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Dr Alberto Zilli (1),

Editor: Dr Matthias Nuss (D)

ISSN 0342-7536

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Nota lepidopterologica

A journal devoted to the study of Lepidoptera

Published by the Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica e.V.

Volume 27 No. 4 Dresden, 07.06.2005 ISSN 0342-7536

Editor BESSERES

Dr Matthias Nuss, Staatliches Museum fuer Tierkunde Dresden, Ph AY Cros MN |

Koenigsbruecker Landstr. 159, D-01109 Dresden; f

e-mail: matthias.nuss@snsd.smwk.sachsen.de ß

Editorial Board

Dr Enrique Garcia-Barros (Madrid, E), Dr Roger L. H. Dennis (Wilmslow, É SHRARIE

Dr Axel Hausmann (Munich, D), Dr Peter Huemer (Innsbruck, A), Ole Karsholt (Copenhagen, DK),

Dr Bernard Landry (Geneve, CH), Dr Yuri P. Nekrutenko (Kiev, UA),

Dr Erik van Nieukerken (Leiden, NL), Dr Thomas Schmitt (Trier, D),

Dr Wolfgang Speidel (Bonn, D)

Contents

John G. Coutsis

Revision of the Turanana endymion species-group (Lycaenidae) .................... 251

Oleksiy Bidzilya

A review of the genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871 (Gelechiidae) .................. 213

Mauro Gianti

Syrianarpia faunieralis sp. n. from the Cottian Alps of Italy

(erambidae SCoparınae) Armeen ri ii. es Men 299

Andras Tartally

Accelerated development of Maculinea rebeli larvae under artificial

EOUHHONS (Pycacnidae) Sense anne tan 303

Annabell Küer & Thomas Fartmann

Prominent shoots are preferred: microhabitat preferences of Maculinea alcon

([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) in Northern Germany (Lycaenidae) ............ 309

EXO OCS ACS, OR ee ee ee ee 298

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 251-272 251

Revision of the Turanana endymion species-group (Lycaenidae)

JOHN G. COUTSIS

4 Glykonos Street, GR-10675 Athens, Greece; e-mail: kouts @otenet.gr

Abstract. The separation of Turanana taygetica (Rebel, 1902) stat. n. from Turanana endymion (Freyer,

1850) is effected on the basis of small, but constant differences in their male genitalia, the absence of

genitalia intermediates, as well as on the basis of syntopism and synchronism of these two species-group

taxa in south-central Asiatic Turkey. Turanana taygetica endymionoides ssp. n. is described on the basis

of constant and rather pronounced external differences. A male neotype is designated for nominotypical

endymion, as well as for nominotypical T. taygetica. A male lectotype is designated for 7. endymion

ahasveros (Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937).

Key words. Lycaenidae, Turanana endymion, taxonomy, typification, new subspecies, Greece,

Turkey, Iran.

Introduction

A comparison between the valvae of Turanana endymion endymion (Freyer, 1850)

(= T. panagaea panagaea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)) from central and eastern Asiatic

Turkey (Figs. 1, 2, 5, 7-26, 27-33, 39-50), as well as from Lebanon (Fig. 34), and

between the valvae of what is generally accepted as being Turanana endymion ahasveros

(Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937) from Iran (Fig. 38), and those of Turanana endymion

taygetica (Rebel, 1902) from Mt. Helmös (Figs. 3, 4, 6, 52) and Mt. Taiyetos (Fig. 51),

both situated in Pelopönnisos, Greece, revealed small, but constant differences in the

average number and especially in the arrangement of their terminal spikes (Coutsis

1986). It was then suggested that possibly two separate species were involved here, but

due to allopatry and the small degree of differentiation between them, it was deemed

more appropriate to retain them as separate subspecies only.

Recent material of T. endymion from western Asiatic Turkey, however, demonstrated

that their valvae were identical to those of subspecies T. taygetica (Figs. 53-65, 66-87),

while specimens collected as syntopic and synchronous on Bolkardaglari, Nigde

province, south-central Asiatic Turkey, were found to possess either one or the other

valval type (Figs. 7, 64), without the presence of intermediates.

These conditions seemed important enough to necessitate a reassessment of the

hitherto accepted taxonomic relationship between endymion and taygetica, as well as

to warrant a revision, albeit tentative (due to lack of sufficiently extensive material), of

the T. endymion species-group as a whole.

The name Turanana endymion endymion is now provisionally being applied to all

specimens that possess valvae that are identical to those of specimens recorded from

the type locality of endymion, i.e.: Turkey, Amasya province (Figs. 9, 10), the name

Turanana endymion ahasveros to all specimens that possess valvae that are identical to

those of specimens recorded from the type locality of ahasveros, i.e.: Iran, Elburs Mts.,

Keredj (Figs. 35-37), and the name Turanana endymion taygetica, to all specimens

whose valvae are identical to those of specimens recorded from the type locality of

Nota lepidopterologica, 07.06.2005, ISSN 0342-7536

2532

Coursis: The Turanana endymion species-group

Figs. 1-4. Turanana endymion and Turanana taygetica, aspects of right valva for specimens of near

equal forewing length. 1. T. endymion endymion, Turkey, Sivas province, Gökpınar, 1600 m (forewing

length 11.7 mm), side view of inner face. 2. Same specimen, view on mesal side, showing distal end.

3. T. taygetica endymionoides (formerly T. endymion taygetica), Greece, Pelopönnisos, Mt. Helmös,

1800 m (forewing length 11.2 mm); side view of inner face. 4. Same specimen, view on mesal side,

showing distal end.

Figs. 5-6. Turanana endymion and Turanana taygetica, view on distal end of mesal wall of right and left

valva, showing the near symmetry of the appendages. 5. T. endymion endymion. Turkey, Sivas province,

S of Gürün, Gükpinar, 1500-1650 m. 6. Turanana taygetica endymionoides (formerly T. endymion

taygetica), Greece, Pelopönnisos, Mt. Helmös, 1800 m.

taygetica, 1.e.: Greece, Pelopönnisos, Mt. Taiyetos (Fig. 51). Two specimens from

Mazanderan, Iran (the valva of one is shown on Fig. 38), which externally agree with

ahasveros, but whose genitalia are identical to those of nominotypical endymion and

differ from those of the subspecies ahasveros, are provisionally being referred to as

Turanana endymion ?-ahasveros.

Abbreviations

BMNH The Natural History Museum, London

CMNH Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

NHRS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm

ZMAN Zoölogisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 251-272 255

Figs. 7-26. Turanana endymion endymion from Turkey, view of distal end of mesal wall of right valva.

7. Nigde province, Bolkardasları N side, SW of Maden, 1600-1800 m. 8. Nigde province, Aladaßları

W side, 15 km SE of Camardı, Elmalı Bogazi, 1600-1800 m. 9. Amasya province. 10. Amasya province,

10 km SW of Ladik, 900 m. 11. Kayseri province, Hisarcık, road between Develi and Kayseri town,

1800 m. 12. Kayseri province, Ercıyes Dag, road between Develi and Kayseri town, 2200 m. 13. Kayseri

province, Aladaglari E side, 48 km S of Yahyalı, 2800-2900 m. 14. Tokat province, near Camıcı, 1200 m.

15. Ordu province, 20 km NNW of Mesudıye, 900 m. 16. Maras province, hills NW of Maras town,

5-10 km along road to Agabeyli, 800-900 m. 17. Sivas province, near Gékpinar, 10 km S of Gürün, 1500 m.

18. Sivas province Camlibel Gegidi, 1450 m. 19. Malatya province, 3 km SE of Kubbe Gegidi, 1700 m.

20. Malatya province, 3-6 km NW of Darende, 1500 m. 21. Erzincan province, Dumanlı, 10-13 km SW

of Erzincan town, along road to Kemah, 1100 m. 22. Gümüshane province, Demirkaynak, 2-5 km along

road to Sırnak, 1100 m. 23. Erzincan province, 5 km S of Caglayan, Munzurdaßları. 24. Erzincan province,

Sakaltutan Gegidi, 25 km E of Refahiye, 2000 m. 25. Tunceli province, 1200 m. 26. Elazig province, near

Harput, N of Elazig town, 1200 m.

Proposed new nomenclatural arrangement

The constant differences between the valvae of nominotypical endymion and those of

the subspecies taygetica, the syntopism and synchronism of their respective populations

in south-central Asiatic Turkey and the absence of intermediate valval forms suggest

that it would be better to consider them as representing two distinct species, rather than

254

Coutsis: The Turanana endymion species-group

Figs. 27-38. Turanana endymion, view of distal end of mesal wall of right valva. 27-34. T. endymion

endymion. 27. Turkey, Gümüshane province, Kopdagi Geçidi W side, 1900 m. 28. Turkey, Erzurum

province, Ovit Gecidi, 10-15 km NW of Ispir, 1500-1800 m. 29. Turkey, Erzurum province, Palandöken,

5 km S of Erzurum town, 2200 m. 30. Turkey, Artvin province,Saribudak, 800 m. 31. Turkey, Van

province, near Edremit, 17 km SW of Van town. 32. Turkey, Van province, Catak. 33. Turkey, Hakkari

province, 10-12 km SW of Hakkari town, Zap valley, 1500 m. 34. Lebanon, Mt. Lebanon. 35-37.

T. endymion ahasveros. 35. Iran, Fars, road from Ardekan to Talochosroe, Comée, ca. 3600 m. 36. Iran,

Fars, road from Chiraz to Kazeroun, Fort Sine-Sefid, ca. 2200 m. 37. Iran, Elburs Mts., Keredj, 1700 m.

38. T. endymion ?-ahasveros, Iran, Mazanderan, Khosh-Yeylaq, 2000-2500 m.

two subspecies of the same species. The taxon ahasveros, differing from nominotypical

endymion by its extended valval apex, may very well represent yet another species, but

it is at present best to consider it as a subspecies of endymion on account of the fact

that there was no material available for study from geographically intermediate areas

(perhaps ahasveros might prove to be the end expression of a cline) and also because

certain individuals of nominotypical endymion likewise show a tendency towards an

extension of the valval apex (Figs. 19, 26). The taxon ?-ahasveros from Mazanderan,

Iran, requires the study of presently unavailable further material from other localities

in Iran, in order for one to be able to draw sound conclusions about its true taxonomic

status. Mt. Helmös taygetica, clearly differing externally from the nominotypical form

from Mt. Tafyetos (to be dealt with in detail in the ensuing description of the type-

material), rightfully deserves separation from it at the subspecies level. Macroscopic

comparison of Turkish taygetica with nominotypical endymion did not reveal constant

external differences, but the material at hand was probably not sufficient enough in

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 251-272 255

Figs. 39-50. Turanana endymion endymion, view of distal end of mesal wall of right valva, demonstrating

individual variation within single localities in Turkey. 39-47. Sivas province, Gökpınar. 48-50. Erzincan

province, Caglayan.

numbers to allow definitive conclusions. Mt. Helmös taygetica on the whole differs

externally to some extent from its Turkish counterpart, but as certain individuals are

very difficult to set apart and as specimens from geographically intermediate areas (1.e.

western extremity of Asiatic Turkey) were not available for study, it seems presently

prudent to lump them together under a single subspecies, albeit on a tentative basis. On

account of the above, it is proposed that the following taxonomic arrangement be put

to effect.

Available type material and type designations

The syntypes of T. endymion endymion have been lost and therefore a male specimen from the type locality

has been chosen to be designated as the neotype. A number of syntypes of T. endymion ahasveros have

been made available from the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden and a male specimen has

been chosen to be designated as the lectotype, while the rest of the syntypes (4 males and | female from the

above museum and 5 males and 5 females deposited in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,

USA) are designated as paralectotypes. A thorough personal search for the syntypes (one male and two

females) of T. taygetica taygetica at their depository in the Naturhistorischen Hofmuseum, Wien, Austria,

brought about negative results and it is assumed that they too have been lost, thus making it necessary that

a male specimen from the type locality be designated as the neotype. Lastly, a male holotype and paratypes

of both sexes, all from the author’s collection, are designated for T. taygetica endymionoides, and the

necessary descriptions given below.

256 Coutsis: The Turanana endymion species-group

Figs. 51-65. Turanana taygetica (formerly Turanana endymion taygetica), view of distal end of mesal

wall of right valva. 51. Turanana taygetica taygetica. Greece, Peloponnisos, Mt. Taiyetos, 1150-1200 m.

52-65. Turanana taygetica endymionoides. 52. Greece, Pelopönnisos, Mt. Helmös, 1800 m. 53. Turkey,

Konya province, Sultandagları, 15 km S of Aksehir, 1500 m. 54. Turkey, Konya province, 12 km SW of

Engilli, 1300-1600 m. 55. Turkey, Konya province, 10 km NE of Gelendost, 1000 m. 56. Turkey, Afyon

province, Sultandagları, 10 km S of Cay, 1300 m. 57. Turkey, Afyon province, Sultandagları, 8 km SW of

Deregine, 1700-2200 m. 58. Turkey, Konya province, Sultandaglari, 6km S of Cankaturan, 23km SSE of

Aksehir, 1700m. 59. Turkey, Konya province, Sultandagları, Aksehir, 1100 m. 60. Turkey, Konya province,

Derebucak, 1100 m. 61. Turkey, Karaman province, Sertavul Gecidi, 1500 m. 62. Turkey, Konya province,

Aksehir, 1900 m. 63. Turkey, Nigde province, Aladagları E side, 10 km S of Yahyalı, 1800-1900 m.

64. Turkey, Nigde province, Bolkardaglar1 N side, near Maden, 1500-1650 m. 65. Turkey, Kayseri

province, Aladaglari E side, 2800-2900 m, 18 km S of Yahyalı.

Turanana endymion endymion (Freyer, 1850)

Pap.{ilio| Endymion Freyer, 1850: 145-146, pl. 572 figs. 2, 3. Type locality: Turkey, Amasia. (original

description: see Figs. 89-91). Syntypes: lost.

Material. Neotype. © designated here (Figs. 92-96), Turkey, Amasya province, 10 km SW of Ladik,

900 m, 2.vi.1988 (gen. prep. no. 3740), H. & Th. v. Oorschot, H. v. d. Brink & H. Wiering leg., coll.

ZMAN. — 10 Turkey, Amasya province, coll. BMNH; 10° Amasya province, 10 km SW of Ladik, 900 m,

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 251-272 237

Figs. 66-87. Turanana taygetica endymionoides (formerly Turanana endymion taygetica), view of distal

end of mesal wall of right valva, demonstrating individual variation within the single locality in Turkey,

Sultandaglar1 mountain range, provinces of Konya and Afyon.

2.v1.1988, coll. ZMAN; 10 Artvin province,Saribudak, 800 m, 19.vii.1993, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v.

d. Poorten; 10° Elazig province, near Harput, N of Elazıg town, 1200 m, 8.vii.1987, coll. ZMAN; 19

Erzincan province, Dumanlı, 10-13 km SW of Erzincan town, along road to Kemah, 1100 m, 12.v1.1988,

coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 30° Erzincan province, 5 km SE of Caglayan, 1500 m, 5.vii.1999,

coll. Wiemers; 10° Erzincan province, 5 km S of Caglayan, Munzurdaÿlari, 15-18.vi1.1987, coll. De

Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Erzincan province, Sakaltutan Gegidi, 25 km E of Refahiye, 2000 m,

13.v11.1986, coll. ZMAN; 10° Erzurum province, Ovit Geçidi, 10-15 km NW of Ispir, 1500-1800 m, coll.

De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Erzurum province, Palandöken, 5 km S of Erzurum town, 2200 m,

5.v11.1993, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 19 Gümüshane province, Demirkaynak, 2-5 km along

road to Sirnak, 1100 m, 25.vii.1992, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Gümüshane province,

Kopdagi Geçidi W side, 1900 m, 28.vii.1987, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Hakkäri province,

10-12 km SW of Hakkäri town, Zap valley, 1500 m, 16-25.vii.1990, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten;

19 Kayseri province, Hisarcık, road between Develi and Kayseri town, 1800 m, 6.vii.1982, coll. De Prins,

Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Kayseri province, Erciyes Dag, road between Develi and Kayseri town, 2200

m, 22.v11.1995, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 19 Kayseri province, Aladaglari E side, 48 km S of

Yahyalı, 2800-2900 m, 28.vii—2.viii.1995, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Malatya province,

258 Coutsis: The Turanana endymion species-group

Fig. 88. Scheme of the butterfly wings, defining “forewing length”, and showing the cell, the veins and the

inter-venal spaces of the fore- and hindwing.

3 km SE of Kubbe Geçidi, 1700 m, 12.v1.1999, coll. ZMAN; 10 Malatya province, 3-6 km NW of Darende,

1500 m, 30.vii—3.viii. 1983, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Maras province, hills NW of Maras

town, 5-10 km along road to Agabeylı, 800-900 m, 29.v.1985, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10

Nigde province, Bolkardagları N side, SW of Maden, 1600-1800 m, 24.vii.1994, coll. De Prins, Olivier

& v. d. Poorten; 10° Nigde province, Aladagları W side, 15 km SE of Camardi, Elmali Bogazı, 1600-1800

m, 19.vii.1995, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 19 Ordu province, 20 km NNW of Mesudiye, 900

m, 6.v1.1988, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Sivas province, Gükpinar, 1600 m, 9-11.vii.1987,

coll. Coutsis; 30° Sivas province, Gékpinar, 1600m, 10.vii.1982, coll. Coutsis; 10° Sivas province, near

Gokpinar, 10 km S of Giiriin, 1500 m, 10—11.vii.1985, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 40° Sivas

province, S of Gürün, Gökpıinar, 1500-1650 m, 9-11.vii.1982, coll. Coutsis; 19 Sivas province, 15 km

S of Gékpinar, 1800 m, 2.vi.1999, coll. ZMAN; 1¢ Sivas province Camlıbel Gecidi, 1450 m, 4.vii.1987,

coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Tokat province, near Camıcı, 1200 m, 4.v1.1988, coll. ZMAN;

19 Tunceli province, 1200 m, 13—14.vii.1987, coll. ZMAN; 10° Van province, near Edremit, 17 km SW of

Van town, 1-6.v11.1990, coll. Wiemers; 10° Van province, Catak, 2.vii.1991, coll. Coutsis; 19 Lebanon,

Mt. Lebanon, coll. BMNH.

Description. Neotype (Figs. 92, 93). Forewing length 11.1 mm. Upperside ground-

colour blue; blackish marginal borders averaging about 1.7 mm wide; blackish border

on forewing tending to invade the post-distal area basad of apex; weakly defined pure

black spots present in borders in sic, s2, s3, s4 and s5 of hindwing; apex of cell on

forewing marked by a fine, weakly-defined black stria shaped like shallow crescent;

fringes pure white. Underside ground-colour light gray-brown, giving impression of

“dirty and rough” texture; basal area of hindwing with faint, shiny, whitish-blue dusting;

post-discal black spots on forewing large and surrounded by off-white rings; post-discal

spot in s3 conspicuously displaced distad; apex of cell on forewing with fine, well-

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 251-272 259

1049. Pap. Endymion.

Tab. 572.

Etwas größer als der vorhergehende Falter wie Lyc. Hylas, C8 fommt der Falter

Hübners Lysimon Fig. 534. und 535 fehr nahe, jebod nur auf der Oberfeite. Die

Grundfarbe des Mannes ift mit L. Erebus faft einerlei, und die fdwargbraune Œinfaf-

fung bat er mit folhem tbereinftimmend. Nur fehlen die [hwarzen Tänglichten Fleden

zwifchen den Adern auf der Oberfeite. Der fhwarge Mittelfled, welcher die Schnen

verbindet, it vorhanden, Das Weibehen ift einfad braun auf der Dberfeite. Die Franz

fen find weißgrau. Die Unterfette ift bei beiden Gefhledtern übereinftimmend. Shre

Grundfarbe ift blag braungrau, auf den Oberflügeln mit 5 ziemlich großen fchwarzen

Augen, welche weiß eingefaßt, und wovon die oberften Feiner find, auf den Unterflügeln

mit 11 feinen Augen befett. Die Langlidten Mittelmöndchen find vorhanden, Nady

den Granfen fleht eine doppelte Reihe Yanglich brauner Sleden mit weißem BVorftog, und

die Hinterflügel führen zwifchen der fünften und fiebenten Ader orangegelbe Kleen. Es

gleicht übrigens diefer Falter auf der Unterfette febr der L. Optilete, nur fehlen bte

blauen 3 Sleden unweit des Snnenrandee.

Die Fühler find fchwarg und weiß geringelt mit fdrwarger Kolbe, welche weißen

Borftoß bat.

