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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
Vol. XXV., 1918.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE
H 3oiu'nal of ZooIoq^
IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM.
EDITED BY
LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.
Vol. XXV., 1918.
(WITH EIOHT PLATES.)
Issued at the Zoological Museum, Trino.
PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.
1918-1919.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXV. (1918).
AVES.
1 . The Colour Changes of the Beak and Shield of the Young Moorhen {Oalli
nula c.chloropus). (Plate II.)- Frances Pitt .
2. T}^es of Birds in the Tring Museum. A. Types in the Brehm CoUec
tion. Ernst Habtert .......
3. On the Genus Calandrella. Ernst Hartert ....
4. A Further Contribution to the Ornithology of Uganda (WestElgon and
district). (Plates III.— VII.). V. G. L. van Someren
5. Some Notes on the Dicruridae. E. C. Stuart Baker
6. Notes on Penduline Tits. Ernst Hartert ....
7. A Few Additional Notes on the Birds of Rossel Island, Louisiade group
Lord Rothschild and Ernst Hartert ....
8. Further Notes on the Birds of Sudest Island, or Tagula, in the Louisiade
group. Lord Rothschild and Ernst Hartert
9. Notes on Starlings. Ernst Hartert .....
10. Notes on Pigeons. E. Hartert and A. T. Goodson
11. Some Nomenolatorial Notes. Ernst Hartert
12. A New Race of Long-tailed Titmouse. Ernst Hartert .
13. Garrulus bispecularis and its Allies, with List of all Forms of Garrulus
Ernst Hartert .
14. Further Notes on Pigeons. Ernst Hartert ....
1—3
4—63
90—92
263—290
291—304
305—309
311,312
313—326
327—337
346—358
359—365
429
430—433
434—436
LEPIDOPTERA.
1. Catalogue of Zer!/re<Aunoe and AUied Genera in the Tring Museum. Lord
Rothschild .......... 64 — 75
2. New Species and Other Forms of Geometridae. Louis B. Prout . . 76 — 89
3. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Amatidae, Lithosidae, and
Noctuidae, Sm George Hampson ...... 93 — 217
4. Catalogue of the Parnassujiae in the Tring Museum. Lord Rothschild 218 — 262
5. On a ^Tew Species of Stichophthalma . Lord Rothschild . . . 310
( vi )
PAGES
6. Some Apparently New Forms of African Nymphalidae. Loed Roth-
schild ............ 338 — 345
7. A New Species of Ogoa. Lord Rothschild 365
8. Small Families of Lepidoptera not included in the Key to the Families in
the Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phalaenae, a List of the Families and
Subfamilies of Lepidoptera, with their Types, and Key to the
Families. Sm Geoege Hampson ...... 366 — 394
A Provisional Arrangement of the Dioptidae. Louis B. Prout . . 395 — 429
INDEX
437—462
LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME XXV.
> V I. Forms of Pachygastria, discussed by Lokd Rothschild in Vol. XXIV.
of NoviTATES ZooLOGiCAE, with their Larvae. From drawings by
F. W. Fkohawk.
II. Heads of Moorhens. From drawings by Frances Pitt.
III. — VTI. Photographs of Uganda Birds. By Dr. V. G. L. van Someren.
VIII. Algerian Lepidoptera and Larvae. From drawing by F. VV. Feohawk.
EEEATA AND ADDENDA.
Page 47, under No. 253 : Read " Spatula " instead of " Spectula."
Page 89, line 15: Read " EuptycJiopoda catidata Prout " instead of " EvptycJiopoda
Prout."
Page 272, under Coraciidae : Read " Eurystomus " instead of " Eurystomas."
Page 326, line 5 : Read " salvadorii " instead of " salvadorrii."
Page 330, line 18 : Read " Edinburgh," instead of " Edinburg."
Page 353, Hne 20 : Read " Johnston," instead of " Johnstone."
Page 362 : Read " Willughby " instead of " Willoughby."
Page 327, lines 2 and 3 of text : Read " have an enormous range of migration," instead
of " are enormous migrants."
Page 424, add :
48, longistria andosa Druce, Ann. <Ss Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii. p. 290 (1911)
(Josiomorpha) (Colombia) .
48a, longistria longistria Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 17 (1904) (E. Ecuador).
55 bis, percurrens Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 314 (1905) (Ephialtias) (Colombia).
Page 425, hne 16 : Substitute " 8. giganteaJivuce, Ann. <fc Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xviii. 42
(1896) (Thirmida).
Page 425, line 18 : Read "8a. gigantea subcyanea Prout, instead of = caesiopicta
subcyanea Prout.
Page 429 : In the article " A New Race of Long-tailed Titmouse," the name of the new
subspecies is omitted ! It is ; Aegithalos cavdatus pyrenaicus
(cf. Bull. B.O. Club, December meeting, 1918).
t^ i\^/W
NOVITATES Z00L06ICAE.
H journal of Zooloo^-
IJDITKIJ liV
LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT. and Dr. K. JORDAN.
Vol. XXV.
No. 1.
Pages /I— 326.
Plates I.-VII.
Issued May 1st. 1918, at the Zoologicat. Museum, Tuinc
PRINTED BY HAZELl., \V t?" ' i: VISEY. Ld., LCi.N'DON AN'D AYLKStiUK Y.
19US.
Vol. XXV.
N0VITATE8 ZOOLOGICAE
EDITED BT
LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT. and KARL JORDAN.
CONTENTS OF NO. 1.
I'*(1|..S
1. THE COLOUR CHANGES OF THE BEAK
AND SHIELD OF THE YOUNG MOOR-
HEN (GaUiinda c. chlnrofus) (PI. II.) . Frances Pitt .... 1—3
2. TYPES OF BIRDS IN THE TRING MUSEUM.
.1. TYPES IN THE BREHM COLLECTION Krmt Hnrtert. . . 4— (ill
.■5. CATALOGUE OF ZERYNTHIIXAE AND
ALLIED GENERA IN THE TRING
MUSEUM Lord KotlischiM . . (54—7.5
i. NEW SPECIES AND FORMS OF GEO-
METRIDAE Louies B. Prout
o. ON THE GENUS CALANDRELLA . . Ernst Harlrrt .
H. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND
SPECIES OF AMATIDAE, LITHOSIIDAE,
AND NUCTUIDAE C/'Wr/f F. H,ni,ps,m
7. CATALOGUE OF THE PABXASSIINAE
IN THE TRING MUSEUM . . Lor,l Rolhschihl
8. A FURTHER CONTRIBUTION TO THE
ORNITHOLOGY OF UGANDA (WEST
ELGON AND DISTRICT). (PI. III.-VII.) V. G. L. ran Hoiiinrn
9. SOME NOTES ON THE DICRVRIDAE . E. ('. Stuart Baker
U). NOTES ON PENDULINE TITS . . . Ernst Ilarlnt .
11. ON A NEW SPECIES OF STICHOPH-
T II ALMA l^ord HnthschiU . . . -"UO
12. A FEW ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE
BIRDS OF ROSSEL ISLAND, LOUISIADE
GROUP iMrd Rothschild anil
Ernst II arte rt . . .Sll. :U2
13. FURTHER NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF
SUDEST ISLAND, OR TAGULA, IN THE
LOUISIADE GROUP .... Lord Rothschild and
Ernst Ilartcrt . :il3— 326
.AN* ^ ^
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
Vol. XXV. MAY 1918, No. I.
THE COLOUR CHANGES OF THE BEAK AND SHIELD
OF THE YOUNG MOORHEN (GaUinula c. chloropus).
By FRANCES PITT.
(Plate II.)
WHEN hatched the colouring of the young Moorhen is striking in the
extreme, its perfectly black down throwing into vivid relief the scarlet
of its bill and shield and the patches of blue skin on its forehead, which can be
plainly seen through the sparse covering of a few hair-like bits of down. On
close examination the " blue " proves to be really blue-grey, but by contrast
with the red of the shield appears an almost cobalt blue. The colouring seems
to be in some measure due to the dark eyeballs showing through the semi-trans-
parent skin, and it extends from above either eye and nearlj' meets in the middle
of the forehead. The head is so scantUy covered with down that not only the
blue areas, but the pinky-yellow skin of the skuU is also visible, and adds much
to the chick's weird bald-headed ai3pearance. The efl'ect is stiU further added
to by the white tips of the bits of down above each eye, which makes it look
as if it had grey eyebrows, and by the simOar white hau-s on its throat, so that
the young Moorhen irresistibly reminds the observer of a little bald-headed old
man with a straggling grey beard.
When the chick is excited, for instance when it is appealmg with quivering
wings and anxious " cheeps " to its parents for food, the hairs of its head lie
flat to the skin, but when fed, contented, and happy, the hairs are elevated, and
stand on end so that the remarkable tints of the sldn beneath are even more
noticeable than before.
The bill is, of com'se, the most brilliant item in the young Moorhen's colour
scheme, the shield, extending up the forehead, being of a particularly beautiful
and vividly transparent red, which half way down the biU gives way to a greenish
tint that at the tip merges into yellow. This colourmg persists while the chicks
are dependent on their parents, and Mr. J. R. B. ilasefield has suggested to
me that this points to it servmg as a recognition mark and enables the parents
to find the young quickly when they are hidden among rushes and other water-
side vegetation. The theory is a most tempting one, ofiering as it does an
explanation of the remarkable and conspicuous appearance of the chicks, but
when watching Moorhens and their young I have not seen anything to confirm
it. On the contrary, when the young ones do leave the nest — which, provided
1
2 > ^OVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
nothing frightens them, is not until two or three days after liatching — they
follow the old ones so closely, and caU so persistently and plaintively if left
only a short distance behind, that no special colour pattern appears necessary
to enable the old birds to keep in touch with them. Possibly it is an assistance
if a fright should cause a family to scatter and hide, I mean when they wish
to get together again, yet my observations show that it is the voice which is
depended upon, both parents and chicks caDing continuously untU all are
assembled. It is noteworthy that despite its seemingly conspicuous colouring a
Moorhen chick is exceedingly difficult to find when it crouches among reeds and
rushes or other herbage, and especially so in the dark recesses of the bank of
a pond or stream.
For at least the first week, and probably longer, the old birds catch insects,
etc., for their fa.r.ily, and carefully feed them. After this the chicks will pick
up food but depend on the adults to find it for them until they are three weeks
or somewhat older. During this period a gradual but not very noticeable
change takes place in the colouring of the head, shield, and biU. The yellow
tip assumes a more greenish tinge, a dark Hue appears dividing this part from
the scarlet upper portion, and the red itself loses that wax-like transparencj'
which was so beautiful. The skin of the forehead also becomes more opaque,
the blue areas are now grey, and the pinky-yellow skin of the skull also has a
greyish tuige, in short, the whole scheme loses its freshness and brUliancy.
After this the alteration proceeds more conspicuously and rapidly. In the
case of two birds that I reared by hand a spot of dark pigment appeared on
the shield when they were thuty days old. This grew bigger and spread down
the centre and sides of the upper mandible, so that when it reached ^^•hat was
formerly the dark line round the bUl, but which had now become a broad band,
the last vestiges of colour were left as two isolated spots of faded pink above
each nostril. The dark band had at the same time spread towards the tip so
as to also obscure even the yellow area. The complete disappearance of all
colour coincided with the growth of feathers, so that by the time my surviving
Moorhen (the other met with an untimely accident) was fuUy feathered, its
beak and shield were quite in keeping with its dull grejnsh-green hues.
During the autumn the young Moorhen loses the drab plumage of im-
maturity, and assumes the smart livery of the adult, but in the date of regaining
the scarlet shield my observations lead n.e to believe there is considerable varia-
tion. A bird that I watched during the winter 1916-17, and which, judging
by its large size, I believed to be a male, did not acquire the full colouring until
the end of February 1917, though a fading of the dark pigment, and a brownish
look about the bill, foretold the change in January. Another young Moorhen
which I kept under observation durmg the pa.st sunnner and autumn (1917)
was indistinguishable from the adults by the end of October. This bird, which
from its small size must, I think, have been a female, was hatched on July 1st,
much later than the bird of the previous year which did not regain its crimson
until February, yet she showed signs of the change at the beguming of the
October of the year in which she was bred, and, as I have already said, had
assumed the full adult colouring and plumage by the end of the month. Possibly
cold weather has a retarding cftict, and the cxceistionally severe winter of 1916-17
may account for the Moorhen watched in that year being so long in assuming
the bright colouring. Once acquired, or rather, reacquired, the scarlet of bill
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, Vol.. XXV. 1918.
PL. II.
One day old
25-6-I9I7.
Three weeks old.
^3-7-1917
Five weeks old
20-6-1917.
Seven weeks old.
5-S-I9IA.
Nine weeks old.
23-8-1916.
Nearly adult, first winter.
10-1-1917.
M€NPES PRESS, WATFORD
Adult.
25-1-1917.
Frances Pitt, del.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 3
and shield seems independent of any fluctuation, and is as brilliant during the
moult as at any other time.
In concluding these few notes on the changes of colour in the bill and shield
of the young Moorhen I must express my indebtedness to Mr. Masefield, who
drew my attention to the matter, and has given me many helpful hints with
regard to these birds.
I must further add that the studies of heads reproduced with this were all
made from life, but not aU from the same individuals, the set being completed as
time and opportunity offered, but are none the less, I believe, typical of the
development of the average Moorhen chick.
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
TYPES OF BIRDS IN THE TRING MUSEUM.
By Ernst Habtert, Ph.D.
A. TYPES IN TEE BSEHm COLLECTIOH'.
IN NoviTATES Zoor.OGiCAE, viii. 1901, Mr. Klein.schmidt and I began to make
a list of the Brehm Collection, but we did not continue our work beyond
the forms of Comis corax, as other pressing work kept us otherwise occupied,
and our far-distant homes made mutual discussions almost impossible. Our
article was prefaced by an Introduction written by myself. In it occurs a
mistake, which must be rectified. On page 39 I said that the Great Auk which
once formed part of the Brehm Collection was long ago exchanged for some
rare old " Dresden " cups. This story has been current for some time, and was
told me by Mr. Kleinschmidt, who had good reason to beUeve it : but it is
entirely unfounded. The Great Auk in the Brehm Collection was sold in 1867,
through the kind offices of Dr. Otto Finsch, to the King of Italy, who kept it
in his private collection in the " Veneria Reale." Later on it passed from there
into the Rome Museum where it is now preserved. Before leaving Germany
it was restuffed by the late taxidermist Schwerdtfeger in Bremen.
The fixing of the types in the Brehm Collection has not been easj'. In
Brehm' s times it was not usual to select types when new species were described,
and very few ornithologists marked them as such on the labels. Only in a few
cases Brehm put on the labels " Urexemplar." In the more elaborate articles
in the Isis and Naiimannia, however, he frequently quoted the dates when he
obtained his new bii-ds ; but comparatively seldom was it possible to make out
the types of the numerous new names given in the Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
aller Vogel Deuischlands (1831), and in the notoriously cursory Vogeljang (1855).
Only a careful comparison of the descriptions with the specimens in the collec-
tion could in some cases decide whether a specimen could be regarded as " type "
or not. This has been done, and I trust that the following list will be of
interest and value to all students of palaearctic ornithology. I recommend to all
readers to read my " Introduction " on pages 38, 39 of Novitates Zoologicae,
vui. (1901). I believe that C. L. Brehm would have been the most celebrated
ornithologist of the nineteenth century, if he had been placed in one of the great
museums of Europe, with literature at Ms disposal and with opportunity of
frequent intercourse with brother ornithologists. As it was he Uved far from
any scientific centre in a lonely village, and had little but his own ideas to
follow and a very meagre Ubrary. He undoubtedly was ahead of his contem-
poraries, and he appears to have been the first who systematically distinguished
more than the so-called " good species." In his books Brehm did not use
trinomials. In 1856, at the meeting of the German ( rnithological Society in
Cothen, however, he declared that he had apparently done wrong in giving
binomial names to his subspecies, but that he was willing to use a clearer method ;
the old species-name should remain to be that of the species, but the sub-
species should, as proposed by Schlegel, have a third name added, and in this
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 6
manner he would treat all birds in future. It is of great interest to read in full
what Brehm said in Naumannia, vi. 1856, pp. 276, 277. Brehm's short remarks
there are much clearer than the long-winded speech of Gloger. On the other
hand, Brehm's subspecies were not the subspecies of modern ornithologists,
which are geographical forms ; his subspecies were partially geographical
representatives, but mostly variations wliich hved together in the same areas ;
he had the idea that in the neighbourhood of Renthendorf alone almost every
species consisted of several subspecies (formerly he called them " Gattungen,"
" well sie sich gatten ") the individuals of which paired with each otlier, not
with those of other subspecies. In this way he studied all individual aberra-
tions to a nicety, but his views have proved untenable. He saw better and
studied more carefully the individual peculiarities of Central European birds
than modern ornithologists, but his interpretation of these peculiarities was
absolutely wrong. In many cases his supposed different forms were merely
the result of a fleeting first impression. That he was not as sure about them
as one is led to beheve from liis books, is clearly shown by his collection, in
which the names on labels are frequently altered, sometimes two or three times
over. In tliis Ues another difficulty in making out his types. In some cases
specimens undoubtedly proved to be the types, where they were avowed single
specimens with locality and date stated in print, though the name under which
they were described does not appear on the label.
The specimens in the Brehm Collection date from 1808, when he was twenty-
one years old, till 1864 ; the last specimen is dated, label written by his own
hand, 2.1.1864, and he died on June 23rd of the same year. One bird
is even dated December 30th, 1864, skinned and labelled by old Brehm himself
— clearly he mistook the year, thinking of the coming one and thus putting
a date on the label which was twelve months ahead.
Most of the labels are of durable, good paper, and the writing is wonder-
fully black and clear, apparently written with ink which he made himself from
the galls of oak-leaves ; many others, however, are written with bad ink, some
damaged, half destroyed, difficult to read. I have therefore, throughout the
whole collection written a new label with Indian indeUble ink, and added it
to the old original label, which has, of course, never been taken off or tampered
with in any way. To take any original label off a bird skin is in my opinion
a crime against science. Unfortunately there are still a few ornithologists
who have not grasped the importance, I may almost say the sacredness, of the
" original label." In olden times Uttle thought was bestowed on it. Brehm
himseU relabelled a great part of his collection ; thus it happened that in sonje
cases the date or the year does not quite agree with the pubUshed data — appar-
ently because a mistake was made in the copying. Some one whose handwriting
I have not been able to identify, began to write new labels again after Brehm's
death ; he seems to have found the labour rather hard, and copied them only
as to the — to him — more important items, i.e. he did not give the date but
was content with the month, and he did not, as a rule, add the third " sub-
specific " name. Probably he thus treated only the " Nebensammlung," or
dupUcates, for, unfortunately, C. L. Brehm's son, Alfred Edmund Brehm, had
made a separation, selecting a " Hauptsamm.ung "' of 6,973 specimens, and a
" Nebensammlung," which was thought of no importance. This proceeding
was, of course, unscientific and is difficult to understand from an author of
6 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
the knowledge and experience of A. E. Brehm. Probably it was done because
it was feared that the great number of nearly 15,000 birds would be more diffi-
cult to sell than the (about) 7,000 selected skins. I have elsewhere (Novitates
ZooLOGiCAE, 1901, p. 39) explained that the sale was never realised during
Alfred's life-time, that many specimens had been destroyed and suffered, and
that many more would have cUsappeared in time, unless Kleinschmidt and I
had become interested in the collection and unless the present Lord Rothschild
had bought the whole collection and placed it in safety in the Tring Museum,
where it is now accessible to the scientific world. Fortunately the last busy-
body who began to write new labels in place of the old ones did not get very
far, and has thus not done any appreciable harm.
Besides the bulk of the collection which was made by C. L. Brehm himself
— as I have said above, over a period of fifty-six years — the Brehm Collection
contains the bulk (though not all) of the beautiful and valuable collections
brought together by his sons, Alfred Edmund and Oscar (the latter of whom
was drowned in the Nile), in Egypt, Nubia, and Sennaar, by A. E. Brehm in
Spain 1856, and in Norway I860, all beautifully prepared and well labelled, as
good now as they were over half a century ago. Many specimens were received
in exchange from Graf Wodzicki in Galicia, A. Lindermayer in Greece, from
E. von Homeyer in Pommerania, Zander in Mecklenburg, F. W. J. Badeker in
Witten, Landbeck, Boie, von Hueber in Klagenfurth, Petenyi in Hungary,
Oberlander in Greiz, Bock, and other German ornithologists of olden days.
There are hundreds of skins from Sandersleben in Dessau, all well-prepared and
carefully labelled. For a long time I had no idea who had collected them, but
from comparison of the writing with that of skins collected on the Nile by Oscar
Brehm, I have come to the conclusion that they must undoubtedly have been
conected by the unfortunate Oscar. A great number of skins came from Leon
Olphe-Galliard, partly from Western Switzerland (Canton Freiburg), partly from
the neighbourhood of Lyon. Unfortunately, Brehm did not, as a rule, mark
the collector's name on the label ; but in the majority of cases I have been able
to make it out and put it on the new labels.
It is almost incredible how slovenly and incompletely Brehm's works have
been quoted in literature. Every one of his books has been known to most
compilers of synonymic Usts, but none of them has been quoted completely with,
perhaps, the exception of one, viz. the Handb. der Naturg. alhr Vogcl Deutschl.,
1831, and even there some of the new names given in the Nachtrdgc, pp. 1006-
1022, have been overlooked. I, too, have been guilty of often trusting to the
completeness of existing Usts, until I found that some names which I had accepted
from 1831, or as nomina nuda of 1866, were fully described in 1822, 1824, etc.
Dr. Richmond of the U.S. National Museum also called my attention to some
names of which I had, in common with other ornithologists, overlooked the
first descriptions. I have, therefore, now gone througli all the volumes of the
Isis, the badly neglected Beitrdge ziir Vogelkiuuh (1820-1822), the equally
slighted Lf^r6?/c/( der Naturg. aller eur. Vogel (1823 and 1824), the Handb. fur den
Liebhaber der Stuben-v. Hausvogel (1832), the Allg. d. Naturh. Zeitvng, and other
books, and I hope that no names remain overloolced, though this is by no means
impossible, as Brehm's names are scattered over so many places, and he hardly
ever quoted his former descriptions in his writings.
In the following list of the '' types " I follow, for the sake of convenience
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 7
alone, the arrangement adopted in my Vog. d. pal. Fawna, beginning with the
Passer es instead of the Gallinae.
Valid specific or snbspecifi^ names are marked with an *.
1. Corvus sylvestris Brehm = C. corax corax L.
Corvus sylvestris Brehm, Handb. Naturj. Voj. DeiitsM. p. 163 (1831 — " Er bewolint die VValder,
Ebenen oder die Vorholzer gebirgiger Gogenden Deutsclilands.")
Type: ^ ad., Renthendorf, 15. v. 1817. C. L. Brehm leg. On the label:
" Corax communis sylvestris. Par unicum regionis. Vere cum femina con-
junctUS." Cf. NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, 1901. p. 40.
2. Corvus montanus Brehm = C. corax corax L.
Corvus montanvs Brehm, Handb. Nalurg. Yog. Devtschl. p. 165 (1831 — " Er bewohnt die deutschen
Alpen, z. B. die tyroler").
Type: ? annua, Tirol, 10. v. 1827. On the label: Corax commvnis mon-
tanus.
3. Corvus littoralis Brehm = C. corax corax L.
Corvus littoralis Brehm, Handb. Natvrg. Vog. Devtschl. p. 164 (1831 — " Er bewohnt die ncirdlichen
Seekiistcn unseres Vaterlandes ") .
Type : o ad., Riigen, 20. i. 1826. On the label : Corax communis littoralis.
Specimen probably collected by Schilling, who about that time visited Pom-
merania and Riigen to collect for Brehm. See remarks about the misuse of
the name littoralis, No\t:tates Zoologicae, 1901. p. 42.
4. Corvus peregrinus Brehm = C. corax corax L.
Corvus peregrinus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Devtschl. p. 164 (1831 — " Er gehcirt unserm Vater-
lande niclit an, sondern verirrt sich nur im Winter zuweilen und au£ unregelmaasigen Ziigen in
das^elbe.").
Tj'pe : cJ ad., Renthendorf, 10. i. 1818. C. L. Brehm leg. Cf. Novitates
Zoologicae, 1901. p. 40.
5. Corvus brachyurus A. E. Brehm = C. affinis Riipp.
Corpus brachyurus A. E. Brehm, Journ. of Orn. 1854. p. 75 (" Aegypten ").
Type: o ad., Luxor, 12. x. 1857. A. E. Brehm leg. The description,
which was looked upon as only a prehminary notice, is very poor, only the short,
broad tail and different habits being mentioned. That this specimen is the
type is certain, as Brehm specially said that he obtained only one example.
This specimen is also the type of :
Corvus hrachyrhynchus Alfr. Brm. Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 414 (1855 — " Er
wird sich aus Nordostafrika nach Europa verirren").
Probably hrachyrhynchus is only a sUp for brachyurus, as the bird is called
" der kurzschwanzige Rabe." The distinctaess of this bird from all other
Ravens was at once noticed by A. E. and C. L. Brehm ; the latter wrote on the
label : " Corax brachyurus, species distincta." Neither of them were aware at
the time that RiippeU had already well described the species as Corvus affinis,
nineteen years before. Want of knowledge of literature was one of the great
8 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. H)!8.
failures of C. L. Brehm. It must also here be pointed out that the beautiful
collections made by liis sons, cliiefly Alfred Edmund Brehm, in N.E. Africa,
Spain and Norway were never thoroughly worked out. This was chiefly because
C. L. Brehm's greatest works, the Beitrdge zur Vogelkunde, the Lehrbuch, and the
Handhuch, were written long before these collections reached him, and, more-
over, dealt only with the birds of Germany and Europe, but also because
father Brehm was then an old man, and possibly want of Uterature was a
hindrance too. A. E. Brehm, who at first walked closely in the footsteps of
his father, never had the inchnation for detailed systematic work, but soon
took up the study of biology, and wrote his immortal work Das Thierleben.
(A number of Corvus comix and jrugihgus, among others, must have been
lost ; there are no type specimens of any of the forms of C. comix and frugilegvs
named by Brehm.)
6. Monedula septentrionalis Brehm = Coloeus monedida spermologus.
Moncdula septenlrionalia Brelim, Handb. Naturg. V6g. DcutsM. \>. 173 (1831 — " Sie bewohnt das
nordliche Eiiiopa, kommt namentKch bei Helsingoer vor, nur zuweilen in das nordwe-tliche
Deutschland ").
Type : $ ad., Helsingoer, October 1823.
In 1903, when I wrote the first part of my Vog. p.il. Fauna, I thought that
Brehm's septentrionalis would refer to the Jackdaw of the " nordliche Europa,"
which chiefly is Scandinavia ; I therefore placed the name as a synonym of
Coloeus moncdula monedvla (L.). This, however, cannot be upheld. Though
Brehm, said " das nordliche Europa," he had probably only the one specimen
from Helsingoer, wliich is in Denmark, on the island of Seeland, and then gene-
ralized, as he sometimes did. I would have thought that the Helsingoer bird
belonged to C. m. monedula, but comparing it with specimens from Sweden
and particularly with one in the Brehm Collection, I find that the underside is
darker, agreeing with that of German specimens. Moreover Brehm did not
mention the paler coloration at aU, but only mentions the short bill and low
vertex, and he also says that it goes sometimes to Xorth-\\ estern Germany.
What misled me in placing the name was a Swedish specimen also called
septentrionalis in A. E. Brehm's handwriting ; tliis, moreover, was collected in
1849, and, according to the handwriting, by W. Meves in Stockholm. The label
looks more like " 1819," but careful examination proves it to mean 1849 ;
moreover, 1849 is the time m which Me\es collected, not 1819! The Stock-
holm specimen cannot, therefore, be the type, as it was collected long after the
description of septentrionalis, and the latter name must be treated as a synonym
of spermologus, the Jackdaw of West, Central and South Europe.
*7. Pica cav.data mtlanotos A. E. Biehm = Pica pica melanotos.
Pica caudata indanatus A. E. Jiiel.m, Ailg. d. Safiih. Zcit. 1857. p. 440 (" HauKg in Mittekpaniea
und Andalusian ").
Type: S ad., Madrid, 18. ii. 1857. A. E. Brehm leg.
8. Nucifraga brachyrhynchos Brehm = N. caryocatactes caryocatactes.
Nucifragh brachyrhynchus Brelim, Lthrb. Naluig. eur. Vog. i. p. 1U4 (1823 — " Scheint das nordosfliche
Europa zu bewohnen und sicli selten nach Deutschland zu verirren ").
Type : o ad., Thiiringer Wald, 10. x. 1821 ; shot together with the paired ?,
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1UI8. ' 9
9. Nucifraga platyrchynchos Brehm = N. caryocatactes caryocatactes.
Nucifraga platyrhijncJws Brehm, J sis, 1833. pp. 973, 794 ("Dieser Nussknacker muss die Gebirge
des Nordostens bevvohnen ; ersclieint nur sehr selten in unserm Vaterlande. Ein Stiiok meiner
Sammlung wurde bei Greifswald, ein anderes, eiii WeiLchen, in der hieaigen Gegend, beide im
September 1821, erlegt").
Type: "? primo auctumno." Rodatal, September 1821.
This must be the type. No specimen from Greifswald can be traced, and
the Nutcrackers that appear in autumn and winter in Pommerania are almost
without exceptions long-billed Siberian wanderers, N. caryoc. macrorhynchos.
10. Nucifraga arquata Brehm = N . caryocatactes caryocatactes.
Nucijraga arquata Brehm, Vocjiifang, p. 00 (1855 — No exact locahty stated).
Type : S ad., Karnthen, 3. x. 1836. This specimen must be the type ; it
has on its label the name arquata {Nucifraga caryocatactes arquata) in C. L.
Brehm's handwriting, and shows the exceptionally curved (" bogenformigen ")
bill.
*11. Nucifraga macrorhynchos Brehm = N. caryocatactes macrorhynchos.
Nucijraga macrorhynchos Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. eiir. Vog. i. p. 103 (1823 — " Er bewohnt die
Gebirgswalder des mittlern und nurdoitlichen Europa, und Nordasient, und komm von ilmen
nach mehrern Jahren ein Mai im September und October in viele Gegenden Europas und iu die
meisten unsere3 Vaterlandes ").
Type : <J ad., Orlatal (Brehm wrote "' Orltal " or " VaUis orlana,") 10. x. 1821.
C. L. Brehm leg.
Brehm clearly distinguished, almost a century ago, between the two forms
of Nutcrackers, the thick-billed European and the thin-bUled Siberian one, but
he shot far over the mark in separating foiu- others, based on individual charac-
ters, and he was quite in the dark about the real home of macrorhynchos, which
he believed to be a European mountain-form, like the thick-billed one is in
Central Europe. We now know that it inhabits Siberia and migrates into Europe.
The thick-biUed form is a more or less sedentary race which does not actually
migrate ; in Brehm's times it appeared, however, regularly in Thuringia in
autumn and winter, and I expect that there were then breeding-places nearer
there than now. It stiU nests, though, in the Harz.
*I2. Garrulus garrulus fasciatus A. E. Brehm = Garrulus glandarius fasciaivs.
Oarrulus garrulus jasciatas A. E. Brelim, Allg. D. Naturh. Zeit. 1857- p. 440 ("Auf Gebirgeu und
Waldern von ganz Spanien ").
Type: <J ad., Sierra Nevada, 21. xi. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.
This is undoubtedly the type specimen, it being called on the label the
real fasciatus, and a description added. The Spanish form is quite distinct.
Unfortunately, in 1903, I named this bird, Vog. pal. Fauiia, i. p. 30, Garrulus
glandarius kleinschmidti, because I was unaware of the description of fasciatus.
Many of the names by A. E. Brehm in the Naturh. Zeit. had been overlooked,
untU I called attention to them in an article in Zool. Ann. ui. pp. 64-8, and
in the later parts of my Vog. pal. Fauna. The type of my kleinschmidti is the
type of fasciatus !
Garrulus garrulus fasciatus of Alfred Brehm is merely a slip for G. glanr-
darius fasciatus.
IQ XOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
13. Stumus Eollandiae Brehm = S. vulgaris vulgaris.
Sturnus Eollandiae Brehm — Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 1016 (1831— Holland).
Type : cJ ad., Holland, 4. v. 1827. In the collection is only this <J and a
V, dated 8. v. 1827, from Holland. Both are marked on the labels Sturmis
Batavorum, a manuscript name pubUshed as nomen midum by A. E. Brehm
in 1S66, which C. L. Brehm preferred afterwards, instead of hollandiae. At
that time authors often changed names according to their fancy. As the
description agrees in every detail with the male, there can be no doubt that is
the type of S. hollandiae.
14. Stumus tenuirostris* Brehm = S. vulgaris vulgaris L.
Slurnas tenuifjstrii Brehm, Isis. 1S41. p. 2C6 (collected near Klagenfiirth in KSrntlien, by Henn
von Hueber).
Type: S ad., Klagenfurth, 20. iv. 1837. Shot with its paixd female.
Von Hueber leg.
15. Chloris septentrionalis Brehm = Chloris chloris chloris (L.).
Chloris septentrionalis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 2GI (1831 — " Er bewohnt schon
Norddeutechland. z. B. die Gegend von Kiel, geht aber wahrscheinlich viel hoher nordlich
hinauf, lebt von November bis zum April in Mitteldeutschland ").
Type : 3, spring, Kiel, 1824. (Probably coll. by Boie.)
16. Chloris curvirostris Brehm = Chloris chloris chloris (L.).
Chloris curviroslri.v Brelun. Vogdjang, p. 9j (1855 — " Schneden iind Deiittchland ").
Type : ? ad., Stockholm, 30. iv. 1849. W. Meves leg.
The collection contains only this one Swedish specimen, and a pair with
nestUng from Reiithendorf under the name of Chloris vulgaris curvirostris. The
bills of these birds are more curved than usual ; but this is, of course, only an
individual character.
17. Spinus obscurus Brehm = Carduelis spinus (L.) aberr.
Spinus obscurus Brehm, Ycgeljang, p. 108 (18.^5 — " Aeusserst .selten in Deutschland ").
There is only a single 9, Thiiringer Wald, 6. iv. 1819. It is a very curious
specimen, without any green, the base of the tail white, and with white instead
of yellow wing-bar. Doubtless an aberration of the Siskin.
*]S. Liuaria Holboellii Brehm = Carduelis linaria holboellii.
Liwiria Holboellii Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl.. p. 280 (1831—" Er komml nur selten.
wie im November 1822 and 1825, in das mittlere Deutschland ").
I am in doubt whether a type specimen can be fixed. There are now in
the collection some specimens shot in the Roda Valley in December 1825, one
(J ad. caught in the Roda Valley in November 1822, and died in captivity in
August 1823. This latter is probably the type, as the description might have
been made from the bird soon after it was caught.
I have before called attention to the difficulty in defining this supposed
northern form of liimria, which may possibly be based on large individuals.
* This name has been quoted as a nomen nudum in my Vog, d, pal. Fauna, and must be added
in full to the synonymja on p. 42.
NOVrTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 11
In Vog. -pal. Faurm, i. p. 77, I erroneously called the species flammea. In
an article in the Orn. Monatsber. 1907. p. 97, and in the " Inhalt " to vol. i.
of Vog. pal. FaiuM, p. xviii., I have fully explained that this stupid error was
caused by a disturbance which led me to read Linnaeus" s next paragraph, instead
of the one relating to his Fringilla fammea. If writers now continue to call the
Redpoll Carduelis (or Amnthis or Linaria) /kimmea, the blame must fall on
them, as I cannot do more than correct my mistake and to use the right name.
It is interesting to find that the Brehm Collection contains five undoubted
typical specimens of Carduelis linaria cabaret shot near Renthendorf in Novem-
ber 1822, November 1847, and January 1848. Manuscript names show that
old Brehm recognized their difference, but I cannot find the names in print.
19. Pyrrhvila minor Brehm * = Pyrrhula pyrrhula curopaea.
"Pynhnla minor Homeyer " " Brehm, Isis, 1834. p. 253 (Febr. 1833 bei Greifswald).
Type : S ad., Greifswald, 16. ii. 1833. Received from E. F. von Homeyer.
20. Corytlms splendens Brehm = Pinicola enudealor leuciira.
Corythus splendens Brehm, Isis, 1840. p. 590 (North America).
Type: <S ad. Nordamerika, Jan. 1833.
The A.O.U. Check-list of 1910 accepted the name leuciira (Loxia leucura
Miiller, Natursystem, Suppl. p. 150 (1776— ex Buffon), but I consider this some-
what daring, as the " white rump " does not exist in this species ; it might
have slipped in on account of P. L. S. Muller's colour-blindness, but the figure
of Daubenton, which was Miiller's source, does not show the rump-feathers at
aU. If leucura is rejected, Brehm's name splendens could be used, as it antedates
Cabani's canadensis by eight years.
21. Crucirostra major Brehm = Loxia pytyopsittacus.
Crucimstra major Brehm, Naumnnnia, 18.53. p. 181, 182 (Winter 1847—1848). (This is the correct
quotation.)
Type: S, shot with its paired female by one of C. L. Brehm's sons,
27. xii. 1847, Rodatal. In Naumannia is said that this pair was shot on
28. xii. 1847. The label, not in C. L. Brehm's, but perhaps Oskar Brehm's
handwriting, says 27. xii.
(The name major is, of course, antedated by pytyopsittacus, moreover
BUlberg named the species Loxia major, p. 18 of his Fauna Scand. 1828. This
quotation should be added to my Hst of synonyms, p. 122 of Vog. pal. Fauna.)
Crucirostra subpytiopsittacus Brehm = Loxia pytyopsittacus.
In Vog. pal. Fauna, i. p. 122, I quoted as first description, Handb. Nat. Vog.
Deutschl. p. 242, but it had appeared akeady in Isis, 1827. p. 706-710, with a
much fuller description. Unfortunately the type does not exist in the collection.
The author mentioned eight specimens in his collection, shot in the woods about
* This synonym has hitherto been overlooked, I beheve, by all compilers of lists of synonyms !
It must be added to the names on p. 94 of Vog. pal. Fauna.
On p. 106 must be added to the synonyms of Carpodacue erythrinus erythrinas : Erythrothorax
mediua, Seyffertitz and Brehm, Isis, 1833. p. 782 (.^hlsdorf). This name, too, is new to the list*
of synonyms. The typo is not in the Brehm Collection.
•12 NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Renthendorf in the winters o£ 1816, 1819, and 1827. There are now only three
with the name " siibpytiopsiiiaciis '' on the labels, from 1817 and 1834, and
even if the name should have been altered there could not be eight, and no
adult male that could be called " type."
22. Cmcirostra brachyrhynchos Brehm = Loxia pytyopsittams.
Crucirostra brachyrhynchos Brehm, Naumannia, 1S53. p. 185 (" Er besucht nur zuweilen, wie im
Winter 1818-19. die hie^ige Gegcnd "').
Type: tJ ad., Renthendorf, ii. 1819. C. L. Brehm leg.
23. Cnicirostra pseudopytiopsittacus Brehm = Loxia curvirostra curvirostra.
Crucirostra pseiidfipytiopsittacus Brehm, Naiciminnia, 1853. p. 187. (Description of two specimens,
" die einzigen welche ich erh.ilten konnte," a male and a female).
Type : tj ad., Rodatal, 18. ii. 1834. C. L. Brehm leg.
In Naumannia, 1853, the author says that he possesses only two, a male
shot 17. ii. 1817, and a female from 20. x. 1834. I think there can be no doubt
that the first date is a mistake and that the date on the label, 18. ii. 1834, is
correct. This male agrees very well mth the description. The name pseudo-
pytiopsittacus is very descriptive, as it is a real giant of Loxia cmvir. curvirostra,
though it does not come up to L. pytyopsitlacus ; the bUl is not so wide, more
elongated, especially the under mandible is less broad ; the wing measures
100-7 mm.
24. Curvirostra 1) macrorhynchos Brehm = Loxia curv. curvirostra.
Curvirostra macrorhynchos Brehm, Naumannia. 1853. p. 192 (" luh erliielt ihn im November 1819,
im Febraar 1S30, im Junius 1844, im Mai 1845. etc.") *
Type : S media aetate, Rodatal, 10. v. 1845, C. L. Brehm leg. This is the
only specimen with the name macrorhynchos, and must be the type, as it agrees
excellently with the description.
25. Cruciiostra intercedens Brehm = Loxia citrv. curvirostra.
Crucirostra intercedens Brelim. Naumannia. 1853. p. 187 (Mitunter in den " hiesigen Waldern").
Type: <J ad., Rodatal, 10. v. 1819. C. L. Brehm leg.
This is the only adult male in the collection, and it agrees excellently with
the description.
The specimen mentioned by the author, shot on the 12.ii. 1847, and chang-
ing directly from the striped juvenile plumage into the red li ature one, is also
in the collection.
These intercedens have large and stumpy beaks for Loxia curvirostra curvi-
rostra, but they are stiU considerably less than biUs of pytyopsittacus.
26. Craciiostra nibriJasciata Brehm = Loxia curv. curvirostra.
Crucirostra rubrijasciata Brehm, Isis. 1845. p. 245-250 (Rentheadorfj.f
Type : S ad., Renthendorf, caught 2.ii. 1844, died 14. ii. 1844 (according to
label), or 2.iii. 1844 (according to Isis, 1845. p. 250.
* In my eynonymy, Vog. pal. Fauna, i. p. 117, the dates of publication of the names media
and pinetorum must be altered : Crucirostra media Brehm, lais, 1827. p. 710.
Curnirostra /lirtelonim (iiec Meyer, 1815!) Bvehm, Beitr. zur Voyelkundt, i. p. 640 (1820 —
" £uropa, Asieii, Amerika.")
t This quotation must be substituted for the oue given on p. 117 of Vog. pal. Fauna.
NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 13
This bird is a very beautiful aberration of the Common Crossbill, with wide
pale pink bars across the udng-coverts. Dresser and Bianchi thought this was
a " good species," but the Brehm Collection alone should convince ornitholo-
gists that this is not the case. On the back of a label on the type specimen
Bianchi %vrote : " Einziger wirklicher Loxia riibrifacciata ! V. Bianchi." This
remark is amusing, and would require an explanation what Dr. Bianchi does
with the "unwirklichen" ruhrifasciata in the Brehm Collection? Does he
look upon them as hybrids ? It is quite Linnaean and Brehmian, to treat
as species any bird different from another, without admitting individual
variation, which is so flagrant among the Crossbills, and without consideration
of distribution ; but we should have advanced since the great times of Linnaeus
and Brehm !
27. Crucirostra erythroptera Brehm = Loxia curvirostra curvirostra.
Crucirostra erythroptera Brehm. Namnannia, 1853. pp. 199. 200 (Harz and Renthendorf).
Types : " cJ biennis " Harz iii. 1848, lived till August, " S media aetate "
caught Harz, l.iv. 1851, died, 20. v. 1851.
These birds have wing-bars of a greenish yellow colour, in the second
specimen with a pink tinge. They might just as ghbly be pronounced to belong
to another species as ruhrifasciata , but are clearly aberrant curvirostra.
Interesting are Brehm' s experiments, described on p. 200, how he pulled
out the wing-coverts forming the wing-bars, and they came out again with
greenish tips as before. It shows that Brehm himself had doubts about his
" species," but it does not prove that it is one !
*2y. Crucirostra bifasciata Brehm = Loxia leucoptera bifasciata.
Crucirostra hifaseiala Rrehm. Ornix, iii. p. 85 (1827 — Thiir'.nger Wald und Wien).
The description in Ornis iii. appeared first. Another description came
out in Isis, 1827. p. 714, but the one in the Ornis must have been earlier, as
it was fully quoted in Isis, 1827. p. 717.
Type : S Thiiringer Wald, 10. viii. 1826.
29. Crucirostra orientalis Brehm = Loxia leucoptera bifasciata.
Crucirostra orientalis Brehm, Naamannia, 1853. p. 251. (The author describes a male caught near
Vienna. 15. xi. 182G. but wrongly concludes that it inhabits the Himalaya.)
Type : cJ ad., near Vienna, 15. xi. 1826.
30. Crucirostra assimilis Brehm = Loxia leucoptera bifasciata.
Crucirostra assimilis Brelim, Naumannia, 1853. p. 253. (Only one specimen, a $ in juvenile plum-
age, caught 12. vii. 1846 near Roda, died in cage. 4. ix. 1846, without having moulted.)*
Type! : see above.
* The following additions must be made on p. 123 of vol. i. of my Vog. pal. Fauna :
The first description of Crucirostra trifasciata appeared in Isis^ 1845. p. 251 ! The descrip-
tion was made from a caged bird. Type not in the collection, probably never preserved.
To the synonyms must be added :
Crucirostra lati/asciata Brehm, /sia, 1845. p. 263 (description of a bird from Thuringia that
lived eight years in cage. Type not in collection).
14 NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
31. Montifringilla glacialis Brehm = MontifringiUa nivalis nivalis (L.).
ilonlijringilla glacialis Brehm, Handb. Xaturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 270 (1831 — " Alpen Tyrols ").
Type : S ad., Tirol, 12. i. 1828.
Brehm distinguished between the Snow Finch of Switzerland and that
of Tirol, but there is no foundation for this.
32. Petronia albigularis Brehm = Petronia dentata deniata (Sund.).
Petronia albigularis Brehm, Naumannia, 1856. p. 377 (" Scnnaar ").
Type : S Blue Nile, Sennaar, 22. ix. 1850, A. E. Brehm leg.
33. Petronia sasorum Brehm = Petronia petronia petronia.*
Petronia saxorum Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 97 (Saaletal).
Type : o ad., with paired ?, Lobeda near Jena, 10. xii. 1826.
The Rock-Sparrow must have been fairly common near Jena. There are
12 specimens from Lobeda and one from Wolmse near Jena, including young
birds from the nest, shot in 1816, 1819, 1826, 1828, 1852.
34. Pyrgita nipestris Brehm = Petronia petronia petronia.
Pyrgita rnpestris Brehm, Handb. Nalurg. Vo^. Dmt.sclil. p. 264 (1831 — " Er lebt nur in manclicn
Jahren in Saalthale >md brfit«t selten daselbst ").
Type : 3 taken from nest on the Lobedaburg near Jena, 15. vi. 1816, died
in cage, 10. x. 1816.
* 35. Petionia macrorhynchos Brehm = Petronia petronia mncrorhynchos.
Pelrnnia m.acri.r'iijru:hos Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 927 (" Griechcnland ").
Type : ' 3 ad., vere 1847, Griechenland."
According to Fenk (Orn. Monatsber. 1914. p. 85) the Rock-Sparrow of
the Balkan Peninsula must be separated, as having generally a lighter colora-
tion and longer bill.
36. Pyrgita valida Brehm = Passer domesticus domesticvs.
Pyrgita valida Brehm, his, 1842. p. 887 f (" Dalmatieii ").
Type : S Dalmatia, 24.iii. 1830.
37. Pyrgita brachyrhynchos Brehm = Passer domesticus domesticvs.
Pyrgita brachyrhynchos Brehm, Isis, 1842. p. 890 (" Diese subspecies lebt in Dalmatien und Karn-
then ").
Type : " <? vere, Dalmatien."
• To the synonyms in Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 142, must be added :
Pyrgita saxatilia Brehm, Harulb. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. p. 1012 (1831 — Kiirnthen. Type not in
collection).
t This is the first pubUcation, not 18.55, as quoted in Vog. pal. Fauna, i. p. 147.
The same is to be said about Pyrgita brachyrhynchos (vide supra), and Pyrgita iniercedens, which
was first described in Isis, 1842. p. 891.
Pyrgita macrorhynchos Brehm, a name which I quoted as a nx)mcn nudum of A. E. Brehm, has
been fully described by C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1842. p. 887, from specimens from Hungary and Renthen-
dorf.
NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 15
38. Passer rufidorsalis Brehm = Passer domesticus arboreiis Bp.
Passer rufidorsalis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855. p. 277 (N.E. Africa).
Tjrpe : (J ad., " Blauer Nil " 25. x. 1850., A. E. Brehm, coll.
This specimen is now marked Passer rufidorsalis medius, but such a namo
was never pubUshed. In 1856, Naumannia, pp. 376. 377, Brehm described
Passer rufiAorsalis megarhynchos and microrhynchos, names which he evidently
altered when relabelling his specimens. The description of his " megurhyiichos "
agrees perfectly with the bird from October 25, 1850, and it is, in my opinion^
the original type of both rufidorsalis, 1855, Bind rufidorsalis megurhynckos , 1856,
39. Pyrgita minor Brehm = Passer hispaniolensis hispaniolensis.
Pynjita minor Brehm, Isis. 1842. p. 897 * (" Egyple.i unci Biicliara, Vorderasien ").
Type : " S hieme, ex Aegytpo allatus a RiippeUio."
Ill case the Spanish Sparrow from Egypt should be separated in future,
Brehms name would have the priority over Tschusis Passer hispaniolensis
tmshingtoni (cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 156), and over Passer rufipectus Bonaparte.
40. Pyrgita septentrionalis Brehm = Passer montanus montanus.
Pyrgiia s'jptentrionalis Brehm, Handb. Naliir(/. Voj. Deutschl. p. 268 (18.31 — " Er bewohnt den
Nordeii, namentlich Danemark bi.s Kiel ").
Type : <J ad., Kiel, v. 1825. Probably collected by F. Boie.
41. Miliaria valida Brehm = Emberiza calandra calandra.
Miliaria valida Brehm, Isis. 1841. pp. 55. 56 (Oria, Rodaj.t
Type: <J ad., Orlatal, 10. i. 1820. C. L. Brehm leg.
42. Miliaria crasslrostris Brehm = Emberiza' calayidra mlandra.
Miliaria crasslros*.ris Breiim, Isis, 1841. pp. 5o. 57 (Mecklenburg).
Type: S ad., Liibz in Mecklenburg, 5. v. IS.'Jl. H. Zander leg.
43. Miliaria altirostris Brehm = Emberiza calandra calandra.
Miliaria aUirostris Brehm, Isis, 1841. pp. 36. 57 (J Dresden, 26. vi. 1835, Mecklenburg, Riigen,,
Alilsdorl).
Type : S ad., Dresden, 26. vi. 1835.
The case of the Corn-Buntings illustrates better than many others, that
Brehm's subspecies were by no means geographical forms, but varieties which
• This name is to be added to the list of synonyms on p. 156, Vog. pal. Fauna.
To the synonyms of Passer italiae, p. 152, should be added : Pyrgita itala Brehm, /sis, 1842.
p. 895 (" Oberitalien ").
In Haitdb. Naturg. Vog. Deittschl. p. 1012, Brehm described a Sparrow from Triest, of which
he said that it had the bill of the German Sparrow and the markings of the Italian one, but on the-
forehead uf the male one grey spot. This, he says, may be called
Pyrgita media Michahelles et Brehm.
The name has hitherto been overlooked, like a number of the others given in the Nachtrdge^ pp.
1006-1022. The type is, unfortunately, not in the collection, and as it is evidently a Passer italiae
(or a hybiid ?). the locality might be wrong, for Passer domesticus is the Sparrow of Triest, from
where I know of only one record of italiae.
t This is the first description, and must be put in the place of the one quoted by me in Vog.
d. pal. Fauna, p. 166. The same appUes to the names meridionalis (described 1831) and minor antV
the names crassirostria and altiroatria must be added to the synonyms.
16 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918-
occurred side by side with others, mostly based on individual characters ;
doubtless he had a wonderful eye for these small differences, but he failed
entirely to understand that they were merely individual. In some cases his
supposed differences seem to have been imagined, and in many cases the labels
show that he was not sure about them and altered his opinions from time to
time.
44. Miharia septentrionalis Brehm = Emberiza calandra calandra.
Miliaria septentrionalis Brehm, Handb. Natiinj. Voj. Deutschl. p. 291 (1831 — " Sohwedeu. Riigen ") ;
/si«, 1841. p. 56. 57.
Type: <J ad., Riigen, 19.vii. 1819. Probably collected by Schilling, like
most Riigen specimens in the collection.
There is no Swedish example, so this one from Riigen might be looked
upon as the type. In 1841 {I.e.) Brehm mentions also specimens from Brinnis
and Mecklenburg; they are in the collection, but were shot after 1831.
45. Miliaria meridionalis Brehm = Emberiza calandra calandra.
Miliaria meridionalis Brehm, Hnndb. Xatur;/. To/. Deutschl. p. 1007 (1831 — Dalmatia).
Type: <J Dalmatia, Jan. 1824.*
46. Emberiza antiquorum Brehm = E. hortvlana.
Emberiza antiquorum Brehm, Handb. Naturij. Voj. Deutschl. p. 297 (1831 — Italy).
Type : S Italy, spring.f
47. Cynchramus septentrionalis Brehm = Emberiza schoeniclus schoeniclus.
CyiK.hramus septentrionalis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. DeiitscM. p. 3U2 (1831 — " Er bewohut das
nordliehe Europa, kommt in beiden Geschlechtern regelmiissig nach Danemark, hochst selten
nach Mitteldeutschland ").
Type: cJ ad., Denmark, 20. iv. 1820.
This is the only specimen from Northern Europe shot before 1831, and
therefore it must be the type. It has a rather small bill, as emphasized in
the description.
*48. Cynchramus cai:neti Brehm = Emberiza schoeniclus canneti.
Cynchramus canneti Brehm, Vvgelfang, p. ll.'i (1835 — Dalmatia).
Type: "? aestate. Hahnfedrig. Dalmatien, 8. vii. 1829." Probably col-
lected by MichaheUes.
♦ Of Emberiza citrinella a number of specimens must have been lost, before the collection
came to Tring. I cannot fix any types, neither one of E. erythrogenys nor of sylvestris^ a name
which Gengler (Orn. Jahrb. 1912. pp. 88-92) adopts for the Central European form. The following
references must be added to the list of synonyms in Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 168 :
Emberiza longirostris Brehm, Isis, 1842. pp. 753. 764 (Gardens, etc.).
Emberiza arbuatorum, id. Isis, 1842. pp. 753. 765 (Kamthen, Germany).
Emberiza crassirostois . id. Isis. 1842. pp. 753. 765 (Renthendorf, etc.).
Emberiza pratorum, id. lais, 1842. pp. 753. 767 (Brimiis. Renthendorf).
"I" Under E. caeaia, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 182, Emberiza rnfigidaris Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog.
Deutachl. p. 1017 (Nachtrage) (1831 — Syria) must be substituted for the quotation Vogelfang, p. U3.
1855.
NoVtTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 17
49. Cyncbramus arundinaceus Brehm = Emberiza schoeniclus canneti.
Cynchramus arundinaceus Brehm (nee Gmelin 1774), Handb. Naturg. Voj. Deutschl. p. 1012 (1831 —
Triest).
Type: <J3. x. 1829. Triest. Coll. by Michahelles.
It is interesting to note that C. L. Brehm put on the label in brackets :
" Emberiza intermedia Michahelles." Cf. Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 197,
where the name arundinacea (nee Gmelin, 1774 — cf. p. 195 !) might be added.
50. Cynchramus pseudo-pyrrhuloides Brehm = Emberiza schoeniclus schoeniclus.
Cynchramus pseudo-pyrrhuloides Brelim, Vogeljang, p. 115 (1855 — Triest).
Type : S ad., in fresh autumn plumage, Triest, 19. x. 1829.
Unless there is a mistake about the locality of the type of arundinaceus,
which need not be supposed, E. schoeniclus canneti would seem to be the breeding
form at Triest, while E. schoeniclus schoeniclus passes through on migration.
51. Plectrophanes groenlandicus Brehm = Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus.*
Plectrophanes groenlandicus Brehm. Handb. Naturg. Vog. Devtschl. p. 307 (1831 — Greenland).
Type: ^ ad., Greenland, June 1821.
52. Plectrophanes borealis Brehm = Plectrophenax nivalis.^;
Plecirophanes borealis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 305 (1831 — " Gronland ").
Type : <J ad., Greenland, 15. vi. 1822.
53. Melanocorypha calandra megarhynchos Brehm = M. calandra calandra.
Mrlanocorypha calandra ni'g irhynrhos Brehm, Naunuinnia, 1S.5C. p. 374 ("In Algerien und auf
Sardinien ").
Type • (J ad., Algeria, spring.
54. Melanocorypha semitorquata Brehm = M. calandra calandra.
Melanocorypha semilorjiiata Bie'im, Naumannia, 1856. p. 374 ("An der Wolga bei Sarepta ").
. Type : <J Sarepta, May 1853.
The specimen is shot in the foreneck, and this partly caused the almost
united black patches across the jugulum.
55. Melanocorypha rufescens Brehm = M. bimaculata.
Milanocorypha rufescens Breliin, Veigeljang. p. 120 (1855 — " Im Winter im Sudahn ") ; Naumannia,
1856. p. 375.
Type : 5 Blue Nile, xii. 1850. A. E. Brehm leg.
* To the synonyms of Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus must be added : Emberiza subcalcarata
Brehm. Isis, 1826. p, 930 ("Gronland"). No specimen in the collection is named " subcal-carata,^'
but there is hardly any doubt that the type of groenlandicus is. also that of subcalcarata, and that
the name was merely changed in 1831.
t To the synonyms of Plectrophenax nivalis must be added : Emberiza subnivalis Brehm, Isis,
1826. p. 929 (" Gronland, Island "). No specimen in the collection now bears the name subnivalis^
but there is no doubt that the type of borealis 1331 served also for the description of subnivalis
1826, and is thus the type of both names.
2
18 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 19l8.
56. Melanocorypha itala Brehm = Calanarella hrachydactyla hrachydactyla.
Mdanocorypha itala Brehm, Isis. 1830. pp. 786, 792 (Sardinien).*
Type : End of July 182-, Sardinia. Evidently a cage-bird received from
Graf Gourcy-Droitaumont, who had got it from Sardinia.
57. Melanocoryhpa graeca Brehm = Calandrella hrachydactyla hrachydactyla.
Mdanocorypha graeca Brehm, Voijeljang, p. 121 (1855 — " Griechenland bis Sennaar ").
Type: 3 ad., Attica, April 1845.
58. Melanocorypha tenuircstris Brehm = Calandrella hrachydactyla
hrachydactyla.
Mdanocorypha tenuirostris Brehm, his. 1845. p. 346 (n> locality) ; Vogdjang, p. 121 (1855 — " In
Griechenland und bei Triest ').
Type: S ad., Attica, April 1845. Probably coU. by Lindermayer.
59. Melanocorypha gallica Brehm = Calandrella hrachydactyla hrachydactyla.
Melanocorypha gallica Brehm, Isis, 1845. p. 345 (" Siid-Frankreich, namentlich bei Montpellier.")
Type : <J ad., MontpeUier, iv. 1829.
60. Alauda macroptera A. E. Brehm = Calandrella hrachydacfylahrachydactyla.
Alauda {Melanocorypha) macroptera A. E. Brehm, Jnurn. j. Orn. 1854. p. 77 (N.E. -Africa).
Type : ? ad., Edfu, between Esneh and Assuan, Egypt, 19. iii. 1850. A. E.
Brehm leg.
61. Melanocorypha brachydactyla immaculata A. E. Brehm = Calaiidrella
hrachydactyla hrachydactyla.
Melanocorypha brachydactyla immaculata A. E. Brehm, Allg. D. Naturh. Zeit. 1857. p. 455 7 (" Bei
Murcia und Madrid").
Type: Murcia 24. viii. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.
The specimen has rather small dark patches on the sides of the jugulum,
but this is not peculiar to Spanish birds, but merely an individual character.
*62. Melanocorypha Apetzii A. E. Brehm = Calandrella minor apetzii.
Mdanocorypha Apetzii A. E. Brehm, Allg. D. Naturh. Zeit. 1857. p. 455 (Murcia).
Type : ? ad., Murcia, 23. viii. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.
The single specimen shot by Brehm. This is, of course, the bird known for
some time as Calandrella baetica Dress. Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, pp. 218. xxv. note 2.
63. Melanocorypha galeritaria Brehm = Ammomanes deserti deserti.
Melanocorypha galeritaria Brelini, Vogillaiig, p. 122 (185.5 — " Nordost-.'Vfrika ").
Type ; <?, summer, in moult. " Nordost-Afrika."
• This is the earliest appearance of the name ilala !
t This is the first quotation, and must be substituted for that given in Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 215.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. '^'5
64. Melanocorypha arabs Brehm = Ammomanes deserti isabellina.
MeUinocorypha arabs Brehm, Vogeljawj, jj. 122 (1855 — '" Verirrt sieh aas dem steinigen Arabien
zuweilen uach Europa ").
Type: cJ ad., Arabia Petraea, October 1851. A. E. Brehm leg. There
are now only two specimens in the collection, a male and a female. Brehm
apparently never saw a European specimen, but he merely imagined that the
Arabian bird might stray into Europe. In the Preface to the Vogelfang, p. vii.,
the author said that he had included a number of bii-ds which were Ukely to
stray into Europe, so that a bird-catcher, who came across them, might know
them ; for, he said, he was convinced that the zeal with which ornithological
studies were pursued would lead to the admittance of many foreign birds into
th3 European fauna.
6.5. Melanocorypha elegans Brehm = Ammomanes pfioenicurus arenicolor. '
Melanoconjpha elegans Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 122 (185.5 — Nubia).
Type: $ ad., Abu-Hamed, Nubia, 30. viii. 1851. A. E. Brehm leg.
This specimen being rather small, I have no doubt whatever that it is a
?, and it was thus originally marked by A. E. Brehm, but for some reason, think-
ing he knew better, his father altered the sex-mark into " J."
*66. Galerita nigricans Brehm = Galeridu cristata nigricans.
Gihrita nijrirans Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 123 (1855 — " 111 Agypten und Thiirlugen "). — Brehm gave
a description of the Egyptian .subspecies, but he mixed up witli it some Thuringian examples,
wliich look very different ; besides an Egyptian one, there are five Thuringian ones under the
name nigricans in the collection.
Type : " <J ad.," Egypt, no exact locality or date.
67. Galerida viarum Brehm, 1831, and Galerida pagonim Brehm, 1841 = G. cristata
cristata.
Galeridi viarum Brehm, Handb. Nd'.urj. ]'6g. Deulscht. p. ,'J15 (1831 — "Se lebt im nordwestlichen
Deutschland, nameatlich in Weitphalen, kommt im Winter audi bei Saalfeld vor ").
Galerida pagorum Brehm, Isis, 1841. pp. 123. 128 (" Lebt im nordwestlichen Deutschland, welches
diese iSubspecies auch im Winter aicht verlasst ; mein theurer Badecker in Witten hatte die
Giite, mir 4 alte Wintervo^el und ein Paar Ge,chvvister im Jugendklcide zu schicken. Ilie
Angnbe, dass diese Gattang im Winter bei SaalfelJ vorkorame, beruht auf einer Verweckseluiig
mit Galerida major").
Type of G. viarum, 1831, a,nd jmgorum , 1841 : cJ Witten a. d. Ruhr. F. W. J.
Badeker coU.
Brehm very carefully studied the Crested Larks in his way ; besides the
review in the Handb. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. pp. 315. 316 (1831) he wrote fuller
treatises on them in Lsis, 1841. pp. 124-128, and Nanmannia, 1858. pp. 206-208.
In those times hardly anybody had, however, a real conception of strict priority
(against which short-sighted and inexperienced brother zoologists are still
agitating), and thus Brehm shifted the meaning of his names. His viarum of
1831 is his pftgorum. of 1841, while his pagorvm of 1858 {Naumannia, 1858. p. 207)
is evidently not the pagorum of 1841, and viarum of 1841 not the viarum of 1831 ;
while in 1831 it occurred near Witten, in 1841 he made it to inhabit the roads
between Leipzig and DeUtzsch, while in 1858 he said that it lived thi.ty years
ago near Witten and had probably migrated to Ostfriesland.
20 NoyiTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
68. Galerida viarum Brehm, 1841 = G. cristata crisiata.
Chlerida viarum Brehm, Isis, 1841. pp. 123, 126 (aeo. 1831 I)
Type of G. viarum 1841 (nee 1831 !)(; ad., with paired $, Sproda near DeUtzsch
near Leipzig, 1. v. 1834. C. L. Brehm leg.
69. Gralerida major Brehm = G. cristata cristata.
Galerida major Brehm, lais, 1841. pp. 123. 124 {" In der Nahe von Berlin, geht wenigstens bis an
die Elbe").
Type : <J and ? ad. (pair) Oranienburg bei Berlin, 21 . iii. 1833, Fehrmaim leg.
70. Galerida Karinthiaca Brehm = G. cristata cristata.
Oalerida Karinthiaca Brehm, Isis, 18-11. pp. 124. 128 (Klagenfurt).
Type: S and $ ad. (pair) Klagenfurt, 8.xi. 1836. V'on Hueber coll.
71. Galerita cristata gallica Brehm = G. cristata cristata.
Galerila cristata gallica Brehm, Naumannia, '858. p. 209 (Lyon).
Type : $ spring, near Lyon. Leon Olphe Galliard coll.
*72. Galerita cristata tenuirostris Brehm = Galerida cristata tenviroslris.
Qalerita cristata tenuirostris Brehm. Nanmnnnia, 1858. p. 208 (Sarepta).
Tjrpe : ? Sarepta, March.
4_„ .Gaenda mendionalis Brehm i ^ , j •, , •,■ ,•
73. i_ , ., . ^ ^ , T> , } = Galeriaa cristata mendionalis.
'Gralenta cristata planorum Brehm J
Galerida meridionalis Brehm, Isis. 1841. pp. 124. 128 (Daimatia).
Galerita cristata pl<inoriim. Brehm, Naumannia, 1858. p. 207 (Daimatia).
The apparent type of both names (meridionalis was altered into planorum,
probably because the author afterwards did not consider the former name quite
suitable) is a J " hieme, Dalmatien," the only Dalmatian example in the
collection.
*74. Galerita cristata pallida Brehm = Galerida cristata pallida.
Galerita cristata pallida Brelmi, Naumannia. 1858. p. 207 (" Spanien.")
Type: S ad. Masnou in Cataluna, 8. v. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.
75. Galerita cristata angustistriata Brehm = Galerida crisiata pallida.
Galerita crisiata unjtisiixtrinla Brehm. Nantmnmia. 1858. p. 2fi8 ("Spanien, tiriechenland und
Nubien ").
Type: (J ad.,. Masnou in Cataluna, 12. v. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.
Brehm's angustistriata is a mixtuni of narrow-striped individuals of different
subspecies.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 21
_„ fGalerita flava A. E. Brehm 1 ^ , ., .' , • , i,.
"6J_ , .. „ . . . . ^ T -r. . }= GaUrtda crtstata isabeihna.
IGalenta flava tenmrostris C. L. Brehmj
Galerita flam A. E. Brehm, Journ. f. Orn. 1854. p. 77 (" Ostsudahn, sudlich des 16. Grades aordl.
Br. ").
Galerita flava tenuirostris C. L. Brehm, Naumannia, 1858. p. 210 (Khartum and Berber).
Type: <J ad., Khartum, July 1850. A. E. Brehm leg.
77. Galerita flava crassirostris Brehm = Galerida cristata isabellina.
Galerita flava craissirastris Brehm, Naumannia, 1858. p. 210 (Khartum and Berber).
Type : S Khartum, 10. xi. 1850. A. E. Brehm leg.
78. Gralerita lutea Brehm = Galerida cristata isabellina.
Galerita lutea Brehm, Vogdjaruj, p. 124 (1855 — " Nordostafrika ") ; Naumannia, 1858. p. 210.
Type: " ? ad. vere, Abyssinien " (?).
*79. Galerita altiiostris Brehm = Galerida cristata altirostris.
Galerita altirostris Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 124 (185.5 — " Oberagypten ").
Type : <J ad., near Akasheh on the Nile in Nubia, 21 . ix. 1851 . A. E. Brehm
leg.
(See NoviTATES Zoologicab, 1917. p. 440.)
*80. Galerita cristata maculata Brehm = Galerida cristata maculata.
Galerita cristata munilata Brehm, Naumannia. 1858. p. 208 (" Mein seUger Sohn Cscar schoss ein
gepaartes Paar auf einea Schuss am 24. Marz, 1850, bei Assuan in Nubien, und Alfred ein
Weibchen bei Masnou in Spanien am 1. Juni, 1850").
Type: <? ad. (with 9), Assuan, 24. ui. 1850. Oscar Brehm leg.
Needless to say, the female from Masnou belongs to Galerida cristata pallida
and not to maculata. See antea, No. 74, and Novitates Zoologioae, 1917,
pp. 439, 440.
*81. Galerita Theklae Brehm = Galerida theklae theklae.
Galerita Theklae Brehm, Naumannia, 1858. p. 210 (" Meine Sohne fanden sie hauptsaohlioh in der
Umgegend von Jativa, nicht weit von Valencia, und auf der Sierra Nevada ").
Type: <? ad., Jativa bei Valencia, 19. vi. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.*
82. Galerita Theklae major Brehm = Galerida theklae theklae.
Galerita Theklae major Brehm, Naumannia, 1858, p. 213 (as above).
Type: S ad., Sierra Nevada, 16. xi. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg. This speci-
men is figured in " Neuer Naumann," iii. pi. 5.
83. Alauda montana Brehm = Alavda arvensis arvensis.
Alauda motUana Brelim, Handb. Nat. Voj. Deutsrhl. p. 319 (1831—" Auf den hochsten Bergen des
Thiiringer Waldes ").
Type : " $ ad., Kamm des Thiiringer Waldes bei Zella, 23. vi. 1827."
* This would also be the type of Qalerita Theklae minor. In Naumannia, 1858. p. 213, C. L.
Brehm split his theklae up into two " Subspecies," g. t. major and mirwr.
22' NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. I9I8.
84. Alavida pratonun Brehm = Alavda arvensis arvensis.
Alaiidn pratorum Brehm, hi", 1841. pp. 136. 141 (Brinnis),
Type : ,S ad. (with its ?). Brinnis bei Leipzig, 23. v. 1835. C. L. Brehm leg.
85. Alauda Eugiensis Brehm = Alavda arvensis arvensis.
Aliii'd'j Bugiensis Brchin, lais, 1841. pp. 1.37. 151) (" Bug auf Riigen und 20 llinutcn von Renthen-
dorf ").
Type: Bug, Riigen, 6. v. 1835. Collected by Baron Eugen von Homeyer
and von Lowenstein.
(Cf. Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 246.)
80. Alauda galeridaria Brehm = Alauda arvensis arvensis.
Alauda gnleriditria Brefim, Isis, 1841. pp. 137. 151 (Nerditi in Pommern and Renthendorf).
Type: cJ Nerdin near Anklam, Pommern, 23. iii. 1833. Eugen von Homeyer
coU.
87. Alai!da albigularis Brehm = Alauda arvensis caniarella (partim).
Alavda albignlaris Brehm, Isis, 1841. pp. 137. 152 {Ragusa and Klagenfurth).
Type : ? Ragusa, South Dalmatia, 4. v. 1839.
The type specimen and another from Turkey in the Brehm Collection are
A. a. caniarella, while the one from Klagenfurth and another from Renthendorf (!)
are Alauda arvensis arvensis. It can hardly be said that the description is charac-
teristic for cantarella.
88. Alauda tenuirostris Brehm = Alauda arvensis arvensis.
Alavda tenuirostris Brehm, Isis, 1841. pp. 137. 153 (BrinnLs near Leipzig breeding, near Renthendorf
on passage).
. Type : ? Brinnis bei Leipzig, 24. v. 1835. C. L. Brehm coll.
. , This specimen specially mentioned.
89. Certhilauda meridionalis A. E. Brehm = Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes.
Certhitauda meridiotwiis A. E. Brehm. Journ. j. Orn. 1854. p. 77 (" Niir in der Provinz Dongola in
Nubien ").
Type: S ad., Dongola, 12. ix. 1857. A. E. Brehm leg.
Brehm correctly separated the Nubian form from the greyish Alaemon alau-
dipes desertorum (" Certhilauda desertorum " of Brehm, which inhabits the islands
and coasts of the Red Sea, north to desert between Cairo and Suez, where Brehm
collected several specimens, and to South Arabia ; but he was not aware that
the Saharan form had already been described by Desfontaines in 1787, and that
also Lichtenstein's name bifasciata referred to the isabelline race, and not to the
greyish desertorum ; the latter seems to extend throughout the Sahara, from the
Atlantic coast at Rio de Oro to Nubia.
90. Phileremos rufescens Brehm = Eremophila alpestris alpestris.
Phileremos rufescens Brehm. Vogdjan/], p. 122 (185.5 — " Nordamerik.i ").
Type : " <J hieme, Nordamerika."
This specimen agrees very well with Brehm' s short diagnosis, in which he
referred to the real differences between the American and European Shorelarks.
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 23
I suspect that Phileremos glacialis (Brehm, Isis, 1842. p. 504 (North America)
was described from the same specimen, but the diagnosis — perhaps by a slip or
misprint — says the opposite ! *
*91. Phileremos bicoinis Brehm = Eremophila alpestris bicornis.
Phileremos bicornis Brehm, Isis, 1842. pp. 304. 506 (" Sie bewohnt den Libanon . . . und kommt
im Winter in die syrischen Ebenen herab."')
Type : " c? vere, Sjrria." (Probably a specimen of Ehrenberg's.)
92. CorydaUa orientalis Brehm = Anthus ricltardi richardi.
Gorydalla orientalis Brehm, Naumannia. 1856. p. 337 (winter in N.E. Africaj.f
Type: <J ad., Khartum, 16. xi. 1850. A. E. Brehm leg.
93. Anthus agrorom Brehm = Anthus campestris campestris.
Anthusagrorum Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 324 (1831 — Neighbourhood of Renthendori).
Type : cJ ad., Renthendorf, viii. 1817. C. L. Brehm leg.
94. Anthus flavescens Brehm = Anthus campestris campestris.
Anthus flavescens Brehm, Handb. ya.f,iirg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 325 (1831 — Nubia).
Type: " <? vere, Nubien." (In Naumannia, 1856. p. 339, this bird was
called rufescens !).
95. CorydaUa arenaria Brehm = Anthus campestris campestris.
CorydaUa arenaria Brehm, Isis, 1841. pp. 62. 67 (" Sanddiinen der Nordsee) " X ; 1856, Naumannia,
pp. 337. 338, "Sanddiinen Hollands."
Type: S ad., ?and-dunes of Holland, 8. v. 1828.
96. CorydaUa Vierthaleri Brehm = Anthus campestris campestris.
CorydaUa Vierthaleri Brehm, Vogeljang. p. 137 (1855 — " Im Winter in Nordostafrika ") ; Nau-
mannia. 1856. p. 338.
Type c (J ad., Khartum, 5. iii. 1851. A, E. Brehm leg.
97. CorydaUa campestris rohusta Brehm = Anthus campestris campestris.
CorydaUa campestris robusta Brehm, Naumannia, 1856. p. 338 (" In Norddeutschland ").
Type : S ad., Renthendorf, i. ix. 1835. C. L. Brehm leg.
Only one pair in the collection.
98. CorydaUa campestris striata Brehm = Anthus campestris campestris.
rVorydalla campestris striata Brehm, Naumannia, 1856. p. 338 (Leipzig).
Type: " <J ad., Gegend von Leipzig, 20. v. 1835." C. L. Brehm leg.
• This quotation must be added to the synonyms of No. 414 in Vog. pal. Fauna with a query.
To the synonyms of E. n. flava [I.e.) is to be added : Phileremos suhatpinus Brehm, Isis, 1842. p. 504
(" Gebirge Europaa, nammtlich Sudeten").
t This synonym is to be added to the other synonyms of Anthus richardi richardi on p. 265 of
Vog. d. pal. Fauna,
X This is the earliest description, not Naumannia, 1856! To the synonyms must further
b© added : CorydaUa arvcnsis Brehra, Isis, 1841. p. 01 (Renthendorf, also Nortli Germany). ■
24 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
99. Anthos subaiquatus Brehm = Avthnf: eam/pe-itris campestris.
Anihus subarqualvs Brdim, Handh. Naturg. Vog. DciUsrhl. p. 325 (1831 — " Wien, bei Renthendorf
nur zuweilen auf dem Zuge ").
Type : " <J ad., Gegend von Wien, v. 1818."
100. Antbus Lichtensteinii Brehm = Anthiis pratensis.
Anthits Lkhicnsteinii Brehm, Lchrb. Xat. eur. Vog. ii. p. 967 * (1824 — Bei Dortmund).
? Type : " <J ad. Dortmund, Mai 1829." Badeker coll. — I expect this must
be the type, and that the date on the label became confused when the label was
copied. It is the only specimen, from Dortmund in the collection, and in 1828
and 1829 Badeker collected near Witten.
101. Antbus montanellus Brehm = Anthus pratensis.
Anthus montanellus Brehm, Lehrb. Nat. eur. Vog. ii. p. 965 f (1824 — " Er bewohnt im Sommer die
hochsten Berge des Thiiriager Wdl Jes — mein Freund Bonde in Zella scliickte mir 3 im Juni 1823
-daselbst geschossene " ).
Type : 3 ad., " Bei Zella, Riickenebene des Thiiringer Waldes, 18. vi. 1823,"
Bonde leg.
This is the only specimen dated June 1823, but two others dated 1820 may
perhaps be the other two mentioned as shot in 1823.
102. Antbus musicus Brehm = Anthus pratensis.
Anthus musicus Brehm, Handh. Xat. Vog. Deutschl. p. 336 (1831 — " Wandert durch Deutschland ").
Type: " S ad., zahm gestorben, 30. x. 1825. Renthendorf. Urexemplar."
This is one of the very few specimens originally marked as type (" Ur-
exemplar ") by C. L. Brehm.
103. Antbus limicola Brehm = Anthus prateiisis.
Anthus limicola Brehm, Isis, 1841. \>i>. 207. 213. 214 (18. and 23. iii. 1833, Erdmannsdurfer Wiesen).
Type : S (pair with ? of same date, shot with same shot), Erdmannsdorfer
Wiesen bei Renthendorf, 23. Lii. 1833. C. L. Brehm coll.
104. Antbus alaudaxius Brehm = Anthus pratensis.
Anthus alaudarius Brelim, Isis. 1841. pp. 208. 214. 215. 216 (? Ober-Renthendorf, 19. iv. 1820).
Type : ? Renthendorf, 19.iv. 1820. C. L. Brehm leg.
The label says, "9.4.1829," but must have been wrongly copied. Not
only did Brehm expressly say that he had no other specimen until 1833, but the
specimen agrees minutely with the description, even as to the still unmoulted
two central rectrices.
105. Antbus biemalis Brehm = Anthus spinoletta spinoletta.
Anthus hiemalis Brehm, Handh. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 329 (1831 — ." Er lebt nordlicher als A.
aquaticvs, kummt im Winter bei Greifswald, bei Witteu in VVestfalen, Siid-Frankreich, aber in
Thiiringen nicht vor ").
Type: "? prime auetumno, Greifswald, 30. xi. 1823."
• This is the first appearance of this name, not 1831 !
f Note that this is the first appearance of the name ! Under Anthus cervinus ( Vog. pal. Faima,
p. 277) must be noted that the first appearance of the name rufogularia is in the Lehrb. Nat. eur. Vogel
ii. p. 963 (1824). The type must be in Berlin.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 25
106. Anthus major Brehm = Anilius spinoletta spinoletta.
Anthus Tnajo/ Brehm, Naumannia, 1856. p. 341 * (" Selten in strengen Wintern ").
Type: S ad., 25. i. 1839, Rodatal, C. L. Brehm leg.
107. Anthus orientalis Brehm = Anthus spinoletta covtellii.
Anthus orientalis Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 138. 1855— Asia. C£. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 281).
Type : 9 ad., Kenneh in Egypt, 5. ii. 1852. E. A. Brehm leg.
[Anthus Uttoralis Brehm = Anthus spinoletta littoralis.
Anthus littoralis Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. cur. Vog. i. p. 239 (1823—" Nur 2 .3 Anf. Okt. 1822 an der
Oslsee von Schilling gesammelt ").
The type of this form is not in the collection, no specimen dating from
October 1822. The above description is the first. Between it and the one of
3 831, which has hitherto been quoted as the first, is one of Isis, 1828. p. 55.]
108. Budytes chlorocephalus Brehm = Motacilla flava flava.
Budytes chlorocephalus Brehm, Naumannia, 1851. 2. p. 24 (Renthendorf).
Type: <? (with paired §), Renthendorf, 23. iv. 1832. C. L. Brehm leg.
There is now only this pair in the collection named chlorocephalus. The
male is a very interesting bird, the centre of the crown being green, thus closely
resembling old males of 31. flava. rayi. It is, as the date shows, of course not
an autumn bird, as I erroneously said in Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 287.
*109. Budytes pygmaeus A. E. Brehm = Motacilla flava pygmaea.
Budytes pygnmeus A. E. Biehm, Journ. f. Orn. 1854. p. 74 (" Nordost-Afrika ").
Type : S ad.. Lower Egypt, January 1850. Oskar Brehm leg.
This small, white-throated form is an excellent subspecies, which breeds
in Egypt. Having examined only the type specimen, I imagined that it was
an aberrant example, but Ticehurst and Nicoll have shown that it nests in
Egypt. Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, i. p. xxix. note 3.
110. Budytes fasciatus Brehm = Motacilla flava flava.
Budytes fascialus Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 141 (1855— " Galizien und Ungarn ") ; lj\itsee Naumannia,
i. 1851. 4. p. 19!
The type would be an adult 3 GaUcia, 5. v. 1852, collected by Count
Wodzicki, but the name appeared already in Naumannia, i. 1851. 4. p. 19, where
H. Zander called a male from South France " B. jasciatus Brehm."
111. Budytes megarhjmchos Brehm = Motacilla flava cinereocapilkt.
Budijtes megarhynchus Brehm, Isis, 1842. p. 578 (" Dalmatien ").
Type: $ ad. (with paired $), Dalmatia, 4. vii. 1830.
Though these specimens were first labelled Budytes cinereocapillus longirostris,
and then altered aMcollis, they are clearly the types of megarhynchos 1842.
* In Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 280, I quoted A. major as a nomen nudum of A. E. Brehm, but in
1856, I.e., it is described. To the synonyms on p. 280 must be added :
Anthus rivalis Brehm, Naumannia, 1856. p. 342 (Erdmannsdorfer Wiesen near Kentheudorf
and South France). The only specimen marked rivalis is one from Triest.
26 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV, 1918.
112. Motacilla fasciata Brehm = Motacilla alba alba.*
Mola-illa jasciata Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 143 (185.5 — Galicia).
Type: S ad., Galicia, 21.iii. 1852. Count Wodzicki leg.
113. Certhia fanuliaris pusilla Brehm = Certhia faviiliaris macrodactyla.
Certhia familiaris ptixilla Brelim, Xaumannia, 1858. p. 358 (Dalmatia and Rentheodorf).
Type: ? Dalmatia, 15. x. 1830.
The only other specimen is a 2 shot at Renthendorf, 20. xi. 1820. Both
are small specimens, but otherwise typical macrodactyla.
114. Certhia rufidorsalis Brehm.
Certhia ru/idnrsalis Br2hm, Naumannia, 1856. p. 359 (only one specimen from Witten).
Type: " <? primo auctumno, Witten a. d. Ruhr, 30. ix. 1830." F. W.
Badeker coll.
This specimen is a remarkable bird, with a very deep rust-red back and
rump, more so than in C. familiaris hrittanica Ridgw., but otherwise Avith the
characteristics of C. brachydadyla . It is not a form of C. familiaris, but must be
an aberrant hradnjdactyla , as we cannot assume that a third species exists near
Witten, together with C. familiaris and brachydaclyUt.
*115. Certhia braehydactyla Brehm = C. brachydadyla brachydadyla.
Certhia braehydactyla Brehm, Beitr. z. Vojdkunde, i. pp. 570. 579 (18211 — " Rodatal ").
Type: S perad., Renthendorf, 29. xii. 1816. C. L. Brehm leg.
The specimen is marked " Das Urexemplar zur Beschreibung." On the
label it is called Certhia megarhynchos, but is no doubt the type of brachydadyla.
Probably it is also the type of C. megarhynchos Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog.
Deutschl. p. 211 (1831— Westfalen, once near Renthendorf). In 1831 Brehm
evidently split up his brachydadyla into brachydadyla and megarhyncha.
116. Certhia paradoxa Brehm = Certhia brachydadyla brachydadyla.
Certhia paradoxa Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 76 (1855— " Verirrt sich aus Ungarn sehr selten nach
Deutschland ").
Type: 9 ad., Hungary, 7. v. 1840. {? Petenyi coll.).
117. Sitta advena Brehm = Sitta evrojMta caesia.
Sitta advena Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. DeutsM. p. 2 (1831 — " Zeigt sich nur zuweilen in den
Waldern des mittleren DeuUchlands ").
Type: $ Renthendorf, 12. vii. 1815. C. L. Brehm leg.
Described from exceptionally pale, partially juvenile, specimens.
* To the synonyms must be added : Mot. cfrincalia and pratorum Brehm, Isis, 1837. p. 740
[Ifomirui nuda), and it should be noted that Mot. cervicalia was first described in lata, 1848. p. 501,
from specimens collected near Renthendorf. About these varieties of. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 303.
NOVITATES ZOOI.OGICAE XXV. 1918. 27
118. Sitta caesia minor A. E. Brehm = Sitta evropaea hispaniensis.
Silta caesia minor (nee S. minor Bechst !) A. E. Brehm, AUg. D. Nalvrh. Zeitung, 1857. p. 447
(Spain).
Type : ? ad., Pardo near Madrid, 14. ii. 1857. A. E. Brehm leg.
Evidently the Spanish Nuthatch is a good, recognisable subspecies. Pyre-
naean specimens resemble the British race in their pale underside, thus also
the Spanish one ; but a better series should be compared.
119. Parus intercedens Brehm = Parus major major.
Pants inlercedens Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 241 (\ii55 — " Mitteldeutsclilan'l ") : Nniimannia, 1856.
p. 368.
Type: rj Greiz, 19. x. 1819. Oberlander leg. On the back of the label:
" Nova species a nobis detecta.'"
120. Paras pallidus Brehm = Parus major major (aberr.).
Parus pallidus Brehm, Naumannia, 1856. p. .367 (Description of a pale specimen, which the author
formerly mistook for bokharenais).
Type : $ ad., Greiz, 24. x. 1834. Oberlander leg.
Tlus is a remarkably pale variety ; the back is ashy grey, with a hardly
perceptible faint greenish hue, the underside almost white. It thus looks indeed
very much like a P. major bokharensis, but is, of course, an aberrant P. major
major. The type of P. intercedens is also a pale example, but similarly pale and
even paler specimens are found occasionally elsewhere in Germany, France, Italy,
Spain, and in England and Morocco.
121. Parus melanothoiax Olphe-GaUiard = Partis cinctus cinctus.
Parus melanothora.r Olplie-Galliard ex Brclim IIS., nni. Jahrb. 1892. p. 137 (Norway).
Type: " d transitu a veste juven. ad vestem perfectam, Norge, lO.viii.
1860." A. E. Brehm leg.
*122. Parus lugens Brehm = Partis lugvbris lugens.
Parus lugens Brehm, Vogdfang, p. 243 (1855 — Greece).
Type: S Attica, 1844. A. Lindermayer leg.
(See Brehm, Isis, 1845. p. 331 ; Reiser, Ornis Balcanica, iii. p. 176 ;
Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 368.)
*123. Parus stagnatilis Brehm = Parus palustris stagnatilis.
Pariis stagnatilis Brelim, Vogeljang, p. 242 (1855 — Galicia).
Tjrpe: S ad.. East Galicia, 3. i. 1853. Graf Wodzicki leg. (Cf. Klein-
schmidt, Orn. Jahrb. 1897, p. 69.)
124. Parus subpalustris Brehm = Parus palustris communis.
Parus subpalustris Brehm, Vogdfang. p. 242 (1855 — " Deutschland." All specimen.1 in the collec-
tion from Renthendorf, terra typica therefore : Renthendorf).
Types : A paired pair, Renthendorf, 4. i. 1851. C. L. Brehm leg.
2g NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 191&.
125. Parns accedens Brehm = Panis atricapillus salicarius.
Parus accedens Brehm, Vogelfang. p. 242 (1855).
Type: " S juv. Berg mit Nadelholz bei Renthendorf, 3.vii. 1833." C. L.
Brehm leg.
Cf. Kleinschmidt, On. Jahrb. viii. pp. 83. 84 (1897).
126. Parus murinus Brehm = Parus atricapilhis salicarius.
Pariis murinus Brehm, Voge'./ang, p. 242 (1855).
Types : 3 $ (pair) Renthendorf, 19. xi. 1851. C. L. Brehm leg. Cf. Klein-
schmidt, Orn. Jahrb. viii. p. 79-81 (1897).
*127. Parus assimilis Brehm = Parus atricapilhis assimilis.
Parus assimilis Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 242 (1855 — " Galizien ").
Type: cJ ad., Karpathen, 6.iv. 1852. Graf Wodzicki leg.
Cf. Orn. Jahrb. viii. pp. 87. 88 (1897).
128. Lanius graecus Brehm = Lanius minor*
Lanius graecus Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 84 (1855 — Greece).
Type: <J ad., Attica, 20. v. 1845. Lindermayer leg.
Variety with three outer pairs of rectrices white, the third one having only
the greater part of the shaft (except at base and tip) and a narrow line near the
distal end of the shaft black.
129 /^^"^ "*'*" ^^''^'^\= Lanius excubitor excubitor.
I Lanius rapax Brehm J
Lanius major Brehm, Handb. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. p. 232.
Lanius rapax. id.. .Joiirn. /. Orn. 1854. p. 144 (Deutschland).
Type : " ? annua," Renthendorf, lO.iii. 1830. C. L. Brehm leg.
130. Lanius assimilis Brehm = Lanius excubitor pallidirostris.
Lanius assimilis Brehm, Journ. f. Orn. 1854. pp. 146. 148 (" Oktober im Sennaar am blauen Flusse").
Type : ? ad., Sennaar, Blue Nile, 4.x. 1850. A. E. Brehm leg.
131. Lanius leuconotus Brehm = Lanius excubitor leiwopygos.
Lanius leuconotus Brehm, Journ. f. Orn. 18,54, pp. 147. 148 (Sennaar in winter, Blue Nile near
Khartum).
Type : ^ Blue Nile, 10. xi. 1850. A. E. Brehm leg.
• In Vog. pal. Fauna, i. I omitted to quote :
Lanius Feldeggii Brehm, Isis, 1845. p. 243. Described from two adult males, shot by Colonel
Feldegg at Eger in May 1844. Said to be in size between L. minor and collurlo ; like L. minor in
colour, but all rectrices black with white edge at tip and white bases, as in L. collurio ; flanks rufous.
The black frontal line narrower than in L. minor. Nobody seems to have identified this shrike. It .
is not mentioned in the Catalogue of Birds. Only L(%un Olphe-GaUinrd. Faune Orn. Bur. occ. faac.
XXXV. p. 24, mentions it. but. as usual, without conclusion. The specimens are not in the coUeotion.
I cannot imagine what they might be. ■
NOVITATES Z00L00I0A».XXV. 1918. , 29
r '.*132. Lanius mexicanus Brehm = Lanivs excubitor mexicanus.
Lanitis mexicanus Brehm. Joum. f. Orn. 1SS4. pp. 145. 148 (Mexiko).
Type : S ad., Mexico, autumn.
133. Lanius paradoxus A. E. Brehm = Lanius senator niloticus.
Lanius paradoxals A. E. Brelim, Jonrn. j. Orn. 18.'54. p. 75. (No locality stated, but evidently N.E.
Africa.)
Type: S ad.. Blue Nile, 12. i. 1851. A. E. Brehm leg. On the label in
C. L. Brehm's handwriting : " Species rarissima a nobis detecta, differt a cognatis
radice caudae alba."
134. Lanius ruficaudus A. E. Brehm = L. cristatiis isabelUnus.
Lanius ruficaudus A. E. Brehm, Jnurn. f. Orn. 1857, p. 79 (Blue Nile).
Type: <J ad.. Blue Nile, 31.xii. 1850. E. A. Brehm leg.
? 135, 136. Lanius gracilis and brachyuros Brehm = L. collurio collurio.
Lanius gracilis Brehm, Lns, 1842. pp. 665. 680 (Cape of Good Hope) ; Lanius brachyuros (neo Pallas
1776 ! ) id., t.c. p. 665 : Lanius hrachiuros, id., t.c, p. 681 (Cape of Good Hope).
The probable types are two adult males collected by Krebs at the Cape of
Good Hope. The names gracilis and brachyuros do not appear on the labels,
but the specimens agree fairly well with the descriptions and are the only males
from South Africa in the collection.
137. Butalis montana Brehm = Mtiscicapa striata striata.
Butalis montana Brehm, Handb. Nalurg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 220 (1831 — " . . . die deutschen gebir-
gigen WSlder ").
Types : <J $, paired, Thiiringer Wald, June.
This is one of the cases in which an irresponsible person copied old C. L.
Brehm's labels, without taking the trouble of filling in aU details of the old
labels. As this is the only pair in the collection named B. montana, I suppose
they must be the types.
138. Sylvia sylvestris Meisner = Phylloscopus collybita collybita.
Sylvia sylvestris Meisner, Ann. allg. schweiz. Ges. f. Natuno. Bern, 1824, p. 172 (Bern).
An adult male, labelled :
" Phyllopneuste sylvestris Meisner, von ihm selbst gesandt, (J vere, Bern "
is undoubtedly one of typical specimens of the author. Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna,
p. 501.
139. Phyllopneuste gracilis Brehm = Phylloscopus trochilus eversmanni.
Phyllopneuste gracilis Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 332 (1855 — "Orient").
Type : cJ ad., Wadi Haifa, Egypt, 3.iv. 1850. Oskar Brehm leg. Cf. Vog.
pal. Fauna, p. 509.
*140. Phyllopneuste orientalis Brehm = Phylloscopus bonelli orientalis.
Phyllopneuste orientalis Breiim, Vogeljaiuj. p. 232 (1855 — Wadi Haifa in Nubia, Oakar Brehm leg.
Tne page is 232, but in the book it is misprinted " 332 ").
30 NOVTTATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
141. Caricicola Bonelli Brehm = Lmsciniola melanopogon melanopogon.
Caricicola Boneili Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 236 (1855 — Italy).
Type : S Pisa, April.
142. Locustella strepitans Brehm = Locvstella fluviatilis.
Lociistalla strepitans Brelini, Vogeljang, p. 2.33 (1855 — " fJalizien ").
Type : o ad. " Lubartow " (Ljubartow) in Poland, 5. vi. 1853. Graf Wod-
zicki leg.
Ljubartow is not really in Galicia, but in Poland, but Count Wodzicki lived
in Galicia. and nearly aU his skins in the Brehm Collection are from Galicia,
therefore Brehm' s mistake is easily understood, as he was not likely to be in
possession of an atlas giving Ljubartow.
143. Locustella Wodzickii Bielim = L. luscinioides luscinioidea.
Locustella Wodzickii Brehm, VogelfaTUf, p. 234 (18.55 — " Galizien ").
TjT)e : ? juv. Wolica, Gali-ia 20. viii. 1853. Graf Wodzi:ki leg.
144. Calamoherpe tenuirostris Brehm = Locustella naevia naevia.
Calamoherpe tenuirostris Brehm, Handb. Xaturg. Vog. Diiitschl. p. 440 (1S31 — J caught near Kahla
a.d. Saale).
Type : <? cage-bird died in cage, 15. ii. 1827. Caught near Kahla, a.d. Saale.
Description exaggerated.
145. Calamoherpe major Brehm = Acroceyhalus arundinaceiis arundinaceus .
Calamoherpe major Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 235 (1855 — Galicia).
Type: ,J ad., Wolica, Galicia, 6. v. 1853. Graf Wodzicki leg.
146. Calamoherpe orientalis Brehm — Acrocephalns streptrvs sireperus.
Calamoherpe orientalis Brehm, Vogelfang. p. 235 (1855 — "' Im JInrgenlancle ").
Type : ? ad., Upper Egypt, March 1850. Oskar Brehm leg.
147. Calamoherpe ambigua A. E. Brehm = Acrocephalns sireperus sireperus.
Calamoherpe amhigua .\. E. Brehm, Allg. D. Naturh. Zcit. 1857. p. 4G7 (Valencia and .Murcia).
Type : 3 ad., Jativa, province of Valencia, 19. vi. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.
148. Calamoherpe pinetorum Brehm = Acrocephalns sireperus sireperus.
Calamoherpe pinetorum Brehm, Isis. 1848. p. 5 (Mecklenburg. Rmthcndurf. Pommern, GiJrMtz).
Type : <J ad., Liibz in Mecklenburg, 15. v. 1843. H. Zander leg.
149. Calamoherpe piscinarum Brehm = Acrocephalns slnpirus sireperus.
Calamoherpe piscinarum Brehm, Handb. Xattirj. Vo/. Hciihcitl. p. 447 (1S3I— lUolhcndorf).
Type: <J juv., Renthendorf, 20. ix. 1828. C. L. Brehm leg.
NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 31
150. Calamoberpe crassirostris Brehm = Acrocephalus strepents streperibs.*
Calainoherpe crassirostris Brehm, Vogd/ang, p. 235 (185.5 — " Morgenland "").
Type : 3 ad., Upper Egypt, 10. v. 1850. Alfred or Oskar Brehm leg.
151. Calamoberpe jimcorum Brehm = Acrocephalus schoenohaenus.
CaiamoJttrpe junmrum Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 1015 (1831 — Renthendorf, 1830,
and G6rlitz).t
Type : S ad., Renthendorf, 3. v. 1830. C. L. Brehm leg.
152. Calamoberpe tritici Brehm = Acrocephalus schoenobaenus.
Calamohfrpe- tritici Brehm, Hand'). Nat. Voj. Dciitschl. p. -149 (1831 — Greif.iwald, Ahlsdorf, Friess-
nitz).
Types: cJ $ ad. (pair, shot on nest with eggs), Greifswald in Pommern,
6. vii. 1826.
153. Sylvia striata Brehm = Acrocephalus aquaticus.
Sylvia striata Brehm, Btitr. Vojdk. ii. p. 281) (1822— Ne\istadt .-v.d. Orla).
Type ? (J ad., Orlatal, 9. iv. 1810. Brehm, t.c, p. 287, says : " Ich besitze ein
Paar." On p. 294, he says that he noticed this bird first on April 23, 181 1>
near Neustadt an der Orla. Perhaps the date is wrong on the label or in the
book ?
154. Hypolais Arigonis A. E. Brehm = Hypolais pallida opaca.
Hijpolais Arigonis A. E. Brehm, AUg. D. Naturhist. Zeit. 1857. p. 467 (Valencia).
Type: S ad., Jativa, prov. Valencia, 3. vii. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.
(To the synonyms should be added : Hypolais Arigonis platyrhynchos ,,
longirostris, brevirostris A. E. Brehm, Verz. Samml. p. 6. 1866 — Nomina, nuda !)
155. Sylvia nndolata Brehm = Sylvia nisoria nisoria.
Si/lvia nndulala Brehm, HaivJb. Nat. Vog. Dciilsclil. p. 415 (1831 — '" Kiimmt sulir selten im nord--
lichen Deutschland, namentlich bei Ahlsdorf vor "").
Type: 3 ad., Ahlsdorf bei Herzberg, vi. 1824. Frhr. von Seyffertitz leg.
ICurmca Vidali Brehm "I o ; • i , ■ i .
_ , = bylvia norfensis hortensis
Curruca caniceps Brehm r , _ ;
Curruca orphea griseocapilla A. E. BrehmJ
"Curruca Vidali, friUier Curivci caniceps" Brehm, Juurn. f.Oin. 1856. J p. 455 (8))ain, though this
is not said).
Curruca griseocapilla A. E. Brehm, AUg. D. Nat. Zeit. 1857. p. 404 (Catalonia, Valencia).
Types: cj ?. pair, Murcia, 20. ix. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg. Both speci-
mens in the grey-headed winter plumage.
* To the synonyms of Acroceplialiis palustris in Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 562, must apparently be
added: Calamoherpe latirostris, pari'irostris, and pallida Brehm, /«»«, 1845. p. ,'i33 (all Egypt and
Nubia.) The types must be in Berlin and should be studied.
t This synonym must be added to those on p. 566 of Vog. pal. Fauna, and also : Calamoherpe
aubphragmilis Bi-ehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 1014, Anhang (" Auf dem Zuge bei Ren-
thendorf und Gorlitz").
{ Probably not published before 1857. See p. 505.
JO NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
157. Curruca musica Brehm = Sylvia hortensis crassirostris.
Curruca musica Brchm, Vogelfang, p. 228 (1858— Sennaar) : id. Journ. f. Orn. 1856, p. 455.
Type : ? ad. Bahr-el-Asrah, Sennaar, 14. ix. 1850. A. E. Brehm leg.
158. Curruca brachyihynchos Brehm = Sylvia borin borin.
Curruca braehjrht/nchos Brchm. Handb. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. p. 416 (1831— " Sie lebt einzeln in
unsem Fichtcnwaldern '").
Type : S ad., " Renthendorfer Nadelholz, Jun. 1817." C. L. Brehm leg.
159. Curruca nigricapilla Brehm = Sylvia atric. atricapilla.
Curruca nigricapilla Brelii!), Handb. Xal. Voj. Deutschl. p. 417 (1831 — "Sic bewohnt UQsere Fich-
tenwalder ").
Types : cJ ? (pair), " Renthendorfer Nadelholz," 13. vi. 1830 (C. L. Brehm leg).
160. Curraca superciliaris Brehm = Sylvia airrnca cmruca.
Curraca superciliaris Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 228 (1855 — " Wandert durch die Lausitz und das
Salzburgische "').
Type : 3 Gorlitz in der Lausitz, 8.ix. 1828. Tobias leg.
161. Curruca assimilis Brehm = Sylvia curruca curruca.
Curruca assimilis Brelim. Wyelfang. p. 228 (1855 — Sennaar).
Type: ? Blue Nile, Sennaar, xii. 1850. A. E. Brehm, leg.
This specimen is very interesting. The white on the outermost rectrix
occupies the outer web, the tip and a broad Hne along the shaft of the ioner web.
and is quite pure and sharply divided. Though this is most unusual, the speci-
men can hardly be anything else than a S. c. curruca. Another ?, shot at the
same place and same time (also called assimilis on the label) has the white on
the inner web of the outermost tail-feather more restricted and somewhat
clouded with brown, as is usual in S. c. curruca.
*(?) 162. Curruca obscura Brehm = Sylvia curruca obscura.
Curruca obscura Brehm. Vogelfang. p. 228 (IS.iS — Grieclienland).
Type: o ad., Attica, April 1845. A. Lindermayer leg.
Cf. Reiser, Ornis Balcanica, m. p. 164 !
The wing of this supposed $ is only 60 mm. long. From what Reiser said —
that the specimens in the Museum at Athens and one S collected by Strimeneas
are very small (the latter wing 62 mm.) and that also eggs from Greece are rather
small — it would seem as if there was a speciaUsed form in Greece, but he considers
that enough material has not yet been examined to estabUsh the subspecies.
163. Curruca luctuosa Brehm = Sylvia melanoc. melanocephala.
Curruca luctuosa Brehm. Vogelfang, p. 229 (Dalniatien).
Type: ,J ad. Dalmatia, 12. v. 1829.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 33
*l(ji. CuiTUca albistriata Brehm = Sylvia cantillans albistriata.
Curruca albistriata Brehm, Vogdjang, p. 229 (1855 — Egypt).
Type : o' ad., Egypt.
165. Curruca obsoleta Brehm = Sylvia undaia inula ta.
Curruca obsoleta Brehm, Vogel/ang, p. 229 (1855 — " Oberitalien ").
Probable type : " $ ad., Italien, September 1829."
The words " oben tiefgrau " in the description do not well suit this speci-
men, wliich is really brown on the upperside, but I believe that " tiefgrau" is
a shp, misprint, or fault.
106. Mimus bruchii Brehm = Agrohutes galuclotes syriacus.
Jlimiis Bnichii Brehm, Isis, 1845. p. 337 * (Greece, specially Athens).
Type : o ad., Attica, 4. vi. 1842.
167. Aedon meridionaUs Brehm = Agrobates galactotes minor.
Aeluii Dirriiliunalis Brehm, Juurn. /. Urn. 18.56. ]). 441 (Seniiaar).
Type : J ad., Blue Nile, Sennaar, xii. 1850. A. E. Brehm leg.
168. Turdus juniperorum Brehm = Turdus pilaris.
Tardus juniperorum Brehm, Isis. 1828. p. 74 (nesting near Ahlsdorfj.f
Type: S ad., Ahlsdorf, 20.vii. 1824. Freiherr von Seyffertitz leg.
169. Turdus Seyffertitzii Brehm = Turdus obscwvs Gm.
Turdus Seyfjertitzii Brehm, Lehrb. Nat. eur. Voj. ii. p. 972 (1824— Ahlsdorf).
Type: S (" primo auctumno "), Ahlsdorf bei Wittenberg, 30. ix. 1823.
Freiherr von Seyffertitz leg.
170. Petrocossyphus polyglottus Brehm = Monticoki saxatilis.
Petrucossyphus pohjqlvttus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Yog. DnUschl. p. 370 (1831 — " ISie lebt an der
Siidseitc der Aljien, wahrsclieinlich bei Triest, triigt andere Gesange vortreffiich vor ").
Type : S ad., died in cage in Vienna, 11. xi. 1824. (Probably in the posses-
sion of Count Gourcy-Droitaumont.)
There is, in my opinion, no doubt that this specimen is the type of the name
P. polyglottus. The label had come off and was referred to the specimen by
Kleinschmidt. The indefinite and merely supposed locality, together witli the
description of the song, indicate that the supposed species was described from
a cage-bird. The description agrees well with the example.
* This is the earliest appearance of the name briiclui. In Vog. pat. Fauna, p. 605, I quoted
Aedon Bruchii. 1850, as the oldest one,
t This ia the first publication of the name juniperorum. Also the name suhpilaris was pub-
Hshed in 1828 (Isis. p. U6, from specimens nesting near .Ahlsdorf), not 1831 as hitherto quoted.
3
;J4 NclMTATES ZoOLOCIrAK X.W. IIUS.
171. Petrocossyphus Gourcyi Hiclmi = Movticola saxalilis*
Pelroeossjittliiis Ooiirci/i Brolim. Handb. Xat. Vdij. Dciitisdit. \t. ;tTO (ISUl — " Li'lii in lialii'ii iiiul
dstcrroiVh. " Described fmm eniro-binl).
Type : o ml- Died in cage in possession of t'ount (..oiui.v-Dfoitauiuout in
Vienna, 20. vi. 1820. Caught near Triest.
112. Vitillora paradoxa linlnn = Oenanthc deserli dcserli.
Vilifiiiitt iHimdi'vn Uivlim, Wigd/ang. |i. 224 (ISoS — " Veriiit sic'h luis Aegypti'ii nucli Siuloun>()«."
Terra lypica ICiryiit. Bi-chm only sr\w speeimens from Upper Euypt Hiiil Niiliia. ami its (iceiir-
roiu'c ill Kmvpe wiis. as in many civscs, only his imagination, mentioiif;! in onloi lu jn.^lity liis
iiitmHiietion of the species into (ho Viyellang).
Type: <i ad., Assuan, Upper Egypt, Marcli IS.'id. Osltar Brehm leg.
*173. Vitiilora leucopyga Brehm = Oenanthc kitcopi/ga kucopygu.
Vitiflom lf%icop!/gii Hroliiii. p. 'Jio (ISrio— Kgypt and South Eunipe — the latter imagination. K.\
I'aul (Ic Wiirttcmlierg MS.).
Type : S ad., Nubia, 30. iii. 1850.
174. Dromolaea leucocephala A. E. Brehm = Oenanthc kucopyga kvcopygii.
Droimiliitii UiUiKt/tlMUi A. V.. Brehm, i/uhjh. /. Orii. ISoS. p. (i-' (" Ober-Agypten. Nubicn. Siuaihalb-
insci ").
Types : o' ? ad., pair, Assuan. Upper Egj'pt, 21. ii. IS52. A. E. Brehm leg.
17."). Lusciiiia eximia Bivlnu = Luscinia luscinia lL.)t
LusiHia eximia Brehm, r<>!/t//iinj, \>. 144 (1855 — I'ngarn).
Tj-pe; (J Budapest, 13. ix. 1838.
17(1. Luscinia bybrida Brehm = Luscinia luscinia (L.).
Liiiii-iniu hybrida Brehm. Vt^itl/anj. p. 1 t."> (IS.Io — Polen).
Type : o Poland, killed in capti%aty, 11. viii. 1838.
177. Accentor major Brehm = Pninella collaris collaris.
Accentor major Biehiii, Handh. Xal. Vdj. Pnitschl. p. llXlf* (1831 — " Xoidseito der deutschcn
.■\lpen ").
Type: o ad., cage- bird fioin North Tyrol, died in Viumia 182U.
*17S. Accentor subalpiuus Brehm = Pntnclla collaris subalpina.
Afccnliir S!i(i<ilpini(f Ihehm. Iliindb. y-iliinj. I'o/. Dinhrhl. p. U'U'.l (1831 — Dalmatia).
Type : o ad., Dalmatia, 30. iv. 1828.
• To the sjTionyms of Monticola noliiariti^ solitariua ( Vog. pol. Fuuna, p. 074) must be added :
Pctroeossi/phus Mlchahfl/i.t Brehm, Handb. Xatiiry. Vog. Dculschl. p. 1007 (IS.'il — Dalmatia).
This is another of the hitherto overlooked Brehmian names, showing how carelessly his works have
been regarded.
t This ia the philomcia of former and obstinate recent authors. To the sjnionyms of L. mrga-
rhi/whoD must be added : Luscinia Itala Brehm and Gourey-Droitaiimont. Handb. Sliiben-und
Haiisiwr. p. 7-1 (1S:S'J — Itttlyl.
To the sjiionyms of P/jocMicuru^ ochmros gibraliariensi,^ add ; Phaeca Sifssoni Billberg, Syn.
Fiitin. Scand. p. C4 (1S2S — Now name for tityi auct.).
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICA?; XXV. 1918. ' 35
179. Cinclus melanogaster Brehm = Cinclus cinclus cinclus.
Cinclufj mckmogaster Brchni, lititr. z. Vojclk, ii. pp. 111-118 * (1822 — Described from a male, said
to be shot on the shore of Riigen, by Schilling, in November 1819. The label, however, says
4. xii. 1819, but there cannot be another specimen, as the description agrtcj minutely and
Brehm later, Nauma.nnia, 1856. p. 189, expressly says, that only this one specimen w.as obtained
for him, and anotlici- loi tlie mu.jeum in Grcifswald. Probably i\\e error i.s on the label).
Type: <? Riigen, 4. xii. 1819. Schilling coll.
Much is made in the description of the tail, which is said to have only ten
rectrices. In Vog. jxtl. Fauna, p. 788, I stated that the taU of the type is
incomplete, but I am not so sure now that my statement was correct, and am
inclined to believe that the tail was aberrant, in having tin rectrices only.
180. Cinclus septentrionalis Brehm = Cinclvs cinclus cinclus.
Cinchin xcplcntrionalis Brehm, Lthrb. Xuturrj. alter eur. V6/. i. p. 287 (1823 — " Waldbache
Xorwegcns ").
Type: " Skandinavien, ^ aestate."
181. Cinclus medius Brehm = Cinclus cinclus aquaticvs.f
Cinclus meA'u« Brehm, Handb. Sal. loy. Deutschl. p. ■'i9o(1831 — Thiiringcr Wold) ; id., Xaumunnin,
1856. p. 186 (Bonde coll., Th.iringcr Wald, 23. vi. 1827).
Type: J ad. Thiiringer Wald, 23. vi. 1827. Bonde leg.
182. Cinclus rupestris Brehm = Cinclus cinclus aquaticus.
Ciwlus rupestris Brelim, Nuiiin/iinna, 1856. p. 188 (" Sachsische Schwciz, Thiiringer Wald, Dal-
matien ").
Type : (J $ (pair), Bastei, Sachsische Schweiz, 15. vii. 1834.
(In their list of Bavarian Birds Messrs. HcUmayr and Laiibniiuiii mention
three forms of Water-ouzels : C. cinclus medius ( = aquuticus), nieridionalis, and
tschusii. It is a pity that not a few words were added about their distribution.
With regard to "tschusii" they might have alluded to my statement, Vog. ]xd.
Fauna, p. 791, that I could not .see any differences in eleven skins from Rhein-
land.) The specimen from Dalmatia (if the locaUty is correct) must be a
straggler, because meridionalis is the Dalmatian form.
183. Cinclus peregrinus Brehm = Cinclus cinclus aquaticus.
Ciitclu-H peret/rinua IJrchm. Namruinnia, 1856. p. 187 (Thiiringer Wald, Aschachtal in r)bcros-
terreich).
Type : <J ad. Thuringer Wald, 12. xii. 1819.
Underside dark, approaching C. c. cinclus. Such specimens (still widely
different from C. c. cinclus in other respects) are found occasionally in other parts
* This is the earliest description, not Lchrb. Nat. alter eur. Vocj. i. p. 289, vrhieh appeared in
1823.
t In their excellent Nomertclator dcr Vogel Bayerns, which agrees so much with my nomen-
clature in The Hanrl-lial of British Birds, p. 14, Messrs. Hellraayr and Laubmann reject the name
aquaticus for medius Brehm, because it was first published in Bcchstein's Oeireue Ahhild. ii. Heft 3.
p. 47. tab. 30. 1787, and was merely a new name for Limit's .SVwrnus cinclus. It is true that Bech-
stein quotes Linne's name as a synonym, but, as he clearly figures the German Water-ouzel and
calls his bird the " deutsche Wassersanger." I think that his name can be restricted to the Germaa
form and retained. We also restrict Linnaeus's names to Sweden, even if he says " Habitat Europa" I
To the synonyms of G. c. aquaticus must be added : Cinclus hydrorphilus^ Borkhausen, 1797.
36 NOVITATES ZOOLOGKAE XXV. I!1lf5.
of Germany. The coloration of the underside is always variable in Dippers ;
even of C. c. cinclus specimens are found occasionally with some rufous on the
breast.
*184. Cinclus meridioualis Brehm = Cinclus cinclus meridionalis.
Cinclus meridionalis Brehm, Naumannin, ISoii. |>. ISG (Karnthen, von Guber coll.).
Type: $ ad., Ressnig in Kar,.tlicu, 10. xi. 1834; von Guber leg. Prob-
ably this should be " von Hueber." Most Carintliian specimens in the collection
were collected by tliis gentleman, who is the author of a book on the birds of
Carinthia.*
185. Cypselus fuscicollis Brehm = Apus melba ujricanus. f
Cypselus juscicollis Brehm, Vo'jdjang, \>. 45 (IS.'Jo — " Afrika ").
Type : " S vere, promontorium bonae spei."
*186. Upupa major Brehm = Upupa epops major.
V pupa majur Brehm, Voijdjanrj, p. 78 (1S5.5 — Egypt).
Type: d ad. (erroneously marked •,>), Egypt, 16. iii. 1S49. Baron von
Miiller's Expedition. A. E. Brehm leg.
187. Alcedo paUida Brehm = Alcedo atthis ntlhis (L.).
Alcedu pallida A. E. Brclim, Joiim. /. (hn. ISo.i. p. 4.54 | (E};ypt) ; L'. L. Brehm, Vo'jdjang. p. 51
(IS.M).
Type: V ad., Fua, Delta of the Nile, 27.x. I,s4i). A. E. Brehm leg.
About the name of the European and Egyptian Kingfisher see Laubmann,
Verh. Orn. Ges. Baijern, xii. 4. p. 238 (1916). It is quite clear that Linnaeus,
Sysl. Nat., ed. x. i. p. 109 (1758), under the name of Graculu Atthis, described the
Egyptian Kingfisher, ex " Hassclquist, iter 140, n. 20," where a full and unmis-
takable description is given. The North African form of our Kingfisher must
therefore be called : Alcedo atthis atthis (L.), and the European one : Alcedo atthis
ispidu Li.
*188. Geciuus pinetorum Brehm = Picus viridis pinetorum.
Gecinua pintlurum Brehm, Handh. Xalmy. Voij. DkuIscM. p. 197 (IS.'il — " Bewohiit die dcutschen
Fichtenwalder ").
Type : $ ad., Renthendorf, 4. ii. 1816. C. L. Brehm leg.
* The following correction must be made xmder Chelidon rufiti^a ruHtica on p. 800 of Vog. pal.
Fauna : The name Cccropis ttabulorityn Brehm was first i")ublishcd litis. 1841. p. 132, and described
from Renthendorf and neighbourhood ; the author calls it " die gewohnlichste Schwalbe unserer
Gegend." To the synonyms must be added :
Cecropls aedium Brehm, Isis, 1841. p. 132 (Kiirnlhoii). No type of any of the names of Swal-
lows can be fixed with certainty in the Brehm Collection.
I Cypfdus murinus Brehm was first described, /sj», IH40. p. oO.'J, from specimens from L'pper
Egypt, probably in the Berlin JIuseum. The specimen from Siut, collected by A. E. Brehm in
1850, can therefore not be the type of the name murinii.'i '.
t This is the first publication of the name !
JfOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. l'J18. 3?
189. Gecinus cuneirostris Brehm * = Picus viridis pinetorum.
Geciniis cuneirostris Brchiu. Ally. I). Naturh. Zeit. 1853. p. 4fi2 ('" Uriser Specht sclieiiU der hieaigen
Gegend nicht anzugeliiiren. er kam hicr iiiir in dem Ualteii tt'intc-r 1845 vor, in wplohem einige
verhungerten ").
Type: $ ad., Renthendoif, 3.iii. 1845. C. L. Brehm leg.
Specimen with exceptionally short and stumpy beak, underside pale and
with faint brownish tips to the feathers.
*190. Picus hortorum Brehm = Dryohutes minor hortorum.
Picus hortorum Brehm, Humlb. Not. Voy. Dentschl. p. 192 (1831 — " Er halt sich gem in den in
Gebirgsgegenden nahe an Waldem liegenden Garten au£ ").
Type : S ad., Renthendorf, 3. ii. 1822. C. L. Brehm coll.
As this is the only male in the collection dated before 1831, I think it may
fairly be claimed as the type.
191. Ficoides septentrionalis Brehm = Picoides tridactylus iridactylus.
Picoides seplentrionalis Brehm, Handh. Nat. Voj. Dentschl. p. Ifl.i (1831 — " Norwegen ").
Type : cJ, Norwegen, September.
192. Picoides montanus Brehm = Picoides tridactylus alpintts.
Picoides montanus Brehm, Handh. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. p. 194 (1831 — " Tyroler .\ljien ").
Types : ,J $ ad., pair, shot at nest, Rathausberg in Tyrol, 6. vii. 1826.
193. Picus hueberi Brelim f = Dryobates leucotos leucotos.
Picu,s hueberi Brehm, Isis, 1843. pp. 728. 729 (Kiimtlien, collected by von Hueber in Kiagenfiirl, wlio
collected most or all Carinthian birds in the Brelim Collection).
Type: S ad., Karnthen, 2.xi. 1830. Von Hueber coll. This specimen
agrees in every detail with Brehm's description.
(In 1855, Vogelfang, p. 69, Brehm described — giving a very brief description
as usual in his Vogelfang — a Picus polonicus, of which he said that it lived in
" Galizien luid Karnthen." There are three specimens in the collection from
GaUcia, but only a female is marked polonicus, and that does not agree with the
diagnosis. As the author included also " Karnthen," and no longer mentions
his hveberi, he evidently united the latter with polonicus.)
194. Picus roseiventiis Brehm = Dryobates leucotos leucotos.
Picus roseiventris (nee Brehm 1855. quid Dryoh. medius !) Brehm, Allg. D. Nat. Zeit. 1856. p. 462
(Hungary).
Types : <? ? ad., " Unterungam," 6. iv. 1835.
195. Cuculus longipennis Brehm = Cuculus canorus canorus.
Cuculns longipennis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 271 (No locality) ; id. Allg. D. Naturh. Zeit.
1856. p. 456 (Pommem, $ ad, Pottangow, 7. vii. 1848, Renthendorf " ziemlich selten ").
Type: ? ad., Pottangow in Pommem, 7. vii. 1828. Eugen von Homeyer
leg.
* Thia name has hitherto been overlooked.
t This name, as well as Picus roseiventris Brehm. I85G. must be added to the list of synonyms
on p. 915 of Vug. pal. Fauna, ii.
S8 NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXV. 1918.
*196. Cucolus canorus minor Brehm = Cuculus canorus minor.
Cuculus mnorus minor A. E. Brehm, Allrj. D. Naturh. Zeit. 18.^7. p. 444. (Pro))ably not published
before 185S — " Nord — -und Mittelspanien ").*
Type : $ ad., Enguera, province of Valencia, 12. vii. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.
No type was marked, but this ? may, I think, be looked upon as the type.
While C. c. minor is the form which inhabits Spain and N.W, Africa in summer
and propagates there, Cuculus canorus canorus passes through on migration in
autumn and spring.
,„„ r Cuculus macrourus Brehm i /,,,,,
i^'-i/ii,. . T., = Clainator qlanaar
lOxylophus minor Brehm /
lus.
Cuculus macrourus Brehm, Beitr. z. Vojelk. i. p. 494 (1820— Near Lubben in the Spreetal).t
Oxylophus minor Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 53 (1835 — New name for Cuculus macrourus).
Type: ? ad., Liibben a.d. Spree, Nieder-Lausitz, August 1813. First
specimen ever obtained in Germany.
198. Colaptes ferrugineus Brehm = Microptermis brachyurus hrachyurus.
Colaptes ferrugineus Brehm, Allg. D. Naturh. Zeil. 185fl. p. 464 (Java).
Type " $ Java." (Probably from Boie.)
199. Scops minor Brehm = Otus scops scops.
Scops minor Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 43 (1855 — Karnthen and Dalmatien).
Type: <? ad., " Zauehen in Karnthen," 10. v. 1836. (There may be a
"Zauohen " in Carinthia, but I can only find Zauehen in Styria).
200. Scops rupestris Brehm = Otu.s scops scops.
Scops rupestris Brelim, Vojdfang. p. 43 (1855 — Italy).
Type : ? ad., caught at nest, Pisa, 20. vi. 1829.
201. Scops rufescens Brehm = Otus scops scops.
Scops rufescens Brehm, Vogeljanj. p. 43 (South Fr.ance).
Type : ? ad.. South France.
A strongly rufescent specimen ; such strongly developed erythrisms are
rare among 0. scops.
202. Scops pygmea Brehm = Otus senegalensis senegalensis.
Scnps pygmea Brehm, Vogelfanj, p. 43 (1855 — " Im Winter in Nordostafrika ").
Type : S ad., Sennaar, 10. i. 1851. A. E. Brehm leg.
In Vog. pal. Fauna, ii. p. 982, I called this bird Otus capensis senegalensis.
and quoted for Scops capensis " Smith, S. Ajr. Quart. Journ., 2nd ser. no. 4.
part. i. p. 316. 1834," but it should have been 314, not 316. .Moreover, now
that these little owls are called Otus, the specific name must be senegalensis,
' What is Cuculus brachjrhynchoa Brehra, Allg. D. Naturh. Zeit. 1856. p. 457 (Japon, from
Tileaius) ? It must, I think, ho C. catiorus telcphonua or C. optatus. Type not in the collection,
t This is the first appearmice of the name. See aiao Lehrb. Naturg. alter etir. Fdy. i. p. 128 (1823).
NOVITATES ZOOLOGtCAE XXV. 1918. 39
because Otus capensis is anticipated by Otus capensis Smith, I.e. p. 316, which
we now call Asio capensis capensis {Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 990). It seems to me
that the native Scops-owls from N.E. Africa are not separable from those of
Senegambia ; should it be otherwise, Brehm's name pygmea should be adopted.
I doubt if Neumann's ugandae is constantly different from senegalensis. The
South African form, I think, will have to be called Otus senegalensis latipennis
(Kaup).
{Note. — On p. 964 of Vog. pal. Fauna I have quoted as the earliest date of
Bubo pallidus Brehm, 1855, but it appeared already in Isis, 1842. p. 503, where
it has been given to a pair from " Siberia " in the Berlin Museum. Though the
description is not very detailed, I am afraid this name must take the place of
sibiricus. Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 963.)
203. Otus minor Brehm = Asio otus otus.
Otus minor Brehm. Vogelfang, p. 42 (1855 — Greece).
Type: ? ad., Attica, v. 1847. Probably — like most or all Gre^k birds in
the Brehm Collection — collected by Dr. A. Lindermayer.
This bird appears to be somewhat small, but the tips of both wings are much
damaged, so that the wing-measurement cannot be taken. Brehm only said
that it was much smaller !
204. Otus assimilis Brehm = Asio otus otus.
Otus assimilis Brehm, Vngeljang, p. 413 (1855 — " Osteuropa ").
Type : ? ad., near Sarepta, March 1853. (Collected by Herrnhuter Bros.)
The very dark outer primaries, which are as dark as in the darkest speci-
mens of Asio otus canariensis, are stril^ing. It is very rare for long-eared owls
to have such dark primaries, but it is a very variable character and occurs now
and then.
*205. Otus leucopsis Brehm = Asio flammeus leucopsis.
<>lii.s Iciieopsis Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 413 (1855 — " In O.stenropa bei Sarepta "').
Type: cj ad., Sarepta, a.d., Wolga, 2.iv. 1853.
(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, ii. p. 989.)
206. Nyctale minor Brehm = Aegolius tengmalmi tengmalmi.
Nyctale minor Brehm. Vogelfang, p. 38 (1855 — Rare in pine woods, winter, near Renthendorf).
Type: cj near Renthendorf, 10. xi. 1854. C. L. Brehm leg. (Undoubtedly
the original specimen.)
207. Nyctale l)aedeckeri Brehm = Aegolius tengmalmi tengmalmi.
Ni/ctale Baedeckeri Brehm, Vogelfang. p. 38 (1855 — Breeding in Savoy).
Type: ? ad.. Savoy, 12. iv. 1853, caught on eggs.
(Aegolius tengmalmi must have been fairly common near Renthendorf, at
least in the time of C. L. Brehm, for there is not only quite a series of specimens,
but also nestlings in various stages in the collection.)
40 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
208. Athene major Brehm = Athene, noctua noctvM.
Athene major Brehm, Naumannia, 1858. p. 222 (Pommern, E. von Homeyer leg).*
Tjrpe : ? ad., Pommerania, November 1853. Eugen von Homeyer leg.
The label has : " Species nova a nobis detecta rarissima.."
*209. Athene indigena Brehm = Athene noctua indigena.
Athene indigena Brehm, Xaumannia, 18.58. p. 22G (" Attika und Unteragypten ").
Type : $ ad., Attica, iv. 1842. Dr. Lindermayer leg.
*210. Athene Vidalii Brehm = Athene noct^ia vidalii.
Athene Vidalii A. E. Brehm, Allg. D. Natiirh. Zcit. 1857 (Spanien) ; C. L. Brehm, Naumannia, 1858.
p. 224 (South Spain, chiefly near Murcia. Much fuller description of this very distinct sub-
species).
Type : ? ad., Murcia, 10. ix. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.
211. Athene ferruginea Brehm = Athene noctua glaux.
Athene jerruginea Brelim, Naumannia, 1858. p. 229 (.\chmim in Upper Egypt).
Type : 3 ad., Achmim, Upper Egypt, 8. iii. 1850. A. E. Brehm leg.
212. Athene intercedens Brehm = Athene noctua glaux.
Athene intercedens Brehm, Naumannia, 1858. p. 227 (Algeria, collected by Dr. Buvry).
Type : S, Plain of Ain-Mokra on lac Fetzara, 3. v. 1855. L. Buvry leg.
This specimen looks rather different from the type of jerruginea, but both
are within the range of individual variation as shown in our series from Algeria
as well as in those from Egypt.
213. Glaucidium miciorhynchum Brehm = Glaucidium jyass. passerimim.
Glaucidium microrhynchum Brehm, Yogeljang, p. 30 (1855 — Sweden).
Type : ? FinspSng, S. Sweden, iii. 1846.
214. Strix splendens Brehm = Tyto alba alba.
Strix splendens Brehm, Vogdjang. p. 40 (1855 — " Nordostafrika und am Rheine ") ; Naumannia,
1858. p. 21S (" Nordostafrika " Hemprich and Ehrenberg coll., "' Sennaar " Alfred Brehm coll.,
Strassburg).
Type: S Cairo, 5. xi. 1848. Evidently collected by Hemprich and Ehren-
berg, exchanged from the Berlin Museum, wliere Brehm had found the name
on labels.
Though Brehm unitid with the Egyptian form a specimen from Strassburg,
the Cairo birds were evidently his types.
* To the synonyms of Athene noctua noctua must be added :
Athene', paaserina vulgaris Brehm, Naumannia, 1858. p. 22.3 (near Renthendorf) and Athene
passerina leucophrys Brehm, I.e. (" Nord — und Mitteldeutschland "). Both names were quoted as
nortiina nuda of 1866 in Yog. pal. Fauna, p. 1001. Specimens from the Crimea which I (p. 1003)
questionably united with A. in. indigena have been named Athene glaux l-essieri by Semenow (Mew.
Acad. St. Petersbourg, 8 ser. viii. note, p. 14 (1899). The entire description, however, is ' inlci-
mediate between A. glaux and A. noctua."
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 41
215. Strix kirchhoffii Brehm = Tyto alba alba.
Strix Kirchhoffii A. E. Brehm, AUg. D. Naturh. Zeitung, 1857. p. 44(1 (Spain) ; C. L. Brehm,
Namnannia, p. 219 (South Spain).
Type : S ad., Spain, xi. 1856. A. E. Brehm coll.
This must be the type, as it is the only Spanish skin in the collection and
has a perfectly white underside. Unfortunately it has lost its original label
and has no primaries, the latter apparently having been torn out. It is in the
tyj)ical preparation of A. E. Brehm and collected in 1856. As I have pointed
out before, Alfred Brehm did not intend to separate the Spanish Barn-Owl from
that of Central Europe, but he named only those with white underside Strix
kirchhoffi, and he allowed also Strix flammea adspersa and splendens to occur
in Spain.
216. Strix margaritata Brehm = Tyto alba alba.
Strix margaritata Brehm, Vugdiiiny, p. 40 (1855 — without indication of locaUty) ; Naiimannia ,
1858. p. 216 (" Se. Hoheit. der Herzog Paul von Wiirttemberg entdecUte diese Eule in Nord-
afrika, und batte die Gute, mir ein Stiick zu iiberlassen. Icli erhielt sie aber auch aus dem
Rodathale im Oktober 1845, und friiher schon au.s Gera, namlich im Jahre 1826. Sie ist in
meinem Handbuehe als Strix guttata besehrieben "). The type, therefore, is the bird from the
Duke Paul of Wiirttemberg. The last sentence, i.e. that this bird was described in 1831 as
>S. guttata, is not clear, because there he described birds from Riigen, which visited Germany
in winter, with pale rusty yellow underside and white middle of abdomen ; nothing is said
about spots on the underside.
Type : S ad., Egyirt, winter. Received from Duke Paul of Wiirttemberg.
I have united the Egyptian birds with the rest of the Mediterranean ones
and given my reasons on pages 1032-1036 of Vog. d. pal. Fauna. There is
no doubt that Egyptian birds show as a rule numerous spots on the underside,
but they are not constant and such specimens occur also in other countries.
217. Strix paradoxa Brehm = Tyto alba alba.
Strix paradoxa Brehm, Naumannia, 1858. p. 217 (collected by Dr. Buvry in Algeria).
Type : S ad., Plain of Bone, North Algeria, 13. vii. 1855. Dr. L. Buvry leg.
218. Strix adspersa Brehm = Tyto alba guttata.
Strix adspersa Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 40 (1855 — without indication of locality) ; id., Namnannia.
1858. p. 215 (Eisenberg in Altenburg and Orlatal).
Type: Eisenberg in Altenburg, 5. iv. 1816.
This is a specimen with golden brown underside, a typical dark German
bird.
*219. Strix maculata Brehm — Tyto alba macvlata.
Strix matulata Brehm, Vogelfang. p. 40 (185.5 — " Nordostafrika "') ; id., Naumannia, 1858. p. 220
(" Sennaar ").
Type : 9 ad., Khartum, 16. v. 1851. A. E. Brehm leg.
This is an excellent, easily recognisable subspecies, which inhabits Africa
generally, from Nubia (Shendi) to South Africa.
42 NOVITATES ZOOLORICAE XXV. 1918.
220. Falco griseiventris Brehra = Falco peregrmus peregrirms*
Falco griseiventris Brehm, Isis, 1833. p. 778 (" Icli erhielt einen jungen Vogpl im October vom
friessnitzer See ; em sehr altes schones Maunchen wurde auf dem Ritfergute des Herrn Baron
von Beust zu Nimritz iinweit Neustadt an der Orla am 24. Octol)cr 1S26 gc^chossen ").
Type: <J ad., Nimritz bei Neustadt, a.d., Orla, 24. x. 1S2G.
221. Falco leucogenys Brehm = Falco feregrinus cxdidus.
Falco Icucngcnys Brehm, Naumannia, 1854. pp. 51. GO. (On page 61 it is said : " Er bewohnt
Deutschlanct und gelit bis nach Egypten " ; but the first mentioned .specimen, on p. 51, is one
shot in tlie valley of the Saale on Octol)er 28th, 182r). I therefore eonsiiier this to be the type.jf
Type : S, " two years old," iu nearly coraplete adult dress, Hummelshain,
valley of the Saale, 28. x. 1825.
222. Cerchneis niflceps Brehm = Falco tinnunculiis tinnuncidus.
Cerchnels ritfireps Brehm, Vogdjanj. ji. 29 (1855—" In Nordafrika und Siideuroija." Restricted
terra typica : Fayoum, Egypt).
Type : <? ad., Oasi.s of El Fayoum, Egypt, 14. i. 1852. A. E. Brehm leg.
We are still in uncertainty about the Egyptian Kestrels, but it seems to
me that F. tiiinunciilns tinnunculiis is a winter visitor, while the form which
nests in Egypt { ? or perhaps only in Nubia) is rupicolaeformis.
223. Cerchneis ruficauda Brehm = Falco tinnuncvhis rvpicoheformis.
Cerchneis ruficauda Brchtn, Yocjcljang. p. 29. No. 10 (1855 — Without indication of locality. Terra
typica, Fua, Egypt).
Type : S Fua, Nile Delta, 4. xi. 1849. A. E. Brehm leg.
In Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1083, I have placed the name Cerchneis rvficavda as
a sjmonym of Falco tinn. tinnunculus ; but as the only fairly old male in the
collection (the type) agrees with F. t. rupicolaeformis, the name is better placed
among the synonyms of the latter. The red head and red tail are of course not
a specific character ; it is found in many younger males and sometimes in fairly
old, though apparently not in quite adult males. Besides the type there is
only an adult female in very worn plumage and a juvenile male, both from
Egypt, in the collection.
[To the synonyms of Aquila chrysaetos chrysaelos (L.) must be added :
Aquila sarmatica
Siemonuszowa-Pietruski, Allg. D. Natiirh. Zeitung, 1847. p. 44, described from
a live bird taken from a nest in the 8amborer Kreis in the Carpathians, and
supposed to be a subspecies of A. chrysaetos.']
