (Case no.) Location

22.v1.1981, P.W. Cribb Coll. (Acc.

awd355 (47) Kevi

no. 094732) BMB

awd356 (48) ?m N. Greece | Kevi 22.v1.1981, P.W. Cribb Coll. (Acc.

Ze eel

awd382 (14) muelleri S. Greece Mount Chelmos, 1350-1600 m, 14.v1.1997, AWD

ee Pelopönnisos

awd386 (16) Mount Chelmos, 1300 m, 13.vi.1997, AWD

Su Pelopönnisos

Ben, . Pelopönnisos

awd391 (18) Mount Chelmos, 1300 m, 13.vi.1997, AWD

Pelopönnisos

awd392 (19) Mount Chelmos, 1350-1600 m, 14.vi.1997. AWD

Pelopénnisos

awd393 (20) muelleri S. Greece Mount Chelmos, 1350-1600 m, 14.v1.1997, AWD

Pelopönnisos

Séli, Näoussa, Macedonia

Seli, Näoussa, Macedonia

Séli, Naoussa, Macedonia

awd428 (60) semele France Lozere

awd430 (62) semele France Lozere W.G. & S.M. Tremewan, 1000 m,

15.v11.1998, AWD

cfu350 (41) Corfu Ex coll. D & S. Howell, AWD

jdh20 (46) ?m N.W. 4 km w. of Spartos (e. of 26.v111.1963, JDH

Greece Vonitsa)

m 2

jdh23 (43) Dodoni. sw. of Konitsa

W.G. & S.M. Tremewan, 1000 m

15.v11.1998, AWD

W.G. & S.M. Tremewan, 1000 m,

15.v11.1998, AWD

W.G. & S.M. Tremewan, 1000 m,

15.v11.1998, AWD

jdh24 (44) ?m Aristi, SW. of Konitsa 13.vi.1977, JDH

| ?

Konitsa and Ioannina

Joännina

pj61 [BDR-365] semele Germany Bavaria, Fohrenheide Gebiet 15,7.1973; Ha Weigel, Py

pj62 [BDR-363] Bavaria mer., Eching

(74)

pj63 [BDR-364] Bavaria mer., Eching

(75)

pj64 [BDR-362] Bavaria mer., Eching

(76)

124 WAKEHAM-DAWSON et al.: Numerical taxonomy of the Hipparchia semele complex from the Balkans

Country

Austria Marchfeld, Oberweiden date?, O. Wagner, PJ

Slovenia

sp. no. (Case no.) Taxon

pj65 [AUS-1274]

(77)

pj66 [slov-412] (78)

pj67 [slov-432] (79

pj68 [slov-430] (80

pj70 [slov-422] (81

pj71 [slov-428] (82)

pj115 [kos-6/7277]

(63)

pj116 [kos-2249]

(64)

pj117 [kos-5/6293] delattini

(65)

pj118 [kos-6/7709] delattini

(66)

pj119 [kos-6/7340]

(67)

pj120 [kos-6/7341] delattini

(68)

pj121 [kos-1185]

(69)

pj122 [kos-439 b] delattini

(70)

pj123 [kos-5637]

(71)

pj124 [kos-1189]

(72)

semele m

semele

—

semele

delattini

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 125

Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

ERIK J. VAN NIEUKERKEN!, VADIM V. ZOLOTUHINZ & ANDREY MISTCHENKO2

! National Museum of Natural History Naturalis PO Box 9517, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands,

e-mail: nieukerken@naturalis.nl

2 Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, pl. 100-letiya Lenina 4, RUS-432700 Ulyanovsk, Russia,

e-mail: ulgpu@mv.ru

Abstract. The Nepticulidae of the Russian provinces (oblasts) Ul’yanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd,

Astrakhan and Chelyabinsk and the Kalmyk Republic are listed. We record 60 species, including two only

previously recorded, 28 species only on the basis of leafmines (indicated with an *). Seventeen species

are recorded as new for Russia. Eleven of these are reported on the basis of adults: Stigmella glutinosae

(Stainton, 1858), S. ulmiphaga (Preissecker, 1942), S. thuringiaca (Petry, 1904), S. rolandi Van

Nieukerken, 1990, S. hybnerella (Hübner, 1813), Trifurcula (Trifurcula) subnitidella (Duponchel, 1843),

T. (T.) silviae Van Nieukerken, 1990, T. (T.) beirnei Puplesis, 1984, T. (T.) chamaecytisi Z. & A. LaStüvka,

1994, Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) liebwerdella Zimmermann, 1940 and Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia)

caradjai (Groschke, 1944). Six species are reported on the basis of mines only: Stigmella freyella

(Heyden, 1858), S. nivenburgensis (Preissecker, 1942), S. paradoxa (Frey, 1858), S. perpygmaeella

(Doubleday, 1859), Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) atricollis (Stainton, 1857) and E. spinosella (Joannis,

1908). Astigmella dissona Puplesis, 1984 is synonymised with Stigmella naturnella (Klimesch, 1936),

here recorded for European Russia for the first time, bridging the gap between Far East Russia and

Europe. S. juryi Puplesis, 1991 is synonymised with S. paradoxa (Frey, 1858). S. zelleriella (Snellen,

1875) is found in a stream valley in steppe area, probably associated with Salix triandra, a different

host in habitat that differs widely from other occurrences. S. obliquella (Heinemann, 1862) is for the first

time recorded from European Russia. A few new records outside this area are cited under distribution,

including Ectoedemia (Fomoria) weaveri (Stainton, 1855) recorded from Magadan in the Far East.

Zusammenfassung. Es wird ein Verzeichnis der Nepticulidae der Russischen Provinzen (Oblasten)

Uljanowsk, Samara, Saratow, Wolgograd, Astrachan und Tscheljabinsk sowie aus der Kalmykkischen

Republik gegeben. Insgesamt sind 60 Arten (inklusive zwei in fruherer Zeit angegebene) enthalten,

wovon 28 nur durch Blattminen belegt sind (in der Zusammenstellung mit dem Symbol * markiert).

Siebzehn Arten sind neu fiir Russland, davon wurden elf als Imagines gefunden: Stigmella glutinosae

(Stainton, 1858), S. ulmiphaga (Preissecker, 1942), S. thuringiaca (Petry, 1904), S. rolandi Van

Nieukerken, 1990, S. hybnerella (Hübner, 1813), Trifurcula (Trifurcula) subnitidella (Duponchel, 1843),

T. (T.) silviae Van Nieukerken, 1990, T. (T.) beirnei Puplesis, 1984, T. (T.) chamaecytisi Z. & A. Lasttvka,

1994, Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) liebwerdella Zimmermann, 1940 und Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia)

caradjai (Groschke, 1944). Von sechs Arten wurden nur Blattminen gefunden: Stigmella freyella

(Heyden, 1858), S. nivenburgensis (Preissecker, 1942), S. paradoxa (Frey, 1858), S. perpygmaeella

(Doubleday, 1859), Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) atricollis (Stainton, 1857) und E. spinosella (Joannis,

1908). Astigmella dissona Puplesis, 1984 wird synonymisiert mit Stigmella naturnella (Klimesch, 1936).

Diese Art wird hier zum ersten Mal aus dem europäischen Teil Russlands gemeldet, wodurch die große

Verbreitungslücke zwischen Mitteleuropa und dem Fernen Osten geschlossen wird. S. juryi Puplesis,

1991 wird synonymisiert mit S. paradoxa (Frey, 1858). S. zelleriella (Snellen, 1875) wurde in einem

Bachtal im Steppenbereich gefunden und ist dort wahrscheinlich trophisch mit Salix triandra assoziiert,

lebt hier also im Vergleich zu den anderen bekannten Vorkommen an einer anderen Futterpflanze und in

einem sehr verschiedenartigen Habitat. Auch S. obliquella (Heinemann, 1862) wird hier zum ersten Mal

aus dem europäischen Teil Russlands gemeldet. Die Verbreitungsangaben enthalten auch einige

Neumeldungen außerhalb dieses Gebietes, darunter Ectoedemia (Fomoria) weaveri (Stainton, 1855) aus

Magadan im Fernen Osten.

Pesrome. IIpupeyeH cImcoK MOJIEH-MAIIKWTOK YIbAHOBCKOM, CamapcKoli, Caparogckoï, Borro-

Tpaıckof, AcTpaxancko, HerssÖHnHcKof oGracreñ u PecnyGruxn Karımbikus. M3 60 OTMEYEHHBIX

BHAOB JIMINb 2 OBUIA TIPHBEIEHBI TIPEJIMECTBYIONMHMH HCCIIEHOBAHAAMH, 28 BHJIOB IIpHBeeHbI Ha

OCHOBAHHH XAPAKTEPHBIX JIHCTOBbIX MHH (OTMEYEHbI B TEKCTE CTATBH 3Be31OUKON *). 17 BHAOB

IPHBEJIEHEI KaK HOBbIe JIA DayHBI Poccun, 11 43 HAX OTMeUeHBI Ha HMarHHAIBHOË base (Stigmella

glutinosae (Stainton, 1858), S. ulmiphaga (Preissecker, 1942), S. thuringiaca (Petry, 1904), S. rolandi

Van Nieukerken, 1990, S. hybnerella (Hübner, 1813), Trifurcula (Trifurcula) subnitidella (Duponchel,

1843), T. (T.) silviae Van Nieukerken, 1990, 7. (T.) beirnei Puplesis, 1984, T. (T.) chamaecytisi Z. &

A. Laëtüvka, 1994, Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) liebwerdella Zimmermann, 1940 u Ectoedemia

(Ectoedemia) caradjai (Groschke, 1944)), 6 BHAOB — TOIIBKO Ha OCHOBaHHH MMH: Stigmella freyella

126 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

(Heyden, 1858), S. nivenburgensis (Preissecker, 1942), S. paradoxa (Frey, 1858), S. perpygmaeella

(Doubleday, 1859), Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) atricollis (Stainton, 1857) u E. spinosella (Joannis,

1908). Astigmella dissona Puplesis, 1984 cuHonumu3upyetca c Stigmella naturnella (Klimesch, 1936),

BIICPBEIE OTMeYyaeMOH JIA EBponeñckoä Poccun HM 3akpkiBalineï TAaKUM Oo6pa3oM paHee

CYINECTBOBABINHË IIPOOE)I B PACIIPOCTPAHEHAH Bua MEXAY 3anaqHow EBponoû u JlaibHum BocrokoM

Poccuu. S. juryi Puplesis, 1991 cuHonnmu3upyetca c S. paradoxa (Frey, 1858). S. zelleriella (Snellen,

1875) oGHapyxeHa Ha Oepery py4ba B TJIHHHCTOH CTEIM, re, BEPOATHO, CBA3aHa c Salix triandra,

HOBbIM JUIA H€€ KOPMOBbIM pacTeHHeM B JAHHOM ÖHOTONE, pe3KO OTJIHYHOM OT H3BECTHBIX. Takxke

BilepBble ]J14 Epponefickofi Poccun npnBoxurca Buy S. obliquella (Heinemann, 1862). HeckorbKo

HOBbIX HAXOJIOK 34 lIPEAEIAMA H3Y4AEMOTO perHOHa OGCYXJAIOTCH B JAAHHBIX MO PACTPOCTPAHEHHAIO:

Ectoedemia (Fomoria) weaveri (Stainton, 1855) orMeuaerca 13-07, Marazana.

Key words. Russia, faunistics, new records, new synonymy, Stigmella, Ectoedemia, Bohemannia,

Trifurcula.

Knrwuesbre c,IoBa. Poccns, PayHACTAKA, HOBEIE HAaXO/JIKH, HOBad CHHOHAMHA, Stigmella,

Ectoedemia, Bohemannia, Trifurcula.

Introduction

The leafmining moth family Nepticulidae is relatively poorly known from large parts

of Russia. Previous research has concentrated on the fauna of the far eastern

Primorskiy Kray, the former Soviet republics of Central Asia and the Crimea in

Ukraine (Puplesis 1994). In his book Puplesis lists many species from the European

part of Russia, but gives very few pertinent records. Also in the earlier faunal treat-

ment of the larvae (Gerasimov 1952) no detailed records were given, and for many

species the only indication of distribution is ‘European part of the Soviet Union’. Such

records could also have been referring to Ukraine, Byelorussia or the Baltic republics.

Hence, the occurrence in Russia is often not clear.

There is a number of faunistic papers which deal with some species of Nepticulidae

from a few provinces (regions) in the European part of Russia, the northwest being

comparatively well investigated: Murmansk (Kozlov & Jalava 1994; Kozlov et al.

2000), Karelia (Kutenkova 1986, 1989) and a checklist for Leningrad (Jurivete et al.

2000). In the west, Nepticulidae are recorded from Smolensk, Bryansk (Skala 1944)

and Kaluga (Shmytova 2001, 2002). Other scattered records can be found in some

ecological studies (Kozlov 1996; Kozlov & Koricheva 1990, 1991). A few mines have

also been reported from the Caucasus and Black Sea Coast (Utech 1962).

For the lower and middle Volga region, there are very few published records for

Nepticulidae. Surprisingly no species were listed by Eversmann (1844). Another well

know 19th century lepidopterist working in this area, Hugo Christoph, did not publish

any nepticulid record, but he collected a few specimens near Sarepta (Volgograd),

which are now in the Natural History Museum in London; they have been studied by

the senior author and are listed here. A few species were recorded from the upper

Volga reaches in Tatarstan (Kazan district) (Krulikowsky 1908). Further Puplesis

recorded Stigmella kazakhstanica Puplesis, 1991 from Astrakhan (Puplesis et al. 1991)

(but see below under S. ulmiphaga), Trifurcula cf. puplesisi Van Nieukerken, 1990

was recorded from Sarepta (Krasnoarmeysk) (van Nieukerken 1990) and T. pallidella

(Duponchel, 1843) from the Saratov region (Puplesis 1994). More recently, Sachkov

et al. (1997) list several miners from the Zhiguli Nature reserve in the Samara region

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 12%

and Anikin (2001) lists three species from the Volga region, including the already cited

T. pallidella and S. kazakhstanica.

The junior authors and several colleagues extensively collected Lepidoptera in the

Volga and Ural region, results of which have partly been published by Anikin et al.

(1993). Adult Nepticulidae and many mines were collected in the Ul’yanovsk and

Samara provinces, middle Volga, but a few adults have also been collected in Saratov,

Volgograd and Astrakhan in the lower Volga valley and mines were also collected in

the Kalmyk republic. We also include the record of just two specimens taken in the

southern Ural (Cheliabinsk) during recent Russian-Finnish expeditions (Ahola et al.

1997; Nupponen et al. 2000).

During all these studies, 30 species of Nepticulidae were collected as adults and in

addition the mines of 28 other identifiable species were found (plus mines of some

species recorded as adults as well). With the previously recorded (uncertain)

S. kazakhstanica and T. puplesisi, the total is 60 species of Nepticulidae. Although this

is in all probability only a small portion of the actual fauna of the region (estimated to

be at least 100 species), we publish these records here, since they provide interesting

biogeographical data. At least 17 species are new for Russia, and for a few others these

comprise the first published detailed records for Russia. For many species these

records show an enormous eastward extension of the known distribution. The few

records of species in the Stigmella ruficapitella group have also been given by van

Nieukerken & Johansson (2003).

Material and methods

Adults were mainly collected at light, mostly using a small generator with different

types of lamps, or by sweeping vegetation at dusk. Leafmines were picked in the field

and dried immediately; all attempts to rear the larvae were unsuccessful.

All specimens were identified or checked by the senior author. The adults are in the

collection of V. V. Zolotuhin, but duplicates are stored in the National Museum of

Natural History Naturalis, Leiden (RMNH). The majority of dried leafmines is kept in

RMNH, with a reference collection kept by V. V. Zolotuhin.

Genitalia preparations were made partly in glycerine, partly in Euparal, following

conventional procedures. Photographs of genitalia and of leafmines were taken with a

Zeiss AxioCam digital camera attached to a Zeiss Axioskop H (genitalia slides) or a

Zeiss Stemi SV 11 under dark field illumination (leafmines), using Carl Zeiss

AxioVision 3.0.6 software. All photographs of genitalia show specimens embedded in

Euparal, prepared by the senior author, and are annotated with ‘EvN’ numbers.

The described distribution of Nepticulidae over European countries follows van

Nieukerken (2004), unless otherwise stated. Plant names follow the Flora Europaea

(Tutin et al. 1964-1993; Flora Europaea website 2004).

Identification of leafmines. Since leafmines are not the organism itself, but only a

trace, some authors prefer not to use records which are based on leafmines only, partly

stimulated by the presence of many misidentifications in literature. However, in many

128 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

cases leafmines show good diagnostic characters, certainly in combination with host-

plant identity. By omitting such data, one would loose valuable information on the

distribution of species. However, the presence on the basis of leafmines alone needs

to be treated with caution: for several hostplants it is clear that the mines are not

always different enough to allow safe identification. This is especially the case with

Stigmella mines on Quercus (see van Nieukerken & Johansson 2003), on rosaceous

herbs, Rosa, Rubus and Pyrus. Also some mines on Ulmus can be problematic. We

have not attempted to name such mines with any certainty, but list them at the end of

the paper. Even for some of the named mines, we would prefer confirmation by

reared adults. Species which we only record on the basis of leafmines, are marked with

an asterisk (*) before the name.

Collection localities. Under each species we list the records alphabetically by provin-

ce and a short locality name. The full details of the localities are given here, the bold

printed locality name is used as short name throughout the paper. The localities are

shown in the map (fig. 1). For the transliteration of the Cyrillic we follow the BSI system,

the same as used by Times (2000). We give the province (oblast) and district (rayon)

names in English as noun (e.g. “Ul’yanovsk’), not in the Russian adjectival form (e.g.

‘Ul’ yanovskaya Oblast’), but we provide below Cyrillic names in the adjectival forms

for all localities. For the collector names we use abbreviations, see below.

Astrakhan: [AcTpaxanckaa o01acTb]

1. Akhtubinsk distr., 10 km NNE pgt N. Baskunchak, near lake Karasuk, 48°11’N,

46°54’E [AxtyOunck, backyHyak, 03. Kapacyk]

2. Akhtubinsk distr., Bogdo Bolshaja, Surikovskaya b., 47°59’N, 46°48°E

[AxTy6nunHck, boro, Cypnkosckas 6. |

Chelyabinsk: [Yerısönnckası oOOs1acTb]

3.8. Ural: Arkaim reserve, near Amurskiy village, 52°39’N, 59°34’E [SanopeqHuK

ApkauM, tloc. AMypcknä] (see Nupponen et al. 2000)

Kalmyk Republic: [PecnyOsmka Kasımbıkus]

4. Elista City Park, 46°19’N, 44°16°E [Drmcra, ropoyckon napK|

5. Yashalta, 20 km SW, 160 km W Elista, oak forests, 46°20°N, 42°18’E | Amanra|

Samara: [Camapckañ oOs1acTb]

6. Samarskaya Luka area, Zhiguli State Nature Reserve, Bakhilova Polyana,

53°24’N, 49°40’E [ KuryreBcKknÿü 3anoBeyjHuK, baxusioza Ilona |

7. Samarskaya Luka area, Zhiguli State Nature Reserve,

mixed forest on rocky slope, 53°25°N, 49°40°E [KuryreBcknä 3anoBe)IHHK |

Saratov: [CapaTosckasn oÖ,1acT]

8. Saratov city, 51°34’N, 45°59°E [Capatog]

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 129

Ul’yanovsk: [Y sıBaHoBckası 06J71acTe]

9. Aksakovo, Mayna distr., 60 km SWS Ul’yanovsk, 54°09’N, 47931°E

[c. AkcakoBo, Maiiuckui pation]

10. Akulovka, Nikolaevka distr., 150 km SWS Ul’yanovsk, limestone steppe,

53°06’N, 47°29’E [Axysiopka, HuxkoïaeBcknÿ p-H]

11. Arskoe outskirts, Ul’yanovsk distr., 15 km W of Ul’yanovsk, meadow near

mixed forest, 54°16’N, 48°08’E [c. Apckoe, Y IBIHOBCKUH p-H|

12. Baryshskaya Sloboda, Surskoe distr., 85 km WNW Ul’yanovsk, 54°34’N,

46°48’E [bappımckası CroGoya, CypcKuH p-H|]

13. Beketovka, Veshkayma distr., 100 km W Ul’yanovsk, Steppe, 54°06’N, 46°52°E

[Bekerogka, BemkaïñMcKknü p-H] |

14. Glotovka, Inza distr., 120 km W from Ul’yanovsk, humid mixed forest, 53°57°N,

46°43’E [T'rorogka, HH3exckuü p-H]

15. Kalinovka, Radishchevo distr., ca. 150 km S of Ul’yanovsk, orchards, 52°58’N,

48°19’E [Kasmunoska, PaxmmeBckuü p-H|

16. Karamzina outskirts, Ul’yanovsk distr., 10 km SWS Ul’yanovsk, mixed forest

near by water, 54°14’N, 48°22’E [noc. Kapamsumna, Y IBAHOBCKUH p-H]

17. Kryazh (=Kryachok), Barysh distr., 53°47’N, 47°25’E

[o3. Kpax, bappımmckuf p-H|

18. Mar’evka, Novospasskoe distr., 120 km S Ul’yanovsk, grass steppe, 53°08’N,

48°09’E [c. Mapregka, Hopocnaccknii p-H|

19. Ryabina railway station, Povolzhye, Radishchevo distr., 160 km S Ul’yanovsk,

orchards and oak forest edge 52°53’N, 48°15°E

[>«/7, ct. Pa6nnHa, ParxumeBckuÿ p-H]

20. Shikovka, Povolzhye, Pavlovka distr., 200 km S Ul’yanovsk, 52°44’N, 47°27’E

[c. Iuxogka, [lagroBcknÿä p-H|

21. Srednikovo, Radishchevo distr., 140 km S Ul’yanovsk, steppe, 52°56’N,

48°06’E [CperxaakoBo, ParumeBckyü p-H]

22. Staraya Mayna, Staraya Mayna distr., 10 km NE, 54°37°N, 49°05’E

[p.1. Crapaa Maïñna, Crapomaïñnckuÿ p-H]

23. Surulovka, Novospasskoe distr., steppe, 53°06’N, 47°46’E [Cypyro8ka,

Hosocnacckuit p-H|

24. Tsemzavod outskirts, Sengiley distr., 20 km S Ul’yanovsk, mixed forest

54°02’N, 48°21°E [noc. I[em3apoyzr, CenxrnreeBcknü p-H]

25. Ul’yanovsk North, park Pobedy, 54°22°N, 48°25’E [Y 1BaHosck, mapk I1o6ezpr]

26. Ul’yanovsk city, valley of Sviyaga river 54°18’N, 48°20°E [Yapsanosck, 10 Ma

p. CBusru|

27. Ul’yanovsk, Vinnovka city park, 54°16’N, 48°20°E [Y 1IBaHoBcK, napk

BuHHoBcKkas poma]

28. Tushna, Sengiley distr., ca 40 km S of Ul’yanovsk, mixed forest, 53°50’N,

48°22°E [p.u. TymHa Cenrusieespckoro p-Ha|

29. Vasil’evka, Novospasskoe distr., 130 km S Ul’yanovsk, 53°05’N, 48°07’E

[Bacumbeska, Hopocnaccknii p-H]

| 130 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

30. Vjazovka, Radishchevo distr., 160 km S Ul’yanovsk, 52°53’N, 48°26’E

[Ba3ogka, ParxmmeBckuÿ p-H|

31. Vjazovka, 6 km S, Radishchevo distr., 166 km S Ul’yanovsk, 52°51’N, 48°21’E

[6 km lO c. Basopka, ParxuimeBckuü p-H|

32. Yulovo, Inza distr., mixed forest, 53°58’N, 46°32’E [IOnopo, Un3eHcknii p-H]

Volgograd: [Bosırorpaackası 0671acTE]

33. Chapurnikovskaya balka, Krasnoarmeysk (= Sarepta) distr., 48°29’N, 44°30’E

|Yanııypunkosckas Oa)ıka, KpacHoapMelickuii p-H]

34. Krasnoarmeysk (= Sarepta), 48°31’N, 44°29’E [Kpacnoapmeiicx]

35. Tumak outskirts, Sredneakhtub distr., 48°39’N, 44°41’E [Tymak, Cper. AxTy6a]

Ul’yanovsk province.

Collectors. AV: V.V. Anikin. IA: A.Ju. Isajev. IV: V.B. Isajeva. JJ: J. Junnilainen. KD:

D.A. Komarov. KA: A. Kovalev. MA: A.V. Mistchenko. NS: S.V. Nedoshivina. NK:

K. Nupponen. RS: S.M. Rybakov. SS: S.A. Sachkov. SU: students of the Ul’yanovsk

State pedagogical university. ZV: V.V. Zolotuhin.

Description of the region. The region is large and extends from the fringes of the

Taiga in the north (ca. 54°20’N) to an extensive steppe zone in the southern parts (ca.

46°20’N). A more detailed description was given by Anikin et al. (1993). We describe

a few localities were Nepticulidae were collected in more detail.

Parks in Ul’yanovsk City

Vinnovka forest-park and park Pobedy. — These are two very large forest-parks, which

form recreation zones within the city. The Pobedy Park (fig. 2) consists of mixed

forest remnants, with a dominance of Betula pendula, Acer platanoides, Quercus

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 131

& en

Figs. 2-5. Some habitats where Nepticulidae were collected. 2. Pobedy Park, Ul’yanovsk, in early spring,

with flowering Anemone. 3. Vinnovka park, Ul’yanovsk, with stream. 4. Srednikovo, showing the grassy

slopes and Quercus robur in foreground. 5. Vjazovka: valley forest in background, steppe on foregound.

robur, Populus tremula, Tilia cordata and Pinus sylvestris. Smaller trees and shrubs

are represented by Sorbus aucuparia, Rhamnus cathartica, Euonymus verrucosus,

Rosa spp. and in open places the small shrubs Chamaecytisus ruthenicus and Genista

tinctoria. The Vinnovka Park (fig. 3) is the remnant of a 19th century recreation area

with orchards and forest. This park is situated in a deep ravine on the right banks of

the Volga, with small sandy hills and numerous brooks. This condition results in an

unusual mixture of xerophytic and hydrophytic plants. Most of the studied mines were

collected in this park. The dominant trees are Quercus robur, Alnus glutinosa, Acer

platanoides, Tilia cordata, Corylus avellana, Ulmus spp. and Prunus spinosa. Closer

to the water grow different Salix spp., mainly S. alba, S. triandra and S. caprea. The

open slopes in this park are completely covered with Fragaria moschata, F. vesca and

other herbaceous Rosaceae. A rich fauna of Nepticulidae was found here, mostly as

mines: Stigmella naturnella, S. tiliae, S. aceris, S. malella, S. catharticella, S. paradoxa,

S. salicis, S. lemniscella, S. lonicerarum, Ectoedemia atricollis, E. arcuatella,

E. albifasciella, E. subbimaculella, E. spinosella and all the Populus miners.

Forest biotopes

Aksakovo. — A small humid, deciduous forest within 2 km from the village, with a

dominance of Betula pubescens, B. pendula, Alnus glutinosa, Populus tremula and

Salix spp. There has only once been collected here, at light on 9 May, before budding

of the trees. The collected Nepticulidae are the early flying species Stigmella lapponica,

S. magdalenae and S. sorbi.

152 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

Forest-steppe biotopes

Srednikovo (fig. 4). — Mixed forest (Pinus sylvestris, Populus tremula, Quercus robur,

Prunus spinosa, Prunus fruticosa, Prunus padus, Rhamnus cathartica) on limestone

hills with a great diversity of rare plants on the open grassy slopes (Hedysarum

grandiflorum, many species of Astragalus, Globularia, Gypsophyla, Centaurea

ruthenica, C. sumensis, Paeonia tenuifolia). Here we collected the species feeding

on Chamaecytisus: Trifurcula pallidella and T. chamaecytisi, but also Stigmella

glutinosae.

Surulovka. — Similar vegetation, but on sandy steppe with a dominance of

Chamaecytisus, Genista, Fragaria on open places. The Nepticulidae collected

here, however, live on oaks: Ectoedemia liebwerdella, E. longicaudella and

E. albifasciella.

Zhiguli. — The Zhiguli State nature Reserve is a hilly area (up to 382 m) on an

Peninsula in a Volga Bend close to Samara, with ancient rocks of Permian age. These

consist of dolomites and limestone covered with forests and small pockets with

steppe. The dominant trees are Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Betula pendula, Pinus

sylvestris, Acer platanoides, Populus tremula with some Ulmus glabra and other Acer

spp. and in the under storey Lonicera xylosteum, L. tatarica, Viburnum opulus,

Sambucus nigra, Rosa spp., Crataegus ambigua (= volgensis), Corylus avellana,

Euonymus verrucosus and Rubus spp. The shrubs Caragana frutex and Spiraea

crenata are typical for the limestone steppes and Caragana arborescens grows in arti-

ficial plantations at lower altitudes. The herb flora is very rich, with a dominance of

different Rosaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, as well as endemic and sub-endemic

Caryophyllaceae and Ranunculaceae. Some leafminers of this reserve have previously

been reported (Sachkov et al. 1997) and the Nepticulidae fauna is rich and comprises

S. naturnella, S. microtheriella, S. paradoxa, S. oxyacanthella, S. hybnerella,

S. floslactella, S. trimaculella, S. lemniscella, S. lonicerarum, S. basiguttella,

Trifurcula beirnei and Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) liebwerdella.

Steppe biotopes

Beketovka. — Sandy and limestone hills with a dominance of herbaceous Rosaceae and

Fabaceae. The collecting site is situated in an Elaeagnus plantation near the water.

Nepticulidae collected here are Stigmella thuringiaca, S. aceris and Trifurcula silviae.

Mar’evka. — A steppe on salty clay, with Limonium and various Asteraceae. One

collecting locality is situated in the middle of the steppe under the only Salix

triandra/alba trees on a bank of a stream with Phragmitis australis. The collected

Nepticulidae feed on Salix and Populus: Stigmella zelleriella, S. obliquella,

S. trimaculella and Ectoedemia hannoverella and thus were probably all collected

near this stream.

Vjazovka and 6 km S Vjazovka (fig. 5). — These very interesting localities are situated

on the right bank of Volga in the so-called ‘bayrachnyj les’, valley-forest with a

dominance of Acer tataricum, Quercus robur, Rhamnus cathartica, Euonymus

verrucosus, Prunus spinosa and some Prunus tenella, Caragana frutescens, Sorbus

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 133

aucuparia and the vine Aristolochia clematitis. On the top of the slopes one finds

a very hot clay- and salt-steppe, with a dominance of Chenopodiaceae (Kochia), a

small shrubby Artemisia (A. lerchiana), Atraphaxis spinosa, Ferula caspica, Allium

spp., Tulipa and some rare Fabaceae. In ravines grows a very rich vegetation with

a dominance of mesophytic Fabaceae, Fragaria, Peucedanum ruthenicum and

Poaceae. The Nepticulidae here are Stigmella rolandi, S. hybnerella, S. plagicolella,

S. roborella, S. samiatella and Ectoedemia liebwerdella.

Volgograd area

Chapurnikovskaya balka. — This site has a very rich flora, with both forest and steppe

vegetations. On the slopes of the gullies one finds a deciduous forest amidst the

sub-zone of southern, desert-steppes. The dominant tree species are Quercus robur,

Ulmus spp., Alnus glutinosa, Salix spp., Populus nigra and P. tremula. In addition

there are plantations of Pinus sylvestris, Robinia pseudoacacia and Caragana

arborescens. The steppe grassland is very rich, with a dominance of Stipa spp. and

various other grasses, Artemisia spp., Euphorbia spp. and different Fabaceae. The

nepticulid fauna comprises Stigmella aceris, S. ulmiphaga, S. rolandi, S. obliquella,

S. samiatella and Ectoedemia caradjai.

Plantations in Kalmyk Republic. — The city park of Elista, and the oak forest SW of

Yashalta are artificial plantations in a region of desert or semi-desert. There is no

doubt that most or all species of Nepticulidae here on trees were introduced with their

hosts, such as Stigmella viscerella and Ectoedemia spinosella.

SPECIES TREATMENTS

Stigmella naturnella (Klimesch, 1936) New for European Russia

Astigmella dissona Puplesis, 1984 syn. nov.

Material. Samara: 19, Zhiguli, Bakhilova Polyana, 14.v.1992, SS. — Ul’yanovsk: 130°, Pobedy,

19.1v.1995, under trunks of birch (Betula sp.), IV; 80 mines, some with larvae, Ul’yanovsk, Vinnovka,

Betula, 9, 21, 30.1x.2002, MA, SU.

Remarks. By study of the holotypes of S. naturnella and S. dissona it has become clear

that they are actually one species. The characters mentioned by Puplesis (1994) do not

hold when more material is concerned, see fig. 24-26 for the male genitalia. The leaf-

mines (fig. 8-10) of this species are best recognized by the absence of most diagnostic

characters of other Betula miners. They resemble a short mine of S. confusella (Wood

& Walsingham, 1894), or S. luteella, but the latter usually feeds partly in underside

parenchyma, resulting in a greenish mine, and starts with a short contorted part.

The finding of S. naturnella in this part of Russia bridges the enormous distributional

gap between central Europe, where it has been found in Italy, Austria, Czech Republic,

Slovakia, Hungary and Russia: Primory’e. We assume that it has a continuous

distribution with its host Betula throughout Siberia. A similar distribution is assumed

134 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

for other species feeding on birch, currently known from Europe and the Far East:

S. betulicola, S. luteella, S. sakhalinella Puplesis, 1984, S. continuella and Ectoedemia

occultella. Whereas S. naturnella is usually a rare species in central Europe, it seems

here to be the commonest Betu/a miner.

Stigmella lapponica (Wocke, 1862)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 19, Aksakovo, 9-10.v.1996, in forest, ZV; 19, Yulovo, 30.iv.1994, IV; 1 mine,

Ul’yanovsk, Betula, 9.1x.2002, SU; 2 mines with larvae, Vinnovka, Betula, vii—viii.2002, MA.

Remarks. A widespread species feeding on Betula, previously known from northern

Russia, Murmansk, Karelia and Leningrad (Jürivete et al. 2000; Kozlov & Jalava 1994;

Kutenkova 1989) but expected to occur all over Russia. It has also been recorded from

Siberia: Chita (Kulishenko 1987) and Novosibirsk (Puplesis 1994). Leafmines are charac-

teristic (fig. 6), even more so than the adults, which may be confused with S. confusella.

* Stigmella freyella (Heyden, 1858) New for Russia

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 5 mines, Tsemzavod, Calystegia sepium, mid vii.2003, MA.

Remarks. S. freyella is widespread in the more southern half of Europe, including the

Crimea, Ukraine (Gerasimov 1952) and goes north to the Netherlands, Germany, Poland and

Latvia. The leafmines are characteristic (fig. 11) and cannot be confused with anything else.