Heimath bei Amasia,

Figs. 89-91. Original description of “Pap.[ilio] Endymion” by Freyer, 1850. 89. Text on page 145.

90. Figure of © on pl. 572 fig. 2. 91. Figure of Q on pl. 572 fig. 3.

defined black-brown stria shaped like shallow crescent; both wings with double row of

well-defined black-brown sub-marginal markings, the darkest (almost black) and most

conspicuous being situated nearest wing margin in s2 of hindwing; space between outer

and inner row of dark sub-marginal markings filled with macroscopically conspicuous

orange scaling in sic, s2 and s3 and microscopically discernible orange dusting in s1b,

s4 and s5; post-discal black spots on hindwing likewise surrounded by off-white rings,

260 Coutsis: The Turanana endymion species-group

10 mm | 10 mm

TURKIYE Amasya

H & Thv.Corschot

H v.d. Brink

H. Wiering

10km SWLadik

2 Vi:1988, 900m

St 444

Figs. 92-96. Turanana endymion endymion (Freyer, 1850), neotype ©. 92. Upperside. 93. Underside.

94. Data labels. 95. Male genitalia, view on mesal wall of right valva. 96. Male genitalia, view on mesal

wall of distal end of right valva.

but smaller than their forewing counterparts; apex of cell on hindwing underside with

black-brown stria shaped like shallow crescent as in forewing, but about half as long

as its forewing counterpart; single black spot enclosed by off-white ring also present

in cell of hindwing, just distad of and slightly diagonally to dark stria of cellular apex;

fringes pure white. Valva (Figs. 95, 96) 1.26 mm in length, with 7 terminal spikes,

most proximal equal in size to next one and most distal situated below apex of valva at

distance equal to about 4 total length of valval distal margin.

Variation. This is expressed in both males and females by their overall size (forewing

length from slightly under 10 mm to slightly over 12 mm). In the males in particular

it is expressed on their upperside by the width of the blackish marginal borders, the

number and intensity of black spots within these borders on the hindwing, the degree

of invasion of these borders into the post-distal area of the forewing just basad of wing

apex, and the presence, or total absence of the black stria on the hindwing’s cell apically.

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 251-272 261

I.ycaena (Glaucopsyche) panagaea, H.-Sch. ssp. ahasveros ssp. nov.

Very variable in size; the g g span 18-25mm.,the ? © 13-2lınm.

Male: Biue of the fore-wing lighter than in panayaea, H.-Sch. from

Anatolia and the Taurus. Black margin much narrower. Discocellular

streak straight, not sewilunar as in tayyetica, Rbl.

Under side in both sexes lighter grey without any brown colour.

Only one orange marginal spot between vein IV, and IV, present,

much reduced in size aud of a pale yellowish-orange colour. The large

black spot in front of the orange one, small and pale, in some specimens

not more distinct than the other semilunar spots of the marginal row.

This subsp., which comes near the var. tayyetica, Rbl. aurees with

this form by its narrow black border and the greyish underside. It

differs by the presence of only one pale orange spot on tbe underside

and the reduction of the black spot between vein IV, and [V..

Cotypes: Keredj 1700m. 6-10.v.19386. 103478 6 9 9 in coll.

Bytinski-Salz; other specimens in coll. Brandt.

Fig. 97. Original description of “Lycaena (Glaucopsyche) panagaea, H.-Sch. Ssp. ahasveros ssp. nov.”,

by Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937: (1).

On the underside it is expressed by the spread and intensity of the sub-marginal orange

scaling of the hindwing and the degree of shiny, whitish-blue dusting at the base of

the hindwing. In the females which are overall dark brown on the upperside and are

similar to the males on the underside, exhibiting at the same time similar variation, it is

expressed on the upperside by the degree of basal blue scaling (often macroscopically

invisible), the presence (in various numbers and different intensities), or total absence,

of sub-marginal black spots on the hindwing and the occasional presence of a sub-

marginal off-orange spot in s2 (and very rarely in s3) on the hindwing. In the male

genitalia it is expressed by the number, spread, and positioning of the valval terminal

spikes and by the degree of the valval apex extension.

Male genitalia. Right and left valvae (Fig. 5) roughly symmetrical, as in endymion

taygetica (Figs. 6), but shorter (Fig. 1) than those of endymion taygetica (Fig. 3) for

specimens of equal, or near-equal forewing length. Number and placement of terminal

spikes very variable (6-13 in number and extending distad from about one half (Fig.

49) to more than two thirds (Fig. 34) length of distal margin of valva). In specimens

from within two separate localities spikes varying in number from 7 to 11 (Figs. 39-47

and 48-50 respectively). The three characters that stand out as being constant are the

short length of the valva, the fact that the most proximal of its terminal spikes is as a

rule shorter than, rarely equal in length to and never longer than the one immediately

distad and that the terminal spikes, though extending at times towards the valval apex,

never quite reach it. Valvae with the above-described configuration are also illustrated

in Higgins (1975), from Lebanon, and in Mattoni (1979), without locality data.

Distribution. Turanana endymion endymion (Freyer, 1850) applies to specimens from

the eastern half of Asiatic Turkey and Lebanon that possess valvae that are similar

to those of topotypical endymion. Syntopic and synchronous with taygetica in south-

central Asiatic Turkey.

262 Coutsis: The Turanana endymion species-group

10 mm

| Iran Elbursgebirge

LECTOTYPE & | gebirg

Turanana endymion Keredji&om. js 1936

| ahasveros (Bytinski-Salz| coll. Brandt

& Brandt, 1937)

Designated by

John G. Coutsis, 2005 _

Figs. 98-102. Turanana endymion ahasveros (Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937), lectotype ©. 98. Upperside.

99. Underside. 100. Data labels. 101. Male genitalia, view on mesal wall of right valva. 102. Male

genitalia, view of distal end of mesal wall of right valva.

Turanana endymion ahasveros (Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937)

Lycaena (Glaucopsyche) panagaea ahasveros Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937: (1). Type locality: Iran,

Elburs Mts., Keredj (see Fig. 97 for original description).

Material. Lectotype © designated here (Figs. 98-102), Iran, Elburs Mts., Keredj, 1700 m, 6.v. 1936

(gen. prep. no. 3754), coll. NHRS. — Paralectotypes: 19 (Figs. 103-105), same data; 40°, same locality,

6.-10.v.1936, coll. NHRS; 50, 49, same locality, 6.-10.v.1936, coll. CMNH. — 19 Iran, Fars, road

from Ardekan to Talochosroe, Comée, ca. 3600 m, 4.vii. 1937, coll. NHRS; 10° Fars, road from Chiraz

to Kazeroun, Fort Sine-Sefid, ca. 2200 m, 15.v.1937, coll. NHRS; 10° Elburs Mts., Keredj, 1700 m,

6.-10.v.1936, coll. NHRS; — T. endymion ?-ahasveros: 1% Iran, Mazanderan, Khosh-Yeylaq, 2000-2500 m,

15.-21.v11.1973, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten.

Description. Lectotype (Figs. 98, 99). Forewing length 11.7 mm. Upperside as in

nominotypical endymion, but blue ground-colour of a “chalkier” lighter hue; blackish

marginal borders averaging 2 mm in width, hindwing black spots within borders and

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 251-272 263

10 mm | 10 mm

3 Iran Elbursgebirge

PARALECTOTYPE ©. gebirg

Turananaendymion | Kered] gem, 6151936

ahasveros (Bytinski-Salz coll. Brandt

& Brandt, 1937) | |

Designated by

John G. Coutsis, 2005

Figs. 103-105. Turanana endymion ahasveros (Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937), paralectotype 9.

103. Upperside. 104. Underside. 105. Data labels.

forewing black stria in apex of cell better defined, and hindwing black stria in apex of cell

present. Underside as in nominotypical endymion, but ground-colour slightly browner

in tone and giving impression of having “clean and smooth” texture; double row of sub-

marginal markings (with exception of one closest to wing margin in s2 of hindwing)

lighter-coloured and not in sharp contrast to ground-colour; base of hindwing with

better-defined shiny, whitish-blue dusting; usual orange scaling of hindwing substituted

by light orange-beige and restricted macroscopically to s2; some light orange-beige

dusting also evident microscopically in sic and s3 of hindwing. Valva (Figs. 101, 102)

1.27 mm in length, with strongly extended apex, and possessing 12 terminal spikes, with

most proximal shorter than next one and most distal situated at a distance from valval

apex equal to a little under 1/3 total length of valval distal margin.

Q paralectotype (Figs. 103, 104). Forewing length 9.7 mm. Upperside with ground-

colour dark brown, wing outer-margins thinly lined black-brown, stria at apex of cell

on forewing black-brown, fringes off-white on hindwing and off-white to light brown

on forewing; base of wings with microscopically discernible light-blue dusting; traces

of black-brown sub-marginal spots present on hindwing, especially in s2. Underside as

in male, but fringes off-white to light-brown.

Variation. Expressed in males as in nominotypical endymion, but all specimens

observed always with a well-defined black stria at the apex of the cell on the hindwing

upperside, with the hindwing underside sub-marginal light orange-beige scaling

264 Coutsis: The Turanana endymion species-group

*53. L. Panagaea HS. v. T aygetica nov. var. Tayg. in 2100 m See-

höhe am 10. VIL. ein o& und zwei QQ erbeutet. Die

Stücke weichen beträchtlich von solchen aus Klein-Asien

ab, so dass die Aufstellung einer eigenen Lokalform

nothwendig erscheint. Die Flügel-Oberseite des © zeigt

einen viel schmäleren dunklen Saum als bei der Stamm-

art, welcher auf den Vdfl. nur die Breite von circa 2,

auf den Htfl. von 1 mm erreicht. Hierdurch _ tritt

die hellblaue Grundfarbe in viel grösserer Ausdehnung

auf, so dass die Oberseite stark an jene von Lycaena

Baton Brgstr. erinnert. Der Mittelpunkt der Vdfl. besitzt

in beiden Geschlechtern eine halbmondförmige Gestalt,

und fehlt auf den Htfl. vollständix. Die Aussenhälfte

der Fransen ist (wie bei der Stammart) rein weiss.

Das © ist oberseits schwarzgrau mit gegen die

Flügelbasis zunehmendem blauen Anflug. Vor dem Saum

der Htfl. liegen schwärzliche, hellgerandete Fleckchen, die

auch beim © wahrnehmbar sind.

Die Grundfarbe der Fligelunterseite ist grau, ohne

den bräunlichen Farbenton, den Panagaea fast stets auf-

weist, die Fleckenanlage kommt aber mit jener von Pana-

gaea fast ganz übcrein, nur fehlen die rothen Randflecken

vor dem Analwinkel der Htfl. vollständig.

In letzterem Merkmal stimmt Taygetica mit L. Cytis

Chr. und deren var. Panaegides Stgr. aus Nordpersien

resp. Central-Asien überein. Cytis Chr. weist jedoch. in

beiden Geschlechtern auf der Oberseite eine sehr charak-

teristische Reihe schwarzer Aussenflecke auf und zeigt

auch im männlichen Geschlecht einen viel schärfer con-

tourirten Saum. Panaegides f ist auf der Oberseite

noch dunkler als Panagaca, also von dem vorwiegend

blau gefärbten T'aygetica © sehr verschieden. Die

Unterseite aller Cytis-Formen hat einen vorherrschend

bräunlichen Farbenton. Taygetica, welche eine Spann-

weite von 20—21 mm besitzt, stellt eine sehr interessante

Lokalform in dieser östlichen Artgruppe dar. Eines der

beiden © zeigt die Fleckenzeichnung auf der Unterseite

der Vdfl. reducirt und asymetrisch angeordnet, so dass

auf dem linken Vdfl. von den 5 grossen schwarzen

Flecken vor dem Saum nur je ein solcher in Zelle 2 und

4, auf dem rechten Vdfl. aber nur ein einziger, punkt-

förmig gewordener, in Zelle 4 erhalten geblieben ist.

Die drei Taygetica-Stücke gelangten in den Besitz

des Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums.

Figs. 106. Original description of “L[ycaena]. Panagaea HS. V. Taygetica nov. var.” by Rebel, 1902: 90-91.

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 251-272 265

lO mm al | 10 mm

Greece. —_

Peloponnisosgamg Genitalia

Mt. Taiyetos fgg Prep. No.

2100m 1646

6.vii.1984

Figs. 107-110. Turanana taygetica taygetica (Rebel, 1902) stat. n., neotype ©. 107. Upperside.

108. Underside. (Antennae inadvertently broken off during photographing; one antenna later restored).

109. Data labels. 110. Male genitalia, view on mesal wall of right valva.

restricted to s1c and s2 and never extending beyond s3, and with more evident basal, shiny,

whitish-blue dusting on the hindwing underside. The variation in the females cannot be

defined, due to lack of material.

Male genitalia. Recent material obtained for study and representing the syn-

types of ahasveros, as well as coming from places in Iran situated outside the type-

locality of ahasveros, though following the nominotypical endymion general valval

pattern, demonstrate a strong extension of the valval terminal apex (Figs. 35-37).

Valvae with the above-described configuration are also illustrated in Tshikolovets

(1998), from Turkmenistan, in Tuzov et al. (2000), from the Armenian highland,

and in Zhdanko (1984), without locality data. Two specimens of T. endymion ?-ahasveros — one

of which is shown on Fig. 38 — from Mazanderan, Iran, are externally attributable to ahasveros,

but were found to have valvae that are identical to those of nominotypical endymion.

266 Coutsis: The Turanana endymion species-group

or |IOmm We | 10 mm

HOLOTYPE 3

Turanana taygetica

| endymionoides ssp. nov.

Designatedby —s_

Figs. 111-115. Turanana taygetica endymionoides ssp. n., holotype ©. 111. Upperside. 112. Underside.

113. Data labels. 114. Male genitalia, view on mesal wall of right valva. 115. Male genitalia, view on distal

end of mesal wall of right valva.

Distribution. Turanana endymion ahasveros (Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937) applies to

specimens from the Elburs range in Iran and from mountains in the province of Fars that

possess valvae that are similar to those of topotypical ahasveros. Turanana endymion

?-ahasveros applies to specimens from mountains in the province of Mazanderan, Iran,

whose valvae are found to be similar to those of nominotypical endymion.

Turanana taygetica taygetica (Rebel, 1902) stat. n.

L|ycaena] Panagaea v. Taygetica Rebel, 1902: 90-91. Type locality: Greece, Morea (= Pelopönnisos),

Taygetos Gebirge (= Mt. Taiyetos). (see Fig. 106 for original description). Syntypes (10°, 29) presumably

lost.

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 251-272 267

10 mm

Turanana taygetica

endymionoides ssp. nov. Mt. Helmös

Designated by | 2000m

John G. Coutsis, 2005 | = 27.vi.1977

Figs. 116-118. Turanana taygetica endymionoides ssp. n., paratype Q. 116. Upperside. 117. Underside.

118. Data labels.

Material. Neotype ©, designated here (Figs. 107-110), Greece, Pelopönnisos, Mt. Taiyetos, 2000 m,

6.v11.1984 (gen. prep. no. 1646), Coutsis leg., coll. ZMAN. — 19 Greece, Pelopénnisos, Mt. Taiyetos,

1150-1200 m, 16.vi.2003, Coutsis leg., coll. Coutsis.

Description. Neotype (Figs. 107, 108). Forewing length 12.5 mm. Upperside as in

nominotypical endymion, but blue ground-colour slightly lighter than in nominotypical

endymion and slightly darker and brighter than in ssp. ahasveros; blackish marginal

borders averaging about 1.3 mm in width and having a poorly defined inner margin,

especially on hindwing; black spots contained inside blackish borders standing out

rather sharply; black stria at apex of cell evident on forewing, but imperceptible on

hindwing. Underside as in nominotypical endymion, but ground-colour whitish-gray,

post-discal black spots placed closer to wing outer-margins, and usual hindwing sub-

marginal orange spots substituted by single macroscopically-evident yellowish-beige

spot in s2 only; yellowish-beige dusting also evident microscopically on hindwing in

slc and s3; base of hindwing with faint, shiny, whitish-blue dusting. Valva (Fig. 110)

1.59 mm in length; terminal spikes 20 in number and extending along whole length of

valval distal margin, reaching its apex; most proximal spike decidedly longest.

Variation. This is expressed in the males by their overall size (forewing length

from just under 10 mm to about 12.5 mm), by the extent, width and definition of the

blackish marginal borders on the upperside (in some specimens these are being clearly

invaded by blue scaling especially on the hindwing), by the number and definition of

Coutsis: The Turanana endymion species-group

268

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Nota lepid. 27 (4): 251-272 269

black spots within these borders on the hindwing upperside, and by the occasional

presence of blue rings surrounding the black spots located within the blackish marginal

borders. On the underside there is some variation in the extent and definition of the

sub-marginal yellow-beige dusting on the hindwing, which occasionally may also

be seen microscopically in s1b and s4. The single dark brown female at hand has a

forewing length 12.5 mm and is characterised on the upperside by the extended basal

blue dusting, by the presence of a narrow sub-marginal light brown area — in the form

of a poorly defined band — enclosing black-brown spots (most evident on hindwing in

s2 through s5), by a well-defined black-brown stria at the apex of the cell, and by the

presence of weekly-defined black-brown post-discal spots on the forewing. Underside,

as in males, but the variation is unknown, due to lack of material.

Male genitalia. Right and left valvae roughly symmetrical to one another, as

in nominotypical endymion, but longer than those of nominotypical endymion for

specimens of equal, or near equal forewing length (these conditions are figured below

under T. taygetica endymionoides, which has similar male genitalia to nominotypical

taygetica) The degree of variation in the number of terminal spikes cannot at present be

calculated due to lack of sufficient material. The three characters, however, that stand

out as being constant are the long valva, the fact that the most proximal terminal spike

(occasionally also bearing a single, or bifid minute extension just basad to it) is always

decidedly the longest of the lot, and that the terminal spikes extend all along the distal

margin of the valva, clearly reaching its apex.

Distribution. Turanana taygetica taygetica (Rebel, 1902) stat. n. applies to specimens

derived from the type locality only.

Life history. A low-flying species with males often found watering at altitudes of as

low as 1100-1200 m, inside the forest zone and outside the vicinity of Acantholimon

bushes, the presumed host-plant.

Turanana taygetica endymionoides ssp. n.

Material. Holotype © (Figs. 111-115), Greece, Pelopönnisos, Mt. Helmös, 2000 m, 27.v1.1977 (gen.

prep. no. 3801), Coutsis leg. coll. ZMAN. — Paratypes (all with same locality data): 19 (Figs. 116-118),

2000 m, 27.v1.1977, Coutsis leg., coll. ZMAN; 70, 29, 1800-1900 m, 4.v1.1997, 30%, 19, 1800 m,

20.vi.1998; 19, 2100 m, 23.vi.1981; 19, 1700-1800 m, 12.vi.2001; 19, 2000 m, 27.v1.1977; 19, 2100

m, 23.v1.1981; 19, 1650 m, 18.vi.1997, all Coutsis leg. et coll. - 20° Greece, Pelopönnisos, Mt. Helmös,

1800 m, 12.vi.2001, leg. et coll. Coutsis; 40° Turkey, Afyon province, Sultandaßları, 10 km S of Cay,

1300 m, 18.-25.v11.1980, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10 Afyon province, Sultandaglari, 15 km

SE of Cay, 1400-1800 m, 14-18.v11.1981, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 30° Afyon province,

Sultandaglar, 8 km SW of Derecine, 1700-2200 m, 19.—20.vii.1981, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten;

19 Karaman province, Sertavul Gecidi, 1500 m, |.viii. 1995, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10

Kayseri province, Aladaglari E side, 2300-2900 m, 18 km S of Yahyalı, 26.vii.—2.vili.1995, coll. De Prins,

Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Konya province, Sultandaglari, 15 km S of Aksehir, 1500 m, 16.-19.vii.1981,

coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 129 Konya province, Sultandaglar, 15 km S of Aksehir, 1500

m, 12.—21.vii.1981, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Konya province, Sultandaglari, 6km S of

Cankaturan, 23km SSE of Aksehir, 1700 m, 12.—21.vii.1995, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 30

Konya province, Sultandagları, Aksehir, 1100 m, 17.—26.vii.1980, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten;

20 Konya province, Sultandaglari, 22 km SE of Aksehir, 1600-1900 m, 29.vii.1995, coll. De Prins,

Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 19 Konya province, 12 km SW of Engilli, 1300-1600 m, 12.vii.1981, coll. De

Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Konya province, 10 km NE of Gelendost, 1000 m, 16.vii.1980, coll. De

Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Konya province, Derebucak, 1100 m, 11.vii.1981, coll. De Prins, Olivier

& v. d. Poorten; 10° Konya province, Aksehir, 1900 m, coll. De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten; 10° Nigde

province, Aladaglari E side, 10 km S of Yahyalı, 1800-1900 m, 26.vii—2.viii.1994, coll. De Prins, Olivier

& v. d. Poorten; 19 Nigde province, Bolkardagları N side, near Maden, 1500-1650 m, 18.vii.1995, coll.