* To p. 1043 of V6q. d. pal. Fauna must be added : The earliest appearance of the name Falco
cornicum is Brehm, Ornis. iii. p. 6 (1S27 — " Streicht im Winter in Deutschland herum"). On
p. IOCS must be added to the synonyms of Pako rasticolus ruaticolua : Falco umbrinu« Billberg,
Vetcnsk. Acad. Handl, 180il. p. 202. Taf. vi.
t In the synonymy of Falco subbuteo .lubl/ideo must be corrected : Falco hirnndinuin Brehm,
Orms, iii. p. 8 (1827— C.ermany). To the synonyms of - Falco columbariua regnlus" (rectius F.c.
aeaalon — cf. ISritiah Hirds, ix. p. 5 1) must be added : Falco aubaeaalon Brehm, Ornls, iii. p. S) (1827
— " Patrio Islandia. hiome in Germaniara migrant").
NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918. 43
*224. Aquila adalberti Brehm = Aquila heliacn adalherti.
Aquila Adalberti, A. Adalberti major und minor Brehm, Bericht XIII. Vers. Deiilsch. Orn. Ges.
1860. pp. 60-62 (1861— Spain).
Type : " ? triennis, Hispania." This specimen is evidently one of the first
obtained by Reinhold Brehm and it agrees with the original description I
think it may, therefore, be claimed to be the type. Brehm only knew the
juvenile and median plumages, and, judging from the fact that his son Reinhold
found pairs nesting in the juvenile plumage, and that specimens in the Zoo-
logical Gardens at Hamburg did not change into a black plumage, he concluded
that the bird always remained all its life in a rusty plumage, and was thus a
very distinct species, more nearly related to the r-a;w.r-group than to any other.
Dresser appears to have been the first to discover the fully adult black plumage,
and he described it as A. lencolena, in 1872, not knowing that it had, in another
plumage, already received the name adalherti. Though always recognisable, it
must be treated as a subspecies of the Eastern A. heliaca heliaca. It seems
to breed not unfrequently in the juvenile plumage ; possibly some individually
never attain the usual black garb of the fully adult male and female.
225. Aquila raptor Brehm = Aquila rapax albicans.
Aquila raptor A. E. Brehm, Naioimrmia, 1855. p. 13 (Blue and White Nile).
Type : cJ ad.. Blue Nile, 8. ii. 1857. A. E. Brehm leg.
In the Bericht XIII. Vers. Deutsch. Orn. Ges. p. 55 (1861) C. L. Brehm
altered the name into Aquila lestris, because raptor, having no feminine gender,
could not be used for female birds ! *
226. Aquila variegata Brehm = Aquila rapax albicans.
Aquila variegata Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 9 (1855 — " Nordostafrika ") ; id.. Ber. XIII. Vers. Deutsch.
Orn. Ges. 1860. p. 58 (1861— Sennaar).
Type : <? ad., Sennaar, 13. ii. 1857. A. E. Brehm leg.
227. Aquila fusco-atra Brehm = Aquila ckinga.
Aquila I usco-atra Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 10 (18.55 — " Ungeraein selten in Deutschland ") : id., .4%.
Deutsche Naturh. Zeit. 1856, p. 16 (Description from a specimen shot near (iuc-rfurlh, and
some from Egypt).
Type: <J med., Querfurth, 20.1.1820.
It is not without pleasure that I once again u.se the old name Aquila
clanga. Though it is the third name according to priority, both the older names
have been preoccupied. Falco inaculatus Gm. (1788) is antedated by Falco
maculatus, Tunstall 1771, which is used for a spotted Pernis apivorus ; Aquila
fusca Brehm (1823) has been used by Dumont in 1804 for a bird which was
probably a Golden Eagle.
[Here must be added that A. bijusciata was first described in Lehrb. Nat.
eur. Yog. ii. p. 974 (1824 — Described from .specimens seen by Hornschuch in
various collections — some at least from Switzerland and one from Zweibriicken
* In Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1095, the name raptor has inadvertently been omitted. On p. 1091
might be added : Aquila occidentalis A. E. Brehm, Ber. XIII. Deutsch. Orn, Ges. pp. 90, 97, "omen
nudum I
44 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 19l8.
in the Palatinate in Bruch's possession in Mayence. The description is peculiar ;
the nostrils are described as " lialbmond-oder ohrmuschelformig/' ^\hich would
agree with Aquila nipalensis orientalis rather than «ith dutif/d, but the locaUties
and some other details point to the latter. One might, therefore, quote the
name bifa.iciata Brehm (1824) «ith a query and " partim"" among the synonyms
of A. nijxikii.sis orkntalis. In nwy case the publication of the name in 18J4
makes it now quite certain that A. hifnsciata Gray (1830-32) cannot be used for
the eastern form, -4. nipalensis nijxilensis Hodgs.]
228. AcLuila Julviventris Brehm = Aquila clanga.
Aquila fulvii'entris Brehm, Vwjeljang, p. 10 (1S.55 — Egypt, tiermany) ; id., AUrj. D. Naturh. Zeil.
18,^6, p. 14. (Menzaleh Lake, and one specimen from Gera in the collection of the prince of
Sohlejz.)
Type : S annuus, Lake Menzaleh, Egypt, 4. iv. 1849. A. E. Brehm leg.
229. Aguila subnaevia Brehm = Aquila pomarina jwrnarina.
Aqiiiln siibnaeina Brelim. Vorjiljang, p. 10 (1855 — Greece) ; id., Allg. D. Xaturh. Zeit. 1856, p. 20.
(Better description.)
Type : o ad., Greece, vii. 1847. On the label : " Differt ab omnibus siraUibus
dimensione minori." Though a very small specimen, a typical A. p. ponuirina.
230. Aquila assimilis Brehm = Aquila pomarina pomarina.
Aquila assimilii: Brehm, AUg. D. Naturh. Zeit. 1850, p. 20 (Pommern).
Type : S ad., Pommern, v. 1822. On the label : " Differt ab Aquila ndevia
dimensione minori et rostro graciliori." This specimen is perhaps also the
type of Aquila pomarina Brehm 1831. Brehm sometimes altered and shifted
his own names, like other authors during his time.
231. Aquila Wiedii Brehm = Hieraaetus fasciatus fasciatvs.
Aquila Wiedii A. E. Brehm, Namnannia, 1855. p. 25. (Description of a female said to be in the
intermediate plumage changing into the final adult one, which had been caught by Arabs near
Tohr on the Red Sea, Sinai Peninsula, on November 17, 1851, and which was bought by A. E.
Brehm and preserved. It is interesting to read tlie full story. I.e.)
Type : ? Tohr on the Red Sea, Arabia Petraea, caught on 17. xi. 1851.
The unnaturally lengthened upper mandible is clearly the effect of captivity ;
the tips of the wings and taU are of course somewhat worn.
232. Aquila minuta Brehm = Hieraaetus pennatus.
Aquila mimta Brehm, Beilr. z. I'ogell: i. p. 08 * (1820 — Description of a male shot near Neustadt
a.d. Orla on October 7, 1810).
Type : <J jun. Neustadt, a.d. Orla, 7. x. 1810.
* A. minuta has hitherto been quoted as of Brehm, Handb. 1831, but it was first described
in 1820, as above, and again in Lehrbuch d. Nat. all. eur. Vog. i. p. 21 (1823).
Under Buteo buteo huteo, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1120, the following corrections must be matlc:
Falco miirum was first described in Ornis. ii. p. 21 (1820 — Germany), Falco mrdiun. I.e. p. 22
(1820— Germany).
Under Tlnteo lagopus lagopus, p. 1128:
Fako sublagopua Brehm, Ornis, ii. p. 24 (1820 — " Er bewohnt das nordliche Europa, und wan-
dert im Winter nach Deutschland ").
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1018. 45
1^33. Circus aquaticus Brchm = Circus ucri((jinosus ueriiyiiiosus.
Circus aquaticiis Biehm, his, 1S32. p. 838 (Siebleber Teicli bei Gotha).
Type : <J ad., Siebleber Teich near Gotha, 20. iv. 1830.
234. Circus nigripenuis Brehm = Circus cyaneus cyaneus.
Circus niijripcnnis Brchin. Voi/elfawj, jj. 33 (1835 — Greece).
Type : c? ad., Greece, 29. xii. 1845. Probably collected by A. Liudermayer.
235. Circus pallens Brehm = Circus cyaneus cyaneus.
Circus pallens Brehm, Vogdfang, p. 33 (1855 — Described as migratory in Germany).
Type: o" ad., Roda, 4.iv. 1844. C. L. Brehm leg.
(It may be remarked that the name Circus cinereus Brehm [nee VieUlot
1816 !] was first published in Ornis, iii. p. 16. 1827, not 1831.)
236. Haliaetos funereus Brehm 1856 = Haliaetus alhicilla*
Haliaetos funereus A. E. Brehm, Xnumannia, 1856. p. 206 (Egypt).
Type : <J ad., Lake Menzaleh, 2. vi, 1849. (A. E. Brehm leg. ?)
237. Falco vesparnm Brehm = Pernis apirorns upiivnis.
Falco vesparum Brehm, Ornis, ii. p. 25 (1826—" Wanderl im August durch Ueiil.<;chhind ").
Type : d ad., Renthendorf, August. C'. L. Brehm leg.
(This is one of the specimens, on which the origmal, more detailed, label has
been replaced by a new one in more general terms, by a person unknown, but
doubtless of an almost criminal ornithological ignorance.)
238. Circaetus orientalis Brehm = Cirmelus gallicus yallicvs.
CircaetusorienlaUs Brehm, Vogdjang, p. 11 (1855), Allg. D. Xaturk. Zeit. 1850. p.5 (1. i. 1857 ou the
Blue Nile).
Type : " 3 ad." (teste E. A. Brehm, altered to ? by C. L. Brehm), Sennaar
on Blue Nile, 1. i. 1857, A. E. Brehm leg. Wing 515 mm.
(Among the specimens of Otogyps auricularis (rectius Torgos trachdiotus !)
collected by A. E. Brehm near Khartum are probably the types of Otogyps
pennatus, but the specimens which are named pennatus on their labels do not
agree with the description. Otogyps pennatus Brelini is not a nomen nudum,, but
fully described, from specimen shot by A. E. Brehm near Khartum, in the
Allg. D. Naturh. Zeit. 1856. p. 2.)
* The following alterations of dates are necessary :
Falco gallinarum Brehm, Ornis, iii. p. 2 (1827 — Germany) is earlier than Axlur gaUinarum. 1831.
Falco fringillarum Brehm, Orn is, iii. p. 3 ( 1 827 — Germany) antedates Ni.iiis fringillanim of 1 S3 1 .
Aquila Islandica Brehm, Ornis, iii. p. 17 (182G — "Island, wandert durch Diinemark ") is to
be quot«d instead of Haliaetos Islandicus, 1831, also Aquila Groenlandica Brchm. Ornis. ii. p. 18
(1826) instead of Hal. Groenl. 1831.
Falco vesparum. Brehm, Ornis, ii. p. 25 (1820 — " Wandert durch Deutschland ") is to be added
to the synonyms of Pernis apivovus apivonis,
Falco longipcs Xilsson. Orn. Svec. i. p. 18. pi. i. (1817 — Lapland; teste Boie, who examined
the type specimen), is a further synonym of Circaetus gallicus.
Aquila fluviatilis Brehm. Ornis. ii. p. 20 (1820 — Germany), Pandion fasciatum, id., Isis. 1842.
pp. 425. 433 (5 juv. caught on board ship at 17° lat. and 71° long.). Pamiiun medium Brehm, Isis.
1842. pp. 425. 430, Pandion albigulare, id., I.e., p. 425, P. albicolle, p. 133 (Egypt and Nubia), must
be added to the synonyms of Pandion haliaetus haliaetus.
46 KoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
239. Heiodias Lindermayeri Brehm = Eyrilta garzetia garzetta.
Heroditis Lindermayeri Brehm, Vogeljang, p. •294 (1855— Greece).
Type : cJ ad., Attica, 10. v. 1845. Dr. Lindermayer leg.
240. Buphus illyricus Brehm = Ardcola ralloides.
Buphus Uli/rxiia Lliclim, Jlaiulb. Sali^nj. Voj. Deutschl. p. 59U {1831 — lUyrien).
Type : 5 ad. in nuptial plumage, Illyria, 20. v. 1820.
241. Nycticorax orientalis Brehm = Nyclicorax nycticorax nycticorax.
Nycticorax orientalis Brehm, Haiulb. Xalurg. Voj. Deulschl. p. 502 (1831 — " Siidoitliches Euro])a '").
Type : " ? ad.," Turkey, i. v. 1821.
242. Botaurus melanotos Brehm = Ixohrychiis minutus minutus.
Botatiriis melanotos Brehm, Isis, 1842. pp. 771. 779, see also p. 781 (1842 — Germany and Italy^.
Type : <? ad., near Weida in Thiiringen, 21. vi. 1832.
243. Phoenicopterus platyrhynchos Brehm = Phoenicoptenis ruber antiquorum.
Phoenicnpteriis plati/rlit/iiehns Brolini, Vogelfanrj. p. "298 (1855 — "In Siideuropa und Nordafrika ").
Type : (J ad., Montpellicr, Langucdoc, S. France, 11. iv. 1829.
244. Anser pai'adoxus Bichm = Anser albijrons albifrons.
Anser paradoxus Brehm, VorjellaTig, p. 307 (1855 — April 1S42, Danzig). '
Type: Danzig, 3.iv. 1842. Probably coll. by Bock.
245. Bemicla micropus Brehm = Bivula bcrhicla bernicla.
liernichi micropus Brehm, Itis. 1830. p. 996 (Nomen nvdum .') ; it.1., Uandb. Nalunj. Voj. DetilsM.
p. Sly (1831 — " Sie kommt in Herbst-e ans dcm hohcn Nordc;i :in die deutschcu Kiiston der
Obt — und Nordsee'').
Type : $ juv. Riigen, 20. xi. 1819. SchiUing leg.
(Grey-bellied like B. glaucogaster !)
246. Tadoma gibbera Brehm = Tadorna tadorna.
Tadorna gibbera Brehm, Isis, 1830. p. 997 {Nomen nudum .') ; id,. Ilandb. Nalurg. Vog. Deulschl.
p. 856 (1831 — Coasts of Pommerania, Riigen).
Type : J ad., Riigen, 25. v. 1818. Schilling leg.
247. Tadoma maritima Brehm = Tadorna tadorna.
Tadorna Truirilima Brehm, Isis, 1830. p. 997 (nomen nudvm !) ; id.. Hnudb. Nalurg. Vog. Deulschl
p. 858 (1831— Coasts of Denmark, Sylt).
Type : ? Horsens, Jiitland, 20. ii. 1S26.
248. Tadoma Schachraman Brehm = Tadortm tadorna.
Tadorna Schachraman A. E. Brehm, Journ. f. Orn. 1854. p. 84 (nomen nudum !) ; C. L. Brehm.
Vogeljang, p. 370 ("Verirrt sich vom Jlenzaleh— See auf die europiiischen Gewiisaer." SicI)
Type : J ad., Lake Menzaleh, Lower Egypt, 28. iii. 1849. A. E. Brehm
coU.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. I'JlS. 4/
*2i9. Anas subbosclias Brehm = Anas platyrhyncha subboschas.
Aims .snbboschas Brehm, Handh. Xuttirg. Vog. DenUchl. p. 864 (1S31 — Iceland).
Type: 3 ad., Iceland, 29. iv. 1823.
The status of this subspecies is, from the scanty material examined, at
present somewhat doubtful. The type in the Brehm Collection has a narrower
bill, but differs in no other way from typical Anas platyrhyricha platyrhyncha.
An adult male collected by H. H. Slater has the upper wing-coverts as grey as
any ^4. platyrhyncha conboschas from Greenland, but otherwise agrees with
A. p. platyrhyncha. Two males from North Iceland, collected by C. B. Dinesen,
have black spots on the crop, grey upper wing-coverts like A. p. conboschas, one
of them also the coarser markings on the sides as in the latter. Five males in
the British Museum have the same markings on the sides as typical platyrhyncha,
and I cannot see any other differences from the latter either ; most of them have
no black spots on the crojj, but some have, the bills are generally not narrower,
the wing-coverts only in some of them more grey than in A. p. platyrhyncha.
Wings 266-290 mm. Only two females could be examined, so far ; both have
a heavily spotted underside.
250. Querquedula Americana Brehm = Anas crecca carolinensis.
Querqiiedula Americana Krehm (nee .Itms amiricana Gmclin ) : /.sm, 183U. p. 90S [nomen nudum.') :
id., Handb. Naturg. Vdrj. DeiUschl. p. 887 {1831 — " In der Niihe von New York ").
Type : 6 ad., New York, May 1-820.
251. Querquedula Groenlandica Brehm = Anas crecca carolinensis.
Querquedula Groenlaiutka Brehm, Isis, 1830. p. 998 (nomen, nudum!)-, id., Handb. Xalnrj. ]'dj.
DeulscU. p. 998 (1831— Greenland).
Type : S ad., Greenland, 20. vi. 1822.
252. Anas longicauda Brehm = Anas acuta L.
Aruts longicauda Brehm, Handb. Saluig. Voij. Deulschl, p. 808 (1831 — " Pommem und Jlitteldeutsch-
land ").
Type : S ad., Konigswartha in the Lausitz, 20. iv. 1817.
This specimen agrees so perfectly with the description that the latter must
have been taken from it.
253. Clypeata macrorhynchos Brehm - Spcctula clypeata.
Clypeata mticrorhynclws Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. DetUschl. p. 876 (1831 — " Sie bewuluit das
mittlere Europa ").
Type : cJ ad., Auma, 8. iv. 1821. C. L. Brehm leg.
254. Clypeata Pomarina Brehm = Spatula clypeata.
Clypeata Pumurina Brehm, Handb. Xaturg. Voj. Deulschl. p. 878 (1831 — " Sie lebt und brutet in
Pommern, und auf den ihm nahe liegenden Inseln der Ostsee ").
Type: (5 ad., Riigen, 20. vi. 1819. Schilling leg. (This specimen is inter-
esting, beginning to moult already into the eclipse plumage.)
48 NOMTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
255. Clypeata brachyrhynchos Brehm = SixituJa clypeata.
Clypeata briichi/rliynchos Biehni. Hundh. Xatiirg. Toy. Deiilsrhl. \i. 879 (1S.')I — " Briitet ganz einzeln
iiii mittleren Deutscliland, nameiillifli in der Gcgend von Altonburg ").
Type : J ad. in full eclipse, Oberlod near Altenburg, 5. vii. 1830.
i'56. Callichen subrufinus Brehm = Xella rufina.
Callichen suhru/inii.s Brehm, Handb. Nat. Vog. DevUchl. p. 924 (1831 — " Audi sie bewohnt die
ungarisclien Seen, kommt mitten im Sommer bei Wien, im Hcrbste und Winter auf den schweizer
Seen vor ").
Type : 3 ad., Seefeld near Vienna, 10. vii. 1824.
257. Aethya Islandica Brehm = Nyroca marila marila.
Aelhya Islandica Brehm, Isis, 1830. p. 998 (nomen nudum .') ; id., Uandb. Naturrj. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 911 (1831— Iceland).
Type : S ad., Iceland, 4. v. 1822.
258. Aethya leuconotos Brehm = Nyroca viarila marila.
Aethya kiiconotas Brehm, his, 1830. p. 998 {nomen nudum .') ; id., Handb. NatKrg. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 913 (1831 — Pumnieianian coiksts).
Type: c? ad., Riigen, iv. 1822. Schilling toll.
259. Clangula scapularis Brehm = Bucephda islandica.
Clangula scapularis Brehm, Isis, 1830. p. 999 [nomen nudum !) ; Ihtndb. Naturg. Voj. Deutschl.
p. 932 (1831— "Island").
Type : o ad., Iceland, 2. v. 1828.
2t)0. Platypus Faberi Brehm = Clangula hyemalis.
Plalyj/us Faberi Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. eur. Voj. ii. p. 10u4 (1824— Greenland, Iceland).
Type: (3 ad., Iceland, 20. ii. 1820. (Probably collected by Faber.)
201. Clangula megauros Brehm = Clangula hyemalis.
Clangula megaurus Brelim, Isis, 1830. p. 999 (nomen nudum .') : id., flandb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 93G (1831 — Described as rare on the coast* of Pommcrania).
Type: <? ad., Riigen, 10. xii. 1819. ScliilUng leg.
Brehm described the tad as very long and with 10 rectrices, instead of 14.
Unfortunately the tail of the type is now so much da:naged, that one cannot
see its length nor count the rectrices.
262. Clangula musica Brehm = dnngida lii/iinalis.
Clangula musica Brehm, Isis, 1830. p. 999 (nomen nudum!) id., Hundb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 937 (1831— December 1819, near Rugen).
Type: 3 ad., Riigen, November 1819. Schilling coll. Brehm, I.e., said
December 1819, but the label says November 1819; such contradictions are
however, not rare ; they \\ ere either caused by absent-minderlness whep the
NOVITATBS ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918. 49
MS. was written, or the labels were — in some cases undoubtedly — copied and
inadvertently altered. In this case, too, Brehra described 16 tail-feathers.
In the present state of the type I cannot recogni-e more than 13 (i.e. 14)
rectrices, but 16 sometimes (though rarely) are found.
263. Melanitta megapus Brehm = Oidemia fusca fusca.
Melanitta megapus Brehm, Handb. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. p. 90G (1831 — First description. German
coasts of Baltic and North Sea).
Type: <? ad., Kiel, 30. i. 1829. (Probably Boie coll.)
264. Melanitta platyrhyncha Brehm = Oidemia fusca fusca.
Melanitta platyrhyncha Brehm, Handb. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. p. 907 (1831 — First description. German
coasts of Baltic, etc.).
Type : <J ad., Greifswald, 26.xii. 1822.
265. Platypus Homschuchii Brehm = Oidemia fusca fusca.
Platypus Horiischuchii Brehm, Lehrb. Nat. eur. Vog. ii. p. 1102 (1824 — Autumn 1822, Norway,
January 1823 on the Roda near Renthendorf).
Type : <? ad., Norway, 13. x. 1822.
266. Melanitta gibbeia Brehm = Oidemia nigra nigra.
Melanitta gihbera Brehra, Handb. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. p. 902 (1831 — Fu-st description. " Sie kommt
auf ihrer Wanderung aus dem Norden, ihrem Vaterlande, nicht nur an die deutschen Nord-
kiisten, sondern in reclit strengen Wintern zuweilen auf die Gewagser des mittlern Deutach-
land ").
Type : o ad., Rodatal.
267. Somateria Danica Brehm = Somateria mollissima mollissima.
Somateria Danica Brehm, Handb. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. p. 890 (1831 — Danish Islands).
Type: <J ad., Helsingoer, 29. xi. 1825.
268. Somateria Tslandica Brehm = Somateria mollissima mollissima.
Somateria Islandica Brehm, Handb. Nat. Vog. Devtschl. p. 895 (1831 — Iceland).
Type : <? ad., Iceland, 10. v. 1826.
269. Platypus Altensteinii Brehm = Somateria spectabilis.
Platypus Allen.'teivii Brehm. Lehrh. Nat. e ir. Vo /. ii. p. 999 (1824— Greenland).
Type : <? ad., Greenland, £0. iv. 1823.
Chiefly separated on account of the small frontal knob. Brehm did not
know how enormously that knob varies according to age and season.
270. Platypus Leisleri Brehm = Somateria 7nollissima horealis (Brehm).
Platypns Leisleri Brelim. Ornii. i. Heft, p. 28 (1824— Greenland).
Type : <? Greenland, 12. vi. 1823.
According to the description this must be the type, as it shows the black
along the bend of the wing, on the tips of the inner secondaries, and all along the
back. It is in very worn breeding plumage, which is very loose and beginning
to change for the eclipse.
4
gQ NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
*271. Carlio sutcormoranus Brehm = Phalacrocorax carlo subcormoranus .
Carbo subcormoranue Brehm, Omis, i. p. 42 (1824 — HoIUnd).
Type : <J ad., Rotterdam, 8. v. 1823.
Cf. NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, 1916. pp. 293-295. 318.
272. Hydrobates Faeroeensis Brehm = Hydrobates pelagicus.
Hydrobates Faeroeensis Brehm, Handh. Naturg. Vog. DeutsM. p. 803 (1831— Faeroe Islands).
Type: <J ad., Faeroe Islands, 17. vi. 1828. Graba coll.
273. Podiceps patagiatus Brehm = Podiceps cristatus cristatus.
Podiceps patagiatus Brehm. Handb. Nalurg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 954 (1831— Holland).
Type : <J ad. (pair with $ ad.), Rotterdam, 10. iv. 1824.
274. Podiceps canogularis Brehm = Podiceps griseigena griseigena.
Podiceps mnogidaris Brehm, Handh. Xatuig. Voj. De'iUrhl, p. 058 (1831—" Er Icbt mjrdostUch von
uns, schon bci Greif.s\vald, und bef.uclit d.as mittlere Deut^ichlaiid zuweilen aiif dem Zuge."
Restricted terra typica : Grcifswald ).
Type : <J ad. (with paired $), Greifswald, vi. 1829.
*275. Podiceps nigricollis Brehm = Podiceps nigricollis nigricollis.
Podiceps nigricollis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Yog. Deutschl. p. 963 (1831 — Germftny).
Type : 3 ad., Ahlsdorf, v. 1820.
276. Podiceps recurbirostris Brehm = Podiceps nigricollis nigricollis.
Podiceps recurbirostris Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Tog. DevtsrJil. p. 1013 (1831 — Trie.st).
Type : S ad., Triest, October 1828.
277. Colymbus hyemalis Brehm = Colymbus immer Briinn.
Colymbus hyemalis Brehm, Lclirh. Xali;rg. eur. Vog. ii. p. 883 (1824— Greenland).
Type: 3 ad., Greenland, 10. vi. 1822.
278. Columba livia communis Brehin = Columba livia livia.
Columba livia communis Brehm, Naturg. iv. Zucht. d. Tavben, p. 83 (1857 — " St. Kanzian im Karst,
iistlich von Triest und viele schrotYe Klippen des Mittelmeeres '").
Type : Cave at St. Kanzian near Triest, 10. xii. 1826.
279. Columba dubia Brehm = domesticated Columba livia.
Columbia dubia Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 2.56 (1855—" Wurde am 10. September 1828 bei Ahlsdorf
untcr wilden Tauben geachossen ").
Type: ^ juv., Ahlsdorf bei Herzberg, 20. ix. 1828, coll. by Freiherr von
Seyffertitz.
Though this bird was shot " among wild Pigeons," it is almost certainly
an offspring of soiree domesticated or semi-domesticated pigeons. The wild
race of Columba livia livia does not live in Germany, the flights of pigeons which
Brehm and other ornithologists looked upon as WUd Rook-doves must have
been domesticated or semi-domesticated birds, as among the;n black-spotted
and other varieties were common.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 51
280. Columba elegans Brehm = Columba livia schimperi.
Columba elegans Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 256 (1855 — " Verirrt sich aus Nordostafrika naoh Siidost-
. europa ").
Type : ^ ad., Wadi Haifa, Egypt, 28. ix. 1856. A. E. Brehm coll.
Bonaparte's name schimperi has one year's priority over Brehm's elegans.
281. Columba glauconotus Brehm = Columba Uvia schimperi.
Columba glauconotus Brelim, Vogeljang, p. 256 (1855 — " Kommt aua Nordostrafrika nach
Siideuropa ").
Type : $, moulting from juvenile to adult plumage. Below Korosko,
Nubia, i.x. 1851. A. E. Brehm coll.
282. Colnmba unicolor Brehm = Black variety of Columba livia schimperi,
perhaps offspring of domesticated or semi-domesticated birds.
Coluwha unicolor Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 256 (1855 — Partim ! " In den Wiisten Nubiens und unseren
Taubenschlagen." It i.s quite true that in European dovecotes blackish birds of the colour
of the type of C. unicolor occur, but they are larger than C. I. schimperi. Probably the bird
in question is an offspring of domestic or semi-domesticated birds, but it can of course also bo
a melanistic wild bird).
Type : S ad., below Korosko, Nubia, 2. x. 1851. A. E. Brehm coll.
283. Peristera rufldorsalis Brehm = ? Streptopelia turtvr arenicola.
Peristera rufidorsalis Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 257 (1855 — "' In Siidosteuropa, im Winter in Nord-
ostafrika." Reichenbach, Tauben, p. 173, says: " Westasien, Griechenland ? ; Afrika :
Chartum. Brehm").
There is only one bird in the Brehm Collection labelled as rufidorsalis. It
is quite possible that it is the only specimen which Brehm had, when he created
the name rufidorsalis, and perhaps the only one that Reichenbach saw. It is
a female shot by A. E. Brehm at Khartum, 6. iv. 1851. The coloration is some-
what intermediate between that of Streptopelia turtur turtur and arenicola. It
is therefore uncertain and cannot supersede the nair.e arenicola of 1894.
284. Peristera glauconotus Brehm = ? Streptopelia turtur turtur.
Peristera glauconotus Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 257 (1855 — N.E. Africa in the winter).
The type is a $ shot in Sennaar in December 1850, by A. E. Brehm. It is
a bird of the year, the jugulum and head distinctly showing that it is a young
bird. The wings are rather dark rufescent, and I do not think it can possibly
belong to arenicola ; but the wing is exceedingly short, measuring only 153 mm.
285. Turtur cyanotus Brehm = ? Streptopelia turtur turtur.
Turtur cyanotus Bi-ehm, Naturg. u. Zucht. Tauben, p. 50 (1857 — Sennaar, December).
T. cyanotus is merely a new name for glauconotus ; the type is the same
specimen.
52 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
286. Oedicnemus arenarius Brehm = Burhinus oedicnemns oedicnemus.
Oedicnemvs arenarius Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 539 (1831 — "Siideuropa ").
Type: ? ad., South Europe, 20. vi. 1823. Exchanged from the Berlin
Museum,
287. (?) Aegialitis septentrionalis Brehm = Charadriiis hiatictda hiaticula.
Aegialiiis septentrionalis Brelim, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 548 (1831 — Iceland to Kiel).
Probable type : $ ad., Kiel, 20. v. 1824. Probably collected by Boie. As
there is no specimen from Iceland, I take it that the Kiel specimens are the
types, and that the Iceland birds may only have been seen by the author.
288 (?) Aegialitis pygmaea Brehm = Charadrius dubius curoniciis.
Aegialitis pygmaea Brehm, Yvgeljang, p. 282 (1855 — " In Sudoiiteuropa, im Winter in Afrika ").
Probable type : $ Edfu, Egypt, 25. ii. 1852. A. E. Brehm leg.
Brehm was supposed to include in his Vogelfang only European birds, but
he was often anxious to mention his son's discoveries in Egypt and Nubia and
then to make excuses for it ; often he stated the correct locality and added
' ■*• was bound to occur in S.E. Europe as well ; in this case he accepted the
occurreiiv,e in Europe as a fact — at least I consider this to be possible, as there
is no skin from Europe marked as pygmaea, and tl>e specimen in question has a
rather short biU. Therefore I believe it to be the actual type, even if Brehm should
have had or seen others from S.E. Europe which he thought also to be pygmaea.
The specimen is doubtless a curonicus.
289. Aegialitis albigularis Brehm = Charadrius alexavdrinns alexandrinus.
Aegialitis albigularis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 552 (1831 — Kiel).
Types: <J ? ad., Kiel, 20. v. 1825. Probably Boie coll.
290. Aegialitis Homeyeri Brehm = Artefact !
Aegialitis Homeyeri Brehm, Vogcl/ang, p. 283 (1855 — " Riigen ").
The specimen consists of a skin of Charadrivs hiaticula with the head of
C. alexandrinus. This has already been pointed out by Kleinsohmidt, and
again by Miss Jackson and me.
291. Aegialitis gigas Brehm = Cliaradrius geoffroyi.
Aegialitis gigas Brehm, Vogelfang. p. 283 (1855 — Suez).
Type : ? Suez, 12. xi. 1851. A. E. Brehm coll.
292. Charadrius altiirons Brehm = Charadrius apricarins.
Charadrius altifrons Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 542 (1831 — Faeroe Islands, Riigen,
Germany).
Type : Faeroe, July 1828. Probably coll. by Graba.* Other specimens
from Riigen, collected by Schilling.
* Mention may be made here, though not a type, of a specimen of a young Dotterel {Chara-
drius morineltns) with down still covering the neck and showing on belly and rump, which was
caught near Ahlsdorf (between Mansfeld and Eisleben) on July I, 1827, showing that the Dotterel
used to breed there ninety years ago.
NoyiTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 53
293. Squatarola megarhynchos Brehm = Squatarola squatarola squatarola.
SqxuUarola longirostris A. E. Brehm, Journ. /. Orn. 1854, p. 79 (Menzaleh Lake in Egypt. Nomen
nudum !) ; Squatarola megarhyiKhos C. L. Brehm, Vogellang, p. 284 (1855 — " Kommt aus dem
Nordosten nacb Siidosteuropa und Aegypten." Probably only the one specimen was before
the author, the occurrence in S.E. Europe theoretical).
Type : <J ad., Menzaleh Lake, 18. v. 1849. A. E. Brehm coll.
The specimen is somewhat large for typical squatarola, but the wing only
193 mm., the beak damaged at the tip, therefore not measurable in detail. The
specimen evidently does not belong to the eastern subspecies, S. s. hypomelaena.
? 294. Vanellus bicomis Brehm = Vanellus vanellus.
Vanellus bicomis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 557 (1831 — " Mittleres Deutschland,
namentlich Siimpfe am Friessnitzcr See ").
Probable type : S ad., coming into the nuptial plumage, Friessnitzcr Lake,
23. iii. 1827. C. L. Brehm coll.
295. Vanellus crispus Brehm = Vanellus vanellus.
Vanellus crispus Brehm, Isis, 1841. p. 300 (Brinnis near Leipzig).
Type : $ ad., Brinnis near Delitzsch near Leipzig, 5. v. 1834. C. L. Brehm
leg.
296. Strepsilas borealis Brehm = Arenaria interpres interpres.
Strepsilas borealis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Yog. Deutschl. p. 559 (1831 — Islets near Rijgen).
Type ; S ad., Hiddensoe near Riigen, 15. vi. 1819. Schilling leg.
297. Strepsilas littoralis Brehm = Arenaria interpres interpres.
Strepsilas littoralis Brelim, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 560 (1831 — Little island near Riigen).
Types : <J ? (pair), little island near Riigen, 12. vi. 1819. Schilling leg.
298. Pelidna arquata Brehm = Erolia ferruginea.
Pelidna arquata Brehm, Vogeljanj, p. 316 (1855 — " Nordostafrika ").
Type : $ ad.. Lake Menzaleh, Egypt, 26. v. 1849. A. E. Brehm coU.
(In Beitr. z. Vogelk. iii. p. 333. 1822, C. L. Brehm described a Tringa macro-
rhyncha from two specimens, one shot on September 25, 1816, in Thuringia,
probably near Renthendorf ; one shot by SihUling " end of October 1819 on
Riigen." Neither of these specimens appears to be in the collection ; there is
a young 9 shot near the Friessnitzer See " 25. Lx. 1817 " which might be the
type, if the date of capture is wrong on the label or in the publication ; but the
label says that it was shot with the brother, while Brehm specially said he saw
more than two speci.nens, one of them from Riigen ; the latter cannot be the
type, as it does not at all agree with the description, and was shot October 9,
which is not " end of October").
299. Pelidna Schinzii Brehm = Erolia alpina alpina.
Pelidna Schinzii Brehm, Beitr. z. Vojelk. iii. p. 355 (1822— Riigen. Pommerania).
Type : (J ad., Riigen, 29. v. 1819. Schilling leg.
Schinz's Dunlm has for many years been united with Erolia alpina alpina,
but recent authors in Germany and England have separated it, under the
54 NOVITATEa ZOOLOOIOAE XXV. 1918.
impression that it is a smaller form. This is, in my opinion, incorrect. It is true
that the form which breeds in Europe, from Scotland, Holland, and Northern
Germany through Scandinavia, North Russia, and, apparently, as far north as
Kolguev, Waigats, and Nova Zemlya, is smaller than the Siberian forms ; but
the name of the European form must be E. a. alpina, because in 1758 Linnaeus
described it from Lapland, and, as far as I can see — and Miss Jackson, after
long and careful studies, agrees with me — there is no difference between Dunlins
from Lapland, Norway, Scotland, and Riigen. There is, however, a great
individual variation in Dunlins, and some specimens have much longer bUls than
others. It is quite possible that in winter Siberian Dunlins appear in Europe,
among the European form. The subspecies from Eastern Siberia is very distinct
and must be called Erolia alpina sakhalina {Scolopax sakhalina VieUlot, Nouv.
Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iii. p. 359. 1816, from Sachalin, ex Tilesius, Atlas zu Krusen-
stern's Reise, pi. 84 — cf. Novitates Zoologicae, 1916, p. 95. The status of the
form from Western Siberia is as yet uncertain ; birds from there seem to be
generally larger than E. a. alpina, such small birds as in Europe do, apparently,
not occur in West Siberia. If separable, the West Siberian bird must be called
Erolia alpina pusilla (Falk) : Scolopax pusilla Falk, Beytr. z. topogr. Kennt. Russ.
Beichs. iii. p. 371, 1786, " Isettische Provinz," i.e. near the Isset, in the Govern-
ment of Tomsk in West Siberia.
300. Pelidna calidris Brehm = Erolia alpina alpina.
Paiidna ccUidria Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Yd]. Devtschl. p. 663 (1831—" Bei Neapel ").
Type : <J ad., Napoli, 10. xi. 1819.
301. PeUdna gracilis Brehm = Erolia temminckii.
Pelidna gracilis Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 318 (1S55— March 18.50, Upper Egypt, 0.skar Brehm leg).
Type : ? Upper Egypt, 24. iii. 1850. Oskar Brehm leg.
302. Tringa littoialis Brehm = Erolia maritima maritima.
Tringa littoralis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vdg. Deulschl. p. 052 (1831—" Island und andere nordliche
Lander ").
Type : <J ad., Iceland, 20. vi. 1820.
303. Calidris americana Brehm = Calidris leucophaea.
Calidris amerimna Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 318 (1855 — America).
Type : <J hieme, Brazil.
304. Calidris Mulleri Brehm = Calidris leucophaea.
Calidris Mulleri Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 318 (185.5—" Wandert duroli Oriwhenlnad. ist sehr selten an
der deutscliMi Ostecekaste ").
Type : <J ad., Attika, v. 1845.
305. Pelidna megarhynchos Brehm = Limicola jalcinellus falcinellus.
Pdidna megarhynrho's Brehm. Vogclfat>g. p. 317 (1853 — " Afrika ").
Type : <J in worn autumn plumage, said to be from the Senegal.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 55
306. Totanus graecus Brehm = Tringa totamis totanvs.
Totanus graecus Brehm, Vogel/ang, p. 312 (185i) — Greece).
Type : S ad., Attica, spring 1844. A. Lindermayer leg.
307. Totanus sylvestris Brehm = Totanvs glareola.
Totanus sylvestris Brehm, Handb. Natnrij. Voj. Deutschl. p. 638 (1831 — Ahlsdorf unci am Friessnitzer
See).
1 Type : ? Friessnitzer See, 0. v. 1817.
This is the only adult bird from one of the localities mentioned with the
name sylvestris on the label. I therefore take it to be the type.
308. Totanus palustris Brehm = Totanus glareola.
Totanus palustrisBi-e'am, Handb. Natiirg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 639(1831 — Nord uiid .Mitteldcutechland,
Ahlsdorf).
Type: ? ad., Ahlsdorf, 10. v. 1818. Frhr. von Seyffertitz leg.
309. Himantopus longipes Brehm = Himantofus himajitopus himantopus.
Himantopus longipes Brehm, Lehrh. Naturg. eur. Vdg. II., p. 506 (1824 — Egypt).
Type : <? ad., Egypt.
Unfortunately, the original label is lost, the label being copied and details
not given, but the specimen agrees very well with the description ; the naked
portion of the tibia is exceptionally large, a point on which the author laid
special stress.
310. Himantopus melanocephalus Brehm = Himantopus himantopus himantopus.
Himantopus melanocephalus Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 324 (1855 — Greece).
Type: (J ad., Phalereus, Greece, v. 1845. Dr. Lindermayer leg.
There are three specimens, two males and one female, all collected in
Greece in 1845, which are named melanocephalus, all being the types of the
description.
311. RecuTvirostra fissipes Brehm = Recurvirostra avosetta avosetta.
Securvirostra fissipes Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 686 (1831 — " Ostsee, namentlioh an
den pommerschen Kiisten ").
Probable type: S ad., Riigen, 10. vi. 1819. SchUling leg.
312. Recurvirostra Helebi A. E. Brehm = Recurvirostra avosetta avosetta.
Recurvirostra Helebi A. E. Brehm, Journ. f. Orn. 1854. p. 84 (Egypt).
Type : ? ad., Egypt, 3. iv. 1849. Baron von Miiller's Exped. A. E. Brehm
leg.
313. Limosa Islandica Brehm = Limosa limosa limosa.
Limosa Islandica Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 626 (1831 — Iceland).
Type: 3 ad., Iceland, 10. vi. 1818.
gg NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXV. 1918.
314. Limosa major Brehm = Limosa limosa limosa.
Limoaa major Brehm, Isis, 1845. p. 352 (Hungary, but once shot near .Ahlsdorf).
Type : S ad., Hungary, 5. v. 1836.
315. Limosa grisea Brehm = Limosa limosa limosa.
Limosa grisea Brehm, Vogdfang, p. 309 (1855 — Lake Menzaleh).
Type : o ad., in winter plumage, Lake Menzaleh, Egypt, 29. iv. 1849. A. E.
Brehm leg. End of April is unusually late for winter plumage ; this must also
have been Brehm's notion and why he had separated it, but as the plumage is
much worn, there seems to have been no good reason for his new species. There
is also a female in similar plumage shot 30. iv. 1849.
316. Limosa brachyptera Brehm = Limosa limosa limosa.
Limosa brachyptera Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 309 (1855 — " Verirrt sich aus Nordostafrika und Weft-
asien nach Si'idosteuropa "). i
Type: (j ad., Lake Menzaleh, 9. iv. 1849. A. E. Brehm leg.
317. Nnmenius rufescens Brehm = Numenius arguatvs arguatus.
Numenius rvfescens Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 30-2 (1855 — " Siideuropa und Nordafrika." " Siideuropa "
is probably, as often in the Vogeljang, theoretical ; as the collection contains only one
specimen from Africa, which agrees with the description, I have no doubt as to its being the
type).
Type : (J " Algeria."
318. Numenius IsIandicGS Brehm = Numeyiius phaeopus phaeopus.
Numenius Islandicus Brelim, Hayidb. Salurg. Vog. Deutsrhl. p. 610 (1831 — Iceland).
Tj'pe : o ad., Iceland, June 1819.
319. Scolopax pinetoram Brehm = Scolopax rusticola rusticola.
Scolopax pinetorum Brehm, Haruib. Natiirg. Voj. Deutsch.. p. 613 (1831 — Pinewoods of Brehm's
neighbourhood).
There are a number of specimens in the collection. I think that most
probably an adult ij, shot with its female near Wiistenwetzdorf , i. x. 1827, has
chiefly served for the description.
320. Scolopax sylvestris Brehm = Scolopax rusticola rusticola.
Scolopax sylvestris Brehm. Haiulh. Naturg. Yog. Deiitschl. p. (il4 (IS.'il — Passing through the dis-
tricts where Brehm collected).
Several specim.ens shot before 1831 are marked as sylvestris; though the
date is late for a migrant, an adult male, shot near Wiistenwetzdorf, 14. v. 1828,
seems to have served for the description, which, like that of "pinetorum," is
chiefly based on the shape of the skull, which varies individually.
NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAB XXV. 1918. 67
321. Telmatias Faeroeensis Brthm.
Tdmatias Faeroemsis Yirehm, Handh, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 617 (1831 — Breeding on the Faeroe
Islands).
Type: o ad., Faeroe Islands, V.vii. 1828.
Unfortunately, I have not e.xamined other breeding Snipes from the Faeroe
Islands, and I am therefore unable to say whether the type of Brehni's
jaeroeensis is an individual variety or a subspecies ; in the latter case the birds
breeding on Iceland might belong to the same form. The specimen is rather
ferrugineous on the upperside, the edges on the scapulars are narrow, though
the bu'd is apparently quite adult and not young ; the black portions are more
or less speckled with rufous, the jugulum is rather rufescent. A si TiUar specimen
from Ireland (not Iceland) is in the British Mu.seum, another in the Tring
Museum, but both these latter might be migrants from the northern islands.
322. Telmatias septentrionalis Brehm = Gallinago gallinago gallinago.
Telmatias septentrionalis Brehm, Hnndb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 619 (1831 — Described from hire's
arriving in October and November and wintering in Germany).
Type: $ Lindenkreuz, 14.1.1826. C. L. Brehm coU.
This being the only specimen in the collection shot before 1831, I take it
to be the type.
323. Telmatias peregrina Brehm = Gallinago gallinago gallinago.
Telmatias peregrina Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Yog. Deutschl. p. 621 (1S3I — Rare in Germany, real
home unknown).
Type : ? ad., VVitten a.d., Ruhr., 2. ii. 1828. F. W. J. Badeker leg.
324. Telmatias lacustris Brehm = Gallinago gallinago gallinago.
Telmatias lacustris Brehm, Vogcljang, p. 307 (1855 — Described from birds breeding in Central
Germany).
Type : ^ ad., shot with its $, Friessnitzer See, 11. viii. 1834. C. L. Brehm
leg.
32.5. Telmatias nisoria Brehm = Gallinago media.
Telmatias nisoria Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 616 (1831 — Riigen, etc.).
Type : ? ad., Riigen, 29. iv. 1819. Schilling coll.
326. Telmatias brachyoptera Brehm = Gallinago media.
Tdmatias brachyoptera Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 1019 (1831 — Description of a malt-
shot in August at Wetzdorf ).
Type : <? ad., Wetzdorf, 24. viii. 1830. C. L. Brehm leg.
327. Telmatias uJiginosa Brehm = Gallinago media.
Telmatias uliginosi Brehm, Vojelfang, p 305 (1855 — " Einzela in Deutschland ").
Type : $ juv., Wiisten-Wetzdorf, 3. ix. 1844. C. L. Brehm leg.
68 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
? 328. Haematopus Balthicus Brehm = Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus.
Haematopus Balthicus Brohm, Handb. Naturg. Vo]. DeiUschl. p. 562 (IS31 — Baltic).
Probable type: S ad., Riigen, 20. vii. 1819. SchUling leg. This speci-
men is figured by Keulemans in the New Naumann, viii. pi. ix.
Brehm separated his balthicus chiefly because it had one remex less than
H. ostralegus. In old specimens — not always quite complete — it is almost
impossible to be certain if the number of remiges is complete.
? 329. Haematopus orientalis Brehm = Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus.
Haematopus orientalis Brehm, Handb. Xatvr.j. Vog. Deulschl. \>. .103 (1831 — Breeding in Pom-
merania).
IType: ,J ad., Riigen, 10. vi. 1819. Schilling leg.
330. Hydrochelidon pallescens Brehm = H ydrochelidon nigra nigra.
Hydrochelidon pallescens Bream, Isis, 1S45. p. 355 (Hungary).
Hydrochelidon pallida Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 3.50 (1S55).
Types : <J $, Hungary, 1. v. 1840.
331. Hydrochelidon subleucoptera Brehm = Hydrochelidmi leucoptera.
Hydrochelidon subleucoptera Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 350 (1855 — " Kommt aus Nordostafrika selteii
nach Europa ").
This is apparently one of the cases in which Brehm exa:nined specimens
from Egypt and merely supposed that his bu-d would also occur in Europe. In
many cases his surmise was correct, especially when he separated a new form
without valid reasons ; but he should not have published his surmise as a fact.
Type : " ? annua," Egypt, May 1822. Probably exchanged from the Berlm
Museum.
332. Sterna risoria Brehm = Gelochelidon nilotica nilotica.
Sterna risoria Brelim, Beitr. z. Yogelk. iii. p. 650 (1822 — Riigen, Schilling coll.).
Gelnchelidon Balthica, id., Handb. Naturg. Vog. Devtschl. p. 772 (1S31— New name for risoria. Lips
bei Riigen).
Types : <J ?, pair. Lips near Riigen, 8. vi. 1819. Schilling leg.
333. Stema SchUlingii Brelim = Hydroprogne tschegrava tschegrava.
Sterna SchUlingii Brehm, Beitr. z. Vogelk. iii. p. 041, Taf. 4. (1822— Discovered 1819 on Rugen bei
Schilling).
Type : $ ad. Hiddensoe near Riigen, 11. viii. 1819. Schilling leg.
334. Sylochelidon Ealthica Brehm = Hydroprogne tschegrava tschegrava.
Sylochelidon Balthica Brelmi, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Devtschl. p. 769 (1831— Baiiic).
Type : ? ad., Sohleswig, May 1819.
335. Thalasseus Pauli de Wurttb. (sic) Brehm = Sterna sandvicensis sandvicensis .
Thalaaeeus Pauli dp W'iirttb. Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 34C> {IS5B — Greece).
Type : ? ad., Greece, November 1845. A. Lindermayer leg.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. S9
336. sterna Pomarina Brehm = Sterna hirundo.
Sterna Pomarina Brehm, Handb. Nattirg. Fojf. Deutschl. p. 781 (1831 — Coast of PomeraniaV
Type : 3 ad., Riigen, 10. vi. 1818. Schilling leg.
337. Sterna lacustris Brehm = Sterna hirundo.
Starna lacustris Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Toy. Deutschl. p. 1020 (South Germany, Miiiiohen).
Type : ? ad., Miinchen, 2. vii. 1828.
? 338. Sterna oceani Brehm = Sterna hirundo.
Sterna oceani Brehm, Handh. Naturg. Voj. Deutschl. p. 1019 (1831 — " Sie bewohnt die Insehi des
Weltmeeres. na»ientiich die Kusten Holland.s ").
It is impossible to say if Brehm had any clear idea about the " islands in
the ocean" ; very likely this was a theory of his, and he actually described
Sterna oceani from specimens from Holland, and probably a male shot in
Holland, 11. vi. 1827, is actually his type.
339. Sterna argentacea Brehm = Sterna paradisaea.
Sterna argentacea Brehm. Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 783 (1831 — Baltic).
Type : Riigen, 8. vi. 1818. Schilling leg.
340. Stemula Pomarina Brehm = Sterna albifrons albifrons.
Sternula Pomarina Brehm, Handh. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 791 (1831 — Pommeranian coast).
Type : $ ad., Riigen, 14. vi. 1819. Schilling leg.
341. Stemula Danica Brehm = Sterna albifrons albifrons.
Sternula Danica Brehm, Handh. Naturg. Voj. Deutschl. p. 791 (1831 — " Inseln im Kattegat").
Type : S ad., Island of Samso, 4. vii. 1824. (Samso is more in the Great
Belt than in the Kattegat.)
342. Stemula danubialis Brehm = Sterna albifrons albifrons.
Sterna danubialis Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 349 (18.55 — Hungiry and East Indies).
Type: 3 Hungary, May 1840. Probably Petenyi leg.
343. Larus Fabricii Brehm = Larus marinus.
Imtus Fabricii Brehm, Isis, 1826. p. 930 (without mdication of locaUty) ; id., Handb. Nal.urg. Vog.
Deutschl. p. 730 (1831— Greenland).
Type : <J ad., in nuptial plumage, Greenland, 20. v. 1823.
? 344. Laroides melanotus Brehm = Larus fuscus affinis ? parlim.
Laroides melanotus Bcehm, Isis, 1830. p. 0i)3 {nomen nudum.'); Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 747
(1831 — "Sie lebt den Sommer iiber an den Kiisten der Faiojr und anderer nordwestlichen
Inseln, kommt im Winter, be8onder.s jung. zuweilen an die deutschcn Kiisten der Nordsee ").
Brehm must have had one or more Faeroe specinens ; but he described the
upperside as slate-black, while in the bird from Faeroe in his collection, and
surely ui all Faeroe birds the upperside is slaty grey, not black, as in L. fuscus
fuscus. Probably Brelim's description is fault}', and the bird is his collection :
(J ad., Faeroe Islands, 7. vii. 1828 is the real type.
60 NOVITATBS ZOOLOOICAX XXV. 1918.
345. laias GraeUsi A. E. Brehm = Larus fuscus affinis.
Lams GraeUsi A. E. Brehm, Naturh. Ztit. 1857, p. 483 (Malaga).
Type: cJ ad., Malaga, 21.x. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.
This specimen and others from Malaga, as well as the diagnosis, clearly
show that GraeUsi is L. f. affinis.
346. Laroides canescens Brehm =Larus canus canus.
Laroides canescens Brehm, his, 1830. p. 994 (nomen nudum .') ; Handb. Nattirg. Vog. DeutscM. p. 753
(1831 — " Sie lebtund briitet ganz einzeln an der pommerschen Ku^te, haufiger nordostUch ").
AU specimens in the Brehm Collection are from Riigen. Type : S ad.,
Riigen, 12. vii. 1819. Schilling leg.
347. Laras medius, Larns minor Brehm = Larus glaucus.
Larus mediUs Brehm, Beilr. z. Vogelk. iii. p. 810 (1822 — " Hoher Norden," Island, Norwegen).
Larus minor Brehm, Naturg. Vog. Deiitschl. p. 736 (1831 — New name for medius ! The author says :
" Der letztere Name mu.ss, da icli aus den nachfulgenden Mowen eine besoudere Sippe mache,
wegfallen ").
Type : ? ad., Iceland, 30. xi. 1823.
348. Laroides subleacopterus Brehm = Larus leucopterus.
Laroides sublevcopterus Brelim, Isis, 1S2C. p. 936 (no indication of locality) : Handb. Naturg. Vog,
DeiUschl. p. 746 (1831— Greenland).
Type : <J ad., Greenland, 3. ii. 1823.
349. Larus caniceps Brehm = Larus melaiiocephalus.
Larus caniceps Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Yog. Deutschl. p. 758 (1831— Adriatic Sea).
Type : S, moulting from the juvenile to the first winter plumage, Adriatic
Sea, September 1829. Brehm had clearly not himself seen the adult plumage,
as he says it has the head lead-colour, which cannot be said of adult Larus
mdanocephalus .
350. Xema pileatum Brehm = Larus ridibundus ridibundus.
Xema pileatum Brelim, Isis, 1830. p. 1)94 (nomen nudum .') ; Hiindb. Naturg. Voj. Deutschl. p. 761
(1831 — Denmark, on migration in Germany).
Type : ? ad., SaTiisoe in the Kattegat, 12. vii. 1824.
351. Rissa borealis Brehm = Rissa tridnctyla Iridactyla.
Rissa borealis Brehm, Vogeljang, p. 341 (1855 — Greenland, not rare in Europe).
Type : 5 nearly fully adult, Greenland, 4. ix. 1823.
352. Lestris Schleepii Brehm = Stercorarius parasiticus.
Lestris Schleepii Brehm, Lehrb. Natorg. eur. Yog. ii. p. 993 (1824— Greenland).
Type : <? (with paired $), Greenland, 11. vi. 1823.
NOVITATEa ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 61
353. Lestris Benickii Brehm = Stercorarius longicaudus.
Lestris Benickii Brehm, Lehrb. Nalurg. eur. Vog. ii. p. 996 (1824 — Description of a young bird from
Querfurth).
Type : <? first autumn, Querfurth, 19. ix. 1822.
354. Alca Islandica Brehm = Alca torda.
Alca Islandica Brehm, Handh. Nat'irr/. Voj. Dentschl. p. 1005 (1831 — Iceland).
Type : (J ad., summer, Iceland.
? 355. Uria polaris Brehm = Uria lomvia lomvia.
Uria polaris Brehm, Lehrb. Nat. eur. Vog. ii, p. 931 (1824 — In summer northern Greenland, received,
from Messrs. Benicke and Schleep).
Probable type : S ad., Greenland, 14. iv. 1823.
The only reason which makes it somewhat doubtful if this specimen is the
" type," is, that the bill is said to be 7 to 75 " Linien " high, which is hardly the
case.
356. Cephus Meisneri Brehm = Uria grylle grylle.
Uria Meisneri Brehm, Isis, 1820. p. 985 (Greenland, nomen nudum !) ; Cephus Meisneri, id., Handb.
Naturg. Vog. Dentschl. p. 989 (1831— Greenland).
Type : cj ad. in summer plumage, Greenland.
357. Cephus Faeroeensis Brehm = Uria grylle grylle.
Cephus Faeroeensis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 990 (1831— Faeroe Islands).
Type : <? ad., moulting into summer plumage, Faeroe Islands, 12. v. 1827.
Probably collected by Graba, like most or all specimens from these islands in
the Brehm Collection.
358. Uria glacialis Brehm = Uria grylle mandti Mandt, 1822.
Uria glacialis Brehm, Lehrb. Nat. eur. Vog. ii. p. 924 (1824 — " Sie bewolmt die zwischen den
Eisfeldern des Nordens liegenden Klippen und Felsen Inseln ").
Type: <? ad., Spitzbergen, 19. vi. 1823. (? Parry leg).
*359. Mormon Grabae Brehm = Fratercula arctica grabae.
(Cf. British Birds, xi. p. 5, 1917.)
Mormon Grabae Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Dentschl. p. 999 (1831— Faeroe Islands, etc.).
Type : An adult specimen labelled Mormon Grabae must be the type, as
there are no others.
360. Rallus minor Brehm = Rallus aquaticus aquaticus.
Rallus minor Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 328 (1855— " Hinterpommem ").
Type : $ Hinterpommem, October 1844.
62^ NOTITATBS ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
361. Crallinnla leucothorax Brehm = Porzana porzana.
Oallinula Uucothorax Brelim, Vogeljang, p. 329 (1855 — Sweden, migrating through Germany).
Type : 3 Sweden, September 1853.
362. Gallinula minuta Brehm = Porzana parva.
Gallinula minuta (nee Rallus mimUus Pallas) Brehm, lais, 1831. p. 707 (Hungary).
Type : ? juv. Hungary, 20. viii. 1823. Probably from Petenyi.
363. Gallinula minutissuna Brehm = Porzana parva.
GaUintda minutissima Brehm, his, 1831. p. 708 (Hungary).
Type: tj ad., Neusiedler See, Hungary, 20. vii. 1825.
364. Stagnicola minor Brehm = Gallinula chloropus chloropus.
Slagnicola minor Brehm. Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deiitschl. p. 700 (1831 — Stray bird in Middle
Germany).
Type: $ ad. Renthendorf, 30.iii. 1816. C. L. Brehm leg.
365. Polica platyuros Brehm = Fulica atra atra.
Fulica platyuros Brehm, Handb. Xnturg. Voj. Denischl. p. 711 (1831 — Description of a female killed
near Renthendorf, with 16 rectrices).
Type: ? ad., Renthendorf, 24.iii. 1829. C. L. Brehm leg.
366. Tetrao maculatus Brehm = Tetrao urogallus urogallus.
Tetrno mac.vlatus Brehm, Handh. Xat'irg. Vog. Dentschl. p. 504 (1831 — Description of a supposed
c? with swollen testicles shot near Renthendorf, 12. v. 1829).
Type : ? ad., in male plumage, Eisenberg, three hours from Renthendorf,
12. V. 1829. Von Kessel leg.
This is evidently a feinale in S plumage, and the statement of " swollen
testicles" must be erroneous; probably it was made from hearsay and not
from Brehm's own observation, who could not possibly have made such a
mistake.
*367. Bonasia mpestris Brehm =Tetrastes honasia rupestris.
BoTMsia rupestris Brehm. Handb. Naturg. Vog. Dentschl. p. 513 (1831 — Germany, especially banks
of the Elbe not far from the Konigstein).
Types : 3 ? ad., Konigstein in Saxony, 8. v. 1823. (Pair.)
368. Bonasia minoi Brehm = Tetrastes honasia mpestris.
Bonasia minor Brehm, Vugelfang, p. 262 (1855 — "Hinterpommern ").
Type : (J ad., spring, Hinterpommern, 1840 (? from Eugen von Homeyer).
NoviTATBS Zoological XXV. 1918. 63'
369. Bonasia albignlaris Brehm = Tetrastes honasia rupestris.
Bonaaia albigularis Brehm, Vojdjang, p. •2G'2 (1S55 — " KamUohatkii ").
The type is a specimen marked S ad., spring, Kamtsehatka, brought home
by TUesius. I see no reason why this specimen should not be a female of
T. h. rupestris. I expect that the statement " c? " is erroneous — a small
original (?) label says nothing about the sex, but only: "43 Haselhuhn,
Kamtsehatka," on the other side " 162." Nobody has yet found a Hazelgrouse
in Kamtsehatka, and. if one occurred there, it would hardly look quite like the
female of a German " Haselhuhn." The label has most likely been changed
by some error.
*370. Perdix rubra intercedens A. E. Brehm = Alectoris rxifa intercedens.
Perdix rubra intercedens A. E. Brelim. Allg. Deutsche Natiirh. Zcit. 1857. p. 472 (" Siidspanin").
Type: ? ad., Malaga, 22.x. 1856. A. E. Brehm leg.
Formerly I, and I believe all other ornithologists, have supposed that only
one form of Alectoris rvfa was found in Spain, but this is quite incorrect. WhUe
a paler form, intercedens, inhabits southern Spain (Malaga, Almeria, Murcia,
Valencia, Madrid), probably north to the Sierra Guaderrama, and southern
Portugal, another very different, darker and brighter coloured form {Alectoris
rufa hispanica Seoane) replaces it in Northern and North-\A'estern Spain, i.e. in
Galicia and Asturia, and possibly south to the Sierra Guaderrama, Sierra de
Gredos and Gata — very likely also Northern Portugal to the Sierra da Estrella ;
but only four skins in the British Museum could be compared by myself.
371. Peristera intercedens Brehm = Streptopelia decaocto.
Perietera intercedens Brehm, Vogcljang, p. 258 (1855 — " Nordafrika," crrure. Tlie specimen came
probably from India).
Type : " $ ? aestate." No indication of collector, etc.
There are thus about 371 birds in the Brehm Collection which should, in my
opinion, be considered as the true and genuine types of the describers. Out of
these it seems to me that only about 43 names can " stand," and even the
closest study of local forms will not alter this very materially. This is not very
cheerful, and possibly the record for the proportion of synonyms in ornithology.
Many synonyms, however, have recently also been created by G. M. Mathews
for Australian birds and by American and Russian ornithologists, who very
often were insufficiently acquainted with European birds. If, for example,
an American author compares a new Hazelgrouse with " the European species,"
the difierentiating diagnosis is useless, because there are two very distinct
forms of Hazelgrouse in Europe, and in other cases descriptions have
clearly been made while the author was unacquainted with the seasonal
changes of the species he was writing about. Of course we all make mistakes,
because " errare humanum est," but our science has advanced enormously since
the times of C. L. Brehm, and many mistakes which were pardonable, and some-
times almost unavoidable, between 1820 and 1860, can now more easUy be
avoided and shovdd be judged much more severely in the twentieth century.
84 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAi: XXV. 1918.
CATALOGUE OF ZERYNTHUNAE AND ALLIED GENERA IN
THE TRING MUSEUM, WITH CRITICAL NOTES.
By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.
SINCE I compiled the catalogue of the genus Parnassius in the Tring Museum
in 1909, an immense amount of work has been done on the genus, and many
articles have appeared, among the principal authors being Herr Fnihstorfer,
Dr. Verity, Mr. Adolph Bryk, and the latj Dr. Pagenstecher. Monsieur Avinoff,
also, has made great collecting trips in many parts of Central Asia and has made
numerous fine discoveries. Though very few new species have been described,
a host of new local races have been discovered ; and not a few, which were
previously known, have, owing to more careful investigations, proved to be
distinct from the races they had previously been identified with. The number
of specimens of Parnassius at Tring has increased very largely in the last
nine years, but not in all the forms. I have lately rearranged the genus and
co-ordinated it with the allied genera, and I think, owing to the great interest
taken in these fine insects, a new and revised catalogue is not superfluous.
I am including all the genera allied to Parnassius and Papilio as well as
Parnassius itself in the two articles I am publishing in this vohime. I gave a
list of Parnassius only in Novitates in 1909. Except in very few instances I
am not enumerating the individual specimens of aberrations, only stating that
among the enumerated series are individuals of named aberrations.
The order of the subspecies and sometimes even of the species, is not always
that followed by Herr Stichel or by Dr. Verity, and must not be taken as mean-
ing that I assert that their classifications are wrong ; but merely as being one
I found easier to follow in arranging my series.
LUEHBOKFIA.
Lnehdorfia puziloi (Ersch.).
Laehdorfla puziloi pnziloi (Ersch.).
Thais puziloi Er.^chofF, Horae Soc. Entom. Ross. vol. viii. p. 315. No. 1 (1871) (Ussurl River).
8 (J (J, 6 §?. No definite locality; 2 ?? Tjutzu-ho, 400 kilometres N. of
Wladiwostock, June 1909 (W. Mau).
Luehdorfia puziloi yessoensis subsp. nov.
This form has always been placed as identical with p. pmiloi, but it is quite
distinct.
(J. Differs mainly in the much heavier and wider dark border to the hind-
wings and the black bands of the forewings are heavier. ? shows the same
differences from ;). puziloi 9 as the ,3 does, but in addition the median vertical
lappet of the horny pouch is much larger and longer.
4 cJcJ, " ??, Hakodate, Yezzo, May 1901. (Type ?.)
NpVlTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 66
Iiuelidorfia japonica Pryer.
1 cannot agree with Staudinger and Stichel that L. japonica is only a sub-
species of L. puziloi, for the horny pouch of the ? is totally different. In puziloi
this pouch is winged and in shape somewhat like a butterfly, and along the
centre runs an upright flange or ridge developing behind into a free lappet and
coloured rich chestnut-brown. In japonica on the other hand the pouch is
almost circular, sharply truncated in front, having in the centre a broad raised
roof-like structure resembling a tent or penthouse, the whole coloured deep
black or deep black-brown. I therefore conclude that L. japonica is a good
distinct species. It has three races and occurs in China, Japan and Formosa.
Luehdorfia japonica japonica Fryer.
Luehdorfia japonica Leech, Entomologist, vol. xxii. p. 25. pi. I. f. 1 (1889) (Gifu).
16 (?<?, 8 ??, " Japan " ; 3 <J,J, 2 ?$, Gifu Hondo, 11 <?<?, 1 ?, Yokohama,
Japan. 2 larvae and 1 pupa, Gifu.
Luehdorfia japonica formosana subsp. nov.
Diners from j. japonica in having the black markings on the forewings
more extended and the yellow bands narrower.
2 (J(J, Formosa (bought of Ernest Swinhoe, 1905).
Luehdorfia japonica chinensis Leech.
Luehdorfia japonica var. chinensis Leech, Butt. Chin. Jap. and Cor. vol. ii. p. 491. t. 33. f. 1. ?. (1893)
(Central China).
Dr. Staudinger calmly united L. j. chinensis with L. j. japonica as a
synonym whUe not even quoting China as a habitat of japonica. The true
facts of the case are that L. j. chine )sis is an abundantly distinct subspecies.
Differs from L. j. japonica in its deep yellow ground-colour, very narrow black
markings, and especially in the red submarginal band of the underside of the
hindwings being present on the upper side ; whereas in all other Lnehdorfias
there is on the upper side only a subanal red patch above the tcrnus.
The horny pouch is similar to that of /. japonica but smaller, and the tent-
like erection is much less developed.
1 (J, Lu-Shan Mountams, Kiukiang ; 1 ?, Chang Yang, 6,000 ft. 1889 (Nat.
Coll.), ex coll. Leech, ex coU. British Museum in exchange.
EUBYADES.
'■ ■ Euryades duponcheli (Lucas).
Papilio duponcheli Lucas, Ann. Soc. Enlom. France, vol. viii. p. 93. pi. 8. f. 1. (1839) (Entre Rios).
4 <J(J, Estancia Cooper, Alto, Paraguay (Th. Inslay) ; 1 <J, 1 $ Sapucay,
Paraguay, May 1902 — November 1903 (W. Foster) ; 1 ? Rio Burmejo — ^Rio
Pulcamayo, December 1903 (W. Stembach) ; 1 (J, 3 $?, Corrientes ; 5 <?<?, 1 ?,
Tucuman, January to April, 1901 (G. A. Baer and W. L. Reeve) ; 3 SS, 3 ?$,
Parana, January 1897 (Ruscheweyh) ; 15 SS, 5 ?$, Suncha Corral, Santiago del
Estero, Argentina (J. Steinbach) ; 1 <J, 1 $, La Rioja, Argentina (E. Giacomelli) ;
Belgnano, Buenos Aires, March 1897 (Ruscheweyh) ; 1 <J, 1 ?, Entie Rios (Bur-
meister), ex Felder coll.
66 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
Euryades corethnis (Boisd.).
Papilio corethnis Boisduval. Hist. Xat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lepid. vol. i. p. 314. No. 152. pi. 17. 1. C.
(1836) (Patr. Tgn.).
4 (J<J, 3 ??, Sapucay, Paraguay, January 1899, August 1093, November
1904 (W. Foster) ; 2 <J<J, 2 ??, Paysandu, Uruguay, February 1899 ; 1 <J, 1 ?,
Parana, January 1895 (Ruscheweyh) ; 1 cj, 1 ?, Montevideo, ex coll. Burmeis-
ter, ex coll. Felder.
EURTCUS.
Ilarycns cressida (Fabr.).
I cannot agree with Dr. Jordan that the Eurycus from the S. West and
neighbouring islands are identical with E. cressida cressida from Australia. The
$$ as a rule are considerably larger and more diaphanous while the outer \ of
hindwings is paler and less scaled.
Elurycus cressida cressida (Fabr.).
Papilio cressida Fabricius, Si/st. Entum. p. 44.S. No. 24 (1775) (New Holland, JIii,s. Banks).
17 <?(?, 5 ??, North Queensland ; 15 SS, 3 ??, Cairns, Queensland ; 1 <J,
1 ?, Brisbane, Felder coll. ; 1 (J, Moreton Bay, Felder coll, ; 1 <J, 1 ?, Queens-
land, Barnard coU. 1 pupa, North Queensland, 2 pupae and 1 pupa shell,
Townsville, Queensland (Dodd).
Ecrycus cressida kiihni subsp. nov.
DiEfers from c. cressida chiefly in the $. $ more diaphanous, generally
larger, the scaled portions paler and yellower and less extended on hindwing.
13 SS, 9 ??, Sermatta Island (H. Kiihn) ($ type) ; 9 <J<J, 9 ??, Letti Island
(H. Kiihn) and (W. Doherty, July 1892) ; 17 S3, 6 ??, Moa Island, December
1902 (H. Kiihn) ; 6 SS, 7 ??, Kisser Island (H. Kiihn) ; 2 <J(J, Babber Island (H.
Kiihn).
Eurycus cressida troilus Butl.
Eurycus troilus Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xviii. p. 247. No. 27 (1876) (Port Moresby).
1 (J, 1 ?, Redscar Bay, British New Guinea, 1894 (Lix) ; 1 <?, Mailu, British
New Guinea, July 1895 (Anthony) ; 4 ??, Port Moresby (Rattle) ; 1 <J, 2 ??,
Lower Aroa River, British Ntw Guinea, November 1904 — March 1905 (A. S.
Meek).
Eurycus cressida intermedius subsp. nov.
Differs from both c. troilus and c. cressida, but nearer the former, especially
in the ?. <S almost identical with c. cressida. ?. Above similar to c. troilus ?,
but the discal white patches on the hindwing larger ; below has the white
marginal spots of c. cressida.
1 <J, Port Darwin ; 13 S<3, 7 ??, Eureka, Northern Territory of South
Australia, January 1903 (Tunney).
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. I'.US. 67'
BABOITZA.
Baronia brevicomis Salv.
Baronia brevicomis Salvin, Trans. Entum. Hue. London, 1893, p. 331 (Cliilpanoingo, W. Mexico).
1 <J, Chilpancingo, Sierra Madre del Siir, 4,500 ft. (0. T. Baron) ; 4 (JjJ,
3 ??, Sierra Madras, Guerrero, Mexico.
LEPTOCIBCUS.
Iieptocircus curins (Fabr.).
There are 3 subspecies all very closely allied.
Leptocircus curius curius (Fabr.).
Papilio curius Fabricius, Mant. Insect, vol. ii. p. 9. No. 71 (1787) (Siam, es Mus. Banks).
2 ??, Silhet (1 ex coll. Feld.) ; 1 S, Khasia Hills, Assam; 1 ?, Assam,
coll. Felder; 1 S, Katha, Burma; 1 S, Burmah ; 1 ?, Siamese Frontier of
Burmah ; 1 ?, Malacca (Castlenau), ex coll. Felden ; 3 SS, Gunong Tjan,
Malay Peninsula ; 1 (J, 2 ??, Mount Jahan, Malay Peninsula (Waterstradt) ;
1 9, Namktan — Bhamo, Northern Shan States ; 1 ?, Sumatra ; 1 $, Upper
Palembang District (Volcker) ; 1 cJ, Padang Sidemi, W. Sumatra (Erichson) ;
1 cJ, 1 ?, N.E. Sumatra, December 1892 (Dr. Martin) ; 3 cJcJ, Selesseh, N.E.
Sumatra, June 1893 (Dr. Martin) ; 1 <?, 5 5?, Battak Mountains, N.E.
Sumatra, June 1893— May 1894 (Dr. Martin) ; 3 <J^, 2 ??, Kma Balu (1 5,
A. Everett), 2 3S, 2 $?, December 1 898— February 1899 (Waterstradt) ; 1 ?,
Lawas. N. Borneo (A. Everett) ; 1 cJ, 1 ?, Mount Marajjok, Dent Province.
British North Borneo; 1 cJ, 1 ?, Palawan; 2 SS, No locality, ex Felder coll. ;
1 (J, 1 $, Siam, January (H. Fruhstorfer).
Leptocircus curius walkeri Moore.
Leptocircus wilkeri Moote, Lepid. Ind. vol. v. p. 137 (1901-1903) (Hong Kong).
1 <J, 6 $?, Hong Kong, May 1897 ; 3 <JcJ, 6 ??, Chiem Hoa, Central Tonkin.
August — September (H. Fruhstorfer) ; 1 ^, 14 $?, Youboi, Hainan, June 1904 ;
5 $?, Mangrin, Hainan, June 1904 ; 1 (J, 3 ??, Henron, Hainan, June 1904; 1 <J,
Hainan, 1904—1905.
Leptocircus curius libelluloides Fruhst.
Leptocirus curius libclluluiJe-': Fnili.sturfer, Her!. Entjm. Zeilsc'ir. vol. xliii. p. 179 (1899) (Xias).
3 <J;J, 4 ??, Nias.
Leptocircns meges (Zink.).
Of this species 5 subspecies can be distinguished.
Leptocircus meges meges (Zink.).
Papilio meges Zinken, Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. vol. xv. p. 161. pi. 15. f. 8 (1831).
8 (JcJ, 1 ?, Battak Mountains, N.E. Sumatra, June 1893 — ^November 1894
(Dr. Martin) ; 1 <J, 1 ?, Selesseh, N.E. Sumatra, November 1893 — March 1894
(Dr. Martin) ; 4 ??, Setinjak, W. Sumatra, February— May 1898 (Erichson) ;
68 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918,
1 (J, Gayos Mountains, N.E. Sumatra, June 1903 (Dr. Martin) ; 3 ??, Mount
Mulu, 1,000-4,000 ft., N. Borneo, August — December 1894 (Charles Hose) ;
1 2, Lawas, N. Borneo (A. Everett) ; 2 (J,J, Kina Balu (J. Whitehead) ; 1 S,
1 ?, Kina Balu, December 1898— February 1899 (J. Waterstradt) ; 1 <J, South
Borneo.
Leptociicus meges virescens Butl.
Lepiociraif virescens Butler, Cai. Dium. Lepid. descr. Fabr. p. 259 (1870) (Java and Moulmein).
5 SS, 5 ?$, Chien Hoa, Central Tonkin, August — September (H. Fruhstor-
fer) ; 1 ?, Tonkin, June— July (H. Fruastorfer) ; 3 Burma (Fea) ; 1 ?, Mepli
Valley, December 1893 (Colonel Bingham) ; 1 $, East Pegu, 500—2,000 ft.,
March — April, 1890 (W. Doherty) ; 1 cj, 1 $, Dawnatt Range, September 1891
(Colonel Bingham ); 1 <?, Van Bu, Upper Tonkin ; 2 $?, Shan States ; 1 ?, Moul-
mein, September 1892 (Colonel Bingham) ; 1 S, Pukha, Siamese Frontier, S.
Shan States, 2,000 ft., February 1895; 1 $, Haundraw, June 1895 (Colonel
Bmgham) ; 1 ?, Mount Tahan, Malay Peninsula (J. Waterstradt); 1 S, Nam-
Hou (Black River), Siam-Tonkin Frontier, October 1905 (VV. Micholitz) ; 1 ?,
Xom-gom, S. Annam, February (H. Fruhstorfer) ; 1 (J, 2 ??, Malay Peninsula;
2 $?, Malacca (Castlenau), ex coll. Felder ; 3 SS, 3 ??, Youboi, Hainan ; 2 ?$,
No locality, ex Felder coU.
Leptocircus meges niasicus Jord.
Leptocirctis meijes niasicus Jordan, SeiU GrustsJim. Erde, vol. ix. p. 108 (1909) (Nias).
1 ?, Nias Island.
Leptocircus meges decius Feld.
Leptoci?-cus decius Felder, Wien. Eniom. Monatsb. vol. vi. p. 284. No. 37 (1862) (Luzon).
1 (J, 1 $ 1 ; 4 ??, Palawan ; 1 <?, Balabac ; 1 ?, Luzon (Lorquin) (type), ex.
coll. Felder ; 2 <?<?, 2 $?, N. Luzon (J. \\ hitehead) ; 7 cJcJ, 3 ?$, Mount Arajat,
Luzon, August 1903 (Browne) ; 6 ?$, Mindoro November — December 1894
(A. Everett) ; 1 ?, Mindoro, bought fiO;ii Staudinger.
Leptocircus meges emiius Feld.
Liptocircns enniics Felder. Reise dcr Xuvara, Lcpid. vol. i. p. 2. tab. 21. b. (18(15) (Menado).
1 $, Menado, 1 $, Celebes (Wallace), 1 ?, no special label, 1 ?, Macassar,
April 1862 (tyjDe), ex coU. Felder; 1<J, 1 $, Dongala, S. of Palos Bay, Celebes,
August — September 1896 (W. Doherty) ; 1 ?, Tavoya, N. of Palos Bay, Celebes,
August 1896 (W. Doherty) ; 1 o', North Celebes.
TZINOPALPUS.
Telnopalpus imperialis Hope.
In 1908 (NoviTATES Zoologicae, p. 602) I described the Bhutan and Sikkim
individuals of this species as a distinct race and named it T. imp. himalaicus.
In 1909 Dr. K. Jordan, in Seiiz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. ■p. 108, sinks this as a
synonym of T. imperialis imperialis Hope, saying that it was true that Bhutan
and Sikkim 9? had the underside of the hindwings paler than Assam specimens,
but that equally pale ones occur occasionally among Assamese ??. In view
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 69
of this I should have agreed with him and included these Bhutan-Sikkim
specimens under imperialis ; but there is one point of difference that seems
constant, namely, the supra-tornal yeUow patch, both above and below, is
larger and extends further into the wing than in any Assam $? I have seen,
many amongst which have this patch much reduced and almost absent. I thus
recognize 3 subspecies.
Teinopalpus imperialis imperialis Hope.
Teinopalpis impcrinliH Hope, Trans. Linn. Sor. vol. x:x. p. 131. pi. 11. f. 1. 2 (184.3) (SUhet).
1 <J, Silhet ; 3 3S,2 ??, Garo Hills, Assam ; 9 ^3, 14 ??, Kahsia Hills, Assam
(1 ? ex coll. Felder).
Teinopalpus imperialis bimalaicus Rothsch.
Teinopalpus imperialis himnlaicus Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. v. p. 602. No. 1. (189S) (Blmtaa).
6 d'c? ? ; *<?(?, Sikkim (Mandelli), ex coll. Felder ; 4 cJcJ, Sikkim (0. Moller) ;
1 $, Ari-Gnaton Sikldm, 7,000-12,500 ft., April 1892 (Colonel Bingham) ; 1 ?,
Bhutan, May 10!h, 1889 (J. G. Pilcher) ; 1 $, Darjeeling, May 1889 (J G. Pilcher ?).
Teinopalpus imperialis imperatrix Nice v.
Tcinopnlp'is imperatrix De NiceviUe, Joxirn. Bomha'j Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. .xii. p. .33.5. No. 47. pi. BB.
cJ ? (1899) (Tenasserim).
2 (JcJ, 1 ?, Taungou Hills, 4,000 ft.. Upper Tenasserim, S January, ? March
(T. A. Hauxwell) (types).
ARSEAITDIA.
Armandia thaidina Blanch.
Armandia thaidina Blanchard, Compt. Rend. vol. ixxii. p. 809. Note 3 (1871) (Mou-pin).
4 SS, 3 ??, W. China (no special locality), ex Leech coll. ; 2 S6, 2 ??, Pa-
tsu-fong, W. China, 9,820 ft., June 1890 (Native coll.), ex Leech coU. ; 1 (?, 4 $$,
Wa-ssu-kou, 5,000 ft., June 1890 (Native coll.), ex Leech coll. ; 1 ,J, 1 ?, Wa-
shan, W. China, 6,000 ft., June 1889 (A. E. Pratt), ex Leech coll. ; 1 ?, W.
China (no precise locality), ex Leech coll., ex Felder coll.
Armandia lidderdalii (Atk.).
Atkinson in describing this very remarkable insect was unaware of the pre-
vious description of thaidina by Blanchard, and founded on it the genus Bhti-
tanitis. Those genus splitters who go entirely by shape and outline maintain
the two genera, but structurally Dr. Jordan could find nothing to warrant the
separation. There are two subspecies, one only being \\\ t! e Tring Museum.
Armandia lidderdalii lidderdalii (Atk.)
Bhutanitis lidderdalii Atkinson, P.Z.S. 1873. p. 571. pi. 50 (Bhutan).
4 (J<J, 1 ?, "Bhutan" (no locality on labels); 4 (JtJ, 2 S?, Mircham,
Bhutan ; 3 <?<?, 1 $, Bhutan ; 1 <?, 4 ??, Bhutan, September 1888 (J. G. Pilcher) ;
2 <J<J, S. Chin Hills, Burma, 6,000-7,000 ft., August 1895; 3 S-i, Sikkim.
70 NOYITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
SEBICIITUS.
There is only one species of this genus but a number of subspecies ; each
p.obably appearing in two seasonal forms, of which the spring generation of 3
only have been described.
Sericinus telamon (Don.).
There are six subspecies of this insect.
Sericinus telamon telamon (Don.).
Papilio telamon Donovan, Epit. Nat. Hist. Ins. China, pi. 27. f. 1 (179S) (Pekin).
Gener. Vern. telmona Gray.
Sericinus tdmona Gray, P.Z.S. 1852, p. 72 (N. China).
2 <?(J, 2 ??, N. China; 2 SS, 1 ?, N. China, bred in Zoological Gardens,
London ; 1 larva.
Gener. Aestiv. telamon Donovan.
6 3S, 4 ??, N. China ; 1 cJ, 1 ?, N. China, exFeldercoll. ; 1 <J, Pekin, Tatari-
noff, 1 3, Ningpo (Muirhead), ex Felder coll. ; 1 (J, 1 ?, Tsingtau, Shantung (L.
Klapheck) ; 1 <J, 1 $, Peki'.i, September — November, 1902 (Colonel Browne) ;
6 <J(J, 2 $?, Chifu, Shantung, N. China ; 1 3, Wei-hai-Wei, September 1898 (Dr.
Lambert) ; 1 ?, Talhienteze, N. China.
Sericinus telamon amurensis Stdgr.
Sericinus telamon var. amurensis Staudinger in Romano!!, Mem. Lipid, vol. vi. p. 13U (1892)
(Sutschan District).
Gener. Vern. telemacbus Staudinger.
Sericinus telamon var. amurensis gen. vera, ielemachns Staudinger in Romanoff, Mem. Lepid. vol. vi,
p. 133 (1892).
4 ^(J, 6 ??, "Amur."
Gener. Aestiv. amurensis Staudinger.
3 S3, 2 $$, "Amur."
Sericinus telamon koreana Fixs.
Serecinus telamon var. koreana Fixsen iii Romanoff, Mem. Lipid, vol. iii. p. 257 (18S7) (Korea).
Gener. Aestiv ? koreana Fixs.
1 ^, 1 ?, Korea.
Sericinus telamon leecbi subsp. nov.
(J. Differs from t. montela Gray in the dark bands and patches being much
narrower and less heavUy marked.
?. Differs from t. inontela in tlie light bands on the wings being much more
extended and theu' yellow colour being much paler.
Habitat. Chang-yang (A. E. Pratt).
» <J(J, 7 ??, Chang-Yang (A. E. Pratt), ex Leech coll.
^NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. . 71
Serecinus telamon montela Gray.
Sericinus montela Gray, P.Z.S. 1852, p. 71 (Shanghai).
1 <J, *' N. China " ! ; 2 ^^, Ningpo (Muirhead), ex coll. Felder ; 1 <J, Ta-
tsien-lu) ; 6 JcJ, 2 $?, Kiukiang, June 1887 (A. E. Pratt), ex coll. Leech.
ZEBTITTHIA.
This genus is much better known as Thais Fabr., but Fabricius' name is
preoccupied by Thais Bolt, 1798, a genus of Molluscs, so the next oldest name
Zerynthia Ochs. (Ochsenheimer and Treitschke Schmetterlinge Europdis., 1816)
must be used.
Zerynthia cerisyi God.
There are 8 subspecies of this species.
Zerynthia cerisyi cerisyi (God.).
Thais ce.risyi Godart, Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, vol. ii. j). 234. pi. 20. ff. 3, 4 (1822).
2 (J (J, 2 ??, No locality ; 1 <J ? ex Felder coU. ; 1 S, Greece ; 1 cJ, 1 ?, Asia
Minor; 1 <?, 1 ?, Smyrna; 1 <?, 1 ?, Shipka Pass, ex larva, April 1891 ; 5 <?<?,
1 2, Burnabad, Smyrna; 6 SS, 4 ??, Cordelio, Smyrna, March — April 1905
(Dr. Martin) ; 2 SS,2 $$, Balkan Peninsula (Haberhauer), ex coll. Felder ; 1 <J,
Brussa (Mann), ex coll. Feld.
Zerynthia cerisyi cypria Stich.
Zerynthia cerisyi cypria Stichel. Entfim. Zeitschr. Sliittg. vol. xxi. p. 178 (1907) (Cyprus).
34 SS, 20 $9, Aghirda, foot of Kyrenia Range, Cyprus, 1,400 ft., March
1914 (G. F. Wilson) ; 1 $, St. Hilarion, Northern Range, Cyprus, 1,800 ft., AprU
1914 (G. F. WUson), ex coll. A. H Gibbs.
Zerynthia cerisyi martini (Fruhst.).
Thais cerisyi mirlini Fi-uhstorfer, Soc. Entom. vol. xxi. p. 147 (1906) (Rhodes).
5 S, Rhodes Island, March— April 1905 (Dr. Martin).
Zerynthia cerisyi speciosa Stich.
Zerynthia cerisyi speciosa Stichel, Entom. Zeitschr. StiUtg. vol. xxi. p. 83 (1907) (Syria, Palestine).
14 (J<J, 4 ??, Beirut, Syria ; 1 cj, Syria ; 1 ,J, 3 ?9, Jerusalem ; 1 $, Anti-
ochia ; 2 <J(J, Lebanon, ex coU. Felder; 17 larvae, Beirut, Syiia.
Zerynthia cerisyi caucasica (Led.).
2'hais cerisyi var. caucasica LeJerer, Wien. Entmn. Mon. vol. viii. p. 165 (1864) (Caucasus).
2 SS, 2 ?$, Caucasus ; 1 (J, 3 ??, Cau;asus (Haberhauer), ex coU. Felder.
Zerynthia cerisyi deyrollei (O berth.).
Thais deyrollei Oberthur, Pelites Noau. Entom. vol. i. No. 2. p. 7 (1869) (Alpes-Pontique;-, .'tsia
Minor).
1 (J, 4 ??, Armenia ; 1 iJ, 1 ?, Aintab ; 1 ^, Armenia (Sintenis) ; 2 ??,
N.E. Asia Mmor (Pontus) ; 1 cJ, 1 ?, Amasia ; I S, Trebizond ; 1 (J, 1 $, Brussa ;
1 $, No locality; 1 (J, Asia Minor; 1 <J, Trebizond (DeyioUe) ; 2 cJ<J, 5 ?$,
Amasia (Mann), ex coll. Felder.
72 NOVITATEp ZOOLOGICAG XXV. 19l8.
Zerynthia cerisyi cretica (Rebel).
Thais cerisyi var. cretica Rebel, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien. vol. liv. p. 2 (1904) (Crete).
2 3S, Crete, May 1903 ; 1 J, Hag Myron, Crete (Holtz).
Zerynthia cerisyi louristana (Le Cerf).
Thiis cerisyi var. louristana Le Cerf, Bull. So: .-E iit-ym. -France, 1908. p. 21 (Louristan).
1 (J, 1 ?, Sultanabad, S. Persia, 2,000 metres = 6,500 ft., April 1910 (C. H.
Ragnow) ; 1 (J, 1 ?, Azuh Louristan, Persia, AprU 1908.
Zerynthia polyxena (Schiff. and Den.).
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena (Schiff. and Den.).
PapUio polyxena Schiffermiller and Denis, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien, p. 102. No. 1. (1771) (Vienna).
2 (J<J, 2 ?$, " Europe," ex. coll. Meyer ; 5 <J<J, 5 ??, No locality (Austria),
ex coll. Felder ; 4 S6, 6 $9, No locality ; 2 cJcJ, 2 ??, " Germany " ! bred 1894 ;
1 <J, 1 ?, Brunn; 1 <?, Hungary, ex Buchecker coll.; 1<J, 2 $?, Hungary; 2 ??,
Kronstadt, Transylvania; 1 (J, Bishofsbad, Bihar Comitat, May 1911; 2 <J(J, 1
Juc, 1 Tiszovicza, nr. Szvinicza Costellitz, Hungary, May 1912 ; 18 <?<?, 12 ?$,
Csehtelek, Bihar Comitat, May 1912 ; 5 larvae ; 2 pupae ; eggs ; 2 Hymenop-
terous, and 1 Dipterous parasite.
ab. rufescens Oberth.
3 cJcJ, Gravosa, S. Dalmatia, April 1901.
Zerynthia polyxema subsp. ?
I have 1 (J from Delphi (Kriiper), which is very small and pale, and differs
a good deal from p. polyxena in pattern, but I cannot describe it from 1 c? only.
I also have 1 tj, 1 $, labelled Parnassus which agree with above in marking,
but are of the same colour as polyxena ab. rufescens.
Zerjmthia polyxena subsp. ?
1 have a (J $ from Talysch, Caspian Sea, which are very large and very
strongly marked. These also are coloured like ab. rufescens. The material is
too insufficient to describe this form.
Zerynthia polyxena creusa (Meig.).
Thais creusa Mcigen (demnosia Dahl MS.). System. Beschr. Eur. SchmM. vol. I. |i. 101 (1829).
Stichel in Wji;sman's Genera Insectorurn, Fasc. 59, p. 10, No. 2b, quotes
Meigen's creusa as ex Dahl MS. and does so also for the second quotation, Mann,
Stett. Entom. Zeit. vol. v. p. 359 (1854). This is wrong as Meigen's creusa =
deninosia Dahl MS. and only Mann's creusa = creusa Dahl MS. It is very
unfortunate that this mistake has arisen, for Meigen's nav/.e must stand. The
6 specimens from Alassio and the 1 from Rome are very pale.
2 ii, 4' ?'9,'Aiassio, Ciulf of Genoa, April 1910 (A. E. Britton) ; 1 9, Marino
Forest, Rome ; 1 ?, " Italy," Buchecker coll. ; 4 S6, Bordighera, March — April
(W. and N. C. lidthschild/ ; l' 9, S. France ; 3 S3, 3 99, Ficuzza, Sicily, March
(Geo. C. Kriiger), ex coll. Turati ; 1 o', Zeng. Croatia, Api^il 1912, ex coll. N. C.
NOTITATKS ZOOLOOICAB XXV. 1918. 73
EothschUd ; 1 <?, 1 $, Florence (Steffanelli) ; 1 <?, 2 $?, Valescure, nr. St. Raphael,
Var, April 1910 (W. Rothschild); 1 ^. Antibes, Riviera, April 1904 (W. Roth-
schild) ; IcJ, Wallis, Buchecker coll. ; 1 <^, Toulon, Provence, Sand coll. ; 2 <JiJ ?
ex Felder coll. ; 1 cj, " Europe" ! ex Meyer coll. ; 1 (J, Galop, Provence ; 6 <J(J,
10 ??, Hyeres (H. Powell, March 1903, and Colonel N. Manders, AprU 1904) ;
1 ;J, 1 $, Agaz, Dept. Var, April 1910 (W. Rothschild) ; 2 larvae, 2 pupa shells,
1 Hymenopterous parasite, Hyeres (H. Powell).
ab. vitrina ab. no v.
This variety is very curious, the yellow is replaced by semitransparent dirty
white and the red spots by yellow.
1 (J, Toulon, Sand coU. ; 1 cj, Agay, Dept. Var, April 1910 (W. Rothschild).
Zerynthia polyxena subsp. ?
ReseiTibles creusa but much larger. The material is quite inadequate to
describe this form.
1 (J. S. Russia ; 1 3. Ekaterinoslov. May 1882 (Bramson).
Zerynthia polyxena latiaris Stich.
Zerynthia poli/iena latiaris Stichel in Wytsman, Genera Ins. Fasc. 59. p. 11. (1907) (Central
Italy, Alban Mountains).
4 cJcJ, Mount Autore, Central Italy, 1,000 metres = 3250 ft., April 1909
(Geo. C. Krijger), ex coU. Turoti.
Zerynthia rumina (Linn.).
HeiT Stichel in Wytsman's Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 59, p. 11, describes,
under the name rumina andalusiana, a form of rumina in which the red on the
forewing is more or less obsolescent and the black markings very heavy, while
the red on the hindwmg is reduced. This he records from Andalusia, especially
Gibraltar (Type Gibraltar, No. 3113, Kgl. Zoological Museum, Berlin). I possess
a number of such specimens from South Portugal, but with them were taken
ui great numbers quite typical rumina. From Gibraltar I have 6 specimens
taken by Captam Jacobs, and I saw in his collection many more, all of which
have very extended red markings. It is therefore quite evident that andalusiana
Stichel can only be considered as an aberration.
Zerynthia rumina rumina (Linn.).
Papilio rumina Linnaeus, Sysl. Nat. (Edit, x.) p. 48(.i. No. 132. (1758) (South Europe).
4 (J(J, 2 ??, No locality ; 1 <J, " Europe " ! Meyer coll. ; 3 ,J(J ? ex Felder
coll. ; 1 (J, 1 ?, South Spain ; 5 <J<J, 1 ?, Gibraltar. February — March, 1910-
1911 (Captaui J. J. Jacobs) ; 12 cJcJ, 4 ??. Algeciras, March 1908 (N. Charles
Rothschild) ; 3 ^S, 3 ??, Malaga, Andalusia (C. Ribbe) ; 1 J, Portugal,
Buchecker coll. ; 4 <J<J, 2 $$, Cintra, Portugal, April 1909-1910 (N. C. Roth-
schUd and Dr. K. Jordan); 10 SS, 6 $$, Monchique, Algarve, Portugal, May
1910, 9 SS, 9 ??, Caldas de Monchique. April 1910 (Dr. K. Jordan) ; 3 larvae,
Andalusia ; 1 larva, Monchique, May 12, 1910 (Dr. K. Jordan). '
74 NOVITATEB ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
ab. canteneri Stdgr.
2 ?? ? ; 1 (J, 1 ? ? ex Felder coll. ; 1 <?, 2 ??, Malaga, Andalusia {C. Ribbe).
Zerynthia nunina castiliana (Riihl).
Tliais rumitia var. caMiliana Riihl (and Heyue), Palaearct. QroasschmeU. vol. i. p. 91 (1892) (Castile).
The one specimen from San Ildefonso is a strongly marked example of the
aberration andalusiana Stich., showing that this aberration occurs also in other
races of rutnina.
2 S3, San Ildefonso, Segovia, Spain, June — August 1906 (M. de laEscalera) ;
2 ??, Castile.
Zerynthia nunina subsp. 1
These two specimens are coloured like ab. canteneri, but the material is
too scanty for description.
1 (J, 1 ?, Talysch, Caspian Sea.
Zerynthia rumina medesicaste (Illig.).
Papilio medesicaste Illiger, Hag. Insek'. vol. ii. p. 181 (1803) (South of France).
1 <J, Valescure, nr. St. Raphael, AprU 1910 (W. Rothschild) ; 6 SS, 4 ??,
Hyeres, April 1904 (Colonel N. Manders) ; 4 <J<J, 5 ?? ? ; 2 So, " Europe " !
ex Meyer coll. ; 2 tj<?, S. Fiance, ex Buchccker coll. ; 1 ?, S. France, Sand
coU. ; 4 (J (J, 6 ?? ? ex Felder coll. ; 1 S, Toulon ; 3 <?<?, 2 ??, St. Cezaire,
Basses Alpes, April 1910 ; 4 SS, St. Vincent, Digne Basses Alpes, May, 1908 ;
1 <J, 1 $, Digne, May 1904 (Colonel N. Manders).
ab. honnoratii Boisd.
2 ,3<J, 1 ? ? ; 1 <J, 1 ? ? ex Felder coll. ; 1 S, Digne, Sand coll. ; 1 ,?, 1 ?,
bred by Dr. Standfuss ; 1 <?, Digne, May 4, 1904 (Colonel N. Manders).
Zerynthia rumina mauretanica (Sehulz).
Thais rumiiM mauretanica Scliulz, Intern. EiUom. Zeitschr. Statlg. vol. xxi. p. 267 (1908) (Morocco,
Algeria).
1 J, 1 ?, Tangiers ; 1 (J, 1 ? ? ; 9 <J<J, 3 ??, Tlemcen, Prov. Oran, April 1913
(W. Rothschild and E. Hartert) ; 18 33, 4 ?$, Oran, April 1913 (W. Roth-
schild and E. Hartert); 1 ?, Santa Cruz, Oran, February, 1906 (Dr. Nissen) ;
3 S6, 5 ??, Hammam R'ihra; 2 SS, 2 $?, April 1912 (VV. Rothschild and K.
Jordan) ; 1 <J, 1 $, ex larva (larvae, May 1908 (W. Rothschild and K. Jordan),
1 emerged Tring 1909, the second 1910) ; 2 9$, July 1916 (Faroult) ; 1 cj, 1 ?,
Blida les Glacieres, June 1908 (W. Rothschild and K. Jordan) ; 26 S6, 19 ??,
Environs d'Alger (Hussein Dey, Maison Carree, Femme Sauvage), March— April,
1905-1913 (Dr. Nissen, Captain HoU) ; 2 <?<?, 2 ??, Lac Fetzara, nr. Bone, ex
larva emerged Tring. April 1910 (W. Rothschild and E. Hartert) ; 1 <J, 1 ?, Ain
Draham, Tunisia (Faroult); 3 larvae, Hammam R'ihra, May 1911 (W. Roth-
schild and E. Hartert) ; 1 larva, Lac Fetzara, May 1909 (W. Rothschild and E.
Hartert).
NOVTTATBB ZOOLOGIOAE XXV. 1918. :75
ab. distorta ab. nov.
This aberra ion has the hindwings cut square as if with scissors and gener-
ally has a row of red submarginal marks.
2 $?, Ain Draham, Tunisia, March 1911 (Faroult).
ab. derubescens Schultz.
1 ?, Alger, 1898 (E. Deschanges).
ab. canteneri StJgr.
1 ?, Oran, April 20, 1913 (W. Rothschild and E. Hartert) ; 1 $, Blida les
Glacieres, June 9, 1908 (W. Rothschild and K. Jordan).
76 NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
NEW SPECIES AND FORMS OF GEOMETRIDAE.
By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.
A. HfDO-AUSTSALIAN.
SuBFAM. HEMITHEINAE.
1. Dysphania translucida ab. xanthora ab. nov.
Dysphania cyane ab. xanthora Warr., MS., in coll. Tring Museum.
<J ?. All the white parts bright yellow, only a little paler in the centre of
the forewing, and usually in the cell of the hindwing. In addition, there is a
very general tendency, especially in the 2, for the sub'narginal yellow spots or
bands to broaden, on the hindwmg sometimes leaving only a narrow apical
patch and a few very obscure posterior spots dark, on the forewing sometimes
running along the veins to the terraen.
Woodlark I., fairly co-nmon, together with the name-type (translucida
Jlontrz., Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon (2, viii. 409). Also a few from St. Aignan.
Might have been taken for a separate species, or for a modification of
numana Cram., but for the presence of occasional, though rare, intermediates.
I am inclined to suspect that numana Cram., tentans Walk., translucida Montrz.,
siibalbata Warr. and very likely tyriavthina Butl. are all races of one very widely
distributed species. It is not a little curious that one of the most westerly
for.ms (numana, Amboina) should most closely resemble an aberration only
found in the extreme east of the range of the collective species or group.
2. Berta angustimedia sp. nov.
(J, 28 mm. Structure and form of acte Swinh. (Hindlegs lost.)
Forewing with the white markings much more extended than in acte ; basal
area spotted with white ; the fine interrupted line which, in acte, separates the
proximal from the median area replaced by a slightly interrupted, partly double,
band of white lunules, recalling that of ckrysolineata \\'alk. ; median area nar-
rowed, especially behind, its anterior half predominantly filled in with white,
only remaining green at its edges, in an 8-shaped mark about the discocellular.s
and slightly in subcostal region ; postmedian white line deeply inbent and
thickened between the radials and especially posteriorly, where it is in conse-
quence markedly farther re;r.oved from termen than in acte ; distal area largely
white, with irregular olive-green spots and streaks. Hindtciiig with corre-
sponding extensions of the white markings.
Khasia Hills, May 1896. Type in coll. Tring Museum.
A ? paratype in coll. Swinhoe, also from the Khasia Hills, shows the third joint
of the palpus to be longer than that of acte ? and has the white in the median
area of the forewing even more extended, forming in addition two patches in
the cellules between M' and SM'.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 7,7'
SuBFAM. STERRHINAE.
3. Rhodostrophia tremiscens sp. nov.
S, 30-31 mm.
Head and body cone lorous with wings, the face and upperside of palpus
darker, the vertex whitish. Antennal pectinations longer than in the allies —
four or five ti ues the dia iieter of the shaft. Hindtibia moderately dUated, with
hair-pencil and three strong spurs.
Forewing broad, terjien very slightly sinuous, SC' very shortly stalked ;
dark fawn-colour, with a slight umbreous tinge ; lines slight, very slender ;
antemedian excurved and somewhat sinuous ; median well beyond the cell-dot
(but scarcely so far as in the allies), nearly parallel with termen from costa to
R' or M\ then slightly n:ore oblique inward, curving again so as to fall vertically
on hindmargin slightly beyond u.iddle ; post'cedian in its main outline nearly
as in hisimiata Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae, ii. 98), but with the curves
slightly less deep, on the other hand with slight secondary indentations which
are not, or scarcely, traceable in that species ; cell-dot distinct, slightly larger
than in bisinuata ; terminal line extremely feeble,' interrupted at the veins ;
fruige anple, with a very fine pale line at base, then broadly darkened, again
with a narrow dark line near tips. Hindwing ample, with termen somewhat
bent in middle ; first line wanting ; cell-dot minute, rather closely followed by
the median line ; the rest as on forewing.
Underside slightly brighter fav/n, somewhat mixed with ochreous costally
on forewing ; minute cell-dots and fine postniedian line present.
Nanchuen, S. Szechuan, W. China, July — September, 2 cJcJ in coU. Tring
Museum.
Taken together with bisimiata Warr., but clearly distinct, not only in its
broader wings and darker colour but also in the much finer and more tremulous
lines, particularly in the bent median line. In all the bisinuata which I have
exa Jiined, SC of the forewing is much longer stalked than in tremiscens ; though
this is too variable a character to be depended upon alone, it is by no means
negligible in conjunction with the other distinctions.
4. Dithecodes phaenomeris sp. nov.
Euihysana inconspkua Warr., Novit. Zool. xiv. 142 (1007) (nee vi. 338).
<J $, 24-25 mm. Face brick-red to maroon-purple (in inconspicua black or
blackish). Hindleg in <J glabrous, the inner spur well developed, though con-
siderably shorter than the outer (in inconspicua the femur strongly hairy, the
tibia with strong hau'-pencil, the inner spur strongly atrophied, perhaps some-
times wantmg). Antennal cOiation in 3 long.
Forewing with areole double, SC- from cell (m inconspicua with areole gener-
ally single, occasionally also with a very small distal areole remaining, SC well
stalked), apex rather more pointed than in inconspicua, termen rather smoother ;
giound-colour fawn, with a slight vinaceous tinge (in inconspicua drab-grey) ;
postniedian line straightish, not lunulate-dentate ; fringe less whitened.
Hindwing with termen slightly smoother ; postmedian luie curved or bent in
middle, not lunulate-dentate ; cell-dot small (in inconspicua large).
Underside more reddish than in inconspicua, more sharply marked.
78 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXV. 1918.
Biagi, Upper Mambare River, British New Guinea, 5,000 ft., January — •
April 1906 (A. S. Meek), 4 cJcJ, 1 ?, in coll. Tring Museum.
Warren, in erecting Euthysana, fell into a double error, misidentifying his
own inconspicua and (presumably from memory after the specimens had passed
out of his hands, for an error of observation is unthinkable) in attributing to
his genus the <J hindtibial structure of Ptychopoda. In spite of the venational
variations, both inconspicua and phaenomeris are quite closely related to idaea
Swinh., the type of Mnesithetis, which I have sunk to Dithecodes. In the only
two specimens of inconspicua yet known from Dutch New Guinea (Fak-Fak and
Snow Mountains), possibly a local race, the distal areole is better developed than
m any British New Guinea specimens I have examined, and the whole structure,
as well as the scheme of markings, brings out to perfection the relationship
with idaea. It may be added that even in idaea I have seen one aberration or
" sport " in which the distal areole is minute in the right wing and wanting
in the left.
5. Synegiodes obliaoilascia sp. nov.
(J 9, 36-41 mm. Very similar to diffusijascia Swinh. (Tr. Ent. Sac. Land.
1892, p. 11), with which it has hitherto been confused.
Forewing with termen in general slightly more oblique ; areole doable, SC"
arising from the cell ; coloration on an average more inclining to buff-pink or
salmon-ljuff, on account of rather stronger cloudings of vinaceous-pink (but
variable in both species) ; median and postmedian bands more oblique, so that
the median band of the hindwing appears more as a continuation of the latter
than (as in diffusijascia) of the former ; dark patch on postmedian between
M' and SM' much less developed, oftener wanting. Hindwing with a vinaceous-
tinged (on the underside much darker and greyer) line proximal to the post-
median row of dots, reaching from abdominal margin to SC.
Khasias, almost as common as diffusijascia. Type, Cherrapunji, April 1893,
in coll. Tring Museum. Darjiling, \S, 1 ?, July 1886 (H. J. Elwes), in coll. Tring
Museum.
I have examined the venation of very extensive ir.aterial in the genus
Synegiodes and find it constant ui each species — double in hyriaria (with SC
stalked) and in obliquijascia (with SC from ceU), single in diffusijascia , histrionaria
and sanguinaria.
6. Timandra nelsoni sp. nov.
(J 5, 32-37 mm. Exceedingly similar to convectaria Walk. {List. Lep. Ins..
xxiii. 800), from N. India, Shan States, China and Formosa, sometimes supe.-
ficiaUy indistinguishable. Generally larger, of a deeper ochreous tone, with-
out the fleshy tinge which generally appears in the most brightly-coloured forms
of convectaria .
Forewing with costal shade, cell-dot and generally the antemedian reddish
line well developed, the oblique line less perfectly straight, showing a very fauit
proximal convexity ; beneath rather strongly suffused, at least in and behind
ceU.
S. India and Ceylon. Type cj, Madura distr., March — June 1906 (H. Camp-
bell) in coll. Tring Museum.
NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 79
Dedicated to my kind helpers, Rev. Charles Rich Nelson Burrows and
Frank Nelson Pierce, to whose investigations I owe the discovery that the ^
genitalia are quite different from those of convectaria, of which otherwise I should
have supposed it a subspecies. Indeed, it is unique in the genus, so far as at
present known, in the long, divided uncus. Further distinguished from con-
vectaria in having the costa as long as valve (in convectaria half as long) and in
the sacculus, which has the upper (hard) part fused with the lower, whereas in
convectaria it is not fused. The antennal jjectinations appear slightly longer
than in convectaria and continued a few joints further distally.
7. Timandra oligoscia sp. nov.
(J, 35 mm. Face red, mixed with black, narrowly pale below. Palpus
mostly pale. Vertex and antennal shaft whitish. Collar dark brown. Thoiax,
abdomen and legs concolorous with wings.
Foreiving moderately broad, with costa well arched distally ; SC arising
well before apex of areole ; pale wood-colour, with very fine grey irroration ;
proximal half of costal margin rather strongly shaded with grey, yet not so
conspicuously dark as in convectaria Walk., nelsoni Prout and correspendens
Hmpsn. ; first line obsolete ; cell-dot rather strong ; the oblique rufous line
rather fine, running to a short dark mark at anterior extremity of distal margin,
not (as in the species named) to distal end of costa ; submarginal grey line ex-
tremely fine and weak, scarcely traceable in its anterior half, little sinuate ;
terminal line reddish, very slender ; fringe pale, tipped with pink and with an
oblique pink mark at apex. Hindwing with the taU at R' moderately strong ;
no cell-spot ; the oblique red line normal ; outer grey line fine, but better deve-
loped than on forewing, shaped as in convectaria ; terminal line and fringe as
on forewing, except at apex.
Underside very heavily irrorated, especially in proximal half of forewing,
where the irroration is partly confluent into suffusions ; costal margin of fore-
wing yellowish ; markings of upperside present, dark grey or blackish, the
submarginal line, especially of forewing, better developed than above ; fringes
tipped with pink as above.
Vrianatong, Tibet. Type in coU. L. B. Prout.
Presumably near correspendens, more dusky, beneath more irrorated, first
line wanting, postmedian weaker, on hindwing bent. Intermediate towards some
of the Japanese forms which at present stand united as comptaria Walk., but
which may probably embrace two or three species.
8. Ptochophyle exitela sp. nov.
<J, 24-26 mm. Head and body concolorous with wings, the face, fillet and
base of antenna more whitish. Foreleg in part tinged with red.
Forewing fairly broad, apex not very sharp, termen faintly subcrenulate,
curved, anteriorly less oblique than in the allies ; areole moderately long, SC
just stalked with the other subcostals, R' from about middle of DC ; cream-
colour with a tinge of buff and with vague vinaceous irrorations and suffusions ;
irroration strongest in the costal region, where also, especially towards the base,
the ground-colour becomes more buff ; a few rather noticeable costal dots in
distal part ; cell-dot rather large, nearly round, blackish ; faint traces of a
80 NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
curved line at about three-fifths, accompanied distally by a vague narrow pale
band, which contains a row of indistinct spots ; vague pale spots midway be-
tween this and termen, placed between SC and R', between R'- and M' and
between M» and SM= ; fringe pale, proximally with distinct dots at vein-ends.
Hvndwing with termen subcrenulate, not noticeably bent at R^ ; M' not
stalked ; cell-dot white ; markings even more indeterminate than on forewing.
Underside almost without the irroration ; cell-dot of forewing smaller
than above, more vinaceous, that of hindwing almost obsolete ; forewing with
base of costal region vinaceous and with traces of a curved postmedian row of
interneural dots ; both wings with ill-defined vinaceous distal border, contain-
ing a narrow band of the ground-colour, proximally to which the vinaceous
shade is narrow and somewhat interrupted.
Dongala, S. of Palos Bay, Celebes, August— September 1896 (W. Doherty),
2 SS in coll. Tring Museum.
More rese nbles strigata Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae, ix. 360), from the
Solomons, than any of the more westerly species, but has the termen of forewing
less oblique, the markings much more shadowy and the cell-dot of forewing
larger.
9. Chrysocraspeda e-jryodia sp. nov.
?, 24 mm. Face whitish, with a narrow deep red band above. Palpus
liiLxed with red on outer side. Antenna nearly simple, with the usual thicken-
ing and roughening of the basal segments. Head, thorax and abdomen above
purple.
Foreioing proximally greyish purple and with a large, broad-oval subapical
area of the same colour ; boundary of proximal patch slightly sinuous, from
costal margin at about 3 mm. to hindmargin at nearly 6 mm. ; subapical patch
slenderly edged with redder pui-ple, about 4 mm. wide, extending from SC
nearly to M', its proximal and posterior edges gently curved, its distal edge
nearly reaching termen in a tooth at R', and again at M', shallowly sinuate inward
between the teeth ; the rest of the wing chrome-yellow, at costal margin and
anterior half of distal margin deeper chrome. Hindwing rather elongate and
with termen rather strongly convex, but not noticeably bent at M' ; purple,
with an extremely minute white, slightly dark-edged cell-dot and a deep chrome-
yellow distal border of about 1 ;;iiii. width, narrowing slightly at M'.
Underside similar, the yellow paler, hindwing with a narrow white cell-
mark extending from SC nearly to M.
Ninay Valley, Central Arfak Mountains, Dutch New Guinea, 3,500 ft.,
February and March 1909. Type in coll. Tring Museum.
Except in shape and in its much broader yello\^- band, this species is near
inundata Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae, v. 238), which also occurs in the same
locality.
10. Chrysocraspeda auristigma sp. nov.
?, 21-23 mm. Similar to aiirimargo Warr. {Novitates Zoologicae, iv.
216), from North Queensland, of which it may possibly prove a local race. Face
whitish, only narrowly red above.
Forewing rather broader than in aurimargo, with a rather large, long-oval
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 14)18. 81
cadmiuin-yellow, rosy-edged spot on DC-~^ ; ground-colour only touching ter-
men in a slender point at M' and not encroaching on to the fringe ; the rosy line
which separates the purple and yellow colours narrowed. Hindwinq broader
than in aurimargo, the angle at M' not quite so strong ; boundary of ground-
colour corresponding to that of forewing.
Near Oetakwa River, Snow Mountains, Dutch New Guinea, up to 3,500 ft.,
October — December 1910 (A. S. Meek). Type in coll. Tring Museu n. Also
from New Britain in the same collection.
11. Chrysocraspeda phaedra sp. nov.
?, 21-23 mm. Sinilar to aurimargo Warr. and auristigma Prout {supra),
Face purple.
Forewing fairly broad, termen jDOsteriorly less oblique than in both the
species named ; SC arising much before SC^ (in auristigma very little before),
R- much nearer to R' than to R^ (in auristigma and aurimargo normal) ; ground-
colour brighter, here and there mixed with wine-purple, especially in costal
region ; yellow border broader, narrowing to apex and tornus ; projection of
ground-colour between R^ and M' strong, nearly but not quite reaching termen
at M' ; the yellow, red-ringed cell-spot variable in size, nearly as broad as long.
Hindwing rather broad, the termen waved, gibbous, but without marked
angle at M', the prominence being equally strong at W and at M' ; boundary
of ground-colour corresponding to that of forewing.
Underside much brighter than in the allies, almost clear wine-purple ; ceU-
marks weak or obsolete.
Mount Riu, 2,000 ft., Sudest Island, April 1916 (Eichhorn bros.). 2 $$ in
coll. Tring Museum.
12. Somatiiia transvehens sp. nov.
cj ?, 25-27 mm. Face and vertex black. Palpus black, whitish beneath.
Antenna with shaft light brown, a few blackish scales at base ; in (J with strong
teeth or i-udimentary pectinations, surmounted by fascicles of long cilia.
Thorax and abdomen white, the latter somewhat irrorated with brown. Hind-
tibia in <J rather strongly dOated, spurless ; tarsus abbreviated.
Foreiving shaped nearly in omicraria F. ( = cana Hmpsn.), the termen rather
smoother, pcrhajjs slightly less oblique ; areole simple, SC arising from or just
before its apex, SC very shortly stalked with SC" * ; white ; costal edge as far
■ as postmedian line very narrowly blackish fuscous ; first line obsolete ; ceU-patch
light brown, narrow, especially at its ends, but forming virtually a complete
band across the wing, only slightly interrupted between M" and fold, inter-
ruptedly edged with silvery scales ; the thickest part of the band is somewhat
indented on its edges, especially distally, and swells to over \'5 mm. width about
R' — M' ; distal markings nearly as in omicraria, the proximal submarginal shade
rather stronger, more definitely broken into subtriangular interneural spots.
Hindwing with termen rather more regularly rounded than in omicraria ;
markings corresponding to those of forewing, but with the discal band almost
obsolete anteriorly to SC and R' ; some silvery dots near abdominal margin.
Underside white ; costal edge of forewing with smoky tinge ; terminal
dots indicated, at least anteriorly.
6
82 NOVITATES ZOOLOGILAE XXV. 1918.
Hainan : Manchyo, June 1902, type o and a ? ; Mangrin, June 1904, a 3.
All in coll. Tring Museum.
This species and Prohlepsis sancia ileyr. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. StJi. Wales, 2,
ii. 839), with 250ssibly one or two others, almost con)i)Iete the vcnational transi-
tions between Somatina and Prohlepsis to which I have already (Novitates
ZooLOGiCAE xxii. 328) called attention.
B. ITEOTROFICAI..
SuBFAM. HEBIITHEINAE.
13, Oospila floiepicta ab. pulchiipicta ab. nov,
(J, 34-35 mm. Smaller than typical florepicta Warr., the markings brighter
red, with less dark admixture (beneath almost pure pinkish- vinaceous), their
moss-green edgings, as well as the moss-green basal patch of forewing, obsolescent.
Abdomen dorsally rather brighter reddish, this colour extending to the anal
extremity.
St, Jean du Maroni, French Guiana. Type in coll. Tring Museum.
SuBFAM. STERRHINAE.
14. Ti'icentra auctidisca sp. nov.
(^,15 nim. Head dull purple. Antennal shaft brighter, more wine-purple.
Thorax in front purple, otherwise whitish pearl-grey. Abdomen above varie-
gated, the colouring not sharp, preponderantly ochrcous-brownish anteriorly and
violet-groy posteriorly,
Foreiring with apex blunt, ter.nen strongly curved ; glossy pearl-grey,
slightly flushed with purple (in some lights more lavender) ; costal margin about
to SC, distal margin for about the same width and apical region more broadly
red-purple, the distal margin shading off proximally (except in apical region)
into dull heliotrope-purple and purple-grey ; cell-spot white, extending tlie
entii-e length of DC°- ^ about half as broad as long, accompanied proximally
and distally by vague buff-pink shading ; an indistinct smuous dark-grey outer
line, shortly before the apical and distal border ; fringe from apex to behind
R= ochre-yellow (this colour encroaching slightly on to the wing near apex),
posteriorly pui-ple with slight yellow admixture. Hindwing with termen
little convex, scarcely bent in middle ; only the base and costal margin
(except apically) whitish ; in and beyond coll buff-pink, shading distally and
at abdominal margin into lavender ; distal border red-purple, more broadly
posteriorly than anteriorly ; two white cell-dots ; traces of two sinuous grey lines
beyond ; fringe ochre-yellow, encroaching slightly on to distal edge of wing.
Underside glossy slate-grey, with the borders paler than above (more
vinaceous) ; cell-spot of forewing as above, those of hindwing enlarged into a
single oblong spot ; fringes nearly as above, but paler.
St. Jean du Maroni, French Guiana. Type in coll. Tring Museum.
Apparently ■•'el;ited to flavimargo Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae, xii, 326),
agreeing in shape.
NOVITATES ZoOLOGlCiE XXV. 1918. 83
15. Tricentxa gibbimargo sp. nov.
$,18 mm. Head and body dull purplish above, mostly oolireous whitish
beneath ; some whitish scales across vertex between the antennae. Leg^ whitish,
the fore and middle pairs marked with purjsle above and on innerside.
Wings shaped as in commixta \A'arr. (Novitates Zoologicae, xii. 325) or
with the distal margin of forewing even more extremely convex.
Forewing vinaceous-rufous to brick-red, with blackish-slaty suffu.sions in
posterior half from base to outermost line (strongest in distal part) and more
feebly before the apex ; costal area relieved w ith some light scales ; lines
dark grey ; antemedian from one-fourth costa, oblique outward to middle of
cell, here strongly bent ; two outer dentate, parallel with one another and
approximately with the distal edge of the ground-colour, distally edged with
some yellow scales ; cell-mark as in commixta ; extreme apex and fringe pale
yellow, the latter less pure posteriorly than anteriorly. Hindwing with the
brick- red element and admixture of yellow scales somewhat stronger at base
and in the region of the two outer lines ; yellow cell-mark narrower than on
forewing, almost interrupted in middle ; distal margin extremely narrowly pale
yellow, crenulate-edged proximally ; fringe pale yellow.
Underside more uniform, glossy vinaceous grey ; base and hindmargin of
forewing, base of hindwing, both cell-marks, apex of forewing and fringes whitish
yellow.
St. Jean du Maroni, French Guiana. Type in coll. Tring Museum.
16. Tricentra(?) amibomena sp. nov.
?, 17 mm. Face whitish. Head and body above vmaceous-buff, with
slight purplish suffusions, the patagia more yellowish ; underside and legs pale.
Foreiving rather broad, costa shouldered at base, then straightiih, apex
almost rectangular, termen rather suddenly bent behind M' ; areole single, SC
arising before its apex ; pale cream-buif to vmaceous buff, with some coarse
reddish u-roration, an ill-defined distal area between R' and hindmargin more
purplish, a small apical patch narrowing to a point before R' clear cream-buff ;
antemedian and median lines zigzag, smoky, ill-defined ; postmedian slightly
oblique and straightish from beyond two-thirds costa to M', here angulated, thence
zigzag to hindmargin, accompanied by a small dark spot proximally in sub-
median area ; two ill-defined ochre-yellow blotches in middle of wing, the first
bounded distally by the antemedian line, the second and larger by the cell-mark
and median shade ; cell-mark white, double, nearly confluent (the posterior
elongate) ; some slight ochre-yeUow shading distally to the postmedian line ;
an ill-defined straightish dark line or shade jiroximal to the pale apical patch ;
terminal line mostly very feeble, thickened between R' and M^ ; fringe yellowish
cream-buff, dark-mixed opposite R^ — M^ Hindwing with costa relatively
long, apex round-pointed, termen little convex ; buff-yellow, with some dull
reddish and violet-grey krorations in places, condensed into small subbasal
spots, irregular, more or less confluent spots along abdominal margin, small
costal patches near base and at origin of a faint wavy postmedian line, and at
distal margin, especially in abdominal half ; cell-dot white, small.
Foreiving beneath with the cream-buff and ochre-yellow parts paler, costal
and apical regions somewhat vinaceous, distal half otherwise somewhat strongly
g4 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
suffused with grey ; the whole glossy, confused ; whitish cell-mark discernible.
Hindwing beneatli glossy whitish buff, very slightly tinged with whitish
at termen.
St. Jean du Maroni, French Guiana. Tyjjc in coll. Tring Museum.
This species and percrocea Warr. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns. xxx. 465) will pro-
bably have to be separated from Tricentra on account of the single areole.
17. Semaeopus nossis sp. nov.
S, 22-23 nun. Face and palpus brown, inclining to hazel ; palpus paler
beneath, third joint shorter than in caecaria Hb. {Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 502).
Vertex and base of antenna white ; antennal ciliation of moderate length, almost
sessile. Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings, the abdomen becoming
paler posteriorly. Hindtibia strongly tufted, the inner tuft ochreous brown,
not — as in caecaria — mixed with red ; tarsus nearly as in caecaria.
Wings shaped about as in caecaria. — Forewing with SO'- from cell ; cinnamon,
the proximal and median areas minutely but rather thickly irrorated with
smoke-grey ; lines darker smoke-grey, not sharp ; antemedian before one-third,
excurved in and behind cell, rather strongly angulated inward on Jl and SM' ;
postmedian less strongly denticulated than in caecaria, less deeply incurved pos-
teriorly ; subterminal dots somewhat as in caecaria, but not accompanied by
spots ; spots between these and termen in anterior half of wing and near tornus
about as in caecaria ; cell-ring small, blackish, with white pupil ; terminal dots
elongate. Hindwing similarly coloured and marked.
Underside paler, with shadowy markings.
Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela (S. M. Klages), June 24th, 1898 (type), August
lljth, 1898 (paratype, slightly more reddish in tone), both in coll. Tring Museum.
2 ?$ in coll. British Museum, also from Venezuela (Dyson, 1847) are larger
more heavily marked.
18. Semaeopus subrubra dominicana subsp. nov.
?, 24-25 mm. Rather smaller than s. subrubra Kaye (Tr. Enl. Soc. Lond.
1901, p. 148, t. 6, f. 19), from Trmidad. Ground-colour more mixed with
orange or rufous — varying from hazel towards vinaeeous-rufous — more uniform ;
postmedian line less strongly dentate ; termen with fine dark dashes instead of
the dots.
Dominica, 3 V? in coll. Tring Museum.
Possibly a separate species. Labelled by Warren (MS.) Dichromatopodia
pallida ab. purpurata, but has no connection at all with S. pallida Warr.
(NoviTATES ZooLOGiCAE, ii. 94), from the Amazons. As it is less purplish than
s. subrubra I feel obliged to depart from my ordinary practice of utilising
available manuscript names.
19. Semaeopus pustulata aurantirufa subsp. nov.
33 mm. The " deep yellow " (almost clear orange) of p. pu.slulata Warr.
(NoviT.\TE.s ZooLOGiCAE, xl. 182), from S.E. Peru, changed to ochraceous-rufous
or orange-rufous, the discal rings considerably reduced in size. Dark dorsal
patch on abdoiien weakened.
Costa Rica ( \V, Schaus). Type, Sixola River, March, in coll. Tring Museum.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 85
20. Semaeopus redundata sp. nov.
<J, 26-29 mm. Very similar to himacula Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae, iv.
438, as Haemalea) except in the ground-colour, wliich is browner (much less
tawny or tawny-ochraceous).
Forewing with postmedian line more strongly sinuous, on an average rather
farther from termen ; median shade thick. Hindwing with cell-dot more
strongly developed above and beneath ; the angulated antemedian line con-
spicuous (often obsolescent in himacula) ; a well-developed pale-centred blotch
at anal angle.
Underside generally more strongly marked than in himacula.
Carabaya, S.E. Peru : La Oroya, 3,100 ft., type and others ; Rio Huaca-
mayo, 3,100 ft, ; Tinguii, 3,400 ft. All in coll. Tring Museum, collected by
G. Ockenden.
The S genitalia have been kindly examined by Rev. C. R. N. Burrows and
shown to differ considerably from those of himacula. The latter has large costal
arm (which is absent in redundata) . the lower edge of the valve smooth (sharply
jagged in redundata). In himacula there is a very distinct " juxta," which is not
discoverable in redundata. The gnathos is better developed in redundata, and
the saccus and the sternal anal edge of the eighth segment differ appreciably.
In redundata tlie fore part of the penis is nearly twice as long as in himacula.
21. Semaeopus discors sp. nov.
S, 22-23 mm. Face deep red at edges, in middle mixed with olive-yellow.
Palpus rather stout, with thii-d joint quite short ; deep red. Vertex and
antennal shaft whitish ochreous : joints of antenna scarcely projecting, ciliation
moderate. Thorax above greenish olive, abdomen more buff ; both beneath
tinged with red. Hindtarsus with first joint very strongly swollen and heavily
clothed.
Forewing with apex moderately produced, termen smooth, curved ; greenish
olive, costal edge narrowly orange-ochraceous ; lines more yellowish olive ;
antemedian fine and indistmct, wavy, about midway between base and cell-
spot, not reachmg costa ; median thicker, rarely reaching costa, gently curved
well beyond the cell-spot, rather strongly incurved behind ; postmedian rather
fine, rather sharply lunulate-dentate, very slightly incurved between the radials
and again posteriorly ; cell-dot large, round, black ; termen with minute, indistinct
whitish dots at the veins, preceded by a very fine, very indistinct line of
darker green than the ground-colour ; fringe reddish grey proximally, paler
distally. Hindwing with apex square, termen smooth, gently rounded,
tomus pronounced ; costal margin pinkish ; antemedian line wanting ; post-
median more sinuous than on forewing ; cell-mark white, slender, elongate ;
termen and fringe as on forewing.
Both wings beneath vinaceous, with cell-mark of forewing and median and
postmedian luies faintly expressed, rather more rufous ; cell-mark of hindwing
whitish.
Bogota, Colombia, type in coll. Tring Museum ; other examples from
British Guiana and the Amazons.
Evidently near pallida Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae, ii. 94, as Dichromato-
86 rIoVITATES ZOOLOGtCAE XXV. 1918.
podia), but with the apex sharper, median sliade fartlier from the cell-spot, post-
median more dentate and less curved, underside redder. Cyphopteryx incurvaria
Guen. (Spec. Gen. Lip. ix. 404 ; Oberth., Et. Lep. xii., fig. 3339) looks, from the
figure, almost like a secondary sexual modification of this species. Diihecodes
( = Mnesithetis) rufipuncta Warr. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxx. 452) must also be
very similar, except for the reddish cell-spot, but Dr. Dyar (iu Utt. August 7th,
1917) writes that in that species "the tibia (,J) is slender, with a small pair
of spurs."
22. Semaeopus offlexa sp. nov.
<J, 29 mm. Considerably larger than deflexa Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae,
vii. 152), hindwing quite differently shaped, the termen being much more
strongly convex, noticeably bent in the middle. Ground-colour much lighter
and brighter, inclining to heliotrope-purple.
Forewing with the postmedian line not quite as strongly bent as in deflexa,
othenvise similar ; the rufous edging of the lines stronger ; termen without
black line, the white dots at the ends of the veins rather conspicuous. Hind-
wing with the line straighter than in deflexa ; termen marked as on forewing.
Calama, Rio Madeira, below Rio Machados, August — October 1907 (W.
Hoffmanns). Type in coll. Tring Museum.
23. Semaeopus ascia sp. nov.
(J, 19-20 mm. ; ?, 20-23 mm.
Forewing vinaeeous cinnamon, commonly more vinaceous in distal area, or
sometimes throughout ; distal area often with some blackish dusting, which
sometimes forms ill-defined clouds just beyond the postmedian line ; markings
nearly as in oaxacana Schaus [Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvii. 189), and osteria Druce
(Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het., ii. 537, t. 99, fig. 9), but with the lines nearer
together, the postmedian rather straighter still, the median shade entirely want-
ing ; terminal dark dashes weaker, sometimes almost obsolete. Hindwing
similarly without meditin shade, the postmedian running straighter across the
wings, nearer to the cell-mark (in the species named curved more or less parallel
with termen) ; terminal dark dashes as on^ forewing.
Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, April — June 1898 (S. M. Klages). A short
series, including the tj-pe (May 9th) in coll. Tring .Museum. Also in the same
collection from Surinam, N. Argentina, and Paraguay.
I cannot find that tliis widely-distributed little species has ever been named.
Warren labelled it eigillata Walk., or on one occasion decalvaria Moschl.
24. Semaeopus hoflmannsi sp. nov.
(J, 27 mm. Head dull red ; crown somewhat niLxed with black. Thorax
concolorous with wings ; abdomen slightly paler.
Forewing rather broader than in the rest of the group (Dichromatopodia
Warr.), apex rather blunt, termen gently curved, not very oblique ; uniform
light chocolate ; lines fine, pale buff ; antemedian apparently angulated sub-
costally, but almost obsolete anteriorly, very slightly incurved between SC and
SM', nearly parallel with postmedian ; cell-spot small, not elongate, vliito with
a few grey scales and a slight blackish mark proximally ; postmedian almost
NoVITATES ZoOLOGtCAE XXV. 19I.S. 87
straight, very faintly bicurved ; a very fine pale olive-bufif terminal line, accom-
panied proximally by slight olive-buff vein-dots and an indistinct darkened line
between them ; fringe paler in distal than in proximal half, with very slight
pale dividing-line. Hindwing rather broad, termen strongly convex, bent
in middle ; first line w anting ; ceU-dots small, black ; postmedian very slightly
(scarcely) curved ; termen and fringe as on forewmg.
Underside more vinaceous ; both wings with small dark discal dot and
Ul-defined, rather thick, distally pale-margined postmedian line.
Calama, Rio Madeira, below Rio Machados, August — October 1917 (W.
Hoffmanns). Type in coll. Tring Mu.seum.
Lipotaxia gen. nov.
Face smooth. Palpus rather short, second joint with appressed scales, third
joint short and slender. Antenna hi both sexes ciliated. Pectus hairy, o
hindtibia with strong hair-pencil, hindtarsus short ; $ hindtibia witii terminal
spurs only. Forewing with termen smooth, curved, oblique ; areole double,
SC" from ceU, R^ from middle of DC. Hindwiag with abdominal margin rather
long, termen convex, nearly smooth ; SC* not stalked.
Tjrpe of the genus : Lipotaxia rubicunda (Warr.) = Lipomelia rubicunda
Warr., Novit.'^tes Zoologicae, xii. 324.
Probably a direct development of Semaeopus, differing in the absence of
the median spurs on the ? huidleg.
25. Lipotaxia (?) segmentata subvestita subsp. nov.
o. Differs from name- typical segmentata Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae,
xiv. 220), from Peru — which, although the 9 is unknown, wUl almost certainly
have to be transferred to Lipotaxia, being manifestly a near relative of rubicunda
— in having the outer line of the hindwing close to the termen, the grey shade
beyond at its widest point considerably less than 1 mm. in breadth, and especiallj'
in having the hindwing beneath clothed nearly throughout with rough oehreous
hair-scales, a patch along the medians developed uito longish haii'.
Fonte Boa, Upper Amazons, July 1906 (S. M. Klages). Type in coll. Tring
Museum.
Should perhaps be regarded as a separate species.
26. Dithecodes mys sp. nov.
<J, 23 mm. Face red. Vertex and base of antenna white. Antenna with
minute ciliation. Occiput narrowly reddish. CoUar oehreous. Thorax and
abdomen grey above, whitish beneath.
Forewing broad, termen smooth, oblique, slightly curved ; both areoles
rather narrow, SC" from stalk of SC'"" , R^ from appreciably before middle of DC ;
uniform mouse-grey with strong gloss, changing accordmg to the fall of the
light to slate-grey or almost pearl-grej' ; costal edge slightly darker ; fringe
paler. Hindwing with terinen rounded ; as forewing. cxcejit costal edge.
Underside the same, or scarcely paler.
St. Jean du Maroni, French (iuiana. Tyjie in coll. Tring Museum.