* Stigmella tiliae (Frey, 1856)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 3 mines, Tilia, Ul’yanovsk, 9.1x.2002, SU; 10 mines, Vinnovka, Tilia cordata,

vii—vill.2002, MA.

Remarks. Previously recorded from Tatarstan (Krulikowsky 1908) (marked with a

question mark), Samara (Sachkov et al. 1997) and Krasnodar (Puplesis 1994); also in

all neighbouring states. S. tiliae occurs probably everywhere with Tilia.

* Stigmella betulicola (Stainton, 1856)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 1 mine, Vinnovka, 21.1x.2002, MA.

Remarks. A widespread species, occurring throughout Europe to the far north and

also in Japan and China (Kemperman et al. 1985; Nieukerken & Liu 2000). In Russia

recorded from Murmansk, Karelia, Leningrad, Smolensk, Samara and Tatarstan

(Jürivete et al. 2000; Kozlov & Jalava 1994; Krulikowsky 1908; Kutenkova 1989;

Sachkov et al. 1997; Skala 1944). The mines are usually well identifiable, but since

we only got a single mine here, confirmation is required. It feeds on Betula, and often

occurs gregariously (more mines on one leaf) on seedlings and saplings of birch.

* Stigmella nivenburgensis (Preissecker, 1942) New for Russia

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 5 mines, Vinnovka, 21.1x.2002, Salix cf triandra, leg. MA.

Remarks. S. nivenburgensis occurs scattered in Central and East Europe, closest in

Lithuania and Poland, and is also reported from Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994). It is

the only species in the S. betulicola species group feeding on Salix. The mines are

narrow and straight (fig. 14), very different from those of the S. salicis group.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157

Figs. 6-13. Leafmines of Stigmella (all, except fig. 11, from Ul’yanovsk: Vinnovka). 6. S. lapponica on

Betula. 7. S. luteella on Betula. 8-10. S. naturnella on Betula. 11. S. freyella on Calystegia sepium

(Isemzavod). 12. S. aceris on Acer tataricum. 13. S. lonicerarum on Lonicera xylosteum.

136 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

* Stigmella luteella (Stainton, 1857)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 9 mines, Ul’yanovsk, Vinnovka, Betula pendula, 9-30.ix.2002, MA, SU.

Remarks. S. luteella is known from Karelia (Kutenkova 1989), and according to

(Puplesis 1994) it occurs throughout Russia to Sakhalin. Leafmines are usually rather

characteristic (fig. 7), being often partly in the lower mesenchym only, which makes

the mine appear green from above. Some mines, however, may be difficult to separate

from those of S. betulicola or S. naturnella (see above).

Stigmella glutinosae (Stainton, 1858) New for Russia

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 10°, Srednikovo, 6.v1.1998, ZV (EvN3485); 4 mines, Vinnovka, 21.1x.2002,

Alnus glutinosa, leg. MA (fig. 27).

Remarks. S. g/utinosae is widespread throughout Europe and occurs in all neigh-

bouring states, but no pertinent records for Russia could be found. Gerasimov (1952)

recorded it from the northern and central parts of the European part of the Soviet

Union, but the latter at that time also included the Baltic republics and the Ukraine,

from where the species is also known. The leafmines can easily be confused with

those of S. alnetella (Stainton, 1856), although the mines recorded here have the wider

frass line which is more characteristic for S. glutinosae. However, on the basis of

mines alone the species would not have been recorded.

Stigmella microtheriella (Stainton, 1854)

Material. Samara: 19, Samara, 8.vi.1998. — Ul’yanovsk: 1 mine, Vinnovka, 15.vii-15.v111.2001,

MA; 4 mines, UI’ yanovsk, 9.1x.2002, SU; 4 mines, Vinnovka, vii—vii1.2002, MA. All mines on Corylus

avellana.

Remarks. S. microtheriella feeds on Carpinus, Corylus and Ostrya, and ıs the only

known parthenogenetic Stigmella-species. It is widespread and abundant throughout

Europe. Puplesis (1994) listed it as Russian, without detailed localities, and it has

recently been cited from Zhiguli, Samara (Sachkov et al. 1997).

* Stigmella prunetorum (Stainton, 1855)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 14 mines, Vinnovka, Prunus domestica/P. spinosa, 21.-30.1x.2002, MA; 7

mines, Vinnovka, Prunus cerasus, vii—viil.2002, MA.

Remarks. No detailed records from Russia have been published, although Puplesis

(1994) records it from southern Russia. This record refers to adults from Belgorod

(Borisovka) (R. Puplesis, pers. comm.). The mines are very characteristic (fig. 20) and

easy to separate from sympatric S. plagicolella and Ectoedemia spinosella.

Stigmella aceris (Frey, 1857)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 10°, Beketovka, 11.—13.vii.1998, Steppe, IV & IA; 29, 29, Pobeda 20.x.2002,

under bark of Pinus, IA, KA; 4 mines, Ul’ yanovsk city, Acer platanoides, 9.1x.2002, SU, 7 mines,

Vinnovka, Acer platanoides, 15.vii.—15.viii.2001, vii.—viii.2002, MA; 18 mines, Vinnovka, Acer

tataricum, Vii.—viii.2002, MA. — Volgograd: 2 9, Chapurnikovskaya balka, 21.vi11.1999, KD.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157

Figs. 14-19. Leafmines of Stigmella (all, except fig. 17, from Ul’yanovsk: Vinnovka). 14. S. nivenbur-

gensis on Salix cf triandra. 15. S. obliquella on Salix cf triandra. 16. S. paradoxa on Crataegus sp. 17.

S. hybnerella on Crataegus ambigua (Samara: Zhiguli). 18. S. perpygmaeella on Crataegus sp. 19.

E. atricollis on Malus domestica.

138 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

Remarks. This species is common in Southern and Eastern Europe, feeding on Acer

campestre, A. platanoides and A. tataricum (mines, fig. 12). From Russia previously

recorded from ‘southern Russia’ (Puplesis 1994), which refers to Belgorod (10°, 19 in

ZIN: Borisovka, 1985, leg. Krivochatskij), and recently from Samara (Sachkov et al.

1997). Male and female genitalia are illustrated in figs. 28 and 47. The finding of

adults as late as 20 October, under the bark of Pinus, indicates the possibility of hiber-

nating adults, which was hitherto an unknown phenomenon in European Nepticulidae.

However, they also may just be surviving stragglers from the summer generation.

* Stigmella malella (Stainton, 1854)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 4 mines, Arbuzovka, 30.v111.2002, ZV; 15 mines, Ul’yanovsk city, 9.1x.2002,

SU; 54 mines, Ul’yanovsk, Vinnovka, 9.-30.1x.2002, MA, SU. All on Malus domestica.

Remarks. This common pest of apple (Malus) has been reported from Stavropol,

southern Ural (Puplesis 1994) and Krasnodar (Kozlov & Koricheva 1989, 1991).

Chagelishvili (1972) reports it as a pest in Georgia, from Russia we do not know any

report as pest. Leafmines may be confused with those of S. desperatella, which has green

larvae in contrast to the yellow ones in S. malella. S. desperatella is not yet known

from Russia, but appears to be common in the Caucasus (Puplesis 1994). Because of

this the Georgian records need to be viewed with caution (R. Puplesis, pers. comm.).

* Stigmella catharticella (Stainton, 1853)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 5 mines, Vinnovka, Rhamnus cathartica, 15.vii.—-15.v111.2001; 2 mines,

21.-30.1x.2002, MA.

Remarks. A widespread European species, previously recorded from Russia without

detail (eastern Europe, including southern Ural (Puplesis 1994). The mines are very

characteristic and cannot be confused with those of the Central European S. rhamnella

(Herrich-Schäffer, 1860), which feeds on the same host.

* Stigmella viscerella (Stainton, 1853)

Material. Kalmyk Republic: mines, Ulmus sp., Elista, 26.1x.2000, ZV.

Remarks. A widespread European species, particularly in southern Europe. There is

only one previous Russian record, of leafmines from Samara (Sachkov et al. 1997).

The mines are very characteristic, but occasionally individual mines of S. /emniscella

may resemble those of viscerella. However, in this case the large sample of similar

mines and the absence of ‘normal’ S. /emniscella mines indicate that they are indeed

viscerella.

Stigmella ulmiphaga (Preissecker, 1942) New for Russia

Material. Astrakhan: 1 ©, Karasuk, 31.v.1999, KD. — Volgograd: 1 ©, Chapurnikovskaya balka,

21.v111.1999, KD (figs 29).

Remarks. Stigmella ulmiphaga occurs scattered in South-East Europe from Austria to

Greece, and is also known from Turkmenistan, where it is common (Puplesis 1994)

and sometimes abundant (R. Puplesis pers. comm.).

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 139

Figs. 20-23. Leafmines of Nepticulidae (all from Ul’yanovsk: Vinnovka). 20. Stigmella prunetorum on

Prunus spinosa. 21-22. Ectoedemia spinosella on Prunus sp. 23. E. arcuatella on Fragaria moschata.

Unidentified mines on Ulmus from Elisha and Ul’ yanovsk could either belong to this

species, to S. ulmivora (Fologne, 1860) or to S. kazakhstanica Puplesis, 1991, which

all make very similar mines. Sachkov (1996) recorded S. ulmivora from Samara, but

these mines could also belong to S. ulmiphaga, although we think that the occurrence

of S. ulmivora in the mesophytic forests of Samara and UI’ yanovsk is very likely.

Stigmella kazakhstanica Puplesis, 1991

Remarks. Previously reported on the basis of empty mines in Astrakhan (Puplesis et

al. 1991), and is further known from nearby Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan (Diskus &

Puplesis 2003). These mines actually could also have belonged to S. ulmiphaga, which

makes similar mines.

Stigmella thuringiaca (Petry, 1904) New for Russia

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 50, Beketovka, 11.-13.vii.1998, steppe, IV & IA; 20, Vasil’evka,

9.-10.v1.1998, 17.-19.vii.1999, TA & IV.

Remarks. S. thuringiaca has a wide distribution in Southern and Central Europe,

from Spain in the West, to Germany and Poland in the North. The nearest previously

140 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

known occurrence was in the Crimea, Ukraine (Puplesis 1994). The larva feeds on a

number of herbaceous Rosaceae, such as Potentilla spp., Fragaria spp., Sanguisorba

minor, Agrimonia and Filipendula spp., often on dry grassland biotopes. The steppe habitat

in this area fits this picture. Mines are difficult to separate from other Rosaceae feeders:

on Potentilla they can be confused with S. tormentillella (Herrich-Schaffer, 1860), on

Filipendula with S. filipendulae (Wocke, 1871), and on Sanguisorba with S. poterii

(Stainton, 1857), S. rolandi, S. anomalella (Goeze, 1783) and S. centifoliella (Zeller, 1848).

Stigmella rolandi Van Nieukerken, 1990 New for Russia

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 30, Vjazovka 6 km S, 5.-6.vi11.1998, ZV. — Volgograd: 19, 29,

Chapurnikovskaya balka, 21.v111.1999, KD (figs. 30-31).

Remarks. S. rolandi is widespread in southern Europe, north to Germany and east to

Ukraine, and also in the Tyan Shan mountains in Kazakhstan (Puplesis et al. 1992). It

feeds on Rosa and Sanguisorba.

* Stigmella paradoxa (Frey, 1858) New for Russia

Stigmella juryi Puplesis, 1991: 125. syn. nov.

Material. Samara: 3 mines, Zhiguli, Crataegus ambigua, 5.x.2003, ZV. — Ul’yanovsk: 9 mines,

Vinnovka, Crataegus sp., vil.—vi1.2002, MA.

Remarks. Stigmella juryi was described from the Crimea and Turkmenistan on the

basis of adults collected at light. Later A. DiSkus discovered that S. juryi makes

similar mines on Crataegus as S. paradoxa (R. Puplesis & A. Diskus, pers. comm.).

By comparing a series of Western European S. paradoxa and paratypes of S. juryi

(in RMNH), it appeared that the difference given by Puplesis (1991), large anterior

processes of gnathos in S. juryi does not hold: these processes are similar in many

specimens of S. paradoxa, and are variable as well; moreover, also the way of moun-

ting the genitalia influences the appearance of these processes. On suggestion of

R. Puplesis (in litt.) we therefore synonymise S. juryi here.

Although S. paradoxa is widespread in Europe, it is usually one of the rarer species

feeding on Crataegus. It has not been recorded from Russia before, the closest occur-

rence 1s in Ukraine (Crimea) and Moldova; it also occurs commonly in Turkmenistan

(paratypes of S. juryi), and recently it has also been recorded from Iran (LaStüvka &

Huemer 2002). The mines are unmistakeable (fig. 16), the rather similar mines of

Leucoptera malifoliella (O.-G. Costa, 1836) differ by the concentric circles of frass

and by the shape of the egg-scale which is a rounded cap-like structure in

Nepticulidae, but has a flat surface and vertical sides in Leucoptera.

Stigmella magdalenae (Klimesch, 1950)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 119, 89, Aksakovo, 9.-10.v.1996, ZV; 6 mines, Sorbus aucuparia, 10 km NE

Staraya Mayna, 15.vi—1.vii.2001, MA; many mines, Tushna, Sorbus aucuparia, 1.1x.2002, leg. ZV;

9 mines, Vinnovka, Sorbus aucuparia, vii.—viil. 2002, MA.

Remarks. This species is particularly common in northern parts of Europe, but more

to the south confined to the mountains. In Russia it was known from Leningrad

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 141

(Kozlov 1996). Sorbus aucuparia ıs the best known host, but it also occurs on other

Sorbus spp., Cotoneaster, Malus and Amelanchier (Johansson & Nielsen 1990).

Leafmines can usually be separated from those of S. nylandriella by the much

smaller size and the usually narrower frass. Also, mines of S$. magdalenae often

occupy only a small portion of the leaflet, whereas those of S. nylandriella usually

run throughout a leaflet.

* Stigmella nylandriella (Tengström, 1848)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 1 mine, Sorbus aucuparia, Staraya Mayna, 15.vi.—1.vii.2001, MA; 4 mines,

Tushna, Sorbus aucuparia, 1.1x.2002, ZV.

Remarks. S. nylandriella is widespread in Europe on Sorbus aucuparia, with a wider

distribution than S. magdalenae. In Russia it has been recorded from Bryansk,

Murmansk, Karelia, Leningrad and Voronezh (Jurivete et al. 2000; Kozlov 1996;

Kozlov & Koricheva 1990, 1991; Kozlov & Jalava 1994; Kutenkova 1989; Skala

1944), although it is possible that some of these records are misidentifications of

S. magdalenae. The mines recorded here look like a normal S. nylandriella mine, so

most likely belong indeed to this species. However, confirmation by adults would be

welcome.

* Stigmella oxyacanthella (Stainton, 1854)

Material. Samara: 1 mines, Zhiguli, Malus, 5.x.2003, ZV. — Ul’yanovsk: 2 mines, Vinnovka, Pyrus

communis, 21.1x.2002, MA.

Remarks. S. oxyacanthella is a widespread European species, feeding on a number of

Rosaceous trees. Mines are usually easy to recognize, but there is some doubt for those

on Pyrus, where several rather similar species occur (see below). The mine on Malus

almost certainly is S. oxyacanthella, but a reared adult is still needed for a final con-

firmation. In Russia it was hitherto only recorded from Leningrad (Kozlov 1996).

Stigmella hybnerella (Hubner, 1813) New for Russia

Material. Samara: 5 mines, Zhiguli, Crataegus ambigua, 5.x.2003, ZV. — Ul’yanovsk: 19, Vjazovka,

6 km S, 5.-6.viii.1998, steppe, ZV [gen. lost]

Remarks. Stigmella hybnerella is a very common and widespread Crataegus feeding

species, occurring from Europe eastwards to Turkmenistan. It is therefore surprising

that no previous records for Russia exist. Puplesis (1994) reports the species from the Baltic

States, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. The mine is easily recognizable (fig. 17).

* Stigmella floslactella (Haworth, 1828)

Material. Samara: 4 mines, Zhiguli, 5.x.2003, ZV. — Ul’yanovsk: 4 mines, Vinnovka, Corylus

avellana, vii.—viii.2002, MA.

Remarks. A widespread European species, previously recorded as leafmines from

Bryansk (Skala 1944) and Samara (Sachkov et al. 1997). The mines are separated

from those of S. microtheriella by the larger size, the more sinuous course and the

wide frass. With larvae it is even easier: those of floslactella feed with the dorsum

142 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

upwards, and have a dark headcapsule and prothoracic plate, whereas S. microtheriella

feeds with venter upwards and has a pale head and prothorax.

* Stigmella salicis (Stainton, 1854)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 16 mines, pos. Karamzina, Salix caprea, mid vii.2003, MA; 4 mines, Vinnovka,

Salix caprea and Salix sp., vii.—vii.2002, MA.

Remarks. This is one of the most widespread and commonest Nepticulidae in Europe,

in Russia known from Smolensk, Karelia, Murmansk and Samara (Kozlov & Jalava

1994; Kutenkova 1989; Sachkov et al. 1997; Skala 1944). The earlier report from the

Tyan-Shan is incorrect: these specimens have later been described as Stigmella

johanssoni Puplesis & Diskus, 1996 (Puplesis 1994; Puplesis & Diskus 1996). S. salicis

feeds on the ‘sallow-type’ of Salix: S. caprea, S. cinerea and S. aurita and a few others.

However, it is possible that S. vimineticola (Frey, 1856) has a wider host-range and

distribution than previously thought (see Aarvik et al. 2001), so that there is a slight

possibility that leafmines could be confused. |

Stigmella zelleriella (Snellen, 1875)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 30°, Mar’evka, 20.—23.vii.1999, IA & IV.

Remarks. S. zelleriella occurs in coastal dunes along the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

on Salix repens, and on the other hand in northern Europe in mountain tundra on Salix

lapponum (Johansson & Nielsen 1990). In Russia one specimen has been recorded

from Murmansk: Kola Peninsula, in a peat bog (Kozlov & Jalava 1994), close to its

occurrence in Fennoscandia, and it is also recorded from Leningrad (Jurivete et al.

2000), probably along the Baltic Sea. The present record is far apart from any previous

one, suggesting its more widespread occurrence in Russia. This locality is actually

rather atypical, in a river-valley forest with tall Salix species (most likely S. triandra)

and without any of the known hosts. We assume therefore that S. zelleriella feeds here

on S. triandra, a previously unknown host.

Stigmella obliquella (Heinemann, 1862) New for European Russia

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 39, 29, Mar’evka, 21.—23.vii.1999, Steppe, IA & IV; 19, 19, Vasil’evka,

9.-10.v1.1998, ZV; 1 mine, Salix cf. triandra, Vinnovka, 21.ix.2002, MA; 22 mines, Vinnovka, narrow-

leaved Salix, vii.—vii1.2002; 7 mines, Sviyaga, mid vii.2003, MA. — Volgograd: 1 ©, Chapurnikovskaya

balka, 21.vii.1999, KD.

Remarks. This species is widespread in Europe, feeding on narrow leaved Salix-

species, such as Salix alba, and is also found in eastern Asia, Primory’e (Puplesis &

Diskus 2003) and China (Van Nieukerken unpublished). There are no previously

published records from the European part of Russia (Puplesis 1994: probably in

western part of Russia), but the senior author observed mines, most likely of this

species, in St. Petersburg (Vasiljevskiy Ostrov), 19.x.1985, on Salix fragilis. The

records here show that it is common in the Volga valley from north to south. Because

S. zelleriella now appears also to be able to feed on the same narrow-leaved Salix

species, there is still some doubt about the identification of the leafmines (fig. 15).

Male genitalia are illustrated in fig. 34.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 143

Stigmella trimaculella (Haworth, 1828)

Material. Samara: | mine, Zhiguli, Populus nigra, 5.x.2003, ZV. — Ul’yanovsk: 19, Mar’evka,

21.—23.vii.1999, IA & IV; many mines, Vinnovka, Populus nigra and balsamifera, 15.vii.—15.viii.2001,

vii.—21.1x.2002, MA.

Remarks. This widespread Populus-miner was previously recorded from Tatarstan

(Krulikowsky 1908), southern Ural (Puplesis 1994) and mines from the North

Ossetian ASSR (Utech 1962). It occurs also in the Leningrad region and Siberia:

Novosibirsk (R. Puplesis, pers. comm.).

* Stigmella assimilella (Zeller, 1848)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 1 mine, Kalinovka, end vi11.2002, RS; 2 mines, Vinnovka, v11.-v111.2002, MA;

1 mine, Sviyaga, mid-vii.2003, MA, all on Populus tremula.

Remarks. S. assimilella is nowhere very common, but widespread with its host

Populus tremula, and in Russia previously reported from Samara and Kaluga

(Sachkov et al. 1997; Shmytova 2002) and also extends to the southern Ural and

Primorskiy Kray (Puplesis 1994).

Stigmella sorbi (Stainton, 1861)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 19, Yulovo, 1994, IV; 20, Aksakovo, 9.-10.v.1996, ZV; 19, 19, Ul’yanovsk

region without exact data, summer 2001, IV; 3 mines, Malus domestica, Vinnovka, 2001, MA; 29 mines

(some with larvae), Vinnovka, Sorbus aucuparia, vii.—-v11.2002, MA.

Remarks. A very common boreal species, previously cited from Murmansk, Karelia,

Leningrad, Kaluga and Tatarstan (Kozlov 1996; Kozlov & Koricheva 1991; Kozlov &

Jalava 1994; Krulikowsky 1908; Kutenkova 1989; Shmytova 2001, 2002), and also

known from Siberia: Chita (Kulishenko 1987). Common on mountain ash (Sorbus

aucuparia), but also on Malus, Cotoneaster and sometimes other Rosaceae.

Stigmella plagicolella (Stainton, 1854)

Material. Kalmyk Republic: 3 mines, Prunus spinosa and P. domestica, Elista, 26.1x.2000, ZV. —

Ul yanovsk: 19, Vjazovka, 15.-16.v11.1999, IA & IV; 4 mines, Ul’yanovsk, Prunus spinosa, 9.1x.2002

SU; 8 mines, Vinnovka, Prunus sp., vil.—viil, 21.1x.2002, MA.

Remarks. This very widespread and common European species was previously recorded

from Leningrad (Jürivete et al. 2000) and also occurs in the Caucasus (Puplesis 1994).

* Stigmella lemniscella (Zeller, 1839)

Material. Samara: 2 mines, Zhiguli, 5.x.2003, ZV. — Ul’yanovsk: 1 mines, Ul’yanovsk, Ulmus,

9.1x.2002 SU; 27 mines, Vinnovka, Ulmus, vii.—viii.2002, MA.

Remarks. Widespread throughout Europe. Previously reported from mines in

Bryansk (Skala 1944), and Samara (Sachkov et al. 1997); according to Puplesis (1994)

also in southern Russia, referring to material from Belgorod (Borisovka, 2 ©,

v111.1985, Krivochatskij, ZIN).

* Stigmella continuella (Stainton, 1856)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 1 mine, Betula, Vinnovka, 21.ix.2002, MA.

144 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

Remarks. A widespread but usually rare species on Betula, previously only cited

from Karelia (Kutenkova 1989) and Primorskiy Kray (Puplesis 1994). Mines very

characteristic.

Stigmella aeneofasciella (Herrich-Schaffer, 1855)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 19, Ryabina, 31.v.1993, ZV; 5 mines, Arskoe, Agrimonia eupatoria,

20.v111.2003, MA; 5 mines, Vinnovka, A. eupatoria, vii.—vili.2002, MA.

Remarks. Known from Karelia and Murmansk (Kozlov & Jalava 1994; Kutenkova

1986). Stigmella aeneofasciella is widespread in Europe, and also known from most

neighbouring countries. It is most commonly found on Agrimonia, but can also be

found on Potentilla and Fragaria.

* Stigmella perpygmaeella (Doubleday, 1859) New for Russia

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 2 mines, Vinnovka, Crataegus sp., vii.—vili.2002, MA.

Remarks. This widespread Crataegus miner has not previously been recorded from

Russia, although it is common in the neighbouring countries. Mines (fig. 18) can usu-

ally be identified, but confusion with S. crataegella (Klimesch, 1936) is still possible.

Confirmation by adults is therefore needed.

* Stigmella incognitella (Herrich-Schaffer, 1855)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 1 mine, Kalinovka, Malus, late viii.2002, RS.

Remarks. S. incognitella is widespread, but overall rarer than S. malella on the same

host. Previously only recorded from Leningrad (Jurivete et al. 2000).

* Stigmella lonicerarum (Frey, 1856)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 4 mines, Vinnovka, Lonicera xylosteum, 30.1x.2002, MA.

Remarks. S. /onicerarum occurs in most Central European countries, and goes north-

wards to Sweden, Finland and Estonia. There is one previous record from Russia and

the Volga region, also based on leafmines: Samara, Zhiguli reserve (Sachkov et al.

1997). Leafmines (fig. 13) are easy to separate from the common Agromyzidae mines

on the same host.

* Stigmella basiguttella (Heinemann, 1862)

Material. Kalmyk Republic: 2 mines, Quercus robur, Yashalta, 25.ix.2000, ZV. — Samara: 2 mines,

Zhiguli, Quercus robur, 5.x.2003, ZV. — Ul’yanovsk: 3 mines, Vinnovka, Quercus robur,

Vil.—vili+21.1x.2002, MA.

Remarks. Previously reported from Smolensk, Belgorod, the Kalmyk republic (van

Nieukerken & Johansson 2003; Skala 1944), and Samara (Sachkov et al. 1997). The

Ul’ yanovsk records appear on the map in van Nieukerken & Johansson (2003), but

were inadvertently not listed in the material. This is the only European Quercus

mining Stigmella species of which mines can be identified with certainty.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 145

Stigmella samiatella (Zeller, 1839)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 10, Shikovka, 20.v11.1993, ZV; 10°, Vjazovka, 6 km S, 29.v.-3.v1.2000, ZV. —

Volgograd: 29, Chapurnikovskaya balka, 25.vii + 21.vili.1999, KD; 1 ©, Tumak, 22.vii.1997, KD.

Remarks. Apart from these provinces also recorded from Belgorod and Kaluga (van

Nieukerken & Johansson 2003; Shmytova 2001, 2002).

Stigmella roborella (Johansson, 1971)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 19, Vjazovka, 15.-16.v11.1999, TA & IV

Remarks. Only known in Russia from Ul’ yanovsk and Kaliningrad (van Nieukerken

& Johansson 2003; Puplesis 1994). Leafmines can not be identified with certainty.

Some mines collected in Kalmyk Republic, Elista, could belong to this species, but

other species are still possible.

Trifurcula (Trifurcula) puplesisi Van Nieukerken, 1990

Remarks. One male from Sarepta (Volgograd) collected by Christoph was attributed

with some doubt to this species (van Nieukerken 1990). We did not find it again.

Trifurcula (Trifurcula) subnitidella (Duponchel, 1843) New for Russia

Material. Cheliabinsk: 19, Arkaim 9.vii.1997, NK & JJ (coll. Junnilainen).

Remarks. Widespread throughout Europe, previously recorded from Ukraine

(Crimea) and Estonia (van Nieukerken 1990, 2004). The record in the Urals extends

the distribution far to the East. The hostplant, Lotus, in which it makes stem-mines, is

widely distributed all over Russia. The single female (fig. 48) corresponds well in all

details with material from Western Europe.

Trifurcula (Trifurcula) silviae Van Nieukerken, 1990 New for Russia

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 20°, Beketovka, 11.-13.v11.1998, IV & IA (fig. 35).

Remarks. T. silviae was originally described from a number of localities in the French

Alps, but later also found in very disjunct localities in Spain and Latvia (van

Nieukerken et al. 1996). Recently it was also found in Austria and the Czech republic

(Liska et al. 2002, A. & Z. LaStüvka, pers. comm.). In Latvia the species was reared

from Onobrychis arenaria, a plant also known from the Ul’yanovsk area. The present

record sheds another light on the isolation of the Latvian occurrence: it is not unlikely

that T. silviae actually is rather widespread on steppe habitats in Eastern Europe, of

which the Latvian is a northernmost, albeit rather isolated, example.

Trifurcula (Trifurcula) beirnei Puplesis, 1984 New for Russia

Material. Samara: 19, Zhiguli, Bakhilova Polyana, 22.viii.1996, S. Sachkov (fig. 49).

Remarks. T. beirnei is known from a relatively small number of records from

southern England, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and

Hungary (Lastüvka & Lastüvka 1997; van Nieukerken 1996, 2004; van Nieukerken &

146 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

Johansson 1986). Although larvae are unknown, the species seems to be associated

with Genista-species: G. tinctoria, G. germanica and G. pilosa. Of these, Genista

tinctoria is common in the Volga area.

Trifurcula (Trifurcula) pallidella (Duponchel, 1843)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 19, Srednikovo, 19.vi.1994, ZV (figs. 39-40).

Remarks. T. pallidella is known from Central and Southeastern Europe. In Russia

previously recorded from Saratov (Puplesis 1994) and also known from western

Ukraine. The caterpillars make spindle shaped galls in stems of Chamaecytisus

species (in some modern works regarded as Cytisus section Tubocytisus) and

Lembotropis (Lastivka & LaStüvka 1997). In the Ul’yanovsk region the only species

of this group is Chamaecytisus ruthenicus, which we assume to be the host.

Trifurcula (Trifurcula) chamaecytisi Z. & A. Lastüvka, 1994 New for Russia

Material. Cheliabinsk: 19, Arkaim, 8.vii.1997, NK & JJ (coll. Junnilainen). — Ul’yanovsk: 2¢,

Srednikovo, 10.-20.v11.1996, ZV; 20°, same locality, 8.vi.1998, ZV; 19, Krjazh, 4.-10.vii.1998, IA & IV.

Remarks. 7. chamaecytisi was only recently recognized as a species different from

the very similar 7. immundella (Zeller, 1839) (LaStüvka & Lastüvka 1994) and is

known from Central eastern Europe (Austria, Czech and Slovak republics, Hungary),

associated with various species of Chamaecytisus. The extension to the Volga and Ural

regions conforms well with the distribution of this group of brooms, mapped together

as ‘Cytisus hirsutus’ (Sokolov et al. 1986), but usually considered as a group of

species, of which Chamaecytisus ruthenicus occurs in the Ul’yanovsk region and in

Arkaim (J. Junnilainen pers. comm.). Other Trifurcula species from the immundella

species complex are not expected to occur in Russia, because the hosts are absent.

For male genitalia see figs. 36-38.

* Bohemannia pulverosella (Stainton, 1849)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 1 mine, Ul’yanovsk, Malus, 9.ix.2002 SU; 3 mines, Vinnovka, Malus,

vi1.-v111.2002, MA.

Remarks. Known from Leningrad (Puplesis 1994). Widespread throughout Europe.

The mine may resemble that of Ectoedemia atricollis, see Van Nieukerken &

Johansson (1990) for differences. B. pulverosella has usually ended feeding by mid-

August, whereas E. atricollis larvae are usually not found before late August. The

mine cited here from September was clearly an old mine.

* Ectoedemia (Etainia) sericopeza (Zeller, 1839)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 3 mines in fruits of Acer platanoides, Vinnovka, 15.v11.-15.v111.2001, MA.

Remarks. FE. (E.) sericopeza is a widespread species, the commonest of the subgenus,

and has also been introduced in North America. In Russia it was known from Kaluga

(Shmytova 2002) and Leningrad (Jürivete et al. 2000; Puplesis 1994). It feeds in the

fruits of Acer platanoides, and the winter generation feed in shoots, petioles and buds.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 147

* Ectoedemia (Fomoria) weaveri (Stainton, 1855)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 3 mines with young larvae, Glotovka, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, 6.x.2002, NS.

Remarks. Ectoedemia (Fomoria) weaveri is a boreal species with a transpalaearctic

distribution. It was previously cited from Murmansk in European Russia (Kozlov &

Jalava 1994), and it occurs throughout to the Baikal, Chita and Yakutia regions in

eastern Siberia (Bidzilya et al. 1998; Puplesis 1994). To this we can add Magadan

even farther east and north in Siberia (Magadan, Upper Kolyna r., 500-1250m,

62°N — 149°40E, v11.1987, K. Mikkola, 70°, Zoological Museum in Helsinki). Recently

it was also recorded from Japan, Hokkaido (Kumata & Nakatani 1995).

E. weaveri feeds only on Vaccinium vitis-idaea, throughout winter, in the northernmost

part of its distribution often during two years (van Nieukerken & Johansson 1990).

Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) liebwerdella Zimmermann, 1940 New for Russia

Material. Samara: 19, Zhiguli, Bakhilova Polyana, 6.v11.1995, SS. — Ul’yanovsk: 20°, Surulovka,

1.-3.v11.1997, IA & IV; 19, 6 km S Vjazovka, 5.-6.v111.1998, ZV.

Remarks. Ectoedemia liebwerdella occurs locally in Central and Southern Europe. It

was originally described as a barkminer of Fagus, but many specimens have since

been found in Quercus forests far away from Fagus, as 1s the situation here. These spe-

cimens we cannot separate from typical E. liebwerdella, although they usually are

smaller. They differ from the closely related E. atrifrontella (Stainton, 1851) by the

dark thorax and the larger humeral lobe and hairpencil of the hindwing. Male genitalia

see figs. 41-42.

Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) longicaudella Klimesch, 1953

Material. Ul’ yanovsk: 20%, Akulovka, 24.v11.1999, IA & IV; 19, Surulovka, 1.-3.v11.1997, IA & IV; 1,

Vasil’evka, 17.-19.v11.1999, TA & IV

Remarks. Ectoedemia longicaudella is another barkminer of Quercus, and of the

three European species it is the commonest and most widespread. It was known from

Belgorod (Puplesis 1994) and Kaluga (Shmytova 2002). Male genitalia see figs. 43-44.

Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) hannoverella (Glitz, 1872)

Material. Astrakhan: 1 ©, Bogdo, 1997.05.09, KD. — Ul’yanovsk: 19, Mar’evka, 21.—23.vii.1999, TA

& IV; 19, Vasil’evka, 9.-10.v1.1998, ZV; 19, Ul’ yanovsk city, 20.vi.1990, ZV; 10 mines with larvae,

Vinnovka, Populus nigra, 21.1x.2002, MA.

Remarks. According to Puplesis (1994) distributed from central Europe to southern

Siberia (Novosibirsk), but no further detail known. Therefore these are the first

detailed records for European Russia. Widespread in Central Europe. Male genitalia

see figs. 45-46.

* Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) turbidella (Zeller, 1848)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 14 mines with larvae, Vinnovka, Populus alba, 21.ix.2002, MA

Remarks. E. turbidella is widespread in Europe, in Russia only previously recorded from

Leningrad (Jurivete et al. 2000). EvN found also mines in St Petersburg (19.x.1985).

148 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) argyropeza (Zeller, 1839)

Material. Saratov: 39, Saratov, 6.v.1990, AV. — Ul’yanovsk: 5 mines + larvae, Vinnovka, Populus

tremula, 30.1x.2002, MA. — Volgograd: 29, Sarepta, 19th century, Christoph (BMNH).