De Prins, Olivier & v. d. Poorten.

270 Coutsis: The Turanana endymion species-group

Description. Holotype (Figs. 111, 112). Forewing length 12.0 mm. Upperside

ground-colour slightly lighter and shinier blue than in nominotypical endymion (due

to the relative freshness of the specimen; specimens that have been kept longer in

collections have the same ground-colour as do nominotypical endymion of same

age); blackish marginal borders averaging 1.5 mm in width and with sharply defined

proximal edge; black spots evident within these borders on hindwing in s2 through s6;

black stria of apex of cell well-defined on both forewing and hindwing, but half as wide

on the hindwing than on the forewing; fringe pure white. Underside ground-colour,

fringes, and spot arrangement as in nominotypical endymion, but sub-marginal orange

scaling on hindwing fully developed in s2 only, macroscopically appearing as narrow

dusting in sic and s3 and microscopically also in s4; base of hindwing with faint, shiny,

whitish-blue dusting. Valva (Figs. 114, 115) 1.48 mm in length and bearing 20 terminal

spikes in same arrangement as in nominotypical faygetica.

Q paratype (Figs. 116, 117). Forewing length 11.9 mm. Upperside ground-colour

dark brown, as in nominotypical endymion; base of wings with blue scaling extending

on forewing into post-discal area; outer margins of wings thinly lined black-brown;

sub-marginal black-brown spots present on both forewing and hindwing; black-brown

stria at apex of cell clearly evident on forewing, less so on hindwing; some post-discal

black-brown spots also in evidence on forewing; fringes white. Underside as in male,

but fringes off-white.

Variation. This is expressed in both males and females by their overall size

(forewing length from a little under 10 mm to about 12 mm), and on the upperside of

the males in particular by the width and definition of the blackish marginal border, the

extent of black spotting and occasional blue dusting within this border, the degree of

definition of the black stria at the apex of the cell on the hindwing, and the extension

of the blackish marginal border into the post-discal area of forewing, just basad of its

apex. On the underside it is expressed primarily by the extent of sub-marginal orange

scaling and of the basal, shiny, whitish-blue dusting on the hindwing. In the females

variation is expressed on the upperside by the amount of basal blue scaling, by the

degree of definition and number of black-brown sub-marginal and post-discal spots,

and by the occasional presence of a light brown sub-marginal area on the hindwing.

Underside variation as in male.

Male genitalia. Identical to those of nominotypical faygetica; right and left

valvae (Fig. 6) roughly symmetrical to one another, as in nominotypical endymion

(Fig. 5), but longer (Fig. 3) than those of nominotypical endymion (Fig. 1) for specimens

of equal, or near equal forewing length. Number of terminal spikes very variable

(12-25). In specimens from a single locality the number of spikes was found to vary

from 14-23 (Figs. 66-87).

Distribution. Turanana taygetica endymionoides ssp. n. applies to specimens that have

the same valvae as those of nominotypical taygetica, but differ externally from it, and

that are found in Greece on Mt. Helmös only (where it was first recorded by Thurner

1967, who listed it as Vaccinii[n]a panagaea taygetica Rebel) and in the western half

of Asiatic Turkey (specimens figured in Hesselbarth et al. 1995, pl. 97 figs. 52, 56, 58,

59, 63, 65, 70, are within all probability referable to taygetica, as all material checked

from the Turkish provinces of Konya and Afyon invariably turned out to be taygetica).

Syntopic and synchronous with endymion in south-central Asiatic Turkey.

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 251-272 PE

Life history. Tolman (1993) discovered on Mt. Helmös the larvae feeding on

Acantholimon androsaceum ([Jaub & Spach]. Bois, 1846) (Plumbaginaceae). The

adults are low-flying and restricted to within the vicinity of the host-plant; found

above the tree line and at altitudes ranging from about 1800-2000 m. So far never seen

watering despite the fact that a water spring is situated at about 250 m away from its

host-plants.

Derivatio nominis. The name endymionoides, meaning in Greek “looking like endymion”,

was chosen because of the butterfly’s greater external resemblance to nominotypical

endymion than to nominotypical faygetica.

External differentiation

Male specimens of nominotypical endymion may be told apart from ssp. ahasveros by

the darker blue and somewhat shinier ground-colour of the wings upperside and by

the — on average — wider marginal blackish borders. On the underside they differ from

ahasveros by the greyer, less brown and “rough-looking” ground colour, by the better-

defined sub-marginal double row of black-brown spots, and by the greater spreading

and more intense colour of the sub-marginal orange scaling on the hindwing. Female

nominotypical endymion differ from those of ahasveros on the underside as do the

males.

Both male and female ahasveros differ from all other members of the species-group on

the underside by the brownish tinge and “smooth” texture of the ground-colour, by the

less contrasting sub-marginal double row of black-brown markings, and by the light

orange-beige colour of the hindwing sub-marginal dusting. Males on the upperside

differ by their “chalkier” and lighter blue ground-colour.

Male specimens of nominotypical taygetica differ from all other members of the species-

group on the upperside by the narrower and poorly defined blackish marginal borders

and on the underside by the light grey ground-colour, by the position of the post-discal

black spots, these being closer to the wing outer margins, and by the substitution of the

usual sub-marginal orange dusting on the hindwing by one of yellow-beige tint; they

differ from the males of endymionoides on the upperside by the slightly lighter blue

ground-colour. The single available female specimen of the nominotypical taygetica

differs on the underside from all other members of the species-group as do the males.

Male specimens of topotypical ssp. endymionoides as a rule differ from all other

members of the species-group on the upperside by the sharper blackish marginal

borders, and from nominotypical endymion in particular, on the upperside by the

narrower blackish marginal borders, and on the underside by the more restricted

spread of the hindwing sub-marginal orange scaling. Female edymionoides differ on

the underside from nominotypical endymion as do the males and from nominotypical

taygetica by the darker, grey-brown (instead of light grey) ground-colour and the

orange (instead of yellow-beige) sub-marginal hindwing dusting.

Specimens of endymionoides from Asiatic Turkey cannot be told apart from

nominotypical endymion (at least macroscopically and on the basis of the rather limited

available material), and they differ from topotypical endymionoides in the same way

as does nominotypical endymion differ from topotypical endymionoides. As previously

said, however, I have tentatively included them under ssp. endymionoides because

272 Coutsis: The Turanana endymion species-group

of occasional character overlap with topotypical endymionoides and because of the

unavailability of geographically intermediate material from the western extremity

of Asiatic Turkey, that might conceivably reveal the existence of a cline in external

characters.

The need for further validation

The taxonomic arrangements that have now been adopted for the endymion species-

group, should eventually be further validated — or perhaps even disputed — by a future

study of the DNA-sequences of the various taxa in this species-group. It is hoped that

this task will not take long to materialize.

Acknowledgements

I would like to extend my sincerest thanks and express my gratitude to all those people whose assistance

made it possible for me to carry out this endeavour. I am particularly indebted to Bert Gustafsson of the

Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden, for providing me with the syntypes of ahasveros; to

Willy De Prins, Alain Olivier and Dirk van der Poorten, from Antwerpen, Belgium for providing me with

a good many of the Asiatic Turkey specimens used in dissections; to Martin Lödl and Sabine Gaal-Haszler

of the Naturhistorischen Hofmuseum, Wien, Austria, for patiently assisting me in my vain endeavour

to trace down the taygetica syntypes; to Harry van Oorschot of the Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam,

Netherlands, for providing me with material from Turkey that included specimens derived from the type

locality of endymion; and last but not least to Konrad Fiedler, Matthias Nuss, Martin Wiemers, all from

Germany, for their invaluable advice and much-needed criticism.

References

Bytinski-Salz, H. & Brandt, W. 1937. New Lepidoptera from Iran. — Entomologist’s Record & Journal of

Variation 49 (Supplement): (1)-(15).

Coutsis, J. G. 1986. Notes concerning the taxonomic status of Turanana panagaea taygetica Rebel (Lep:

Lycaenidae). — Nota lepidopterologica 9 (1-2): 35-38.

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nach der Natur 6: [i[-[ii], 1-195, pls. 481-600. Augsburg, beim Verfasser.

Hesselbarth, G., van Oorschot, H. & Wagener, S. 1995. Die Tagfalter der Türkei, 3 vols. pp. 1-1354,

1-847, pls. 1-141, maps I-IV, 1-342. — Bocholt (Germany).

Higgins, L. G. 1975. The Classification of European Butterflies. — Collins, London, 320 pp.

Mattoni, R. H. T. 1981. The Scolitantidini II. The World’s Smallest Butterfly? Notes on Turanana, and a

new Genus and Species from Afghanistan (Lycaenidae). — Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 18

(1979) 4: 256-264.

Rebel, H. 1902. Lepidopteren aus Morea gesammelt von Herrn Martin Holtz im Jahre 1901. — Berliner

entomologischer Zeitschrift 47: 83-110.

Thurner, J. 1967. Lepidopteren aus Morea. Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Fauna des Peloponnes (Griechenland).

— Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft 52: 5—23.

Tolman, T. G. 1993. The natural history, ecology and distribution of Turanana panagaea (Herrich-Schäffer,

1851) and Lycaena thetis (Klug, 1834) in Greece (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). — Phegea 21: 81-92.

Tshikolovets, V. V. 1998. The butterflies of Turkmenistan. — Konvoj Ltd., Czech Republic, 237 pp.

Tuzov, V. K. et al. 2000. Guide to the butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories, vol. 2. 580 pp. — Pensoft,

Sofia.

Zhdanko, A. B. 1984. Review of the genus Turanana Beth.-Bak. With descriptions of T. tatjana and Otaria

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SSSR, Leningrad 122: 98-105 (in Russian).

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297 275

A review of the genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

(Gelechiidae)

OLEKSIY BIDZILYA

Zoological Museum, Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University, Volodymyrs’ka str., 60, UA-01033 Kyiv,

Ukraine; e-mail: bidzilya@univ.kiev.ua

Abstract. All known species of the Palaearctic genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871 are reviewed. Ten

species are recognized, of which two are described as new: M. piskunovi sp. n. and M. dahurica sp. n.

Four synonymies are established: Parametanarsia Gerasimov, 1930 syn. n. and Epiparasia Rebel, 1914

syn. rev. are synonymised with Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871; Metanarsia gobica Lvovsky & Piskunov,

1989 syn. n. with M. alphitodes (Meyrick, 1891), and Epidola halmyropis Meyrick, 1926 syn. n. with M.

incertella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1861). Descriptions and a key to all species are supplied with illustrations of

the adults, male and female genitalia (when known), and their relationships within the genus are briefly

discussed. An improved diagnosis of the genus is given and its relationships with allied gelechiid genera

are discussed.

Key words. Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Metanarsia, taxonomic review, Palaearctic region.

Introduction

The genus Metanarsia comprises ten species which all occur in the Palaearctic region.

The most valuable contributions to the systematics of this genus were made by Piskunov

and co-authors (Emelyanov & Piskunov 1982; Piskunov 1988, 1990; Lvovsky &

Piskunov 1989). These authors refined the definition of the genus, reviewed all species,

illustrated their male genitalia, and described new taxa. More recently, the identity

of Metanarsia and Epiparasia Rebel, 1914 was discussed, further new species were

described, and new generic- and species-group name synonymies proposed (Huemer et

al. 1996; Ponomarenko 2000).

Notwithstanding a relatively large number of publications, our knowledge of

Metanarsia is in many respects far from complete. For example, the larval host-plant

relationships are unknown. Also, the females of many species remain undescribed,

which leads to problems in establishing a clear generic diagnosis and in the generic

assignment of some species.

In the course of my studies, two undescribed species and two hitherto unknown females

were discovered as well as a first host-plant record for Metanarsia. These new data

encouraged me to carry out a review of the genus with the aim to describe the new

taxa and to provide detailed descriptions and a key for all species, accompanied by

illustrations of the adults and genitalia of both sexes (when known). This review is

also intended to provide an improved diagnosis of the genus Metanarsia based on

morphological characters of the adults.

Abbreviations

BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, U. K.

DEI Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Miincheberg, Germany

MHNG Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland

MTD Museum fiir Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany

Nota lepidopterologica, 07.06.2005, ISSN 0342-7536

274 BipzıLyA: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

SIZK Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine

TLMF Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck, Austria

ZIN Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

ZMHB Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany

ZMKU Zoological Museum, Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University, Kiev, Ukraine

ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

ZMUH Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki, Finland

Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871: 314. Type-species: Metanarsia modesta Staudinger, 1871: 314, by

monotypy.

Calyptrotis Meyrick, 1891: 56. Type-species: Calyptrotis alphitodes Meyrick, 1891: 56, by monotypy.

Synonymized by Ponomarenko 2000: 222.

Epiparasia Rebel, 1914: 276. Type-species: Epiparasia longivitella Rebel, 1914: 276, pl. 4 fig. 12, by

monotypy. Syn. rev. Piskunov 1990: 95 (syn.). Huemer et al. 1996: 341 (gen.).

Parametanarsia Gerasimov, 1930: 33 (as subgenus of Metanarsia). Type-species: Metanarsia

(Parametanarsia) junctivittella Christoph, 1885: 161, pl. 8 fig. 11, by original designation and

monotypy. Syn. n.

Diagnosis. Adults small to medium sized with forewing length of 5.0-13.0 mm.

Head smooth-scaled. Labial palpus variable in shape: segments 2 and 3 usually

straight, but recurved in M. incertella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1861) and M. alphitodes

(Meyrick, 1891); segment 2 broad, densely covered with long scales usually exceeding

length and width of segment 3; segment 3 normally very short, covered partially or

almost entirely with long scales of segment 2. Scape with pecten of numerous long

hair-like scales or with dense brush of short scales (M. partilella (Christoph, 1887)),

other antennal segments simple. Haustellum reduced or very short, covered by labial

palpus, but sometimes well developed (M. alphitodes, M. piskunovi sp. n.).

Thorax. Forewing usually relatively broad or elongated (M. junctivittella),

sometimes slightly concave before apex (M. partilella), but mostly gradually tapered

towards apex; unicolorous greyish-cream, reddish-brown, yellow, etc., or with more

or less developed fasciae or longitudinal patches and spots; fringe very long; venation

(Fig. 1) with Sc to about middle of costa; R, from one-third of cell, R, from three-

quarters of cell, R, and R, from corner of cell, R, and R, on common stalk or R,

reduced whereas R, and R, arise from corner of cell (M. junctivittella), R, to costa

before apex; cell narrow; CuP absent; 1A+2A forked at base. Hindwing grey, normally

with distinctly excavated termen; venation with R, anastamosed with M, near base, Rs

and M, with long common stalk, R, to costa near apex, M,-M, to termen, M, free, not

connate CuA,, | A—2A indistinct. Frenulum of male simple, retinaculum a membranous

hook under Sc near base. Frenulum of female consisting mainly of two acanthae which

may be fused (M. dahurica sp. n., M. junctivittella), divided only at base (M. modesta),

or completely separated (M. alphitodes, M. piskunovi sp. n.); frenulum of M. incertella

with three fused acanthae, and that of M. partilella consisting of four to five acanthae

slightly divided at base. Retinaculum a row of raised scales at base of Sc and along R.

Foretibia with epiphysis, midtibia with two spurs, and hindtibia with four spurs.

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297 2

Abdomen. Sternite VIII normally weakly sclerotized, usually as long as wide or longer

than wide (Fig. 28), but in M. partilella more than three times wider than long. Female

segment VII about twice length of other abdominal segments, weakly narrowed posteriorly.

Sternite II of both sexes with pair of venulae with distinct apodemes (Fig. 29).

Male genitalia. Uncus broad, lateral margins usually densely covered with hair-

like setae, apex sometimes with deep medial depression. Gnathos weakly sclerotized,

membranous, flattened dorsoventrally, usually long and slender, often spoon-like

distally, weakly curved; sometimes broad, sucker-like (M. partilella), or reduced and

indistinct (M. alphitodes). Tegumen broad and short, trapezoid. Valva divided at base

into cucullus and sacculus. Cucullus slender, slightly longer or as long as uncus, finger-

like, often narrowed at base, apex weakly broadened and rounded, densely covered with

short setae. Sacculus normally broad, distinctly shorter than cucullus, with one lateral

and three or four apical teeth, sometimes covered with short dense setae (M. alphitodes)

or simple, slender, without modifications (M. partilella); inner margin of sacculus with

emargination near base. Valvae connected at base by well developed broad medial

processes. Vinculum narrow, band-like, posterior margin with paired sub-oval lobes

or with narrow triangular processes with delicate membranous connection to apex of

aedeagus. Saccus short, broadly rounded, triangular or sub-rectangular (M. partilella).

Aedeagus normally short, about as long as sacculus, usually bifurcated at base, apex

rounded with one or two (M. junctivittella) small teeth on one side whereas opposite side

is membranous; aedeagus of M. partilella very long, not bifurcated basally.

Female genitalia. Papillae anales broad, apically narrowed, sub-triangular,

sparsely covered with short setae, except those of M. partilella densely covered with very

long, hair-like setae. Apophyses posteriores relatively short, slightly curved; apophyses

anteriores about three-quarters length of apophyses posteriores, shorter than segment

VIII. Segment VII mainly membranous, sclerotized only laterally and anteriorly, its

anterior margin narrow, band-shaped. Ostium bursae on ventral membranous surface

of sternite VIII. Ductus bursae short, membranous, evenly broadened towards corpus

bursae. Corpus bursae very long, semioval, indistinctly separated from ductus bursae.

Ductus and corpus bursae of M. partilella extremely short. Signum absent.

Relationships. Metanarsia is considered a member of Gelechiinae on the basis of

the presence of a pair of venulae, terminating in distinct apodemes on abdominal

sternum II. Within Gelechiinae Metanarsia resembles Chrysoesthia Hübner, 1825

in the male genitalia (shape of aedeagus, shape of valva, membranous gnathos), and

Chrysoesthia and Coloptilia Fletcher, 1940 in the female genitalia (segment VIII

sclerotized anterolaterally, papilla anales sub-triangular). Metanarsia differs reliably

from the above genera in the absence of a signum on the bursae in the female genitalia.

These three genera are traditionally considered members of Apatetrini-Anomologini

(Karsholt & Riedl 1996: 104), although the classification of these two tribes needs

special revision.

Metanarsia is a diverse gelechiid genus for which the external and genital characters

vary extensively. The monophyly of Metanarsia is not very clear and was previously

established by such presumed autapomorphies as a very short ductus bursae in

combination with an extremely long corpus bursae without signum. Other diagnostic

276 BipzıLyA: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

characters of Metanarsia are present in related genera also (see above). The most

isolated position within the genus is occupied by M. partilella which is characterized

by a dense brush of short scales on the scape, a sucker-like gnathos, hairy papillae

anales, and an extremely short ductus and corpus bursae in the female genitalia.

The male genitalia of this species are characterized by a unique valva which is not

entirely divided into a cucullus and sacculus, as well as by a long and basally simple

(not bifurcated) aedeagus. M. incertella ıs another species for which the assignment

to Metanarsia ıs disputable. Pıskunov (1990: 95) synonymized Epiparasia with

Metanarsia, but his opinion was not accepted by subsequent authors (Huemer et al.

1996: 341), who considered Epiparasia as a separate genus on the basis of the strongly

recurved labial palpus and the clearly separated ductus bursae in the female genitalia.