88 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
27. Somatina exaeta sp. nov.
<J, 32 mm. ; ?, 34 mm. Head red-brown. Palpus short, beneath pale
yellowish brown. Antennal jomts in ^ scarcely projecting; ciliation rather
long, slender. Thorax and abdomen pale buff, paler beneath, the thorax above
with a tinge of olive, the abdomen of vinaceous. Hindleg in o very short ; tibia
shorter than femur, strongly dUated, rough-scaled, clothed above with long
projecting scales ; tarsus strongly abbreviated.
Forewing with SC= stalked, R- scarcely before middle of DC ; costal margin
except towards apex purple (vinaceous, jsartly mixed with blue-black) ; ground-
colour otherwise cream-buff, in places tinged with olive, palest at costa, in apical
area (broadly) and in distal area, about the cell-mark and between median and post-
median bands ; three diffuse, irregular bands of an ochreous tone, mixed in the
proximal part of the postmedian and posterior part of the others with vinaceous ;
antemedian oblique, anteriorly somewhat curved, from beyond one-third hind-
margin to SO near end of cell ; median curved beyond the ceU-mark, slightly
incurved behind, thickening to hindmargin at three-fifths ; postmedian strongly
excurved in a great part of its course, slightly lobed about R- and M', slightly
incurved behind, reaching hindmargin rather near tornus ; a very indistinct
elongate ochraceous cell-mark ; an ochraceous. dark-mixed sinuous subterminal
line from close to tornus, approximately parallel with the postmedian band, in
the cJ obsolete anteriorly, in the $ here more strongly sinuous, receding from
termen in front of R', not quite reaching costa ; terminal line slight ; fringe
whitish, weakly chequered. Hindwing with SC= — R' connate or very shortly
stalked ; whitish at base, otherwise buff, clouded with vinaceous ; two large
blue-black dots on discocellulars, slightly connected by a brown shade ; median
and postmedian shades strongly developed, the former crossing or placed only
just beyond the discocellulars, the latter approximately parallel with termen ;
a thick, slightly sinuous subterminal brown line, beyond which the ground-
colour is somewhat more whitish.
Underside pale cream-buff, the forewLng clouded (except at distal and pos-
terior margins) with salmon-buff and with the costal edge proximally more
rufous ; both wings with salmon-buff terminal line.
Carabaya, S. E. Peru : La Oroya, Rio Inambari, 3,100 ft., September 1904,
dry season (G. Ockenden), type <? in coll. Tring Museum ; Quinton, 5,000 ft.,
January 1905 (G. Ockenden), paratype ? in coll. Joicey.
Though lighter, this sjjecies supei-ficially recalls Scelolophia (Crypsityla)
quinquelineata Dogn. {Le Nat., xii. 10), but the (J lacks the hair-tuft beneath the
hindwing, the ? hindtibia has 4 spurs and the venation is different. I refer to
Sonudina, in the lack of good differential characters, all the Sco/jx/a-like species
with double areole (Acratodes, "Lipomelia" admirahilis Oberth., the adela
group, etc., etc.). Even Xystrota Hulst scarcely differs except in the rougher
scaling and pectinate <J antenna, and its genitalia show a close affinity with
those of S. adela Dogn. Semaeopns, sens. lat. (vide Novitates Zoologicae,
xxiv. 378) though offering few tangible differential characters from Somatina, is
shown by the genitalia to belong to the CosymJbia section of the subfamily.
28. Eumacrodes euthysticta sp. nov.
(J ?, 18-19 mm. Very similar to small specimens of Euacidalia orbdia Dnicr
{Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lrp. Het. ii. 145, t. 54, fig. 26). ^ hindtarsus minuter, hind-
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 89
tibia rather strongly developed, $ with 3 spurs. Abdomen in S longer, approach-
ing that of gracilis Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae, xii. 322).
Forewing rather darker than in orbelia ; terminal line more slender, more
nearly continuous. Hindwing with the excisions in termen rather deejj ; cell-
dot in general larger than in orbelia.
Brazil : Organ Mountains, near Tijuca, Rio Janeuo (S. R. Wagner), type cJ and
paratype $ in coll. British Museum ; Rio Janeiro (Mathew), 5 in coll. Joicey. Para-
guay : Sapucay, October — November 1903 (W. Foster), ? in coll. British Museum.
This species was mentioned by me in 1910 {Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8. vi. 244)
under the genus Euptychopoda. It may possibly prove necessary to merge
in one the three kindred forms Euacidalia Pack, (areole double, ? hindtibia with
two spurs), Eumacrodes Warr. (areole double, ? hindtibia with three spurs *)
and Euptychopoda Prout (areole single, ? hindtibia with three spurs), but if only
one is sunk to Euacidalia it should be Eumacrodes, the $ tibial armature being in
this instance less essential than the venation. Euptychopoda Prout, loc. cit.,
which I find sinks to excilinea Warr. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxx. 444) differs
from Eumacrodes euthysticta, apart from the single areole, in the much more
undulate subterminal line, etc.
* I bftse this character on a worn $ from Trinidad in coll. British Museum. Warren's type of
gracilis, a <^ from Venezuela, remains unique in coll. Tring Museum. Ijut I have a {^ from Caracas and
I consider it fairly safe to sink the name to punctulata Snell. {Tijd. Ent. xxx. 50. t. 4. f. 4) from
Curacao. From this, the new species differs in the lack of subcostal angulation of the postmedian
line, less projecting antennal joints, with less extremely long ciliation, minute hindtarsus. large cell-
dot of hindwing.
9t' NoriTATES ZoOtOOICAE XXV. 1918.
ON THE GENUS CALANDRELLA.
By ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.
^ I "'HE part of my Vog. pal. Faunn in which the genus Cakindrella has been
J- treated appeared in 1904, i.e. thirteen years ago. During this period some
additions have of course been made, and in one case I have undoubtedly made
a serious mistake.
I have not yet been able to separate any forms in southern Europe, and
thus Calandrella hrachydactyla hrachydactyla extends from the plain of Troyes in
the Champagne over southern France, Spain, and Portugal to the Balearic Isles,
Italy, to the Balkan Peninsula, Greece, and South Russia. From the southern
Cauca.sas (Tiflis) Banjkowski has described (Mitt. Kaiikas. Mu.i. vii. pp. 231,
•232, 1913)
Calandrella hrachydactyla ariemisiana
which is unknown to me. It is said to differ from west European C. b.
bradydactyla by its slaty grey upperside, without rufous tinge, purer white
underside, pure white markings to the rectrices as well as a longer, laterally more
compressed bill. Wings o 94, 98, $ 88, 89 mm. — Sushkin acknowledges this
subspecies and says that it occurs on the Ararat.
C. hrachydactyki hrachydactyla extends also outside Europe : I cannot
separate the Short-toed Larks from Palestine, where they breed, though I have
seen only worn summer birds and would like to compare freshly moulted
individuals. Probably this form extends eastwards to S.W. Persia, as the
specimens collected by Witherby appear to belong to the typical race.
Also in N.W. Africa tlie typical race is found. Single specimens have been
obtained in northern Tuni.sia and North Marocco, but it evidently breeds also
in the northern coastal plain. An example wliich I shot close to Lake Fetzara
belongs to it, and this is evidently not accidental, as Zedlitz confirms the same,
i.e. finding C. h. hrachydactyla near Lake Fetzara.
The greater parts of Tunisia, Algeria, and Marocco are inhabited by a Lighter
form, with less conspicuous black markings, which has been described as
Calaitdrella hrachydactyla rubiginosa
(Fromholz, Orn. MoiuUsher. 1913, p. 140).
This subspecies must undoubtedly be recognized, though it is necessary to
compare a series, in order to grasp its differences. We found C. hr. ruhiginosa
breeding on the Hants Plateaux near Ain-Oussera and thence southwards to the
Oued N^a between Ghardaia and Touggourt, probably its southernmost breed-
ing place.
A closely allied but weU-differentiated form replaces C. h. hrachydactyla east
of the Ural. It has the top of the head of the same, or almost the same colour
as the back, certainly less reddish, and it is altogether less rufescent, more
greyish and brownish. It breeds in eastern Persia (Zarudny coll.), Transeaspia
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 91
and western Turkestan (Djarkent, Tishkan, Issyk Kul), north to Kuldja on
the river Ih, in Dsungaria to the southern slopes of the Tian-shan, east to Kobdo.
It is a miglity migrant which travels in a south-western direction and ranges
in winter to Egypt and Nubia (Shendi, Natron valley), and even to Algeria
(Biskra) and the Sahara (Oued Saret, 108 kilometres south of El-Golea^. It
occurs also in Greece and Asia Minor, but probably not as a breeder, as Palestine
is inhabited by C. h. hrachydactyla.
I made a great mistake in placing the names Calandrella acutirostris and
Calandrella iibetana as s3monyms of C. hrachydactyla longvpennis. As already
stated by Seebohm and recently by Bianchi ( Wiss. Res. Przeioalski's Reisen, ii.
Vog. 4. Lief, p. 282, 1905), these two forms differ from C. hrachydactyla in the
shape of the wing. In C. hrachydactyla the first three primaries form the tip
of the wing, while the fourth is considerably shorter ; in C. acutirostris and
tiheiana, however, the first four are almost equally long and form the tip of the
wing. As, moreover, a form of hrachydactyla and of acutirostris are apparently
found together in some places, these two birds are not only not the same as
C. h. lo7igipennis , but must be looked upon as another species.
Calandrella acutirostris acutirostris (C. acutirostris Hume, Lahore to Yarkand,
p. 266, 1873, described from a specimen obtained in Karakash valley, 12,672 ft.
high, on the northern slopes of the Karakorum) is darker grey, the white wedge
on the inner web of the outermost tail-feathers is, as a rule (though not abso-
lutely constantly), less extended, and the white outer edge of the second is
often narrower, moreover the wings average a little shorter, i.e. 88-92, accord-
ing to Bianchi even 84-95 mm.
Bianchi, probably absent-mindedly following Sharpe, called this bird Calan-
drella tihetana acutirostris, but as acutirostris is the older name it must of course
be named C. acutirostris acutirostris.
The range of C. a. acutirostris is the huge mountain stock of the Pamirs,
the Karakorum and western Kuen-lun, including East Turkestan and northern
Kashmir. Bianchi also records it from the rivers Arys and Chirehik, affluents
of the Syr-Darya, and the western Tian-shan, wliile Zarudny considers it to be
a rare straggler in Khorasan and the Parapamisian region of Persia ; his collec-
tion, as far as it came to Tring, however, contains one male shot at Gulandar,
East Persia, on June 28th, 1890. Unless there is an error about the label, this
would mean, apparently, a bird breeding in the region. In winter C. a. arutirostris
is not rare in the western and middle parts of India.
Calandrella acutiiostris tibetana Brooks.
Calandrella tibetana Brooks, Stray Feathers, viii. p. 488 (1880— " Tliibet beyond Sikkim.'" De-
scribed from .specimens ol)tained by llandelli's collectors).
Veiy similar to C. a. acutirostris, but the white wedge on the inner web of the
outermost tail-feather more extended, the white outer edge of the second rectrix
often wider. Uppersidc paler, more greyish, bill often a little shorter. Wing
averages longer, 90-97, according to Bianchi 88-99-5 mm.
This form is exclusively an inhabitant of the Tibetan highland. It is com-
mon near Gyantse and Khamba Jong (over 16,000 ft.) and langes westwards to
the eastern Kuen-lun, north to the Russian chain, ^Itjm-Tag and Nian-shan,
92 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
east to the upper courses of the Mekong, Blue and Yello\\- Rivers. In winter
in India.
Caknulrdla hrachyductyla dukhunensis has the same wing formula as
C h. hrachydactyla and its other subspecies, i.e. the fourth primary is considerably
shorter than the first three, which alone form the tip of the wing. It is very
similar to C. b. longipennis Imt the upperside is less rufescent, the underside less
wliitish, more yellowish brown or buff. This form is by no means resident in
India, as Sharpe imagined, but only a winter visitor. The breeding area is not
yet known, but it is probably north of Tibet, north of the Altyn-Tag, Humboldt
and Nan-shan ranges, in and about the Gobi desert. From there it wanders
to India, and eastwards to Setchuan and even to the shores of eastern China,
where J. D. La Touche's collectors found it in numbers' in April on the
Shaweishan Islands. Przewalski found it akeady on migration in August, when
he met large flocks of freshly moulted specimens on the way southwards.
NOVITATES ZoologiCab XXV. 1918. 93
UESCEIPTIONS OF NEW C4ENEEA AND SPECIES OF AMATIDAE,
LITHOSIDAE, AND NOCTUIDAE.
By sir GEORGE F. HAMPSON, Baet., F.Z.S., Etc.
^T^HE following paper forms a tenth .supplement to tlie first thii'teen volumes
-L of the Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phal'icuoe in the Britisli Museum, 1898
to 1913, which have appeared in the Ann. Mag. A'at. Hist, from time to time
between 1901 and 1914.
The numbers before the species indicate theu- position in the classification
adopted in those vohuiies. The types are in the British Museum.
AMATIDAE.
107(/. Amata tulvibasalis n. sp.
Forewing of male with the whole terminal area and hindwing with the outer
half clothed with rough scales on underside ; the forewing with vein 1 forking
towards termen.
S. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-fulvous ; antennae black-brown,
white at tips ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen dark brown, the fore
coxae and femora orange-fulvous. Forewing hyaline, the veins and margins
dark ; a dark-brown diseoidal spot, produced as a streak above vem 5 to the
terminal band, which expands broadly on apical area and mto a large jjatch
below vein 3 ; some orange-fulvous on base of inner margin. Hind^\ ing orange-
fulvous at base with hyaline spots below the cell and above base of vein 2, the
terminal half grey-brown.
$. Head and dorsum of thorax black-browu ; abdomen black-brown at
extremity ; forewing with the margins black-brown, the discal spot not connected
by a streak with the terminal band, which is very narrow between veins 5 and
3 and towards tornus ; hindwing with the terminal half black-brown.
Hab. Cameroons, Ja R., Bitje (Bates), 1 J, 1 $ tyjie. Exp. 28 mill.
171a. Amata congenita n. sp.
<J. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown, the back of head with orange-
red band, the abdomen with orange-red dorsal patch at base, band on 5th seg-
ment and lateral spots between them ; antennae blackish, white at tips ; pectus
with orange-red lateral patches ; hind tarsi with the 1st joint white. Fore-
wing grey-brown with yellowish hyaline patches, a wedge-shaped patch below
base of cell, quadrate patches in and below end of cell, spot above base of vein
2, and postmedial band formed by four large spots between vems 7 and 3, the
lowest extending to near termen. Hindwing yellowish hyaline, the veins, cell,
costal and terminal areas grey-brown, the grey-brown terminal band angled
inwards at vein 2 and narrowing to tornus.
$. The brown areas much darker, the thorax behind the tegulae and
abdomen glossed with leaden blue.
Hab. Madras, NUgiris, Ouchterloni Valley, 3,500 ft. (Andrewes) 1 <J type,
Shevaroy Hills (Campbell), 1 ?. Exp. 16 mUl.
94 ?>0\ITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
264a. Thyrogonia cyaneotiiitta n. sp.
-J. Head, thorax, and abdomen black-brown, the last suffused with metallic
bine and with white subdorsal spots at base ; antennae \\hite at tijjs ; paljii
and forelegs slightly irrorated with blue, the tibiae with some wliite at e.\-
tremities ; tlie two basal segments of abdomen with whitish sublateral spots.
Forewing lilauk-brown tinged witli purple, the costa tinged A\ith metallic blue-
green ; a hyaline white spot in the cell towards extremity, oblique patch below
middle of cell, postmedial spot above vein 6 and large spot above vein 2, extend-
mg as a minute spot to above vein 3. Hindwing black-brown ; a large hyaline
white patch below the ceU and spot above base of vein 2 extending to just above
vein 3 ; the underside with some white in the cell.
$. Wings strongly suffused with metallic purple ; forewing with the spots
reduced ; hmdwing with the spot below tlie cell small and no spot above vein 2.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Ruo Valley (Neave), 1 J type, I\It. Jllanje (Neave),
1 $, Luchenya R. (Neave), 1 v. Exp. 36 mill.
828a. Chrysostola aurantivena n. sp.
o. Head and thorax black-brown, the frons, inner side of palpi, and tegulae
at base white ; abdomen black-brown glossed with silvery blue-grej', the 2nd
segment with subdorsal white patches ; pectus with lateral white patches ;
mid and liuid coxae and mid femora on inner side yellow ish white ; ventral surface
of abdomen with the liasnl half cream \' white, the terminal half brown. Fore-
wing hyaline, the costa and veins orange-yellow, vein 2 and the other veins
towards termen with black scales on them ; a minute black discoidal pomt ;
the inner margin black with some orange-yeUow on medial part ; the termen and
cilia dark brown, the former expanding into a narrow band towards apex.
Ifindwing hyaline, the costa and termen orange-yeUow, tlie latter with some
blaclc scales on the veins of terminal area ; the main nuirgin and termen « itli
fine black line.
Hah. Brazil, Amazons between Para and Manaos (Pallis), 1 ? type. E.vp.
34 mill.
1095a. Eucereon metathoracica n. sp.
o. Head and thorax black-brown, the back of head and base and dorsal
edge of tegulae yellow, the patagia edged with grey, the metathorax with
yellowish white spot ; frons with whitish Ime above ; abdomen crimson, the
basal and terminal segments black-brown ; pectus at sides and fore coxae with
yellowish white patches ; legs and ventral surface of abdomen red-brown. Fore-
wing black-brown ; a yellow spot at base ; antemcciial line yellowish white,
very oblique to vein 1 where it is angled outwards ; a quadrate yellowish white
spot in middle of cell, diffused below the cell to the antcmcdial Ime ; a yellowish
white postmedial band, excurved between veins 5 and ;>, then incurved ; a
yellowish white subterminal line, somewhat excurved to vein 5, then incurved
and confluent with the postmedial band, ending on termen at submedian fold.
Hindwing w ith the basal half hyaline, the inner area with some brown scales ;
the veins and termuial half black-brown ; the outer edge of the hyalme area
angled outwards below angle of cell.
Hab. Colombia, Choko Prov., Condoto (Spurrell), 1 <J type. Exp. 40 mill.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 95
LITHOSIADAE.
Ifoliuae.
3 Iff. Celama phaeotermiiia n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen wliite tinged with brown ; tarsi darli brown
tinged with white. Forewmg white faintly tinged in parts with rufous, the
costa irrorated with nifous, the terminal area dark brown mixed with white
towards apex ; a slight rufous spot at middle of cell and the fans of scales at
middle and upper angle of cell rufous ; a faint rufous postmedial line from costa
to vein 5 ; a slight brown spot on costa towards a]3ex. Hindwing whitish
suffused with brown, the costa whitish to beyond middle. Underside suffused
with fuscous brown, the costal areas with some blackish irroration.
Hob. Peru, R. Pacaya, 1 ? tyj^e. Exp. 14 mill.
32a. Celama endotherma n. sp.
$. Head, thorax, and abdomen white irrorated with red-brown ; antennae
ringed witli blackish ; tarsi red-brown ringed with white. Forewing white
iiTO rated with red-brown, the inner medial area bright rufous to submedian fold ;
a small red-brown subbasal spot on costa ; antemedial line with small red-
brown spot on costa, then strongly excurved, maculate and blackish to sub-
median fold, then incurved and red-brown ; medial line red-brown, oblique
and sinuous, excurved below submedian fold, some dark uroration beyond it
in the cell ; postmedial line red-brown, excurved to vem 5, then bent inwards
with a downward curve to lower angle of cell, then excurved ; subterminal line
dark brown, oblique from below costa to discal fold near termen, angled in-
wards at discal fold, excurved at middle and again angled inwards at submedian
fold ; a rather maculate red-brown line before termen and fine darlc terminal
line ; cUia red-brown and white. Hindwing white, the termen tinged with
brown to vein 2. Underside of forewing suffused with red-brown ; hindwing
with the costal area tinged with red-brown and ii-rorated with bro\\n, a brown
discoidal bar.
Hah. Assam, Khasis, 1 ? type. Exf. 24 miU.
47a. Celama concinna n. sp.
?. Head and tegulae white ; thorax and abdomen whitish tinged w ith
red-brown ; palpi suffused and irrorated with red-brown ; pectus and ventral
surface of abdomen white ; legs whitish and brown, the tibiae and tarsi darker
and ringed with white. Forewing whitish tinged and irrorated with red-brown,
the terminal area suffused with red-brown, the costa rather darker towards
base ; waved red-brown antemedial and medial lines ; a minute discoidal lunule
defined by red-brown ; postmedial line red-brown, angled outwards below
costa and excurved at middle, then oblique and slightly waved ; a slight dark
mark on costa before the subtermmal line, which is white defined on inner side
by diffused deep rufous and on outer by dark red-brown suffusion, angled out-
wards below apex and slightly excurved at middle ; cilia red-brown at base,
with slight dark line at middle, then white with dark tips. Hindwing white tuiged
with red-brown, the cilia whiter. Underside whitish, the forewing and costal
area of hindwing suffused with red-brown.
Hub. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 $ type. Exp. 20 mill.
96 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Genus Supemola nov.
T.vpe : .S. eubrufa.
Proboscis fiilly developed ; palpi rather dow nciuved, extending about twice
the length of head, the 2nd joint rather broadly fringed with hair above and
below, the 3rd thickly scaled ; frons with tuft of hair ; antennae of female
ciliated, the l)asal joint with tuft of hair in front ; thorax clothed with hair and
scales mixed ; tibiae and abdomen smoothly scaled. Foreuing ■^^'ith the apex
rounded, the termen evenly scaled, the tufts of scales at middle and upper angle
of cell small : vein 3 from well before angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ;
6 from below upper angle; 7, 8, and 10 stalked, 9 absent. 10 slight; 11
becoming coincident with 12. Hindwing with vein 3 from angle of cell ; 4
absent ; 5 from near middle of discocellulars ; 0, 7 stalked ; 8 anastomosing
with the cell to middle.
In key differs from Nola in the forcw ing having vein 1 1 becoming coinci-
dent with 12.
60a. Supemola subrufa n. sp.
9. Head and thorax white, the dorsum of thorax tinged with red-brown ;
abdomen pale red-brown ; antennae fuscous except towards base ; jjalpi with
the basal half red-brown, the terminal half white ; legs white and dark-brown.
Forewing wliite with a faint red-brown tinge, the terminal area with a more
distinct red-brown tinge ; a scries of dark points on costa to end of cell ; tufts
of raised dark scales in the cell near base, at middle of cell and of red-brown
scales at upper angle ; a small black spot below middle of ceU ; a small red-
brown spot on costa above end of cell ; traces of a diffused brown subterininal
line, excurved at middle. Hindwing white suffused with pale red-brown.
Underside rufous, the inner area of hindwing whitish.
Hab. N. Borneo, Kina Balu (Waterstradt), I ? type. Exp. 20 mill.
666. Nola rufizonalis n. sp.
o. Head, thorax, and abdomen silvery white ; palpi and fore tibiae tinged
with rufous. Forewing silvery white ; a rufous patch at base of costa ; an
erect rufous medial band, rather broad towards costa, narrow below the cell, a
minute silvery pomt on it below costa and some silvery scales on its edges in
and at end of cell ; a pale rafous spot on costa before apex and a patch on termen
from vein 6 to above tornus, its inner edge incurved and sinuous. Hindwmg
sUvery white, the cilia faintly tinged with rufous to\\ards ajDCx. Underside
white ; forewing with the costal area and the terminal area to vein 2 suffused
with rufous ; hindwing with the costal area irrorated w ith rufous.
Hab. Colombia, Choko Prov., Condoto (Spurrell), 1 3 type. E.rp. 14 mill.
Il8b. Roeselia costiplagiata n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen white, the last tinj,'cd with red-brown
except at base ; antennae dark brown, the shaft white towards base ; frons and
palpi with dark brown mixed, the latter with the extremities of 2nd and 3rd
joints white ; pectus tinged with rufous ; tibiae and tarsi darlc brown ringed
with white ; ventral surface of abdomen suffused with red-brown leaving white
segmental lines. Forewing white slightly irrorated with dark bro^^•n the inner
NOVITATES ZOOLOGIC.IE XXV. 1918. 97
area whiter ; a dark subbasal bar from costa and slight tuft of dark scales
beyond it in the cell ; a large diffused conical patch of deep red-brown from costa
to below end of cell with tufts of dark red-brown scales on it before and beyond
upper angle of cell, at lower angle and on vein 2 below the angle ; a white striga
from costa above angle of cell ; postmedial line white, sinuous to discal fold,
then slightly excurved to vein 2 ; subterminal line white, defined on inner side
by black-brown marks, the area beyond it deep rufous at apex, then pale
rufous, the line oblique to vein 6 where it is angled outwards, excurved at middle
and angled inwards at discal and submcdian folds ; a white terminal line ; cilia
dark red-brown intersected with white and with white line towards tips. Hind-
wing white suffused with reddish brown, the base and inner area whiter ; cilia
brown at middle, white at base and tips. Underside of forewing dark brown,
the inner area white ; hindwing white, the costal area broadly irrorated with
brown.
Hob. Br. C. Africa, Ruo Valley (Neave), 1 S type. Exp. IS mill.
ZiIteosiah-ai:.
186a. Scoliacma albicostata n. sp.
?. Head ochreous white ; thorax and abdomen pchreous mixed with rufous,
the latter with some fuscous at extremity ; palj^i and forelegs rather darker
red-brown. Forewing ochreous thickly irrorated with rufous, the costal area
to end of cell white slightlj' iiTorated with rufous, leaving the costal edge rufous ;
cUia whitish at tips. Hindwing pale ochreous yellow. Underside of forewing
pale rufous ; hindwing ochreous white, the costal area pale rufous.
Hah. Dutch N. Guinea, Mt. Goliath (Meek), 4 $ type. Exp. 24-26 mill.
226a. Tigrioides aurantiaca n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax orange-yellow ; antennae black except towards base ;
abdomen ochreous suffused with orange-yellow and with slight blackish dorsal
segmental lines ; fore tibiae and the tarsi with some fuscous. Forewing uniform
orange-yellow above and below. Hindwing whitish tinged with orange-yeUow.
Hub. Philippines, Luzon, Los Banos (Baker), 1 cJ type. Exp. 22 mill.
227c. Tigrioides chionostola n. sp.
Head and thorax silvery white ; antennae, lower part of frons and palpi
orange-yeUow, the upper part of frons black-brown ; abdomen white, the ter-
minal half tinged with fuscous, the anal tuft of male tinged with yellow ; pectus,
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen orange-yellow. Forewing silvery white,
the costal edge orange-yellow, blackish towards base. Hindwing white. Under-
side white, the forewing with orange-rufous costal fascia.
Hah. Dutch N. Guinea, Mt. Goliath (Meek), 1 ,5, 5 ? type. Exp. cJ 24, ? 26
mill.
230c. Phryganopsis holoxantha n. sp.
cJ. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-yellow ; fore tibiae and tarsi dark
brown above. Forewing uniform orange-yellow tinged with brown. Hind-
wing pale orange-yellow. LTnderside uniform orange-yellow.
7
93 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
?. Wings pale oehreous yellow?^ the forewing faintly tinged with brown.
Hob. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 2 <?, 1 ? ; Portuguese E. Africa,
Mt. Chiperone (Neave), 1 3 type. Exp. 26 mill.
249&. Phaeosia dimorpha n. sp.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-yellow, the last with some greyish at
base ; antennae tinged with brown ; palpi with the 3rd joint black ; fore and
mid tibiae and the tai'si black-brown, the hind femora and tibiae black-brown
at extremities. Forewing orange-yellov\ . the area below discal fold clothed \\ ith
greyish-brown androconia from before middle to well beyond middle ; a black
postmedial spot just below costa. Hindwing pale orange-yellow. Underside
orange-yellow, the inner areas paler.
$. Abdomen greyish white, yellow at sides and towards extremity ; fore-
wiiif rather paler orange-yellow ; postmedial black spots below costa and in
the cell, the latter rather oblique, a point below the cell nearer the base and
medial spots below origin of vein 2 and above inner margin ; hindwing pale
yellow.
Hah. Philippines, Luzon, Mt. Makiling (Baker), 1 (J, 1 ? type. Exp. S 26,
.$ 28 mUl.
252a. Ctenosia nephelistis n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax fulvous yellow ; antennae with the branches brownish ;
abdomen paler fulvous yellow, the dorsum greyish towards base. Forewing
fulvous yellow, the costal edge blackish towards base ; a brownish shade from
vein 4 just beyond the cell to inner margin. Hindwing very pale yellow ; the
underside with the costal area fulvous yellow.
Hah. Br. C, Africa, Mlanje Plateau. 6,500 ft. fNeave), 1 o^ type. Exp. 30
mill.
253c. Lema aurantisquamata n. sp.
Antennae of male bipectmate with moderate branches ending m bristles ;
forewing on upperside with the whole medial area clothed with androconia ; hind-
wing with large conical patch of androconia from costa beyond middle to lower
angle of cell.
(J. Head and thorax fulvous yellow ; abdomen brownish grey, the anal
tuft fulvous yellow ; palpi fulvous brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen fulvous yellow. Forewuig with the basal and terminal areas whitish
suffused with pale orange-yellow, the whole area from before middle to well
beyond middle clothed with rough deep orange-yellow scales ; the costal edge
blackish towards base. Hindwing whitish with a large diffused conical patch
of deep orange-yellow scales from costa beyond middle to lower angle of cell.
Underside pale orange-yellow, the inner half of hindwuig whitish.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 <? type. Exp. 40 mill.
253(Z. Dema costiplicata n. sp.
Antennae of male pectinate with moderate branches on outer side to apex
and with bristles and cilia on inner side ; forewing with costal lobe on upperside
to beyond middle.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. S9
(J. Head and thorax red-brown with an ochreous tinge ; abdomen grey-
brown, the ventral surface red-brown. Forewing ochreous suffused with red-
brown, the terminal area rather paler. Hindwing pale yellow. Underside pale
yellow, the forewing and costal area of hindwing tinged with red-brown.
Hah. Caineroons, Ja R., Bitje, 1 o type. Exp. 24 mill.
253a. nema maculifascia n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax fulvous orange; abdomen greyish tinged with orange-
yeUow ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen orange-yellow. Forewing
duU fulvous orange ; a pale fuscous postmedial band formed by rather diffused
spots, somewhat oblique to vein 6, then obliquely incurved. Hindwing pale
orange-yeUow. Underside pale orange-yellow, the forewing suffused with
brown, except on inner area, to end of cell.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 S type. Exp. 26 mill.
297f. nema fractifascia n. sp.
S. Head and tegulae whitish tinged with red-brown, the frons and palpi
black ; thorax deep red-brown ; abdomen grey suffused with brown ; forelegs
blackish ; pectus, mid and hind legs, and ventral surface of abdomen red-brown
suffused with blackish. Forewing whitish tinged with rufous and irrorated with
large red-brown scales ; costal edge black towards base ; a black spot on costa
above end of cell and rather diffused fuscous band from lower angle of cell to
inner margin with traces of a shade between them excurved beyond the cell ;
cUia black at base towards apex. Kindwing grey-white slightly tinged with
red-brown. Underside of forewing red-brown, the costa yellowish towards
apex ; hindwmg with the costal area suffused with red-brown.
Hab. Cameroons, Ja R., Bitje (Bates), 1 cJ type. Exp. 20 mill.
3486. nema nebuliiera n. sp.
5. Head and tegulae yellowish white ; thorax greyish fuscous ; abdomen
grey, the anal tuft yellowish ; antennae blackish ; palpi with the 3rd joint black ;
pectus and femora grey and yeUo .vish, the tibiae and tarsi black ; ventral surface
of abdomen orange-yeUow. Forewing with basal half and costa to towards apex
yellowish suffused grey, the rest of wing pale grey with a quadrate deeper grey
patch from below costa to inner margin beyond the yellowish basal area. Hind-
wing jjale yellow. Underside of forewing and costal area of hindwing orange-
yeUow.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 ? type. Exp. 28 mill.
362a. nema achrosis n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous yeUow tinged with red-brown;
pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen strongly suffused with red-brown,
the forelegs blackish. Forewing pale ochreous yellow with a faint red-brown
tinge. Hindwing ochreous white. Underside of forewing suffused with red-
brown, the hindwing tinged with red-brown.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 S type ; Transvaal, Pretoria
(Distant), 1 <J. Exp. 22 mill.
100 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
414a. Agylla cryptosema n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax grey tinged with red-brown ; abdomen grey-white ;
pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish suffused with fulvous
yellow, the anal tuft rufous below. Forewing silvery white, the area below vein
1 tinged with red-brown, the costa fringed with short brown hair towards base.
Hindwing silvery white. Underside of forewing faintly tinged with red-brown ;
hindwing with the flocculent hair in the fold in the ceU yellow and with some
streaks and markings formed by dark-brown androconia not coinciding on the
two wings.
Hah. Colombia, Choko Prov., Condoto (Spurrell), 1 (J type. Exp. 36 mill.
5-21(1. Pseudlepista holoxantha n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-yellow, the last slightly paler ;
antennae blackish except towards base ; palpi with the 3rd joint blackish ; tibiae
above and the tarsi black. Forewing uniform orange-yellow. Hindwing rather
paler orange-yellow. Underside orange-yeUow.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 ? type. Exp. 24 mill.
523a. Caripodia consimilis n. sp.
Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-yellow ; antennae tinged with brown
except towards base ; mid femora and tibiae and all the tarsi black-brown. Fore-
wing silvery white, the costa orange-yellow, the cilia tinged with orange-yellow.
Hindwing pale yellow. Underside of forewing fuscous brown, the marginal
areas orange-yellow, the costal edge blackish on basal half ; hindwing white, the
costal area and termen suffused with orange-yellow.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 6 <?, 1 $ type, Ruo VaUey (Neave),
4 S ; Portuguese E. Africa, Kola Valley (Neave), 2 S- Exp. 24-30 mill.
Genus Apothosia nov.
Typp: .4. c-onformia.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, reaching to about vertex of
head and moderately scaled ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antennae of
female ciliated ; tibiae smoothly scaled, the hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs.
Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly scaled ; veins 3 and 5 from
near angle of cell ; 6 from below upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8
to form a minute areole ; 1 1 free. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 stalked ; 5 from
just above angle ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell to near
middle.
In key differs from Si/ntomimorpha in the forewing having the areole
minute, the hindwing with veins 3, 4 stalked.
528/. Apothosia conformis n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous yellow ; antennae tinged with
brown except towards base ; fore tibiae at extremities black, the tarsi black
ringed with ochreous. Forewing pale grey, the costal area ochreous yellow,
the inner margin tinged with ochreous towards base ; cilia pale ochreous yellow.
Hindwing pale yellow. Underside of forewing fuscous, the margins ochreous
yellow, the termen narrowly.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Lr. Shire Valley (Neave), 1 ? type. Exp. 28 mill.
NOVITATE8 ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 101
555a. Narasodes metatroga n. sp.
Antennae of male laminate and thickened by a ridge of scales above towards
base, metathorax with tuft of long spatulate scales. Abdomen with lateral
fringes of downturned hair ; forewing with the costa fringed with hair-like scales
from near base to beyond middle ; hindwing with the apical part of termen
strongly excised to vein 2, the costa fringed with long hair at middle, then with
shorter hair with a patch of androconia below it on upperside.
The male has vein 9 of the forewing absent, in the female it is present from
either before or beyond 7.
Head and thorax white slightly mixed with brown ; antennae brown
except towards base ; palpi pale fulvous ; abdomen white tinged with fulvous,
the genital tufts of male white ; legs tinged with fulvous. Forewing white, the
basal area, costal area to middle, and the postmedial area suffused and irrorated
with brown, the last curving outwards below costa to before termen ; a broad
medial pale fulvous yellow band from discal fold to inner margin ; a blackish
discoidal point ; traces of a pale fulvous brown postmedial line, oblique from
costa beyond middle to beyond the cell, then erect. Hindwing white tinged
with ochreous brown.
Hah. Fhilippines, Luzon, Los Bafios (Baker), 1 o, 3 ? type. Ex/p. 12 miH.
Genus Anaemosia nov.
Type : A. albida.
Proboscis fuUy developed ; palpi upturned to about vertex of head, slender ;
frons smooth ; antennae of male ciliated ; tibiae with the spurs long. Fore-
wing with the costa somewhat arched near base and towards apex, the termen
obliquely curved ; vein 2 from middle of cell, oblique ; 3 from well before angle ;
4, 5 from angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 from beyond 9 ; 10, 11
from cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 coincident ; 5 from near middle of discocel-
lulars ; 6, 7 strongly stalked ; 8 from middle of cell.
In key differs from Prolobosia in the forewmg having the costa not excised
and the termen more obliquely curved.
5566. Anaemosia albida n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with red -brown ; palpi and
frona red-brown. Forewing white tinged with red-brown, the costal edge
blackish towards base. Hindwing creamy white ; a slight fuscous discoidal
spot ; a fuscous terminal band from apex to vein 3, the rest of termen, the inner
margin, and cilia slightly tinged with red-brown. Underside of forewing fuscous
brown, the inner area whitish, the terminal area whitish tinged with red-brown.
Hob. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 2 S type. Exp. 16 mill.
Genus Neoduma nov. , M;
Tj'pe : N. ectozona.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi short, porrect ; frons smooth ; antennae
of female ciliated. Forewing with the costa obliquely truncate towards apex,
which is somewhat acute, the termen oblique ; vein 2 from near angle of cell ;
3, 4 coincident ; 5 from above angle ; 6 from below upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked.
102 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
7 from beyond 9 ; 10, 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 2 from towards angle
of cell ; 3, 4 coincident ; 5 from well above angle ; 6, 7 strongly stalked ; 8
from towards end of cell.
In key differs from Heliosia in the forewing having veins 3, 4 coincident.
556c. Neoduma ectozona n. sp.
$. Head, tegulae, and patagia white ; thorax grey-brown ; anteimae
fuscous ; abdomen blackish mixed with some whitish ; fore tibiae and tarsi black.
Forewing white; an elliptical antemedial fuscous spot on inner margin; a
black point at lower angle of cell ; a grey-black subterminal band, bent out-
wards from costa beyond middle to below apex, where it broadens, its outer
edge excised below apex, then narrowing to tornus ; a terminal series of black
points. Hindwing white tinged with fuscous. Underside of forewing suffused
with fuscous except the costa and termen towards apex.
Hah. Plulippines, Luzon, Los Baiios (Baker), I $ type. Exp. 12 mill.
566a. Tospitis brunneipiaga n. sp.
5. Head, tegulae, and patagia white, the dorsum of thorax and abdomen
white tinged with red-brown ; antemiae tinged with brown except towards
base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen tinged with red-brown. Fore-
wing white ; a minute black spot at upper angle of cell ; the area below the
cell and vein 4 with a large patch of rufous suffusion with some blackish scales
on it from middle to towards termen. Hindwing white with a faint brown tinge
on inner half. Underside of forewing suffused with brown except on costa
towards apex and on termen to vein 2.
Hah. Bhutan (Dudgeon), 1 ? type. Exp. 16 mill.
5936. Scaptesyle pseudoblabia n. sp.
Forewing of male on underside with the terminal half of lower part of cell
clothed with androconia ; hindwing with the apex strongly excised, a glandular
fold on upperside in upper part of cell and a patch of androconia in, beyond, and
below the cell ; veins 3, 4 coincident.
One specimen has vein 5 of the forewing absent on the left side.
cj. Head, tegulae, and patagia white ; frons and dorsum of thorax grey-
black ; antennae brownish, white towards base ; palpi grey-black and white ;
abdomen grey-black, the anal tuft ochreous brown ; legs ochreous white. Fore-
wing blackish glossed with leaden grey, the base, costal area, and termen white,
the white on costa expanding into a patch in end of cell and on termen narrow-
ing to a point at tornus. Hindwing grey-white with the patch of androconia
rufous. Underside of forewing white with fuscous suffusion below costa and
before termen, the androconia in the cell ochreous ; hindwing with the costal
area tinged with ochreous and fuscous.
Hah. Philippines, Luzon, Los Banos (Baker), 1 S type, Mt. MakiUng
(Baker), 1 cJ. Exp. 16 mill.
680a. Chionaema nyasica n. sp.
Head, thorax, and abdomen white, the patagia with small crimson spots
near base ; antennae rufous ; palpi crimson except at base ; fore tibiae crimson
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 103
banded with white, the mid tibiae crimi5on at base and with crimson spot above
at middle, the tarsi crimson ringed with white. Forewing white ; the costal
edge black towards base ; small crimson subbasal and antemedial spots on
costa and an oblique slightly sinuous antemedial line from cell to inner margin ;
minute black spots in middle of cell and on discocellulars, and a minute crimson
spot on costa above end of cell ; an obsolescent crimson postmedial line from vein
3 to inner margin ; a minute crimson subapical spot. Hindwing white. Under-
side of forewing with some crimson on costa towards base and a slight mark
above upper angle of cell.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 <?, 1 $ type. Exp. S 24, ? 28
mill.
737rf. Afrida hemicycla n. sp.
?. Head and thorax silvery white, the metathorax with black point ; palpi
blackish ; forelegs suffused with brown, the tarsi blackish ; abdomen white
tinged with brown. Forewing silvery white ; a black point at base of cell and
antemedial black bar from costa ; an antemedial black spot below the cell with
an oblique line from its inner edge to above inner margin and a line from its
outer edge angled outwards below submedian fold, then incurved to imier
margin ; a slight black discoidal bar with stronger bar above it from costa ;
postmedial and subterminal black spots on costa, the latter followed by a point ;
a semicircular black mark beyond upper angle of cell, concave towards inner
margin, and a black bar between discal and submedian folds with a point below
it on inner margin ; the terminal area red-brown from just below apex to inner
margin, its inner edge defined by blackish, oblique and sinuous from below apex
to the postmedial black bar at vein 5 and angled outwards at submedian fold ; a
terminal series of black striae defined on inner side by slight white marks ; cilia
red-brown and whitish. Hindwing white tinged with reddish brown especially
towards termen. Underside of forewing suffused with red-brown, the inner
area white ; hindwing white, the costal area, submedian fold, and inner margin
suffused with red-brown, leaving a small white spot just below apex ; a small
brown discoidal spot.
Hab. Colombia, Choko Prov., Condoto (Spurrell), 1 ? type. Exp. 14 mill.
7716. mice albizonea n. sp.
?. Head and thorax pale grey-brown, the tegulae ochreous yellow ; antennae
blackish ; palpi whitish ; abdomen crimson ; pectus, mid and hind legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen creamy -white, the forelegs grey-brown. Forewing
pale grey-brown with erect creamy-white medial band with slightly sinuous
edges. Hindwing crimson with black-brown terminal band moderately broad at
costa and narrowing to tornus ; the costal area yellowish white to the terminal
band.
Hab. Peru, R. Ucayale, Contamino, 1 $ type. Exp. 18 mill.
Genus Eugraphosia nov.
Type: E. rubrizonea.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, slender, reaching to vertex
of head ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antennae ciliated. Forewmg rather
short and broad, the apex rounded, the termen evenly cuived ; the lower part
104 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
of cell short ; veins 3, 4, 5 stalked ; 6 from below upper angle ; 7, 8, and 10
stalked, 9 absent ; 11 free. Hindwing with the lower part of cell short ; vein
2 from towards ar.gle of cell ; 4 absent ; 5 from above middle of discocellulars ;
6, 7 stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell to middle ; the underside in male
with a rounded glandular swelling below costa before middle.
In key differs from Encyclopera in both wings having the lower part of cell
short, the forewing with veins 7, 8, and 10 stalked, the hindwing with vein 5
from above middle of discoceUulars.
796rf. Eugiaphosia rubrizonea n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax white ; antennae brown except towaid.s base ; palpi
brown, the 3rd joint with some white ; abdomen brown, the anal tuft rufous and
white ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white, the legs tinged with
brown. Forewing white ; subbasal and antemedial brown points on costa ar.d
an oblique diffused brownish line from origin cf vein 2 to inner margin ; a
fulvous red postmedial band, oblique and moderately broad to vein 5, then
expanding and erect, a rather diffused blackish Ime beyond it from belcw costa
to submedian fold. Hindwing white, the costal and inner areas tinged with
Jjrown. Underside of forewing with the costal area suffused with brcwn, form-
ing darker patches towards base and beyond middle ; hindwing with the costal
area broadly suffused with brown.
Hah. Peru, R. Ucayale, Contamino, 1 cJ type. Ex-p. 16 milL
840a. Siccia paucipuncta n. sp.
<J. Head and thorax whitish suffused with brown ; abdomen brownish
tinged with fuscous ; pectus and legs brcwrith tinged with fuscous ; ventral
surface of abdomen white tinged with ochreous brown. Forewing pale red-brown
irrorated with fuscous ; the costa with some blackish towards base ; elongate
black spots in middle and end of cell ; the costa with minute antemedial, medial,
and postmedial blackish spots arcl a more elongate mark towards apex ; a terminal
series of blackish points ; cilia with blackish mixed. Hindwing grey suffused
with brown. Underside of forewing fuscous brown, the inner area whitish.
Hab. Sierra Leone (Clements), 1 S type. Exj). 12 mill.
8436. Siccia pallens n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with red-brown, the palpi,
pectus, legs, and ventral surface cf abdomen more strongly tinged with red-
brown. Forewing white faintly tinged with red-brown ; a slight blackish sub-
basal mark below costa ; slight obliquely placed antemedial blackish spots below
costa and in the cell ; a black discoidal bar with spots above and beyond it on
costa and a spot beyond lower angle of cell ; a terminal series of minute blackish
points. Hindwing whitish suffused with red-brown. Underside whitish tinged
with red-brown.
Hah. TTganda, Gondokoro (Reyr.es-Cok ), 1 $ type. Exp. 16 mill.
Genus Nilgiricola nov.
T.vpe : N . sicciana.
Proboscis fully developed ; pr.lpi upturned to about vertex of head,
slenderly scaled ; frons smooth ; ai.tcr.nae cf male ciliated ; abdomen hairy.
NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918. 105
Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; vein 3 from
before angle of cell ; 5 from well above angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10
anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3,
4 coincident ; 5 from above angle of cell ; 6, 7 strongly stalked, 8 from towards
end of cell.
In key differs from Syntomimorpha in the hindwing having veins 3, 4
coincident.
847a. Nilgiricola sicciana n. sp.
tS. Head and thorax white, the shoulders with black spots, the mesothorax
with pair of spots and the metathorax with one spot ; antennae blackish, banded
with white towards base ; palpi black except at tips ; abdomen fuscous mixed
with grey ; pectus and legs white and fuscous. Forewing white ; the ccsta
black towards base with a streak below its extremity conjoined to a spot in the
cell near base ; an antemedial series of four black spots, inwardly oblique from
below costa ; medial line black, incurved in the cell and connected with the
antemedial spots by two short streaks, excurved below the cell, angled inwards
at vein 1 and forming a spot at inner margin ; an oblique discoidal bar ; pcst-
medial line black, bent outwards below costa, incurved at discal fold, angled
outwards at vein 3, then oblique and maculate ; an irregularly triangular sub-
terminal black patch from costa to vein 6, a spot below vein 4 and an incuived
mark from tornus ; a terminal series of minute black spots forming a bar at
discal fold with a blackish patch beyond it on the cilia. Hindwing grey suffused
with fuscous ; a termir.al series of slight black points to vein 3 ; the underside
with indistinct sinuous fuscous medial and postmedial lines.
Hab. Madras, Nilgiris, Pykara, 7,000 ft. (Andrewes), 1 <J type. Exp. 20 mill.
8616. Clemensia plumbeifusca n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown suffused with leaden grey, the
anal tuft brownish grey. Forewing dark brown suffused with silvery blue-grey ;
an indistinctly double postmedial series of slight white points, excurved to vein 4,
then incurved ; a subterminal series of slight white points ; cilia with some white
at tips. Hindwing dark brown suffused with silvery blue-grey, the cilia whitish
at tips. Underside uniform daik brown tinged with blue-grey.
Bab. Peru, San Domingo (Ockenden), 1 ? type. Exp. 18 mill.
Genus Paiadoxosia nov.
Type : P. rufipex.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to about
middle of frons and shghtly fringed with hair, the 3rd short and thickly scaled ;
frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antennae of male ciliated ; hind tibiae with
two pairs of spurs. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ;
veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from just below upper angle ; 7, 8, 9
stalked, 7 from before 9 ; 10, II almost from a point. Hindwing with veins
3, 4 from angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ; 6, 7 from upper angle, 7
strongly curved upwards, almost perpendicularly towards origin ; 8 from near
middle of cell and strongly arched ; the male with the costa strongly lobed
except towards base.
In key differs from Idopterum in the hindwing having veins 6, 7 from the cell.
106 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
874a. Paradoxosia rufipex n. sp.
<?. Head, tegulae, and prothorax fulvous red, the rest of thorax and abdomen
red-brown ; antennae whitish tinged with brown and with fulvous towards base ;
palpi, pectus, and ventral surface of abdomen orange-yellow ; legs whitish
suffused with brown. Forewirg grej'-brown with a slight reddish tinge ; a small
round black discoidal spot. Hindwing grey-brown, the apical area fulvous to
vein 3. Underside of forewing grey-brown, the inner area whitish ; hindwing
whitish, the costal area tinged with rufous.
Hah. Uganda, S. E. Buddu, Tero Forest (Neave), 1 3 type. Ex-p. 28 mill.
9006. Asura metahyala n. sp.
S. Head and thorax orange, the vertex of head with black spot, the shoul-
ders, patagia, and prothorax with pau'ed spots, the metathorax with black patch ;
antennae black, except the shaft above towards base ; abdomen black, the sides
and ventral surface orange with sublateral series of small black spots ; forelegs
and the mid and hind tibiae towards extremities black. Forewing orange ;
the costa black to the antemedial line before which it expands into a small spot ;
a small spot in the cell near base and larger subbasal spot below the cell ; ante-
medial line black, angled outwards below costa, then inwardly oblique and
slightly sinuous ; medial line black, incurved to submedian fold where it is angled
outwards to the postmedial line, then strongly incurved, confluent with the ante-
medial line in the cell and at vein 1 ; a black discoidal spot confluent with the
postmedial line which arises at co.sta from the medial hne, then excurved, angled
inwards at submedian fold to the medial line, then bent outwards to tornus,
emitting an oblique bar to costa before apex and bars to termen at veins 6 and
4 ; the costa from the medial line, termen, and cilia black. Hindwing hyahr.e,
the costa and inner margin tinged with orange except at termen, which is
suffused with black, expanding at apex and on inner area to near middle.
?. Abdomen orange with some black on dorsum except towards base ; fore-
wing with the postmedial line slightly angled outwards at vein 6 and more
strongly at vein 4 ; hindwing tinged with orange.
Hah. Philippines, Luzon, Los Baiios (Baker), 1 cJ, 1 ? type. Exf. S 18, ?
22 mill.
992a. Asura melanapyga n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax orange-yellow ; abdomen paler orange-yellow, the
anal tuft black ; palpi blackish ; fore femora at extremities, tibiae and tarsi
black, the mid and hind tarsi at extremities black. Forewing orange-yellow,
the costal edge black towards base. Hindwing pale orange-yellow, rather thinly
scaled. Underside of forewing suffused with fuscous except the marginal areas.
?. Palpi, legs, and anal tuft without black ; forewing without black on base
of costa or fuscous on underside.
Hah. Formosa, Kanshirei (Wileman), 1 <?, 1 ? type. Exp. S 24, $ 26 mill.
1040a. Miltochrista cruenia n. sp.
o. Head and thorax scarlet with a yellowish tinge ; palpi, pectus, legs, and
abdomen crimson. Forewing yellow-buff; a strongly excurved scarlet lino
from base of costa to submedian fold and a fascia on base of inner margin ;
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 107
antemedial line scarlet, strongly excurved in the cell, then incurved and ending
at vein 1 ; medial scarlet patches on costa, below the cell and on inner margin,
and a small spot above median nervure ; a discoidal scarlet spot ; a series of
scarlet spots just beyond the cell, oblique to vein 5 and incurved below vein 4 ;
another series of scarlet spots beyond them with scarlet streaks in the inter-
spaces from them to termen, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; cUia pale
brown. Hindwing yellow, tinged with scarlet especially towards termen.
Underside of the wing and costal area of hindwing scarlet.
Hah. Ceylon, Peradeniya (Rutherford), 1 S type. Exj). 34 mill.
1084c. Euryzonosia atricincta n. sp.
Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous orange ; antennae black ; palpi blackish ;
fore and mid legs black, the hind tibiae, and tarsi except towards base, black.
Forewing fulvous orange, the costal edge blackish ; a small black discoidal spot
and usually a point in middle of cell ; a terminal black band, rather broad at
costa, narrowing somewhat to inner margin ; cilia black. Hindwing fulvous
orange ; a narrow black terminal band narrowing to a point at tornus : cUia
black.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 8 (?, 3 $ type. Exp. 22-24 mill.
1137rf. Chamaita nubifera n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen white slightly mixed with brown ; mid
tarsi blackish at extremities. Forewing white clouded with pale brown, form-
ing a broad band on subbasal area ; a diffused antemedial line emitting a short
fascia below costa, then sinuous ; a discoidal spot confluent with a patch below
the cell extending from the antemedial to the postmedial line, which is obUque
on costal half ; an incurved line from costa before apex to termen at submedian
fold, and a spot at tornus. Hindwing semihyaline white.
Hah. Philippines, Luzon, Los Barios (Baker), 1 ? type. Exf. 16 mUl.
1146a. Nudaria mesombia n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen creamy white. Forewing creamy white ; a
medial red-brown shade from costa to submedian fold, its outer edge oblique
and angled outwards to towards termen at vein 2, traversed by a curved white
postmedial striga between veins 3 and 2, some yellowish suffusion beyond it
below end of cell ; a pale red-brown subapical spot and the termen with a slight
red-brown line. Hindwing creamy white.
Hah. Philippines, Samar (Whitehead), 1 o type. Exp. 16 mill.
1156a. Didnga ezcisa n. sp.
Hindwing of male with the termen excised from below apex to near tornus,
a large rounded patch of androconia on upperside at tornus.
(J. Head, tegulae, and prothorax yellowish white, the rest of thorax and
abdomen greyish fuscous ; antennae except towards base, frons, palpi, pectus,
and legs greyish fuscous. Forewing greyish fuscous ; the costal area yellowish
white with sinuous white lower edge expanding to below the cell at base,
into the cell at middle and extremity and twice slightly towards apex ; slight
108 NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
antemedial and medial marks on costa ; a narrow yellowish white terminal band
with sinuous inner edge. Hindwing grey with the tuft of hair ochreous and the
patch of androconia dark leaden grey.
Hob. Philippines, Luzon, Los Bancs (Baker), 1 S type. Exf. 16 mill.
1158a. Diduga metaleuca n. sp.
c?. Head, tegulae, and patagia pure white, the dorsum of thorax pale brown ;
antennae, frons, and palpi ochreous ; abdomen reddish ochreous, ventraUy white ;
pectus and legs white, the fore and mid legs tinged with ochreous. Forewing
dark leaden grej' glossed with purple ; the basal and costal areas pure white
with the apical area pale orange-yellow, leaving a white line between it and the
leaden grey area, the lower edge of the costal fascia bisinuate ; a narrow white
terminal band with its inner edge slightly angled inwards at veins 2 and 3 and
the orange-yeUow from apex extending narrowly on termen to tornus ; a black
point on costa towards apex and two on termen below apex ; cilia pale orange-
yellow. Hindwing white. Underside of forewing white, the costa tinged with
ochreous.
Hah. Philippines, Luzon, Los Bafios (Baker), 1 o type. Exp. 14 mOl.
1168a. Eugoa arcuata n. sp.
(J. Head, tegulae, and prothorax white tinged with ochreous, followed by a
broad greyish fuscous band leaving a white patch on metathorax ; antennae
fuscous with some whitish towards base ; frons at sides and palpi except at
tips black ; abdomen reddish ochreous ; pectus and legs ochreous, the fore and
mid legs black except the femora above. Forewing pure white ; the costal area
tinged with ochreous at base ; the costal edge black ; a round fuscous spot
glossed with leaden grey below the cell near base, incurved antemedial and post-
medial bands expanding to inner margin and a patch on inner half of terminal
area beyond the faint dark subterminal line ; a black discoidal point ; cilia
tinged with brown. Hindwing very pale orange-yeUow. Underside of forewing
pale orange-yellow, the bands as above but the terminal band extending to apex.
Hah. Philippines, Luzon, Los Baiios (Baker), 1 S type. Exf. 22 mill.
1175a. Trischalis convoluta n. sp.
9. Head, tegulae, and patagia golden rufous, the dorsum of thorax dark
leaden grey ; abdomen pale rufous, whitish at base and fuscous at extremity ;
pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen pale fulvous yellow. Forewing
pale fulvous yellow ; the costal area silvery towards base ; a convoluted leaden
grey mark glossed with silver from subcostal nervure near base cuiving down to
inner margin, then up to discai fold beyond the cell, then tlirough lower end of
cell to submedian fold below end of cell ; a terminal leaden grey band glossed
with silver arising at costa beyond middle, broad on apical area, then narrow ;
cUia leaden grey glossed with silver. Hindwing pale grey-brown, the inner
margin, termen, and cilia pale yellow. Underside of forewing ochreous, the disk
suffused with brown.
Hah. Philippines, Luzon, Los Baiios (Baker), 1 ? type. Exp. 22 mUl.
NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXV. 1918. 109
Genus Palacotype nov.
Type : TrischaUs submargiiuUa Roths.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, extending to just beyond the
frons, which is smooth ; eyes large, round ; antennae of male with bristles and
cilia ; tibiae with all the spurs present. Forewing with the costa arched
towards apex, which is rounded, the termen everly curved ; vein 3 from well
before angle of cell; 5 absent ; 6. 7, 8, 9, 10, II from cell. Hindwing with
veins 3 and 5 absent ; 0, 7 stalked ; 8 from middle of cell.
NOCTUIDAE.
Agrotinae,
250o. Porosagrotis atricentrica n. sp.
S. Head and thorax ochreous white tinged with rufous ar.d mixed with
some black-brown ; abdomen white ; pectus white. Forewing ochreous white
tinged with rufous ar.d irrorated with black-brown, the costal edge blackish
except towards base ; antemedial line black, angled outwards in tlie cell and
sub median fold and inwards at median nervure and vein 1, bent outwards above
inner margin, claviform defined by black, rounded at extremity ; orbicular
and reniform large, ochreous white suffused with rufous and defined by black
except above, the former rounded, the latter elliptical, some black in the cell
before the lower part of former between them and beyond the reniform ; post-
medial line black, excurved below costa, then strongly dentate, oblique below
vein 4 ; a red-brown ar.d blackish patch on costal area before the subterminal
line, which is represented by dentate red-browii ard blackish marks in the
interspaces ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white. Underside
white, the costal area of forewing suffused with rufous.
Hah. Argentina, Buenos Ayres ( Wilkin.son ), 1 ^ type. Exf. 32 mill.
290a. Euxoa cjrmograpta n. sp.
$. Head and thorax grey mi.xed with dark brown ; antennae black ;
abdomen grey-white mixed with brown ; pectus and ventral surfaces of abdomen
white mixed with some dark brown, the tibiae and tarsi banded black-brown
and white, the anal tuft rufous below. Forewing grey tinged with red-brown
and irrorated with black ; subbasal line double, black filled in with whitish,
waved, from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line double, black filled in
with white at costa, oblique, waved ; claviform slightly defined by black scales
at extremity, small ; orbicular and reniform large, with white annuli defined
by black, the former round ; medial line rather diffused, black-brown, incurved
in the cell, oblique ar.d waved from vein 2 to inner maigin ; pcstnicdial line
double, the inner line black, the outer less distinct, filkel in with white at ccsta,
bent outwards below costa, then dentate, oblique below vein 4, slight blackish
streaks beyond it on the veins and some white points on costa ; a subterminal
series of dentate dark marks in the interspaces defined on outer side by white
scales ; a lunulate black terminal lino ; cilia whitish tinged with red-brown
and with brown lines near base and tips. Hindwing white, the veins and inner
and terminal areas tinged with red-brown ; a dark terminal line ; cilia pure
"" NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
white. Underside of forewings bluish white tinged with brown, the costal area
white irrorated with black to just beyond a dark postmedial striga from costa,
the terminal area with dark irroration ; hindwing white, the costal area with
dark irroration.
Hab. Br. E. Africa, Eb Urru (Betton), 2 ? type. Exp. 42 mill.
d61a. Euzoa irioleuca n. sp.
0. Head whitish suffused wth red-brown, the antennae and palpi to near
extremity of 2nd joint black-brown ; thorax whitish mixed with black-brown ;
abdomen whitish suffused with brown, the anal tuft rufous ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen whitish mixed with dark brown. Fore wing whitish
faintly tinged with red-brown and sparsely in-orated with black-brown, the
basal costal area more strongly tinged with red-brown : antemedial line black-
brown, oblique, sinuous ; a dark point in middle of cell ; reniform defined by
black-brown, narrow ; an indistinct rather diffused reddish-brown medial hne,
slightly angled outwards to lower angle of cell, then somewhat oblique and
sinuous ; postmedial line black-brown, obliquely downcurved below costa, then
slightly waved, slightly incurved at discal fold and incuived below vein 4 ; a
somewhat triangular blackish shade on costal area with two white points on it
at costa before the faint waved dark subterminal line ; a terminal series of
minute black spots. Hindwing white faintly tinged with brown ; a terminal
series of dark striae between veins 7 and 3 ; the underside with the costal area
tinged with red- brown and irrorated with blackish, a small blackish discoidal
lunule and curved postmedial series of points to vein 3.
$. Abdomen much browner ; forewing more strongly tinged with red-
brown and irrorated with blackish, the ante- and postmedial hues indistinctly
double.
Hab. W. Falkland Is. (Vallentin), 1 S type, type $ in Mus. Oxon. Exp. 38
mill.
582a. Euxoa xanthosemata n. sp.
(?. Head and thorax rufous mixed with pale yellow ; abdomen white
suffused with rufous except at base ; pectus and base of legs white. Forewing
rufous mixed with yellowish white ; slight red-brown subbasal marks from costa
and cell ; a yellowish-white patch on costal area before the antemedial line,
which is red-brown, oblique, waved ; claviform slightly defuied by red-brown
at extremity ; orbicular and reniform large, yellowish white with some rufous
in centres, the former round, defined bj' red-brown at sides, the latter defined
by red-brown on inner side ; postmedial line red-brown, waved, excurved to
vein 4, then incurved ; subterminal line represented by small yellowish white
marks in the interspaces, excurved below, vein 7 and at veins 4, 3 ; cilia rufous
with a yellowish line at base. Hindwing white tinged with rufous except at
base, the veins rufous ; cUia white, rufous towards apex, a yellowish line at
base followed by a rufous line ; the underside white, the costal area rufous
irrorated w.ith white, the terminal area suffused with rufous to submedian fold.
$. Forewing rufous mixed with some yellow, no pale patch on antemedial
costal area, the stigmata yeUow ; hindwing more uniformly suffused with rufous.
Hab. Bnssia, Caucasus, Elizabethpol, 1 (J, 1 $ type. Exp. 40 mill.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. Ill
620a. Feltia atridiscata n. sp.
Euxoa basigramma Hmpsn., P.Z.S. 1906. p. 488 (nee Staud.).
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey tinged with brown, the vertex of head
browner, the tegulae with strong black line at middle ; antennae fuscous brown ;
frons at sides and palpi to near extremity of 2nd joint blackish ; pectus, legs,
and ventral surface of abdomen grey suffused with brown. Forewing grey tinged
with brown ; some blackish scales on costa ; claviform elongate, red-brown
defined by black ; orbicular and reniform defined by black, the former small,
rather elongate elliptical, the latter with grey annulus and brown centre, rather
attenuate above, some black-brown in the cell before it and below the orbicular
and some black-brown on its outer side forming a dentate mark at discal fold ;
the termen more strongly tinged with brown ; cilia with a whitish line at base
followed by two slight brown lines. Hindwing grey suffused with pale red-browB ;
a darker terminal line ; cilia white with a slight brown line near base. Under-
side white tinged with red-brown, the hindwing with brown discoidal lunule.
Ah. 1. Head, thorax, and forewing more strongly tinged with red-brown.
Hob. Tibet, Gyantse, 13,000 ft. (Walton, Bailey), 2 $ type. Exp. 40 mill.
657a. Agrotis olearia n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax dark red-brown slightly mixed with grey ; antennae
black-brown ; palpi with some bright rufous in front and at extremity of 2nd
joint ; abdomen grey suffused with dark brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral sur-
face of abdomen dark red-brown mixed with some grey. Forewing grey tinged
with red-brown and thickly ii-rorated with black, the costal edge rufous ; a
slight brown subbasal spot on costa ; antemedial line faint, pale, incurved, with
two slight broT^Ti spots at costa ; orbicular and reniform with faint pale annuli,
the termen round, the latter with black spot before it at discal fold ; post-
medial line faint, pale, excurved to vein 3, then incurved ; traces of a pale
subterminal line ; a terminal series of slight dark spots ; cilia red-brown with a
fine whitish line at base. Hindwing glossy grey-brown with a reddish tinge ; a
faint dark discoidal spot ; a terminal series of slight dark marks to submedian
fold ; cilia whitish with a faint brown line at middle. Underside of forewing
brown, the costa rufous irrorated with black, the terminal area pale irrorated with
blackish ; hindwing white tinged with brown and irrorated with dark brown,
the costal area tinged with rufous and irrorated with black, a black discoidal
lunule, a faint curved brown postmedial Ime.
Hah. Mexico, Guerrero, Hidalgo (Mann and Skewes), 1 S type. Exf.
52 miU.
677a. Agrotis medioatra n. sp.
?. Head and thorax whitish mixed with dark brown, the tegulae with strong
black medial band concave behind ; antennae whitish tinged with brown ; sides
of frons and palpi with some blackish, the latter with the extremity of the 2nd
joint and the 3rd joint white ; abdomen whitish suffused with brown ; pectus,
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white mixed with brown, the tarsi ringed
with white. Forewing grey-white tinged with brown and irrorated with dark
brown, the costal area whiter to the postmedial line ; some black in base of
112 NOVTTATES ZOOLOQICAB XXV. 1918.
submedian interspace ; antemedial line blackish defined on inner side by white,
slightly angled outwards below costa and above inner margin and incurved
between these points ; claviform represented by a faint brown and whitish line
across submedian interspace at its extremity ; orbicular and reniform white
defined b}' black, the former round, the cell before and between them black ;
postmedial line brown slightly defined on outer side by white, bent outwards
below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved and slightly dentate ; traces of
a pale subterminal line ; a terminal series of slight blackish lunules ; cilia with
■a white line at base followed by a brown line. Hindwing semihyaline white,
the inner area tinged with brown ; a slight brown terminal line from apex to
vein 2 ; the underside with the costal area irrorated with a few brown scales,
a postmedial brown striga from costa and slight points on veins 6 and 5, a
terminal series of brown points to vein 2.
Hah. Arabia, Yemen (Bury), 1 ? type. Exf. 38 mUl.
688a. Agrotis paramensis n. sp.
$. Head and thorax rufous mixed with some dark brown ; palpi blackish
brown, the 2nd joint at extremity and 3rd joint above whitish ; abdomen
mixed with brown and dorsally tinged with yellow on basal half ; pectus, legs,
and ventral surface of abdomen whitish mixed with red-brown. Forewing grey
suffused with brown, the costal area paler to the postmedial line and tinged
with rufous especially towards base ; two subbasal black striae below costa and
a patch below the cell with small white spot in centre ; antemedial line double,
black-brown filled in with white, angled outwards below costa and inwards in
the cell and at vein 1, excurved below the cell and above inner margin ; clavi-
form small, defined by black-brown ; orbicular and reniform with white annuli
defined by black-brown and with red-brown centres, the former elliptical ;
postmedial line black-brown, forming a small spot at costa, bent outward below
costa, then dentate, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some white points
beyond it on costa with black-brown between them ; a blackish-brown bar from
costa before the faint slightly waved brown subterminal line ; a terminal series
of minute black-brown spots ; ciUa with a fine white line at base. Hindwing
white tinged with red-brown especially on inner area, the veins browner ; a
rather darker terminal line ; cilia white with a brown line near base ; the under-
side with the costal area urorated with dark brown, a small blackish discoidal
spot and indistinct curved waved postmedial line ; a terminal series of small
■dark-brown spots to vein 2.
Hah. Colombia, Parama del Quindin (Fassl), 1 ? type. Exp. 42 mill.
Genus Trichosilia nov.
Type: Suctua acarnea Smith.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned ; fringed with rather
long hair in front, the 3rd joint short ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round, slightly
hairy and overhung by rather long cilia ; antennae of male ciliated ; thorax
clothed with hair only and without distinct crests ; all the tibiae spined, moder-
ately fringed with hair ; abdomen with ridges of rough hair. Forewing with
the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate ; veins 3 and
5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 113
8 to form the areole ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from angle of cell ;
5 obsolescent from middle of discoceUulars ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomos-
ing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Metalepsis in the eyes being hairy and from Trichophotia
in their being overhung by cilia.
9136. Lycophotia falclandica n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax pale glossy red-brown, the basal half of tegulae black-
brown ; antennae and palpi to near extremity of 2nd joint black- brown ; abdomen
dark reddish brown tinged ^vith grey, the anal tuft rufous ; legs reddish brown
suffused with black-brown. Forewing pale glossy red-brown, the terminal
area slightly darker ; a dark point in middle of cell ; reniform defined by
rather diffused black-brown, narrow ; a blackish terminal line ; cilia with dark
brown mixed and a slight dark line at middle. Hindwing white tinged with
131 own, the costal and t rminal areas mors suffuse i with brown ; a slight dark
discoidal lunile : cilia white tinged with brown towards apex ; the underside
with the costal area strongly suffused with brown, a small black discoidal spot.
$. Forewing with traces of an obUque sinuous dark antemedial line, the
claviform defined by blackish, the orbicular defined by blackish and wth black
point in centre, round, the reniform broader, defined by black and with its centre
dark.
Hah. W. Falkland Is. (Vallentin), 1 3 type, type 5 in Mus. Oxon. Exp.
38 mill.
944a. Lycophotia leuconeura n. sp.
Head and thorax pale grey mixed with dark brown, the tegulae with fine
white line at tips, the frons black at sides and white below, the palpi dark brown
at sides with some white in front, the extremity of the 2nd joint and the 3rd
joint white ; abdomen white dorsally suffused with brown except at extremity ;
pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white slightly iri orated with brown.
Forewing pale grey suffused with brown and irrorated with a few black scales,
the costal edge and veins streaked with white ; subbasal hne black, waved,
from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line black defined on inner side by
white, slightly excurved to median nervure, then incurved and excurved above
inner margin ; claviform large, defined by brown and white, extending to median
nervure ; orbicular and reniform large, defined by brown and white, the former
round, the latter extending to well below angle of cell ; a blackish mark at
middle of costa and diffused oblique brown line from vein 2 to inner margin ;
postmedial line black defined on outer side by white forming a small spot at
costa, then very slightly waved, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; subterminal
line whitish defined on inner side by diffused blackish, incurved below costa,
excurved at vein 7, then slightly waved and angled outwaids at veins 4, 3, the
terminal area browner ; a termmal series of blackish lunules ; cilia with a white
line at base. Hindwii g white, the inner area tinged with red-brown ; the veins
towards termen brown and the terminal area suffused with brown ; cilia pure
white. Underside white, the terminal area of forewing and of hindwing to vein
2 suffused with brown.
Hab. C. Persia, Kerman (Cane), 1 <?, 1 $ type. Exp. 42 mill.
8
114 NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXV. 1918.
953a. Lycopbotia interfasciata n. sp.
?. Head and thorax white mixed with dark brown, the tegulae with strorg
black line near base ; anter.nae black-brown, the basal joint white in front ;
frons with some fulvous yellow at sides ; palpi white above and with black spot
on 2nd joint near upper edge ; abdomen white mixed with brown ; pectus and
legs white mixed with brown, the tarsi ringed with white. Forewing grey-
white tinged with brown and slightly irrorated with black, the costa striated
with blackish except towards base ; a sinuous black streak below the cell to
below origin of vein 2 ; faint traces cf a sinuous brown antemcdial line ; orbicular
and reniform white defined by black, the former round, the latter with some
brown in centre, a black fascia in lower part of cell between them and just before
the orbicular ; postmedial line indistinct, brown, forming a minute black spot
at costa, bent outwards below costa and oblique below vein 4, some white points
beyond it on costa ; a red-brown shade on costal area before the faint curved
brown subterminal line ; a whitish apical patch ; a terminal series of slight
black lunules and fine white line at base of cilia. Hindwing semihyaline white,
the veins and inner margin tinged with red-brown ; a rather diffused brown
terminal line ; cUia white with a brown line near base ; the underside with the
costal area irrorated sparsely with black, a terminal series of black lunules to
vein 2 and line in submedian interspace.
Hob. Ilexico, Guerrero, Hidalgo (Mann and Skewes), 1 ? type. Exf. 38
miU.
956a. Lycophotia ignetincta n. sp.
cj. Head and thorax whitish suffused with pale fiery red, the tegulae with
velvety black patch at tips rounded in front ; antennae brown ; frons with
some black at sides ; palpi with some dark brown at sides, the extremity of
2nd joint and the 3rd joint white ; abdomen whitish suffused with pale fiery
red, the dorsum with some red-brovra suffusion except at base and extremity ;
pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish su^iused with lufous. Fore-
wing whitish tinged with pale fiery red and shghtly irrorated with dark brown ;
a minute blackish spot below the cell at base and oblique black sub(.ai=al bnr in
submedian interspace ; some black scales below antemedial part of coota ;
orbicular on outer side and leniform at sides defined by black, a black patch
between them in the cell ; a red-brown subterminal patch on costal area ; the
terminal area slightly tinged with brown ; the termen pale fieiy red with a
series of small black spots ; cilia tinged with fiery red and with brown line near
base. Hindwing semihyaline white faintly tinged \\ ith flesh-red ; the under-
side with the costal area rather more tinged with flesh-red and iri orated with a
few brown scales.
Hah. Transvaal, Johannesburg (Cruger), 1 tJ type. Exp. 32 mill.
978o. Lycophotia punetilineata n. sp.
o. Head and thorax rufous mixed with some whitish, the tegulae with strong
black line at middle and whitish tips, the dorsum of thorax and edges of patagia
with some black-brown ; sides of frons and palpi black-brown and led-brown,
the latter with the extremity of 2nd joint and the 3rd joint above rufous ;
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 115
abdomen rufous mixed with whitisli and banded with red-brown ; pectus and
ventral surface of abdomen whiti.sh mixed with red-brown, the legs red-brown
mixed with black-brown, the tarsi black-brown ringed with rufous. Forewing
whitish suffused with rufous and slightly irrcrated with dark-brown, the costa
with series of dark brown marks to near apex ; the base more strongly suffused
with rufous ; a waved red-brown subbasal line from costa to vein 1 ; a waved
dark-brown antemedial line, produced on inner side to short streaks on the
veins ; claviform represented by a dark point at its extremity ; orbicular slightly
defined by dark brown, elongate and extending to the reniform, with a dark
streak in centre ; reniform with black-brown centre and whitish aimulus dt fined
on inner side by black-brown, a small black-brown spot beyond it at discal fold ;
traces of an oblique line from lower angle of cell to inner margm ; postmedial
line represented by a double series of minute black-brown spots, excurved to
vein 2 and incurved in submedian interspace ; a black-brown patch on costal
area with some pale points at costa before the subterminal line, which is very
indistinctly represented by a somewhat double series of black-brown scales ; a
diffused black-brown patch before termen at discal fold ; a terminal series of
small black spots and a series of blackish spots near base of cilia. Hindwing
semihyalme white with a faint yellowish tinge, the costa towards apex and the
inner area tinged with brown, a slight brownish discoidal spot ; a terminal series
of black lunules to vein 2 and bar at submedian interspace ; cilia with a brownish
line near base to vein 2 ; the underside with the costal area ochreous irrorated
with a few black scales, a small black discoidal spot, oblique postmedial bar
from costa and series of points on the veins to vein 2.
Hah. Peru, Acopampa (Watkin.s), 1 S type. Exp. 34 mill.
Hadeninae.
1131^. Trichestra molybdesis n. sp.
?. Head and thorax black mixed with some whitish, the tegulae olive-
yellow with some black scales at edge, the patagia olive-yellow with some black
scales and edged with black ; abdomen black-brown with some whitish scales ;
antennae black ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen dark brown mixed
with some white, the tarsi black-brown ringed with white. Forewing black-
brown suffused with leaden grey, the costal area and the submedian fold and
inner margin to the subterminal line with diffused olive-yellow fasciae ; a waved
black subbasal line from costa to vein 1, double at costa and below submedian
fold ; antemedial line black, slightly waved to median nervure, then excurved ;
claviform olive-yellow defined by black at extremity, extending to median
nervure ; orbicular and reniform defined by black, the former round and touch-
ing the antemedial line, the latter white tinged with yeUow, its centre olive-
yellow with some black scales, some olive-yellow before and beyond it ; postmedial
line black, bent outwards to slightly beyond, the re.iiform and touching its upper
and lower extremities, oblique and sinuous below the cell and with patches
oUve-yeUow in the interspaces before and beyond it, some oUve-yeUow points
before and beyond it ; a subterminal series of olive-yellow spots in the inter-
spaces with diffused black scales on their inner side ; ciUa dark brown mixed
with whitish and with line whitish line at middle. Hindwing white the veins
and marginal areas irrorated with dark bro\\n ; cilia white mixed with dark
H6 NOTITATES ZOOIX)OICAl: XXV. 1918.
brown ; the underside more uniformly inoratcd with brown and with dark
discoidal spot and sinuous postmedial Hne.
Ab. 1. Forewing with whitish annulus to the orbicular, the reniform
uniformly filled in with nankeen-yellow and angled inwards on median nervure.
Hab. Mexico, Guerrero, Hidalgo (Mann and Skewes), 2 ? type. Exp. 30
miU.
llSlh. Trichestra chlorochroa n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax pale blue-green, the prothorax with black patch, the
patagia on outer side and the metathorax at sides black ; antennae black, ringed
with white towards base ; frons at sides and palpi black, the latter with the
3rd joint white ; abdomen whitish suffused with fuscous black except the anal
tuft ; pectus black in front, white behind ; legs and ventral surface of abdomen
white mixed with black, the tarsi black ringed with white. Forewing pale
blue-green ; subbasal black bars from costa and cell ; an antemedial black spot
on costa, oblique bar in the cell and oblique band from submedian fold to inner
margin ; a series of black spots with white between them on costa from before
middle to near apex, a spot at middle larger ; orbicular and reniform defined by
black except above, the former small, in upper part of cell, the latter constricted
at middle, the cell between them and a patch beyond the reniform before the
postmedial hne black ; a black band from terminal part of median nervure to
inner margin, broad above, then narrow ; the postmedial line represented by the
outer edge of the patch beyond the cell and the medial band ; a subtcrminal
black bar from costa, then traces of a line excurved below vein 7 and at middle
and ending at tornus ; a slight black terminal line ; cilia white with a series of
small black spots near base. Hindwing white, the costal and terminal areas
broadly and the inner margin suffused with fuscous black ; a small blackish
discoidal spot and faint postmedial line excurved to vein 4, then oblique ; ciha
white with a blackish line at middle to submedian fold. Underside of forewing
fuscous black, the inner area white, a white postmedial bar from costa ; hindwing
with the costal area and terminal area to vein 2 broadly and thickly irrorated
with black, the postmedial line sinuous and incurved at submedian fold.
Ab. 1. Forewing with rufous mark on outer edge of the medial band below
end of cell.
?. Abdomen black ; forewing with some black at base belcw the cell, a
spot on vein 1 beyond the antemedial band, the medial band much broader and
tinged with leaden grey, with some green marks at inner margin and a rufous
patch below vein 2 before the postmedial line, the terminal area irrcratcd with
black ; hindwing fuscous black.
Ab. 2. Forewing without the rufous mark at the medial band below end cf
ceU.
Hab. Mexico, Guerrero, Hidalgo (Mann and Skewes), 4 o, 2 ?.
Genus Epia.
Epia Hiibn., Verz. p. 214 (1827) nee p. 188, rename Anepia n.n. Type: .4. irregularis.
1215c. Miselia rufliasa n. sp.
5. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish suffused with pinkish rufous and
mixed with some dark brown ; antennae rufous ; palpi dark brown, rufous at
NOVITATES ZoDLOaiCAE XXV. 19'. 8. 117
tips ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen pale rufous. Forewing whitish
suffused with pinkish rufous and irrorated with dark brown, the terminal area
broadly suffused with dark brown to vein 2 ; a small black-brown spot below
base of cell and subbasal spots below costa and cell ; a band of black-brown
irroration before the indistinct double waved black-brown antemedial line ; filled
in with whitish ; claviform black-brown, large and diffused : orbicular a small
rather diffused black-brown spot, a similar but larger spot in end of cell and a
small spot at lower angle of cell ; postmedial line indistinctly double, black-
brown and somewhat dentate, excurved to vein 4, then oblique, met at vein 6
by an oblique black-brown shade from costa before the subterminal hne, the
shade then following its outer edge to vein 2, some small white spots with black
between them beyond it on costa ; subterminal line white, angled outwards to
termen at veins 7, 6, 4, 3, and incurved at discal fold, where there is a black-
brown patch beyond it ; a terminal series of slight red-brown lunules defined on
inner side by whitish ; ciUa rufous with some black-brown at tips. Hindwing
whitish suffused with pinliish rufous ; postmedial and subterminal shades
formed by blackish irroration, the latter with its outer edge slightly waved ;
a rufous terminal line with some blackish scales on it ; ciha rufous, white at
tips ; the underside pinkish rufous, some blackish scales on discocellulars, the
postmedial line formed by blackish scales, excurved to vein 4, then incurved.
Hah. Er. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 c? type. Exp. 30 mill.
1234f/. Miselia micta.
Nom. njv. fir Perigea falsa Gwte, Can. ErU. xii. p. 21.5 (18S0). (J nee $. The male cannjt be the
type, a.i the eyea are de3erib3H as being .smooth ; Nj. 2.30S will stmJ as Br-jomima falsi.
1338a. Miselia usticolor n. sp.
?. Head and tegulae rufous mixed with red-brown ; thorax and abdomen
deep chocolate-brown, the anal tuft rufous at extremity ; antennae chocolate-
brown ; palpi whitish at tips ; pectus and base of legs pink, the legs dark
brown mixed with some pink, the tarsi black-brown ringed with white. Forewing
deep glossy chocolate-brown ; subbasal hne double, black-brown filled in with
pinkish rufous, waved, from costa to submedian fold, in wliich there is a blackish
streak beyond it ; antemedial Une double, black-brown filled in with pinkish
rufous, waved ; claviform small, black-brown ; orbicular minute, whitish de-
fined by black-brown ; reniform rather narrow, white tinged with pinkish
rufous and defined by black, its centre defined by dark brown ; traces of an
obhque dark line from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; postmedial line
double, black-brown filed in with pinkish rufous, obhque and sinuous to vein
6, then dentate and oblique below vein 4, some rufous points beyond it on
costa ; subterminal line pinkish rufous defined on inner side by black- brown
forming somewhat dentate marks below vein 6, angled outwards at vein 7, then
slightly waved and somewhat excurved at nuddlc ; ciha dark brown with small
pink spots at base and some pink at tips. Hindwing whitish strongly suffused
with brown \vdth a cupreous gloss ; cilia white tinged with pinkish and vnth
brown Une near base. Underside of forewing brown, the costa and terminal area
irrorated with pink ; hindwing white tinged with red-brown, the costal and
118 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
subterminal areas red-brown iiTorated with pinkish, a blackish discoidal lunule
and brown postmedial hne excurved at vein 6 and beyond lower angle of cell.
Hah. 3Eexico, Guerrero, Hidalgo (Mann andSkewes), 1 $type. Exp. 40 mill.
\o~"(i. Miselia viridirufa n. sp.
$. I'ead and thorax pale rufous mixed «ith some whitish and dark brown ;
abdomen red-brown mixed with whitish ; antennae dark brown, red-brown
towards base ; pectus and legs pale rufous mixed with whitish, the fore tibiae
and tarsi dark brown, the latter ringed with whitish. Forewing whitish suffused
with golden green ; the inner half of basal area suffused with rufous ; two small
rufous subbasal spots on costa ; an indistinct interrupted oblique waved rufous
antemedial Une ; the area from middle of costa to the subterminal hne and
down to vein 2 suffused with rufous mixed with dark brown, and a diffused
rufous dark-irrorated patch at middle of inner margin ; orbicular and reniform
white with some rufous in centres, the former round, the latter with some rufous
and dark brown in its lower part and below it, the stigmata defined by the rufous
patch ; postmedial line incUstinct, white, bent outwards below costa and incurved
below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa ; a subterminal series of
small white spots defined on outer side by red-brown marks irrorated with
dark brown, angled outwards at veins 4, 3 ; ciUa rufous at base, the tips chequered
white and dark brown. Hindwing whitish strongly suffused with cupreous brown,
the termen narrowly reddish ; ciUa rufous at base, white at tips ; the under- •
side white suffused with pale red and slightly irrorated with brown, a blackish
discoidal spot, rather diffused curved postmedial line, and faint subterminal
line.
Hah. Br. E. Africa, Aberdare Mts. (Neave), 1 $ type. Exp. ."U mill.
13766. Miselia syntypica n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark red-brown mixed with brownish white,
the tegulae with dark hne at middle and patches near tips ; antennae dark
brown ringed with whitish ; tarsi dark brown ringed with w-hitish. Forewing
grey- white suffused and thickly irrorated w ith red-brown, the medial area except
at costa and the terminal area more strongly suffused with red-brown ; two
dark-brown subbasal striae from costa and one from median nervure ; ante-
medial Une dark brown, shghtly angled outwards below costa, then strongly
excurved to vein 1 ; claviform whitish tinged with brown and faintly defined by
brown, extending to median nervure ; orbicular and reniform whitish tinged with
red-brown and irrorated with black-brown, slightly defined by black, small, the
former rounded ; a faint oblique waved dark-brown line from lower angle of
cell to inner margin ; postmedial line dark brown, somewhat dentate and pro-
duced to slight streaks on the veins, excurved to vein 5, then incurved, some
whitish points with black-brown between them beyond it on costa ; subterminal
line whitish, excurved below vein 7 and at middle and incurved at discal and
submedian folds ; a terminal series of small black spots. Hindwing white ; a
dark-brown terminal line from apex to submedial fold, the termen and ciUa
irrorated with a few dark-bro\\'n scales ; the underside with the costal area
shghtly irrorated with red-brown.
Hah. Ar:;:entiaa, Metan, 1 S type. Exp. 26 mill.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 119
1384a. Miselia runica n. sp.
?. Head and thorax white, the tegulae with strong black line near tips,
the patagia with black stripe on outer edge and some black scales near inner
edge ; antennae black with wliite points at sides ; sides of frons and palpi to
near extremity of 2nd joint black ; abdomen red-brown ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen white mixed with some red-brown, the tibiae and
tarsi banded with black. Fore wing white faintly tinged with green and
irrorated with a few black scales ; the costa with a series of black bars at
origin of the lines and before the subterminal line ; two rather interrupted
waved black subbasal lines, uniting above inner margin, on base of which theie
is an irregular black-brown patch ; a waved black antemedial line with another
much interrupted line before it ; claviform very small and defined by black ;
orbicular defined by black, small and round ; reniform defined by black except
above and constricted at middle ; ppstmedial line black and somewhat
interrupted, slightly bent outwards below costa, then waved and touching the
lower part of reniform, incurved below vein 4, another much-interrupted line
beyond it ; subterminal hne black, forming a wedge-shaped patch from costa
with a white point on it at costa, dentate inwards and with a line beyond it.
between veins 5 and 2, excurved at vein 1 ; the cilia with a series of black
lunules at base with black-brown bars beyond them at tips. Hindwing white
almost entirely suffused with red-brown ; cilia white v.'ith brown line near
base, obsolescer.t towards tornus. Underside white irrorated with red-brown
except on inner area of forewing, which has a diffused brown postmedial line to
vein 2, excurved below costa, and subterminal patch from costa ; hindwing with
slight brown discoidal spot and diffu.sed curved postmedial line.
Hab. U.S.A., Arizona, Palmerlee, 1 ? type. Exj). 26 mill.
1419a. Odontestra conformis n. sp.
S. Head, thorax, and abdomen led-brown mixed with some grey ; palpi,
pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen red-brown, the tarsi ringed with
white. Forewing leaden grey suffused with red-brown ; two black subbasal
striae from costa and a black patch below base cf cell with a whitish striga on
it ; antemedial line reddish white defined on outer side by black-brown, slightly
angled outwards below costa, then sinuous ; claviform dark red-brown defined
by black, large ; orbicular and reniform greyish suffused with red-brown and
defined by black, large, the former oblique elliptical, the latter open above ; a
rather diffused oblique blackish line from lower angle of cell to inner margin ;
postmedial line indistinctly double, the inner line black, the outer faint, bent
outwards below costa, then dentate ; a subterminal series of white bars defined
on inner side by dentate black-brown marks, angled out^^ards at vein 7 ; a
terminal series of small black spots. Hindwing pale red-brown with a greyish
tinge ; a dark terminal line ; cilia whitish tugged with red-brown and with a
brown line at middle ; the underside with dark discoidal bar and diffused curved
postmedial line.
Hab. Cape Colony, Kokstad (Mrs. Pringle), 1 ? type. Exf. 42 mill.
120 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
1519a. Chabuata cerastidia n. sp.
?. Head and thorax bright glossy red-brown, the head and tegulae with a
few white scales ; antennae dark brown, ringed with white towards base ; palpi
deep chocolate-brown irroiated with ochreous ; abdomen red-brown tinged
with grey, the anal tuft rufous ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen
dark red-brown irrorated with white, the tarsi ringed with white. Forewing
deep glossy red, the veins daik browii irrorated with white ; a waved grey-white
subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line grey-white, waved ;
orbicular a faint brown spot with some white scales on it in upper part of cell,
the reniform repre.sented by a small patch of white scales ; traces of an oblique
waved line formed by white scales from lower angle of cell to inner margin ;
postmedial line formed by white scales faintly defined on inner side by brown,
slightly waved, excurved beyond the angles of cell and incurved at discal fold
and below vein 3, some white points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line
formed by white scales defined on inner side by a brown line, excurved below
vein 7 and at middle ; a terminal series of slight white points ; cilia dark red-
brown tinged with grey. Hindwing glossy red-brown, the cilia whitish tinged
with red-brown and with brown line near base. Underside of forewing brown,
the costal and terminal areas red-brown irrorated with whitish, the inner area
whitish ; hindwing grey tinged with red-brown and irrorated with dark brown,
the costal area red-brown irrorated with ochreous, a blackish discoidal spot
and brown postmedial line.
Hah. Pern, Uruhuasi (Watkins), 1 S type. Exp. 32 mill.
15376. Hyssia niflmixta n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown mixed with some whitish ;
antennae dark brown ; palpi black mixed with whitish ; pectus, legs, and ven-
tral surface of abdomen whitish mixed with brown, the tarsi dark browii ringed
with white. Forewing dark brown suffused with leaden grey and iiTorated with
blackish and some rufous ; subbasal line black defined on outer side by rufous ;
from costa to above vein 1, where it is curved inwards ; antemedial line black
defined on inner side by rufous, inwardly oblique below submedian fold ; clavi-
form defined by black and with black patch from its extremity to the post-
medial line ; orbicular and reniform large, rufous mixed with grey-brown,
the former round, the latter extendirg to below the cell ; postmedial lir^c black
defined on outer side by rufous, bent outwards below costa, then dentate and
produced to slight streaks on the veins, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some
white points beyond it on costa ; subtermirial line white defined on inner side
by slight brown marks, bent outwards at vein 7 ard dentate at veins 4, 3 ; a
terminal series of small black lunules ; cilia rufous with blackish line near base
and chequered with blackish at tips. Hindwing white', the veins and inner
and terminal areas suffused with brown ; a dark terminal line ; cilia white,
tinged with brown at base. Underside of forewing grey-brown, the ccstal area
irrorated with whitish ; hindwing with the costal and terminal areas suffused
and irrorated with brown, a sinuous brown postmedial line.
Hob. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlarje (Neave), 1 $ type. Exp. 34 mill.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. IU18. 121
1538a. Hyssia pallidicosta n. sp.
?. Head ochreons white with a few blackish scales ; thorax grey and white
suffused with red-brown and with seme blackish scales ; antennae black-brown,
white in front towards base ; palpi whitish in front, pale red-brown and black
at sides ; abdomen whitish suffused with red-brown ; pectus and legs pale red-
brown, the tibiae with some black-brown, the tarsi black-brown ringed with
white. Forewing grey suffused with pale red-brown and Lrrcratcd with black,
the veins streaked with white, the costal area whitish irrorated with black ; some
black below base of cell ; antemedial line faint, with slight oblique black striga
from costa, then pale and curved ; orbicular small, white with a dark bar in
centre, oblique elliptical ; reniform narrow, wliite tinged with rufous, its centre
defined on inner side by a dark line, some dark brown beyond it before the post-
medial Une, which is blackish with a black point at costa, bent outwards below
costa, then oblique and slightly sinuous ; traces of a sinuous subterminal Une
formed by black scales ; a terminal series of slight black lunules ; cilia with
a fine whitish line at base. Hindwing whitish suffused with pale red-brown and
tinged with grey ; a terminal series of black striae ; cilia creamy white with a
faint brown line near base. Underside of forevnng grey-brown, the costa
whiti.sh irrorated \\ ith black and with a black postmedial bar from costa ; hind-
wing whitish tinged with red- brown and irrorated with black, a black discoidal
spot and brown postmedial line.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 $ type. Exp. 34 mill.
1692rt. Morrisonia macrcpis n. sp.
5. Head and thorax rufous, the vertex of head and dorsum of tegulae with
whitish streak, the prothoracic crest whitish at tip ; the tegulae with black
mecUal line defined by bright rufous in front, their tips white with bright rufous
before them, the patagia with some white scales on upper edge, the palpi with
some dark brown at sides and white tips : abdomen pale silky red-brown, the
basal crest white with black bar, the anal tuft rufous ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen rufous mixed with some whitish, the fore tibiae and tarsi
whitish tinged with rufous, the latter with some black at extremity. Forewing
pale red- brown slightly tinged with grey, the veins blackish irrorated with white ;
the costa whitish towards base ; a sinuous black streak in submedian fold to
the antemedial line, defined above by whitish towards base ; two obhque blackish
subbasal striae from costa ; two oblique antemedial black striae from costa
and a faint oblique blackish line from cell to inner margin ; claviform slightly
defined hy black scales at extremity ; orbicular and reniform large, with some
blackish in centre and sUght wliite annuU defined by black except above, the
former elongate elliptical, the latter with its centre defined by black on inner
side, some blackish suffusion between them and above them on costal area ;
traces of an oblique waved blackish line from lower angle of cell to inner margin ;
postmedial line indistinct, double, dark brown, bent outwards below costa, then
somewhat dentate, exciu'ved to vein 4, then oblique, some white points beyond
it on costa ; subterminal line whitish defined on inner side by small dentate
black marks at middle, angled outwards at vein 7, then slightl}' waved ; a rather
punctiform black terminal hne and pale Une at base of cilia. Hindwing
122 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
red- brown with a cupreous gloss, the ciha whitish, tinged with rufous at base
and with brown Une through them : the underside whitish tinged with red- brown,
the costal area irrorated with white, a dark discoidal lunule.
Hab. New Zealand : Hudson), 1 ? type. Exp. 40 mill.
1793a. Aspidifrontia abyssinica n. sp.
Antennae of male vAih very short branches ending in fasciculate ciha.
?. Head and thorax rufous tinged with dark brown ; antennae rufous ;
abdomen pale rufous ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen rufous.
Forewing rufous with some darker brown on basal area and on costa ; traces of
a brown subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial hne faint,
brown, obUque ; reniform faintly defined by dark brown ; postmedial Une faint,
brown, bent outwards below costa and oblique below vein 4 ; traces of a waved
red-brown subterminal line ; a terminal series of slight dark lunules. Hind-
wing white, the veins and costal area tinged with rufous ; the underside with the
costal area suffused \vith rufous, traces of a rufous postmedial Hne.
Hab. Abyssinia, Kutai Mecha (Degen), 1 o type. Exp. 44 mill.
1838a. Ciiphis multipunctata n. sp.
S. Head and thorax ochreous white with a few black scales, the tegulae
strongly irrorated with black ; antennae rufous except at base ; palpi with the
2nd joint at sides mostly black ; abdomen ochreous wliite suffused with brown,
the anal tuft tinged with rufous ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen ochreous
tinged with rufous, the latter irrorated with black ; legs ochreous tinged with
brown. Forewing ochreous irrorated with black and faintly tinged with rufous,
the black scales forming an obscure streak in base of submedian fold and along
median nervure ; slight antemedial black marks above and below median
nervure ; a small black spot in lower part of cell towards extremity and a spot
in lower angle ; postmedial Une represented by a double series of black points,
arising below the costa and obUque beloA\- vein 4 ; a faint oblique red-brown
fascia from termen at vein 7 to lower angle of ceU ; the terminal area more
strongly tinged with rufous except at apex ; a series of black points just before
termen ; ciUa with some black scales at tips. Hindwing ochreous white, the
inner and terminal areas tinged with brown ; a terminal series of blackish points
to vein 2 ; ciUa wliite sUghtly tinged with rufous ; the underside with the costal
area irrorated with a few black scales.
Hab. Assam, Shillong (Parish), 1 o type. Exp. 40 mill.
lS65a. Cirphis ruiescens n. sp.
$. Head and thorax rufous, the patagia with a few black scales on upper
edge ; antennae brown except at base ; sides of frons and palpi with some black
scales ; abdomen greyish ochreous tinged with brown ; pectus and femora
rufous ; tibiae, tarsi, and ventral surface of abdomen greyish ochreous irrorated
with blackish. Forewing greyish ochreous suffused with rufous and sUghtly
irrorated with blackish, the median nervure streaked with white except towards
base and veins 4, 3, and 1 sUghtly streaked with whitish to the postmedial Une ;
black points in and beyond lower angle of cell ; a postmedial series of black
XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. lll'.S. 123
points on the veins, oblique below vein 4 ; a terminal series of prominent black
points. Hincl«ing ochreous white suffused with brown especially on terminal
area ; a terminal series of black points to vein 2 ; ciha white with a faint
brownish line near base to vein 2 ; the underside ochreous white with a slight
silvery gloss, the costal area tinged with rufous and the costal area and ter-
minal area except towards tornus irrorated with black, a sUght black discoidal
lunule and faint waved brownish postmedial hne.
Hab. Ceylon, PattipoUa (Alston), 1 ? type. Exj). 40 mill.
1865&. Cirphis metalampra n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax and abdomen ochreous white sUghtly tinged with
red-brown ; antennae dark red-brown, whitish above towards base ; palpi and
forelegs bright rufous ; abdomen with the sublateral tufts at base black. Fore-
wing ochreous white irrorated with black and faintly tinged with flesh pink ;
an antemedial black point on vein 1 and medial point just below submedian fold ;
a postmedial series of slight black points on the veins, arising below the costa
and obUque below vein 4 ; an obhque black streak from before termen at vein
7 to vein 5 ; a terminal series of prominent black points ; ciha with a white
line at base. Hindwing glossy white ; a postmedial series of minute black
streaks on veins 6, 4, 3, 2 ; a terminal series of minute black points from below
apex to vein 2 ; the underside metalUc silvery, the costal area ochreous white
wth a few black scales, a terminal series of black points to vein 2.
Hab. Portuguese E. Afi'ica, Mt. Chiperone (Neave), 1 J type. Exp. 34 mill.
1883a. Cirphis liomjeoptera n. sp.
Head and thorax whitish tinged with flesh pink, the tegulae with two
slight brown hnes near base and the tips deep rufous, the patagia with the outer
edge deep rufous towards base and with a few black scales on upper edge ;
antennae blackish, whitish towards base ; palpi with the 2nd joint deep rufous
behind and with some red-brown in front ; abdomen fuscous black, the anal
tuft v/hitish tinged with brown ; pectus and legs whitish mixed with red-brown.
Pore wing ochreous wliite, the cell and area just below and beyond it suffused
with rufous leaving slight ochreous streaks in end of cell, the veins defined by
fine rufous streaks on each side except towards base and the interspaces of
terminal area with fine rufous streaks, the median nervure with white streak
towards extremity ; a postmedial series of black points, bent out\v ards below
costa and obhque below vein 4, the point at discal fold nearer the cell ; an
obhque ochreous white fascia from apex to before the postmedial hne at vein 3,
defined above and below by rufous shades ; a terminal series of black points ;
<!ilia tinged with rufous. Hindwing grej'ish strongly suffused with fuscous ;
an indistinct dark discoidal spot ; cilia white w ith a faint brownish hne through
them ; the underside white thickly irrorated with black, a black discoidal spot,
a blackish subtermiual shade with a postmedial series of black points on its
iim^er edge at the veins, a terminal series of prominent black points to vein 2.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 o, 1 ? type. Exp. 36 mill.
*"* NorrTATEs Zoological- XXV. 1918.
1889n. Cirphis atrisignata n. sp.
o. Head, thorax, and abdomen rufous slightly mixed with ochieous ;
antennae ringed with blackish towards base ; sides of frons and palpi w ith more
black ; legs and ventral surface of abdomen sUghtly irrorated with black, the
latter with suhlateral series of small black spots. Forewing greyish .suffused with
iiifous and irrorated with black, the veins with fine whitish streaks, rather more
prominent on median ncrvure and veins 4, 3 ; a short black streak below base of
cell ; an oblique antenicdial black striga from costa and point below the cell ;
orbicular a small round black-brown spot defined by whitish ; reniform a strong
black-brown bar with faint pale annulus defined on inner side by two black
points and on outer by three ; postmedial line black, slightly bent outwards
below costa, then rather oblique to vein 7, then reduced to points on the veins,
oblique belo-v\ vein 4 ; a subterminal series of slight wedge-shaped black marks
in the interspaces between veins 8 and 1 with streaks formed by black scales
from them to the terminal series of minute black spots ; ciUa with a shght dark
line near type. Hindwing reddish brown tinged with grey ; a faint dark dis-
widal spot and diffused postmedial line ; a shght dark terminal hne : ciha
whitish tinged with rufous and with a dark line near base. Underside of fore-
wing fuscous except the marginal areas ; liindwing whitish suffused with rufous
and irrorated with dark brown, a blackish discoidal spot and rather diffused
curved postmedial line, a terminal series of blackish striae.
Hab. Colombia, Monte Socorro (Fassl), 1 o type. Exp. 48 mill.
1911a. Cirphis leucophlebia n. sp.
?. Head and thorax whitish mixed with pale red-brown ; antennae brown,
whitish towards base ; abdomen white faintly tinged with red- brown, the ventral
surface irrorated with black. Forew ing glossy whitish tinged with pale red-brown
and irrorated with black, the veins \vith pure white streaks defined on each side
by slight pale red-brown streaks, the interspaces beyond the cell with fine jiale
red-brown streaks ; a postmedial series of blackish points on the veins, cxcurved
and faint to vein 4, then obhque and distinct ; ciha white at tips. Hindwing
glossy white, the veins and terminal area tinged with brown ; cilia white with
a faint brown line near base to vein 2. Underside of forewing with the disk
tinged with fuscous ; hindwing with the costal area faintly tinged with flesh
colour, the costal area and terminal area with shght dark irroration, a terminal
series of black points to vein 2.
Hab. Argentina, Cordoba, Arias (Matthew), 1 $ type. Exp. 48 mill.
1963a. Ciiphis miasticta n. sp.
?. Head and thorax whitish tinged with flesh colour, a few black scales
between antennae and on upper edge of patagia ; antennae dark brown except
towards base ; abdomen white with a faint red-brown tinge, the basal crest
black at tips ; palpi, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen irrorated with blackish.
Forewing white tinged with flesh colour and sparsely irrorated with black ;
slight obhquely placed antemedial black points above and below postmedian
fold ; a small black spot in lower angle of cell ; a postmedial series of slight
blackish points in the veins, oblique below- vein 4 ; a faint oblique fuscous shade
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. I9'8. 125
from termen below apex to the postmedial line at vein 5 ; a terminal series of
black points. Hindwing silvery white, the veins and termen with a faint
ochreous brown tinge, a terminal series of black points to vein 2. Underside of
forewing with some black irroration on the extremity of subcostal nervure and
on the veins beyond upper and lower angles of cell ; hindwing with the costal
area tinged \\ith flesh colour and irrorated with a few black scales.
Hah. N. Nigeria, Minna (Macfie), 2 ? type. Exj). 30 mill.
1974a. Borolia carminata n. sp.
<J. Head and thorax rosy red mixed with some ochreous, palpi rosy red„
the 2nd joint in front and 3rd joint whitish ; abdomen ochreous tinged with
brown, the anal tuft tinged with pale red ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen ochreous tinged with red-brown. Forewing glossy rosy red, sUghtly
irrorated with white to end of cell, the terminal area with some dark irroration ;
rather diffused violaceous grey streaks along subcostal and median nervures and
some violaceous grey suffusion below end of cell ; antemedial line faint, deeper
red, obUque to just below the cell and incurved at vein 1 ; some dark scales on
the diseocellulars ; postmedial line dark bro\\n, minutely dentate, excurved ta
vein 4 . then incurved ; a faint curved red subterminal line with some dark
scales at the veins. Hindwing brown ^^ith a cupreous gloss ; the termen nar-
rowly and cilia rosy red, the latter whitish at tips. Underside of forewing daik
brown to just beyond the cell, the costal and terminal areas rosy red ; hindwing
ochreous white, the costal area suffused with dark brown to the postmedial Une,
the terminal area rosy red to submedian fo d, a dark-bro^\n discoidal striga and
curved slightly waved postmedial line.
Hah. Dutch W. Guinea, Mt. Gohath (ileek), 1 -^ type. Exp. 34 mill.
1997a. Borolia rufideflnita n. sp,
o. Head and thorax yellowish « hitc, the head strongly suffused with rufous>
the thorax slightly suffused ; antennae dark brown, paler and ringed with dark
brown towards base ; sides of frons and palpi except towards tips red-brown ;
abdomen rufous, wliitish toward base. Forewing yellowish white sUghtly
tinged with rufous, the costal edge white ; a prominent silvery white streak on
median nervure except towards base, defined below by a rufous fascia extending
to the base and met at lower angle of cell by an obhque dark shade from
termen below apex ; a curved postmedial series of black points on the veins,,
shghtly bent outwards below costa ; a terminal series of black points to sub-
median fold. Hindwing uniform pure glossy white. Underside glossy white,
the forewing -with the costal area slightly tinged ^^•ith flesh colour and the costal
area of both \^ings irrorated with black.
Hah. Peru, Callao, 1 J type. Exp. 30 mill.
19990. Borol.'a leuccspL'a n. sp.
(J. Head whitish tinged with flesh red, the antennae blackish except,
towards base ; thorax flesh red ; abdomen \\ hitish, dorsally tinged with fuscous ;
pectus and legs white, the latter tinged with brown-pink ; ventral surface of
abdomen irrorated with a few blackish scales. Forewing flesh red striated with
fuscous and irrorated with a few black scales, the costal edge white to near apex ;
J26 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
antemedial line indistinct, oblique, rather difiused fuscous, slightly angled inwards
at vein 1 ; a pure white point at lower angle of cell \vith some blackish
suffusion round it ; traces of a diffused dark postmedial Une, excurved to vein
3, then incurved; a subterminal series of black points ; a terminal series of
black points except towards tornus. Hindv\'ing pure white, the termen brown
to vein 2 ; cilia tinged with flesh red at apex ; the underside with the costal area
tinged with flesh red and irrorated with blackish, a terminal series of black points
to above vein 2.
Hah. Philippines, Luzon, Los Banos (Baker), 3 S type, Mt. Makiling
(Baker), 1 <J. Exp. 30 miU.
Cncnllianae.
2156a. Cucullia costaricensis n. sp.
<J. Head red-brown, a dark-brown bar above frons with pale bar below it,
the sides of frons dark brown ; thorax pale grey tinged with red-brown, the tegulae
with two fine dark brown lines near base and a dark brown line just before tips
except dorsally, the tips beyond it whitish ; abdomen grey-wliite tinged with
red-brown, the crests redder brown ; pectus and legs whitish mixed with rufous,
the tibiae with dark brown streak ; ventral surface of abdomen white, greyish
towards extremity. Forewing grey-white sUghtly irrorated with red-brown,
the basal area and costal area to discal fold suffused with red-brown, the inner
half of medial area whiter ; antemeiiial line indistinct, white, rather diffused and
dentate, a red-brown shade beyond it from costa to discal fold ; sUght dark
streaks on mecUan nervure and on the veins beyond the cell ; a fine dark streak
below middle of cell above submedian fold ; orbicular represented by black
points on its inner and outer side in upper part of cell, the reniform by black
points on its inner and outer edges above, its part below the cell defined by a
curved bla^k line ; an obUquely curved red-brown medial shade ; postmedial
line indistinct and whitish, angled outwards below costa, then waved, incurved
below vein 4, with a black-brown point on its inner side at vein 3, and defined
on inner side by a black-brown line below vein 2, a dark brown streak on inner
margin from it to the antemetlian line, some white points beyond it on costa
and an oblique dark-brown streak from termen at vein 2 to before it below sub-
metlian fold. Hindwing white tinged with red-brown, the veins dark red-brown,
the terminal area suffused with red-brown except towards tornus ; ciUa white ;
the underside wliite, the costal area irrorated with red-brown, the terminal area
suffused with brown to submedian fold.
Hnh. Costa Rica, San Jose, 1 cj type. Exp. 50 mill.
Genus Tetrachela nov.
Tviie : Harpaynphnna diacridui'hs Roths.
Proboscis aborted and minute ; palpi upturned to middle of frons and fringed
with hair in front ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antennae of male bipec-
tinate with short fasciculate branches, the apical part ciliated; thorax very
thickly clothed with hair and hairUke scales and without crests ; fore tarsi with
four large curved claw-hke spines on 1st joint ; abdomen without crests. Forewing
with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not creuulate ; veins 3
and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with
NOVITATES ZooLoaicAE XXV. 1918. 127
8 to form the areole ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from angle of cell ;
5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; fi, 7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing
with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Cerapoda, etc., in the proboscis being aborted, and from
Jaxartia in the palpi being upturned and the eyes large.
2220a. Metopoce as albarracina n. sp.
(J. Head and basal half of tegulae blackish, the rest of tegulae and thorax
grey mixed with brown, the thorax with red-brown mixed ; antennae red-brown ;
tarsi dark brown tinged with white ; abdomen dark brown with a reddish tinge ;
the ventral surface paler. Forev\ing grey mixed with red-brown and irrorated
with black-brown, the medial area with a broad fuscous black shade ; traces of
an oljlique \\ aved black anteinedial Une deiined on inner side by grey scales ;
orbicular and reniform hardly traceable, with faint pale outlines, the former
round ; postmedial line blackish defined on outer side by white, slightly waved,
excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; subterminal line indistinct, blackish, curved ;
ciUa bright rufous. Hindwing dark reddish brown, the cilia rufous. Underside
of forewing grey-brown with a reddish tinge, some blackish on costa before
middle ; hindwing grey suffused and irrorated with red-brown, a small dis-
coidal spot and traces of ante- and postmedial lines.
Hab. Spain, Albarracin (Sheldon, Lowe), 2 S type. Exp. 30 mill.
22256. Brachygalea albida n. sp.
S. Head, thorax, and abdomen white slightly irrorated \vdth red-brown;
antennae tinged with red-brown. Forewing \\hite irrorated with red-brown,
the veins of terminal area broMmish, a faint obhque red-brown shade from termen
below apex to vein 4, traces of dentate subterminal line, and a diffused patch
below the extremity of vein 2. Hindwing wliite, the terminal area irrorated
with brown. Underside uniform silvery white.
Hab. Argentina (Giacomelli), 1 tj type. Exp. 32 mill.
2490a. Eumichtis cypraota n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax black-brown mixed with white, the patagia with
streak formed by black scales near upper edge ; abdomen wlutish suffused with
red-brown ; tarsi black ringed ^^•ith white. Forewing white mixed with red-
brown and irrorated with black, the medial area strongly suffused with dark
reddish brown except towards costa ; subbasal Une black defined on outer side
by wiiitc, waved, frjm eosta to vein 1 ; antemedial line black defined on inner
side by white, waved ; orbicular and reniform white defined by black, the former
with some dark brown in centre, obhque elhptical, the latter with its centre
defined by black scales ; a faint obhque waved dark line from lower angle of
cell to inner margin ; postmedial hne black defined on outer side by ochreous
white, strongly bent outwards below costa, then dentate and strongly incurved
below vein 5, some white points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line yellowish
white defined on inner side by dentate black marks in the interspaces, slightly
waved, excurved below vein 7 and at middle ; a terminal series of black lunules.
Hindwing white, the terminal half irrorated with dark brown ; a brown discoidal
128 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
spot, sinuous postmedial line and subterminal shade ; a terminal series of black
striae; the underside irrorated with dark brown except on inner area, the
discoidal spot and postmedial line more distinct.
Hab. Cyprus (Bucknill), 1 <j type. Exp. 34 mill.
2496rt. Eumichtis canariensis u. sp.
?. Head and thorax black-brown mixed with grej-white and some pale
rufous, the frons with lateral black bars, the tegulae with black line at middle,
the patagia with pale hne near upper edge ; antennae black ringed with white ;
abdomen dark brown mixed with whitish and with some rufous at sides
towards extremity, the crests black ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen
rufous mixed with some grey ; legs dark brown mixed with whitish, the tarsi
black-brown ringed with whitish. Forewing grey-white tinged in parts with
brown and irrorated with black-brown, the medial area suffused with dark
brown except towards costa and inner margin, the veins streaked with blackisli ;
a sinuous black streak below base of submecban fold ; subbasal line double,
blackish filled in with whitish, angled outwards below costa and ending at
submedian fold ; antemedial line double, black filled in with whitish, shghtlv
waved, obUque to below submedian fold, then inwardly oblique ; claviform
defined by black, a black streak from it to the postmedial line with some rufous
above it ; orbicular and reniform large, grey-wliite defined by black and with
some brown in centres, the former rather obUque elliptical, the latter with curved
blackish striga in centre, a black point above it on costa ; postmedial line black
defined on outer side by whitish, bent outwards below costa, then dentate and
produced to wliite points at the veins, obUque below- vein 5 ; a grey- white patch
beyond it in submedian interspace and some white points on costa ; subteiminal
line white defined on inner side by rufous and by small dentate black marks in
the interspaces, slightly waved, angled outwards at veins 4, 3, then incurved ;
a terminal series of sUght black lunules and fine wliite line at base of cilia.
Hindwing reddish brown, the veins darker ; a faint dark discoidal spot ; cilia
white tinged with rufous and with brown fine through them ; the hair on inner
margin whitish ; the unilerside white irrorated with red-bro«ii, a black cbscoidal
spot and red-brown postmedial line, excurved to vein 3, then incurved.
Hab. Canary Is., Ouimar (Walsingham), 1 $ type. Exp. 46 mill.
25S06. Xylinissa ttrigcsa n. sp.
$. Head and thorax purplish grey mixed with black-ljrown, the tegulae
whitish with black-brown and rufous band near tips ; antennae black with some
white at base ; abdomen grey suffused with dark brown and with some whitish
at sides at base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen grey-white mixed
with black-brown. Forewing purplish grey suffused in parts with brown and
thickly striated with black-brown : an indistinct double black-brown ante-
medial line defined on inner side by whitish at costa ; orbicular and reniform
purpUsh grey defined by black and w ith their centres defined bj' dark brown, the
former round ; an indistinct double slightly waved blackish postmedial line,
excurved to vein 4, then obhque ; an interrupted dark redtlish-brown sub-
terminal shade, excurved at middle and incurved towards inner margin ; a
terminal series of slight black lunules ; cilia w hite mixed with dark brown and
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 129
with a white line at base. Hindwing whitish suffused with reddish brown, the
Veins, inner and terminal areas darker ; a faint dark discoidal spot ; ciha white
with a bro\\n line through them ; the underside whitish irrorated with dark
brown and with postmedial series of sUght dark streaks on the veins.
Hah. Peru, Acopampa (Watkins), 1 $ type. Exp. 34 mill.
257Sa. Bryomima oUvaria n. sp.
(J. Pale red-brown with some whitish and black scales on basal half of
tegulae and on thorax ; antennae dark brown, ringed with white towards base ;
palpi dark brown mixed with white, white at tips ; abdomen white irrorated
with black, the anal tuft tinged with rufous ; pectus white with some pale red-
brown mixed ; tarsi black ringed with white. Forewing reddish brown irrorated
with black-brown and greenish white, the terminal area whiter ; a shght greenish
white subbasal spot on costa and small wliite spot below the cell ; antemedial
Line brown defined on each side by greenish white, shghtly dentate ; orbicular
and reniform greenish white defined by blackish^ the former minute, round, the
latter small and with blacldsh striga in centre ; postmedial line blackish defined
on inner side by greenish wliite, forming two small black spots at costa with a
white spot between them, bent outwards below costa, then sUghtly dentate,
excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some white points beyond it on costa ;
subterminal line white defined on inner side by black, shghtly dentate, incurved
at discal and submedian folds ; a terminal series of small black spots ; cUia wliite
mixed with blacldsh at base and with series of small blackish spots at tips.
Hindwing wliite, the veins and terminal area suffused with dark brown ; a small
dark discoidal spot ; ciha white with a blacldsh Une at middle ; the imderside
with the costal area tinged \vith reddish ochreous and irrorated with a few
dark-brown scales, the terminal area irrorated with blacldsh to submedian fold,
a small black discoidal spot and postmedial points on veins 7 to 2.
Hab. Mexico, Guerrero, Hidalgo (Mann and Skewes), 1 c? type. Exp. 34 mill.
Zenobianae.
The genus Zenobia Oken. 1815, type oo. is the oldest in the subfamily.
2797a. Stenopterygia rufltiticta n. sp.
Fore femora and tibiae with fringes of very long hair and scales on outer
side.
cJ. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale rufous mixed with some whitish ;
antennae tinged with brown ; palpi, pectus in front, and forelegs rufous, the rest
of pectus, mid and hind legs, and fringes of long hair and scales from fore femora
and tibiae, and the ventral surface of abdomen pale rufous and whitish. Fore-
wing pale rufous mixed with some red- brown and shghtly irrorated with blue-
white scales ; some darker scales below base of costa and cell ; traces of a double
antemedial series of small red-brown spots ; some darker scales below and in
and beyond end of cell ; traces of a red-brown postmedial fine, excurved to
vein 4, then obUque ; an indistinct red-brown subterminal Une, diffused on
costal haK and incurved below vein 3. Hindwing whitish tinged with rufous ;
the underside with indistinct curved rufous postmedial Une.
Hab. Borneo, Sandakan (Pryer), 1 <? type. Exp. 34 miU.
230 NoVlTATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
2876a. Trachea lobisemastis n. sp.
Hind\\ing in both sexes with the costa strongly lobed towards base.
Head and thorax dark red-brown mixed with some rufous and whitish,
the head and base of tegulae mostly rufous and whitish ; antennae dark brown ;
palpi whitish in front ; abdomen brown tinged with grey, the crests and anal
tuft dark brown at tips ; pectus and legs whitish tinged with red-brown, the
forelegs red-brown, the tarsi dark brown with pale rings. Forewing red-brown
mixed with grey-white especially in, below, and beyond the cell and on inner area ;
a black-brown streak below base of cell ending in a small wedge-shaped mark ;
an indistinct obUque dark subbasal striga from costa ; antemedial line indis-
tinct, dark, oblique, and slightly waved to vein 1, then bent inwards to inner
margin with a curved black-brown mark above it ; claviform tinged with rufous
and defined by black-brown, a dark brown fascia from its lower edge to the
subterminal Une ; orbicular and reniform large, grey- white tinged with red-brown
and defined by dark brown except the outer edge of the latter, the former oblique
elliptical, a triangular patch suffused with dark red-brown between them from
costa ; postmedial Une slight, dark brown, bent outwards below costa, then
dentate, oblique below vein 5, some whitish points beyond it on costa ; traces of
a pale waved subterminal Une ; the interspaces of terminal area with dark brown
streaks between vein 4 and submedian fold. Hindwing red-brown, the inner
area pale ; the underside whitish suffused with red-brown on costal half, tinged
with red-brow n on inner half.
Hob. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 (J, 1 ? type. Ex-p. 34 mill.
2919a. Trachea euryscia n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish suffused with red-brown and irrorated
with black; antennae dark brown. Tarsi dark brown ringed with whitish. Fore-
wing whitish tinged with oUve-green and with red-brown except on terminal
area, and irrorated with dark brown ; an indistinct double blackish subbasal
line from costa to vein 1 ; a wliitish patch tinged with rufous beyond it in
submedian fold ; antemedial Une black-brown, obUquely curved, a broad black-
brown shade beyond it in submedian interspace to the postmecUal line ; orbicular
white tinged with rufous, incompletely defined by black and with some dark
brown in centre, round ; reniform whitish defined at sides by black-brown and
with some brown in lower part, quadrate, a black-brown patch beyond it ;
postmedial Une black-brown, bent outwards below costa, then sUghtly waved,
excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some whitish points with dark brown between
them beyond it on costa and a dark brown patch before the indistinct whitish
subterminal line, excurved below vein 7 and at middle ; a terminal series of
black-brown striae ; ciUa red-brown with obscure whitish spots at base. Hind-
wing cupreous red-brown ; ciUa white mixed with red-brown ; the underside
white irrorated with red-brown, the terminal area suffused with red-brown, a
brown discoidal spot, indistinct waved postmedial Une and faint subterminal
shade.
Hob. Gold Coast, Kumasi (Sanders), 1 ? type. Ex-p. 28 mill.
NOVITATES ZOOiOGICAE XXV. 1918. 131
2949a. Trachea perfumosa n. sp.
Trachea fumeola Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M. vii. p. 186. pi. 112. f. 23. ? r.ec g. Male in Coll.
WoUey-Dod.
U.S.A., California (Walsingham), 1 $ type. Gilroy Hot Springs, 2 ?. Exp. Zd va\\\.
.3006rf. Euplexia argyrosemastis n. sp.
?. Head and tegulae red-brown mixed with white, the latter with some
silvery scales at tips ; thorax red-brown, the patagia with some white scales
at base, silvery scales near upper edge and golden cupreous patch at middle ;
antennae dark brown, ringed with wliitish towards base, the basal joint white
in front ; frons with lateral white spots below ; palpi red-brown, with white
point at extremity of 1st joint and the extremities of 2nd and 3rd joints white ;
abdomen red-brown with some whitish at sides towards base ; pectus white and
red-brown ; legs red-brown, the tibiae and tarsi banded with white. Forewing
red-brown glossed with golden cupreous and sUghtly irrorated «ith whitish ; a
white subbasal point on costa, silvery scales below costa and bar to vein 1 with
a point before it ; antemedial line dark brown with white point at costa, silvery
spot before it below costa, triangular spot in submedian interspace and small
spot at inner margin with elongate mark well before it, slightly excurved below
costa and bent outwards above inner margin ; claviform silvery, large, a
silvery mark below it on inner margin and another beyond it in submedian
fold ; orbicular and reniform silvery defined by dark brown, the former rather
obhque elliptical, the latter with curved brownish striga on inner side of centre ;
an obhque brownish hne from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; postmedial
line dark brown with white point at costa, bent outwards and with silvery marks
on it below costa, then dentate, with silvery spot on its outer side below vein 5,
patch at submedian interspace and spots before and beyond it at inner margin,
obhque below vein 4, some white points, beyond it on costa ; a subterminal
series of small silvery spots, excurved below vein 7 and at middle, and with
erect bar from vein 2 to tornus ; a terminal series of dark-brown spots ; ciUa
with white Une at base and some white at tips. Hindwing white, the veins
beyond the cell brownish ; a brownish discoidal bar ; a shght postmedial hne,
excurved at vein 4, then obhque ; the apical area suffused with red-brown and
a faint diffused subterminal line to vein 2 ; a red-brown terminal Une to below
vein 2, and red-brown Une through the cilia to vein 2 ; the underside with the
costal area suffused and irrorated with red-brown except towards base, a small
discoidal spot and cUffused patch above it, the postmedial Une distinct, waved
to vein 3, the subterminal line dentate to vein 5.
Hob. Dutch N. Gninea, Mt. GoUath (Meek), 1 $ type. Exp. 40 miU.
3119o. Perigea niphosticta n. sp.
<J. Head and thorax red- brown with some white and black scales, the
dorsum of thorax with all the scales tipped with white ; basal joint of antennae
white ; frons with white spots at sides ; palpi mostly black, the extremities of
the joints white ; abdomen red-brown mixed with grey and with sUght dark
segmental Unes, the tips of crests white ; pectus whitish tinged with red-brown ;
tarsi black, the extremities of tibiae and the tarsal joints ringed with white
132 KOVITATES ZoOLOOir-AE XXV. 1918.
Forewing pale cupreous brown slightly irrorated with blacldsh ; a small white
subbasal spot on costa aiad group of spots between subcostal nervure and vein 1
defined by blackish ; an antemedial series of small white spots defined by
blackish from costa to submedian fold with two spots below the costa, and a
sUght blackish line from submedian fold, angled outwards above inner margin ;
claviform blackish ; orbicular with wliite spot at centre surrounded by six
small white spots defined by blacldsh ; reniform with group of small white spots
in centre surrounded by white spots defined by blackish, extending to below the
cell, small white spots beyond it, above and below vein 6 ; postmedial line black
with small white spots on it to above vein 4, strongly bent outwards below
costa, then dentate and produced to white and black points on the veins, oblique
below vein 4, some wliite points beyond it on costa ; a subterminal series of
small dentate black marks in the interspaces defined on outer side by small
wliite spots ; a series of small white spots defined by black before termen ; cilia
with series of small wliite spots at base and tips. Hind^ving brown, the cell and
interspaces just beyond it whitish, the veins beyond the cell blackish, the ter-
minal area fuscous except towards tornus ; ciha white with a brown hne through
them ; the underside white, the costal area and terminal area to submedian fold
tinged with ochreous and irrorated with blackish, a small black discoidal spot
and postmedial hne from costa to vein 3.
Huh. Venezuela, Esteban Valley, Las Quiguas (Klages), I $ type. Exp.
34 mill.
3290a. Ecbolemia singalesia n. sp.
Antennae of male bipectinate with long branches.
(J. Head and tegulae wliite tinged with oclireous and red-brown, the latter
with blackish hne near tips and blacldsh scales at tips ; thorax white mixed with
some red-brown and black-brown ; antennae black-brown ; frons black at
sides ; palpi black mixed «ith white ; abdomen ochreous white tinged with
dark brown ; pectus and legs ochreous white tinged with brown, the tarsi black
ringed with whitish. Forewing white tinged with rufous, sUghtly on basal
area and on costa to middle, and irrorated with black ; small subbasal and
antemedial black spots on costa ; a black hne arising from median nervure at
origin of vein 2, obhque to vein 1, where it is angled inwards, excurved above
inner margin, a black streak from it at submedian fold to the postmedial line ;
the medial area below submedian fold more strongly tinged with rufous and
irrorated with black ; a diffused black spot in end of cell almost confluent with
a discoidal spot ; postmedial line black, with a small spot at costa, then indis-
tinct to vein 3, but outwards below costa, then dentate, incurved below vein 3
and angled inwards at submedian fold to the streak from the antemedial hne ;
subterminal hne represented by dentate black marks in the interspaces defined
on outer side by white, angled inwards at submedian fold ; a terminal series of
small blacldsh marks ; cilia chequered wliite tinged with rufous and blackish.
Hindwing white, the veins brownish, the inner area tinged with ochreous ; a
faint brownish oclireous subterminal shade and some brownish ochreous on
termen to vein 2 ; ciUa oclireous white ; the underside white, the costal area
tinged with ochreous, a minute brown discoidal spot.
Hah. Ceylon, Kandy (Mack wood), 1 cJ type. Exp. 34 mill.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 133
33656. Cordylepalpa ferruginea n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen ferruginous red slightly mixed with whitish,
the patagia with a few black scales towards upper edge ; antennae black-brown
except towards base ; sides of frons and the 2nd joint of palpi except in front
black-brown ; tarsi dark brown ringed with whitish. Porewing ferruginous red
mixed with some whitish ; the black-brown subbasal point below cxjsta and two
below the cell with a black-brown streak from just beyond them in submediar,
fold to the antemedial line, and an elongate black-brown mark above inner
margin ; antemedial line double, black-brown, the two Unes widely separated,
the inner represented by an oblique striga in the cell and a hne from submedian
fold to above inner margin, angled inwards at vein 1, the outer arising at
subcostal nervure, obUque to submedian fold, then indistinct and sinuous ; the
medial area deep rufous from subcostal nervure to vein 1 ; orbicular and reniform
whitish tinged with rufous and defined by black-brown except below, where they
are conjoined by a fascia on median nervure, the former oblique-eUiptical with
an oblique black-brown striga defined on inner side by whitish above it at costa ;
postmedial hne black-brown, arising at vein 7, then obhquely excurved to
vein 4, then touching the lower extremity of the reniform, obUque and sinuous
and ending at vein 1 , some whitish points beyond it on costa ; a broad deeper
ferruginous shade before the subterminal Une, which is black-brown defined on
outer side by white, shghtly excurved below vein 7 and dentate at veins 4, 3, 2 ;
the veins defined on each side by whitish marks toward' tornus ; ciha ferru-
ginous red intersected by wliitish at the vein. Hindwing ferruginous red with
a pinkish tinge ; a shght curved brown postmedial Une between veins 6 and 2 ;
ciha with some whitish ; the underside with the disk whitish, a dark brown
discoidal spot, a curved dark brown postmedial hne, somewhat angled inwards
below vein 2.
Hab. Dutch N. Guinea, Mt. GoUath (Meek), 1 S type. Exp. 46 mill.
3365c. Cordylepalpa calochroa n. sp.
9. Head and thorax bright ferruginous red mixed with some whitish, the
patagia with a curved deeper ferruginous streak at middle ; antennae dark
brown except towards base ; sides of frons and 2nd joint of palpi with some
black-brown ; abdomen pale ferruginous red ; tarsi brown ringed with whitish.
Forewing bright ferruginous red mixed with some whitish, the veins with whitish
streaks ; subbasal hne double filled in with whitish, the inner Une black, the
outer brown, waved, from costa to submedian fold, a small black spot below
it at vein 1 ; antemecUal Une double, the Unes widely separated, whitish, the
outer Une defined on outer side by black, angled outwards below costa, then
obUque, waved ; orbicular and reniform with whitish annuU defined at side by
black-brown, rather narrow, the former obUque with sinuous edges, the latter
shghtly angled inwards at median nervure ; postmedial Une double, the Unes
widely separated, whitish, the inner defined on inner side by black-brown, bent
outwards below costa, then sUghtly waved, oblique below vein 4 and touching
the antemedial Une at inner margin, some small white spots beyond it on costa ;
subterminal Une white, excurved below vein 7, defined on inner side by dark
brown between veins 7 and 4, then angled outwards at veins 4, 3, 2 and sUghtly
134 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
defined on outer side by dark brown, a whitish band beyond it ; cilia ferruginous
intersected by whitish at the veins. Hindwing pale ferruginous red with a
pinkish tinge, the cilia whitish at tips ; tlie underside whitish tinged with salmon-
pink, a short dark-brown fascia in midcUe of cell and discoidal spot, a curved
pale-red postmedial line.
Hah. Dutch TSt. Guinea, Mt. GoUath (Meek), 1 ? type. Exp. 42 mill.
3417o. Eriopus albivitta n. sp.
5. Head and thorax rufous mixed with some white and dark brown ; abdomen
whitish suffused with brown, the crest on 3rd segment tipped ^^ith black ;
pectus and ventral surface of abdomen whitish tinged with brown, the legs
suffused with rufous, the tarsi dark brown ringed with white. ForevWng red-
bro«n, mixed with some grey-white on basal half and irrorated with blackish ;
subbasal line black, incurved, from costa to vein 1, a short black streak beyond
it below costa and wedge-shaped white mark below submedian fold ; ante-
medial line blackish, waved ; traces of an elliptical reniform with whitish annulus
and its centre defined by dark brown ; postmedial Une double, blackish filled
in with wliitish, strongly bent outwards below costa, then sinuous, incurved below
vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa ; a dark brown patch from costa
to vein 6 before the subterminal Hne, which is white to vein 5, angled inwards
at discal fold, below vein 5 double, dark, sUghtly waved, incurved at submedian
fold and with sUght white marks on it below veins 3 and 2, a white patch irrorated
with red-brown beyond it on apical area and an obUque white streak from it
at vein 5 to termen at vein 4 ; a series of white striae defined on each side by
black-brown before termen to vein 4 and white points defined by black-brown
below veins 4, 3, 2 ; cilia with a fine wliitish line at base and intersected by
white at veins 7 and 4. Hindwing greyish suffused with brown, the costal area
whiter ; cilia white mixed with red-brown ; the underside wliite irrorated with
red-brown, a dark discoidal spot and crcnulate postmedial Une.
Hob. Cape Colony, Tole R. (Miss F. Barrett), 1 ? type. Exp. 34 mill.
34176. Eriopus nigeriensis n. sp.
S. Head and thorax dark red- brown mixed with pale rufous and some
whitish ; antennae dark brown ; frons with black points at sides ; abdomen
red-brown tinged with grey, the crests dark brown and rufous, the ventral
surface white at base, then pale rufous irrorated mth black-brown. Forewng
dark red-brown mixed with rufous and grey, the area beyond the postmedial Une
chocolate-brown tinged with grey ; obUque whitish subbasal bars from costa
and cell sUghtly defined on each side by black ; antemedial line white defined
on each side by black, tlie black on its inner side forming patches in the cell
and below submedian fold, the latter with an oblique whitish bar before it,
sUghtlj' bent inwards at subcostal nervure, then obUque to vein 1 and inwardly
obUque to inner margin, an obUque band of rufous suffusion beyond it from
subcostal nervure to vein 1 ; orbicular rather V-shaped, pale rufous defined by
some black scales and with dark centre, its outer edge connected by a U-shaped
black mark with the inner edge of the reniform, the annulus of which is repre-
sented by white points defined by black, its upper and lower extremities pro-
duced and with some rufous beyond the latter ; postmedial line white defined
NOVITATES ZOOLOOrCAE XXV. 1918. 135
on each side by black, slightly angled inwards below costa, then strongly bent
outwards, then defined on inner side bj' small black spots, sUghtly sinuous,
incurved below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa ; subterminal Une
white to vein 4, slightly angled outwards at veins 7, 6 and inwards at discal
fold, a dentate pale rufous mark, before it at vein 6, below vein 4 represented by
some pale rufous scales on diffused black-brown, a white patch irrorated with
red-brown beyond it at ape.x and an oblique white streak from it at vein 5 to
termen at vein 4 ; a terminal series of black spots defined on inner side by white
lunules ; cilia intersected with white at vein 4 and chequered with white at
tips. Hindwing cupreous red-brown, the ciUa whitish tinged with rufous and
with brown line at middle ; the underside grey-white irrorated with dark brown,
a black-brown discoidal bar and postmedial Une bent outwards below costa,
crenulate to vein 3, then incurved.