Remarks. A widespread Holarctic species, found in Russia abundantly in Leningrad,

Moscow, Kaluga, Tatarstan and Kalinigrad (Jurivete et al. 2000; Krulikowsky 1908;

Puplesis 1994; Shmytova 2002; Speiser 1903). E. argyropeza is parthenogenetic,

males are extremely rare (Bond & van Nieukerken 1987). It occurs with Populus

tremula, probably throughout Siberia, although up to now it is only recorded from

Northeast China (van Nieukerken & Liu 2000).

Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) caradjai (Groschke, 1944) New for Russia

Material. Volgograd: 29, Chapurnikovskaya balka, 21.viii.1999, KD (figs 50-51).

Remarks. A more southern species, common in southern and central Europe, north

to Austria, southern Moravia (Czech Republic) and Ukraine. The mines were first

discovered by Hering (1932) in Moldova, but his description was not available,

because it was based on the ‘work of an animal’ after 1930 (International Commission

on Zoological Nomenclature 1999). Feeds on several Quercus species.

Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) albifasciella (Heinemann, 1871)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 10°, Surulovka, 1.—3.vii.1997, IA & IV; 28 mines, Vinnovka, Quercus robur,

21.ix.2002+undated, MA. — Volgograd: 10°, Sarepta, 22.v.1859, Christoph (BMNH).

Remarks. This miner of Quercus is widespread and often very abundant throughout

Europe, but rarer in south. Previously recorded from Russia in Smolensk and Kaluga

(Shmytova 2002; Skala 1944). Strictly spoken, males cannot be identified with

certainty from E. contorta Van Nieukerken, 1985 or E. pubescivora (Weber, 1937).

We, however, regard E. albifasciella as the most likely candidate for these localities.

Mines of this species occur usually much earlier than the following species (August—

September).

* Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) subbimaculella (Haworth, 1828)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 3 mines, Vinnovka, Quercus robur, 2002, MA.

Remarks. A similar distribution as the previous species, and often as abundant or

even more. From Russia also recorded from Smolensk and Kaluga (Shmytova 2002;

Skala 1944). The leafmines of E. subbimaculella are very characteristic by the slit on

the underside; they occur much later than E. albifasciella, and are often found in green

islands in fallen leaves, as was also here the case.

* Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) atricollis (Stainton, 1857) New for Russia

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 28 mines, Vinnovka, Malus domestica + Pyrus communis, vii.—viii, 21.1x.2002,

Remarks. A widespread European species, also occurring in Tajikistan, but probably

as an introduction (Puplesis 1994). Not previously recorded from Russia. This is an

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 149

oligophagous species, feeding on a number of tree genera in Rosaceae (Crataegus,

Malus, Pyrus, Prunus etc.) and on Staphylaea (Staphylaeaceae). Leafmine see fig. 19.

* Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) arcuatella (Herrich-Schaffer, 1855)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 34 mines, Vinnovka, Fragaria moschata, vii.—viil, 21.1x.2002, MA.

Remarks. This widespread European species has once been recorded as leafmines

from Russia: Smolensk (Skala 1944). According to Puplesis (1994) possibly also in

Tyan-Shan’. The mines on Fragaria are very characteristic (fig. 23), and cannot be

confused with anything else.

Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) angulifasciella complex

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 19, Ryabina, 22.vi.1994, ZV.

Remarks. This male is in poor condition, and the colour of the head can no longer be

determined. The specimen can belong to either E. arcuatella, E. rubivora (Wocke,

1860) or E. atricollis.

* Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) spinosella (Joannis, 1908) — New for Russia

Material. Kalmyk Republic: mines, Prunus sp., Elista, 26.1x.2000, ZV. — Ul’ yanovsk: 2 mines,

Ul’yanovsk, Prunus spinosa, 9.1x.2002 SU; 32 mines, Vinnovka, Prunus domestica + spinosa, Vii.—viil,

21.1x.2002, MA.

Remarks. FE. spinosella is a more southern European species, reaching in the North to

the southern part of Britain, The Netherlands, mid Germany and Poland. Gerasimov

(1952) recorded it also from the Crimea, the Caucasus and European Part of the Soviet

Union, but these records were not cited by Puplesis (1994); in the light of the present

findings, they should be regarded as probably correct. Also common in western

Turkmenistan (Puplesis et al. 1996). The mines are characteristic (figs. 21-22), and

although they may sometimes be confused with E. mahalebella (Klimesch, 1936), the

latter has never been found on Prunus spinosa. Still, confirmation by adults remains

desirable.

Ectoedemia (Ectoedemia) occultella (Linnaeus, 1767)

Material. Ul’yanovsk: 10°, Baryshskaya Sloboda, 10.—12.vii.1997, Sphagnum peat bog, IA & IV.

Remarks. E. occultella is one of the few Holarctic Nepticulidae species, throughout

Europe, but also in Japan and North America (van Nieukerken 1985; Puplesis 1994).

In Russia recorded from Murmansk, Karelia, Leningrad, Samara and Tatarstan

(Jurivete et al. 2000; Kozlov & Jalava 1994; Krulikowsky 1908; Kutenkova 1989;

Sachkov et al. 1997) and also as far east as Sakhalin (Puplesis 1994). It feeds normally

on Betula, although it has occasionally been found on Salix pentandra in Finland.

Very similar mines on Rosaceae in Nepal and Japan may also belong to this species.

150 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

Figs. 24-31. Male genitalia of Nepticulidae. 24-26. Stigmella naturnella, Ul yanovsk: Pobedy

(EvN3302); Samara: Zhiguli (3303; fig. 26). 27. S. glutinosae, Srednikovo (EVN3485). 28. S. aceris,

Ul’ yanovsk: Pobedy (EvN3491). 29. S. ulmiphaga, Chapurnikovskaya balka (EvN3329). 30-31. S.

rolandi, Chapurnikovskaya balka (EvN3332) (scale bars 100ym).

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 151

Figs. 32-40. Male genitalia of Nepticulidae. 32-33. Stigmella zelleriella, Mar’evka (EvN3301,

EvN3492). 34. S. obliquella, Vasil’evka (EVN2997). 35. Trifurcula (Trifurcula) silviae, Beketovka

(EvN3294). 36-38. T. (T.) chamaecytisi, Srednikovo (EvN3293) and Arkaim Reserve (EvN3400; fig. 38,

39-40. T. (T.) pallidella, Srednikovo (EvN3300) (scale bars 100m).

152 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

Figs. 41-46. Male genitalia of Nepticulidae. 41-42. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) liebwerdella,

Surulovka (EVN3313). 43-44. E. (Z.) longicaudella, Akulovka (EVN3295). 45-46. Ectoedemia (E.) han-

noverella, Vasilev’ka (EvN3310) and Bogdo (EvN3339) (scale bars 100m).

Doubtful records

We list here some leafmines, which we cannot identify with certainty, but which

provide an insight in the total fauna.

Pyrus. — Kalmyk Republic: mines, Pyrus communis, Elista, 26.1x.2000, ZV. —

Ul’yanovsk: 2 mines, Arbuzovka, 30.viii.2002, ZV; many mines, Vinnovka, vii.—

v111.2002, MA.

The mines in Ul’yanovsk can be split more or less into two groups, which could

belong to Stigmella desperatella (Frey, 1856) and S. pyri (Glitz, 1865); the material

from the Kalmyk Republic resembles more S. minusculella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855),

but the mines cannot be identified with any certainty.

Puplesis (1994) records S. minusculella from southern Russia, based on material from

Belgorod (R. Puplesis, pers. comm.), but the other two species have not yet been

recorded from Russia, although $. desperatella is common in the Caucasus.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 125-157 153

Figs. 47-51. Female genitalia of Nepticulidae. 47. Stigmella aceris, Chapurnikovskaya balka (EVN3335).

48. Trifurcula (Trifurcula) subnitidella, Arkaim Reserve (EvN3402). 49. T. (T.) beirnei, Bakhilova

Polyana (EVN3322). 50-51. Ectoedemia (E.) caradjai, Chapurnikovskaya balka (EvN3337) (scale bars

200 um for figs. 47, 48, 50, 100ym for figs. 49, 51).

154 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Nepticulidae from the Volga and Ural region

Filipendula vulgaris. — Ul’yanovsk: 5 mines, Arskoe, 20.vi111.2003, MA.

Leafmines in Filipendula vulgaris are normally not identifiable, and they could

belong to either S. thuringiaca or S. filipendulae (Wocke, 1871). The latter is not yet

known from Russia.

Rosa. — Ul’ yanovsk: 7 mines, Tsemzavod, mid v11.2003, MA.

Stigmella mines on Rosa are usually undistinguishable, and could belong to either

S. anomalella (Goeze, 1783) or S. centifoliella (Zeller, 1848). S. rolandi also feeds on

Rosa, but has probably slightly different mines. S. anomalella is the most likely

candidate here, it is reported from Leningrad and Samara (Puplesis 1994; Sachkov et

al. 1997), and occurs further east in Tyan-Shan’ and Primorskiy Kray (Puplesis 1994).

Rubus. — Ul’yanovsk: 1 mine, Ul’yanovsk city, 9.1x.2002, SU; 5 mines, Vinnovka,

vii.-v111.2002, MA.

Mines of Stigmella splendidissimella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) and S. aurella

(Fabricius, 1775) are very hard to distinguish, we therefore cannot attribute these

mines with certainty to any of the species, although in view of the distribution the first

seems the more likely candidate.

Ulmus. — Ul’ yanovsk: 3 mines, Ul’ yanovsk city, 9.1x.2002, SU.

We think that these mines belong most likely to S. ulmivora (Fologne, 1860), but since

mines of S. ulmiphaga and S. kazakhstanica cannot be distinguished, we do not put

any final identification to these mines. Similar mines from Samara have been repor-

ted as S. ulmivora (Sachkov et al. 1997).

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the following collectors for providing us with the material: Vasily V. Anikin (Saratov),

Jari Junnilainen (Vantaa, Finland), Sergey A. Sachkov (Samara) and Dmitry A. Komarov (Volgograd).

We thank Rimantas Puplesis and Arunas Diskus (Vilnius) for much additional information and comments

on an earlier version, and Kevin Tuck (Natural History Museum, London, BMNH), Lauri Kaila

(Zoological Museum Helsinki) and Sergey Yu. Sinev (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences,

St. Petersburg, ZIN) for the loan of specimens.

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158 Book review

Peter Huemer 2004. Die Tagfalter Südtirols. — Veröffentlichungen des Naturmuseums

Südtirols 2: 232 pp. — Hardcover (ISBN 3-85256-280-5). 44,40 €. (in German)

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MATTHIAS Nuss

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 159-178 159

Trifurcula pallidella (Duponchel, 1843) (Nepticulidae):

distribution, biology and immature stages, particularly in

Poland

ERIK J. VAN NIEUKERKEN!, ANNA MAZURKIEWICZZ & KRZYSZTOF PAEKA3

| National Museum of Natural History Naturalis PO Box 9517, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands;

e-mail: nieukerken@naturalis.nl (corresponding author)

2 Warsaw Agricultural University - SGGW, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal

Biology and Environment, ul. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland;

e-mail: mazurk@alpha.sggw.waw.pl

3 Lublin University - UMCS, Institute of Biology, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;

e-mail: palka@biotop.umces.lublin.pl

Abstract. Trifurcula pallidella (Duponchel, 1843) is recorded for the first time from 30 localities in

south-eastern Poland. The biology is described and illustrated in detail for the first time: the larva makes

spindle shaped galls in stems of Chamaecytisus spp., Lembotropis nigricans, and Cytisus procumbens. In

Poland it is usually found on dry grassland or edges of woodland on calcareous soils. The larva, pupa and

galls are described and illustrated. The distribution is revised and mapped on the basis of material and

literature: its occurrence in Germany: Bavaria, Italy mainland and Sicily is confirmed, and new records

are given for Corsica and Crete. It is widespread from Southeast Poland southwards throughout the

Balkans and eastwards to the Volga, in the West to Regensburg in Germany, southern Switzerland,

western Italy and Corsica. It is believed to use a different host in Mediterranean localities, possibly

Calicotome. All known hosts and Calicotome belong to the monophyletic Cytisus group of recent

molecular studies.

Zusammenfassung. Trifurcula pallidella (Duponchel, 1843) wird erstmals aus 30 Fundorten in

Südostpolen gemeldet. Die Biologie wird zum ersten Mal detailliert beschrieben und abgebildet: die

Raupe macht spindelförmige Galle im Stengel von Chamaecytisus spp., Lembotropis nigricans, und

Cytisus procumbens. In Polen wird die Art meistens in Trockenrasen oder an Waldränder auf Kalkunter-

grund gefunden. Die Raupe, Pupe und Galle werden beschrieben und abgebildet. Die Gesamtverbreitung

wird auf Grund von Material und Literatur revidiert und auf einer Karte abgebildet: das Vorkommen in

Deutschland: Bayern, auf dem Italienischen Festland und Sizilien wird bestätigt, und die Art wird von

Korsika und Kreta neu nachgewiesen. T. pallidella ist weit verbreitet, von Südostpolen bis über die

Balkanhalbinsel im Süden und nach Osten bis zur Wolga, im Westen bis Regensburg in Deutschland,

die Südschweiz, Westitalien und Korsika. Es wird angenommen dass 7: pallidella im Mittelmeerraum

andere Futterpflanzen nutzt, wahrscheinlich Calicotome. Alle bekannten Futterpflanzen und Calicotome

gehören zur monophyletische Cytisus-Gruppe die auch in rezenten molekularen Studien anerkannt wird.

Key words. Trifurcula, distribution maps, hostplants, galls, Cytisus, Lembotropis, Chamaecytisus,

Calicotome, Fabaceae, Genisteae, Braconidae, Mirax.

Introduction

The genus Trifurcula Zeller, 1848 includes at least 36 named species in Europe (van

Nieukerken 1996), particularly in the Mediterranean region, where also many unnamed

species are known. More to the north the number of species is quickly decreasing, still

sixteen species are found in the Czech Republic, eleven in Germany, seven in

Denmark and five in Sweden. Only six species have been cited from Poland, which

probably is an underestimate of the real number. The subgenus Trifurcula s. s. com-

prises a group of rather uniform moths, of which the larvae make stem-mines on

Fabaceae (=Leguminosae). Two species groups are recognised: the 7. subnitidella

group which feeds on plants belonging to various Fabaceae tribes (i.e. Lotus,

160 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Trifurcula pallidella

Figs. 1-4. Habitats of Trifurcula pallidella. 1-2. Poland, Podlasie: Stare Stulno, May 2003, grassland on

a sand dune, hostplant Chamaecytisus ruthenicus. 3. Poland, Lublin Upland: BrzeZno reserve, May 2003,

calciphilous community at the margin of a marsh, hostplant C. ruthenicus. 4. Slovakia, PleSivec,

Slovensky Kras: Hôrka, October 1992, a dry calcareous hill with grassland, hostplant C. hirsutus (not

visible on photograph). Photos M. Sielezniew (1-3), E.J. van Nieukerken (4).

Dorycnium, Coronilla), but not on brooms (tribe Genisteae), and the 7: pallidella

group, which is specialised on brooms.

The type species of Trifurcula, T: pallidella (Duponchel, 1843) is one of the largest

species ın the genus and one of the oldest known. Taxonomy and distribution were

discussed by van Nieukerken & Johansson (1986), especially in relation to 7. beirnei

Puplesis, 1984, which previously had often been misidentified as 7. pallidella. At that

time the biology was unknown, although it was presumed that 7: pallidella is associated

with Lembotropis nigricans (L.) Griseb.

Shortly after that, the larvae were discovered by the senior author during a joint excur-

sion with Ales and Zdenék LaStivka. The larvae make galls in Lembotropis nigricans

and Chamaecytisus spp. and later galls were also found in Cytisus procumbens

(Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Sprengel (<Corothamnus procumbens). The gall is shown

and briefly described by A. & Z. Laëtüvka (1997). The two Polish authors have found

adults and galls of Trifurcula pallidella in several places in Poland since 1998. On the

basis of these records the species was listed as occurring in Poland by Buszko &

Nowacki (2000). We here report the Polish records in particular and provide details on

the biology, immature stages and distribution in Poland and in Europe, where many

new data have become available since 1986.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 159-178 161

Material and methods

The first two Polish males of 7: pallidella were found amongst material collected at

light in xerothermic habitats in south-east Poland in 1998. In late autumn (20 October)

of the same year, several empty galls were found in stems of Lembotropis nigricans

and Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fischer ex Wotoszczak) A. Klaskova in steppe vegeta-

tion in Machnow. The distribution of the host plants (Zajac & Zajac 2001) suggested

that the species may have a wider range in Poland. Therefore we started detailed field

investigations in 2001-2002 in order to test this hypothesis. A number of localities

where the hostplants were expected were selected; these had similar biotic conditions

as those mentioned above. Most of these sites are located in existing or planned nature

reserves. We visited these sites from mid-September to mid-October: the period when

the galls with larvae were expected. Some live material was also sent to the senior

author, who reared a couple of specimens as well.

The senior author collected T. pallidella in the Czech and Slovak Republics in 1992

in collaboration with A. and Z. Laëtüvka on localities were adults had been found

previously. Other material studied was found during study of many museum and pri-

vate collections since 1986, and some data were received from A. and Z. Laëtüvka. He

also re-examined all known literature citations.

Galls were collected by cutting parts of the stem of the hostplant. The stems were

placed in plastic containers lined with tissue. Most larvae easily prepared cocoons on

the tissue, after which the stems were removed and dried. Adults and parasites emerged

after a winter diapause in an outhouse.

Larvae and pupal skins were examined after macerating in KOH and mounted on

slides with euparal, after dehydration with ethanol and staining with chlorazol black

and haemaluin. Galls were studied by simply cutting them with razor blades.

Morphological terms of larvae follow Gustafsson (1981), except for the naming of

setae on the mesothorax, which follows Hoare (2000), in exchanging resp. the names

of D1 and D2 and SV1 and SV2. Homologisation of setae, however, remains proble-

matical. For this reason the ventral group of setae is not labelled in Fig. 21.

Photographs of preparations of immature stages and genitalia were taken with a Zeiss

AxıoCam digital camera attached to a Zeiss Axioskop H, those of live insects and galls

by EvN with the same camera on Zeiss Stemi SV 11, using Carl Zeiss AxioVision

3.0.6 software. Galls were photographed by KP with a Canon D10 digital camera, with

a standard lens. The adult moth was photographed with an Olympus DP10 digital

camera attached to the stereo-microscope Olympus S260.

The European distribution map was prepared with Dmap 7.0 (Morton 2000). In Tab. 1

and 2 we give summarized locality data, all details of these, dates and UTM coordi-

nates with an accuracy of 10 square kilometres are given in an excel sheet on the

website of the senior author (http://www.naturalis.nl/nieukerken) and on the website

of the journal (http://www.soceurlep.org/council-main.htm). When coordinates were

not available from the source, we obtained most from NIMA (2004).

Depositories of collections are abbreviated according to Evenhuis & Samuelson (2004).

For the hostplant names we follow Heywood & Ball (1968). Although since then there

162

VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Trifurcula pallidella

Figs. 5-9. Trifurcula pallidella. 5. Male, Poland: Stawska Gora res. 6-7. Live female, Poland, Gory

Pieprzowe res., emerged in Leiden. 8. Live pupa, dorsal view, Poland, Stawska Gora res. 9. Cocoon on

tissue, Gory Pieprzowe res. Photos: J. Chobotow (5), E.J. van Nieukerken (6-9).

has been much discussion on the generic limits within the Cytisus group and the

Genisteae in general, no consensus has been reached, and there is not another easy single

source except the ILDIS database (ILDIS 2003), which uses a somewhat inconsistent

nomenclature. The genera Lembotropis and Chamaecytisus as used here are often (but

not always in the same paper) regarded as sections of Cytisus (resp. sect. Lembotropis

and Tubocytisus), and the section Corothamnus in Cytisus (for C. procumbens) is im

some publications raised to genus. In recent molecular studies, cited below, a large

Cytisus seems to be paraphyletic, but also the genus Chamaecytisus as currently under-

stood appears as polyphyletic (for a revision of this taxon see Cristofolini 1991).

RESULTS

Trifurcula pallidella (Duponchel)

Oecophora pallidella Duponchel, [1843]: 339, pl. 78. Lectotype selected by van Nieukerken &

Johansson 1986.

Trifurcula pallidella; Zeller 1848: 332.

Trifurcula incognitella Toll 1936: 409.

Trifurcula pallidella; van Nieukerken & Johansson 1986: 271.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 159-178 163

Diagnosis. Wingspan 7.5-9 mm. Head: frontal tuft from almost white, yellowish orange

to brown ferruginous, collar white to straw, occasionally with a few darker scales.

Scape straw to ferruginous orange, flagellum grey-ochreous indistinctly ringed, 42-50

segments. Thorax and forewings uniformly coloured, covered with two types of scales:

white and ferruginous-tipped scales, sometimes with golden gloss. The ferruginous-

tipped scales usually becoming more abundant towards apex. The general impression

of the wing colour varies from white to ochreous, depending on abundance of scale

type. Hindwing grey with straw cilia. Abdomen grey dorsally, straw ventrally.

Similar species. Of the species with which it can be found together, Trifurcula

pallidella resembles T. beirnei most; this can in many cases be differentiated by the

different flying period: 7: pallidella occurs from May to early (mid) July, 7. beirnei

usually in August to September. However, there are a few earlier records of T beirnei,

thus July specimens need to be checked carefully. 7! beirnei is on average larger

(8-11 mm) than 7! pallidella, and has three types of scales (white, yellow and dark

tipped). The characteristic gnathos and large curved valvae of T. beirnei can often be

seen without dissection.

Most other species likely to confuse with 7! pallidella belong to the T. immundella

complex of species, and of these T° immundella (Zeller, 1839) and T. chamaecytisi

Z. & A. Lastüvka, 1994 resemble 7. pallidella most, but larger and worn specimens of

the other species may also be confused. Most of these species, except T. immundella,

feed on the same hosts as pallidella, and can therefore be found in the same localities.

These species are on average somewhat smaller (6-8.5 mm, sometimes even smaller),

and apart from 7. chamaecytisi, they are darker when fresh. In collections 7! pallidella

was often confused with the much smaller (5-7 mm) 7: serotinella Herrich-Schäffer,

1855. The male genitalia offer the best characters, for descriptions and illustrations

we refer to van Nieukerken & Johansson (1986), but we also illustrate here the male

genitalia (Fig. 17).

Life history

Hostplants. With certainty galls are now recorded from Chamaecytisus albus (Hacq.)

Rothm., C. austriacus (L.) Link, C. hirsutus (L.) Link, C. ratisbonensis (Schaeffer)

Rothm., C. ruthenicus (Fischer ex Wotoszczak) A. Klaskova, Cytisus procumbens

(Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Sprengel (in section Corothamnus) and Lembotropis

nigricans (L.) Griseb.

Galls. The galls with full-grown larvae were found from 9 September to early

November. Galls occurred at different heights in the stem, both in older shoots and

younger shoots of the same year. Occasionally two or three galls were found in the

same stem. Old galls remain visible and can still be found in the next spring, at least

until June (see Tab. 1 and 2).

The egg is deposited on the stem where later the gall forms, usually difficult to see.

The larva first bores into the parenchyma and then feeds in a spiral gallery around the

stem, successively moving upwards, also partly boring in the central woody part of the

stem (Figs. 10-16). The stem is thickened more or less considerably by the larval

164 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Trifurcula pallidella

{

a à

Figs. 10-16. Trifurcula pallidella, biology, galls and details, 10-14. Chamaecytisus ruthenicus, Korhynie

(11: Ostowo), 10. Three galls. 11-13. Various sections. 14. Exit hole, indicated by arrow. 15-16. Galls in

Lembotropis nigricans, Stawska Gora res. Photos E.J. van Nieukerken (10-14), K. Palka. (15, 16).

activity. The diameter of the galls varies from 3.2—6.0 mm (depending on stem thick-

ness) and the length from 13-26 mm (n=20). The frass is deposited in the gallery

(Figs. 11-13), in a similar fashion as in stem-mines of related Trifurcula species,

almost filling the gallery.

The full fed larva quits the gall through a slit in its upper part, usually close to a stem

bud (Fig. 14). The pupation takes place in a typical Nepticulidae cocoon (Fig. 9).

Cocoon length is 2.7-3.7 mm (mean 3.3 mm, n=20), width 1.8—2.5 mm (mean 2.1 mm,

n=20). Its colour is pale brown to ferruginous brown. In captivity the cocoons were

attached to the walls of the rearing tubes, to the surface of a stem or on pieces of paper

tissue. After hibernation in outdoor temperature, the adults emerged from the middle

of May to early June.

Voltinism. The moths fly in central Europe from 9 May to 19 July, most in May and

June, in southern Greece and Crete they fly from 9 April to 17 May, but also 10 June

in northern Greece. The species is clearly univoltine.

Parasites. We reared several parasites of the family Braconidae, all belonging to

Mirax rufilabris Haliday, 1833 (det. C. van Achterberg, Leiden). They emerged in the

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 159-178 165

laboratory between 9 April and 13 June

2003. We also reared just one specimen

of Eulophidae, probably Chrysocharis

sp. (5 June 2003). All these were reared

out of the cocoons and thus both species

are koinobionts. Mirax rufilabris has

been recorded from many Nepticulidae

species, including Trifurcula immundella

(Shaw & Askew 1976), but it is now

understood that Mirax forms a complex

of several species with a narrower host

range, of which a revision is in preparati-

: > gate on (C. van Achterberg, pers. comm.).

Fig. 17. Trifurcula pallidella, male genitalia, Ger- The type locality of M. rufilabris is

many: Kelheim, slide EJ7919. Scale 100um. Ireland, probably near Dublin. Haliday

renamed it later M. spartii, an indication

that he reared it from broom and thus from the only nepticulid known to feed on

broom in Ireland: 7: immundella (see Emmet 1976). According to C. van Achterberg,

the ‘real’ M. rufilabris was up to now only known from Trifurcula immundella,

and 7: pallidella thus comprises a new host record. We may therefore assume that

M. rufilabris is specialised on Trifurcula species that feed in the stem of brooms

(see Tab. 1).

The rate of parasitism was high: from the material collected in autumn 2002 we reared

57 specimens of Mirax, one of Chrysocharis and only thirteen adults of T. pallidella.

Remarks. The galls were discovered by the senior author during joint field work with

Ales and Zdenék LaStüvka in Vranovice, Moravia, 5 October 1992. In this locality

adults were previously frequently caught around Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis. After

failing to localise any stem-mines, he opened some spindle-shaped galls, and found

to his surprise nepticulid larvae in it. Later several adults were reared from galls of

various localities. These galls had also been noted and described before by Baudys

(1925) and Cernik (1942), who found them in various localities in Moravia and

Slovakia (Tab. 2). The larva was identified as ‘unknown Microlepidopteron’, and also

cited in the handbook by Buhr (1964: 422) under Cytisus as number 2225. The galls

are probably not induced by the egg-laying activity of the adult, but by the feeding

larva; since it seems that the larva is not depending on tissue formed in the gall (but

this needs to be checked more carefully). This type of thickening should not be called

a gall according to some authors.

Description of immature stages

Larva (Figs. 18-21). Mature larvae about 6-8 mm long, extremely slender, yellow

when fresh. Body almost completely smooth, small spines (microtrichia) absent.

Headcapsule 400-480 um long, 440-515 um wide (n=2), much wider than

long. Labrum with 2 pairs of setae; mandibula with 4 strong cusps; labial palpus

166

VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Trifurcula pallidella

1-8

Figs. 18-21. Trifurcula pallidella, larva, Stawska Gora res. 18. Headcapsule, dorsal; scale 100um. 19.

Headcapsule and prothorax, ventral; scale 200 um. 20. Detail of mouthparts, with labial palps; scale

50um. 21. Setal map, drawn by A. Mazurkiewicz & K. Palka. Photos E.J. van Nieukerken.

with 3 segments and long terminal seta, second segment much longer than segment

1 or 3. Prothorax with pair of slender tergites and single indistinct sternite plus two

small sternites anterolateral to the medial one; with the full complement of 13 pairs of

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 159-178 167

setae. Mesothorax with 12 pairs of setae (D1 present, 4 pairs of setae ventral to SV1),

metathorax with 10 pairs (D1 and L3 absent). Abdominal segments 1-8 with 6 pairs,

A9 with 3 pairs and A10 with 2 pairs. Distribution of setae illustrated in setal map

(Fig. 21). Paired ventral ambulatory calli present on T2—3 and Al-7. Anal rods in A10

posteriorly bifid, forming an angle of almost 180°.

The larva differs from other described Trifurcula (s. str.) (Gustafsson 1981; Gustafsson

& van Nieukerken 1990) by the large headcapsule, which is wider than long, the

complete absence of microtrichia, the presence of DI (named D2 by Gustafsson) on

the mesothorax and the labial palpus which has a very long segment 2, but otherwise

confirms with the generic description. Only Trifurcula (Glaucolepis) headleyella

(Stainton, 1854) and T (T.) subnitidella (Duponchel, 1843) have also 12 setal pairs on

the mesothorax, the other studied Nepticulidae have only 11 (Gustafsson 1981;

Gustafsson & van Nieukerken 1990; Hoare 2000). No setal map of a species of

Trifurcula (s. str.) had been published previously.

Pupa (Figs. 8, 22—24). Pupal exuviae examined. Frons protruding slightly into conical

projection, eyecaps large, at eclosion torn from frons. Abdominal tergites 2-8 covered

with many spines, in about 3 to 5 rows per segment, but not arranged in distinct rows.

Cremaster with two small hooks.

Distribution

Localities in Poland (Fig. 25). As a result of our studies, 7! pallidella was found in

30 localities in south-east and east Poland. They are listed in Tab. 1 and presented on

a map (Fig. 25).

The species reaches in Poland its northern distribution limits. The locality Grzybowce

is the northernmost locality of this species in central Europe, but the Russian record

in Ul’yanovsk Oblast is just a little further to the North.

European distribution (Fig. 26). In Tab. 2 we present all more or less reliable litera-

ture records and material seen by EVN or identified by colleagues sorted by country

and locality. Since the previous revision of this species (van Nieukerken & Johansson

1986), many more data have become known, from which it appears that the previous

suggestion that ‘literature records can not be used at all’ was too rigid. It is clear that

the name T. pallidella was incorrectly used for 7. beirnei in Great Britain, Denmark

and parts of Germany and Poland. We have now also established that all previous

records from France, Portugal and Spain are incorrect (van Nieukerken ef al. 2004a,

2005): they are misidentifications for a number of pale Trifurcula species including

T. immundella. From the overlapping part of the distributions of T. pallidella and

T. beirnei, the records from Austria: Stelzing (Zeller in Krause 1871), Germany:

Altenburg (Krause 1871; Borkowski 1975) and Poland: Sobötka (Zobten) (Wocke

1874; Puplesis 1984) definitely apply to T. beirnei. Two of the four localities on the

Monte Baldo (Burmann & Huemer 1998), namely those in higher altitudes, refer to an

unnamed species that is associated with Genista radiata (L.) Scop. (= Cytisanthus

radiatus) (P. Huemer, in litt.) Other sources are reconsidered here in Tab. 2.

Many of the records presented in Tab. 2 are corroborated by either original material

168 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Trifurcula pallidella

ee CNE AN

ÿ {

‘EM D

Ne Wa

dorsal view, Korhynie. Scales 500um, 50um (24). Photos:

Figs. 22-24. Trifurcula pallidella, pupal skin,

E.J. van Nieukerken.

or later findings. Others which have not been corroborated, are quite likely to be

correct, but confirmation is still required (Italy: Pisa, Croatia, Macedonia, Rumania):

they are all within the area where the known hosts occur and where the occurrence of

T. pallidella is likely. Most problematic are records at the margin of the distribution

area. The occurrence in Germany: Regensburg was previously doubted, and Segerer

(1997) wrote: ‘unüberprüfbare Angabe’. However, the occurrence in Germany is here

corroborated by three specimens from three localities in Bavaria, including

Regensburg (see Fig. 17). The record from Baden-Württemberg (Wörz 1958) has still

to be rejected; it is a curious misidentification: upon checking, the specimen (coll.

SMNS) appears to be a worn female of Stigmella floslactella (Haworth, 1828).

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 159-178 169

Fig. 25. Distribution of Trifurcula pallidella in Poland on 10km squares of the UTM grid.

Fig. 26. Distribution of Trifurcula pallidella. Small grey circles: unconfirmed but not rejected literature

records, large black circles: records confirmed by material, or reliable literature records. Grey shading

gives the combined distribution of the hosts Lembotropis nigricans and Chamaecytisus spp. of the series

Tubocytisus s. str. (Cristofolini 1991).

170 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Trifurcula pallidella

Tab. 1. Localities of Trifurcula pallidella in Poland and rearing results. UTM coordinates given as 10km

squares, all in zone 34U. Hostplants: Ca = Chamaecytisus albus, Cra. = C. ratisbonensis, Cru =

C. ruthenicus, Ln= Lembotropis nigricans. Other abbreviations: Chr. = Chrysocharis sp. (parasite),

M = Mirax rufilabris (parasite), * = material sent to and reared in Leiden (in coll. RMNH). All material

collected by A. Mazurkiewicz and / or K. Patka.

Date reared

Brzezno village FB96 8.v.2004

embankment

IBrzezno res. FB87 ledge of calcareous peat-bog 5.x.2002 |30,39,5M

28.v.2004

15.x.2001

Cas fgalls | 11.xi.2004

Cru, LN|galls | 7.x.2001

5.x.2002 29,1M

| = Pe, Lo 222285972004

B73 [grassland on limestone rocks | 1,19 | 25.v.2004

7.x.2001

Skarpa Dobuzanska |FB9O ar à - 15.x.2001

6.x.2001 28,20,

3.x.2002

10.x.2002

8.x.2000

13.v.2004

3.x1.2001

2.x.2001

29.1995

2.v1.2001

3.x.2002

19,217 ME

20,5 M

u (19 00 Ka qe Iga We ge 0a ge 09 [tie] oO 08 09 Fr DS TO mls

2: = Bs = a Bala AE

A ES u un “a ga D va |? |e

=. © ER [e)

A n

B44 u

Zalesie Kraszenskie |FB57 ru

BialaGorares. __ [DA28 [grassland on limestone rocks |Cru

Gory Pieprzowe res. ca on loess

alls

lifer) Ker.