Ponomarenko (2000: 222) followed Piskunov’s view and treated Epiparasia as a junior

synonym of Metanarsia mentioning that the shape of the labial palpus is quite variable

within the genus. Gerasimov (1930: 33) established the new subgenus Parametanarsia

for M. junctivittella on the basis of the female frenulum which is represented by fused

acanthae, in contrast to those of M. modesta which are basally separated. It was also

mentioned that Parametanarsia is characterized by the elongated forewing and its

special venation (R, and R, from end of cell, R, reduced). As follows from a review of

the external and genital characters of Metanarsia the female frenulum, wing venation,

and shape of labial palpus are quite variable within the genus and probably reflect

individual adaptations of species. So using such characters for establishing new taxa

seems to me quite dubious and I treat Parametanarsia syn. n. and Epiparasia syn. rev.

as junior subjective synonyms of Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871. All other Metanarsia

species are homogeneous both in exterior and in genital characters, except for

M. alphitodes, which is characterized by its setose apex of the sacculus.

In general the establishment of new taxa of the genus group within such a small genus

as Metanarsia for some species (M. incertella or M. partilella) which differ only in

some characters seems to be inappropriate at least at the present stage, while a global

revision of Apatetrini-Anomologini is still in need. For preliminary definitions of

relationships within the genus the most sensible solution seems to call for the grouping

of the species in the following species groups:

Metanarsia modesta-group

modesta Staudinger, 1871

modesta kurdistanella Amsel, 1959

onzella Christoph, 1887

kosakewitshi Pıskunov, 1990

dahurica sp. n.

scythiella Ponomarenko, 2000

piskunovi sp. n.

Metanarsia junctivittella-group

Junctivittella Christoph, 1885

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297 27)

Fig. 1. Metanarsia modesta, ©, wing venation.

Metanarsia alphitodes-group

alphitodes (Meyrick, 1891)

gobica Lvovsky & Piskunov, 1989, syn. n.

Metanarsia incertella-group

incertella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1861)

longivitella Rebel, 1914

halmyropis Meyrick, 1926, syn. n.

Metanarsia partilella-group

partilella (Christoph, 1887)

Life history. Nitraria sp. (Nitrariaceae) was recorded as a host plant for M. alphitodes,

but the host plant relationships of other species of Metanarsia remain unknown. Adults

fly from April to September and most species are probably univoltine. Many species are

nocturnal and easily attracted to light.

Distribution. The majority of the species inhabit steppes, deserts, and semideserts of the

Palaearctic region. The largest number of species occurs in the arid regions of Central

Asia. Most of the species are considered localised (M. scythiella, M. kosakewitshi,

M. piskunovi sp. n.), whereas such species as M. modesta, M. alphitodes, and M. incertella

are widely distributed.

Key to the species of Metanarsia based on external characters

ee dial alps re cup dseement 2 Siender nn. en een init rien 2

= sLavial palpussstraishtgsesment 2 ROA! rimes emule een 3

2. Labial palpus long, strongly curved; forewing uniformly yellowish-cream or with brown longitudinal

lines; haustellum reduced; forewing length 8.0-13.0 mm .......uuue.u0r0000n 200er M. incertella

— Labial palpus slightly recurved; forewing with brown transversal fascia; haustellum well developed;

ORS Wat Re TOU 30 am een M. alphitodes

3. Labial palpus very long, straight, segment 2 covered with very long setae; forewing dark yellow with

brown longitudinal line or uniformly yellowish-cream. ................sneen: M. junctivittella

— Labial palpus short, segment 2 covered with relatively short setae .............ccccccccceeseeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeees 4

RÉCENTS Onan ys yellow without lines scene een near ee 5

— Forewang Cream, Siey, OF TEACISM-DIOWM ...5,,00csss4r4¢oresoseescencerseeonennesosaicnddeautadenreddusvabecttesueaueteunsenanhes tears 6

278 BipzıLyA: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

5. Forewing bright yellow, with reddish-pink costal margin, without spots; haustellum reduced; forewing

lensth TES) mm... ne RENE N M. scythiella

— Forewing uniformly yellowish-cream, pale, with two small brown spot in middle and at two-thirds

length; haustellum well developed; forewing length 10.0-11.0 mm ......................... M. piskunovi sp. n.

6. Forewing reddish-brown 3.;..003sscassusssersesasavaesensetesqnenencansunacnscacnedeaceuereestiustedssce- ee 7

= Forewing grey OF Cream... aan een nenne RE 8

1. Forewing uniformly reddish-brown we. ane teen M. kosakewitshi

— Forewing reddish-brown, more contrasting, with distinct brown oblique transversal fascia from

one-third of posterior margin to halt Width: na M. dahurica sp. n.

8. Forewing primarily grey without yellow patches ns # Mere 9

— Forewing cream with yellow patches and diffuse yellowish-brown spots ............ccccscceeeees M. onzella

9. Forewing whitish-grey, without white fasciae; forewing length 6.0-10.0 mm; scape with pecten

RTS sqoodsone M. modesta

Forewing grey with distinct white fasciae; forewing length 10.0-11.0 mm; scape with dense brush

OF short'scales u... u a ehe teed any eae eee M. partilella

Key to the species of Metanarsia based on male genitalia

1. Sacculus without apical teeth issues LR 2

— Sacculus with apical teeih uit anne nine RS MI 3

2. sacculus apically densely covered. with short ‘setae 1... Msn ee M. alphitodes

— Sacculus without apical setae; aedeagus very long, gnathos sucker-like ........................ M. partilella

3. Aedeagus with one teeth before apex, shorter than Cucullus eater eee 4

— Aedeagus with two teeth before apex, about as long or slightly longer than cucullus ......

no eee eee eee M. junctivittella

4. Saccus relatively long; uncus with small apical depression; gnathos long and slender .................. 5

— Saccus very short, broadly rounded; uncus with deep apical depression; gnathos short, triangular

ssa dain Madge av nee le cid eat nin poe BEA BANA acetone ge ee dee REC N cere a EEE M. incertella

5. Vinculum lobes lone and marrow u... ee ee saeco teen M. onzella

— Vinculum lobes short and broad, rounded apically <s.0...25..cccccaceccasseaaseneeeveocgecnceece ee ER 6

6. Aedeagus longer than sacculus, distal part about as wide as basal part ..................nnsennnnnnnn 7

— Aedeagus about length of sacculus, basal part twice width of distal part 0.0... eee eee eeeeeees 8

7. Sacculus with deep depression at outer margin, apical teeth large .................... M. kosakewitshi

— Sacculus without deep depression at outer margin, apical teeth small .................. M. dahurica sp. n.

8. Saccus short; cucullus distinctly marrowed at base 0e eee 9

— sSaccus long; cucullus not narrowed at base"... ee to ee M. modesta

9. Cucullus very short and broad; sacculus with two large apical teeth ...................... M. piskunovi sp. n.

— Cucullus longer, slender; sacculus with four small apical teeth 00... eee M. scythiella

A key to the female genitalia is not provided because females are only known in seven

out of ten species.

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297 279

Figs. 2-9. Adults of Metanarsia. 2. M. modesta ©, Turkmenistan, wingspan 18 mm. 3. M. onzella ©,

Turkmenistan, wingspan 16 mm. 4. M. kosakewitshi ©, holotype, Kazakhstan, wingspan 23 mm.

5. M. dahurica sp. n., holotype ©, Russia: Chitinskaja obl., wingspan 21 mm. 6. M. scythiella ', paratype,

Russia: Tuva, wingspan 25.5 mm. 7. M. piskunovi sp. n., holotype 9, Mongolia, wingspan 24.5 mm.

8. M. junctivittella ©, Turkmenistan, wingspan 16 mm. 9. M. junctivittella ©, Uzbekistan, wingspan 17 mm.

280 BipziLYA: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

Species review

The Metanarsia modesta-group

Labial palpus relatively short, segment 2 much longer and broader than segment 3;

aedeagus not exceeding length of cucullus; sacculus with apical teeth; gnathos long,

slender.

Metanarsia modesta Staudinger, 1871 Figs. 2, 18, 30, 48

Metanarsia modesta Staudinger, 1871: 315. — Christoph 1885: 161, pl. 8 fig. 10.

Metanarsia (M.) modesta kurdistanella Amsel, 1959: 66, pl. 10 fig. 12, pl. 7 fig. 5 — Piskunov 1990: 96.

Material. Lectotype © (designated here) with labels: handwritten “Sarepta Ch.” (black ink on green

paper), printed “LECTOTYPE” (round, blue-edged BMNH label), printed “Origin.” (on pink paper), printed

“Lectotype ©, Metanarsia modesta, Stgr., teste K. Sattler, 1986”, printed “ex coll. STAUIDINGER” (on

white paper) (ZMHB). — Ukraine: 60, 29, zap-k Kamennye Mogily, 30.vi-5.v11.1999, Bidzilya leg. (gen.

prep. 46/03, 47/03); 20°, zap-k Khomutovskaja step’, 15, 19.v.1996, Bidzilya leg.; 20°, Prov. Kherson,

Vessjolaja Bokovenjka (prope stat. Dolinskaja), 15.v1.1930, lum., Obraztsov leg.; 20°, Khersonskaja

obl., Askania Nova, step’, 19.v11.1981, Nesterov leg. (gen. prep. 7/03); 30°, Nikolaev, 13.vi, 7.vii.1934,

Obraztsov leg.; ©, okr. Zaporozhija, Rybkhoz, 27.vi.1991, svet, Zhakov leg.; 20°, Krim, Karadag,

23.v11.1924, light, Djakonov leg. (all ZMKU). Russia: 20°, Rostov a/Don, 1, 2.vii.1929, Shtshegolev leg.,

coll. L. Sheljuzhko; 59, Saratoff, 29.vi.1896, coll. Krulikovsky; ©, Casan, vi.[19]04, coll. Krulikovsky

(all ZMKU). Armenia: 30°, mts. Daralagez (Armenia), pag. Azizbekov (Pashalu), ca. 1650 m alt., (lum.),

19, 25.vii.1938, L. Sheljuzhko et N. Pavlitzkaja leg. Mus. Zool. Univers. Kijev (ZMKU). Kazakhstan: ©,

Uigursky r-n, 15 km NW Tchundzha, k.[ordon] Jasenevaja roshcha, na svet, 21.v.1991, Ustjuzhanin leg.

(ZMKU). Turkmenistan: ©, Aidere, 850 m, W Kopetdag, 1.v1.1986, Falkovitsh leg. (ZIN).

Redescription. Length of forewing 6.0-10.0 mm. Head, thorax, and tegulae with light

grey, brown-tipped scales. Segment 2 of labial palpus very broad, densely covered with

grey, brown-tipped scales, wıth dorsal surface and apex cream; segment 3 about one-

fifth length of segment 2, almost entirely covered with scales of segment 2, at angle

of about 120 degrees from segment 2. Scape dark brown with dense pecten of long

hair-like scales, other antennal segments brown with white rings. Forewing light grey

mottled with brown scales, with two-four indistinct spots along longitudinal axis of

wing. Hindwing light grey.

Male genitalia. Uncus broad, with distinct apical depression. Cucullus finger-

like, expanded apically, apex rounded, covered with short setae. Sacculus broad, with

three or four small apical teeth and with deep emargination at inner margin, about

half length of cucullus. Vinculum lobes broad, rounded. Saccus long, pointed apically.

Aedeagus short, about length of sacculus, basal part bifurcated, strongly sclerotized,

about twice width of distal part.

Female genitalia. Papillae anales sparsely covered with long setae. Apophyses

posteriores about twice length of apophyses anteriores. Sternite VIII laterally broadly

sclerotized, anterior margin narrow. Ductus bursae short. Corpus bursae long, evenly

expanded proximally.

Variation. The forewing colour varies extensively from cream to grey brown and

dark spots may merge to form short dashes; the male genitalia vary in the number

of apical teeth of the sacculus and in the shape of the cucullus; there is some slight

variation in the degree of sclerotization of sternite VIII in the female genitalia.

281

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297

Use

on . is

eed i

£ oe

Figs. 10-17. Adults of Metanarsia: 10. M. junctivittella ©, Uzbekistan, wingspan 19 mm. 11. M. alphitodes

Uzbekistan, wingspan 12 mm. 14. M. alphitodes 9, Mongolia, wingspan 11.5 mm. 15. Epidola halmyropis

CO, holotype, W Kazakhstan (Indersky), wingspan 12 mm. 16. M. incertella ©, Mongolia, wingspan

23 mm. 17. M. partilella ©, Turkmenistan, wingspan 22 mm.

282 BipzıLyA: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

Remarks. M. modesta is easily recognizable externally by the cream forewing without

prominent fasciae. The male genitalia resemble those of M. dahurica sp. n. but differ

reliably in the shorter aedeagus, pointed saccus, and the shape of the sacculus; they

differ from those of M. schytiella in the sacculus not being narrowed at base and the

longer saccus. The female genitalia resemble those of M. piskunovi sp. n. and M.

alphitodes but differ in the shape and the smaller size of the ductus and corpus bursae.

Subspecies M. m. kurdistanella differs in the lighter fringe of the forewing as well as

longer and narrower cucullus in the male genitalia. This subspecies should probably

be considered a junior subjective synonym of M. modesta, but to clearly establish

this presumed synonymy the type specimens of M. m. kurdistanella would have to be

checked.

Life history. Adults fly from early May to late July; there is also a record

(o, 50 km NE Erzerum, 1600 m, 17.1x.1993, leg. Fibiger, ZMUC; Karsholt, pers.

comm.) in September. Moths inhabit steppes up to about 1650 m in mountains (Turkey,

Armenia).

Distribution. Ukraine; Armenia; Turkmenistan; Russia: South and East of European

part; SE Kazakhstan. This species was also recorded from South Italy (Karsholt &

Huemer 1995: 2), Romania, North Kazakhstan, South of Krasnojarskiy kray of Russia

(Caradja 1920: 116), Uzbekistan (Gerasimov 1930: 33), Turkey, NE Iran (O. Karsholt,

pers. comm. ), Iraq (Amsel 1959: 66). A record from Mongolia (Emeljanov & Piskunov,

1982: 389, figs. 45, 46) must be referred to M. piskunovi sp. n.

Metanarsia onzella Christoph, 1887 Figs. 3, 19, 31

Metanarsia onzella Christoph, 1887b: 120, pl. 5 fig. 13 [adult].

Metanarsia (Metanarsia) onzella Christoph, 1887 — Piskunov 1988: 365, figs. 10-12 [male genitalia].

Material. Holotype © (by monotypy) with labels: handwritten “Nuchur, © (recto) 11.6.[18]82 Chr.

305 Onzella Orig. (verso)”, green paper circle, printed “39” (on white paper), printed “Coll. Vel.[ikogo]

Kn.[jazja] Nikolaja Mikhailovicha” (on white paper in Cyrillic characters), printed “Holotype ©,

Metanarsia onzella Christoph, teste K. Sattler, 1978” (on white paper), handwritten (Piskunov) “©,

Metanarsia onzella Christoph, 1887, Piskunov det., 1981” (on white paper), handwritten (Piskunov)

“Holotypus” (on red paper) (ZIN). Kazakhstan: 30°, YuV Kazakhstan, dolina reki Tcharyn, 15 km Z

Tchundzha, Jasenevaja roshcha, 24.vi.1990, light, I. Kostjuk leg. (gen. prep. 29/03) (ZMKU). Uzbekistan:

d', Ajakguzhumdy, 40 km O Dzhingil’dy, Kyzylkum, 4.vi.1969, M. Falkovitsh (ZIN). Turkmenistan: 30,

Aidere, 850 m, W Kopetdag, 1, 2, 4.v1.1986, M. Falkovitsh (ZIN).

Redescription. Length of forewing 7.5-8.0 mm. Head, thorax, and tegulae covered

with yellowish-grey, brown-tipped scales. Segment 2 of labial palpus straight, broad,

expanded towards apex, densely covered with long brown scales, apex cream, about

four times length of segment 3; segment 3 short, brown, with white apex, at angle of

about 120 degrees from segment 3. Scape yellowish-brown with pecten of numerous

long hair-like scales, other antennal segments brown with white rings. Forewing costal,

posterior, and subapical areas with yellow patches, middle near posterior margin with

diffuse yellowish-brown spot, outer margin dark grey. Hindwing grey.

Male genitalia. Uncus long and slender, with small apical depression. Cucullus

relatively broad, finger-like, apex covered with short setae. Sacculus about two-thirds

length of cucullus, with one lateral and three large apical teeth. Vinculum lobes long

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297 283

Figs. 18-27. Labial palpi of Metanarsia spp.: 18. M. modesta. 19. M. onzella. 20. M. kosakewitshi.

21. M. dahurica sp. n. 22. M. scythiella. 23. M. piskunovi sp. n. 24. M. junctivittella. 25. M. alphitodes.

26. M. incertella. 27. M. partilella.

284 BipziLya: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

and narrow. Saccus triangular. Aedeagus about as long as sacculus, basal part bifurcated

and strongly sclerotized, apex with distinct teeth.

Female. Unknown.

Variation. There is variation in the expression of yellow patches of the forewing

and in the shape of the sacculus and vinculum lobes in the male genitalia.

Remarks. M. onzella is more similar externally to M. junctivittella, but differs reliably

in the wing pattern and the shorter labial palpus. The male genitalia are clearly

distinguished by long and narrow vinculum lobes.

Life history. Adults fly in June and August.

Distribution. SE Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan. Russia: South of European

part (Sarepta) (K. Sattler, pers. comm.).

Metanarsia kosakewitshi Piskunov, 1990 Figs. 4, 20, 32

Metanarsia (Metanarsia) kosakewitshi Piskunov, 1990: 95, figs. 1-3 [male genitalia].

Material. Holotype © with labels: handwritten “Sary-Tau-Kumy, nizovija r.[eki] Ili, 12.vi.1977, 1.

S. Kumalev” (recto) “Alma-Atinskaja obl.” (verso) (on white paper in Cyrillic characters), handwritten

(Piskunov) on printed form “Holotypus Metanarsia (Metanarsia) kosakewitshi Piskunov, sp. n., S” (recto)

“Coll. Inst. Zool. AN Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, gen. prep. N° 293, ©, V. Piskunov” (verso) (on red paper),

handwritten (Piskunov) on printed form “MIKR. PREP. N° 293, ©, holotypus” (recto) “Metanarsia

(Metanarsia) kosakewitshi Pıskunov, sp. n., Kazakhstan, Piskunov” (verso) (on white paper) (SIZK).

Redescription. Length of forewing 11.0 mm. Head, thorax, and tegulae covered

with yellowish-white scales. Segment 2 of labial palpus straight, slightly broadened

towards apex, densely covered with long setae; inner surface yellowish-white, outer

surface reddish-brown. Segment 3 of labial palpus straight, very short, entirely covered

with long setae of segment 2. Scape reddish-brown with pecten of few, long hair-like

scales, other antennal segments brown. Forewing uniformly reddish-brown. Hindwing

grey.

Male genitalia. Uncus relatively broad, slightly narrowed apically with very

small apical depression. Gnathos weakly curved near middle, distal part slightly

expanded, spoon-like. Cucullus finger-like, slightly curved at base, some exceeding

length of uncus. Sacculus about two-thirds length of cucullus with deep depression at

outer margin, apex with four distinct teeth. Vinculum lobes about one-third length of

sacculus, rounded apically. Saccus narrow, triangular. Aedeagus bifurcated at base with

distinct teeth before apex, sclerotized basally.

Female. Unknown.

Remarks. M. kosakewitshi Pisk. is more similar both externally and in the male

genitalia to M. dahurica sp. n., but clearly differs in the uniformly reddish-brown

forewing without fascia, slightly curved cucullus, smaller apical depression of uncus

and the distinct deep depression at the outer margin of the sacculus; differences from

M. scythiella are mentioned below.

Life history. Adults fly in June.

Distribution. SE Kazakhstan.

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297 285

Figs. 28-29. Male abdominal segments: 28. M. scythiella, segments VI-VIII. 29. M. scythiella, segments

HI-II.

Metanarsia dahurica sp. n. Figs. 5, 21, 33-34, 49

Material. Holotype ©, with labels: handwritten (Kostjuk) [Russia: Chitinskaya oblast’] “Daurskie

stepi, vostochnyi bereg oz.[era] Barun-Torei, mys Mergen [Dahurian steppes, east bank of Barun-Torei

Lake, Cape Mergen], 21.vi.1988, na svet, [on light] I. Kostjuk” (on white paper in Cyrillic characters),

handwritten on printed form “Holotypus Metanarsia dahurica Bidzilya” (on red paper) (ZMKU).

— Paratypes: 150°, 29, labelled as holotype (gen. prep. 24/03, 42/03) (ZMKU). ©, “Mongolia, Vostochnyi

Aimak, Tamsag-Bulak, 21.vi.[1]976, Kerzhner” (gen. prep. 23/03) (ZIN).

Description. Length of forewing 9.0-11.0 mm. Head and thorax whitish-cream,

tegulae cream with reddish-brown base. Labial palpus straight, segment 2 very broad,

about five times length of segment 3, broadened towards apex, reddish-brown, dorsal

surface cream; segment 3 very short, almost entirely covered with scales of segment

2. Scape reddish-brown with pecten of numerous long hair-like scales, other antennal

segment brown with white rings. Forewing reddish-brown, bright, with distinct brown

oblique transversal fascia from one-third posterior margin to half width of wing. Cilia

reddish-brown. Hindwing light grey.