?. Forewing darker and with less rufous, the lower extremity of the reni-
form filled in by an oblique white spot.
Hah. S. Nigeria, Warri Distr. (Claydon), 1 S type, Yaba (Macfie), 1 ?. Exp.
30-34 mill.
3417c. Eriopus semicircularis n. sp.
?. Head and thorax red-brown slightly mixed with whitish ; antennae
dark brown ; palpi dark brown mixed witli whitish ; abdomen dark brown
mixed with grey-white ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged
with rufous ; legs red-brown mixed with wliitish, the tarsi darker brown ringed
with white. Forewing dark reddish brown tinged with grey especially on basal,
inner and terminal areas ; an obhque white subbasal striga across the cell ; ante-
mecUal line white slightly defined on each side by black-brown, incurved in the
cell, then obUque ; orbicular very narrow, black-brown defined by white except
above, V-shaped and constricted at middle, the white on its outer edge con-
nected by a curved streak \vith the white on the inner edge of the reniform,
forming a semicircular mark ; the reniform represented by an obhque black
bar defined on inner side by white and with narrow eUiptical whitish annulus
beyond it ; a white striga beyond lower angle of cell ; postmedial fine with
white bar above end of cell, strongly bent outward and almost obsolete below
costa, then triple, dark brown filled in with whitish and incurved below vein 4,
some white points beyond it on costa ; subterminal Une represented by the
contrast between the postmedial and greyer terminal area, slightly waved ; a
fine whitish Une before termen, broken up into striae below vein 4, the termen
dark red-brown ; a fine whitish Une at base of cilia. Hindwing dark brown
with a cupreous gloss ; ciUa with a whitish Une at base foUowed by a dark line,
the tips white ; the underside white irrorated with dark-brown, the terminal
area suffused with dark brown, a dark cUscoidal bar and postmedial line defined
on outer side by white, sUghtly waved, excurved below costa, incurved at discal
fold and oblique below vein 4.
Hah. Christmas I. (Andrewes), 1 ? type. Exp. 36 miU.
3446a. Eriopus aTgyrosemastis n. sp.
Forewing with the costa somewhat excised at middle, the termen excised
below apex and excurved at middle, then obUque, the inner margin strongly
lobed near base, then excised.
136 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
?. Head and thorax bright rufous, the tegulae ^dth some wliitish scales at
tips ; antennae dark brown with pale rings ; lower part of frons with some wliite ;
palpi white at extreme tips ; abdomen wliite suffused with pale reddish brown,
the crests deep red-brown ; pectus, legs towards base, hind tibiae and ventral
surface of abdomen white, the tarsi chocolate-brown ringed with white. Fore-
wing bright rufous, the costal area irrorated with white to end of cell, some
white at base of inner margin ; a silvery white subbasal striga from costa, point
farther from base in the cell and wedge-shaped mark from submcdian fold to
above inner margin with short streak before it on vein 1 ; an oblique wliite
antemedial striga from costa defined on each side by red-brown, and fine blackish
line from cell to inner margin ; orbicular a minute silvery white annulus defined
by dark brown and with golden cuprous centre; reniform an obUque orange-
yellow bar denned on inner side by a sinuous silvery white bar and on outer
by a point at upper extremity, striga at middle and spot at lower extremity ;
postmedial line represented by a white bar from costa above end of cell defined
on each side by brown, strongly bent outwards and almost obsolete below costa,
then represented by minute black-brown lunules slightly defined on outer side
by white and with diffused greyish band beyond it, oblique below vein 4, some
white points beyond it on costa ; subterminal Une white defined on inner side
by slight black spots and with some white suffusion beyond it, incurved to
below vein 7, then indistinct, red-brown with some darker brown scales on it and
obUque ; a series of white points before termen to submedian fold. Hindwing
with the basal half white tinged with red-brown and with the veins red-brown
towards the postmedial brown line, which is indistinct, curved, incurved at vein
2 ; the rest of wing red-brown tinged with grey ; cilia white ; the underside
with the costal area irrorated with red-brown to near base.
Hah. Fiji, 1 $ type. Exp. 30 mill.
Genus Goniotcrmasia nov.
Type : Percinna bistrigata B. Baker.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to vertex
of head and strongly fringed with hair behind towards extremity, the 3rd short
and thickly scaled ; frons smooth, with pointed tuft of hair ; eyes large, round ;
antennae of male cihated ; thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro- and meta-
thorax with spreading crests ; build slender ; tibiae sUghtly fringed with hair ;
abdomen with large dorsal crest on basal segment only and sUght lateral tufts of
hair towards extremit}'. Forewing with the apex somewhat produced and acute,
the termen excised below apex and excurved at middle, not crenulate ; veins
3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing
with 8 to form the areolc ; II from cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from angle
of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6, 7 from upper angle ;
8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Gonodes in the palpi having the 2nd joint strongly fringed
with hair behind towards extremity.
3462a. Goniotermasia centrimacula n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax deep rufous ; antennae dark brown ringed with
whitish ; palpi irrorated with whitish ; abdomen fuscous brown tinged with grey,
NOVITATES ZoeLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 137
the basal crest and anal tuft rufous ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of aljdomen
rufous mixed with wliitish, the tarsi red-brown. Fore wing rufous with a silvery
grey gloss ; some grey at base of inner margin, a curved red-brown subbasal
striga from costa, small wedge-shaped leaden grey patch below submedian fold
farther from the base and with a small dark-brown mark beyond it ; ante-
medial line red-brown defined on inner side by greyish, sHghtly excurved below
costa and cell ; an oblong black spot in lower part of cell before the reniform,
wliich has a white bar defined on each side by dark brown on its inner side, its
outer edge defined by white and black points, its lower extremity produced ; an
oblique red-brown shade from lower angle of cell to inner margin at the ante-
medial line ; postmedial Kne pale and almost obsolete towards costa, where it
is sUghtly angled inwards below costa, then bent outwards, then dark brown
with some brown suffusion before and beyond it beyond the cell, obhque below
vein 4 and excurved at vein 1, some white points with red- brown between them
beyond it on costa ; an indistinct rufous subterminal band defined on each side
by rather diffused brown, excurved at middle and incurved above and below
raiddle ; an incurved white Une defined on outer side by dark brown before
termen from below apex to vein 4, white striae defined on outer side by dark
brown below veins 4, 3, and a small curved white mark defined on outer side
by dark brown at submedian fold. Hindwing fuscous brown tinged with grey ;
cilia white tinged with red-brown at base ; the underside white irrorated wth
dark brown, the costal area and terminal area to vein 3 suffused with rufous, a
blackish discoidal spot, a dark postmedial line, waved to vein 2, then oblique,
a subterminal series of brown points to vein 2 and diffused mark below vein 2,
and a terminal series of shght dark lunules and striae.
Hab. Venezuela, Esteban VaUey, Las Quiguas (Klages), 1 S type. Exp.
28 mill.
Genus Conicochyta nov.
Type : Ckijltonix olivxcea Wileman.
Proboscis fully developed, palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to middle
of frons and moderately scaled in front, the 3rd moderate ; frons with pointed
conical prominence and ridge of scales above ; eyes large, round ; antennae of
male ciUated ; thorax clothed with hair and scales mixed, the pro- and meta-
thorax with spreading crests ; tibiae moderately fringed with hair ; abdomen
with dorsal series of crests ; the crest on 4th segment very large. Forewing
with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and sUghtly crenulate ; veins
3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from lU anastomosing
with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from angle
of cell ; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6, 7 from upper
angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Coenoloca in the abdomen having a large crest on 4th
segment.
3476a. Chytonix leucosema n. sp.
Fore femora of male with tliick fringe of long scales ; abdomen with large
ventral tufts of long hair from base.
(J. Head and thorax white tinged with buff, the tegulae buff- yellow ;
antennae dark brown, ringed with wliitish towards base; frons with black bars
138 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918.
at sides, palpi black mixed with some buff, the extremity of 2nd joint and the
3rd joint buff, the latter with black spot at sides ; abdomen black-brown mixed
with some grey, the basal crest buS-white, the anal tuft rufous, black at
extremity ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen buff, the fore femora
fringed \\ith long brown scales, the tarsi suffused with dark brown towards
extremities, the base of abdomen with large ventral tufts of fuscous hair tinged
with grey followed by subventral seiies of brown points. Forewing ochreous
tinged with rufous and sparsely irrorated with dark brown, the terminal area
grejf-green to vein 2, the basal area with some creamy white; a waved white
subbasal line defined by dark brown scales from costa to vein 1 and a dark brown
mark on inner margin ; antemedial Une buff defined at sides by dark scales,
white at costa, waved ; an elUptical white discoidal spot ; a black-brown medial
shade, ari.sing below costa, obUque to lower angle of cell, then erect ; post^
medial hne almost obsolete and oblique to vein 6, then sUght, dark, dentate
and produced to wliite points on the veins, incurved below vein 4, some white
points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line white and incurved tow ards costa,
then represented by white points, angled outwards almost to termen at vein 4,
then just before termen ; ciUa red-brown with some white scales, white at tips
from vein 2. to submedian fold. HindAving dark cupreous brown, the ciUa white
at tips. Underside of forewing fuscous, the costal area buff, the discoidal spot
and a patch at middle of termen white, the subterminal line white and waved,
defined on inner side b3' fuscous on the costal area ; liindw ing pale buff, the basal
half and inner area irrorated with large black-brown scales, a black discoidal
bar and dark postmedial line obhque towards costa.
Hab. Venezuela, Esteban Valley, Las Quiguas (Klages), 1 <? type. Ex-p.
26 mill.
Genus Oedibrya nov.
Type : Catamecia cinnamnmina Rotlis.
Proboscis aborted and small ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint
reaching to about middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd siiort ; frons
with rounded prominence with curved corneous plate below it ; c\'es large,
round ; antennae of male ciUated ; thorax clothed almost entirely with scales ;
the metathorax with depressed crest ; tibiae slightly fringed with hair ; abdomen
without crests. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and
not crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9
from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with
veins 3, 4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6, 7
from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Leiometopun in the palpi being obliquely upturned, the
frons with corneous plate below it and the metathorax with depressed crest.
3524a. Bryopbila atrimixta n. sp.
cJ. Head and thorax black mixed with whitish and some rufous ; antennae
black, ringed with whitish towards base ; palpi black with some white in front
and at extremities of 2nd and 3rd joints ; abdomen white tinged with rufous and
irrorated with blackish, the crests and base of anal tuft black ; pectus and legs
white tinged with rufous and irrorated with blackish, the fore tibiae and tarsi
black, the latter ringed with white. Forewing black mixed with some white
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 129
and rufous ; a black subbasal line from costa to vein 1 ; antemedial line indis-
tinct, black, curved ; orbicular and reniform faintly defined by black, the
former oblique with blackish bar in centre ; postmedial hne black, defined on
outer side by white below submedian fold, bent outwards below costa, then
strongly excurved to vein 4, then very oblique to submedian fold and excurved
above vein 1 , some whitish points beyond it on costa and a blackish patch before
the subterminal line, which is represented by obscure black marks and some
white towards inner margin ; a terminal series of black points to vein 2, then
striae ; a white line at base of cilia. Hindwing white tinged with brown especially
towards termen ; a dark discoidal bar and faint curved postmedial Hne from
below costa to vein 3 ; a terminal series of black striae except toward tornus.
Underside of forewing whitish suffused with brown, an oblique dark postmedial
bar from costa ; liindwing white irrorated with blackish, a blackish discoidal
spot and faint curved sUghtly waved postmedial line from costa to vein 4.
Hab. W. China, Trong-ze, 9,600 ft. (Bailey), 1 o type. Exp. 26 mill,
35506. lambia nigella n. sp.
Head and thorax fuscous brown mixed with grey ; lower part of frons
white ; palpi black-brown, the extremity of 2nd joint and the 3rd joint except
at middle white ; abdomen wliitish suffused wth dark brown, the basal crest
black at extremity ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged
with brown, the forelegs black-bro\\n and whitish, the taisi Ilack ringed with
white. Forewing black-brown suffused with oUve-grey ; antemeil'al line double,
black, the lines well separated, oblique and slightly waved, angv il inwards at
vein 1 , a rather paler oblique shade beyond it with dark shade beyond it ;
orbicular and reniform faintly defined by black and uith black points in centres,
the latter constricted at middle ; postmedial line indistinct, double, black, the
lines well separated, bent outwards below costa, then the inner line slightly
waved and the outer minvitely dentate, slightly incurved at discal fold and
incurved below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa ; a brownish white
subterminal Hne, excurved below vein 7 and at middle ; ciHa brownish white
mixed with black and with blackish Hne at middle. Hindwing whitish suffused
with reddish brown, the cUia whiter with a brown line near base ; the under-
side \\liitish tinged with red-brown, the costal area sUghtly irrorated with
brown, a sHght blackish discoidal lunule and dark postmedial Hne, waved to
vein 4, then obHque.
Ab. 1. Forewing with the obHque shade beyond the antemedial Hne white
irrorated with brown.
Hab. C. China, Hupeh Prov. Lui-shin-Tze (Betton), 1 <J, 6 ? type. Exp.
24 mill.
35526. lambiodes nyctostola n. sp.
Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown mixed \vith grey-white ; antennae
black-brown ; frons with black bars at sides ; palpi black-brown, the extremities
of 2nd and 3rd joints grey-wliite ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen white tinged with brown, the fore and mid tibiae and tarsi banded
black and white. Forewing white mixed with brown and black, the costa
with series of black-brown marks with white between them ; antemedial Hne
J 40 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
indistinctly double, blackish, obUque, excurved in the interspaces and angled
inwards at the veins ; orbicular and reniform very indistinctly defined by black
marks on their edges, small ; postmedial line very indistinct, whitish, curved,
a blackish patch beyond it on costal area defined on outer side by a white line
and with white points at costa, with a white patch below it and subterminal
white patches above and below vein 5 ; a terminal series of minute black spots ;
cilia dark brown with a white line at base. Hindwing grey-brown, the veins
darker ; cilia with white line at base followed by a dark line, the tips brown
and white ; the underside white tinged with brown and irrorated with dark
brown.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 (J, 1 ? type. Exp. $ 20, ? 24 mill.
3579a. Neophaenis lichenea n. sp.
?. Head and thorax white tinged with yellow-green, the tegulae with a
few brown scales dorsally, the prothoracic crest brown ; antennae brown ; Irons
with lateral black bars ; palpi black and white ; abdomen yellowish, dorsally
tinged with brown, the crests on 2nd and 3rd segments with black mixed ; pectus
and legs white, the fore tibiae and the tarsi banded with black, the liind tibiae
and tarsi tinged with yellow. Forewing white suffused wth yellow-green, the
area below discal fold from the antemedial to the subterminal line and just before
the latter to costa dark brown tinged with grey ; a black streak on base of
vein 1 , its extremity expanding into a small spot above the vein ; a subbasal
black point followed by a small spot on costa ; antemedial Une with black bar
from costa and small spot in the cell, then a slight waved Une, followed by another
blackish line, strongly bent outwards at discal fold and obUque and sinuous
below the cell ; reniform very large, extending to well below the cell, its outer
edge waved, its centre defined on inner side by black, its inner edge concave
towards base, an obUque sUghtly waved dark Une from it to inner margin ; post^
medial Une with two black bars from costa above end of ceU, strongly bent out-
wards and obsolete below costa, then black and sUghtly waved, double below
discal fold, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, the costa beyond it with alter-
nating black and white streaks, a black streak from it to termen at discal fold ;
subterminal Une dark brown defining the dark area, sUghtly waved, excurved
below vein 7, angled inwards at discal fold, and bent inwards at vein 2, its outer
edge sUghtly defined by white with dark streaks on the extremities of the veins
to vein 3 ; some brown suffusion below apex ; a lunulate black terminal Une to
above vein 2 ; ciUa brown to vein 2 intersected by white at the veins. Hind-
wing golden yellow with black-brown terminal patch from costa to vein 3, very
broad at costa ; a black terminal Une to vein 2 and some black scales at
extremity of vein 1 ; ciUa white chequered with dark brown towards apex and
at vein 3. Underside golden yellow ; forewing wth the terminal half brown,
its inner edge bent inwards in the ceU and outwards below submedian fold to
towards termen ; the terminal half of costa with alternating black and white
marks with ochreous below them, the termen with some white at middle, ciUa
chequered brown and white to vein 2 ; hindwing with sUgUt brown mark at
middle of costa.
Hcib. Venezuela, Esteban VaUey, Las Quiguas (Klages), 1 ? type. Exp.
44 mill.
NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 141
Genus Libyphaenis nov.
Type : L. virescens.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to vertex
of head and moderately scaled in front, the 3rd as long as the 2nd ; Irons with
rounded prominence ; eyes large, roimd ; antennae of male with fasciculate
cilia ; thorax clothed almost entirely with scales, the metathorax with depressed
crest ; tibiae moderately fringed with hair ; abdomen with dorsal series of crests.
Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate ;
veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6, 7 from ceD ; 8, 9, 10 stalked ; 11 from
cell ; the male with shght groove below stalk of veins 8, 9, 10 and slight swell-
ing above it below the costa. Hindwng with the cell rather short ; veins 3, 4
from angle ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6, 7 from upper angle ;
8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Leucosiqma, etc., in the frons having a rounded prominence.
3578a. Libyphaenis virescens n. sp.
o . Head and thorax sap-green mixed with dark brown ; antennae black-
brown ; palpi whitish and black, the basal joint ochreous white with two black
points at extremitj', the tip of 3rd joint white ; abdomen dark browTi tinged
with grey, the crests and anal tuft brownish white ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen ochreous white, the tibiae and tarsi banded dark brown and
white, the abdomen with blackish segmental lines towards extremity. Fore-
wing sap-green tinged with grey and irrorated \vith black-browTi, the veins of
terminal area with dark streaks ; a punctiform blackish subbasal line from
costa to submedian fold ; a faint oblique sinuous brown antemedial line ; a
black-browii bar from middle of costa connected with a small spot in the cell,
then a sinuous shade to above inner margin ; a broad black-brown shade beyond
the cell from costa to vein 4. with the double minutely waved blackish post-
medial line filled in with green near its outer edge, obhque to vein 4 and incurved
below vein 2, some white points with black-brown between them beyond it
on costa ; subterminal line indicated by a black-brown shade before it to vein
6 and some diffused brown beyond it, then a black-brown spot beyond it at
middle, small spots below veins 4 and 3 and a shade below vein 2 ; a terminal
series of black bars ; cilia brown and wliitish. Hindwing dark brov^Ti ivith a
greyish tinge ; ciha fuscous with a fine whitish line at base and some white at
tips. Underside of forewing fuscous brown, the costal area ochreous whitish
towards base and with two marks at middle followed by white points ; hind-
wing white irrorated with red-brown, a small black discoidal lunule and dark
mark below the cell, a double waved postmedial Une, obhque towards costa,
the inner line black-brown and rather maculate, forming a spot below vein 3,
the outer shght and red-brown, the veins of terminal area streaked with brown,
with dark marks on termen towards apex and a subterminal shade below discal
fold, a fine dark terminal fine.
Hub. S. Nigeria, Yaba (Macfie), 1 S type. Exp. 30 mill.
3659a. Acronycta luteola n. sp.
?. Head and thorax ochreous brown mixed with whitish, the head with
some darker bro\vn ; antennae black-brown mixed with white ; abdomen whitish
142 XOVITATES ZOOI.OGICAE XXV. 191S.
suffused with ochreous brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen
ochreous brown and white. Forewing ochreous brown mixed with white ; two
oblique dark subbasal striae from costa ; a sinuous black streak in submedian
fold to just beyond the antemedial Une, which is dark with two reddish-brown
marks at costa, then inchstinct and waved ; orbicular a small blackish
annulus ; reniform diffused red-brown with some black scales on its edges, con-
nected with a red-brown mark on costa ; postmedial lino with two reddish
brown spots at costa, then blackish defined on inner side by white, bent out-
wards below costa, then shghtly dentate, incurved below vein 3, the costal area
beyond it reddish brown with three white points at costa ; subterminal line
rather diffused white defined on outer side by diffused red-brown, especially at
veins 5 and 2 where the hne is incurved ; a terminal series of small black lunules ;
ciha indistinctly chequered with dark brown. Hindwing wliite tinged with
ochreous yellow, the terminal area suft"used with brownish ochreous to sub-
median fold ; a terminal series of minute dark spots to vein 2 ; cilia white,
mixed with brownish ochreous to vein 2. Underside of forewing ochreous
tinged with red-brown, the inner area whitish, the postmedial hne whitish,
incurved below vein 4 ; hindwing white, the costal and terminal areas irrorated
with brownish ochreous, a minute brown discoidal spot.
Hub. Assam, Silhet Distr., Chatak (Ewing), 1 ? type. Exp. -18 mill.
Genus Pseudomecia no v.
Type : Hypomecia lithoxylea Bang-Haas.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obUquely upturned, the 2nd joint reach-
ing to about middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd short ; frons with
slight truncate prominence roughened in front ; eyes large, round ; antennae
of male bipectinate with moderate branches to apex ; thorax clothed with hair
and hair-hke scales, the metathorax with depressed crest ; fore tibiae with
curved claw- like spines on outer side of 1st joint ; abdomen without crests.
Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenlj' curved and not crenulate ;
veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomos-
ing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from
angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discoccUulars ; 6, 7 from
upper angle ; 8 anastomosing ^vith the cell near base only.
In key differs from Omphaletis in the thorax being clothed with hair and
hair-like scales, the metathorax with spreacUng crest.
Genus Antbodes nov.
Type: ArUhodes acynodonta Dogn.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obhquely upturned, the 2nd joint reach-
ing to about vertex of head and rather broadly scaled, the 3rd long ; frons
smooth, with large tuft of scales and with ridge of scales above ; eyes large,
round ; antennae of female cihated ; thorax clothed almost entirely with scales,
the prothorax wth large obhque flattened crest, the metathorax w ith large crest,
tibiae shghtly fringed with hair ; abdomen with dorsal series of crests, the
crests on 2nd and 3rd segments very large. Forewing with the apex rounded,
the termen evenly curved, the termen and ciha strongly crenulate ; veins 3
and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1318. 143
with 8 to form the areole ; 1 1 from cell ; Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from angle
of cell ; 5 obsolescent from below middle of discocellulars ; 6, 7 from upper
angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only ; male with a wedge-shaped
patch of fuscous andioconia on extremity of vein 6.
In key differs from Ogdoeonta in the palpi having the 3rd joint long, the
abdomen with larga crjsts on 2nd and 3rd segments.
3913c. Amphidrina pssudagrotis n. sp.
<i. Head and thorax white mixed with some red-brown and blackish ;
antennae black-brown ; abdomen white sHghtly tinged with red-brown except
towards base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with
red-brown, the legs browner. Forewing red-brown mixed with some white
especially on basal area, the costal area black and white mixed, the veins of
terminal half finely streaked with black ; antemedial hne blackish, dentate,
very indistinct to submedian fold where it is angled outwards to the postmediai
line and very acutely angled outwards above inner margin ; orbicular and reni-
form defined by black, the former round and placed towards end of cell, the
latter with its centre shghtly defined by brown ; postmediai hne fine, black,
bent outwards below costa, then dentate, obhque below vein 4, some white
points beyond it on costa and the interspaces with fine black streaks ; a fine
black terminal Une ; ciha white tinged with rufous and mixed with black.
Hindwing semihyaUne white. Underside white, the costal area of both wings
irrorated with dark brown.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 S type. Exp. 40 mill.
3982a. Athetis mozambica n. sp.
Head and tegulae white shghtly mixed with red-brown, the rest of thorax
brown mixed with white ; antennae blackish ringed with white ; palpi black, the
2nd joint in front and at extremity and the 3rd joint white ; abdomen white
suffused with ochreous brown and irrorated with blackish ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen white mixed with some brown, the forelegs and mid
and hind tibiae with blackish mixed, the tarsi black ringed with wliite. Forewing
wliite tinged with red-brown and irrorated with blackish, the costal area whiter
to the postmediai line ; a slight sinuous black subbasal Une from costa to sub-
median fold with a point beyond it in the cell ; antemedial line shght, black
defined on inner side by whitish, obhque and shghtly waved ; orbicular a small
round blackish spot ; reniform incUstinctly defined by black scales and white
points with a small white spot at middle of outer edge ; a faint rather diffused
dark medial line, excurved to median nervure ; postmediai Une double, puncti-
form, black, bent outwards below costa and obUque below vein 4, subterminal
Une wliitish defined on inner side by dark-brown suffusion, excurved below
vein 7 and at middle ; the termen suffused with red-brown ; a terminal series
of black points defined on inner side by white ; ciUa dark reddish brown with
an ochreous line at base. Hindwing white faintly tinged with reddish brown,
the veins and terminal area browner ; a fine dark terminal Une ; ciUa reddish
brown with a fine white Une at base and white tips except towards apex ; the
144 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918,
underside white, the costal area and terminal area to vein 2 irrorated with red-
brown, a small brown discoidal spot.
Hah. Mozambique, Beira, Zimbiti (Sheppard), I tj, 2 ? type. Exf. 26-30
mill.
3985a. Athetis roastis n. sp.
5. Head, thorax, and abdomen bright red-brown, the head with whitish
mixed ; antennae grey-brown ; palpi dark red-brown, the 2nd joint in front
and the 3rd joint at tips whitish; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen
red-brown mixed \^'ith some whitish. Forewing bright red-brovTi with a greyish
gloss ; a white point at base of submetlian fold ; a faint curved dark subbasal
striga from costa defined on outer side by ochreous brown ; antemedial Une
fine, blackish, oblique, shghtly excurved below costa and above inner margin ;
a black point at middle of cell ; reniform represented by a small pure white
spot with points above and below it ; a faint diffused dark medial Une, sUghtly
excurved at middle ; postmedial hue blackish, e.xcurved to vein 2, then erect,
a series of black points defined on outer side by white beyond it on the veins ;
subterminal line dark brown with a brownish shade before it, sUghtly angled
outwards at vein 7, excurved at middle and incurved below vein 2 ; a shght
punctiform blackish terminal line ; ciUa with a fine pale Une at middle. Hind-
wing greyish suffused vAth reddish brown, the veins and terminal area darker ;
cilia whitish wth an ochreous Une at base and mixed with brown to vein 2 ; the
underside whitish thickly irrorated with dark brown except on inner area, a
blackish discoidal lunule and sinuous dark postmedial Une.
Hob. Br. C. A&ica, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 ? type. Exp. 34 miU.
3986a. Athetis melanerges n. sp.
Head and tegulae yeUowish white faintly tinged with rufous ; thorax fuscous
glossed with leaden grey ; antennae black ; palpi black, the extremity of 2nd
joint and the 3rd joint ochreous white ; abdomen whitish suffused with fuscous
brown; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish mixed with brown,
the fore and mid tibiae, the hind tibiae towards extremity, and the tarsi black,
the last ringed with white. Fore\\ing fuscous glossed with leaden grej' ; a sub-
basal white point at costa ; antemedial line black with a white point on its
inner side at costa ; dentate ; reniform a small orange-yellow spot defined by
black and with white points round it ; postmedial Une black, defined on outer
side by whitish at costa, bent outwards and sinuous beyond the cell, obUque
from vein 3 to submedian fold, then excurved, some white points beyond it on
costa ; traces of a dark subterminal Une with some wliite scales on it, slightly
excurved below vein 7 and at middle ; a fine pale Une at base of ciUa. Hind-
wing white tinged with brown, the veins and termen darker ; ciUa whitish with
a dark Une near base to vein 2, dark at tips towards apex. Underside of fore-
wing fuscous, the costal area irrorated with white, an obUque whitish bar at
postmedial Une followed by white points ; liindwing white, the costa! area fuscous
irrorated with wliite, a small fuscous discoidal spot.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 J, 1 2 type ; Portuguese E.
Africa, Ruo VaUey (Neave), 1 S- Exp. 24 miU.
NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918. 145
3991a. Attaetis soudanensis n. sp.
$. Head ochreous, the antennae ringed \rith fuscous ; thorax ochreous
mixed with brown ; tarsi black ringed with ochreous. Abdomen ochreous
dorsally suffused with brown. Forewing ochreous irrorated wth brown, the
terminal area suffused with fuscous sUghtly irrorated with whitish ; a small black
subbasal spot on costa and shght fuscous hne to submedian fold ; antemedial
Une rather diffused, fuscous defined on inner side by ochreous and with small
black spot at costa, sinuous ; reniform black, ill-defined, placed on a fuscous
medial shade ; postmedial hne shght, fuscous with small black spot at costa ;
bent outwards below costa, then somewhat dentate, shghtly incurved at discal
fold and incurved below vein 4 ; two white points on postmedial part of costa ;
subterminal hne whitish, excurved below costa to near termen and shghtly
excurved at middle ; a terminal series of small black lunules ; cilia ochreous at
base, with brown hne near base and white tips. Hind\ving white, the veins
and termen suffused with brown ; ciha ochreous at base, with brown hne near
base and white tips. Underside of forewing ochreous white, the terminal area
suffused with fuscous, some fuscous suffusion at end of cell and a shght black
streak on middle of costa ; hindwing with the costal area tinged with ochreous,
some black on termen to vein 6 and a fine black terminal hne to vein 2.
Hab. Sudan, Kut Sudan (Waterfield), 1 $ type. Exp. 32 mill.
4002o. Athetis iberica n. sp.
?. Head white, the antennae and palpi, except at tips, blackish ; thorax
ochreous tinged with brown, the tegulae at base and shoulders white ; tibiae
with some black, the tarsi black ringed wth ochreous ; abdomen ochreous white
dorsaUy suffused \vith fuscous bro'w n. Forewing blue-grey mixed with pale
ochreous ; a slight blackish subbasf.I spot on costa and fuscous Une to sub-
median fold defined on outer side by ochreous ; antemedial hne fuscous defined
on inner side by ochreous and with small blackish spot at costa, obhque, waved ;
orbicular a shght fuscous spot; reniform fuscous, iU-defined; a .shght fuscous
medial shade, excurved to the reniform ; postmedial hne fuscous grey defined on
outer side by ochreous, obhque towards costa, then somewhat dentate, excurved
to vein 4, then incurved ; the postmedial and terminal areas more suffused
with fuscous grey ; subterminal hne whitish, minutely waved, angled outwards
at vein 7 and excurved at middle. Hindwing white tinged with brownish
ochreous especially towards termen. Underside white ; forewing tinged with
fuscous except the inner area, a shght ochreous streak below costa to beyond
middle.
Hab. Spain, Albarracin (Sheldon), 1 $ type, Gibraltar (Jacobs), 2 $. Exp.
34-38 mill.
4008ffl. Athetis corticea n. sp.
$. Head and thorax red-brown, the frons whitish ; palpi black, whitish at
tips ; abdomen pale red-brown. Forewing red-brown irrorated with dark red-
brown, paler towards base ; shght blackish subbasal spots below the costa and
cell ; antemedial hne black, waved, angled inwards at vein 1 ; orbicular a black
point ; reniform very indistinctly defined by black scales ; a sinuous blackish
10
146 NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXV. 1918.
line from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; postmedial line blackish,
excurved below costa, then sUghtly waved, incurved at discal fold ; faint traces
of a sinuous dark subterminal line ; a terminal series of black points. Hind-
wing pale glossy red-brown udth a fine pale Hne at base of cilia. Underside of
forewing dark red-brown vnth terminal series of small black lunules ; hindwing
dark red-brown, the inner half paler, a slight black discoidal spot.
Hab. Centr. China, Hupeh, Lia-Shin-Tze (Betton), 1 ? tj'pe. Exp. 28 mill.
4010a. Athetis atristicta n. sp.
?. Head and thorax white suffused with grey-brown ; antennae black-
brown except basal joint ; palpi black, wliite in front and at tips ; pectus and
legs whitish, the latter tinged with red-brown and irrorated with blackish, the
tarsi red-brown ; abdomen white tinged with brown and dorsally irrorated
with blackish. Forewing grey-white irrorated with a few black scales, the ter-
minal area sUghtly darker ; an antemedial black point in the cell ; the orbicular
represented by a black point and the reniform by four slight points ; traces of
a double curved postmedial series of black points ; a terminal series of black
points ; ciUa rather darker greyish brown with a slight ochreous line at base.
Hindwing white, the veins tinged with brown, the terminal area suffused with
bro\vn except towards tornus ; ciUa with an ochreous white Hne at base to vein
2 followed by a dififused brown hne ; the underside with the costal area irrorated
with a few black scales, a terminal series of black striae.
Hab. Mashonaland, Salisbury (Jack), 1 $ type. Exp. 28 mill.
Genus Ethionodes nov.
Type : Xanthograpta brunneiplaga Beth. Baker.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to vertex
of head and moderately scaled in front, the 3rd short and thickly scaled ; frons
with slight rounded prominence with corneous plate below it ; eyes large, round ;
antennae of male minutely serrate and with rather long cilia ; thorax clothed
chiefly with scales, the pro- and metathorax with spreading crests ; tibiae slightly
fringed with hair ; abdomen without crests. Forewing with the apex rounded,
the termen evenly curved and not crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle
of cell ; 6 from below upper angle ; 7, 8, 9 stalked ; 10, 11 from cell. Hind-
wing with veins 3, 4 stalked ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6, 7
shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Xenopsenstis in the palpi being upturned, the pro- and
metathora.x with spreading crests, the hindwing with veins 3, 4 and 6, 7 stalked,
and 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
Genus Hypermilichia nov.
Type: Hypermilichia colnn'Dogn.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obUquely upturned, the 2nd joint reach-
ing to about middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd minute ; frons with
rather long truncate conical corneous process with raised rim at extremity ;
eyes large, round ; antennae ciliated ; thorax clothed almost entirely with scales
and without crests ; fore tibiae smoothly scaled {mid and hind legs wanting) ;
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 147
abdomen mthout crests. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly
curved and not crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from below
upper angle; 7 from angle; 8, 9, 10 stalked; 11 from cell. Hindwing with
veins 3, 4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellu-
lars ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Idalima in the palpi being obliquely upturned, the 3rd
joint not porrect, the frons \\ithout corneous plate below it.
41156. Dysmilichia proleuca n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with rufous ; palpi rufous, the
3rd joint black- brown ; forelegs and the tarsi dark brown ; ventral surface of
al)domen with sublateral black points on terminal segments and some dark brown
before the anal tuft. Forewing white with a faint ochreous tinge. • Hindwing
brown tinged with grey, the termen, narrowly, and cilia white. Underside fuscous
brown, the costa of forewing, except towards base, and the termen of both wings
white.
Hab. Br: C. Africa, Zomba (Andrew), 1 5 type. Exp. 20 mill.
41456. Gonodes albifascia n. sp.
?. Head and thorax red-brown mixed with white ; palpi dark brown, white
at tips ; abdomen white suffused with reddish brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen white mixed with red-brown. Forewing white tinged with
rufous and slightly irrorated with dark brown to the postmecUal Une ; traces of
a double oblique waved brown antemedial Mne, the median nervure beyond it
wth white fascia ending in a minute blackish spot defined by white at lower
angle of cell ; an oblique dark bar from middle of costa ; postmedial hne
blackish, very strongly bent outwards below costa, then indistinctly double
fiUed in with white, below vein 5 very strongly incurved to below end of ceU,
met at discal fold by an oblique wliite fascia from apex, the costal area above it
dark brown with white points at costa, an oblique dark brown shade below it
extending to lower angle of cell and below median nervure to the antemedial
line ; a white patch beyond the postmedial line between vein 3 and submedian
fold ; an oblique wliite subterminal line from the obhque fascia to submedian
fold, veins 4 and 3 beyond it defined by white streaks ; the terminal area dark
reddish brown towards tornus ; a terminal series of black-brown bars defined
on inner side by white ; cilia white mixed with dark brown. Hindwing white,
the inner area faintly and the terminal area distinctly tinged with brown ; a
slight brown diseoidal spot and faint curved postmedial hne ; ciha white with
a faint brown line through them towards apex ; the underside with the costal
area irrorated with brown, the terminal area suffused with brown to vein 2, the
diseoidal spot blackish, the postmedial hne waved towards costa and incurved
below vein 3.
Hab. Peru, Carabaya, Oconeque (Ockenden), 1 $ type. Exj). 28 mill.
41746. Monodes tenuifascia n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax whitish suffused with pale red-brown, the palpi rather
darker red-brown ; abdomen white sUghtly tinged with brown, the basal crest
brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen rufous. Forewing whitish
148 XOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1018.
suffused with pale red-brown ; faint traces of a curved brown antemedial Une ;
reniform very small and incompletely defined by dark brown, a slight dark
streak beyond it in discal fold met by an oblique streak from termen just below
apex ; slight dark streaks in interspaces of terminal areas ; a fine whitish line
at base of cilia. Hindwing pure white ; the underside \vith the costal area
tinged with ochreous brown, the termen with slight ochreous brown marks to
vein 2.
Hab. Argentina, Corrientes, Goya (Perrens), 1 o type. Exp. 20 mill.
4174c. Monodes goyensis n. sp.
$. Head and thorax whitish suffused wath pale red-brown and shghtly
irrorated with dark brown ; abdomen white suffused with dark brown ; pectus
whitish ; legs pale red-brown, the tarsi darker brown ringed with white ; ventral
surface of abdomen white mixed witli red-brown. Forewing whitish suffused with
pale red-brown and irrorated with dark brown ; traces of an oblique sinuous
dark antemedial line ; claviform minute and defined by black brown ; a slight
black-brown spot at middle of cell ; reniform obhque, defined at sides by black-
brown lines and with some diffused black-brown before it ; postmedial line very
indistinct, double, dark filled in with whitish, excurved to vein 2, then incurved ;
a terminal series of blacldsh points defined on inner side by whitish with diffused
dark marks before them. Hindwing whitish suffused with pale red-brown ;
cilia brown and white \vith a white fine at base ; the underside white tinged
with red-brown, the costal and terminal areas with some darker irroration, a
dark discoidal point.
Hah. Argentina, Corrientes, Goya (Perrens), 1 $ type. Exp. 22 mill.
4250a. Hadjina obscura n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax grey mixed with red-brown and dark brown ; palpi
blackish, the extremity of 2nd joint whitish ; tarsi blackish ringed with whitish ;
abdomen whitish irrorated with brown. Forewing grey suffused with reddish
brown and irrorated with dark brown ; an indistinct whitish subbasal mark below
the costa ; antemedial Une indistinct, dark, rather diffused, and shghtly curved ;
orbicular a slight rounded spot of red and white scales ; reniform defined by
whitish points and with more distinct spot at middle of outer edge, some reddish
scales in centre ; a very indistinct dark medial line ; postmedial Une indistinct,
dark, excurved below vein 7 and at middle and incurved at discal fold and below
vein 4 ; subterminal Une very indistinct, pale defined on inner side by dark-
brown suffusion, excurved below vein 7 and at middle ; a terminal series of
sUght blackish points and fine pale Une at base of ciUa. Hindwing whitish tinged
with brown, a faint discoidal spot and curved postmedial Une ; a dark terminal
Une ; the underside white slightly tinged and irrorated with brown, a blackish
discoidal spot and rather diffused curved postmedial Une.
Hah. Br. E. Africa, Nairobi (Anderson), 1 S type. Exp. 26 mUl.
4265a. Xylomoea Ugnea n. sp.
?. Head and thorax red-brown mixed with some whitish, the tegulae and
base of patagia with some black-brown, the former with blackish Une at middle,
the latter with sinuous black streak near upper edge ; antennae brown, ringed
NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXV. 1918. 149
with white towards base ; palpi red-brown with some white at extremities of
2nd and 3rd joints ; abdomen red-brown mixed with some whitish ; pectus
and legs red-brown mixed with whitish, the tarsi black-brown ringed with white.
Forewing red-brown mixed with grey, the terminal half of inner margin tinged
with sap-green, the veins of terminal area with shght blackish streaks ; a dark
point at base of median nervure ; a shght waved dark subbasal hne from costa
to submethan fold ; antemedial line blackish, double obhque and filled in with
whitish to median nervure, then v, aved and filled in with white, conjoined black-
brown spots before it in and below the cell and above inner margin ; the medial
area very narrow ^vith a strong obhquely curved black-brown medial hne,
another double, blackish, shghtly curved and sinuous hne just beyond it with
some dark brown beyond it below the costa ; postmechalhnesUght, dark, dentate,
and produced to wliitish jDoints at the veins, rather obhque to vein 5, then in-
curved, some whitish points beyond it on costa ; a faint pale sinuous subterminal
hne, defined on inner side by some brown and with a slight dark mark on its
outer side at discal fold ; a terminal line of minute dark somewhat lunulate spots.
Hindning glossy red-brown, the ciha \ihite chequered with red-brown. Under-
side whitish suffused with red-brown ; forewdng with the costal area white and
rufous with a rufous mark at middle and double oblique postmecUal striae ;
hindwing with dark discoidal spot, sinuous red-brown medial line and waved
postmedial line somewhat excurved below costa and at middle.
Hab. Venezuela, Esteban Valley, Las Quiguas (lUages), 1 ? type. Ex-p.
SO mill.
4285a. Namangana thyatirodes n. sp.
?. Head and thorax white mixed with ohve-green and irrorated with a few
black scales, the patagia with some black scales on edges ; antennae black
ringed with wliitish ; palpi black-brown and whitish ; abdomen whitish suffused
with red- brown and with shght blackish segmental hnes ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen red-browai and whitish, the tibiae with blackish marks
towards extremities, the tarsi black-brown, the extremities of tibiae and the
tarsal joints ringed with white. Forewing ohve-green irrorated with black, the
veins beyond the cell streaked with black, the costal edge black towards base,
the base of inner margin more thickly irrorated with black ; antemedial Una
slight, black, obhque to submedian fold and angled inwards at vein 1 ; a conical
white patch on inner medial area from before the antemedial hne to the post-
medial hne ; claviform defined by black scales ; orbicular defined by black,
large, round ; reniform defined by black on inner side and below, its outer part
lost in a large round white patch tinged with rufous at centre, extending to the
postmedial hne and to below costa ; postmedial hne blackish, strongly bent
outwards below costa, then excurved to vein 4, then double oblique and waved,
an obhque patch formed by two spots to it at vein 6 from apex, a white patch
beyond it between veins 4 and 2, and some black between veins 5 and 3 and
below 2 ; some black suffusion on costa before the obhque white patch ; a ter-
minal series of shght black lunules ; ciha white mixed with some black. Hind-
wing white, the inner area tinged with ochreous ; the veins beyond the cell dark
brown ; the terminal area suffused \\ith dark brown, narrowing to tornus ; a
terminal series of blackish bars defined by white ; ciha wliite ; the underside
150 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
■white, the costal area and terminal area to vein 5 tinged with ochreous and
irrorated with blackish, a black discoidal spot and curved postmedial series of
minute black streaks on the veins.
Hah. Loorenpo UTaxques, 1 $ type. Exp. 40 mill.
431 lo. Tumidifrontia rcseitincta n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax bright rufous, the tegulae white and grey-bro^^n
except at tips, the patagia dark grey-brown except at edges ; antennae with
the shaft whitish above ; abdomen wliitish suffused with grey-brown, the basal
crest, extremity, and anal tuft fiery rufous ; pectus and legs white tinged with
rufous, the tibiae and tarsi more rufous ; ventral surface of abdomen white
mixed with brown. Forewing bright rufous tinged with pink, the antemedial
area chestnut-brown below the cell, the terminal area \\\i\\ a whitish tinge except
towards tornus ; antemedial line double, chestnut-red filled in with white
except below costa, where it is tinged with grey, oblique and shghtly waved ;
claviform defined by chestnut^red, extending to the cell ; orbicular and reiiiform
defined by chestnul^red and rather closely approximated, the former round, the
latter oblique ; postmedial line double, chestnut-red filled in with grey-white
at costa and below vein 2, the inner Line confluent with the outer edge of
the reniform, slightly waved, obUque towards costa, incurved at discal fold,
excurved beyond lower angle of cell, then strongly incurved to near the
antemedial hne, a large black-brown patch be3'ond it from vein 2 to inner
margin ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia bright rufous. Hiiidwing wliite,
the veins beyond the cell and terminal area tinged with brown ; ciUa white and
brown with some rufous at tips. Undeisicc wliite ; forewing with the costa and
a patch in and beyond end of cell suffused with fiery red with a white post-
medial mark on costa, the ciha t'ery red ; hindwing with the terminal half of
costal area irrorated with red-brown and the costa suffused with rufous, a small
rufous discoidal spot and slight sinuous postmedial fine from costa to vein 6.
Ah. 1 . Head and thorax white mixed with rufous ; forewing more uniform
pale rufous, the medial area mixed with white, the terminal area whiter ;
hindwing \^'ith the terminal area faintly tinged with brown, the cilia without
rufous at tips.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Ncave), 4 S type. Exp. 24-26 mill.
44640. Cdymnicdes ferrealis n. sp.
?. Head and thorax pale rufous ; antennae grey-brown ; abdomen grey-
brown ; pectus and legs pale red-brown. Fore\nng pale rufous ; antemedial
line hardly traceable, red-brown, oblique ; orbicular and reniform very faint,
pale, the former round ; a very indistinct brown medial fine, excurved to median
nervure ; postmedial line indistinct, whitish shghtly defined on inner side by
Irown, obUque to vein 6, excurved to vein 4, then obhque and sinuous; sub-
terminal fine faint, whitish defined on inner side by brown marks in the inter-
spaces, shghtly excurved below vein 7 and at middle ; cilia rufous and brown
with a white line at base. Hindwing white, the terminal area suffused with
reddish brown, broadly at costa, nariowing to tornus ; ciha white and brown with
a white hne at base ; the underside with the costal and terminal areas tinged
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 151
and irrorated with brown, a dark-brown disccidal spot and indistinct sinuous
postmedial line.
Hah. Colombia, Minca (H. H. Smith), 1 $ type. Ex-p. 44 mill.
44856. Calymniodes obliquirena n. sp.
(J. Head black, the vertex white tinged with rufous ; thorax rufous mixed
with black-brown ; palpi black-brown and whitish ; abdomen grey suffused
with dark brown and with whitish segmental lines towards extremity, the anal
tuft tinged with rufous. Forewing cupreous red-brown mixed \<ith some
whitish, the antemedial area suffused with black to submedian fold, the terminal
area suffused with fuscous brown except towards toriius and with the veins
blackish ; subbasal Une double, black filled in with whitish, waved, from costa
to vein 1 ; antemedial line double, black filled in with whitish, oblique, sinuous ;
claviform with its extremity defined by black-brown ; orbicular and reniform
with whitish annuU defined by black-brown, the former round, the latter oblique
and sinuous, its centre defined on inner side by black-brown, a black streak
from it to the postmedial line in diseal fold ; medial fine black and oblique to the
reniform, brown and waved below the cell ; postmedial line double, black, bent
outwards below costa, then slightly waved, excurved to diseal fold, then some-
what oblique, some whitish points with black between them beyond it on costa ;
subterminal line whitish, defined on inner side by a wedge-shaped black mark
below costa and by small dentate marks between veins 6 and 3, slightly angled
inwards above vein 7, then sfightly waved ; a fine black terminal Une ; cilia
fuscous and grey with a blackish line near base. Hindwing whitish suffused with
brown, the terminal area brown except towards tornus, a slight blackish dis-
coidal lunula ; ciha whitish and brown with a white line at base followed by a
brown Une ; the underside \\'hite irrorated with black-brown, sUghtly on inner
area, a black discoidal lunule and dark postmedial Une, obUque towards costa
and incurved below vein 3.
Hah. U.S.A, Arizona, Palmerlee, 1 3 type. Exp. 30 mill.
4488a. Calsrmniodes leucopis n. sp.
S. Head and thorax bright red-brown, the tegulae yellowish at tips ; an-
tennae black- brown; abdomen dark cupreous red- brown, the genital tufts ochreous
white ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen dark red-brown, the tarsi
ringed with white. Forewing with the basal area and the terminal half deep
glossy red-brown, the medial area golden yeUow mixed wth bright red-brown ;
an obUque yellowish subbasal bar from costa and yeUowish bar in submedian
interspace with a black-brown spot before it ; antemedial Une double, deep red-
brown filled in with yellowish, the outer line excurved at submedian fold and
incurved at vein 1 ; orbicular a silvery white lunule with its lower extremity
bent outwards to below a small silvery white spot at upper angle of cell, defined
by deep red-brown ; postmedial Une whitish sUghtly defined on each side by
dark red-brown, sUghtly bent outwards below costa, then minutely waved,
excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some white points beyond it on costa ; sub-
terminal Une yellowish white, obUque towards costa and excurved at middle ;
cilia red-brown and whitish with a dark red-brown Une at middle. Hindwing
deep red-brown with a cupreous gloss, the ciUa with a fine whitish Une at base ;
152 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
the underside white strongly irrorated vdth red-brown, the terminal area
suffused with red-brown, a dark red-brown discoidal spot and curved postniedial
line, a series of white points at the extremities of the veins.
Hab. Colombia, R. Dagua, Naranjito, 1 o type. Exp. 22 mill.
4589rt. Chaleopasta sinuata n. sp.
o. Head and thorax dark red-ljrown mixed with grey, the tegulae rufous
with some white scales at tips, the mesothoracic crests rufous at base ; antennae
red-brown ringed with whitish towards base ; palpi dark red-brown, orange-
yellow at base ; abdomen red-brown, the anal tuft yellow ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen orange- yellow. Forewing grey tinged and irrorated
with red-brown ; a brassy-golden spot at base of cell ; antemedial Une dark
red- brown, very oblique, angled outwards below costa, incurved in the cell, then
sinuous, the area before it below the cell irrorated with metalhc gold ; a very
broad obhque brassy-gold Ijand edged by dark lines from below costa beyond
the antemedial line to inner margin, confluent with a very broad brassy-gold
terminal band from lower angle of cell to inner margin, its inner edge bent out-
wards just below the cell and its outer edge excurved in lower angle of cell ;
reniform defined by dark brown, strongly constricted at middle, some metalUc-
gold suffusion in its centre and before it ; postniedial line dark brown, obhque
to vein 6, then defining the inner edge of the terminal band and ending at
lower angle of cell ; the terminal band bent outwards to termen just below apex
and with some grey-white above it on costa ; a faint subterminal punctiform
brown hne, incurved at discal fold and obhque below vein 3 ; a terminal dark
red-brown Une expanding into a semicircular patch between veins 6 and 4 ;
ciUa grey and red-brown with a dark line through them. Hind\\ing whitish
suffused with cupreous brown, the terminal area browner ; cilia ochreous white.
Underside of forewing grey-brown, the costal area reddish ochreous, the termen
grey ; hindwing glossy white tinged with ochreous.
Hab. Mexico, Zacualpan (Miiller), 1 cJ type. Exji. 36 mill.
4591rt. Chaleopasta restricta n. sp.
(J. Head and tegulae whitish suffused with rufous ; thorax dark red-brown
mixed with grey ; antennae whitish tinged with red-brown especially towards
base ; palpi with red-brown mixed tow ards tips ; abdomen red-brown, the anal
tuft reddish ochreous ; pectus and legs red-brown, the tarsi whitish ; ventral
surface of abdomen white tinged with rufous. Forewing grey-wliite mixed
with red-browTi ; a brassy-gold patch in and below base of cell, confluent with
a very broad obhque brassy-gold band from below costa before middle confluent
below the cell with a very broad brassy-gold terminal band arising from below
the costa where its upper edge is obhque, the basal patch not extending below
submedian fold ; the antemedial band defined by dark brown below the cell
and its outer edge by a waved Une to median nervure ; reniform defined by dark
red-brown, strongly constricted at middle ; a punctiform red-brown subter-
minal Une, incurved at discal fold and obhque below vein 3 ; a dark red-brown
terminal Une, ciUa chequered whitish and dark brown. Hindwing with the
basal half whitish tinged with red-brown, the terminal half cupreous red-brown ;
ciUa white with a red-brown Une near base. Underside of forewing grey-brown,
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 163
the costal area white tinged with rufous ; hindwing white faintly irrorated with
brown, a faint curved brown postmedial line. '
Hab. Mexico, Tehuacan (Miiller), 1 <J type. Exp. 36 mill.
4673a. Busseola Juscantis n. sp.
?. Head and thorax fuscous black mixed with some whitish tinged with
rufous, the terminal half of patagia almost entirely whitish tinged with rufous ;
antennae fuscous brown ; abdomen white suffused with fuscous ; pectus, legs,
and ventral surface of abdomen white suffused with red-brown, the tarsi black-
brown ringed with white. Forewing ochreous white tinged with rufous and
irrorated with fuscous black, the costa more thickly irrorated ; white points
in and beyond lower angle of cell with some black-brown scales round them ; a
rather diffused obhque black-brown subterminal Une from vein 6 to inner margin
with black-brown points before it on veins 5 to 1 ; a terminal series of minute
black lunules ; ciUa white with black-brown hne at middle and some black-
brown at tips. Hindwing white tinged with ochreous and the terminal area
faintly with brown ; a sUght brown terminal line ; the underside white, the
costal area and terminal area to vein 2 irrorated with pale red-browTi.
Hah. Er. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 $ type. Exp. 30 mill.
47006. Tridentifrons microsema n. sp.
o. Head and thorax red-brown mixed with some whitish; antennae
wliitish tinged with red-brown ; abdomen white tinged with red-brown ; pectus,
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white mixed with some red-brown. Fore-
wing pale red-brown, the costal area whitish tinged with red-brown, the sub-
mecUan fold rufous, a patch in and below end of cell and the terminal area
tinged with grey-brown, the latter narrowing to a point at apex ; antemedial Une
very inchstinct, red- brown, obhque, waved; a brown point in middle of cell;
reniform very small, with whitish annulus with two white points below and
brown centre, open above and below and with whitish streak before and
beyond it in cUscal fold ; postmedial line very indistinct, red-brown, obhque
to vein 6, incurved at discal fold, obhque and dentate below vein 4 ; an obhque
subterminal series of wedge-shaped chocolate-brown spots in the interspaces
between veins 7 and 3 ; a terminal series of black-brown points ; ciUa whitish
and red-brown. Hindwing white tinged with red-brown ; a brown terminal
hne ; ciha white mixed with red-brown. Under.side white tinged with rufous ;
both wings with sUght brown discoidal spot and curved postmedial Une.
Hab. Java, Sindanglaya, 1 ^ type. Exp. 36 mill.
4726a. Rhyncholita diaperas n. sp.
$. Head ochreous white tinged with rufous ; thorax ochreous white suffused
with rufous, the patagia with a few dark brown scales, the metathorax blackish
beliind ; abdomen whitish, tinged w ith rufous towards base and with brown
towards extremity and irrorated with Ijlackish scales ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen wlutish suffused with rufous, the forelegs dark brown, the
tarsi ringed with white. Forewing ochreous tinged in parts with rufous and
irrorated with dark brown ; a blacldsh subbasal striga from costa and spot below
154 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1 91 8.
the cell ; antemedial line rather indistinct, black, waved, forming small spots
at median nervure and vein 1 ; orbicular vvliite defined by black-brown, oblique
elongate, some black scales in centre ; reniform with white annulus and black
spots in upper and lower parts, elhptical ; an obUque blackish line from costa to
the reniform ; postmedial Hne black, strongly bent outwards below costa, then
rather punctiform, excurved to vein 4, then oblique and shghtly incurved at
submedian fold ; an oblique oehreous- white fascia from apex to the reniform
at discal fold, with red-brown suffusion before it on costal area and some black
points towards apex, and dark red-brown below it diffused over the terminal
area to tornus ; a diffused shghtly waved dark brown subterminal line from
the pale fascia to inner margin ; a terminal series of black points defined on
inner side by wliite, and striga at submedian interspace ; ciha with a black-
brown line through them. Hindwng white tinged with oehreous ; a dark
brown discoidal spot and curved postmedial line ; the terminal area suffused
with brown to vein 2 ; a terminal series of black striae to submedian fold ; the
underside white tinged with oclu-eous and irrorated with red-brown except on
inner area, the discoidal spot black-brown with white striga at centre, the post-
medial line rather maculate and shghtly incurved at discal fold.
Hah. Brazil, Castro Paraiia (D. Jones), 1 ? type. Exp. 21 mill.
Genus Tranoses Schaus.
47266. Tranoses perangulata n. sp.
S. Head white, the vertex shghtly tinged wth rufous ; antennae brownish
except towards base ; palpi rufous with some white above ; thorax white mixed
with rufous ; abdomen rufous, white at base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface
of abdomen white suffused witii rufous. Forewing white irrorated with rufous
and a few dark scales, the interspaces of costal area and the cell streaked with
rufous, the inner area suffused with rufous ; a black point at base of cell ;
antemedial line slight, rufous, very strongly angled outwards below costa and at
submedian fold and inwards in the cell ; minute elongate black spots at middle
and end of cell ; postmedial hne rufous defined on outer side by white, arising
from costa just beyond middle, angled outwards to below apex, then very
oblique to middle of inner margin, a sUght black spot on it at vein 1 ; some
white points with rufous between them on costa towards apex ; an obUque
wedge-shaped rufous fascia from apex to vein 3 before and beyond the post-
medial hne ; a lunulate black terminal line defined on inner side by white ; ciha
rufous with a white hne at base. Hindwing white with a faint red-brown tinge ;
a shghtly waved blackish terminal line from apex to submedian fold. Underside
of forewng wliite suffused with brown except on inner and terminal areas, the
subbasal tuft of hair below costa black, a white fascia through the cell to just
beyond it ; hindwing white, the costal area irrorated with rufous, the inner
margin yellow.
Hnb. Pern, San Domingo lOckenden), I S type. Exp. 2-t mill.
4726f. Tranoses pvmctilinea n. sp.
cJ. Head and thorax oehreous white, the latter slightly irrorated with
brown; palpi at sides, pectus, and legs tinged with red-brown ; abdomen oehreous
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 155
tinged with red-brown. Forewing ochreous white tinged with red-brown and
irrorated with a few black scales especially above vein 1 ; a black point in the
cell near base ; antemedial black points below the costa and cell, above vein 1
and at inner margin, the point above vein 1 nearer the base ; a black point on
each side of the discocellulars at discal fold ; a faint brownish postmedial Une
with series of black points at the veins, very strongly angled outwards below
costa, then obliquely curved to vein 2, then obhque to inner margin, met at its
angle below costa by an obhque rather diffused brown hne from apex, continued
subterminally to inner margin ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing
creamy white. Underside creamy white ; forewing with the costal area tinged
with red-brown, a sinuate brown discoidal spot, the fringe of hair from base of
costa blackish at extremity.
Hah. Colombia, Minca (H. H. Smith), 1 3 type. Exp. 20 mill.
4726(7. Lepteria sacraria n. sp.
$. Head and thorax ochreous white, the thorax irrorated with a few black
scales ; palpi mostly black at sides except at base ; pectus and legs tinged with
brown ; abdomen ochreous wliite, dorsally irrorated with brown. Forewing
ochreous white tinged with flesh pink and shghtly irrorated with brown, the
costal edge blackish towards base ; a faint diffused brownish line just beyond the
ce.l, excurved to vein 4, then obhque ; a faint diffused obhque brownish hne from
apex to inner margin beyond middle ; a series of black points just before termen,
Hindwing creamy white ; a small round black discoidal spot ; some black
irroration on inner margin towards tornus with a more distinct postmedial spot ;
a terminal series of black points. Under.side creamy white ; forewing with the
cell and the costal area to near apex suffused with brown, a small black discoidal
spot ; hindwing irrorated with brown.
Ab. 1. Palpi without black at sides; forewing with obhque black band
irrorated with white scales replacing the subterminal hne from vein 5 to iimer
margin, where it is diffused to tornus, the black points before termen stronger
and with black marks beyond them on the ciha beyond them below veins 5, 4,
2 and at tornus ; hindwing with the terminal black points stronger.
Hah. Pern, Aqualani (Ockenden), 2 § type. Exp. 24 mill.
4749a. Acrapex roseola n. sp.
?. Head and thorax pale pink mixed with some fuscous brown ; antennae
brownish ; palpi dark brown ; pectus, legs, and abdomen whitish suffused with
brown. Forewing pale pink ; some black irroration on costal half of basal
area ; a sUght white streak on median nervure with some black scales near it,
ending in shght white spots in and beyond lower angle of cell with a group of
black scales between them ; two black points on costa towards apex and sub-
terminal black points on veins 5, 4, 3 ; a terminal series of black bars ; ciha
white, tinged with pink at base and with some black-brown scales at middle and
tips. Hindwing white tinged wth brown. Underside white tinged with brown,
the costal areas of both wings irrorated with red-brown.
Hah. Er. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 2 ? type. Exp. .SO mill.
156 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XX\^ I9I8.
Genus Pachygnathesis nov.
Type : P. siuamata.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint reach-
ing to vertex of head, broadly scaled above and very broadly below, the scales
being much produced at its extremity, the 3rd moderate and thickly scaled;
frons smooth with large tuft of hair above ; eyes lajge, round ; antennae of
male bipectinate with long branches to apex ; thorax clothed almost entirely
with scales and without crests ; tibiae smoothly scaled, the spurs long ; abdomen
smoothly scaled and without crests. Forewing with the apex rounded, the
termen evenly curved and not crenulate ; vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4, 5
from angle ; G from just below upper angle ; 7 from angle ; 8, 9 stalked ; 10, 11
stalked and anastomosing with 8, 9 to form the areole ; the male with slight
fovea at upper angle of ceU and costal fold to end of cell on underside. Hind-
wing with veins 3, l from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocel-
lulars ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from the other genera with an areole in the forewdng having
vein 7 from the cell, veins 8, 9 stalked, 10, 11 stalked and anastomosing with
8, 9 to form the areole.
47-t9a. Pachygnathesis sguamata n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax ochreous ; antennae dark brown, the .shaft whitish ;
palpi ochreous mixed with red-brown, the 3rd joint whitish with dark ring at
middle ; abdomen ochreous white ; pectus and legs whitish suffused with
brown, the fore tarsi dark brown ringed with wliite. Forewing ochreous white
suffused in parts with red-brown except towards base, the costa suffused with
red-browTi to base ; small subbasal and antemedial black spots on costa ; a
small antemedial black spot below median nervure and another at middle of
cell with some raised white scales on them, and a similar spot at middle of inner
margin ; a red^brown postmedial shade with black spots in the interspaces with
tufts of raised white scales on them, the spots arising below the costa and the
shade incurved below vein 5 ; the costal area towards apex and the terminal area
more strongly suffused with red-brown, with some whitish points on costa with
darker brown between them ; an indistinct ochreous subterminal line, slightly
excurved below vein 7 and at middle and angled at veins 4, 3 ; a terminal series
of dark points ; ciUa red-brown mixed with some ochreous white. Hindwing
ochreous white ; a diffused medial brown line from vein 6 to inner margin ;
an interrupted rcd-browii terminal line except towards tornus ; the ciUa
with red-brown mixed except towards tornus ; the underside with red-brown
discoidal bar, rather diffused curved postmedial hue and the terminal area
suffused with red-brown.
Hah. Louisiade Is., Rossel I. (Meek). I J type, St. Aignan I. (Meek). 2 (J.
Exp. 24 mill.
4776o. Conicofrontia mesoscia n. .sp.
$. Head and thorax pale rufous mixed with some whitish ; antennae rufous ;
pectus, legs, and abdomen whitish mixed with rufous. Forewing whitish shghtly
tinged with flesh colour and irrorated with brown ; a wedge-shaped rufous shade
along median nervure from base to the po.stmedial Une from vein 5 to submedian
NO-PITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1018. 157'
fold, leaving the median nervure and the vei. s arising from it whitish;
s ight black points in and below middle of cell and a small discoidal spot ; a
postmedial series of black points in the interspaces from vein 6 to submedian fold
with some black scales beyond them on the veins, incurved below vein 4 ; a
terminal series of minute black spots ; ciUa red-brown mixed with some whitish.
Hindwing whitish tinged with red-brown and the inner area with rufous ; a
faint brown discoidal lunule and curved postmedial line ; a terminal series of
blackish bars ; the underside sUghtly irrorated with blackish, the postmedial
line with slight dark streaks at the veins.
Hah. Natal, Durban (Clark), 1 $ type. Exp. 42 mill.
4816a. Callyna melanosema n. sp.
?. Head and thorax deep purphsh red-brown irrorated with a few whitish
scales ; antennae black ; frons with white bars at sides and its lower part white ;
palpi white mixed with rufous : abdomen black-brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen white mixed with black ; the tarsi black ringed with white.
Forewing deep purphsh red-brown ; the basal area strongly irrorated \vith grey-
white ; antemedial line blackish, oblique, sinuous, with a band of grey-white
irroration before and beyond it to submedian fold ; orbicular defined by grey-
white scales, round ; reniform defined by grey-white points and with small spot
at middle of outer edge defined by blackish ; a faint erect brown line from lower
angle of cell to inner margin ; postmedial Une blackish defined on each side by
a band of grey-wliite irroration to vein 4, obhque to vein 6, then somewhat
dentate and produced to short streaks on the veins, some whitish points beyond
it on costa and a velvety black patch between veins 6 and 4 before the sub-
terminal Une, wliich is formed by grey-wliite scales, small black spots before it
below veins 4 and 3 ; a series of shght whitish marks in the interspaces before
termen. Hindwing dark brown with a slight cupreous gloss ; ciUa white with
a dark brown line near base, whoUy brown towards apex and with some brown
scales at tips at middle ; the underside white irrorated with brown, the terminal
area suffused with dark brown, a dark discoidal spot and curved postmedial hne.
Hab. Ceylon, Haragama (Mackwood), 1 ? type. Exp. 32 mill.
4817o. Callyna chalcoperas n. sp.
c?. Head and thorax dark glossy red-brown ; antennae black-brown, the
basal joint white in front ; abdomen fuscous brown tinged with grey ; pectus
and legs dark red-brown mixed with grey, the tarsi ringed with whitish. Fore-
vnng dark glossy red-brown tinged and sUghtly irrorated with grey ; a minute
whitish subbasal point on costa ; antemedial line brown, oblique, waved, with
a minute whitish point at costa ; an ochreous wliite point at middle of cell and
indistinct discoidal bar ; a diffused curved brown medial hne, touching the dis-
coidal bar ; postmedial hne dark brown defined on inner side by whitish scales
towards costa, curved, dentate, and produced to shght whitish points at the
veins from vein 6 to inner margin, some shght wliitish points beyond it on costa ;
subterminal Une faint, pale defined on inner side by a darker-brown shade,
shghtly waved and somewhat excurved below vein 7 and at middle ; the apex
pale cupreous brown ; ciUa cupreous red-brown with a fine whitish Une at base.
Hindwing fuscous brown with a cupreous gloss ; ciUa cupreous red-brown with
jgg NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
a fine whitish line at base ; the underside grey-white suffused with dark-brown
except below the cell, extending on terminal area to submedian fold, dark medial
shade from costa to median nervure and diffused curved postmediai hne.
Hab. Philippines, Manila (Ledyard), 1 o type. Exp. 40 mill.
Erastrianae.
50046. Acidahodes irrorata n. sp.
9. Head, thorax, and abdomen brown mixed with grey-white ; antennae
whitish tinged with red-brown ; palpi, pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen white mixed with some red-brown. Forewing grey-white mixed with
red-brown and irrorated with dark brown ; two subbasal red-brown spots on
costa ; an indistinct shghtly sinuous brown antemedial band with a red-brown
spot at costa ; a sUght bro\vn spot at middle of cell and discoidal bar defined
on outer side by whitish ; postmediai hne dark brown, excurved to vein 6,
slightly incurved and forming a small spot at discal fold, strongly incurved below
vein 4 ; an indistinct sinuous whitish subterminal line with a shght brown spot
on its outer side at submedian fold ; the apical area obUquely whitish tinged
with red-brown to vein 3. Hindwing reddish brown mixed with some grey and
irrorated with darker brown ; a shght dark discoidal spot and faint waved post-
medial and subterminal lines. Underside grey-brown, the terminal areas of
both wings whitish.
Hab. Peru, R. Uncayale, Contamino, 1 ? tjrpe. Exp. 12 mill.
5022e. Phobolosia mediahs n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen white mixed with red-brown and dark
bro\vn, the anal tuft cupreous brown ; antennae brown, ringed with white
towards base ; palpi red-browm, the 3rd joint white ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen dark brown mixed with some grey, the tarsi ringed with
white. Forewing white thickly striated with dark brown, the basal costal area,
medial, and apical areas darker, the rest of terminal area mostly white ; an
indistinct dark subbasal hne from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial hne
black-brown defined on each side by white, forming a small spot at costa,
shghtly incurved at median nervure and incurved towards inner margin ; a
black-brown discoidal spot ; postmediai hne dark brown defined on outer side
by white, forming a small black-browTi spot at costa, excurved to vein 4, then
oblique, incurved at submedian fold and excurved at vein 1 , some white points
beyond it on costa with black-brown marks between them ; subterminal hne white
with a trown shade before it, broad towards costa, excurved below costa and at
middle ; a black terminal hne defined on inner side by wliite ; ciha white at base,
brown mixed with some white at tips. Hindwing white, the inner area tinged
with red-brown ; a slight dark discoidal spot ; traces of a curved postmediai
line ; a black-brown terminal hne with a slight dark shade before it ; ciha white
wdth a series of small dark-brown spots. Underside of forewing white suffused
with dark reddish brown, the postmediai hne dark and obUque to vein 4, then
inwardly obUque, faint and diffused ; hindwing with the costal area irrorated
with brown, the discoidal spot dark, the postmediai hne dark, shghtly excurved
below costa and strongly at middle.
Hah. W. Colombia, San Antonio (Palmer), 1 o type. E.vp. 20 mill.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 159
5022h. Photolosia micralis n. sp.
9. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-white mixed with reddish brown ;
antennae dark brown ringed with whitish, the basal joint white ; palpi, pectus,
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen except at extremity white suffused with
rufous. Forewing grey-white tinged with red-brown and irrorated with dark
brown ; traces of double antemedial, medial, postmedial, and subterminal
dark Unes and of a dark discoidal spot ; the terminal half of costa dark brown,
with oblique white striae from it ; the terminal area red-brown with a deep
rufous terminal line ; cilia whitish tinged with rufous. Hindwing grey- white
suffused with red-brown and slightly irrorated with dark-brown. Underside
whitish suffused with red-brown, the hindwing with small dark discoidal spot.
Hab. Mexico, Teapa, Tabasco (H. H. Smith), 1 $ type. Exp. 14 mill.
5Q221. Phobolosia argentifera n. sp.
(J. Head whitish tinged with yellow ; antennae yellow ringed with brown ;
frons dark brown at sides ; palpi dark browTi, the 3rd joint whitish ; thorax
and abdomen yellow ; pectus and legs whitish suffused with yellow. Forewing
yellow, the basal area with some yellowish white except towards costa and the
basal half irrorated with a few black-brown scales ; the costal edge black-browTi
towards base ; a slight subbasal brown streak below costa ; an obliquely curved
brown antemedial line from costa to discal fold and an obUque brown striga
from costa above end of cell ; an oblique silvery discoidal bar bent outwards
below the cell to join a slight silvery streak in submedian fold from near base to
termen ; a silvery streak on inner margin from near termen ; an obliquely
curved postmedial yellowish white band from veins 7 to 2 with rather diffused
outer edge ; some minute brown points on costa towards apex ; a terminal
series of black-brown striae defined on inner side by silvery spots ; ciha inter-
sected with brown except at base. Hindwing yeDow, the base, costal area, and
submedian fold yellowish white ; a blackish postmedial Hue from vein 5 to sub-
median fold with a patch of silvery irroration from before it to termen ; a rather
diffused blackish subterminal bar between veins 4 and 2 ; a fine black terminal
line from below apex to vein 2 ; cilia with some blacldsh scales at tips. Under-
side creamy white irrorated with red-brown ; forewing with the costa yellow
except towards base, a brown discoidal spot with bar above it from costa, a
curved brown postmedial line from costa to vein 2, some brown spots beyond it
on costa, a terminal series of black points from below apex to vein 3 ; hindw ing
with red-brown discoidal spot, postmedial line curved to vein 2, then oblique
to submedian fold near termen, a punctiform black-brown terminal line from
apex to vein 3.
Hob. Brazil, Amazons, Paraiia de Buyassu (Austen), 1 <J type. Exp. 20
miU.
Genus Oediblemma nov.
Type: Oe. trojoptera.
Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect, extending about one and a half
times length of head and fringed with hair above and below, the 3rd joint short ;
frons with large rounded prominence ; eyes large, round ; antennae of female
ciUated ; thorax clothed almost entirely with scales and without crests ; tibiae
160- NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
smoothly scaled ; abdomen smoothly scaled and without crests. Forewing
with the costa moderately arched towards apex, which is produced and acute,
the termen excised below apex, strongly excurved between veins 5 and 3, then
again excised, sUghtly waved ; veins 3, 4 stalked ; 5 from just above angle of
cell ; 0 from below upper angle ; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing
with the termen produced to a point at vein 7, excurved at veins 4 and 3, then
excised and produced to a point at vein 2 ; veins 3, 4 stalked ; 5 somewhat
obsolescent from just below middle of discoceUulars ; 6, 7 from upper angle ;
8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Phoenicophanla in the palpi being porrect and fringed
with hair above and below, in the irregular outline of the wings, and veins 3, 4
being stalked.
5025a. Oediblemma trogoptera n. sp.
$. Head and thorax white slightly tinged with rufous ; antennae more
rufous ; pectus, legs, and abdomen white mixed with rufous and dark brown
scales. Forewing wth the basal area white mixed with some rufous and a few
black scales, the rest of wing rufous slightly mixed with whitish, the medial
area rather darker except towards costa ; a rufous subbasal striga from costa ;
antemedial hne reddish ochreous defined on each side by deep rufous and black
scales except towards costa, slightly waved ; an obUque red-brown discoidal
striga produced on base of veins 4, 3 ; an indistinct oblique dark shade from
lower angle of cell to inner margin ; a faint obUque whitish postmedial line
from costa to discal fold, in which there is a black-brown streak from it to near
termen, the patch above it on costal area rather deeper rufous mixed with some
whitish and dark brown ; some black-brown points before termen from below
costa to vein 5, where there is a white point defined on each side by black ; some
black points on termen below apex, a minute spot below vein 3 and a striga
above tornus. Hindwing rufous with a greyish tinge and irrorated with a few
black scales ; a black discoidal point ; a rather diffused oblique dark postmedial
line from vein 6 to inner margin ; three indistinct waved red-brown subterminal
hnes almost obsolete towards costa ; a dark red-brown terminal hne ; ciha
yellowish with some fiery red at tips at middle and some black scales at tornus.
Underside of the wing whitish tinged with rufous and irrorated with red-brown,
on inner area with dark brown, a blackish discoidal striga, blackish points before
termen between veins 7 and 4 and on termen at middle ; hindwing whitish
tinged with red-brown and irrorated with dark brown, a black discoidal point,
sinuous brown medial Une, postmedial line red-brown, angled outwards below
costa, then slightly waved and with black line from submedian fold to tornus,
a faint waved subterminal hne and some slight black lunules on termen.
Hob. Transvaal, Pretoria, Pienaars R. (Distant), 1 ? type. Exp. 28 mill
5028o. Catoblerama renalis n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen white mixed with some pale red-brown ;
palpi with the 3rd joint red-brown tipped with white ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen wiiite tinged with rufous. Forewing white mixed with some
rufous, the terminal area suffused with rufous ; a subbasal black point below
costa ; traces of a rufous antemedial line ; a white discoidal bar defined by
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 161
dark brown and with traces of a rufous line from it to inner margin ; postmedial
line indistinct, double, rufous filled in with white, very slightly waved, excurved
to vein 4, then obUque, some small dark brown spots beyond it on costa ; a
waved white subterminal hne, excurved between veins 4 and 2 and crossed by
dark brown streaks on veins 4, 3 from before it to termen ; a black- brown ter-
minal line defined on inner side by white ; ciUa rufous. Hindwing white tinged
with rufous : a dark brow n terminal line ; the underside white, a shght brown
discoidal spot, curved postmedial line and subterminal shade.
Hah. Borneo, Sarawak (Wallace), 1 $ tjrpe. Exp. 24 mill.
5028c. Catoblemma cremoma n. sp.
5. Head, thorax, and abdomen white faintly tinged with reddish ochreous,
the palpi and forelegs more strongly tinged. Forewing white faintly tinged with
reddish ochreous, and very slightly irrorated with fuscous, the costal area pure
white, narrowing to apex. Hindwing creamy white. Underside uniform
creamy white.
Hub. Tunis, Tozeur (Champion), 1 ? type. Exp. 22 mill.
5057a. E]nispa albida n. sp.
Head and thorax white ; antennae brown except above ; frons and palpi
black-biown ; abdomen wliite tinged with ochreous brown ; pectus and legs
white tinged with ochreous brown. Forewing irrorated with some ochreous
brown and black scales ; an iU-defined antemedial mark on costa formed by
black scales ; a small discoidal spot formed by black scales with a diffused dark
mark above it on costa ; a shght diffused dark postmedial mark on costa ; a
subterminal black point above vein 7 and a slight diffused mark at discal fold ;
some black points on termen. Hindwing white irrorated with ochreous brown
and black ; a shght discoidal mark formed by black scales and some shght black
points on termen. Underside white tinged with ochreous brown and irrorated
with dark brown.
Hob. Gold Coast, Kumasi (Sanders), 1 ?' type ; Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje
(Neave), 1 (J. Exp. 14 mill.
5061a. Enispa rufapicia n. sp.
<J. Head and thorax white ; antennae rufous except towards base ; palpi
tinged with rufous ; abdomen white, tinged with rufous except towards base ;
pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white, the forelegs tinged with
rufous. Forewing wliite, the costa rufous to end of cell, then the whole apical
area suffused with bright rufous to termen at vein 2 ; minute black subbasal,
antemechal, and medial points on costa ; postmedial hne rufous, strongly angled
outwards below costa, then obUque to middle of inner margin, some minute
wliite points beyond it on costa ; an obhque white subterminal hne defined on
each side by rufous from below apex to inner margin ; a terminal series of black
points defined on inner side by white ; cilia rufous mixed with some wliite.
Hindwing white tinged in parts with pale red-brown leaving a white terminal
band ; a rather diffused obUque rufous antemedial hne and a similar less dis-
tinct postmedial hne ; a pale red-brown subterminal shade ; some slight rufous
11
162 N0V^TATKS ZOOLOC.ICAE XXV. 1918.
striae on termen to" ards apex ; cilia tinged with pale red-brown. Underside
of forewing white, suffused with reddish brown except on inner area ; hindwing
creamy white with the ante- and postmedial lines faint.
Hah. Ceylon, Peradeniya (Green), 1 S type. Exp. 14 mill.
Genus TroJccraspis nov.
Type: T. durhanica.
Proboscis aborted and minute ; palpi porrect, extending about the length of
head, the 2nd joint fringed with hair above except at base, the 3rd minute and
thickly scaled ; frons with rounded prominejice thickly clothed with scales ;
eyes large, round ; antennae of male somewhat laminate and sUghtly ciliated ;
thorax clothed almost entirely with scales and without crests ; fore and mid
tibiae moderately fringed \vit\i scales and the 1st joint of tarsi with small tufts
of scales above, the hind tibiae strongly tufted with scales towards extremity
and the 1st joint of tarsus with large tuft of scales above ; abdomen with some
rough hair at base of dorsum but without crests. Forewing with the costa
slightly excised at middle and arched towards apex, which is produced to a
rather rounded lobe, the termen excised below apex and strongly excurved at
middle ; then again excised, not crenulate ; veins 3, 4 stalked ; 5 from just
above angle of cell ; 6 from below- upper angle ; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked ; 1 1 from cell.
Hindwing with the termen excurved at vein 7, then excised, produced and
somewhat falcate at vein 3, then again excised and excurved at vein 2 ; the
cell about one-third length of wing ; veins 3, 4 stalked ; 5 nearly fuUj- developed
from below middle of discocellulars ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing
with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Cantaeschra in the forewing having veins 3, 4 stalked.
5072a. Trogocraspis durbanica n. sp.
(J. Head white shghtly tinged with rufous ; thorax and abdomen rufous
excised with some white and a few dark brown scales. Fore\ving with the basal
area grey-wliite with a small red-brown spot at base of costa and its outer edge
oblique, the rest of wing rufous irrorated with a few dark brown scales ; traces
of a brown antemedial line : an indistinct diffused brown medial Hne, oblique
to subcostal nervure, then erect ; an obUque black brown discoidal striga ;
postmedial line oblique and wliite to vein 6, then faint and waved, obUque below
vein 4 ; a triangular grey-white patch on costal area before the subterminal
series of black-brown points, angled outwards at middle ; a brown terminal
Une. Hindwing grey-white suffused with rufous except on costal and inner
areas and irrorated with a few dark brown scales ; obUque dark brown medial
and postmedial lines and some dark subterminal marks from vein 4 to tornus ;
a fine dark brown terminal line. Underside white suffused with red-brown and
irrorated with dark brown ; forewing with oblique dark medial hne, oblique
waved postmedial hne, and subterminal series of dark spots defined on inner
side by diffused white and excurved at middle ; hindwing with diffused dark
medial line excurved by vein 4 ; minutely waved postmedial line with a dark
shade beyond it, and subterminal series of blackish spots with a whitish shade
before them and incurved at discal fold.
Hai). ITatal, Durban (Gueinzius), 1 cJ type. Exp. 26 mill.
NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 163
5086a. Eublemma rufolineata n. sp.
?. Head and thorax white, the tegulae, antennae, and palpi suffused with
rufous ; abdomen white tinged with rufous ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface
of abdomen white suffused with rufous. Forewing white tinged with rufous ;
an indistinct diffused brownish antemedial Hne, incurved in the cell, angled
outwards at median nervure, then obUque ; an obhque brownish bar from
middle of costa and bright rufous hne from cell to inner margin ; a bright rufous
point in discal fold beyond the cell ; postmedial hne faint, brownish, excurved
to vein 4 ; subterminal line white, obhque from apex, then shghtlj' waved, some
rufous suffusion before it at discal fold, excurved to near termen above and
below vein 4, where there is some red-brown before it, and with some brown
suffusion beyond it in submedian interspace ; a fine brown terminal hne. Hind-
wing white tinged with rufous, the terminal area tinged with brown ; a strong
incurved deep rufous medial hne with some deep rufous irroration between it
and the faint diffused red-brown postmedial Une ; subterminal hne whitish
defined on inner side by a rather maculate chocolate-brown shade, excurved to
near termen at veins 4, 3 ; a fine brown terminal hne. Underside white tinged
with rufous, the hindwing with the terminal area suffused with brown to vein 2.
Hab. Iiouisiade Is., St. Aignan (Meek), 1 S type. Exj). 20 mill.
5107a. Eublemma melasima n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen white suffused with brown ; anteimae dark
brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with rufous.
Forewing white suffused with red-brown ; a subbasal black point on costa ;
antemedial hne straight, dark, sinuous, with a black point at costa ; a minute
black spot at middle of cell and round black discoidal spot ; medial hne indis-
tinct, dark, excurved beyond the ceU ; postmedial hne indistinct, blackish,
sinuous ; traces of a curved subterminal hne. Hindwing white suffused with
reddish brown ; a blackish hne from lower angle of ceU to inner margin ; a faint
dark postmedial line ; subterminal hne defined on inner side by a rather diffused
blackish hne and on outer by blackish points, shghtly sinuous ; a terminal
series of blackish points. Underside wliitish suffused and irrorated with brow n.
Hah. IT. ITigeria, Zungeru (Simpson), 1 ? type. Exp. 16 miU.
5124rt. Eublemma rufimixta n. sp.
Head, thorax, and abdomen grey mixed with blaclv-brown, the thorax
behind the tegulae and base of abdomen tinged with rufous ; antennae black-
brown, ringed \vith whitish towards base ; pectus, femora, and ventral surface
of abdomen whitish ; tarsi black-browTi ringed with white. Forewing grey
mixed with black-brown and more or less strongly suffused with rufous, the
medial area and a patch at middle of postmedial area more strongly suffused ;
subbasal and antemedial lines black-brown expanding into triangular spots at
costa, the former ending at submedian fold, the latter waved ; a minute red-
brown point in middle of cell, a rather figure-of-eight-shaped discoidal spot \vith
whitish points in upper and lower parts ; medial hne with triangular black
spots at costa, then red-brown, excurved beyond the cell and waved below it ;
postmedial hne black shghtly defined on outer side by white, expanding into
164 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
a triangular mark at costa, then curved, slightly incurved at discal fold and
angled inwards at submedian fold, some whitish points with black between
them beyond it on costa ; subterminal hne black sUghtly defined on outer
side by white, dentate ; a rufous mark before it above vein 6 ; a lunulate black
terminal line. Hindwing grey suffused with brown and irrorated with black,
thj terminal area dark slate-giey, the submedian fold pale ; small medial black
spots below end of cell and above inner margin ; postmedial line black, sinuous,
arising at vein 6 and interrupted at submedian fold ; subterminal hne blackish
defined on inner side by wliitish and with some rufous suffusion before it at
middle, dentate ; the terminal area sometimes tinged with rufous below vein 4 ;
a terminal series of black striae ; ciha with some rufous at base and towards
tornus. Underside whitish ; forewing suffused with red-brown except on inner
area ; liindwing with the costal area irrorated wth red-brown, a postmedial
series of minute dark streaks on the veins and diffused subterminal line.
Ab. 1. Thorax, base of abdomen, and the forewing to the postmedial line
and the patch beyond it at middle bright rufous.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 o, 2 9 type ; Portuguese I!. Africa,
near Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 ?. Exp. 20-24 mill.
5151a. Eublemma pyrochroa n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and base of abdomen white mixed with some purplish pink,
the rest of abdomen bright fiery red mixed with some white ; antennae white
tinged with pale red-brown. Forewing white mixed with purplish pink, the
costal area almost entirely white, the terminal area almost entirely fiery red
except at costa ; an indistinct fiery red antemedial line, excurved at submedian
fold ; an indistinct fiery red medial hne, excurved beyond the cell ; postmedial
line fiery red shghtly defined on outer side by white, excurved to vein 4 with a
slight inward curve at discal fold, then sinuous ; a subterminal series of black
points defined on inner side by white, incurved at discal fold ; a fine whitish
line at base of cilia. Hindwing purpUsh pink mixed with some wliite especially
towards base, the terminal area fiery red, the costal area white to near apex,
the inner margin white ; an incUstinct reddish hne from lower angle of cell to
inner margin and curved postmedial hne ; a subterminal series of black points
sUghtly defined on inner side by whitish ; a fine whitish hne at base of ciha.
Underside white ; forewing tinged with rufous and irrorated with red-brown
except on inner area ; hindwing with the terminal area irrorated with red-brown.
?. Wings bright fiery purphsh red with hardly any whitish except at base
of forewing and on costal area of both wings.
Ab. 1. Forewing white mixed with red-brown, the costal area white ; hind-
wing rufous mixed with some white.
Hab. Gold Coast, Bibianaha (Spurrell), 1 ?, Kumasi (Sanders), 1 (J type ;
Br. C. Africa, FvUO Valley (Neave), 1 ?. Exp. 22-24 mill.
5170(1. Eublemma hemichiona n. sp.
S- Head, thorax, and abdomen pure white ; antennae brown. Forewing
pure white to the medial hne with an antemedial black and rufous point at
costa ; medial line black, shghtly angled outwards at discal and submedian
folds, a dark brown band beyond it with some purple-grey mixed, a fiery red
NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXV. 1918. 165
patch at costa and slight fiery red mark at inner margin, deSned on outer side
by a sinuous blackish line with a white patch beyond it at costa and red-brown
marks beyond the angles of cell ; subterminal hne whitish defined on inner side
by purple-brown suffusion and with some rufous at costa, angled outwards at
vein 7, excurved at middle and incurved above and below middle, a black spot
beyond it below costa and points above and below submedian fold ; the terminal
area pale purple-grey with a series of red-brown points on termen ; ciUa white.
Hindwing pure white, the terminal area tinged with brown except towards
tornus ; a terminal series of dark-brown points ; ciha white. Underside white ;
forewing suffused with brown except on inner area, the costal area white tinged
with rufous to beyond middle, then uith two white spots.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 S type. Exp. 20 mill.
5173a. Eublemma fiavibasis n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale red-brown tinged with grey, the last
with some whitish at base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white,
the tarsi and extremity of abdomen suffused with red-brown. Forewing \vith
the basal area yellow tinged with rufous to middle of costa and on inner margin
to well before middle ; medial hne black slightly defined on inner side by white,
sinuous, defining the basal area ; the terminal half deep purplish red mixed
with some grey-brown ; an obliq ;e whitish subterminal line defined on outer
side by slight black points. Hindwing yellowish red-brown slightly mixed with
whitish ; ciha pale red-brown, whitish at tips. Underside of forewing red-
brown ; hindwing yellowish tinged with red-brown, the terminal half of costal
area suffused with rufous.
HoJj. Br. E. Africa (Hinde), 1 ? type. E.vp. 20 mill.
5213(7. Eublemma flavescens n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged in parts with j'ellow, especially
the outer edge of patagia and the dorsum of abdomen except towards base ;
antennae and palpi ochreous yellow ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen
white, the tibiae and tarsi tinged with ochreous yellow. Forewing wliite
suffused \sith yellow ; an ill-defined slightly waved white antemedial hne ; the
medial area yellower except towards costa, its outer edge representing the medial
line, sUghtly incurved at discal and submedian folds and \vith a broad diffused
white area beyond it ; a sUght oblique black discoidal bar ; the postmedial
line absent ; traces of a whitish subterminal line, excurved below vein 7 and
at middle. Hindwing white tinged with yellow, the terminal area tinged with
brownish yellow to vein 2. Underside white ; forewing suffused with brownish
yellow except on inner area ; hindwing tinged with yellow.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 S type. E.xik 18 mill.
52S3f,'. Eublemma exanimis n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with rufous ; antennae pale
rufous, brown towards tips. Forewing silvery white, the basal half tinged mth
pale rufous ; an oblique pale rufous subterminal shade arising from apex, with
some black scales on it from costa to vein 6 and a short black streak at discal
16G NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
fold. Hindwing silvery white, tinged with pale rufous towards base and on
apical area. Underside white, the forewing irrorated with red-brown except
on inner area.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Manje Plateau, 6,5Uu ft. (Neave), I o type. Exp. 16
miU.
5310a. Holocryptis albida n. sp.
<J. Head, thorax, and abdomen pure white ; frons, palpi, and forelegs tinged
with red-brown. Forewing white ; a blaclc point in the cell towards extremity
and minute subterminal points above and below vein 5. Hindwing white tinged
with red-brown ; a faint curved white postmedial band and narrow terminal
band. Underside of forewing suffused with brown ; hindwing wliite, the costal
area and terminal area to vein 2 suffused with pale red-brown, a shght curved
brown postmedial Une defined on outer side by white to vein 2.
Hab. Gold Coast, Bibianaha (Spurrell), 1 3 type. E.\:p. 12 mill.
5314a. Hasmaphlebia phaeomicta n. sp.
Wings with the termen shghtly crenulate.
$. Head, thorax, and abdomen white faintly tinged with red-brown and
mixed with dark brown ; antennae whitish tinged with red- brown ; palpi
black-brown, the 2nd and 3rd joints whitish at extremities ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with brown, the legs irrorated with
dark brown. Forewing white tinged with red-brown and mixed with dark
brown ; a dark subbasal striga from costa ; antemedial line dark brown, sinuous ;
two rather diffused waved dark brown mecUal lines ; postmedial line indistinct,
dark, curved and slightly waved, a black-brown mark beyond it between veins
5 and 3 and some white points on costa with dark brown between them ; a
faint slightly waved whitish subterminal line defined on outer side by small
black-brown spots in the interspaces ; a series of small black-brown spots before
termen. Hindwing wliite tinged with reddish brown and irrorated with black-
brown ; two indistinct sinuous blackish medial lines ; postmedial fine incUstinct,
blackish, minutely dentate to vein 2, shghtly angled inwards at discal fold and
incurved at submedian fold ; an indistinct waved whitish subterminal line
defined on outer side by black scales ; a crenulate dark terminal line forming
minute black spots at the interspaces. Underside white tinged witli red-brow n
and irrorated with dark brown ; hindwing with faint dark ante- and post-
medial lines, the latter incurved at submedian fold, and traces of a waved
subterminal Une.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Xeave), 1 ? type. Exp. 24 mill.
5316fl. Toana excisa n. sp.
Antennae of male with scale-teeth at the joints and fasciculate cilia ; hind-
wing with the termen strongly excised at discal fold.
Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown mixed with wJiite, the last with
dark segmental lines except towards base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen with more white, the tarsi dark brown ringed with white. Forewing
dark brown mixed with white ; a black-brown subbasal bar from costa ; ante-
NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918. 167
medial line black-brown ; double towards costa, exeurved to median nervure,
then incurved ; medial line indistinctly double, dark brown filled in with white,
waved ; a black-brown discoidal spot ; postmedial line double, black-brown
filled in with white, oblique to vein 7, exeurved to discal fold, then incurved and
exeurved at submedian fold ; the costal area deep chocolate-brown with three
oblique wliite striae from costal towards the subterminal Une, which is white
broadly defined on inner side by chocolate- brown, exeurved below vein 7 ard
at middle ; a terminal series of small black spots defined on inner side by white
striae ; ciha dark brown. Hindwing white mixed with reddish brown, the
terminal half of inner area chocolate-brown mixed with white ; postmedial line
white defined on each side by chocolate-brown marks, arising at discal folil,
sinuous ; subterminal hne wliitish defined on inner side by chocolate-brown,
sinuous, a small dark-brown spot defined on outer side by white before it at
inner margin ; three small black spots defined on inner side by white striae on
termen between discal and submecUan folds. Underside grey-white suffused
with brown ; forewing with white points on terminal half of costa ; hindwing
with dark discoidal bar and faint sinuous brown postmedial line with small white
spot beyond it on termen at discal fold.
Hah. Jamaica, Constant Springs (Walsingham), 1 (J type. Balaclava
(CockereU), 1 ?. Exp. 12 mill.
31566. Toana perangulata n. sp.
Forewing with vein 9 absent.
(J. Head and thorax yellow tinged with rufous ; antennae brownish ; palpi
dark brown towards tips ; abdomen ochreous with some fiery red at base and
brown towards extremity ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen yellow
tinged with red-brown. Forewing yellow tinged with rufous and irrorated wth
some brown especially on costal area to end of cell ; a purplish red and brown
antemedial striga from costa and oblique line from discal fold beyond middle of
cell to inner margin ; postmedial hne dark brown and purplish red, very oblique
from costa to discal fold well beyond the cell, then inwardly obhque, some fiery
red irroration beyond its angle and the veins of terminal area streaked with fiery
red ; a terminal series of black striae. Hindwing yellowish irrorated with
dark brown and some red especially on costal half ; sUght medial dark brown
spots at submedian fold and inner margin ; a terminal series of black striae.
Underside yellowish tinged with fiery red and irrorated with some dark brown ;
forewing with the inner area whitish, a medial black striga from costa, the post-
medial line dark brown, ending at submedian fold ; hindwing with black point
at lower angle of cell, postmedial hne brown with small black spots at costa
and discal fold, where it is acutely angled outwards, oblique towards costa and
inner margin.
Hah. Ceylon, Kandy (Mackwood), 1 S type. Exp. 18 mill.
5319a. Toana flaviceps n. sp.
Head and tegulae yellow tinged with red-brown ; thorax and abdomen
grey-brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish suffused with
brown. Forewing uniform glossy grey-brown with a small black spot at lower
168 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
angle of cell and blackish point at upper angle. Hindwing uniform glossy grey-
brown. Underside uniform grey-brown with a reddish-brown tinge.
Hah. Br. E. Africa, Kikuyu Escarpment, Ibea (Doh.Tty), 1 ij, 2 ? type.
Ex-p. 16 mill.
Genus Lophocerynea no v.
Type: Phanaspu pmuiaUi Betli. Baker.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to vertex
of head, sUghtly fringed with hair in front and fringed \rith hair behind towards
extremity, the 3rd moderate, obUqiie ; frons smooth, \\ith ridge of hair above ;
eyes large, round ; antennae of male with bristles and ciUa ; thorax clothed
almost entirely with scales and without crests ; tibiae smoothly scaled ; abdomen
with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing \\ith the apex somewhat produced and
acute, the termen evenly curved, crenulate ; vein 3 from well before angle of
cell ; 5 from just above angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing
with 8 to form the areole ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from angle
of cell ; 5 nearly fully developed from well above angle ; 6, 7 from upper angle ;
8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Eiistrotia in the 2nd joint of palpi being fringed with
hair behind at extremity.
Genus Neocerynea nov.
Type : Capnodes sabulosa Schaus.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reacliing to vertex
of head, moderately scaled in front and sUghtly fringed with hair behind at
extremity, the 3rd moderate, oblique and thickly scaled ; frons smooth, with
ridge of hair above ; eyes large, round ; antennae of male minutely serrate and
with fasciculate ciUa, the shaft somewhat thickened at base ; thorax clothed almost
entirely with scales ; the prothorax with large oblique flattened crest, the meta-
thorax with boss-like crest formed of metalUc scales ; fore coxae, femora, and
tibiae fringed with long hair, the mid tibiae fringed with long hair on outer side,
the hind tibiae smoothly scaled ; abdomen smoothly scaled and without crests.
Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly cuived and not crenulate ;
veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anas-
tomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4
from angle of cell ; 5 nearly fully developed from below middle of discoceUulars ;
6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Eulocastru in the prothorax having an oblique flattened
crest.
5328a. Cerynea albivitta n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen red-brown tinged with purplish grey, the
anal tuft white at sides ; antennae dark brown ; frons, palpi, and forelegs black-
brown ; pectus, mid- and iiindlegs, and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged
with red-brown. Forewing red-brown suffused with purpUsh grey and slightly
irrorated with black ; antemedial Une slight, black with a wiiitish point at
costa, incurved at vein 1 ; a rounded black discoidal spot with some white and
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 169
red-brown scales on it ; postmedial line black with a • white point at costa,
strongly bent outwards below costa, then minutely dentate and produced to
white points at the veins and a dentate white mark at vein 6, incurved below
vein 3, some white points with blackish between them beyond it on costa, then
a faint pale line defined on outer side by diffused black to vein 4, slightly
incurved at discal fold and obUque below vein 4 ; a crenulate black terminal Une
forming minute black spots at the interspaces. Hindwing red-brown suffused
with purple-grey and shghtly irrorated with black ; a black discoidal bar with
dark shade from it to inner margin ; a curved waved black postmedial hne with
white points beyond it on the veins ; a faint pale subterminal Une ; a fine waved
black terminal hne forming minute black spots at the interspaces. Underside
grey suffused wth fuscous ; both wings with blackish discoidal bars and curved
minutely waved postmechal hne.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 $ type. Exp. 22 mill.
5337. Cerynea pallens n. sp.
Patagia of male with tuft of long scales ; fore tibiae normal and shghtly
fringed with hair.
S. Head, thorax, and abdomen wliite tinged with rufous : antennae blacldsh,
ringed with white towards base ; frons and palpi blacldsh mixed wth some
white, the latter white at tips ; fore femora and tibiae black. Forewing white
tinged with rufous especially on costal and terminal areas ; a faint blackish
antemedial hne ; a black point in middle of cell and blackish cUscoidal bar ;
postmechal hne blackish shghtly defined on outer side by white, strongly bent
outwards and almost obsolete below costa, then obhque and very slightly waved,
somewhat incurved at vein 2 ; subterminal hne white defined on outer side by
black, minutely dentate, shghtly angled outwards at vein 7, incurved at discal
fold and obhque below vein 4 ; an obhque blackish mark from apex and
terminal series of black points. Hindwing white tinged with rufous especially on
terminal area and shghtly irrorated with black ; a small black discoidal spot ;
postmedial hne white defined on inner side by black scales and by black points
at discal and submechan folds, sinuous ; subterminal hne wliite defined on outer
side by black points and with a black spot at tornus, waved ; a terminal series
of black points. Underside white tinged with rufous especially on costa and
terminal areas ; forewing with black discoidal point, the postmedial Une with
black points from below costa to discal fold, then faint, the subterminal hne
whitish ; hindwing with black di.scoidal bar, the postmedial Une faint with
blacldsh points at discal and submedian folds, the subterminal line indistinct,
brownish.
Hah. Solomon Is., Sudest I. (Meek), 1 <? type. Exp. 20 mill.
Genus Calloruza nov.
Type: CorgcUha piikhra Bctli. Baker.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to about
middle of frons, broadly and triangularly scaled, the scales produced to a point
below, the 3rd joint set on rather at an angle, long and rather dilated with scales
except at base ; frons smooth ; antennae of male minutely cihated ; thorax
clothed almost entirely with scales and without crests ; tibiae smoothly scaled ;
'170 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
abdomen with small dorsal crests except on terminal segments. Forewing short
' and broad, the apex rounded, the tcrmen evenly curved, crenulate ; veins 3 and
5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8
to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with the termen crenulate, the
■tornus rounded ; veins 3, 4 shortly stalked ; 5 nearly fully developed from
above angle of cell ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near
base only.
In key differs from Amyna in the palpi having the 2nd joint triangularly
scaled.
5364fl. Oruza dolichognatha n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish suffused \vith pale reddish brown.
Forewing whitish tinged and irrorated with pale red-brown to middle and on
costal area to apex, the rest of medial area suffused with grey-brown, the area
beyond the postmedial hne whiter with some grey-browTi suffusion at middle ;
antemedial hne sUght, blacldsh, interrupted, incurved in the cell and sinuous
below it ; a black point in middle of cell ; reniform white defined at sides by
black, its centre irrorated with red-brown, a short blackish streak beyond it
in discal fold ; postmedial hne blackish, slightly excurved below costa, then
incurved, excurved between veins 5 and 3, then again incurved, some shght
blackish marks beyond it on costa ; subterminal hne white defined on outer
side by grey-brown and with dentate black marks before it above and below
vein 7, excurved at middle, then incurved and ending at tornus ; an obUque
brownish shade from apex ; a series of black points before termen defined on
outer side by white ; a fine dark terminal hne. Hindwing w hitish tinged and
irrorated with red-brown, the costal half greyer ; postmedial hne chocolate-
brown, slightly excurved to discal fold, then shghtly incurved and with narrow
creamy white band on its outer side, two faint brown hnes just before it ; traces
of a waved whitish subterminal hfie ; a series of black points before termen and
a fine dark terminal Une. Underside whitish, forewing suffused and irrorated
with red-brown, a minute black discoidal spot defined by whitish, an indistinct
brown postmedial hne excurved below costa, and series of blackish points
before termen ; hindwing tinged with red-brown and irrorated with brown
except on inner area, a black discoidal spot, indistinct curved postmedial hne,
faint subterminal shade, and series of black points before termen.
Hah. S. Nigeria, Niger R. (Dudgeon), 1 ? type. Exp. 32 mill.
5379a. Oruza chiouocraspis n. sp.
Head, thorax, and abdomen chocolate red-brown, a silvery white band
behind the tegulae ; antennae dark brown ; pectus, mid and hind legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with red-brown. Forewing chocolate
red-brown with a slight greyish tinge on terminal area ; a silvery white fascia
on costa, narrowing to apex and leaving the costal edge red-brown ; the basal
area with some fiery red ; antemedial line rather chffused, dark \vith some grey
on it, arising below the costal fascia, shghtly sinuous and obUque to vein 1 ; a
small dark (hscoidal spot ; postmethal line rather diffused dark brown with a
fine white hne on it, aiising below the costal fascia, shghtly excurved below
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 171
discal fold and incurved below vein 3 ; an indistinct, slightly waved greyish
subterminal line defined on outer side by blackish points ; a terminal series of
black points. Hind wing chocolate red- brown with a slight grejdsh tinge on
terminal area ; a faint obUque dark discoidal bar ; postmedial Hne fine, white
defined on inner side by brown, slightly waved, excurved beyond lower angle
of cell ; a subterminal series of blackish points and terminal series of black points ;
the hair on inner margin wliitish ; the luiderside wliitish tinged with red-brown,
the costa and terminal area more suffused with red-brown, a small dark, dis-
coidal spot and diffused postmedial Une.
Hah. Venezuela, Esteban \'alley, Las Quiguas (Klages), 1 <J, 2 $ type.
Exp. 22 mill.
53906. Oenoptera albimacula n. sp.
$. Head, thorax, and abdomen red-brown, the last darker ; pectus, legs,
and ventral surface of abdomen whitish suffused with red-brown. Forewing
red-brown mixed with some whitish ; a faint sinuous whitish antemedial hne ;
a curved dark medial line, defined on inner side by whitish towards costa ; an
oblique black discoidal bar defined on outer side by whitish ; postmedial hne
whitish sUghtly defined on inner side by dark brown, excurved to discal fold,
then incurved and touching the lower extremity of the discoidal bar ; a red-
brown subterminal shade irrorated with some dark scales, interrupted at middle
by an oblique whitish patch from discal fold beyond the postmedial Hne to
termen below vein 4. Hindwng wliitish suffused with red-brown. Underside
whitish tinged with red-brown, the underside with slight brown discoidal bar.
Hah. Panama, La Chorrera (Dolby- Tyler), 1 i type. Exqj. 12 mill.
5400a. Lycaugesia rubribasis n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and base of abdomen deep red mixed with some grey, the
back of head white, the 2nd segment of abdomen with white hne, the terminal
half of abdomen grey-brown ; antennae brown and whitish ; palpi dark brown
and white, the extremities of 2nd and 3rd joints white ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen white faintly tinged with brown. Forewing \vith the basal
and apical areas deep red mixed with some white, the rest of terminal area
suffused with brown, the medial area grey-white irrorated with brow n ; a rather
diffused curved red-brown antemedial hne ; a rather diffused red-brown dis-
coidal spot ; postmedial line red-brown, very oblique from middle of costa to
cUscal fold beyond the cell, then less distinct and strongly incurved below vein
4 with a dark point above vein 1 , some dark points beyond it on costa ; a waved
white subterminal hne, angled inwards at discal fold, where there is a dark red-
brown mark beyond it ; a terminal series of dark brown points defined by white.
Hind wing with the base deep red mixed with some white, the rest of wing grey-
white suffused with brown ; a red-brown antemedial hne defining the basal
area ; a shght dentate red-brown postmedial line angled inwards at discal
fold ; dentate whitish subterminal Une, and terminal series of black points.
Underside grey-white ; forewing suffused with dark brown ; hindwing with
diffused brown subterminal Une.
Hah. Panama, La Chorrera (Dolby-Tyler), 1 cj type. Exp. 14 mill.
172 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
54066. lophocytlarra argyropasta n. sp.
?. Head and thorax dark purple-brown ; antennae wliitish ringed with
black-brown ; abdomen yellow irrorated with dark brown and tinged with rufous
towards base ; fore legs dark brown, the tarsi yellow ; pectus, mid and hind-
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen yellow. Forewing yellow, the basal area
and costal area to the subterminal Hne purple-brown irrorated with raised silvery
scales ; a diffused oblique rufous antemedial line from cell to inner margin ;
reniform purple-brown with raised silvery scales on it, conjoined to the costal
area ; medial line with yellow bar from costa, then rufous, angled outwards
beyond the angles of cell and defined on outer side by red-brown scales, then
incurved ; postmedial line dark red-brown with a purple-brown band on its
•outer side with raised silver scales on it to vein 3, cxcurved below costa, below
vein 3 diffused rufous with some silver scales on it and incurved ; some deep
rufous on costa with two slight yellow marks on it before the slight diffused
rufous subterminal line ending at vein 4 ; a series of red-brown points before
ternien except towards apex. Hindwing yellow ; diffused rufous antemedial
and medial Unes conjoined below the cell, the latter somewhat angled outwards
beyond angles of cell ; a diffused curved rufous postmedial line w ith some silver
scales on it ; traces of a rufous subterminal line to vein 3 ; a series of red-brown
points before termen. Underside yellow ; forewing with the purphsh markings
of upperside replaced by grey-brown.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 ? type. Exp. 20 mill.
5406e. Syngatha semipurpurea n. sp.
§. Head, thorax, and abdomen deep purplish red ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen pale yellow. Forewing with the basal half and the costal
area to near apices extending to the discal fold to the subterminal hne deep
purplish red irrorated with silvery scales ; a tuft of raised dark brown scales
in middle of cell and a discoidal bar ; postmedial hne yellow on the purple area,
excurved beyond the cell, then incurved and only defined by purplish red scales,
some slight yellow spots beyond it on costa ; subterminal line represented by
the sinuous outer edge of the purphsh red area to discal fold, then diffused
purplish red, some sUght diffused rufous beyond it between discal fold and
vein 3 ; a terminal series of minute red-brown points. Hindwing deep purple-
red to beyond middle, its outer edge obUque to vein 5, then curved, the terminal
area yellow ; a terminal series of minute red-brown points from below apex to
vein 2. Underside with the purple areas replaced by dark grey-brown.
Hob. Portuguese E. Africa, Ruo Valley (Neave), 1 ? type. Exp. 20 mill.
5417a. Hyposada devia n. sp.
$. Head, tliorax, and abdomen rufous irrorated with fuscous, the last with
black patch at base of dorsum ; antennae ringed with black ; palpi with the
})asal half black ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen rufous, the fore-
legs suffused with black. Forewing rufous shghtly irrorated with black ; an
antemedial black point on costa and faint dark hne angled outwards below
costa, then obUque ; a black point in middle of cell and small discoidal spot ;
•a faint dark shade from costa towards apex to inner margin before middle ; a
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 173
faint oblique waved medial line from cell to inner margin ; postmedial line faint,
pale, slightly angled outwards below costa, then oblique and slightly waved, a
black point on it at discal fold, defining the outer edge of the shade below vein
4 ; some black points on terminal half of costa ; a subterminal series of black
points, excurved below vein 7 and at middle, then oblique ; a terminal series
of black points. Hindwing rufous irrorated with black : a black point at lower
angle of cell ; postmedial line ochreous, angled outwards below costa, then oblique
and very slightly waved, with black points on its inner side below costa and
at discal fold ; a faint pale subterminal line defined on outer side by black
points, angled outwards at vein G, then oblique ; a terminal series of black points.
Underside pinldsh rufous ; forewng suffused with fuscous ; hindwing with two-
black discoidal points, faint obUque postmedial line, and fuscous subterminal
shade.
Hnh. Br. W. Guinea, Kumusi E. (Meek), 1 ? type. Ex.p. iO mill.
541 7e. Hyposada cameotiiicta n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous tinged with, pinkish rufous. Fore-
wing ochreous tinged with pinkish rufous especially on costal area and inner
half of terminal area ; a minute dark point at lower angle of cell ; postmedial
line indistinct, oblique, rufous, very slightly excurved at vein 4 ; a slight dark
subterminal spot at discal fold and fine pale waved line from vein 4 to inner
margin with slight dark spots on its outer side below veins 4, 3, 2. Hindwing
ochreous tinged with pinkish rufous ; a small fuscous spot at lower angle of
cell ; a broad obhque deep pinkish rufous medial shade, with the faint fuscous
postmedial line near its outer edge ; an indistinct pale waved subterminal Une
defined on inner side by a sUght pinkish rufous shade and on outer by small
fuscous spots ; a sMght rufous terminal line. Underside ochreous tinged with.
flesh colour, the forewing suffused with brown.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 9 type. Exp. 24 mill.
54296. Arcana baliensis n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey tinged with red-brown and slightly
irrorated with dark brown ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen rather whiter,
Forewing grey tinged with red-brown and irrorated with dark brown ; a curved
blackisli subbasal striga from costa ; an indistinct diffused waved blackish ante-
medial line with small brown spot at costa ; medial line strong, red-brown,
obUque to upper angle of cell, then incurved ; a curved dark discoidal bar
defined on outer side by whitish ; postmedial hne brown defined on outer side
by whitish, oblique to vein 6, incurved at discal fold, excurved to vein 3, then
retracted to below end of cell and angled outwards at vein 1 ; the postmedial
area suffused with rufous to vein 5, the costal edge dark brown with two whitish
points at costa ; subterminal hne red-brown, slightly waved, excurved at middle
and incurved below vein 3, some rufous suffusion beyond it at middle ; a ter-
minal series of small red-biown spots with whitish spots beyond them at base
of the ciUa, which are rufous. Hindwing red-brown tinged with grey and sUghtly
irrorated with dark brown, the costal area paler ; an obUquely incurved deep-
red antemedial Une from below costa to inner margin ; an oblique dark-brown
discoidal bar ; postmedial line brown defined on outer side by whitish, excurved
174 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
below costa, slightly angled outwards at vein 4, then incurved ; a subterminal
series of small rather dentate dark spots ; excurved at middle ; a fine dark
brown terminal line with some whitish beyond it at base of the cilia, which are
deep rufous. Underside ^\'hitish tinged \Mith rufous and irrorated with dark
broflTi ; forewing with black point in middle of cell and discoidal bar, brown
medial line, postmedial Hne brown defined on outer side by whitish, excurved
below costa, incurved at discal fold and below vein 4, a waved whitish
subterminal hne defined on outer side by dark marks, excurved at middle.
Hindwing with indistinct brown antemedial line, obhque black discoidal bar,
dark brown postmedial line, excurved below costa and at middle, incurved at
discal fold and sinuous towards inner margin, a terminal series of black points.
Hah. Sali (Doherty), 1 $. Exp. 30 mill.
5429e. Arcana porphyria n. sp.
Head, thorax, and abdomen bright rufous ; antennae dark except towards
base ; palpi darker towards tips ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen pale.
Forewing bright purphsh rufous ; subbasal black-brown points on costa and in
the cell ; a red-brown shade before the antemedial line, which is red-brown
defined on inner side bj' whitish and somewhat obhque towards costa and inner
margin ; a red-brown mecUal shade, excurved below costa ; a narrow black
discoidal lunule ; postmedial Une red-brown, obhque to vein 6, incurved at discal
fold, angled outwards at vein 4, then oblique to below end of cell and sinuous
to inner margin : a deep rufous triangular patch on postmedial area from costa
to vein 4 with two wliite points at costa ; subterminal hne red-brown, obhque to
discal fold, then waved and excurved at middle, a shght whitish mark on its
outer side at costa and some dark brown suffusion beyond it at middle ; a
terminal black-brown hne ; ciha deep rufous. Hindwing bright purphsh rufous ;
a diffused obhque red-brown medial hne with a black point beyond it at lower
angle of cell ; a sinuous red-brown postmedial hne, sUghtly angled outwards at
vein 4 ; a waved red-brown subterminal hue, double to vein 4 and with some deep
rufous suffusion beyond it at middle ; a fine black terminal hne ; ciha deep
rufous. Underside whitish ; forewing \\ith the disk suffused with fiery red,
the costal and terminal areas irrorated \rith brown, a sinuous brown medial
hne obsolete on inner area, round black chscoidal lunule, brown postmedial hne
obhque to below vein 7, incurved at discal fold, obhque below vein 4 and some-
what angled inwards at vein 2, the costa beyond it with alternating dark and
white marks, a double waved brown subterminal hne obhque to vein 6 ; hind-
wing irrorated with brown, an indistinct brown antemedial Une, two black
chscoidal points, a sinuous brown postmedial hne, and punctiform black terminal
hne.
Hah. Travancore, Pirmad (Mrs. Imray), 1 <J ; Ceylon (Pole), 1 (J, 1 ? type,
Kandy (Pole), 1 ?. Exp. 26 mih.
5458a. Corgatha chionocraspis n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen red-brown, the tegulae mostly wliite ; palpi,
pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white mixed vsith rufous. Forewing
red-brown irrorated with some silvery and blackish scales ; a white fascia on
costa, the terminal area with some white mixed ; antemedial Une indistinct,
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 175
dark defined on inner side by some white, sinuous ; a faint dark discoidal bar ;
postmedial line blackish defined on outer side by white, excurved to vein 4,
then incurved ; traces of a blackish subterminal line ; the termen with some
diffused black. Hindwing red-brown mixed with some white and irrorated
with blacldsh, the costal area whitish to beyond middle, the inner area white ;
a blackish discoidal point ; postmedial Une faint, blacldsh defined on outer
side by white, sinuous ; the termen with some diffused blackish. Underside
wliite, tinged in parts with red-brown.
Hah. Natal, Tugela R., Bond's Lrift (Reynolds), 1 $ type. Exp. 18 mill.
5467fl. Corgatha xanthobela n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen pinkish yellow suSused with red-brown ;
antennae blackish. Forewing purple-brown with a sUght silvery gloss, the
costal area pinkish yellow to near apex ; ante- and postmedial lines orange-
yellow, straight and almost erect, arising below the costa, the veins beyond the
latter streaked with yellow ; subterminal line orange-yellow, arising below the
costa, slightly excurved at veins 7 and 6, angled outwards to near termen at
vein 4, then strongly dentate. Hindwing purple-brown with slight silvery
irroration, the inner margin pale yellow to beyond middle ; an oblique orange-
yellow discoidal bar ; postmedial line orange-yellow, slightly curved, the veins
beyond it streaked with yellow ; subterminal hue orange-yellow, oblique to vein
5, then dentate. Underside yellowish tinged with red.
Hah. Philippines, Luzon, Mt. MakiHng (Baker), 1 § type. Exp. 24 mill.
5481a. Corgatha ochrida n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen brownish ochreous irrorated with fuscous ;
tarsi black ringed with white. Forewing ochreous tinged with rufous and
irrorated with blackish ; a faint sinuous dark aiitemedial line ; a minute blackish
point in middle of cell and small black spot at lower angle ; a faint dark medial
line, rather oblique from subcostal nervure to vein 2, then incurved and waved ;
an indistinct dark postmedial line, obhque to below vein 7, incurved at discal
fold, angled outwards at vein 4, then incurved and waved ; a faint waved black
subterminal Une ; a terminal series of minute black spots. Hindwing ochreous
tinged wth rufous and irrorated with blackish ; a minute blackish spot at lower
angle of cell ; postmedial Une incUstinct, blackish, curved and waved, diffused
on inner side at inner margin ; an incUstinct somewhat dentate blackish sub-
terminal Une ; a terminal series of minute black spots. Underside ochreous
tinged with rufous and irrorated with blackish ; both wings with sUght blackish
discoidal lunules and curved waved postmedial Une.
Hah. TTganda, Unyoro, Bugoma Forest (Neave), 1 $ type. Exp. 26 miU.
5505. Abacena rectilinea n. sp.
$. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale red-brown tinged with grey ; palpi
whitish, the hair in front and third joint black ; pectus and ventral surface of
abdomen whitish tinged with brown ; tarsi brow n ringed with white. Forewing
pale red-brown mixed with some whitish, especiaUy beyond the postmedial Une ;
a faint waved white antemedial Une sUghtly defined on outer side by brown.
176 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
inwardly oblique below discal fold ; postmedial line white defined on inner side
by rather darker brown suffusion, straight and erect, some white points beyond
it on costa ; subterniinal Une white defined on inner side by black-brown suffusion,
incurved at discal fold and excurved at middle ; a black terminal line defined
on inner side by white striae, forming a spot at apex. Hindwing pale red-brown
mixed with some whitish ; a blaek-bro^\n terminal line, l^nderside of fore-
wing pale red-bro\\ n ; hindwing whitish suffused with pale red-brown, a shght
dark discoidal striga.
Hah. Brazil, Espiritu i-'anto, 1 ? type. Exp. 22 mill.
5507«. Microphaea orientalis n. sp.
2. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish suffused with rufous ; antennae
tinged with fuscous ; palpi and forelegs suffused with black ; pectus, mid- and
hindlegs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish tinged \\-ith rufous. Forewing
wliitish tinged with rufous and slightly irrorated with blackish to the post-
medial Une, the terminal area tinged with fuscous ; a sUght blackish point in
middle of cell and discoidal bar ; metlial hne faint, dark, rather oblique to the
discoidal bar, incurved and diffused below the cell ; postmedial Une incUstinct,
dark, sUghtly sinuous, obUque to vein 4, then incurved, some white points with
fuscous between them beyond it on costa ; subterniinal line w hitish, excurved
below vein 7 and at middle, incurved at cUscal fold and below vein 3 ; a slight
waved blackish terminal Une forming black points at the interspaces ; ciUa
pale rufous. Hindwing whitish tinged with rufous and sUghtly irrorated with
black ; blacldsh points at angles of cell ; a slight minutely waved dark post-
medial Une, defined on outer side by wliite towards inner margin ; a sUght
blackish shade on termen to vein 6, then becoming subterminal : a terminal
series of black points. Underside of forewing whitish suffused with rufous,
the costa with white points towards apex ; hindwing white, the costal and
terminal areas suffused with rufous.
Hah. Borneo, Pulo Laut (Doherty), 1 ? type. Exp. 10 mill.
5 52 -la. Angitia mediopUca n. sp.
Fore\ring of male with fold through lower end of cell and above vein 4 to
termen, the neuration rather distorted.
S. Head rufous with some whitish behind the antennae and on frons, the
antennae dark brown, the palpi red-brown with some whitish in front and at
tips ; thorax and abdomen red-brown mixed with some whitish, the anal tuft
paler ; tarsi dark brown ringed with wlutish ; ventral surface of abdomen
v.liitish towards base. Forewing red-brown mixed with some whitish ; two
blackish subbasal striae from costa and a blackish patch above vein 1 ; ante-
medial line incUstinct, double, brown, bent outwards at subcostal nervurc, then
erect and sUghtly waved, an oblique whitish siiade Ijeyond it from costa and a
large patch of grey-wliite suffusion on mecUal and postmedial areas from the
cell and vein 5 to below submedian fold ; a black-brown striga on the whitish
shade at middle of cell, the reniform defined at sides by black-brown and with
whitish point in upper extremity ; postmecUal line whitish indistinctly defined
at sides by brown and with two sUght black-brown spots at costa, bent outwards
below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some whitish points beyond
NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1018. 177
it on costa ; subterminal line whitish defined on inner side by black-brown
marks between veins 7 and 4 and above vein 1 , excurved below vein 7 and at
middle ; a terminal series of black-brown striae. Hindwing whitish sufiused
with red-brown ; a terminal series of sUght brown marks defined by whitish
and a fine whitish Una at base of ciUa ; the underside with indistinct curved
postmedial brown line.
Hah. Brazil, Amazons, Madeira R. (Moffat), 1 S type. Exf. 24 mill.
5534a. Angitia seminigra n. sp.
(J. Head and basal half of tegulae grey-white mixed with black-brown,
the rest of thorax black mixed with red-brown, the tegulae with black hne at
middle, the metathorax with whitish patch tinged with red-brown ; antennae
dark brown, ringed with whitish towards base ; frons with lateral black bars ;
palpi black, the 2nd joint in front and at extremity and the 3rd joint at base
and extremity white : abdomen grey suffused wth dark brown ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with brown, the tarsi black ringed with
white. Forewing with the basal half black with a gre3dsh tinge and slightly
mixed with red-brown, the terminal half grey-white tinged with red-brown
and with shght dark irroration : a pale waved subbasal Une from costa to sub-
median fold w ith a black mark Ijeyond it below the cell ; antemechal line blackish
defined on inner side by cUffused whitish forming a patch above vein 1, double
at costa, waved ; a minute pale spot defined by black in middle of cell and small
ian of black scales i n discocellulars ; medial hne black, arising at subcostal
nervure, waved ; postmedial line indistinctly double, dark filled in by whitish,
excurved to vein 4, then incurved to lower angle of cell, then the inner hne
black and defining the dark area, some pale points with black between them
beyond it on costa ; subterminal line faint, whitish defined on inner side by
minute dentate black marks with a larger mark below costa, sUghtly waved,
incurved at discal fold and below vein 3 ; a terminal series of black points defined
on inner side by whitish ; ciha pale red-brown. Hindwing greyish suffused with
brown ; a dark terminal Une ; ciha brown mixed with whitish ; the underside
whitish tinged and irrorated with brown, a dark discoidal spot and postmedial
line excurved from below costa to vein 4.
Hah. Venezuela, Esteban Valley, Las Quiguas (Klages), 1 o type. Exp.
22 mill.
55346. Angitia camptosema n. sp.
$. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous white mixed with rufous ; pectus,
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen ochreous tinged with rufous. Forewing
ochreous mixed with rufous to end of cell and on costal area to the subterminal
hne, the rest of wing almost entirely rufous ; subbasal Une dark brown defined
on outer side by white, waved, from costa to vein 1 , a rufous shade from it to inner
margin ; antemedial line brown defined on inner side by ochreous, sinuous to
submecUan fold, angled inw ards at vein 1 and outwards above inner margin ;
an oblique white striga defined by dark brown in upper part of middle of cell,
sUghtly hooked at extremity ; a white discoidal bar defined by dark brown, its
upper extremity bent outwards and its lower inwards ; postmedial hne double,
diffused rufous filled in with some ochreous, bent outwards below costa, then
12
178 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
slightly waved, oblique to vein 4, then incurved, some \vhite points bej-ond it
on costa ; subterminal line silvery white, oblique to vein 6, incurved at discal
fold, angled outwards at vein 4 to termen and ending on termen at vein 1, the
area beyond it dark red-brown ; cilia ocbreous tinged with rufous and with a
rufous line at middle. Hindwing ocbreous strongly suffused with rufous, the
terminal area deep rufous to submedian fold ; an indistinct curved rufous post-
medial line and subterminal white points below veins 7 and 5 ; cilia ocbreous
tinged with rufous. Underside of forewing ochreous tinged with brown, the
costal area tinged with rufous, the cUsk suffused with bro^^n, a white discoidal
bar, postmedial line rather diffused brown, incurved below vein 4, a truncate dark
brown patch from termen from below vein 7 to below 5 beyond the indistinct
whitish subterminal line ; hindwing ochreous tinged with rufous and irrorated
with red-brown, two sinuous red-brown medial lines, a sinuous red-brown post^
medial line and dark brown striae on termen from apex to vein 4.
Hub. Fern, San Domingo (Ockenden), 1 $ type. Exp. 24 mill.
Genus Hypangitia no v.
Type : H. peraiopis.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, the 2nd joint extending about
twice the length of head and fringed wth hair above and below, the 3rd moderate
and thickly scaled ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antennae of male ciliated ;
thorax clothed almost entirely with scales and without crests ; tibiae shghtly
fringed with hair ; abdomen smoothly scaled and without crests. Forewing
with the costa arched towards base, then nearly straight, the apex rounded,
the termen rather obliquely curved and not crenulate ; vein 3 from well before
angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ; 6 from just below upper angle ; 7, 8
stalked ; 9, 10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from angle of
cell ; 5 nearly fully developed from below middle of discocellulars ; 6, 7 from
upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs in the forewing having veins 7, S stallied and 9, l(i stalked,
5536. Hypangitia peratopis n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey- white mixed with some red- brown ;
antennae red-brown ringed with whitish ; palpi and fore- and midlegs dark
red-brown, the tarsi ringed with w liitish. Forewing grej'- white slightlj' irrorated
with dark brown, a semicircular area extending on costa from middle to apex
and to submedian fold before termen suffused with red- brown ; a semicircular
deep-chocolate patch on basal costal area, defined below by whitish ; two
indistinct curved pale red-brown antemedial Unes, and two similar medial lines
from discal fold at end of cell to inner margin ; a down-curved chocolate-brown
hne from middle of costa to before termen below an apical mark formed by a
deep-chocolate spot defined on inner side by a white lunule, two wiiite points
before it on costa ; a sinuous whitish postmedial line from the curved line to
inner margin ; the termen below the apical mark wliite with chocolate- brown
striae on it. Hindwing wliitish tinged with red-brown, the terminal area strongly
suffused with red-brown except towards tornus ; faint red-brown postmedial
and subterminal lines. Underside of forewing suffused with red-brown ; iiind-
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 179
wing whitish tinged with red-brown especially on costal area, a dark discoidal
point and faint brown subterminal shade.
Hah. Paraguay, Sapucay (Foster), 1 S type. Exp. 22 mill.
5562n. Stenoloba umbrifera n. sp.
?. Head white with a few black scales, the antennae black, the palpi black-
brown to middle of 2nd joint ; thorax black-brown mixed with some white ;
abdomen whitish suffused with fuscous ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen white mixed with red-brown, the tarsi blackish ringed with white.
Forewing white irrorated with black ; the basal area suffused with black ; two
indistinct slightly sinuous black antemedial lines ; a rather diffused oblique black
medial band, dilated towards costa ; a blackish bar in the cell near extremity
and small black spots at angles of ceU ; postmedial Kne indistinct, blackish,
excurved below costa and beyond lower end of cell, then retracted to lower angle
of cell and sinuous to inner margin ; the postmedial area suffused with blackish
to vein 2, with some white points at costa and slight black marks on the veins
beyond the postmedial Une ; subterminal line represented by the outer edge of
this blackish area, excurved below vein 7 and between veins 5 and 2, then blackish
and incurved ; a blackish bar from costa just before apex and slight black marks
and short streaks from termen ; cilia whitish with a blackish line at middle.
Hindwing white suffused with fuscous brown ; cilia white with a dark line near
base. Underside whitish suffused in parts with brown ; hindwing \vith slight
dark discoidal lunules.
Hah. C. China, Chungking (W. R. Brown), 1 $ type. Exp. 24 mill.
564()a. Ozarba concolor n. sp.
?. Head white mixed with reJ-brown ; thorax and abdomen red-brown
with a slight greyish gloss ; antennae grey-brown ; palpi red-brown, the
extremities of 2nd and 3rd joints white ; pectus, legs', and ventral surface of
abdomen dark red-brown mixed with some white ; the tarsi dark brown ringed
with white. Forewing glossy red-brown ; antemedial line white, very slightly
waved and rather diffused on outer side ; a slight \\ hitish discoidal bar ; post-
medial line whitish defined on inner side by brown, excurved to vein 4, then
oblique and sUghtly incurved at submedian fold, some minute white points
beyond it on costa ; traces of a dark subterminal hue, incurved below costa
and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of blackish points. Hindwing glossy
red-brown ; a terminal series of blackish points ; cilia wliitish at tips. Under-
side of forewing red-brown slightly irrorated with whitish except on disk, a
curved dark postmedial Une ; hindwing whitish tliickly irrorated with red-
brown, a small dark discoidal spot and curved postmedial line.
Hah. Peru, R. Pacaya, 1 ? type. Exp. 18 mill.
56580. Ozarba chionoperas n. sp.
S. Head and thorax deep bright red-brown ; antennae blackish ; palpi
white tinged with rufous except towards base ; abdomen yellow tinged with
rufous and with dorsal dark-brown bars except towards extremitj' ; pectus, legs,
and ventral surface of abdomen white mixed with some rufous, the tarsi blackish
180 NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
ringed with white. Forewing deep glossy red-brown ; a faint pale curved
subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line indistinct, dark,
strongly excurved in submedian interspace and slightly below costa, towards
which it is faintly defined on outer side by yellowish : two minute obliquely-
placed yellowish spots in middle of cell ; reniform with sUght yellowish annulus,
small ; postmedial line with reddish ochreous patch at costa, then blackish
faintly defined on outer side by ochreous, excurved below costa, then very
shghtly waved, incurved below vein 5 ; an indistinct waved dark subterminal
line, defined on outer side by wliitish in places ; the terminal area with some
yellowish ; a blackish terminal line ; cilia pure white at apex. Hindwing orange-
yellow ; some dark brown at base on costal area, in submedian fold and streak
above basal half of inner margin ; a small black discoidal spot ; an obUque
black-brown subterminal bar from costa ; a black-brown terminal Une except
towards tornus, forming a small patch at apex and an obUque mark at middle ;
cilia pure white at apex, then dark red-brown mixed with some yellow to vein 1.
Underside of forewing golden yellow, whitish towards termen, some black irrora-
tion on medial area, a small black cUscoidal spot and medial and postmedial
bars from costa, a large black apical patch extending to vein 4 with a minute
yellow spot on costa before apex ; hind\ving orange- yellow, a small black dis-
coidal spot and postmedial spot on costa, a black apical patch with an obhque
projection from its lower side to vein 4 before termen, the black terminal line
forming a narrow band in submedian interspace.
Hah. Transvaal, Pretoria (Distant), 1 S type. Exp. 24 mill.
5689a. Ozarba abscondita n. sp.
Head, thorax, and abdomen greyish suffused with red-brown ; fore tarsi dark
brown ringed with white. Forewing greyish suffused mth red-brown to the post-
medial line, then paler and tinged with brown \\ ith a dark postmecUal patch from
costa to discal fold ; antemedial Une wliitish defined on each side by dark brown,
inwardly obhque ; a faint sinuous dark medial line ; a whitish discoidal bar
defined on inner side by black-brown ; postmedial hne white defined on each
side by dark brown, obUque to vein 6, angled outwards at veins 6 and 5, then
incurved, a black streak beyond it at discal fold to the pale subterminal line
faintly defined on inner side by dark brown and sUghtly waved below discal
fold ; a small black-brown spot at apex and dark terminal Une ; ciUa \\hitish at
base, dark at tips. Hindv\ing greyish suffused \\ith brown ; a dark terminal
Une ; ciUa whitish at base, dark at tips. Underside greyish suffused with red-
brown ; hindwing with small brown discoidal spot and curved postmedial line.
Hah. Peru, R. Pacaya, 1 o, 2 ? type. E.vp. 14 miU.
5 70 4a. Amyna magnifoveata n. sp.
$. Head and thorax red-brown sUglitly mixed with whitish ; abdomen
grey-brown ; antennae ringed with wliitish except towards tips ; pectus, legs,
and ventral surface of abdomen dark brown mixed with some wlute. Fore-
wing red-brown with a cupreous gloss and irrorated with whitish ; the large
fovea in middle of cell pale ; reniform defined by whitish points, obUque, a
whitish mark above it on costa ; postmedial line incUstinct, dark, defined on
outer side by whitish scales towards costa, excurved to vein 4, then obUque and
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 181
sinuous, some white points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line with incurved
white bar from costa, then faint, dark, waved. Hindwing uniform red-brown
with a cupreous gloss. Underside red-brown irrorated with whitish ; hindwing
vnth indistinct curved shghtly waved dark postmedial line.
Hub. Br. E. Africa, Mt. Kenya (Neave), 1 3 type. Exp. 28 mill.
5710a. Amyna rubrirena n. sp.
$. Head and thorax bright red-brown ; abdomen dark grey- brown ; antennae
black-brown, ringed with white towards the base ; palpi bright red-brown
irrorated with white ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish
tinged with brown, the fore tibiae red-brown, the tarsi dark brown ringed with
white. Forewing bright cupreous red-brown ; subbasal line whitish, from
costa to vein 1 , excurved below costa and bent outwards at median nervure ;
antemedial Une brown, defined on inner side by white towards costa, very
slightly waved and angled inwards at vein 1 ; orbicular fiery red defined by white
points, touching the antemedial Une ; reniform fiery red defined by minute white
spots and by two larger spots at lower extremity, with three yellowish points
in centre, obUque, a white bar above it from costa ; postmedial line brown
shghtly defined on outer side by wliite and with some white points on it towards
costa, shghtly waved, excurved from below costa to vein 4, then strongly
incurved, some white points beyond it on costa ; subterminal hne with white
patch from costa, its outer edge indented by two shght red streaks, then dark
brown ; a terminal series of minute white points ; ciUa red-brown with some
whitish at tips. Hindwing dark glossy brown, the eiha white at tips. Under-
side of forewing grey-brown, the costal area irrorated with white the inner
area whitish, a faint curved postmedial hne defined on outer side by whitish, the
subterminal patch from costa yellowish ; hindwing red-brown irrorated with
white, the inner area mostly white, a small dark discoidal spot and crenulate
postme(hal line defined on outer side by white.