1 Chr, 6 M*

4.x1.2001

10.x.2004

3.x1.2001

9.v.2004

ra grassland on gypsum

Walyrs ___|D4A47grassland on limestone rocks [Cr

Podlasie ann neutral grassland on sand on |Cru

he edge of peat-bog

Dobrowoda FD62

Drohiczyn

alls

2.x.2002

9.x.2004

7.x.2001

alls

galls

alls

Mielnik — FC49 |grassland on gravel

Ostowo ___|FC39

Stare Stulno ___|FB89

grassland on gravel

2.x.2002

6.x.2001

2.x.2002

galls 9 M*

ru alls

aba EL LT

Forest

agorze |

C39 ru | |

Roztocze [Biala Géra [FA79 [grassland on limestone rocks |Cru, LN [galls 1522001 BI

Katy I FBS1 [grassland on limestone rocks |Cru, LN [galls HT ee

oo ee A88 [grassland on limestone rocks alls 14.x.2001 Er

alls 3.x.2002 4 M*

alls 25 ix 2004) | DIR

Radruz_______|FAG66 [grassland on limestone rocks [Cru |larv 24.12.2004 NE

owland Cru Igalls 2.x 200 NN

Tills

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 159-178 171

Tab. 2. Records of Trifurcula pallidella, except for Poland. The countries are indicated by their ISO

codes, and some provinces abbreviated. Hostplants: Ca = Chamaecytisus austriacus, Ch = C. hirsutus,

Cr = C. ratisbonensis, Ln= Lembotropis nigricans. Abbreviations: AZL = A. & Z. Lastüvka, EVN = E.

van Nieukerken. Collection codons follow Evenhuis & Samuelson (2004). Reliability: ! after

collectioncodon: material seen by EvN; ? not impossible, fits in distribution and biology, but

confirmation required, ?? questionable (but not completely rejected). The remaining literature

references are either reliable (genitalia check, recent authors, galls or circumstantial evidence) or at

least likely records.

Key to sources: 1. Anikin 2001, 2. Baudy$ 1925, 3. Baudy8 1931, 4. Baudy$ 1947, 5. Burmann &

Huemer 1998, 6. Caradja 1899, 7. Caradja 1901, 8. Cernik 1942, 9. Curd 1883, 10. Czekelius 1924,

11. Hartig 1964, 12. Hauder 1912, 13. Hauder 1924, 14. Herrich-Schäffer 1847-1855, 15. Hruby 1964,

16. Issekutz 1972, 17. Kasy 1985, 18. Klimesch 1949, 19. Klimesch 1961, 20. Klimesch 1968,

21. Klimesch 1990, 22. Laëtüvka 1994, 23. Z. & A. Lastüvka 1994, 24. A. & Z. Lastüvka in Iitt.,

25. Mann 1862, 26. Mann 1866, 27. Mann 1869, 28. Mann 1885, 29. Mariani 1938, 30. Mariani 1943,

31. Müller-Rutz 1922, 32. Nickerl 1908, 33. van Nieukerken & Johansson 1986, 34. van Nieukerken

et al. 2004, 35. Pavel & Uhryk 1896, 36. Prohaska & Hoffmann 1929, 37. Prose & Segerer 1999,

38. Puplesis 1994, 39. Rebel 1899, 40. Schmid 1886, 41. Skala 1933, 42. Szöcs 1965, 43. Tokar et al.

1999, 44. Toll 1936, 45. Toll 1938, 46. Vorbrodt 1932, 47. Zeller 1850, 48. Zimmermann 1944b,

49. Zimmermann 1944a.

Country, Locality

AT: BU|Bruck an der Leitha, Spitalberg 19, 49, NMW!

Rechnitz, Donatikapella 16, 19

Schieferberg, Leithagebirge

AT: NO Fürbachwiesen, Gramatneusiedl _ |Kas

Jauerling_ [Preissecker | 49 |

Mödling [Goldene Siege] | | 19 JHNHM |

Oberweiden _____ [Preissecker | 49

Pfaffstaten | | SQ NH

Ysper Preiser

5 [Berg (Alpenvorland) __________ [Wolfschläger | {12.21.41

Bergham — — _ |Wolfschläger |B

Diessenleiten Mader | [13,21,41

Ebelsberg (Alpenvorland) [Klimesch | [le] f21,7SM:

AT: ST Brucka Mur JKlimesch | 0000000

NHRS!, NMW!

AT: WI

LaaerbergerRemisen [Mann | «(28 49

Rodan SMa | Cid 2B

Tivoli Mm | bu 0

Wien, Dmbch | | NM

c Nickel | [23,32,48 |

172 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Trifurcula pallidella

CZMor|Bmo CT | rh D ONE

CelechovicenaHané — AZE | 03, AZ

AZL

AZL |_larvae, Ca 13

Kvasice, Kvasickäkälarcck JZaviel | gall, Cr U |

Mikulov, Stranéu Sedlece ___ |Picbauer, AZL

Mikulov. Pavlovské vrehy, Stolova h._ [EVN

(Olomouc, Neboteiner Berg {Cernik | Cr En SB

Pouzdrany __|Picbauer | fall, Ln 2) TT ie

furany NCU gall, En _ 2 CORRE

DE: BA |Grafenwöhr

Kelheim Donau: Auf der Brand

Regensburg [Tegernheimerberge 14, 37, 40, ETHZ!

GR-CRl[rakleio: Potamies Johansson | 20 [RMNH', Johansson! |

Toannina: Asprangeli [AZ

Lakonia: 5 km SMonemvasia __ |Skule,Christ.

Lakonia: 7 km SW Monemvasia _ |Skule | 19 53; Z2M00

Jospdol CC En |

Rijeka Fiume) (Istria) | | NS 80352

Dalmatiafnodetail] = |" "À CC

HU - |Budakeszi,Hambokorhegy | — | 45 WEN

IT Bolzano CC jHedemann | . * 7 "|]1 30.29 u

AZL

Imperia: Pieved.T,Monsi Lisa

Pisa Mann | |9.14,30,47

Trento: Pietramurata neiboschii [Jäckh | [photograph in RMNH! [USNM

Verona; Mte Baldo, Ferrara + Pai |Burmann | (SS

IT-SIC

AZL

Palermitano (Sicilia) [Mann 19 30

Palermo: Vallecorta ‘ | | eee

MK -; [Drenovo-Kav. = |Klimeseh | 20. SSENNNRUn

Ro fin as Hermannstadt Pral_ | = |107. OP

Tulcea (as Tultscha Mann _ | (6 72,26 RE

fer Supe ti td nm n

Ul'yanovsk: Srednikovo, Povolzhye

SI [Carniola Mann |? ee

SK AZL

Koëovce (Kocséez) | | "1523 SN

Nové Mesto nad Vähom ____[Patoëka [5 23 ee

Plesivec, Slov. Kras.: Horka EvN 29,29 e.l., ChIRMNH!

30, 19, el Zn 23, AZL!, RMNH!

TR [Bursa (Brussa) Mann | bs»

UNO Ponisi areas labege Ita 14,35

Zalishchyky area: Obızowa NN | ee aa 45

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 159-178 173

The old record from Turkey (Mann 1862) is questionable: in Turkey occurs also a

large pale species of Trifurcula (Glaucolepis), which could easily be confused, but the

occurrence of T. pallidella in Turkey is also to be expected.

The record of T. pallidella in September by Schmid (1886) is probably a misidentifi-

cation for T. beirnei, likewise the August record from Macedonia (Klimesch 1968) is

not accepted, but in both cases earlier records ın the same area are considered as

possibly correct pallidella. The record from ‘Alpı Marittimi’ (Mariani 1943) may

refer to the incorrect record from the French department Alpes Maritimes (Cannes),

but the recent record from Mönesi in the Alpı Marittimi very close to the French

border also confirms its occurrence here in Italy. This also makes it more likely that

real 7. pallidella can after all be found in the French Department Alpes Maritimes.

In summary, 7: pallidella is distributed from Southeast Germany (Bayern), east into

Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, adjacent SE Poland, much of Austria, both along the

Danube and East and South of the Alps, extending through the Balkans (with very few

verified records) to southern Greece (Peloponnesus) and Crete, eastwards through

Ukraine and Russia to the Volga, and one questionable record from Turkey. To the

West it occurs in northern Italy almost reaching France, just extending into

Switzerland (Ticino), and throughout Italy to Sicily and Corsica.

Habitats. In Poland and Slovakia the species was found in warm and dry grasslands

or open woodland, often on calcareous soils, but also on sand or gravel (Figs. 1, 2, 4,

Tab. 1). In one case (BrzeZno reserve, Fig. 3) it was found in a relatively wet habitat

on the edge of a calcareous bog. Elsewhere in Europe it occurs in a variety of habi-

tats, although usually on relatively warm places: often sunny slopes in river valleys,

such as that of the Danube in Germany, Austria and Hungary. The hosts are frequent-

ly associated with Quercus pubescens woodland. The localities in Corsica, Greece and

Crete are Mediterranean shrubland (garrigue, maquis or phrygana), often close to the

sea. The altitudinal range is from sea level to 1000 m, with one record at 1600 m in

Italy (Imperia, Monesi, Alpi Marittimi).

In 2001 and 2002 the species was extremely abundant in Poland, and larvae could be

found in large numbers in most places. In contrast to that, in October 2004 almost no

larvae or galls could be found in several of the same localities. Most localities in

Central Europe are in Nature reserves, and the species may be vulnerable to increasing

pressure by agricultural development and manure.

Discussion

Distribution and hostplant relationships. Trifurcula pallidella occurs commonly in

many parts of the distribution area of its presumed hosts and is much more common

than previously assumed (van Nieukerken & Johansson 1986). However, it has as yet

not been found in the more western part of the distribution area of species of

Chamaecytisus, e.g. France, parts of Germany and Spain. On the other hand, the

distribution of 7. pallidella cannot be explained completely by the distribution of

the known hosts in the southern part of its range: no species of Lembotropis,

Chamaecytisus or Cytisus sect. Corothamnus are known from Corsica or Sicily, and

| 174 VAN NIEUKERKEN et al.: Trifurcula pallidella

the relatively common occurrence of T. pallidella in southern Greece and Crete,

contrasts with the sparse occurrence of just a few species of Chamaecytisus. In fact in

this part of Greece and Crete only three species of brooms are frequent: Calicotome

villosa (Poiret) Link, Spartium junceum L. and Genista acanthoclada DC. (Turland et

al. 1993, EvN, personal observation in Peloponnesus).

Recent studies on the molecular phylogeny of the Genisteae (Cubas ef al. 2002)

support at least two large monophyletic clades: a Genista group and a Cytisus group.

Kass & Wink (1995; 1997) find support for a division of the Cytisus groups in two

clades using rbcL sequences and Neighbour Joining, in which Chamaecytisus is poly-

phyletic and dispersed over both clades, but all hostplants of T pallidella in the

analysis, group together with Cytisus multiflorus, C. arboreus and Calicotome villosa.

However, in the ITS sequence and in MP analyses of both genes (Kass & Wink 1997),

a monophyletic Cytisus group including Calicotome is supported. These authors

therefore suggest to synonymise the genera Lembotropis, Chamaecytisus and

Calicotome with Cytisus. Combining these results with the previous observations

leads to the hypothesis that in the Mediterranean region Calicotome is a very likely

alternative hostplant for T pallidella, and that T. pallidella is specialised on a number

of species (but not all) within the Cytisus clade.

There is an interesting parallel with the Trifurcula immundella species complex: this

is a group of very closely related species, which feed on about the same hosts as

T. pallidella, but the species in this complex are almost strictly monophagous:

each feeds on only one or a few related hosts: 7! immundella feeds on Cytisus

scoparius (L.) Link, T moravica Z. & A. LaStüvka, 1994 on Lembotropis nigricans,

T. corothamni Z. & A. Laëtüvka, 1994 on C. procumbens, T. chamaecytisi on

Chamaecytisus and T. calycotomella A. & Z. & LaStüvka, 1997 on Calicotome spp.

(Z. & A. Laëtüvka 1994): all feeding on the Cytisus group and these species — apart

from T. immundella — have combined the same host range as T. pallidella.

Galling. Trifurcula pallidella is the only species of the genus causing galls, the other

species of the subgenus Trifurcula exclusively making stem-mines (van Nieukerken

1990; Z. & A. Laëtüvka 1994; A. & Z. Laëtüvka 1997), and most representatives of

the other subgenera (Levarchama and Glaucolepis) make leafmines, a few Glaucolepis

also stem-mines. The galls of 7! pallidella in a way resemble the stem-mines, but

the larva seems to feed in deeper tissue than is usual for Trifurcula (s. str.) species. It

places 7: pallidella in a rather isolated position in the genus, and also morphologically

it is not very close to any other species. There is no apparent explanation why this

species changed the stemmining habit into galling: on the same hostplants stem-

mining species also occur as discussed above, so the plant itself cannot be the reason.

The larva does not show special adaptations to the galling habit, it is only larger than

most other Nepticulidae larvae, and the mandibular cusps are relatively strongly

developed.

Galling has originated several times independently in the Nepticulidae: there are at

least three other examples. The North American type species of the genus Ectoedemia

(which means as much as an external swelling), Ectoedemia populella Busck, 1907 is

causing globular galls in the petiole of Populus (Busck 1907). Related species in the

= =

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 159-178 175

populella species group also cause thickened petioles by their feeding habit, but these

are not considered real galls. Most likely E. populella evolved from a petiole mining

species. Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) castaneae Busck, 1913, another North-American

species, makes galls on bark of Castanea (Busck 1913), and probably evolved from

barkmining species. Further Ectoedemia (Fomoria) nigrifasciata (Walsingham, 1908)

from the Canary Islands makes a combined gall and mine in the Apocynaceae

Periploca laevigata Ait. (Klimesch 1972); its closest relatives are leafmining on

Euphorbia.

For two species of Trifurcula the larval way of feeding is still unknown: 7! beirnei and

T. squamatella Stainton, 1849. Both are relatively large species (the largest in the

genus), associated with resp. Genista species and Cytisus scoparius. It is well worth

considering the possibility that they are also gall makers, when searching for their

larvae. |

Acknowledgements

For the loan of material and information we are grateful to Daniel Bartsch (SMNS, Stuttgart, Germany),

Bengt A. Bengtsson (Färjestäden, Sweden), Michel Brancucci (NHMB, Basel, Switzerland), Ulf

Buchsbaum (ZSMC, München, Germany), Don Davis (USNM, Washington, USA), Bert Gustafsson

(NHRS, Stockholm, Sweden), Christoph Hauser (SMNS, Stuttgart, Germany), Peter Huemer (TLMF,

Innsbruck, Austria), Roland Johansson (Växjö, Sweden), Ole Karsholt (ZMUC, Copenhagen, Denmark),

the late F. Kasy (NMW, Wien, Austria), Gerard Luquet (MNHN, Paris, France), W. Sauter (ETHZ,

Zurich, Switzerland), Dieter Stiining (ZFMK, Bonn, Germany), Kevin Tuck (BMNH, London, UK),

Andras Vojnits (formerly HNHM, Budapest, Hungary) and Vadim V. Zolotuhin (Ul’yanovsk, Russia). We

are particularly grateful to Ales LaStüvka (Prostéjov, Czech Republic) and Zdenék Lastivka (Brno, Czech

Republic) for their generous hospitality to EvN during a fieldtrip in 1992, and lots of information and

advise. Kees van den Berg (RMNH, Leiden) is acknowledged for assisting with rearing and preparation

of material and Cees van Achterberg (RMNH, Leiden) for the identification of and information on the

parasites. We acknowledge Jaroslaw Buszko (University of Torun, Poland) and Tomasz Baran

(University of Rzeszöw, Poland) for their information and constructive advice. We are grateful to Beata

Sielewicz (Nature Conservation Officer in Lublin, Poland) for permits to work in protected areas and to

Marcin Sielezniew for the photographs of Polish habitats and J. Chobotow for photographing the moth.

J. van Tol (RMNH, Leiden) and Peter Huemer (Innsbruck, Austria) kindly commented an earlier version

of this manuscript.

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Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 179-186 179

Lomaspilis bithynica Wehrli, 1954 stat. rev., a distinct species

new for Europe (Geometridae)

JORG GELBRECHT !, ADAM MALKIEWICZ 2 & RADOSLAW STELMASZCZYK >

! G.-Hauptmann-Str. 28, D-15711 Königs Wusterhausen; e-mail: c.aureum@t-online.de

2 Zoological Institute, University of Wroclaw; Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroctaw, Poland;

e-mail: amalki@biol.uni.wroc.pl

3 Museum of Natural History, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland;

e-mail: stelma@biol.uni.wroc.pl

Abstract. Lomaspilis bithynica Wehrli, 1954 formerly treated as a subspecies of L. opis (Butler, 1878) is

recognized as a distinct species after an examination of the holotype and additional material. A differen-

tial diagnosis is given to distinguish the species from the other two Palaearctic members of genus

Lomaspilis Hübner, [1825]. The external and genital features of the three species are figured. L. bithyni-

ca has been recorded from the Turkish provinces of Bolu, Trabzon, Cankiri, Erzurum, Erzincan, Artvin,

Rize, and Kars. It is recorded here for the first time from Europe based on specimens collected recently

in central Greece. Data on bionomics are also given.

Zusammenfassung. Lomaspilis bithynica Wehrli, 1954 stat. rev., die früher als Unterart von L. opis

(Butler, 1878) galt, wird nach Untersuchung des Holotypus und weiteren Materials in den Artstatus erho-

ben. Eine detaillierte Diagnose gestattet es, die Art von den beiden anderen palaearktischen Arten der

Gattung Lomaspilis Hübner, [1825] zu unterscheiden. Ihre äußeren Unterscheidungsmerkmale sowie die

der Genitalapparaturen werden abgebildet. Nach unserer Kenntnis wurde L. bithynica in den türkischen

Provinzen Bolu, Trabzon, Cankiri, Erzurum, Erzincan, Artvin, Rize und Kars gefunden. Die Art wurde

neuerdings auch in Zentral-Griechenland nachgewiesen, was einen Erstnachweis für Europa darstellt.

Erstmalig werden auch Daten zur Lebensweise von L. bithynica publiziert.

Key words. Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Lomaspilis, bithynica, Turkey, Greece, Europe, species status,

morphology, distribution, host plant.

Introduction

Scoble (1999) lists only two species in the genus Lomaspilis Hübner, [1825]:

L. marginata (Linnaeus, 1758) and L. opis (Butler, 1878), the latter represented by

four subspecies: the nominotypical L. o. opis from Japan, L. 0. amurensis (Hedemann,

1881) from the Amur region, L. o. nigrita Heydemann, 1938 from Finland, and L. o.

bithynica Riemis, 1992 from north-eastern Turkey (Prov. Erzurum). Viidalepp (1996)

lists Z. amurensis (Hedemann, 1881) as a subspecies of marginata.

L. opis bithynica Riemis, 1992 had been described as form “bithynica” of Lomaspilis

marginata by Wehrli (in Seitz 1954). According to article 10.2 of the International

Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), a form name is available if validly publis-

hed before 1961. Because Wehrli’s (1954) publication is valid, he correctly made

Lomaspilis opis bithynica (cf. ICZN article 45.6) an available name in writing:

“Eine merkwürdige Form, vielleicht zu subsp. opis Btlr. ... gehörig, oder besondere

Art oder Rasse, — form. bithynica n. (22 e) erhielt ich von Boli, Kleinasien (E. Pfeiffer)

leider nur in einem Q Exemplar...”. Riemis (1992) was not justified to redescribe this

taxon as a new subspecies. Thus, L. opis bithynica Riemis, 1992 must be listed as a

Junior primary homonym of L. opis bithynica Wehrli, 1954.

During several trips to north and north-eastern Turkey, the senior author found seve-

ral specimens of L. bithynica looking identical to those figured by Wehrli (1954) and

180 GELBRECHT et al.: Lomaspilis bithynica stat. rev. new for Europe

Riemis (1992). The first attempt to breed specimens of this L. bithynica population ex

ovo on Betula spp., which are the only known host plants of opis (Skou 1984), was

not successful. No larva fed on this plant and all died. In another experiment, Salix sp.

and Populus tremula were additionally offered because Salix and Populus species are

known to be the typical host plants of L. marginata, while Quercus, Fagus, Betula,

and Corylus are also mentioned in the literature as occasional host plants (Bergmann

1955; Ebert et al. 2003). It was found that larvae of L. bithynica feed only on Populus

tremula. These results were confirmed by other entomologists (T. Drechsel, B. Müller).

P. tremula was common at all sites where L. bithynica was found. Consequently, we

hypothesized that L. bithynica would not be a subspecies of L. opis Butler.

Comparative studies were done to answer this hypothesis. After detailed analysis of

both male and female genitalia, we found that L. opis bithynica was not conspecific

with L. opis or L. marginata. Consequently, we consider L. bithynica as a good spe-

cies: Lomaspilis bithynica Wehrli, 1954 stat. rev. The key to solve this taxonomic pro-

blem was to apply the method of vesica eversion as improved by Sihvonen (2001). We

also compared our material with the holotype of L. bithynica (Figs. 7-8) described and

figured by Wehrli (1954) and the holotype of L. opis bithynica of Riemis (1992). East

Palaearctic subspecies or forms of L. opis and L. marginata were not included in our

studies.

Abbreviations

ZFMK Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn

ZMA Zoological Museum Amsterdam

ZSM Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich

Material. ZL. bithynica Wehrli, 1954: Holotype 9 with labels: ‘Asia min.[or] s. | Bithynia | Boli <sic>

11.-20.v1.[19]34 | 800 m | E. Pfeiffer - München leg.’ (on white paper printed in black); ‘bithynica Wehrli

Lomaspilis Hb. | Holo 9 Type (on red paper handwritten and printed in black), ZFMK. — L. opis bithynica

Riemis, 1992: Holotype © with labels: ‘TURKIYE St.1703 <?> | Erzurum Rd.[Road] Erzu- | rum-Ispir,

10 km SW | Ovacik, 2300 m | 2.vii.1991 | W.De Prins, D. v. d. | Poorten, A.Riemis’ (on white paper prin-

ted in black); ‘HOLOTYPE | Lomaspilis | opis bithynica | det. A. Riemis, 1992’ (on red paper printed in

black), ZMA. — Turkey: 20, Prov. Erzurum, Kackar Dagi, Yaylalar, alt. ca. 1900 m., 4./5.vi1.1983,

M.-C. et F. Aulombard et J. Plante leg., ZSM; 220, 89, Dog. Karadeniz Daglari: Korga Dagi, Umg.

Köprüköy bei Ispir, 1600-2000 m, 3.—8.vi.2000, Gelbrecht, Drechsel, Busse & Schwabe leg., (79, 89,

ex ovo cult., emerged: 20.1v.2001-12.v.2001 and 7.x.2001 and iv.2002), coll. Gelbrecht et coll.

Malkiewicz; 29, 19, same locality, 1600 m, 23.vii.2001, leg. et coll. Lobel; 10°, same locality, 1600 m,

22.v1.2002, Gelbrecht & Schwabe leg., coll. Gelbrecht; 2 ex., same locality, 1600 m, 06., 24.v1.2003, leg.

et coll. Müller; 1 ex., 9 km S Ispir im Tal des Coruh, 1840 m, 23.vi.2001, leg. et coll. Ochse; 10°, Kuzgun-

Brj., Stausee, 2280 m, 22.vi.2003, leg. et coll. Müller. 10°, Prov. Kars, Arastal, 15 km E Karakurt, 1400

m, 23.v11.1992, leg. et coll. Petersen; 10°, Sarikames, 2000 m, 4.v1.2000, leg. et coll. Petersen. 1 ex., Prov.

Artvin, Kackar Dagi, ca. 1800 m, Yaylalar Umg., 17.vii.1995, leg. & coll. Noack; 2 ex., Kaçkar Dai /

Bilek Dagi, 7 km N Aksu, 1600 m, 16.vii.2001 leg. et coll. Ochse. Prov. Rize: 19, 19, Umg. Camlik,

1500 m, 8.vi.2003, leg. et coll. Müller. 20°, Prov. Trabzon, Ovit Dagi, 5 km N Hotel Genesis b. Dereköy,

1200-1300 m, 29.v.2000, leg. Gelbrecht, Drechsel, Busse & Schwabe, coll. Gelbrecht. 19, Prov. Cankiri,

Ilgaz Umgebung, 1400 m, 10.vi.—14.vi.1991, leg. et coll. Lobel; 19, Ilgaz Umgebung, 960 m, 16.v1.1992,

leg. et coll. Petersen. Greece: 29, Aliakmon River, Ag.[ios] Georgios Grevena 600 m, 6.vi.1992, Müller

et Kotitsa leg., ZSM.

L. opis nigrita: 30, 59, Poland, Mikaszowka, P.[uszcza] Augustowska, 1.-10.vii.1997, Malkiewicz leg.;

29, Gruszki, Puszcza Augustowska, 13.vi.1992, Kokot leg.; 19, Rygol, Puszcza Augustowska,

16.v1.1992, Kokot leg.; 19, Grudki, Puszcza Bialowieska, 6.v1.2000, Kokot leg.; 29, 29, Puszcza

Borecka, 1.-13.06.1994, Buszko leg.; 30°, 29, Mostki, gm.[ina] Staszow, 6.vi.1990, Patka leg.; all spe-

cimens in coll. Malkiewicz.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 179-186 181

L. marginata: 30, 39, Poland, Szklarska Poreba G.[örna], 10.v.1990, 15.v1.1991, 20.vii.1991; 20°, 29,

Karpacz-Stanica, 22.vi.1990, 5.vi.1993; 19, Wroctaw 14.vi.[19]84; 19, Czarny Dunajec, 15.vii.1993;

all specimens leg. et coll. Malkiewicz; 10° Polska, Torun, 10.v.1994, J. Buszko leg.; 19 Polska, DV25,

Tatra Mts., 1100 m., Dolina Jaworzynka, 7.vi1.2001, J. Buszko leg.; 19 Polska, Bory Stobrawskie,

Dobrodzien, 11.v.1991, leg. A. Guziak; 19 Polska, distr. Zary, Pietrzykow, 11.v.1998, A. Kokot leg.

Lomaspilis bithynica Wehrli, 1954

Diagnosis. External features. Forewing length: male 14.0-15.0 mm (average 14.5),

female 11.5-13.0 mm (average 12.3) (most females were bred). Forewing of L. opis

nigrita males approximately 2 mm shorter (12.5 mm), whereas L. marginata males

about 1.2 mm shorter (13.3 mm). Females of all three species similar in forewing

length. Pattern of fore- and hindwings generally as in other two Lomaspilis species;

differences expressed in shades and shapes of spots. Basal and median spots black

with bluish suffusion. Terminal band pure black. Ground colour white, apart from

costa (in bred females sometimes yellowish). Basal spot trapezoid, slightly concave

between Cu and An veins, not oval as in L. opis and not as elongate as in L. marginata.

Black medial band distal at M2 and CuA2 with two deep constrictions; at CuA2 often

interrupted (Figs. 13-15). In L. opis, the medial band 1s broader, the concave constric-

tions are not so deeply, but mostly it is interrupted at CuA2. Terminal black band

medial concavity deepest and more angled on both fore- and hindwing. Shape and

continuity of medial band of both wings and width of medial concavity in terminal

black band variable. L. opis wing pattern with similar variability, but medial band rarely

continuous. Most important variation found in L. marginata, for which medial band

can be reduced to one costal spot on forewings and nothing on hindwings.

Male genitalia (Figs. 1-3). (L. bithynica: n=5; L. opis nigrita: n=10; L. marginata:

n=6). Valva of L. bithynica distally slightly narrower than in L. opis, but almost

uniform in shape in the three species. Basal process of costa hook-shaped, more

sinuate and longer than that of L. opis and L. marginata. Medial part of costa curved

abruptly, curved regularly in other two species. Saccus triangular without distinct pair

of wrinkles in middle, but present in the two other species (Figs. Ic, 3c). Width of

tip of costa variable in all species. Vesica pear-shaped: anteriorly narrow, medially

becoming wider, posteriorly twice anterior width; anterior part covered with minute

spines at one side; posterior end with one row of cornuti, attached opposite to ductus

ejaculatorius; at base of ductus ejaculatorius, vesica forming a small globular diverti-

culum. The latter is absent in the other species in which the vesica is more simply

built: elongate, cylindrical in L. marginata (Fig. 3) and kidney-shaped in L. opis

(Fig. 1). Number, shape, and distribution of cornuti variable and not diagnostic

(8-12 for L. bithynica, 12-15 for L. opis, 8-14 for L. marginata).

Female genitalia (Figs. 4-6). ( L. bithynica: n=6 from Greece and Turkey; L. opis

nigrita: n=9; L. marginata: n=6). Antrum cup-shaped, more strongly sclerotized

posteriorly. Ostium comparatively wider than in L. opis. Colliculum large, strongly

sclerotized; it is narrower in L. opis and only weakly developed in L. marginata.

Bursa copulatrix pear-shaped in L. opis and L. marginata, but in L. marginata more

spherical anteriorly. In L. bithynica bag-shaped, highly dependent on maturation stage.

182 GELBRECHT et al.: Lomaspilis bithynica stat. rev. new for Europe

Figs. 1-3. Male genitalia of Lomaspilis spp. 1. L. opis nigrita from Poland. 2. L. bithynica stat. rev. from

Turkey. 3. L. marginata from Poland. a, b. Aedeagus with everted vesica (viewed from both sides).

c. Saccus enlarged. d. General view with aedeagus removed (scale bar 0.5 mm).

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 179-186 183

Figs. 4—6. Female genitalia of Lomaspilis spp., ventral view. 4. L. opis nigrita from Poland. 5. L. bithynica

stat. rev. from Greece, Aliakmon River; 5a. Bursa copulatrix of virgin female, not expanded from Turkey,

Korga Dagi, above Köprüköy near Ispir. 6. L. marginata from Poland, Karkonosze Mts. (scale bars

0.5 mm).

Shape of asteroid signum strongly variable in all species; localized on ventral side of

bursa in L. bithynica and L. marginata, but at bottom of bursa in L. opis.

Distribution. L. bithynica is known from many sites in northern and north-eastern

Turkey and from one locality in Greece (Prov. Nomos Grevenon). This is the first

record of this species for Europe. According to Ebert (pers. comm.) no specimens of

the genus Lomaspilis are known from Iran. The distribution of L. bithynica is strongly

isolated from that of L. opis which ranges from eastern Poland, eastern Slovakia and

Finland through Russia and the East Palaearctic region (Malkiewicz & Sosinski 2000,

Müller 1996, Skou 1984, Viidalepp 1996). L. marginata is a common species through-

out most regions of Europe and its range extends to eastern Asia, southward to

northern Turkey and the Caucasus.

Life history. Habitats of L. bithynica are deciduous forests with Populus tremula,

the only known host plant, in mountains at an altitude of 600 m above sea-level in

Greece and between 800-2,300 m a.s.l. in Turkey. This univoltine species flies from

the end of May until the end of July. Under breeding conditions a few specimens of a

second generation emerged in September and at the beginning of October. Adults were

collected at light but also sometimes during the day like other Lomaspilis species.

184 GELBRECHT et al.: Lomaspilis bithynica stat. rev. new for Europe

Figs. 7-8. Holotype of Lomaspilis bithynica, female (ZFMK).7. Specimen. 8. Labels.

Discussion. Most authors of previous studies on the morphology and taxonomy of the

genus Lomaspilis emphasized the poor or non-existent value of the male and female

genitalia for determination at the species level (Wehrli 1954; Buszko & Bengtsson

1991; Riemis 1992). However, Heydemann (1936) recognized about 10 diagnostic

characters in both sexes. According to our analysis only three of these are more or less

useful: the shape of the saccus (and arrangement of wrinkles) in males, the shape of

the bursa, and width of the ostium bursae in females. The other features listed by

Heydemann are not suitable, particularly regarding the male’s uncus, shape of the

valva, the number and shape of the cornuti, and the shape of the signum in females.

The last especially, repeated and illustrated by Riemis (1992), can be misleading

because of wide intraspecific variability. The only reliable male character we could

find is the form of the vesica. Another doubtful character regarded as diagnostic is the

black colour of the dots and bands on the wings as well as on the head, thorax, and

abdomen. In L. bithynica the black markings are not more black than those of

L. opis nigrita, and both species are not always distinctive from L. marginata by

the intensity of its black markings. There are some examples of L. marginata

specimens that are more black than brown in collections and in the literature (Buszko

& Bengtsson 1991). On the contrary, the pure white ground colour of the wings in

L. bithynica seems to be diagnostic, at least for males.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. D. Stiining, ZFMK, Bonn, for finding and taking a photograph

of the holotype of L. bithynica, Dr. W. Hogenes, ZMA, Amsterdam, for the loan of type material, G. Ebert

for information on the genus Lomaspilis in Iran, Dr. M. Nuss, Museum fir Tierkunde Dresden, and

Dr. W. Mey, Naturkundemuseum Berlin, for helpful comments on nomenclatural problems, Dr. A.

Hausmann, Minchen, for borrowing material from ZSM, Prof. J. Buszko, Torun and A. Kokot, Wroclaw,

for access to their collections, and T. Drechsel, Neubrandenburg, Dr. H. Lobel, Sondershausen, Dr. B.

Müller, Berlin, D. Noack, Wildau, Dr. M. Ochse, Bad Diirkheim, M. Petersen, Darmstadt, for informa-

tion on new records of L. bithynica and breeding experiments. We also thank two anonymous reviewers

for improvement of the manuscript.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 179-186 185

Figs. 9-20. Variability of wing pattern elements of Lomaspilis spp. 9-12. L. opis nigrita from Poland:

9. Male, Puszcza Borecka; 10-12. Females, Mikaszowka, Plaska, Puszcza Augustowska. 13-16.

L. bithynica stat. rev. from Turkey: 13. Male, 14-16. Females, Korga Dagi, above Köprüköy near Ispir.

17-20. L. marginata from Poland: 17. Male, Torun; 18. Female, Dobrodzien; 19. male, Tatra Mts., Dolina

Jaworzynka; 20. Female, Pietrzykow.

References

Bergmann, A. 1955. Die GroBschmetterlinge Mitteldeutschlands. 5 (2) Spanner. — Urania-Verlag, Leipzig

et Jena, 1267 pp.

Buszko, J. & B. A. Bengtsson 1991. First records of some Lepidoptera in Poland. — Polskie Pismo

Entomologiczne 61: 47-56.

Ebert, G., Steiner, A. & R. Trusch 2003. Ennominae. pp. 294-579. — In: G. Ebert (ed.), Die Schmetter-

linge Baden-Württembergs. 9 (7) Nachtfalter. — Ulmer, Stuttgart.

Heydemann, F. 1936. Lomaspilis opis Btlr. subsp. nigrita f. nov. eine fiir Europa neue Geometride. —

Entomologische Zeitschrift 49: 510-512, 522-524.

International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomen-

clature, 4th edition. — The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London. xxx, 306 pp.

Malkiewicz A. & J. Sosiñski 2000. Lasiocampidae, Endromididae-Saturniidae, Lemoniidae, Sphingidae,

Drepanidae, Geometridae, Notodontidae, Arctiidae. — In: J. Buszko & J. Nowacki (eds.), The

Lepidoptera of Poland. A Distributional Checklist. — Polish Entomological Monographs 1. — Polskie

Towarzystwo Entomologiczne (Poznan & Torun): 83-86, 93-112, 134-136.