Male genitalia. Uncus relatively broad, with deep apical depression, densely

covered with long setae. Gnathos broadened and slightly sclerotized at base, curved

near apex. Cucullus straight with slightly broadened and rounded apex. Sacculus about

two-thirds length of cucullus, with four small apical teeth. Vinculum lobes relatively

broad, rounded apically. Saccus triangular. Aedeagus relatively long, distinctly

bifurcated at base, with small teeth before apex.

Female genitalia. Papilla anales rounded apically, sparsely covered with

long setae. Apophyses posteriores about 1.5 times length of apophyses anteriores.

Segment VIII relatively broadly sclerotized laterally whereas anterior margin narrowly

sclerotized. Ductus bursae short. Corpus bursae extremely long, evenly broadened

proximally.

Variation. The forewing colour varies from bright reddish-brown to pale greyish-

brown; the male from Mongolia is characterized by a broader cucullus and reduced

apical teeth on the sacculus; two examined females showed no variation.

Remarks. In previous papers (Budashkin & Kostjuk 1994: 19; Kostjuk et al. 1994: 10;

286 BipziLYA: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

Bidzilya et al. 1998: 48) Metanarsia dahurica was recorded as M. kosakewitshi Pisk.,

but my examination of the holotype of M. kosakewitshi showed that specimens from

Transbaikalia reliably differ in forewing pattern, which has one distinct brown fascia.

The male genitalia differ from those of M. kosakewitshi Pisk. in the straight cucullus,

the sacculus with an indistinct depression on the outer margin and with smaller apical

teeth, and the uncus with a deeper apical depression. The female genitalia of M.

dahurica are clearly distinguished from those of all other known Metanarsia females

by the very long and thin corpus bursae.

Life history. Inhabits steppe biotopes; adults fly in June.

Distribution. Russia: SE of Chitinskaja oblast’; Mongolia: East Aimak.

Derivatio nominis. Named after the type region.

Metanarsia scythiella Ponomarenko, 2000 Figs. 6, 22, 35

Metanarsia scythiella Ponomarenko, 2000: 223, fig. 1 [adult], figs. 2-5 [male genitalia].

Material. Paratype, ©, Russia, Tuva rep. 50°40’ N 92°58’ E, 750 m, L. Ubsa-Noor, shore mead./

Nanophyton-steppe, 15.6.1995, Jalava & Kullberg leg. (gen. prep. 54/03) (ZMUH). Holotype not seen.

Redescription. Length of forewing 11.5 mm. Head, thorax, and tegulae yellow; base

of tegulae and lateral sides of head mottled with pink. Labial palpus reddish-brown,

inner surface lighter; segment 2 about twice width and four times length of segment

3, covered with long scales; segment 3 short, straight. Haustellum very short. Scape

reddish-brown with pecten of few long hair-like scales, other antennal segments

yellow. Forewing bright yellow, costal margin and termen reddish-pink, cilia yellow

with some pink scales. Hindwing grey, cilia yellow.

Male genitalia. Uncus broad, with apical depression. Gnathos relatively short,

weakly expanded distally. Cucullus distinctly narrowed at base, weakly curved, with

slightly broadened and rounded apex. Sacculus broad, about two-thirds length of

cucullus, with one lateral and four small apical teeth, inner surface with triangular

depression. Vinculum lobes relatively long, rounded, apically covered with short setae.

Saccus triangular. Aedeagus about as long as sacculus, distinctly bifurcated at base,

with small teeth before apex, proximal half about twice width of distal half.

Female. Unknown.

Remarks. M. scythiella is easily recognizable externally by its bright yellow forewing

with reddish-pink costal margin. The male genitalia resemble those of M. kosakewitshi

Pisk. and M. dahurica sp. n. but differ in the shorter and broader aedeagus, the sacculus

without deep depression on the outer margin, the longer vinculum lobes, the distinctly

narrowed base of the cucullus, and the shorter saccus. In genitalia, M. scythiella is also

similar to M. modesta and M. incertella but differs from M. modesta in the basally

narrowed sacculus and the shorter saccus; differences from M. incertella are mentioned

below.

Life history. Inhabits arid habitats, adults fly just before sunrise (Ponomarenko 2000:

224).

Distribution. Russia: Tuva, Ubsa-Noor Lake.

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297 287

Figs. 30-37. Male genitalia of Metanarsia spp.: 30. M. modesta, Ukraine (gen. prep. 7/03) 31. M. onzella,

Kazakhstan (gen. prep. 29/03). 32. M. kosakewitshi, holotype, Kazakhstan (gen. prep. 293). 33. M. dahurica

sp. n., paratype, Russia: Chitinskaja obl. (gen. prep. 24/03). 34. M. dahurica sp. n., paratype, Mongolia

(gen. prep. 23/03). 35. M. scythiella, paratype, Russia: Tuva (gen. prep. 54/03). 36. M. piskunovi sp. n.,

paratype, Mongolia (gen. prep. 6/04). 37. M. junctivittella, Kazakhstan (gen. prep. 30/03).

288 Bipzi YA: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

Metanarsia piskunovi sp. n. Figs. 7, 23, 36, 50

Material. Holotype 9 with labels: printed “Mongolia, Uver-Khangaiskiy Aimak, bliz vost.[ochnogo]

ber.[ega] oz.[era] Tatsyn-Tsagan-Nur [Mongolia, Uver-Khangaiskiy Aimak, near east bank of Tatsyn-

Tsagan-Nur Lake] 2.4.viii.[1]969, M. Kozlov” (on white paper in Cyrillic characters), handwritten on

printed form “Holotypus Metanarsia piskunovi Bidzilya” (on red paper), printed “gen. prep. 33/03” (on

white paper) (ZIN) — Paratypes: 29, labelled as holotype (ZIN); &, Mongolia, Vost.[ochno]-Gob.[iiskiy]

Aimak, 45 km S.[evero]-V.[ostochnee] Bajan-Munkha, na svet, 3.vii.[1]971, Kerzhner (gen. prep. 6/04);

CS, Mongolia, Vost.[ochno]-Gob.[iiskiy] Aimak, 50 km S.[evernee] Sain-Shanda, na svet, 31.vii.[1]971,

Kerzhner (all ZIN).

Description. Length of forewing 10.0-11.0 mm. Head, thorax, and tegulae light yellow.

Labial palpus weakly recurved; segment 2 broad, about twice length of segment 3,

outer surface light brown, inner surface and apex cream; segment 3 short, densely

covered with cream scales. Haustellum long. Scapus cream with pecten of few hair-

like scales, other antennal segments dark grey with white rings. Forewing light yellow,

termen with some brown scales; with small brown spot in middle and second spot at

two-thirds length; indistinct diffuse dark oblique fascia from one-quarter of posterior

margin to half width of forewing. Hindwing light grey.

Male genitalia. Uncus relatively narrow, with apical depression. Gnathos long,

broadened distally. Cucullus very short and broad, constricted basally, apex rounded.

Sacculus relatively narrow, with one triangular lateral and two large apical teeth.

Vinculum lobes broad, rounded apically. Saccus triangular, pointed apically. Aedeagus

short, about as long as sacculus, basal half about as long and twice as wide as distal

half, base bifurcated, apex with small teeth.

Female genitalia. Papillae anales rounded apically, covered with long setae.

Apophyses posteriores about 1.5 times length of apophyses anteriores. Segment VIII

relatively narrowly sclerotized anterolaterally. Ductus bursae short. Corpus bursae

broad and long.

Variation. The specimens from the type series show no variation both in habitus

and in genitalia.

Remarks. This new species is more similar externally to M. scythiella but differs in the

colour of the forewing which in M. scythiella is bright yellow with a pink costal margin

and without dark spots. The male genitalia are similar to those of M. scythiella, but

differ reliably in the broader and shorter cucullus and narrower sacculus with two large

apical teeth. The female genitalia of M. piskunovi sp. n. resemble those of M. alphitodes

but differ in the shorter and broader ductus bursae, the shape of the corpus bursae, and

the much larger size.

Life history. Adults fly from July to early August.

Distribution. Mongolia: Uver-Khangaiskiy Aimak, East Gobiiskiy Aimak.

Derivatio nominis. Named in honour of Dr. Vladimir I. Piskunov (Vitebsk,

Byelorussia), who made an important contribution to the study of the gelechiid moths

of the Palaearctic region, in particular with genus Metanarsia.

The Metanarsia junctivittella-group

Segment 2 of labial palpus very long, straight, covered with very long setae; aedeagus

with two teeth before apex; saccus long; gnathos very long; R, reduced, R, and R;

arising from corner of cell.

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297 289

Figs. 38-45. Male genitalia of Metanarsia spp. 38. M. junctivittella, Uzbekistan (gen. prep. 31/03).

39. M. junctivittella, Tadzhikistan (gen. prep. 68/02). 40. M. alphitodes, Algeria (gen. prep. 19/03).

41. M. alphitodes, Uzbekistan (gen. prep. 26/03). 42. M. alphitodes, Turkmenistan (gen. prep. 27/03).

43. M. alphitodes, Mongolia (gen. prep. 20/03). 44. M. incertella, Kazakhstan (gen. prep. 15/03).

45. M. incertella, Uzbekistan (gen. prep. 52/03).

290 BipzıLyA: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

Metanarsia junctivittella Christoph, 1885 Figs. 8-10, 24, 37-39

Metanarsia junctivittella Christoph, 1885: 161, pl. 8 fig. 11.

Metanarsia (Parametanarsia) junctivittella Christoph, 1885. — Gerasimov 1930: 33, pl. 10 figs. 6-8.

Material. Lectotype © (designated here) with labels: printed “TRANSCASPIA, Askhabad, 19.v.1882,

H. Christoph” (on white paper), printed “LECTO-TY PE” (round, purple-edged BMNH label), handwritten

(Christoph), “© 9. Askhabad” (recto) (on white paper, in black box),“19 5 82” (verso), printed “Metanarsia

Junctivittella Christoph, H. Christoph det.” (on white paper), printed “Christoph Coll., Walsingham

Collection, 1910-427” (on white paper - BMNH registration label), handwritten (Christoph) “Junctivittella

Chr.” (on white paper, in black box). Kazakhstan: 80°, Karatau Chr.[ebet], 10 km N Kentau, 600 m, svet,

19-21.v.1994, Pljushtch, Nesterov (gen. prep. 30/03) (ZMKU). Uzbekistan: 49, 70 km S Tamdy-Bulaka,

Kyzylkum, 30.iv, 8.v.1965, Pastukhov; 30°, Ajakguzhumdy, 40 km O Dzhingil’dy, Kyzylkum, 7.v.1966,

17.v.1969, Falkovitsh (all ZIN). Turkmenistan: 20%, Badkhyz, kord.[on] Kyzyldzhar, svet, 21.1v.1981,

3.v.1980, V. Pechen’; ©, Kushka, dolina reki, 21.iv.1981, Nesterov (ZMKU). Tadzhikistan: ©, Staraja

Pristan’, 12 km Yu Dzhilykul’ na reke Vahsh, svet, 20.v.1949, Yu. Shchetkin; ©, Dzhilykul’ na reke Vahsh,

16.iv.1949, Yu. Shchetkin (gen. prep. 28/03); ©, Vahshskaja dolina, Molotovobadskiy r-n, 6-01 posiolok,

20.1v.1953, V. Degtjariova; ©, Kondara, 1100 m, 29.vi.1956, Yu. Shchetkin (all ZMHB).

Redescription. Length of forewing 6.0-9.0 mm. Head, thorax, and tegulae yellow.

Labial palpus straight, outer surface mottled with brown; segment 2 four times length of

segment 3; segment 3 short, slender, covered with scales of segment 2. Scape yellowish-

brown with dense pecten of numerous long hair-like scales, other antennal segments

brown. Forewing dark yellow with brown longitudinal line from one-quarter of posterior

margin to three-quarters length; subapical area and cilia mottled with brown. Hindwing

light grey.

Male genitalia. Uncus relatively broad, densely covered with long setae. Gnathos

weakly expanded distally, apex spoon-like. Cucullus slender, expanded towards apex.

Sacculus about two-thirds length of cucullus, with one lateral and three apical teeth.

Vinculum lobes relatively broad, triangular, pointed apically. Saccus long and slender,

pointed apically. Aedeagus about as long or slightly longer than cucullus, basally

bifurcated, with one small and one large teeth before apex, caecum long.

Female genitalia (after Gerasimov 1930: pl. 10 fig. 7). Papilla anales covered

with setae. Apophyses posteriores about 1.5 times length of apophyses anteriores.

Anterior margin of segment VIII narrowly sclerotized. Ductus bursae thin. Corpus

bursae very long and relatively thin.

Variation. Externally very variable: specimens from Uzbekistan grey, with dark

brown longitudinal line and numerous brown scales mainly along the veins; occasional

specimens from Tadzhikistan light, uniformly yellowish-cream, without markings. The

male genitalia vary in the width of the saccus, and the apical teeth of the sacculus may

be reduced.

Remarks. M. junctivittella is clearly recognizable in the wing pattern, the very long

labial palpus, the long saccus, the aedeagus with two teeth before apex, and the

extremely long and thin corpus bursae.

Life history. Adults fly from the end of April to late June and readily attracted to

light.

Distribution. South and SE Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan;

Afghanistan and Pakistan (K. Sattler, pers. comm.).

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297 291

Figs. 46-47. Male genitalia of Metanarsia spp.: 46. M. incertella, Mongolia (gen. prep. 21/03).

47. M. partilella, Uzbekistan (gen. prep. 32/03).

The Metanarsia alphitodes-group

Labial palpus slender, weakly recurved; sacculus densely covered apically with short

setae; gnathos very membranous, indistinct.

Metanarsia alphitodes (Meyrick, 1891) Figs. 11-14, 25, 40-43, 51

Calyptrotis alphitodes Meyrick, 1891: 56-57 — “Biskra [Algeria]; a series obtained one evening from some

sheltered shrubs near the river bank”.

Calyptrotis alphitodes Meyrick, 1891. — Clarke 1969: 393, pl. 195, figs. 1-1d- “Type: The male so marked

in the British Museum, “Biskra, Algeria. 21.4.[18]90.” — This action may be considered as an effective

lectotype designation (ICZN Art. 74.5), not seen.

Metanarsia gobica Lvovsky & Piskunov, 1989: 554, figs. 43-45, syn. n. Holotype S with labels:

printed “MNR, Bajan-Khong.[orskiy] aimak, 140 km Yu. Shine-Dzhinsta, 0az.[is] Ehin-Gol, na svet,

26.v1.1981, L’vovskiy” (on white paper in Cyrillic characters), handwritten “26.vi” (recto) “svet”

(verso) (on white paper), handwritten on printed form “Holotypus, ©, 13872” (recto) “Metanarsia

gobica Lvovsky et Piskunov.” (verso) (on red paper) (ZIN).

Metanarsia alphitodes (Meyrick, 1891). — Ponomarenko 2000: 222.

Material. Algeria: 20, Biskra, [18]87. Stdg. (gen. prep. 19/03) (ZMHB). Kazakhstan: ©, Uigurskiy

r-n, 15 km NW Tchundzha, Jasenevaja roshcha, 20.v.1991, P. Ustjuzhanin (ZMKU). Uzbekistan: 50,

29, Ajakguzhumdy, 40 km O Dzhingil’dy, Kyzylkum, 31.v.1975, 19.v.1970, 13, 15.v.1976, Falkovitsh

(gen. prep. 27/03, 39/03) (ZIN). Turkmenistan: 20°, ©, Krasnovodsk (gen. prep. 27/03) (ZMHB);

oO, W Kopetdag, g.[ora] Sjunt, 19.v.1998, na svet, Z. Kljuchko, O. Torgonja (ZMKU). Mongolia: ©,

Mongolskiy Altai, 30 km N Biger, polupustynja, H-1350, 23.vi.1999, P. Ustjuzhanin; &, Mongolia, [Uver-

Khangaiskiy Aimak] Tugrek, Nitraria, 21.v11.[19]70, |.[arva] zimuet, e. 1. i11.[19]71, M. Kandybina (gen.

prep. 20/03) (ZIN).

Redescription. Length of forewing 5.0-7.0 mm. Head, thorax, and tegulae covered with

cream brown-tipped scales. Inner surface of labial palpus cream, outer surface brownish-

cream; segment 2 about twice length of segment 3. Haustellum long, well developed.

Scape brownish-cream with pecten of numerous hair-like setae, each antennal segment

grey with white ring at base. Forewing cream mottled with brown; with two small

indistinct spots near base, one brown spot of raised scales near posterior margin at half

length, a brown, transversal, distally broadened fascia from half of costa to half width of

wing, and greyish-brown scales in subapical area forming diffuse patches or one narrow

streak along outer margin and near tornus. Hindwing light grey.

292 BipzıLyA: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

Male genitalia. Uncus long and broad, with small apical depression. Tegumen

very short. Cucullus longer than uncus, weakly curved in middle, expanded distally.

Sacculus about half length of cucullus. Vinculum lobes membranous, often indistinct,

about one-third length of sacculus, broadened apically. Saccus triangular. Aedeagus

short, about as long as sacculus, bifurcated and strongly sclerotized basally with

distinct teeth before apex.

Female genitalia. Papillae anales sparsely covered with long setae. Apophyses

posteriores about twice length of apophyses anteriores. Sternite VIII broadly sclerotized

laterally, its anterior margin narrowly sclerotized. Ductus bursae broad, about as long

as corpus bursae. Corpus bursae sub-oval.

Variation. The number of brown scales and their distribution can vary extensively

and the brown subapical streak is often absent; males from Mongolia have the cucullus

more slender medially and the vinculum broader; the three examined females showed

no variation.

Remarks. M. alphitodes is easily recognizable externally by the slender, weakly

recurved labial palpus, the unique wing pattern, and the small size. The male genitalia

are Clearly distinguished by the apically setose sacculus. The differences of the female

genitalia from those of M. piskunovi sp. n. are mentioned above.

Life history. In Mongolia an adult was reared from Nitraria sp. (Nitrariaceae) in July.

The larva hibernates. Adults fly from mid-May to the end of June.

Distribution. Algeria, SE Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia.

The Metanarsia incertella-group

Labial palpus long, strongly curved; gnathos short, triangular; ductus bursae thin,

weakly sclerotized, clearly separated from corpus bursae.

Metanarsia incertella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1861) Figs. 15-16, 26, 44-46, 52

Anacampsis incertella Herrich-Schäffer, 1861: 31, pl. [23], fig. 156.

Epiparasia longivitella Rebel, 1914: 276, Taf. IV, fig. 12 - Caradja 1920: 94.

Epiparasia incertella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1861). — Caradja 1920: 94; Huemer, Karsholt, & Sauter 1996:

341-345, figs. 1-9.

Epidola halmyropis Meyrick, 1926: 270-271, syn. n. Holotype © (by monotypy) with labels: handwritten

(Meyrick) “Indersky, Uralsk, B. 26.4.07” (black ink on white paper), printed “Holo-type” (round,

red-edged BMNH label), printed “Meyrick Coll., B.M. 1938-290” (on white paper -— BMNH

registration label), handwritten “Epidola halmyropis Meyr., Holotype ©” (black ink on off-white

paper), handwritten “data published as “June”, (“4” on specimen) ” (black ink on white paper), printed

“Abdomen missing” (on blue paper) (BMNH).

Metanarsia (Metanarsia) incertella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1861). — Piskunov 1990: 95.

Metanarsia incertella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1861). — Ponomarenko 2000: 222.

Material. Holotype d (by monotypy) with labels: handwritten “Sarepta | C. 60. | Type | zu

A..kh.f.15b.” (black ink on white paper in green box), printed “Holotype” (round, red-edged BMNH

label), printed “Coll. Möschlf[er].” (on white paper), printed “Origin.” (on pink paper), printed, with

handwritten inscriptions “Holotype © | Anacampsis ? | incertella H.-S. | teste K. Sattler 1986” (on white

paper), printed “ex coll. STAUIDINGER” (on white paper) (ZMHB). Russia: ©, Kapustin Jar, Astrakh.

obl., 10.8.74, na svet, Utochkin (ZMKU). Kazakhstan: 70, dolina reki Tcharyn, 15 km W Tchundzha,

Jasenevaja roshcha, 7.vii.1994, svet, I. Kostjuk leg. (gen. prep. 15/03, 25/03) (ZMKU). Uzbekistan: ©, 9,

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297 293

Figs. 48-50. Female genitalia of Metanarsia spp.: 48. M. modesta, Ukraine (gen. prep. 47/03).