Hab. Cameroons, Ja R., Bitje (Bates), 1 ? type. Exp. 30 mill.
57366. Trilophonota umbrimedia n. sp.
Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown mixed with some grey-white ;
antennae dark brown ; palpi dark brown, the extremities of 1st and 2nd joints-
white ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen dark brown mixed with
white, the tarsi black-brown ringed with white. Forewing dark brown mixed
with grey-white and some red-brown, the medial area with broad dark shade
expanding widely below the cell ; a double waved black subbasal line filled
in with whitish from costa to vein 1 ; antemedial hne double, black fiUed in
with whitish, waved ; orbicular grey-white defined by black, minute, round ;
reniform grey- white shghtly defined by black, rather figure-of-eight^shaped and
with shght dark marks in its upper and lower parts ; postmedial hne double,
black filled in with grey-white, oblique to vein 6, where it is angled outwards,
incurved at discal fold, excurved at vein 4, then incurved, some whitish points
beyond it on costa ; subterminal hne rather diffused grey-white defined on
inner side by a brown shade, excurved below vein 7 and at middle ; the
terminal area with dark patches above and below middle ; a terminal series
of minute black spots. Hindwing grey suffused with brown, the costal area
182 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
whitish ; a dark terminal line ; cilia with whitish line at base and waved whitish
line at middle. Underside of forewing brown, the costa! area irrorated with
ochreous white, the inner and terminal areas whitish, a sinuous dark medial
line and subterminal line excurved at middle ; liind\v'ing white irrorated with
brown, a small dark discoidal spot, curved slightly waved postmedial line, and
diffused subterminal line.
Ab. 1 . Forewing with the medial shade interrupted at median nervure and
lot expanding below the cell. (Sikkim.)
Hab. SikTrim. 1,800 ft. (Dudgeon), 1 o, 2 ? ; Assam, Khasis, 1 S type.
Exp. 26-30 mill.
5750((. Lithacodia mesoplaga n. sp.
?. Head and thorax pale rufous ; antennae black ; palpi dark brown, the
extremity of 2nd joint and the 3rd joint pale rufous ; abdomen white tinged with
brown, the crests black : pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish
suffused with rufous, the fore tibiae black, the tarsi banded with black. Fore-
wing white suffused with rufous with an olive-green tinge, tlie medial area with
a triangular dark ohve-brown patch from cell to inner margin, the costal area
irrorated black and wliite, the terminal area with some black mixed ; a small
black spot in the cell near base ; antemedial hne black defined on inner side
by white, curved and slightly waved ; a minute black spot in the cell touching
the antemedial hne, and black discoidal bar ; postmedial line rather diffused,
black to vein 2, then double and filled in with white, bent outwards below costa,
then sUghtly waved, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some white points
beyond it on costa ; subterminal Hne formed by obscure blacldsh marks. Hind-
wing whitish suffused with red-brown, the termen whitish except towards tornus ;
a. fine brown terminal line. Underside of forewing whitish, the disk suffused with
brown, the costa irrorated with blackish ; hindwing white irrorated with red-
brown, a small brown discoidal spot and curved postmedial Une.
Hab. Iir. Burma (Mackwood), 1 ? type. Exp. 18 mill.
Genus Acaenica nov.
Type: A. diaperas.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint reach-
ing to above vertex of head, smoothly scaled in front and very slightly angled
with hair behind at middle, the ."Jrd joint long ; frons smooth, with large tuft of
hair above ; eyes large, round ; antennae of male with fasciculate cilia and
bristles ; thorax clothed almost entirely with scales ; tibiae smoothly scaled ;
abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing with the apex somewhat
produced, the termen very slightly excised below apex and excurved at middle,
not crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9
from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with
the tornus sUghtly lobcd ; veins 3, i from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from
middle of discocellulars ; 0, 7 from upper angle ; 8 ahastomosing with the
cell near base only.
In key differs from Eustruiia in the palpi being long, obhque, the 2nd joint
reaching to above vertex of head and sUghtly angled with hair above at middle,
the forewing with the termen sUghtly excised below apex and excurved at
middle, the hindvWng with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars.
NOVITATES ZOOr.OOICAE XXV. 19I8.' 183
o84Sc. Acaenica diaperas n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen creamy white suffused with brown ; antennae
dark brown ; palpi dark brown, white at extreme tips ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen creamy white, the forelegs suffused with dark brown.
Forewing with the basal half black-brown, its outer edge incurved below median
nervure, then oblique ; an indistinct dark antemedial line defined on inner side
by some creamy white, excurved below costa and incurved in the cell, the
area beyond it creamy white tinged with pinkish, met by an oblique creamy
white fascia from apex giving off an oblique bar from its lower edge to vein 4,
lea\'ing a conical black-brown patch on costa before apex with three wliitish
points in it, the terminal area black-brown, narrowing to a point at apex, its
inner edge obUque and sinuous, defined by a black line ; a black discoidal point ;
a fine black line defining the upper part of the oblique bar on inner side ; a fine
black terminal line and whitish line at base of ciha. Hindwing creamy white
tinged with brown, the tornus suffused with pink ; traces of an oblique dark
postmedial fine, arising at vein 6 and forming two black striae at tornus ; a
terminal grey-brown band narrowing to a point above tornus and defined on
inner side by a black fine below vein 4 : a fine black terminal line and whitish
line at base of cilia. Underside white tinged with red-brown : forewing with
small obHquely-placed white subterminal spots above and below vein 7 ; hind-
wing with sUght blackish discoidal spot.
Ilab. Portuguese E. Africa, Mt. Cliiperone (Neave), 1 o type. Exp. 26 mill.
59046. Eustrotia rubrisignata n. sjs.
?. Head and thorax -.' hitish suffused with oUve, the patagia with some 1>lack
scales at base and towards tips ; antennae blackish ; palpi blackish towards tips ;
abdomen oUve with diffused black bands ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen white tinged with oHve, the fore tibiae with some black, the tarsi
black ringed with white. Forewing white suffu.sed with olive-brown, the medial
area rather deeper oHve except towards costa ; a black point at base of costa
and some black scales at base of inner margin ; antemedial fine white, defined
on outer side by black below submedian fold, obUque ; claviform white with
some fiery red scales in centre and a short black fascia beyond it ; orbicular and
reniform white, the former with fiery red centre, rather obfique, the latter with
fiery red annulus in centre with some black scales on its lower part, a quadrate
black patch between them and a dark shade from costa, the reniform with some
black scales on its outer edge ; postmedial line wliite defined on inner side by
some black, very oblique below costa, excurved to vein 4, then obUque, met
beyond the cell by an obUque oUve-brown fascia from apex ; subterminal Une
whitish, defined on inner side by oUve-brown below the obUque fascia, incurved
below costa and above inner margin, some black scales on its outer side from
vein 5 to submedian fold followed by some oUve ; a dark terminal line. Hindwing
brown glossed with grey, the ciUa white at tips. Underside of forewing brown,
the inner area white ; hindwing white irrorated with dark brown, a black discoidal
spot and curved postmedial line.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 ? type. Exp. 20 miU.
Jg4 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
5906a. Eustrotia oblicLuisignata n. sp.
?. Head and tegulae rufous ; thorax and abdomen brown glossed with
purplish grey ; antennae red-brown ; palpi black-brown, the extremity of
2nd joint and the 3rd joint rufous ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen
brown mixed with whitish, the tarsi dark brown ringed with whitish. Fore-
wing red-brown glossed with purple-grey and mixed with some rufous, the
costal edge rufous to the postmedial Une, then with rufous points ; subbasal
black spots on costa and below the cell ; antemedial line dark brown, obUque
to median nervure, excurved below submedian fold, then inwardly obUque ; a
deep-black discoidal lunule joined by a strong oblique black bar from costa ;
postmedial hne indistinctly double, brown, forming a small black spot at costa,
obUque to vein 6, slightly incurved at discal fold and below vein 4 ; subterminal
line \^'ith two small black spots at costa and two rather obhquely placed spots
below costa, then faint, pale, sUghtly waved, with slight blackish points before
it at veins 6, 5, 4 ; a fine blackish terminal Une with sUght wliitish points before
it at the interspaces ; ciUa rufous. Hindwing dark glossy brown, the ciUa with
pale Une at base. Underside grey-brown, the costal area of forewing and the
hindwing irrorated with whitish.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 ? type. Exp. 30 mill.
59066. Eustrotia magniplagia n. sp.
$. Head and thorax red-brown ; antennae dark brown ; palpi irrorated with
wliitish ; abdomen greyish sufiused with red-brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen whitish tinged with red-brown, the tibiae and tarsi dark
brown, the latter ringed with white. Forewing red-brown with a large conical
chocolate-brown patch from costa before apex to vein 5, its outer edge strongly
excurved below vein 7, sUghtly defined by whitish and with three whitish points
at costa ; an indistinct waved red-brown antemedial Une ; a minute dark
discoidal annulus ; a tUffused medial Une, obUque to lower angle of cell ; post-
medial Une faint, obUque to the lower edge of the patch, then with slight dark
points at the veins ; subterminal black points on veins 4, 3. Hindwing brown
tinged with grey, the terminal area darker ; ciUa with a whitish Une at base and
whitish tips. Underside whitish suffused with brown ; hindwing with sUght
brown discoidal bar and difiused curved postmedial Une defined on outer side
by whitish.
Hah. N. Nigeria, Olokemeji (Dudgeon), 1 $ type. Exp. 24 mill.
591 3o. Eustrotia perirrorata n. sp.
?. Head and thorax dark brown irrorated with white ; antennae ringed
with white ; abdomen grey-brown, the ventral surface irrorated with white ;
tarsi dark brown ringed with white. Forewing chocolate-brown thickly irrorated
with bluish white, the terminal area less thickly irrorated except at apex ; an
indistinct slightly waved dark antemecUal Une ; reniform slightly defined by
chocolate-brown, rather obUque, bar-shaped; postmedial Une dark bro\vn,
obUque to vein 6, then inwardly obUque, some white points beyond it on costa ;
a faint subterminal series of sUght brown spots from vein 6 to inner margin ; a
series of white striae before termen ; ciUa with some fine white Unes through
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. l!<,»
them. Hindwing brown tinged with grey ; a dark terminal line ; cilia dark
brown with a white Une at base. Underside of forewing brown, the costal and
terminal areas irrorated with white ; hindwing white irrorated with brown.
Hab. N.E. ahodesia, Up. Luangwa Valley (Neave), 1 $ type. Rxp. 26 mill.
5933c. Eulocastra pallida n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale red-brown, the thorax beliind the
tegulae and the base of abdomen whitish tinged with red-brown ; antennae
whitish towards base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish
tinged with red-brown, the fore and mid tibiae and the tarsi darker brown. Fore-
wing whitish tinged with red-browii, the costal area deeper red-brown ; minute
black points at middle of costa and submedian fold ; postmedial line faint,
pale red-brown with minute black points on it below costa, angled outwards
below costa and at middle, incurved at discal fold and below vein 4 ; a terminal
series of minute black points. Hindwing whitish tinged with brown ; a brown
terminal line. Underside of forewing pale red-brown ; hindwing whitish, the
costal area suffused with red-brown.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 S type. Exp. 20 mill.
5945a. Eulocastra poliogramma n. sp.
Head, thorax, and abdomen white suffused with greyish fuscous, the vertex
of head and base of abdomen whiter, the anal tuft tinged with rufous ; antennae
blackish ; palpi dark brown mixed with some ^^•hite ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen white mixed with some brown, the fore- and midlegs suffused
with blackish, the tarsi ringed with wliite. Forewing silvery white ; two sub-
basal shghtly waved grey Unes from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial hne
represented by minute black spots below costa and cell and above inner margin ;
three waved grey lines on medial area, the 3rd angled inwards at median
nervure before a small black discoidal spot, the area below the cell from the 2nd
line to the postmedial Line suffused with grey ; two grey postmedial Hues, bent
outwards below costa, tiien waved and erect ; a slightly waved white subterminal
line with fuscous grey patches before it from costa to vein 6 and from vein 5 to
submedian fold, defined on outer side by fuscous grey from costa to submedian
fold ; a terminal series of small black spots. Hindwing white faintly tinged
with brown ; a sHght dark terminal hne. Underside of forewing suffused with
brown ; hindwing white, the costal area suffused with brown, a shght dark
discoidal spot.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 2 <J, 2 ? type ; Portuguese E. Africa,
Ruo Valley (Neave), 1 $ Kola Valley (Neave), 1 ?. Exp. 16 mill.
59516. Eulocastra camibasalis n. sp.
S. Head, thorax, and abdomen deep chocolate-brown with a greyish gloss,
the vertex of head, tegulae, and patagia flesh-red ; palpi, pectus, and legs dark
brown, the hind tibiae rufous, the tarsi white. Forewing with the basal area
flesh-red obhquely from costa beyond middle to inner margin before middle, the
rest of wing deep chocolate-brown with a band of leaden-grey suffusion on post-
medial area and the terminal area suffused with leaden grey ; postmedial line
^"^ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
slight, dark, excurved below costa and at middle, incurved at discal fold and
below vein 4 ; subterminal line indistinct, dark, excurved below vein 7 and at
middle. Hindwing brown glossed «ith leaden grey. Underside brown glossed
with leaden grey, the forewing with, tlie costal edge ochreous from before to
beyond middle.
Hab. Br. C Africa, Mt. Manje (Neave), I $ type. Exp. IS mill.
5954a. Eulocastra phaeella n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark red-brown ; abdomen greyer brown ;
pectus and ventral surface of abdomen at base with some whitish. Forewing
dark red-brown suffused with silvery blue ; an indistinct interrupted dark ante-
medial line ; a dark medial shade ; a white discoidal point ; postmedial line
indistinct, dark defined on outer side by silvery blue, sUghtly bent outwards below
costa, then minutely dentate ; an indistinct dark subterminal line, excurved at
middle ; a terminal series of shght dark points. Hindwing dark brown glossed
with leaden grey. Underside wliitish suffused with brown : hindwing with
sUght dark discoidal striga and curved postmedial hne.
?. Much more uniform deep red-l)rown glossed with leaden grey ; fore-
wing without any silvery blue and with the markings hardly traceable.
Hab. Madras, Belgaum (Watson), 1 <?, 4 ? type. Exp. 12-14 mill.
59546. Eulocastra albipunetella n. sp.
?. Head and thorax dark brown glossed with leaden grey ; abdomen grey-
brown. Forewing dark brown glossed with leaden grey ; a faint dark ante-
medial line ; a small bar-shaped white discoidal spot defined by dark brown ,
a faint dark postmedial Hne shghtly excurved below costa and at middle ; a
terminal series of shght dark points. Hindwing dark bro\vn tinged with grey.
Underside uniform grey-bro^vn.
Hab. Borneo, Pulo Laut (Doherty), 1 ? type. Exp. 12 mill.
5960o. Metaemene nndariodes n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen pure white ; sides of frons with minute black
spots ; palpi with black mixed ; forelegs with some black in front. Forewing
pure wiiite, thinly scaled : the costal edge black towards base : small subbasal,
antemedial, and medial black spots on costa and three towards apex ; slight
terminal black spots at veins 5 and 2. Hindmng pure white, thinly scaled ; a
small black spot on inner margin near tornus. Underside of forewing \vith the
costal area sufi'used with black-brown towards apex with three white spots on
costa.
Hab. PhUippines, Luzon, Baguio Distr., 4,000 ft., 1 ? type. Exp. 2 4 mill.
5965(7. Mimasura miltochristodes n. sp.
$. Head, thorax, and alidomen orange-yellow, the shoulders with black
spots ; antennae fu.scous except towards base ; fore tibiae with black band at
extremity. Forewing orange-yellow with a reddish tinge except on terminal
area, the black markings tinged with purple-grey ; a small black spot at base
of costa and subbasal spots on costa and in the cell ; a rather diffused slightly
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 137
waved antemedial blackish line with a band before it from cell to inner margin,,
bent outwards between discal and submedian folds and conjoined in the cell
to a similar medial Unc angled inwards at discal and submedian folds ; a point
at upper angle of cell ; a similar postmedial Une, slightly excurved beyond the
angles of cell ; a similar subterminal line, excurved below vein 7 and at middle ;
small terminal spots below apex and above and below veins 5 and 2. Hindwing
pale orange-yellow. Underside orange-yellow ; forewing with oblique medial
brown bar from costa and curved postmecUal line.
Hah. Gold Coast, Kumasi (Sanders), 1 $ type. Exj). 24 mill.
59796. Acanthofrontia dicycla n. sp.
Head and thorax white, the frons suffused with fuscous, the tegulae orange-
yellow, the dorsum of thorax black ; antennae and palpi black ; abdomen
orange-yellow banded uith black ; pectus and legs white, the latter streaked
with black, the tarsi black ringed with white. Forewing silver}' m hite with an
ochreous tinge, the costal edge black towards base ; a curved black subbasal
Une from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line black, sinuous, bent out-
wards to inner margin ; orbicular and reniform large round black annuU ; a
waved black medial Une ; the terminal part of costa black with \\hite points on
it ; postmedial Une black, excurved below costa and at middle and less strongly
above inner margin ; subterminal line black : strongly excurved below vein 7
and at middle and interrupted between vein 3 and submedian fold ; a terminal
series of minute black spots. Hindwing white, the costal area tinged with
brown, the base and inner area sUghtly tinged ; a terminal black Une. Under-
side of forewing suffused with fuscous, the terminal area yellow ; hindwing with
the costal area suffused wth fuscous except to^^ards base, leading a yellow
apical patch, an obUque black striga on upper cUscoceUulars, a black subterminal
band from costa to vein 5 and obUque mark from vein 7 to termen at discal
fold.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 2 9 ; Portuguese E Africa, Ruo
Valley (Neave), 2 3 type, Kola Valley (Neave), 3 ?. Exp. 22-28 mill.
5979c. Acanthofrontia atricosta n. sp.
$. Head, thorax, and abdomen silvery ^^hite tinged with ochreous yellow,
the tegulae and abdomen except towards base yello^^er and the latter with
brown lateral bars, the anal tuft orange-yellow ; antennae and 3rd joint of palpi
black-brown ; legs brown banded with white. Forewing silver}' white tinged
with ochreous yeUow, the costa dark brown from beyond middle to near apex.
Hindwing silvery white tinged with ochreous yellow, the costal area brownish.
Underside of forewing and costal area of hindwing suffused with red-brown
except on terminal area.
Hah. Gambia (Sir G. Carter), 3 $ type. E.rp. 24 miU.
6075«. Procriosis albizona n. sp. •
(J. Head and thorax white mixed with red-bro\\n ; palpi and antennae red-
brown ; abdomen red-brown, the anal tuft white ; pectus and legs red-brown,
the tarsi sUghtly ringed with white. Forewing with the basal area red-brown
mixed with some white ; a rather comma-shaped black subbasal patch below
188 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
the cell ; an antemedial white band traversed by a slightly sinuous red-brown
line ; medial area pale red-brown, the postmedial line represented by its outer
edge, excurved to vein 4, then oblique and sinuous ; the terminal area white,
tinged with red-brown towards costa. Hindwing pale red-brown. Underside
white irrorated with red-brown, the disk of forewing more sufiused with red-
brown ; hindwing with slight brown discoidal spot and curved postmedial line.
Hab. Br. E. Africa, Tanga (HolUs), 1 o type. Exp. 16 mill.
Genus Dischalis nov.
Type: D. kucomcra.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect to rather beyond the frons and
moderately scaled below ; frons with large round corneous prominence wth
raised edges ; eyes large, round ; antennae of male minutely ciUated ; thorax
clothed almost entirely with scales and without crests ; tibiae smoothly scaled ;
abdomen smoothly scaled and without crests. Forewing with the apex rounded,
the termen evenly curved and not crenulate ; vein 3 from well before angle of
cell ; 5 from just above angle ; G from upper angle ; 7,8 stalked ; 9,10 stalked ;
11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from angle of cell; 5 almost fuUy
developed from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6, 7 from upper angle ;
8 anastomosing with the cell to near middle.
In key differs from the other genera in the forewing having veins 7, 8
stalked and 9, 10 stalked, and from Hi/pangitia in the forewing having a corneous
prominence with raised edges.
6075f. Dischalis leucomera n. sp.
o. Head and tegulae white ; thorax and abdomen red-brown, the pro-
thorax and patagia at extremity with some white ; antennae, frons, palpi,
pectus, and legs red-brown. Forewing with the basal area red-brown, its outer
edge inwardly obUque ; a broad white medial band, its outer edge obhque to
lower angle of cell with a curve inwards in the cell, then inwardly oblique, the
area beyond it red-brown to the postmedial Une with the reniforni defined by
white, the inwardly oblique waved wiiite postmedial hne near its outer edge, the
terminal area white, tinged with red- brown towards costa and termen. Hindwing
whitish suffused with red-brown. Underside white suffused with red-brown ;
hindwing with waved white postmedial hne defined on each side l)y red-brown,
curved red-brown subterminal line, and deep red-brown terminal line.
Hab. Madras, Belgaum (Watson), 1 (J type. Exp. 20 mill.
6079«. Hoplotarache hemiselenias n. sp.
?. Head, tegulae, and prothorax wiiite, the rest of thorax dark olive-brown ;
antennae and palpi red brown ; abdomen red-brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen red-brown mixed with some white, the tarsi dark red-brown
ringed with wiiite. Forewing cupreous red-brown ; the base and a patch on
basal inner area white ; a large semicircular silvery w hite patch on costa from
before middle to near apex, extending to discal fold and with a diffused fulvous-
yellow hne near its outer edge ; an incUstinct curved brown antemedial Une ;
reniform red-brown tinged with leaden grey and shghtly defined by yellowish
NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 189
white, small, round, and slightly indenting the white costal patch ; subterminal
line represented by an oblique silvery white striga below apex and spot below
vein 6, continuous below vein 3 and strongly angled inwards at subniedian fold,
a slightly waved white line before it from vein 2 to inner margin ; a terminal
white band with its inner edge tinged with fulvous yellow, bent inwards at vein
2, then oblique to tornus ; cilia white. Hindwing whitish strongly suffused
with red-brown, the cilia white. Underside of forewing dark reddish brown
with some yellowish white on costa beyond middle ; hindv\ing whitish suSused
with red-brown, an indistinct dark discoidal spot and curved postmedial line.
Hah. Cameroons, Ja R., Bitje (Bates), 3 $ type. Exp. 22 mill.
6091i. Aulotarache atrisignata n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen white faintly tinged with olive, the antennae
ringed with black, the frontal prominence edged with black, the palpi with the
3rd joint black except at tips, the abdomen with diffused black bands ; pectus,
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen more strongly tinged with oUve and slightly
irrorated with black, the fore and mid tibiae and tarsi banded with black. Fore-
wing wliite faintly tinged with oHve ; a quadrate black spot in end of cell with
a diffused black patch above it on costa and minute black spot below it below
vein 2 ; traces of a blackish postmedial Hne, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ;
a small black spot at apex and terminal series of black striae ; ciUa black mixed
with some wiiitish. Hindwing wliite tinged with olive-brown, the terminal area
suffused with fuscous ; a fine black terminal line ; ciUa blackish with a white
line at base. Underside wliite ; forewing tinged with blackish to end of cell,
then with rufous ; hindwing tinged with rufous, the medial costal area irrorated
with black, a black discoidal point.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Zomba (Old), 1 o' type. Exp. 20 mill.
6175a. Tarache yemenensis n. sp.
<J. Head and thorax creamy wiute ; antennae dark brown ; frons greyish
ringed wth dark brown ; palpi dark brown above and at tips ; abdomen pale
rufous with some white at sides at base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen white, the fore tibiae and the tarsi dark brown ringed with wliite.
Forewing white tinged with rufous in parts, especially in and beyond the cell on
medial area ; three olive-grey patches on basal part of costa and traces of a
waved grey antemedial line ; two ohve-grey patches on postmedial part of costa
separated by an obhque wiute bar representing part of the postmedial line ; the
postmedial area with an olive-grey band from vein 6 to inner margin, its inner
edge excurved to vein 4, then incurved, traversed by the indistinct double black
postmedial hne sUghtly defined on outer side by whitish and filled in with
whitish towards inner margin, also excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; the
apical area dark brown shading into pale cupreous red at apex and with two
obUque white striae from costa ; subterminal line bright cupreous red, arising
below costa, slightly waved and incurved below vein 6, the area beyond it wiute
except towards costa with a series of black striae on termen ; ciUa white with
dark points at middle to vein 4, then a slight brown hne, the tips tinged with
ochreous towards apex. Hindwing white, the veins and inner margin with a
faint rufous tinge, the veins towards termen and the termen, except towards
IjgO XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
tornus, suffused with cupreous brown ; cilia wliite with a dark-grey line near base
to vein 3, then tinged with rufous at base. Underside of forewing white, the
terminal lialf brown except on inner area, the costa towards base and the cell
tinged with fulvous yellow, two white postmedial patches on costa followed by
two striae ; hindwing white, a slight olive- yellow mark at middle of costa, distinct
subterininal band from costa to vein 6 and terminal band to vein 3.
Hah. Arabia, Yemen (Bury), 1 S type. Exp. 36 mill.
Fhlogophorinae.
Genus Entelia insert.
Phlojophcn-a Treit., SchmeU. Eur. v. i. p. 369 (1825), which lias priority. Type: adulatrix.
6212a. Phlogophora endoleuca n. sp.
$. Head and thorax red-brown mixed with some whitish ; antennae and
frons dark bro\vn ; palpi dark red-brown ; abdomen red-brown with some
white at base, the crests dark brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen red-brown mixed with white, the forelegs dark brown, the tarsi ringed
with white. Forewing grey sufifused with red-brown and slightly irrorated with
dark brown, the submedian fold pale ; a faint dark subbasal striga from costa ;
antemedial hne faint, dark, incurved below submedian fold ; orbicular indis-
tinctly defined by blackish, open below ; some shght dark marks at end of cell ;
postmedial line indistinctly double, dark, dentate to vein 2 and oblique to vein
6, interrupted from vein 2 to submedian fold, then very obhque to middle of
inner margin ; a slight pale waved subterminal hne defined on each side by
fuscous from costa to discal fold ; a fine dark terminal hne ; cilia dark brown
with a fine pale Une at base. Hindwing grey suffused with reddish brown, the
submedian interspace whitish ; a dark striga at middle of inner margin ; post-
medial Une indistinct, double, fuscous filled in with whitish, arising at vein 5
and obUque to vein 2, interrupted in submedian interspace ; shght ochreous
subterminal spots defined by blackish from above vein 4 to vein 2 ; a dark
terminal line ; ciHa dark with a fine pale Une at base. Underside grey suffused
with dark reddish brown ; liindwing with shght dark discoidal spot, the double
postmedial Une extending to vein 6, the ochreous subterminal spots tiom above
vein 6 to below 2.
Hah. Cameroons, Ja R., Bitje (Bates), 1 o" type. Exp. 32 mill.
6232a. Phlogophora affinis n. sp.
(J. Head, tegulae, extremity of patagia and metatlioracic crest rufous, the
rest of thorax grey suffused with red-brown ; antennae dark brown ; palpi grey
suffused with red-brown and irrorated with black ; abdomen grey suffused \vith
red-brown, the crests black ; pectus and legs wliitish suffused with red-brown.
Forewing grey suffused with red-brown and sUghtly irrorated with black, the
medial area with a blue-grey patch from the cell and vein 2 to above inner
margin, extending to beyond the postmedial Une, the terminal area blue-grey to
vein 4 ; a sUght blackish subbasal spot in the cell ; antemecUal Une blackish with
some rufous on it towards imier margin, obUque to discal fold, then inwardly
obUque ; orbicular and reniform chocolate-brown defined by whitish, round,
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 191
the former small ; medial line blackish, obUque to the reniform and inwardly
obUque from the orbicular to inner margin ; postmedial Une double, dark brown
filled in with wliitish, excurved to vein 6, Chen slightly waved to vein 3, then
incurved ; the postmedial area with a triangular chocolate-brown patch defined
on outer side by a white line from costa to vein 6, with a black subterminal
striga from its apex to discal fold, an oblique black bar from discal fold to vein
4, then whitish subterminal striae defined on inner side by black-brown above
and below vein 3 ; a terminal series of small black-brown lunules ; ciUa red-
brown chequered with dark brown and with a wliitish line at base. Hindwing
grey suffused with red-brown, whitish towards base ; a curved, sinuous, whitish
subterminal hne defined on inner side by dark brown from vein 6 to inner
margin ; a terminal series of small black-brown lunules ; ciha dark brown with
a whitish Une at base. Underside w liitish suffused with red-brown and irrorated
with blackish ; forewing with blacldsh discoidal spot, indistinct double post-
medial line excurved below costa, then oblique, and dark marks before the
subterminal Une from costa to discal fold ; liindwiug with large round black
discoidal spot defined by white, double curved postmedial hne, and faint
sinuous subterminal line.
Hab. Formosa, Karapin (Wileman), 1 ,J type. Exp. 30 miU.
6287a. Phlegetonia atribasalis n. sp.
?. Head, tegulae, and patagia deep rufous mixed with whitish, the tegulae
with dark bars near base, the dorsum of thorax whitish suffused with rufous ;
antennae black ringed with wliite ; palpi white and fiery red barred with black ;
abdomen whitish with dark subdorsal shades to 5th segment, black dorsal streak
on 2nd segment, the terminal segments tinged with rufous ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen wliite mixed with rufous, the fore tibiae and tarsi
banded with black-brown. Forewing with the basal half grey suffused with
dark red-brown and blackish, its outer edge obhque and followed by a greenish
white shade except towards costa, the rest of wing grey suffused with rufous,
the terminal area brown towards tornus ; a black- brown spot on median nervure
near base ; antemedial Une double, blackish, filled in with white towards inner
margin ; orbicular a minute white spot defined by black ; reniform narrow,
somewhat angled inwards at median nervure, its centre tinged with green, a
sUght black mark in its lower part, a wliite bar above it from costa and double
shghtly waved black hne from cell to inner margin ; postmedial Une treble,
dark filled in with wliitish, sUghtly sinuous, obhque to discal fold, then incurved ;
a triangular black-brown patch on postmedial area from costa to vein 6, defined
by white and with three white points at costa, the wliitish subterminal Une
arising from its apex \vith a small black spot on its inner side below vein 5,
waved and angled inwards below vein 2 ; a terminal series of sUght black-browm
lunules defined on inner side by whitish. Hindwing whitish suffused with
brown ; a waved black-brown terminal Une except towards apex and tornus ;
ciUa red-brown \vith a white Une at base. Underside white mixed with fiery
rufous ; forewing with brown postmedial Une defined on outer side by white,
obhque from below costa to vein 6, then sUghtly waved and obUque below vein
4, a faint sUghtly waved wlutish subterminal Une with two sUght red-browm
spots at costa ; hindwing with elhptical black-brown discoidal spot defined
192 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
by whitish, curved slightly waved dark medial line, curved double waved
red-brown postmedial line, and waved subterniinal line.
Hai>. Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is. (Meek), 1 $ type. Exp. 30 mill.
Odontodinae.
The geaua Odontodes Guen. 1852, type akuca, is the oldest in the subfamily.
6451o. Nigramma rubripictalis n. sp.
ij. Head and thorax oUve-grey, the vertex of head and dorsum of tegulae
with sUght red-brown streak, the patagia mostly dark red-brown and leaden grey
towards extremity and the metathorax with some dark red-brown scales ;
antennae dark red-brown except above towards base ; sides of frons and palpi
suffused with red-brown ; abdomen grey suffused with red-brown ; pectus, legs,
and ventral surface of abdomen whitish, the tibiae and tarsi suffused with red-
brown. Forewing whitish tinged with olive-green and irrorated with red-brown,
the medial area below the cell and the terminal area suffused with red-brown ;
a diffused curved red-brown subbasal line ; antemedial Une indistinctly double,
red- brown, shghtly waved, the outer Hne with small tufts of black-brown scales
on it in and below the cell ; a double slightly curved red-brown medial hne ;
reniform defined by red-brown and wth dark patch in centre ; postmedial line
indistinct, double, red-brown, shghtly waved, the outer line with three black
points on it from below costa to cUscal fold, a red-brown shade before it on
costal area ; the red- brown terminal area defined on inner side by a deeper
red-brown spot below costa, then a very shghtly waved hne ; subterminal line
white defined on outer side by red-brown and blackish points, shghtly angled
outwards below vein 7, then very shghtly waved ; a terminal series of deep
red-brown striae defined on inner side by white ; a fine deep rtd- brown hne
at base of ciha. Hindv\ing whitish suffused with red-brown, the ciha whiter
except at base. Underside whitish suffused with red-brown.
Hab. Lonisiade Is., St. Aignan I. (Meek), 1 ^ type. Exp. 22 mill.
6452. Nigramma perstrialis n. sp.
5. Head and thorax ochreous white mixed with deep rufous and some
dark brown ; anteimae dark brown, red-brown towards base ; palpi whitish
tinged with red-brown ; abdomen pale red-brown with blackish dorsal spots
on two basal segments ; pectus and legs whitish mixed with red-brown ; ventral
surface of abdomen white. Forewing ochreous suffused with deep rufous and
slightly irrorated with dark brown, a deep rufous fascia below the cell and vein
5 from base to termen, and a fascia from upper angle of cell to apex ; a dark
streak on basal part of vein 1 ; a black antemedial point on costa and another
in middle of cell ; reniform very indistinctly defined by blackish points above,
its lower part filled in with dark brown and whitish ; a postmedial series of
blackish points, obhque from costa to vein 6, then inwardly obUque ; a sub-
terminal series of minute black spots, oblique to vein 6, then inwardly oblique and
shghtly curved ; a series of small black spots before termen defined on inner
side by white ; the terminal part of inner margin suffused with dark brown ;
cilia with two fine black-brown lines through them. Hindwng wliitish suffused
with red-brown, the terminal area with darker brown, the costal area white
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 193
to beyond middle ; cilia with a fine white hne at base and white tips. Under-
side of fore\ving red-brown, the inner area white ; liindwing whitish suffused with
red-brown, the cell and inner area whiter.
Hah. Lonisiade Is., Woodlark I. (Meek), 1 $ type. Exp. 32 mill.
6471a. Gsntona scotialis n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax red-brown mixed with black tinged with leaden grey ;
antennae and palpi black-brown ; abdomen black-brown tinged with grey ;
pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish mixed with fuscous, the
tarsi blackish ringed with white. Fore\\ing cupreous red-brown with black
markings mixed with leaden grey ; a black and grey patch on basal costal area ;
a double curved black antemedial hne fiUed in with leaden grey and with small
tufts of raised black scales on it in and below the cell ; a sUght dark brown medial
hne, oblique to submecUan fold, then inwardly obUque ; a curved discoidal
band defined by blackish hues and filled in with leaden grey from costa, where
it is connected with the postmethal band, to the postmecUal band between veins
3 and 2 ; the postmedial band formed by a double very shghtly waved black hne
filled in with leaden grey ; two narrow shghtly waved leaden-grey subterminal
bands defined on outer side by black points ; a terminal series of small black-
bro«n spots defined by leaden grey ; cilia dark brown tinged \vith leaden grey
at base, grey at tips. Hindwing with the basal half white tinged with brown,
the veins and terminal half dark brown. Underside whitish suffused with
fuscous brown, the basal half of hindwing wliiter.
Hah. Solomon Is., Goodenough I. (Meek), 2 S type. Exp. 20 mill.
Sarrothripinae.
64:9of(. Characoma melanographa a. sp.
<J. Head and thorax white, 'the head with black streaks behind antennae,
the tegulae, tipped with black, the patagia edged with black and with black spot
at middle, the mesothorax with black patch and the metathorax with black
streaks at sides ; antennae black, ringed with white towards base ; frons with
black spot above : palpi with the 2nd and 3rd joints black above towards base ;
abdomen whitish suffused with brown ; pectus and legs wliite tinged with red-
brown. Forewing white ; black spots at base on costa and below the cell and
a spot in the cell before the black subbasal hne, which is angled outwards at
subcostal nervure and ends at submedian fold, in which there is a short black
streak beyond it ; some black suffusion on basal part of inner margin ; ante-
medial hne black, oblique, waved, with two small black spots before it in the
cell and a short black streak from it in lower end of cell ; a black discoidal point,
some shght points on medial part of costa and a black patch below end of cell ;
postmecUal line black, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 3, then
slightly waved, a rather cUffused conical black patch beyond it from costa and
the area beyond it with some black iiToration except towards costa ; subter-
minal hne black, interrupted below costa and excurved below vein 7 and at
middle ; a black point on costa towards apex, obUque black fascia from apex
and shght maculate shade before termen ; a terminal series of small triangular
black spots ; ciUa brownish white intersected with blackish. Hindwing white,
13
194 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
the veins and terminal area suffused with brown, the latter broadly towards
costa, narrowing to tornus. Underside of fore«ing suffused with brown, the
base and inner area white, the terminal half of costa wliite with small blackish
spots ; hindwing white with fuscous postmedial hne from costa and slight
subterminal shade to vein 2.
Hcib. TransvaaJ, Wliite R, (Oooke), 1 o" type. E.vp. 24 mill.
C490f(. Characoma nigricollaris n. sp.
o. Head and thorax pale blue-grey irrorated with fuscous, the tegulae with
black-brown patches meeting dorsally beliind but leaving the middle, sides, and
tips pale ; the prothorax \vith a small black spot and the meso- and metathorax
with paired spots ; abdomen fuscous brown \\ith the crest at base grey ;
antennae fuscous brown: palpi white irrorated with brown except at base and
with black points on 1st joint and base of 2nd joint ; jiectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen white, the fore femora black above, the tibiae
irrorated with brown and the tarsi black at extremity, the hind tibiae and tarsi
irrorated with brown. Forewing pale blue-grey irrorated with fuscous ; a
black patch at base of cell met by a curved blackish subbasal striga from costa ;
antemedial Une black, obhque and very slightly excurved from costa to vein 1,
where it terminates, and with a slight black streak beyond it in submedian fold
to the faint po.stmcdial line ; a slight black discoidal point ; postmedial line
very indistinct, blacldsh, faintly defined on outer side by whitish, with sUght
diffused marks at costa, bent outwards with a downwards curve below costa,
then waved, incurved at discal fold and below vein 4, a faint dark shade beyond
it forming a sUght patch on costal area ; a subterminal series of slight blackish
spots, somew hat incurved at discal fold and below vein 5 ; a terminal series of
black points. Hindwing semihyahne white ; a slight terminal brown line,
rather diffused at apex. Underside of forewing bluish white tinged with brown
except on inner area, some blackish marks on costa towards apex.
Hab. Transvaal, Pretoria (D. Gunn), 1 3 type. Exp. 32 mill.
6517«. Pardasena pmictilinea n. sp.
o. Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with red- brown ; antennae
blackish except towards base ; palpi with some dark brown above towards
base ; mid femora towards extremity and the tibiae with some dark brown.
Forewing white tinged with red-brown ; a black point at base of costa and spot
at base of median ncrvure ; a small subbasal black spot on costa ; a faint
antemedial line with black bar from costa and small spots at the veins, rather
obhquely excurved from below costa ; a small black discoidal spot and blacldsh
spot below end of cell ; postmedial hne faint, with two smaO black spots below
costa, then a series of points, sUghtly bent outwards below costa, then obUque
to vein 4, then incurved, a conical patch of fuscous suffusion beyond it from
costa ; subterminal hne formed by small blackish spots, excurved below vein
7 and at middle ; a rather maculate fuscous shade before termen from below
costa to discal fold ; a terminal series of minute triangular black spots. Hind-
^ving whitish suffused with reddish brown, the terminal area darker except
towards tornus ; a dark terminal line and fine white line at base of ciha.
Underside of forewing fuscous brown, the base and inner margin wiiitish ;
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 191S. 195
hindwing white, a fuscous postmedial patch on costa and terminal shade to
submedian fold.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Mt. ADanje (Neave), 1 S type. Exp. 20 mill.
6529«. Nanaguna rufitincta n. sp.
cJ. Head and thorax white mixed with some rufous especially on tegulae
and metathorax ; antennae blackish, ringed with white towards base ; palpi
rufous and white, the 2nd joint black above ; abdomen pale rufous, the anal
tuft white. Forewing white mixed \\ith some rufous, the area beyond the cell
suffused with rufous to submedian fold, the basal area and medial area irrorated
with darker brown to submedian fold, the antemedial area whiter ; an inwardly
oblique blackish antemedial Une from costa to submedian fold ; a black medial
Une, oblique towards costa, then sinuous ; postmedial line blackish, shghtly
defined on outer side by white at middle, with two black points on it towards
costa and one at vein 2, oblique to vein 4, then incurved ; the postmedial area
with a patch of deep red- brown at middle ; sub terminal line black, rather macu-
late, incurved at discal fold and below vein 3 ; a deep red-brown spot before
termen below apex and terminal series of black striae ; ciha with a shght bro\vn
line through them. Hindwing pure white, the terminal area suffused with
fuscous and with slight dark terminal line to vein 2. Underside of forewing
reddish brown, the terminal half of costa white with small red-brown spots ;
hindwing white, a curved reddish brown postmedial hne to vein 3, the terminal
area suffused with reddish brown to submedian fold.
Hab. Dutch N. Guinea, ]\It. GoUath (Meek), 1 S %Y^e. Exp. 22 mill.
Genus Nanarhyncha nov.
Type: A', nolopham.
Proboscis aborted and small ; palpi downcurved, extending about four
times length of head and thickly scaled above and below ; frons smooth ; eyes
large, round ; antennae of female ciliated ; thorax clothed with hair and scales
mixed and without crests ; tibiae shghtly fringed with hair ; abdomen smoothly
scaled and without crests. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen obliquely
curved, the inner margin somewhat lobed towards base ; vein 3 from just before
angle of cell ; 4, 5 strongly stalked ; 6 from upper angle ; 7,8,9 stalked ; 10,
11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3 and 5 from angle of cell, 4 absent ; 6, 7
strongly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the ceU to near extremity.
In key chffers from Hesperolhripa in the proboscis being aborted and small,
the palpi downcurved, the forewing with veins 4, 5 stalked, the hindwing with
veins 6, 7 from cell.
6d35a. Nanarhyncha nolophaea n. sp.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark redtUsh brown mixed with some grey ;
palpi black-brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen black-brown
mixed with grey. Wings dark reddish brown mixed with some grey. Under-
side dark redcUsh brown.
Hab. Sierra Leone (Clements), 1 $ type. Exp. 16 mill.
196 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
6582«. Lampi'othripa gUvaria n. sp.
o. Head and thorax cream coiour, tlic tips of tegulae and rest of thorax
suffused with rufous ; antennae rufous ; palpi cream colour and rufous ; abdomen
cream colour tinged with rufous ; pectus and legs cream colour suffused
with rufous, the tarsi red-brown with pale rings. Forewing cream colour, the
basal half suffused with rufous, its outer edge oblique and sinuous ; a small
black subbasal spot below costa ; antemedial line formed l)y double striae of
raised black scales, oblique, sinuous, two slight black marks before it above
inner margin ; a deeper rufous spot defined by some black scales in the cell
towards extremity ; postmedial line indistinct, rufous with some black scales
on it, strongly bent outwards below costa, then slightly waved to vein 4,
then incurved and double in submedian interspace ; the postmedial area with
a rufous shade to discal fold ; a series of sUght ill-defined rufous spots before
termen ; cilia chequered with rufoiis. Hind wing cream colour tinged wth
rufous especially on inner area. Underside cream colour tinged in parts and
irrorated with rufous ; forewing with slight rufous line at end of cell and
faint subterminal shade ; hindwing with slight rufous medial line excurved
beyond the cell.
Hab. Assam, Khasis (Nissary), 1 S type. Exp. 28 mill.
662 2f/. Ochrothripa mesopis n. sj).
?. Head and thorax ochreous suffused with red-brown and irrorated with
black ; antennae blackish ; palpi with the 2nd joint black above towards base
and the 3rd joint towards extremity ; abdomen black-brown ; pectus, legs,
and ventral surface of abdomen ochreous tinged with red-brown, the forelegs
iriorated with black. Forewing ochreous tinged with red-brown and irrorated
with black, the terminal area suffused with red-brown except at apex, running
inwards along irmer margin to the postmedial fine, the veins of terminal area
streaked wth black ; a waved black subbasal line to vein 1 and streak on base
of inner margin ; a waved black antemedial line, obsolete towards costa ; a
small black spot in middle of cell ; the reniform with irregularly rounded black
outline and small black spot in middle ; postmedial fine black, very slightly
sinuous, strongly excurved from costa to submedian fold, where it is bent
inwards, angled outwards at vein 1 ; cilia chequered brownish ochreous and
black-brown. Hindwing ochreous suffused with red-brown, the terminal area
darker ; cilia paler ochreous ; some black on inner margin and ciUa at tornus.
Underside ochreous suffused with red-brown ; hindwdng with faint curved
brown postmedial fine.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. JMlanje (Neave), 1 ? type. Exp. 32 mill.
Genus Megastopolia n.n.
Poliothripa Hmpsn., Cat. Lcjt. Fhal. B.M. xiii. p. 333 (lltl'J) ; lu'i' .1h«. .'i. Afr. Mils. ii. p. 311
(1902). Type: ameriii.
Genus Pucialia insert.
Sebagena Wlk., x.\xiii. (liiO (18G5), vihioh has priority. Type: jurcifcra.
6646a. Sebagena metaphaea n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax pinkish white faintly tinged with red-brown and
irrorated with black-brown, the tegulae with black medial Une ; palpi with the
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 197
2nd joint black-brown above except towards extremity and the 3rd joint with
some black-brown at sides ; abdomen dark brown irrorated with some grey,
especially towards extremity ; pectus and legs white irrorated \vith dark brown,
the fore tarsi banded with chocolate-brown, the mid tarsi deep chocolate-brown
except towards base ; ventral surface of abdomen banded white and chocolate-
brown. Forewing white tinged in parts with pink and irrorated with chocolate-
brown and some blackish, the costal area suffused with chocolate-brown from
the antemedial Une to apex, where it narrows to a point, the cell on medial area
also suffused wdth chocolate-brown extending to below the cell just beyond the
antemedial line, some rufous suffusion beyond end of cell ; an obUque sinuous
blackish subbasal Une from below costa to inner margin ; antemedial line black,
oblique to submedian fold, then excurved and ending at vein 1, a small black
spot beyond it below the cell ; orbicular whitish with some red-brown in centre,
round ; a curved black discoidal striga ; postmedial line double, the inner Hne
black, the outer chocolate-brown, black towards inner margin, sinuous, slightly
excurved beyond the cell ; subterminal Une with obUque white striga from
costa, then double, chocolate-brown, sinuous to vein 3, below which it is sUghtly
angled inwards, then obUque to tornus, crossed by a black streak from beyond
upper angle of cell and with another black streak beyond it below costa ; two
white points on costa towards apex and a series of black striae before termen.
Hindwing very dark chocolate-brown with a cupreous gloss, the ciUa wliite at
tips. Underside deep chocolate-brown ; forewing with the costal edge white
except towards base, interrupted by a small chocolate-brown spot at middle
and short streaks towards apex.
Hah. Jamaica (Jackson), 1 $ type. Exp. 40 mUl.
Genus Plectothripa nov.
Tj'pe : P. excisa.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to about
vertex of head, moderately scaled in front and angled \\ith hair above at middle,
the 3rd very long and smoothly scaled ; frons smootli, with ridge of hair above ;
eyes large, round ; antennae of male laminate and with short bristles ; thorax
clothed ahnost entirely witli scales and without crests ; build slender ; tibiae
sUghtly fringed with hair ; abdomen with dorsal crests on two basal segments
only, long. Forewing long and narrow, the apex rounded, the termen obUque
below vein 4, crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from just below
upper angle ; 7 shortly stalked with 8, 9 ; 10, 11 from cell. Hindwing with the
termen crenulate to vein 2, excised at vein 1 and obliquely truncate at tornus ;
the ceU more than half the length of wing and rounded at upper and lower
extremities ; vein 2 from towards angle of cell ; 3, 4 from angle ; 5 fuUy developed
from just above angle and strongly curved upwards ; 6 from long below upper
angle ; 8 closely approximated to the cell and vein 7 to well beyond the ceU ;
the discal and submedian folds strong, the former curved upwards, the latter
just below the cell ; the retinaculum curled and covered by a tuft of hair, the
raised scales in the ceU sUght.
In key differs from Elesnw in the palpi being upturned with the 3rd joint
very long, the abdomen with two basal crests, the hindwing with veins 3, 4
from angle of cell.
J 98 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
6660«. Plectothripa excisa n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous grey tinged with brown, the head
between antennae, crest at base of abdomen, and abdomen towards extremity
more rufous ; palpi with the 2nd joint whitish mixed with rufous and with an
oblique dark band near extremity, the 3rd v hite with black band near tips ;
pectus and ventral surface of abdomen white, the latter with dark sublateral
and subventral points except at base ; fore tibiae suffused with rufous, the
tarsi blackish ringed with white. rore\\-ing red-brown ; the basal area ochreous
grey with an obUquely curved black subbasal line from costa ti vein 1 ; some
black irroration before it on costal area and some brown below it on inner margin ;
antemedial line blacldsh, rather diffused and inwardly oblique ; a minute black
spot in middle of ceU and slight dark striae on the discoceUulars ; an obUque
dark Hne from origin of vein 2 to inner margin ; postmedial Hne dark brown,
very oblique to discal fold, then inwardly obUque and waved, a wedge-shaped
ochreous grey patch beyond it on costal area, extending to apex and to before
it at upper angle of cell, with three minute black spots on it at costa ; sub-
terminal line indistinct, dark, slightly excurved below vein 7, reduced to sUght
spots between discal and submedian folds and slight towards inner margin ;
ciha chequered whitish and red-brown. Hindwing grey suffused with reddish
brown, the costal area and termen redder brown. Underside of forewing red-
brown with curved blackish postmedial bar from costa ^\ith whitish patch beyond
it ; hindwing with dark discoidal bar with some wliitish irroration before and
beyond its upper part, some ochreous on costa above end of cell, a waved blackish
postmedial hne from costa to vein 5.
Ab. 1. Forewing uniform ochreous suffused and irrorated ^\ith red-brown
and without the pale basal area or pale patch on postmedial costal area.
Hab. Singapore (Ridley), 2 ^ type. Ex}}. 36 mill.
6660(7. Beana umbrina n. sp.
<J. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey tinged with reddish brown and with
some black mixed, the last ^rith the crests blackish ; antennae black, with pale
rings towards base ; palpi wliite mixed with blackish ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen white tinged with brown, the tarsi banded with blacldsh.
Forewing grey suffused with reddish brown and sUghtly irrorated with black ;
two dark subbasal shades on costal area ; antemedial line black, excurved to
median nervure and angled inwards at vein 1 ; a faint minute round blackish
orbicular stigma ; reniform defined by black, small, elhptical ; an oblique
blackish shade from lo\\er angle of cell to inner margin ; postmedial hne black
defined on outer side by white, angled outwards above vein 6, incurved at discal
fold, excurved at middle, then sinuous, two white points beyond it on costa ;
subterminal line blackish defined on outer side by whitish, incurved below costa,
angled inwards at discal fold, then shghtly waved and excurved at middle ; a
slight dark terminal line. Hindwing whitish suffused with fuscous blown, the
base paler ; ciUa white suffused with brown ; the underside white tinged with
red-brown, a dark discoidal point, slightly waved postmedial hne and subter-
minal series of minute blackish streaks on the veins.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 199
?. Forewing with rather diffused triangular blackish patch on medial area
in submedian interspace instead of the obUque shade.
Hah. PhiUppines, Luzon, Los Barios (Baker), 1 cj, 1 V type. Exp. 3 26,
? 30 mill.
6667«. Cassandria phoenicias n. sp.
$. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark red-brown mixed with some grey, the
last with the three terminal segments grey tinged with rufous ; antennae dark
red-brown, the basal joint white except at extremity ; tarsi white banded with
black-brown ; ventral surface of abdomen red-brown. Forewing red-brown
suffused with purple and mixed with grey to just beyond the cell ; two sUght
black streaks below costa towards base ; antemedial Une shght, black, inter-
rupted, excurved at subcostal nervure, then sinuous ; reniform red-brown with
a small white spot in centre and defined by black striae, round, with a black
streak before it in diseal fold ; postmedial Une black sUghtly defined on outer
side by whitish, bent outwards below costa, then sinuous, oblique to vein 6, then
inwardly oblique ; subterminal line grey, angled out^\•ards below costa, where
there is a short chocolate-brown fascia before it, then waved, double below
diseal fold ; a terminal series of slight grey lunules. Hindwing uniform glossy
red-brown. Underside grey-bro\vn with a reddish tinge ; forewing with the
costal edge white except towards base and with two sUght dark marks beyond
middle ; hindwing with the inner area pale except towards tornus, the costal
edge white towards apex.
Hab. Panama, Lino (Fassl), 1 $ type. Exj). 38 mill.
6691f(. Elaeognatha phanerostola n. sp.
Forewing of male on underside ^\•ith fringe of hair from below costa to
beyond middle ; liindwing on upperside with fringe of long hair below basal half
of costa, the rest of wing clothed \vdth rough scales and witli a fringe of upturned
hair in submedian fold, the termen shghtly excised below apex and more strongly
in submedian interspace.
(J. Head and thorax white mixed with red-brown, the tegulae with red-
brown dorsal patch ; antennae rufous ; palpi with deep red-brown stripe at side
of 2nd joint ; abdomen whitish suffused with pale red-brown ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with rufous. Forewing silvery white
irrorated with red-brown, a spot at base in and below the cell, a truncate conical
antemedial patch from costa to median nervure conjoined on costal area to a
quadrate medial patch extenchng into the end of cell, which again is conjoined
to an obhque patch below end of cell, and the postmedial and terminal areas
from costa to diseal fold deep red-brown with a golden gloss ; a small deep red-
brown spot defined by white in middle of cell ; the postmedial line represented
by a short deep brown streak on costa, the hne arising below the costa, obUquely
incurved to below vein 5, then obUque and waved to vein I , on which it is strongly
bent inwards and obsolete, then outwardly oblique to inner margin ; subter-
minal line white on the red-brown area, incurved below costa and excurved at
vein 6, then shght, double, red-brown, sUghtly waved, incurved at submedian
fold and ending at tornus ; a terminal series of deep red-bro^^^l striae. Hind-
wing white tinged with orange-yellow, the inner area white, the fringe of scales
200 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
in submedian fold fulvous yellow. Underside white tinged ■i\ith reddish brown,
the forewing with some short chocolate-brown streaks on apical part of costa.
Hah. Peru, Yahuarmayo, 1 S type. Exp. 40 mill.
66986. Steniscadia albifera n. sp.
?. Head and thorax white mixed with dark brown ; antennae fuscous, the
basal joint rufous ; palpi dark grey-brown, white at tips ; abdomen grey suffused
with brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish suffused
with brown. Forewing whitish irrorated with dark brown to discal fold, the
area below it reddish brown mixed with some wliitish ; two indistinct sinuous
brown antemedial lines with a chocolate-brown mark between them at costa and
an elliptical spot beyond them in the cell ; two slightly waved brown medial hnes,
excurved to median nervure, then incurved, a white patch between and before
them at inner margin ; an elUptical white discoidal spot with two dark points
on it ; postmedial line double, brown filled in with white, minutely dentate,
slightly excurved to vein 4, then slightly incurved, a chocolate-brown mark
beyond it on costa ; a sUghtly waved white subterminal Une, somewhat incurved
at discal fold ; a punctiform dark terminal line sUghtly defined on inner side by
whitish. Hindwing and underside uniform dark grey-brown.
Hah. Panama, Chiriqui (Arce), 2 $ type. Exp. 24 mill.
6801a. Stictothripa griseola n. sp.
Palpi of male short and porrect ; hindwing with vein 8 anastomosing with
the cell to beyond middle.
$. Head and tegulae silvery white ; thorax grey-white faintly irrorated
with fuscous ; antennae fuscous except towards base ; abdomen grey-white
irrorated with fuscous ; pectus and legs white irrorated with fuscous ; ventral
surface of abdomen white, the medial segments irrorated with fiery rufous.
Forewing grey-white irrorated with fuscous ; a shghtly waved blackish ante-
medial line and more distinctly waved medial line ; a small black discoidal
spot ; the apical part of costa w ith short blacldsh streaks ; postmedial line
faint, fuscous, waved ; subterminal hne fuscous, somewhat dentate, incurved
at discal fold and below vein 3, almost conjoined to the postmedial line below
vein 2 ; a terminal series of small black spots defined by white and with a
slight fuscous shade before them. Hindwing white tinged with fuscous ; a
blackish terminal line ; cilia pure white. Underside suffused with fuscous ;
forewing with alternating black and wliitish marks on costa towards apex.
Hah. Colombia, Choko Prov., Condoto (Spurrell), 1 ? type. Exp. 20 mill.
Vestermanniauae.
The genus Acontia was first described by Zincken, Erscli.and Griiber, .4Ug. Encyc. Wisx. i. p. 333 (1818),
typp liiHitosa, which comes in the subfamily Noctuinae. The genus called Acontia Treit., Cat.
Lep. I'hal. B.M. xi. p. 653, will stand as Xanthodes (3uen., and the subfamily as Vesternmnnianae
from the oldest genua in it.
6938a. Carea purpureolineata n. sp.
Cnrea hiriata Hnipsn.. Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M. xi. p. 551 ( $ nee J).
Head and thorax fiery red mixed with some yellow ; abdomen j^cUowish
tinged with red-brown ; antennae brown, rufous towards base ; palpi yellowi -
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 201
at base ; pectus yellowish white ; legs and ventral surface of abdomen rufous.
Forewing fiery chestnut-red, some brown at base and the costal edge brown ;
antemedial line purplish fuscous, rather diffused and very oblique ; a blackish
discoidal point : postmedial Une purplish fuscous, rather diffused, oblique from
costa beyond middle to tornus ; the termen tinged with brown, the ciUa brown
with a fine pale Une at base. Hindwing pale crimson-red, the basal costal area
whitish. Underside pale crimson-red, the inner areas whitish ; forewing with
blackish discoidal point.
Hab. Penang (Ridley), I <S type ; Perak, Larut Hills (Flower), 1 ?. Exp.
44 mill.
69486. Carea lentilineata n. sp.
o. Head and thorax yellowish suffused with rufous ; abdomen yellow
tinged with red-brown ; antennae brown ; palpi red-brown ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen yellowish, the forelegs and tarsi tinged with red-
brown. Forewng yellow tinged with rufous and slightly irrorated with dark
brown ; a very faint obhque brown antemedial line ; a minute red-brown
discoidal point ; postmedial line very faint, brown, slightly excurved below costa
and incurved below vein 4 ; cilia reddish brown. Hindwing bright yellow \vith
a very faint reddish tinge. Underside yellow tinged with rufous, the inner areas
whitish, the apical area of forewing and terminal area of hindwing to vein 3
irrorated with brown.
Hab. Selaugor (Holman-Hunt), 1 S type. Exp. 46 mill.
6948c. Carea flavidirubra n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax bright rufous ; abdomen yellow tinged with rufous ;
antennae brown, rufous towards base ; palpi brown, yellowish tinged with rufous
in front ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen yellow tinged with rufous,
the tarsi red-brown. Forewing rufous with a yellowish tinge and irrorated with
dark brown ; antemedial hne fine, dark brown, obhque ; a black discoidal point ;
postmedial Hne fine, dark brown, excurved to vein 4, then obhque; ciUa
red-brown, silvery white at tips towards tornus. Hindwing yellow tinged with
rufous ; ciUa whitish towards tornus. Underside yellow tinged with rufous,
the inner areas whitish ; hindwing with the terminal area sUghtly irrorated with
brown to vein 3.
Hab. Selangor, The Gap (Holman-Hunt), 1 <? type. Exp. 36 mill.
Genus Hypocarea nov.
Tyjie : Remigia conspiciia Leech.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to about
middle of frons, moderately scaled in front and shghtly fringed with hair behind
towards extremity, the 3rd short and thickly scaled ; frons smooth, with ridge
of hair above ; eyes large, round ; antennae of male with fasciculate ciha ;
thorax clothed with hair only and without crests ; tibiae slightly fringed with
hair ; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing rather narrow, the
apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate ; veins 3 and 5
from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8
to form the areole ; II from cell. Hindwing with the cell half the length of
202 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
■mng ; veins 3, 4 from angle ; 5 fully developed from just above angle ; 6, 7
from upper angle ; S anastomosing with the cell near base only.
In key differs from Paracrama in the palpi having the 3rd joint short and
thickly scaled.
G977rt. Maurilia rufirena n. sp.
$. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey-brown with a silvery leaden gloss, the
last with the crests darker ; pectus and legs white tinged with rufous, the fore
and hind tibiae and tarsi red-brown. Forewing grey-brown with a silvery
leaden gloss and tinged in parts with red- brown, an antemedial patch from cell
to inner margin finely pencilled with red-brown, the terminal area suffused with
cupreous red-brown ; an indistinct obhque almost straight red-brown ante-
medial line ; reniform pale bright rufous ; postmedial Une red-brown, slightly
sinuous, rather oblique to vein 4, then inwardly oblique. Hindwing uniform
dark red-brown with a cupreous gloss. Underside of forewing glossy fuscous,
the costa brownish white, the inner area white, an eUiptical pure white dis-
coidal spot ; hindmng white faintly tinged with red-brown to median nervure
and vein 2, the inner area suffused with grey.
Hab. S. Nigeria, Lagos (Dudgeon), 1 ? type. Exp. 44 mill.
69776. Maurilia atrirena n. sp.
$. Head and thorax pale red-brown ; antennae pale grey-brown : abdomen
grey-brown tinged with red-brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen w hite tinged with rufous, the forelegs redder brown. Forewing pale
greyish rufous, the terminal area deeper rufous ; a minute black spot in base
of cell ; a faint red-brown antemedial Hne, oblique to median nervure, then
erect ; reniform grey-black, rather ill-defined ; an obhque rufous shade from
just beyond upper angle of cell to inner margin before the postmedial Hne, which
is very faint, brown, excurved below costa and beyond lower angle of cell ;
subterminal line red-brown, rather oblique to vein 5, then excurved, and
incurved below vein 3. Hindwing red-brown, the basal half of costal area
wliitish ; ciha whitish at tips. Underside whitish suffused with red-brow n except
on inner areas.
Hab. S. Nigeria, Old Calabar (Crompton), 1 ? type. E.vp. 40 mill.
6990a. Beara achromatica n. sp.
?. Head and thorax whitish irrorated with reddish brown ; antennae tinged
with fuscous ; abdomen whitish suffused vnth brown, leaving pale segmental
lines ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white irrorated with brown.
Forewing white irrorated with reddish brown ; a shght dark subbasal striga
from costa ; a faint medial hne formed by blackish scales, angled outwards at
submedian fold ; a faint postmedial Hne formed by blacldsh scales, obUque to
discal fold, then inwardly obhque ; a faint brown subterminal line, somewhat
excurved at middle. Hindwing white tinged with reddish brown. Underside
whitish ; forewing suffused with reddish brown ; hindwing irrorated with
reddish brown except on inner area.
Hab. Philippines, Manila (Ledyard), 1 ? type. Exp. 20 mill.
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 203
7014a. Goniocalpe leucotrigona n. sp.
?. Head and tegulae white ; thorax and abdomen reddish brown glossed
with grey ; antennae dark brown ; palpi white, the 2nd joint brown behind ;
pectus and legs wliitish sufiused with red-brown ; ventral surface of abdomen
white. Forewing white irrorated with a few black-brown scales, the mttlial
area and the terminal area rather triangularly from apex to vein 3 suffused «itli
silvery grey-brown, leaving a prominent silvery white patch on costal area from
the postmedial Hne to apex ; a faint brownish antemedial line, oblique to
submedian fold ; traces of a dark discoidal spot ; postmedial hne white, defining
the dark medial area, very obHque from costa to vein 6, where it is strongly
produced, then inwardly obKque, and sUghtly incurved below vein 3 ; slight brown
subterminal spots between veins 7 and 4. Hindvvdng glossy reddish brown.
Underside of forewing glossy grey-brown, the terminal half of costa white tinged
with red-brown, the inner area white ; hindwing white with a faint red-brown
tinge except on costal area towards apex, the terminal area darker from below
apex to vein 2.
Hab. Cameroons, Ja R., Bitje (Bates), 1 $ type. Exp. 2.S mill.
703 lo. Vestermaimia albiorbis n. sp.
$. Head and thorax pale grey finely pencilled with red-brown ; antennae
blackish ; palpi whitish in front, brown behind ; abdomen grey tinged with
brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white tinged with red-
brown. Forewing wliitish, the basal half to submedian fold sufiused with
cupreous red-brown, the costal area towards apex and inner area tinged with
red-brown and irrorated with black- brown, the terminal area deep cupreous
red-brown between veins 7 and 2 ; a minute black antemedial spot in the cell
defined on outer side by wliite ; ante- and postmedial hnes white, the former
arising below the costal area, and the two uniting and terminating above inner
margin, the former incurved, the latter excurved between veins 5 and 2 and
bent inwards to costa, the area between them deep cupreous red-brown belo\\ ,
pale blue-grey above and beyond the cell ; an elliptical pure white discoidal
spot with a minute black hmule on the inner side of its upper part, the median
nervure and veins 4, 3 finely streaked with white on the medial area ; an obUquely
curved hne of dark scales from the angle of the postmedial line below costa to
vein 6, then a subterminal series of sHght dark spots to vein 2 ; a series of slight
dark spots before termen to submedian fold ; ciUa white at tips towards apex.
Hinduing pale reddish bro«n glossed with grey, the terminal area rather darker
except towards tornus ; a fine whitish line at base of ciUa. Underside of fore-
wing grey irrorated with red-brown, the area beyond the cell fuscous brown,
the inner area wliitish, a white discoidal spot ; liindwing whitish, the costal area
irrorated with brown, the rest of wing tinged with brown and the area beyond
the cell suffused with brown.
Hab. Selaagor, The Gap (Holman-Hunt), 2 ? type. Ex'p. 34 mill.
7066o. Negeta albiplagiata n. sp.
cJ. Head and thorax rufous ; antennae blackish ; palpi white on inner
side ; abdomen grey-brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen wlute
204 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
suffused with brown. Forewing red-brown irrorated with ochreous ; antemedial
line ahnost medial, strongly excurved, brown, below the cell double filled in
and defined on each side by ochreous : a small black spot at lower angle of cell,
defined by silvery white and with a triangular silvery w hite patch tinged with
grey extending from it to the ccsta ; postmedial line fine, double, brown, filled
in and defined on each side by ochreous, very oblique to vein 6, then inwardly
oblique, sUghtly sinuous and approximated to the antemedial line below the
cell, some white points beyond it on costa and an oblique dark mark below
costa ; subterminal line blackish, excurved below costa to near termen, then
oblique, defined on inner side by ochreous white and interrupted at vein 3 ; a
rufous terminal line and rufous line through the cilia, which are very broad.
Hindwing brown with a cupreous gloss ; ciUa brown with a white line at base
and white tips. Underside of forewing fuscous, the inner area white, the cilia,
brownish \\hite ; hindwing whitish suffused with grey-brown.
Hah. Cameroons, Ja R., Bitje (Bates), 1 <J type. Exp. 20 mill.
7067a. Negeta semialba n. sp.
$. Head, thorax, and abdomen pure white ; antennae brown ; palpi
suffused with red-brown ; pectus and legs white tinged with bro\vn, the forelegs
and hind tibiae towards extremity and tarsi suffused with darker brown. Fore-
wing with the basal half pure white, its outer edge obhque ; two brown marks on
costa towards base ; the terminal area white suffused with brown except the
area beyond the postmedial line from costa to vein 4, irrorated with a few silvery
scales ; postmedial line white, shghtly excurved to vein 4, then incurved and
below submedian fold bent outwards to above tornus, defined on outer side
l)y brown to discal fold, above which the brown forms a somewhat wedge-shaped
mark ; two obHquely placed brown spots from apex, the upper red-brown, the
lower darker and somewhat lunulate, two bro\vn points before them on costa ;
some brown points before termen below vein 5 ; a brown terminal line ; ciha
brownish with a fine white fine at base. Hindwing white, suffused \vith brown
except towards base. Underside of forewing suffused with brown, the inner
area white ; hindwing white tinged and irrorated with brown except towards
base.
Hah. Gold Coast, Bil)ianaha (Spurrell), 1 ? type. E.rp. IC mill.
7092f/. Microxestis eeuadorensis n. sp.
cJ. Head, thorax, and abdomen white mixed with rufous. Forewing white
mixed with rufous ; a rufous antemedial line, acutely angled outwards at median
nervure and with rufous shade before it towards costa ; a waved rufous medial
line, diffused on inner side and strongly excurved at median nervure ; post-
medial line rufous, excurved at middle, then incurved and ending at tornus, a
rufous band on its inner side from costa to discal fold, in which there is a short
black streak before it, the area beyond it more suffused with rufous. Hindwing
silvery white. Underside white, the forewing suffused with red-brown except
on inner area.
Hub. Ecuador, Quevedo, 1 S type. Exp. 12 mill.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 205
Catocaliuae.
74956. Homaea striatalis n. sp.
$. Head rufous mixed with white, the frons with black points at sides and
some black scales above ; thorax and abdomen white shghtly mixed with pale
brown and irrorated with a few black scales, the terminal half of tegulae black ;
fore tibiae with some black on inner side. Forowing white thickly striated with
brown, leaving the veins white ; traces of an oblique sinuous antemedial hne ;
a black point in middle of cell and blackish discoidal bar ; postmedial line
formed by brown striae, indistinct, oblique below vein i ; two indistinct sub-
terminal lines formed by brown striae, the outer with obscure spots formed by
blackish scales on it from costa to vein 4. Hindwing white thickly striated
with brown, leaving the veins white ; faint postmedial and subterminal lines
formed by brown striae. Underside white ; both wings with dark discoidal
striae and faint curved postmedial line, a distinct rather maculate red-brown
subterminal shade, on hindwing ending at submedian fold ; forewing with the
costa tinged with red-brown.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Port Herald (Old), 1 ? type. Exp. 40 mill.
752 1«. Dermaleipa meterythra n. sp.
(^. Head and thorax rufous, the liead and base of tegulae with some orange-
yellow, the thorax irrorated with whitish ; antennae redchsh j^roun ; palpi
rufous irrorated with yellow ; abdomen yellowish suffused with rufous towarrls
base, the anal tuft tinged with scarlet at extremity ; pectus, femora, and ventral
surface of abdomen orange-yellow tinged with scarlet, especially the pectus in
front, the tibiae and tarsi red-brown mixed with whitish. Forewing rufous tinged
Avith grey and faintly striated with brown, deeper rufous towards costa ; an
obhque sinuous whitish subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial
line yellowish defined at sides by fine rufous Unes, very oblique and almost
straight ; orbicular and reniform grey-brown defined by yellowish, the former
small, round ; postmedial line yellowish defined on outer side by red-brown,
oblique, slightly curved and ending on inner margin near tornus, tow ards which
there is a fuscous shade on its outer side ; a yellowish subterminal line w ith
black points on its outer side at the veins ; a fine black terminal hne, the ciUa
yellow at base tinged with scarlet. Hindwing uniform orange-yellow tinged with
scarlet especially on the veins of terminal half. Underside orange-yellow tinged
with scarlet, the forewing with small dark discoidal spot.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanjc (Neave), 1 S type. E.cj]. 52 mill.
7556a. Anua obsolescens n. sp.
S. Head and thorax white tinged with rufous ; antennae red- brown ; palpi
with the 3rd joint bro\vn ; abdomen fulvous yellow ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen white, the legs suffused with red-brown, the anal tuft
red-brown. Forewing white tinged with yellow especially towards base ; a bar-
shaped red-brown chscoidal spot ; a red-brown subterminal line slightly excurved
at vein 6, the area beyond it tinged with red-brown ; a series of blackish points
before termen. Hindwing yellow, the terminal area fuscous brown with a
reddish gloss, broadly at costa, narrowing to tornus. Underside white tinged
206 NuVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
with yellow ; both wings with l■ed-bl•o^vll discoidiil striae and the terminal area
broadly dark reddish brown except towards torniis.
Hah. N.E. Bhodesia, Chambezi Valley near L. Bangweolo (Neave), 1 J
tj'pe. Ex'p. 44 mill.
7576ff. Anua hypoxantha n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax bright rufous ; antennae brown, tlie shaft whitish
above except towards extremity ; sides of frons and palpi dark brown, the latter
irrorated with, white ; abdomen wliitish suffused A\ith brown ; pectus, legs, and
ventral surface of abdomen j'ellow, the tibiae and tarsi greyish fuscous. Fore-
\ving bright rufous tinged with greyish, the postmedial area rather deeper
rufous ; antemedial line red-brown, rather diffused on inner side and defined on
outer by white scales, oblique towards costa, incnrved above median nervure
and strongly excurved below it, then oblique ; a blacldsh point in middle of
cell ; reniforra defined by bluish white points, obUque and rather produced at
upper extremity ; postmedial line red-brown slightly defined on inner side by
white, excurved below costa and at middle, incurved at discal fold and below
vein 4 ; subterminal line chocolate-brown defined on outer side by bluish white,
angled outwards below vein 7, where there is a deep chocolate-bro«'n mark on its
inner side, reduced to spots at middle and angled inwards below vein 4, incurved
at submecUan fold and with a bluish white spot on its inner side ; cilia grey-brown.
Hindwing yellowish suffused \\ ith red-brown and with a darker subterminal shade ;
a faint waved brown line before termen, the termen yellowish white from below
vein 7 to vein 4 and the ciha yellowish white to vein 4. Underside of fore wing
pale yellow, the costa and the terminal area broadly I't.'d-brown ; hindwing deep
yellow with an apical red-brown patch.
?. Abdomen and hindmng suffused with fuscous hioun, the latter with tlie
termen narrowly and the cilia j'cllow except towards t )rnus, the yellow rather
diffused before middle of termen ; xmderside creamy white, the terminal areas
broadly fuscous, leaving the termen and ciha yellowish, the inner areas tinged
with fuscous except towards base.
Ah. 1. o. Head and thorax dark brown; abdomen dark grejish brown;
forewing dark brown suffused with silvery blue-grey ; hindwing suffused with
dark brown, the underside suffused with brown except below basal haU of costa
and at upper end of cell.
Ah. 2. o *. Forewing pale brown suffused with purj)lish grey-brown, the
hindwing pale grey-brown ; the underside yellowisli \\ hite, the forewing with
the basal half tinged with brown to median nervure, the hindwing with the whole
terminal arei broadly suffused with brown.
Hdh. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Manje (Neave), 3 (J, 2 $ type : Portuguese E. Africa,
Kola Valley (Neave), I <J. E.vp. 58-68 mill.
7586«. Hypanua roseitincta n. sp.
?. Head and thorax deep yellow tinged with pinkish rufous ; antemiae
white tinged with red-brown except above towards base ; palpi with the 3rd
joint red-brown, white at tip ; abdomen chrome yellow ; pectus and legs white,
the pectus pink in front, the legs tinged with brown ; ventral surface of abdomen
yellow^ tinged with pinkish rufous. Forewing deep yellow tinged with pink
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 207
except on basal, costal, and medial areas, and slightly' irroiated M'ith dark brown ;
antemedial line red-brown, faint and incurved to median nervure and excurved
just below the cell ; reniform red-brown defined by dark browii, small and
narrow ; postmedial line red-brown, indistinct and excurved to vein 4, then more
distinct and oblique ; a series of blackish points just before termen ; ciUa with
some white scales at tips. Hindwng pale yellow, the terminal area tinged
with pinkish rufous from below apex to submedian fold. Underside pale yellow,
the inner areas whitish ; forewiiig ^^•itll shght brown mark at upper angle of cell
and subterminal shade between veins 6 and '1.
Hah. ITatal, Durban (Clark), 1 ? type. Exp. (10 mill.
7604a. Tolna hypogrammica n. sp.
o . Head and thorax dark brown mixed with some whitish ; antennae, frons,
and palpi dark brown ; abdomen dark brown suffused wth grey and \vith grey
segmental lines ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen dark browii mixed
with some white, the tarsi black-brown ringed with wliite. Forewing dark
brown mixed with red-brown and some grey ; a waved rufous subbasal line
defined by black-brown from below costa to submedian fold ; antemedial line
black-brown defined at sides by rufous, oblique, forming a small spot at costa ;
reniform rather indistinctly defined by black, its upper extremity much produced
and with a wedge-shaped black mark beyond it ; postmedial line blackish
slightly defined on outer side by wliitish, oblique to vein 7, then inwardly oblique,
some whitish points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line indistinct, rufous
defined on inner side by blackish except towards costa, incurved from above
vein 6 to vein 4 ; a terminal series of whiter points defined on inner side by
black points ; ciha black-brown \vith a fine whitish line at base. Hindwing
black-brown with a large pure white apical patch extending to vein 4, its inner
edge oblique and waved. Underside dark brown tinged with grey ; forewing
with some white points on postmedial part of costa and the terminal area white
to vein 6 ; hind^\ing w'ith curved dark subterminal line, the terminal area white
to vein 5 viith black points before termen.
Hab. Br. C. Africa, Mt. JVIIanje (Neave), 1 3 type. E.vp. 58 mill.
7606a. Tolna cryptoleuca n. sp.
?. Head and thorax black-brown ; abdomen dark brown, tinged with grey
except dorsally towards base ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen
dark brown mixed with white, the tarsi ringed with \\hitish. Forewing dark
brown mixed with some red-brown and shghtly irrorated with white, the medial
area darker ; a waved black subbasal line from costi to submedian fold ; an
oblique waved black antemedial fine, slightly angled outwards at subcostal
nervure and exciu-ved in submedian interspace ; reniform defined by black,
small ; two waved black medial lines, meeting and terminating at submedian
fold, the outer beyond the cell and angled outwards at vein 5 ; postmedial fine
black, curved and waved, defined on outer side by some silvery white scales
between veins 7 and 5 ; the postmedial area with a large rufous patch extend-
ing to vein 6 and with some white points at costa ; subterminal line dark brown
with some silvery white scales on it to vein 6, sUghtly waved, excurved below
vein 7, incurved between veins 6 and 4, with a wedge-shaped dark mark before
208 XovlTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
it below vein 6, below vein 4 rufous with dark spots on its inner side ; a series
of minute silvery white spots just before termcn tletined on inner side by black ;
cilia dark brown mixed with grey. Hindwing pure white with the costal and
inner areas tinged with brown to middle of costa and on inner area to near tomus,
the rest of wng black-brown ; a minute white spot at apex and the cilia white
from belo\\ vein 7 to vein 4. Underside of forewing grey suffused with brown,
a brownish discoidal spot, postmedial line sUghtly excurved to vein 4, then
slightly incurved, and broad subterminal shade ; hindwing grey-white, the
costal area irrorated with red-brown, the terminal area suffused wth brown
and irrorated with white, a faint brown medial line from costa to vein 4 and
curved postmedial hne.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mlanje Plateau, 6,500 ft. (Neavc), 1 9 type. Exp. 64
mill.
7656((. Achaea hypopolia u. sp.
9. Head, thorax, and abdomen red-brown tinged \\ith grey ; antennae
dark brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen whitish suffused with
brown. Forewing with the basal area and outer half of medial area red-brown,
the rest of wing whitish suffused with red-brown ; antemedial line dark brown
defined on outer side by wliitish, defining the basal area and sUghtly curved ;
two dark discoidal points ; medial line dark brown, excurved to vein 4 beyond
the cell, then incurved ; po.stmedial line dark brown, defined on outer side by
whitish towards costa, obhquely excurved to vein 4, then incurved, some whitish
points beyond it on costa ; a faint whitish suljterminal line sMghtly defined on
inner side by red-brown and on outer side by slight red-brown marks, excurved
below costa and at middle, then incurved ; a slight oblique brown streak
from apex : a series of blackish points before termcn ; ciUa whitish with dark
I)rown line near base and dark brown tips. Hindwinu; dark reddish brown ;
an obhquely curved whitish medial hne ; the apex and termcn to below vein
5 whitish, the rest of terminal area rufous ; ciha whitish with brown hne near
base and brown tips. Underside grey irrorated \vith brown ; both Avings with
sUght brown discoidal spot, curved medial and postmedial lines and dark sub-
terminal line diffused on inner side, a series of dark points before termen.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 9 type. Exp. 66 mill.
7661a. Achaea cupreitincta n. sp.
9. Head, thorax, and abdomen red-brow n mixed with grey ; antennae
grey-brown. Forewing grey-brown with a cupreous gloss ; a waved, dark,
subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial Une dark, excurved
below costa and cell ; a black point in middle of cell and two on discocellulars ;
medial line dark, w-aved, obhquely excurved to vein 5 beyond the cell, then
incurved ; postmedial hne dark brown, curved and dentate, some wliite points
beyond it on costa ; subterminal Une whitish defined on each side by deep
cupreous brown, excurved at vein 6 ; a series of blackish points before the slight
dark terminal hne ; ciha whitish at base, brown at tips. Hindwing grey-bro^vn
with a cupreous gloss ; a faint rather diffused obliquely curved dark medial
Une ; subterminal Une whitish, pure white towards tornus, defined on inner
side by rather diffused deep cupreous brown, sUghtly curved ; a small white
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 191S. 209
patch at apex and series of blackish points before the waved dark terminal line ;
cilia whitish at base, brown at tips. Underside pale grey-brown ; both wings
with curved brown discoidal striga, curved medial and postmedial lines, and
subterminal line difiused on inner side.
Hub. Uganda, Entebbe (Gowdy), 1 ? type. Exp. 62 mill.
7665a. Achaea Jerreotincta n. sp.
(J. Head and tegulae and prothorax grey tinged with red-brown, the rest
of thorax and abdomen blue-grey ; antennae pale red- brown ; palpi, pectus,
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen blue-grey tinged with brown. Forewing
blue-grey tinged with ferruginous red, especially the basal area to vein 1 and
before and beyond the subterminal Une ; a faint sinuous brown subbasal line
from costa to vein 1 ; antemedial Hne indistinct, brown, excurved below costa,
at median nervure and vein 1 ; two blackish discoidal points ; two brown
postmedial Unes, excurved to vein 4 , then incurved, some ochreous white points
beyond it on costa ; subterminal Une indistinct, pale, waved, a dark shade
beyond it towards tonius ; a series of blackish points before termen ; ciUa
with an indistinct dark line at middle. Hindwing blue-grey tinged ^vith brown ;
an indistinct obhque whitish postmedial line, the area beyond it fuscous black ;
the apex and termen to below vein 2 bluish white and an obhque blue-grey
mark to termen above tornus. Underside blue-grey tinged with brown and
irrorated with blackish except on inner area ; forewing with blacldsh discoidal
bar, curved shghtly waved dark postmedial hne, faint subterminal hne, and
large blackish subterminal patch between veins 5 and 2 ; hindwing with dark
medial hne excurved to vein 4, then incurved, faint shghtly waved postmedial
hne, and faint subterminal hne.
Hob. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Manje (Neave), 2 <J type. Exp. 62 mill.
76656. Achaea violascens n, sp.
Head, thorax, and abdomen pale blue grey, the head and thorax shghtly
tinged with rufous ; antennae pale rufous ; legs shghtly irrorated with brown,
the tarsi whitish. Forewing pale violaceous blue-grey ; the basal area suffused
with pale purphsh red, defined by the rather diffused pale brown antemedial
hne, shghtly excurved below costa ; two blackish discoidal points ; the post-
medial area tinged with ohve ; two very shghtly waved pale red-brown medial
hnes beyond the cell, shghtly incurved below vein 4, closely followed by the
indistinct waved dark postmedial hne defined on outer side by blue-grey, some
white points beyond it on costa ; a deep purphsh red subterminal shade with the
faint pale shghtly waved subterminal hne on it shghtly defined on each side
by pale brown, the shade produced on costa to apex ; the terminal area bluish
white to submedian fold, then brownish ; a series of blackish points before
termen ; ciha with a shght dark hne near base. Hindwing bluish white tinged
with brown to the narrow obhque white postmechal band excurved below costa,
the area beyond it black ; the apex bluish white ; the termen bluish white from
below apex to vein 2 ; an obhque bluish white line from vein 2 to termen at
vein 1 ; ciha bluish white, tinged with brown below vein 3. Underside bluish
white ; forewing with the costa irrorated with black to beyond middle, the
14
210 No^^TATES Zoologicae XXV. 19IS.
terminal area Avith dark striae, a blackish discoidal bar, waved postmcdial line,
the postmedial area tinged mth rufous to submeflian fold, a slightly waved
dark subterniinal Une to submedian fold with a blacldsh shade before it bet\\cen
discal and subterniinal folds ; hindwing ^\^th curved waved medial and post-
medial blackish lines, faint waved subterminal line, and series of black points
before termen.
Hab. Mashonaland, SaHsbury (R. W. Jack), 3 <J, 1 ? type. Exp. 74 mill.
7691rt. Parallelia eclipsifera n. sp.
9. Head and thorax grey-bro«'n tinged \\ith red-brown ; antennae grey-
brown ; abdomen grey-brown with a faint bluish gloss ; palpi, pectus, and legs
grey-broT^^l, the palpi and legs irrorated with whitish. Forewing grey-brown
suffused with red-brown especially on basal half and terminal area ; subbasal
line pale grey, from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial Une pale grey, obUquely
incurved ; a whitish point in middle of cell ; reniform a sinuous bar defined by
pale grey ; medial Une brown, waved, excurved to vein 4 beyond the cell, then
incurved ; postmedial Une bro\vn defined on each side by pale blue-grey and
on outer side by white towards costa, very obUque to vein 6, where it is acutely
angled outwards, then incurved and angled outwards at vein 4, then again
incurved and sinuous, a large deep-chocolate semicircular patch beyond it
on costal area extending to apex and defined below by white ; a dark Isrown
terminal Une defined on imier side by rather cUfifused wliitish except towards
tornus; ciUa red-brown v.ith a white line at base and some white at tips. Hindwing
dark grey-brown with a faint bluish gloss ; an obUque pale medial Une ending
on inner margin near tornus ; a faint dark subterminal shade ; the terminal
area suffused with grey-white except towards apex ; a dark terminal Une ;
ciUa wdth fine whitish Une at base and some whitish at tips. Underside grey-
brown : both \\ings A^ith curved dark mecUal and postmedial Unes, the latter
sUghtly waved, and broad reddish brown subterminal shade.
Hab. Philippines, Luzon, Mt. MakiUng (Baker), 1 ? type. Exp. 70 mill.
7715a. ParalleUa albiUnea n. sp.
?. Head and thorax red-brown mixed with some w liitish ; antennae dark
brown, white above except towards tips ; frons with some white at sides ; palpi
redcUsh brown ; abdomen grey-brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen wliitish suffused with browai, the last with the terminal half red-brown.
Forewing deep chocolate-brown to the postmedial Une, the costal area irrorated
with whitish, the rest of wing grey-brown irrorated and in parts suffused with
violaceous white ; a strong rather inwarcUy obUque pure white antemecUal
Une ; postmedial Une white sUghtly defined on outer side by rufous, obUquely
downcurved to vein 6, where it is acutely angled outwards, then inwardly obUque ;
an obUque deep chocolate-brown fascia from apex to near the angle of the post-
medial Une, defined below by white and with some wiUte points before it on
costa ; a diffused waved whitish subterminal Une from discal fold to inner
margin with sUght red-brown spots on its inner side below vein 4 ; a waved brown
terminal line, forming dark points at the interspaces \\\i\\ \\hitish beyond them ;
a fine whitish Une at base of ciUa. Hindwing grey-brown with a sUght cupreous
gloss ; ciHa white tinged with red-brown. Underside grey-brown with a cupreous
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 211
tinge, the inner areas bluish white ; hindwing with curved waved brown
postmedial Une and subterminal shade, the area beyond it bluish white except
towards apex, a waved dark terminal line forming points at the interspaces.
Hab. Portuguese E. Africa, Ruo Valley (Xeave), 2 $ type. Etj). 40 mill.
7728a. Parallelia semilunaris n. sp.
?. Head and thorax bright red-brown sUghtly mixed with whitish, the
tegulae tipped wth whitish, the patagia with whitish bar at middle defined in
front by brown ; antennae dark brown, the 1st joint white in front ; abdomen
grey-browTi tinged with red-brown, the anal tuft whitish at base ; pectus, legs,
and ventral surface of abdomen reddish brown mixed with whitish, the spurs
and tarsi dark brown ringed with white. Forewing bright red-brown largely
glossed with purple-grey and mixed with some whitish, the inner half below
the cell and the terminal area paler, the outer half of medial area not irrorated
with whitish ; subbasal line white defined on inner side by red-brown, from
costa to vein 1 ; antemedial Une red-brown slightly defined on each side by
whitish, oblique and almost straight ; a white point in middle of cell ; medial
line red-brown defined on inner side by rather diffused white, strongly incurved
and touching at costa and inner margin the postmedial Hne, which is red-bro\\n
defined on outer side by a white line, oblique to vein 6, where it is acutely angled
outwards, then incurved, some white points beyond it on costa ; an obliquely
incurved wedge-shaped chocolate- broviii mark from apex to near the angle
of the postmedial Une, a red-brown subterminal shade from it to inner margin ;
a series of dark points before teimen ; ciUa grey-brown with fine whitish Unes
at base and near tips. Hindwing grey-brown tinged with red-brown ; a fine
brown terminal Une forming points at the interspaces ; ciUa grey-brown with
a fine whitish Une at base. Underside grey-brown tinged with re<l- brown, the
imier areas whitish ; fore^ving with the ciUa wliite towards apex ; hindwing with
slight curved waved brown postmedial Une and faint diffused subterminal line.
Hab. Dutch N. Guinea, Mt. GoUath (Meek), 1 (J type. Exp. 54 mill.
7732. ParalleUa perexcurvata n. sp.
cJ. Head and thorax bright red-brown ; antennae dark brown ; abdomen
grey-brown with some wliitish at base and whitish segmental Unes, the anal
tuft pale rufous ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen grey-brown mixed
with some whitish, the fore and hind tibiae with sUght dark spots, the tarsi dark
brown ringed with white. Forewing chocolate red-brown sUghtly mixed with
whitish, the terminal area rather paler ; two waved whitish subbasal Unes from
costa to above inner margin ; antemedial Une double, white, incurved in th*
cell and excurved below it, then obUque ; reniform defined by white, obUque
and sUghtly angled inwards at mecUan nervure, two converging white bars above
it from costa ; some white points on apical part of costa ; postmedial Une white,
arising below costa well beyond middle, oblique to discal fold towards termen,
then excurved to vein 2, then strongly incurved ; a series of dark points before
termen ; ciUa with a fine whitish Une at base. Hindwing dark grey-brown with
a cupreous gloss ; a sUght whitish subbasal Une between discal and submedian
folds, where it is met by a whitish streak from base, and wth sUght dark mark
212 NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXV. 1918.
beyond it ; postmedial line dark brown defined on outer side by white, slightly
angled outwards above and below vein 5, then incurved and ending on vein 1
above tornus ; a series of dark points before termen and fine whitish line at
base of cilia. Underside grey-brown sUghtly irrorated with whitish ; both w ings
with slight curved waved postmedial brov\n Une and faint waved subtcrminal
line.
Hah. S. Nigeria., Abutshi (XeHUian), 1 ^ type. Exp. 50 mill.
inSa. Colbusa restricta n. sp.
Head and thorax chocolate-brown, the vertex of head flesh-white, the pro-
and metathorax with flesh-white bands ; antennae dark brown, white above
towards base ; palpi scarlet tinged with brown ; abdomen yellowish rufous,
the basal crest red-brown ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen whitish, the
former scarlet in front ; legs pale red-brown. Forewing deep chocolate-brown ;
a flesh- white fascia on costa to the postmedial band, extending at base to inner
margin and v\ith an obUque red-brown bar on it near base : postmedial band flesh-
white, oblique from costa to tornus, its inner edge slightly incurved beyond tlie
cell and above tornus, met above tornus by a narrow flesh-white terminal band
and \vdth some pale scarlet at tornus ; a fine dark terminal Une ; ciUa white tinged
with scarlet. Hindwing bright scarlet ; a terminal brown band from costa, where
it is rather broad to vein 4, spots below veins 4 and 3 and a slight mark above
tornus ; cilia brown towards apex. Underside of foreuing brown with oblique
white band from below costa beyond middle to just above tornus, rather diffused
on outer side ; hindwing pale scarlet \\ ith narrow brown terminal band to vein
2, its inner edge dentate.
JIab. N. Nigeria, Kano (F. G. Brown), 1 J, 1 i' type. Exjj. o 42, ? 46 mill.
7994i. Metria phaeobasalis n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax dark red-brown, the frons and base of tegulae whitish ;
antennae dark brown ; palpi whitish irrorated with brown ; abdomen whitish
sufifused with red-brown, the crests dark red-brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen white, the fore and mid tibiae suffused with red-brown, the
tarsi dark brown ringed with white. Forewing \>itli the basal half daric red-
brown, its outer edge rather oblique, the outer half wliitish tinged and irrorated
with red-brown ; subbasal Une black, very sUghtly waved, from costa to sub-
median fold, defined on each side by whitish marks at costa ; antemedial Une
black, sightly angled inwards at subcostal nervure, excurved at middle, defined
on each side by whitish marks at costa : reniform whitish, incompletely defined
by brown striae and with some brown in centre ; postmecUal Une dark brown,
obUque to vein 6, below vein 4 bent inwards to median nervure before end of
cell with an angle outwards at vein .3, then waved to inner margin, some white
points beyond it on costa and a patch of dark brown suffusion on costal area
before the brown subterminal Une, which is strong and dark to discal fold,
then sUght ; a series of blackish striae before termen. Hindwing wliitish tinged
with red-brown, the terminal area suffused with bright red-brow n ; an indistinct
diffused brown antemedial Une, sUghtly angled outwards at lower angle of cell ;
a waved bright red-brown postmedial Une with dark points before it on veins 2
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 213
and 1 , rather closely approximated to the less distinct waved red-brown subter-
minal line ; a .series of blackish striae before termen. Underside white ; forewing
with the terminal area tinged and striated with brown to vein 2, at costa
extending almost to middle, two small dark antemedial spots on costa, a faint
discoidal spot, curved dark postmechal line to vein 5, and series of dark points
before termen to vein 2 ; hindwing with small brown discoidal spot, dark brown
subterminal shade, and series of blackish striae before termen.
Hah. Br. Guiana, Georgetown (Bodkin), 1 S type. Exj}. 40 mill.
79980. Metria phoenicopasta n. sp.
?. Head and thorax dark brown tinged with crimson and slightly irrorated
with white ; antennae dark brown, with pale rings towards base ; abdomen
grey-brown tinged with crimson, the basal segment black-brown tinged with
grey, the crest on 4th segment black at tip ; pectus and legs dark brown mixed
with grey, the fore and mid tibiae with some ochreous, the tarsi black-brown
ringed with white. Forewing with the basal area black-brown mixed with
crimson, its outer edge oblique, the rest of wing whitish suffused with rufous and
tinged with crimson, and sUghtly striated with brown, the inner lialf of terminal
area greyer brown ; a curved black subbasal striga from costa, slightly defined
on outer side by white ; antemedial line slight, whitish, very shghtly waved,
just before the outer edge of the dark basal area ; a slight dark point in middle
of cell and crimson discoidal bar with some blackish at upper angle of cell and
black points beyond the angles ; three blackish points on medial part of costa
and two faint waved brown medial lines ; postmedial line black, oblique to
below vein 7, then waved, incurved below vein 4, a triangular black- brown patch
beyond it on costal area with a white point at costa, the costal edge beyond
it white with two subterminal black points ; subterminal line double, rather
dif!u.sed crimson and brown, obhque below vein 4, the outer line forming dentate
black marks below veins 4 and 3 ; a series of blackish striae before termen.
Hindwing grey-brown with a reddish tinge, the postmedial area suffused with
rufous and crimson except towards costa, the apical area whitish suffused «ith
rufous and tinged with crimson ; a faint discoidal lunule defined by whitish ;
postmedial line indistinct, brown, slightly waved ; subterminal line double,
waved, crimson to vein 4, then dark brown filled in with crimson, the outer hue
forming black dentitions in the mterspaces ; a series of blackish striae before
termen defined on inner side by whitish. Underside whitish tinged with red-
brown and thickly striated with dark brown ; forewing with two brown marks
at middle of costa, a diffused postmedial hne excurved below costa, and
subterminal shade ; hindwing with double diffused brown medial line, curved
postmedial line, and broad blackish subterminal shade.
Hob. Peru, Chaquimayo (Watkins), 1 ? type. Exf. 52 mill.
8022a. Zaie pliunbeolinea n. sp.
$. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey suffused with reddish brown, the patagia
with some black scales and sUght dark bars at middle and near tips, the abdomen
with slight dark segmental lines and some black irroration at extremity ;
antennae dark brown, with pale rings towards base ; palpi with some black at
sides of 1st and 2nd joint; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white
214 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 191S.
tinged with red-brown, the tarsi blackish ringed with white. Forewing grey
suffused \vith red-brown and irrorated with a few black scales ; a sUght black
mark at base of vein 1 ; antemedial line double, dark brown, arising at median
nervure and very oblique to inner margin near base ; a dark-brown point in middle
of cell ; reniform a narrow deep leaden grey lunule, placed on an oblique deep
red-brown shade from apical part of costa ; postmedial Une black-brown, highly
dentate to below vein 4, then double, very oblique and very slightly sinuous ;
subterminal Une double, brown, waved to vein 4, then very oblique and with
a deep leaden grey shade on the inner side of the outer Une ; a terminal series
of blackish striae. Hindwing grey suffused with red-brown and sUghtly irrorated
with black ; the medial area with four ahnost straight brown Unes ; two black
postmedial Unes sUghtly defined on outer side by white, slightly sinuous towards
costa, a maculate deep leaden-grey Une just beyond it curving out\vards to
termen just below apex ; the terminal area striated with black and \\ith a sUght
deep rufous shade before termen ; a terminal series of blackish striae. Under-
side whitish tinged \vith red-brown and sUghtly irrorated with black ; fore^ving
with sUght blackish points on costa, small spots in middle of cell and on disco-
cellulars, curved waved bromi postmedial line, and series of black points before
termen ; hindwing with sUght spot on upper discocellular defined by red-brown ;
waved postmedial Une, sUght double sinuous subterminal Une, and series of black
points before termen.
Hah. Jamaica (Jackson), 1 $ type. Exp. 42 mill.
8096a. Clytie euryphaea n. sp.
S. Head and thorax ochreous white, the head, tegulae, and prothorax suffused
with greyish fuscous ; antennae black ; palpi irrorated with blackish ; abdomen
creamy white ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen creamy white, the fore
and mid tibiae suffused with black, the tarsi black ringed with white. Forewng
creamy white suffused with grey and irrorated with blackish, the terminal area
bluish grey ; antemedial line blackish, interrupted, sUghtly waved, rather obUque
to submedian fold ; a minute white spot defined by dark brown in middle of
cell ; reniform wlutish suffused with grey-brown except below and defined by
dark brown, rather figure-of-eight-shaped ; postmedial Une with obUque black
bar from costa, then indistinctly double, blackish, sUghtly waved, obUque below
vein 4 ; subterminal line with blackish shade before it towards costa and some
white on its outer side, excurved below vein 7 and with black spot on its inner
side, then whitish defined on each side by diffused brown, waved ; a sUght
waved dark terminal line ; ciUa creamy white with diffused brown Une at
middle. Hindwing creamy white with some reddish brown hair along the veins,
the terminal area broadly fuscous black with a narrow subterminal creamy
white band ; ciUa creamy white. Underside white with a broad fuscous black
terminal band ending on hindwing before tornus ; forewing with small blackish
discoidal spot.
Hab. Arabia, Sokal Khamis (Bury), 1 <J type. Exp. 58 mill.
8123a. Cortyta setifera n. sp.
Antennae of male with long bristles on shaft above before middle ; pectus
and fore femora and tibiae clothed with long hair, the mid and hind femora and
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. lillhl. 21S
tibiae wdth fringes of shorter hair ; hindwing on underside with fringes of down-
turned hair in and beyond lower angle of cell met by a fringe of upturned hair
from submeclian fold.
o . Head, thorax, and abdomen white tinged with brown and irrorated with
large black scales ; antennae black-brown ; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of
abdomen white tinged with ochreous, the fore tibiae suffused with dark brown,
the tarsi dark brown ringed with white. Forewing white tinged with red-brown
and irrorated with black, the terminal area suffused with red-brown ; a sub-
basal black point on costa ; antemedial black points on and below costa and a
line from median nervure, angled outwards at submedian fold, then incurved ;
a small black spot in middle of cell and bar-shaped discoidal spot defined by
blackish, a black spot above it on costa ; postmedial line black with a small
black spot at costa, sUghtly bent outwards below costa, then waved to below
vein 5, then very obhque, angled outwards below vein 2 and inwards at vein 1 ;
subterminal line whitish defined on each side by diffused brown, with slight black
streaks before it at veins 7, 6, dentate, oblique below vein 4 ; a waved black
line before termen, forming points at the interspaces. Hindwing white tinged
with red-brown and irrorated with black, the terminal area more suffused with
red-brown ; a shght black discoidal striga and rather diffused line from lower
angle of cell to inner margin ; a slightly sinuous black postmedial hne ; sub-
terminal line wliitish defined on each side by diffused brown and with slight
black streaks before it on the veins, slightly waved ; a waved black line before
termen forming points at the interspaces, and sUght dark terminal Mne. Under-
side \\liite ; forew ing with small blackish discoidal spot, two dark spots on
medial part of costa and a broad subterminal shade to below vein 3 ; hindwing
with the apex tinged with brown, both wings with series of minute black lunules
before termen.
Hah. Br. C. Africa, Mt. Mlanje (Neave), 1 c? type. Exp. 34 mill.
Phytometrinae.
8279a. Phytometra euchroa n. sp.
Head and thorax grey-white mixed mth grey-brown and red-brown, the
frons with red-brown bar above, the tegulae red-brown at base, the patagia
with their upper edge red-brown towards base and with obhque red-brown
line towards extremity ; antennae brown, white above except towards extremity ;
palpi red-brown, the 2nd joint in front and the 3rd joint whitish ; abdomen
brownish grey, the crests red-brown and whitish, the lateral and anal tufts
with some red-brown ; pectus and legs grey-white mixed with reddish brown ;
ventral surface of abdomen reddish brown mixed with some grey. Forewing
silvery grey irrorated with blackish, the end of cell and area below it and beyond
its lower extremity golden cupreous ; subbasal line white broadly defined
on each side by golden cupreous, from costa to submedian fold ; antemedial
line white defined on each side by golden cupreous, excurved below costa and
obliquely curved below the cell ; an oblique inverted silvery white V-shaped
mark on medial area from subcostal nervure to submedian fold, with an obhque
silvery white bar to it from costa ; reniform golden cupreous defined on inner
side and above by a silvery white hne, large and rounded ; postmedial hne silvery
white defined on each side by golden cupreous, shghtly angled inwards below
21g NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
costa, then stronglj' bent outwards, then excurved to vein 4 , then incurved and
sinuous to submedian fold, where it is acutely angled inwards to the V-shaped
mark, and obUque to inner margin ; subterminal Hne silvery white defined on
inner side by golden cupreous, strongly excurved to discal fold, then incurved,
and excurved at submedian fold ; a fine dark terminal hne with a silvery white
line before it defined on inner side by a golden cupreous band emitting a projec-
tion to the subterminal line between veins 4 and 3 ; ciUa with a dark Une near
base. Hindwing pale glossy grey-brown, the base and costal area to beyond
middle whitish, the terminal area darker except towards tornus ; ciUa wliitish
with a fine brown Une near base. Underside of forewing whitish suffused with
grey-brown except on inner and terminal areas, the postmedial area greyish
fuscous, a diffused obhquely curved blackish postmedial hne from costa to lower
angle of cell, then faint, a dark patch on apical part of termen ; hindwing white
tinged with brown, the costal area irrorated with dark brown, a broad fuscous
subterminal shade.
Hah. Natal, Durban (Piatt), 2 ,J, 1 ? type. Exp. 40 mill.
APPENDIX.
LITHOSIADAE.
Arctianae.
1798a. Spilosoma melanochroa n. sp.
3. Head and thorax black-brown ; tegulae edged with yellowish dorsally
and at sides ; antennae with the basal joint wlute ; palpi orange-yeUow at base
in front ; abdomen orange- yellow with dorsal and lateral series of small black
spots, the hair at base of dorsum dark brown ; fore coxae orange-yeUow ; pectus
and femora whitish and brown, the hind tibiae banded black and white. Fore-
wing black-brown ; an ochreous white antemedial line from discal fold to sub-
median fold where it is somewhat dilated ; an obhque irregular ochreous white
medial band from below costa to median nervure with shght streaks before and
beyond it at subcostal nervure and beyond it in discal fold ; the lower disco-
cellular with ochreous white striga and the veins beyond the cell with shght
ochreous white streaks ; a curved ochreous white postmedial hne, somewhat
dentate at the veins and interrupted between veins 7, 6 and just below vein 3 ;
a diffused rather maculate ochreous white terminal hne from vein 7 to tornus.
Hindwing black-brown with a shght wliitish streak on extremity of subcostal
nervure and base of vein 7 ; the underside greyer brown with whitish patches
at base and middle of costa.
Hob. Madras, Nilgiris (Andrewes), 1 S type. Exp. 30 mill.
Family PHALAENOIDIDAE
Phalaenoidea MoCleay, 1805, type glycinae, is older than Agarista Leach. 1815, type agricola.
Genus Aethodes nov.
Type : A. anguaiipennis.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obhquely upturned, the 2nd joint reach-
ing to about middle of frons and fringed with long hair in front produced to a
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 217
point at extremity, the 3rd long and thickly scaled below ; fron.s with small
pointed conical process at middle ; eyes large, smooth ; antennae shghtly dilated
towards extremity ; tibiae shghtly fringed with hair and without spines ; abdomen
with hairy crests on basal segments. Forewing very narrow, the apex roimded,
the termen evenly curved ; vein 3 from well before angle of cell ; 5 from just
above angle; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing \vith 8 to form the
areole ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsoles-
cent from middle of discoeellulars ; 6, 7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with
the cell near base only.
In key differs from Paraegocera in the frons having a small pointed conical
prominence, the forewing very narrow.
1346. Aethodes angustipeimis n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax purpUsh red mixed with white ; antennae brown ;
frons white ; palpi white with a dark brown band on 2nd joint, the 3rd joint
brown ; pectus and hindlegs yellowish ; fore- and midlegs banded brown and
white ; abdomen yellow, the crests black-brown. Forewing purphsh red thickly
irrorated with wliite ; a diffused inwardly oblique white antemedial band defined
on outer side by deeper red patches in and below the cell ; a deep red discoidal
patch with sinuous line from it to inner margin ; postmedial Une deep red, rather
diffused, excurved below costa, then obhque and shghtly waved : a rather den-
tate deep red subterminal shade with a small spot beyond it at discal fold ; the
apex rather suffused with red. Hindwing pale orange-yello^-, the termen narrowly
pale red on apical half. Underside pale orange-yellow ; forewing with the
terminal area purpUsh red, broadly at costa and narrowing to tornus ; hindwing
with the apex narrowly pale red.
Hab. N. Nigei-ia, Mnna (Macfie), 1 cJ type. Exp. 36 mill.
218 -VOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1018.
CATALOGUE OF THE PARNASSIINAE IN THE
TRING MUSEUM.
By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S.
T HAVE already, in my article on the Zerynthiinae, explained my reasons for
-^ giving a fresh list of the specimens of this genus contained in the Tring
Museum. I should, however, Uke to point out that the reason so many of the
species have such a number of local races often in valleys and on mountain
chains not very far apart is, that though rapid fliers, they appear not capable
of long-sustained flight. So that any extended glacier fields, or even an extent
of barren, rocky mountain chain above their normal flight altitude, seems
to be a complete barrier to them. Both P. apoUo and P. mnemosyne appear
very capricious as to their flight altitude, so that while one local race is confined
to higher altitudes, another one is only found in lower altitudes. In the
Pyrenees, for example, apollo occurs under the 3,000 ft. level, while mnemosyne
occurs only above 3,500—4,000 ft. and reaches even much higher altitudes.
In the Orisons, on the other hand, and other parts of the Swiss Alps it is
mnemosyne which occurs below 3,000 ft., and apollo from 3,200 ft. upwards,
though, of course, in individual localities exceptions to these phenomena are often
found.
HTFEBMNESTBA.
This genus contains a single species confined to the western palaearctic
area of Asia.
Hypermuestra helios (Nickerl).
On looking up the original description of helios I find that the Habitat quoted
by Nickerl is " Western Kirghisia." This is the district between the Syr Daria
and the Amu Daria, and on looking at the plate it is quite clear that Nickerl
figured a much bigger insect than the general run of North Persian specimens.
Dr. Verity has described a helios intermedia {Rhopal. Palaearch. p. 301) from
Syr Daria, and states it is exactly intermediate between helios helios from N.
Persia and helios maxima from Bokhara, etc. It is quite evident, therefore, that
Dr. Verity has redescribed the typical helios. The North Persian form must
therefore stand as persica Neub., though that name unfortunately was given to
an aberration.
Dr. Verity states that halucha Moore is an absolute synonym of maxima
Gr.-Orsh., but I have seen too few Baluchistan specimens to be sure ; the type
in the British Museum is certainly smaller than maxima from Turkestan.
Hyperranestra helios persica Neub.
Hi/permnestra helios ab. persica Neuburgcr, ///. Zeitsckr. Entom. vol. v. p. 330 (1900) (N.E. Persia).
The name persica was given to the specimens without red spots on the
wings, of which there are two specimens in the series from Poin-Shakub.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 219
1 (J, 1 9 ? ex Felder coll. ; 1 cJ ? ; 1 cJ Turkestan ! ! (Loc. err.) ; 1 (J N.
Persia; 3 (J(J, 3 ?$ Poin-Shakub ; Elburz Mts., June— July 1907, 5-7,000 ft.;
1(J, 1 $ Krasnowodsk ! !
Hyperninestra helios maxima Gr.-Grsh.
Hypermnestra hdins var. mnxima (Jrum-Grshmailo in Romanoff, Mem. Lipid, vol. iv. p. 141 (1890)
(Bokliara).
6 (JcJ, 2 ?? ? ; 1 <J, 2 ?$ ? ex Felde rcoll. ; 1 <?, 1 $ Turkestan ; 1 o" Nama-
jan, 1884 ; 4 (J<J, 4 ?? Sefir-Kuh Afghanistan ; 1 cJ, 4 ??, Oasis of Tedshen,
Transcaspia, May 1903 (coll. Hauser) ; 2 <J<J, 2 ??, Imam-baba, Transcaspia
(W. Keshan tscliikoff) ; 4 <J(? West of Dinan Amu Darya (these are probably
larger and yellower specimens of helios helios).
DOUARCHOIT nom. gen. nov.
Stichel in Wytsman, "Genera Insectorum," fasc. 58, p. 47, and footnote 1
(1907), makes the extraordinary statement that as the genus Doritis had been
founded by Fabricius in 1807 on two species, apollo and mnemosyne, which two
years earlier had been placed in the genus Parnassius, and therefore was an
absolute synonym of Parnassius, it could not be used for apoUinus Herbst, the
name Archon Scudder must, as the only remaining synonym of Doritis Herbst
nee Fabricius, be employed.
I say this is a most extraordinary statement in view of Stichel's own words.
He says in the footnote that the name Archon was first used by Hiibner in a
work " Systematisch Alphabetisches Verzeichniss zur Sammlnng europaischer
Schmetterlinge," 1822, p. 6, and tliis work is now binomial and therefore
Scudder's use of this name in 1875 must stand. This is not admissible, for
in the first place we accept Hiibner's genera in the "Verzeichniss Bekannter
Schmetterlinge " and above all Linnaeus' genera, and therefore I see no
difference in Hiibner's Verzeichniss name of Archon Heroicus Iphidides dolicaon
Cram, and Linnaeus' name Papilio Eques Achimis -pi-iamns Linn. Now on
p. 82 of the Verzeichniss, Hiibner describes Archon, and moreover states that it
= Eques of Linnaeus and Fabricius. This rules out Scudder's use altogether,
and apoUirius requires a new generic name.
I have called it Dorarchon so as to combine the two names. There is only
a single species. i
Dorarchon apollinns (Herbst).
Dorarchon apollinus apollinus (Herbst).
Papilio apollinns Herfjst & Jablunsky, Naturs. Schmetl. vol, ix. |). 156. pi. 250 ff. 5-8 (1798) (Ourlac
Island).
The larva is sooty black with red patches on the segments, in front of which
are four yellow spots.
1 $ ? ; 4 ?$ ? ex Felder coll. ; 2 <JcJ, 3 ?? Asia Minor ; 1 cJ Taurus ; 1 $
Crete ; 1 ? Malatia, ex coll. Felder ; I ? Aintab ; 1 (J, 2 ?? Smyrna ; 1 <J, 1 ?
Burnabad, Smyrna ; 1 S Cordelio, Smyrna, March— April 1905 (Dr. Martin) ;
1 cJ Magnesia, April 12, 1905 (Dr. Martin) ; 2 ?? Broussa, Asia Minor, April
1905 ; I (J Diarbekr (Kindermann), Felder coll. ; 3 larvae.
220 NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXV. 1018.
Of the 10 ?? of this series, 4 are ab. krystullina Schilde, and 4 ab. rubra ;
2 ab. Hocticolor Stichel ; 2 are typical and 4 have the forewings of kryatalUna,
wliile the hindwings are entirely suffused with red.
1 o is almost vitreous and has all yellow replaced b^' white.
Dorarchon apollinus apollinaris (Stdgr.).
Dorilis apollinus var. apollinaris Staudingcr, Iris. vul. iv. p. 225 (1892) (Goman Otti, N.E. Asia
Minor).
1 S Armenian Mts.
Dorarchon apollinus amasinus (Stdgr.).
Doritis apollinus var. amasina Staudinger in Staudinger & Rebel. ' 'afal. Lipid. Palaear. edit. 3,
p. 4 (1901) (Amasia).
2 ?? Amasia (Mau), ex. coll. Felder.
Dorarchon apollinus bellargus (Stdgr.).
Dnrilis apollinus var. bdlargus Staudinger, Iri.t. vol. iv. )>. 226 (1892) (Kessab, S. Antioehia).
2 c?(?, 1 ? Lebanon (Felder ?) ex Felder coll. ; 8 o"o, 4 ?? Jerusalem,
13 <J<J, 11 $? Beirut, Syria; 1 $ Antioehia (probably cotype) ; 3 $?? (1 ex
coll. Felder) ; 16 larvae, Beirut, Syria.
The larva differs at a glance from that of a. apollinus by the absence of
the four yellow spots in front of the red segmental patches.
Ab. ?
This is an aberration with dusky forewings and all the yellow on both
fore- and hindwings replaced by white.
1 ? Beirut, Syria.
FARITASSIUS.
Pamassius mnemosyne (Linn.).
There are 44 named subspecies of this species, and I liave 1 1 others which I
beUeve are distinct, but of which in most cases the material is too scanty for
a definite decision.
Pamassius mnemosyne mnemosyne (Linn.).
Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, System. Naf. edit. x. p. 465 (1759) (Finland).
Mr. Bryk has taken the Aaland Islands in the Gulf of Finland as Linnaeus'
typical locality.
5 <J<J, 5 ?? Klinten, Aaland Islands, June— July 1912 (F. Bryk).
Pamassius mnemosyne subsp. ?
The Swedish form of mnemosyne is considerably larger than any of my
Finnish specimens, and is also much purer white especially in the ?.
3 SS, 1 ? Ronneby, Prov. Blekinge, Sweden.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 221
Pamassius mnemcsyne karjala Bryk.
Pariumsitis mncnws^ne var. karjala Bryk, Soc. Enlom. vol. xxvi. \>. 37 (1911) (Kurelia, S. Finland).
2 SS, 1 9 Myllykyla, S. Finland, June 1911 (F. Bryk) ; 2 33, 3 ?? Kirjava-
lahti, S. Finland, June 1911 (F. Bryk) ; 1 3 Narhimaki. S. Finland, June 1911
(F. Bryk).
This form is very close to rii. mncmosyne but generally smaller and less
heavily marked.
Pamassius mneniosyne ugrjumovi Bryk.
Parnassiua mnemosyne var. ugrjumovi Bryk, Berl. EnCuin. Zeitschr. vul. Iviii. ji. I'Ol (191-i) (Ural).
1 9 Central Ural.
Pamassius mnemosyne craspedontis Fruhst.
Pamassius mneinosi/ne craspedontis Fruhstorfer, EiUoin. Zeitschr. Stuttgai^l, vol. x.\ii. ]). 192 (1908)
(Saratow).
This form is very similar to the Swedisli race, but has the spot at end of
cell in hindwing of 3 always much larger.
i 33, 2 ?? Saratow, S.E. Russia.
Pamassius mnemosyne silesiacus Fruhst.
Parna-ssins miemosyne silesiacus Fruhstorfer, Intern, lintum. Zeitschr. Guben, vol. ii. p. 17 (1908)
(Silesia).
4 33, 10 ?? Zirlau, Silesia 1909 (W. Niepelt).
Pamassius mnemosyne helvetica Verity.
Pamassius mneiiuj.'it/nc helvetica \'erity, Rhopal. Palacarct. p. 320 (1911) (Switzerland).
% 33, Binn, S. Switzerland, June 1909 ; 1 larva, Martigny ?
Pamassius mnemosyne hercynianus Pagenst.
Pamassius mnemosyne hercynianus Pagen.itecher, Ya/ir'u. Xass. Vcr. Nat. vol. Ixiv. p. 288 (1911)
(Harz Mountains).
1 3, \ +, South- West Harz Mountains, June ; 1 o Gernrode, Harz
Mountains 1909 (C. Schrot).
Pamassius maemosyne ariovistus Fruhst.
Pamassius mnemosyne ariovistus Fruh.storfcr. Socicl. Entom. vol. xxv. p. 90 (1911) (South
Germany).
4 (Jo, 1 ? Siegmaringen, Swabian Alps; 2 33 Urach, Wiirttemberg.
Pamassius nmemosyne demaculatus Fruhst.
Pamassius mnemosyne demaculatus Fruhstorfer, Entom. Zeitschr. Stuttgart, vol. xxii. p. 12 (1908)
(JIahren).
5 <JcJ, 1 ? Moravia.
One of these 33 has the two cell spots on the forewing reduced to small
dots, and the one at apex of cell on hindwing obsolete ; one of the remaining
three has the cell spot of hindwing also absent.
222 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1U18.
Parnassius miiemosyne haitmauni Stdfss.
Parnijssius mnemosyne var. luirlmanni Standfuss, Berlin. Eiitvin. Zeitsch. vol. xxxii. \i. SH. pi. iii.
II. 1.2 (188S) (Bavarian High Alps).
6 S<S, 2 ?? Reichenhall, 500 metres = 1,025 ft., 1 "Tirol" ? !
2 ab. melmna Honr.
4 ?? ? ; 1 $ " Tirol " ? ! ; 3 $? South Germany ; 1 ? Bavaria, ex Felder
coll. ; 2 ?? Bavarian Alps ; 1 $ Bavaria ; 1 $ Reicheniiall, 500 metres = 1,625 ft.
Parnassius mnemosyne vemetensis Fruhst.
Parnassius mnenujsijne vernetensis Fruhstorfer, Internnt. Enlom. Zeitsclir. Guben, vol. ii. )). 17
(1908) (E. Pyrenee-s).
3 <J(J, 1 2 Gedi-c, Hautes Pyrenees iRondou) ; 1 <J Bourg d'Oeil, Luchon,
July 1905 (W. Rothschild and E. Hartert) ; 39 So, 15 ?? Hospice de France,
Luchon, 1,350—1,500 metres = 4,388—7,375 ft., July 1905—1906 (W. Roth-
schild and E. Hartert) ; 8 larvae and 4 pupae, Gedre (Rondou).
The adult larvae are much greyer than in alpine and typical mnemosyne.
The name pyrenaiut, cannot stand as there is the earlier apullo pyrenaica Hare.
Parnassius mnemosyne cassiensis Siepi.
Parnassius mnemosyne var. cassiensis .Siepi, Ann. Mus. Mars. vol. xii. i>. 3 (1909) (St. Cassieu)--
1 <J S. France ; 1 o, 1 $ St. Bcaume, June 1901 ; 23 3^, 7 $9, St. Cassien,
St. Beaume, Department Rhone, June 1909—1910 and 1914 (Dr. Siepi).
Parnassius mnemosyne dinianus Fruhst.
Parnnssiuji mncmoy/nc dinianusFrubsU:rk-i, Inlcnuit. Enlom. Zeitsclir. 1,'uhcn, viil. ii. p. 17 (lltus)
(Digne Basses Alpes).
3 So St. Jlichel de Cousson, Digne, June (1908) (Di. K. Jordan) ; 29 Jo,
11 2? Dourbos nr. Digne, June (1908) (Dr. K. Jordan).
Parnassius mnemosyne parmenides Fruhst.
Enioyn. Zeitsclir. Guben, vol. xxii. p. 12 (19US) (Maritime Alp.s).
2 <J<J, 2 ?? Valgesso, N. Italy, 1,600 metres = 5,200 ft., July 1910
(G. Kriiger), ex coll. Turati.
Parnassius nmemosyne comitis Bryk.
Parnassius mncmosi/ne var. comitis Bryk.
5 <J(J Majella Mountains, Italy, July 1906 (0. Neumann).
Parnassius mnemosyne calatrica Turati.
Parmissius mnemosyne var. calabrica Turati, Annuar. Mus. Nap. vol. iii. No. 18. p. 12 (I'Jll)
(Calabria).
4 o(J, 12 Sila Mountains near Botto Donato, Calabria, 1,000—1,800 metres
= 3,250—5,8.50 ft., July 1907 (0. Neumann).
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 223
Parnassius mnemosyne fruhstorferi Tuiati.
Pariia^^sins miicmij.^ytiefr)(hstorfcnTnrati, Nat. Sicil. vol. xxi. p. 34. pi. 1. t\. 1. 2 (1909) {Aliruzzi.
Mts.).
9 6S, 1 '+ Roccaiaso Abruzzi Mountains, Central Italy, June 1909 (Spron-
gei-ts-Artern) ; 2 oM, 1 ? Mount Autore, Central Italy, 1,500 metres = 7,375 ft.,
July 1909 (Geo. C. Kriiger), ex coll. Turati.
Parnassius mnemosyne nebrodensis Verity.
Parnassius mnemosyne nebrodensis Verity, Rlwpal. Palaear. p. 99. pi. xxiii. fl'. 7, 8 (1907) (Sicily).
12 SS, 3 ?? above Castelbuono, Madonie, Sicily, 450 — 600 metres = 1,463
—1,950 ft., June (1907) (0. Neumann); 3 SS, 3 $? S. Salvatore, Madonie,
Sicily, 1,400 metres = 4,550 ft., July 1910 (Geo. C. Kriiger), ex. coll. Turati;
3 $? Punta Antenna, Madonie, Sicily, 1,400—1,970 metres = 4,550—6,420 ft.,
June 1907 (0. Neumann).
Parnassius mnemosyne mesoleucus Fruhst.
Parmissius mnemosyne mesolcvciis Fruhstoifcr, Entom. Zcitsclir. SHiltgurt. vul. xxii. p. 12 (1908)
(Tatra).
'i SS Zirlitzkogel, Upper Styria ; 2 J J, 2 ?$ Graz, Styria, June 1909; 1 ?
St. jMichael ob Leoben, Styria ; 3 <^c3 Reichenstein.
Parnassius mnemosyne tubulus P\uhst.
Parnassius mnemosyne tubulus Fruhatorfer, Entom. Zeilsrhr. Sliitlgarl, \u\. xxii. ]i. 12 (1908)
(Schoberstein, Upper Austria).
9 36, 10 ?? Schoberstein, Upper Austria, 1,278 metres = 4,154 ft.
Parnassius mnemosyne subsp. ?
Fruhstorfer unites the specimens from the Wiener Wald with those of the
Tatra and Styria under his m. mesoleucus of which he says his Type came from
the Tatra. My Styrian mesoleucus are very different from my Wiener Wald
specimens, the latter being much larger and whiter, especially the $?.
3 (JcJ, 2 $? Wiener Wald.
Parnassius mnemosyne bosniacus subsp. nov.
cJ. Similar to m. tubulus Fruhst. but ground-colour duskier, less white and
with a decided buff wash. The greyish semihyahne patch above discooellular
black patch on forewing much larger.
$. Less black, and hyahne areas much smaller.
Habitat. Bosnia.
16 cJcJ, 7 ?$ Mahnjaca Mountains, Bosnia, 1,200 metres = 3,900 ft., June.
Parnassius nmemosyne parvus Stichel.
Parnassius mnemosyne parvus Stichel in Wytsman Oener. Insect, fasc. Iviii. p. 11 subsp. b. (1907)
(Friesach, Cariuthia).
41 <J(?, 24 ?? Mittewald, m\ Villach, Carinthia, June 1910 (W. Rothschild and
E. Hartert).
224 K0\'IIATE8 ZOOLOGICAE XXV. lOlS.
Pamassius mnemosyne subsp. ?
This is nearest to hungaricus Rothsch. but larger and purer white.
1 o\ 1 5 Mount Geltsch, Bohemia, June 19(is ; 2 SS, 1 9 Gross Wosck,
Bohemia, Jlay 1913 (F. Bryk) ; 1 ? Neuhiitten, Bohemia.
Pamassius mnemosyne hungaricus Rothsch.
Parnassius mnemosyne Ibungaricus Rothscliikl. Xoyi*. Zool. vol. xvi. p. 2. No. S (l'Ju9) (Kronatadt).
1 <J Budapest; 13 3S, 2 ?? Budapest, May 1912 (A. Friederich) ; 3 <J<J,
3 ?5 Mezoeseg, June 1911 (Prebota) ; 2 <J<J, 2 ?$ Neusiedlersee, Hungary ; 1 S
Huvosvolgy, Hungary ; 97 (J<J, 34 $5 Bishofsbad, Bihar Comitat, Hungary,
June 1911 ; 1 ? Rodna, Transylvania ; 1 o Kronstadt, Transylvania.
Ab. ?
This is a very white specimen with tli'j hyaline outer area narrow and a
very distinct anteterminal white band behind which the postmedian hyaUne
area is very distinct, reaching only to vein 4. The black patch at end of hind-
wing cell is as defined as that on forewing.
Pamassius mnemosyne subsp. ?
Is much smaller than hungaricus and duskier.
1 ? Zengg, Croatia, June 1913 ; 1 o Plitvicc, Croatia.
J
Parnassius mnemosyne subsp. ?
Similar to hungaricus but all markings and ground-colour as if seen through
a fog.
1 (J Przemysl, Austrian Poland.
Pamassius mnemosyne athene Stichcl.
Parnassius mnemosi/ne athene Stichel, Berl. Enlom. Zeitschr. vol. li. p. 8S (1906) (Chelmos, Greece).
1 ? Veluchi, Chelmos, Greece (Dr. Kriiper), 1 ? Parnassus, Greece (Dr. Kriiper).
Pamassius mnemosyne pseudonubilosus Verity.
Parnassius mnemasiine pseudonubilosus Verity, Rhopal. Palaear. p. 321. \>\. xxiii. IT. 12, 13 (1911)
(Pontus).
1 cJ Armenian Mountains ; 1 <J, 2 ?? Lake Wan, Armenia ; 2 S6 Trebizond,
Armenia, ex coll. Feld.
Pamassius mnemosyne caucasica Verity.
Parnassius mnemosyne caucasica Verity, Rhopal. Fnlaear. p. 320. pi. Ixxii. f. 33 (1911) (Kuuban).
1 <J, 3 ?? Borshom Ende, Tule, Caucasus.
Pamassius mnemosyne syra Verity.
Parnassius mnemosyne syra Verity, Rhopal. Palaear. p. 321. pi. Ixv. f. 5 (1911) (Syria).
10 3S, 3 ■?? Akbes, Asia Minor.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 225
Pamassius mnemosyne sheljiizhkoi Bryk.
Parnasaius mnemosyne sheljiizhkoi Bryk.
1 <J Taurus.
Pamassius mnemosyne nubilosns Christ.
Pnrnassius mnemosyne var. nubilosus Christoff, Hor. iSoc. Entom. Hcis. vol. x. p. 19 (1873) (N. Persia).
2 cjij, 1 9 Budschnurd, Upper Atrek River, N. Persia, Augiist 1903 ; 9 ,3S,
6 $$ Siaret, 1,160 metres = 2,903 ft., Persian Kopet Dagh.
Ab. melaina Honr.
1 ? N. Persia.
Pamassius mnemosyne adolphi Bryk.
Pamassius mnemosyne adolphi Bryk. Soc. Entom. vol. xxvi. p. 60 (1911) (Sultanabad, Louristan).
2 <J(J Sultanabad, Louristan (cotypes).
Pamassius mnemosyne delgraiprincipe Bryk.
Pamassius mnemosyne delgranprincipe Bryk, Soc. Entom. vol. xxvii. p. 88. ff. 15-17 (1912) (Adshara).
? 1 (J Persia ! ex coll. Felder.
Ab. ochracea Aust.
3 SS, 3 9? Tura ? !
Pamassius mnemosyne subsp. ?
This is as big as gigantea but much purer white, and the hindwing almost
without dark markings and the hyaUne portions of forewings less extended.
1 (J Sary-poul, Prov. KuUab, Afghanistan.
Pamassius mnemosyne subsp. ?
This form is very small and the dark marks on the hindwings much
expanded and accentuated.
1 o Alexander Mountains.
Pamassius miemosyne oiientalis Verity.
Pamassius mnemosyne orient ilis Verity. Rhopal. Palaear. i>. 321. pi. Ixv. ff. 12, 13 (1911) (Thiaa
Shan).
2 Si, 2 ?^ Naryn District, nortli side of Thian Shan Mountains.
Pamassius mnemosyne bucharana Bryk.
Pamassius mnemosyne bacliarana Bryk.
2 (J(?, 2 99 Garm, Peter the Great Mountains, June; 3 <J(J, 5 99 below
Sary-mat, Sarafschan, 8,000 ft.. May— August 1900 (Funke).
Pamassius mnemosyne gigantea Stdgr.
Pamassius mnemosyne vav. girjantea St-audinger, Stelt. Entom. Zeit. vol. xlvii. p. 197 (1886)
(RuSiian Turkestan).
25 o3, 5 99 Ketmen Tjube, Susamyr Mountains, June — July 1906; 1 (J,
1 9 Kuldja ; 1 (J Tura ! ! (err.), 1 9 Samarkand ex Felder coll.
1,'>
226 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
Pamassius mnemosyne subsp. 1
This is very similar to gigantea, but smaller and whiter.
4 (J (J thingan, June.
Farnassins stubbendorfi Men.
Pamassius stubbendorfi stubbendorfi Men.
Parnassius stubbendorfi ilenetrife, Mem. AcaiL Imp. St. Petersb. (6) vol. viii. and Sc. Nat.
vol. V. p. 273. pi. 6. f. 2 (1849).
3 cJ<J ? ; 4 (JcJ, 2 ?5 ? ex Felder coll. ; 2 <?<?, 1 ? Nicolajewsk ; 1 <J, 1 $ Sajan ;
1 (J Sinin-Shart (Grum-Grshmailo) ex Pelder coll. ; 2 <Jc? Altai, Meyer coll. ; 3 S3
Kurai Pass, 7,500 ft., Altai, July (H. J. Elwes) ; 8 cJcJ, 9 ??, Pompejefka, 40
kilometres south of Radde Chingan Mountains, June 1912 (W. Mau).
Ab. melanophia Honr.
3 ?? Pompejefka, 40 kilometres south of Radde Chingan Mountains, June
1912 (W. Mau).
Pamassius stubbendorfi tartarus Aust.
Parnassius stubbendorfi var. tnrtarus Austaut, Le Xaturaliste, vol. xvii. p. 39 (1895) (Kuku Nor).
2 (Jc?, 3 ?? Kuku Nor.
Pamassius stubbendorfi amurensis Verity.
Pamassius stubbendorfi amurensis Verity, Rhopal. Palaear. p. 321. pi. Ixv. ft'. 17, 18 (1911) (Amur).
2 (J (J, 2 $9 Amur ; 1 $ Amur (Graeser).
Pamassius stubbendorfi subsp. ?
This form is nearest to st. koreana Veiity, but is duskier and has veins and
discoidal markings much more heavily marked.
7 SS, 9 ?? Tjutju-ho, 400 kilometres north of Wladiwostock 1909 (W. Mau).
Ab. 1
This aberration is the black 9 form.
2 ?? Tjutju-ho, 400 kilometres north of Wladiwostock (1909) (W. Mau).
Pamassius stubbendorfi subsp. ?
This insect also resembles koreana , but is still duskier and has very rounded
wings.
1 S Tai-ping-hn, Mandschuria.
Pamassius stubbendorfi koreana Verity.
Parnassius stubbendorfi koreana Verity, Rhopal. Palaear. p. 101 (1907) (Corea).
5 <J<J, 3 9? Chihuan Shan Antung to Mukden, May 1913 (Dr. Martin).
Pamassius stubbendorfi citrinarius Motsch.
Parnassius citrinarius .Motscliulsky, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nalur. Mosc. vol. (1) xxxix. p. 189 (1866)
(Japan).
2 <J<J, 6 ?? Japan (2 ^S, 1 ? ex coU. Fold.) ; 1 <J Hakodate, August 1886
(Leech coll.) ; 1 (J Assamayama, July 1898 ; 2 ^^ Yokohama, May 1894 ; 4 ^<J
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 227
Sapporo Yezzo, June 1890, 9 (JcJ, 4 $? Ishikishiri Yezzo, June 1890 (Dr. Fritze) ;
<J 1 Tokio, July 1S91 (Dr. Fritze) ; 1 <J, 1 ? Mukoyama, May 1896 ; 18 SS, 4 9?
Nikko, May 1888 and 1898.
Pamassius stubbendorfii subsp. ?
This form differs from st. citrinarius in the dark marks being duskier and
much more extended ; the S wing being even more heavily marked than most
citrinarius.
$. Too few specimens are known for a proper definition (I believe only 3
are on record).
1 S Ichang (Yankowsky).
Pamassius stubbendorfii tsingta:a Bang-Haas.
Parnassius stubbetidorfii var. tsingtaua, Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xxiv. p. 28 (1910) (Tsingtau.).
cJ. Larger, than st. citrinarius, whiter, black on nervures and ceUular and
discoidal dark patches more extended.
?. Larger, black almost as extended as in st. .stubbendorfii ab. melanophia.
Length of forewing : S citrinarius 36 mm., tsingtaua 41 mm.
? „ 39 „ „ 42 mm.
Expanse „ 3 „ 76 „ „ 86 mm.
? ,„ 82 „ „ 88 mm.
3 <J<J, 2 ?? Tsingtau, N. China.
Famassias felderi Brem.