186 GELBRECHT et al.: Lomaspilis bithynica stat. rev. new for Europe

Müller, B. 1996. Geometridae. pp. 218-249. — In: O. Karsholt & J. Razowski (eds.), The Lepidoptera of

Europe. A distributional checklist. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 380 pp.

Riemis, A. 1992. Geometridae of Turkey 2. Lomaspilis opis bithynica ssp. n., a new species for Turkey

(Lepidoptera: Geometridae). — Phegea 20 (4): 131-135.

Scoble, M. J. (ed.) 1999. Geometrid moths of the world. A catalogue. 2 vols. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup,

1016 pp.

Sihvonen 2001. Everted vesicae of the Timandra griseata group: methodology and differential features

(Geometridae, Sterrhinae). — Nota lepidopterologica 24 (3): 57-63.

Skou, P. 1984. Nordens Malere. Handbog over de danske og fennoskandiske arter af Drepanidae og

Geometridae (Lepidoptera). — Fauna Boger & Apollo Boger. Kobenhavn & Svendborg, 332 pp.

Viidalepp, J. 1996. Checklist of the Geometridae (Lepidoptera) of the former U.S.S.R. — Apollo Books,

Stenstrup, 111 pp.

Wehrli, E. 1954. Die Spanner des Paläarktischen Faunengebietes, Vol. 4, suppl. Die spannerartigen

Nachfalter. — In: A. Seitz (ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. — A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp.

254-766.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 187-192 187

Leucoptera lathyrifoliella (Stainton, 1866) and L. orobi

(Stainton, 1870): two distinct species (Lyonetiidae)

Lauri KAILA ! & Bo WIKSTROM 2

! Finnish Museum of Natural History, P. ©. Box 17, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland;

e-mail: lauri.kaila@helsinki.fi

2 Yli-Haakkointie 13, FI-03100 Nummela, Finland

Abstract. Leucoptera lathyrifoliella (Stainton, 1866) and L. orobi (Stainton, 1870) are considered dis-

tinct species on the basis of constant differences in the morphology of both male and female genitalia.

No support was found for literature statements of differences in external appearance between the species.

Likewise, the presumed differences in their host plants appear uncertain or erroneous, since both species

exploit several host plant species in the plant genera Vicia and Lathyrus.

Key words. Lyonetiidae, Leucoptera lathyrifoliella, orobi, distinct species.

Introduction

Species of the genus Leucoptera Hubner, [1825] (Lyonetiidae) are very small moths

with typically silky white or grey forewing ground colour and distinctive eye-spots

at apex of the wing. The taxonomy of the West-Palaearctic species of the genus

was recently revised by Mey (1994), who recognised twenty species to occur in the

area.

Among the species, some uncertainty has occurred in the taxonomic status of

L. lathyrifoliella (Stainton, 1866) and L. orobi (Stainton, 1870). Pierce & Metcalfe

(1935) and Buszko (1981) illustrate the genitalia of these species. Their pictures, well

in agreement with each other, display obvious differences between them. However,

Mey (1994) considered them conspecific and accordingly synonymised L. orobi with

L lathyrifoliella. Baraniak (1996) reports L. lathyrifoliella (including L. orobi) to

occur in western, central and northern Europe. In Finland, both L. lathyrifoliella

and L. orobi have been reported to occur. However, L. orobi was excluded from, e.g.,

the Finnish checklist (Varis et al. 1995) following Mey (1994). According to the

literature, these species are identifiable by their wing pattern as well, and they are

reported to have different host plants. Lathyrus linifolius (= L. montanus) is reported

to be the host plant of L. orobi. The record of L. tuberosus as another host plant is

considered a confusion due to plant nomenclature (Emmet 1985). Lathyrus sylvestris

and L. pannonicus are listed as host plants of L. lathyrifoliella (Emmet 1985, 1988;

Mey 1994).

The separation of these supposed taxa seems not possible using external appearance

of adults. The wing pattern of both species varies more than mentioned in the litera-

ture, and differences suggested in the literature (e.g. hindwing fringe, cf. Emmet 1985)

could not be verified after examination of over 50 specimens of both species. More-

over, both species have proven to exploit several host plants. Therefore, the host plant

cannot be used as identification guide either. Yet, structures in both male and female

genitalia possess features that constantly differ between the taxa L. lathyrifoliella and

L. orobi. After examination of the genitalia of a considerable number of individuals

188 KAILA & WIKSTROM: Leucoptera lathyrifoliella and L. orobi

Figs. 1-2. Adults of Leucoptera. 1. L. orobi. 2. L. lathyrifoliella.

we suggest that L. lathyrifoliella and L. orobi are indeed distinct species, in agreement

with Pierce & Metcalfe (1935) and Buszko (1981). In this paper we revise the taxo-

nomy of L. lathyrifoliella and L. orobi, largely based on Finnish material. We provide

diagnoses and illustrate the differentiating characters for these species. |

The terminology follows Mey (1994). Material for the study was obtained from the

following collections: BMNH (The Natural History Museum, London, UK., K.

Tuck), MNHB (Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universitat Berlin, Germany, W.

Mey), MZH (Zoological Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of

Helsinki, Finland, L. Kaila), NMS (National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh,

Scotland, K. P. Bland) and the following private collections: Jari Junnilainen (Vantaa,

Finland), Marko & Tomi Mutanen (Oulu, Finland), Kari Nupponen (Espoo, Finland)

and Kari Vaalamo (Espoo, Finland).

Leucoptera orobi (Stainton, 1870) Figs. 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9

Material. Lectotype 9 slide of Cemiostoma orobi Stainton labelled: Cemiostoma / orobi STAINTON /

lectotype / Scarboro / Mey 13/02 II. 02; BMNH Microlep. / 30226 / Euparal. BMNH, here designated.

Estonia: Kogula, 20.vi.1994 19 J. Junnilainen leg. (slide BW 4891); Paldiski 2.vi.2000 19 J.

Junnilainen leg. (slide BW 4292); Finland: Al: Kökar, Hamnö, 27.vi.1948 19 A. Nordman leg. (slide

BW 4863), e. p. 1948 20° A. Nordman leg. (slides BW 4854, 4855); Kökar 666:15 24.vi.1991 19 J.

Junnilainen leg. (slide BW 4890); EK: Virolahti 671:53 28.vi.1999 10° J.-P. Kaitila leg. (slide BW 4913);

EH: Hattula 677:35, 9.vi.1988 10° Nupponen leg. (slide BW 4851); Somero 672:30 6.v1.2000 29, 19 T.

Mutanen leg. (slides BW 4833, 4834 (Q), BW 4841 (©)); 5.vi.2000, 19, 19 T. Mutanen leg. (slides BW

4835 (9), BW 4840 (S')), 13.vi.2000 19 T. Mutanen leg. (slide BW 4836); ES: Imatra 678:59, 14.v1.1998

19, 29 M. Mutanen leg., slides BW 4837 (©), BW 4838 (9) BW 4839 (9); Imatra 678:59,

10-12.v1.2000 1, 39 B. Wikström leg. (slides BW 4843 (9), BW 4844 (9), BW 4845 (9), BW 4846

(S)); Joutseno 667:58 4.v1.1989 19 T. & K. Nupponen leg. (slide BW 4366), 10.v1.2000 19 B.

Wikström leg. (slide BW 4818); Latvia: Skaune 18.v.1998 19 J. Junnilainen leg. (slide BW 4893);

United Kingdom: Ballyvaghan Clare, 5.vi.1971 1S E. C. Pelham-Clinton leg., E.C.P-C.No. 27438 (ex

larva Lathyrus), NMSZ 1989.035, (slide BW 4856, Coll. NMS); Ventnor, Isle of Wight 5.vi.1971 19 E.

C. Pelham-Clinton leg., E.C.P-C.No.27439, ex larva Lathyrus sylvestris, leg. 1968, slide BW 4857;

Aviemore, Inv. 24.vi.1969 10 E. C. Pelham-Clinton leg., E.C.P-C.No.25949, (ex larva Lathyrus), slide

BW 4858, Coll. NMS.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 187-192 189

ee ee

| note 5

#9 i A

7 dp he ay

"4 : Pee

eed ie

Aye in

u ne ‘

' = \ #

' : Bi . :

3% , à 4 ER +4 PI AN i

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er en #5 fy 0 j fy We Sac

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ior L t

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Figs. 3-5. Abdomina of Leucoptera, Pe the seta vestiture of terga. 3. L. orobi. 4. lese of L.

orobi. 5. L. lathyrifoliella.

Diagnosis. For habitus see Fig. 1. Abdominal terga densely covered by stout setae (Fig. 3).

Male genitalia (Fig. 6). Valva rounded at base, forming an acute-tipped extensi-

on apically, evenly tapered. Pleurallobus basally dilated, distolaterally with equally

long triangular lobe. Phallotheca basally with large dilation (bulbus ejaculatorius),

about 1.5 times broader than long. The semicircular nodose extension of gnathos and

tegumen typical to L. lathyrifoliella vestigial.

Female genitalia (Fig. 8). Sternum 8 broad triangular, ostium bursae about half

the width of sternum 8 since sternum 8 surrounds it by broadly sclerotised wall.

Life history. Emmet (1985) reports Lathyrus linifolius to be the host plant of L. orobi.

In Finland it has also been found in sites where no Lathyrus grows, only Vicia cracca

and V. sepium present as possible host plants. However, to our knowledge it has never

been reared from either of these plant species. According to Emmet (1988) L. orobi

has two generations in England. The first brood hatches from hibernated pupae during

May, and the second brood flies during July. According to Emmet (1985) Z. orobi

occasionally develops a scarce second brood during July although a majority of pupae

have a diapause and hibernate two or even more times. Collecting experience in

Finland seems to support the view that L. orobi is single-brooded in Finland, the

flying period from early to late June. No records from July are available.

Distribution. Finland, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, U. K. (Scotland).

Remarks. The lectotype specimen possesses the diagnostic features of L. orobi, 1. e.

the shape of ostium bursae (Fig. 6) and the dense seta vestiture in abdominal terga

(cf. Fig. 5). The latter character is, however, somewhat variable and should not alone

be used in species identification.

190 KAILA & WIKSTROM: Leucoptera lathyrifoliella and L. orobi

Figs. 6—7. Male genitalia of Leucoptera (for each fig., top: valvae, vinculum, pleurallobus; bottom left:

gnathos and tegumen; bottom right: aedeagus). 6. L. orobi. 7. L. lathyrifoliella.

Leucoptera lathyrifoliella (Stainton, 1866) Figs. 2, 5, 7, 10

Material. England: Three syntypes and one pin without specimen: South Devon, Teignemouth,

Lathyrus, e.1. 30.7.1861, Coll. Jordan. BMNH; South Devon, Branscombe, 19 2.vi.1982 J. Langmaid leg.

& Coll., 19, 29 e.l. ex Lathyrus pratensis, larvae 9.vini.1987, emg. 7.-12.v.1988 J. Langmaid leg. &

Coll. Finland: V: Pargas (no date) 19, 29 A. Nordman leg. (slides BW 3239, 4847 (Q), 4860 (©))

(ZMH); Turku 670:23.v1.1998 19, 19 e. 1., T. Mutanen leg. (slides BW 4830 (9), BW 4831 (@)), vi.2000

29 e. |., T. Mutanen leg. (slides BW 4832, 4861); 20.vi1.1992 19, 29 T. & K. Nupponen leg. (slides BW

4848, 4849 (Q), 4850 (&); Vihti, Nummela, 669:35 19 e.l. 1995 B. Wikström leg. (slide BW 4885); U:

Inkoo 666:32 10.vi.1996 19 B. Wikström leg. (slide BW 4842), 1.vi.1993 19 B. Wikström leg. (slide

BW 3988). Germany: Kyffhäuser 29, ex Latyhrus sylvaticus (Zool. Mus. Berlin).

Diagnosis. For habitus see Fig. 2. Abdominal terga usually sparsely covered by stout

setae (cf. Fig. 8 and remarks below).

Male genitalia (Fig. 7). Valva evenly tapered to acute tip. Pleurallobus broadest

medially, apically gradually tapered. Bulbus ejaculatorius about as broad as long.

Gnathos and tegumen with nodose semicircular extension.

Female genitalia (Fig. 10). Sternum 8 anteriorly broad, lateroposteriorly inward

curved, thus being posteriorly narrow cylindrical. Ostium bursae as broad as the

posterior part of sternum 8, insignificantly surrounded by sclerotisation.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 187-192 191

ff, 7

Fa LD

N ys, WN fhe nn

XNA a 3 ve

the y

BEN

7 tae 11

2 N,

1. À 7 SS.

+ j 1 “>

» ‘

Life history. Emmet (1985) reports L. lathyrifoliella from Lathyrus sylvestris. John

Langmaid (personal communication) has reared this species from Lathyrus pratensis.

In Finland it has been reared from both Lathyrus sylvestris and Lathyrus linifolius.

In Finland it has also been found in sites where no Lathyrus grows, only Vicia cracca

and V. sepium present as possible host plants. However, to our knowledge it has never

been reared from either of these plant species. L. lathyrifoliella has two generations in

Finland as in England. The first generation flies from late May to mid-June, and the

second generation during July.

Distribution. Finland, Germany, U. K. (England).

Remarks. The type series of L. lathyrifoliella, preserved in BMNH, does not contain

any specimens with abdomen left. There are no slides available, either. We base our

opinion on the identity of the name L. lathyrifoliella on recent samples collected

in close vicinity of the type locality. These specimens, both the male and females

examined, share all the genital features of L. lathyrifoliella of authors. However, the

abdominal seta vestiture is quite dense, like on specimens of L. orobi. This indicates

that this character may be more variable than otherwise observed.

Acknowledgements

We are deeply indebted to the following persons for loan of material: K. P. Bland, Jari Junnilainen, John

Langmaid, Wolfram Mey, Marko & Tomi Mutanen, K. Nupponen, K. R. Tuck (The Natural History

Museum, London) and Kari Vaalamo. Wolfram Mey and two anonymous referees are also thanked for

their valuable comments

References

Baraniak, E. 1996. Lyonetiidae. pp. 62-63. — In: O. Karsholt & J. Razowski (eds.), The Lepidoptera of

Europe. A distributional checklist. Apollo Books, Stenstrup.

Buszko, J. 1981. Klucze do oznaczania owadow Polski. Zeszyt 25-28: Cemiostomidae, Phyllocnistidae,

Lyonetiidae, Oinophilidae. — Polskie Towarzystwo Entomologiczne 118: 3-58.

Emmet, A. M. 1985. Lyonetiidae. pp. 215-239. — In: J. Heath & A. M. Emmet (eds.), The Moths and

Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 2: Cossidae-Heliodinidae. Harley Books, Colchester.

19?

KAILA & WIKSTROM: Leucoptera lathyrifoliella and L. orobi

Emmet, A. M. 1988. A field guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera. 2"d edition. — The British

Entomological & Natural History Society. London. 288 pp.

Mey, W. 1994. Taxonomische Bearbeitung der westpaläerctischen Arten der Gattung Leucoptera Hübner,

[1825], s. 1. — Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift (N.F.) 41: 173-234.

Pierce, F. N. & J. W. Metcalfe, 1935. The genitalia of the Tineid—families of the Lepidoptera of the British

Islands. — Oundle, Northants, 116 pp, 68 pls.

Varis, V. (ed.), M. Ahola, A. Albrecht, J. Jalava, L. Kaila, S. Kerppola & J. Kullberg 1995. Checklist of

Finnish Lepidoptera — Suomen perhosten luettelo. — Sahlbergia 2: 1-80.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 193-194 193

On the identity of Epinotia berolinensis (Amsel, 1932)

(Tortricidae: Olethreutinae)

TIMM KARISCH

Museum fiir Naturkunde und Vorgeschichte Dessau, Askanische StraBe 32, D-06842 Dessau, Germany.

Abstract. After studying the female holotype of Epiblema berolinensis Amsel, 1932, the name was found

to be a synonym of Rhopobota stagnana ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775).

Zusammenfassung. Der Name Epiblema berolinensis Amsel, 1932 syn. n. wird nach Untersuchung des

weiblichen Holotyps als Synonym von Rhopobota stagnana ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) erkannt.

Key words. Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Olethreutinae, Epinotia, Rhopobota, synonymie

In the spring of 2004 I had the possibility to carry out some studies on the Tortricidae

of the Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde, Karlsruhe. By chance I found the holotype

of Epiblema berolinensis Amsel, 1932 (Fig. 1). Amsel (1932: 18-19) described this

species on the basis of one female from Berlin—Lichterfelde captured on July 18th,

1928. He compared it with Epinotia nemorivaga (Tengstrom, 1848) (then placed in

Epiblema), but pointed out that FE. berolinensis has an isolated position within the

genus Epiblema Hubner, [1825].

Razowski (2001, 2003) mentioned this species as Epinotia berolinensis (Amsel,

1932). Because the holotype was considered to be lost for a long time the status of the

species could not be verified (Razowski 1999, 2003).

After dissecting the genitalia it was found that E. berolinensis is actually the same as

Rhopobota stagnana ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) under which name it is here

synonymized (Epiblema berolinensis Amsel, 1932 syn. n.). The female genitalia

(Fig. 2) show the characteristic slender sclerite of the posterior part of the corpus

bursae, the laterally extended sterigma, and the broad shape of the subgenital sternite.

The forewings of the type specimen of E. berolinensis are very poorly marked and the

grey ground-color is dusted with light yellow scales. That is the reason why at first

glance this holotype resembles Epinotia sordidana (Hübner, 1824). However, upon

closer examination the characteristic pattern of Rhopobota stagnana ([Denis &

Schiffermüller], 1775) is recognizable and £. berolinensis just represents a yellowish,

poor patterned aberration of R. stagnana. The latter is not common in the counties of

Berlin and Brandenburg (Blackstein 2002), but was already mentioned by Amsel

(1930) for Berlin-Lichterfelde.

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank Dr. R. Trusch, Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde Karlsruhe (LNK) for the loan of the

specimen and his support during my visit in Karlsruhe as well as Mrs. Ch. Hebig and Dr. M. Nuß,

Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, for providing literature and for arranging the photo.

194 KARISCH: Epinotia berolinensis

Figs. 1-2. Holotype of Epiblema berolinensis Amsel, 1932 from [Germany], Berlin-Lichterfelde,

18.v11.1928, H. Amsel leg. (prep. Karisch 1780), SMNK. 1. Habitus. 2. Female genitalia (scale 0.1 mm).

References

Amsel, H. G. 1930. Die Microlepidopterenfauna der Mark Brandenburg nach dem heutigen Stande unserer

Kenntnisse. — Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 44 (2): 83-96; ibidem 44 (3): 97-132.

Amsel, H. G. 1932. Neue mitteleuropäische Kleinschmetterlinge und Bemerkungen über Melasina lugubris

Hb. und M. ciliaris ©. (Lep.). — Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1932: 18-24, pl. 1.

Blackstein, H. 1992. Die Tortricidae-Fauna der Lander Brandenburg und Berlin (Insecta: Lepidoptera). —

Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde. 67 pp.

Razowski, J. 1999. Catalogue of the species of Tortricidae. Part V: Palaearctic Eucosmina and Enarmoniina

(Insecta: Lepidoptera). — Shilap Revista lepidopterologica 27 (108): 437-506.

Razowski, J. 2001. Die Tortriciden (Lepdioptera, Tortricidae) Mitteleuropas. — F. Slamka, Bratislava. 319 pp.

Razowski, J. 2003. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) of Europe. Volume 2: Olethreutinae. — F. Slamka, Bratislava.

301 pp.

Nota lepid. 27 (2): 195-197 195

What is Cossus sareptensis Rothschild, 1912 (Cossidae)?

ROMAN V. YAKOVLEV

57-81, Chkalova str., RU-656049 Barnaul, Russian Federation; e-mail: yakovlev_r@mail.ru

Abstract. A new combination, Holcocerus sareptensis (Rothschild, 1912) comb. n., is proposed and a

redescription is given for this rare and little-known species of Cossidaefrom the Volga region in Russia.

Key words. Cossus sareptensis, Holcocerus, Volga region, Russia.

Presently, Cossidae still remain one of the less studied families of Macroheterocera.

For instance, the recently published catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Europe, which

included Cossidae (de Freina 1996), missed the little-known Cossus sareptensis

Rothschild, 1912, considered below.

Cossus sareptensis was described by Rothschild (1912: 451) based on a single male.

The type locality was given as “Sarepta” (now Krasnoarmeisk, Volgograd Province,

Russia). This species, described within the genus Cossus Fabricius, 1793, was

mentioned by subsequent authors (Daniel 1956: 278, pl. 10 fig. 3; Zagulyaev 1973:

184; Anikin, Sachkov & Zolotuhin 2000: 275) in the original combination although

these authors did not examine the holotype; only F. Daniel had a black-and-white

photograph. Through the courtesy of the Trustee Council of The Natural History

Museum (British Museum [Natural History]) I was provided with a high quality scan

of the holotype, its genitalia slide, and the labels. The exterior, genitalia (the uncus

shape, the structure of the transtilla processes, the specific round tubercle on the

valva), and the antennal structure (with no pectinate processes on segments) (Daniel

1959) provide evidence that the species belongs in fact to the genus Holcocerus

Staudinger, 1884 (type species: Cossus (Holcocerus) nobilis Staudinger, 1884, by

original designation). Therefore, a new combination is proposed. Taking into account

the lack of information concerning this species, a redescription is provided.

Holcocerus sareptensis (Rothschild, 1912) comb. n. (Figs. 1-3)

Cossus sareptensis Rothschild, 1912: 451; Daniel, 1956: 278, Taf. X: 3; Zagulyaev, 1973: 184; Anikin,

Sachkov & Zolotuhin, 2000: 275.

Material. Holotype P (by monotypy): a well-preserved specimen with the abdomen’s distal end cut off

and the following labels: (1) handwritten on white paper in a blue box in Indian ink “Srpt.[Sarepta] |

Stgr.[Staudinger]”; (2) handwritten on red paper in Indian ink “Cossus | sareptensis | Type,

Rothsch.[ild]”; (3) printed round label with red margin “Type”; (4) typed on blue paper “Cossidae |

genitalia slide | No. 239” (The Natural History Museum, London).

Redescription. Wing expanse 31 mm, forewing length 13 mm. Antenna not pectinate,

its segments without processes. Forewing upperside ground-color light-brown; pattern

lighter in middle and with narrow wavy lines becoming more distinct closer to outer

margin; fringe ochre-colored, darker at vein apices. Hindwing upperside grey without

pattern; fringe ochre-colored.

196 YAKOVLEV: Cossus sareptensis Rothschild

Figs. 1-2. Holotype of Holcocerus sareptensis (Rothschild, 1912). 1. Specimen. 2. Labels.

Fig. 3. Holcocerus sareptensis (Rothschild, 1912), holotype, genitalia, frontal projection

Nota lepid. 27 (2): 195-197 197

Male genitalia. Uncus blunt, angular, short, thickly sclerotized at apex. Gnathos

arms long. Gnathos blade-like, formed by two merged halves. Valva characteristic of

genus Holcocerus, sclerotized with membranous apex, wide with a round tubercle on

dorsal margin. Arms of transtilla hook-shaped (with curved distal ends) well sclero-

tized. Saccus round. Aedeagus curved. Vesica without cornuti.

Female. Unknown.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality, Krasnoarmeisk in the Volgograd

Province, Russia.

Remarks. This is quite a peculiar species quite well differing from other known rep-

resentatives of the genus by a reduced wing pattern and a wide uncus. Externally, it is

most similar to the Central Asian Holcocerus campicola (Eversmann, 1854).

Acknowledgements

The kind help of Mr. Geoff Martin (The Natural History Museum, London), curator of the Moths

collection, made this study possible. The images are published with permission of the Council of

Trustees of this museum.

References

Anikin, V. V., S. A. Sachkov & V. V. Zolotuhin 2000. “Fauna lepidopterologica Volgo-Uralensis” 150 years

later: changes and additions. Part 2. Bombyces and Sphinges (Insecta, Lepidoptera). — Atalanta 31

(1/2): 265-292.

Daniel, F. 1956. Monographie der palaearctischen Cossidae. II. Die Genera Cossus Fabr. und

Lamellocossus gen. n. (Lep.). — Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 46:

243-289, pls. 8-10.

DANIEL, F. 1959. Monographie der palaearktischen Cossidae. III. Das Genus Holcocerus Stgr. —

Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft E.V. 49: 102—160, pls. 2—5.

FREINA, J. DE 1996. Cossidae. Pp. 129-130. In: O. Karsholt & J. Razowski (eds.), The Lepidoptera of

Europe. A distribution Checklist. — Apollo Books.

ROTHSCHILD, W. v. 1912. Verbesserungen und Zusatze zu den Cossiden. Pp. 450-452. In: A. Seitz.

Die Gross-Schemetterlinge der Erde. Die palaearktischen Spinner & Schwarmer. — Alfred Kernen. —

Stuttgart.

ZAGULYAEV, A. K. 1978. Cossidae — Drevotochzy. P. 184. In: G. S. Medvedev (ed.), Opredelitel'

nasekomykh evropeiskoi chasti SSSR. V. IV Cheshuekrylye. (1). — Leningrad, Nauka (in Russian).

198 Book review

Hermann Hacker & Heinz Peks (eds.) 2004. Esperiana. Buchreihe zur Entomo-

logie. Vol. 10 [incl. one extra sheet with corrigenda and addenda for volumes 8 and 9].

— Delta Druck und Verlag Schwanfeld: 784 pp. — Hardcover (ISBN: 3-9802644-9-1).

199 €. (in English)

The book series Esperiana, of which the first volume became published in 1990, predominantly

deals with the taxonomy and faunistic of Palaearctic Noctuidae and insects from Yemen.

Now, the tenth volume of the series has been published, containing three works on Noctuidae.

The majority of this volume, altogether 683 pages and 27 colour-plates, is occupied by a

comprehensive revision of the genus Caradrina Ochsenheimer, 1816 (Noctuidae: Amphipyrinae:

Caradrini) by Hermann Hacker. Two other papers are dealing with a first record of Caradrina

suscianja from Italy (two pages written by Stoyan Beshkov, Andrea Grassi & Alberto Zilli) and

the Eublemma-species from Yemen (26 pages and two colour-plates written by Michael

Fibiger & Hermann Hacker). The entire volume is completed by an alphabetic index of the

scientific names.

The Caradrina-revision gives diagnoses and autapomorphies for the Caradrina-genus group,

comprising beside Caradrina the genera Hoplodrina Boursin, 1937, Stenodrina Boursin, 1937,

and Stygiodrina Boursin, 1937. Diagnoses and autapomorphies are also given for the eight

subgenera of Caradrina, of which four are newly described. 33 species and 11 subspecies are

described as new, the status of 12 species-group-names is changed, 21 species group names are

regarded as new synonyms, and 26 species are transferred to other genera. Altogether,

Caradrina now comprises 155 species. Most of them occur in the Palaearctic region, a few

are known from the Nearctic and Afrotropical regions. For each species, historical descriptions

are cited with full text, the examined material is listed and a diagnosis of external and genitalia

characters including variability and possibilities for misidentifications are given. The distribu-

tion of each species is explained in detail and supported by a distribution map. Finally,

reference is made to life-history data. The entire revision concludes with the numerous colour-

figures of the moths and high quality black and white photographs of the genitalia slides. Text

and figures of the revision enable the reader to identify the taxa dependably. Outstanding are

the explanations on male genitalia characters and their terminology, the quality of the many

genitalia figures as well as the colour figures of the moths specimens and their labels.

Although the author writes much about the phylogeny of the taxa treated and that 'the results

were scored and documented in matrices’, no details are presented. Indeed, nothing is stated

which program has been used, a character matrix and a tree are absent. It remains questionable

for the reader, why the results of this huge work are not shown and thus all the statements on

the phylogeny can not be verified. The English text contains several vague wordings and

the distribution maps do not show the precise dots of available records given in the material

chapters. However, despite of these three critical points, the revision is well done and illustrated

and follows the normal standards for a revision. All taxonomic information given can be

verified and the results allow to identify the superficial very similar species of Caradrina.

MATTHIAS NUSS

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 199-216 199

Discovery of the genus Epimarptis Meyrick, 1914

(Gelechioidea: Coleophoridae s. 1.) in Japan, with the

description of a new species

KAZUHIRO SUGISIMA

Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,

060-8589 Japan; e-mail: ksugi@res.agr.hokudai.ac.jp

Abstract. Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n. is described on the basis of specimens collected at several localities

in Honshü, Japan. The following characters are illustrated: the habitus, head appendages, wing locking

system and venation, thoracic and abdominal skeletons, abdominal vestiture, and genitalia. E. hiranoi is

the fourth member of the genus Epimarptis Meyrick, 1914 and the first representative discovered in

regions other than South Asia. It can be distinguished from congeneric species in the colouration of the

forewing. In the thoracic skeletons, the new species has several characters not found in other genera of

Coleophoridae s. 1..

Key words. Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n., Japan, head appendages, thoracic skeletons, genitalia,

Epimarptis, Coleophoridae s. 1..

Introduction

Meyrick (1914) established the genus Epimarptis to describe the type species,

Epimarptis philocoma Meyrick, 1914. Up until now the genus had been represented

by three species (Meyrick 1914, 1917, 1931, 1936): E. philocoma was recorded from

Bombay, India, E. septicodes Meyrick, 1917 from Maskeliya, the Democratic

Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, and E. isoloxa Meyrick, 1931 from Assam, India.

Most of the generic characters of Epimarptis given in the original description are typi-

cal of the members of superfamily Gelechioidea where the genus is currently placed.

Excluding the characters typical of gelechioids, the generic characters given in the ori-

ginal description are as follows: antennae in male near the base with a notch covered

by an oblique tooth beneath it; pecten absent; in forewing venation M1 stalked with

stem of R4+5, R5 reaching termen instead of costa; in hindwing venation Rs and M1

stalked, M2 absent. The presence or absence of a pecten sometimes varies within a

genus. Smaller-sized gelechioids generally have the forewing M1 stalked with the

stem of R4+5 and the hindwing with less than three M-veins. According to Meyrick

(1931), E. isoloxa has the same wing venation as the type species. On the other hand,

Meyrick (1917) stated that E. septicodes is different from the type species in having

the forewing with CuAl absent and MI separated from the stem of R4+5.

Consequently, among the generic characters in the original description, the effective

diagnostic characters of Epimarptis are restricted to the male antennal notch covered

by a tooth and the forewing with RS reaching the termen.

When establishing the genus Epimarptis, Meyrick (1914) proposed the family

Epimarptidae for this genus alone, stating “Probably it is a development of the

Oecophoridae.” Later, however, Meyrick (1917) transferred the genus to the

Epermeniidae and maintained this idea in subsequent papers (Meyrick 1931, 1936).

200 SUGISIMA: Comprehensive description of a new species of Epimarptis from Japan

Current limits of the superfamily Gelechioidea were generally accepted in the late

1960’s, and since the late 1970’s, rearrangements of the gelechioid family-group taxa

have been attempted repeatedly. Minet (1986) was the first author to include

Epimarptis in the superfamily. Later authors, when taking the genus into account,

regarded it as forming solely the family Epimarptidae (Minet 1990; Sinev 1992) or the

subfamily Epimarptinae of the family Batrachedridae (Hodges 1998). Kaila (2004)

implemented a cladistic analysis of 143 gelechioid taxa using 193 morphological cha-

racters in order to estimate phylogenetic relationships within Gelechioidea. He stated

that Epimarptis would fall in his expanded Coleophoridae comprising Coelopoeta

Walsingham, 1907, Stathmopoda Herrich-Schaffer, 1853, and Batrachedrinae of

Hodges (1998) in addition to Coleophoridae in the traditional sense, while abundant

missing entries for Epimarptis prevented him from including the genus in his final

analysis.

In spite of many recent studies on the taxonomic system within Gelechioidea, little

morphological information is available for Epimarptis in the literature. The genitalia

have never even been described and there are no available illustrations except for the

figures of the moth and hindwing venation of the type species given by Hodges

(1998). In the higher classification of the microlepidoptera, the head appendages and

thoracic skeletons often offer some phylogenetic evidence, but these characters have

not yet been examined in Epimarptis. Epimarptis is currently accepted as the type

genus of a nominal family-group taxon, and current lack of information must be

improved in order to obtain a more reliable hypothesis of its relationships within

Gelechioidea.

On recent examination of some personal and institutional collections in Japan I found

several Japanese specimens apparently referable to Epimarptis. These specimens have

the male antennae with a notch near the base and the forewing with vein RS reaching

the termen. In addition, they agree with the original description of E. philocoma in

many aspects of wing markings and also with a moth photo of the species in Hodges

(1998). By courtesy of Mr K. Tuck and H. Taylor of The Natural History Museum,

London (BMNH), I was able to compare my Japanese specimens with images of

Epimarptis specimens in the BMNH, 1.e. moth images of the type specimens of all

described species and genitalia images of one male and two female non-type speci-

mens of E. philocoma. Then I concluded that the Japanese specimens represented an

Epimarptis species distinct from all described ones. Discovery of Epimarptis in Japan

had not been expected because the genus has never been recorded even in Southeast

Asia. The Southeast Asian fauna is generally much more similar to that of South Asia

than to that of Japan.

In the present paper, I describe the Japanese Epimarptis species as the fourth member

of the genus. For a better understanding of the genus and also of the Gelechioidea as

a whole, I give illustrations not only of the habitus and genitalia, but also of some

other characters that are usually neglected in species descriptions. A discussion 1s

given on the morphology of the Japanese species mainly from the viewpoint of com-

paring it with that of some other genera placed in Coleophoridae by Kaila (2004).

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 199-216 201

Figs. 1-2. Moths of Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n. 1. Holotype (a: Whole moth, with abdomen removed for

dissection. b: Antennal notch). 2. @ paratype from Inekoki.

Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n. (Figs. 1-20)

Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai-si, Osaka-hu, JAPAN (OPU). — Paratypes: 1, “Fujihara- Dam

<36°48’N, 139°03’E> | Minakami Machi | Gunma Pref. | 12.V1.1999 | U. Jinbo <leg. >>; 19, ‘Ikezawa

<36°24’N, 137°57’E> | Ikusaka mura | Nagano-ken | 29. VII.1995 | N. Hirano leg.’; 19, ‘Ookuchizawa

<36°17’N, 137°57’E>, Toyo- | shina T. Nagano | pref. 13 JUL 1979 | N. HIRANO leg.’; 1c,

‘Ohkuchizawa <36°17’N, 137°57’E>, To- | yoshina Nagano | pref. 10 VI 1983 | N. HIRANO leg.’; 19,

‘Japan; Honsyü <underlined> | Ookuti-zawa <36°17’N, 137°57’E> |Toyosina Town | 19,vii,2003 | K.