49. M. dahurica sp. n., paratype, Russia: Chitinskaja obl. (gen. prep. 42/03). 50. M. piskunovi sp. n.,

holotype, Mongolia (gen. prep. 33/03)

Ajakguzhumdy, 40 km O Dzhingil’dy, Kyzylkum, 9.v.1970, 17.v.1965, M. Falkovitsh (gen. prep. 40/03)

(ZIN). Mongolia: ©, Mongolskiy Altai, 30 km N Biger, polupustunja, H-1350, 23.vi.1999, P. Ustjuzhanin

(gen. prep. 21/03) (ZMKU).

Redescription. Length of forewing 8.0-13.0 mm. Head, thorax, and tegulae cream.

Labial palpus strongly projecting over head; segment 2 about |.5—2 times length and

1.5 times width of segment 3, its outer surface yellowish-cream, inner surface lighter,

off-white. Scape same colour as head with pecten of numerous long hair-like scales.

Forewing uniformly yellowish-cream or with more or less distinct longitudinal line

which can be divided into separate brown patches. Hindwing light grey.

Male genitalia. Uncus broad, with deep apical depression. Cucullus finger-like,

broadened towards apex, apex rounded, covered with short setae, slightly longer than

uncus. Sacculus about half length of cucullus, with one lateral and three apical teeth.

Lobes of posterior margin of vinculum more or less prolonged, weakly setosed. Saccus

294 BipzıLyA: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

short, broadly rounded. Aedeagus short, about as long as sacculus, proximal half

strongly sclerotized, base bifurcated, apex with small teeth.

Female genitalia. Papillae anales elongated, densely covered with long setae.

Apophyses posteriores about twice length of apophyses anteriores. Corpus bursae very

long, evenly broadened distally.

Variation. According to Huemer et al. (1996: 342) M. incertella shows extensive

variation in the colour of the forewing and its markings from uniformly yellowish-

cream without any marking to dark, greyish-brown with distinct brown lines and

patches. At my disposal I had uniformly white specimens from Turkmenistan,

yellowish-cream ones from Kazakhstan, whereas the male from Mongolia had a weakly

expressed brown longitudinal line. Specimens from Turkey (Huemer et al. 1996, fig. 8)

differed from specimens from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Mongolia in the shape of

the vinculum lobes which was distinctly broader and rounded apically. There is also

some variation in the shape of the apical depression of the uncus and in the length of

the saccus in the male genitalia. One female from Tunisia (Huemer et al. 1996, fig. 9)

slightly differed from females from Turkmenistan in the narrower lateral sclerotization

of segment VIII.

Remarks. M. incertella is easily recognizable externally by the long and strongly

recurved labial palpus. The male genitalia resemble those of M. scythiella and

M. kosakewitshi but clearly differ in the narrower sacculus without deep triangular

depression on the inner margin, the shorter saccus, the short triangular gnathos, the

deeper apical depression of the uncus, and the shorter aedeagus. The female genitalia

are clearly distinguished by the weakly sclerotized ductus bursae, which is distinctly

separated from the corpus bursae.

Hypsipselon rigidellum var. zeroudellum Chrétien, 1915 (Tunisia), Gelechia rhamiferella

Lucas, 1940 (Algeria), and Epidola halmyropis Meyrick, 1926 (W Kazakhstan,

Indersky) were considered possible synonyms of M. incertella (Huemer et al. 1996:

341). This opinion was based on the examination of specimens that fit the original

descriptions well and that originated from the type localities of these taxa. Thus, these

presumed synonymies are quite plausible, but I was unable to check the type material

of the first two taxa for confirmation. Unfortunately, the holotype of E. halmyropis

lacks the abdomen, and although it corresponds well to M. incertella in wing pattern

(Fig. 15), it differs in its unusually small size (wingspan 12 mm). Taking into

consideration the extensive variation in external characters of M. incertella and the fact

that W Kazakhstan (Uralsk) is the type locality for E. longivitella, I establish hereby

the presumed synonymy of M. incertella Herrich-Schäffer, 1861 with E. halmyropis

Meyrick, 1926 syn. n.

Life history. Adults fly from May to early August, up to about 2000 m in mountains

(Huemer et al. 1996: 342).

Distribution. Russia (Volgogradskaja oblast’, Astrakhanskaja oblast’), Kazakhstan,

Uzbekistan, Mongolia. Known also from Spain, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Russia:

South and East of European part, South Siberia (Krasnojarsk), Turkey, West China

(Caradja 1920: 94; Huemer et al. 1996: 342).

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 273-297 295

Figs. 51-53. Female genitalia of Metanarsia spp.: 51. M. alphitodes, Uzbekistan (gen. prep. 39/03).

52. M. incertella, Uzbekistan (gen. prep. 40/03). 53. M. partilella, Uzbekistan (gen. prep. 45/03).

The Metanarsia partilella-group

Scape with dense brush of short setae; gnathos sucker-like; valva not entirely divided

into cucullus and sacculus; aedeagus long, not bifurcated at base; papillae anales hairy;

ductus bursae extremely short.

Metanarsia partilella (Christoph, 1887) Figs. 17, 27, 47, 53

Teleia partilella Christoph, 1887a: 167.

Teleia partilella Christoph, 1887.— Christoph 1889: 57, pl. 3 fig. 9.

Metanarsia (Parametanarsia) partilella (Christoph, 1887). — Piskunov 1988: 365, figs. 8-9.

Material. Lectotype © (designated by K. Sattler in Piskunov 1988: 365) with labels: circle of green

paper, handwritten “©, Askhabad (recto) Partitella (verso) (on white paper), printed “coll. b.[yvshego]

Vel.[ikogo] Kn.[jazja] Nikolaja Mikhailovicha” (on white paper, in Cyrillic characters), printed “Lectotype

©, Teleia partitella Christ., teste K. Sattler, 1978” (on white paper), handwritten (Piskunov) “©, Metanarsia

partitella (Christoph, 1877), Piskunov det., 1981” (on white paper), printed “Hololectotypus” (on red

paper). 20°, 29, Turkmenistan, Repetek, SE Karakumy, 6,11,15,24.v.1981, Falkovitsh (gen. prep. 43/03,

45/03) (ZIN). ©, Uzbekistan, Zhamansai, Kyzylkum, 25.v.1970, Falkovitsh (gen. prep. 32/03) (ZIN).

296 BipzıLyA: The genus Metanarsia Staudinger, 1871

Redescription. Length of forewing 10.0-11.0 mm. Head white. Tegulae white mottled

with grey scales mainly at base. Thorax covered with white, grey-tipped scales. Labial

palpus relatively short; segment 2 broad, grey, apex white, about 1.5 times length of

segment 3; segment 3 straight, grey, with few white scales. Scape grey, apex with white

ring, other antennal segments dark grey with white ring. Forewing greyish-white,

divided by two white fasciae into separated grey patches: first near base, second in

middle and two small patches in subapical area; cilia grey. Hindwing dark grey.

Male genitalia. Uncus sub-oval, sparsely covered with short setae, with very

small triangular apical depression. Gnathos large, strongly curved in distal one-third.

Cucullus and sacculus broadly fused at base. Cucullus constricted at base, apex rounded,

without setae. Sacculus about half as long and as wide as cucullus, without apical teeth.

Vinculum lobes very short, triangular. Saccus short, sub-rectangular. Aedeagus longer

than tegumen and uncus, slightly curved in middle, gradually narrowed towards apex,

with very small subapical teeth.

Female genitalia. Papillae anales large, densely covered with very long, hair-

like setae. Apophyses posteriores about as long as apophyses anteriores. Lateral part of

segment VIII narrowly sclerotized; anterior margin triangular. Corpus bursae very thin

and short, not exceeding length of papillae anales and segment VIII.

Variation. There is a slight variation in the shape of the grey patches of the

forewing.

Remarks. M. partilella is easily recognizable externally by the unique wing pattern

and the scape with a dense brush of short setae. The male genitalia are characterized by

the very long aedeagus, the slender sacculus without apical teeth, and the large sucker-

like gnathos. The female genitalia are clearly distinguished by the extremely short

bursa and the papillae anales covered with very long, hair-like setae.

Life history. Adults fly in May.

Distribution. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Acknowledgements

I wish to express my gratitude to Drs S. Yu. Sinev, M. I. Falkovitsh, and A. L. Lvovsky for their assistance

during my work with the collection of the ZIN and Dr K. Sattler (BMNH) for valuable information about

some species and for providing a photograph of the holotype of Epidola halmyropis. | am very much

obliged to I. Kostjuk (ZMKU), J. Kullberg (ZMUH), and Dr P. Ustjuzhanin (Novosibirsk) for loans and

gifts of material, and to Dr R. Gaedike (DEI), Dr P. Huemer (TLMF), Dr B. Landry (MHNG), Dr W. May

(ZMHB), Mr O. Karsholt (ZMUC), Dr Y. Nekrutenko (SIZK), Dr M. Nuss (MTD), Dr S. Sinev (ZIN) for

critical comments on the manuscript, linguistic corrections and various help during the preparation of the

manuscript.

References

Amsel, H. G. 1959. Irakische Kleinschmetterlinge, II. — Bulletin de la Société Royale Entomologique

d’Egypte 43: 41-83.

Bidzilya, O.V., Budashkin, Yu. I. & I. Yu. Kostjuk 1998. Additions to the Fauna of Microlepidoptera of

Transbaikalia. — Zhurnal Ukrainskoho entomolohichnogo tovarystva 4 (1-2): 33-63 (in Russian).

Budashkin, Yu. I. & I. Yu. Kostjuk 1994. On the fauna of the Microlepidoptera of Transbaikalia. — In:

Cheshuekrylye Zabaikalya. Trudy zapovednika “Dahursky” 2: 5-30 - Institute of Zoology, Kiev (in

Russian).

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Caradja, A. 1920. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der geographischen Verbreitung der Mikrolepidopteren des

palaearktischen Faunengebietes nebst Beschreibung neuer Formen. IH. Teil. — Deutsche Entomolo-

gische Zeitschrift Iris 34: 75-179.

Christoph, H. 1885. Lepidoptera aus dem Achal-Tekke-Gebiete. Zweiter Theil. — Jn: N. M. Romanoff

(Réd.), Mémoires sur les Lépidoptères, St. Pétersbourg 2: 119-171, pls. 6-8, 15.

Christoph, H. 1887a. Diagnosen neuer Lepidopteren aus Tekke. — Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 48

(4-6): 162-167.

Christoph, H. 1887b. Lepidoptera aus dem Achal-Tekke-Gebiete. Dritter Theil. — Jn: N. M. Romanoff

(Réd.), Mémoires sur les Lépidoptères, St. Pétersbourg 3: 50-125, pls. 3-5.

Christoph, H. 1889. Lepidoptera aus dem Achal-Tekke-Gebiete. Vierter Theil. — Jn: N. M. Romanoff

(Réd.), Mémoires sur les Lépidopteres, St. Pétersbourg 5: 1-58, pls. 1-3.

Clarke, J. F. G. 1969. Family Gelechiidae (A-G). Pp. 221-537, pls. 109-267. — In: Clarke, J. F. G.

Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History)

described by Edward Meyrick VI. Glyphipterigidae Gelechiidae (A-G). — Trustees of the British

Museum (Natural History), London.

Emelyanov, I. M. & V. I. Piskunov 1982. New data of the fauna of the gelechiid and anarsiid moths

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae, Anarsiidae) of Mongolia, the USSR and North China. — Nasekomye

Mongolii 8: 366-407. — Leningrad, Nauka (in Russian).

Gerasimov, A. M. 1930. Zur Lepidopteren-Fauna Mittel-Asiens. I. Microheterocera aus dem District

Kaschka-Darja (SO-Buchara). — Yezhegodnik zoologicheskogo Muzeya Akademii Nauk SSSR 31

(1): 21-48.

Herrich-Schäffer, G. A. W. 1861. Neue Schmetterlinge aus Europa und den angrenzenden Ländern 3:

25-32, 8 pls. Regensburg.

Huemer, P., Karsholt, O. & W. Sauter 1996. The genus Epiparasia Rebel, 1914 in Spain (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). - SHILAP Revista de lepidopterologia 24 (96): 341-345.

ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1999. International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. — International Trust for Zoological Nomeclature, London. — xxix +

306 p.

Karsholt, O. & P. Huemer 1995. Additions and corrections to the Gelechiidae fauna of Italy (Lepidoptera).

— Bollettino di Zoologia agraria e di Bachicoltura Ser. II, 27 (1): 1-17.

Karsholt, ©. & T. Riedl 1996. Gelechiidae. Pp. 103-122. — In: O. Karsholt & J. Razowski (eds.), The

Lepidoptera of Europe. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup.

Kostjuk, I. Yu., Budashkin, Yu. I. & M. I. Golovushkin 1994. Cheshuekrylye zapovednika “Dahursky”

(Annotirovannyi spisok vidov) — Institute of Zoology, Kiev. — 36 pp. (in Russian).

Lvovsky, A. L. & V. I. Piskunov 1989. The gelechiid moths (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) of the Transaltai

Gobi. — Nasekomye Mongolii, Leningrad, Nauka 10: 521-571 (in Russian).

Meyrick, E. 1891. A fortnight in Algeria, with description of new Lepidoptera. — Entomologist’s Monthly

Magazine 27: 9-13, 55-62.

Meyrick, E. 1926. Exotic Microlepidoptera 3 (9): 257-288.

Piskunov, V. I. 1988. Results of the study of the type specimens of Gelechiid Moths (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) in the collections of Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University and Zoological

Institute of the Academy of the Sciences of the USSR. — Entomologicheskoe obozrenie 67 (2):

360-368. (in Russian).

Piskunov, V. I. 1990. A new species and two new synonyms of the palaearctic Gelechiid-Moths

(Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). — In: Novosti faunistiki 1 sistematiki: 95-97. — Naukova dumka, Kiev (in

Russian).

Ponomarenko, M. G. 2000. New species and new synonym of the genus Metanarsia Staudinger

(Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). — Tinea 16 (4): 222-225.

Rebel, H. 1914. Uber eine Mikrolepidopterenausbeute aus dem westlichen Thian-Schan-Gebiet.

— Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 28: 271-278.

Staudinger, O. 1871. Beschreibung neuer Lepidopteren des europäischen Faunengebiets. — Berliner

Entomologische Zeitschrift 14: 273-336.

298 Book review

Gerhard M. Tarmann 2004. Zygaenid moths of Australia. A revision of the

Australian Zygaenidae (Procridinae: Artonini). With colour paintings by Frantisek

Gregor. — Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera 9. - CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood

(Australia). 248 pp. — Hardcover (ISBN: 0 643 06798 1) AUS 180.00.

All Australian zygaenids belong to the subfamily Procridinae. Up until now, very little

information was available on them, apart from old-style species descriptions. In a new

volume of the Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera, Gerhard Tarmann (Innsbruck)

provides a comprehensive revision of the Australian Forester moths, a group of 10 genera

and 43 species. Nearly half of the taxa treated in the book, 1.e. four genera and 21 species,

are new to science, and information is provided for the first time on the life history of five

genera.

The introductory chapters provide details on zygaenid morphology, life history

(including phenology, larval host plants, cyanogenesis, defensive biology, pheromones,

etc.), phylogeny, and historical biogeography. A cladistic analysis is given for the

Australian genera of Artonini, with three extralimital genera of Procridini as outgroup.

The characters and character states are described in detail, and the character-matrix and

statistics for all trees are listed. However, no statistic values are given in the cladogram to

show how much support exists at each node.

The second part of the book provides keys to all genera and species of Australian

Procridinae. Each species is described in detail, with illustrations of male and female

adults and genitalia, a diagnosis, and information on life history when available. A distri-

bution map and a list of synonyms are also given for each taxon.

The illustrations are numerous and well prepared. Outstanding are the 114 finely detailed

colour paintings of the moths shown larger than life size by the acclaimed artist FrantiSek

Gregor (Brno). The additional 448 figures include photographs of the genitalia of both

sexes (so far as known) and of other diagnostic structures, scanning electron micrographs,

and seven pages of colour photographs illustrating live preimaginal stages and adults as

well as larval host plants and habitats.

A checklist of the taxa, a list of localities, and an index to scientific names make the book

easy to use.

The book provides comprehensive and new information on Australian Zygaenidae

and can be recommended to anybody who is interested in this fauna or in zygaenids in

general, independently whether the interest is in systematics, life history, or conservation.

Because of its comprehensive introduction to Zygaenidae, the book enables any biologist

to find her/ his way into this group; therefore, it can be recommended also to researchers

who are studying basic or applied topics on zygaenids.

FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE & MATTHIAS Nuss

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 299-302 299

Syrianarpia faunieralis sp. n. from the Cottian Alps of Italy

(Crambidae: Scopariinae)

MAURO GIANTI

Via Divisione Alpina Cuneense 17, I-12023 Caraglio (CN), Italy;

e-mail: maurogianti@ yahoo.com, mgianti@libero.it

Summary. In this paper a new species belonging to the genus Syrianarpia Leraut, 1982 is described. At

the present state of our knowledge, three species are included in the genus Syrianarpia: S. mendicalis

(Staudinger, 1879) from Iran, Turkey and Ukraine, S. kasyi Leraut, 1984 from Iran, and S. faunieralis sp.

n. from the Cottian Alps (Italy).

Résumé. Le travail présente la description d’une nouvelle espèce du genre Syrianarpia Leraut, 1982.

A l’etat actuel de nos connaissances trois especes appartiennent au genre Syrianarpia: S. mendicalis

(Staudinger, 1879) de l’Iran, de la Turquie et de |’ Ukraine, S. kasyi Leraut, 1984 de l’Iran, et S. faunieralis

sp. n. des Alpes Cottiennes en Italie.

Key words. Syrianarpia faunieralis sp. n., Alps, Italy, Pyraloidea, Crambidae, Scopariinae.

Introduction

The description of the genus Syrianarpia by Leraut is quite recent (1982), the type

species being S. osthelderi Leraut, 1982. Nuss (1999) established the synonymy

between S. osthelderi and S. mendicalis (Staudinger, 1879) (Metasia). The main

feature that characterises the genus in genitalia is the presence on the vesica of one

cornutus, straight in shape and basally slightly enlarged, and the absence of protruding

appendices on the inner side of the valva. On the underside of the forewing, as in many

other genera belonging to the family Crambidae, the retinaculum is provided with a

“hamus” that helps locking the frenulum in place. Till now the genus was represented

by two species: S. kasyi Leraut, 1984 from Iran and S. mendicalis (Staudinger, 1879)

from Turkey, Iran, and also from Ukraine (Crimea) (Bidzilya & Budashkin 2004).

A third species is here described from the Alps in Western Europe. The limited data

available on this genus indicate that their representatives are chiefly mountain species;

specimens of S. mendicalis verified by Nuss (1999) were collected at elevations

between 900 and 1600 m above sea level, while specimens belonging to S. kasyi were

collected at 2000 m (Derbend, 25 km North of Teheran). The two male specimens of

the species described below were collected around 2500 meters on a mountain summit

of the Cottian Alps.

Methods

All comparisons involving biometrical data of the other Syrianarpia species were based

on existing literature. Microphotographs were obtained with a Reichert Stereostar

ZOOM microscope equipped with an Olympus digital camera.

Nota lepidopterologica, 07.06.2005, ISSN 0342-7536

300

GIANTI: Syrianarpia faunieralis sp. n. from the Cottian Alps

Fig. 1. Syrianarpia faunieralis sp. n. © Paratypus.

Syrianarpia faunieralis sp. n.

Material. Holotype ©, ‘[Italy], Piemonte, CN | Valle Grana | Cima Fauniera m. 2500, | 23.vii.2001,

leg. M.Gianti’, deposited at the Zoologische Staatssammlung Miinchen, Germany, prep. n. MG H 182.

— Paratype ©, ‘[Italy], Piemonte, CN | Valle Grana | Cima Fauniera m. 2500, | 19.vi1.2001, leg. M. Gianti’,

coll. Gianti.

Description. A large species; forewing length 16 mm excluding fringe; fringe about

1 mm long; wingspan 31-33 mm. Forewing ground colour brownish-grey, paler in

some areas forming faintly contrasted pattern; discoidal stigma well marked, especially

distal one; postmedian and subterminal lines very distinct. Hindwing slightly paler,

faintly scaled. Head frontal and occipital regions whitish to pale grey, upperside of

palpi concolorous, underside brown (Figs. 3-4). Antennae approximately 8 mm long.