Parnassius felderi Bremer, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sciences St. Petersb. vol. iii. p. 464 (1861).
5 (J(J, 1 S 1 ; 2 <J<J, 1 $ Amur, ex coll. Felder (1 <?, 1 ? marked " Type ") ;
2 (JcJ, 3 $9 Amur; 1 bought of Tancre, marked "ex as. occ." ; 5 (J (J, 9 ?$
Pompejefka, 40 kilometres south of Radde Chingan Mountains, June 1910
(W. Mau) ; 2 33, 4 ?? Radefka, May (Tancre).
Among the series of [J (J is one from Radefka whicli would be indistinguish-
able from St. citrinarius were it not for the remains of the dusky spot above
tornus of hindwing, and the dusky bar from middle of inner margin of forewing
to just above vein 1.
Ab. atrata Graeser.
Of this aberration there are 5 $$ in the series and several intermediates.
Parnassius eversmanni Menet.
Pamassius eversmanni eversmanni Menet.
Panwssius eversrrmnni Men^tries in Simaschkotf, Ru.fsk. Fauna, pi. 4. f. 5 (1849).
In 1909 I united litoreus Stichel with ev. eversmanni on the evidence of
several specimens in my own and the British Museum's collections labelled
" Amur." I have since seen a large series from Nicolajewsk, Amur, of which
8 are now in the Tring Museum. I am now convinced that the specimens
labelled " Amur " have a wrong locality and that litoreus is a good local race.
2 (?(J, 1 ? " Amur " (loc. err. !) ; 3 33,2 $$ Central Southern Siberia ; 2 33,
2 ?$ Siberia ; 1 3 Irkutsk ; I 3 Wilim ; 1 ? East Sajan.
228 NOVlTiTES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
Pamassins eversmanni altaica Verity.
Pamassius eversmanni altaica Verity, Rhopal. Palaear. p. 319. pi. Ixiv. f. 19 (1911) (Altai).
1 (J Tchuja Mountains, S.E. Altai, 6—8,000 ft., July 1898 (H. J. Elwea).
Pamassius eversmanni litoreus Stichel.
Parnaaaivs eversmannililnreu$ SiicheX in Wytsman, Oener. Insect, fasc. Iviii. p. 13. No. 4. b. (1907)
(Mouth of Amur ; Nicolajewsk).
4 (JcJ, 4 ?$ Nicolajewsk, Mouth of the Amur River, July 1911 ; \ S Amur,
ex coll. Felder ex coll. Grand Duke Nicholas Romanoff per Grum-Grshmailo.
Besides the differences in pattern stated by Stichel, it is much larger than
ev. eversmanni. My larg&st specimens of each measure :
Length of forewing : (J ev. eversmanni 31 mm., ev. litoreus 38 mm.
? „ „ 33 „ „ „ 37 mm.
Expanse „ „ <J „ „ 67 „ „ „ 81 mm.
? „ „ VI ., ,, .. 79 mm.
Pamassius eversmanni maui Piingler.
Pamassius eversmanni var. vrnvi Piingler.
This form is still larger than ev. litoreus and the pattern of forewing is more
as in altaica.
Length of forewing : <^ ? 41 mm. Expanse : J § 88 mm.
4 (J (J, 4 $$Tjutju-ho, 400 kilometres north of Wladiwostock, 1909 (W. Mau).
Famassias clarins (Eversm.).
Dorilis clarius Eversmann, Bull. Sue. Imp. Xat. -Muse. vol. xvi. p. 539 (1843) (South .\ltai).
7 6S, 5 ?? ? (2 <J<J, 2 ??, ex Felder coll.) ; 5 Si Altai ; 1 <J Saisan ; 1 cj
Armeni ! ! ! ex Felder coll. ; 1 cJ Altai (Kinderman) ; 1 cJ Altai fide Staudinger
ex. coll. Felder ; 1 (J ? ex coll. Austaut (type of ab. dentatus).
There are in this series 3 (J J of ab. dentatus, inclucUng the type.
Farnassius clodins Menet.
Pamassius clodius clodius Menet.
Pamassius clodius Men^tries, Cat^l. Acad. Imp. .St. Petersb. Lepid. vol. i. p. 7 (1855).
The forms of clodius are very hard to unravel, as in certain places the indi-
viduals resembling one or the other of the remaining races are fairly numerous ;
but as a rule 75 per cent, of the specimens run true to type.
2 cJcJ, 2 ?? Salt Lake, Utah (Lorquin), ex. coll Felder; 1 ^ Crater Lake,
Oregon, August 1897 (Mrs. Austin) ; 1 o Lake City Pass, Modoc Co., Califorrua,
June 1897 (Mrs. Austin) ; 5 J,j, 1 ? Truckee Pass, 6,000-7,000 ft., April 1896 ;
10 <J<J, 4 $? N. CaUfornia (Mrs. Austin) ; 3 (J<J, 1 ? CaUfornia ; 1 cJ Tallac Mt.
(Meade) ; 2 ?$ Crater Lake, CaUfornia, August 1895 (Mrs. Austin) ; 9 SiS, 1 ?
S.W. Colorado, August 1900 (Oslar).
Ab. ?
This aberration is very small, very pure white, and has the hyaline portions
of forewing very dark, almost sooty black.
1 (J N. CaUfornia (Mrs. Austin).
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 229 "
Pamassius clodius baldur W. H. Edvv.
Pamaaaius clodius var. baldur W. H. Edwards, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. vol. vi. p. 12 (1877).
2 <J(J, 1 ? Verdi, Nevada, 7,000 ft., March 1897 ; 6 <J,J, 1 $ Upper Rogue
River, Oregon (Mrs. Austin) ; 1 cJ, 1 $ Qnincey, 3,400 ft., August 1897 (Watson) ;
1 (J California ; 2 SS Sierra Nevada, California (Edwards cotypes), ex Felder
coll. ; 3 ?? California (0. T. Baron) ; 16 <?<?, 6 $$, McCloud River, Shasta Co.
(O. T. Baron) ; 65 SS, 20 ?? Mt. Shasta, Siskiyon Co., California (O. T. Baron).
Pamassius clodius me'netriesii W. H. Edvv.
Parnassius clodius var. menetriesii W. H. Edward.s, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. vol. vi. p. 12 (1877)
(California).
13 6S, 6 ?? Summit of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (O. T. Baron).
Pamassius clodius claudianus Stichel.
Parnassius clodius claudianus Stichel in VVytsman, Gener. Insect, fasc. ."iS. p. 15. No, 5 c. (1907)
(Vancouver Island, etc.).
1 <J, 1 $ Washington, 250 ft. British Columbia ; 1 ? Utah (Murdock) ; 1 ?
Gold Hill, Oregon (Oslar) ; 1 (J, 2 5? Vancouver ; 1 S Vancouver Island ; 5 ^S,
4 ?? Vancouver, British Columbia (A. H. Bush) ; 2 ?$ British Columbia ; 1 $
New Westminster, British Columbia (A. H. Bush) ; 5 <?<? Wellington, British
Columbia, June 1903.
Farnassins nordmanni Menet.
Pamassius nordmanni nordmanni Menet.
Parnassius nordmanni Menetries in Scmaschkoft', Huask. Fauna, t. 4. f. 4 (1849).
1 S Caucasus, ex Meyer coll. ; 2 cJo, 1 ? Caucasus, ex Felder coll. ; 1 <J,
2 $? Caucasus \ 2 SS, N.W. Caucasus ; 1 <J Kr. Majkon, 5,000 ft., N.W. Caucasus
(C. Schaposchnikofi) ; 1 $ Oschk, N.W. Caucasus.
Pamassius nordmanni minima Honr.
Parnassius nordmanni var. minimn Honrath, Bfrl. Entom. Zeitschr. vol. xxix. \t. 273. pi. 8. ff. 2.
2a. (1885) (Daghestan. E. Caucasus).
3 <J(? ? ; 2 (J (J Caucasus ; 1 3 Swanetia, Caucasus.
Parnassius bremeri Bremer.
Pamassius bremeri bremeri Bremer.
Pamo««i«« 6(emc»i Bremer, Mem.. Acad. Imp. St. Petersh. (vii.),<S'c. Nat. vol. viii. p. 6. pi. 1. f. 3(1864)
3 (J (J, 1 ? ? ; 4 <J^, 1 ? Amur (1 S (Graeser), 1 S ex. coll. Meyer) ; 8 SS, 10
?? Pompejefka, 50 kilometres south of Radde Chingan Mountains, June 1910
(W. Mau) ; 1 ? Sutschan, May ; 2 ?? Radefka, May, 1 $ Chabarowsk, June,
ex coU. Tancre ; I (J, 1 $ Bureja Mountains, ex Mus. Petersb. ex coU. Felder.
Several ?? of this series are strongly suffused with yeUow and others are
much clouded with black ; the ab. coiijuncta is also represented. >,
230
NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 19J8.
Parnassius bremeri moltrechti Bryk.
PdmassUii bremeri mollrechli Bryk. Entnm. Mitt. vol. iii. p. 81 (1914) (Fuilin. U.ssuri).
' 1 (J Anutshino, South Ussuri, 100 kilometres from Nikolsk.
Parnassius bremeri graeseri Honr.
Parnassius bremeri var. graeseri Honratli. Berl. Entmn. Zeilschr. vr.!. xxix. p. 272. pi. 8. ff. 1 a—c
(1885) ("Pokrofka. Apfelgebirge").
1 (J, 2 ?$ ? ; 7 (J(J, 16$? Tjutju-ho, ■100 kilometres north of Wladiwostock,
1909 (W. Mau) ; 1 <?, 1 ? Amur ! ! 1 <J, 2 ?? Amur ! ! ex coll. Felder, 2 S6, 1 ?
Pokrofka, May, ex Tancre coll. ; 1 ? ? ex coll. Felder ; 1 $ Pokrofka, Amur
{Graeser).
This form is very distinct in typical examples and the bulk of the Trans-
baical and N.E. Siberian specimens are true to type, but a number of them
have no trace of the red spots. That there are numbers of graeseri marked Amur
in collections is, I feel sure, due to faulty labelling ; but the various specimens
labeUed " Pokrefka " present astonishing difficulty. Herr Tancre's specimens
have no trace of red spots, while the specimen labelled "Pokrefka, Amur, Graeser"
is undoubtedly a cotype of Hoiirath's ex coll. Dieckmami and the word " Amur "
is a sUp.
Should it later turn out that in parts of the Amur Province the red-spotted
specimens are also found in numbers, I believe it will be necessary to sink
graeseri to the category of an aberration, though one very frequent in some
localities.
Parnassius nomion x P. bremeri.
1 3 Tjutju-ho, 400 kilometres north of Wladiwostock 1909 (W. Mau).
Farnassins phoebus (Fabr.).
Parnassius phoebus phoebus (Fabr.).
PapUio phoelms Fabriciu.'^, Entom. System, vol. iii. (I), p. 181. No. 561 (1793) (Siberiii).
2 <J(J, 4 ?? Irkutsk, Tancre coll. ; 6 <?<?, 1 ? Arasgungol, Sajan ; 1 ? East
Sajan ; 1 2 between Osch and Urgent, July— August.
Parnassius phoebus subsp. ?
This form is larger than typical phoebns and has much larger red ocelli in
both sexes.
8 (JcJ, 3 9? Irsyn Sagan.
Parnassius phoebus intermedins Menet.
Parxassiua irUermedius Menetrife in SimjischU'iff Buss. Fnuva, t. 4. f. I (1849).
2 ^tJ, 1 ? Siberia ! ; 1 cJ, 1 ? Tarbagatai ; 1 6, Central South Siberia ;
2 9$ ? May 1896, ex coll. Tancre ; 2 ? (Amur ! !) ex coll. Felder.
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1018. 231
Pamassius phoebus alpestris Verity.
Parnassius phoehus alpestris Verity. Rhopal. Palaear. p. 31-t. pi. Ixiii. ff. 19. 20 (1911) (High
Altitudes, Altai Mts.).
11 (J (J, 4 ?? Altai ; 3 3S S. Altai. May 1886 and July 1889 ex coll. Tancre ;
1 <J Arassam Spring, S. Altai ; 1 J, 1 ? Tchuja Valley, 4,000—6,000 ft., S.E. Altai,
June 1898 (H. J. Elwes) ; 1 $ Altai (Kindermann), ex coll. Felder.
The ab. sedakovii forms the greater part of the series.
Pamassius phoelus subsp. ?
This form at first sight resembles a diminutive P. bremeri almost agreeing
with Bryk's fig. 4.
1 cJ Tjutju-ho, 400 kilometres north of Wladiwostock, 1909 (W. Mau).
Parnassius phoebus interposilus Herz.
Pamassins phoehus va.r. inter posita Ken. Ann. Miis. Zool. .icad. St. Peters, p. 62 (1903) (Java Distr.).
1 <J Jana Valley (0. Herz).
Pamassius phoebus ruckbeili Deck.
Pamassius delius var. ruckbeili Deckert, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1909. p. 1U8 (Barkul).
2 (J (J, 3 ?$ Chami ( = Hami), E. Turkestan.
Pamassius phoebus corybas F. de. W.
Parnassius corybas Fisclier de Waldheim. Entom. Imp. Russ. vol. ii. p. 242. pi. G. ff. 1. 2 (1823-4)
(Kamchatka).
2 (J<J Kamchatka.
Pamassius phoebus styriacus Fruhst.
Parnassius phoebus styriacus Frahstotler, Entom. Zeifichr. Stuttgart, vol. xxii. p. 51 (1910) (Reiohen-
stein, Styria),
29 (J (J, 14 ?? Reichenstein, 2,166 metres = 7,309 ft., Styria 1908 (H. Huemer)
1 (J Linz a. D. ex larva.
Parnassius phoebus sacerdos Stichel.
Parnassius phoebus sacerdos Stichel, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. vol. Ii. p. 86 (1906) (Switzerland, Tyrol).
3 <?<?, 3 ?? Diirnbach Valley, Venediger Salzburg, 1,200 metres = 3,883
ft., July 1911 ; 2 (JcJ Zillertaler Alps ; 1 <J, 1 ? Sterzing, Brenner, 946 metres =
3,075 ft., July 1896; 1 $ Tyrol, ex coll. Felder; 1 <J Grossglockner, ex coll.
Felder; 1 <J Upper Val d'Uina, 1,600—1,700 metres = 5,200—5,525 ft. (E.
Hartert) ; 1 3 Sass Valley, August 1908 (O. Neumann) ; 1 ? Sur Sass, 2,300
metres = 7,475 ft., 1893 (E. Hartert) ; 13 ,S<3, 7 $9 Tasna Valley, July 1904 (W.
Rothschild and E. Hartert) ; 1 3 Motta Naluns (A. Goodson), 1 ? Tarasp, Engadin
(W. Rothschild) ; 5 ?$, Bergiin, Engadin (ab.) ; 1 cJ Bernina, Engadine (ab.) ;
4 (J<J, 1 ? Heuthal, Pontresina, 6,000—8,000 ft., July 1904 (W. Rothschild and
K. Jordan), 1 <? Schafberg, Pontresina, July 1904 (M. Bartel) ; 1 <? St. Moritz,
July 1904 (M. Bartel) ; 9 cJ(J, 4 ??, Suvretta di St. Moritz, July 1904
232 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
(W. Rothschild and K. Jordan) ; 21 J^, 8 ?? Campfer, Engadin, July 1904
(W. Rothschild and K. Jordan); 7 3^, I $ Julierthal, Engadin, July 1904
(M. Bartel); 2 5? Pontresina ; 1 <J JuUer Pass, 7,400 ft., August 3, 1907 (taken
drying its v^dngs on grass stem), (W. Rothschild) ; 1 cJ Maloja, Engadin, July 1904
(W. Rothschild and K. Jordan) ; 5 <J (J , 1 $ Cavloccio, July 1 904 ( W. Rothschild and
K. Jordan); 2 Jc? Guarda, July 1900 (T.A.C.) ; 2 S3 Engstlemalp Joch HasUthal,
July 1893 ; 2 <?<? Ober-Alp, See Zermatt, 1,500—2,300 metres = 4,870—7,475 ft.,
July 1909 (Oscar Neumann) ; 1 ? Zermatt to Triflalp, Augu.st 1909 (Oscar Neu-
mann) ; 5 <J<J, 1 § Arolla, August 1903 ; 1 $ Sass Fee, Sass Valley, August 1908
(Oscar Neumann) ; 1 ? Trift Hotel, Zermott, August 1909 (Oscar Neumann) ;
1 cJ Furka Pass, 2,400 metres = 7,800 ft., July 1909 (Oscar Neumann) ; 3 ocJ
Hotel Bellevue, Rhone glacier, 2,270 metres = 7,377 ft., July — August 1909
(Oscar Neumann) ; 6 S3, I 9 Bonnenuit above Valloire, Savoie, July 1910 (W.
Rothscliild and K. Jordan) ; 4 <J<J, 1 ? Valloire, Savoie, July 1910 (W. Rothschild
and K. Jordan) ; 5 $9 ? (2 ex Felder coll., and 1 ex Buehecker coll.) ; I 9
La Grave, Hautes Alpes, 1,500—1,800 metres = 4,875—5,850 ft., July 1908,
12 33,2 $9, Le Lautaret, Hautes Alpes, 2,000—2,300 metres = 6,500—7,475 ft.
July— August 1908 (W. Rothscliild and K. Jordan) ; 19 33, 2 99 Doran Valley,
Pralognan, Savoie, 1,900—2,000 metres = 6,175—6,500 ft., August 1908 (K.
Jordan); 1 (J, 2 99 Pralognan, Savoie, 1,400—1,700 metres ==4,550 ft.— 5,552
ft. August 1908 (W. Rothschild and K. Jordan).
Ab. ?
This is a rather crippled and imperfect specimen and resembles much a
diminutive apollo ; it is probably phoebus sacerdos 3 x apollo interpositus 9-
Pamassius phoebus sminthens Doubld.
Parnassiiis smintheus. Doubleclay & Hewitsoii in Diubleaay & Westwood, Gen Diurn. Lepid. vol. i,
p. 27. pi. 4*, f. 4 (1847) (Rocky Mts.).
1 3 California ? ; 2 99 Rocky Mountains ex coll. Meyer ; 1 3 Rocky Moun-
tains ex Felder coll. ; 9 33, H 9;^ Colorado, 14,000 ft., June (3 ex Mason coll.) ;
1 3 Denver Colorado ex Streckcr coll. ; 1 (J, 4 $9 Larima County, Colorado,
10,000 ft., July 1891 (Oslar) ; 4 33, 1 $ Chimney Gulch, Golden Colorado, March
—July 1900—1901 (Oslar) ; 5 <J(J, 5 99 Silverton, Colorado, July 1900 (Oslar) ;
4 <J<J, 6 $9 Golden Colorado, June 1900 (Oslar) ; 17 <J,J, 10 99 BulHon Park,
South Park, Colorado, 14,300 ft. August 1901 (Oslar) ; 1 9 N. America ex Felder
coll. ; 4 99 Rocky Mountains ; 1 9 CaUfornia ? ! ; 1 9 Texas ? !
Ab. mendica Stichel.
3 33, 19(1 Larima Co., 1 Bulhon Park, 1 Colorado).
Ab. hermodur H. Edw.
2 99 ?
Ab. ?
This has largely broadened vitreous border to fore wings.
1 3 Colorado.
Ab. sayii H. Edw.
1 9 Colorado.
Pamassius phoebus nanus Ncum.
Parruusiui phoehii^ var. nanus Neumocgen. Enlmn. Amsr. vol. vi. p. 01 (1893) (Calgary),
2 (J (J Alberta, Canada.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 23S
Pamassius phoebus behrii W. H. Edw.
Parnassius bdiiii \V. H. E iwards. Trans. Amer. ErUom. Soc. vol. iii. p. 10 (1870) (Sierra Nevada).
1 cJ, 1 $ ? ; 1 cJ Summit of Sierra Nevada, California (0. T. Baron) ; 3 <J(J
Yosemite Canon.
Parnassius phoebus utataensis sub.sp. nov.
This form has been hitherto united with behrii, but is at once recognisable
by its larger size and red ocelli.
Length, forewing : behii S 30 mm. 2 30 mm. Expanse : <? ? 65 mm.
„ „ uiahensis S 35 mm. $ 34 mm. Expanse : <J 75 mm.
? 73 mm.
31 33, 6 ?? Park City, Utah, July 1895 (A. J. Snyder).
Parnassius phoebus magnus Wright.
Parnassius magnus Wi-ight, Butt. West Coast, p. 80. pi. 2. ff. 13. 136 (1935) (Enderby, B.C.).
14 33, 1 9 British Columbia ; 6 <?<?, 4 ?? Ozoyoos, British Columbia, 1895
(Reynolds) ; 8 iJJ, 2 ?? Kelowna, British Columbia, June 1908; 1 $ British
Columbia, July 1895 (T. Macoun) ; 1 3 Highland VaUey, Brit. Columbia, June
1890 (G.M.D.) ; 1 3 Kelso, 1 3 Stickine River, Brit. Columbia.
Famassins apollo (Linn.).
FeUx Bryk in Intern. Entom. Zeitschr. Guben, vol. v. p. 141 (1911) showed
for the first time that the type of Linnaeus' Papilio apollo had been captured
at Torsburg on the Island of Gothland ; but unfortunatelj' figures by mistake
a pair of specimens sent him by Bang-Haas which came from Ostergothland on
the Swedish mainland. The typical apollo is a small form resembling the Swiss
races in general appearance, rather than the mainland Swedish forms, which
have hitherto figm'ed as typical apollo, but must now stand as apollo scandinavicus
Hare. A certain amount of uncertainty has been engendered by the fact that
a considerable number of specimens sent to Bang-Haas and said to come from
Wisby and Torsburg on the Island of Gothland, and alleged to have been bred,
are much more like a. sauidinuvicus than the large series captured by Felix
Bryk at Torsburg. Although Bang-Haas strenuously opposes both these
possibilities, I can only suppose either that Bang-Haas' correspondent mixed up
apollo larvae from the island and the mainland in his breeding cages and that
the series in question had been hatched from mainland larvae, or it might be
that the fact of being reared in captivity may have altered the appearance and
size of the specimens. Whichever is the right cause, the specimens received
by Bang-Haas cannot be considered tj^ical apollo at all.
Pamassius apollo apollo (Linn.).
Papilio apollo Linnaeu.s, System. Nat. edit. x. p. 465 (1758) (Torsburg, Island of Gothland).
8 <J(J, 9 $9 Torsburg, Island of Gothland, 1 $ Shte Island, Gothland, June-
July 1912 (F. Bryk) ; 1 cj, 2 $? Wisby, Island of Gothland.
These Wisby specimens are very large and resemble scatidiruivicus. I doubt
if they are true apollo.
234 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
Pamassius apollo scandinavicus Hare.
Pamassirts apollo var. scaTidinavica Harcourt-Bath, Entomologist, vol. xxix. p. 331 (1896) (Scan-,
dinavia).
This form is distinguished from a. apollo at a glance by its large size, purer
white ground-colour, and in the fact that the larger number of ?? almost exactly
resemble the cJcJ in coloration. Out of 20 ?$ in the Tring Museum only 5 are
decidedly darker than the darkest 33-
1 <J Skane (G. P. Moller) ; 1 3 Hal Siiro (Westring) ; 2 SS, I 9 Wermdii,
1890 ; 1 (J Sweden, ex Felder coll. ; 2 SS Upsala (coll. Thorm) ; 1 (J, 2 2S
Upsala-Trakten (Wiman) ; 1 ? ex coll. Ekebg. (given by N. P. Son) ; 1 <J, 2 9?
Namdo Skjargard, Stockholm; 1 <J, 2 ?? Stockholm, 1910—1912 ; 13 <J<J, 11
$?, Ostergothland, June ; 1 rj Karislojo. Scandinavia, 1910.
Pamassius apollo norvegicus Menthe.
Parnassiiia apollo norvegicus Menthe, Int. Entom. Zeilschr. vol. vi. p. 244 (HU2) (.^reiidal, Norway).
1 cJ, 1 ? Risor, Norway, July 1908—1911 ; 2 SS, 1 ? Brekke, Norway, July
1912.
Pamassius apollo meridionalis Pag.
Pamassius apollo meridionalis Pagen.stecher. Zahr. Nass. Ver. Xat. vol. Ixii. p. 129 (1909) (Upper
Alsace, Simdgar).
13 (JcJ, 1 ? Nasmunsterthal, Vosges Mountains.
Pamassius apollo iozerae 0 berth.
Pamassius apollo Iozerae Obertliiir.
3 <JcJ Lozere, Florae, June — July 1908 (J. Dayrem).
Pamassius apoUo subsp. ?
Nearest a. provincialis but much smaller. ^
1 <J Esteng, July 1903, 5,000 ft.
Pamassius apollo provincialis Kheil.
Pamassius apollo var. provincialis Klieil, Intern. Entom. Zeitschr, Giiben, vol. v. p. 61 (1911)
(Mt. Lachens, Provence).
1 (J (ab., cell spots joined), Bourg, France (Professor Pouson) ; 2 S<S Mount
Ventoux, Vaucluse, July 1908, 1,500 metres = 4,875 ft. (Harold Brown) ; 1 5
Annot, Var, July 1909.
The variety from Bourg = ab. cohaerens Schultz.
Pamassius apollo leovigildus Fruhst.
Pamassius apollo leovigildus Frulist-jrfer, Entom. Zeitsch. Stiitlr/. vol. xxUi. p. lol (1909) (Digne).
2 (?<?, 1 5 Digne, Basses Alpes ; 20 c?(?, 8 ?? Digne, Basses Alpes, June
1908 (W. Rothschild and K. Jordan) ; 5 SS Dourbes near Digne, June 1908
(K. Jordan).
Ab. ■?
This aberration is remarkable for the great size of the black spots and the
enormous red ocelli.
1 $ Basses Alpes.
NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 235
Pamassius apollo substitutus Rothsch. ■
Parrmssius apollo substitutus Rothschild, Xovit. Zool. vol. xvi. p. 10. No. 35 (1909) (La Grave).
82 SS, 19 ?? La Grave, Hautes Alpes, 1,500—1,800 metres = 4,875—5,850
ft., July 1908 (W. Rothschild and K. Jordan) ; 10 <?(?, 3 $? Le Lautaret, Hautes
Alpes, 2,000—2,300 metres = 6,500—7,475 ft., July 1908 (W. Rothschild and
K. Jordan); 49 <?<?, 7 ?? Valloire, Savoie, July 1910 (W. Rothschild and
K. Jordan) ; 42 SS, 29 ?? Pralognan, Savoie, August 1908 (W. Rothschild
and K. Jordan) ; 1 3 above Bozel, Savoie, August 1 908 ( W. Rothschild and
K. Jordan) ; 1 $ Monticos, Savoie, July 1909 (Reverdin).
Ah. ?
This aberration is very smaU and looks Uke z, S- It has the markings
slightly blurred as if seen through a cloud or mist, and all are very small. The
abdomen for a paired ? is remarkably hairy.
1 5 Doran Valley, Pralognan, Savoie, 1900—2,000 metres = 6,175—6,500 ft.,
August 1S08 (K. Jordan).
Ab. ?
This S is strongly suffused all over with black and has the ocelli very large
and deep red. The usual black patch above tornus is replaced by a large and
brilUant red one edged with black.
1 c Pralognan, Savoie, 1,400—1,700 metres = 4,467—5,442 ft., August 1908
(W. Rothschild and K. Jordan).
Pamassius apollo pyr;naicus (Hare).
Pamassius apollo pyrenaica Harcourt-Bath, Enhnnolo'jist, \o\. xxix. ]). 331 (189G) (Pyrenees).
3 cJ(J, Mont Guy, 1 <J Castellar, Gerona, S.E. Pyrenees, July 1912 (ex coll.
Bryk) ; 8 ,5o, 3 ?$ Val d'Aras, Spanish Pyrenees, June 1907 (Mousques) ; 9 <J<J
Spanish Pyrenees, June 1907 (Mousques) ; 2 a Cauterets (Mousques) ; 1 ? ?
July 1905 (Cauterets region, label lost), (W. Rothschild and E. Hartert) ;
1 S Cauterets to Cambasque, July 1906 (W. Rothschild and E. Hartert) ; 9 S3,
4 $$ Cauterets, July— August 1905—1906 (W. Rothscliild and E. Hartert) ; 5
SS, 4 ?$ Gavarnie, July 1905 (W. Rothschild and E. Hartert) ; 1 <?, 2 $? Pierre-
fitte to Gavarnie, July 1905 (W. Rothschild and E. Hartert) ; 3 ?? below Luchon,
August 1906 (W. Rothscliild and E. Hartert) ; 2 <?<? above Lac d'Oo up to 5,700
ft., July 1905 (W. Rothschild and E. Hartert) ; 34 3S, 16 ?$ Luchon, July
1905—1906 (W. Rothschild and E. Hartert) ; 20 SS, 8 ?$ Environs de Vernet
les Bains, Eastern Pyrenees, June — August 1886 — 1909 (Rene and Charles
Oberthiir) ; 1 3 Cataluna Figueras, Pyrenees (ex coll. Bryk) ; 2 larvae GSedre
(Rondou).
Ab. ?
This ? is very small and strongly suffused with dark yellow.
1 ? Cauterets, July 1906 (W. Rothschild and E. Hartert).
Ab. 1
The dark submarginal band on forewings is wanting, and the vitreous
marginal portion is very narrow. The red ocelli are large and entirely red, the
black edge being very narrow and not a trace of white scales.
1 cJ Spanish Pyrenees, June 1907 (Mousques).
Ab. semi-novarae ab. nov.
236 NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
This $ has the black scaling much reduced, the ground-colour isabeUe bufiE
and the subcostal oceUi of the hindwing entirely black. The central oceUi have
a small red spot remaining in the black.
1 $ Cauterets (Mosques).
Pamassius apollo aragonicus Bryk.
Pamaseius apollo aragonicus Bryk.
1 (J Moncayo, Spain (Aragon), August 1898.
Pamassius apollo subsp. ?
Nearest to a. pyrenaicus.
1 <J, 1 $ Castile.
Pamassius apollo subsp. ?
The S has the black spots of the forewings very small and the $ is very
white.
1 ^, 1 ? " Magna Hispania " ? ! (bought of Heyne).
Pamassius apollo escalerae Rothsch.
Pamassius apollo escalerae Rothschild, Novil. Zool. vol. xvi. p. 9. No. 25 (1909) (San Ildefonso).
48 SS, 31 ?? San Ildefonso, Segovia, Spain, June and July 1906 (Manuel
de la Escalera).
Pamassius apollo sicUiae Oberth.
Pamassius apollo forma siciliae Obertliiir, Eliid. Entom. fasc. xiv. jip, 4 and 115. pi. 3. f. "22 (1891)
(Sicily).
1 S Sicily ex Felder coll. ; 7 (?<?, 9 $9 Madonie, Sicily, July (Geo. C. Kriiger),
ex coll. Turati.
Pamassius apollo pumilus Stich.
Parnn^sius n polio pumilus Stichel, Bcrl. Entom. Zi itxrhr. vol. li. p. 88. pi. ii. tig. 14 (1906) (Sicily ! ! !)
9 <J<J, 1 $ Aspromonte near Reggio, 500 — 1,900 metres = 1,625 — 6,175 ft.,
July 1907 (Oscar Neumann) ; 3 o'cJ Monte Alto, 1,800 metres = 5,850 ft.,
July 1910 (Geo. C. Kriiger), ex coll. Turati ; 5 SS, 3 2$ Aspromonte, Calabria,
S. Italy, 1,600 metres = 5,200 ft., July 1914 (Querci).
Pamassius apollo rotbscbildi Verity.
Pamassius afiollo rothschildi Verity, Rhojial. Palaear. p. 310. pi. Ivii. 1. l."> (1911) (Italy ! ?)
2 cJcJ " Italy " (Type).
Pamassius apollo enapenninus Verity.
Pamassius aiwlto euapenninus Verity. Bnll. Soc. Entom. Ital. \y>\. xlv. p. 206 (1913) (Mti.
SibiUini).
2 5<J Monte Sibillini Piceno, Central Italy, 1,900 metres = 6,175 ft., July
1913 (Querci).
NOVITATKS ZoOLOQtCUE XXV. 1918. 237
Pamassius apollo apenninus Stich.
Parnassius apollo apenninus Stichel in Wytsman's Oener. Insect, fasc. 58. p. 26. No. 10 n. (1907)
(Apennines).
1 <J Apennine Mountains, ex coll. Felder.
This is an aberration with gigantic red ocelli.
Pamassius apollo piedemontanus Fruhst.
Parnassius apollo piedemontanus Fruhstort'er, Entom. Zeitschr. Stuttg. vol. xxiii. p. 151 (1909)
(MontanuUa).
1 (J, 1 ? Lombardy ; 1 ? Gornergrat.
Pamassius apollo valderiensis Turati and Verity.
Parnassius apollo valderiensis Verity, Ehopal. Palaear. p. 309. pi. Iv. ff. 15, 16 (1911) (Alpea
Maritimes).
3 SS, 3 ?? Val Gran Sasso, N. Italy, 1,600 metres = 5,200 ft., July 1910
(Geo. G. Kriiger), ex coll. Turati.
Pamassius apollo valesiacns Fruhst.
Parnassius apollo valesiacus Fruhstorfer, Soc. Entom. vol. xxi. p. 140 (1906) (Zermatt).
4 (J<J, 1 $ Zermatt, August 1908 (Oscar Neumann) ; 3 SS, 3 ?? Trift Hotel,
Zermatt, August 1909 (Oscar Neumann) ; 4 <JcJ, I $ Tasch nr. Zermatt, 1,500 —
1,900 metres = 4,875—6,175 ft., August 1907 (Oscar Neumann) ; 2 SS Zermatt
Triftalp, August 1909 (Oscar Neumann) ; 1 S Ober-Alp, See Zermatt, 1,500 —
2,300 metres = 4,875—7,475 ft., July 1909 (Oscar Neumann) ; S SS, i ??,
Sass Fee, Sass Valley, 6 <?<?, 2 ?? Sass Grund to Stalden, August 1908 (Oscar
Neumann).
Pamassius apollo turatii sub.sp. nov.
This form is considerably larger than valesiacus, the oo are whiter and
have on the forewing the submarginal dark band much blacker and more sharply
defined. It was sent to me by Georg Kriiger as valesiacus.
5 cJcJ, 5 ?? Macugnaga, Monte Rosa, 1,400 metres = 4,550 ft., July (Geo.
C. Kriiger), ex coll. Turati (tjrpe) ; 1 cj Albergiari, July 1908 (Geo. C. Kriiger) ;
2 (JtJ Val. Maggio, Tessin ; 1 $ Wallis ; 2 SS between Brig and Fiesch, Wallis,
August 1907 (Oscar Neumann).
Pamassius apollo subsp. ?
Allied to valesiacus Fruhst. but whiter and the 9? more clearly and distinctly
marked.
3 cJd", 3 $? Glarus.
Pamassius apollo rhaeticus Fruhst.
Pamassius apollo rluieticus Fruhstorfer, Soc. Entom. vol. xxi. p. 139 (1900) (Silvaplana).
3 <J<J, 1 $Thusis (W. Rothscliild) ; I ? Hohen Tauern, Thusis, 3,257 ft.,
August 1901 (W. Rothschild) ; 42 <J(J, 34 ?? Campfer, Engadin, July 1881—1887
and 1904 (W. Rothschild and K. Jordan) ; 42 (J^J, 30 ?$ Tarasp, Engadin, July
238 NOVITATES ZOOXOGICAE XXV. 1918.
1901—1903 (W. Rothschild and E. Hartert) ; 3 ^S, 3 ?? Promontagiio ; 3 <J<J
Poschiavo.
Abs. ? ■
1 cJ Campfer, July 1887 (W. Rothschild). This has the black spots on
forewing very small, and the red ocelli very large. 1 q Alpes ? red ocelli very
large ; I (J, ocelli very large, supra-tornal patch also red, ex coll. Felder ; 1 <J
Helvetia ! ! similar to last. These last two are ab. decora.
Pamassius apollo geminus Stich.
Parnassius apollo geminiis atichel in Seitz. Grossschm. Erde. vol. i. p. 24 (1906-1907) (Grindelwald,
Bernese Oberland). (Type fixed, I.e. p. 36.)
4 c?<J, 2 $$ Chateau d'Oex, July — August 1907 (Oscar Neumann) ; 1 ?
Bern ! ex coll. Felder ; 5 <?<?, 4 ?$ Interlaken, June 1887 ; 1 $ Viesch, July
1887.
Parnassius apollo nivatus Fruhst.
Parnassius apdlo nivatus Fruhstorier, Soc. Enlom.voX. xxi. p. 138 (1906) (Mt. Chasseral, Neuveville,
Jura).
3 (J(J, 1 ? Bozingen, Jura, June 1895 ; 1 S Jura, July 1902 ; 1 S Weissen-
stein, Soleure, Jura, July 1888 (W. Rothschild); 3 (?<?, 1 § Mt. Pele, Doubs,
Be8an5on ; 1 <?, 1 ? St. Blaise, Neuchatel, Jura; 1 $ Eich.stadt, July 1908 ; 1 J
Arcine, July 1909, 1 ? Les Plans, Geneva.
Pamassius apollo subsp. ?
This specimen is very small, very dusky, and has yellow ocelli on the hind-
wings above.
1 S Allgau.
Pamassius apollo suevicus Pagenst.
Parnassius apollo suevicus Pagensteclier. Jnhrb. Nass. Ver. Nn/. vol. Ixii. p. 134 (1909) (Scliwablsche
Alb).
1 (J, 1 ? Schwabische Alb, 1908; H 3S, 6 ?? Blaubeuren, Wiirttemberg ;
4 <J(J, 1 ? Hohenstaufen ; 5 (JcJ, 2 $2 Siegmaringen.
Pamassius apollo maicianus Pagenst.
Pnrnassiiis apollo mardanus P.igensteclur, -Jahrh. Sus.-i. Vcr. Sat. vul. Ixii. p. 1.32 (1909) (Schmarz-
wald).
1 S Hohlental, 4 3S, 2 ?$ nr. Neustadt, July 1910, 2 <J(J 1 ? Todtnau,
Schwarzwald (not Todtnau, Baden).
Pamassius apollo vinningensis Stich.
Pamassius apollo I'mittnjcnsM Stichel. Int. Borse. vul, xvi. p. 3ii3 (ISilll) (Winningen).
4 SS, 4 ?? Winningen on Moselle, July 1908 (J. Hoffmann) ; 1 ? Miiden on
Moselle ; 1 cJ GiiLs on Moselle, July 1908 (J. Hoffmann) ; 1 J Rheingau.
NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. ]918. 239
Pamassius apollo silesianus Marsch.
Parnassius apollo silesianus Marrfchner. Bed. Entom. Zeitschr. vol, liv. p. 72 (1909) (Rabenfels).
1 (J, 2 9? Silesia (Roder) (1 ? ab. decora) ; 1 ? Rabenfels, Silesia.
Pamassius apollo fiiburgensis Strand.
Parnassius apollo jriburgensis Strani in Lepidoptera Niepeltiaim, p. 57. pi. vii. ff. 7. 8 (1914)
(FiirstenstDiner Grand).
1 cJ, 1 9 Silesia (Hartmann coU.), ex coll. Max Bartel.
Both this and the preceding subspecies are quite extinct, although Marschner
believes a few still exist.
Pamassius apollo bartholomaeus Stich.
Parnassius apollo barlhohmaeui Stiehel, insect. Bdr.se, vol. xvi. p. 294. If. 1. 2 (1899) (Konigsee
Berchtesgadea).
2 <J5, 1 ? Konigsee, ex coll. Max Bartel; 7 <?<?, 8 9? Ebensee ; 15 <?.<?,
13 99 Grosser Priel, Upper Austria, 1,400—1,700 metres = 4,550—5,525 ft.
(H. Huemer) ; 4 <JcJ, 2 99 Tenner, Berchtesgaden, 1,600 metres = 5,200 ft. ; 2 <?<?,
1 9 Berchtesgaden, July 1901 ; Ems, Upper Austria, 1,000 metres = 3,250 ft.,
July ; 1 (J Altensee.
1 9 from Ebensee is very strongly pronounced ab. decora.
Pamassius apollo ancile Fruhst.
Parnassius apollo ancile Fruh.itorfer, Entom. ZeiUchr. Stuttj. vol. xxiii. p. 1.50 (1909) (Fiohtelgebirge).
1 (J, 2 99 Lichtenstein nr. Pommelsbriinn.
Pamassius apollo melliculus Stich.
Parnassius apollo melliculus Stiehel, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. vol. li. p. 87 (1906) (Donanworth,
Regensburg).
1 (J Steinberg, Frankische Schweiz, 435 metres = 1,414 ft., July 1908 ; 2 ^S,
1 9 Stafielstein, Frankische Schweiz, July 1908 ; 1 <J, 1 9 Eichstadt, Frankische
Jura, July 1908 ; 1 cj Gossweinstein, Frankische Schweiz, 1908 (ex larva) ; 2 <?<?,
5 99 Bavaria ; 1 (J, 3 99 South Germany ! ! 1 9 Bavarian Alps ; 1 ^, 2 99
Frankische Schweiz, ex coll. Bartel ; 2 99 Schwabishe Alp, Bavaria ; 1 (J
Hapsburg, 1907 ; 12 <J(J, 12 99 Riedenburg Altmiihl, Bavaria (Hintermayer) ;
1 (?, 2 99 Regensburg, 1908 ; 1 9 bred in Zoological Gardens, London.
Several 99 are ab. decora Schultz, and 1 9 Regensburg and 1 9 Bavaria are
ab. wiskotti Oberth.
Pamassius apollo glocnerica Verity.
Parnassius apollo glocnerica Verity, Rliopai. Palaear. p. 310. pi. Ivi. If. 10. 11 (1911) (Grossglockner).
3 (?(?, Grossglockner, Carinthia ; 4 <?<?, 1 9 Zillertalen Alpen ; 1 9 Trutten-
hiitte, Tyrol ; 1 cJ, 1 9 Grodwartal, July 1911 ; 9 <?<?, 1 9 Andraz, 1,428 metres
= 4,641 ft., July 1896 and 1912 ; 14 cJcJ, 7 99, Pieve Li Ledro, S. Tyrol, July
1911 ; 2 99 Kaiser Gebirge, Tyrol.
2 99 are sufifused with yellow and there are several cJcJ 9? ab. decora Schultz.
240 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXV. 1913.
Pamassius apollo rabidus Fruhst.
J'arruusius apollo nibidus Fruhstorfer, Soc. Entom. vol. xxi. p. 137 (1906) (Eisacktal, Tyrol).
14 <?(?, 3 ?? Klausen on Eisack, Tyrol, June 1911 (0. Werner) ; 1 ? South
Tyrol.
2 <J<J, 3 ?? ab. decora Schultz.
Pamassias apollo ottonios Fruhst.
Pamasains apollo oUonius Fruhstorfer, Entom. Zeitschr. StiiUg. vol. xxiii. p. 151 (1909) (Carniolia).
1 <J, 1 2 Carniolia ; 4 (J(J Steiner Alpen, Carniolia, July 1899 ; 3 cJcJ Kum
Carniolia, July 1910.
Pamassias apollo montanns Stich.
Parnassitis apollo forma montrma, Stichel in Seitz, Grossachm. Erde, vol. i. p. 24. pi. Vin (190G)
Stilfserjoch, S. Tyrol).
5 <?(?, 1 $ Sterzing, July 1896 ; 1 ? Meran, ex coll. Bartel ; 1 cJ, 1 ? Pircha-
briick, July 1896.
1 (J, 1 ? ab. decora Schultz.
Pamassias apollo subsp. ?
This may be a very dwarf series of bartholomaevs.
2 (J(J, 4 ?? Saletalp, July 1902.
Pamassius apollo brittingeri Reb. and Rog.
Parnasaiua apollo var. brittingeri. Rebel & Rogenhofer, Jahreab. Wien. Entom. Ver. 3. p. 39. pi. i. f. 1
(1892) (Styria, .Austrian Limestone Mts.).
9 (J (J, 6 ?? Hochschwab, Styria (O. Werner) ; 1 cJ ? N. Austria ; 1 ^ Schon-
stein, Styria ; 1 ? Styria ; 1 $ Austrian Alps, ex coll. Felder. Several ?? ab. decora
Schultz.
Pamassius apollo albus Reb. and Rog.
Parnasaiua apollo var. albiia Rebel & Rogenhofer, Jahreab. Wiev. Entom. Ver. 3. pi. 60 (1892)
(Austrian Silesia).
2 (J(J, 1 ? Bleistadt, Bohemia ; 1 (J Bohemia ; 6 <JcJ, 2 ?? Schneeberg, Lower
Austria ; 2 (J ,3, 1 $ Hohenstein, Lower Austria ; 1 $ Lower Austria ; 4 cJcJ, 4 $?
Wachau, liOwer Austria ; 8 cJcJ, 7 ?? Durnstein Krems, Lower Austria ; 1 ?
Riochberg, ex coll. Felder.
There are several <J(J ?? ab. decora Schultz, and 1 ab. pseudonomioti Christ.
Ab. novarae Oberth.
1 <S (type) (Halbhiiber), 1860, said to be from Austrian Silesia, ex coll. Felder.
Ab. seminovarae. Rothsch. (antea).
1 2 Kirchberg an der Weichsel, 1887, ex coll. Felder.
Ab. ?
The oceUi are enormous and entirely red.
2 (J<J Austrian Alps, ex coll. Felder.
Ab. minnscula Verity.
3 (J (J ex coll. Felder. Expanse : 47 mm.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 241
Pamassius apollo strambergensis Strand.
Parnassius apollo strambergensis Strand, Verh. Ver. Brilnn, vol. 1. p. 63 (1912) (Stramberg).
3 (?(?, 3 $9 Stramberg, Moravian Silesia.
Pamassius apollo subsp. ?
This is a most distinct subspecies and I only refrain from giving it a name
as I am not certain that Dr. Hans Rebel has not already done so.
<J. Differs from all other races in its blue- white ground-colour and in the
strongly marked grey marginal and submarginal area of hindwings.
5. Very black and dark markings much accentuated.
20 <J(J, 2 ?? Borszeh Gyergyo, July 1912 (Dr. Hans Rebel) ; 8 cJ(J, 2 ?? Szt
Miklos Gyergyo, July 1912 (Dr. Hans Rebel).
Pamassius apollo transylvanicus Schw.
Pamassius apollo var. transylvanicus Schweizer, Entom. Zeitschr. Frank/, vol. xxv. p. 249 (1912)
(^^icbenburgen).
13 (J(J, 4 $9 Branizkoer Mts., Carpathians; 1 (J Rodna, 2 3S Kronstadt,
Transylvania.
Pamassius apollo subsp. ?
This is intermediate between the Gyergyo form and transylvanicus.
16 c?(J, 2 9? Koermoeczbanya, Bans Comitat, July 1910 ; 3 (?<?, 1 ? Car-
pathians ! ! 1
Pamassius apollo candidus Verity.
Parnassius apollo candidus Verity, Rhopal. Palaear. p. 308. pi. liv. f. 7 (1911) (Barlangliget).
3 (J(J, 3 ?? Barlangliget, bought of Bang- Haas.
Pamassius apollo carpathicus Reb. and Rog.
Parnassius apollo var. carpathicus Rebel & Rugenbofer, Jahresb. Wien. Entom. Ver. 3. p. 61 (1892)
(Hohe Tatra).
30 33, 12 ?? Tatrafiired, 2,000 metres = 6,500 ft., July 1911 ; 3 S3 Car-
pathians ! ! ? ; 6 (J(J, 4 ?? Schemnitz, Hungary.
Pamassius apollo libumicus Reb. and Rog.
Parnassius apollo var. libumicus Re'oel & Rogenbofer, Yahrc-sb. Wien. Entom. Ver. 3. p. 61 (1892)
(Velebit).
13 (J<J Stirovaca-Mrkviste, Velebit, Croatia, July 1912 ; Z S3 Lika^Buzim,
Croatia, July 1912 ; 1 3 Zeng, Croatia, July 1913 ; 3 33 Velebit, Croatia ; 4 33,
4 ?? Velebit, Croatia, ex coll. Felder ; 1 $ Croatia ; 3 ?? Beusane-Osterija, Velebit
Mountains, Croatia, July 1912 ; 4 33 Liilin-Planina, 800—900 metres = 2,600 —
2,925 ft. (A. L. K. Drcnowski).
Pamassius apollo subsp. ?
This form has the $? much whiter than those of lihurnicus.
2 (J (J, 2 $9 Herzegovina.
16
242 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Parnassius apoUo bosniensis Stich.
Pamassius apollo bosniensis St\c]\e\, Insect. Borse. vol. xvi. p. .'ill'! (ISn9) (Bosnia).
3 <J(J, 2 ?? Sarajevo, Bosnia ; 1 (J, 1 9 Koricna, Bosnia ; 6 <J(J Benak, Bosnia,
July 1912 (Trebevic) ; 7 <?<?, 13 ?? Viasic, Bosnia, August 1911 (0. Werner).
Parnassius apollo grajus Stich.
Parnassius apollo grajus Sticliel in WytsiiKiii, Gener. Imect. f:isc. Iviii. p. "26. No. 10 li. (1907)
(Boumelia).
5 SS, 1 ? Rilo Dagh, Bulgaria ; 1 5 Albania, ex coll. Felder.
Ab. albina Oberth.
This aberration has all the black markings, including the black rings of the
red ocelli, replaced by dull grey-brown.
1 $ Greece.
Parnassius apollo kashtshenkoi Shel.
Parnassius apollo kashtshenkoi Sheljuzhlio, Ilev. Ri'sse d'Eittom. vol. vii. p. 23-2 (1907) (Mt. Ararat).
1 <J, 2 <J(J Mount Ararat, July 1911 (Xienzopolski).
Parnassius apollo levantintis Rothsch.
Parnassius apollo levantinus Rothschild, Norit. Zool. vol. xv. p. 390 (190S) (Aintab).
1 cj, 1 9 Aintab, N. Syria, bought of Staudinger and Bang-Haas (Type S)-
Parnassius apollo auerspergi Rebel.
Parnassius apollo auerspergi Rebel, Verh. K. K. Znol.-Bot. Ges. Wien. vol. Ixi. p. 44. f. 2 (1911)
Djivixli Han Aladagh, Cilioian Taurus.
3 <J<J, 3 99 aiician Taurus; 3 cJ<J, 1 9 Malatia ; 1 <?, 1 9 Ak-Chehir,
Anatolia.
Parnassius apollo dubius Bryk.
J'arnassius apollo dubius Bryk. Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. vol. Ixv. p. 24 (1912) (LitscUk & Kagysmann).
1 iJ N.W. Caucasus, July ; 6 (J(J, 4 99 Kagysman, Russian Armenia, 3,000
metres = 9,750 ft., July 1912 (G. S. Kotschubey).
This form is very close to auerspergi but much larger.
auerspergi, Expanse : S 100 mm. 9 100 mm.
dubius „ cJ 110 mm. 112 mm.
Parnassius apoUo suaneticus Arn.
Parnassius apollo sua.neticus Araokl, Entom. Zeitschr. Stuttj. vt.l. xxiii. p. KiO. fig. (1909) (Leila Valley).
2 <?(J, 1 9 Caucasus; 7 SS, 3 99 Borshom, Caucasus, July 1911 ; 4 S<S,
2 99 Abull, South Caucasus (A. Neuschild) ; 4 (J(J Caucasus, ex coll. Felder;
2 Armenia ! ! ?
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 243
Pamassius apoUo limicola Stich.
Parnassius apollo limicola Stichel in Sei'.z, Grossschm. Erde, vol. i. p. 25. pi. 126 (1906) (Ural).
Oberthiir (Etnd. Entom. fasc. 14. p. 4. pi. iii. f. 18 (1891) named this form
apollo var. uralerwis, but already in 1859 Menetries had named the Ural race
of Parnassius phoebus uralensis, so a new name had to be created for this
subspecies of apollo.
i 33, Uralsk, Central Ural Mountains, July — August 1908 (Max Bartel) ;
4 cJ(? Ula, Central Ural Mountains ; 1 cJ, 13 ?? Ural Mountains (1 ? coll. Roder) ;
Pamassius apollo democratus Krul.
Pamassius apollo vai'. democratus Krulikowsky, Soc. Entum. vol. xxi. p. -19. No. 1 (1906) (Kasan &
Wratka).
2 (J (J Penza (recte Pensa) E. Russia; 2 cJtJ Malachowska, Moscow, July
1911 ; 5 (J(J, 8 ?? St. Wladimir, Klasma, Russia; 1 S Russia.
Parnassius apollo finmarchicus Rothsch.
Parnassius apollo finmarchicus Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xv. p. 390 (1908) (Lovisa, Helsingfors).
4 <J(J, 1 $ Lovisa, Helsingfors, Finland (<? Type); 5 <?<?, 3 ?? Myllykylii,
Finland, July 1911 (F. Bryk) ; 2 cJcJ Karislajo, Finland; 3 33, 2 ?? Wibang,
Finland; I 3, 1 2 Karmala, Finland, July 1911 (F. Bryk) ; 1 <J, 1 $ Finland;
1 3 Montsalo, Ladoga Lake, Finland, August 1910 (F. Bryk).
A 5 labelled by Bang- Haas " Fennia " is erroneously so in my opinion ;
it is, I believe, a $ apollo carpathicus.
Pamassius apoUo subsp. ?
This 3 resembles that sex of minerva, but has the submarginal dark band
on the forewing more pronounced.
1 3 West Kurdistan.
Pamassius apollo minerva Verity.
Pasnassivs apollo minerva Verity, Rhopal. Palaear. p. 3U7. pi. Iviii. f. 7 (1911) (Juldus).
3 33, 2 ?? Juldus, received from Bang- Haas (1 ? ab. chryseis Verity).
Pamassius apollo sojoticus Bryk.
Parnassius apollo sojoticus Bryk. Soc. Entom. vol. xxvii. p. 11. ft". 1. 2 (191.^) (Sajan Mts.).
1 (J, 1 ? Irsyn, Sajan Mountains; 1 3,1 9 Arasagun-Gol, Sajan Mountains.
Parnassius apollo tarbagataica Verity.
Pamassius apollo tarbagataica Verity, Rhopal. Palaear. p. 307. pi. liv. f. 0 (1911) (Saour, Tarbagatai).
6 33 Kok-Tjube, Issyk-Kul, July 1902 (Kutzenko) ; 6 33, S ?$ Great
Aksu, Issyk-Kul, July 1902 (Kutzenko) ; 3 ?? Issyk-Kul (Taucre coll.).
2 ?$ are ab. chryseis Verity and 1 3 ab. pseudonomion Christ.
244 NOVITATES ZOOIAOICAE XXV. 1918.
Pamassius apollo subsp. ?
This form is very curious, but a single specimen is insufficient to say what
it is.
Forewings similar to merzhacheri . Hindwings with distinct submarginal
band of grey-black chevrons, ocelU with large divided white patch, supra-tornal
patch red with black edging. Size very small.
Length of forewing : 41 mm. Expanse : 87 mm.
Figured by Verity, Rhopal. Palaear. pi. Iviii. f. 6, as moiigolica Stdgr.,
which it certainly is not, as that is the insect afterwards named by Fruhstorfer
tnerdjacheri.
1 <J Saisan, N.E. Thibet.
Pamassius apollo subsp. ?
This is a very large race, the <J Expanse = 110 mm. and the ? 113 mm.
(J black patches on forewing very large ; ? almost as white as <? ; ocelli very
large and pale.
1 (J, 1 $ Ili District (Tancre coU.).
Pamassius apollo subsp. ?
Similar to mongolicus = merzhacheri but larger.
4: S6 Naryn-Kol, Thian Shan Mountains.
Pamassius apollo mongolicus Stdgr.
Pamassius apollo var. sibirka var. mongolica Staudinger, Iris, vol. xii. p. 332 (1899) (Eastern Thian
Shan).
Pamassius apollo merzhacheri Fruhstorfer, Sac. ErUom. vol. xxi. p. 139 (1906) (Thian Shan).
3 (J (J, 1 ? Turgan, Aksu Pass, August 1905 (Kutzenko) ; 1 <? Thian Shan ;
1 <J, 1 ? Defile of Little Kizil-su, Thian Shan, July 1905 (Kutzenko).
Pamassius apollo alpherakyi Krul.
Pamassius apollo var. alpherakf/i Krulikowsky. Soc. Entom. vol. xxi. p. 49 (I91)(i) (.\Itai).
2 (J (J Ongodai, Altai Mountains 1898 (Berezowsky) ; 1 ? Bashkaus, S.E.
Altai, 3,000—6,000 ft., July 1898 (H. J. Elwes) ; 3 <J(J, 5 $? Altai Mountains ;
4 <?(?> 3 §? Kappak, Alexander Mountains, July 1905.
There are in this series 2 ?? ab. chryseis Verity, 2 $$ ab. decora Schulze, 1 $
ab. magnifica Ksienschopolski, and 1 9 ab. pseudonomion Christ.
Pamassius apollo subsp. ?
There appear to be two forms of apollo in the Altai Mountains, one a medium-
sized form = a. alpherakyi and a very large form, the present one. It is more
than probable that they come from different parts of the range, and eventually
the large race will have to be named.
Expanse : alpherakyi <J 90-98 mm. $ 94-100 mm.
large race S 104-112 mm. ? 112-120 mm.
1 (J, 1 ? Samrams, Altai Mountains (ex coll. Tancre) ; 2 JcJ, 1 ? Altai Moun-
tains ; 1 ? Alexander Mountains ! ! ? (Tancre coll.).
NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXV. 1918. 245
Parnassius apollo hesobolus Nordm.
Parnassius apollo var. hesobolus Nordmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. vol. xxiv. p. 425 (1851)
(Mongolia).
1 (J Kiachta ex coll. Felder ; 4 <?<?, 4 ?? Kentei Mountains (1 ? ex Tancre
coll.) ; 35 (J<J, 22 ?? Apfelgebirge, Transbaicalia, June 1902.
In addition to these there are in the Tring Museum the following specimens
of various races of apollo.
Parnassius apollo sibiricus Nordm. ? ?
1 (J Ustkamenogorsk ; 2 (JcJ, 5 9$ ? ex Felder coll.
2 <?(?, 1 ? labelled " Siberia," but 1 cj, 1 ? is almost certainly alpherakyi,
while the other S is either minerva or tarbagataica (this ,S is aberrant).
Parnassius apollo subsp. 1
1 d', 1 5 Valle de MoUeres ; 1 cJ, 1 ? St. Martin (A. M.), July 1910 ; 1 9
Aunst, August 1909.
Parnassius apollo subsp. 1
1 (J, 1 2 bearing two labels: 1st, Totuan, July 1907; and 2nd, Gauckler
Karlruhe.
Parnassius apollo subsp. ?
4 <J(J, 3 $$ Caprile, 1,029 metres = 3,511 ft., July 1896.
Parnassius apollo subsp. ?
1 (J Lauhental bei Ulm a.D. 1908 (A. Eshard).
Parnassius apollo subsp. ?
1 <J Buladwill.
P. apoUo subsp.
1 (J?
Parnassius apoUo rhaeticus x phoebus sacerdos.
1 <J Camfer, Engadin, July 1887 (W. Rothschild) ; 2 J Campfer, July 1904
(W. Rothschild and K. Jordan).
Parnassius apollo hesebolus x nomion transbaicalensis.
1 (S Apfelgebirge, Transbaicalia, June 1902.
Parnassius hybrid 1
1 ^?
Parnassius apollo alpherakyi < discobolus insignis.
1^,2?? Kappak, Alexander Mountains, July 1905.
246 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Farnassins davidis Oberth.
Famassius davidis bonratbi Stdgr.
Parnassius honraihi Staudinger, Berl. Entom. Zeilschr. vol. xxvi. p. Hil. pis. i. ff. 4-3a. ii. f. .5 (1882)
(Hazret, Sultan Mts.).
2 <J(J ? ex coll. Felder ; 3 <?<?, 5 ?$ Samarkand, 3 <?<?, 2 ?? (Haberhauer)
(cotypes), 1 cJ, 1 $ ex coll. Felder ; 2 <Jo' Samarkand, 1882 (0. Herz) ; 1 (J, 1 $
Garm, Peter the Great Mountains, June.
Ab. ?
These two specimens are quite distinct individuallj' ; one has the ocelh
and spots on forewing entirely black, only one red dot in the postcellular upper
subcostal spot on right forewing, the second has the oceUi black with a small
red dot in each and a minute red point in the upper postcellular subcostal black
spot in each forewing.
2 (J<J Zarafschan.
Parnassius davidis albumus Stich.
Parnasshis dandis alhnrnus Slichei. ErUmn. Zeitschr. vol. xxi. p. 132 (1907) (Pamir).
2 <?cJ, 1 $ Pamirs.
Parnassius apollonius Eversm.
Parnassius apollonius apollonius Eversm.
Parnassius apollonius Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Natiir. Mo^c. vol. xx. 2. p. 71. pi. 3. ff. 1. 2 (1847)
(" Volat in Songariae montibus").
9 <J5, 2 ?? between Osch and Urgent, July— August ; 1 cJ, 3 $? S. Ferg-
hana ; 1 (J Tashkend ex coll. Felder ; 1 c? Marghilan, 1 ? Kuldja, bought of
Staudinger.
Parnassius apollonius gloriosus Fruhst.
Parnassius apollonius gloriosus Fruiistorfer, Iris. vol. x;'i. j). 309 (1904) (Alexander Mts.).
2 <J<J, 2 ???; 2 $S Auht Ata ; 4 SS, 6 ?? Karagaitau ; 61 <J<J, 27 ?$
Ketmen Tjube, Sussamyr Mountains, July 1906 ; 2 SS, 3 ?? Alexander
Mountains ex coll. Tancre ; 149 SS, 83 ?? Kappak, Alexander Mountains,
March— August 1905 ; 2 ?? Turkestan ! ?
Ab. ?
Very small, oceUi small, strongly suffused with black scales.
1 <J Turkestan ! ?
Ab. ?
Very large, oceUi very large, black spots on forewing very large and with
very large red centres.
1 (J Turkestan ! ? ; '2 SS Ketmen Tjube, Sussamyr Mountains, July 1906.
Ab. ?
OceUi and black markings very minute.
3 J(J Kappak, Alexander Mountains, March — August 1905.
NoviTATES Zoological XXV. 1918. 247
Pamassius apollonius alpinus Stdgr.
Parnasams apollonius var. alpinus Staudinger, Stett. Entom. Zeit. vol. xlviii. p. 49 (1887) (Alexander
Mts., 8-10,000 ft.).
1 <J, 2 $9 Alai, 7,000 ft. ex coll. Felder.
This race is very close indeed to ap. apollonius and probably is not
constant.
Pamassius apollonius daubei Fruhst.
Parnassius apollonius daubei Fruhstorfer, Sac. Entom. vol. .^viii. p. 49 (1903) (Zarafsohan).
3 SS, 3 ?? below Sary-mat, Serafschan (Zarafschan), 8,000 ft., May —
August, 1900 (Funke).
Parnassius uomion F. de W.
Pamassius nomion nomion F. de. W.
Pamassius nnminn Fisclier de WaMlieini, Eiilnm. Imp. RiLi.}). vol. ii. p. 242. j)l. 6. ff. 3. 4 (182(1)
1 <?, 1 ? Kentei ; 8 ,JcJ, 3 $$ Changai ; 8 <iS, 3 ?? Urga ; 11 cJ<J, 7 ?$ Central
Altai (3 <J<J, 1 9 ex Tancre coll.) ; 4 (?<?, 2 ?$ Ongodai, Altai Mountains, 1888
(Berezowsky).
In this series there are examples of ab. venusi Schauf. and ab. virgo Schauf. ;
also a <J with orange-yellow ocelU and a ? with oceUi joined by a black bar.
Pamassius nomion transbaicalensis Verity.
Parnassius nomion transhnicalensis Verity, Rhopal. Palaear. p. xx. nomen ad. ref. p. 65. pi. xiv.
t. 7 (1911) (Transbaiealia).
52 (J(J, 28 ?$ Apfelgebirge, TransbaicaUa, July 1902.
There are both ab. venusia and ab. virgo Schauf. in this series.
Pamassius nomion mandschuriae Oberth.
Parnassius nomion forma geographica mandschuriae Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. fasc. xiv. p. 2. pi. ii.
f. 10 (1891) (Manchuria).
1 (J Ussuri ex coll. Felder ; 1 <J Anutshino, South Ussuri, June 1908 (100
kilometres from Nikolsk) ; 1 S Chabarowka, 2 <J<? Pokrefka, 1 $ Sidemi ex coll.
Tancre ; 2 ^cj, 3 $$ Pompejefka, 50 kilometres south of Radde Chingan Moun-
tains, July 1910 (W. Mau) ; 6 (J(J, 5 ?? Tjutju-ho, 400 kilometres. North of
Wladiwostock 1909 (W. Mau) ; 6 SS, 3 ?$ Sutschau ; 7 cJcJ, 6 ?$ Bikin, Amur ;
1 (J, 1 ? Manchuria ; 3 ?? Wladimir Bay, Siberia, August 1897 ; 3 <?<?, 2 $9 Amur,
1 9 Eastern Siberia, ex Felder coll.
These 6 last specimens from the Felder collection are very queer ; either
the labels are incorrect or else they are very aberrant individuals, for they do
not agree in any way whatever with the rest of my 55 nomion mandschuriae.
Of the 49 typical niamlschuriae only 5 have the characters of tjrpical nomion,
i.e. the 3 red centres of black patches on the forewings ; the 44 others consist of
8 ab. venusia and 36 ab. virgo Schauf.
Pamassius nomion nominulus Stdgr.
Parnassius nom,ion var. nominulus StauJiiiger, Iris, vol. vii. p. 241 (1894) (East Sajan District).
7 <?<?, 3 99 Sajan ; 3 <JcJ, 1 9 Tunka Mountains, Baikal ; 2 <J(J, 2 99 Irkutsk ;
1 (J, 1 9 East Sajan ; 2 (J<J Irsyn Sajan ; 1 9 Siberia.
248 NO\aTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Parnassins nomion nomius Gr.-Grsh.
Parnassiiis nomion var. n-omiiif! Gnim-Gr.shmailo, Horae Soc. Entom. Ross. vol. xxv. p. 445 (1891)
(Kuku-Nor, Amclo, and Dsclmchai- Mts.).
2 <J<?, 1 9 Sining, Thibet ; 1 cj Kuku-Nor ex coll. Tancre ; 2 Sd Kuku-Nor ;
1 cJ Nanschan Mountains (Grum-Grshmailo) ex coll. Felder.
Famassins olympius Stdgr.
Parnassins olifmpius Staudinger, Iris. vol. x. i>. 314 {18!)7) (Kuruk Tag).
These 3 specimens were sent me by Staudinger and Bang-Haas together
with 4 others as Parnassins olympius Stdgr. They are immediately distinguish-
able from the other 4 by their much larger size, rounder wngs, very white ground-
colour, and pure wliite not chequered fringes. As they agree with Staudinger's
original description of Parnassius olympius which the 4 others do not, I un-
hesitatingly treat them as cotypes of the original olympius. The others I have
seen, i.e. my 4 and the specimens figured and described by Verity and Stichel,
are not olympius, but, as they rightly say, a form of discobolus.
Staudinger I.e. states he had received from Haberhauer 22 (J (J and 6 ??,
othervrise I should have certainly considered these 3 specimens as hybrids of
apollo X apollonins.
2 ^cJ, 1 ? Kuruk-Tag (Haberhauer).
Famassius discobolus Stdgr.
Parnassius discobolus discobolus Stdgr.
Parnassins discobolns Staudinger, Stetl. Enliii.r. Zrt'i. vol. xlii. p. •27.'> (1881) (Thian Shan).
102 <J(J, 51 ?? Sirt-Saryjass, Thian Shan, August 1905 (Kutzenko) ; 7 S<S,
5 ?? Little Kisil-Su, Thian Shan, July 1905 (Kutzenko) ; 11 (J<J, 8 ?? Turga-
Aksu, Thian Shan, July 1905 (Kutzenko) ; 1 S Kyssyl Sart ex Tancre coll. ; 2 (J<^
Samarkand ; 1 ^, 2 $? below Saryamatt, Zarafschan 8,000 ft., July — August
1900 (Funke) ; 1 o* between Osch and Urgent, July— August ; 5 ,S<S, 12 ??
Utschkurgan, July ; 2 $9 Karagaitau ; 1 ? Bochara ex coll. Felder.
Ab. nexa Verity.
1 <J Sir-Saryjass, 1 S Turgan-Aksu, Thian Shan, July — August 1905 (Kut-
senko) ; 1 (J Utsch-Kurgan, July.
Ab. ?
This specimen is very grey and mealy in appearance and almost all the
red on central and all on subcostal ocelli has disappeared.
1 (J Karagaitau.
Ab. ?
The specimen is very large, very white, and has extra large pale-red ocelli.
1 ? Karagetin (Grum-Grshmailo), ex Felder coll.
Ab. nigricans Stdgr.
1 ? Kuldja ex coll. Tancre.
Parnassius discobolus minor Stdgr.
Pamasaius discnbolv-s var. mimnr Staudinger, Stett. Entom. Zeit. vol. xlii. p. 275 (1881) (Ala Tau).
1 (J, 1 9 Tura ; 1 (J Ala Tau ; 2 ^^ Tarbagatai.
NOVITATBS ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 249
Pamassius discobolus erebus Verity.
Parnassius discobolus erebus Verity, Bhopal. Palaear. p. 312. pi. xii. f. 3 (1911) (Boro-Choro).
1 (J, 2 9? Boro-Choro, E. Thian Shan (Grum-Grshmailo), ex coll. Felder
(I ? 1889).
Pamassius discobolus verityi subsp. nov.
This is the insect Stichel and Verity identified as olympius Stdgr., and which
Staudinger specially mentions as being similar to d. insignis, but whiter. It is
distinguished from all other races by being much purer white.
4 <J(J Korla (Haberhauer) ; 1 3 Kuruk-Tag.
Parnassius discobolus insignis Stdgr.
Parnassius discobolus var. insignis Staudinger, Slett. Entom. Zeit. vol. xlvii, pi. 194 (1886) (S. Alai).
3 (J (J, 6 ?$ Kappak, Alexander Mountains, July 1905 ; 2 <?<?, 2 $? Alexander
Mountains ex coll. Tancre ; 6 <JcJ, 3 $? Issyk-Kul ex coll. Tancre ; 1 ? Ill
District ex coll. Tancre.
Pamassius discobolus subsp. ?
This is as white as verity, but the ocelli are smaller and the black subterminal
bands of both wings much larger and more pronounced.
1 (J Kaschka-Ssu, Thian Shan.
Pamassius discobolus subsp. ?
This form is very ash grey, and the markings other than the ocelli of the
hindwings and the 5 large patches of the forewings are much obliterated.
1 (J Merw ex Tancre coll.
Pamassius discobolus hybrid ? ?
The.se 2 specimens are quite dissimilar, the one much resembling a small
2 ab. chryseis of ap. alpherakyi, the other more a very large discobolus.
2 $? Kuldja ex coll. Tancre.
Pamassius discobolus superbus Gr.-Grsh.
Paniassi^is dixrnbolns var. superbus Grum-Grshmailo in Romanoff. Mem. sur Lipid, vol. iv. p. 180
(1890) (Rochan, Afghanistan).
5 (Sd, 4 ?? Turkestan ! ! loc. err. ; 1 (J Alai ; 1 <J, 1 $ Roshan, Bokhara !
July 1911 ; 3 oV, 2 ?? Kudara, Afghanistan, 11,000 ft. ex coll. Felder; 1 $
Afghanistan ex coll. Tancre ; 1 $ ?
Pamassius discobolus romanovi Gr.-Grsh.
Parnassius rorttanm-i Grum-Grshmailo, Horae .Soc. Entom. Rots. vol. xxil. p. 303 (1888) (Transalai).
6 <J<J, 3 ?$ Turkestan ! ! loc. err. ; 8 <?<?, 8 $? Pamirs ; 4 <J(J Transalai, 10,000—
11,000 ft. (Grum-Grshmailo) (cotypes) ex coll. Felder.
Ab. ?
These specimens have yellow ocelli.
1 (J Juldus ; 1 (J, 1 $ Pamirs.
250 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Parnassius actius Eversm.
Pamassius actius actius Eversmaim.
Parnassius acti lis Eversraann, Bull. .SV. Imp. Xat. Mosc. vol. xvi. p. .540. pi. 11. ff. 2. a. b (1843)
(Altai).
2 <J<J Tschingitau, S.W. Altai, ex Tancre coll. ; 1 J East Pamirs, July 1909,
2 (J<J, 4 ?? Semirjetschensk, Naryn, August 1909, 2 ?? Kuldja, Max Bartel coll. ;
1 (J Kisil-jar, East Pamirs ; 1 (?, 1 $ Kuldja ex coU. Tancre ; 3 <J(J lli District,
6 <J(J Alexander Mountains ex coll. Tancre ; 4 SS, 1 $ Bogda Ola ex coll. Felder ;
4 (?(J ? ; 3 <J(J, 3 $V [spajran, North Alai, 3,400 metres = 11,500 ft., 1 <J between
Osch and Urgent, July — August.
Pamassius actius caesar Stdgr.
Pamassias aciiu-s var. coesor Staudins;er. Iris, vol. x. p. 347 (1S9S) (Koula).
V cJcJ, 6 $$ Kuruk-Tag (Haberhauer) ; 6 <?<?, 5 ?? Naryn District north side
of Thian Shan Mountains ; 1 cJ Korla ; 1 (J Tssyk-Kul.
Pamassius actius ambrosius Stich.
Parnassius actius ambrosius Stichel in Wj'tsma7i, Gcncr. Inseet. fasc. 5S. p. 33. No. 16. d. footnote
(1907) (Aksu).
4 <?(J, 1 5 Aksu (2 (J<J ex coll. Tancre).
Pamassius actius minuta Verity.
Parnassius actius minuta Verity, Rhopal I'alaear. |). 313. pis. liii. It. .5. 0 and Iviii. ff. 12. 13 (1911)
(Juldus).
5 SS, 2 ?? Issyk-Kul (4 <J<J, 2 5$ ex coll. Tancre) ; 5 3$, 1 ? Defile of Little
Kisil-Su, July 1905, 2 SS, 2 $? Defile of Turgan-Aksu, August 1905 (Kutsenko) ;
2 <J<J, 2 9$ Juldus.
Pamassius actius urumtsiensis Verity.
Parnassius actius urumtsiensis Verity, Rhopal. Pnliienr. p. (ill. pi. .\iii. IV. 7. S (1906) (Unimtsui).
1 S Thien Li ex coU. Bartel ; 1 ? Eastern Thian Shan ex coll. Bartel.
Pamassius actius dubitabilis Verity.
Parnassius actius duhitabilis Verity, Phnpr.l. Palacar. p. 313. p!. Hi. f. 3 ( 191 1 ) (Karagaitaii).
4 (J (J, 5 9? Karagaitau.
Famassins jacquemontii Boisd.
For very many years this species and P. epaphus Oberth. were in the
utmost state of confusion, all being placed as jacquemontii till Mr. Oberthiir
unravelled the puzzle in 1879.
Pamassius jacquemontii jacquemontii Boisd.
Pamassius jac/juemovlii Boisduval. S/ii-. Gen. Lipid, vol. i. p. 400 (J neo $) (1836) (Himalayas).
12 c?(?, 6 ?? ? ; 1 (J, 1 9 Himalaya, 4 33, 2 $5 Nashingla, 16,700 ft., 1 9
Chika Ladak, 12,000 ft., 3 99 ? ex coll. Felder.
Ab. nirius Moore.
This is the J type figured Lrpirl. hul. vol. v. p. 108. pi. 407 f. 1 (1902)
(Ladak).
NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 251
Parnassius jacquemontii himalayensis Elw.
Parnassius actius var. himalayensis Elwes, P.Z.S. 1886. p. 30 (Lahoul).
1 <J, 1 ? Kukli ; 1 ? Gangotru, August 1888 ; 1 $ Afghanistan ; 5 <?<?, 2 ?$
Nila Valley, West Himalaya, July 1887-1888 ; 1 ? Himalaya ex Felder coll. ;
1 (J, 1 ? ex coll. Felder marked P. actius himalayensis Elwes, type Kulu,
N.W. Himalayas, 12,000—14,000 ft. ; 1 cJ Tonglou, Sikkim, 10,000 ft., July 1886
(H. J. Elwes).
Ab. impiincla Aust.
1 (J Sikkim (Type).
Parnassius jacquemontii chitralensis Moore.
Parnassius chitralensis Moore, Lepid. Ind. vol. v. p. 107. pi. 400. ff. 2. 2a (1902) (Chitral).
7 <J(J, 2 ?? Madaglasht, Chitral, 13,000 ft., July 1910 (Major F. Wall).
Parnassius jacquemontii variabilis Stich.
Parnassius jacquemoiitii variabilis Stichel, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. vol. li. p. 90 (1906) (Pamir).
1 <J Dschirgetai, Alai, 11,000 ft., ex coll. Felder ; 1 <J Kuruk Tag ; 3 <J<J,
1 $?
Parnassius jacquemontii rubicundus Stich.
Parnassius jacquefnoniii rubicundus Stichel, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. vol. li. p. 89 (1906) (Paftiir,
Ferghana).
5 <J<J Pamir ; 2 <?<? Turkestan ; 4 (J<J, 3 ?? ? ; 1 <J, 1 9 ? ex coll. Felder ;
17 <?<?, 3 ?? between Osch and Urgent, July — August ; 2 (?<?, 1 $ Utsch-Kurgan,
July ; 1 9 Turkestan ex Felder coU. ; 2 9$ Irsyn Sajan.
Parnassius jacquemontii rubicundus x actius.
1 cJ?
Parnassius jacquemontii mercurius Gr.-Grsh.
Parnassius mercurius Grum-Grshmailo, Horae Soc. Entom. Ross. vol. xxv. p. 445 (1891) (Sinin Mts.,
Amdo).
1 (J, 1 9 ? ; 3 (J(J, 1 9 Sinin Mountains ex coll. Tancre ; 4 S3, 1 9 Amdo ;
1 (? Thibet; 2 <J(J, 3 99 Kuku-Nor ; 2 SS Sinin-Shan 1890 (Grum-Grshmailo)
ex coll. Felder (cotypes).
Parnassius tatsienluica Verity and Parnassius tibetanus Leech.
Dr. Verity treats the first of these forms as a subspecies of jacquemontii and
the second as a distinct species, while Stichel treats tibetanus as a subspecies of
jacquemontii and tatsienluica as an aberration of it. I have 3 c?cj tatsienluica
but no 99, so I cannot decide for myself, though Dr. Verity should be able to
judge having examined large series of both in the collection of Mr. Charles
Oberthiir. I therefore, till I can examine sufficient material, shall follow
Dr. Verity.
■■252 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Pamassius jacquemontii tatsienluica Verity.
Parn:iisius jacquemontii var. tatsienluica Verity, Rhnpal. Palaear. p. 63. pi. xxiv. ff. S-S (19llG)
(Ta-tsien-lu).
2 ^cJ Ta-tsien-lu ; 1 o^ Eastern frontier of Thibet, 1906 ((R. P. Dejean).
Pamassius tibetanns Biihl.
Parnasiius tibetanus Riihl, Palaear. Gros.siclim. vul. i. (i. 99 (1892) (T;i-tsien-hi).
4 3S, 3 9? Hou-Kow, Thibet, 10,000 ft., July— August 1890 (Native coll.) ;
3 cJcJ, 5 ?? ? (1 cj, 1 ? ex Felder coll.) ; 1 ,5, 1 $ Ta-tsien-lu, July— August 1894
(R. P. Dejean) ; 2 SS Thibet; 1 o* Ta-tsien-lu, 8,300 ft., July— August 1890
<A. E. Pratt).
Famassins beresowskyi Stdgr.
Pamassius 6ere«o«i«Jl;yt Staudinger in Staudinger and Rebel, Calal. Lepid. Palaear. ed. iii. p. (i (1901)
(Amdo).
2 cJ(?, 1 ? Sinin Mountains, July 1894, ex Bartel coll. ; 2 JcJ Amdo ; 1 S,
I $ West Setschuan ; 1 <? Kuku-Nor.
Farnassins epaphns Oberth.
Pamassius epaphus epaphus Oberth.
Pamassius epaphus Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. fasc. 4. p. 23 (1879) (Chinede Tartary).
1 <?, 1 ? Cashmere; 2 <?<?, 2 ?? Cashmere, 14,000—16,000 ft., ex coll. Fruh-
storfer ; 18 SS, 1 ? Skoro La, 15,000 ft., July 1887 (J. H. Leech).
Pamassius epaphus poeta Oberth.
Pamassius poeta Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. fasc. 16. p. 2. pi. 2. f. 9 (1892) (Ta-tsien-lu).
13 <J<J, 9 ?? E. Thibet ; 4 (J<J, 1 $ ? ; 1 <J, 2 ??, 6-8 days N.W. of Ta-tsien-
lu 1891 (Monsignor Biet) ; 1 <J, 1 ? Tchang-Kou, Thibet 1892 (Native coll.).
(Types of oberthuri Aust.) ex coll. Austaut.
Pamassius epaphus subsp. ?
This is intermediate between epaphus epaphus and e. poeta.
3 <J(J, 2 $$ Pembu Pass, 12 miles north of Lhassa, August 1904 (N. V. L.
Rybot).
Pamassius epaphus huwei Fruhst.
Pamassius epaphus huwei Fruhstorfer, Stett. Entom.. Zeit. vol. Ixiv. p. 36(1 (1903) (Alcsu).
5 is Aksu.
Pamassius epaphus altynensis Stich.
Parna.isius epaphus alt!/nen.sis Stichel in Seitz. Oross-Khm. Erde. vul. i. p. 30 (1907) (.Altyn Tag).
4 <J(J, 2 ?9 Altyn Tag.
Pamassius epaphus sikkimensis Elwes.
PartMssius epaphus var. .silck-imensis K1w<m. P.Z.S. 1HK2. p. 39IP. pi. 2.'i. ff. 4. .5 (Sikkim).
2 ;J<J, 4 ?? Kambajong, Chumbi Valley ; 13 J<J, 1 ? Chumbi Valley ; 2 <J<J
tSikkim, wet season, ex coll. Fruhstorfer.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 253l
Pamassius epaphus subsp. ?
Larger than sihkimensis , more mealy, and the red spots and ocelli much
reduced ; bears the same relationship to e. sikkimensis as jacquemontii chitralensis-
does to /. jacquemonti.
5 (J<J, 2 ?? Native Sikkim (highest altitudes) (Harcourt-Bath).
Pamassius epaphus subsp. ?
Darker than sikkimensis with red spots and ocelh very large. S S3 Phari
Jong, Thibet, 16,200 ft., May— June 1913 ; 1 3 Tangla Pass, Thibet ; 89 <?<?,
78 ??, Yatung, Tliibet, 12,000— U,0(»0 ft. (D. Macdonald), 3 c?<J Sikkim ? ! ! fide
Swinhoe.
Pamassius epaphus nanchanicus Aust.
Parnassius sikkimensis var. nanchanica Austaiit. Le Natiir. vol. xxi. p. 285 (1899) (Nanichan),
6 (J(J, 1 ? Nanschan (including 1 3 Type ex coll. Austaut).
Pamassius epaphus subsp. ?
Both (J and 5 are very wliite.
1 5, 1 ? Chitral.
Parnassius hardwickii Gray.
Parnasiius hardwickii Gray, Zuol. Mim: p. 32 (1832) (Nepiul).
3 <J(J, 3 ?? ? ; 1 <J Himalayas ; 36 <J J, 1 $ Kambajong, Chumbi Valley
(A. J. PliiOips) ; 1 o Ladak, 1 S Upper Cashmere, 2 ^cJ, 1 $ Pangi ex coll.
Felder ; 1 ^, 2 $? Bhilang District, Tehri Garwhal, August 1889 ; 1 o' N.W.
India; 13 (J<J, 5 ?$ Native Sikkim (Harcourt-Bath) ; 2 SS Gnatong, Sikkim
1894 (Native coll.) ; 1 S Bhutan, August 1887 (0. Moller) ; 9 cJcJ, 7 5? Yatung,
Thibet, 12,000—14,000 ft. (D. Macdonald) ; 3 (J<J, 7 S? Sikkim, June 1884—1885
(O. Moller) ; 1 <J, 1 ? Kashmir Valley, 8,000 ft., June— September 1903 (Col.
Ward) ; 2 ?? Cashmere ; 1 ? Chumbi Valley ; 1 3 Kulu ; 1 $ Chitral ; I <J Sikkim ;
1 <J Scinde VaUey, 13,500 ft., July 1911.
Pamassius szechenyi Friv.
Pamassius szechenyi szechenyi Friv.
Pamassius szechenyi Frivaldsky, Termes. Filz. vol. x. p. 39. pi. iv. il. 1. In (1886).
2 (Jo Amdo, 4 SS, 2 ?? Sinin Mountains, I ? Kuku-Nor ex coll. Tancre ;
2 (Jo ? ; 4 (J<J, 4 ?? Kuku-Nor, Thibet ; 1 (J, 1 ? Sinin Alps (Grum-Grshmailo)
ex coll. Felder.
Pamassius szechenyi germanae Aust.
Pamassius szechenyi var. germanae .Austaut, Entom. Zeitschr. Guben, vol. xx. p. 66 (190G)(
(Ta-tfiien-lu).
2 <J,J, 2 ^'$ "Thibet" ! 1
254 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
Famassins Orleans Oberth.
Pamassius Orleans Orleans Oberth.
Parnassius Orleans Oberthiir, Descrip. Esp. Nouv. (1890) (S. W. China).
16 (J<J, 8 $9 1 ; 41 cJ<J, 13 $? Taipaishan Shensi, China, June 1905 ; 10 ^<?,
11 $9 E. Thibet ; 1 <? Ta-tsien-lu 1894 (R. P. Dejean).
Pamassius Orleans groumi Oberth.
Pamassius Orleans cjruumi Oberthiir, Etud. Entim. fasc. IG. p. 3. pi. 2. f. 10 (1892) (Sinin, Amdo).
2 <J(J Amdo ; 3 cJ(J, 4 ?? Kuku-Nor, Thibet; 1 <J Sinin Shan, 1891, ex coll.
Tancre ; 1 S Dochachge Mountains, 1890 (Grum-Grshmailo) ex coll. Felder ;
1 5 Amdo District, Thibet.
Pamassius delphius Eversm.
Pamassius delphius delphius (Eversm).
Doritis delphius Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. vol. xvi. p. 541. pi. 7. ff. la. b (1843)
(Southern Altai).
6 <J(J, 4 §? Syr Daria ; 1 S Ala Tau ; 1 <? Songaria ; 1 cJ, 3 ?? Issyk-Kul
(Tancre) ; 2 ?? Samarkand (Haberhauer) ; 4 $? Alexander Mountains, ex coll.
Tancre ; 8 (JcJ, 6 $9 between Osch and Urgent, July— August.
Pamassius delphius transiens Aust.
Pnrna.ssius transiens Austaut, Parnass. Palaear. p. 81. ))1. 18. f. 3 (1899) (Pamir).
1 (J Tura, 1 9 Pamir (Types) ex coll. Austaut ; 2 <JcJ Pamir.
Pamassius delphius cardinal Gr.-Grsh.
Pamassius delphius var. cardinal Gnim-Grshmailo in Romanoff, Mhn. Lipid, vol. iii. p. 307 (1887)
(K.Tahistan. Peter the Great Mts.).
6 (J(J ? ; 1 (5, 1 <J 9 Samarkand ? ! ! ! ; 1 S Samarkand \ ; \ S Turkestan
1888, 1 S Alai, 4,500 metres = 14,625 ft., 1 $ Hissar Mountains, 11,000 ft. ex
coll. Felder; 6 (J^, 1 9 Bokhara; 3 (J (J, 1 9 Ghardani Kaffer, Bokhara (1 S
Bokhara has the ocelli black).
Pamassius delphius illustris Gr.-Grsh.
Pamassius delphius var. illnslris L.'rum-CJrshmaili.i. Hurae Soc. Enlom. Ross. vol. xxii. p. 304 (188S)
(Transalai).
3 99 Alai, 11,500 ft., 1 <J Great Altai ? ! ! ex Felder coll.
Pamassius delphius infumata Aust.
Pamassius delphius var. infumata Austaut, Le Natur. vol. xiii, p. 180 (1891) (Plakan, Pamirs).
1 J, 1 9 Plakan, Pamirs (Types), ex coll. Austaut ; 1 S Karategin (Grum-
Grshmailo), 1884.
Pamassius delphius dolabella Fruhst.
Pamassius delphius dolabella Fruhstoifer. Enlom. Zeitsrhr. Ouben, vol. xviii. p. 2U (1904) (Kashgar).
4 <J<J, 1 9 Kashgar (1 <? Aris coll.) ex coll. Max Bartel.
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 255
Pamassius delphius intermedia Verity.
Parnassius deiphiiis intermedia Verity, Rhopnl. Palaear. p. 316. pi. xviii. ff. 8. 9 (1911) (Kiildja).
14 cJcJ, 12 ?? Turkestan, 1 S ex coll. Felder ; 6 ?? Kaschka-Ssu ; 2 SS, 7 9?
Turgan, Aksu Pass, Tliian Shan, August 1905 (Kutsenko) ; 4 $$ Little Kizil-Su,
Thian Shan, July 1905 (Kutzenko) ; 4 <?<?, 2 $? lli District, July ex coll. Tancre ;
16 cJcJ, 6 ?9?
This series is enormously variable, ranging from black to white, and the
ocelli go from quite small and entirely black to almost as large and red as in
cardinal ; many also have the ocelli joined by a black band.
Parnassius delphius namanganus Stdgr.
Parnassius delphius var. uamjiiriuntis 8ta;i:IiiigLi", Stett. Entoni. Zeit, vol. xlvii. p. 196 (1886)
(Namangan).
5 Si, 5 ?? Tura ; 1 <?, 1 $ S. Ferghana ; 1 ? ? ; IS Namangan (Haberhauer)
cotype.
Pamassius delphius juldussica Verity.
Parnassius delphius juldussica Verity, Rhopal. Palaear. p. 316. pi. xviii. If. 20. 21 (1911) (Juldus).
Ab. Styx Stdgr.
7 cJ<J, 1 $ Juldus.
Pamassius delphius interjecta Verity.
Parnassivs delphius interjeeta Verity. Rhopal. Palaear. p. 316. pi. xviii. f. 14 (1911) (Transalai).
1 S Transalai, 11,000 ft. (Grum-Grshmailo), ex coU. Felder.
Pamassius delphius subsp. ?
Darker than intermedia and juldussica.
5 SS, 1 ? Kuldja ex coll. Tancre (3 SS ab. styx).
Pamassius delphius subsp. 1
Intermediate between juldussica and barteli.
4 SS, 1 ? Aksu ; 1 <J ab. styx. Great Aksu, Issyk-Kul (July 1902) (Kutzenko).
Pamassius delphius diaphana Verity.
Pamassius delphius diaphana Verity. Rhopal. Palaear. p. 78. pi. xviii. f. 7 (1907) (Ta-tsien-lu).
3 <Jc? Kuku-Nor, Thibet.
Parnassius delphius infemalis Stdgr.
Pamassiu.^ delphius infemalis Stautlinger, •'^tett. Entom. Zeit. vol. xlvii. p. 19.5 (1886) (Osch).
1 S Kysil Sart ex coll. Tancre.
Pamassius delphius barteli Aust.
Parnassius delphius barteli Austaut, Enlom. Zeitschr. Frank, vol. x.xiv. p. 224. No. 1 (1911) (Semir-
jetschensk).
3 (?cJ, 1 ? Semirjetschensk, July 1909, ex coll. Bartel.
256 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Parnassius delpbius albulus Honr.
Paniassivs dtlphixie var. albtUus HonratM. Bed. Enlotn. Zeitschr. v<il. x.vxlii. p. 161. pi. 16. 2
(1889) (East Alai).
7 SS, 10 ?? Naryn, north side of Thian Shan ; 7 <S3, 14 ?? Nura Mountains,
north of Naryn.
Ab. ?
Intermediate between albulus and ab. styx.
1 <J, 2 ?$ Naryn, north side of Thian Shan.
Ab. styx Stdgr.
4 (?<?, Syrt Naryn, East Thian Shan.
Parnassius delpbius maximinus Stdgr.
Parnassius delphiui var. m:iximln>is Staudingor. Iris, vol. iv. p. 158 (1S91) (Mt-i. on S.W. side of
Lake Fssyk Kul).
This form is imdoubtedly very distinct, but the localities on my specimens
are evidently mixed.
1 (J, 1 $ Amur ? ! ! ! ; 1 o, 1 5 Kuku-Nor ? ! ! ! ; .3 c^o" Tashkent ex Tancre
coll. (As Tancre's collector Ruckbeil discovered maximinus I fail to understand
Tancre's localitj^ on my specimens.)
Parnassius delpbius macdonaldi subsp. nov.
This is a very distinct subspecies, being intermediate between lumfidius
Fruhst. and albulus ab. styx.
S. Forewing deep sooty grey-black, basal one- fourth obliquely above vein I
powdered conspicuously with white, 2 large white patches and 2 intense black
ones in and at extremity of cell ; 2 transverse postdiscal bands of white spots
from costa to vein 1, below vein 1 is one large coalescent wliite postdiscal patch.
Hindwing basal three- fo irths sooty grey-black, 2 intense rather small crimson
ocelli with deep black lings, 2 «liite spots on each side of upper ocellus ; outer
one-fourth white, 2 black dots in place of 2 blue ocelli, a sinuate blackish-grey
band from costa to vein 3 narrowing from costa downwards, margin irregularly
dark grey. ? similar but whiter, basal one-third of forewings being almost
white, and postdiscal rows of spots mucli larger, w hile outer one-third of hind-
wing is white.
Length of forewing : cJo 28-32 mm. 5? 27-33 mm.
Expanse: ^S 60-68 mm. ?? 58-70 mm.
Habitat. Yatung, Thibet.
13 S<S, 10 ?? Yatung, 12,000—14,000 ft., Thibet (D. Macdonald).
Parnassius delphius stenosmus Honr.
Parnassius delphius var. sitcwsmiis Honiatli, Eiilom. Nadir, vol. xvi. p. lii" (ISi>U) (Ladak).
8 (Jo, 3 2? North Cashmere, ex coll. Leech.
Parnassius delpbius stoliczkanns Fekl.
Parnassius stoliczJcanits Feklor, lieisii dir Xoi'rira Le.piJ. vo!. i:. (2|. p. l.'IH. pi. {10, ff. 2. 3 (1801
(Marka, Kupscliu, Ladak).
I (J, 1 ? Ladak, 12,000—18,000 ft. (Dr. Stoliczka) (Types) ex coll. Felder.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 257
Pamassius delphius subsp. ?
This is very distinct from stoliczkunus , larger, forewing much more vitreous,
hindwing entirely without discal ocelU, and the marginal row of blue ocelli much
more distinct.
1 ? Kulu.
Pamassius delphius lampidius Fruhst.
Pamassius delphius lampidius Fruhstorfer, Iris, vol. xvi. p. 44. pi. 1. f. 2 (1903) (Kambajong).
1 cJ labelled " Sikldm Wet Season " afterwards corrected to Kambajong
(Cotype) ex coll. Fruhstorfer.
In addition to all the above recorded material the Tring Museum possesses
21 cJcJ, 10 9? aberrant specimens of a number of different races of delphius all
with no stated locality.
Pamassius acco Gray.
Pamassius acco acco Gray.
Pamassius acco Gray, CW. Lepid. Ins. Brit. JSlus. part I. p. 70. pi. 12. fi. 5. 0 (1852) (Chinese
Tartary).
1 $ Ladak (Dr. Stoliczka), ex coll. Felder.
Pamassius acco gemmifer Fruhst.
Pamassius acco (jcmmijer FruhsturfiT, .S'"C. Entom. vjI. xix. p. 25 (1904).
1 $ labelled " Sikkim Wet Season " but probably Kambajong (Cotype), ex
coll. Fruhstorfer.
Pamassius acco baileyi South.
Pamassius acco baileyi South. Juiirn, Bomb. Nat. Hi.it. Sue. vol. xxii. p. 362. No. 104 (1913) (Rama
La and Litang).
8 3o, I 9 Yatung, 12,000—14,000 ft., Thibet (D. Macdonald).
Pamassius acdestis Gr.-Grsh.
Pamassius delphius var. acdestis Gnim-Grshmailo, Horae Soc. Entom. Boss. vol. xxv. p. 440 (1891)
(Amdo).
This is quite a distinct species and has nothing to do with delphius.
1 $ Sinin Mountains (Grum-Grshmailo) (Cotype), ex coll. Felder.
Farnassins imperator Oberth.
Pamassius imperator imperator Oberth.
Pamassius imperator Oberthiir Bull. Soc. Entom. France, ser. 6. vol. iii. p. 77 (1883) (Ta-t,sien-lu).
6 (J<J E. Thibet ; 1 cj, 9 ?? Ta-tsien-lu, 8,000 ft., July— August 1890 (A. E.
Pratt), ex coll. Leech ; 3 ?$ 1 ; 5 ?$ Ta-tsien-lu (Monsignor Biet) ex coll. Oberthiir
(Cotypes), 3 S? ex coll. Felder) ; 1 <J, 1 ? A-tun-tzu Yunan, lat. 28° 30',
long. 98° 50', 1,500 ft., July 1913 (Kingdon Ward); 1 S Mekong Valley to
Ka-gui-pu, Yunan, Jidy 1913 (Kingdon Ward).
17
258 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Pamassius impeiator intermedius Rothsch.
Parnassius imperator intermedius Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xvi. p. 19 (1909) (Pembon Pass).
2 $? Pembon Pass, 12 miles north of Lhassa, August 190i (N. V. L. Rybot)
(Type).
Pamassius imperator augustus Fruhst.
Parnassi'ui imperator airjtifiiis Frulistorfer, Sur. Knlum. vol. xviii. p. 113 (19U3) (Sikkim, Thibet
Frontier).
1 (J, 1 9 Thibet ! ! (C'otypes) Fruhstorfer coll. ; 28 o"o , 15 ?? Yatung, 12,000—
14,000 ft. (D. Macdonald).
Pamassius imperator musagetus Gr.-Grsh.
Pamassius imperator var. miisageta Grum-Gi'slimailo, Harae Soc. Eiitom. Ross. vol. xxv. p. 446 (1891)
(Chuanche).
1 <J Chuanche, Yangtse-ldang River, 1890 (Grum-Grshmailo) (Cotypc) ex
coll. Felder.
Faruassius charltonius Gray.
Pamassius charltonius charltonius Gray.
Parn-a^sius cliarUoitius Gray. Cat. Lcpid. Ins. Biit. Mas. vol. i. p. 77. j)!. I'J. f. 7 (185-) (Chinese
Tartary).
1 tJ, 5 ?$ ? ; 1 o Koksirdahor, 14,000 ft., July 1884 (8. Young) ; 1 2 Lahoul,
12,000 ft., August 1884 (S. Young) ; 1 V Korzak (Dr. Stoliczka), ex Felder coll.
Pamassius charltonius subsp.
Differs from ch. chudlonius in being larger, the J has much brighter more
scarlet ocelli, and in both sexes the supra-tornal red patch is much larger.
1 (J, I ? Cashmere Valley, September, 8,0001 — 1,000 ft. (Col. Ward).
Pamassius charltonius deckerti Verity.
Pamassius charltonius ab. ileckerti \'eiity. Rhopal. I'lilaeui . ]i. S3, pi. xix. f. 14 (C'aslmiere cori'ig.
Chitral).
1 <J, 3 ?? Madaglasht, Chitral, 14,000 ft., July 1010.
Pamassius charltonius bryki Haude.
Pamassius charltonius var. I>ri/ki Haude, Soc. Entom. vol. xxvii. p. 75. ft'. 1. 2 (1!I12) (Xilang Pass).
3 (J (J, 2 o? Nilang Pass, Garhwal, 15,000-10.(10(1 ft., July— August, 1895.
Pamassius charltonius princeps Honr.
Pamassius charltonius var. princeps Honrath. Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. vol. xxxi. p. Sol (1887)
(Transalai Mts.)
9 cJcJ, 9 S9 ? (1 o^ ex. coll Felder) Baidyl ; 3 S^, 4 ??, July ; 2 o'o, 3 ??
Turkestan ; I cJ, 1 ? Transalai, 12,000 ft. (Cotypes), ex coll. Felder.
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. l'J18. 259
Farnassius tenedius Eversm.
Pamassius tenedius TSversm&nn, Bull. Snr. Imp. Nat. Mosc. vol. xxiv. p. 621 (1851) (Irkutsk).
8 (J (J, 5 ?$ ? (1 o", 1 ? ex coll. Felder) ; 2 3S, 1 ? Altai (I ? ex coll. Folder) ;
1 o^ 15 ?? Sredne-Kolymsk, N.E. Siberia, 67° 50' North Latitude, June 1906
(N. Bereshiu) ; 3 ?$ Vilni, North Siberia ; 2 ?? Amur ; 1 ? Albasin (Puzilo) ;
1 ? Altai, June 1883.
Farnassius simo Gray.
Pamassius simo simo Gray.
Parnassius simo Gray, Cat. Lepid. In«. Brit, ^[u.s. part i. p. 70. pi. 12. ft. 3. 4 (1852) (Chinese
Tartary).
1 ? "Chinese Tartary" (Major Charlton) (Cotype).
Pamassius simo simulator Stdgr.
Parnassius simo var. simulator Staudingcr, Stett. Entom. Zcit. vol. 50. p. 18 (1889) (Issyk-Kul).
1 ? Kyssyl, 1 ? Issyk-Kul ex Tancre coll. ; 4 (J(J Issyk-Kul.
Pamassius simo acconus Fruhst.
Pam-issius simo acoonus Frulistorfer, Ins. Borse, vol. xx. p. 148 (1903) (loc. cit. Sikkim, loc. emend.
Kambajong).
1 (J, 3 $? labelled " Sikkim Wet Season," correct locality Kambajong
((J Type, ?? Cotypes) ex coll. Fruhstorfer ; 2 <JcJ Chumbi Valley, Thibet ; 1 <J,
1 ? Sikkim, 15,000—19,000 ft., July 1902 (C. White) ex coll. Bingham.
Pamassius simo simonius Stdgr.
Parnassius simo var. simonius Staudinger, Stett. Entom. Zeit. vol. 50. p. IG (1889) (Pamir District =
Traiisalai).
8 (?b^ 10 $$ ? (1 cj, 2 ?? ex coll. Felder) ; 1 S Tura ? ! ! ! ; 1 <?, 1 ? Turkestan
(? ex coll. Felder) ; 1 ? Thibetian Pamir ex coll. Felder ; 1 cJ, 4 ?? between
Osch and Urgent, July — August.
Farnassius boedromins Piing.
Contrary to the opinions of Messrs. Stiohel and Verity I consider hoedromnts
a distinct species from simo ; although it is quite true that it shares Avith that
species the absence of the external copulatory sack in the ?.
Pamassius boedromius boedromius Piingl.
Parnassius boedromius Piingler, Iris. vol. xiv. p. 177. pi. 1. flf. 3. 4 (1901) (neighbourhood of .\k5u).
The fact that sinio gijlippos Fruhst. occurs along with boedromius is, I think,
quite sufficient proof of the distinctness of the two species simo and boedromius.
6 33, 5 $? Aksu.
Pamassius boedromius pygmaeus B.H.
Parnassius boedromius var. pygmaeus Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. ssiv. J). 28 (1910) (Juldus),
2 33 Juldus.
■Ogn NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Pamassius boedromius holbecki Avinofif.
Parnassius hoe'lmmius var. hulbecki, Avinoff, Horae Soc. Entom. Ross. vol. Ix, p. 13. pi. 2. ll. 8. 9 on
plate 2, 3 on Explanation (1913) (Alexander Mts).
1 (J Alexander Mountains, July 1910 (Avinofi) (Cotype).
The following species and subspecies are not represented in the Tring
Museum and are most earnestly desired.
Parnassius mnemosyne banghaasi Brj'k.
Denmark.
Parnassius mnemosyne excelsa Verity.
Swiss Alps, liighest summits.
Parnassius apollo nevadensis O berth.
Sierra Nevada, Spain.
Pamassius apollo antijesuita Bryk.
Catalonia, Spain.
Pamassius apollo italicus Oberth.
Abruzzi Mountains, Italy.
Pamassius apollo apenninus Stich.
Apennines, Tuscany.
Pamassius apollo graphicus Stich.
Fichtelgebirgc.
Pamassius apollo maximilianus Fruhst.
Central Bavaria, Ober Ammergau.
Pamassius apollo carinthicus Stich.
C'arinthia (Kaniten).
Pamassius apollo peloponnesiacus Pag.
Greece.
Pamassius apollo sibiricus Nordm. (verus)
Irkutsk, Siberia.
Pamassius davidis davidis Oberth.
N. China.
Pamassius apollonius altus Riihl.
Transalai (highest elevation), .
NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAK XXV. 1918. 26l
Pamassius nomion titan Fruhst.
N. Afghanistan.
Pamassius discobolus tancrei Deck.
Pamassius jacciuemontii cymus Fruhst.
Thian Shan, Aksu.
Pamassius jacquemontii tsaidamensis Aust.
Zaidam, Marco Polo Mountains.
Pamassius przewalskii Alph.
Amdo.
Pamassius cephalus cephalus Gr.-Grsh.
Sinin, Amdo.
Pamassius cephalus elwesi Leecli.
Ta-tsien-lu, W. China.
Pamassius delphius staudingeri Bang-Haas.
S. W. Ferghana, etc.
Pamassius delphius iuldussica Verity.
Juldus.
Pamassius delphius kiritschenkoi Avinoff.
S. Pamirs.
Pamassius delphius chitralica Verity.
Chitral.
Pamassius delphius hunza Gr.-Grsh.
Hindukusch.
Pamassius delphius cretatus Skelj.
Pamir.
Pamassius delphius jacobsoni Avinoff.
Pamir.
Pamassius delphius cinerosus Stich.
Tongho, W. China.
Pamassius imperator alticola Verity.
Greatest Heights, Kuku-Nor, etc.
2g2 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 191S.
Pamassius imperator supremus Fnihst.
Chinese Turkestan ?
Pamassius imperator imperatrix Alph.
Nanshan Mountains, Humboldt Mountains.
Pamassius charltonius vaporosus AvinofE.
Eastern Darvaz Mountains.
Pamassius charltonius autocrator Avinoff.
Darvaz Mountains.
Pamassius loxias Piingl.
Aksu, Chinese Turkestan.
Pamassius lathonius Biyk.
Pamassius simo simonides Aust.
Pamassius simo avinoffi Verity.
Hindu Kusch.
Pamassius simo subdiaphana Verity.
Altyn-Tagh.
Pamassius simo kozlowyi Alph.
Amdo.
Pamassius simo gylippos Fruhst.
Alexander Mountains.
Pamassius boedromius Candida Avinoff.
Central Thian Shan.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 263
A FURTHER CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF
UGANDA (WEST ELGON AND DISTRICT).
By dr. V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN, M.B.O.U.
(Plates III.— VTI.)
A S indicated in tlie introduction to my paper on Uganda Birds in Ibis of
-^^^ April and July 1916, I have, .since writing those notes, obtained another
collection from Uganda, principally from the West Elgon district.
I have now worked this collection out and have to add 61 species to the
former list. This collection contains 652 specimens referable to 210 species and
sub-species.
Most of the birds were shot in the forest below the Bamboo zone. Those
collected within the Bamboos are marked with an asterisk. Few were collected
in the grass above this zone. Other specimens were collected between M'Bale
and the Elgon footliiUs.
I have to thank Dr. Hartert for helping me to name some of the specimens.
In a later number I hope to publish notes on a collection made on the east
of Elgon incIucUng the south Turkana country.
The arrangement follows that of Reichenow in his Vogel Afrikas.
NAiRoni, B.E.A., I'll 7.
COLUMBIDAE.
1. Vinago calva salvadorii Dubois (Grey-tailed Green Fruit Pigeon).
cj I, $2. Common on the mountain and lower regions during the fruit
season.
2. Columba guinea longipennis Reichw. (Hackle- neck Pigeon).
$ 1 . These birds do not appear to differ in any way from specimens col-
lected in Western Uganda. They were met with in the more open districts at
the foot of Elgon, and were not seen on the mountain itself.
3. Columba arquatrix Temm. (Purple Fruit Pigeon).
(J 1, ? 3. This is more or less a forest species which is plentiful at the
fruit season. At other times a few odd pairs are occasionally met with. They
are local migrants. One old female is almost uniform in colour owing to the
white tips to the feathers being entirely worn off.
4. Turtur lugens Riipp. (Speckled- wing Dove).
9 immat. Not very plentiful. They frequented the more open forest
rather than the acacia country, and were usually found in the thicker trees along
the rivers. They are ground feeders for the most part, but also feed on berries
of various fruit-trees. The specimen preserved is in the interesting stage where
the feathers of the mantle and breast and abdomen are edged with pale ochraceous.
^g4 NOVITATES ZOOIXJOICiE XXV. 1918.
5. Turtur capicola tropicus Reichw. (White-vented Dove).
6. Turtur semitoiquatus Riipp. (Grey-vented Dove).
<? 2, ? 2. (J 1. Both common on the foothills and in the low country, the
former not ascending so far up as the latter, but keeping more to the acacia
country.
7. Turturoena delegorguei sharpei Salvad.* (White-collared Pigeon).
(J 4, ? 3. These birds, from the tj'pe locaUty of T. sharpei, belong, in my
opinion, to the same subspecies as the birds obtained round Nairobi and Kyambu,
B.E. A., though both differ markedly from the plate of . sharpei in Novitates
ZooLOGiCAE, Tring, 1894, plate III.
In the fair series obtained no two birds are alike in colour of the mantle.
One adult male approaches the rufous-backed form as figured, but is rather
darker, and so are some birds from Nairobi, and these latter are, I understand,
similar to those of the Escarpment.
The only apparent colour difference between birds from Elgon and those
from Nairobi seems to be that on the breast, wliich in southern birds is brighter
purply-red.
In size they differ shghtly, thus Elgon birds have an average wing measure-
ment of 160 to 165 mm. and Nairobi birds 175 mm.
I have no birds from Natal with which to compare my birds, and am thus
unable to decide whether or not Nairobi birds are the same.
Common at times. Feeds freely on berries and wild figs.
8. *Aplopelia larvata Temm. (Cinnamon-breasted Dove).
<J 1 . Unfortunately this is a young bird in first plumage and is thus diffi-
cult to place with any certainty; it may possibly be A. jacksoni.
This is a bird of the forests, inhabiting the under and middle growth, thus
being difficult to procure and easily overlooked. It is a ground feeder, the chief
food being snails and other land mollusca, as well as seeds of various sorts.
They are shy and easily alarmed, but do not fly far.
9. Tympanistria tympanistria Temm. (White-breasted Dove).
(J 2 9 1. Common in the lower forests. Seen on the ground more fre-
quently than in trees.
In the males the moult from second plumage to adult takes place rapidly
and they do not assume a plumage similar to that of females between the
second and full dress.
• I do not now believe that the bird figured on the plate mentioned is T. sharpei. The latter
had been described from a head and neck only, and wlien Lord Rothschild received a skin, the
head and neck of which agreed with the '' type," we naturally thought it was the same. Dr. van
Someren now sent me an adult male and two females from Mount Klgon, which have the back deep
slaty black, while in our specimens from Nguru and Escarpment the back is dark chestnut-brown
with more or less pronounced metallic green edges to the feathers. A male from Moschi
{Buchanan coll.) approaches, but is not quite like our Elgon specimens. I therefore doubt that the
Nguru and Escarpment birds are quite identical with the Mount Elgon birds, wliich arc, of course,
true sharpei. T. del. delegorguei from Natal has the mantle still more reddish chestnut, but is closrly
allied to the Escarpment form.
E. Haiitert.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 19IS. 265
FALCOITIDAi:.
1. Polyboroides typicus Cab. (Bare-faced Whistling Hawk).
(J 1 . A single very dark specimen was obtained.
2. Kaupifalco monogrammicus Temm. (Lesser Barred Hawk).
(J 1. Common. I can find no description of the first or second plumages
of this bird, nor have I ever obtained a specimen in either of these plumages.
3. Astur melanoleucus Sm. (Pied Sparrowhawk).
(J 1. A nice clean specimen in full breeding dress. They are not very
common.
4. Astur tachiro Daud. (Barred Sparrowhawk).
<J 1. One specimen in full dress was procured.
5. Micronisus gabar Daud. (Lesser Barred Sparrowhawk).
S I, S immat. Tliis is one of the commoner hawks. If the black birds,
hitherto known as M. niger Bonn., are nothing more than melanistic forms of the
grey bird, it is interesting to note that they are comparatively common, also
that they lack the characteristic white upper-tail coverts.
6. Astur sphenui'us Riipp. ^RiippeU's Sparrowhawk).
9 1. A female in the second immature diess.
7. *Buteo auguralis Salv. (Red-tail Buzzard).
$1. A fine specimen was shot off her nest, which contained two eggs of a
dirty white ground, indistinctly mottled with bro^vnish.
8. Elanus coeruleus Desf. (Black-wing Kite).
(J 2, 9 1. A very common species.
9. Baza verreauxi Lafr.
10. Baza emini ? (Cuckoo Falcon).
cJ 1, ? 1. I have before me an interesting series of birds, showing four
distinct phases of plumage.
In the fuUy adult bird, the under wing-coverts are a bright red-brown,
uniform. The barring on the flanks is of the same colour, thvis agreeing with
B. emini.
In specimen 2 the coverts are white with red-brown bars, while the flanks
are barred with dark brown.
Specimen 3. Under wing-coverts uniform pale sandy brown, and the under-
surface of the body barred with light and dark brown and with a few blackish
droplet spots.
Specimen 4. Under wing-coverts white or creamy uniform, the whole of
266 N'OVITATES ZoOLOnUAE XXV, 191S.
the undersurface white with numerous blackish droplet spots which are rather
smaller than those on specimen 3.
The under tail-coverts also differ, thus in specimen 1 they arc pure white,
in 2 wliite \\-ith traces of black shaft streak, in 3 distinct black shaft streak and
spots, in 4 wide black shaft streaks and black spots.
Tliis bird is so seldom collected as to be considered rare in collections, but
I am certain that it is fairly plentiful.
11. Falco cuvieri Sm. (African Hobby).
o 1. Frequently seen but seldom obtained. The specimen procured was
shot late one evening high up in the air where it was feeding on the large white
ants which were flighting at the time.
STBIGIDAE.
1. Bubo aJricanus cinerascens Guer. (Lesser Long-eared Owl).
cJ 1. Tliis specimen is in fair condition but appears to be rather greyer
than typical birds.
This owl was met with on the foothills in fair numbers.
2. Asio capensis Smith (Long-eared Grass Owl).
? 1. Fairly common, Ijeing frequently flushed in the reed-beds by rivers.
3. Otus senegalensis Swains. (Cape Little Owl).
<J 1. A single specimen was shot. It is of a distinctly rufous shade.
4. Otus senegalensis ugandae Neum. (Uganda Little Owl).
<J 2, ? 1. At certain times these birds seem plentiful and are no doubt
local migrants. The specimens procured are all alike.
5. Syrnium woodJordi, ab. suahehcum Reichw. ab. nigiicantius Sharpe
(Brown Forest Owl).
(J 2, ? 2. In this small series two birds are in the darker phase and two
brown. A nestling in do\\ n procured near Nairobi \\as of a pale dirty white
tinged with brownish, uith the wings blackish-brown faintly banded with whitish.
It is now four months old and is assuming a blackish dress so far as the mantle
is concerned, but the undersurface is distinctly rufous.
I cannot admit these varieties as distinct forms. These birds inhabit the
forests and select the dense places in which to roost during the day.
PSITTACIDAE.
1. Poicephalus meyeri saturatus Sharpe (Yellow-shouldered Parrot).
o 1, V 2. So much variation occurs in these birds that it is almost
impossible to correctly place any one specimen unless the locality is given. The
specimens obtained ought to belong to P. m. saturatus ; they, however, lack the
yellow on the crown, have decidedly blue rumps, and are distinctly washed with
green on the upperside.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 191S. 267
It is interesting to note that I have in my aviaries two birds obtained in
South Kavirondo from their sleeping hole in a dead tree. One bird, «liich I take
to be the male, resembles the Elgon birds in every way, while the other differs
in having the rump distinctly yellow-green without any trace of bluish and the
underside even more yellow-green.
I agree with C. Grant, Ibis, April 1915, page 260, that P. virescens and
P. nyansae are synonyms of P. m. saturatus.
These birds are usually found in pairs or small flocks, in the acacia country.
They are timid and very noisy. They nest in holes in trees and use these places
for sleeping in at night, during the oS-season.
2. Agapomis pullarius Linn. (Red-faced Love Bird).
(J 1, ? 1. Flocks were occasionally seen, but always in the scrub and
acacia country, not on the mountain.
The male bird has the underwing coverts blue-black Uke the elbow joint,
while in females these are green.
The amount of blue on the rump varies in individuals.
MIUSOFHAGIDAE.
1. Corythaeola cristata yalensis Mearns, 1915 (Greater Crested Turaco).
(J 1. If we accept Mearns' statement that the Great Crested Turaco of
Yala River district is separable from the typical bird, then this specimen must
belong to his subspecies.
Specimens from Mount Elgon and Yala are, to my mind, indistinguishable.
It is well known that these birds vary in plumage according to season and age,
and it would be interesting to know whether Mearns' specimens were collected
throughout the year or all in one month.
As regards size, some of my western birds equal those from Elgon.
2. Musophaga rossae Gould. (Yellow-billed Turaco).
cJ 1 . This specimen is in partial moult on the mantle, and it is interesting
to note that whereas the old feathers are purphsh blue, the new ones are dark
blue.
Fairly common.
3. Chizaerhis zonura Riipp. (Hackle-necked Turaco).
(J 1. An adult in good plumage was obtained in the forest at the foothills.
4. Turacus hartlaubi Fisch. & Reichw. (Hartlaub's Black-crested Turaco).
(J 1, $ 2. Mearnshasrecently (1915) separated the birds north of Machakos
to the Lake under the name T. h. medius, and if the subspecies is a good
one then these birds will probably be T. mediiis. Unfortunately I have no
birds from the KiUmancharo district for comparison.
Birds from Elgon do not differ in any way from specimens collected through-
out the year in the Kyambu Forest near Nairobi.
268 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 19J8.
5. Turacus leucolophus Hartl. (White-headed Turaco).
<J 2. My collectors report that these birds were common on the lower
slopes.
This species does not appear to differ in any part of its range.
6. Turacus emini Rchw. (Green-crested Turaco).
<J 1, ? 1. This species is certainly more restricted in its range than the
preceding one. Birds from the Yala River do not differ from those procured
in Western Uganda.
Individuals from both locaUties sometimes show a distinct golden bronze
on the neck.
CUCULIDAE.
1. Centropus superciliosus Hempr. (Hackle-necked Caucal).
(J 1 . Common in the low country.
2. Ceuthmochares aereus intermedius Sharpe (Yellow- billed Caucal).
(J 1. Widely distributed but nowhere very common.
3. Coccystes caSer Licht. (Black-crested Caucal).
(J 1, Juv. 1. Tliis species was common in the acacias but was not seen
on the mountain.
4. Cercococcyx mechowi Cab. (Long-tailed Cuckoo).
<J 2. A few examples of this rare Cuckoo were seen in the dense forests,
towards evening.
Elgon is, as far as I can ascertain, the furthest east locaUty in which this
species has been obtained.
5. Cuculus jacksoni Sharpe (Jackson's Black Cuckoo).
? 2. The various phases in the plumage of this species, C. clatnosus and
C mabirae, require working out with care. The variations are great. The young
are difficult to tell apart.
6. Cuculus solitarius Steph. (Common Red-throated Cuckoo).
(J 1. This is a common species which is found in forests and more open
country.
7. Chrysococcyx caprius Bodd. (Common Bronze Cuckoo).
<J 3, ¥ 2. This cuckoo was very common, especially during the courting
season. Their calls were incessant.
A young of tliis species was found in the neat of Nectarinia erythrocerea.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 269
8. Chrysococcyx cupreus Shaw (Yellow- vented Emerald Cuckoo).
Cf. C. Grant, Ibis, July 1915; Bannerman, This, April 1915.
(J 1. 1. V. 16. As pointed out by C. Grant in the Ibis quoted above, the
name C. cupreus must now be applied to the Yellow-brea.sted Emerald Cuckoo
with the uniform yellow under tail-coverts.
The specimen collected was shot in May.
9. "■ Chrysococcyx cupreus intermedins Hartl." (Wliite- vented Emerald Cuckoo).
(S 1. 7. iv. 16. This bird, according to Bannerman, Ibis 1912, is a South
African bird which migrates north during the winter from April to September.
In this connection I should like to draw attention to the fact that I have collected
this form in March, April, May, and June, and in September and October.
The birds shot in May and September were calling loudly, and had large
testes.
Also that I collected a specimen of the bird with uniform under tail-coverts
and one with barred, from practically the same tree within a few minutes of one
another in September of 1916.
10. Chrysococcyx klaasi Stepli. (White- breasted Emerald Cuckoo).
<J 3, 9 4. Common. There was a noticeable increase in this species in
1916.
INDICATOKIDAE.
1. Indicator sp. ?
2 1. This is an adult specimen in fresh plumage. It does not agree with
any of the known species which have been described, except /. exilis ansorgei,
C. Grant, B.O.C. 35, 1915, from Portuguese Guinea. The locality is against it
belonging to this species, but the wing measurement, viz. 75 mm., comes within
that given for the types, 71-80 mm.
The description of the bird is as follows :
Head greyish with indistinct shaft streak.s ; mantle and coverts greyish
olive, without well-defined streaks.
Edging to wing feathers pale gieenish, not golden. Chin white with faint
streaking ; rest of undersurface pale greyish, not washed with olive. Outer tail
feathers clear white, without a creamy tinge, and all rectriees broad.
The bird is certainly quite distinct from two small Honeyguides collected in
the Mabira Forest and referred to /. exilis, or /. e. pygmeus Reichw.
CAFITONIDAE.
1. Tricholaema lachrymosa Cab. (Pied Barbet).
(J 1. If we accept C. Grant's statement that T. radcliffci Og.-Grant is a
synonym of T. lachrymosa, then the specimens collected must be referred to
the older name. Ibis, July 1915.
It is of interest to note, however, that birds collected at Sio River and North
Kavirondo have pear-shaped spots, similar to the Elgon birds, and specimens
270 K'lMTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
from Centiul Uganda have rounded spots. All the liirds, 6 individuals, appear
to be adult.
It is not a common species. It inhabits the open acacia country.
Of three specimens recently collected in Ea.st Africa, all have round spots.
2. Barbatula jacksoni Siiarpe (Jackson's Giey-throated Barbet).
cJ 3, V 2. It is of interest to note that all these birds have the flanks
heavili,- washed with olive-brown, whereas birds from Nairobi and district have
paler flanks. Also that these latter, while being smaller, have the yellow of the
rumps rather paler.
This species is found in the forests and localities «herc there are clumps
of trees. It possesses a very loud call, and is a good ventriloquist.
3. Barbatula leucolaima nyanzae Xeum. (Pale-bellied Barbet).
(J 1 . Hitherto I have only collected this species from ilabira and Kyetume.
It appears to be quite a good subspecies.
It was collected in the forests along the mountain streams.
4. Barbatula leucomystax Sharpe (Olive-coloured Barbet).
(J 2. This species is by no means common. It was collected in tliick
forest.
5. Taehyphonus elgouensis bharpe (Yellow-billed Giant Barbet).
<J 4, ? 1. Apparently a common species inhabiting the forest. We have
collected it from North Kavirondo west to Kampala. The amount of white
on the wing varies in individuals.
FICIDAE.
1. Dendropicus caroli Malh. (Spotted Green AVoodpecker).
o 2, $ 1. A series of six adult birds have been collected. Not having
specimens from West Africa, I am unable to decide whether these birds differ
in any way.
They are rather uncommon.
2. Campothera nubica Gm. (Red-crowned Spotted Woodpecker).
(J 2, 9 1. Comparing the two males one finds that in one the spots on the
underside are large and round, the spotting extending from well up on the throat
and shghtly on the flanks. In the second specimen the spots take the form of
crescents which become elongated into bars on the flanks and very numerous.
The female has the flanks spotted.
The birds are all from the one district.
Two birds from Uganda proper have very small spots and are rather paler.
3. Mesopicos goertae centralis Rchu. (Red- crowned Grey Woodpecker).
cJ 3, $ 1. Fair numbers were seen, and usually in j)airs.
A noticeable feature of a young male is the obscure barring on the whole of
the undersurface.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 271
4. Mesopicos xantholophus Harg. (Golden- crow net! Olive Woodpecker).
(J 2, 9 2. Since my notes on tliis siiecies were published in the Ibis of
April 1916, I have received a nice series of this bird.
Unfortunately, not having any specimens from West Africa with which to
compare my specimens, I am unable to state whether there are difierences.
Reichenow gives the distribution as " Unter Guinea bis Njamnjam " — Njam-
njam being south of Soudan and north of the Belgian Congo.
5. Tbripias namaquus intermedius C. Grant (Wliite-throated Woodpecker).
S 5, 9 3. The difference between Uganda and East African birds is shght,
and birds from the former locahty can be matched with specimens from the
latter. On the whole, Uganda specimens are more clearly marked on the upper
and undersurface, but in many cases the breast is distinctly washed with brownish
black.
These birds were not common.
(i. Mesopicos ellioti Cass. (Elliot's Woodpecker).
(J 1, ? 1. This species was decidedly scarce, only one pair being seen. The
distribution appears to be a rather wide one. It was described from Gabun
(Muni) and has been found in Cameroon. Possibly the West African birds may
differ slightly from eastern ones, but there is nothing tangible to separate them
on. A bird from Toro (Hartert, in litt.) agrees perfectly with the Elgon ones,
while one from the Mpanga forest is as richly coloured as Cameroon examples.
The bill varies in size individually.
7. Dendropicos lafresnayi lepidus Cab. (Abyssinian Little Woodpecker).
o 4, $ 5. These birds which I have placed under the above heading agree
with the description of the sub-species given by Grant in the Ihis, July 1915, and
also wth the wing measurements, males 87-88 mm., females 84-88 mm.
In these birds the first and second primaries are uniform brownish black,
without any barring.
8. Dendropicos lafresnayi '■
S 2. These two birds, with wings of 78 and 87 mm., are much clearer, darker
green above than the preceding subspecies, and the bars on the back are rather
more distinct.
The fore part of the head is a brownish black, followed by a red patch, which
in turn is broadly succeeded by a broad black band on the hind neck.
The second primary is barred, thus differing from D. I. lepidus. Further-
more the undersurface is greyish white broadlj' streaked with distinct black,
and lacking any yellowish wash.
9. Yungipicus obsoletus Wagl. (Little Plain-backed Woodpecker).
<J 2, $ 2. Two pairs of this somewhat rare httle Woodpecker were ob-
tained, on the way to Elgon. They are distinctly lighter on the back than East
African specimens (Fort Hall) and have wing measurements of 83 mm.
They are fully adult, and besides having the tail more narrowly barred, lack
272 Ko\-ITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
the biownish wash on the breast which the southern birds possess. For the
time being I place these as typical Y. obsoletus, and the Fort Hall birds as Y. o.
ingens. The former may be Neumann's Y.o. nigricans (Abyssinia).
COLIIDAE.
1. Colius leucotis affinis Shelley (White-cheeked Coly). (PI. VI. VII.)
o -. It is quite apparent that when series of each is laid out side by side
the birds from the East African coast are distinct from inland ones, and as
I have had the opportunity of examining the type of C. leucotis berlepschi
Hartert, I have no hesitation in saying that birds from Eastern Uganda south to
certainly as far as Athi River are not C'.l. berlepschi but must be C. I. affinis.
Vide C. Grant, Ibis 1916. Van Someren, Ibis 1916, and Journal of East
Africa and Uganda Nat. Hist. Society, 1917 (" Report on Birds from Lamu and
district").
TKOGONISAE.
1. Hapaloderma narina Steph. (White-tailed Trogon).
(J 2, ? 1. These birds in no way differ from l)irds collected in Western
Uganda or in East Africa. A certain amount of variation exists in the shading
of the green on the mantle and in the intensity of the crimson of the breast,
but birds from all three localities can be matched. These colours vary with age
and exposure.
2. Hapaloderma vittatum Shell. (Barred-tail Trogon).
o 1 , 2 1 . The two birds before me appear to differ some\\hat from speci-
mens from Nairobi and thstrict, but I have not yet obtained a sufficient series
from Uganda to note whether these differences are cons ant.
CORACIIDAE.
1 . Eurystonias rufobuccalis Reichenow (Rosy-cheeked Yellow- billed Roller).
o 1. This appears to be typical E. rufobuccalis.
AI.CEDINIDAE.
I. Halcyon senegalensis senegalensis Linn. (Gre,\-ljrcasted Kingfisher).
(J. An adult in fresh full plumage. The amount of bluish wash on the
crown is not a constant feature.
niEROPIDAE
I. Melittophagus lafresnayi oreobates Sharpc (Cinnamon-breasted Bee- Eater).
o 1, cj Juv. This male, though obtained from the type locahty of 31.
oreobates, has a distinct blue forehead and superciliary stripe, furthermore the
band on the chest is dark blue not blue-black, with a Unc of blue separating the
yellow of the throat from the band. The yellow of the throat is of a paler shade
than in specimens from East Africa.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. ISIS. 278
2.. Melittophagus pusillus cyanostictus Cab. (Little Yellow-throated Bee-Eater).
<J 1, Juv. I. This specimen from Elgon has the superciliary stripe blue,
which colour extends well over the forehead in a broad blue line. The neck band
is as in M. cyanostictus. I am compelled to put it under this heading and not
M. meridionalis. It is interesting to note, however, that birds agreeing to both
descriptions have been collected together at Kisumu. In this locality I have
collected a bird with the whole of the forehead and front of crown blue.
I might again call attention to a small Bee- Eater collected on the Wabegenji
River, Uganda, which is neither typical M. meridionalis nor M. cyanostictus
nor M . oreohates.
In general scheme of colour it resembles M. meridionalis, but differs from
this bird in having the crown and mantle shot with copper and having the chest-
nut of the upper breast extending well on to the abdomen as in M . oreohates. It
has no white Line under the black ear-coverts. Wing measurement = 90 mm.
3. Merops persicus persicus Pall. (Great Green Bee-Eater).
(J 1, ? 1. Plentiful at times. The area of and the intensity of the yellow
on the throat varies considerably.
UPUPIDAE.
1. Irrisor erythrorhynchus marwitzi Rchw. (Eastern Green Wood-Hoopoe).
S \, S Juv. This male is abnormal in that the feathers of the throat are
brown with small triangular green tips. Furthermore it has only the two outer
tail feathers spotted, the third pair not at all. Cf. my note Ibis 1916, under
this heading, where one specimen has three feathers spotted on one side and only
two on the other, all the tail feathers being present. Vide C. Grant's /. e. ruiven-
zorae, Ibis 1915, p. 286.
Is the bird from Elgon /. e. ruwenzorue ? I am inclined to think that the
Ruwenzori bird, being unique, is simply an aberrant /. e. marwitzi.
The young bird is in the " bronzy " stage and has the bill black.
2. Irrisor erythrorhynchus ? Subsp. nov.
S 1. This specimen cannot be placed in any of the three groups defined
by C. Grant, Ibis 1915. It has the wings and tail uniform as in /. b. jacksoni,
but the head is green almost as in /. e. marwitzi. The wings are bluish, not greenish
as in /. 6. jacksoni. Bill red, feet dark red. The rectrices are narrower than in
/. b. jacksoni.
3. Irrisor bollei jacksoni Sharpe (Elgon White-headed Wood-Hoopoe).
cJ 5, $ 4. In this series the coloration is uniformly the same. The wing
measurement in the males is 123-133 mm. and in the females 122-130 mm. long.
These birds are considerably smaller than birds from Kikuyu country, which
have the wings 1 40-144 mm. long, and tails of 240 as compared to 200 in Elgon
birds.
Another interesting difference is that Elgon birds lack the coppery bronze
patch on the lesser coverts but have the feathers of the rump broadly tipped
18
274 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1018.
with this colour. The extent of the white on the throat is also much more
limited and is always much purer white. All these specimens are fully adult.
It is of interest to note, however, that birds from Kampala and tlistrict,
that is of a lower level, are more like the Ivikuju birds.
Apart from the adults collected two immature birds were procured. These
have pure white heads, with the rest of the plumage black, some few feathers
of the breast and mantle being tipped with purply bronze. The bills are black.
They were obtained in March.
4. Scoptelus aterrimus Steph. (Short- billed Black Wood- Hoopoe).
o 1. A single specimen of this apparently uncommon species was pro-
cured on the foothills.
CAFRIMUIiGIDAB.
1. Macrodipteryx longipennis Shaw. (Standard- winged Night-jar).
(5 1. Obtained on the way to Elgon, two days from M'Bale. It was sliot
high up in the air while hawking after white ants.
HIBUNDIITIDAE.
1. Psalidoprocne holomelaena suahelica Neum. (East African Saw- winged
Martin.)
o 1. A single specimen of this northern form of Saw-winged ftlartin was
procured on Elgon. It docs not appear to differ from specimens collected round
Nairobi district and Fort Hall.
laUSCICAFIDAE.
1. Bradoniis pallidas murinus Fisch. (Pallid Flycatcher).
cJ 2. Two specimens, in very worn and badly stained plumage, appear to
belong to this species.
2. *Dioptromis fischeri Reichw. (Fischers Spectacled Flycatcher).
(J 7, (J juv. 2, ? 3, $ juv. 3. This species was quite the commonest fly-
catcher on the foothills as weU as on the mountain. Birds with young just
fledged and others with nests were procured.
3. Melaenornis pammelaina Stanl. (Sooty Flycatcher).
(^ 1 . A few specimens were seen on the foothills but they were commoner
in the scrub.
4. Muscicapa grisola Lin. (Spotted Flycatcher).
<J 1 . The specimen collected was shot in March and is in fresh clean di'ess.
Several birds were seen in the scrub and on the edges of forest land.
5. Alseonax murinus Fisch. (Little Brown Flycatcher),
o 1, ? 1. A common species of the forests, but not ascending high up.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1018, 275
6. Cryptoloplia budongoensis Seth-Sraith (Little Green Flycatcher).
,5 1, $ 1. Apparently a rare species. Two specimens were obtained and
were the only ones met with. The most easterly locality for thi.s apecies is the
Kakamega forest, North Kavirondo.
7. *Cryptolopha mackenziana Sharpe (Green- wing Brown Flycatcher).
(J 2. Specimens collected on Elgon do not differ from birds collected on
Kenia and at Ravine in East Africa.
8. Batis senegalensis orientalis Heugl. (Little Pied Flycatcher).
(J 1, ? 1. A fairly common forest species, though occasionaUy found in
the scrub along with the next species.
9. Batis puella Reich w. (Little Scrub Pied Flycatcher).
(J 1, ? 1. IMore often found in the scrub country and not found in the
high country.