Sugisima leg.’; 19, ‘Shimashima valley <36°11’N, 137°46’E> | Nagano pref. | 9 VII 1981 | N. HIRANO

leg.’; 19, ‘Shimashima valley <36°11’N, 137°46’E> | Nagano pref. | 26 VI 1982 IN. HIRANO leg.’; 19

‘Shimashima-dani <36°11’N, 137°46’E> | Azumi-mura | Nagano-ken | 19. VI.1987 | N. HIRANO [leg.]’;

1919, ‘Inekoki <36°09’N, 137°46’E> | Azumi-mura | Nagano-ken | 9. VII.1988 | N. HIRANO [leg.]’;

19, ‘ [Kiso]Hukusima <Kawanisi> <36°50’N, 137°41’E> | Nagano-ken | Honsyu | Japonia’, ‘8/VII |

1975 | T. KUMATA [leg.]’; 19, ‘JAPAN | HONSYU, NAGANO: | Kamasawal[-onsen] <35°30’N,

138°06’E> | (Osika-mura) | 30.VI.2001 | T. SAITO [leg.]’; 1919 (19 whole insect mounted on slide

1737 of K. Sugisima), ’13-JUL-1996 | JAPAN Aichi-pre. <underlined> | Asahi-highland <35°13’N,

137°24’E> | Asahi-cho | T. Mano leg.’; 20° (19 whole insect mounted on slide 0614 of K. Sugisima), ‘S-

JUL-1997 | JAPAN Aichi-pre. <underlined> | Asahi-highland <35°13’N, 137°24’E> | Asahi-cho | T.

Mano leg.’; 10°, ‘JAPAN: Mie-pre. <underlined> | Hijiki [34°42’N, 136°11’E] [alt.] 250 m | Ueno-city |

27-VI-1997 | T. Mano leg.’; 19, “Yase | Kyoto[-city] | 26.vi. 1952 | A. Mutuura [leg.]’; 19, ‘Japan;

Honsyü <underlined> | Työzya- -hara <34°41’N, 132°11’E> | Geihoku-ty6 | 10,v11,2001 | Ohshima-Issei

leg. (Paratypes deposited in OPU, SEHU (Systematic Entomology, | Hokkaido University, Sapporo,

Japan), and BMNH (The Natural History Museum, London)). — 2029, Okuchi-zawa, Toyoshina, Nagano

Pref. (in personal collection of N. Hirano).

Description. Male (Fig. 1) and female (Fig. 2) with no differences in size and coloration.

Forewing length 5.3-6.0 mm (holotype 5.7 mm).

Head yellowish with a row of dark brownish scales above dorsal margin of eye.

Antenna 4/5 as long as forewing; basal notch and covering tooth of male due to

modification of third segment (Figs. 1b, 3); coloration yellow-ochreous, scape paler,

202 SUGISIMA: Comprehensive description of a new species of Epimarptis from Japan

Figs. 3-4. Head appendages of Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n. (S paratype from Asahi highland, slide no. 0614

of K. Sugisima). 3. Basal segments of antenna. 4. Maxillary palpus.

flagellum annulated with dark brownish except on apical flagellomeres. Labial palpus

yellowish, medially paler, densely mottled with dark brownish scales on third segment

and often also at apex of second segment dorsally. Proboscis well developed, scale

on basal 3/4; maxillary palpus (Fig. 4) composed of five segments, second and thira

segments cylindrical, fourth spherical, fifth bullet-shaped. Thorax yellowish, mottled

with dark brownish scales on cephalic partof tegula. Legs pale ochreous, densely

mottled with dark brownish scales on outer surface of fore tibiae, sparsely elsewhere;

hind tibia dorsally ornamented with long soft hair-like scales. Abdomen pale ochreous

dorsally, ivory ventrally.

Forewing moderately lustrous, yellowish from base to 2/5, where a dark brownish

triangular patch extends outwards obliquely from hind margin just beyond R-stem,

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 199-216 203

Figs. 5-6. Wing venation of Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n.; dots indicate positions of campaniform sensillae.

5. 0 paratype from Inekoki, slide no. 0580 of K. Sugisima. 6. 9 paratype from Shimashima-dani, wing-

locking scales omitted, slide no. 0583 of K. Sugisima.

thence wing becoming orange-brownish to brownish near termen; another dark

brownish triangular patch present around tornus, half as wide as first one; with

another dark brownish patch of variable size and shape near apex of wing; each dark

brownish patch almost unicolourous, with no gradation; costa thinly edged with dark

brownish scales; cilia orange brownish, darker around tornus.

Wing structures (Figs. 5, 6). Forewing elongate lanceolate, 1/4-1/5 as wide as

long, widest around 1/3, apically pointed; Sc reaching costal margin slightly beyond

middle; cell almost closed around 1/8 because CuA-stem closely approaching R-stem,

rudimentary between base of R3 and base of CuA1; R1 and R2 twice to three times as

distant from each other as R2 and R3 are; M1 stalked with stem of R4+5; one of M2

or M3 absent (or M2 and M3 fused); CuP recognised as vein distally, as fold basally;

anal vein bifurcate basally. Hindwing half as wide as forewing, linear-lanceolate,

widest beyond 1/3; costal margin slightly projecting beyond 1/3; Sc+R1 nearly

parallel to costa, ending at 2/3; Rs very weak in basal half, one branch arising caudally

204 SUGISIMA: Comprehensive description of a new species of Epimarptis from Japan

0.1 mm a vf

Figs. 7-9. Denuded prothorax of Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n. 7. Cephalic view of prothorax (Q paratype

from Asahi highland, slide no. 1737 of K. Sugisima); parapatagia omitted. 8. Caudal view of prothorax

highland, slide no. 0614 of K. Sugisima).

from Rs, three branches arising from CuA-stem. Subcostal element of retinaculum in

male arising from stalk of Sc; caudal element composed of a row of stout hooked

scales along CuA-stem; frenulum with two acanthae in female; supplementary wing-

locking system as a group of elongate scales around hind margin of forewing and a

group of long needle-like scales arising from projection of costal margin of hindwing.

Thorax (Figs. 7-12). Preepisternum without a membranous window in its lateral

projection (Fig. 7). Parapatagium as a distinct pad-like sclerite, with sockets (Fig. 8).

Fore tibia without epiphysis (Fig. 9). Cephalic margin of metascutellum round and

totally margined by its internal folding (Figs. 10, 11a). Caudal margin of metathorax

with a medial ridge (Fig. 11a). Caudal suture of inner sclerite of metacoxa present

(Figs. 10, 12a). Intercoxal lamella forming a simple keel (Fig. 11b). Margin of infra-

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 199-216 205

Fig. 10. Denuded metathorax of Epimarptis hiranoi

sp. n. in dorsal view (Q paratype from Asahi highland,

slide no. 1737 of K. Sugisima).

highland, slide no. 0614 of K. Sugisima). a: Structures of dorsal half. b: Structures of ventral half.

206 SUGISIMA: Comprehensive description of a new species of Epimarptis from Japan

Fig. 12. Metathoracic furca in dorsal view (Q paratype from Asahi highland, slide no. 1737 of

K. Sugisima). a: Whole furcal structures and articulation with coxa. b: Furcal apophysis.

episternum strongly sclerotised, except for less sclerotised medial half of caudal part

(Fig. 11b). Apophysis of metafurca (Fig. 12b) bluntly Y-shaped, cephalically bifurcate;

each cephalic branch pointing toward cephalo-ventral and dorso-caudal corners; a pair

of small projections directed dorso-caudally near caudal end of apophysis; secondary

arm of furca and its lamina forming chiasma (Figs. 10, lla, 12a); stem of furca

composed of pair of longitudinal stout bars and less sclerotised lamina supported by

these bars, with a relatively weak part around caudal 1/5 (Figs. 10, 12a).

Abdomen (Fig. 13). Abdominal supporting system of same structure in both sexes:

ventral element composed of heavily sclerotised sub-pentagonal area with pair of

short apodemes arising from cephalic corners and indistinct venulae forming margins.

Second to seventh tergites each ornamented with pair of patches of spine-like scales.

d genitalia (Figs. 14-17) and associated structures (Fig. 13b). Eighth sternite

(Fig. 13b) sclerotised more strongly than third to seventh sternites, with pair of

apophyses arising sublaterally on cephalic margin. Uncus down-curved, abruptly

narrowed near base and slightly tapering towards acute apex, with pair of setae

present before apex. Gnathos (Figs. 15, 16b) articulated with tegumen, evenly

tapering towards apex, strongly sclerotised along caudal margin, moderately so

elsewhere; apex with a short point extending towards head. Tegumen tapering towards

uncus, strongly sclerotised along margins of round cephalo-lateral corners. Inner

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 199-216 207

Figs. 13-14. Male abdomen and vesica of Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n. 13. Abdominal segments of holoty-

pe (a: Cephalic four segments, showing structures of abdominal base and arrangement of ‘spines’ on ter-

gites. b: Caudal two segments, showing modified eighth sternite). 14. Vesica, paratype from Ookuti-

zawa, Slide no. 1295 of K. Sugisima (a: Whole vesica, largest cornutus surrounded by a square. b:

Magnified view of squared area in Fig. 14a).

surface of valva (Fig. 16b) divided by a suture into equally long caudal and cephalic

areas; caudal area sclerotised strongly along margin and weakly so elsewhere, with

short setae scattered sparsely; cephalic area sclerotised moderately, with caudal

margin medially projecting and forming strongly sclerotised club-shaped rod apically

bearing one short seta. Outer surface of valva (Fig. 17) sclerotised strongly along

dorso-cephaii.. margin near joint with tegumen and weakly to moderately so elsewhere,

with dense group of very long hairs on cephalic part, with huge scales sparsely

scattered on remaining part. Juxta (Figs. 15a, 16c) sub-triangular, on caudal margin

208 SUGISIMA: Comprehensive description of a new species of Epimarptis from Japan

genitalia with ductus ejaculatorius omitted. b: Whole aedeagus).

with pair of thumb-shaped projections separated by distance equal to their basal width

and apically adorned with six to ten setae; with dorsally concave pouch-like sclerite

connected with cephalo-ventral corner of juxta. Diaphragma with group of a few setae

dorsad from lateral corners of juxta. Vinculum narrow, U-shaped, with dorsal ends

fused with dorso-cephalic margin of outer surface of valva. Aedeagus obliquely

truncate apically, membranous on dorsal side and on ventro-cephalic area (Fig. 15a);

ductus ejaculatorius very long (Fig. 15b); vesica (Fig. 14) over three times as long

as aedeagus, lined with group of numerous minute spines near caudal opening of

aedeagus and bearing thorn-like sclerite (considerably reduced in some individuals)

distant from the opening.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 199-216 209

0.1 mm

genitalia. b: Right valva viewed from left side. c: Juxta and setae on diaphragma.

9 genitalia (Figs. 18-20). Papillae anales weakly sclerotised, ornamented with

setae except on dorsal surface. Apophyses of equal length; apophysis anterioris

composed of two branches apically fused, one branch derived from tergite, other from

sternite (Fig. 20a). Eighth tergite (Figs. 19b, 20) sclerotised moderately, with several

210 SUGISIMA: Comprehensive description of a new species of Epimarptis from Japan

Fig. 17. Vestiture on the outer surface of right valva; diagram based on slides 0534 (paratype from

Ohkuchi-zawa) and 1295 (paratype from Ookuti-zawa) of K. Sugisima.

setae of variable lengths along caudal margin; eighth sternite (Figs. 19a, 20) sclero-

tised strongly, finely spined, finely wrinkled, protruding over ninth sternite, with a pair

of groups of setae of various lengths. Antrum a concavity from caudal part of seventh

sternite to cephalic part of eighth sternite, weakly sclerotised except for caudal part;

caudal wall strongly sclerotised, with paired indentations ventrally covered by cephalic

part of eighth sternite, which gives the impression that the eighth sternite in ventral

view has a round M-shaped rim near its cephalic margin (compare Figs. 19a and 20b).

Colliculum (Figs. 19a, 20a) short, becoming wider cephalically, sclerotised moderately.

Ductus bursae (Fig. 18) considerably long, nearly 20 times as long as apophyses

posteriores, somewhat becoming wider near corpus bursae. Ductus seminalis (Figs.

19a, 20a) branching off from ductus bursae just cephalically from colliculum; corpus

bursae (Fig. 18) ellipsoidal, with signum a keel-like plate.

Diagnosis. Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n. has three congeneric species as mentioned in the

introduction. Both in size and colouration, E. hiranoi is most similar to E. philocoma,

the type species. In the type species, the triangular dark patch at 2/5 of the forewing

is dark brownish inwards and gradually becomes purplish outwards, while the corres-

ponding marking of the new species does not have such a gradation. The new species

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 199-216 N

Fig. 18. 9 genitalia of Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n. in standard position (paratype from Kamasawa, slide no.

0911 of K. Sugisima). Stars indicate the same position.

0.1 mm

Fig. 19. 9 genitalia of Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n., structures of area around eighth segment (paratype from

Kamasawa, slide no. 0911 of K. Sugisima). a: Eighth sternite, antrum, and ductus seminalis. b: Eighth

tergite.

212 SUGISIMA: Comprehensive description of a new species of Epimarptis from Japan

Fig. 20. 9 genitalia of Epimarptis hiranoi sp. n. in lateral view (paratype from Inekoki, slide no. 0944 of

K. Sugisima). a: Caudal part. b: Section along median line around ostium.

has only two M-veins in the forewing while the type species has three. In addition,

there are some differences in their male genitalia. In the new species, the caudal area

of the inner surface of the valva is as long as the cephalic area, the caudal projections

of the juxta are separated by a length equal to the width of their bases, and the largest

cornutus is at most a small conical sclerite. In the type species, the caudal area of the

inner surface of the valva is 1.5 times as long as the cephalic area, the caudal projec-

tions of the juxta are closer to each other than in the new species, and the largest

cornutus is C-shaped and much larger than in the new species. E. hiranoi can be

separated from the other two congeneric species more easily. E. septicodes has dark

brownish forewings and a greyish body, thus appearing much darker than the new

species. E. isoloxa is 15-16 mm in wingspan and at a glance much larger than the new

species. In colouration, the orange brownish area of the forewings is less distinct in

E. isoloxa than in the new species.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 199-216 2115

Derivatio nominis. The specific name honours Mr Nagao Hirano, who provided

many specimens and helped me in collecting others.

Life history. The immature stages are unknown. All moths were collected at light

traps from mid June until late July. At Okuchi-zawa, Toyoshina, Nagano Pref., a total

of 40°, 39 were collected, and the collection dates range from June 10 to July 19, with

a presumed peak in the second quarter of July.

Distribution. Japan, Honshü.

Discussion

Based on a fairly thorough cladistic analysis within Gelechioidea, Kaila (2004) sug-

gested that Coleophoridae should be expanded to include Coelopoeta, Stathmopoda,

those genera formerly placed in Batrachedrinae of Hodges (1998) and the traditional

coleophorids which mainly comprise Coleophora Hubner, 1822. The monophyly of

his expanded Coleophoridae is supported by four characters: epinotum without medi-

an ridge; male retinaculum directly from Rs; hindwing without stem of M1 + M2 in

cell; and hindwing costa with long stout scales. These characters are more or less

homoplastic when Gelechioidea as a whole are considered, and only the two hindwing

characters are present in Epimarptis hiranoi. Nevertheless, according to Kaila (2004),

Epimarptis constantly fell in his Coleophoridae clade. In his analysis, Epimarptis

shows numerous missing entries. Thus a comparison of important morphological

features for Epimarptis and other coleophorid genera, including the observations of

the present study may provide some light on the phylogenetic position of Epimarptis.

This comparison is presented below. It takes into account information on the morpho-

logy of the following genera of the expanded Coleophoridae: Batrachedra Herrich-

Schaffer, 1853, Coelopoeta, Coleophora, Goniodoma Zeller, 1849, Homaledra

Busck, 1900, /dioglossa Walsingham, 1881, and Stathmopoda Herrich-Schäffer, 1853.

Information on other coleophorid genera was obtained from Kaila (2004) and

Sugisima and Arita (2000).

In E. hiranoi, the notch and covering tooth of the male antenna are present on the

ventral side and are due to a modification of the third segment (Figs. 1b, 3). In the

other coleophorid genera, similar structures are known in /dioglossa. However, the

structures of /dioglossa are due to a modification of the fourth or fifth segment. The

male antennal notch and covering tooth in Epimarptis and Idioglossa can be homo-

plastic. Minet (1990) regarded the antennal notch in Epimarptis as being related to

that of some Blastobasidae, but the notch in the latter taxa is on the dorsal side and is

not likely to be homologous with that of Epimarptis.

The maxillary palpus of E. hiranoi (Fig. 4) is five-segmented while this organ has not

been examined in other Epimarptis species. The five-segmented maxillary palpus has

not been reported in any other gelechioids. The ancestral condition of the maxillary

palpus in Gelechioidea is considered to be four-segmented, and the five-segmented

condition is probably a reversal. In the other coleophorid genera studied here, it is

composed of four or fewer segments.

214 SUGISIMA: Comprehensive description of a new species of Epimarptis from Japan

In wing venation E. hiranoi (Figs. 5, 6) is different from other coleophorid genera.

In the forewing of E. hiranoi, the Radial vein has five branches and RS reaches the

termen. Batrachedra, Coleophora, and Homaledra lack RS. In other coleophorid

genera the Radial vein has five branches and RS reaches the costa. The forewing cell

of E. hiranoi 1s almost closed basally; this character is rare in Gelechioidea and can

be a generic diagnostic feature. The hindwing venation of E. hiranoi is the same as

that of E. philocoma (see Hodges 1998: fig. 9.6N). Without any apparent analysis

Hodges (1998) considered that the caudal branch of Rs in E. philocoma is a fused vein

M1+2 and three branches arising from the CuA-stem as M3, CuAl, and CuA2.

However, it seems to be impossible to discriminate the fusion of M1 and M2 from the

loss of one of the three M-branches unless the ancestral condition is determined. In

Batrachedra and Homaledra M1 and M2 are stalked and their common stem arises

from Rs. In Coelopoeta, all three M-branches are present, with M2 and M3 stalked;

this venation seems hardly related to that of Epimarptis. In Coleophora, two M-veins

are recognised as in Epimarptis, but the posterior one is neither stalked with Rs nor

with the CuA-stem. In /dioglossa, the branching pattern of the veins is the same as in

E. hiranoi, but Rs reaches the termen instead of the costa. The hindwing of

Stathmopoda has all veins, with M1 stalked with Rs, and with M2 and M3 arising

from the CuA-stem.

The fore leg of E. hiranoi (Fig. 9) lacks the epiphysis on the tibia. The absence of

epiphysis is sometimes observed in Coleophora, where the epiphysis tends to be

vestigial. In other coleophorid genera, the epiphysis is well-developed.

In E. hiranoi, the cephalic margin of the metascutellum (Figs. 10, lla) is evenly

rounded and lacks distinct corners. In addition, the margin of the infraepisternum

(Fig. 11b) has a weakly sclerotised part medio-caudally. In other coleophorid genera,

the metascutellum has distinct cephalo-lateral corners and the infraepisternum is

strongly sclerotised along the entire margin.

The ventral element of the abdominal supporting system of E. hiranoi (Fig. 13a) is

composed of a strongly sclerotised sub-pentagonal area, a pair of short apodemes, and

a pair of indistinct venulae. Coelopoeta, Idioglossa, Stathmopoda, and the traditional

coleophorids are similar to E. hiranoi, but they have no or little-developed apodemes.

Batrachedra and Homaledra are sexually dimorphic: in addition to the strongly

sclerotised area, the male has distinct venulae while the female has long pointed

apodemes and distinct venulae.

The male of E. hiranoi has the eighth sternite strongly sclerotised with a pair of apo-

physes (Fig. 13b). The same condition is observed in Batrachedra and Idioglossa

(Sugisima & Arita 2000; Sugisima, unpubl.). According to L. Kaila (pers. commn), the

apophyses of the male eighth sternite of Homaledra are not so distinct, and other

coleophorid genera have a non-specialized eighth sternite.

In E. hiranoi, the second to seventh abdominal tergites have a pair of patches of spine-

like scales (Fig. 13) and the male genitalia have the gnathos articulated with the

tegumen (Figs. 15a, 16a); these are the defining characters of Batrachedridae of

Hodges (1998). However, these character states need further examination. The spine-

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 199-216 215

like scales are arranged in paired patches in the traditional coleophorid genera as well

as in the Batrachedridae of Hodges (1998). On the other hand, Kaila (2004) coded the

spine-like scales of Homaledra, which was placed in Batrachedridae by Hodges

(1998), as being arranged in a single patch. Moreover, Stathmopoda haematosema

Meyrick, 1933 has the patch of spine-like scales arranged in an upside down paired

“T” (Sugisima, unpubl.). This species appears to have the gnathos articulated with the

tegumen rather than fused with it. These characters in S. haematosema show that the

arrangement of spine-like scales and the articulation of the gnathos can be homo-

plastic in the clade of expanded Coleophoridae.

In the female genitalia of EF. hiranoi (Figs. 18-20) the apophyses anteriores are

composed of two apically fused branches, one arising from the eighth tergite and

the other from the eighth sternite. The same structure is observed also in Batrachedra

and Homaledra. Other coleophorid genera, except for /dioglossa, have the apophyses

anteriores arising from the eighth tergite. In general, the apophyses anteriores originate

from the eighth tergite. On the other hand, that structure in /dioglossa arises from the

eighth sternite and it seems reasonable to consider that this condition is due to a loss

of the tergite-branch from the condition observed in Epimarptis.

Based on the above observations the characters of Epimarptis show a rather mosaic

pattern and it seems impossible to make any conclusions about its position within the

coleophorid clade. The eighth sternite of the male abdomen and the apophyses

anteriores of the female genitalia may suggest close affinities between Epimarptis and

the Batrachedridae of Hodges (1998). The same affinities could be supported by the

spine-like scales and the articulation of the gnathos, but these conditions may be

homoplastic. In contrast, the absence of the epiphysis on the fore tibia suggests

affinities between Epimarptis and the traditional coleophorids rather than the

Batrachedridae of Hodges (1998). The characters of the wing venation and thoracic

skeleton do not support any particular affinities, or even contradict the view that

Epimarptis belongs to the Coleophoridae clade. In order to settle this contradiction, as

stated by Kaila (2004: 321), it would be desirable to add more taxa and to reduce the

number of missing entries into the analysis, especially with regard to the immature

stages. As far as the present knowledge is concerned, Epimarptis seems to be rather

uniform in morphology. Further discovery of undescribed species of Epimarptis is

desired because they may possess intermediate characters between described

Epimarptis species and some other gelechioids.

As mentioned in the introduction, there are no records of Epimarptis from Southeast

Asia. It is not appropriate to regard a lack of research in this region as an explanation

for this disjunction in distribution. Several expeditions for collecting micromoths,

mainly by European and Japanese institutes, have been to Southeast Asia during

recent decades. Judging from the habits of E. hiranoi, moths of Epimarptis are likely

to be collected at light-traps. A more conceivable reason is that a shortage of informa-

tion on the genus has kept many Epimarptis specimens remaining to be recognised in

museum collections. This paper will hopefully lead to the discovery of many speci-

mens of the genus in various micromoth collections from Southeast Asia.

216 SUGISIMA: Comprehensive description of a new species of Epimarptis from Japan

Acknowledgements

I thank Prof. M. Suwa at SEHU for critically reading the manuscript and giving many valuable

comments. I thank Mr M. Sano at SEHU for his suggestions to an early draft. I thank Mr K. Tuck

and Mr H. Taylor at BMNH, for providing the images of the Epimarptis specimens in BMNH and

relevant information. For offering material I thank Mr N. Hirano at Hata, Nagano Pref., Mr T. Mano at

Miwa, Aichi Pref., Dr T. Saito at Ikeda, Osaka Pref., Mr U. Jinbo at Natural History, Graduate School of

Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Mr I. Ohshima at SEHU. For the loan of specimens, I thank

Dr T. Hirowatari at OPU and Dr T. Ueda at Osaka of Osaka Pref. I thank Dr L. Kaila at the Finnish

Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland for permitting me to cite his unpublished data on the

morphology of Homaledra.

References

Hodges, R. W. 1998. The Gelechioidea. pp. 131-158. — Jn: N. P. Kristensen (ed.), Lepidoptera, moths and

butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, systematics, and biogeography. — Handbook of Zoology 4 (35). —

Walter de Guyter, Berlin.

Kaila, L. 2004. Phylogeny of the superfamily Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an exemplar

approach. — Cladistics 20: 303-340.

Meyrick, E. 1914. Descriptions of Indian microlepidoptera. — Journal of the Bombay Natural History

Society 22: 771-781.

Meyrick, E. 1917. Exotic Microlepidoptera 2: 65-96.

Meyrick, E. 1931. Exotic microlepidoptera 4: 161-192.

Meyrick, E. 1936. Exotic Microlepidoptera 5: 1-32.

Minet, J. 1986. Ebauche d’une classification moderne de l’ordre des Lépidoptères. — Alexanor 14:

291-313.

Minet, J. 1990. Remaniement partiel de la classification des Gelechioidea, essentiellement en fonction

de caractères pré-imaginaux (Lepidoptera Ditrysia). — Alexanor 16: 239-255.

Sinev, S. Yu. 1992. On the system and phylogeny of the Gelechioidea s. 1. (Lepidoptera). — Entomolo-

gicheskoye obozreniye 71: 143-159. (in Russian)

Sugisima, K. & Y. Arita 2000. A new species of a gelechioid genus, /dioglossa Walsingham (Lepidoptera,

Batrachedridae, Batrachedrinae), from Japan. — Transactions of the Lepidopterists Society of Japan

51: 319-336.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 217-237 27,

The Elachista juliensis complex revisited (Elachistidae)

LAURI KAILA! & PIERO GIUSEPPE VARALDAZ

I Zoological Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, FI-00014 University of Helsinki;

e-mail: lauri.kaila@helsinki.fi

2 Via S. Eusebio 2, I-15025 Morano Po AL, Italy; e-mail: p.varalda@tiscali.it

Abstract. The taxonomy of the Elachista juliensis complex is revised on the basis of extensive samples,

including ex ovo series. Four species are considered to be valid: 1. Elachista juliensis Frey, 1870, (= E.

freyi Staudinger, 1870 syn. rev., E. klimeschi (Traugott-Olsen, 1994) syn. rev., E. ingeborgae (Traugott-

Olsen, 1994) syn. n.), 2. Elachista occidentalis Frey, 1882 (= E. buvati (Traugott-Olsen, 1994) syn. n.,

E. ruthae (Traugott-Olsen, 1994) syn. n.), 3. Elachista zonulae Sruoga, 1990, and 4. Elachista ribentel-

la sp. n. E. juliensis is distributed in Central Europe and seems confined to Carex humilis. E. occidental-

is is widespread throughout Europe. It feeds on Carex digitata and C. ericetorum. E. zonulae is recorded

from the Alps, Tatra Mts., Tian Shan Mts. in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and Altai Mts. in

Siberia. It has been reared from Carex sempervirens. E. ribentella is recorded from Japan and the Russian

Far East. Its host plant 1s Carex blepharicarpa.

Key words. Elachistidae, Elachistinae, Elachista, taxonomy, synonymy, Elachista ribentella, new species,

Palaearctic

Introduction

The Elachistinae (Gelechioidea: Elachistidae) comprises numerous small-sized moths

characterised by the leaf-mining larval mode of life. The adults are notoriously

difficult to identify due to their generally uniform genital morphology. This, in addi-

tion to the scarcity of material available for many species, has lead to uncertain

species concepts based on vague character evidence. Numerous papers dealing with

the taxonomy of European Elachista Treitschke, 1833 species have been published

during the last decades. These papers are often dedicated to descriptions of single

species, not always accompanied with adequate reference to other related or similar

species. Many species complexes still await critical treatment with all constituent taxa

simultaneously presented.

In this paper the species complex containing Elachista juliensis Frey, 1870 and its

close allies is revised. These taxa are considered to belong to the genus Elachista

following the generic revision by Kaila (1999). This complex has caused problems in

identification for a long time. Spuler ([1903]-1910) confused the species Elachista

serricornis Stainton, 1854 and Elachista freyi Staudinger, 1870. In subsequent litera-

ture the former species was often called E. mitterbergeri Rebel, 1906 and the latter

E. serricornis. This error still persists in the literature as confusion of the host plant

records of these taxa in Traugott-Olsen & Schmidt Nielsen (1977), repeated by Parenti

and Varalda (1994), but see Buhl et al. (1991). Parenti (1977) designated the lectotypes

of Elachista juliensis and E. occidentalis Frey, 1882 and considered them conspecific,

but did not mention E. freyi in this context. Traugott-Olsen & Schmidt Nielsen (1977)

designated the lectotype of E. freyi, without mention of E juliensis. Sruoga (1992)

described the closely related E. zonulae from mountains of Central Asia, and Kaila

(1992) supplemented the description by describing the female of this species, based

on one specimen in bad condition.

218 KAILA & VARALDA: The Elachista juliensis-complex

Traugott-Olsen (1994) attempted to clarify the situation where the identity and possi-

ble conspecifity of E. juliensis, E. freyi, and E. occidentalis had not been properly

investigated. This paper is the most comprehensive treatment of this species complex.

Unfortunately, its many errors and uncritical treatment of supposed differences

between taxa weaken its uselfulness. The identity of E. juliensis, 1.e. the oldest name

available in this complex, was not based on the lectotype and was misunderstood.

Likewise, the illustrations representing E. occidentalis actually depict E. juliensis.

The existence of E. zonulae (Sruoga, 1992) was overlooked although its male genitalia

were illustrated in connection with the description of Biselachista buvati Traugott-

Olsen, 1994 (cf. LiSka 1998; Tokar et al. 1999; Baran 2003). Traugott-Olsen (1994)

considered E. juliensis, E. freyi, and E. occidentalis to be valid species, and described

four additional species as new in this complex. In the absence of identification keys

or proper diagnoses the reader was left with few tools to identify any specimens of this

complex. The problem is particularly severe because the suggested differences bet-

ween the supposed species are tiny. In specific differences the emphasis was placed

on wing venation characters for which the utility in species delimitation was found

worthless by Albrecht & Kaila (1997), and genitalic characters such as the shape of

the vinculum which seems to be one of the intraspecifically most variable and least

reliable trait in the male genitalia of Elachista. The genital illustrations of Traugott-

Olsen (1994) are not quite accurate either (some detailed discussion is given below):

some genital illustrations were not drawn from primary types and in the case of

E. buvati the male genitalia illustrations do not represent the same species as the

description.

A closer scrutiny of the variation of the taxa involved suggests that the range of

individual variation in populations easily exceeds the specific differences as suggested

by Traugott-Olsen (1994). Thus, many, if not most specimens do not fit well any of

these descriptions. There are extensive samples of this species complex in many

collections that at present cannot be reliably identified, leading to haphazard distribu-

tion records based on educated guesses at best. Each specialist seems to have adopted

a personal opinion about the validity and delimitation of the species which means that

identifications made by different specialists are not fully comparable. It was therefore

considered necessary to revise this complex again, but with an emphasis on the

estimation of the nature and range of the intraspecific variation. For that purpose, we

include photographic illustrations of the primary types involved and extensive

samples from all over the Palaearctic region. The limits of species were established

and the type specimens of each nominal species were examined in order to find the

correct names for each valid species.

As a result, four species are considered to be valid. In Europe, three species occur:

Elachista juliensis, E. occidentalis, and E. zonulae. The two first are somewhat varia-

ble and considered distinct on the basis of constant differences in the length of the

labial palpus and in the shape of the female antrum, supplemented by other strongly

correlated yet more variable characteristics: their forewing pattern, the size and diffe-

rences in the colour of the head, and characteristics of the male genitalia, especially in

the size and shape of the uncus. E. zonulae is more distinctive, always identifiable by

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 217-237 219

both external appearance and genitalia. The fourth species, Elachista ribentella sp. n.,

occurs in Japan and the Russian Far East. Its status as a distinct species is based on its

thicker flagellum of the antenna, shorter aedeagus with longer cornutus than in other

species, and slight differences in the external appearance.

Material was received from the following collections:

BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (K. R. Tuck),

MNHB Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Germany (W. Mey),

SEHU Laboratory of Systematic Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan

(K. Sugisima),

TLMF Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck, Austria (P. Huemer),

MZLU Museum of Zoology, Lund University, Sweden (R. Danielsson),

MZH Zoological Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland

(L. Kaila),

ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (O. Karsholt),

ZSM Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany (A. Segerer),

ZMUO Zoological Museum, University of Oulu, Finland (J. Itämies),

and the private collections of G. Baldizzone (Asti, Italy), P. Grotenfelt (Kauniainen, Finland), J. Junnilainen

(Vantaa, Finland), J. Kaitila (Vantaa, Finland), T. & K. Nupponen (Espoo, Finland), and P. G. Varalda

(Morano, Italy).

In the material sections, rearing records by Varalda are indicated and refer to his rearing recording

archive. The codes are indicated as, e.g. “rearing A.167”.

Diagnosis of the Elachista juliensis complex

The members of the Elachista juliensis complex belong to the E. tetragonella

(Herrich-Schaffer, 1855) group as defined by Kaila (1996 and 1999). Within the

E. tetragonella group these species belong to a subgroup that is characterised by a

bilobed mesal knob of the gnathos (= the genus Biselachista of Traugott-Olsen &

Schmidt Nielsen, 1977). In this subgroup the representatives of the E. juliensis

complex are not known to share any obvious synapomorphies, but they can be charac-

terised by their dark grey to brown forewing ground colour lacking metallic sheen,

combined with the non-serrate flagellum of the antenna, the slender shapes of the

aedeagus and digitate process, the slightly longer than wide uncus lobes, and the

cornutus of the aedeagus being a weak simple rod. Like most other species of the

E. tetragonella group, the species of the E. juliensis complex feed on Carex

(Cyperaceae). They seem to show high fidelity to certain Carex species, which may

help in the field identification of the species.

Identification of the species of the Elachista juliensis complex

Elachista juliensis, E. occidentalis, and E. ribentella are all morphologically close

to each other, while Æ. zonulae differs in several ways, bearing resemblance with

E. serricornis with respect to some traits. E. occidentalis is the largest of the species

and its wing pattern is characterised by a black oblique streak that basally delimits the

white costal spot. This trait is especially distinctive in paler specimens; the ground

colour of E. occidentalis varies from dark mottled grey to paler grey and brownish

220 KAILA & VARALDA: The Elachista juliensis-complex

(Fig. 10). Its labial palpi are longer than those of E. juliensis. E. ribentella externally

resembles particularly mottled grey specimens of E. occidentalis, and they both also

have a more or less white head. E. ribentella is slightly more broad-winged and the

pale pattern of the male is indistinct, all spots being suffused by dark-tipped scales

(Fig. 19). The flagellum of the male antenna is thicker and more clearly annulated in

E. ribentella than in the other species. E. juliensis is smaller, its forewing ground

colour always dark grey (Fig. 1). The colour of its head varies from unicolorous grey

to white. The male genitalia of these three species closely resemble each other.