Male genitalia. Uncus progressively slender from base to distal end, apex blunt.

Gnathos as long as uncus and sharply pointed. Juxta rather long (0.8 mm), regularly

narrowing and rounded at apex. Valva rounded, median portion wider than basal and

apical ones (see Fig. 2). Phallus about 1.5 mm long; ductus ejaculatorius inserting near

middle; cornutus about 0.5 mm long.

Diagnosis. The forewings are pointed and their shape and pattern remind those of

S. mendicalis, but S. faunieralis is larger than all other members of the genus (forewing

length 16 mm versus 7-11 mm). In male genitalia the uncus is progressively decreasing

in width toward apex, whilst in S. mendicalis it is slightly enlarged just before the tip,

or nearly globulous. The valva is more rounded in S. faunieralis, especially the lower

margin, while it is very straight in $. mendicalis, the costa in particular. The juxta is

evenly tapering in S. faunieralis, whereas it has a conspicuous and long pointed tip

in S. mendicalis. The insertion of the ductus ejaculatorius in the new taxon is located

near the middle of the phallus, while it is closer to the anterior tip in S. mendicalis. The

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 299-302 301

Fig. 2. Syrianarpia faunieralis sp. n. Holotypus, © genitalia with phallus in situ (prep. MG H 182).

cornutus is approximately one third the length of the phallus in S. faunieralis, whilst in

S. mendicalis it is about one fifth of that length. S. kasyi has genitalia roughly similar

to those of the new species, but they are distinctly smaller, the juxta is more pointed at

the tip, and both the wing pattern and shape are very different.

Derivatio nominis. From the type locality, Cima Fauniera, a mountain in the Grana

Valley, Southern Cottian Alps, Piedmont, Italy.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Very likely the species could be

present in the French Cottian Alps.

Discussion

The discovery of this new species from a relatively well-investigated geographical area

is just another example of how mountain districts are worth studying. The finding is even

more surprising due to the size of the new described insect, which can be placed amongst

the largest European Scopariinae. Even with the limited present state of knowledge,

we can reasonably suppose that S. faunieralis represents an endemic alpine species,

possibly restricted to the southwestern Alps. Further investigations of the neighbouring

mountainous districts will probably disclose the real distribution range of the species.

More than 220 species of Lepidoptera are today known to be endemic to the Alps (Huemer

1998) and a large percentage of them are exclusive to one sector, 1.e. western, central, or

eastern Alps. Almost all of these species are characteristic of alpine and subalpine elevations,

whilst only very few endemics are typical of the collin or nival altitudinal zones.

So far, very little is known about S. faunieralis. No females were collected nor observed.

The larval food, early stages, and life history are unknown. Little more is documented

about the habitat. The locality is the same as that of the Italian colony of the geometrid

moth Glacies belzebuth (Praviel, 1938), an alpine endemic (cf. Gianti 2002). The

biotope is extremely fragmentary, i.e. greatly variable from place to place, even on

short distances, and this makes it difficult to obtain information on the real ecological

302

GIANTI: Syrianarpia faunieralis sp. n. from the Cottian Alps

i A Figs. 3-5. Syrianarpia faunieralis sp. n. © Paratypus,

| Py, . head. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Lateral view.

, 3. Known distribution of the genus Syrianarpia

| Leraut, 1982.

requirements of the species. Moths appear to be uncommon. During several excursions

in search of G. belzebuth, only two adults of S. faunieralis were observed. These were

discovered flying in daylight near the ground, in small grass patches amongst emerging

rocky substrate.

Acknowledgements

I wish to express my gratitude to Giorgio Baldizzone (Asti, Italy) for most helpful suggestions concerning

the form of the paper, and to Matthias Nuss (Dresden, Germany) for critically reading the manuscript and

for constructive analysis. In addition I am much grateful to Peter Huemer (Innsbruck, Austria) for literature

provision and for kindly reading the manuscript. Bernard Landry read the final manuscript and improved

the English language.

References

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229-256.

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Nota lepid. 27 (4): 303-308 303

Accelerated development of Maculinea rebeli larvae under

artificial conditions (Lycaenidae)

ANDRAS TARTALLY

University of Debrecen, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology,

Hungary, H-4010 Debrecen, P.O.B. 3; e-mail: tartally @delfin.unideb.hu

Abstract. In the years 2000 to 2003, 93 Maculinea alcon ([Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775) larvae from

three localities in Hungary and 261 M. rebeli (Hirschke, 1904) larvae from three localities in Hungary

and from one locality in Austria were introduced into 103 Myrmica colonies in the laboratory. Seven

specimens of M. rebeli pupated after only about a month in artificial Myrmica scabrinodis Nylander,

1846, My. sabuleti Meinert, 1860 and My. salina Ruzsky, 1905 nests. This phenomenon was found in

each of the four studied populations. Two pupae successfully eclosed, one 32 and the other 47 days after

adoption. The other five pupae died. These results confirm observations that the developmental time of

M. rebeli larvae can be plastic. A similarly accelerated development of M. alcon larvae was never observed.

The accelerated development of M. rebeli larvae might be attributed to (1) the higher temperatures in the

laboratory as compared with natural conditions, and/or to (2) the artificial Myrmica nests which were more

exposed to light than under natural conditions, and/or to (3) the balanced artificial diet that the Myrmica

colonies received.

Key words. Maculinea, Myrmica, myrmecophily, host ant, ant diet, accelerated development.

Introduction

Larvae of Maculinea van Eecke, 1915 are obligate parasites of Myrmica Latreille, 1804

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) colonies for most of their life. It has long been known that

the butterflies have an annual life cycle, with larvae living for about 10-11 months in

Myrmica ant nests (Thomas 1995; Thomas & Elmes 1993, 2001; Thomas & Wardlaw

1992; Thomas et al. 1989, 1993; Wardlaw et al. 2000). More recently, it has been

shown that some larvae live for an additional year in the ant nests, for a total of about

22-23 months (Als et al. 2001; Elmes et al. 2001; Schönrogge et al. 2000; Thomas et

al. 1998). While rearing Maculinea rebeli (Hirschke, 1904) larvae in the laboratory, an

unexpectedly accelerated development was observed, with pupation as soon as a month

after adoption.

Although genetic (Als et al. 2004; Bereczkietal. in press) and morphological (Pechetal. 2004)

differentiation between the traditionally separated species M. alcon([Denis & Schiffermüller],

1775) and M. rebeli is rather low, the two taxa have different physiological and ecological

adaptations (see e.g. Schönrogge et al. 2000; Thomas et al. 1989). I use ‘M. rebeli’ for

populations which develop on Gentiana cruciata and ‘M. alcon’ for those which develop on

G. pneumonanthe. However, the host plant affinities of these two taxa need to be

re-investigated for their significance for identification purposes (see e.g. Kolev 2002;

Munguira & Martin 1999; Sielezniew & Stankiewicz 2004).

Material and Methods

Between 2000 and 2003, 93 Maculinea alcon and 261 M. rebeli larvae were

reared in 103 artificial laboratory colonies of Myrmica. For this purpose, plants of

Nota lepidopterologica, 07.06.2005, ISSN 0342-7536

304 TARTALLY: Accelerated development of Maculinea rebeli

G. pneumonanthe with eggs of M. alcon from three localities (Hungary: Fülesd,

Gyöngyös, Mätraszentimre) and plants of G. cruciata with eggs of M. rebeli from four

localities (Austria: Hochschwab; Hungary: Bükk-plateau, Bükkszentkereszt, Jésvaf6)

were collected. In the laboratory the gentians were kept in glasses of water placed

in plastic basins, and could be kept fresh for 2-3 weeks while the Maculinea larvae

emerged. Fourth instar larvae were collected using a fine brush as they dropped from

the flowers in the evenings, and were transferred straight into the foraging arena of

an artificial Myrmica nest to be adopted by the ants. Before introduction, the length

of each caterpillar was measured with a ruler. Caterpillars were remeasured after one

month by putting the ruler to the glass that covered the artificial nests.

The Myrmica colonies usually were collected from the same sites as the gentians.

Each colony contained at minimum one queen and 100 workers. They were kept in

Debrecen (Hungary) in unheated nests (made from clay and glass) joined by silicon

tubes to plastic arenas. These nests were not covered to exclude the light, but were kept

in places that never received direct sunlight. The laboratory was not air-conditioned in

the summer, but was heated in the colder seasons. The temperature that the Myrmica

nests experienced was less variable than under natural conditions, and was often up to

25° C in the warmer periods. A part of the nest area was always kept wet by a cotton

wool strand that connected the clay with water. To feed the ants, the arenas of the

nests were always provided with a cube of sugar, and various insects (mainly cut-up

mealworms, larvae and pupae) as well as granules of a dry diet at a minimum of once

a week (see appendix). The cube of sugar provided continuous food while the dry diet

provided the proteins (and maybe essential vitamins and minerals) when there were not

enough insects to feed the ant colonies.

The following Myrmica species (identified by Tartally & Cs6sz) were used: My. lonae

Finzi, 1926 (1 culture); My. vandeli Bondroit, 1920 (1 c.); My. rugulosa Nylander, 1849

(1 c.); My. salina Ruzsky, 1905 (3 c.); My. specioides Bondroit, 1918 (3 c.); My. gallienii

Bondroit, 1919 (7 c.); My. schencki Viereck, 1903 (8 c.); My. ruginodis Nylander,

1846 (8 c.); My. rubra (Linnaeus, 1758) (9 c.); My. sabuleti Meinert, 1860 (9 c.) and

My. scabrinodis Nylander, 1846 (35 c.).

When a butterfly larva pupated, it was removed from the ants using a pair of fine forceps

and placed in a plastic box with ventilation holes and a moist sponge pad at the bottom.

This was thought to be important because the ants damage the eclosed butterflies if they

are not able to escape from a closed artificial nest and if they are not discovered and

separated in time (Elfferich 1988). Voucher samples of ants, dead pupae, exuviae, and

butterflies are stored in the author’s collection.

Results

Several larvae died during the period of adoption and the next few days. After this

critical period their mortality was lower and the M. rebeli larvae usually grew very

quickly. They were about 3 mm long on introduction, and usually they had grown to

about 15 mm a month later. However, seven of them pupated after about a month in

different ant nests. These were associated with three Myrmica species and came from

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 303-308 305

Tab. 1. The Maculinea rebeli larvae that pupated in about a month in the laboratory.

| Locality | Host | Date of adoption | Date of pupation

Hungary / Bükk-plateau 27.07.2002 15.08.2002 28.08.2002

Hungary / Bükk-plateau 27.07.2002 28.08.2002

each of the four M. rebeli populations studied (Tab. 1). Such a quick development in

M. alcon larvae was never observed in my experiments during the first months. The

M. alcon larvae also were about 3 mm long on introduction, but they had grown only to

ca. 5 mm a month later and remained about this size in the winter. Two male butterflies

from the seven pupae emerged. One of them eclosed 32, the other 47 days after adoption

as freshly moulted fourth instar larvae (Tab. 1). These specimens were smaller than

average (the forewing length of the one from Bükkszentkereszt was 15 mm and the one

from Bükk-plateau 15.5 mm), but similarly small specimens often occur under natural

conditions. The fast-developing specimens did not show any other obvious differences

compared with field-grown specimens. The other five pupae became rotten or dried out

under the unnatural air humidity of the laboratory.

Discussion

The fast-pupating larvae were reared by three different species of Myrmica: My. scabrinodis,

My. sabuleti, and My. salina. According to field observations, the former two are suitable host

ants for M. rebeli in Hungary (Tartally & Cs6sz 2004) and My. sabuleti is also suitable in

Eastern-Austria (Steiner et al. 2003). However, there are no records of My. salina as a host of

M. rebeli yet (Als et al. 2004; Tartally & Csösz 2004). It is important to note that in well-fed

laboratory nests the survival of adopted larvae is usually better than in nature (Elmes et al.

2004; Schönrogge et al. 2004).

The fast development of M. rebeli under laboratory conditions might be caused by

(1) the warmer temperatures in comparison to natural conditions (Wardlaw 1991;

Wardlaw et al. 1998), and/or (2) the artificial Myrmica nests being more exposed to

light than under natural conditions (the more abundant light could influence the larval

development of lycaenid butterflies; see e.g. Hgegh-Guldberg 1968), and/or (3) the

more balanced diet the Myrmica colonies received — thus, my diet seems to be suitable

for Myrmica colonies as supplementary food.

Elmes & Thomas (pers. comm.) recorded similarly short times of development for

M. rebeli from the Pyrenees and the Southern Alps under unnaturally warm conditions

and with abundant food. Hence, an accelerated development is known from several

populations and is not a unique phenomenon. These results support the plasticity of the

developmental time of M. rebeli as the larvae develop during one or two years in nature

(Elmes et al. 2001; Schönrogge et al. 2000; Thomas et al. 1998) or have a conspicuous

accelerated development within one year under favourable conditions. In addition,

306 TARTALLY: Accelerated development of Maculinea rebeli

based on my own observations, there is no indication of a two-year development of M.

rebeli in Hungary since I have never found semi-developed M. rebeli larvae in Myrmica

nests during the flying period. On the other hand, some semi-developed M. alcon larvae

were observed in various Hungarian sites during the flying period. According to Varga

(pers. comm.), ‘dwarf’ adults of M. rebeli regularly appear in several Hungarian

populations at the end of the flying period (end of June to mid-July, depending on year

and elevation). However, in the laboratory, the two dwarf specimens eclosed in late

August. This suggests that undernourished M. rebeli larvae may also fully develop

within one year under natural conditions and a partly bivoltine life cycle in nature

seems to be unlikely. It is known that the growth of the one-year M. rebeli larvae tend

to be fast immediately after adoption, stops during winter (meaning that they go into

diapause in nature), and resumes in the spring just before pupation (Thomas et al.

1998). However, according to my laboratory observations the development of M. rebeli

larvae can be continuous (without diapause) under favourable conditions, contrary to

that of M. alcon. These differences were also observed when I reared M. alcon and

M. rebeli larvae under the same laboratory conditions but in Manica rubida (Latreille,

1802) colonies (Tartally 2004). Further studies are still necessary to investigate the

temporal dynamics of the development within M. rebeli and M. alcon populations and

to understand the ecological circumstances influencing these dynamics.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Dr. David R. Nash, Enik6 Töth, Dr. Graham W. Elmes, Dr. Jeremy A. Thomas, Péter

Kozma, Sandor Cs6sz, Dr. Sandor Szab6, Dr. Zoltan S. Varga and the referees for their help and for their

critical comments. I very much appreciate the careful editing of the manuscript. Research has been funded

by the EC within the RTD project “MacMan” (EVK2-CT-2001-00126).

References

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308 TARTALLY: Accelerated development of Maculinea rebeli

Appendix

The recipe of the dry diet

Ingredients. 100 cm? (=14-15 g) freeze-dried fish !

1 level tablespoon of flour

1 pinch of sea salt

1 vitamin pill ?

l egg

You can buy it in well-equipped pet shops as food for cats and turtles (I used a Hungarian product: Bio-

Lio). If you cannot find freeze-dried fish you can dry some lean pieces of cooked fish or chicken in the

sun or under an infra-red lamp.

Choose the type that contains the daily portion of multiple vitamins, essential minerals, and salts for an

adult (I used Supradyn).

Preparation. Grind the fish into powder and mix it with the flour, the salt, and the

pulverised pill. Beat the egg slightly and add a little to the dry components. You need

to get a hard paste in order to be able to form a ball, then leave it to desiccate for about

half an hour. When its consistency is suitable, grate it with a cheese grater onto a sheet

of paper. You will get various sizes of granules. Spread the granules on the paper and

leave them to dry for about a day. The dried granules keep their quality (= the ants like

them) for about half a year at room temperature in a dark and ventilated place.

I have planned this diet to culture Myrmica colonies because it is essential for the

Myrmica colonies to be fed with protein and sugar (Wardlaw et al. 1998). However,

the Bhatkar diet (Bhatkar & Whitcomb 1970) — which is presumably the most popular

artificial ant diet (see e.g. Hölldobler & Wilson 1990) — contains very little protein

(Buschinger & Pfeifer 1988).

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 309-319 309

Prominent shoots are preferred: microhabitat preferences of

Maculinea alcon ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) in Northern

Germany (Lycaenidae)

ANNABELL KUER! & THOMAS FARTMANN?

' Steinfurter Str. 502, D-48159 Münster, email: annabell.kueer@ web.de

* Institute of Landscape Ecology, Department of Community Ecology, University of Münster,

Robert-Koch-Straße 26, D-48149 Münster, email: fartmann@uni-muenster.de (corresponding author)

Abstract. The egg deposition behaviour of the Alcon Blue, Maculinea alcon ([Denis & Schiffermiiller],

1775), was investigated in summer 2002 on a military training area near Osnabrück (North Rhine-

Westphalia, Northern Germany). The study aims to analyse oviposition patterns on the flowers of the host

plant Gentiana pneumonanthe (Marsh Gentian) and microhabitat characteristics of the chosen shoots. All

possible host plants and all eggshells of M. alcon were counted and various characteristics of the host plant

as well as the surrounding vegetation structure were recorded. A total of 1,787 eggs was counted on 124 out

of 219 Gentiana shoots in an area of 3,200 m°. About 70% were laid on the calyx and 25% on the flower.

The vegetation (Juncus-Succisa pratensis association with patches of Ericion tetralicis) was generally

dense and rather high. Occupied specimens had almost always a luxuriant growth and were mostly higher

than the surrounding vegetation. In a logistic regression model the height-difference between the plant

and the vegetation (prominence), the number of flowers per shoot, and the number of further shoots in the

surrounding explained 78% of observed plant occupancy patterns. Finally suggestions to maintain and

stabilize Alcon Blue populations are given.

Zusammenfassung. Das Eiablageverhalten des Lungenenzian-Ameisenbläulings, Maculinea alcon

([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), wurde im Sommer 2002 auf einem Truppenübungsplatz in der Nähe von

Osnabrück (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Norddeutschland) untersucht. Ziel der Arbeit war es, Eiablagemuster

an den Blüten der Wirtspflanze Gentiana pneumonanthe (Lungenenzian) sowie Mikrohabitatpräferenzen

bei der Belegung zu studieren. Dazu wurden alle Lungenenziansprosse und die Eier von M. alcon gezählt.

Verschiedene Parameter der Wirtspflanzen sowie die Vegetationsstruktur im Umkreis von 50 cm wurden

aufgenommen. Von insgesamt 219 Sprossen auf einer Fläche von 3.200 m? waren 125 mit 1.787 Eiern

belegt. Etwa 70% davon wurden an den Kelch geheftet und 25% an die Blüte. Die Vegetation (Juncus-

Succisa pratensis-Assoziation mit einzelnen Ericion tetralicis-Flecken) war meist sehr dicht und relativ

hoch. Belegte Lungenenzian-Exemplare waren in der Regel üppig und überragten größtenteils die

umgebende Vegetation. Ein Modell der logistischen Regression zeigt, dass mit Hilfe der Höhendifferenz

zwischen Spross und Vegetation, der Zahl der Blüten und der Anzahl der umgebenden Lungenenzian-

Sprosse 78% der Daten korrekt vorhergesagt werden. Abschließend werden Vorschläge zum Erhalt und zur

Stabilisierung von Populationen des Lungenenzian-Ameisenbläulings gemacht.

Key words. Alcon Blue, egg deposition, Gentiana pneumonanthe, Maculinea alcon, Marsh Gentian,

management, microhabitat preferences, Germany.

Introduction

Habitat quality has been shown to be as important for the persistence of butterfly

metapopulations as the degree of patch isolation and patch size (Anthes et al. 2003;

Dennis & Eales 1997; Thomas et al. 2001). Thomas et al. (2001) and WallisDe Vries

(2004) pointed out that the criteria are not alternatives but should be considered

complementarily. While many studies have recently addressed the effect of patch size

and isolation on population dynamics for various butterflies, habitat quality is still

comparably ill-defined for many endangered species. Habitat preferences of butterflies

are often largely determined by the requirements of the preimaginal stages since the

eggs are not and the larvae are only slightly mobile (Fartmann 2004; Porter 1992). In

case of adverse weather or restricted food supply they are not able to escape. Therefore,

Nota lepidopterologica, 07.06.2005, ISSN 0342-7536

310 KUER & FARTMANN: Microhabitat preferences of Maculinea alcon

the evaluation of habitat quality for a particular species requires a detailed knowledge

of the preferences of ovipositing females and the survival of preimaginal stages under

various conditions and across regions.