10. Diaphorophyia castanea Fras. (Brown Wattle-eyed Flycatcher).
(J 1, $ 1. Seen in pairs in the forest on Elgon.
11. Platystira cyanea nyanzae Neum. (Puff-backed Flycatcher).
? 2. Procured on Elgon.
12. Trochocercus albonotatus Sharpe (White-bellied Forest Flycatcher).
(J 3, 9 2. Apparently this is the common form of Trochocercus found on
Elgon.
13. Tchitrea viridis P. L. S. Miill. (Paradise Flycatcher).
(J 2. The two birds collected are in full white and slaty- blue plumage.
CAraPEFHAGIDAi:.
1. Coracina pectoralis Jard. (White-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike).
$ 2. These specimens were collected in the forest on the foothills, but I
have no doubt that they occur on Elgon itself.
2. Coracina pura Sharpe (Grey Cuckoo-Shrike).
(J 3, $ 1. These birds were plentiful. They are usually found n pairs or
small parties of 4 to 6, and are usually present in all the bird parties which are
so frequently seen in the forests.
The depth of grey varies in individuals, but on the whole is fairly constant,
though the amount of black in the pre-orbital region in the males varies in
extent, sometimes extending on to the chin and well over the throat.
276 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
;!. Campephaga quiscalina martini Jacks. (Purple-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike).
o 2. There is no doubt that this is a good subspecies, the most pronounced
differences occurring in the fenicales. They are distinct from C. petiti, which also
occurs in the Elgon area. They are found in the same forests as C. nigra, though
the latter are also seen in the more open wooded country.
4. Campephaga phoenicea Lath. (Red-shouldered Cuckoo-Shrike).
cJ 1, o 2. Fair numbers were seen on the way to Elgon, but were not
met with on the mountain.
LANIIDAi:.
1. Prionops cristata omoensis Neum. (Uganda Black-winged Helmeted
Shrike).
o 2. These birds were collected in the plains below Elgon : they were not
met with on the mountain. A flock of six were seen.
2. Nilaus afer erythreae Neum. (Eastern Chestnut-flanked Brubru Shrike).
cJ 1, 9 1. I have referred these two specimens to tliis species as they
agree in every way with specimens collected in Eastern Uganda (Jinja, Busoga)
which have been so identified. They are certainly distinct from the specimen
collected at Toro and labelled N. a. massaicus, which name may possibly be
a synonym of N. minor. This specimen has the flanks bright pale chestnut,
not dark chestnut as in the specimens from the Elgon area.
From the locaUties of specimens collected between 1910 and 1912, it would
appear that these two birds, if chstinct, inhabit the same country, or at least
that their areas overlap.
The Toro bird of December 21 , 191 1, is apparently different to the specimens
collected by the Ruwenzori Expedition, which according to Og. Grant have the
flank band deep chestnut, not Ught reddish chestnut, thus agreeing with a Toro
bird collected by me March 22, 1912, except that in my specimen the Une is
broken, not continuous. The wing measurements are as follows : Elgon birds,
males two, 81 mm., female 79 mm. ; Jinga bird, 82 mm. ; Toro bird, male, pale
flanks, 84 mm.
These birds were scarce. They were collected in the scrub below Elgon.
3. Pomatorhynchus emini Reichw. (Emin's Red-winged Bush Shrike).
cJ 1. Common in the scrub.
4. Pomatorhynchus senegalus orientalis Cab. (Greater Red-winged Bush Shrike).
? 1, cj Juv. The female was shot off her nest, which contained two eggs.
5. Chlorophoneus sulphureopectus simiUs Sm. (Orange- breasted Shrike).
<J 1, ? 1. Collected in the scrub country below Elgon. A nest \rith two
eggs was taken.
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 277
6. Laniarius leucorhynchus Hartl. (Greater Black Shrike).
<J 2. Common on the foothills bnt not seen on the mountain.
7. Laniarius jacksoni Sharpe (Jackson's Puff-backed Shrike).
o 2, ? 1. Birds from the type locahty do not differ from those collected
in South- West Uganda.
8. Laniarius aethiopicus major Neum. (Great Pied Shrike).
(J 4, ? 3, <J Juv. I. One of the commonest shrikes of the forests, keeping
more or less to the undergrowth along the edges of forest clearings.
The young bird has the undersurface strongly washed with yellowish, and
faintly barred with blackish.
9. Laniarius Itihderi Reichenow (Brown-breasted Shrike).
o 5, <J Juv. 2, $ 2, $ Juv. .3. This series of a widely distributed species
includes birds in all stages, from adult birds to young just from the nest.
Regarding its wide distribution, it is of interest to note that whereas
Reichenow gives the wing measurements as 86-95 mm., this series of adult birds
are as follows, 80-87 mm. Other measurements are correspondingly smaller.
In adult birds the tips of the coverts are always pure white and not yellow.
Vide Og.Grant, P.Z.S. 1910.
It would not surprise me to find that the Elgon and Kakamega birds are
separable from those from Cameroon.
This species can be called common on Elgon and in the forests in the
Mumias districts.
10. Laniarius erythrogaster Cretzschm. (Crimson-breasted Shrike).
o 1. Not obtained on Elgon, but was plentiful in the scrub below.
11. Laniarius mufumbiri Og.-Grant (Golden-crowned Crimson-breasted Shrike).
$ 1. A fine, clean example of this rare Shrike was obtained in the dense
scrub on the banks of the M'porogoma River. This appears to be the most
easterly range for this species.
12. Dryoscopus nandensis Sharpe.
(J 4, $ 4. Birds from Elgon agree perfectly with birds collected on the
Nandi escarpment. Dr. Hartert informs me that birds from Tanganyika
hitherto known, beheved to be the same as the Nandi birds, are in reahty
distinct.
These birds are usually seen in pairs as is usually the case with this group.
13. Dryoscopus malzacii nyanzae Neum. (Grey-rumped Bush Shrike).
<J 1 , ? 1 . Reichenow does not admit this subspecies, but I have retained
it pending further investigation.
The female has the whole of the undersurface a clear yellowish brown,
much more so than in specimens collected in Chagwe.
278 NoriTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
14. Lanius collaris humeralis Stanl. (Common Long- tailed Pied Shrike).
(J 1. A common species found in the open country.
15. Lanius mackinnoni Sharpe (Mackinnon's Grey Shrike).
(J 1 , ? 1 , 1 mmat. 1 . Although a common species, it was not obtained on
Elgon, but in the plains below.
16. Lanius collurio Linn. (European Red-backed Shrike).
cJ 1. This specimen was shot on its northward migration in March.
17. Corvinella corvina affinis Heugl. (Yellow- billed Giant Shrike).
cJ 1, ? 1, Juv. 3 I. Obtainedinthelowcountry west of Elgon. Common.
COBVIDAE.
1. Rhinocorax affinis Riipp. (Thick- billed Crow).
o 2. These birds were occasionally seen in pairs on Elgon. They are
not common and are difficult to procure.
DICKURIDAE.
1. Dicrurus aJer assimilis Sharpe (Common Black Drongo).
(J 2. Common in the low country.
2. Dicrurus coracinus Verr. (Western Black-winged Drongo).
(J 2, ? 1. These birds apparently extend from Cameroon to Elgon. They
were especially common during the rains.
OKIOLIDAE.
1. Oriolus oriolus Lin. (European Golden Oriole).
(J Juv. 1. These birds were fairly common on Elgon during both the south-
ward and northward migration, but they were wild and difficult to obtain.
Although shot in April this male shows little change in plumage from young
to adult.
2. Oriolus larvatus rolleti Salvad. (White- winged Black-headed Oriole).
<J 1, ? 1. The female has a small wing measurement as compared to the
male, 12."} mm. and 139 nnn.
3. Oriolus larvatus percivali Sharpe (Black- tailed Black-headed Oriole).
(J 4, ? 2, Juv. cJ 1. Apparently a common bird on Elgon. The bright-
ness of the plumage varies greatly in individuals, thus one male has the mantle
coverts, and underside bright cadmium yellow, without any trace of olive-green
wash, and has the outer web of the inner secondaries edged with yellow.
It would appear that the young of this species assumes a black head, slightly
mixed with yellow, especially on the throat, with its first plumage and not its
second as is the case in 0. rolleti.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 279
STURNIDAE.
I. Buphaga erythrorhyncha Stanl. (Red-billed Oxpecker).
3 1, ? 2. Common round cattle bomas, in the plains.
2. *Pholia sharpei Jackson (Sharpe's Buff- breasted Starling).
(J 6, ? 3, Juv. <J 2, ? 2. This long series contains birds in all stages. One
male specimen, while appearing to be adult, has the head not so blue-black as in
typical birds, and has the mantle and wings greyish with indistinct black bars,
the tail also grey-black with indistinct black bars. A common bird, found in
flocks of 6 to 10.
3. Lamprocolius splendidus glaucovirens Elliot (Great Glossy Starling).
^ 2. These birds varied in numbers according to the supply of fruit.
4. Lamprocolius purpureus amethystinus Heugl. (Great Purple-headed Glossy
Starling).
(J 2. These fine Starlings were not very numerous, but were occasionally
seen in small flocks or sometimes in company with the preceding species.
5. Lamprotornis purpuropterus Swains. (Green-headed Glossy Starling).
(J 1 . This species was not met with on the mountain, but was observed
in the acacia country west of Elgon.
(i. *Pyrrhocheira walleri elgonensis Sharpe (Elgon Red- winged Starling).
o 2, 9 2. This Starling was met with in fairly large flocks. Females of
typical P. walleri have the heads much greyer blue than in these birds, and are
larger.
7. *Amydrus morio riippelli Verr. (Riippell's Great Red-winged Starling).
(J 5, ? 6. Exceedingly common on the mountain during the fruit season.
8. Stilbopsar stuhlmaimi Rchw. (Stulilmann's vSlender Red-winged Starling).
o 6, $ 6. Was very common, being found in flocks of 20 to 30, in the forest
where there was an abundance of fruit-bearing trees.
FLOCEIDAE.
1. Symplectes mentalis Hartl. (Grey-backed Weaver).
<J 4, ? 2. These birds have been carefully compared. It appears doubtful
wliether they can be separated from true S. menialis from Buguera, North
Uganda. Jackson has named the Nandi birds 8. mandensis, and no doubt the
Elgon birds are similar to these.
Elgon birds certainly agree with birds from the Kakamega Forest, North
Kavirondo.
They were fairly common, inhabiting the tall trees in the forests.
&80 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
2. Phormoplectes insigiiis Sharpe.
(J 4, ? 3, Jut. cJ 1, ? 1. Apparently a common species in the forests,
being met with in flocks or family parties or occasionaOy in pairs. They were
breeding in December. The eggs that I have taken are white.
Birds from Nairobi do not differ, though there is some shght variation in
vving measurements. In some specimens the longest upper tail-coverts are jet-
black, others black tipped with oUve, others again entirely oUve-green. Those
with the uniform black feathers appear to be the old birds. In the nestling
plumage the crown of the head is a uniform oUve-green, which later on becomes
mixed with black, which in turn in the case of males is mixed with chestnut.
3. Otyphantes reichenowi Fisch. (Reichenow's Golden-crowned Weaver).
o 1, ? 1. Not so common in Uganda as in British East Africa. Obtained
on the edges of forests, not seen further in.
4. Otyphantes stuhlmanni Reichenow (Stuhlmann's Black-headed Ohve Weaver).
(J 1, ? 1. Was plentiful.
5. Hyphanturgus stephanophorus Sharpe (Yellow-faced Black Weaver).
<J 2, ? 3, Juv. (J 1, ? 2. Breeding birds were shot in December and
January. Fairly common.
One female has the brownish throat speckled with black.
6. Hyphanturgus ocnlarius crocatus Hartl. (Black- throated Scrub Weaver).
? 1 , Juv. S 1 . Met with on the plains and outskirts of forests, not in the
interior.
7. Hyphantomis abyssinicus Jemininus Og.-Grant (Black-headed Great Yellow
Weaver) .
(J 1, Juv. <J 1. Was common on the plains and acacia country.
8. Sitagra luteola Licht. (Little Black-faced Weaver).
(J 3, ? 1. Apparently there is some considerable variation in the extent and
posterior margin of the frontal black band. In some specimens this margin is
curved forwards, in others well back. (Fresh specimens.)
Found in the forest scrub along the rivers, it was not seen on Elgon.
9. Ploceus superciliosus Shell. (Thick-billed Masked Weaver).
(J 1, ? 1, Juv. (J 1. Fairly common below Elgon.
10. Euplectes xanthomelas Riipp. (Yellow-rumped Whydah).
<J 1, ? 2.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 281
11. Coliuspasser laticauda Licht. (Red-hooded Whydah).
cJ 2, $ 1.
12. Coliuspasser ardens concolor Cass. (Black Whydah).
(J 1.
13. Coliuspasser soror Rchw. (Yellow-shouldered Wliydah).
(J 3, $ 1, (J imm. 1. AU common on the plains, with tlie exception of
C. laticaiida, which was rather few and far between.
14. Coliuspasser hartlaubi humeralis Sharpe (Hartlaub's BuS-shouldered
Whydah).
(J 1. Not a common species, and difficult to procure.
15. Spermestes cucullatus Sw. (Green-headed Manakin).
(J 1, ? 2. Common on edges of forests and in the grass country.
16. Nigrita fusconota Fras. (Black-crowned Forest Finch).
(J 1. This is the furthest east locality that I have met this species. It is
found in the forest and forest clearings.
17. Nigrita sparsimguttata Rchw. (Black and Grey Forest Finch).
(J I . A few were seen on the mountain in the forests.
18. *Cryptospiza salvadorii Rchw. (Salvadori's Crimson-winged Forest Finch).
<J 3, $ 2. Rather more plentiful than one would expect, they keep to
the thick forest undergrowth in clearings and by paths, and are easily over-
looked.
19. Estrilda paludicola Heugl. (Pale Waxbill).
cJ 1. Common in the grass country, especially in the vicinity of rivers.
20. Neisna kilimensis Sharpe (Grey-headed Grass Finch).
o 1, $ 1. I cannot see any constant difference between birds from
Western Uganda and those from Elgon, nor do the birds from Nairobi differ.
Vide N. nyanzae, Gg.-Grant, F.Z.S. 1910.
21. Vidua serena Linn. (Pied Pintail Whydah).
(J 2, 9 2. A fact which is worth notice here is, that the females \\hen
coming into fuU breeding condition assume a black or dark brown bill, not coral-red.
The coral-red bill is found only in yoimg birds in their second plumage, in males
in all stages except the nestUng phase, and in some females in the off season.
A similar change is met with in adult females of Quelea nelliiopiai . but in this
2g2 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
species the females when adult assume horny yellow bills which arc retained. In
males the bill remains crimson. Another point of interest with regard to the
Quelea is, that in all my adult specimens (4) of Q. qiielea from Lake Edward and
Toro, the cheeks and throats are dark chocolate-brown, not black as in specimens
of Q. aethiopica (') from Nairobi and chstriet. These points are not mentioned
in Shelley's Birds of Ajrica, vol. iv., nor in Reichenow's work.
We have taken the eggs or young of V. serenu from the nests of the follow-
ing : Most commonly, EstriUa massaica, E. rhodopijga, E. delamerei once, and
Lagonosticta riiberrima, more often one egg or young to each nest, but occasionally
two are found.
The young in nestling plumage vary somewhat, some being uniform on the
back and wings, others showing dark centres to some of the feathers of the mantle
and inner secondaries.
FKIITGILZiIDAE.
2->. *Poliospizastriolata affinis Reich w. (Striated Serin Finch) (PI, III.)
(J 4, ? 3.
23. *Poliospiza albifrons Sharpe (White-faced Serin Finch).
(J 7, $ 5. Both exceedingly common on the mountain.
24. Serinus shelleyi Neum. (Shelley's Large Yellow Serin Finch).
1 . A few were seen but not in the dense forest.
o
25. Serinus flavivertex Blanf. (Yellow-barred Serin Finch).
cJ 1, ? 2, imm. o 1. A very distinct species, with the yellow bars on the
wings most noticeable.
Young birds have the breast heavily streaked with black, and the mantle
brownish.
26. Anomalospiza imberbis Cab. (Canary-hke Bishop Finch).
(J 2, $ 1. I have referred the birds in the present collection to this species
with some hesitation, for they certainly do not agree in all particulars with the
description and figure of A. imberbis in Shelley's Birds of Africa, vol. iv. pt. 1.
Birds which agree most closely are those which have just come through the
breeding season and arc well worn ; these have the feathers of the mantle sharply
pointed as depicted in the plate and are of a blackish brown with yellowish
edges, whereas in clean fresh-plumaged birds the feathers of the mantle, rump,
and upper tail-coverts and also the scapulars, olive greenish yellow with dark
shaft streaks and edged with grey, giving to the upper surface of the bird a more
or less uniform greyish green colour, the dark shaft streaks not being visible.
Birds from Lamu agree fairly well.
In the case of the females, my specimens are much whiter on the underside
than in the case with the female figured. Judging from my series (30 speci-
mens) I am inclined to think that the female depicted is not quite mature.
As 1 can find no description of the immature bird in first plumage 1 give
the following; Undersurface clear buff, with slight yellowish wash, thrown
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 283
and cheeks bright Naples yellow, mantle slightly paler, the feathers of the crown
and mantle having black centres.
The feathers of the wings blackish brown with broad buS-coloured edges,
shghtly darker on the coverts. Rump similar to the mantle. Bill blackish
brown above, yellowish below. Feet grejash brown.
As the bird becomes older the underside becomes paler, and the black centres
to the feathers on the upper surface become more distinct, giving the bird a
darker appearance. This second stage is not retained for any length of time,
the young soon moulting in traces of adult plumage, which in the case of the
males takes the form of bright yellow feathers on the breast. This second phase
is not brought about by moult, but by wearing of the feathers.
Even as nestlings, these birds have the characteristic bills.
This species was breeding in June and July 1912 at Kisumu, amongst the
grass and scrub. I found only one nest, containing two young. The nest
resembled somewhat that of Quelea cardinalis, being slung between grass stems
and composed of fine grass. Although not recognising the species at the time,
I took photographs of the nesthngs, which were just ready to leave the nest.
They are quite unmistakable.
The locaUties other than those given by Shelley, from which I know speci-
mens to have been collected, having seen the actual fresh skins, are as follows :
Kisumu, West Elgon, Nairobi, Athi Plains, and Lamu.
Whether these birds breed in colonies or not I cannot say, but it is probable
that they do, although I foimd only one nest at Kisumu.
They certainly congregate in flocks of 20 to 200 or more, just after the
nesting season, for it was out of such flocks that I was able to procure my
specimens. From such flocks one may obtain birds in all stages of plumage
and conditions.
When congregated into flocks these birds frequent the grass country, appar-
ently preferring the vicinity of water ; here they feed on various grass seeds and
spend a great deal of their time roosting in the dense papyrus and other rank
grasses.
They are extremely pugnacious and quarrel amongst themselves and with
other birds. Specimens which I have aUve had to be removed from an aviary
containing other finches.
I have not heard their song, Ijut the call when disturbed is a double note
like " tweet tweet," repeated frequently.
They are extremely wild and difiicult to procure unless one is prepared to
get wet in wading through the swamp grasses and taking the birds as they come
over.
27. *Linurgus elgonensis sp. nov. 1917 (Oriole Finch).
cJ 3, 9 2. A very distinct species, description as follows :
Adult male : Entire head and throat black, the bliick of the throat extending
on to the upper breast. A yellow band separates the black of the head from
the mantle, which is uniform yeUow-oUve, as are also the upper tail-coverts and
tail, the feathers of the latter edged with brighter yellow. The whole of tlie
undersurface from crop to under tail-coverts bright yellow. Wings : coverts
yellow-olive, the tips of the coverts yellow, forming a bar across the wing ;
284 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
primaries, black with pure wliite tips ; outer secondaries black with outer
margins yellow, margin of inner web white, tips white; inner secondaries
outer web almost entirely yellowish, inner web black with broad wliite margins,
except the two innermost, which are greyish at the base, rest of outer web
yellowish, inner web white with yellowish tinge, tips of all white. The black of
the inner web of the third innermost secondary is visible when the wing is
closed, thus forming a black spot. Inner primary coverts black, white tips.
Eyes brown ; legs flesh-yellow ; bill salmon-yellow.
Wing 71 mm.
Adult female : Almost entirely yellowish olive-green, darker on the crown
and rest of head, brighter on the undersurface, abdomen yellower. Wings as
in male but the yello^v-oUve replaced by oUve-green, rest of wing similar.
Wing 70 and 71 mm.
These birds were found in the forests on Elgon, usually in pairs. They were
not common.
The locaUties from which tliis species has been taken are West Elgon and
Kakamega Forest, in North Kavirondo.
28. Emberiza flaviventris Steph. (Yellow-breasted Bunting).
(J 1, imm. o 1. Fairly common.
MOTACILI.IDAX:.
1. Motacilla alba alba Linn. (Wliite Wagtail).
(J 3, ? 2. Several were seen during the winter and early spring. The
males were in full plumage by March.
2. Motacilla longicauda Riipp. (Black-winged White Wagtail).
(J 2, ? 1. Not very common.
.'!. Motacilla vidua Sund. (African Pied Wagtail).
(J I. A common species.
4. Motacilla fiava einereocapilla Savi. (Grey-headed Yellow Wagtail).
^ 1 . Not so common as the next species, but frequently overlooked when
the birds are in off plumage.
5. Motacilla fiava flava Lin. (Blue- headed Yellow Wagtail).
(J 1, 5 2. Very common, the males are usually in full plumage in April.
6. Motacilla flava campestris Pall. (Yellow Wagtail).
(J 3, ? 3. Quite the most common wagtail during migration, but few
stay to winter in Uganda.
7. Motacilla melanope Pall. (Grey Wagtail).
<J 2, ? 1. Not by any means a common migrant.
NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXV. 1918. 285
8. Anthus trivialis Lin. (Tree Pipit).
<J 2, 9 1. Males obtained in December are very worn, while the female
collected in March i.s in fresh clean dress and is very fulvous.
9. Macronyx croceus Vieill. (Common Yellow-breasted Pipit).
(J 1. Common in the grassy areas between patches of forest.
PYCNONOTIDAE.
1. Criniger verreauxi ndussumensis Reichw. (White- throated Bulbul).
(J 2. ? 3. Appears to be a very common bird in the Elgon forests, usually
found in pairs or flocks of half a dozen. They are noisy, and frequent the under-
growth, but keep to the high trees if disturbed.
2. Phyllastrephus kakamegae Sharpe (Lesser Grey-headed OUve Bulbul).
cj 2, ? 1. See notes on next species.
3. Phyllastrephus kikuyuensis Sharpe (Greater Grey-headed Ohve Bulbul).
^ -) , 5 3. Here wc would have an instance of two apparently distinct bird.s
(supposed subspecies of P. tephrolaemus) inhabiting the same areas! (Cf. P.
albigularis, and P. leucoktem.a , which, however, may not be separable, in which
case we would have males with wing measurements of 68-88 mm. and females
67-84 mm. admitting that the sexing is correct.)
I am inchned to think, without actually having examined the types, that
the two so-called species or subspecies are not distinct, but that P. hilcainajae
is the immature laird.
A forest species, which is fairly common.
4. Phyllastrephus albigularis Sharpe (Small Pale-breasted Bulbul).
o 1, $ 2. This is the smaller species of pale-breasted Criniger; the male
has the wings 74 mm. and the females 70 and 73 mm.
5. Andropadus virens Cass. (Olive Bulbul).
(J 4. A common species.
6. Andropadus latirostris eugenius Reichw. (Yellow Moustached Bulbul).
cJ 2, $ 2, Juv. cJ 3. Exceedingly common.
7. Andropadus curvhostris Cass.
(J 2. These birds have yellow under wing-coverts, and the length of the
wings vary from 75-79 mm.
In my paper on Birds collected in Uganda in the Ibis of July 1916, I kept
the large birds, with wing measurements of 82-89 mm., separate, under the head-
ing .4. c. alexanderi Oust., on account of the colour of the uijder wing-coverts which
were not yellow but ohve washed, and because of the throat being of a different
286 XoyiTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
colour to the rest of the undersurface. Until it can be definitely proved that
the large birds are not distinct I prefer to uphold the subspecies. The t3'pe
locality oi A. c. alexandcri is Ubangi, from which locality typical ^1. oirvirostris
have also been recorded. It is quite hkely that only one species exists in
Uganda, in which case the wing measurements would vary from 75-89 mm.
8. Chlorocichla indicator chlorosaturata van Someren (Eastern White- tail
Bulbul).
<J 2, J 2. Birds from Elgon and North Kavirondo are similar to those
obtained in the Mabira Forest.
9. Pycnonotus barbatus minor Hcugl. (Uganda Yellow-vented Bulbul).
(J 1. Met with in the foothills.
ZOSTEROFIDAE.
1. Zosterops iacksoni Neum. (Jackson's Ring Eye).
<J 3, $ 4. This is the common Zosterops on Elgon. It is quite distinct
from Z. kikuyuensis.
ITECTABIITIIDAE.
1. Anthreptes coUaris hypodilla Jard. (Yellow-bellied Short- billed Sunbird.)
o 1, t 1- This species was equally common in the foothills and on Elgon.
2. Chalcomitra ragazzi Salvad. (OUve Sunbird).
cJ I, 5 2, Juv. 2. These birds are easily overlonkcd, as they keep to the
tops of the tall trees. Young birds are very much yellower on the undersurface
than female adults.
3. Chalcomitra viridisplendens Reichw. (Blue-headed Olive Sunbird).
cj 2, $ 1, Juv. 4. Was a fairly common species. The pectoral tufts in
males from Elgon are paler than those in birds from Mabira and further west.
4. Chalcomitra acik aequatorialis Reichw. (Red-breasted Black Sunbird).
cJ 1, 5-1, imm. 1. Fairly common in the lower country, but not met with
in the forests on Elgon itself.
5. Cinnyris venustus Jalkensteini Reichw. & Fisch. ( Falkenstein's Orange-
tufted Sunbird).
(a) cJ 4, (6) (J 2. (a) Four males appear to be identical with specimens col-
lected from Lumbwa district, B.E.A., but two others (b) are much more orange
on the underside and have the pectoral tufts of a deeper shade. These two were
collected on the plains of Bukedi on the way to Elgon, while the others were
collected on the foothills. The two richly coloured birds more nearly resemble
V, u, igneiventris (Rchw.).
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 191S. 287
(). Cinnyris cupreus Shaw (Bronze Sunbird).
cJ 1, $ 1, o Juv. 1. Fair numbers were seen.
7. Cinnyris reichenowi 8harpe (Reichenow's Red- breasted Sunbird).
o 2, $ 1, Juv. (J 1, $ 1. Apparently takes the place of C. orphogasler in
Eastern Uganda.
8. Nectarinia kilimensis Shelley 'Long-tail Green Sunbird) (PI. IV. & V.).
(J 1, ? I. Was common, but did not occur high up.
9. Nectarinia tacazze Stanl. (Long-tail Purple Sunbird).
(J 3, ? 2. This species was comparatively common, but difficult to pro-
cure. They ascended higher up Elgon than the jneceding species.
FAKIDAE.
1. Parus funereus Verr. (Blue-grey Tit),
o 1, 9 1, cj Juv. 3, 9 1. A common bird in the higher forests.
2. Parus leucomelas Riipp. (White- winged Blue-black Tit).
^ 1, $ 1, imm. 1. Was a common species in the forest of the foothills
and in the acacia country.
3. Parus albiventris Shell. ( White- belUed Tit).
(J 3, ¥ 2. Very common in the forests on Elgon.
Parisoma jacksoni Sharpe (Jackson's Ashy Tit-Warbler).
cJ 2. They were not very common. Li habits these birds are somewhat
like flycatchers and have also been mistaken for the brown Pigmy Honey-guide
P. regulus.
SYZ-VIISAE.
' 1. Melocichla mentalis atricauda Reichw. (Great Fantail Swamp Warbler).
$ 2. Obtained on the banks of the rivers.
2. *Cisticola hunteri Sharpe (Hunter's Long- tailed Warbler).
(J 3, 9 2, imm. 2. There is some doubt as to the.se being C. hunteri, but
they are high country birds, being found in the scrub and grass on the edges of
forests and in forest clearings.
They do not agree with C. qrrinioides. Specimens collected by Jackson on
Elgon have been referred to G. hunteri.
3. Cisticola cheniana Sm. (Great Grass- Warbler).
o 3. These birds are not quite the same as some obtained in the Elgeju
district, but as there is considerable variation according to age and wear this
may be the reason.
288 NuMTATES ZOOLOGICAK XXV. 1918.
4. *Cisticola chubbi Sharpe (Chubb's Plaiu-ba'ked Grass Warbler).
cJ 1, ? 1, 9 imm. 1. Apparently a cominoii bird in this district. They
are very like C. r. cmini, but are much paler on tlic back, more greyish, and the
brown on the hind neck is more sharply differentiated.
The young birds, however, are difficult to distinguish.
They were nesting in May.
5. Cisticola ruJa Fraser ? (Little Brown-backed Grass Warbler).
? 1. This single female specimen appears to be midway between C. riifa
and C. calamoherpe, but lacks the striated head of the latter, and is smaller.
6. Schoenicola apicalis Cab. ( I'an-tailed Reed Warbler).
(J 2. A very fine pair, rather more brown on the back than Nairobi speci-
mens, but this no doubt is due to the plumage being fresh.
7. Bradypterus centralis Neum. (Speckled- breasted Swamp Warbler).
tJ 3, $ 1. I have before me a series of 37 skins, with wings varjdng from
53 to 59 mm. Four specimens from Elgon district arc rather whiter on the
underside than birds from Nairobi district, the olive-brown wash of the sides of
the chest not so distinct and not nioeting in the centre. Tliree of the specimens
show just a trace of speckling on the lower throat, the other a few narrow black
shaft streaks.
In the large series from Nairobi area, no two birds aie alike in regard to this
speckUng, nor yet do they agree in the colour of the fianks, which varies from
a yellowish brown to grey-brown, or even red-brown.
These birds were procured in the reed beds of swamps and rivers and arc
shy and difficult to procure unless one lies in wait for them.
Though shy, they are full of curiosity and will come to the tops of the reeds
to look around, and it is then that they can be obtained.
8. Bradypterus cinnamomeus salvadorii Neum. ? (Rufous Swamp Warbler).
<J 3, ? 2. These birds, according to information suppUed me by Dr. Har-
tert, are very close to B. c. salvadorii, but the tails are much darker. The
crown is almost uniform in colour with the back. The wing measurements
vary from 65-68 mm.
These birds are quite distinct from B. cinnamomeus from Kikuyu and Mau.
They are not common, though frequently heard. They inhabit the same
swamps as the preceding species.
9. Prinia mystacea Riipp. (White-eyebrowed Bush Warbler).
? 1 . Common on the lower hills by the edges of forest land.
10. Prinia reichenowi Hartl. (Reichenow's White-throated Bush Warbler).
cJ 1, $ 1. Common in the for^ts and in the forest clearings.
NOVITATES ZOOLOOIUAE XXV. I'JIS. 289
11. Apalis porphyrolaema Reich. & Neum. (Red-throated Forest Warbler).
cj 1, $ 1. Not a common species. It is found frequenting the tree tops
and middle growth of the forests.
12. Apalis jacksoni Sharpe (Jackson's Black-throated Forest Warbler).-
(J 2, $ 1, imm. <? 2. Fairly common. There are sUght differences be-
tween birds from West Elgon and those from Nairobi district, but not sufficient
to warrant separation.
13. Apalis cinerea Sharpe (Brown- headed Forest Warbler).
o 1 . This species is most frequently met with along the forest stream p
and in the middle growth. It apparently takes the place of A. nigrescens in
Eastern Uganda.
U. Eremoniela elegans Heugl. (Grey-headed Acacia Warbler).
S 2. This species was not common on West Elgon, but was plentiful on
the eastern footliills. They were not seen on the mountain, but occurred in the
more open forest and acacia country on the low foothills.
15. Camaroptera griseoviridis Miill. (Green-mnged Forest Warbler),
cj 1, ? 1. Fairly plentiful in the forest undergrowth.
l(j. Camaroptera toroensis Jackson (Tore Green-winged Forest Warbler).
S 1 . This is the easternmost locality, as far as I can ascertain, in \\hich this
species has been collected.
17. Hylia prasina Cass. (OUve Tit- Warbler) .
(J 2, $ 1. Apparently this bird has a very wide distribution, without show-
ing the slightest change in plumage. The size varies somewhat.
18. Phylloscopus trochilus Linn. (European Willow Warbler).
<J 1, 5 1. Flocks were met wth, both in the open country and in the
forests, in March.
19. Sylvia borin Bodd. (Garden Warbler).
(^ 2, $ 2. Common on migration. Found in the scrub country as well
as on the edges of forest land.
20. Sylvia atricapilla Linn. (Blackcap Warbler).
(J 3, ? 2. Fairly common between October and March,
19
290 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
TUBDIDAE.
1. Turdus elgonensis Sharpe (Elgon Brown-flanked Thrush).
3 4, 5 2, Juv. o 1- The amount and intensity of the brown on the flanks
and belly varies considerably. Some specimens lack ail trace of white on the
abdomen.
'2. Turdus centralis Reichw. (Yellow- billed Thrush).
(J 1. Not so common as the preceding species, on Elgon.
SAXICOI.INAE.
1. Monticola saxatilis Linn. (Blue-headed Rock Thrush).
(J 2. Was not seen on Elgon, but a few were noticed on the plains.
2. *Saxicola salax Verr. (African Stonechat).
(J 3, ? 1. Common on the low country and footliills.
3. Saxicola rubetra L. (European Whinchat).
(J 4, ? 2. During the winter this species is common, being seen from
October to April, in the plains.
TIOTELIIWAE.
1. *Turdinus pyrrhopterus Reichw . & Neum. (Grey-headed Forest Ground Thrush).
(J 2, 9 1 . Not a common bird and difficult to procure, owing to their
habits of keeping to the thick undergrowth.
2. *AIcippe abyssinica Riipp. (OUve-backed Forest Chat).
? 1. Like the prececUng species these birds are easily overlooked, as they
keep to the undergrow th.
3. Bathmedonia jacksoni Sharpe (Jackson's Cinnamon Forest Chat).
S 6, i 1, imm. S I, '+ -■ These birds were fairly common, frequenting
the low dense scrub of the forests.
ERITHACINAE.
1. *Tarsiger elgonensis Sharpe (Elgon Black-tailed Tarsiger).
(J 3, ? 1, Juv. o^ 1. Not a common species. They frequent the forest
undergrowth.
This species can be readily distinguished from 7'. intensvs or T. orientulis
by the absence of any yellow on the tail feathers, by being generally more richly
coloured and having the white spot above and in front of the eye extending
almost from the nostril to the posterior angle of the eye. A point of great interest
is that the young of this species has yellow on the rcctrices, but it cUffers from
the young of closely allied species in being generally more buffy and spotted
on the underside, instead of being yellowsh or yellowish green and spotted.
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Nl'VITATES ZOOLOC.ICAE, VOL. XXV. 1918.
Pi.. \-.
I'. G, L. van Srnin-ren phot.
NECTARINIA KILIMENSIS. ?
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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 291
SOME NOTES ON THE DICRURIDAE.
By E. C. STUART BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
RECENTLY, when working on the Dicruridae in a collection of birds
collected by Mr. E. G. Herbert in 8iam, I found that in several cases
weU-differentiated geograpliical races were \vithout names, whilst the nomenclature
generally was in a very confused state.
Altogether I have had nearly 400 skins for examination ; these including
the magnificent series in the British Museum, the Tring Museum, together with
one or two smaller private collections, and some skins from the Indian Museum.
The following notes are the result of my work ; but having considered these
birds principally from the point of view of the Indian ornithologist, I have not
always dealt with subspecies from some of the out-lying Islands unless the
decision of certain points connected with Burmese and Indian forms made their
examination necessary.
Dicrurus leucophaeus Vieill.
This species includes all those races in India and Burma wluch have been
generally known under the names of luiigicaudaiiis, nigrescens, cineraceus, etc.
As regards the specific name there can, I think, be no doubt that it must
be leucophaeus of VieiUot {Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., vol. ix. p. 587. 1817
[ex LevaiUant, Le Drongri, Ois. d'Afriqiie, pi. 170]).
It is true that in the letterpress LevaiUant describes the habitat as Ceylon,
« liilst the bird next described — made from a skin of a Dicrurus with the under
plumage of a Coccystes * — is said to come from Java. In the same volume
LevaiUant gives a very good plate of Dicrurus coerulescens in which the much
darker upper parts are correctly given, and tliis would lead one to suppose that
the light plumage of leucophaeus is also correctly depicted. If tliis is so, then
leucophaeus cannot be meant for any form of Drongo from Ceylon, but it is, on
the other hand, an excellent representation of the Javanese Grey Drongo, show-
ing the short tail so typical of tliis race though the fork is exaggerated in depth.
Levaillant's localities are notoriously untrustworthy, and in this instance
he seems to have given the habitat of his fictitious bii'd as Java and then trans-
ferred the real Javan bird to Ceylon.
Java must therefore be held to be the type locaUty for tlus bird, wliich will
stand as D. leucophaeus leucopfuieus and the remaining geographical races as
subspecies.
To define the different forms is a matter of no Uttle difficulty, for the keys
hitherto given are far from satisfactory and the characters referred to thereon
are not constant. Moreover the greater the amount of material available for
examination the less do the hitherto alleged cUfferences hold good.
A yet further comphcation arises in the fact that in the eastern portion of
its range, i.e. east and south of the Brahmapootra, a dark and fight phase are
found as far south, at all events, as the Malay Peninsula. Even in India, west
* Tweeddale, Ibis, 1878. p. 75.
292
XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
of this river, there is a great cUflference in depth of colour between the darkest
and palest individuals from one and the same locaUty. Thus from Arrakan,
Chin Hills, Shan States, Lower Burma, and Tennasserim both dark and Light
birds may be, and in manj- instances have been, obtained in the same locahtj'
on the same date, whilst other specimens, intermediate in colour, have also
been obtained which could be assigned to either with equal accuracy. Even
from the extreme north-west of India and Simla, whence most specimens arc
very level in tint, very dark and very pale bu-ds may be met with, and there
are examples of both extremes in the big Simla series in the British Museum.
At the same time colour cannot be entirely ehminated from classification
of these birds, for it is very e\ident that —
(1) On the whole birda west of the Brahmapootra are decidedly darker
than those on the east, though there are individuals found in the latter
practically as dark as any on the west.
(2) A steady decrease in depth of colour is found as one works south,
though this tendency to paleness is more accentuated in southern Burmese
than in southein Indian birds.
As regards the formation and length of tail, these features are of little assis-
tance in discriminating between the different geographical races of D. leucopMcvs,
although there is no doubt that birds from the extreme south-east have typically
shorter, less forked tails than those from the north and west.
We are therefore throv\n mainly on characters other than those of colour
to enable the geograpliical races to be worked out, and it woukl appear that
size, combined with some consideration of comparative length in wing and tail
and average depth of coloui', will allow of this being done with a sufficient degree
of accuracy.
To show this at a glance 1 give the following measurements of birds from
various areas, giving maximum and minimum as well as average figures.
EA8T OF THE BRAHMAPOOTRA.
From the above measurements it is self-evident that as we work from
north to south vve get a steady diminution in size. In India 1 cannot find that
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAB XXV. 1918. 293
there is any correisponding variation in colour, but in Burma, as I have already
said, although dark and hght birds are to be found throughout, from north to
almost the extreme south, both forms do grow Ughter towards the south, wliilst
in Java there are apparently only very pale, blue-grey birds.
However we divide this species into geographical races, our divisions
cannot but be rather arbitrary, but it appears to me that the races inhabiting
the following areas can be separated with sufficient ease to make them acceptable
as subspecies. At the same time, more especially in India, it must be
remembered that the extremes overlap greatly and that individual variation is
exceptionally great in species of this family.
(1) Dicrurus leucophaeus leucophaeits.
Dicrurus leucophaeus Vieillot, xVoiii'. Diet. (VHist. Nat., nouv. ed.. ix. p. 587. 1817. ex Lcvaillant,
Le Droiigri, Ois. d'Afrique, pi. 170.
Type Locality : Java.
A small bird of a very pale coloration, with a very blue-grey tint. The
tail is generally conspicuously shorter than the wing, a proportion found only in
this Javan form. Also found on Bah by Doherty and Stresemann (Tring
Museum).
Wing average, 127 mm. ; tail, 123 mm.
(2) Dicrurus lencopJiaevs walkicei.
Buchanga wallacei Walclen. Ann. & Mag. Sat. Hist. (4) v. p. 220 (1870).
Type Locality : Lombok.
A small bird l)ut darker than IcucopJiaevs and with a comparatively longer
tail. I have not seen a sufficient number of these birds or of the next form to
be able to give average measurements.
(3) Dicrurus leucophaeus palaivanensis.
Bnchanga palawanensis Whitehead, Ibis. 1890. p. 47.
Type Locality : Palawan.
A very small bird with wing and tail about equal in length and under
120 mm. This is the smallest of all the geographical races of leucophaeus and
distinguishable by size alone.
(4) Dicrurus leucophaeus disiurbans, subsp. nov.
Type: <J, No. 86.3.1.2044; ?, No. 86.3.1.2040. British Museum.
Type Locality : Amherst.
This bird is just about the same in size as the Javan form, but is distinctly
darker and has a proportionately longer tail.
Habitat. It is found in the Malay Peninsula as far north as Bangkok and
extends east into Siam, though how far is at present unknown. Where disturbans
meets true leucophaeus in the south it is impossible to say, but birds from Johore
and Singapore are imdoubtedly true leucophaeus.
I have been unable to find any name which appUes to this bird, Blyth's
intermedials referring to the bird from the extreme south and not to this form.
Wing average, 127 mm. ; tail, 131 mm.
^94 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
(5) Dicrurus levcophaevs nigrescens.
Dicrurus nigrescens Gates, in Hume's Nests and Eggs, 2ncl Ed. i. p. 208. 1S89 (Deser. of eggs) ;
id. Fatm. Brit. Ind., B. 1. p. 315 (1889— Descr. of plumage).
Type Locality : Rangoon.
Gates has not designated a type for this name, but the birds so named
and marked in liis hand\vi'iting are now in the British Museum and these are
from Rangoon.
This name is given by Gates to the very dark form which occurs over the
whole of central Burma, and which he undoubtedly considered to be quite a
different species to the pale. I have, however, shown that they are one and
the same, and his name having priority will therefore have to be retained. In
the Avifauna of British India (vol. i. p. 315) Gates gives the range of his bird as
from Rangoon and Pegu to the extreme south of Tennasserim, but as a matter
of fact the Rangoon bird is identical with the Central Burmese birds and not
with the South Tennasserim birds. Again, Gates' key, which infers that the
southern bird is a " deep indigo " wliilst northern birds are bluish grey, is quite
incorrect, for, on the whole, it is the reverse to this which is actually the case.
Habitat. The area occupied by D. I. nigrescens may be said to be from about
the latitude of Bangkok as far north as S. Yunnan, Central Cliin Hills, and
Shan States, where it grades into the next and bigger form.
Wing average, 132 mm. ; tail average, 138 mm.
(6) Dicrurus leucophaeus hopivoodi subsp. nov.
Type: No. 86. 3. 1.2012. British Museum.
Type Locality : Dacca.
A bigger bird, considerably, than nigrescens, with a very long tail and in
colour distinctly darker on an average.
This is the biggest of all the forms of Grey Drongo, distinguishable at a
glance, from all others east of the Brahmapootra and decidedly bigger than even
the biggest on the west of that river, from wliich they also differ in being paler
on an average.
The birds from the Chin Hills seem to be intermediate between nigrescens
and hopivoodi, those from the south belonging to the former, those from the
north to the latter ; unfortunately in most cases exact locaUties from these hills
have not been given, and it is difficult therefore to determine the connecting line
with any certainty.
Habitat. Assam and Bengal east of the Brahmapootra, Manipur, Looshai,
Chittagong Hill Tracts, extreme northern Clun Hills, Northern Kachin Hills,
and Shan States into Yinman.
Gmitting doubtful specimens from the Cliin Hills which cannot with certainty
be located either in the north or south, the measurements are :
Wing average, 145'7 mm. ; tail average, ISO'O mm.
Including the above doubtful birds :
Wing average, 144'2 mm. ; tail average, 148'7 mm.
I name this bird after Mr. Cyiil Hopwood, who has done much useful nrnithn-
logical work in the area it inhabits.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXV. 19IS. 295
(7) Dicrurus leucophaeus stevensi, subsp. nov.
Type: ? 25. iv. 1900, Darjeeling, India, C. T. Bingham Coll., Tring Museum.
Type Locality : Darjeeling.
The largest form found to the west of the Brahmapootra, and though not
as large as D. I. hopwoodi it lias an even longer tail than that bird. It is also a
decidedly darker bird than any of the more eastern forms with less variation
in depth of colour.
Between this and Southern Indian forms it is not easy to distinguish any
variation in colour, but in size they decrease steadily as they get farther and
farther south.
Habitat. It is extremely hard to lay down any arbitrary line dividing the
ranges of the various subspecies east of the Brahmapootra. With all continental
subspecies there might be expected an area into which the adjoining subspecies
grade, but with this species there is so steady, if small, a decrease in size from
the extreme north to the extreme south of India that the task is rendered
unusually difficult.
The size of the north-eastern birds and those from North-Central India
suffice, I tliink, to keep these chstinct from the rest, and I include in the area
of D. I. steveni all birds from West Central Nepal, Bhutan, Sikldm, the hills of
Assam north and west of the Brahmapootra and the foothills running along
their entire length.
Wing average, l-tO'9 mm. (127-152) ; tail average, 152 mm. (128-175).
I have had to give this form a new name as I can find none which apply
to it. Hodgson's name pyrrhops is a nomen nudum, Beavan's name ivaldeni was
given to a Simla bird to the west of the range occupied by steveni. Gray's
cinerascens is, of course, merely a misprint for Horsfield's cinemcevs which =
leucophaeus.
I name tliis bird in honour of Mr. H. Stevens, whose collections of Assam
and Nepalese birds are mostly in the Tring Museum.
(8) Dicrurus leucophaeus longicaudatus.
Dicrurus longicaudattis A. Hay, Jerdon, Madr. Jovr. L. S. xiii. pt. ii. p. 121 (1845).
Type Locality : Neilgherries.
A smaller bird than steveni, but otherwise indistinguishable.
Habitat. I include for the present under this name the whole of the birds
found in Continental India south of the area occupied bj' D. I. steveni as well
as those found in the N.W. Himalayas west of Nepal.
Birds from Central India average as big as those from N.W. India, but
have a shorter tail of only 141 mm. as against 152 mm. As, however, I have
only been able to examine a comparatively small series of the former and birds
from South India have an average of 147 mm. for tail measui-ements, I cannot
consider this feature as of any real importance. Buds from South India are
smaller again than those from Central India, but the differences are so small
that I do not feel justified in dividing them on this account alone.
Wing average, 134-1 mm. (124-145) ; tail average, 148'1 mm. (127-170).
296 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
(9) Dicrurus leucophaeus minimus .siibsp. nov.
Type : 3 23. xii. 1874, W. V. Legge coll., Tring Museum.
Type Locality : Ceylon.
This is the smallest of the western forms, though much larger than the
corresponding form from Java. It appears to be also rather a darker bird than
those from Southern India, but the difference is so slight as to be neghgible. The
tail is much shorter on an average than the more northern birds, and this seems
to be consistent, for the longest tail I have measmed is only 147 mm.
Wing average, 13r6 mm. (120-135); tail average, 139 mm. (133-147).
Stephens's name ceylonensis (in Shaw's Gew. Zool. xiii. 2, p. 140, 1826) is only
another name for Levaillant's " Drongri " and therefore a synonym of leucophaeus
and cineraceus. There is no other name that I can find applicable to the form,
and I have therefore been compelled to give it a new name.
Dicrurus ater.
Throughout the whole of India and Ceylon, Burma, the Malay Peninsula,
Java, Cochin China, Siam, Gambodia, and China I can find no variation in colour
to assist in the division of this species into geographical subspecies, with the sole
possible exception of the rictal white spot which may or may not be present.
When making my first examination I was in hopes that the depth of colour of
the undersurface of the wing quills might prove a character of some use, but this
proves to be merely individual.
The depth of the fork to the tail lias sometimes been referred to as a dis-
tinguishing feature, but this again seems to vary over every portion of this
Drongo's range in almost equal degree, though birds to the west of the Brahma-
pootra certainly have longer and more deeply forked tails on an average than
have those to the east of this river.
As regards the rictal white spot, this does not help us much. Roughly
speaking, it may be said to be always present in birds from the North- West,
Central, and Southern India and in all Central and South Burmese ones as well
as in Malay specimens. In birds from Siam, Cochin China, and China it is
generally absent, whilst of those from N.E. India, Assam, Northern Burma,
and Formosa about half have the spot and half have not. From Java there
are practically no specimens with any sign of a spot.
We are driven therefore to size as the main means for differentiating between
the various races, but, as with other genera and species of the Dicruridae,
comparative proportions of wing, tail, and bill must not be overlooked.
The figures given below show the average measurements of specimens from
every portion of the Black Drongos' habitat together with maxima and minima
for wings and tails.
N.W. India : 13 birds. Rictal spot present in all but one.
Wing average, 1494 mm. (140-155); tail average, 166'4 mm. (154-184);
bill about 225 mm.
N.E. India and Assam : 38 birds. Rictal spot present in 20, absent in 18.
Wing average, HSS mm. (141-155); tail average, 158'0 mm. (14(1-178);
bill about 24 '0 mm.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 297
Central India : 30 birds, Rictal spot present in all but one.
Wing average, 14r7 mm. (128-156); tail average, 151-7 mm. (142-168);
bill about 22'5 mm.
South India : 24 birds. Rictal spot present in all but 3 from Travancore.
Wing average, 140'3 mm. (129-144); tail average, 155'5 mm. (143-IG7);
bill about 230 mm.
Ceylon : 8 birds. Rictal spot present in all.
Wing average, 133-0 mm. (125-143) ; tail average, 153-3 mm. (135-165) ;
bill about 20-0 mm.
Burma : 36 birds. Rictal spot present in all but 2.
Wing average, 143-9 mm. (134-151); tail average, 145-0 mm. (125-165);
bill about 22-0 mm.
China : 32 birds. Rictal spot present in 6, absent in 26.
Wing average, 142-8 mm. (130-155) ; tail average, 149-2 mm. (130-165);
biU about 22-0 mm.
Hainan : 13 birds. Rictal spot absent in all but 2.
Wing average, 142-4 mm. (130-152); tail average, 145-3 (128-100); bill
about 2r8 mm.
Siam : 5 birds. Rictal spot present in all.
Wing average, 140-5 mm. (139-142) ; tail average, 146-0 mm. (143-150) ;
bill about 20-0 mm.
Formosa : 20 birds. Rictal spot present in 8, absent in 12.
Wing average, 148-2 mm. (139-155); tail average, 145-5 mm. (131-152);
bill about 23-5 mm.
Java : 12 birds. Rictal spot just visible in one bird, absent in the rest.
Wing average, 129-0 mm. (121-136); tail average, 146-4 mm. (130-165);
bill about 2 TO mm.
The above shows that Dicrurvs ater seems to fall into 6 fairly satisfactory
groups, though there are some debatable points with which I deal under the
headings of the various races.
The oldest name for the species is Muscicapa atra of Hermann, whiLli there-
fore stands as the specific name for the various forms.
(1) Dicrunis ater ater.
Muscicapa atra Hermann, Obs. Zool. p. 208 (1804), Tranquebaria.
Dicrurus marrncercus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. ix. p. 588 (1817).
Muscicapa biloba Licht., Verz. p. 52, Ind. Orient.
Dicrunis indicus Steph., Shaw's Qen. Zool. xiii. p. 139, India.
Dicrurus balicassius Sykes, P.Z.S. 1832. ]p. 80 (nee Linn.) Dekkan (corr. Africa).
Type Loadity : Tranquebaria.
A medium-sized bird with a proportionately long tail and largish bill.
This form is undoubtedly very close to the Burmese bird, but is on the
average smaller and yet has a tail which is 6 mm. longer than it is in that bird ;
298 NOVITATES ZOOLOCrCAE XXV. 1918.
it appears therefore better to keep them separate, especiallj' when it is .seen that
geographically the\' are divided l)y an area inhabited by a race well differentiated
from either {albiriclus).
Habitat. This bird inhabits the whole of India south of the foothills and
adjacent plains of the Himalayas to tlie extreme south of Travancore. whence
there are some specimens eq\ial in size to the largest of Central Indian birds.
Wing average, 1W4 ; tail average, ISIVG ; bill about 22'5 mm.
(2) Dicruriis ater albirictus.
Buchanga albiriclus Hodgs., Ind. Rev. i. p. 326 (1S37) Nepal.
Edoliua fingah Blyth, J.A.S.B. xv. p. 80(».
Dirriiriis hitnntai/evsis Tytler, /'/;',<;, 1S6S. p. 200. Simla to Mussoori (nom. niirl.).
Type locality : Nepal.
The largest of all the races of this Drongo with a very long tail and a heavy
bill. Birds from the west appear to have longer tails than those in the east,
but as a very few short-tailed birds suffice to reduce the average and «e have
but 13 birds to deal with, it is not possible to separate them on this charac-
teristic, even accompanied as it is by a somewhat smaller biU.
Habitat. Tliis race is found from the west of the Himalayas, through
Garhwal, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, the hills north and south of the Brahmapootra
into Manipur and the Northern China Hills. Birds from Chittagong and Eastern
Bengal also belong to this form, but not those from Calcutta and Behar, which
belong to the last.
Wing average, 1491 (140-155); tail average, 159-5 (140-184); bill about
23-5 mm.
(3) Dicrurus ater minor.
Dirrurvs minor Layard, Ann. d- 3lag. Naf. Hist. 2. xiii. p. 129 (1854).
Type Locality : Ceylon.
A very smaU bird but with a very long tail, hke all the western forms. The
Ceylon bird has a decidedly smaller bill than the northern forms nearest to it.
Habitat. Ceylon.
Wing average, 133-0 mm. (125-143); tail average, 153-3 mm. (135-165);
bill about 20 mm.
(4) Dicrurus ater calhoecv.s.
Dirriiriis calhoecJis Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1.871. p. ^11.
Type Locality : China.
Tliis form is very close to the Central Indian one, typical ater, but it is a
rather larger bird with a decidedly shorter tail and must be kept separate. I
cannot, however, divide the birds from Bm-ma, China, and Hainan from one
another. It has been alleged that the Cliinese birds can be distinguished by
their larger bills and shorter wings, but with fine series of both Chinese and
Burmese birds and over a dozen from Hainan available for comparison I cannot
find that the supposed differences hold good.
As regards Siam birds the relationship is not so definite, and it would appear
that birds from the extreme south (Siam in Malay Peninsula and ? north
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1018. 299
and east to Bangkok) are very small with small bills like the Javan birds, and
possibly may have to be hnked ^\^th that form. At present material from South
Siam and the Malay Peninsula is very meagre, and \^ith birds wliich inchvidually
vary so enormously it is not safe to diagnose forms except on really good series.
Habitat. Kloss in a recent article in the Ihis has referred two or three
Siam birds to Dicrurus longus and he may well prove to be right. At present
I include under the name catknecus birds from the whole of Burma south of
the most northern Chin, Kachin, and Shan HiUs, the whole of Southern Cliina,
Cochin China, Northern Siam certainly as far south as Bangkok, or Hainan.
Wing average, 142-9 mm. (130-155); tail average, 14V4 (125-165); bill
about 2r9 mm.
(5) Dicrurus ater longus.
D if rums longus Bonnp., Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 352 (1850).
Type Locality : Java.
The smallest of all the forms of Black Drongo, but with a tail longer in
proportion than any other eastern form and also a smaller bill.
Habitat. The area inhabited by tliis form may have to be extended con-
siderably if it is found impossible to divide from it the birds from the extreme
south and east of the Malay Peninsula. At the same time more material from
these parts may show that they are identical with those from the rest of Burma.
Three birds from Amherst have wings averaging I43'0 mm. equal to the average
of cathoecus and two from Mergui have an average of 144"0 mm.
Wing average, 129 mm. (121-136) ; tail average, 146-4 mm. (130-165) ; bill
about 21 mm.
(6) Dicrurus ater harterti, subsp. nov.
TjTpe: (J Tai-peh, Formosa. 6. iv. 1896. Owston Coll., Tring Museum.
Type Locality : Formosa.
With the exception of the Himalayan bird tliis form is the biggest of all,
but is separable at a glance b}' its curiously short tail ; indeed this is the only
subspecies of D. a. ater of which the tail averages less than the wing. The bill
is stout and quite as long as that of the big northern bird.
Habitat. Formosa.
Wing average, 147-7 mm. (139-155); tail average, HO'O (131-152); bill
about 23-5.
Dissemui'us paradiseus.
Dissemurus paradiseus has been spht up into many geographical races, for
its range of variation is undoubtedly very great. In adcUtion to size, in this
species the comparative length between wing and tail, the size of the racquets,
and the size of the crest all form excellent characters for discriminating between
the various forms.
As with so many other species of Drongo the subspecies inhabiting Central
Burma and that inhabiting Central India approach very closely, as do those
from farther south, i.e. Ceylon and Southern India in the west and the Malay
Peninsula, Java, and Sumatra in the east. With this species, however, there
300
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
is always some combination of characters present enabling one to differentiate
between them. The tails vary so much in length and in so many specimens they
are more or less imperfect that tliis member taken on average measurements
does not afford much help ; on the other hand the maximum measurements
attained by perfect specimens do seem to form a good characteristic. The same
remarks apply to the bill.
As regards size alone the following measurements give some idea of the
natural groups into which the geographical races fall, but, as ah-eady stated,
in some cases birds of similar dimensions vary greatly in other respects.
The dififerences which exist in addition to size are dealt with under each
individual subspecies.
(I) Dissemnrus paradiseus paradiseus.
Cuailus paradiseus Lirni., Sys. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 172 {ex Brisson). 1766, Siam.
Dicrurus platurus Vieill., N<mv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., ix. p. 588, Malabar and .Siam.
Ednlius cristdlatus BIyth, J.A.S.B. xi. p. 171. 1842. Tennasserim.
Type Locality : Siam.
The typical form of jxiradiseus is a medium-sized bird with a rather small
crest the feathers of which curl back only over the forehead and extreme anterior
crowi. The tail is well developed, «ith the racquets long and large. The bill is
metlium.
I cannot divide the birds from Central Siam from those of the extreme
south of Siam and Tennasserim, but from this point southwards the birds are
smaller and the crest almost non-e.xistent.
The birds in the west of the Malay Peninsula, if we can judge from a large
series from Tavoy and Mergui, are larger than those on the east, and may
possibly eventually have to be hnked with rangoonensis, but the crests are no
larger than in the Siam bird.
East.
West
(2) Dissemurus paradiseus setifer.
Ednlius selijer Cah.. Mvs. liein. Th. \. p. III. 1850.
Type Locality : Java and Sumatra.
This form is shghtly smaller than paradiseus, with a comparatively still
shorter tail, but differs principally in having practically no crest.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 301
From the figures given below it will he seen that the specimens from Java
and Singapore average larger than those in the intervening island of Sumatra
and the more northern mainland of Malacca. Tliis is very interesting and shows
how extremely careful one must be not to make subspecies on size alone.
It is of course impossible that we should have subspecies in alternating
areas like this, and they must therefore all be included under one name, and,
doubtless, if we had long enough series the averages would all come down to
practically the same.
Habitat. Malacca to the extreme south of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore
Island, Sumatra, and Java.
Wing average, 140 mm. (126-153) ; tail, up to 380 mm. ; bill, 24-29 mm.
(90 birds).
(3) Dissemurus jxiradiseu.s brachyphorus.
Eduliua brachyphorus Bp., Consp. (len. Av. i. p. 351 (1850).
Type Locality : Borneo.
This is the smallest of all the geograpliical races of D. parudiseus, has no
crest whatsoever, and has a very short tail, the racquets on the outermost
feathers being con.spicuously smaller and more narrow than in any other race.
Habitat confined to Borneo.
Wing average, 135 mm. (129-149) ; tail, up to 300 mm.; bill, 24-2.S nun.
(30 birds).
(4) Dissemurus paradiseus johni.
Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 580. 1902.
Type Locality : Hainan.
Tliis bird is very similar to the large, full-crested form 'jrandis, from N.E.
India and Northern Burma, but is separable from it at once by the crest wliich
is softer and fuller and less hairy. It also differs in being sUghtly smaller, with
a much shorter tail.
Habitat confined to Hainan.
Wing average, 154 mm. (143-169); tail, up to 420 mm.; bill, 26-29 mm.
(4 birds).
(5) Dissemurus paradiseus rangoonensis.
Eiloliiis rangoonensis Gould, P.Z.S. 1836. p. 5.
Type Locality : Rangoon.
This is a shghtly larger bird than paradiseus, with a decidedly fuller, longer
crest which often ciu'ls back well over the centre of the crown. The bill is
slightly larger, the tail well developed, with racquets which sometimes exceed
76 mm. in length. From grandis it differs in being smaller and in having a
302 No.ITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
smaller crest and bill with a less- developed tail. Although exactly intermediate
between these two forms and, of course, grading into them on the boundaries of
its habitat, it yet ranges over a larger area than cither and is certainly entitled
to a geographical or subspecific name.
Habitat. Central and South-Central Burma, South Chin HiUs, South Shan
States, and Northern Siam.
Wing average, 160 mm. (147-170); tail, up to 435 mm. : bill 28-32 mm.
(52 bird^).
(6) Dissemaras pumdiseus ijmndis.
EdoUus grandis Cjould, P.Z.S. 1836. p. 5.
Chibia malaharoides Hodg., Ind. Rev. i. p. 325. 1S*>T. Xcpal.
EdoUus dentirostris A. Hay, apud Jerdon, Madr. Jmir. x. p. 121, Orissa.
Tifpe Locality : Assam.
The Assam bird is a very large form with a magnilicent crest, frequently so
long that it falls over the whole crown ; the racquet tail feathers are very long,
mth racquets sometimes over 88 mm. long ; the bill is big and powerful.
Habitat. D. p. grandis is found over the whole of N.E. India, extending as
far south and west as Mussoorie, Sambalpur, Baipur, and the northern reaches
of the Godaveri River. East it extends through Assam, north and south of the
Brahmapootra Rivci', Northern Chin Hills, Northern Siian States, and Yunnan.
Wing average, 108 mm. (155-1S2) ; tail, up to 560 mm. ; bill, 32-35 mm.
(44 birds).
(7) Dissemurus paradiseus otiosns.
Iiissemurus mal.nlmricus otiosus Richmond, Proc. U.S. .V«(. .!/««. xxv. p. 291 (1902).
EdoUus afl'ntifs BcMvan, Ibis, 1867. p. 323 (ex Tytlcr M.S.), Aiidamaiis.
Type Luaility : Andamaus.
A large bird with no crest, a long powerful biU, and a long tail with broad
full racquets about 70 mm. in length.
Habitat. Confined to the Andamans.
Wing average, 162 mm. (152-167) ; tail, up to 450 mm. ; bill, 29-34 mm.
averaging over 32 mm. (30 birds).
Bea van's name affims is, as shown by Richmond, preoccupied by EdoUus
u/Jinis of Blyth {J.A.S.B. xi. p. 174. 1842).
(8) Dissemi(riis puradiseiis nicobariensis subsp. nov.
Type Locality : Nicobars.
Types 6 ? Kondel, Nicobars, 14. iii.73; Hume Coll. British Mus. (W.
Davison). This bird chffers strikingly from otiosii.s in its much smaller bill,
wliich averages only about 28 mm. It is also a smaller bird with less- developed
racquets, these only running up to 54 mm. in length as well as being narrower
than they are in otiosus.
Habitat. Confined to the Nicobais.
Wing average, 149 mm. ; (146-153) ; tail, up to 425 mm. ; bill, 27-29 mm.
(4 birds).
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 303
(9) Dissemiiru.s jxiradiseus malabaricus.
Lanius malabaricus Lath., Ind. Orn. i. p. 66. 1790, Malabaria.
Malabaricus is a smaller bird than grandis, wtli comparatively a still shorter
tail, smaller bill, and ranch smaller crest.
Habitat. The whole of India south of the habitat above defined for grandis.
It is not easy, of course, to exactly define the range of this bird in the north, as
where grandis and malabaricus meet the two subspecies intergrade and inter-
mediate specimens are met with which may be assigned to either. Birds from
the Central Provinces and Orissa seem invariably to belong to the northern
race, having very full crests and an average wing measurement of over 165 mm.
In the west the two forms seem to meet about Khandesh or a httle north of that
district, the birds from that part of India having rather small crests, but wings
averaging over 160 mm.
Wing average, 152 mm. (142-167) ; tail, up to 415 mm. ; bill, 26-29 mm.
(28 birds).
(10) Dissemurus faradiseus ceylonensis.
Dissemurus ceylonensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds B.M. iii. \>. 264 (1877), Ceylon.
A very small bird with a very small crest and a comparatively shorter tail.
It differs from the Javan bird in being larger and in having a small crest, whilst
from typical paradiseus it differs in being a good deal smaller.
Habitat. The island of Ceylon only.
Wing average, 146 mm. (139-156) ; tail, up to 340 mm. ; bill, 27-28 nmi.
(21 birds).
Only one specimen in the British Museum series has a wing over 150 mm.
Chaptia aenea.
This httle Drongo does not appear to vary in colour throughout the whole
of the area in which it is found, such variations as have hitherto been alleged
to constitute cUfferences between geograpliical races being merely incUvidual.
The principal of these are first the colour of the gloss, which ranges through
greenish blue, purple-blue, and purphsh, secondly the amount of grey visible on
the rump, and thirtUy the depth and purity of the black of the lower plumage.
Faihng therefore colour variation, we are thrown entirely upon measurements
as a means for tUfferentiating between the various geographical subspecies.
I have been able to examine 149 specimens of Chaptia in the British Museum
and 62 in the Tring Museum, giving the following results : —
Wiug average. Tail.
123-4 mm. (118-132) 120-6 mm. (109-128).
122-4 mm. (115-1-29) 118-9 mm. (108-130).
124-2 mm. (123-126) 118-1 mm. (104-122).
122-8 mm. (117-130) US-O mm. (105-1-24).
117-0 mm. (107-122) 110-0 mm. (102-120).
118-5 mm. (111-124) 112-0 mm. (97-116).
118-0 mm. (114-123) 112-0 mm. (107-116).
132-0 mm. 126 mm.
131-9 mm. (1-27-135) 121-0 mm. (107-125).
304 NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAIi XXV. I'JlS.
From the above it is evident that there are three forms which are suffi-
ciently well differentiated by size alone, i.e. a northern form, a southern form,
and the very big Formosan one to \\hich the single bird from Cochin Cliina
appears to be very closely allied.
(1) Chwptia aeneu aenea.
Dicrurus aeneits V'ieill.. Xmn: Dirt, dliisl. Xal., nouv. eil., ix. p. oHii (1.SI7).
Type Lomlity : Bengal.
The type of aenea is a bird with a wing of 121 mm., i.e. nearer the Northern
than the Southern Bengal bird, and the long tail of 121 mm. confirms this
diagnosis. We maj' assume therefore that the type came from Northern Bengal,
and accordingly fix the type locality as Dacca in Eastern Bengal, whence all
the birds are typically the big northern form.
Habikit. The typical form extends from Mussooiie in the west, through
Nepal, Sikldm, Bhutan, Assam and N,E, Bengal, Jlanipur. Chin and Kachin Hills,
and Yunnan to Hainan.
Average measurements (112 birds, : wing, 123'2 mm. ; tail. 119'0 mm.
(2) C/taptiu aenea iiialayensis.
Chiintui malayensis A. Hay, Blyth, -J.A.ti.D. x\. p. 294. lS4li.
Type Locality : Malacca.
I can trace no difference whatsoever sufficient to enable one to separate
the South Indian from the South Burmese and Malayan birds. The difference
in «ing average is less than r4 mm, and the tail average exactly 2 mm.
Hahitut. The range therefore of the form is the wlu>le of India south of the
foot-hills of the Himalayas as far as Western Bengal, thence south of Eastern
Bengal and Dacca to the Sunderbands, Chittagong, ami the whole of Central
and Southern Burma, Siam, and the Malay Peninsula,
Average measurements of 64 birds: «ing, 118'4 mm.; tail, lir2 mm.
(3) Chaptia aenea brauniana.
Chaptia brauniana Swinhoe, Ihia, 1863. p. 269.
Type Locality : Formosa.
The large size of the Formosan birds separates them at a glance from all
others except the single Saigon bird already referred to.
Habitat. Formosa ; more birds are required from Cochin China before it
is possible to say to what form the birds belong which are found there. With
the Dicruridae the variations in individual size of birds from the same locality
are so great that it is, as a rule, unsafe to attempt to cUagnose subspecies on
anything under a dozen or so specimens, especially when the differences consist
of size alone.
Average measurements of 14 birds: wing, ISro mm. ; tail, 121 mm.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK XXV. 1918. 305
NOTES ON PENDULINE TITS.
By ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.
THE first modern review of the palaearctic forms of the Penduline Tits
appeared in vol. viii. of the immortal Catalogue of Birds in the British
Museum, by Dr. Hans Gadow.
First the generic name must be considered. Gadow, in common with
general usage of the time when he was writing, used the name Aegithalus Boie
1822, uniting the palaearctic and African species. In this he was followed
imtil Hellmayr brought Aegilhalos Hermann 1804 into use for the Long- tailed
Tits. This latter name invaUdates Aegithalus of 1822 in the eye of most nomen-
clators, because it is virtually the same, being only the fully latinized Aegithalos.
But even if this view is not taken, Aegithalus of Boie could hardly be used,
because it was probably only taken from Hermann, and not a new invention,
and Boie used it for both Long-tailed and Penduhne Tits, as he expressly says
that it is the round, artificial nest, distribution of colours, and structure of plumage
that lead him to unite these two species. The next oldest name then is Antho-
scopus Cabanis 1851, type Sylvia viinuta Shaw, and I adopt this name for the
palaearctic and African species. Hellmayr and others separate it on account
of its longer first primary, and if that view is taken, the name for the palaearctic
forms is not Remiza Stejneger 1886, but Remiz Taczanowsld, Ool. Pfakow
Polskich, p. 229 (1862 — Monoty}) Eetniz pendulinus ; in Pohsli !). A good diagnosis
is given by Taczanowsld, and his name cannot be disregarded.
Hans Gadow, in 1883, admitted four palaearctic species: A. pendulinus,
coronatus, castaneus, and macronyx.
With pendulinus he united jaxartica of Severtzov and consobiuus Swinhoe.
Severtzov's name is to be looked upon as a nomen nudum, but it was named
Remiza pendulina jaxartensis by Sushkin in 1904 and is a quite recognizable
subspecies, and so is, of course, consobrina from far-away China. A. castaneus
Severtzov is also a subspecies of pendulinus, but its oldest name is Aegithalus
caspius Poelzam of 1870, which has thus three years' priority. Another error
was the placing of stoliczkae as a synonym of coroimtus, while it is really a
subspecies of pendulimis, but tliis mistake was quite comprehensible, as no
specimens were available.
Dresser, Manual Pal. B. i. pp. 183-184 (1902), did not improve in any way
whatever on Gadow's treatment, but admitted the same forms, adding that
he thought consohrinus and stoliczkae were separated from pendulinus without
sufficient reason, and describing castaneus, coronatus, and macronyx as "subspecies,"
of pendulinus, moreover saying that all had the same habits and nidification as
pendulinus, which is quite wrong, at least with regard to rnacronyx, wliich is an
inhabitant of reed-beds, while pendulinus frequents bushes.
In my Vog. d. pal. Fauna, i. pp. 389-393 (1907) I separated :
Anthoscopus pendulinus pendulinus (L.).
,, ,, caspius (Poelzam).
„ ,, jaxartensis (Sushkin).
20
306 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Antlioscopys pendulinus stoliczkae (Hume).
,, „ consobriims (Swinh.).
,, yeniseensis (Sushk.).
„ corojuitus (Severtz.).
„ macronyx (Severtz.).
Tliis arrangement was, as far as I know, quite correct ; but yeniseensis, of w liicli
nobody had then seen adult specimens, should, according to Zarudny, be looketl
upon as a subspecies of pendulinus, and very soon new forms were added.
In 1907 (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mits. xxxii. pp. 474, 475, Clark described Beiniz
consobriims suffusus from Corea and Remiz consobrinus japonicus from Japan,
but both names are synonyms of consobrinus.
In the same year appeared Anthoscopus ssaposhnikoivi Johansen, Orn. Jahrb.
xviii. p. 201, from Lake Balkash ; which Zarudny at first considered also to be
a subspecies of pendviinus ; but in 3Iess. Orn. 1916, p. 254, after having examined
the type, he thought that it sliould be looked upon as a separate species, the
bill, feet, and first primary Ijcing that of a macronyx, M'liile the coloration was
not like any plumage of the latter, but rather more like pendidiuus ca.sjiii.x.
He further found that his Rcniiza macrony.c jxtradoxa (from the Amu- Darya !)
is identical with ssaposhnikowi !
When describing qmradoxiis the author had no hesitation to place it as a
subspecies of macronyx \ I am very doul^tful whether it is right or not to
attach so much importance to the shajie of bill and size of feet as Zarudny does,
and the length of the first primarj' (which I used to look upon as a safe diag-
nostic cliaracter) is variable, as Zarudny too admits ; in my opinion the larger
feet and stronger more cliisel-Uke bill of tiidcroiiyx is also — though generally
characteristic — to some extent variable, and specimens of pendulinus can be
found which in this respect match some macronyx. 1 am therefore not at all
sure if ssaposhnikowi cannot after all be looked upon as a large-billed, large-
footed subspecies of pendulinus, with which it agrees essentially in coloration.
In the following year (Orn. Monatsber. 1908, pp. 162, 163) Zaruchiy adds two
more subspecies of A. macronyx \\liich he describes as Anlhoscopus rutilans
vegleclus and Anthoscojn's rutilans nigricans, the first from the reed-beds on
the southern Caspian, near Lenkoran, and in the Persian provinces of Gliilan
and Masanderan, to Astrabad and " Djcbel " ( ?) ; the latter from the Helmind
River and Lakes " Chamoon-i-Suwaran " and " Chamoon-i-Farrakh ' in Seistan,
Eastern Persia.
In 1911 E. C. Hellmayr gave a full review of all forms known until then,
in Wytsman's Genera Avium, part 18, pp. 5S-C0. He recognized the following
forms :
Remiza perululina pendulina (L.).
,, ,, caspia (Poelzam).
J, ,, jaxartensis Sushk.
,, ,, stoliczkae (Hume).
,. consobrina (Swinh.)
,, tjeniseensis Sushk. (He added : " Doubtful form. If anything
it will prove to be a geographical race of R. pendulina . No adult males are known.' '
Judging from the locahty, this form should certainly be different, and it is indeed
treated as pendulinus subsp. by recent Russian authors.)
NOVTTATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918. 307
Remiza coronaia (Severtz.).
,, ssaposhnikowi Johansen.
,, macronyx inacronyx (Severtz.).
,, macronyx neglecta (Zar.).
„ macronyx nigricans (Zar.).
Soon afterwards more new forms were added.
In Mess. Orn. 1913, p. 4C, Zarudny reviews (in Russian!) the Eastern
Penduline Tits. He discusses two specimens already described by Menzbier from
the Lower Ural River. These birds, he says, look like hybrids between A. pen-
dulinus and macronyx, but, as the latter does not occur on the Ural River, he
justly does not consider them to be hybrids, and he names them :
Remiza pendulina bostanjogli.
But this course appears to be also reckless, because A. pendulinus caspius lives
on the Ural River, and as the birds were shot on April 26th they were probably
on their breeding-ground — unless stiU on migration and from an unknown place
in Western Siberia ?
Zarudny further describes in this article :
Remiza pendulina menzbieri
from the Karun River in South- Western Persia.
In the same periodical, Mess. Orn. 1914, pp. 184—220, he once more reviews
(in Russian !) at great length the Turkestan forms of Remiza, after having already
separated in Orn. Monatsher. 1914, p. 57, under the name
Remiza macronyx loudoni
the macronyx form from Lenkoran from that of Northern Persia ; he thus
restricts neglectus to the reed-beds of Ghilan, Masanderan, and Asterabad.
Of the same species, macronyx, he separates off another subspecies, which
Tie calls
Remiza macronyx paradoxa,
and which he found near Chardjui on the Amu-Darya, thus apparently restrict-
ing jnacronyx macronyx to the Syr-Darya region !
We are thus having a nice assemblage of forms in a comparatively small
region, but nevertheless some birds in the Tring and British Museum seem to be
different from all the hitherto described forms.
For some time we had in Tring a male and female of a Penduhne Tit
collected at Eregh in Asia Minor, on May 8th and 1 1th, 1908, by P. Urmos, wliich
did not seem to agree with A. pendulinus pendulinus ; with these birds agree
specimens from Lenkoran, i.e. one " male " dated 2. ti. 1882, from the H. H. Slater
collection, and one in the British Museum, a male collected at Kaisarieh in Asia
Minor, by C. E. Danford, and two from Lake Urmia in North-Western Persia.
These birds are very much like A. p. pendulinus, but smaller, i.e. with shorter
wings and tails, while the bills are equally slender and long, or even a little
longer. The chestnut line abo"ve the black forehead is exceedingly narrow,
sometimes hardly visible, top of head of male in spring pure white. Lesser upper
308 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
wing-coverts and rump paler, the latter therefore in sharper contrast to the
interscapular region. Wings : o 53, 53, 54'5 ; $ 52, 52'3, 53, 53, 54 mm.
I name this form Anthoscopus pendulimis persimilis, subsp. nov.
Type : S ad. Eregli, 8. v. 1908. P. Urmos leg.
Tliis form differs from A. p. stoliczkae by its larger bill. It cannot bo the
bird called by Zarudny Reniiza macronyx londoni, as that is said to be a form
of macronyx. It seems that Zarudny separates the latter from the forms of
penduUnus by its stouter bill and stronger feet, because (though ea.sily separable
by colour alone in spring) in winter plumage penduUnus and macronyx are very
much ahke. Even if, as it seems to me, too much stress is laid on the massive-
ness of the feet and the shape of bill — the former being not always apparent in
a dry skin, the bill being sometimes very much ahke — this loudoni cannot be
my persimilis, because Zarudny says that it has more chestnut above the black
forehead.
In menzhieri the chestnut band is also wider than in A. p. penduUnus, not
narrower !
We have therefore now the following possible palaearctic species and sub-
species of Anthoscopus :
A. pendulinus penduUnus (L.).
South Europe from Spain, Southern France, and Italy to GaUcia, Poland,
South Russia (Poltawa), Greece, and, judging from one specimen obtained by
Kriiper at Smyrna, westernmost Asia Minor.
A. pendulinus caspius (Poelzam).
Rivers and shores of Northern Caspian Sea, Volga and Ural Rivers, north
to Orenburg.
A. pendulinus bostanjogli Zar.
Description of two specimens from the Lower Ural River, wliich have the
appearance of hybrids between A. penduUnus and macronyx.
A. pendulinus yeniseensis (Sushk).
Upper Yenissey.
A. pendulinus ssaposhnikowi Johansen (? species).
Karatal River, southern Balkash Lake, also obtained ( 2 May ! perhaps
still on migration) by Zarudny at Chardjui on the Amu-Darya (paradoxus =
ssaposhnikoud) .
A. pendulinus jaxartensis (Sushk.).
Valley of the Syr-Darya.
A. pendulinus stoUczkae (Hume).
Eastern Turkestan to Dsungaria (Rivers Urungu, Bulugun, Bulun-tochoi)
and MongoMa (Urot),
NOVITATES Zqoloqioae XXV. 1918. 309
A. pendulinus menzbieri (Zar.).
Lower Karun River, South- Western Persia.
A. pendulinus persimilis Hart.
Eregli in South-Eastern Asia Minor to Kaisarieh, Lenkoran, and Lake
Urmia.
A. pendulinus consobrinus (Swinh.).
Eastern Cliina (Yantzekiang), Corea, and South Japan (Nagasaki).
A. coronatus (Severtz.).
Transcaspia and Turkestan to Afghanistan and Eastern Persia, at least
in winter to Tirphul and Kohat, and even Sind.
A. macronyx macronyx (Severtz.).
Syr-Darya Valley, probably also Amu-Darya, where ssaposhnikowi may
only be a migrant, besides belonging to another species.
A. macronyx neglectus Zar.
Gliilan, Masanderan, and Astrabad.
A. macronyx loudoni (Zar.).
Wintering at Lenkoran and Kumbashinsk, nesting on Lower Kura and
Terek, according to Zarudny's surmise. (Requires further investigation.)
A. macronyx nigricans Zar.
Seistan in Eastern Persia.
310 IJOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAB XXV. 1918.
ON A NEW SPECIES OF STICHOPHTHALMA.
By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.
IN NovTTATES ZooLOGiCAE, vol. xxiii. p. 307. pi. iv. f. 6, I described and
figured a 3 Stichophthalma which I considered was the undescribed cJ of St.
sparta Nicev. Major Tytler, who has recently returned to England, has brought
a considerable series of this insect with him and among them a ? which agrees
almost exactly with the 3 and proves my supposed 3 of sparta to be a new
species. In describing this fine insect I have much pleasure in naming it after
Jlajor Tytler.
Stichophthalma tytleri sp. nov.
This species is intermediate between howqua and louisa in position, and
between mathilda and louisa in appearance, though it differs from these two latter
very much by the cream suffusion of the outer three-fifths of the forewings. I
described the S as quoted above, but repeat the description.
(J. Basal two-fifths of forewing rufous orange, with lines of underside show-
ing through, outer three-fifths cream colour with a submarginal row of small
arrow-shaped or chevron-shaped sooty brown-grey patches and a marginal
band of long lunate spots or streaks, apex sooty bro\vn-grey. Hinduing
basal two-thirds rufous orange, outer tliird rufous buff with large deep black
arrow-shaped chevrons. Underside much yellower than in louisa and the lines
are much straighter and less crenulated.
?. Larger ; differs above in the dark basal area of both wings being more
brownish orange less rufous ; and in the dark apex, submarginal chevrons, and
marginal lunules being larger and more extended. Below it differs in the basal
two-fifths and the outer one-sixth of both wings being less orange more cinnamon
brownish buff, and the area beyond the Une of oceUi being much more green.
Length of forewing : o 08 mm., ? 76 mm. Expanse : o 1'13 mm., $ 161 mm.
Habitat. 1 S Kindat, Burma ; a series of S3, 1 ? Sebong, Manipur, April
1913 (Major Tytler), (<J Tring Museum, Sebong, Type).
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 311
A FEW ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF ROSSEL
ISLAND, LOUISIADE GROUP.
By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S.. Ph.D., and ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.
TT7 E have again received a collection of 190 skins collected on Rossel Island,
in November and December 1915 and January 1916, by the brothers
Eichhorn, during Mr. Albert S. Meek's illness.
A Hst of a former collection has been given in Novitates Zoologicae, vi.
pp. 76-84, and a comparative Hst of the birds known at the time from St. Aignan
(or Misima), Sudest (or Tagula), and Rossel Island in Novitates Zoologicae,
1899, p. 216.
Pachycephala pectoralis rosseliana Hart.
A fresh beautiful series of exquisite skins fully agrees with the tjrpes. Cf.
Bull. B.O. Club, viii. p. viii. (1898) ; Novitates Zoologicae, 1899, p. 76.
A renewed comparison of the specimens from St. Aignan shows that the
form from there must be separated from rosseliana. The bill of the St. Aignan
specimens is thinner, slenderer, the yellow of the breast and abdomen evidently
never attains the richness in colour shown in the true rosseliana, the back is
Ughter, not so brownish, more greenish, the lesser upper wing-coverts have less
deep black bases and the primary coverts are less deep black and more edged
with greenish. Wings of four males 93'5-95"6 mm.
We have only two females from St. Aignan, and, considering the varia-
bility, both according to age and individually, of the females and juveniles, we
refrain from saying anything about them. We propose to call the St. Aignan
form
Pachycephala pectoralis misimae subsp. nov.
Type: 3 ad., St. Aignan or Misima Island, 29. xi. 1897, No. 1044, A.
Meek coll.
We regret to say that the two Pachycephalae described by Ramsay as
P. collaris from Courtance Island, close to South-Eastern New Guinea, and
innominata from Teste Island, not far from the latter, are stiU unknown to us.
Neither rosselianu nor misimae, however, can be one of them. P. innominata is
described as having ( (J) an ashy grey tail, and the crown scliistaceous towards the
nape ; collaris is said to have the tail oUve-brown above and the upper wing-
coverts blacldsh, broadly margined with olive-grey. In both rosseliana and
misimae the tail is olive-green, the entire crown pure black, the upper wing-
coverts olivaceous green, not olive-grey.
Dicaeum geelvinkianum rosseli R. & H.
Dicaeum geelvitikiamim rosseli Rothscliilrl & Hartert. Bull. B.O. Cl,ib, xwv. p. 32 (li)14 — Rossel
Island).
A series of recent specimens fully corroborates our original description.
Specimens from St. Aignan, on the other hand, are not separable from D. g.
nitidum of Sudest Island.
31^ NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXV. 191S.
Collocalia esculenta esculenta (L.).
Three adult females, January and February 1910. New for Rcssel Island.
The throat and chest of these specimens is rather dark, similar to Dampier
Island examples. Generally eastern specimens, from the Louisiade group,
D' Entrecasteaux Islands, eastern New Guinea, and Dampier Island, are rather
darlier on the throat and chest tlian a series from the Moluccas and Celebes
region, but Salomon Islands ones are mostly not very dark. We tliink that
these forms cannot be separated, but wish to call attention to their variation.
Lorius (auct.) hypoenochrous rosselianus subsp. nov.
We had already half a dozen sldns from Meek's former collection and have now
received another six. All these birds differ from L. hypoenochrous hypoenochrous
(terra typica Sudest Island!) in having the breast of a darker, more vinous red,
about the same colour as the upper part of the abdomen, wliile in L. h. hypoeno-
chrous the breast is brighter red, in distinct contrast to the dark vinous red
upper part of the abdomen. This is easily seen when a series is compared,
though a few Sudest Island specimens (three out of a series of sixteen) in worn
plumage approach rosselianus. The latter is also averaging larger: the bills
are, as a rule, bigger, and the Mings reach greater length ; tliis latter character,
however, requires further confirmation, as half of our Sudest birds and a few of
the Rossel ones are in moult, and thus not fit for wing- measurements. As it is we
obtain from L. h. hypoenochrous length of wing 168-174 (mostly not over 170),
from rosselianus 170-180, once 168, mostly about 173-176 mm.
Type of L. hypoenochrous rosselianus : S ad. Mt. Rossel, 14. xi. 1915. Eich-
liorn Bros. leg. No. 6831 of the A. S. Meek collections.
? Accipiter ciri'hocephalus papuanus R. & H.
Accipiter cirrhocephalics papuanus Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1913. p. 482 (South-Eastem
New Guinea).
In 1898 we had a young bird which Hartert catalogued as " Accipiter sp. inc."
We have now received another young bird, and both look uncommonly like
juvenile A. c. papuanus, but old birds must be obtained to ascertain where they
belong. Curious to say, both birds are marked as males, while they agree in
dimensions wth females, not at all with males of A. c. papuanus.
The following species must be added to the fauna of Rossel Island ; —
Coliunba metallica halmaheira (Bp.).
I o, quite typical.
Notophoyx novaehollandiae (Lath.).
1 o', 7.i. 1910.
NOVITATB* ZOOLOOIOAB XXV. 1918. 313
FUETHER NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF SUDEST ISLAND,
OR TAGULA, IN THE LOUISIADE GROUP.
By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D., and ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.
rr^WENTY years ago Hartert published (Novitates Zoologicab, 1898,
-*- pp. 521-532) a list of 42 species received from Albert S. Meek from Sudest
Island, in wliich eight new species and subspecies were described. We have
now received another collection from the same island, brought together, during
Mr. Meek's iUness and convalescence, by his experienced collectors, the brothers
Eichhorn. It contains a number of forms quite new to the island, and addi-
tional skins of most of the others, after comparison with much new material
arrived since 1898, enables us to revise the identification of several others, and
to separate some new forms. We have also used the opportunity of reviewing
some groups of the genus Myiagra and the subspecies of Caprimitlgus macrurus.
Maiiucodia atra altera R. & H.
Mamicodia ater altera Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1903. pp. 84. 85 (Eastern New Guinea,
Eastern Papuan Islands, Aru Islands. Type : Sudest Island).
Some fresh specimens fuUy bear out the differences stated in our original
description. Mi'. Ogilvie-Grant (Ihis, Jubilee Suppl. ii. 1915, pp. 6, 7) does not
admit this race because, as he puts it, " the difference is trifling." The differ-
ences, however, are easily seen, when comparing a series of the two subspecies,
and confirmed by careful measuring. Possibly the Aru form should again be
separated, if sufficient material could be measured.
Corvus coronoides omi Bp.
The specimens from the Louisiade Islands and S.E. New Guinea which we
have received show a stronger metaUic purpUsh gloss than others, but possibly
tins may be due to the freshness of the skins in plumage and age. We adopt the
nomenclature of Stresemann, as proposed in Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern. xii. p. 282.
Dicrurus bracteatus deiectus (Hart.).
C'hibia c.arhonaria dejecta Hartert, Nuv. Zool. 1898. p. 522 (Sudest Island).
An additional series of eight specimens fully bears out the differences of
this subspecies. Hartert does not now separate the genus C'hibia, and he treats
dejectns and other aUies not only as forms of carbonarius, but also of bracteatus,
Aplonis cantoroides (Gray).
Calornis cantoroides Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861. p. 431 (Misol).
1 <?, ^ 9 Sudest Island, 26.iii. 1916, 8. v. 1916 (Nos. 7317, 7421, 7422).
This species is new to the island, though known from the Louisiade group,
where Meek collected it on St. Aignan. It breeds there and Meek obtained
the eggs.
314 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAS XXV. 1918.
Cracticus lousiadensis Tristr.
The adult female is exactly like the adult male, only smaller. The bill is
slightly shorter. The wing in 6 fully adult males measured 168-171, in 2 fully
adult females 162-lfi5'5 mm. In both sexes there is sometimes an irregular
small white spot in the middle of the breast, but more often it is wanting.
Graucalus papuensis louisiadensis Hart.
Oi-aucalus hi/poleiicus louisiadensis Hartert, Nov. Zool. 180S. p. 524 (Sudest Island).
A fresh series fuUy confirms the differences of this subspecies. This as well
as others are subspecies of papueTisis. Cf. Rothschild & Hartert, Novitates
ZooLOGiCAE, xxiii. p. 290.
Edolisoma morio tagulanum Hart.
Edoliosoma amboinenu tagulanum Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1898. p. .'324 (Sudest Island).
Some more specimens confirm the original diagnosis. Hartert now con-
siders tagulanum and others to be subspecies of E. morio.
Lalage karu pallescens Rothsch. & Hart.
Lalage karu iiallescms Rothschild & Hartert. Bull. B. O. Club, xxxvii. p. 17 (January 1917 — St.
Aignan and Sudest Islands. Type: Sudest).
Our latest study of the Lalage harii group with all our recent material showed
the necessity of separating this form, the differences of wliich had akeady been
noticed in 1898.
Monarcha cinerascens rosselianus ?
Besides the two males collected in 1898 (both immature), we have now
received three more specimens :
3 imm. Mt. Riu or Rattlesnake, Sudest Island, 24.iii. 191G. No. 7307.
3. Sudest Island, 31. i. 1910. No. 7150.
?. Sudest Island, 30. i. 1916. No. 7147.
The last two specimens appear to be fully adult, except for one to two of the
larger upper wing-coverts, which are still brown, being remnants of the juvenile
phimage, and that the base of the lower mandible is whitish in both, but in vary-
ing degree, and not sharply divided as in most adult M. cinerascens inornatus.
These specimens have given us some trouble. It is peculiar that of thirteen
sldns from Rossel Island not one has a whitish base to the under mandible,
not even an immatme bird. It is therefore not impossible that the form from
Sudest differs in this respect from true M. cinerascens rosselianus, but more
hkely this pale base of the mandible is a remnant of the juvenile age.
In Novitates Zoologicae, 1915, p. 34, we have already called attention
to the fact that a series from Dampier Island had the bases of the bill light-
coloured, though at least two showed no other trace of youth. But in that case,
too, we had not sufficient evidence to show that this is a racial peculiarity.
We have this time not received any specimens of Monarcha melanopsis from
Sudest Island, of which a pair were taken in 1898. There is no doubt that
M. melanopsis has sometimes a grey throat and then looks almost exactly like
NOVITATES ZoOLOaiOAK XXV. 1918. 315
M. cinerascens inorrmtus, but at present we are not quite sure what these speci-
mens are. They may be birds in non-breeding phimage, or they may be
immature, though not in the first phimage. They are certainly not the females,
and in fact our dates do not prove that they are from any definite season. Such
grey-throated birds can be distinguished from 31. cinerascens inornatvs by the
following characters : The bill is smaller. There is a whitish or pale semicii cle
in front of the eyes. The second primary is longer, . surpassing the secondaries
and being Uke the 7th or more frequently between the 7th and 8th in length,
or at least not appreciably shorter than the 8th, while in M. c. inornatus the
second primary is shorter than the eight and generally also shorter than the
longest secondaries.
The form from the islands in Geelvink Bay is M. c. geelvinkianus A. B.
Meyer. WiUiam Doherty sent us 7 skins of this form from Mafor. It is closely
allied to kisserensis.
Another subspecies seems to be the Ternate form, of which Doherty sent us
five specimens. These birds are very similar to geelvmkianus but appear to be
still paler, and the bill, as a rule, is a little smaller. Unfortunately nearly all the
Mafor skins are in very bad condition or juvenile, so that comparison is difficult.
Of Momircha melanopsis (p. 525) no fresh material has come to hand.
Monarcha trivirgatus melanopterus Gray.
Monarcha melanoptera Gray, Proc. Zonl. Sue. Lomlmi, )S.58. p. 178 (Louisiade Archipelago).
3 ,J, 4 ? from Mount Riu or Rattlesnake, April and March 25th, 1916, Eicli-
horn Bros.
New to Sudest Island. Before this we had received it from Rossel and St.
Aignan Islands.
Monarcha guttula (Gam.).
A further series of eight specimens does not show the bill to be any smaller.
This species is widely spread (cf. Novitates Zoologicae, 1903, p. 456), and in a
series of 70 specimens no local differences can be observed.
Monarcha (Piezorhynchus) alecto lucidus (Gray).
Myiagra lucida G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Sue. London, 1858. pp. 176. 192 (Louisiade Islands).
It has been shown by Sherborn and again emphasized by Mathews thnt the
dates of publication of the Voyage de la Coqidlle are chSerent, and not aU 1826,
as had been accepted. Plate XV., on which Garnot's Muscicapa> clialyheocephalus
is figured, did not appear till 1828, and therefore Temminck's Drymophila, alecto
is the earhest name and has precedence over chalybeocephalus. This is the more
unfortunate, as there has been some doubt about the original locaUty of the real
alecto, which was erroneously stated to have come from Celebes, where it does
not occur.
Our Sudest birds, of which we have again received some females, have some-
what variable bills, and those of the few St. Aignan specimens are partly even
larger.
Temminck, PI. Col. Ois. Uvr. 72 (not 70 as Mathews quotes, and in Vol III.,
not IV. !) pi. 430, 1827, says he had two specimens from Reinwardt from Celebes.
316 NOVTTATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918.
Dr. van Oort kindly informs me that the two specimens collected by Reinwardt
are in the Leyden Museum, and that one is from Timor, the other Ternate. As
the species does neither occur in Celebes nor in Timor, the correct terra typica
for alecto is Ternate !
[Mathews {Austral Avian Record,!, p. 126, 1912) has not only accepted Celebes
as the terra tj'pica, while the species does not occur on that island, but he says
that he compared the Cape York specimens " with Celebes birds." This is
impossible, as there are no Celebes birds ! If Mr. Mathews says that the Cape
York birds are "abundantly distinct" from Celebes specimens, he probably com-
pared Papuan skins, whicli are indeed very different, and his " typical birds " were
probably Papuan ones, as he says the new subspecies has a narrower bill and a
longer wng. If he had compared the Cape York examples with typical AustraUan
nitidiis he could hardly have said this, because there is no difference, except that
our Cape York examples have slightly shorter wings, a character which, how-
ever, requires confirmation by a larger series. Why, therefore, did Mathews
not compare his Cape York form, which in 1912 he calls Monarcha alecto camp-
belli, and one year after Piezorhynchus alecto camphelU, \\ith the Australian
nitidus ? As, according to our specimens and judging from Mathews's words,
liis camphelli is nearest to nitidus, comparison with the latter alone would have
been instructive.]
Myiagra cyanoleuca Vieill.
Platt/rhi/nchos cyanoleucus Vieillot, Xouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 11 (1818 — " Timor " ! Errore,
substituted corr. locality N.S. Wales, Mathews, Austr. Arran Rec. ii. p. 97. Cf. Pucheran,
Arch. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris. Tii. p. 358).
Myiagra nitida Gould, %n. B. Austr. pt. iv. App. p. 1 (1838 — "New South Wales and Van
Diemen's Land ").
Myiagra nnpta Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1898. p. 526 (Sudest Island).
It is not often that we find the same forms of purely Australian small
Passerine birds in Austraha and the Loiiisiades, wliile they are absent from New
Guinea. This, however, is one of those cases, though possibly M. cyanoleuca
may yet be discovered in New Guinea, as it is also found on Woodlark Island
and the D'Entrecasteaux group (Fergusson Island). Specimens from Sudest
Island are indistinguishable from AustraUan ones.
Myiagra rubecula sciuronun subsp. nov.
We are obUged to separate the Myiagra from Sudest Island, under the above
name, for the reasons explained below, but in order to do so we found it neces-
sary to review all the allied forms. We were greatly assisted in tliis by Mr.
G. M. Mathews lending us a series of 80 specimens from Austraha, including three
of his types. We have at last come to the following conclusions :
Myiagra rubecula (Todus rubecula Latham, 1801) was described from New
South Wales, Myiagra concinna Gould, 1848, from Port Essington. As in each
of these two locaUties only one form is found, we can apply these names with
certainty. Mr. Mathews treats concinna as a subspecies of rubecula, but this
view cannot be upheld, as at Cape York and a great part of (Northern) Queens-
land rubecula and concimm occur, at various seasons, side by side. This is
surprising, as the two species are so much alike, in fact more so than the two
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 317
Marsh-tits (Marsh- and Willow-tit), which have been united for so many years,
more so than the two Tree Creepers of Central Europe {Certhia jamiliaris and
hrachydactyla) , and as much as the two Cakimoherpe {i.e. stre2Kra and iKilustris).
In fact, the only difference which we have found between the males is, that the
male of M. rubecula has the lores deep grey or slate-colour, that of concinna has
them velvety black, and the lores are in the latter connected by a narrow black
Une across the forehead, just above the bill, while this line is not conspicuously
developed in 31. rubecula. Moreover, the bill is generally \vider in rubecula,
narrower in concinna. There is apparently no difference at all between the
females, except that there as well the bill is as a rule narrower in concinna, wider
in rubecula ; this difference in the biU is quite evident if good series of males
(and females as far as they are certain, i.e. coming from locaUties where only
one of the forms occur) are compared, but it is variable and not easily measured.
We agree with Mathews that Plutyrhynclios ruficollis Vieillot, Myiagra rubicoloides
Vig. & Horsf., and Myiagra plittnbea of the same authors, all from N.S. Wales,
are synonyms of rubecula, and to these we must add 31. rubecula ringwoodi Math.,
as the supposed difference, i.e. " much greyer upper surface " does not hold
good. Mathews also described a 3Iyiugra rubecula yorhi, of which he thought
that it was smaller, wing 75 mm. This he described erroneously, as some Cape
York specimens are rather long- winged, with a wing of fuUy 80 mm., while many,
if not more than half the typical rubecula have wings no longer and sometimes
even shorter than 75 mm. Moreover, the type of 31. yorki (collected at Cape
York by A. S. Meek's brother-in-law Eichhorn on July 9th, 1898, No. 1900 of
the Meek collections) is a black-lored concinna ! It should, however, provision-
ally be kept separate, because it has the biU on the average wider tlian typical
concinna, and, as a rule, about as wide as in rubecula. At Cape York occur
also 31. rubecula with slate-grey lores, which we are not able to sejsaratc from
rubecula of New South Wales. The wings of the few males (two very worn ones
and three in fresh plumage) measure 75- to at least 78 mm. 31. rubecula melvil-
lensis and broomei Math, are concinna and, in our opinion, in no way separable.
Then there is a form of M. rubecula from British New Guinea. We have of
it three males, one from Nicura (Lix coU.), one from the Aioa River (A. S.
Meek), one from the Kumusi River (A. S. Meek), and one female, and we have
seen two females in the British Museum.
This form we must separate as a new subspecies. The lores are grey, even
lighter than in typical rubecula, in fact not much darker than the cro^vn, the
upperside a shade paler, especiaUy on the crown. Wings 71, 73, 74' 5 mm. The
female has the throat perhaps of a darker brown, the upperside rather pale,
wings 71, 72, 73'8 mm. We name this form :
Myiagra rubecula papuana subsp. nov.
Type in the Tring Museum, cJ ad., Kumusi River, North-Eastern British
New Guinea, 28.vii. 1907. A. S. Meek coU., No. 3322.
The 3Iyiagra from Sudest and Rossel Islands have slate-coloured lores and
frontal line (not black as in concinna !), and the males are exactly like the latter,
except that the head, especially the throat, is generally somewhat darker, almost
steel-blue. But the females have the jugular region rather darker, browner,
the chin in contrast, as a rule, more whitish, sometimes quite white. This latter
318 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
character varies in ruhecnh, but the chin is almost always less whitish, some-
times quite as brownish as the jugulum. We propose to call this form :
Myiagra rubecula sciurorum subsp. nov.
for the brothers Eichhorn (Eichhorn =sciuius).
Type : ? ad. Rossel Island, 3.iii. 1898. A. S. Meek coll., No. 1532.
The wings of our 8 males from Sudest and Rossel Islands measure 73"5-77
mm., females 70'5-7o, l)ut most of them are not quite adult, showing still white
tips to the greater upper \ving-coverts.
Compared with these the birds from St. Aignan Island seem to be larger,
measuring : 3S, wing 80, 82 ; $$, 75, 75, 75"5 mm. There are, on the other hand,
similar differences in size in Austraha, and we camiot, therefore, regard our small
series from St. Aignan as large enough to prove that their larger size is anything
more than accidental. Their coloration is exactly as in 31. r. sciurorum.
The bill of Sudest Island males is described on the labels as dark slaty blue
with black tip, iris dark brown, feet tjlack. Females : " Iris dark brown. Bill
black and light horn-colour. Feet blackish slate-colour."
We therefore recognize at present of tliis group of Myiagra :
Myiagra rubecula rubecula (Lath.).
Victoria, N.S. Wales, and Queensland as far north as Cape York.
Myiagra rubecula fapuana R. & H.
South-eastern New Guinea. (There are some specimens in the British
Museum from the islands in Torres Straits which require further study, if
possible from larger series.)
Myiagra rubecula sciurorum R. & H.
Rossel and Sudest, and probably St. Aignan, Louisiade group.
Myiagra concinim concinna Gould.
Northern Territory and N.W. Australia.
Myiagra concinna yorki Math.
Northern Queensland from Cape York to at least as far north as Mackay.
(See remarks.)
Gerygone magnirostris tagulana sulj.sp. nov.
Formerly we had no Gerygone from Sudest Island, but now the brothers
Eichhorn have sent us nine good skins, shot on Mt. Riu or Rattlesnake from
January to April 1916. These, as one would have expected, belong to a new
subspecies. Compared with G. magnirostris onerosa Hart, from St. Aignan they
have a smaller bill, darker, duller, less rusty upperside and a less yellowish brown,
more whitish undcr-surface. G. magn. rosscliana has the underside, except the
throat, yellow. The nearest form is G. magn. conspicilhta from N.W. New
Guinea, but G. m. tagulana has a more greyish olivaceous tinge on the upperside
NOVTTATES ZOOLOBICAE XXV. 1918. 319
and the bill appears to be, as a rule, from one-half to one mm. longer. They differ
from the form inhabiting Fergusson Island (D'Entrecasteaux group) in being a
little larger, above darker, browner, without a greenish tinge, the brownish
tinge on the underside duller, paler.
The upperside of G. ?«. tagukam is sombre brown, brighter, and with a
yellowish rusty tinge on the upper tail-coverts. The wings are blackish brown
with olivaceous bro\vn outer and pale, often whitish, brown inner edges. Tail
olivaceous brown with a wide black ante-apical bar and a black tinge towards
the base of the inner A\ebs : fresh sldns have also a small light spot on the inner
web, immediately behind the black bar. The throat is wliite, rest of under-sur-
face buff, brightest on breast and belly and mider tail-coverts, middle of under-
side nearly white. " Bill black, iris dark red, brownish red, Ught brown, greyish
brown (!). Feet slate-blue " (Eichhorn Bros.). Some, probably more juvenile,
specimens have the underside, including the greater part of the throat, buff.
Wing 55-57, in one of the birds marked $ only 54 mm. Tail 40'5-42 mm.
Habitat. Sudest Island, Louisiade group. Type : (J ad. Mt. Riu or Rattle-
snake, Sudest, 20. iv. 1916. Eichhorn Bros. leg. No. 7565 of the A. S. Meek
collections.
We make use of this opportunity to name another subspecies, that from
Fergusson Island. It is very closely allied to G. magnirostris magnirostris of
AustraKa, but the upperside is richer, the underside much more buff. Wings
52-55 mm. We call this form —
Gerygone magnirostris proxima subsp. nov.
Type : o Fergusson Island, 3. i. 1895, A. S. Meek coll. No. I. Eight skins
compared.
Ptilotis analoga vicina Rothsch. & Hart.
Ptilotis analoga vicina Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1912. p. 203 (Sudest Island).
Some fresh specimens confirm the differences stated by us.
There are, however, two misprints or slips in our former notes. In Novi-
TATES ZooLOGiCAE, 1898, p. 527, under Ptilotis notala. No. (2), the sentence
should read :
" The yellow line below the eyes, which is distinct, yellow, broader, and
almost running into the auricular patch in those from Fergusson Island, is
narrower, less distinct, very pale yellowish, and quite separated from the yellow
auricular patch in the birds from Sudest."
In NoviTATEs ZooLOGiCAE, I9I2, p. 203, Under P. analoga analoga, the
middle sentence about the " Cape York form " is not quite correct. There are
undoubtedly two forms at Cape York, a smaller one, gracilis, and a larger one,
notata — evidently two species — and our comparison must have been made wth
specimens of gracilis, as the bill in notata is not smaller, but larger.
Philemon novaeguineae tagulanus subsp. nov.
Our former collection contained no specimens of a Philemon, but in this
last collection were three very fine examples, all sexed as males.
They are nearest to Ph. novaeguineae brevipennis R. & H. (cf. Novttates
ZOOLOGICAE, 1913, p. 513) from the lower ranges of the Snow Mountains in
320 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Dutch New Guinea, but the bill is much shorter even than in females of the
latter, and the knob is smaller. Moreover, the underside is much darker. The
breast and abdomen are more greyish brown, of about the same colour as in the
much larger subtuberosus from Fergiisson and Goodenough Islands. Even if the
three specimens should be females (which we have no reason to suppose), they
would be of a quite distinct new subspecies. The bills measure 35' 6-38, the
wings 142-143 mm.
Type: ^ ad. Sudest Island, 6. v. 1916. Eichhorn coll. No. 7411 of the
A. S. Meek collections.
" Iris dark reddish brown. Bill black. Feet slate-colour."
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, Jubilee Suppl. ii. p. 78 (1915), expresses his opinion
that two of the subspecies wliich we had recognized in 1913, viz. brevipennis and
aruensis, are not recognizable. His view about brevipennis is not correct and
his own measurements rather support our separation of this form, but he only
measured four males of P. novaeguineae novaeguineue. In our series the wings
of males run up to 166 and 167 mm., a length wliich is never approached in
brevipennis. With regard to aruensis we expressed ourselves {I.e. p. 514) rather
hesitatingly, only saying that we were inclined to separate it, but we now be-
lieve that it should be separated, though it is close to P. n. novaeguineae. Ogilvie-
Grant says : " The difference in the colour of the head used as a character is
non-existent." We mentioned that the heads of aruensis " are after all gener-
ally much paler," and that is a fact, though sometimes no difference is visible.
But there is another character which requires attention : the knob in aruensis
rises more gradually, so that it becomes longer and the beak in front of the knob
higher, whereas in novaeguineae it rises more abruptly so that there is a much
sharper declivity in front of it. This is very obvious in the series, though a few
specimens intergrade in this respect and are not distinctly separable on this
character alone.
Erythrura tricliroa goodfellowi O.-Grant.
Erythrura trichroa goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. B.O. Chib, xxix. p. 29 (1911^ — Moroka Moun-
tains) ; R. & H., Nov. Zool. 1915. p. 36.
One male from Mt. Riu or Rattlesnake, 25. ui. 1916, No. 7316, agrees with
our series of about 20 adults from British New Guinea and Vulcan and Dampier
Islands. " Iris dark brown with ashy blue outer circle. Bill black. Feet Ught
transparent brown."
Alcedo atthis pelagica Stres.
[Oracula atthis Linnaeus, Syst. Nal. ed. x. I. p. 109 (1758 — Eg\pt. Ex Hasselquist, iter. Cf. Laub-
mann, Verli. Orn. Ges. Bayern xii. 4, p. 238. 1916).]
Alcedo ispida pelagim Stresemann, Nov. Zool. 1013. p. 310 (Eastern Now Guinea, D'Entrecasteaux
and LoiiLsiade Islands).
Wings 68-70'5, in one male, however, 73 mm. This form was separated
by Stresemann on account of a shorter average of the wing, which he measures
66-72, but he had overlooked the <J A\ith a wing of 73 mm. As the nearest
form, A. atthis hispidoides Less., has the wing 68'5-75 mm.; our pelagica has
it only about 2-2' 5 mm. shorter. Twenty-one pelagica were compared with 57
hispidoides.
It is of course very important to register even such small diSerenees in size,
OVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 321
and American writers are naming numerous subspecies on account of similar
average differences in size (length of wing), but they should, in our opinion, only
be considered sufficient for new names if large series are measured. Small series
of 5 or 6 skins are not warranting the creation of new names, if they differ only
in a similar way. Whether 21 (compared with 57) are to be considered suffi-
cient may be questioned. The overlooking by Stresemann of the fourth skin
of our former collection, with a wing of 73 mm., which, as it happens, at once
surpasses his maximum, shows how deceptive small series can be, though in
this case it does not materially alter Stresemann's figures.
Caprimulgus macrurus meeki subsp. nov.
The Goatsucker of Sudest Island is nearly aUied to the form from New
Guinea, but darker, especially on the crown which is browner and darker, not
80 greyish, and on the middle tail-feather. We have now received another
four specimens, viz. two fine adult males, one immature moulting male, and
one adult female. The wings of the two males measure 182 and 184, that of the
female 181 mm. "Iris dark brown. BUI black. Feet dark walnut brown"
(Eichhom). This nice new form differs from the Bornean form in its shorter
wing and uniform, more rufescent, less wliitish ground-colour of the abdomen,
but resembles it very much on the upperside. Perhaps it \vi]l be found that
the white tips to the lateral rectrices of the males are generally longer than in
most forms, as in our two adult males they measure 55 to 60 mm., the latter
measurement of wliich is not reached by New Guinea birds. Type of C. in. meeki :
(? ad., No. 7397 of the Meek collection, collected on Sudest Island, 4. v. 1916, by
one of the Eichhorns.
In Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlviii. pp. 587 to 599, Mi-. Oberholser pubhshed a
valuable review of the " races of the long-tailed Goatsucker." This review is,
however, hardly on a par with some of his other reviews, as, for example, that
of the Collocalia and Butorides, as his material of Caprimulgi was very meagre,
especially with regard to India and the Papuan Islands. Arthur Goodson has
now geograpliicaUy arranged our series, and we came to the following conclusions,
without referring to the forms from the Indian mainland, which must be studied
in the British Museum, as our material is insufficient for that purpose.
Caprimulgus macrurus macrurus Horsf.
Caprimulgvs macrurus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xiii. p. 142 (1821 — Java).
Possibly C. m. macrurus may be restricted to Java, and probably Bali,
but we cannot be quite sure about this at present. Unfortunately we have no
series from Java, only a young male in moult and an adult female in poor con-
dition, both collected by Ernst Piillwitz. Two skins from Java in the British
Museum have the chin rufous and the chest more rufescent than the Bornean
specimens, in which the chin is more blackish and the chest more whitish. It
is therefore not improbable that the Bornean race can, after all, be separated,
in which case it must be called :
Caprimulgus macrurus salvadorii Sharpe.
Oberholser unites the Javan and Bornean birds and with them also those
from Palawan and the Calamianes. From the latter islands we have not seen
^1
322 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
any specimens, but from Palawan we have an adnlt male and a female, besides
some juveniles. In colour our Palawan birds are slightly darker, the underside
more brownish, while of the two Palawan sldns in the British Museum one has
the chin almost, the other quite as rufous as in the Javan examples. The wings
of our adult Bornean birds measure : 3 180, $ apparently only 175, while in our
Bornean males they vary from 184—194, ? 188, and that of the Javan adult female
179 mm. It is thus possible that the Bornean race is somewhat larger, but we
must for the present provisionally accept Oberholser's view, i.e. to unite the
Javan, Bornean, and Palawan birds as C. macrvrus macrurus Horsf.
Caprimulgiis macrurus oberholseri subsp. nov.
A series of four males from Lombok and Siimbawa differs strildngly from
typical macrurus : the upperside of the body is only slightly more lufescent,
but the underside is decidedly more rufescent, especiially on the upper throat
and chest, but also on the abdomen. The outside of the wings is also more
rufous. With these birds agrees perfectly an adult male from Salayer (November
1895, A. Everett leg.), and a female from Djampea (14. xii. 1895, A. Everett
leg.) appears to be also the same. Wings : o Lombok 188, cj Lombok 19i',
ij Sumbawa 188 mm. The other specimens moulting. 3 Salayer wing 1<S4'5
mm.
Typo: o ad. Lombok, 1,5(10 feet, vi. 1890. A. Everett leg.
Caprimulgus macrurus mesophanis Oberh.
C'a]iiimiit'jiis miiniiriis mcsiiiihanis Obciiiolser, Proc. U.S. Nat. J/w.s. xlviii. p. .V,in(HI|,l — .\mboina).
It was a daring jnocecding to describe this bird from one single specimen,
but our material coirfirms its th'stinctness, which is not one of size. The colour of
C. 171. rnesopJianis is more like that of oberholseri, and may be said to be somewhat
intcrmrdi:'tc ljet\\'een the latter and I. m. iiincrurus ; the upper throat is reddish,
the abdomen darker, more rufescent than in C m. macrurus, but not so bright
as in oberholseri, the barring narrower than in C. m. rimcriirus, about the same
as in C. m. oberholseri. The wings of 8 males measure 184-192, i.e. by no means
larger than Bornean specimens !
This form inhabits probably all the Moluccan Islands proper. We have
it from Amboina, Ceram, Ceram Laut, Burn, and Obi.
Caprimulgus macrurus kuehni subsp. nov.
4 (J, 1 $ from Tual, Little Key, Key Islands, the males collected in May,
the female in October, by the late Heinrich Kiihn, are nearest to the Moluccan
form, but the bars on the abdomen are generally narrower and the wings are
strikingly shorter. Those of the males measure only 175-177 mm., that of the
female is in moult, but its wing is probably only a little longer than 170 mm.
Type: cJ ad. Tual (Toeal), 10. v. 1898. Heinrich Kiihn leg. No. 761.
Caprimulgus macruras yorki Math.
Caprimulgus macrurus yorki Mathews, Nov. Zool. xviii. p. 291 (1912 — Cape York, Northern Queens-
land).
We have a large series of Goatsuckers of this species from New Guinea,
i.e. from various parts of British New Guinea and the foot-hills of the Suow
J
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 323
Mountains, also a male from Aiidai, Arfak Peninsula, a young bird from Humboldt
Bay, and an adult female collected at Korrido, October 1896, by William
Doherty. The latter, unfortunately in very bad condition, appears to be darker,
but all the others agree well with two sldns from Caj)e York. We do, therefore,
not hesitate to call all the Papuan birds before us Cajyrimulgus macrunts yorki.
From the examination of one skin from Northern Territory the supposed C. m.
keatsi Mathews (Novitates Zoologicae, xviii. p. 291) seems to us to be the same
as yorki. This would also seem to be confirmed by Oberholser, who unites
the New Guinea birds with keatsi, while we find it identical mth yorki, having
only one topotypical keatsi before us, which we cannot either distinguish.
As we have said before, we do not, at the moment, intend to discuss the
continental Indian form.'* of C. wacrHrus, but we must express our doubts regard-
ing C. macrurus anamesus Oberholser {Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlviii. p. 598,
described from " Singapore and Sumatra"). Though we have no specimen from
Singapore Islands, we cannot help doubting that a different race from that of
the Malay Peninsula proper inhabits it, the island being so near the mainland,
and because two females, collected by Ernst Hartert in Deh, Sumatra, agree
beautifully with sldns from the Malay Peninsula.
Oberholser's rediscovery of Peale's name bimaculaius would result in the
C. macrurus umbifjuus Hart, becoming C. macrurus himaculatus Peale, if only
one form inhabited N.E. Sumatra aiul the Malay Peninsula. Oberholser, however,
is of opinion that two Malayan forms of macrurus can be recognized : one occur-
ring in the Malay Peninsula and Indo-China, which he argues is G. m. himaculatus,
C. m. amhiguus Hart, being a synonym, the other in Singapore and Sumatra,
which he supphes with a new name, 6'. m. anamesus, terra typica Singapore. This
reasoning — as has akeady been pointed out by C. Boden KJoss (Ibis, 1918, p.
95) — is WTong. The type of C. bimaculatus came from Singapore and not from
Malacca town ; apparently Oberholser is not aware that the name " Malacca "
is apphed in most continental languages not to Malacca town only, but to the
whole Malay Peninsula, and was used in the same way by EngUsh writers at least
during the first haK of the eighteenth century. Therefore the statements of
the type of C. binmciilatus coming from Singapore and Malacca agree, Singapore
being part of what was called Malacca. The supposed chfferences between
himaculatus and anamesus are merely those of size, but (cf. Kloss, Ibis, 1918,
p. 96) it is very doubtful if they really exist, if more material is examined. In
any case aruimesus would be a clear synonym of bimaculatus, both being de-
scribed from Singapore. If two forms exist in the Malay Peninsula, the northern
one will have to be called amhiguus, since C. Boden Kloss has lestricted the
latter name to birds from Southern Tennasserim {Ibis, 1918, p. 96).
Caprimulgus macrurus nieeki Rothsch. & Hart.
See an tea.
Sudest, Louisiade Islands.
Caprimulgus macrurus alLolaxatus subsp. nov.
In Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 538 attention has already been called to the
great extent of white on the outer rectrices of two males from New Britain.
This difference is not accidental, as it occurs also in males from Vulcan Island
3^^ NOVTTATES ZOOLOCICAE XXV. 1918.
and Dampier Island. In adult males from New Britain in the British Museum
the white tip to the outer tail-feather is 65 to 70 mm. long, and the white spot
on the outer primaries is larger, on the outermost one extending almost or
quite to the shaft. In New Guinea males the white to the outer rectrices is not
longer than 45 to 56 mm. and the white on the outermost primarj' is less wide,
remaining away from the shaft several millimetres, and only exceptionally ahnost
reaching it. There is only one somewhat disturbing bird in the British Museum,
said to be a male and from Blanche Bay, New Britian, from the Layard collec-
tion. The wliite on the outer rectrix is only 59 mm. long, and the white on the
first primary does not quite touch the shaft. Even here the white is, however,
wider than in New Guinea males.
Now, our male from Vulcan Island has the white tip to the lateral rectrix
64 mm. long and the white on the first primary practically touches the shaft.
It is therefore evident that the Goatsucker inhabiting the chain of islands from
New Britain to Vulcan (Manumudar, Volcano) Island must be separated. Our
male from Dampier Island, though in heavy moult and with first primaries and
lateral rectrices only beginning to grow, appears also to belong to this subspecies.
In general colour it agrees with the birds from New Guinea. Wings ; <J 183, 187,
190, ? 178 mm.
We name this race :
Caprimulgus macrurus albolaxatus.
Type: 3 ad. Volcano (Vulkan, Manumudar) Island, 27. xi. 1913. No.
6294 of the Meek collections. (Cf. No^^TATES Zoologicae, 1915, pp. 33, 43.)
Halcyon sordida colonus Hart.
Halcyon sordidus colonus Hartert, Xur. Zonl. ISGC. p. 244 (Egum group and Louisiade Is., tj-pe
Egum).
Two males, neither of them fully adult, were obtained on February 8th and
27th by the Eichhorns. Nos. 7191, 7271 of the Meek collections.
New to Sudest Island.
Halcyon macleayii Jard. & Selby.
Hdlnjon Macleai/ii .Tardine & Selby, III. Oni. ii. pi. 101 and text (1S30— New South Wales, teste
Mathews. Originally no locality given, but readers can suppose Australia).
2 (J, 2 2, all shot in May, 1916. Nos. 7398, 7399, 7405, 7406. " Iris dark
brown. Bill black, base of \o\vqv jaw white. Feet black."
New to Sudest Island.
Halcyon saurophaga Gould.
n.dij/i.n samojhaga flould, Proc. Zool. .Sw. London, 1843. p. lOIi (" New Guinea." Type in Brit.
.\lus.).
One female obtained in February, No. 7272.
Also new to the island.
Lorius hypoenoclirous hypoenochrous Gray.
We have again received a series of this beautiful Parrakeet, from Jit. Riu.
The species was originally described from a Sudest Island skin, type in tlic Brili- h
Mu.seum.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXV. 191S. 325
As Hartert already said, Novitates Zoologicae, 1898, p. 530, the St. Aignan
specimens are somewhat intermediate, sho\ving mostly no real black bar on the
under wing-coverts, but there is also one specimen from Sudest in which the
black bar is only indicated, while in typical L. h. devittatus Hart, it is quite
absent, and the latter is also larger, with a more powerful bill and gennally
much longer wings.
GeoJfroyus ai-uensis sudestiensis de Vis.
We have again received several specimens, among them some that are
evidently fulh' adult females. These latter have the crown dark green like the
back, not brown !
Ninox goldii Gurn.
Ni)in.t guldii Gurncy, Ihis, 1SS3. p. 171 (8.E. New Guinea). This locality is almost certain to be
erroneous. It seems that N. ijoldii does not occur in S.E. New Guinea at all, but is an island
bird. Like other birds received from Goldie and collected by Hunstein — cf. Pitta finschii,
Pachyceplmla joiiis, Phonygammas hunsleini — Ninox goldii, though said to have come from
" S.E. New Guinea " — a term at that time evidently including the D'Entrecasteaux group
— and sometimes labelled in the British Museum " Astrolabe Mts.," must have come from
Fergusson Island. The original spelling is goldii, not goldiei.
Ninox rosseliana Tristram, Ihi^, 1880. p. 557 (Rossel Island).
We have again received two fine specimens from Sudest Island. Now,
these as well as all the other four received previously from that island are under-
neath more whitish and have the thighs Ughter, more yellowish than rufous,
compared with four skins from Rossel Island, wliich again have the thighs a
little brighter rufous, not quite so brown as in the Fergusson and Goodenough
specimens. The differences, however, are not quite constant, the underside
being alike in a bird from Sudest and those from Rossel and the D'Entrecasteaux
Islands, and the thighs of one Rossel bird are hardly darker than in some from
Sudest, while the difference between Rossel and D'Entrecasteaux specimens are
altogether negligible. It wiU therefore, for the present, be safer to unite all
these birds under the name goldii.
The iris of adult Sudest Island birds is marked as bright yellow and golden
yellow.
(In the Ibis, Suppl. ii. 1915, p. 257, Mr. Ogilvie-Grant made some remarks
on N. theomacha, terricolor, and goldii. He quite correctly pointed out that
Sharpe wrongly united goldii with the other two forms, and this was already
shown by Hartert in Novitates Zoologicae, 1896, p. 246. On the other hand,
N. theomacha and terricolor, which Mr. Ogilvie-Grant separates as two species,
are not distinct, at least not for the reasons given by the latter, the spots on the
belly varying not only from white to butt' but are sometimes even absent).
The following species must be added to the fauna of Sudest :
Astur poliocephalus (Gray).
1 immature cj, 25. ii. 1916.
326 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Haliastur indus girrenera (Vipill.).
1 ? (of. NOVIT.VTES Z00L0GIC.\E, 1914, p. 210).
Pandion haliaetus cristatus (Vieill.).
1 3 ad., 25.1. lOir,.
Cai'pophaga pinon salvadorrii Tiistr.
4 (J 9 ad.
Columba metallica halmaheira (Bp.) (?)
1 <J ad., Mt. Rill or Rattlesnake, 15. iii. 1916. This specimen differs from
typical birds by its size (wing 252 mm. !) and a strong development of the purple
gloss above and below. Specimens from Rossel Island are like others from the
Papuan Islands, New Guinea, and Moluccan Islands.
Chalcophaps chrysoclilora chrysochlora (Wagl.).
1 3 ad., 11. ii. !!)ll>.
Megapodius duperreyii macgillivrayi Gray.
6 (J ? ad., 1 juv.
Demigretta sacra (Gm.).
(J ? ad., light and dark variety, the white and blue-grey forms being
undoubtedly one and the same species. No subspecies separable.
Porphyrio melanotus melaiiotus Temm.
1 fine adult 3, 7. v. 191fi. As far as one can see from a single specimen this
bird agrees perfectly with typical Australian vielaiwtui.
The follo\^'iiig migratory Waders are also new to Sudest Island ;
Triiiga hypoleuca L.
Tringa incana brevipes (VieiU.).
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NOVITATES ZOOLOfilCAE.
H journal of ZooIog^.
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Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.
Vol. XXV.
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Vol. XXV.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
EDITED BY
LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.
CONTENTS OF NO. II.
P40E3
1. NOTES ON STARLINGS .... Ernst Hartert . . . 327—337
2. APPARENTLY NEW FORMS OP AFRICAN
NYMPHALIDAE Lord Rothschild . . 338—345
3. NOTES ON PIGEONS . . . . E. Hartert and
A. T. Goodson . . 346—358
4. SOME NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES . . Ernst Hartert . . 359—365
5. A NEW SPECIES OF OGOA . . . Lord Rothschild . . 365
6. SMALL FAMILIES OF LEPIDOPTERA NOT •
INCLUDED IN THE KEY TO THE
FAMILIES IN THE CATALOGUE OF
LEPIDOPTERA PHALAENAE, A LIST
OF THE FAMILIES AND SUB-FAMILIES
OF THE LEPIDOPTERA WITH THEIR
TYPES AND A KEY TO THE FAJIILIES George F. Hampson . 366—394
7. A PROVISIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE
DIOPTIDAE Louis B. Prout . . 395—429
8. A NEW RACE OF LONG-TAILED TIT-
MOUSE Ernst Hartert . . 429
y. GARRULUS BLSPECULARIS AND ITS
ALLIES, WITH LIST OF ALL FORMS
OF GARRULUS Ernst Hartert . . 430—433
lU. FURTHER NOTES ON PIGEONS . . Ernst Hartert . . 434—436
Plate AJ^Iand Explanation.
,•*
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,
Vol. XXV. NOVEMBER 1918. No. n.
NOTES ON STARLINGS.
By ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.
npHE Starlings are one of the most difficult genera of Passeres with regard
-J- to their subspecies. Some have a very wide distribution and are enormous
migrants, while others are fairly local and resident, and their plumage varies
very much according to season and age. As in many other genera a great stride
was made by Sharpe (1888-1890) when he wrote their account for the Cat. £.
Brit. Mus. (vol. xiii.), though Hume had already given up the wild idea of Sturnns
unicolor in India and separated humii (under the preoccupied name nitens),
nobilior, and minor. But Sharpe's account was somewhat confused, because
he redescribed poltaratskyi as menzhieri, recognizing both, and failed to separate
nobilior Hume, most of his poltaratskyi being, in fact, nobilior. Sharpe also
badly understood purpurascens, and so did I and everybody else, until Tschusi
recognized graecus in 1905, and Buturlin and Harms balcanicus in 1909. Sharpe
wrote fuUy on West- European Starhngs with more or less purple on head and
flanks, and he believed that this coloration was " the result of interbreeding "
with eastern Starhngs — from Siberia — which had recently more regularly
migrated westwards in the autumn. This theory fascinated me greatly when
I was reading it, and I have paid a good deal of attention to it for many years,
but I cannot in the least confirm it. I am convinced that Siberian Starlings
wander southwards, to India, and that none ever touch Western Europe.
The Starhngs with more or less purple on the head which are found in England,
etc., are just as good natives as any others, only they vary, and there is ever}'
gradation from a perfectly green head to one which is exactly like that of the
East-Russian form, which I think must be called sophiae, though never like a
typical poltaratskyi.
In 1896, Annuaire Mus. Zool. St. Petersbonrg, p. 129, Bianchi, while describ-
ing " Sturnns sophiae " gave a review of all Starlings in the form of a " key,"
in Russian ; fortunately a translation appeared in Orn. Monatsber. 1897,
pp. 165-169. This review is entirely based on Sharpe's work, and, except for the
introduction of sophiae and the use of the correct name " humii " for wliat Sharpe
called indicus, there are no alterations.
In 1903 appeared the first part of my Vogel d. pal. Fauna, which contained
a review of the Starlings. My attempt could not be " final," of course, but it
was, I might say without presumption, a sUght advance on Sharpe's treatise.
22
328 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
I united " Sturnus sopliiae " with <S'. v. vulgaris and treated all Starlings, with the
exception of tmicolor, as subspecies of ;S'. vulgaris. Tlie latter is doubtless, from
my point of view, correct, unless S. unicolor be also joined as a subspecies to
vulgaris. S. sophiae — of course as S. vulgaris sophiae — is, I think now, the name
to be adopted for the East Russian Starhng, if the latter is separable at all.
About this below. I described <S'. v. granti from the Azores, united menzbieri
and poUaratskyi, kept jaroensis separate, resurrected nohilior, but made the
same muddle of purpurascens, though I felt at the time that this was not
satisfactory.
In 1904 ButurUn published (Oni. Jahrh. 1904, pp. 205-213) descriptions
of 6 new subspecie.s and 3 new species, and added a " key " in which he recog-
nized 22 forms grouped into 11 species ! I am sorry to say that this article,
which necessitated a rene\^ed studj' of the whole genus, while acquainting us
with a few very interesting new forms, which considerably advanced our know-
ledge, contains a number of clear synonyms, and that the grouping in 1 1 species
(i.e. unicolor, humii, vulgaris, faroensis, poUaratskyi, zaidamensis, dzungaricus,
purpurascens, minor, tauricus, and porphyronotus) is arbitrary and misleading,
though ButurUn was, in several instances, obliged to admit several species if he
adhered to the dogma that subspecies inhabited separate areas — Ids supposed
species, however, are in some cases mere synonyms, because he did not grasp
the fact that among Starlings — as in most birds — a certain amount of individual
variation exists, and som times, for example in dresseri and poUaratskyi, to an
inconvenient degree. Such individual differences can easily be mistaken for
subspeciiic characters, but their true nature becomes evident if sufficient series
are compared. There is little excuse that Buturhn did not grasp them, because
he, apparently, had large series for study.
In 1905 Tschusi (Orn. Jahrb. p. 141) described Sturnus vulgaris graecus,
in 1909 Buturlin and Harms " Sturnus balcanicits," in 1915 Oscar Neumann
S. vulgaris oppenheimi.
Unfortunately I am not able, at present, to compare any of Buturlin's
types, nor the type of Neumann's S. v. oppenheimi, but I have good material of
topotypical S. v. balcanicus and S. v. graecus, the latter from Reiser.
The authorities of the British Mvrseum allowed me to compare their 1,100
Starlings with our fine series of most forms, and Dr. Wm. Eagle Clarke kindly
lent me the Starlings from the Scottish Islands in the Royal Scottish Museum ;
a careful study of all this material leads me to the following conclusions.
Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris L.
Vog, pal. Fauna, p, 41,
It is at present uncertain how far eastwards the typical Starling extends,
but we may safely assume that it inhabits Ireland, Scotland, and England,
Scandinavia, Central Europe and France to the Pyrenees, Italy, Austria and
Hungary, and the western parts of Russia. As I have said before, StarUngs
with more or less purple on the head are common even in westernmost Europe,
and it seems that some of them are not distinguishable from East-Russian
sophiae, but they are not stragglers from the Ural, but residents Uke the
green-headed specimen.-;, i.e. mere individual aberrations.
N0VITATE3 ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 329
Stumus vulgaris sophiae Bianchi.
Sturnus sophiae Bianchi, Annuaire Mus. Zool. St. Petersboiirg, 1896. p. 129 (Russian !( Translation :
Orn. Monalahcr. 1S97. pp. 165. 166. — Gorernments of St. Petersburg and Twer, but two
pages farther, in the " key " is said that specimens from St. Petersburg, Twer, and Orenburg
have been examined.
Diagnosis agreeing with that of Buturhn for his jiikowi; I think, therefore,
that the name sophiae must be adopted for the East-Russian form, though it
seems that Buturlin is of opinion that it inhabits only easternmost Russia.
Harms, Orn. Blonatsher. 1897. p. 166, wishes to adopt Prazak's name intermedins
for this form, but this cannot be done. It is true that Prazak gave a diagnosis
which also fits the East-Russian Starhngs, but he gives the name intermedius
to the Starhng nesting in Bohemia, and probably his remarks were not based on
study but arose out of his imagination, called forth by the theory of Sharpe of
the occurrence of eastern Starhngs in West Europe. Sturmis vulgaris jitkowi
Buturhn, Orn. Jahrb. 1904, p. 206 (Eastern Russia from the Ural to the middle
Volga, including the valley of the Sura, single specimens in the governments
of Charkov and Moscow and straggle even into Western Europe. Winter speci-
mens seen from Caucasus and Transcaucasus).
This form differs from typical S. v. vulgaris merely in having more purpUsh
colour on the head, especially on the crown and throat, while the ear-coverts
remain greenish. It is not true that the back has more purple, as this varies
greatly everywhere.
Russian ornithologists seem to agree that in Russia, at least in its eastern
parts, a form of Starhng exists with more purple on the head ; about its exact
distribution, however, they seem to have different views, nor is it easy to settle
that question, unless large series of breeding birds are examined, because such
purple-headed Starhngs occur also farther westwards. This Starling winters
in great numbers in the lowlands of Talysh (Loudon), it wanders through the
Caucasus, occurs in Palestine (Meinertzhagen), on Cyprus (Glaszner), and in
Egypt. Whether it occurs in West Siberia I camiot say, as no material is avail-
able, though Starlings seem to nest in great quantities, at least in the southern
parts of West Siberia. At Krasnoyarsk we find akeady poltaratskyi.