E. ribentella differs from the other species by its shorter aedeagus and longer cornutus

(compare Figs. 20-22). Its distal fold of the costa is also more pronounced, and usu-

ally distinctively broadened distally. The separation of E. juliensis from E. occidentalis

using male genitalia is usually possible by the longer uncus lobes of E. occidentalis,

and by its slightly more slender valva, digitate process, and aedeagus (cf. Figs. 4-8,

12-15). This difference seems not to be caused by allometry due to the generally

larger size of E. occidentalis, as these characters do not display intraspecific trends

that would correlate with their size. The female antrum is the most straightforward

character to distinguish between E. juliensis and E. occidentalis: it is distinctly broader

than deep in E. juliensis while it is as broad as deep in E. occidentalis (Fig. 18). The

antrum shape of E. ribentella varies, but it seems to be more strongly armed with spi-

nes than in the other species. The shape of the signum is very variable and probably

is of little use in identification of any of the species. However, it may be that the teeth

are somewhat stouter in E. occidentalis than in E. juliensis (Fig. 17). E. zonulae is

externally characterised by its invariably grey head and the costal and tornal spots of

the forewing being situated opposite to each other, as in E. humilis Zeller, 1850

(Fig. 24). Its male genitalia are characterised by the narrow and long uncus lobes sepa-

rated by a broad incision, the valva with the cucullus only weakly twisted on top of

the costa, and the basally strongly bent aedeagus (Figs. 25, 26). The female genitalia

differ from those of the other species by the smaller antrum (Fig. 18).

Elachista juliensis (Figs. 1-9, 17-18)

Elachista juliensis Frey, 1870: 279, nec Traugott-Olsen (1994)

Elachista freyi Staudinger, 1870: 322, syn rev.

Biselachista klimeschi Traugott-Olsen, 1994: 326, nec Dufrane, 1957, syn rev.

Biselachista ingeborgae Traugott-Olsen, 1994: 332, syn. n.

Biselachista occidentalis sensu Traugott-Olsen, 1994, nec Frey, 1882 (partim)

Material. Lectotype O of Elachista juliensis, labelled: LECTO- / TYPE [rounded with blue margin];

Traugott-Olsen, LECTOTYPE; Zool. Mus. Berlin (MNHB). Paralectotype slides: 9, U. Parenti 82, 9519

Traugott-Olsen; Carinthia, H. Blut Tauernbg. 1800 m 14.8.1973 Klimesch; Biselachista klimeschi sp. n.

det. E. Traugott-Olsen; coll. E. Traugott-Olsen; coll. ZMUC Copenhagen Denmark. Paratypes 20 with

the same collection data (10° in ZMUC, 10 in ZSM with slide LK 3744). Type series of Biselachista

ingeborgae (see remarks below): 1) pin with holotype label, with two male specimens of which one lacks

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 217-237 221

Fig. 1. Habitus of Elachista juliensis. Top row: males, bottom row females. Top left: Austria, Carinthia,

Rossbach, Hl. Blut, 1700 m, 10.v111.1969, Klimesch leg. (ZSM). Top middle: Austria superior,

Warscheneck, 1700 m, 8.viii.1937, Klimesch leg. (ZSM). Top right: Italy, V. d’Aosta, Aymavilles, frazione

Ozein, 1250 m, ex ovo A. 131 1993, Varalda leg. et coll.. Bottom left: Austria, Carinthia HI. Blut

Tauernbg., 1800 m, 16.viii.1974, Klimesch leg. (ZSM). Bottom middle: Austria, Wien, Leopoldsberg,

5.vii.1942, Preissecker leg. (ZSM). Bottom right: Italy, Piemonte, Chiusa San Michele (TO), Sacra S.

Mich., 850 m, ex ovo A. 193 1994, Varalda leg. et coll.

Fig. 2. Habitus and head of the primary types of taxa here considered conspecific with Elachista juliensis.

Top: lectotype of Elachista juliensis. Bottom: lectotype of Elachista freyi.

m 250, nei boschi 28.vi.59 E. Jäckh; Biselachista ingeae sp. n. det. E. Traugott-Olsen; Biselachista

ingeborgae sp. n. det. E. Traugott-Olsen; coll. E. Traugott-Olsen; coll. ZMUC Copenhagen Denmark.

2) pin with paratype label containing two male specimens, one without abdomen, with preparation label

‘Genital praeparat nr. 6446 sex: d'; E. Traugott-Olsen’; otherwise with the same labeling as the holotype

pin. Austria: 10 Austria inf., Dürnstein, 14.vii.1938, Klimesch leg. [in a pin together with a Q Elachista

Jap KAILA & VARALDA: The Elachista juliensis-complex

Fig. 3. Habitus and head of the primary types of taxa here considered synonyms of Elachista juliensis

Frey. Top: holotype of Biselachista klimeschi. Bottom: holotype of Biselachista ingeborgae.

martinii Her.] (LK slide 3772 juliensis, 3773 martinii, ZSM). 19 same data, but 18.vi.1938 (e. |. ex Carex

humilis), Klimesch leg., with identification label “Biselachista occidentalis Frey det. E. Traugott-Olsen”,

Akvarel E. Traugott-Olsen (ETO slide 1782, ZMUC). 30° Austria superior, Klaus, 4.v111.1937,

19.v1.1946, Klimesch leg. (slide IS 4235) (MZLU). 19 Austria superior, Hinterstoder, 14.vii.1938,

Klimesch leg. (LK slide 3774, ZSM). 29 Austria superior, Warscheneck, 1700 m, 8.vii1.1937, [collector

not mentioned] (ZSM). 20° Carinthia, H. Blut Tauernbg., 1800 m, 16.8.1974, Klimesch leg. (ETO slide

Carinthia, Rossbach Hl. Blut., 1700 m, 10.viii.1969, Klimesch leg. (ZSM). 29 Teriolis sept. Innsbruck

18.vi1.1941, 19.v11.1942, Klimesch leg. (TLMF). 29 Teriolis, Brenner Vennatal, 1400 m, 27.v11.1947,

Klimesch leg. (ZSM). 19 Wien, Leopoldsberg 5.vii.1942 (e. I. ex Carex sp.), Preissecker leg. (ZSM).

Germany: 19 Thuringia, Blankenburg, 21.vii.1970, Steuer leg., with identification label “Biselachista

occidentalis Frey det. E. Traugott-Olsen” (LK slide 3771, ZSM). 19, 19 Blankenburg, Muschelkalk,

4.v111.1968 (ETO slide 9 5201, LK slide & 3739); 19, same data, but 2.vi1.1978 (e. 1. ex Carex humilis),

Steuer leg. (ZMUC); 10°, same data, but 26.vi1.1978 (e. I. ex Carex humilis) with identification label

“Biselachista occidentalis Frey det. E. Traugott-Olsen” (ZSM). 29 Regensburg, 17.vii.1899, 19.vii.1900

(ex Carex humilis), coll. Frank, coll. Osthelder, with identification label “Elachista juliensis det.

Kolbeck” (LK slide 3737, Kolbeck slide 18671/96, ZSM). Italy: 19, 19 Italy, Piemonte, Chiusa San

Michele (TO), Sacra S. Mich., 850 m, rearing A.167, 5.—10.vii.1994 (ex Carex humilis); 130 149, same

data, but rearing A. 168, 18.vi—10.vii.1994 (ex Carex humilis), Varalda leg. et coll. (slides LK

3847-3856, 3881-3890); 69 39 rearing A. 193, 12.vi.-5.v11.1994 (ex Carex humilis), Varalda leg. et coll.

(slide Varalda 0164). 10° 19 Piemonte, Ovada (Alessandria), per Gnocchetto, 260 m, rearing A. 152,

3.-13.v11.1994 (ex Carex humilis), Varalda leg. et coll. 19° Piemonte, Mt. Rocciamelone (TO)

Mompantero-Riposa, 1100 m, rearing A. 138, 3.vii.1993 (ex Carex humilis), Varalda leg. et coll. 59,

Piemonte (CN) Parco Natur. Reg. Alpi Maritime, Valdieri, Riserva Natur. Speciale dello Juniperus

phoenicea, 900 m, 18., 22.vii.1998, Baldizzone leg., with identification label “Biselachista freyi Stgr. det.

E. Traugott-Olsen”, (ETO slide 6597, LK slide 3736, ZMUC); 89 39 17.vi.1999, 17., 20.,

14.-27.vii.2000, Baldizzone leg., all with identification label “Biselachista juliensis P. G. Varalda det.”

(coll. Baldizzone); 43, 79 same data, but 13., 18., 22.vii.1998, 11.vi., 10.vii., 12., 17.vi1.1999, Baldizzone

leg., all with identification label “Biselachista freyi Stgr. det. E. Traugott-Olsen” (coll. Baldizzone). 160

Piemonte (CN) Parco Natur. Reg. Alpi Maritime, Palanfré — loc. Pascariund, 1450 m, 5.viii.2001,

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 217-237 223

of E. freyi (ETO 1984, MNHB). 6. Holotype of Biselachista klimeschi (ETO B.6.4.93, ZMUC).

7. Holotype of Biselachista ingeborgae (ETO A.10.4.93, ZMUC). 8. E. juliensis from Italy, Piemonte

(LK 3851). 9. 9 genitalia of E. juliensis from Italy, Piemonte, Chiusa San Michele (TO), Sacra S. Mich.,

850 m (LK 3882).

224 KAILA & VARALDA: The Elachista juliensis-complex

Baldizzone leg. et coll. 10° Piemonte (CN) Parco Natur. Reg. Alpi Maritime, Monte Ray, 1600-1800 m,

31.vii.2001, Baldizzone leg. et coll. 19 Piemonte, Parco Naz. Gr. Paradiso loc. Lago Serrü, 2275 m,

6.vi1.1992, Delmastro leg., with identification label “Biselachista klimeschi Tr.-O. det. E. Traugott-

Olsen” (ETO slide 6536, ZMUC). 10° Trentino, Val Sarca colline Lago di Cavedine, 7.viii.1970, Jäckh

leg. (ZMUC). 19 Trento, 28.vi.1945, Klimesch leg. (LK slide 3191, MZH). 20°, 39 Dintorni Trento

28.vi.1945, vii.1945, Klimesch leg. (MZH, LK slides 3767-3770, ZSM). 40 49 V. d’Aosta, Aymavilles

(Aosta), frazione Ozein, 1250 m, rearing A. 131, 18.vi—9.vii.1994 (ex Carex humilis), Varalda leg. et

coll. (slide Varalda 0162); 19 same data, but rearing A. 253, 16.vii.1995 (ex Carex humilis), Varalda leg.

et coll. 70°, 109 Aymavilles (Aosta), frazione Pondel, 890 m, rearing A. 250, 14.vi.-20.vii.1995 (ex

Carex humilis), Varalda leg. et coll.

ascending, length 1.0-1.2 times diameter of head; above white or pale ochreous

except base of 3rd segment narrowly grey, below variably powdered with grey. Head

varying: frons may be partly or entirely shiny white, head otherwise grey, or whole

head unicolorous grey or mottled grey. Neck tuft mottled grey. Thorax mottled grey,

scales of tegula and metascutum sometimes whitish, grey-tipped. Forewing ground

colour dark grey, with five white markings for which size and brightness vary:

1 — indistinct small white streak basally, often absent, 2 — another more distinct streak

distally from black streak situated at fold before middle of wing, 3 — triangular costal

spot at distal 2/3 of costa, 4 — small, more or less rounded tornal spot beyond costal

spot, and 5 — transverse streak at apex. Fringe scales grey, basal fringe scales black-

tipped forming black fringe line. Hindwing grey. Underside of forewing dark grey,

fringe at costal and tornal spots creamy white; underside of hindwing grey. Female

otherwise as male but forewing with brighter and more expanded white pattern.

Male genitalia. Uncus lobes slightly longer than broad, distally rounded; median

incision between them narrow u-shaped. Mesal margin of juxta lobes short, straight,

distal margin almost straight, medially with group of long scales; digitate process

rather narrow, distally variably oblique and acute-tipped or blunt, tongue-shaped;

0.28-0.30 times as long as valva; valva somewhat bent, width 0.3 times length at

widest point; basal and distal fold of costa meet at 1/3 length of valva, distal fold even,

sometimes slightly wrinkled; length of cucullus 1/4 of valva, longer than wide,

somewhat bent towards costa, distinctly twisted over distal fold of costa. Aedeagus

gradually tapered towards apex, 0.80—0.95 times as long as valva, slightly bent

S-shaped, caecum as long as basal opening of aedeagus; vesica with indistinctly

sclerotised straight narrow cornutus, 0.22—0.24 times as long as aedeagus.

Female genitalia. Papillae anales rounded, covered with long and thin setae,

distally also with short and stout setae. Apophyses posteriores stout, rather straight,

variable in length to some extent. Apophyses anteriores varying from 2/3 to full length

of apophyses posteriores, stout or slender. Ostium bursae occupying half the width

between apophyses anteriores, dorsal wall spinose; antrum broader than deep, inter-

nally spinose; ductus bursae posteriorly narrow, tubular, broader cephalad from incep-

tion point of ductus seminalis; sclerotisation of colliculum long, almost extended from

antrum to inception of ductus seminalis; ductus bursae distinct from corpus bursae;

corpus bursae largely covered with distinctive internal spines; signum an elongate

dentate plate of variable shape.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 217-237 225

Life history. E. juliensis is univoltine. It seems to be monophagous on Carex humilis.

The full-grown larva is 4.5-5.0 mm long, faded wax-coloured, with the prothoracic

and anal plates almost concolorous with the body with the exception of the distal area

of the tergal prothoracic plate which is striking as being melanised. The mine occu-

pies the median part of the leaf; it is thin, 1.0-1.5 mm wide and about 8.5-10.5 cm

long. The initial mine, constituting about half the total length of the mine, is very thin

and then gradually widens. Towards the end it occupies about half the width of the

leaf. Pupation takes place on the base of the leaf in the densely caespitose tussock of

the host plant. The pupa is ochreous.

Distribution. Central Europe. Material studied from Austria, Germany, and Italy.

Remarks. According to the orginal description (Traugott-Olsen 1994) the type series

of Biselachista ingeborgae consists of the male holotype and three male paratypes, all

in the E. Traugott-Olsen collection (ETO). The types are stated to be as follows (loc.

cit., verbatim): “Holotype male: Italia, Trentino, Val Sacra, Pietramurata, 28-vi-59,

leg. E. Jackh; gen-prep. 6438/ETO; wing prep. 6439/ETO; Biselachista ingeborgae

sp. n. det. E. Traugott-Olsen. In coll. ETO.. Paratypes: 1) on pin with type, abdomen

missing. 2) and 3) on joint pin, same data as type, anterior specimen with gen. prep

6440/ETO. In coll. ETO.” In the Traugott-Olsen collection (now in ZMUC) there are

four specimens labelled as type material. However, they do not fit the characteristics

cited above. On the pin with the holotype label and the preparate labels, containing

two specimens, one of the specimens lacks the abdomen and the other a pair of wings.

Thus, the genital dissection and the wing preparation were made from different

specimens. The slides corresponding to these numbers were not found in the ETO

collection. There are, instead, a genital dissection numbered A.10.4.93 and a wing

preparation numbered B 4.4.93. The paratype dissection no. 6440 has not been

located. Ole Karsholt (pers. comm.) informed us that Traugott-Olsen changed his slide

numbering system, but that this change had not been executed consistently. Therefore

the existing wing slide almost certainly is the same as mentioned by Traugott-Olsen

(1994), and the genital slide is either the holotype or the paratype slide. The male

genital drawing of B. ingeborgae (Figs. 29, 37 in Traugott-Olsen 1994) generally

resembles the genitalia on slide A.10.4.93 (cf. Fig. 7) although the digitate process is

more compressed on the slide than on the drawing, and unlike the drawing, the tip of

the aedeagus is not bifurcate on the slide. However, the general position of the

genitalia drawing, agrees well with the genitalia on the slide. Similar discrepancies

can be seen when the authentic genital slide of Biselachista ruthae Traugott-Olsen,

1994 (Fig. 13) is compared with Traugott-Olsen’s drawing (1994: figs. 27, 35). In this

case the digitate processes are drawn narrower and more three-dimensional than on

the slide. This allowed the reconstruction of the natural shape of the digitate process

which is now distorted on the preparation. Based on this evidence, we suggest that the

slide A.10.4.93 of B. ingeborgae is the one mentioned as 6438/ETO in the original

description. We further suggest that the specimen lacking the abdomen on the pin with

the holotype label is indeed the holotype of Biselachista ingeborgae.

226 KAILA & VARALDA: The Elachista juliensis-complex

Fig. 10. Habitus of Elachista occidentalis. Top row: males, bottom row females. Top left: Austria supe-

rior, Umg. v. Linz, 18.v11.1937, Klimesch leg. (ZSM). Top middle: Italy, Piemonte, Parco Natur. Reg.

Alpi Maritime 26.vii.1997, Baldizzone leg. (coll. Traugott-Olsen, ZMUC). Top right: Sweden, Sm.

Marback 19.vii.1966, Svensson leg. (MZLU). Bottom left: Austria, Carinthia Hl. Blut Tauernbg., 1800

m, 18.vi11.1974, Klimesch leg. (ZSM). Bottom middle: Finland, Oba: Utajarvi, e. 1. 2003 (ex Carex eri-

cetorum), Itamies leg. (ZMUO); Bottom right: Poland DV 57, 700 m, Pieniny Mts., Trzy Korony e.l.

2003 (ex Carex digitata), Baran leg. et coll.

Elachista occidentalis Frey (Figs. 10-18)

Elachista occidentalis Frey 1882: 372

Biselachista buvati Traugott-Olsen, 1994: 327, syn. n

Biselachista ruthae Traugott-Olsen, 1994: 330, syn. n.

Biselachista freyi sensu Traugott-Olsen & Nielsen 1977, nec Staudinger, 1870

Material. Lectotype C_of Elachista occidentalis: LECTO- / TYPE [rounded with blue margin];

another specimen, labelled as a paralectotype of Elachista herrichii Frey, B. M. slide 19377, Elachista

occidentalis Frey L. Kaila det. 2000. (Frey coll., no further data, BMNH). Holotype of Biselachista

G. Baldizzone legit; Biselachista buvati sp. n. det. E. Traugott-Olsen; coll. E. Traugott-Olsen; coll.

ZMUC Copenhagen Denmark. Holotype of Biselachista ruthae, labelled: Type; Teriolis mer.; Kreuzb. P.

Sexten 1600 m 21.7.1986 J. Klimesch; Genital praeparat nr. B.5.4.93 sex: &; E. Traugott-Olsen; Wing

Denmark; Holotype Biselachista ruthae Traugott-Olsen. Paratypes of Biselachista ruthae: 29 29, with

the same collection data as in the holotype (29 19 in ZMUC, 9 with slides E. Traugott-Olsen B.10.4.93

(genitalia), A.15.4.93 (wings)), 1S LK slide 3745, ZSM). Austria: 19 Austria superior, Klaus,

4.v11.1937, Klimesch leg. (MZLU). 1S Umgeb. v. Linz 18.vii.1937, Klimesch leg. (ZSM). 29 Carinthia,

Rossbach HI. Blut, 1700 m, 10.viii.1968, 13.viii.1974, Klimesch leg. (TLMF). 40° Carinthia, Hl. Blut

Tauernbg. 1800 m, 13.—14.viti.1974, Klimesch leg. (slides 3740, IS 6469) (ZSM, MZLU). 29 Carinthia,

Hl. Blut Tauernbg. A 1700 m, 13.v111.1974, Klimesch leg., with identification label “Biselachista julien-

sis Frey det. E. Traugott-Olsen” (ETO slide 6435, ZMUC, LK slide 3738, ZSM). 19 Carinthia, Hl. Blut

Tauernbg., 1800 m, 13.viii.1974, Klimesch leg. (ZSM). 10° Liesing, 1|.viii.1919, “freyi’ det. E. Jäckh.

(ZMUC). 19 Osttirol, Virgental, Venedigergruppe, Timmeltal, 2100-2300 m, 1.viii.1993, Ryrholm leg.

(TLMF). 30°, 19 Osttirol, Virgental, Venedigergruppe, Sajatmähder E, 2300-2500 m, 12.viii.1993,

Ryrholm leg. with identification label “Biselachista juliensis Frey det. U. Parenti” (slides U. Parenti

12231, 12519, 12520, 12522, TLMF). 40 N. Tirol, Glocknergruppe, Loweraze, 1660-1860 m,

30.-31.vii.1991, Karsholt, Rakosy & Tarmann leg. (slides LK 684, 688, 3192) (ZMUC). 29 N. Tirol,

Glocknergruppe, above Kals, 1700-2200 m, 29.vii.1991, Karsholt & Rakosy leg. (slide LK 683)

(ZMUC). 29, 19 N. Tirol, Glocknergruppe, Burg bei Kals, 1500 m, 28.-29.vii.1991, Karsholt & Rakosy

leg. (ZMUC). 19, 19 Schnönau a.d. Enns O.0. 12.viil.1994, Wimmer leg. (TLMF). 19, 19

Windischgarsten, O.O., Veichltal, 4.vii.1994, Wimmer leg. (TLMF). 19 Wien, Haschberg, 10.v1.1917,

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 217-237 201

Fig. 11. Habitus and head of the primary types of Elachista occidentalis and taxa here considered its

junior synonyms. Top: lectotype of E. occidentalis, middle: holotype of Biselachista ruthae, bottom:

holotype of Biselachista buvati.

Preissecker leg., ‘serricornis’ det. E. Jäckh (Z MUC). Bulgaria: 10° Asenograd, 20.v1.2000, Junnilainen

leg. et coll. (LK slide 3194). 19 Pirin, Popovi Livadi, 1300 m, 21.—24.vi.2001, Junnilainen leg. et coll.

Croatia: 39 Plitvice, 17.-20.v11.1984, Schnack leg. (LK slides 3197, 3553, ZMUC). Estonia: 20

Pidula, 4.vii.1994, Junnilainen leg. et coll. 19 Kogula, 20.vi.1994, Junnilainen leg. et coll. Finland: Ab.

219, 99 Lohja, 1.viti.1961, 22.v11.1965, 20., 25.vii., 17.v111.1966, 26.vi1.1967, 30.vii.1968, 26.vii.,

1.vi11.1969, 18., 23.vii., 15.vin.1970, 26., 27., 28.vii.1971, 18.vil.1972, 17.vii.1973, 20.vii.1975,

29.v11.1983, 25.vil., 8.vili.1987, 28.v11.1991, Krogerus leg. (slides LK 3731, 3732) (MZH); 19 same

data, but 1990 (e.1.), Junnilainen leg. (MZH). 10° Lohja, Torhola 1993 (e. I. ex Carex digitata), Kaila leg.

(MZH). N. 149 109 Siuntio, Andby 668:35, 1991 (e. 1. ex Carex digitata), Kaila leg. (slides LK 530,

681, 682, 685, 686, 3198, 3199, 3733, 3760-3763) (MZH), 29 same data, but 1991, Kaitila leg. (MZH).

St. 19 Sakyla, 27.v11.2003, Kaitila leg. (slide LK 3756) (coll. J.-P.Kaitila). Za. 1S Hattula, 28.vi.1936,

Lindberg leg. (MZH). 90° same data, but Hattula 8.—10.vii.1936, Karvonen leg. (slide LK 687) (MZH).

Sa. 10° Imatra, 12.vii.1955, Nybom leg. (MZH). Ok. 19 Kuhmo, 9.vii.1980, Nybom leg. (MZH). Ob. 20

29 Utajärvi 716:47, 24.vii.1976, Kyrki leg. (slides J. Kyrki 1066, 1067) (ZMUO); 39 29 (e L.), same

data, but larvae 7.v.2003 (in Carex ericetorum), Itamies & Leinonen leg. (ZMUO). France: 19 Hautes

Alpes RN 05, Les Vigneaux, 1000 m, 5.vii.2002, Junnilainen leg. et coll. (LK slide 3757); 3¢ 5 km W

les Vigneaux, 1250 m, 5.—6.vi.2003, Junnilainen leg. et coll. (LK slide 3759). 19 Provence, 2 km N. la

228 KAILA & VARALDA: The Elachista juliensis-complex

13. Holotype of Biselachista ruthae (ETO A.3.4.93, ZMUC). 14. Holotype of Biselachista buvati (ETO

5879, ZMUC). 15. E. occidentalis from Finland (LK 3772).

Mur, 17.v.2003, Hendriksen leg. (ZMUC). Germany: 40 Baden, Grenzacherhorn, Paravicini coll. B. M.

1937-383 (BMNH). 19 (abdomen missing) ‘E. serricornis (Sta vid.) Sta Baden Baden, Frey coll., Brit

Mus. 1890-62 (BMNH). 19, 19 [no locality given] Frey coll., Brit. Mus. 1890-62 (BMNH). 19

Regensburg, 15.vi.1932 (e. 1. ex Carex silv.), Sälzl. leg., (LK slide 3743, ZSM). Greece: 19 Pelopones,

Taygetos, vi.1996, Lastuvka leg. (LK slide 3552) (ZMUC). 20 Pindos, Konitsa, Pades, 6.vii.1981,

Grotenfelt leg. et coll. (LK slides 3549, 3551). Italy: 49, 19 Friuli, Fiume Felia nr. Carnıa, 240 m,

26.vi-2.v11.2003, Skule & Hviid leg. (ZMUC). 89 Piemonte (CN) Parco Natur. Reg. Alpi Maritime, S.

Giacomo di Entracqua sopra Lago della Rovina, 1800-2000 m, 20., 26.vii.1997, and 19 same data, but

1550-1850 m, 20.vii.1997, all Baldizzone leg., and with identification label “Biselachista ingeborgae Tr.-

O. det. E. Traugott-Olsen (coll. Baldizzone, ZMUC, LK slide 3862). 10° Piemonte (CN) Parco Natur.

Reg. Alpi Maritime, Trinita (Entracque), Vallone Grande, 1400 m, 16.vii.1996, Baldizzone leg., with

identification label “Biselachista ingeborgae Tr.-O. det. E. Traugott-Olsen (coll. Baldizzone). 10° Prov.

Trento, Lago di Molveno, 10.vii.1983, De Prins leg. (LK slide 3741) (ZSM). 20° Südtirol, Montiggl Kl.

Priol, 600 m, 26.vi.1993, 14.vii.1993, Huemer leg. (TLMF). 10° Südtirol, 400 m, Pfatten, Mitterberg,

NO-Hang, 12.vii.1991, Huemer leg., with identification label “Biselachista juliensis Frey det. U. Parenti”

(slide U. Parenti 12516) (TLMF). 10°, 19 Teriolis mer., Kreuzberg Pass, 1600 m, 22.vii.1988, Klimesch

leg. (S in ZSM, Q in MZH). 20 Kreuzberg, P. Sexten, 1660 m, 21.vii.1986, Klimesch leg., one speci-

men with identification label “Biselachista juliensis Frey det. E. Traugott-Olsen” (slide ETO 6437,

ZMUC). Poland: Glinki n. Torun e. |. 23.v.1997 10°, 14.v.1999 10, 31.v.2003 19 ex Carex ericetorum,

all T. Baran leg. (LK slides 3746, 3860, 3864, MZH). 19, 19 Pieniny Mts. Trzy Korony, 700 m, 12.,

15.vi.2003 (e. 1., ex Carex digitata), Baran leg. (LK slides 3861, 3863, MZH). Sweden: Gti. Fleringe

14.vii.1969 10 I. Svensson leg. (MZLU). 19 Frijel, 16.vii.1977, Svensson leg. (slide IS 5873) (MZLU).

19 Lojsta, 18.vii.1965, Svensson leg. (slide IS 4641) (MZLU). 19 Rute, 7.vii.1984, Svensson leg. (slide

IS 6804) (MZLU). 10 Tingstide, 4.vii.1969, Svensson leg. (slide IS 4788) (MZLU). 19 Vamlingbo,

16.v11.1959, Ekström leg.; 19 same data, but 14.vii. 1977, Svensson leg. (MZLU). 19 Oja, 21.vii.1933,

Benander leg. (MZH). Sm. 19 Hégsby’ 13.—14.vu. 1968, Svensson leg. (MZLU). 69, 19 Marbäck,

19.vii.1966, Svensson leg. (slide IS 4651) (MZLU). Vg. 29 Kinnekulle, 1.-2.vii. 1966, 16.v1.1968,

Svensson leg. (slide 4128) (MZLU). 29 Österplana 19.vii.1962, Svensson leg. (MZLU). Öl. 70 Gardby,

4.vii.1989, 13.vii.1985, Svensson leg. (MZLU). 10° Hulterstad, 25.vi.1973, Svensson leg. (MZLU). 30°

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 217-237 229

Karums alvar, 23.vi.1959, Svensson leg. (slide IS 3100) (MZLU). 1¢

Karehamn 23.v1.1973, Svensson leg. (MZLU). 10 Vickleby

13.-15.vu.1961, Svensson leg. (MZLU). Og. 1S Kolmärden,

23.v11.1975, Svensson leg. (slide IS 5644) (MZLU). Switzerland: 1¢

Baselland, Hardwald, Paravicini coll. B. M. 1937-383 (BMNH). — uncer-

tain locality: 10°, 29 [no locality given] Stainton coll. Brit. Mus. 1893-

134 (BMNH).

Male: Labial palpus ascending, length 1.4-1.5 times diameter

of head; above white except base of 3rd segment narrowly

grey, below variably powdered with grey in middle of 2nd

and 3rd segments. Head shiny white, variably mottled with

grey-tipped scales above and sometimes laterally. Neck tuft

usually mottled grey, sometimes almost entirely white.

Thorax grey, scales of tegula and metascutum whitish, grey-

tipped. Forewing ground colour varying from grey to dark

grey or brownish, with five white markings which vary in

size and brightness: 1 — indistinct small white streak basally,

2 — another more distinct streak distally from black streak

situated at fold before middle of wing, 3 — triangular costal

spot at distal 2/3 of costa, 4 — small more or less rounded

E. occidentalis from apex; costal spot basally delimited with oblique straight

Finland, Siuntio (LK 3199). black streak. Fringe scales grey, basal fringe scales black-

tipped forming black fringe line. Hindwing grey. Underside

of fore-wing dark grey, fringe at costal and tornal spots creamy white; underside of

hindwing grey. Female as male but forewing ground colour dark grey with brighter

and more expanded white pattern.

Male genitalia. Uncus lobes about 1.3 times longer than broad, distally rounded;

median incision between them narrow, u-shaped. Mesal margin of juxta lobes short,

straight; distal margin somewhat rounded, medially with a group of long scales; digi-

tate process rather narrow, distally variable, oblique and acute-tipped; length 0.28-0.3

times length of valva; valva somewhat bent, width strongly variable, 0.25—0.30 times

length at widest point; basal and distal fold of costa meeting at 1/3 length of valva;

distal fold wrinkled; length of cucullus 1/4 length of valva, longer than wide,

somewhat bent towards costa, distinctly twisted over distal fold of costa. Aedeagus

gradually tapered towards apex, 0.80-0.95 times length of valva, slightly bent s-shaped,

caecum as long as basal opening of aedeagus; vesica with very indistinct straight and

narrow cornutus about 0.15-0.22 times length of aedeagus.

Female genitalia. Papillae anales rounded, covered with long and thin setae,

distally also with short and stout setae. Apophyses posteriores stout, rather straight, length

variable to some extent. Apophyses anteriores varying from 2/3 to full length of apophyses

posteriores, stout or slender. Ostium bursae occupying over half width between apo-

physes anteriores, dorsal wall spinose; antrum as broad as deep, internally spinose;

ductus bursae posteriorly narrow, tubular, broader cephalad from inception point of

230 KAILA & VARALDA: The Elachista juliensis-complex

Fig. 17. Signum in Elachista juliensis and E. occidentalis, showing variation found within single popu-

lations. Left column: E. juliensis, all from ex ovo series: Italy, Piemonte, Chiusa San Michele (TO), Sacra

S. Mich., 850 m, A.168 1994, P. G. Varalda leg., slides from top to bottom LK 3881, LK 3882, LK 3883,

LK 3884. Right column: E. occidentalis, all from Finland Siuntio, Andby, larva ex Carex digitata 1991,

Kaila leg., slides from top to bottom LK 3199, LK 3760, LK3761, LK3762.

ductus seminalis; sclerotisation of colliculum long, almost extended from antrum to

inception of ductus seminalis; ductus bursae distinct from corpus bursae; corpus

bursae largely covered with distinctive internal spines; signum an elongate dentate plate

of variable shape.

Life history. E. occidentalis occurs in montane areas in Central and southern Europe.

In northern Europe it inhabits xerothermic sites. The adults sometimes have been

caught in the evening, and in Central and southern Europe they are attracted to light.

The species is univoltine. The larva feeds on Carex digitata and C. ericetorum. The

full-grown larva is 5-7 mm long, greyish green, with the prothoracic and anal plates

amber-coloured. The mine is 10—15 cm long, situated either along the mid-rib or the

margin of the leaf. The initial mine, constituting about half the total length of the mine,

is very thin and then gradually widens. Towards the end it occupies about half the

width of the leaf. Pupation takes place in laboratory conditions usually on the mid-rib

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 217-237 Dol

Fig. 18. Variation in the shape of the antrum in Elachista juliensis, E. occidentalis, E. ribentella and

E. zonulae. Left column E. juliensis, from top: Austria inf. Dürnstein (slide LK 3772), Italy, Dintorni

Trento (slide LK 3768), Italy, Piemonte Chiusa San Michele (TO), Sacra S. Mich., 850 m (slide LK

3890), Italy, Piemonte (slide LK 3890). Middle column E. occidentalis, from top: Italy Kreuzberg

P. Sexten (paratype of E. ruthae) slide (ETO B.10.4.93), Finland N: Siuntio (slide LK 3199), ditto (slide

LK3760) Sweden, Smaland, Marbäck (slide I. Svensson 4651). Right column from top: £. ribentella sp.

n. paratype, Japan, Hokkaido, Kyöwa-Town (slide Sugisima 0760), ditto (slide Sugisima 0983), E. zonulae,

Poland, Tatra Mts., Giewont (slide LK 3201), ditto, Russia, Altai, Chuja Valley (slide LK 3907).

of the leaf, sometimes elsewhere, often in a corner of the rearing pot. The pupa is

brown, attached to the substrate with a silken girdle.

252 KAILA & VARALDA: The Elachista juliensis-complex

Fig. 19. Habitus of Elachista ribentella sp. n. Top row males: holotype (Japan: Hokkaido: Sinsennuma,

Kyôwa-Town) paratype ditto, head of the holotype. Bottom row females: 2 paratype ditto.

Distribution. Widespread in Europe, material studied from Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia,

Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland.