Here we studied the larval habitat preference of the Alcon Blue (Maculinea alcon

([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)). Although the butterfly genus Maculinea van Eecke,

1915 has attracted considerable attention because of its extraordinary relationship with

ants of the genus Myrmica Latreille, 1804 (Munguira & Martin 1999; Als et al. 2004),

recent descriptions of larval habitat requirements are scarce. The status of the Alcon

Blue has been assessed as vulnerable in Europe (van Swaay & Warren 1999) and

as endangered in Germany (Pretscher 1998); in North Rhine-Westphalia the species

is critically endangered (Dudler et al. 1999). In many parts of Germany it is extinct

(Fig. 1). Whereas quite a lot of research has addressed the relationship between M.

alcon larvae and their host ants (e.g. Als et al. 2001; Elfferich 1988; Elmes et al. 1994;

Liebig 1989; van Dyck et al. 2000), the relationship between M. alcon and its host

plant Gentiana pneumonanthe (Marsh Gentian) is much less studied. Krismann (2000)

studied oviposition patterns on the host plant and found a preference for egg-laying

on the calyx. WallisDeVries (2004) compared habitat characteristics of occupied and

unoccupied sites at a mesoscale of 10 x 10 m. The preferred vegetation structure for egg

deposition is mostly known for the sibling species Maculinea rebeli (Hirschke, 1904)

(Dolek et al. 1998; Kockelke et al. 1994; Meyer-Hozak 2000) but not for M. alcon, yet

Marktanner (1985) observed that it avoids dense and overshadowed vegetation. The

status of both forms as distinct species is strongly questioned by the recent genetical

data (Als et al. 2004).

This study aims to increase our knowledge of the microhabitat structure at M. alcon

Oviposition sites. In particular we considered the following questions:

(1) What are the oviposition patterns on the Marsh Gentian?

(11) Which kind of vegetation structure does the Alcon Blue prefer for egg deposition?

Qu) Which conclusions can be drawn for the management of the Alcon Blue sites?

Material and Methods

Study species. Maculinea alcon ({Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) has a scattered

distribution across Europe up to East Asia (Wynhoff 1998). In Germany the Alcon Blue

is mainly found on the foothills of the Alps and in the Northwestern Lowlands (Fig. 1).

Its flight period in Germany extends from early July to mid-August (Ebert & Rennwald

1991; Wynhoff et al. 1999). M. alcon thrives on moist meadows, wet heathland and

fens with stands of its host plant, the Marsh Gentian (Gentiana pneumonanthe). In

the Alps the Willow Gentian (G. asclepiadea) is used as well. The Alcon Blue has

a complex life cycle and is dependent not only on the presence of its host plant but

also on the presence of host ants of the genus Myrmica. In Southern Europe and the

pre-alpine region of Germany (Nunner pers. comm.) only M. scabrinodis Nylander,

1846 serves as a host. In Middle and Northern Europe it is fully replaced by M. rubra

(Linnaeus, 1758) and M. ruginodis Nylander, 1846 (Elmes et al. 1998). Females of

M. alcon lay their eggs on the buds of G. pneumonanthe. Through basal hatching the

larvae get into the flower and feed there until the fourth larval stage. After emerging

from the flower head they let themselves drop on the ground and wait to be carried into

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 309-319 Se

& Bramsche

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Westerkappeln

Northrhine-

Westphalia

Osnabrück

— | N

A 2 km |

Fig. 1. Study area in Northern Germany (a) and distribution of Maculinea alcon in Germany (b). Grid:

10’ x 6° geographic grid. Grey dots: data before 1985, black dots: data since 1985, data from: BLfU

(2001), de Lattin (1957), Ebert & Rennwald (1991), Habel (2003), Harkort (1975), Kinkler & Schmitz

(1971), Kolligs (2003), natural history museum Muenster (own observation), Retzlaff (1973), Retzlaff

et al. (1993), Stamm (1981), Wagener & Niemeyer (2003) and M. Goldschalt, H. G. Joger, A. Krismann,

A. Nunner, T. Marktanner, R. Reinhardt, T. Schulte (in each case pers. comm.).

a nest of their host ant where they live 10 to 22 months until pupation (Schönrogge et

al. 2000; Thomas et al. 1998).

G. pneumonanthe (Gentianaceae) is distributed throughout Europe and Asia and has its

core range in Western Europe (Korneck et al. 1998). The perennial plant flowers between

July and September on oligotrophic humid sites such as litter meadows (“Streuwiesen’)

and moist to wet heathland (Oberdorfer 2001; Sebald et al. 1996). The light-requiring

G. pneumonanthe grows up to 50 cm high with up to 10 shoots and up to 25 flowers per

shoot (Ellenberg 1996; Rose et al. 1998). The reproduction only takes place by the means of

its small seeds, which are adapted to short distance wind dispersal (Oostermeijer et al. 1998).

For successful germination the seeds require moist and bare soil (Kesel & Urban 1999).

In Central Europe and in Germany G. pneumonanthe is declining. This is due to an intensified

agricultural use on one hand. On the other hand the abandonment of smaller unprofitable

habitats supports the succession on these sites. Both factors endanger the survival of the

Marsh Gentian.

Study area. The study area is located in the district Steinfurt in the north of North

Rhine-Westphalia adjacent to Lower Saxony (Fig. 1). The study site is part of a military

training area. The vegetation is dominated by wet grasslands (Molinietalia) with some

patches of Agrostietalia and Nardo-Callunetea. Gentiana pneumonanthe was growing

within two sites (7,500 m? and 15,000 m?) of the study area, but only on the bigger

site Maculinea alcon was present in 2002. This place was surrounded by wood and

consisted of the dominating Juncus-Succisa pratensis association with patches of

Ericion tetralicis. Within this site the host plant grew on an area of about 3,200 m°.

312 KUER & FARTMANN: Microhabitat preferences of Maculinea alcon

Tab. 1. Habitat structure parameters at occupied (n = 124) and unoccupied (n = 95) Gentiana pneumonanthe

shoots (Mann-Whitney U Test: *** P <0.001, * P <0.05). n G. pneumonanthe: number of other shoots near

the observed specimen; prominence: gentian shoot height minus average vegetation height.

2847

3784

2030

4981

Sal

Field Study. In summer 2002 after the flight period of Maculinea alcon all shoots of

Gentiana pneumonanthe Were checked for eggs. For each gentian shoot we determined

total height, the number of flowers and the height of each flower. The eggshells were

counted bud-wise distinguishing between top, middle and base of flower, calyx, leave

and stalk. For microhabitat analysis the following parameters were collected within a

radius of 50 cm around the shoot: distance to the next shoot, number of other shoots, the

maximum and average vegetation height, the vegetation cover and horizontal vegetation

cover in 10 to 45 cm height above soil surface (estimated in 5%-steps). A grid of 10 x 10 m

was put on the study site to determine these parameters also on a bigger scale. For data

analysis we calculated the difference of the shoot height and average vegetation height to

show the ‘prominence’ of the host plant. Negative values express a negative prominence,

which means the shoot is smaller than the surrounding vegetation. Positive values show

accordingly a positive prominence of the gentian shoot.

Data Analysis. Literature data showed that a single Maculinea alcon female lays on

the average 50-100 eggs (Maes et al. 2004). Meyer-Hozak (2000) found out that the

sibling species Maculinea rebeli lays 100-150 eggs per female. The primary sex ratio

in a population is 1 : 1 (for M. rebeli: Kockelke et al. 1994; Meyer-Hozak 2000). We

therefore used the total egg count from this study to estimate the adult population size

in 2002.

To assess the explanatory power of different variables on the occupancy of gentian shoots

we used a stepwise-forward logistic regression. All statistical analysis was performed

with SPSS 11.0.1 statistical analysis package.

Results

We found a total of 219 Marsh Gentian shoots with 824 flowers. Of those, 124 shoots

(57%) and 473 flowers (57%) were occupied with 1,787 eggs. Based on the total egg

count the adult population size was estimated at 18-36 individuals. The preferred place

of oviposition was the calyx in 70% of the cases, followed by the flower with 25%.

The stem and the leaves played a minor role in egg deposition (Fig. 2). The height

distribution of the eggs and the flowers were quite similar. About 2/3 of both flowers

and eggs were found at 26 to 40 cm above ground (Fig. 3).

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 309-319 315

= a

= 5

N =

=, D

(7)

8 =

O0)

pe) ©

= =

= 5

11- 16- 21- 26- 31- 36- 41- 46- 51- >55

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

height of flowers [cm]

Fig. 2. Oviposition places on Gentiana pneumonanthe (FT = flower top, FM = flower middle, FB = flower

base, C = calyx, S = stalk, L = leave).

Fig. 3. Height of occupied (grey) and unoccupied (white) flowers of Gentiana pneumonanthe.

The vegetation at the egg-deposition places was relatively high and dense. Maximum

vegetation height ranged from 80 to 100 cm. Vegetation cover was mostly 100%,

only in some cases it was with 80-95% slightly less dense. The Marsh Gentians were

scattered over the whole site but had a clustered occurrence in some places especially

along old tank tracks. Most part of the study site was dominated by the Purple Moor

Grass (Molinia caerulea) and was characterized by a vivid change of hummocks and

hollows. Only some gentian shoots were found on a drier and more even area, which

was dominated by the Tufted Hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa).

Occupied gentians were generally higher and had more flowers than unoccupied

specimen. High average vegetation height and low horizontal vegetation cover

decreased the likelihood of a host plant to be accepted for oviposition (Tab. 1). Most

occupied stalks were higher or only little lower than the average vegetation (Fig. 4).

The more prominent a shoot the more eggs it received (Fig. 5).

The distribution of occupied and unoccupied Marsh Gentian shoots was best explained

by the combination of height difference (prominence), number of flowers per stalk and

number of other Marsh Gentian shoots in the proximity. The logistic regression model

classified 78% of the data correctly by means of these three parameters (Tab. 2).

The hatched grids in Fig. 6 show the average height difference. The more prominent the

gentian shoots were the more likely they were to be chosen for oviposition.

Discussion

Microclimatic aspects play an important role in butterfly oviposition (Fartmann 2004;

Porter 1992; Thomas et al. 1998). As all gentians grew in sunny areas they were

theoretically equally available for egg deposition. However, only about half of the

shoots were occupied with eggs. Not only the size of the plant and the number of flowers,

314 KÜER & FARTMANN: Microhabitat preferences of Maculinea alcon

Tab. 2. Stepwise-forward logistic regression model on the influence of habitat structure parameters on the

egg deposition preference of Maculinea alcon (host plant shoots n = 219). n.s. = not significant; n Gentiana

pneumonanthe: number of other shoots near the observed specimen; prominence: gentian shoot height

minus average vegetation height.

hoot height [cm]

Average vegetation height [cm]

orizontal herb cover [%]

prominence [cm]

je»)

eggs per shoot

124 95

occupied unoccupied prominence [cm]

Fig. 4. Difference of hostplant height and average vegetation height (prominence) of occupied and

unoccupied Gentiana pneumonanthe shoots (Mann-Whitney U Test: U = 2030, P <0.001). Compare Tab. 1

for statistics.

Fig. 5. Number of eggs per Gentiana pneumonanthe shoot in relation to the prominence (host plant

shoots n = 124). r = 0.622, n = 124, P <0.01. Prominence: gentian shoot height minus average vegetation

height. |

but especially the shoot height relative to the height of the surrounding vegetation are

important. Results of the logistic regression model show that the preferred oviposition

places are shoots with many flowers that protrude the vegetation and are surrounded by

other Gentiana shoots.

It is a common phenomenon that females choose large and conspicuous host plant

individuals (Porter 1992). Maculinea rebeli prefers luxuriant specimens of its host

plant Gentiana cruciata that are easy to reach (Dolek et al. 1998; Meyer-Hozak 2000).

First, visual attraction is an important factor when searching for a suitable host plant

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 309-319 315

Average prominence

MM -165--12 In BO

-11.9- -8

-79- 4

-3.9-0

0.1-3

no host plant existing

RER -

Number of shoots Marsh Gentian shoots

unoccupied

occupied

Number of deposited eggs

1-50

51-100

101-200

201-400

>400

Fig. 6. Occupied and unoccupied Marsh Gentian shoots (a) and number of deposited eggs (b) per grid in

relation to promincence. The average prominence is the median of all recorded height differences per grid.

316 KUER & FARTMANN: Microhabitat preferences of Maculinea alcon

(Dolek et al. 1998). Prominent shoots can be seen easily and are hence predestined as

Oviposition site. Second, shoots that grow higher than their surrounding vegetation

are less shaded and offer better microclimatic conditions for a quick development of

eggs and larvae. Besides it is risky to lay eggs on gentians hidden in dense vegetation

because of the orb-web spiders, which are common in unmown meadows in this time

of the year (Nunner pers. comm.). Third, bigger gentians may produce bigger buds and

therefore offer more food resources for the larvae.

Over occupation of the shoots is seldom. Only 10 out of 124 shoots had more than

6 eggs per flower. About 4 to 6 Maculinea alcon larvae can feed on one flower (Elmes

& Thomas 1987; Ebert & Rennwald 1991), which means that for almost all larvae there

are sufficient food resources.

Despite the impression that the striking white eggs of M. alcon are mainly laid on

the blue flowers of Gentiana pneumonanthe, we found almost three quarters of the

eggs on the calyx but only one quarter on the flower. On the foothills of the Alps,

Krismann (2000) found a similar distribution pattern on both G. pneumonanthe and

G. asclepiadea. This oviposition pattern makes sense taking into account that the larvae

of M. alcon leave the eggs through basal hatching (Thomas et al. 1991). They bore

through the calyx and directly move to their food resource, the plant ovary.

Since M. alcon larvae hatch rapidly, the strong exposition of the eggs might be

contributing to a fast larval development (Porter 1992). Within 3-4 weeks the larvae

have to reach the fourth larval instar and need therefore optimal microclimatic

conditions such as on the concealed flowers are provided. Although the eggs are more

or less unprotected and very conspicuous, they are rarely parasitised. This may be

due to the thick eggshells, which effectively prevent perforation by parasitoid wasps

(Thomas et al. 1991). Thick eggshells may further protect against bad or hot weather.

The study site lies fallow; there is no regular utilization or care. Therefore it is dominated

by the Purple Moor Grass (Molinia caerulea). Vegetation cover was mostly 100%.

Nevertheless the Marsh Gentian is able to survive in such dense vegetation because

of its longevity (Rose et al. 1998). On the study site mostly adult G. pneumonanthe

grow. Oostermeijer et al. (1994) call this population type ‘senile’. However, a senile

population provides advantage for M. alcon regarding the suitability of egg deposition

as most of the plants are relatively high and mostly covered with several flowers. This

is reflected in the proportion of occupied gentians, which was with over 50% very high

(compare Habel 2003; Krismann 2000). Still for a long-term survival of the gentian

population and also of the Alcon Blue population a rejuvenation of the host plants is

necessary which means creating gaps of bare soil.

There are different ways to assure the regeneration of G. pneumonanthe populations.

Kesel & Urban (2000) and WallisDe Vries (2004) suggest that small-scale sod cutting 1s

best to promote existing gentian populations. Gaps are created in which the seeds can

germinate and the young seedlings can grow protected. Though mowing is probably

the better alternative to prevent from floristic impoverishment, to keep the vegetation

open and to support the growth of accessible gentian shoots (Nunner pers. comm.).

The best time is in October when the gentian seeds are mature and the M. alcon larvae

Nota lepid. 27 (4): 309-319 . ai

are adopted (Briemle & Ellenberg 1994; Nunner pers. comm.). The hay should be

taken away to prevent litter accumulation (Fartmann & Mattes 1997). Trautner et al.

(2004) and WallisDeVries (2004) suggest that extensive grazing is also appropriate

as management for M. alcon habitats with G. pneumonanthe as host plant. The

gentian plants grow less luxurious but the small flowers seem to offer enough food

for the Maculinea larvae until adoption. However, grazing is not an alternative when

G. pneumonanthe sites are small because of the risk of local overgrazing or when

G. asclepiadea is the host plant because it is more sensitive to browsing.

As most Marsh Gentian plants on the study site grow along old tank tracks it may be

supposed that occasional mechanic disturbance through tanks or other means can have

positive effects if it happens only every couple of years.

Acknowledgements

The idea for this study came from C. Artmeyer. H. Mattes gave expert advice about the manuscript. We

thank N. Anthes, K. Arnold, G. Hermann, A. Nunner and M. WallisDeVries for valuable comments.

Distribution data of Maculinea alcon were provided by H. Dudler, M. Goldschalt, H. G. Joger,

A. Krismann, T. Marktanner, A. Nunner, R. Reinhardt and H. Retzlaff.

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(preiswerteren) Weg für Geldüberweisungen innerhalb der EU. Die neuen Standardformulare erfordern

eine International Bank Account Number (IBAN) und einen Bank Identifier Code (BIC). Für das SEL

Postbankkonto ist die IBAN DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07 und die BIC lautet PBNKDEFF.

Mitteilungen in Beitragsangelegenheiten sind an den Schatzmeister Manfred Sommerer, Volpinistr. 72,

D-80638 München; e-mail: Sommerer.Manfred@t-online.de zu richten.

Der Verkauf von Einzelheften und älteren Jahrgängen von Nota lepidopterologica sowie der Verkauf der

Zeitschrift an Nichtmitglieder erfolgt durch Apollo-Books, Kirkeby Sand 19, DK-5771 Stenstrup,

Dänemark; e-mail: apollobooks@vip.cybercity.dk.

Adressenänderungen bitte sofort dem Mitgliedssekretär oder dem Schatzmeister mitteilen!

Nota lepidopterologica is sent to the members of SEL. The membership is open to individuals and

associations as provided for by the statutes of SEL. Applications for membership are to be addressed to

the Membership Secretary Willy O. de Prins, Nieuwe Donk 50, B-2100 Antwerpen, Belgium; e-mail:

willy.deprins@antwerpen.be. The application form will be found on the SEL homepage

http://www.soceurlep.org.

The annual subscription is to be paid at the beginning of the year. it is € 35.00 for individuals or € 45.00

for associations. The admission fee is € 2.50. Payments requested to SEL account no. 19 56 50 507 at

Postbank Köln [Cologne] (bank code 370 100 50). From July Ist, 2003, a new (cheaper) way of money

transfer within the EU will be available. The new standard forms require the International Bank Account

Number (IBAN) and the Bank Identifier Code (BIC). For the SEL Postbank account, the IBAN is

DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07, and the BIC is PBNKDEFF.

Back numbers of Nota lepidopterologica may be obtained from, and orders of Nota lepidopterologica

from non-members are serviced by Apollo-Books, Kirkeby Sand 19, DK-5771 Stenstrup, Denmark;

e-mail: apollobooks@vip.cybercity.dk.

Changes of addresses should be immediately communicated to the Membership Secretary or the Treasurer.

Nota lepidopterologica est envoyé aux membres de la SEL. L’affiliation est possible, pour les personnes

individuelles aussi bien que pour les associations, en accord avec les statuts de la SEL. Les dernandes

B-2100 Antwerpen, Belgique; courriel: willy.deprins@antwerpen.be.

Le formulaire d’ affiliation est disponible par le biais de la page web de la SEL http://www.soceurlep.org.

La contribution annuelle est payable au début de l’année. Elle est de € 35,00 pour les personnes individu-

elles et de € 45,00 pour les associations. Les frais d’admission s’élèvent à € 2,50. Les payements doivent

étre effectués sur le compte SEL n° 19 56 50 507 aupres de la Postbank Köln [Cologne] (code bancaire

370 100 50). Les nouveaux formulaires requièrent le Numéro de compte banquaire international (NCBI)

et le Code identificateur de banque (CIB). Pour le compte postal de la SEL, le NCBI est DE63 3701 0050

0195 6505 07 et le CIB est PBNKDEFF.

Pour toute question en rapport à la souscription ou aux payements, veuillez contacter le Trésorier,

Manfred Sommerer, Volpinistr. 72, D-80638 Munich; courriel: Sommerer.Manfred@t-online.de.

Les anciens volumes de Nota lepidopterologica peuvent être obtenus et les commandes concernant cette

revue de la part de non-membres effectuées auprès de Apollo-Books, Kirkeby Sand 19, DK-5771

Stenstrup, Danemark; courriel: apollobooks@vip.cybercity.dk.

Tout changement d’adresse doit être communiqué immédiatement soit auprès du Secrétaire des Mem-

bres, soit auprès du Trésorier.