Remarks. E. occidentalis, as here delimited, 1s a somewhat variable species, both in

colouration and in male genitalia. No obvious trends in any character combination

have been detected, and the range of variation in genitalia seems present in popula-

tions throughout the distribution range. In central and southern Europe, and in some

dry sites also in northern Europe, specimens tend to be paler than those from more

northern or humid areas, but variation is great and overlapping everywhere. The holo-

types of Biselachista buvati Traugott-Olsen, 1994 and Biselachista ruthae Traugott-

Olsen, 1994 are within the variation observed in Elachista occidentalis, and these

names are here considered junior synonyms of Elachista occidentalis. Note, however,

that the male genital illustrations of Biselachista buvati in its original description were

drawn from a paratype, not the holotype (Figs. 25 and 33 in Traugott-Olsen 1994).

They obviously depict Elachista zonulae Sruoga (the specimen was not studied). The

specimen labelled as the holotype of B. buvati (habitus and wing venation illustration

in the original description by Traugott-Olsen 1994: figs. 4; 16) is not conspecific with

this paratype, and its characteristics, including those of the male genitalia (Fig. 14),

fall well within the variation observed in Elachista occidentalis. The Q habitus acquarel

showing E. occidentalis in Traugott-Olsen (1994) was painted from an E. juliensis

specimen (in coll. ZMUC). The valva and the uncus lobes of the holotype of E. ruthae

appear broader than in other specimens here assigned to E. occidentalis. This is due

to distortion caused by superfluous squeezing of the genitalia on this slide. Other

specimens from the same series from which the holotype of E. ruthae was selected,

are just like any other representative of E. occidentalis.

Elachista ribentella sp. n. (Figs. 18-23)

Sugisima leg., Host 00118 Carex blepharicarpa, & genitalia slide no. 0982 K. Sugisima, 2002. (SEHU).

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 217-237 235

Japan (Sugisima 0734). 22. Paratype from Russia (LK 3749).

Paratypes (110, 29): 79, 29 same data, but, e. 1. ex Carex blephari-

carpa, 14.v11.1995, 1., 17., 19.v11.1996, 21.vi.1998, Sugisima leg.

(SEHU, 20 in MZH); 20 Honsyü, Ueno, Azusagawa, Nagano Pref.

13.vi1.1982, 22.v11.1982, Hirano leg. (SEHU). Russia: 19 S. Primorje,

43°16'N_ 134°04’E, Lazowski Res., 5.-9.vin.1998; 19 S. Primorje

43°38’N 132°33’E Ussuriskij Res., 250 m, 29.-31.vi1.1998, Jalava,

Kullberg & Kaare leg. (MZH). — Additional material: Russia: 29, S.

Primorje, 20 km E Ussurijska, 7.v111.1982, 10.v111.1982, Puplesis leg.

(MZH) [specimens in bad condition, glued on cardboard].

mm. Male: Labial palpus ascending, length 1.2-1.3 times

diameter of head; above greyish or ochreous white except

base of 3rd segment narrowly grey, below powdered with

grey ın the middle of 2nd and 3rd segment. Head shiny och-

reous or greyish white, variably mottled with grey-tipped

scales laterally and on vertex. Scape and pedicel of antenna

above mottled grey, flagellum thick greyish white below on

basal 2/3, above grey, annulated with somewhat paler rings.

Fig. 23. 9 genitalia of Elachista ribentella sp. n. paratype (Japan)

(Sugisima 0983).

234 KAILA & VARALDA: The Elachista juliensis-complex

Fig. 24. Habitus of Elachista zonulae. Top row: males, bottom row females. Top left: Austria, Teriolis Sept.,

Nordkette, 1500 m, 29.vii.1943, Burmann leg. (TLMF). Top middle: Poland, Tatra Mts. 1350 m, Sarnia

Skals 7.v11.1987, Buszko leg. (ZMUC). Top right: Poland, Tatra Mts. Kominiarski Wierch, 1700-1800 m

28.v11.1997, Nupponen & Junnilainen leg. (coll. T. & K. Nupponen). Bottom left and middle: Russia, Altai

Mts., Chuja Valley, 1500 m, 5 km SE Aktash 14.vi1.2001, Nupponen leg. (coll. T. & K. Nupponen). Bottom -

right: Russia, Altai Mts., Kuraisky Hrebet, 2300 m, 9.vii.201, Nupponen leg. (coll. T. & K. Nupponen).

Neck tuft mottled grey. Thorax mottled grey, scales of tegula and metascutum whitish,

grey-tipped. Forewing ground colour mottled grey, with four indistinct mottled

whitish markings: 1— small streak distally from black streak situated in fold before

middle of wing, 2 — triangular costal spot at distal 2/3 of costa, 3 — small, more or less

rounded tornal spot beyond costal spot, and 4 — transverse streak at apex; costal spot

basally delimited with obliquely oriented, straight black streak and another pronounced

streak at fold at 3/4 wing length. Fringe scales grey, basal fringe scales black-

tipped forming black fringe line. Hindwing grey. Underside of forewing dark grey,

fringe at costal and tornal spots creamy white; underside of hindwing grey. Female as

male but forewing ground colour darker grey with brighter and more expanded white

pattern, also with small white streak basally delimiting black streak of fold.

Male genitalia. Uncus lobes about 1.5 times longer than broad, distally rounded;

median incision between them narrow, u-shaped. Mesal margin of juxta lobes short,

straight; distal margin somewhat rounded, medially with a group of long scales;

digitate process narrow, distally variable, oblique and acute-tipped; length 0.28-0.30

times length of valva; valva somewhat bent, width strongly variable, 0.28—0.31 times

length at widest point; basal and distal fold of costa meeting at 1/3 length of valva;

distal fold even or somewhat wrinkled, distinctly sclerotised and often remarkably

widened distally; length of cucullus 1/4 length of valva, longer than wide, somewhat

bent towards costa, distinctly twisted over distal fold of costa. Aedeagus

gradually tapered towards apex, length 0.75—0.78 times length of valva, slightly bent

s-shaped, caecum as long as basal opening of aedeagus; vesica with straight narrow

cornutus, 0.31 times as long as aedeagus.

Female genitalia. Papillae anales rounded, covered with long and thin setae,

distally also with short and stout setae. Apophyses posteriores stout, rather straight,

length variable to some extent. Apophyses anteriores almost as long as apophyses

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 217-237 255

Pel, cm 2

;

Fig. 25-26. S genitalia of Elachista zonulae. 25. E. zonulae from France (LK 3758). 26. E. zonulae from

Russia, Altai (LK 3732).

posteriores, slender. Ostium bursae occupying over half

width between apophyses anteriores, dorsal wall spinose;

antrum of variable shape, internally strongly spinose; ductus

bursae posteriorly narrow, tubular, broader cephalad from

inception point of ductus seminalis; sclerotisation of colli-

culum long, almost extended from antrum to inception of

ductus seminalis; ductus bursae distinct from corpus bursae;

corpus bursae largely covered with distinctive internal spines;

signum an elongate dentate plate of variable shape.

Life history. E. ribentella has been reared from Carex

blepharicarpa. The type locality is the wet edge of a peat

bog. Specimens from Ueno, Japan have been collected in a

moderately humid conifer forest (K. Sugisima, pers.

comm.). The specimens from the Russian Far East collected

by Jalava, Kullberg, and Kaare were found in a lush

meadow and in a ruderal village habitat (J Kullberg., pers.

comm. ).

Distribution. Japan, Russia (Far East).

Fig. 27. 9 genitalia of Remarks. The specimens reported as Biselachista freyi

Re 0 from the Russian Far East by Sruoga (1995) are referable to

Giewont, LK 3201). E. ribentella.

Elachista zonulae (Sruoga, 1992) (Figs. 18, 24—27)

Biselachista zonulae Sruoga in Sruoga & Puplesis 1992: 440

Material. Austria: 19 Teriol. sept. Nordkette, 1400 m, 22.viii.1939, Burmann leg. (LK slide 3858,

TLMF); 19 same data, but 1500 m, 29.vii.1943, Burmann leg. (LK slide 3857, TLMF), both with iden-

tification label “Elachista juliensis Frey det. U. Parenti”. France: 19 Hautes Alpes RN05 5 km W Les

Vigneaux, 1250 m, 5.-6.vi.2003, Junnilainen leg. et coll. (LK slide 3758). Kyrgyzstan: 20 10 km SE

Lake Song Köl, steppe/river bed, 41°30’N 75°35’E, 26.vii.1990, Kaila leg. 30, 19 45 km NE Naryn,

236 KAILA & VARALDA: The Elachista juliensis-complex

2650 m, dry meadow, 41°40’N 76°31’E, 31.v11.1990, Kaila leg. 109 41 km E Naryn, 2850-3300 m,

steppe-alpine meadow, 41°20’N 76°26’E, 31.v11.-7.v111.1990, Kaila leg. (all in MZH). Poland: 190, 19

Tatra Mts., Bobrowiec, 1400-1500 m, Mnichy Chocholowskie, 23.vi1.1997, Nupponen & Junnilainen

leg. (LK slide 3193, coll. Junnilainen, coll. Nupponen, 19 in MZH). 30° Tatra Mts., Kominiarski Wierch,

1700-1800 m, 28.v11.1997, Nupponen & Junnilainen leg. et coll. (LK slide 3755). 19 Tatra Mts.,

Giewont, Mnich Malolacki, 24.v11.1997, Nupponen & Junnilainen leg. (LK slide 3201, coll. Junnilainen).

19 Tatra Mts., Sarnia Skala, 1350 m, 7.vii.1987, Buszko leg. (ZMUC). Russia: 40, 19 Altai Mts.,

50°16-20’N 87°50-SS'E, Kuraisky hrebet, 2300 m, 9.vii.2001, Nupponen leg. 20°, 29 Altai Mts., Chuja

valley, 5 km SE Aktash village, 1500 m, 50°14-16°N 87°40'E, 14.v11.2001, Nupponen leg. (coll.

Nupponen, 19 in MZH).

ascending, length 1.1-1.2 times diameter of head; above whitish grey except base of

2nd and 3rd segments varıably grey, below grey. Head, neck tuft, and thorax mottled

grey. Forewing ground colour dark grey, with three greyish white markings: 1 — streak

distally from black streak situated at fold before middle of wing, 2 — triangular or

rounded costal spot at distal 2/3 costa, 3 — another similar tornal spot opposite costal

spot. Fringe scales grey, basal fringe scales darker grey-tipped forming indistinct fringe ~

line. Hindwing grey. Underside of forewing dark grey, fringe at costal and tornal spots

creamy white; underside of hindwing grey. Female as male but forewing ground

colour darker with brighter and more expanded white pattern.

Male genitalia. Uncus lobes about twice longer than broad, distally rounded and

slightly broadened; median incision between them almost as broad as basal width of

uncus lobes, u-shaped. Mesal margin of juxta lobes short, straight, distal margin

somewhat concave, laterally with group of long scales; digitate process blunt-tipped,

length 0.22-0.28 times length of valva; valva somewhat bent, width variable,

0.27—0.30 times length at widest point; basal and distal fold of costa meeting at

1/4 length of valva; distal fold even; cucullus 1/4 length of valva, longer than wide,

somewhat bent towards costa, weakly twisted over distal fold of costa. Aedeagus

gradually tapered towards apex, 0.80-0.95 times as long as valva, strongly bent at

basal 1/3, s-shaped, caecum shorter than basal opening of aedeagus; vesica with very

indistinct, straight narrow cornutus, about 0.22—25 times length of aedeagus.

Female genitalia. Papillae anales rounded, covered with long and thin setae,

distally also with short and stout setae. Apophyses posteriores stout, rather straight,

length variable to some extent. Apophyses anteriores varying from 2/3 to full length

apophyses posteriores, stout or slender. Ostium bursae occupying about 1/3 width

between apophyses anteriores, dorsal wall spinose; antrum about as broad as deep,

internally strongly spinose; ductus bursae posteriorly narrow, tubular, broader cephalad

from inception point of ductus seminalis; sclerotisation of colliculum long, almost

extended from antrum to inception of ductus seminalis; ductus bursae inserted distinct

from corpus bursae; corpus bursae largely covered with distinctive internal spines;

signum an elongate dentate plate of variable shape.

Life history. In Central Asia and Siberia E. zonulae occurs in high altitude xerother-

mic meadows. In Poland and the Alps the habitat is similar, although the species has

been found in somewhat lower altitudes. Baran (2003), based on Buszko & Baraniak

(1989), reports the larva to feed on Carex sempervirens. The adult is active in the

afternoon and evening before sunset. The species is univoltine.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 217-237 PR]

Distribution. Transpalaearctic; material examined from Austria, France, Kyrgyzstan,

Poland, and Russia (Altai Mts.). Sruoga (1992) reports ıt also from Kazakhstan and

Tajikistan, and Tokär et al. (1999) from Slovakia. E. zonulae ıs recorded from the

Alps, Tatra Mts., Tian Shan Mts. in Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan, and Altai Mts. in

Siberia.

Acknowledgements.

We wish to express our gratitude to A. Aalto, G. Baldizzone, T. Baran, R. Danielsson, P. Grotenfelt, P.

Huemer, J. Junnilainen, J. Itämies, J.-P. Kaitila, O. Karsholt, J. Kullberg, W. Mey, K. Nupponen, A.

Segerer, V. Sruoga, K. Sugisima, and K. R. Tuck for invaluable information and/or loan or donation of

specimens. B. Landry kindly revised the language. The E. ribentella specimens from Sinsen-numa were

collected with permission of the Japanese Ministry of the Environment (no. Shiribeshi-Kankyo-Seibutsu-

34) to K. Sugisima.

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mologische Zeitung 14: 273-336.

Tokar, Z., F. Slamka, & G. Pastorälis 1999. New and interesting records of Lepidoptera from Slovakia in

1995-1997. — Entomofauna carpathica 11: 43-57.

Traugott-Olsen, E. 1994. Identity of Biselachista freyi (Staudinger, 1870) and Biselachista occidentalis

(Frey, 1882), description of five new species (Lepidoptera, Elachistidae). — SHILAP Revista de

lepidopterologia 22: 323-348.

Traugott-Olsen, E. and E. Schmidt Nielsen 1977. The Elachistidae (Lepidoptera) of Fennoscandia and

Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 6: 1-299. Klampenborg, Denmark.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 239-243 239

A taxonomic study on the genus Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov, 1964

from China (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae)

AIHUAN ZHANG & HOUHUN LI

Department of Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China;

e-mail: lihouhun@nankai.edu.cn

Abstract. Seven species of the genus Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov from China are treated in &:., paper.

Descriptions of two new species R. ovata sp. n. and R. orbiculata sp. n. are given, with genital structures

illustrated. A key to all known Chinese species is provided.

Key words. Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Olethreutinae, Rhopalovalva, new species, China.

Introduction

Kuznetzov erected the genus Rhopalovalva in 1964 for Eudemis lascivana Christoph,

1881 and transferred three more species to the genus: R. exartemana (Kennel, 1901),

R. cordelia (Meyrick, 1935), and R. grapholitana (Caradja, 1916), but Clarke (1958)

synonymized A. cordelia with A. grapholitana. Later, Diakonoff (1973) and

Kuznetzov (1976b) transferred one species each from Acroclita Lederer, 1859 and

Phoxopteryx Sodoffsky, 1837 to Rhopalovalva, viz. R. catharotorna (Meyrick, 1935)

and R. pulchra (Butler, 1879). In addition, Oku (1974) described Rhopalovalva

amabilis from Japan. Thus, up until now, six valid Rhopalovalva species were

recognized. They occur in Korea, Japan, and Russia, and five of them have been

recorded from China (Razowski 1999; Liu & Li 2002). In the present paper, two new

species are described from China. The type specimens are deposited in the Department

of Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. The research was supported by the

National Natural Science Foundation of China for the Special Program.

Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov, 1964

Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov, 1964: 883. Type species: Eudemis lascivana Christoph, 1881.

Key to Chinese species of Rhopalovalva based on male genitalia characters

1. Cucullus ventrally with process spinous 2

- Cucullus ventrally with process not spinous 3

2. Sacculus angle with slender hairy lobe; valva constricted deeply R. catharotorna

- Sacculus angle with broad hairy lobe; valva constricted slightly R. pulchra

3. Socius ovate; cucullus with short clubbed process ventrally R. ovata sp. n.

- Socius long and narrow; cucullus with slender process ventrally 4

4. Uncus with slightly broader apex; socius about equal in length to uncus R. orbiculata sp. n.

- Uncus with pointed apex; socius obviously longer than uncus 5

5. Cucullus with process apically dilated R. grapholitana

- Cucullus with process not apically dilated 6

6. Sacculus angle with slender hairy lobe R. exartemana

- Sacculus angle with broad and short hairy lobe R. lascivana

240 ZHANG & Li: Rhopalovalva from China

Rhopalovalva catharotorna (Meyrick, 1935: 53) (Acroclita)

Material. 10, Jixian (40 02° N, 117°24’ E), Tianjin, 550 m, 23.vi.2001, leg. Houhun Li; 19, same data,

but 510 m, 16.v111.1997.

Remarks. Wingspan 12.0 mm. The species was treated and transferred to

Rhopalovalva by Diakonoff (1973: 629). It is known to occur in China (Tianjin,

Shanghai, Zhejiang, Taiwan) and Japan.

Rhopalovalva exartemana (Kennel, 1901: 260) (Acroclita)

Remarks. The species was transferred to Rhopalovalva by Kuznetzov (1964: 885) and

is recorded from China (Northeast part), Korea, Japan, and Russia (Far East).

Rhopalovalva grapholitana (Caradja, 1916: 60) (Acroclita)

Acroclita cordelia Meyrick, 1935: 52.

Material. 60°, Wenxian (32°58’ N, 104°41’ E), Gansu Province, 2000 m, 5.vii.2001, leg. Houhun Li

and Xinpu Wang; 19, Ziyang County (32°33’ N, 108°32’ E), Shaanxi Province, 350 m, 21.v.1994, leg.

Jin Zhou; 20°, Gushi County (32°10’ N, 115°41’ E), Henan Province, 120 m, 16.v.1995, leg. Guangyun

Yan.

Remarks. Wingspan 18.0 mm. The species was redescribed and transferred to

Rhopalovalva by Kuznetzov (1964: 886). It is found in China (Northeast part,

Shanghai, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu), Korea, and Russia (Far East).

Rhopalovalva lascivana (Christoph, 1881: 405) (Eudemis)

Material. 19, Libo County (25°24’ N, 107°52’ E), Guizhou Province, 23.v.1998, leg. Qirong Liao.

Remarks. Wingspan 10.5 mm. The species was treated and transferred to

Rhopalovalva by Kuznetzov (1964: 885). It is distributed in China (Guizhou), Korea,

Japan, and Russia (Far East).

Rhopalovalva pulchra (Butler, 1879: 79) (Phoxopteryx)

Material. 10‘, Mt. Tianmu (30°26’ N, 119°34’ E), Zhejiang Province, 350 m, 15.vi11.1999, leg. Houhun

Li et al.

Remarks. Wingspan 11.5 mm. The species was treated and transferred to

Rhopalovalva by Kuznetzov (1976: 19). It is known from China (Zhejiang), Korea,

Japan, and Russia (Far East).

Rhopalovalva ovata sp. n. (Figs. 1, 2)

leg. Houhun Li & Xinpu Wang, genitalia slide no. ZAH03773.

Description. Wingspan 14.0 mm. Vertex with brown scales between antennae.

Antenna brown. Labial palpus white mixed with brown; second segment with long

scales; third segment projecting forward. Thorax brown; tegula with basal half light

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 239-243 241

Figs. 1-2. Rhopalovalva ovata sp. n. 1. Adult (S). 2. Male genitalia.

brown, apical half grey. Forewing pale yellow, without distinct spots and fasciae; apex

protruded, outer margin concave below apex; costa with eight pairs of grey streaks

ranging from 1/5 to apex , apical five pairs running to termen below apex; cilia pale

yellow. Hindwing and cilia grey. Foreleg light brown; midleg and hindleg grey, with

light brown scales on tarsi.

Male genitalia. Tegumen posteriorly with long V-shaped lateral sclerite suppor-

ting tuba analis. Uncus slender, thin, with slightly thinner apex; socius nearly ovate,

setose, longer than uncus. Valva broad at base; neck distinct; sacculus angle with short

and broad, straight-ended setose lobe directed dorsad; cucullus somewhat elliptic,

setose, with short marginal spines and short clubbed process on triangular projection

ventrally. Aedeagus thin, conical; with numerous cornuti.

Female. Unknown.

Diagnosis. This species is different from any other species of the genus in having the

socius nearly ovate and the cucullus with a short clubbed process on a triangular pro-

jection ventrally; in the other species the socius is long and narrow and the cucullus

bears a spine or slender process ventrally.

Derivatio nominis. The specific name is derived from the Latin “ovatus” (oval),

referring to the nearly ovate socius in the male genitalia.

Rhopalovalva orbiculata sp. n. (Figs. 3, 4, 5)

Material. Holotype CO, Mt. Mao’er (25°53’ N, 110°25’ E), Guangxi Province, 1100 m, 20.1v.2002, leg.

Shulian Hao & Huaijun Xue, genitalia slide no. ZAH03720. Paratypes: 10°, same data as holotype; 19,

Mt. Fanjing (27°55’ N, 100°41’ E), Guizhou Province, 1300 m, 2.viii.2001, Houhun Li & Xinpu Wang;

19, 19, Xishui County (28°19’ N, 106°12’ E), Guizhou Province, 1200 m, 1.vi.2000, Yanli Du.

Description. Wingspan 10.0-12.0 mm. Vertex with brown scales. Antenna brown.

Labial palpus white mixed with brown; second segment with long scales; third seg-

ment minute, concealed in scales of second segment. Thorax fulvous; tegula with

basal half light brown, apical half grey. Forewing fulvous, with dark brown transverse

lines; apex strongly protruded, falcate; outer margin deeply concave below apex; costa

with seven pairs of grey streaks, apical two pairs meeting with each other and running

242 ZHANG & Li: Rhopalovalva from China

to termen below apex; basal 1/3 of dorsum with four unconspicuous tranverse fasciae;

tornal marking elliptic, yellow; cilia grey. Hindwing and cilia grey. Legs pale white,

with brown scales on tarsi. Abdomen light brown.

Male genitalia. Uncus somewhat clubbed, setose, with apex slightly broadened;

socius oblong, broader at base, gradually narrowed beyond middle, as long as uncus,

setose. Valva broad at base; neck only slightly narrower than base; sacculus with short,

apically rounded setose lobe directed dorsad; cucullus nearly ovate, setose, ventrally

with slender process roundly dilated distally. Aedeagus thin, tubular; with numerous

cornuti.

Female genitalia. Papillae anales long and narrow, setose. Posterior apophysis

slightly shorter than anterior apophysis, both shorter than papillae anales. Ostium ope-

ning on posterior margin of 7th sternite. Antrum long, about half length of ductus bur-

sae. Ductus bursae slender; ductus seminalis originating from near corpus bursae.

Corpus bursae irregularly elliptic; two signa slender, spined.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 239-243 243

Diagnosis. This species is closely related to Rhopalovalva lascivana (Christoph) in

external appearance, but differs from the latter in having the uncus slightly broadened

apically and the socius about equal in length to the uncus, whereas in the other spe-

cies the uncus is pointed apically and the socius is much longer than the uncus.

Derivatio nominis. The specific name is derived from the Latin “orbiculatus” (mea-

ning round), referring to the cucullus of the male genitalia ventrally bearing a slender

process roundly dilated distally .

References

Butler, A. G. 1879. Illustrations of typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the

British Museum 3: i—xviti, 1-82, pls. 41-60.

Byun, B. K., Y. S. Bae & K. T. Park. 1998. Illustrated Catalogue of Tortricidae in Korea (Lepidoptera). —

In: K. T. Park (ed.), Insects of Korea [2], 317 pp. Seoul.

Caradja, A. 1916. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der geographischen Verbreitung der Pyraliden und Tortriciden des

europäischen Faunengebietes, nebst Beschreibung neurer Formen. — Deutsche Entomologische

Zeitschrift Iris 30: 1-88, Dresden.

Christoph, H. 1881. Neue Lepidopteren des Amurgebietes. — Bulletin de la Société Impériale des

Naturalistes de Moscou 56 (4): 405-436.

Clarke, J. F. G. 1958. Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum

(Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick, vol. 3. — Trustees of the British Museum, 599 pp.

London.

Diakonoff, A. 1973. The South Asiatic Olethreutini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). — Brill, Leiden, pp. 1-700,

pls. 1-15.

Kawabe, A. 1982. Tortricidae. — Jn: H. Inoue et al. (eds.), Moths of Japan 1: 955 pp, ibidem 2: 522 pp.

Tokyo.

Kennel, J. 1901. Neue Wickler des palaearktischen Gebietes. — Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris

13 (1900) 2: 205-305.

Kennel, J. 1916. Die Palaearktischen Tortriciden. — Zoologica 21: 398-545, pls. 17-20.

Kuznetzov, V. I. 1964. New genera and species of leaf-rollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) from the Far

East. — Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 43 (4): 873-889.

Kuznetzov, V. I. 1976a. Leafrollers of the tribe Eucosmini of the southern part of the Far East. — Turdy

Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Leningrad 62: 70-108.

Kuznetzov, V. I. 1976b. New species and subspecies of the leafrollers (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) of the

fauna of the Palaearctic. — Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Leningrad 64: 3-33.

Kuznetzov, V. I. 2001. Tortricoidae. — Jn: Ler, D. A. (ed.), Key to the insects of Russian Far East. vol. 5.

Trichoptera and Lepidoptera. Pt. 3. — Vladivostok Dal’nauka, 621 pp.

Liu, Y. Q. & G. W Li. 2002. Fauna Sinica, Insecta, Vol. 27, Lepidoptera, Tortricidae. — Chinese Science

Press, 463 pp. Beijing.

Meyrick, E. 1935. In: Caradja, A. & E. Meyrick, 1935. Materialien zu einer Microlepidopteren Fauna der

chinesischen Provinzen Kiangsu, Chekiang und Hunan. 96 pp. Berlin.

Oku, T. 1974. Some new species of Olethreutinae (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) from Japan. — Kontyü 42 (2):

127-132.

Razowski, J. 1971. The type specimens of the species of some Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). — Acta zoolo-

gica cracoviensia 15 (10): 463-541.

Razowski, J. 1989. The genera of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Part II: Palaearctic Olethreutinae. — Acta

zoologica cracoviensia 32 (7): 107-328.

Razowski, J. 1999. Catalogue of the species of Tortricidae. Part V: Palaearctic Eucosmina and Enarmo-

niina (Insecta: Lepidoptera). — Shilap Revista de Lepidoptera 27 (108): 437-506.

244 Book review

E. Garcia-Barros, M. L. Munguira, J. Martin Cano, H. Romo Benito, P. Garcia-

Pereira & E. S. Maravalhas 2004. Atlas de las mariposas diurnas de la Peninsula

Ibérica e islas Baleares (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea & Hesperioidea). — Monografias

Sociedad Entomolôgica Aragonesa 11: 228 pp. (ISBN 84-932807-5-5). (in Spanish

and English)

The very recently published atlas of the butterflies from the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic

islands is the result of a collaborative work by six authors and 33 further contributors. The atlas

starts with a brief introduction, listing the contributors, giving acknowledgements and the

financial supports. It is followed by a material and method chapter, which describes the data

sources, how the data have been collected in a database, nomenclatural aspects, how the maps

have been plotted and it is concluded with a statement on the state of the art. On pages 18-21

follows a list of the species which also refers to the map and page at which each species is

treated (there is no separate index at the end). The main chapter (p. 22—72) contains the text

for each species which is short and explanatory, primarily devoted to any outstanding problem

not visible in the map. The text is written bilingual in Spanish and English throughout,

formatted into two columns. The pages 73-184 contain the 224 maps, two maps on each

A4 page. Altogether, 290.000 records based on more than 421,000 specimens are plotted on

these maps with a 10x10 km grid of the UTM projection system. The book is completed with

a regional and a general bibliography (p. 185-224), and thematic maps at the end show the

administrative regions and provinces of Portugal and Spain, locations of the main mountain

regions and the 100 km UTM squares of the area. The work is precisely presented, as the

authors describe exactly what the did. Information gaps (‘deserts of butterfly faunistic information’)

from Andalusia, southern Portugal, Castilla-La Mancha and southern Aragon are mentioned

in the text and illustrated in fig. 3 (p. 17). I recommend this atlas to anyone interested in

Mediterranean butterflies, especially Iberian and Balearic species.

The atlas gives a comprehensive overview of the known occurrence of each species and a

comprehensive bibliography, and will certainly become a standard publication for all who are

studying and conserving the butterflies from Portugal, Spain and the Balearic islands.

MATTHIAS NUSS

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 245-247 245

Description of the female of Notocelia punicana Kuznetzov,

1956 (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae)

HELEN ALIPANAH

Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, P.O.Box 19395-1454,

Tehran, Iran; e-mail: alipanah@ppdri.ac.ir

Abstract. The female of Notocelia punicana Kuznetzov, 1956 is described based on three females

collected in the central part of Iran (Yazd province). Females are very similar to males in size and wing

pattern. The female genitalia of this species can be separated from those of all other known west

Palaearctic species by having broad papillae anales, a very strong eighth tergite, and a peculiar sterigma.

In other Notocelia species, the sterigma is broader and longer, with well developed, proximally rounded

anteostial section.

Key words. Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Olethreutinae, Notocelia punicana, female, Iran.

Notocelia Hübner, [1825] comprises 20 species in the Palearctic region (Razowski

1989). Notocelia punicana was described by Kuznetzov (1956) from material collec-

ted in Kopet-Dagh (Kara Kala), Turkmenistan. The description was based on males

only and the female remained unknown since then. During a survey conducted on the

pest fauna of pomegranate (Punica granatum, Lythraceae) orchards in Yazd and

Ghom provinces in Iran from 2000-2001, males and females of N. punicana were

found. A redescription of the species is given below, with a description of the female

genitalia and a comparison with closely related species.

Notocelia punicana Kuznetzov, 1956

Material. IP, 3P Iran, Yazd province, Yazd, vi1.2000, H. A. Ahmadian leg. (on pomegranate tree).

Description. Head. Vertex and upper frons light brown; labial palpus light brown,

with some darker scales in apical segment; ocellus as six shining dark brown spots;

antennae brown. Mesonotum light brown; tegulae brown.

Forewing (Fig. 1). Forewing length 7.0 mm (measured from base to apex, inclu-

ding fringes); male and female similar in ground color and pattern of both fore- and

hindwings; forewing upperside ground color pale brownish intermixed with cream,

with dark brown and orange scales arranged in perpendicular lines; pattern elements

including two distinct brown fasciae (basal and subbasal), each surrounded by two

dark brown lines, a creamy-white interfascial spot, white costal strigulae of which

basal and subbasal confluent to form patch, a light brown to orange pretornal spot, a

light brown median fascia, and a brownish orange terminal fascia; fringes brown;

forewing underside light brown except white costal strigulae.

Hindwing. Upperside uniformly brown except where forewing overlaps anterior to

SC+R1; underside uniformly brown, concolorous with forewing underside.

246 ALIPANAH: The female of Notocelia punicana

ee e : Poa a

Ei: Figs. 1. Notocelia punicana from Iran

Male genitalıa (Fig. 3). Tegumen rather short, broad; socius very large, expanding

beyond naked base, especially beyond it internally; remnants of gnathos as slender,

fairly long sclerites; valva long with weak ventral depression and rather broad neck;

cucullus long, somewhat protruding ventro-proximally; aedeagus slender, with both

deciduous and non-deciduous cornuti; the fixed cornuti with a pair of posterior spines,

the deciduous cornuti are situated rather in middle of vesica.

Female genitalıa (Fig. 4). Papilla analis broadest near middle, rather slender,

tapering anteriorly; eighth tergite large with well sclerotized lateral folds; apophyses

short; sterigma broad, moderately short with small median anteostial section, large

ostium area, and weakly concave posterior edge; lateral edges of sterigma convex;

ductus bursae moderately long; cingulum large, medially located; signa unequally

sized.

Diagnosis. Externally, this species is similar to N. trimaculana (Haworth, [1811]) (=

N. suffusana Zeller, 1846) and was originally compared with that species (Kuznetzov

1956). As in N. rosaecolana (Doubleday, 1850), males have no groups of melanic

scales on the hindwing. The Iranian specimens have rather slenderer forewings than

the populations of both above-mentioned European species. Their pattern is seemingly

more strongly strigulated. The male genitalia are characterized by the very broad soci

and long cucullus. This species differs in the lack of a terminal pair of non-deciduous

cornuti and the horn-like process beyond the basal cavity of the valva. The female is

quite different from all known west Palaearctic species in having broad papillae anales,

a very strong eighth tergite, and a peculiar sterigma. The last character is similar in

Barbara herrichiana Obraztsov, 1960, but it is broader and more concave posteriorly.

In other Notocelia species the sterigma is broader and longer, with a well developed,

proximally rounded anteostial section.

Life history. The reddish larvae of this species were collected for the first time under

the bark of pomegranate trees (Punica granatum, Lythraceae) in the above-mentioned

areas during April-May 2000. They feed on reproductive organs of flowers and cause

the premature fall of the fruits.

Remarks. This is the first record of N. punicana from Iran. The external characters

confirm the inclusion of this species in Notocelia. However, the lack of non-deci-

duous cornuti and the structure of the ovipositor and sterigma are possibly unique in

this genus.

Nota lepid. 27 (2/3): 245-247 247

CA: aN

<< AN | \ i

{ R À

aye I I 5

7 EN PPS ——<—=

SS MY pf

v =f GT — SS

er KA \ N

— SX À x 1 =

== NL

~— Ta

Figs. 2-3. Notocelia punicana from Iran. 2. Male genitalia. 3. Female genitalıa.

Acknowledgements

I wish to express my cordial thanks to Prof J. Razowski (Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals,

Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraköw) for his very kind help, his comments on the manuscript, and for

redrawing the illustrations. I am also grateful to Prof V. I. Kuznetzov (Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg)

for his helpful guidance. I am also thankful to Dr. S. Manzari (Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute,

Tehran) for editing the text.

References

Kuznetzov, V. I. 1956. Novyje Listovertki (Tortricidae) 1 moli-pestrjanki (Lithocolletoidea) iz sapadnogo

Kopet-Daga. — Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 35 (2): 447-461.

Razowski, J. 1989. The genera of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Part II: Palaearctic Olethreutinae. — Acta

Zoologica Cracoviensia 32 (7): 107-328.

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sur le site Web de la SEL. L'adhésion se paie au début de l'année. Elle est de 35 € pour les

individus et de 45 € pour les associations. Les frais d'admission sont de 2,50 €. Les paiements

peuvent être envoyés au compte de la SEL: no. 19 56 50 507, Postbank Köln [Cologne] (code

bancaire 370 100 50; IBAN: DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07; BIC: PBNKDEFF) ouou au trésorier

local tel que mentionné sur le site Web.. Toute question en rapport avec l'adhésion doit être envoyée

au Trésorier, Dr. Robert Trusch, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D-76133

Karlsruhe; courriel: trusch@smnk.de. Tout changement d'adresse doit être mentionné immédiate-

ment au Secrétaire responsable des adhésions ou au Trésorier.