Sturnus vulgaris zetlandicus subsp. no v.
Nearest to S. v. jaroensis, but bill not so wide and long, though wider (only
sometimes longer) than in 8. v. vulgaris. First primary not as broad as in
faroensis. Wings, 131, 131, 132, 133, 133, 134, 135, 136, 136, 137, 137-5, 138
mm. (In 12 adult faroensis wings 133-136, in 200 vulgaris only 128-132,
exceptionally up to 134 mm.) Juv. as a rule as dark as those of faroensis, much
darker than those of vulgaris.
Type : cJ ad. North Yell, 22. xi. 1913. Lt.-Colonel R. H. Nicholson coll.
(Brit. Museum, 1913, 11. vii. 3).
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant (Bull. B.O. Club, xxxiii. p. 63) first called attention to the
dark colour of the Shetland Starhngs, but he said the adult ones did not differ
from common British Starhngs. He says that I " also agreed on this point,"
but I had only cast a glance at some specimens in the British Museum, without
going into details and measuring, only comparing a few examples handed to
me for comparison ; such comparisons are, of course, never final. It is curious
330 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
that Mr. Grant did not mention tlic Faeroe Islands Starling, which is nearest to
Zetland ic us. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant's remarks were criticized by Mr. t'laud B. Tice-
hurst in the Scottish Naturalist, 1915, p. .3. I cannot agree with Mr. Ticehurst's
observations. It is quite true that the contrast of the white throat and the rufous
edges to the wings and tail in the young, to which Ogilvie-Grant called attention,
are merely individual characters, but the dark general colour remains. PAhaps
Ticehurst compared only Fair Isle examples, which are not typical of the
Shetland Island form. The common Starhng is variable, and so are the young
particularly, as Ticehurst correctly remarks, but specimens approaching the
young of faroensis and zetlandicus are extremely rare exceptions, so rare that
I have only seen one from Kcw Gardens, collected by Dr. Giinther and possibly
discoloured by soot, and one from Sweden, while aU the others are strikingly
paler. On the other hand all young Starlings seen from the real Shetland
Islands are dark brown, though not really " black."
Specimens from Fair Isle are puzzling. This island is reckoned to belong
to the Shetlands, but it lies quite separated midway between the Shetlands
and Orkneys, though " within sight of the Shetlands," as Dr. Eagle Clarke
tells me. Of the four adult specimens in the Edinburg Museum some have bills
as in zetlandicus, others as in vulgaris, also the wings vary, measuring : $ 126'5,
? 128, (J 137, S 131 mm. Of the four young in full juvenile plumage one is of
the darkest colour (as dark as young faroensis and zetlandicus, another as light
as young vulgaris, the two others darker than usual vulgaris, but not quite so
deeply coloured as the first ; three more are in full moult and difficult to judge,
but evidently rather dark, though not of the darkest type. One must therefore
say that these birds are on the whole intermediate between vulgaris and zet-
londicus. Possibly StarUngs have populated Fair Isle comparatively recently,
and maybe from the north and south, as we know they have spread consider-
ablj' in Scotland and on the Inner Hebrides, and in Ireland, during the last fifty
years or so.
I have also examined 1-t Starlings from St. Kilda, mostly in the Roj'al
Scottish Museum. Most of them are in moult, and I can only measure four
with confidence which have wings from 127-135 mm., while the bills vary as
in the Fair Isle specimens, and so does the first primary. I have not seen speci-
mens in the full juvenile dress, but the head, neck, and part of the back in a
moulting one appear to be dark, as in the intermediate Fair Isle ones. There-
fore it seems that here, too, we have not yet a fixed race — possibly for similar
reasons as on Fair Isle, i.e. comparatively recent immigration ?
Sturnus vulgaris faroensis Feilden.
C'f. p. 44 of Viig. pal. Fauna.
This form is now admitted by every competent ornithologist. It is resi-
dent on the Faeroe Islands. A few stray Starlings obtained on Iceland do not
belong to faroensis but to S. v. vulgaris.
Sturnus vulgaris granti Hart.
Ct. p. 43 of Yog. pal. Fauna.
In worn spring and summer plumage the first primary in Starhngs becomes
narrower and shorter, therefore the shortness of the first primary is not always
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 191S. 331
obvious, but the fact of its being shorter cannot be denied if specimens in the
same state of plumage are judiciously compared. The bill is also on an average
smaller than in S. v. vulgaris.
Sturnus vulgaris balcanicus But. & Harms.
Siurnus balcanicus Buturlin & Harms, Orn. Jlonatsber. 1909. p. 56 (Rumania, north to the goTern-
ment of Cherson on the Dnjester, Bulgaria to the Maritza).
Sharpe — and following him I and others — lumped the Rumanian Starlings
with 'purpurascens. 8. v. balcanicus is, however, a very distinct subspecies,
having purple ear-coverts, which are only very exceptionally greenish, generally
an entirely purple head, green hind-neck, but generally deep blue nape, green
upper back, green to purple-blue lower back and rump, but the upper tail-
coverts green with generally some bright purple shining tips. Edges to secon-
daries and upper wing-coverts, as well as those of the scapulars, bluish purple.
Throat purple or purple-bronze, jugulum green, breast and abdomen purple or
bluish purple, rarely A\ith much green admixture, sides more bronze. Under
^\■ing-coverts as in <S'. v. vulgaris. Resembles greatly poltaratskyi, but the under
wing-coverts have narrower buS edges and are darker.
Rumania to Dnjester. Guillemard shot a specimen in Cyprus.
Sturnus vulgaris graecus Tschusi.
Sturnus vulgaris graecus Tschusi, Om. Jahrb. 1905. p. 141 (Greece) ; cf. also Reiser, Ornis tSalcan.
iii. p. 242, where it is made clear that Tschusi alone is responsible for the name, not " Tschusi
and Reiser."
Very different from <S'. v. balcanicus and nearest to S. v. .sophiae (jitkowi).
Head and neck purple, ear-coverts green to purple, outer edges to larger upper
wing-coverts and secondaries glossy purplish or dark violet. Back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts green, but on the upper back sometimes a reddish or purplish
tinge. Breast and abdomen green, sides more or less purplish, as in 8. v. vul-
garis. Differs from 8. v. sophiae by having more purple on the wings.
Greece, nesting in Thessaly. (A specimen from Sarepta, in the Brehm
Collection, has also a great amount of purple on the wings, thus resembling
8. V. graecus).
Sturnus vulgaris purpurascens Gould.
Siurnus purpurascens Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 18G8. p. 219 (Erzerum).
Dresser, Sharpe, and I mistook 8. v. balcanicus as well as some Indian and
Afghan Starlings for purpurascens. 8. v. purpurascens has the head and neck
metalhc green, the ear-coverts bronze to purple. The back is purple, but there
is always in the middle of the interscapular region a varying amount of violet
to steel-blue. Upper wing-coverts and edges to the secondaries bronze. Breast
purple, abdomen bronze, purplish along the middle. Under wing-coverts and
axillaries nearly black with brownish white, though not pure white, edges.
Wings of 19 specimens 129-138 mm.
Inhabits Asia Minor and Armenia, exact boundaries not knciw n. Winters
in Asia Minor and, often in great numbers, on Cyprus, where also eaucrisicus
and sophiae occur in winter quarters. Has been found, though probably only
stray birds, in Greece, and occurs probably in Mesopotamia.
332 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Sturnus vulgaris tauricus But.
Styrnus tauricus Buturlin, Orn. Jahrh. 1904. p. 209 (Crimea to the Lower Dnieper).
Bianchi and Braiincr thought the Crimean Starling was S. v. porphyrovohis,
while Lorenz and Nikolsky united it not so inconcctly with purpiirascens.
Butuilin's knowledge of the latter was apparently not clear, or he would not
have separated his tauricus as a different species. In fact it is of exactly the
same coloration as purpurciscens, but the wings of two specimens from Enikale
(YenikaU) measure 141 and 142 mm. This suggests that the Crimean race has
longer wings than purpiirascens. This is all the more probable as it is separated
from the home of purpiirascens by the Black Sea, while cmicasiciis inhabits the
Caucasus, and more likely than that an isolated colony of purpiirascens exists
in the Crimea. Of course the distinctness of tauricus from purpurascens must
be confirmed by larger series. Buturlin gave no measurements.
Stumus vulgaris oppenheimi Neuni.
Sturnus vulgaris oppenheimi Xeumami, Jouni. f. Orn. 1915. p. \1\ (Nortlicrn Mesopotamia, nesting.
Type : Tel Halaf).
Starlings nest evidently in Mesopotamia, at least in its northern portion.
The Starling described by Neumann appears to be nearest to S. v. purpurascens
and nobilior, but there are some differences. The nape is steel-blue, the back
blue-green, the throat glossy green, the upper wing-coverts, lower back, and
rump have a purple gloss. The colour of the head is described as glossy
green with a purple base, outer webs of the secondaries and their coverts with
a bronzy gloss, vmderside black with more or less purple gloss. Wings 134, 135,
135, 131, 139 mm. The colour of the under wing-coverts is not mentioned. It
would thus seem as if this form stands somewhat between S. v. purpurascens
and nobilior. I have examined a winter specimen from southern Mesopotamia
which agreed with Neumann's description.
In winter huge flocks of Starhngs are met with in Mesopotamia. Meinertz-
hagen (Ibis, 1914) thought they were purpurascens. I think that they maj'
possibly consist of S. v. purpurascens, oppenheimi, and (?) poUaratslcyi.
It will be interesting to know if the various forms of Starlings live in com-
pany in winter quarters. I doubt this very much, though it has been said to
be the case in Talysh, Cyprus, and Rumania. It is, however, doubtful if these
observations were all correct. For example, Loudon, who collected 152 speci-
mens, assures us that five different forms of three species occurred in the same
flocks in the Talysh lowlands, and that Buturhn (the " starling specialist ") had
named them as follows :
55 St. poltoratzkii intermeditis.
26 8t. Caucasians satunini.
22 St. caucasicus caucasiciis.
10 St. vulgaris jitkowi.
4 St. poUonilzkii menzbieri.
11 St. poltoratzkii intermedius x jitkoivi (!)
2 St. poltoratzkii 7nenzbieri with too much green on head.
1 >. ,, ,, with abnormallj' violet abdomen.
11 St. i-ntermedius X jitkowi with regard to colour of back (!).
NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918. 333
3 iS7. utucasicus caucasicus with abnormally much bronze on wing.
1 ,, ,, ,, with too much green on whig.
I „ ,, „ with too much green on abdomen.
1 ,, „ ,, with too much green on wing and purple back.
1 St. caucasicus satunini with too much blue on wing.
1 ,, „ ,, with abnormally purple abdomen.
I „ „ ,, with abnormallj' purple wing.
The remarkable fact that 152 starlings shot at Talysh belong to five sub-
species of three species, that 22 are " hybrids " and 23 " abnormal," would be
extraordinary, but the fact probably is that they really belong to two forms only,
or possibly three, Buturlin's caucasicus and satunini being luidoubtedly one
and the same thing, as also his interniedius and jitkowi probably are. Loudon
marked several StarUngs from observation as " Brutstare," meaning that they
belonged to the form breeding in Talysh, but he afterwards cast doubt on his
own observations, because Buturhn named them " St. caucasicus caucasicus "
and '■ satunini." Of course Loudon's notes were quite correct, and S. vulgaris
ciiucnsicus breeds in Talysh, as satunini is the same ! (Cf. Baron Harald Loudon,
Annuairc Mus. Zool. Acad. Sc. St. Petersbourg, xviii. 1913. p. 464.)
Sturnus vulgaris caucasicus Lor.
lilurmis caucasicus Loreiiz, Bcitr. Orn. Fauna Cauras. p. 9. p\. v. tig. I (1887 — Caucasus, typical
locality Kislowodsk).
Stunius poUoralzkt/i sattmini Buturliii, Orn. Jahrb. 1904. p. 207 (In summer at Kislowodsk, in
winter Lenkoran).
This form breeds in the northern and southern Caucasus, near Lenkoran
and Talysh, and in the mountains of Persia down to Shiraz, in winter even at Fao.
There can be no doubt that satunini is a sj'nonym.
Sturnus vulgaris poltaratskyi Fmsch.
Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 44.
Sturnus -poltaralshji Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878. p. 713 (Lake Marka-Kul, 5,000 feet
high, in the Chinese Altai. Named after " General Poltaratzsky," the specific name, however,
spelt as above).
Sturnus Poltoratzkyi id., Verh. K.-ZooL, hot. Ges. Wien. xxlx. p. 202 (1880 — Marka-Kul. This time
named after " General Poltoratzky." Probably the author had found out that his friend's
name was originally spelt wrong by him, but lie should have done so before, and the original
spelling must be preserved, even if the general's name should be correctly spelt in a tliird way,
and 1 understand that it does allow of at least one more transliteration).
Sturnus menzhieri Sharps, Ibis 1888. p. 438 ("Asia Minor, Persia, is the Starling of Krasnoyarsk,
where Seebohm found it, Afghanistan, India to Assam." Type locality : Krasnoyarsk :
Hartert 1903 !).
Sharpe quite misunderstood this form. Of the 22 specimens enumerated
in Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 36 (1890) as poltaratskyi, only 4 are this subspecies,
i.e. the type from Marka-Kul, a male from Kuldscha, and the two Indian speci-
mens from Murdan and " N.W. India." The one from Cyprus is jmrqmrascens ,
the Caucasus one caucasicus, the other 18 nobilior, whiclt Sharpe united with
poltaratskyi. The great number of Indian winter specimens of the latter were
enumerated on p. 34, under '' menzhieri.'' This last was separated on accoimt
of the lesser amount of purple on the wing-coverts, but this character is quite
334 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
variable and cannot serve to distinguish between two races; moreover when
nammg menzhkri Sharps probably compared chiefly, if not alone, the fine old
nobilior, which formed the bulk of his supposed poUaratshji.
Fortunately I was able to confront the type of Slumus j)ollaratsIcyi, and
that of S. menzbieri, the latter formerly in the Seebohm Collection. There is now
a specimen from Gurgaon, India, in the British Museum with the foUo^^■ing
remark on the label : " This I beheve to be the type of S. menzbieri.'''' Mr. Chubb
and others who are most competent agree that this is in Sharpe's handwriting.
I beheve they are right, though the writing is to my mind not quite typically
Sharpean, and why does he, the author, " beheve " that it was the type ? But
even if he had most emphatically written that the Gurgaon bird was his type,
this cannot be accepted, because nothing of it was said in the original
description, and the remark was evidently not written until after 1903, when I
had searched in vain for the type of Sturnus menzbieri in the British Museum.
Professor Suschkin, " Die Vogelfauna des Minussinsk-Gebietes, des west-
lichen Teils des Sajan Gebirges und des Urjanchen-Landes," in Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Moscow, " 1912," " 1913," p. 259, separates "Sturnus vulgaris menzbiiri,''
nesting in the Minussinsk area and the plains of Urjanchen-Land, and " Sturnus
vulgaris poltorafzkii " (here is another spelling !) as nesting in the southern Altai
and on the Kara Irtish, but he states no reason for his theory ; probably he
followed Sharpe, having seen a few specimens confirming this assumption.
Sturnus vulgaris pollaratskyi has somewhat paler under wing-coverts than
S. V. vulgaris, and with wider pale buff edges. The upper wing-coverts vary
from green to purple, but never become so deep and fine reddish purple as in
adult nobilior in the summer.
The exact distribution of this form is not yet certain. I believe that it
breeds from Krasnoyarsk to the Marka-Kul and Saissan-Nor and eastwards to
Lake Baikal. Specimens obtained at Kuldja were probably on migration, as
S. V. porphyronotus, which occurs there as well, appears to be the nesting form
of Kuklja. Sharpe mentions a specimen in the British Museum shot at Kuldja
in August, but the date may not be correct, moreover, being most hkely a
Russian date, would be from the end of the month ; the skin was purchased
from Schliiter and has no original label, and any date may be doubtful if there
is no original label. This Starhng winters in great numbers in India and ranges
westwards to Persia.
Sturnus vulgaris porphyronotus Sharpe.
Sturnm pnrph/ronotus Sliarpe, Ibis 1888. p. 43S (Turkestan, typical locality Yarkand) ; Cat. B,
Brit. Mils. xiii. p. 38.
Sturnus vulgaris porphyronotus Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 40.
Sturnus porphyronotus loudoni Buturlin, Orn. Jahrh. 1904. p. 211 (" Ostlicher Teil des russisclien
TurUestans, Kuldscha, Ferghana und verfliegt sich bis Samarkand— nicht typische Vogel — und
Dscharkend.")
Easily recognized by the entirely purple back, rump, and upper tail-coverts,
but back sometimes with a more pure dark blue tinge. Head and throat bronze
greenish, rarely with a purplish tinge, but ear-coverts alwaj's with more or less
distinct purple sheen. Smaller than pitrpurascens. Wings of 38 specimens
125-133, once 134, once 135 mm. The young are rather light sandy or rufescent
brown.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 335
The breeding area of 8. v. porphyronotns extends evidently from Eastern
Turkestan (Kashgar, Yarkand) across the Tian-Shan to Lake Issik Kul and
Semiretshensk ; it breeds commonly in the Naryn Valley. In winter and on
migration through Kashmir to north-western India and Afghanistan. In the
British Museum is an October specimen from Kuldja, collected by Sewertzoif.
" S. p. loudoni " is doubtless a synonym.
Stumus vulgaris dresseri But.
Sturnus purpurascens dresseri Buturlin. Orn. Jahrb. 1904. pp. 208. 209 (Askabad to the Kara-tau in
the north-eastern part of Russian Turkestan).
Sturnus purpurascens johanseni id., ibid. (Buchara. While at first the author described .S'. ;;.
dresseri witli the distribution as above, on p. 209 he says that the subspecies is again separable
into two " Unterformen," an eastern one which is to inhabit Aksu, Karnak, and the Kara-tau,
and a western which lives from Askabad, Artj'k, Buchara to Kara-Kum and Kenderlik. To
this latter he gives the name S. p. johanseni, but at the end of the paragraph he says that he
examined 9 specimens of the latter from Buchara and two intermediate ones !).
Sturnus tauricus harlerli id., t.c. p. 210 (" Merw bis Ferghana ").
This pecuUar form inhabits evidently a long stretch to the north and north-
west of the range of porphyronotns, apparently from Askabad and Merv to
Ferghana, and, according to Buturhn, east as far as the Kara-tau. It closely
resembles 8. v. porphyronotus, but differs as follows :
The top of the head is nearly always more purplish, often quite, though
somewhat dull, purphsh. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are not uniform
purple, but have, especially on the interscapular region, violet to steel-blue,
and even dark green colours, in fact the back is very variable and occasionally
quite deep metallic green. The upper wing-coverts have, as a rule, more
purple. Tlie throat nearly always more purplish, also the abdomen. As a
rule smaller. Wings of 11 specimens 125-131 mm. Differs from S. v. nobilior
by the back being, as a rule, more purple, the head less purple, and smaller size.
I think that I cannot make a mistake in placing " 8. tauricus harterti "
as a synonym of dresseri. The author compared it in his description merely
with tauricus, which is nothing but a slightly larger form of purpurascens wliich
requires further confirmation.
I have examined of 8. v. dresseri ten skins taken 50 miles south-west of
Buchara, and at Samarkand by Mr. Carruthers, 2 from Samarkand collectetl
by Russow, 2 from Margelan, and 1 from Merv. In the British INIuseum arc
also skins from Murdan and Sind. In \\inter not rare at Kandahar, where
nohilior nests, and also poltaratskyi winters.
Sturnus vulgaris nobilior Hume.
Sturnus nobilior Hume, Stray Feathers, 1879. p. 175 (Kandahar).
As I have said before, Sharpe united this form with poltaratskyi, from which,
however, it differs by the darker, more blackish, almost black, under wing-
coverts and axillaries, which in adult specimens have narrow white, or almost
white, instead of broad bug edges. Younger birds in the first winter plumage
only have buff edges to the under wing-coverts and some purple on the back,
so that they are difficult to distinguish from dresseri. Distinguished from jnir-
purascens and porphyronotus by pure dark green back and purple head.
Afghanistan and East Persia, in winter in small numbers in N.W. India.
A specimen from Merv (February) in the British Museum.
336 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Sturnus vulgaris dzungaricus Hut.
Stiirnus dzuivjaricus Buturlin, Urn. Jahrh. 101)4. p. 20S (di'i-oribiid from one skin from Urnnga ill
Dzungaria — date not given — and a winter bird from India).
Described as having the head and neck bronze- purple, the back violet-
green, rump violet (held away from the light the back is green, the belt (sic !)
blue), shoulders purple-bluish, wings purple-bronze, underside laterally with
bronzy gloss.
This form is still hidden by the fog of uncertainty. Buturlin apparently
believes that it nests in Dzimgaria, where a special subspecies might very well
exist. I have not exammed breeding specimens from Dzungaria, but there is
in the Tring Museum a supposed <J, though probably a ?, bought from Tancre
and said to be from " Kenterlik, Altai," and some winter birds in the British
Museum, i.e. 1 ad. Meerut, B. H. Jones coll., 1 ad. Murdan, Dec. 1870, A. 0.
Hume coll., 9 ad. Lucknow, 22. 1. 1889, G. Reid coU., ? Rawal Pindi, J. Biddulph
coll., and a male from the Tian-Shan, September, Przev/alski coll., do not well
fit in with any other form of StarUng and seem to agree with Buturlin's descrip-
tion. I therefore consider them to be 8. v. dzungaricus. These birds were
named by Sharpe S. poUaratskyi, menzhieri, and purpvrascens, neither of which
they are. The head is green with a strong purplish gloss, or, as Buturlin says,
" bronze-purple," the back is purple, the interscapular region, however, with
more or less steely blue-green, edges of the wings bronze with more or less purple
gloss. These birds are too large and the under wing-coverts too light for
dresseri. The wings measure 129 (5) to 136 mm.
Sturnus vulgaris humii Brooks.
" Sturnus indicus Hodgs., Icones ineditae in Brit. Mus." of the Cat. U. Brit. .Mus. xiii. p. 35. (Sharpo
in several cases used Hodgson's unpublished names, thinliing that " in this case he might
stretch the law of priority ") (sic !).
.Sturnus splendens Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. At: i. p. 421 (1850— -Xomen nudum, ex Temminck
M.S. 1).
Sturiuis nitens Hume, Ibis, 1871. p. 410 (nee S. nitens Brchm, Ilandu. Natiirg. Voij. Deiitschl. p. 390.
1831).
Sturnus humii Broolis, Ibis, October 1876. p. 500 (Cashmere).
Sturnus ambiguus Hume, Stray Feathers, iv. p. 512 (December 1876).
See Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 35, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 45.
Breeds in the Himalaya from Cashmere to Nepal and in the north-western
Punjab, in winter in the plains of India.
Sturnus vulgaris minor ITume.
Sturnus minor Hume. Stray Feathers, 1873. p. 207 (Terra typica : Larkhana).
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 39, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 46.
Resident in Sind, east to Etawah.
Sturnus vulgaris zaidamensis But.
Sturnus zaidamensis Buturlin, Cm. Jahrb. 1904. p. 208 (Zaidani and Ta-tsch\i north of the Nan-
Shan Mts.).
This Starling is unknown to me. It has been described from 2 specimens
from the above locaUties, but no dates have been stated, so that one docs not
know if they were Ukely to breed there or only on passage.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. ~ 337
Described as belonging to the group of St. vulgaris, humii, and jiolturatskyi,
as having ho bronze colour on the sides and wings ; the neck and head, chin,
throat, and neck green, ear-coverts and underside purple ; wings and shoulders
purple, on the wings with strong, on the shoulders with a faint green gloss.
Back green, rump violet.
Seems to be, from the description, a race not unlike poltaraiskyi, but ^^'ith
the head green.
Stumus unicolor Temm.
Formerly believed to occur in the Caucasus and in India, but these errors
were already discredited by Sliarpe and others. Inhabits Spain northwards to
the utmost north-west, Portugal, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, also Marocco, Algeria,
and Tunisia, and is resident, not migratory, though, according to Tristram, a
few individuals associate themselves with the great flocks of European ;S'. vvl-
gdris which winter in Algeria in quest of the ripe dates. While 8. unicolor is
common in many places of Marocco and Tunisia, one can hardly say this of
Algeria. Loche and others mention as locaUties the province of Constantine,
and the former had a specimen from Lac Halloulah near Alger, which has been
drained and entirely disappeared. Tristram's collection contains only a pair
from Alger and one each from Djelfa and Laghouat. Lord Rothschild and I
have only seen a single one near Oran, and found it breeding in the old Tere-
binth trees of the " dayats " between Ghardaia and Laghouat. There are
doubtless a good many other breeding places in Algeria, but we found it absent
from many eminently favourable places, such as Tlemcen, Hammam Meskoutine,
with their many old trees full of holes, from the vast ruins of Lamtese and
Timgad, and from rocks and chffs, on which they nest on the Maroccan coasts
at the northern Cap Blanco. Spatz says it breeds near Lac Fetzara, but we did
not sec it there, nor did Zedlitz find it, so this may perhaps be a mistake.
338 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918.
SOME APPARENTLY NEW FORMS OF AFRICAN
NYMPHALIDAE.
By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.
Euphaedra Uganda form, viridis form. nov.
(J. Differs from typical uganda above in the ground-colour being blackish
olive or olive-black, not velvety brown-black, and the blue markings of uganda
are replaced by metallic verditer olive-green. A row of submarginal spots on
hindwing of similar green also distinguishes this form from vganda, which lacks
all submarginal sjjots.
Below it is marked with yellowish olive-green instead of whitish blue.'
Habitat. Entebbe, Uganda, July — ^August 1900 (Colonel H. B. Rattray),
3 ^S.
Euphaedra luperca ab. suffusa ab. nov.
o. Differs from ab. variegata Aur. in having the whole of fore- and hind-
wings completely suffused with steel-blue, not only the margins and tornal area.
Habitat. Lake Azingo, Gaboon, December 1907 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 (J.
Euphaedra imperialis Lmdemans.
Euphaedra imperialis Lindemans, Tijdsch. Entom. vol. liii. p. 278. pi. 13. f. 1 (1910) (S. Cameroona).
Aurivillius in Seitz suggests that this might prove to be a ? form of luperca
Hew., as only ?? were known ; the Tring Museum, however, possesses 5 3S and
4 ?$ of this fine species, and the 33 only differ from the $i' in being smaller
and having the bluish band on the hmdwings more sharply defined.
Euphaedra imperialis gabonica subsp. nov.
o ?. Differs from imp. imperialis above in the green suffusion of the wmgs
being much paler, and the orange band of the forewiiigs bemg much less sharply
defined, more diffused and paler.
Habitat. Lambarene, French Congo (Harrington), 1 o ; 1 ? ?.
Euphaedra lupercoides sp. nov.
o. Above forewing velvety black suffused with deep blue ; basal one-third
irregularly obliquely metallic pale steel-green, an oblique bufifish-white band in
outer one-thii'd, apical patch white, smaller than in luperca. Hindwing
metallic pale steel-green; abdominal area dull brown, terminal one-fifth of wing
steel-blue.
Below olive-green washed with pinkish brown; markings as in luperca.
all below vein 2 on forewings cinnamon colour.
Habitat. Luebo, Kassai River, October 1903 (Landbeck), 1 o.
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 191S. 339
Euphaedra symphona B. Baker.
Euphaedra sijinphona Bethune Baker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)2. p. 472 (190S) (Upper Congo).
Both Professor Aurivillius and Dr. Strand place this species in the genus
Euryphene. Now Professor Aurivillius in Seitz most emjjhatically states that
there are no structural differences between the two genera Euryphene and
Euphaedra, and that the only reliable difference is that in Euryphene the p.vlpi
are of various shades of grey, whereas in Euphaedra they are always bright
golden or orange-yellow. There are in the Tring Museum 7 c?o and 1 ? of
symphona and the palpi of all are deep golden yellow, showing this species to be
clearly a Euphaedra. In case it might be supposed that the Tring Museum
specimens have been wrongly identified, I would point out that we have also
a (J and 9 of Euphaedra aurivillii Strand, the only possible species symphona
could be confused with.
Euphaedra graueri sp. nov.
S ?. Ground-colour above deep velvety blue-black.
Forewmg basal two-fifths obliquely steel-blue, a postmedian broad oblique
orange band consistmg of two large quadrate patches joined corner to corner,
fringe at apex whitish, and elsewhere black with white intranervular dots.
Hindwing basal three-fourths steel-blue.
Below forewing olivaceous grass-green freckled with black scales ; 3 black
spots in cell, a postdLscal, somewhat dilute black transverse band, oblique trans-
verse orange band paler. Hindwing olivaceous grass-green freckled with black
scales ; 2 black spots in cell and a black streak on discocellulars, postdiscal band
as on forewing, a dark rose-crimson transverse band from costa to beyond vein
3 beyond cell, which curves round and reaches base of wing, the horizontal
portion bemg each side of vein 1, a black line on innerside of the transverse
portion of the crimson band.
Length of forewing : <J 39 mm., $ 48 mm. Expanse: <J 83 mm., ? 101 mm.
Habitat. Forest 90 km. west of Lake Albert Edward, February 1908, 1,600 m.
(R. Grauer), 1 3, 2 ??.
Euphaedra xypete form, albocoenilea form. nov.
S ?. Differs from tyjoical xypete Hew., in the yellow on the upper surface
being replaced by bluish white, givmg the insect a bluish instead of an olive-green
appearance.
Hiibitat. Same as typical form.
Euphaedra xypete ansorgei subsp. nov.
(J$. Similar to x. form, crockeri Butl. but much larger.
Above much less yellow, and in the S the markings less distinct, and in the
$ the postmedian patch on forewing less round, more quadrate and bandlike.
Below much less yellow, all markings more dilute and less distinct ; red
on hindwings less distinct and more washed out.
Length of forewing f. crockeri $ 31-41 mm., ? 42-45 mm.
Expanse ,, ,, S 66-86 mm., ? 89-95 mm.
340 KOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
Length of forewing x. ansorgei o 41-48 mm., $ 49-53 mm.
Expanse „ „ o' 87-101 mm., $ 103-111 mm.
Habitat. Lake Asebbe, Fernan-Vas, Gaboon, February 1908 (Dr. Ansorge),
28 ^<J, 9 ?? ; Kassai River, Congo Free State, 3 (5<J.
Euphaedra gausape landbecki subsp. nov.
<J. Differs from g. gausape Butler above in the oblique band of forewing
merging more into the ground-colour and being much greener, also green of hind-
wing is much more saturated with yellow.
$. Differs in the green portions of both wings being suffused with yellow
and the oblique band with green.
Habitat. Luebo, Kassai River (P. Landbeck), 4 S3, 2 $o.
Euphaedia cyparissa auieola subsp. nov.
o ?. Differs from c. cyparissa in the green areas of both wings being strongly
suffused with yellow.
Habitat. Luebo, Kassai River {P. Landbeck), 1 o, 1 ? ; 1 ?, Kassai River,
Congo Free State.
Euphaedra difficilis sp. nov.
(J. Allied to inanum Butl.
Forewmg above basal half obliquely dirty olive wood-brown, basal area
darker brown ; outer half black, a postmedian oblique white band, fringe black,
white at apex and with mtranervular white dots. Hindwmg dirty umber-
brown ; a 3 mm. wide terminal band greyish black, with an inner row of grey
oblong spots, inside which is a band of big velvety black lunulcs.
Below both wings brown-grey ; on forewing 2 black spots ui cell and
white oblique postmedian band, hindwing a lavender-grey patch at base, a sub-
marginal row of grey spots and a greyish postmedian shade.
Length of forewing : 41 mm. Expanse : 87 mm.
Habitat. Mori River, Kosowa (F. R. Roberts), 1 3.
Euphaedia preussi form, einnamomea form. nov.
3. Has above all the green areas cinnamon colour washed with blue, and
a large patch of blue above tornal area of hindwing.
Habitat. Kongour Forest, Manyema, Congo Free State (R. Grauer), 1 (J.
Euphaedra preussi form, castanea form. nov.
$. All green areas above replaced by rufous chestnut saturated and suf-
fused with purple-blue, tornal area of hmdwmg and a submargmal row of spots
blue. On forewing 3 black spots in cell above.
Habitat. Kongour Forest, Manyema, Congo Free State (R. Grauer), 1 ?.
Aterica galena omissa subsp. nov.
o. Differs above from g. Iheopham Hopft" by the spots of the postmedian
oblique band being much smaller, rounder, and all widely separated and by
the absence of all rufous on the cream-coloured central patch of the hindwings.
NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918. 341
, ?. Differs in the white spots on forewing being smaller, and in the central
area of hindvvings bemg smaller and white, not rufous.
Habitat. Chaijiaika Estate, Bandawe, Nyassaland (Watkinson), 3 o(J ;
Parambira, Lake Nyassa, November 1893 (Dr. Ansorge), 3 3S, 1 ?.
Catuna crithea pallidior subsp. nov.
cJ ?. Differs above from c. crithea Drury, in the pale markings of the fore-
wings being greyish white, not grey-brown or yellowish wood-grey, and the huffish
yellow of the hindwings is replaced by cream-white.
Habitat. Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2,000 ft., January — March, April —
June, and October— November 1907-1910 (G. L. Bates), 9 <J<J, 7 ¥?.
It may be urged that this is only an aberration as there are typical crithea
in the Tring Museum labelled Cameroons, but these are from a most unreliable
source and almost certainly from Accra, Gold Coast.
Catuna angustata albidior subsp. nov.
■<? ?. This form shows the same differences from a. angustata Feld. as the
previous form does from c. crithea, viz. all grey and yellow areas rejjlaced by
creamy white. A. angustaia occurs in the Gaboon and Congo, while a. 'paUidior
occurs from the Ivory Coast to Nigeria and Cameroons. In the Tring Museum
are 29 <J<J, 11 2? from Bingerville, Ivory Coast, June 1915 (G. Melou) ; Gold
Coast ; Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2,000 ft. (G. L. Bates) ; Ushire, Niger
Coast Protectorate, January 1902 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Warri, Niger, May — Sep-
tember 1897 (Dr. Roth).
Neptis comorarum leighi subsp. nov.
(J ?. Differs from c. comorarum in being much smaller and hi the orange
spots above being paler and the markings below much less distinct and sharp.
Length of forewmg : c. comorarum S 26 mm. ? 30 mm.
Expanse ,, ,, 3 55 mm., ? 64 mm.
Length of forewing : c. leighi S 21 mm., ? 24 mm.
Expanse ,, ,, 3 45 mm., ? 51 mm.
Habitat : Anjouan Island, Comoro Islands, July 1911 (G. F. Leigh).
{Habitat of c. comorarum, Grande Comore, Comoro Islands).
Neptis ochracea parvimacula subsjD. nov.
; $. Differ above from o. ochracea Neave m all the yellow markings bemg
much darker, in the patches on the f orewmgs on each side of vems 1 and 3 bemg
much smaller, and in the band of the hindwing being much narrower.
H.ibitat. Kwidgwi Island, Lake Kivu, 1,500—2,000 m. = 4,875—0.500 ft.
November 1907 (R. Grauer), 1 <?, 1 ?.
Neptis exaleuca suffusa subsp. nov.
(J. Differs above in the ground-colour being much blacker, and in the white
patches on each side of veins 1— and 3 of the forewings being much smaller.
Below it is strongly washed with rufous oriTTTge instead of greenish yellow.
Habitat. Forest 95 km. west of Lake Albert Edwarrd, 1,000 m. = 3,250 ft., .
February 1908 (R. Grauer), 1 <J.
342 NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXV. 1918.
Neptis neavei sp. nov.
(J. Ground-colour sooty black without any traces of darker intranervular
streaks as in exaleuca ; forewing with 2 white dots in cell and 3 beyond it,
remainder of white markings as in exaleuca but the patches on each side of vein
3 more oval, and those on each side of vein 1 very small ; on the hindwing the
white band only reaches to vein 6. Below forewing as above but basal half of
costal and subcostal area rufous chestnut ; hindwmg rufous chestnut, white
band has above vem 6 a round white dot, white band bordered each side with
heavy black line, terminal margin black.
Length of forewing : 27 mm. Expanse : 58 mm.
Habitat. Mlanje, Nyassaland, May 1913, 1 3.
Neptis incongrua oecidentalis subsp. nov.
(J. Ground-colour greyer than in inc. incongrua. Differs on forewmg by
all the spots in the ])ostmedian white band being wantmg except those on each
side of veins 1, 3, and 0 and these are much smaller. The band on the hind-
wing is narrower. Both above and below it also differs in having intranervular
darker streaks. Below the disc of forewing and outer fifth of hindwing are
much deeper rufous.
Habitat. Forest 90 km. west of Lake Albert Edward, 1,000 metres = 3,250
ft., February 1908 {R. Grauer), 1 (J.
Crenis pechueli rhodesiana subsp. nov.
S $. Above much bluer less lavender-coloured than p. jieck iieli Dew. Differs
below in the brighter orange less rufous forewmg and in the narrower orange
bands enchcling the postmedian row of black spots on the hindwings.
Habitat. Fort Rosebery, Rhodesia, 2^3.
Crenis boisduvalii omissa subsp. nov.
Professor AurivUlius makes boisduvalii occur from Sierra Leone to Angola
and Natal, and from the Congo to East Africa ; but the Natal $$ are much
less rufous and the o 3 generally smaller. Below the Natal siiecunens are much
duller and the markings less distinct.
In the Trmg Museum are tlie followmg specimens :
C. b. boisduvalii, 57 33, 44 $? Natal, Cape Colony, Pondoland, Transvaal
and Delagoa Bay.
C. b. omissa, 46 33, 7 ??, Angola, Congo, Cameroons, Tore, Unyoro, and
Uganda.
Crenis trimenii angolensis subsp. nov.
3 9. Differ from t. trimenii Aur. in bemg much paler and much brighter
yellow .
Habitat. Fort QuUenges, Benguella, January 1905 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 3 ;
Combo Coquenje Bihe, Angola, October 1904 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 3 ; Bigondo
Bihe, Angola, October 1904 (Dr. Ansorge), 4 $? ; North Bailundu, Angola,
September 1901 (Pemberton), 9 ^ij, 1 ? ; Bilie, Angola (Pemberton), 1 3, 2 $?.
NoVlTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 343
Crenis trimenii major subsp. no v.
S $. Differs from t. trimenii Aur. by its much larger size and more yellow
colour.
Length of forewing : t. trimenii $ 25 mm., ? 29 mm.
Expanse ,, „ ,, S 53 mm., $ 62 mm.
Length of forewing : t. major $ 53 mm., ? 36 mm.
Expanse ,, ,, ,, S 70 mm., ? 77 mm.
Habitat. Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2,000 ft., April — May and October —
November 1910 (G. L. Bates), 5 SS, 4 ?? ; Stanley Pool to Lokolele, Congo
River, 1894 (Harrison), 1 (J, 1 $ ; Luebo, Kassai River, October 1903 (Landbeck),
1 cJ, 7 ?? ; Luluaburg, Kassai (Landbeck), 1 S ; Kapulumbo, Kassai (Land-
beck), 3 $? ; Kassai River, 1 cj, 2 ??.
Mesoxantha ethosia albeola subsp. no v.
(J. Differs from e. ethosia Drury iii the yellow between veins 1, 2, and 3
of the forewings extending nearer to termen and in the black terminal band of
the hindwings being narrower. ?. Differs in the pale colour of the forewing
being white, the termmal band of hindwuig being narrower, and the yellow of
hindwing paler and more buffish.
Habitat. Cameroons, West Africa, 1 3 ; Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2,000
ft., AprU — June and September — October 1910 (G. L. Bates), 2 SS, 6 $? ; Lake
Azingo, Gaboon, December 1907 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 (J; Lake Asebbe, Fernan-Vas,
Gaboon, February 1908 (Dr. Ansorge), 4 <JcJ, 2 22 ; Abanga River, Gaboon
October 1907 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 J, 8 ?? ; Ogowe River (Distant Coll.), 1 ? ; 10 and
15 days from Fort Beni, Congo, May 1899 (Dr. Ansorge), 2 $? ; 13 Luebo, Kassai
River (P. Landbeck), 1 cj ; Gallery Forest, Rutschuru River, 1,000 m. = 3,250
ft., February 1908 (R. Grauer), 1 <?.
Mesoxantha ethosia reducta subsp. nov.
$. Differs in having the white on forewing much reduced.
Habitat. Port Alice, February 1897 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 3 ; Kampala, Uganda,
January 1897 (Dr. Ansorge), 2 <?<?, 2 $? ; Entebbe, Uganda, April 1900 (Colonel
H. B. Rattray), 4 S3 ; Monyonyo, Unyoro, March 1897 (Dr. Ansorge), 2 3S,
2 $9; Delagoa Bay (Mrs. Monteiro), 1 3.
Hypolimnas salmacis magniiica subsp. nov.
(J. Differs in bemg much larger and the white bands on both wmgs much
wider and more extended.
?. Much larger, the white bands of both wings much wider and more
extended ; the blue paler and more turquoise, less purple.
Length of forewing : s. salmacis 3 48 mm., $ 52 mm.
Expanse „ „ ,, ^ 101 mm., ? 109 mm.
Length of forewing : .s. magnifica 3 53 mm., $ 63 mm.
Expanse „ „ „ ^- m mm., $ 132 mm.
Habitat. Port Alice, July 1894— January 1897 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 <J, 1 $ ;
Entebbe, Uganda, May— July 1900-1902 (Col. H. B. Rattray), 5 33, 5 ??.
23
344 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918.
Hypolimnas monteironis major .■subsp. nov.
• (J ?. Larger, and the white bands of both wings broader. The ? has the
hindwing distad of white band more rufous.
Length of forewing : m. monteironis cj 48 mm., $ 50 mm.
Expanse ,, .. ,, <j 101 mm., $ 105 mm.
Length of forewmg : m. major S 55 mm., $ 62 mm.
E.xpanse ,, ,, „ (J 116 mm., $ 130 mm.
Habitat. Port Alice, January 1897 (Dr. Ansorge), 3 <J(J, 3 ?? ; Entebbe,
Uganda, 3 SS ; Entebbe. Uganda, April— June, 1900—1902 (Colonel H. B.
Rattray).
Hypolimnas dinarcha grandis subsp. nov.
S ?. Larger than d. dinarcha Hew., and the pale patch on hindwing larger
and more sharply defined.
Length of forewing : d. dinarcha S 50 mm., $ 54 mm.
Expanse ,, ., ,, $ 105 mm., $ 114 mm.
Length of forewing: d. grandis 3 57 mm., $ 62 mm.
Expanse ,, ,, ,, (J 120 mm., $ 130 mm.
Habitat. Port Alice, January— July 1894—1897 (Dr. Ansorge), 2 <J<J, 2 $? ;
Msarosaro, Uganda, March 1896 (Dr. Ansorge), 2 SS, Entebbe, Uganda, April
1900— August 1902 (Colonel H. B. Rattray), 9 S3, 2 $? ; Hoima, Unyoro,
October 1897 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 3 ; Measa, Usogo, March 1898 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 o.
Hypolimnas dubius poensis subsp. nov. '
?. Differs from d. dubius in the enormous size of the white patch in cell
and those on each side of vein 3 and in the deep rufous pale area of hindwing
and in the presence of 3 white submarginal dots only on hindwing.
Habitat. Banterberri, Fernando Po (E. Seimund), 1 $.
Hypolimnas dubius mayottensis subsp. nov.
3. Similar to d. drucei Butl. but much larger ; the white patches on fore-
wings very much larger and the white of the hindwings extending much closer
to termen than in d. drucei ab. bewsheri Butl.
?. Very much larger than d. drucei and the white much more extended, in
two specimens being spread almost over the disc of both wings.
Length of forewing : d. drucei 3 38 mm., $ 45 mm.
Expanse ,, ,, „ 3 80 mm., ? 95 mm.
Length of forewing : d. mayottensis 3 44 mm., $ 53 mm.
Expanse ,, ,, ,, o 93 mm., 'i 112 mm.
Habitat. Mayotte, Comoro Islands, May 1911 (G. F. Leigh).
Catacroptera cloanthe intermedia subsp. nov.
?. Form. pluv. Exactly intermediate between c. cloanthe f. pi. cloanthe and
c. ligala K. and J. f. pi. ligata.
Habitat. Luebo, ivassai, October 1903 (P. Landbeck), 1 ? ; Mazanguli,
Lualaba Valley, 2,000 ft., 1 ? (type).
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 346
Precis natalica form. arid, natalensis form. nov.
(J ?. Distinguished from f. pi. natalica Feld. by the washed-out iJatternless
underside.
Precis natalica angolensis subsp. nov.
(S $. Differ from n. natalica in the paler grey ground-colour and the almost
complete absence of red markings on upperside. Dry season form ?(.. angolensis
form. arid, penricei form. nov. differs in the same way from n. angolensis f. pi.
angolensis as f. arid, natalensis does from f. pi. natalica.
Habitat. Ndaila Ango, Angola, October 1903 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 cJ, f- pi.
angolensis ; Kuvali River, Angola, January 1899 (Penrice), 6 S3, f. pi. angolensis ;
Cubal River, Angola, February 1899 (Penrice), 3 S3, f. pi. angolensis, 2 33, 2 ??
f. ar. penricei ; Dondo, Melanga, and Pungo Andongo, Angola, March — July
1875 (Major v. Homeyer), 1 cJ, 1 $ f. pi. angolensis, 1 9, 1 <J f. arid, penricei ;
Pungo Andongo, Angola (Dr. Ansorge) 1 ? f. ar. penricei ; N. Bailundu, Angola,
1901 (Pemberton), \ 3 t. ar. penricei ; Duque de Braganza, Angola (Dr. Ansorge),
1 (J f. ar. penricei ; Cailulu, Angola (Pemberton), 1 3, f. ar. penricei ; Benguella
to Caconda and 80 miles into interior. May — June 1897 (Penrice), 4 33,
4 $? f. arid, penricei ; Calweba River, Angola, May 1898 (Penrice), 1 (J, 1 $,
f. ar. penricei; Lukia River, Angola, April 1899 (Penrice), I 3 i. ar. penricei ;
LiboUo, Angola (Pemberton), 1 3, i. ar. penricei.
Precis archesia f. arid. extr. loo. coryndoni form. nov.
3 ?. Differ above on the forewing from f. arid, archesia Cram, and by the
almost complete absence of red, and the blue is much more sky blue, not purplish ;
the blue forms a broad marginal band with a central black line, not two broken
blue submarginal lines ; the whole postmedian band is blue, not merely above
vein 4. On the hindwings the median band is duller and less distinct, and the
terminal edge is quite straight, not strongly crenulate ; the fringe is blue, not
white. Below it is even more extreme and patternless than the form. arid. ampl.
siaudingeri Dew.
Habitat. Various parts of Angola 13 33, 4 ?? (Coryndon).
Precis omissa sp. nov.
3- This species is allied to milonia Feld. and ranana Gr. Smith and is in
many collections named ranana in error. Differs above from milonia by the
forewing being more produced at the apex, and by the rufous band being more
angled basad, and stopping short at vein 6. The hindwing has a longer tail,
is more bowed out at termen and the fulvous rufous band is narrower. The
white dot in apical area of forewmg is absent.
$. Is duller and has the fulvous band on hindwing almost white.
Length of forewing : 3 30 mm., ? 33 mm. Expanse : 3 64 mm., $ 71 mm.
Habitat. Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2,000 ft., January — March and Septem-
ber— November 1907 (G. L. Bates), 6 33, 6 ?? ; interior of Cameroons 1 $ ;
Luebo, Kassai River (Landbeck), 1 ? ; 2 days from Fort Beni, Congo Free State,
May 1899 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 ?.
S46 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. lOlS.
NOTES ON PIGEONS.
By E. HARTERT and A. T. GOODSON.
The subspecies of Muscadivora aenea.
rriHE specific name aenea was first given to Brisson's " Columba inoluccensis "
-L said to have been brought from the Moluccan Islands. As this species does
not occur on tlie Moluccas, we propose as the restricted locality for the name aenea
Flores, which seems to be the nearest place to the Moluccas where it occurs.
Even if this should be considered incorrect, no great harm can be done by. this
action, as the birds from the Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Sumatra, Borneo,
Java, Lombok, Flores and Sumba are inseparable.
We have therefore Miiscadivora aenea aenea (L.) inhabiting the Sunda
Islands. These birds have the cheeks and ear-coverts, as well as the throat,
more tinged with pink and the hind-neck generally less jjure grey. Apparentl}'
ranging through the Malay Peninsula, M. aenea sylvatica (Tick.), describetl
from the forests of Borabhum and Dolbhum, and not from South India, is the
correct name for the Indian form, iir which the cheeks and ear-coverts as well as
the hind-neck are more uniform grey. This form seems to extend to the Andaman
Islands. Hainan specimens may be smaller. M. aenea -pusiUa (Blyth) would
be the name for the, as it seems, smaller birds from South India and Ceylon.
Another quite distinct form is the one from the Philippine Islands, M . aenea
chalybura (Bp.), in which the tail is less bluish from above and paler brown
from below, and the grey colour of the hindneck and upjjer mantle is lighter
and purer grey, and more sharply separated from the metallic green back.
M. aenea palaicanensis (Bias.) has the tail again darker, as in 31. aenea aenea
and sylvatica, but the hindneck and back as grey and sharply separated from the
back as in M. aenea chalybura.
We are inclined to think also M. instdaris, consobrina, oenothorax, and habiensis
should also be treated as subspecies of aenea, but the last is only known to us
from the description. Cf. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 193 ; Hartert, Nov. ZooL.
1910. pp. 193, 194.
To recaiiitulate we have thus :
Muscadivora aenea aenea : Sunda Islands, east to Lombok, Flores, Sumba,
Pantar and Alor Islands, north throughout the Malay Peninsula.
M. aenea sylvatica : India east of long. 80°, south to Tenasserim, the Chin
and Shan Hills, and the Andaman Islands.
M. aenea subsp. ? : Two bu'ds, said to be a male and a female, from Hainan,
are rather small, wmgs S 228, $ 230 mm. Baker, Indian Pigeons and Doves,
p. 92, also mentions Hainan examples with a wing " on the average no longer
than that of the Ceylon bird." More material must be compared from Hainan,
to decide about this form. The colour seems to be that of the Indian sylvatica.
M . aenea pnsilla : South India and Ceylon. Cf. Baker, Indian Pigeons and
Doves, p. 92.
M. aenea palawai ensis : Palawan.
M. aenea chalybvra : Philippine Islands (not Palawan !).
XOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 347
M. aenea insularis : Nicobar Islands. Cf. Baker, Indian Pigeons and
Doves, p. 97.
M. aenea consohrina : Nias Island, Si-oban, Tello and other islands.
M. aenea oenothorax Salvad. : Engano Island.
M . aenea habiensis Oberli. : Pulo Babi (Pig Island), north of Nias.
Ptilinopus rivolii and allies.
In NoviTATES ZooLOGiCAE, 1901, P. prasinorrhous , hellus, strophitmi, and
miqueli have been treated as subspecies of rivolii. It was hardly possible to
come to any other conclusion, considering that they do not, so far as we know,
occur together, and that P. strophium has sometimes a few purple sjjots, and
even a large purple patch on the upper part of the abdomen, if it were not that
both P. miqueli and prasinorrhous occur on Jobi Island in the Geelvink Bay.
Of miqueli we have, besides a female labelled " lie Jobie " and another labelled
Ansus, April 1874, both from the Bruijn collection, which might have been
wrongly labelled, a male collected by William Doherty at Marai, Jobi, in April
1897, full details as to colours of iris, bill, and feet being given on the label. Of
prasinorrhous we have only two males and one female, said to be from Ansus,
Jobi Island, 1879, from the Bruijn collection, others from Traitors Island, not
far from Jobi, in Geelvmk Bay. If this is absolutely correct, it is a conundrum
what to do with these two forms, and to say whether the yellow tinge of
the breast-band in strophium or the entu'ely yellow under tail-coverts are the
sisecific differentiating character.
Comparing ten Buru specimens we find that the males differ from typical
prasinorrhous (terra typica Key Islands, over 50 specimens compared) in having
the under tail-coverts more or less widely margined with yellow, while there
are only the very narrowest yellow edges to the under tail-coverts m P. prasi-
norrhous prasinorrhous. In the females of C. p. prasinorrhous the edges to the
under tail-coverts are wider than in the males, sometimes as wide as ui the
males of the Buru form, but the females of the latter have the under tail-coverts
still wider bordered or often almost and sometimes entirely yellow. We name
the Buru form
Ptilinopus rivolii buraanus subsp. nov.
Type : $ ad. GunongFogha, Buru, 24. ii. 1912. No. 1111, Erwui Stresemann
leg.
We have other specimens collected on the mountams by Dumas and H.
Kiihn, others from Kayeli, from W. Doherty.
The subspecies oj Ptilinopus regina.
There can be no doubt that ewingii and flavicollis are subspecies of P. regina,
and that flavicollis is much smaller and must therefore be separated. The
form of Cape York is not ewingii, but regina. (Cf. Mathews, B. Austr. i. p. 105,
and List B. Austr. p. 12, where the former error has been duly corrected.)
The forms stand thus as follows :
348 XOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
1. Ptilinopus regina regina Swains.
Plilinopvs purpuratus var. Regina Swainson, Zool. Journ. i. p. 474 (1825 — "Australasia" ! Re-
stricted terra typica : New South Wales ; of. Mathews, I.e.).*
New South Wales and Queensland north to Cajjc York.
2. Ptilinopus regina ewingii Gould.
Ptilinopus Ewingii Gould. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1842. p. 19 (" Port Essington ").
A more -western form, inhabiting the " Northern Territory " (Arnhem
Land, also Melville Island).
3. Ptilinopus regina flavicollis (Bp.).
Ptilopus flavicollis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av. ii. p. 20 (1854 — " Timor." Type coll. Mange in
Mus. Paris). (Cf. Hellma3T, Avij. Timor, p. SO.)
Timor, Savu, Samao, and Flores.
On Phapitreron.
There is no doubt, in our opinion, that levcotis, occipitalis, hrevirostris ,
samarensis, and nigronim must be treated as subspecies, and leucotis is the oldest
name.
The specimen from Sulu appears to belong to a new form, having the wing
shorter, while agreeing in colour very much with hrevirostris, though the throat
is more as m leucotis. More specmiens from Sulu will no doubt prove it to be a
new subspecies. Macgregor, Manual Philipp. B. i. p. 35, suggests " that there
must be something wrong about the Sulu record of P. hrevirostris." There is,
however, nothing wrong about it, except that it can hardly be hrevirostris. The
specimen, sexed $, is labelled " Mainbun, Sulu Island, 24. iv. 1883. Length,
23 centim. Iris outer ring red, inner white. Bill brownish. Tarsus dull coral
red," by Dr. H. Guillemard, and the label is the original one.
It may be remarked that the forehead, which is described as " white," is
never quite white, but only whitish, or bufiy whitish, in P. leucotis samarensis
and alhijrons.
The forms of Treron calva.
The various forms of the African Bald-fronted Fruit-Pigeons have hitherto,
chiefly for want of sufficient series from all localities, not been well understood.
After comparing our material of 91 specimens and an examination of the still
longer series in the British Museum by one of us (Hartert), we think that we
can throw some further light on these birds, without, however, in any way
reaching finality and solving all questions.
In the Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. pp. 20-25, 1893, " Vinago " calva and
nudirostris were united, while wakefiehli, schalowi, and clehdnndei were kept as
different species. From the distribution of icakejieldi it would indeed seem that
the forms with a greenish tail cannot be subspecies of calva, and we shall not,
therefore, discuss these latter forms at present ; with regard to calva Salvadori
* Hellmayr, Avij. Timor, p. 8G, calls this form reginun, but as Swainson spelled the name
with a capital R it is not an adjective, l.>ut a substantive. It is important that the original spell-
ing is copied in quotations !
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1 918. 349
was certainly hi error, since nudirostris is not identical and several other forms
have now been separated.
Reichenow (Vog. Afr. i. pp. 394-397, 1901, and iii. p. 806, 1905) got very
much nearer the truth, for he separated " Vinago calva " and " Vinago calva
nudirostris," but his distribution cannot be right, and he appears to have taken
some females and other specimens of other forms of calva for nudirostris, though
he correctly recognised the latter as different. In 1902 and 1905 he further
separated the West African forms mto two, distinguishing as a new subspecies
Vinago calva sharpei" from Sierra Leone to Calabar. Mr. C. H. B. Grant,
Ibis, 1915, pp. 36 and 37, returned to the older less correct notions, separating
only " Vinago calva calva " and " Vinago calva salvadorii," a form described in
1897 and synonymized by Reichenow with nudirostris ; Mr. Grant said that
he " could not see any difference between Columha calva Jemm. and Vinago
nudirostris Swains., and that Vinago calva sharpei was " a pure synonym of
V . nudirostris," which is by no means correct.
We have purposely united Osmotreron (or Dendrophassa as it should appar-
ently be called), Vinago, and Treron. The extent of the naked cere or base of
bill is merely a specific character. Treron teysmanni, though placed in " Osmo-
treron," connects the latter and typical Treron m colour and has the rhamphoteca
extending to the feathers on the forehead. " Vinago " australis from Mada-
gascar, though in colour a ty^jical " Vinago," has the bill of an " Osmotreron."
The two prmcipal characters by which the various forms of T. calva can be
sej)arated, are :
1. The extent of the naked space ("cere") on the forehead. This is a
sharp division, and one is tempted even to regard it as a specific character, but
we do not think that forms with a short and a wider naked space occur together,
and it is m single instances possible to mistake a female of calva for a male of
nudirostris, as generally, though not quite constantly, the females have the
naked space less developed. The colour of the under tail-covcrts is the same
in both sexes.
2. The sharply defined, more pure lavender grey, or less defined, duller,
more greenish nuchal collar, as well as generally brighter or duller coloration.
Length of wing is rather variable, as in most Pigeons ; it can, therefore, only
be of importance in cases where large series have been measured. Females have
shorter wings, but many specimens in collections are, as usual, wrongly sexed.
We distinguish the following forms :
1. Treron calva calva (Temm.).
Columba Caira Temmiiick, in Temm. and Kn\p, Pigeons, i. p. 35. pi. 7 (1808— from a collection
made on the coasts of " Loango and Angola." Restricted terra typica : Loango. The figure
IS called " bad " by Salvadori, but it is, in fact, very good, showing the dull nuchal coUar and
general dark coloration to perfection).
Colours dark and dull, head more olivaceous green than yellowish, nuchal
collar greyish green to greenish grey, and not sharply defined. Back some-
times, apparently chiefly m fresh plumage, with grey tinge. Base of bill naked
for about li the length of the rhaniijhotheca and nearly or quite to a line con-
nectmg the fore-edge of the eye. Wings 20 <J, 155-172, generally 160-165,
measures above 170 rare, § 148-153 mm. Base of bill and forehead magentf
or bright red.
350 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Hab. Gabun, Loango, Northern Angola, and the Congo basin to the Ituri
forest and Kindu, north evidently to Kamerun.
Specimens from the Upper Congo (Kindu and 340 miles west of Baraka)
seem all to have the greyish tinge and are generally slightly lighter, while Ituri
forest birds are as dark as the darkest specimens from the Lower Congo and
Angola. Apparently also Princes Island.
Ten skins from Princes Island in the British Museum, collected by Boyd
Alexander, 8 sexed " <J," 2 " $," agree in colour with T. calva calva. Their wings
are generally shorter, but some are as long as the majority of the latter, i.e.
153-160 mm. Though the isolated insular home suggests the j)robability of a
separate race, we must therefore unite the Princes Island birds with typical
calva, while Sao Thome has quite a different species, and Fernando Po a
distinct subspecies.
2. Treron calva uellensis (Rchw.).
Vinago calm uellensis Reichenow, Journ. /. Orn. 1912, p. 320 (" Jakoma uiid Koloka am Uelle ").
" Diese Form steht der Form F. c. sharpei vonder Goldkiiste mid Togo am nachsten und unter-
scheidet sich von dieser durch etwas helleren Ton der Gesamtfarbm-g. Sowohl das Griin dcr
Oberseite wie das Grau des Nackenbandes und des Schwanzes ist heller."
One of us (Hartert) has examined in the British Museum a skin from Niam
Niam (Bohndorff coll.) and one from Toniaja, just south of the Uelle, which
agree with each other and differ from all other forms. They can hardly be
anjrthmg else than Reichenow's uellensis, though, by then- somewhat olivaceous
and indistinct nuchal collar, and less bright collars, they are perhaps better
compared with T. c. calva, from which they only differ by being lighter and
brighter, i.e. standing between T. c. calva and sharpei.
Two birds from the Victorian Nile (one from Businde in the British Museum,
one from Fadjao in Tring) are also less brightly coloured than salvadorii and closely
resemble uellensis, while one from Kichuchu in Toro (Ansorge) also somewhat
resembles T. c. calva, but it is m worn plumage and not clean. Another
specimen from the Victorian Nile belongs to the eastern nudirostris — lilie form,
i.e. with a short naked space on the base of the bill !
3. Treron calva poensis subsp. nov.
Specimens from Fernando Po differ from T. c. calva at a glance by their
paler, somewhat more yellowish underside, and generally slightly lighter upper
surface. Wing S ? 166-175 mm. 2 <?, 2 $ in the British Museum, Boyd Alex-
ander and E. Seimund coll., 1 " ? " (probably <J, wing 175 mm. !) in the Tring
Museum. Therefore apparently larger than T. c. calva.
Type : " ? " (<? !), Bantabari, Fernando Po, 12. ii. 1904. E. Seimund coll.
(Tring Museum).
4. Treron calva sharpei (Rchw.).
Vinago calva sharpei Reichenow, Orn. Monalsher. 1902. p. 45 (" Oberguinea ") ; id., Vog. Afr. iii.
p. 806 (1905 — " Sierra Leone bis Kalabar ").
Reichenow quite correctly restricted the name calva to the birds from
■" Unterguinea " and considered pytiriopsis as a synonym ; Sharpe (Ibis, 1902)
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 191 S. 351
adopted Bonaparte's name pijliriopsis * for the typical T. calva calm, while he
thought that the northern form, which Reichenow named sharpei, was true
calva, a quite impossible course, as the southern bird is the true calva and
pytiriopsis is merely said to difier from delalandei by smaller size (!), and no
exact locality given ; Jardine's figure (very bad, like all illustrations in Jardine
and Selby's work) is quoted by Bonaparte, but it is not exact enough for any
conclusion, and has not either a definite locality.
T. calva sharpei differs from T. c. calva by having the head brighter and
slightly more yellow, the nuchal collar better defined and clearer grey, wing
(cJ?) 148-162 mm. Thisv form inhabits Western Africa from Sierra Leone
(Clark, Bower, Kelsall, Kemp) to the Lower Niger (Felix Roth, Ansorge, Braham)
and Kalabar (Ansorge and Brit. Mus.).
5. Treron calva salvadorii (Dubois).
" Vinago salvadorii, subsp. nov." Dubois, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897. p. 784 (" Afrique tropi-
cale orientale et centrale "—terra typica Tanganyka, as the author only e.xamlned Tanganyka
speciineas, no doubt from the western shores, though no esact locality has been stated).
Lilie all the foregoing subspecies with the bare portion of the forehead
longer than the rhamphotheca, but the nuchal collar very sharply defined and
brighter blue-grey or lavender-grey, greenish colour brighter and more yellowish
above and below, especially on the crown and neck. Wings 3 167-179, $ 157-
167 mm.
African lake districts from the western shore of Lake Tanganyka to Uganda,
Kavirondo, Unyoro, and Mt. Elgon. In the Trmg Museum from the following
localities : Russisi River between Lakes Kivu and Tanganyka (R. Grauer),
Marienseen (R. Grauer), Ussuwi, between Ussuwi and Lake Urigi, Lake Urigi
(Rud. Grauer), Kwidgwi Island in Lake Kivu (R. Grauer), Rutshuru plain,
1,600 m., between Albert Edward and Kivu (R. Grauer), Entebbe (F. J. Jack-
son, R. Grauer, L. M. Seth-Smith), Ngongo in Usoga (W. J. Ansorge), Unyoro
(R. Grauer), Kavu'ondo (W. J. Ansorge), Mpanga Forest in Toru (R. Grauer) ;
Mt. Elgon (British Museum). The Mpanga Forest and Kavirondo birds, as
well as the Unyoro specimens from Grauer, agree well with qther salvadorii, while
the bird from Kichuchu in Toru (see above, under uellensis) is much darker, like
true calva, and appears to have the nuchal collar more mdistnict, but, bemg
worn and dirty, this cannot well be seen ; a female from Fadjao is less bright
and has the collar less distinct than salvadorii, and is almost sure to belong to
uellensis.
Two specimens, marked <J and ?, shot by Grauer, in " the forest west of
Tanganyka" at 1,900 and 2,000 m., the same day (13. vi. 1908), are puzzling.
The female, from 1,900 m., has the collar more indistinct, head darker, and
agrees perfectly with specimens shot 340 km. ^^est of Baraka and at Kindu, at
elevations from 400 to 1,200 m., while the male, from 2,000 m., is brighter, and
agrees better with salvadorii, though the head is not quite as bright as in most
salvadorii.
* Reiohenow's quoting " Vinago pyterioptia" Verreaux, Rev. et. Mag. 1851. p. 421, is a slip,
as the name occurs nowhere in that work.
.352 JfOVlTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
6. Treron calva ansorgei subsp. nov.
Very simiLar to T . calva salvadorii. but the nuchal collar not quite so sharply
defined, underside and head generally a little brighter and more yellowish,
wings (J ? 169-182 mm.
Benguella. Mossamedes (Ansorge), Gambos (Veth and van der Kellen),
Bailundu (C. H. Pemberton).
Type : <J ad., No. 298, Huilla, Mossamedes, 21. ii. 1906, W. J. Ansorge coll.
Named after the late Dr. W. J. Ansorge, from whom the Tring and the
British Museum have received magnificent collections from various parts of
Angola.*
7. Treron calva nndirostris (Swains.).
Vinago nudirostris Swainson, B. 11'. Ajrica, ii. p. 205 (1837 — Senegal).
While in all the foregoing subspecies the bare portion of the bill extends
more or less to the forehead and is longer than the hard fore-part of the bill
(rhamphotheca), in T . c. nudirostris it is in both sexes less long than the latter.
In the female it is shorter than in the male, but unfortunately we could not
examine a good series. Mr. Riggenbach only sent three skins, two males and
one female. The wings appear to be short, in our largest male only 163 mm.
The colour is generally rather light and yellowish ; the nuchal collar is not
very distinct, in fact, except in one specimen, no more so than in any Congo
birds (T. c. calva) ; head and underside fairly bright and yellowish, more as in
salvadorii than in calva.
We know this form only from Senegambia. How far it extends eastwards
we are unable to say. Reichenow supposed that this form — although he separ-
ated it trinomially, as a subspecies — occurred also m East Africa and South-
west Africa. His East African birds, so far as he actually had them before his
eyes, were mostly almost certainly the new form described hereafter. The
South-west African birds were erroneously included, evidently on account of
the statement of Bocage, as Reichenow did not examine either Ivens', nor
Anchieta's, nor van der Kellen's specimens.
* The late Dr. William John Ansorge was one of the best collectors who ever collected for
the Tring Museum. Though not a zoologist and without knowledge of the species of birds and lepi-
doptera, he obtained most valuable material of study, and the collection of fishes which he made
for the British Museum in Nigeria is of the greatest importance. His ancestors lived in Silesia,
where Ansorge is a common name, but when and who of his forefathers became a British subject
I do not know. He was bom in India in 1850 and died in Anj^ola in 1914. I was surprised
to learn that he was only sixty-four years of age, as his white beard and bald head gave him the
appearance of a much older man. though he was good-looking and young in habits and energy.
Having been educated at Mauritius and in Cambridge, ho became a professor of the Royal College,
Mauritius, but in 1886 came to England to study medicine. In 1892 he went out to Uganda, where
he began to collect. At the beginning his skins were rather bad, I'ut the superior and methodical
way of labelling butterflies and birds, together with his industry and warm interest in all zoological
objects, was evident, and I personally instructed him in skinning, so that his skins soon vastly
improved. The large collections from northern Angola. Benguella, and Jlossamedes in the Tring
and British Museums have never been completely stuiiicd, though many novelties from them
were described, chiefly by myself and Oscar Neumann, and they were partially utilised at many
opportunities, as in the present case. The British Museum also possesses many mammals collected
by Ansorge and a fine collection of birds made in Portuguese Guinea in 1909, out of which
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant described a few new forms. The name .Ansorge will always be remembered by
students of African ornithology and entomology, and a number of birds, fishes, and lepidoptera
bear his name. — E. Habtert.
NovrraTEs Zoologicae XXV. 1918. 353
8. Treron calva brevicera subsp. nov.
A form with a short naked cere or basal portion of beak, as in T. c. nudirostris,
occurs also in East Africa. Head and underside as bright as in T. c. nudirostris,
but the nuchal collar bluish or lavender grey and sharply defined. Wing 1G6-
179 mm. Outer edges of rectrices more or less washed with yellow.
Type: 3 ad., Mo,schi, 13. iv. 1916. A. Buchanan coll. (Tring Museum).
" Length 12 inches. Iris lovely clear cobalt blue. Bill very pale whitish blue-
grey. Cere medium dull orange yellow. Feet pure coral red" (Buchanan).
" Iris bright bluish white. Cere orange ochreous, tip of bill white. Feet coral "
(Doherty).
It seems that this form differs constantly from the forms of T. calva with
wide bare space in the colour of the cere. Unfortunately I have no certain
information about T. c. nudirostris. On many labels of IT. c. calva, ansorgei,
.and salvadorii the base of the bill is described as red, magenta red, bright
red, alizarine-carmine, scarlet, roth, scarlet lake, alizarme-crimson, but never
as orange-yellow or orange-ochreous !
We have m the Trmg Museum a pair shot by Captain A. Buchanan at
Moschi, at the foot of Mt. Kilimanjaro, and a male collected by Will Doherty on
the Escarpment, 8,500 feet, in January 1901. In the British Museum one of
us has exammed specimens from the Kilimanjaro (Johnstone), Athi River,
Machakos (Hinde), Matabato Hills (B. Percival), and Kikuyu (Crawshay).
Probably Mombasa specimens belong also to this form. Should it turn out
that T. c. brevicera or T. c. nudirostris occur together with forms with the very
wide bare space at the base of the bill, we should be obliged to recognize as
species T. calva and nudirostris, each with one or more subspecies. There
is mdeed a specimen of the nudirostris group from the Victorian NUe in the
British Jluseum, where also T. c. uellensis or a closely allied form with wide
naked forehead is found !
9. Treron calva sejuncta subsp. nov.
A large form with widely naked space at base of forehead inhabits Portu-
guese Guinea. It is distinguished from its allies by a very yellowish green back
and underside. The head is rather apple-green, the collar dull grey, not so dis-
tmct and sharply defined as m T . c. sharpei, salvadorii, and brevicera, but not
quite so indistinct as in T. c. calva. Underside very bright yellowish, much as
in the more yellow specimens of poensis, but still yellower. The wmgs measure
154-166 mm. There are in the British Museum 3 adult males, 2 females,
and an immature bhd, all collected by W. J. Ansorge m 1909, the adult birds in
rather worn plumage, but clearly showing the above differences. This form
is nearest to poensis but still lighter and yellower green.
Type : ^ ad., No. 52, Porto Mansoa, Portuguese Guinea, 9. v. 1909. " Cere
alizarin-crimson." W. J. Ansorge coll. (In the British Museum.)
10. Treron calva subsp. 1
Professor Oscar Neumann collected two Green Pigeons m western southern
Ethiopia. One, sexed c?, with large testicles, shot at Djiren in Djunma,
28. iii. 1901, another, also marked <J, testicles large, Uma River near Baka in
354 XOVirATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Konta, 1. iii. 1901. The first has the forehead widely bare and closely resembles
T . c. calva. unless it is slightly darker, but being rather dirty this is almost
impossible to say. Wing 171 mm. The other is lighter and more greyish on
the head and throat and the naked space at the base of the bill is less than the
rhamphotheca. If it is a male and a slip has not occurred when writing the
label, this biid cannot possibly be the same as the one from Djiren, and it is
very strange that a form with wide and one with short naked space on the bill
are found so close together. As it is difficult to give a good description of one
rather poor specimen, ^^•e do not give a name to this form at present, but have
no doubt that it will be named before long. The wing of the Konta specimen
measures 167 mm.
Recapitulating we thus recognize the following forms :
1. Treron calva calva (Temm.) : Kamerun to North Angola, Congo basin,
Kindu and Ituri Forest. Also Princes Island.
2. Treron calva uellensis (Rchw.) : Uelle, Niam Niam. (Distribution and
differences requii-e further investigation.)
3. Treron calva poensis Hart. & Goods. : Fernando Po.
4. Treron calva sharpei (Rchw.) : Sierra Leone to Kalabar. (Boundaries
eastwards not yet certain.)
5. Treron calva salvadorii (Dubois) : Apparently Tanganyka to Unyoro,
Uganda and Mt. Elgon. (Exact distribution not fully worked out.)
6. Treron calva ansorgei Hart. & Goods. : South Angola, i.e. Benguella
and Mossamedes.
7. Treron calva nudirostris (Swams.) : Sencgambia, but limits eastwards
uncertain.
8. Treron calva brevicera Hart. & Goods. : Kilimanjaro to Athi River,
Kikuyu, etc. (More mformation about distribution dcshable.)
9. Treron calva sejiincta Hart. & Goods. : Portuguese Guinea.
10. 11. One or two insufficiently known (one bad skin each!) from south-
western Abyssinia or Ethiopia, collected by Oscar Neumann.
We may thus fairly assume that, if the whole of Africa were completely
ornithologically explored, a full dozen forms in place of the one recognized h)
the Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. or the three to four admitted by Reichenow, must
be separated.
The forms of Treron vernans.
It has been known for a long time that there is some geographical varia-
tion in this species, especially in the colour of the crown. Wallace, Ibis, 1863,
p. 320, said that a specimen from Penang had the head " dark slaty," while hi
the Macassar form the head was paler, the forehead and throat greenish, and
the pale lilac area narrower on the upperside, and a Bornean specimen appeared
somewhat intermediate, though more closely approaching that from Penang.
Agam, in Ibis, 1865, p. 374, he says that Penang examples had the head darker.
Bornean ones paler, while in a ^Macassar one the front and throat were greenish.
Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. i. p. 70 (1863), says that the skins from Java
and Celebes (Gorontalo) have the head and throat dull greenish grey (" d'un vert
grisatre mat"), which Salvadori (Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, v. p. 287), wrongly
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 355
translated " verde-grigio-scuro," " mat " not meaning dark (" oscuro "), but less
bright, dull, i.e. rather paler than darker, while Sumatran and Bangka birds
had the head fine bluish-grey (" d'un joli gris bleuatre "). Though this descrip-
tion is not very good and rather sounds as if the items were exchanged, it shows
that Schlegel distinguished between the Java-Celebes and the Sumatran race,
which he called " griseoaipilla."
Salvadori (Ucc. Borneo, Ann. 3Ius. Civ. Genova, v. p. 288, 1874, thought
there might be three " species " : T. vernans : Philippmes, T . griseicapilla
Schleg. : Java, and T. chlorops Salvad. : Celebes, but aftera^ards he abandoned
this view.
The differences of the colour of the crown were disregarded by Salvadori
in 1893 {Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 62). He simply remarked that " Some speci-
mens have the forehead and throat more or less tinged with greenish, but thej'
•are not confined to a particular locality." This is perfectly true. We find the
throat and forehead sometimes more or less tinged with greenish in all localities,
but it is not clear what this means ; it seems to be purely mdividual, and not
due to age or state of plumage.
On the other hand it is obvious that the specimens from Mergui, Malay
Peninsula, South Tenasserim, Sumatra, Batoe Islands, the Natuna Islands, Borneo,
Bongas, Palawan, Sulu, and Philippmes are generally darker all over, and
especially the crown of the head is much darker grey. (38 cj, 11 o in Tring
Museum.) Those from Java, Kangean Islands, Sumbawa and Celebes are
generally lighter all over, and especially the crown of the head is lighter grey,
(8 o, 4 $ in Trmg Museum.) Other constant differences we have not been able
to detect. The darker form must of course be called :
Treron vernans vernans (L.), terra tyjiica Philippines.
The lighter one will have to be called :
Treron vernans purpurea (Gm.), terra typiea Java.
(C.jUimba purpurea Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 2. p. 784. 1789, ex Brown, Illuslr. Zool. p. 41. pi. 18, where
a Javan specimen is figured.)
In Smithson, Misc. Coll. vol. Ix. No. 7. pp. 2, 3. 1912, Oberholser described
three new subspecies :
" Dendrophassa vernans mesocJdoa " from Nias. Said to be larger and
more greenish. As no measurements are given, the form cannot be c'.iscussed
without a Nias series.
'' Dendrophassa vernans polioptila " from North Pagi. Said to be lighter
and more greyish.
" Dendrophassa vernans miza " from Simalur (Pulo Babi). Like polioptila,
but " decidedly larger." Measurements not given.
In Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 98, 1917, p. 20, the same author described Dendr.
vernans adina from the Anamba Islands. Described as larger than T. v. vernans,
colours duller, abdomen paler.
It may be added that " Osmotreron " cannot possibly be separated from
Treron, or else Dendrophassa would have to be the name, antedating Osmotreron
by twelve years.
356 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918.
Treron bicincta.
There are some misprints in Novitates Zoologicae, 1910, p. 193. The
wings of T. b. bicincta measure 161-186, those of T. c. leggei 142-148 mm.
Treron curvirostra hainana subsp. nov.
Nearest to T. curvirostra nipalensis from Northern India, but generally
larger, bill as a rule deeper, wings longer, the grey of the crown not reaching
quite so far backwards, the nape dull green without any ashy-grey wash, whUe
in T. c. nipalensis there is a more or less distinct indication of a grey band.
Wings (J 145-157, ? 147-151 mm.
Hab. Hainan.
Type: cj Mt. Wuchi, Haman, 5. iv. 1903. Katsumata leg.
We cannot help adopting, as Oberholser has done (Smithson, Miscell. Coll.
Ix. No. 7. 1912. J). 3), the name curvirostra of Gmelin, although the figure on
which it is based does not show tlie grey crown, nor can we at present discuss
the other subsj)ecies (of which nasica must be one), for want of sufficient material.
The forms of Columba guinea.
In the Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. pp. 266-268, Count Salvadori recognized two
species, C. guinea and C. phaeonota. The latter, according to modern ideas, is
a subspecies of guinea, and was first recognized as such by the senior writer in
1891, Kat. Vogels. Senckenherg . Mus. p. 186, under the name of Columba guinea
trigonigera, a name which though comprising both guinea and phaeonota, chiefly
refers to the former.
Reichenow, Orn. Monatsber. 1898. p. 82, described CoZ«?n6o guinea uhehensis
from Iringa in Uhehe, and in 1901, Vog. Ajr. i. p. 402, added C. guinea longipennis
from E. Africa, from the Victoria Nyanza to Ugogo, while he lets C. guinea guinea
range from West Africa to N.E. Africa, where it is found from 16° lat. to the
Victoria Nyanza. C. phaeonota he treats as a species, inhabiting South Africa.
In 1905, Journ. f. Orn. p. 113, Erlanger identifies both longipennis and
uhehensis with phaeonota, which he says ranges from S. to E. Africa. In this
judgment he must undoubtedly have been wrong, and it is probably due to
some confused notes or faulty memory. About longipennis there is no question
that it is a form of guinea, but not phaeonota, while uhehensis cannot either be
phaeonota, as it has the rump light grey as in guinea, though otherwise it
appears to be nearer phaeonota .
In Ibis 1915, pp. 37-39, Mr. C. H. B. Grant reviews the forms of Columba
guinea, from an examination of the material in the British JIuseum. He recog-
nized three subspecies :
C. guinea guinea : West Africa.
C. guinea longipennis : Abyssinia and " Sudan " to East Africa.
G. guinea phaeonota : South Africa.
This cannot be correct, because, if the Abyssmian form is the same as the
East African one, it must be called : C. guinea dilloni (Bp.). Moreover, Abys-
sinian and East African specimens differ as much, or, in fact, even more from
each other, than E. African ones differ from the \\'est African form. According
to Mr. Grant's measurements males from W. Africa have the wings 212-231,
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 357
East African males 224-238, Abyssinian ones 228-245 mm. Thus Abyssinian
ones would be just as separable from E. African ones as the latter from W.
African examples — moreover, we doubt if the 212 mm. bu-d is really a male.
According to the senior author's measurements, the Tring Museum specimens
have the following wing-measurements :
West African, including specimens collected by Rudolf Grauer between
Kagera and Kivu and at Bukoba, which belongs to the western fauna :
(J $ (on account of some doubtful or unsexed specimens the sexes have not
been separated), 230, 231, 231, 231, 232, 236, 236, 236, 237, 240 (Senegal).
East African (S. Abyssinia, Harar), collected by Oscar Neumann and
Zaphiro :
(J$, 224, 228, 230, 231, 231, 241, 243, 244, 247.
North Abyssinian, Eritrea, collected by Gustav Schrader :
<J, 249, 249, 250, 255.
? 233 (1 damaged, measure probable only), 236, 239, 242 mm.
We have thus everyTvhere much larger measurements than Mr. Claude
Grant, who probably measured in the old uncertain way, without stretching the
wing on the rule, and the difference between the West and East African ones
Ls doubtful, while the Eritrean form is strikingly larger :
W. Africa : 230-240.
E. Africa : (224 once), 230-247.
Eritrea : (233 ?), 236-255 mm.
Moreover, Eritrean bii-ds are, as a rule, a little lighter on the underside,
but more so on the mantle and inner secondaries, also the outer grey upper wing-
coverts are a little lighter, and they are in the majority of specimens unspotted,
while they are sjjotted with white in nearly all specimens from West and East
Africa.
There is no difference in the colour between the West and East African
birds.
The birds from the White Nile must belong to the typical West African
guinea and cannot possibly be longipennis. Not only does the West African
Sudanese fauna in many cases reach across to the Upper Nile districts, but
Grant quotes a " male " (?) from the " Sudan " (by which is meant the Eastern
Sudan, south of Khartum) with a wing of only 219, which is below any of his
longipennis, and we have a $ from the Upper White Nile with a wing of
226 5 mm., which is a very small measurement.
We must therefore recognize :
C. guinea guinea L. — West Africa to Upper Nile.
C. guinea longipennis Rchw. — East Africa to Southern Abyssinia. (Doubt-
fully separable.)
C. guinea dilloni (Bp.). — Northern Abyssinia (Eritrea).
C . guinea uhehensis Rchw. — Uhehe. (Unknown to us.)
C guinea phaeonota Gray. — South Africa.
There is no doubt as to the validity of Bonajjarte's name dilloni (Compt.
Rend. Acad. 8c. . Paris, xxxix. p. 1105. 1854, Abyssinia). The author, though
saying that he does not think he is justified in considering as belonging to
another .species the bii-ds collected by M. Dillon in Abyssinia, although they
were larger and finer than C. guinea, proposes for them the name " Uticioenas
dilloni 1 Bp.," and repeats this afterwards m his lists.
358 N0VITA*ES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
C. uhehensis Rchw. cannot, from the description, be phaeonota (and prob-
ably Erlanger did not mean to say so, though he emphatically did !), nor can we
understand Mr. C. Grant saying that it is a synonym of C. g. longipennis, when
he had not seen specimens. Though the description does not sound very con-
vincing, nobody is justified in neglecting this form without having compared
Uhehe specimens.
Geopelia maugeus (Temm.).
We have to regard Timor as the typical locality of Temminck's " Columba
Maugeus" a name which we cannot alter into " maugei," as has been done by
many ornithologists. From Timor tj'pical mavgevs extends east and west, to
Alor, Kisser, Wetter, Savu, Flores, Sumbawa and Sumba, and on the other side
to Roma, Letti, Moa, Luang, Sermatta, and Babber, and H. Kiihn also obtained
a fine adult male on Tomia Island in the Tukang Besi group, S.E. of Celebes.
The species also occurs still further east, on the Tenimber Islands, m the
Key group, and the little islands to the north, where Kiihn collected specimens
on Taam, Manggur, and Kilsuin m the Koor group. These latter, however, from
Tenimber, Key, Taam and Kilsuin are slightly different, the black bars on the
hind-neck and na23e being wider, so that the barring there appears heavier ; the
same is generally noticeable on the foreneck and breast, but not constant. This
form, in any case, is well separable, and we propose to name it :
Geopelia maugeus audacis, subsp. nov.
Type: <? Larat, Tenimber, 17.1.1901. H. Kiihn coll., No. 3020 (Tring
Museum). There are 14 others from Tenimber, Little Key, Taam and KUsuin,
all collected by H. Kiihn, which we compared with 60 of the typical form.
ifoVlTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 358
SOME NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES.
By ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.
AN OVERLOOKED PUBLICATION.
I
N neither of the Records of Publications on Zoology have I found any
mention of the following work :
ORNITHOLOGIA DE ARAGON
R. P. LONGINOS NAVAS, S.J.
Articulos publicados en la revi-sta cient6fica Anales de Faculdad
de Ciencias de Zaragoza.
ZARAGOZA.
1907.
Thirty-two pages of this work have so far appeared, viz. the Introduction
(5 pages), Corvidae, Sturnidae, Oriolidae, Fringillidae, Alaudidae, Motacillidae,
Certhiidae, and Sittidae.
Considering the small number of publications dealing with the ornithology
of Spain, a large country with varied natural conditions and faunal districts, from
the glaciers of the High Pyrenees to the sunburnt rocks of Gibraltar, every
work on Spanish bu'ds is welcome and useful, and especially do we need a list
of the birds of Aragon, as none exists. There seems to exist only one work on
the fauna of that provmce : Asso, " Introductio in Oryctographiam et Zoologiam
Aragoniae" of 1784. The Aves de Espana of Arevalo y Baca, 1887, gives some
notes on Aragon buds, but altogether the birds of that province may be called
unknown. Even now a complete or probably any systematic ornithological
exploration of Aragon seems not to have taken place, but the chief sources of
Navas' list are the collections in the Museum of the Faculty of Science of the
University, the " Colegio del Salvador," and in the Institute of the Veterinary
School in Saragoza, thus tangible proofs, which are always better than mere
observations in the field, for the purjjose of local lists.
The arrangement, nomenclature, and other detaUs are professedly based on
my book "Las Aves de ZaJ^awriapaZedr/ica," by which the author means of course
the Vogel der paldarktischen Fauna. From my book are evidently taken also the
mam portions of many descriptions, and even my text-figures are mostly copied.
It is, however, strange that, after so much use being made of my book, my name
is constantly spelt Hartet, instead of Hartert.
The plan of the book is good : a short characteristic of the families, genera,
and species, but the chief item to us, the occurrences (one can hardly say dis-
tribution from these meagre records) in Aragon, are often very short and poor.
After the scientific name the Spanish vernacular names are added. Asso's
statements are reprinted, which is most welcome, as Asso's work is rather rare
and hardly known to ornithologists, though there is a copy in the Natural
History Museum in South Kensington, London.
24
360 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
For nomenclators the book is, unfortunately, of some importance, as the
author has deemed it necessary to create a number of new generic names, because
he does not admit tautology, and considers it more important to preserve the
oldest specific name than the first generic name. Nor does he use trinomials,
adding the term var. in order to avoid three names — the result being that
instead of the shorter and simpler Corvus corax hispanns, for example, he uses
the more cumbersome Corvus corax, var. hispana !
As the " Rules of Nomenclature " sanction trinomials and tautonymy, even
as far as trmomial, the new names invented by Navas are mere synonyms. The
following occur in the thirty-twO pages so far published :
Melanopica, new name for Pica, to avoid Pica pica, no other generic term
being available. (Page 8.)
Pycnorhinus, new name for Coccothraustes. (Page 12.)
CJilorindus, new name for Seriniis Koch. (Page 16.)
Pyrrhia, new name for Pyrrhida. (Page 16.)
On page 26, a new name for the Spanish subspecies of Alauda arvensis,
'probably found in the whole penmsula," based on examples from Aragon,
is given thus :
" Var. hesperica var. nov." Said to differ from the typical form by a longer,
and more pointed bUl, ocliraceous breast with deep brown longitudinal spots
which are larger in the male. Outer tail-feather white with a black stripe along
the mner edge of the inner web, the next black with a white border to the outer
web. Wing 102-112, tail 65-73, bill IS'S mm. Full Latin diagnosis, but the
items mentioned seem to be the only ones that might not be found in every
Skylark.
Misprints are frequent in Mr. Navis' book. Apart from the constant
Hartet instead of Hartert, which cannot be a misprint, I noticed : p. 24,
" Leissler" instead of Leisler ; p. 27, Lulula instead of Lullida ; p. 27, Motacilidos
instead of ilotacUlidos ; p. 30, Montacilla instead of MotaciUa ; p. 32, Tychodroma
instead of Tichodroma, Sitta evropae instead of europaea.
I am greatly obliged to Mr. Longinos Navas for kindly sending me a copy
of his Ornithologia de Aragon, which I had not seen before.
(Talking of misprints and slips — it seems that they are more frequent
recently than in former years, not excepting my own publications. I have seen
A goodly number in the recent parts of the Journal fiir Ornithologie and
Monalsberichte, and a few in almost allthe other journals, buteven in Mr. Mathews's
carefully edited Austral Avian Record (which I would have called " Australian
Avian Record") and in his great work Birds of Australia there are more than
usual. 1 quote a few, with a view to a list of corrections :
A nstr. Av. Rec. iii. p. <)3, " Hubner " instead of Hiibner ; p. 68, " Saupopatis "
instead of Satiropatis ; [). 69, line 2 from the bottom, " p. 226 " instead of 221 ;
p. 126, " Gemeinpriitz " instead of gemeinniitz., " Austandes " instead of Aus-
landes, " Schiilen " instead of Schulen ; p. 121, " nomena " instead of nomma,
" Vogel " instead of Vogd, " Kamp" instead of Kaup ; p. 117, " Eulor ' instead
of Euolor.
Time does not permit to quote more, but I shall always be pleased if my
own slips are pointed out to me, though mostly, I believe, I discover them
myself — when it is too late. — " Semper comis sed nunquam otiosus ! '")
JToniATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 36l
THE RIGHT NAME OF THE FANTAIL RAVEN.
This species must be called Corvus hrachyrhynchos Brehm. C . affinis Riipp.,
the name under which it has hitherto been known, is preoccupied by Corvus
afjinis Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. 2, p. 381 (1809 = Monasa nigra, Cayenne.
Cf. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xLx. p. 203).
Mathews, List B. Aiistr. p. 311 (1913), quotes " Bechstein 1811 " in error.
Mr. Iredale called my attention to the correct first reference to C. affinis, as duly
stated by Sclater in the Cat. B. xix.
Unfortunately Corvus brachyurus A. E. Brehm is preoccupied by Corvus
hrachyurus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 158, 1766 (Moluccas).
This Ls another name of a type in the Brehm Collection, which must stand.
Cf. antea, p. 7.
THE CORRECT NAME OF THE INDIAN BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE.
This species has hitherto been called Oriolus melanocephalus, but must in
future be named Oriolus luteolus.
In 1758, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 167, called it Sturnus Luteolus,
taking his name from Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iv. p. 186, pi. 186, where we find a
good figure and description of the female of the Indian Black-headed Oriole
from " Bengal," which he saw " in the collection of the late Mr. Dandridge."
Edwards and Lmnaeus both also quote as a synonym the " Pica Maderaspatana
sturni ad instar maculata " of Rajus, 8yn. Meth. Av. p. 195, pi. i. fig. 7 (not
plate ii. as Edwards quotes). Edwards also cites and duly criticizes Albin's
"yellow starling from Bengal," vol. ii. p. 38, pi. 41.
In 1766, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 160, Linnaeus, having found out that the
bird in question is not a Starling but an Oriole, placed it correctly in the genus
Oriolus, and, according to the custom of his time, altering the generic name
changed also the specific name, and called it Oriolus melanocephalus. To the
quotations he added Edwards, pi. 77, p. 77, which is the adult male, and Albm,
which he had formerly overlooked, also BrLsson, which had appeared between
1758 and 1766.
As no modern Rules of Nomenclature, from Strickland to our days, allow
to change a specific name because it is placed into another genus, Linnaeus'
name luteolus must be used instead of melanocephalus.
THE NAME OF THE SPOTTED FLYCATCHER.
This has had many vicissitudes. It was, for a long time, known as Musci-
capa grisola (L.) 1766. After the rediscovery and admittance of Pallas' Adum-
bratiuncula, in the Catalogue of the Vroeg Collection, it became Muscicapa
striata (Pall.) 1764. In Journ. f. Orn. 1906, p. 529, Lonnberg stated that it
must be called Muscicapa ficedula (L.) 1758. Lonnberg's statement, that the fact
that Linnaeus, in 1766, gave another name to the Spotted Flycatcher, and that
he added further quotations and descriptions which really belonged to different
species, does not affect the name given in 1758, is undoubtedly correct, but the
question is : can the name of 1758, Motacilla Ficedula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed.
X. i. p. 185, be accepted. Ten years ago, when studying the Flycatchers for
362 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
my book, I came to the conclusion that it was doubtful, and so far Lonnberg
has not been followed, except bj^ Hellmaj'r and Laubmann, Nomencl. Vog.
Bayerns, p. 9, 1916. This change is, however, unnecessary, and we can stick
to the name striata. Lmnaeus's diagnosis : " Motacilla subfusca, subtus alba,
pectore cinereo maculata," might well apply to the Spotted Flycatcher, but
it is too vague to make this absolutely certain, since under the name of Motacilla
Linne united nearly all smaller insect-eating birds, and no descriptions of the
bill, size, etc., are given, and we must therefore examme his references. The
first reference is to the Fauna Svecica, No. 231. There is the same diagnosis
as in the Syst. Nat. ed. x., and at the bottom is added : " Color supra totus e
fusco castaneus, subbus alba aut albo-cinerascens." This does not help us a
bit, but I do not consider '' e fusco castaneus " a correct description of the upper-
side of a Spotted Flycatcher, and " alba aut albo-cinerascens " suggests that
Linne had different birds in mind, as the underside in the Spotted Flycatcher
does not vary much.
The next quotation is " Ficedula cannabina " Willoughby, Orn. p. 163. This
is incorrect, but Fauna Svecica, No. 231, is the correct quotation : " Ficedula
quarta." Under the heading Ficedula quarta Aldrov., Willoughby described a
bird of which, among other descriptions, he says that in the male the wings
have some white, while in t'le female they turn into chestnut, as also does the
tail, which is black in the male. He further identifies with this bird the " Cyprus-
bird " and Beccafigo, ^''Ficedula" bemg the Latin translation of Fig-bird, but
the Beccafigos are various kinds of Sylvia, and not Flycatchers, the buds which
are (still) exported from Cyprus being all sorts of small bhds, but chiefly Blackcaps
and other Sylviae. There is thus nothing in Willoughby's descrijjtion to prove
that the " Ficedula quarta " is anything like the Spotted Flycatcher, but hi
fact it is a mixture of various birds.
The next quotation is Rajus, av. 81, n. 12. This is word for word the same
as in Willoughbj', the Latin edition of « hich was, lOce the English translation,
edited by Rajus.
Then comes : Albm, Aves, iii. p. 25, pi. 26. That bird resembles the Spotted
Flycatcher only in the breast being spotted. It is, however, described as havuig
a " slender " bill of a dark reddish colour, the top of the head, back, and tail
" dusky red, cinereous and yellow mixture," on the throat a large spot of white,
the breast yellow, spotted with black, legs pale reddish. In the figure bill and
feet are blood-red. No locality is given, and the bird Ls called the Fig-Eater,
Ficedula cannabina. I fail to understand how one can see a Flycatcher in
this bhd ! In the Fauna Svecica., p. 86, we find further quotations : " List,
apic. l^f). Ficedula," v.hioh I do not know and cannot understand.
Fui-ther : " Charl. onom. 81. t. 81. Ficedula." That is Charleton's
OnornasHcon Zoicon, llJGS. On p. 81 is no description of the " Ficedula," and
the bird figured has a curved bill, spotted crown and wmgs, and is probably the
r.-jiresentation of a Sa.-icola, rubetra. I fail to see how on these premises —
none of the quotations litting the Sjiotted Flycatcher — we can be so sure of
Linne's Motacilla Ficedula that we make it to supersede a certain and unim-
peachable name. Evidently Linne was not acquamted with the Spotted Fly-
catcher, or he could not have quoted five authors, none of which described the
latter, while the diagnosis is too vague and too short to make it a certainty.
NOVJTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. lOlS. 363
THE CORRECT NAME OF THE GARDEN WARBLER.
In my book on the Palaearctic Bii-ds, and later in British Birds, I have shown
that the name hortensis is undoubtedly that of the Orphean Warbler, and that
borin is the correct name of the Garden \^'arbler. Now Messrs. Hellniayr and
Laubmann (Nomencl. Vog. Bayerns, 1916, p. 11, and Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, xiii.
i. p. 99) following Kleinschmidt, 1913, have adopted the name Sylvia hippolais
(L.), i.e. MotacillaHippolaishum-dous,Syst.Nat.ed.x. i. p. 185 (1785 — " Europa,"
with the restricted terra typica Sweden). While one may argue about the
name ficedula, if one considers the diagnosis sufficient and disregards all quota-
tions, there is no argument, in ray opinion, about the name hippolais, which
cannot be referred to the Garden W^arbler. The diagnosis of Linne is : " Mota-
cilla vu'escente-cinerea, subtus ilavescens, abdomine albido, artubus fuscis."
His references are only three : Fauna Svecica, No. 234, Aldrovandi, and Rajus.
In the Fauna Svecica, p. 87, the diagnosis is the same as in the Sysi. Nat., but
a fuller description is added, in which it is queried if this is not the female of
Sylvia curruca, the wings are described "as ferrugineous (" alae clausae sujjra
ferrugmeae, remiges margine exteriore ferrugineae sunt"), the rectrices as
having partially pale tips. Now the upperside should, in my opinion, not be
described as " virescente cinerea," the wings have no ferrugineous, the rectrices
have no pale tips. Therefore the diagnosis does not fit the Garden Warbler,
in fact it refers partially to the Whitethroat. Now let us turn to Aldrovandi :
there, on p. 759, a bhd is described which Ls greyish brown (" ex cinereo
fuscescens "), with a yellowish breast (" jiectus lutescit ") and black feci (" pedes
nigri sunt "), and on p. 760 this bird is figured with black feet, but the figure
would do for many kinds of Sylvia and others, and is of no use. While the
general description of the colours might do, it is not in agreement w ith Linne's
diagnosis, and the feet are not at all black, but rather conspicuously bluish grey
or lead-grey. Therefore neither Linne's own diagnosis nor his quotations (Rajus
is the same as Aldrovandi's) refer to the Garden Warbler and the name can only
be quoted as a doubtful name of the AVhitethroat ! The argument that it is
the " Beccafico " of the Italians may be disregarded. This name is even now
applied to a number of Sylviae in the Oi'ient, in some places chiefly to the Black-
cap, and it was not likely a fixed application for any particular subsjaecies in
Aldrovandi's time — now over 300 years ago — and Aldrovandi says that he was
only told it was called Beccafico in Genoa.
THE CORRECT NAME OF THE FRUIT-PIGEONS,
GENERALLY CALLED CARPOPHAGA.
For a long time we used to call these Pigeons Carpophaga Selby, 1835, but
unfortunately that name has been found to be preoccupied by Billberg, who
introduced it in 1828. Therefore Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv.
p. 596 (1909), proposed to use Muscadivores Ciray. Cat. Gen. B. 1855, p. 98, but
this is incorrect, as Gray did not give that name, but quotes Muscadivores Less.
1831. Lesson, however, did not use the name as a generic title, but had only
the French nomination " Les Muscadivores." Gray's use of the supposed
Lessonian name is therefore an error, and Muscadivora Schlegel, Dierentuin,
p. 209, 1864, with full description, as a new name for Carpophaga is the only
genuine name for the Fruit-Pigeons.
364 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
ABOUT "SLIGHT" VARIATIONS IN SPELLING.
In spite of numerous recent attacks the International Rules of Nomen-
clature are generally adopted by ornithologists of all countries. In spite of all
care and forethought of the Committee who drafted them, and of recent amend-
ments, however, some of the articles allow of different interpretations, and the
various interpretations have done more harm to the cause of nomenclature than
anj'thing else. About two points the Rules are absolutely clear, and yet some
recent writers — among others, I am sorry to say, Mr. Harry Oberholser and
other American authors, and, at least for a time, Mr. G. M. Mathews — have
followed then- own course, which gave them opportunities for changing
numerous names and adding new ones as well. I mean the question of slight
differences in spelling, and of different terminations of genders and otherwise.
Logic and experience tell us that even the smallest differences, down to
" one-letterism," must be regarded as differences, because it is impossible to
draw the line between small and greater diff'erences, while, on the other hand,
a strict line can be drawn between different and not different. This is beauti-
fully illustrated by some eases, in which Oberholser made new names when the
older ones were somewhat similar, and by Mathews rejecting Meliphaga of 1808,
because of 3IelopJi(igus of 1802 ! If we go so far we might as well go farther
still ; for example, considering as alike Reichenbachia and Reichenowia, Mathaeusa
and Matheivsa, Dorothea and Dohertya, etc., etc.
The Rules are absolutely clear on this point, for in the Recommendations
to Article 36 it is said that " it is well to avoid the introduction of new generic
names which differ from generic names already m use only in termination or
in a slight variation in spelling which might lead to confusion. But when once
introduced such names are not to be rejected on this account. Examples :
Piciis, Pica, Polyodfus, Polyodon, Polyodonta, Polyodontas, Polyodontus ." Can
anything be clearer than this ?
These principles have also been silently followed by many sensible ornith-
ologists before the existence of the International Rules. For example, the
generic name Butio was given while the author was cjuite aware of the existence
of Buteo, Athene was formerly never rejected because of the earlier Athena, etc.,
etc. Some names have recently most injudiciously been rejected, as for example
Aegolius 1829, which should not be rejected on account of Aegolia 1828 ;
Ty/o, which cannot be rejected because of Tyta ; Polysticta 1836, which can stand
in spite of Polisticte 1835 ; Oxyura, which is not the same as Oxyurus !
The different terminations of the genders can easily be detected by the ear
and by the eye, and doubtless Fredericus and Frederica, Constantius and Con-
stantia, Hellmayrius and Hellmayria are very different things, and quite as
different as Picus and Pica.
An allowance may perhaps be made with the terminations os and us, both
having often been indiscriminately used, and both are not easily separable ;
moreover, they are only different transliterations of the same thing, which cannot
be said of the feminine and masculine gender. Probably there will also be general
agreement if, as I wish to propose, the ss and tt in Greek words like Thalassa
and Thalatta, if they were genera of birds, Lampronetta and Lampronessa, and
similar names, are considered as not separable, because in Greek both were
used alternatively.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 365
The endings us and os might nevertheless be accepted in Apus and Apos,
as they were both introduced in one and the same small book by the same
author, so that we may well suppose that he purposely used these spellings to
distinguish between these two names, as was apparently done with Galerida, to
distinguish it from the well-known beetle genus Galerita.
A NEW SPECIES OF OGOA.
By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.
Ogoa malagassica sp. nov.
Nearest to oberthuri Rothsch. from the Comoro Islands.
(J Differs from oberthuri in being cream-white instead of testaceous cin-
namon. Antennae intense black not dull black with shaft brown ; head and
thorax whitish primrose ; abdomen cream-white, anal tuft chestnut red.
Forewings semivitreous cream-white, median shadow band sooty black,
much less wide than in oberthuri, much less angled and somewhat sinuate.
Hindwings semivitreous cream-white, basal half with whitish primrose hairs,
sooty black transverse band narrower, more promment, and further from the
margin than in oberthuri. Legs chestnut rufous not testaceous brown as in
oberthuri.
Length of forewing : 60 mm. Expanse : 129 mm.
Habitat : Antananarivo, Madagascar.
366 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
SOME SMALL FAMILIES OF THE LEPIDOPTEBA WHICH ARE
NOT INCLUDED IN THE KEY TO THE FAMILIES IN THE
CATALOGUE OF LEPIDOPTERA PHALAENAE, A LIST OF
THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF THE LEPIDOPTERA
WITH THEIR TYPES AND A KEY TO THE FAMILIES.
By SIR GEORGE F. HAMPSON, Bart., F.Z.S., Etc.
* Not in Brit. Mus, ; f type examined.
FAMILY EUCOCYTIADAE.
Cocytianae Roths., Lep. Snow Mis., N. Guinea, p. 57 (1915).
Differs from the CalUmorphidae in having the antennae dilated towards
extremity and the eyes hairy.
Callimorpha Latr. 1809, type hem, is the oldest genus in the latter ia,m)ly ,
and Hypsa Hiibn. 1827 is a section of Asota Hiibn. which has priority.
Palpi with the 3rd joint very long and dilated at extremity ;
antennae with the dilation ending in a pointed hook ;
wings with the cell very short, the forewuig with veins
7, 8, 9 stalked, 10 from cell Rhoptrophalaena
Palpi with the 3rd joint very short and thickly scaled ; an-
tennae with the dilation not ending in a pointed hook ;
wings with the cell long, the forewing with vein 9 from
10 anastomosing with S to form the aureole . . Eucocytia
Genus Rhoptrophalaena n.n.
Cocytia Boisd., Mon. Zyg. p. 24 (1829), type durvilU, nee Cocytius Hiibn., Verz. p. 140 (1827).
(1) * Rhoptrophalaena aurantiaca.
Cocytia durvillei, aurantiaca Roths., Nov. Zool. iv. p. 509 (1897).
Timor Xaut.
(2) Rhoptrophalaena durvilli.
Cocytia durviUii Boisd., Mon. Zyrj. p. 22. pi. 1. f. 1 (1S29).
■)■ Cocytia veiichii But!., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1884. p. 352 (ab.) ; Waterh. Aid. ii. pi. 45. f 1.
Batchian, IT. Guinea, Sei Is,, Lonisiade Is., Ifew Hebrides.
(3) Rhoptrophalaena clilorosoma.
t CoC'/lia cUorosoma Bull., A.M.N.H. (4) xv. p. 144 (1875).
Cocytia ribbaei Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag. xxi. p, 156 (1884).
m. Ouiiiea, Aru Is., Kei Is.
NOVIIATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 191S. 367
Genus Eucocytia.
Tj-pe.
Eucocytia Roths., Nov. Zool. xii. p. 474 (1905) ........ mceci
* Eucocytia meeci.
t Ewocytia meeki Roths., Xov. Zool. xii. p. 474 (1905) ; id. Lep. Snow Mts., N. Guinea, p. 57. pi. 1-
f. 9.
Br. and Gorm. N, Guinea.
Family DIOPTIDAE.
Dioptis Hiibn. Verz. p. 174 (1S27). tj'pe cjma.
Differs in the key from the Geometridae in the abdomen having the basal
stigmata dilated into vesicles.
Family LEMONIADAE.
Lemonia lldbii., Vcrz. p. 1S7 (1827), ty^e taraxaci.
Differs in the key from the Brahmaeidae in having the proboscis absent.
Family SEMATURIDAE Guen.
DiSers in the key from the Geometridae in having the antennae more or less
dilated towards extremity and the eyes liauy, whilst in the Geometridae the very
few genera which have the antennae dilated always have the eyes naked.
It is closely related to the Uraniadae, but has the eyes hairy and overhung
by long cilia and the forewing with veins 0, 7 stalked with 8 and 10, 0 absca;,
instead of veins 6, 7 being remote from 8, and the eyes smooth.
KEY TO THE GENERA.
A. Frenulum aborted and not functional ; hmdwing with
anal lobe produced to a long spatulate tail at veins 5,
4, veins 2, 3, 4 stalked ; palpi with the 3rd joint
long ; tibiae spined ...... Sematura
B. Frenulum fully developed ; hindwing with vein 2 from
near angle of cell, 3, 4 from angle or veryshortly stalked.
a. Hindwing with anal lobe produced to a short
spatulate tail at veins 5, 4 ; palpi with the 3rd
joint moderate ; tibiae not spined . . Coronidia
b. Hindwing without anal lobe, the termen jjroduced
to a point at vein 4 ; palpi with the 3rd joint
moderate ; tibiae spined .... Lonchoiura
c. Hindwing with the termen evenly curved and
without anal lobe ; palpi with the 3rd joint
short ; tibiae spined ..... Anurafteryx
Genus Sematura.
Type.
Mania Hiibn., Terz. p. 290 (1S27) ; neo Treit. Lep. 1825 lunvs
Sematura Talm., Vet. Umidl. 1824. p. 407 (nondescr.) ; Guen., Ur. £■ Phal. i. p. 17 (1S57) . lunu.s
Manididia Westw., Trans. Zool, Soc. s. p. 527 (1879) luntis
868 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
(I) Sematura lunus.
Phalaenae lunus Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 508 (1758) ^ ; Clerck, Icones, pi. 52. ff. 3. 4 ; Cram., Po;).
Exot. pi. 200. f. A.
Lars IJeroica empcdorlaria Hiibn., Samml. ex. Srhmell. i. pi. 201 (? 1819) $.
Mania caudUunnria Hiibn., Yerz. p. 290 (1827).
t Sematura actaem Feld., Eeis. Nov. pi. 121. f. 5 (1875) (J.
Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Biica, Panama, Trinidad, Br. Guiana,
Brazil, Amazons.
(2) Sematura empedocles.
Papilia empedocles Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 199. ff. A. B. (1779) $.
Sematura eelene Guen., Ur. it- Phal. i. p. 18 (1857) (J.
Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Ccsta Rica, Panama, Trinidad,
Colombia, Venezuela, Br. Guiana, Brazil, Amazons.
(3) *Sematura diana.
Sematura diana Guen., Ur. <t- Phal. i. p. 18. pi. i. f. 4 (1857) (J.
Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, <? 9 in Coll. Rothschild ; the subterminal line
of the forewing is slightly sinuous but incurved and with a minute pale spot on
it below vein 4.
(4) Sematura aegisthus.
Papilio lunus Cram., Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 2C0. ff. B.C. (1779) nee. Liim.
Papilio aegisthus Fabr., Spec. Ind. ii. p. 20 (1781).
Mania lunigeraria Hiibn., Verz. p. 290 (1827).
t Ni/ctalemon excavatus Wlk., i. p. 9 (1854).
Sematura phoebe Guen., Ur. & Phal. i. p. 19 (1857).
Jamaica, Haiti.
Genus Coronidia.
Coronis Latr., Fam. Nat. p. 470 (1825), French, no t.vpc, nondescr., nee Latr. Crust. 1824.
Coronis Latr., Cuvier, Regne Anim. v. p. 389 (1829), no tj-pe, nee Hiibn. Verz. p. 265 (1827).
Larunda- Hiibn., Verz. p. 289 (1827), nee Leaeh, Cnist. 1815 orithca
Coronis Blanchard, Cuvier, R&gne Anim. Ins. p. 234. pi. 145. f. 2 (1849) . . . evenus
Coronis Guen., Ur. <b Phal. i. p. 20 (1857) orithea
Coronidia Westvf., Tr. Zool. Soc. X. -p. 52S (ISIQ); Kirby, Cat. icp. Hist. i\ IS . . orithea
Homidia Stvand, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1911. p. 635, nee Borner, Colemb. Idoa . . . canace
Prof. Poulton has kindly brought me all the ty])cs and other material from
the Hope Museum at Oxford to examine, and Lord Rothschild and Mr. J. J.
Joicey all their material.
Sect. I. {Coronidia). Antennae of male with minute serrations ending in
bristles, of female with short branches ; forewing of male on upperside with
tuft of long upturned hair from inner margin near ba'^e.
(1) * Coronodia hyphasis.
Coronis hyphasis Hopff., Neuc Srhmett. ii. p. 3. pi. iii. ff. 2. 3 (1856) $.
The male differs from the female in having the blue band of the hindwing
expanding towards the apex as in the males of all this group, and with less white
on its inner edge towards costa.
Mexico, Costa Kica, Panama, Ecuador.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 369
(2) Coronidia erecthea.
t Coronidia erecthea Westw., Trans. Zool. So:, x. p. 530. pi. 87. f. 4 (1879) <J.
The female differs from the male in having the blue band of the hindwing
not expanding towards the costa.
Mexico, Brazil.
(3) * Coronidia diflacilis.
Coronidia di/ficiUs Strand, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1911. p. 039. (J ?.
Ecuador, Peru.
(4) Coronidia orithea.
Phalaena orithea StoU, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. p. 121. pi. 262. ff. 0. D. (1778) (J.
Coronis d' Urville Latr., Curier, Rljne Anim. (ed. ii.) v. p. 389 (1829). and iii. p. 440. pi. 20. f. 4 (1830)
French.
Coronis durvillii Guen., Ur. d.-. Phal. i. p. 21 (1857).
Coronis hysudrus Hopff., Sexie Sehmelt. ii. p. 4. pi. iii. ff. 4. 5 (1857) $.
t Coronidia boreada Westw., Trans. Zool. Soc. x. p. 531. pi. 87. f. 5 (1879) $.
SZesico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Fr. Guinea, Surinam,
Brazil, Paraguay, Ecuador, Bolivia.
Sect. II. (Hamidia). Antennae in both sexes with minute serrations end-
ing in bristles ; forewing of male without tuft of hair from inner margin.
A. Forewing with the termen evenly curved.
a. Hindwing with the tail of moderate length and rounded at extremity.
(5) * Coronidia tangens.
liomidia tawjens Strand, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1911. p. 645. (J.
Ecuador, j in Coll. Rothschild.
(6) * Coronidia traducta.
Homidia traducta Strand, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1911. p. 646. ?.
The male differs from the female in the forewing having the postmedial band
suffused with red-brown, its outer edge whiter, its inner edge less dentate at the
veins, ending at tornus instead of just before it, the antemedial line and medial
line not edged with blue-white scales ; the underside of hindwing with the post-
medial pink band narrowing between veins 4 and 2 and the subterminal spots
between veins 4 and 2 bright pink.
Bolivia, Peru ; (J ? in Coll. Rothschild, ? m Coll. Joicey.
(7) * Coronidia vestvoodi.
Coronis westwoodi Oberth., Et. Ent. vi. p. 28. pi. vi. f. 2 (1881) (J.
Colombia.
(8) t Coronidia leucosticta n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown mixed with some whitish ;
antennae whitish ringed with dark brown ; palpi dark brown, the 1st joint with
white mark at extremity, the 2nd with white streak at sides, the 3rd with the
tip white; pectus, legs, and ventral surface of abdomen white suffused with
370 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 191S.
red-brown, the tibiae and tarsi darker brown above. Forewing dark brown ;
subbasal line grey, double on costal area, the outer line oblique and slightly
sinuous, at inner margin joining the antemedial line, which is double, grey,
oblique, waved ; median band brownish grey, dark at costa, defined at sides
by brown and whitish lines, oblique, slightly angled outwards at the veins ; a
large black discoidal lunule defined on inner side by a grey-brown line ; three
waved grey-brown lines beyond the cell ; postmedial line grey-brown, with dark
brown lines near its inner and outer edges, oblique, waved, angled inwards to
white points on the veins on inner side and defined on outer side by curved
white striae in tlie interspaces, excurved to above vein 4, then incurved and
ending at tornus, three waved black-brown lines beyond it forming bars at costa
followed by two other bars ; a brownish white subterminal line, slightly waved
below vein 4 and ending at vein 2 ; a terminal black-brown lunule below vein 7,
three rather oblique bars to vein 2, defined on inner side by brownish white.
Hindwing reddish brown, the terminal area dark brown ; a crimson postmedial
band with waved edges from costa to vein 5 ; three waved grey lines on terminal
area ; the upper part of tail white at extremity with an elliptical black patch
with minute white spot on it before it, the lower part with curved white line
before its extremity preceded by a minute black and white spot ; black lunulcs
on termen between veins 4 and 2 defined on inner side by brownish white. Under-
side of forewing brownish grey to the postmedial band, the terminal area dark
brown striated with rufous on costal area, then with whitish to vein 5, an ellipti-
cal black discoidal spot, the postmedial band white defined on innerside by
diffused dark brown, excurved and waved to vein 4, then oblique and sinuous
to tornus ; a smuous white subterminal line to vein 2 ; huidwing brownish grey
to the postmedial band, an oblique blackish discoidal spot, the whole terminal
area bright pink defined on its inner side, which is waved, by a black-brown band
and extending to inner margin, the terminal area with three waved black lines
and a striga before termen above vein 4.
Peru, Huancabamba, 1 <J type, Carabaya, San Domingo (Ockenden), 1 tS
in Coll. Rothschild. Exp. 70 mill.
(0) CoTonidia rosina.
t Coronis rosina Feld., Reis. Nov. pi. 121. 3. 3. i (1874) (J.
t Coronidia columbiana Westw., Trans. Zool. Soc. x. p. 534. pi. 88. f. 4 (1879) ?.
Colomliia, Veneznela.
(10) Coronidia egina.
Coronis egina Blanch., Cuvier.flejne^nra. Ins. pi. 145. [. 4 (1840) ^ ; Gucn., Ur. d: Phal. i. p. 21.
pi. 1. f. 3.
t Coronidia nicaraguana Westw., Trans. Zool. Soc. x. p. 534. pi. 88. f. 3 (1879) S.
The female differs from the male in the forewing having the subbasal line
white and straight, the antemedial band with white inner edge, slightly ex-
curved below costa, then oblique and straight, the postmedial band with its outer
half white and only slightly incurved below vein 5 ; the hindwing with the red
band broader, its outer edge waved, the part below vein 3 brown sliglitly edged
with whitish on inner side and strongly on outer side, the apical part of termen
white, then a narrow white band before termen to vein 5. It is almost exactly
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 191S. 371
like the same sex of C. canace, but the terminal half of the hindwing is
strongly suffused with bright pink and there is no line through the postmedial
band.
Iffiexico, Giiatemala, STicaragua, Costa Kica, Panama, ? West Indies, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru.
(11) Coronidia canace.
Coronis canace Hopff., Neue Schmetl. ii. p. 4. pi. 3. f. 0 (1856) (J.
t Coronidia paulina Westw., Trans. Zool. Soc. x. p. 533. pi. 87. ff. 6. 7 (1897) (J.
t Coronidia aeola Westw., Trans. Zool. Soc. x. p. 535. pi. 88. ff. 1. 2 (1879) ?.
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru.
(12) Coronidia gueneei.
t Coronidia gueneei Druce, Biol. Centr. Am. Ha. ii. p. 0 (1891) $.
Panama, Colombia, Br. Guiana.
(13) Coronidia restincta.
Homidia restincta Strand, DeuUch. Ent. Zeit. 1911. p. G4G. ^ $.
Colombia, Ecuador, Pern.
(14) Coronidia subpicta.
t CoTOm>«M6ptctoWlk.,l.p. 39(1854)(J; Butl., /Z/.i/rf. B..¥. 1. p. 59. pi. 2. f. 2 ; Oberth., £Mep.
vi. p. 29. pi. 6.f. 3.
Coronis echenais Hopff., Neue Schmett. ii. p. 5. pi. 4. f. 1 (1856) cj.
t Coronidia grenadina Westw., Trans. Zool. Soc. x. p. 536. pi. 88. £. 5 (1879) ^.
t Coronidia biblina Westw., Trans. Zool. Soc. x. p. 537. pi. 88. f. 7 (1879) ?.
nCezico, ITicaragua, Costa Bica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru.
(15) Coronidia leachi.
Aga.ista leacUi Latr., Enc. Mkh. vs.. p. 803 (1823) (J ; Gu^r., Icon. R. Anim. Ins. p. 493. pi. 83. f. 3 ;
Boisd., Sp. Gen. i. pi. 14. f. 2 ; Guen., Vr. ds Phal. i. p. 22. pi. 1. f. 2 ; Westw., Trans. Zool.
Soc. X. p. 540. pi. 88. f. 11.
Cormis japet Blanch., Cuvier, Eigne Anim. Ins. pi. 145. f. 3 (1849) $ ; Westw., Trans. Zool. Soc.
X. p. 537. pi. 88. f. 0.
In Coll. Rothschild there are two males from Mexico, Guerrero, belonging
to a '{ androgynamorphous form of this species ; the hindwing with obsoloscent
sinuous orange band on upperside from costa to vein 5 much as in typical
C. subpicta but with the white apical patch of C. leachi.
Mozico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Bica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Brazil, Ecuador, Peru.
(16) Coronidia briseis.
t Coronidia briseis Westw., Trans. Zool. Soc. x. p. 538. pi. 88. f. 9 (1879) $.
Homidia Uucothysonota Strand, Dentsch. Ent. Zeit. 1911. p. 643 J.
Venezuela, Bolivia.
372 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1018.
(17) Coronidia evenus.
Coronis evenus Blanch., C'uvier, Rejne Anim. Ins. pi. 145. f. '2 (1849) (J.
Coronis ducatrix Schauf., yung. Otiosus, i. p. 12 (1870) $.
Homidia snbevenus Strand, DeiUsch. Ent. Zeit. 1911. p. 645. <?.
The male usually has only a few white scales in the cilia of the hindwing
towards apex, but sometuncs has the cilia wholly white towards apex ; it differs
from the male of C . briseis in the darli medial area of the forewing contrasting
much less strongly with the paler basal and postmedial areas, its edges more
irregular and waved, the subterminal line with a strong dark shade before it ;
the hindwing with the inner half of terminal area more variegated with grey.
The female, Peru, Carabaya, La Oroya (Ockenden), m Coll. Rothschild,
has the head and thorax purplish red-brown and greyish, the abdomen grey-
brown ; forewing red-brown and grey mixed with some purple-red except on
terminal area, a whitish antemedial band suffused with brown, oblique and
narrowmg to%vards inner margin, its edges irregularly waved, a creamy white
postmedial band irrorated with brown on its inner side except towards costa,
rather oblique towards costa, then erect, its edges waved ; hindwing grey-brown
witli broad orange-yellow postmedial band slightly excurved below discal fold
and ending at vein 2, its edges waved, the inner half of terminal area variegated
with purple-red ; underside grey-brown, the forewing with the whitish post-
medial band as above, the hindwmg with the band creamy yellow tinged with
red and extending to the inner margin, a creamy white shade from vein 3 before
termen to tornus.
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru.
b, Hindwing with the tail very short, rounded at extremity ; forewing
short and broad with the apex rounded.
(18) *t Coronidia brachyura n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark red-brown ; frons with white lines at
sides ; palpi black-brown, the 2nd joint with white line in front, the joints ringed
witli white at extremities ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen whitish
suffused with red-brown ; legs suffused with dark brown, the tibiae at extremities
and tarsi rmged with white. Forewing very dark reddish brown, the costa
with obscure blackish spots with greyish bars between them ; antemedial line
indistinct, double, blackish, oblique, sinuous ; medial lino blackish faintly
defined on inner side by grey, rather oblique to median nervure, then waved, a
small black discoidal spot just beyond it ; postmedial line blackish slightly
defined on outer side by grey, rather oblique towards costa, then erect and
waved ; an indistinct double crenulate dark subterminal Ime, ending at tornus ;
a series of oblique black striae in the interspaces before termen to vein 2, defined
on inner side by greyish. Hindwing very dark reddish brown ; the cilia pure
white except at base to below vein 7, then a sinuous black line before termen
to the tail on which there is a small round deep chocolate-brown spot before
its upper extremity, then deep chocolate-brown lunules before termen below
veins 4 and 3. Underside dark reddish brown ; forewing with two curved and
slightly waved dark postmedial lines filled in with greyish from costa to below
vein 4, the costal area beyond them greyish crossed by three famt waved dark
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 191S. 373
lines ; hindwing with traces of a waved greyish postmedial line with minute
whitish streaks before it on the veins and a faint double slightly waved dark
subterminal line, the cilia white to below vein 7, then with some white scales.
Ecuador, Loja (Abbe Gaujon), 1 <J type in Coll. Joicey. Exp. 42 mill.
c. Hindwing with the tail very short and excised at extremity.
(19) *tCoronidia flavidorsata n. sp.
(J. Head and thorax olive-yellow with a broad dark reddish brown stripe
on outer parts of tegulae and patagia ; antennae white, red-brown towards base
and extremity ; sides of frons dark brown ; palpi ochreous white mixed with
black-brown ; abdomen ochreous white tinged with red-brown and with a dark
red-brown dorsal streak ; pectus and legs ochreous white tuiged with red-brown.
Forewing olive-yellow suffused with red-brown, the medial and postmedial
areas dark red-brown ; two oblique sinuous black subbasal lines, the outer
defined on outer side by pure white, bent outwards on inner margm to the ante-
medial band and edged above and below by black ; three sinuous black lines,
excurved below costa, before the antemedial band, which has a small black
spot at costa, its outer edge with a curved pure white line defined on outer edge
by black and slightly dentate at median nervure and veins 2 and 1 ; a pure
white medial Une with an olive-yellow band tinged with rufous on its outer side,
oblique to discal fold, then bent inwards to the antemedial band at median
nervure, then oblique and slightly angled outwards above vein 1, enclosing a
triangular black-brown patch between it and the antemedial band from costa
to median nervure ; the outer edge of the olive-yellow band with two black
lines, angled inwards at vein 1 and with two small triangular black-brown spots
beyond it on the costa ; postmedial band with its inner half pure white, its
outer half olive-yellow, its inner edge produced to slight white streaks on veins
4, 3, 2, 1, the band slightly excurved to vein 4, then incurved and ending at
tornus, its outer edge defined by a black line followed by some striae and some
small spots on costa ; a white subterminal line defining the outer edge of the
dark postmedial area which extends to beyond it at costa, sinuous to vein 5,
then strongly dentate outwards at the veins and uiwards below them ; a series
of black striae before termen, oblique below vems 5 and 4 ; a fine black terminal
line ; cUia dark brown. Hindwing greyish brown to the orange-scarlet post-
medial band, with a diffused orange-scarlet band with some dark striae on it,
oblique from beyond upper angle of cell to before the postmedial band aL vem 4
and ending at vein 2 ; the broad postmedial orange-scarlet band defined on
inner side by black-brown expanding at costa, oblique to vein 5, then incurved
and enfling at submedian fold, with two white striae on it at inner margin, its
edges waved ; the terminal area black-brown with the costa and termen to
vem 6 orange-scarlet, the former interrupted by black striae, the termen below
vein 6 whitish suffused with olive and brown and with a black terminal line,
the tail with silvery white spot with plum-coloured centre defined by black on
its upper part ; purple ocelli defined by black and on outer side by silvery white
before termen below veins 4 and 3 ; the cilia orange-yellow to vein G, then
orange-yellow at base with black line at middle and brown tips intersected with
white at the veins. Underside orange-yellow tinged with red-brown ; forewing
374 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
with elliptical black discoidal spot, the postmedial band yellow defined on each
side by diffused black-brown except towards costa, the termen yellow ; hind-
wing with faint slightly waved dark postmedial line, oblique to vein 4, then
incurved, and traces of a double subterminal line formed by black striae and
with some fiery rufous before it at inner margin.
2. Hindwing with the orange-scarlet before the postmedial band -reduced to
a slight oblique shade from below vein 6 to vein 4, the underside strongly tinged
with rufous and with numerous sinuous lines formed by black striae leaving a
yellower postmedial band and the termen yellow to above vem 4.
Colomliia, Bogata (Child), 1 S type in Coll. Rothschild ; Peru, Carabaya,
San Domingo (Ockenden), 1 $ in Coll. RothschUd, Exp. 56 mill.
(20) Coronidia interlineata.
t Coronis interlineata Wik., i. p. 38 (1854) ?; But!., 111. Het. B.M. i. p. 59. pi. 2. f. 1 ; Westw.,
Trans. Zool. Soc. x. p. 538. pi. 88. f. 8.
Coronidia abbreviata Jtaass., Stiibel's Reise, p. 529 (1890) (J.
Guatemala, Costa Rica, Fanama, Colombia, Venezuela, Hcuador, Peru.
(21) *tCoronidia monotona n. sp.
(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen reddish brown niLxed with some pale grey ;
antennae red-brown ; frons with white lines at sides ; palpi red-brown with white
line near outer edge, the hair frmgmg the 2nd joint white mixed with dark brown ;
the tips of 3rd joint white ; pectus with some white ; legs red-brown, the tarsi
ringed with white. Forewing red-brown slightly tmged with grey ; a waved
blackish subbasal line from costa to vein 1 ; three indistinct oblique sinuous dark
antemedial Imes faintly defined on outer side by whitish at costa ; a narrow
diffused blackish discoidal lunule ; an mdistmct diffused blackish postmedial line,
waved to vein 4, then strongly mcurved, followed by slight blackish and grey
marks on the costa ; the termen rather greyer to below vein 4, then with traces
of a waved blackish line before termen to submedian fold ; cilia with some white
scales at the veins. Hindwing pale reddish brown to the postmedial band, then
darker brown ; the band orange-yellow, oblique and very slightly incurved to
vein 5, then bent inwards, with slightly waved outer edge and ending at vein
2 ; cilia white to below vein 6 and at the upper extremity of the tail on which
there is a small black spot ; slight black lunules before termen below veins 4
and 3. Underside reddish brown tinged with grej' ; forewing with the inner
half paler, a whitish postmedial band from costa to above veui 3 and diffused
waved whitish subterminal line from vein 5 to above 2 ; hindwing with the
yellow band as above but less distinctly defined.
Peru, Huaj'las (Simons), 1 ^ type in Coll. Rothschild. Exp. (jO mdl.
(22) *t Coronidia aenophlebia n. sp.
o. Head and thorax dark brown mixed with purjjlish red and grey ; an-
tennae rufous ringed with black ; palpi black and whitish, the 2nd joint rufous
m front, the 3rd joint rufous morated with black at sides and white at tips ;
abdomen dark brown mixed with some rufous and grey ; pectus, legs, and ventral
surface of abdomen fulvous rufous, the femora and tibiae with some black above
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 375
and the tarsi with some black except towards base. Forewing deep purplish red,
mixed with grey and the veins pale purple-red ; two small black subbasal spots
on costa and a double curved line from subcostal nervure to vein 1 ; three
slightly curved and waved black antemedial lines ; a black discoidal bar and three
indistinct waved lines beyond the cell, arising from small spots on costa ; a
narrow slightly waved fulvous yellow postmedial band with a dark line through
it, defined at sides by black Imes, its inner side with a grey luie before it defined
on inner side by diffused black in the interspaces ; the costa beyond the post-
medial band fulvous yellow with small black spots on it ; an obliquely cui-ved
and rather diffused black mark below costa with a greyish patch above it and
two waved black Imes from it to inner margin ; an oblique black bar from apex,
then a series of oblique sinuous black striae before termen to above vein 2 ; cilia
black-brown with a fulvous yellow line at base and white points at tips at the
veins. Hindwing deep red-brown, the termmal area suffused with black-brown
to vein 5, then with purple-red and blue-grey mixed ; a crenulate black line de-
fined on inner side by whitish before termen from vein 7 to 2, more lunulate below
vein 5 ; the cilia with some white at tips towards apex and the upper part of
tail pure white at extremity. Underside of forewing grey-brown becoming
black-brown before and beyond the postmedial band which is ochreous white,
the costa and termen fulvous yellow, the former striated with black on post-
medial area, a small black discoidal spot ; hindwing fulvous orange, the inner
area grey-brown to beyond middle, the terminal area striated with black, five
waved black Imes on medial area except on the grey-brown part, the 3rd and
5th slight, and four waved lines on termmal area, the 4th ill-defined, a narrow
rather yellower band between the two sets of lines.
Ab. 1. Abdomen with large greyish- white patch at base ; forewing with
round greyish-white jjatch in end of cell and an elliptical postmedial patch above
the curved black mark.
Ecuador, Sarayacu (Buckley), 1 (J m Coll. Joicey ; Peru, Carabaya, San
Domingo (Ockenden), 4 3 type in coll. Rothschild. Exj). 54-58 mill.
B. Forewing with the termen somewhat excised from apex to vein 6, where
it is obtusely angled, and slightly crenulate ; hmdwmg with the termen crenu-
late except towards apex, the tail represented by the termen bemg produced
to points at veins 4, 3.
(23) * Coronidia ribbei.
Coronidia ribbei Druoe, Biol, Oentr. Am. Het. ii. p. 8. pi. 41 f. 14 (1891) $.
Panama, 1 (J, 2 ? in Coll. Joicey.
(24) * Coronidia insolita.
Homidia insolita Strand, Deutsch. Ent. Ztit. 1911. p, 642 (J,
Hab. ign.
Genus Lonchotura nov.
Type L. ocylus.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi with the 2nd jomt upturned to^above
vertex of head and fringed with hair in front and behind, the 3rd porrect, rather
25
376 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
long, and somewhat dilated at extremity ; fions smooth ; eyes large, round, hairy,
overhung by long cUia ; antennae with minute bristles, strongly dUated towards
extremity ; thorax clothed with hair only ; tibiae all spLned ; abdomen smoothly
scaled. Forewing with the apex produced, the termen obliquely curved and not
crenulate ; veins 3, 4 from angle of cell ; 5 from above middle of discocellulars ;
6, 7, 8,9, 10 stalked, 9 slight ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with the termen produced
to a short pointed tail at vein 4 ; vein 2 from near angle of cell ; 3, 4 from
angle ; 5 from above middle of discocellulars ; 7 from just before upper angle ;
8 approxunated to the cell near base ; frenulum present.
Lonchotura ocylus.
Coroniilia ocylus Boisd., Lep. Gnat. p. 76 (1870) ?.
Coronidia dutreuxii DeyroUe, Rev. Zool. (3) ii. pi. 8. f. 3 (1874) ?.
Ccrnnidia genevana Westw., Trans. Zool. Sac. x. p. 539. pi. 88. f. 10 (1879) (J.
Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica.
Genus Anurapteryx nov.
Type, A. becceri.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi with the 2nd joint upturned, fringed
with long hah m front and short hair behind, the 3rd oblique, rather long and
dilated at extremity ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round, hauy, and overhung by
long cilia ; antennae of female with minute bristles and strongly dUated towards
extremity ; thorax clothed with hair only ; all the tibiae spined ; abdomen
smoothly scaled. Forewmg with the apex not produced, the termen evenly
curved and slightly crenulate ; veins 3, 4 from angle of cell ; 5 from above
middle of discocellulars ; 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked ; 9 slight ; 11 from cell. Hind-
wing with the termen evenly curved ; vem 2 from towards angle of cell ; 3, 4
from angle ; 5 from above middle of discocellulars ; 7 from just before upper
angle ; 8 approximated to the cell near base only.
Anurapteryx becceri.
t Coronidia beckeri Druce, Biol Centr. Am. Hel. ii. p. 525. pi. 98. f. 1 (1898) $.
Mexico.
j\Ir. J. McDunnough informs me that an undescribed allied species is found
in U.S.A., Arizona.
Family APOPROGENIDAE nov.
Differs in the key from the Euschemonidae, in which the eyes are not overhung
by long cilia and the forewing has all the veins from the cell, in having the
eyes overhung by long cilia and the forewmg with veins 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked. Its
relationship is with the Sematuridae and Uraniadae and it consists solely of two
genera.
. Forewmg with vein 6 stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10 . . . Pemphigostoln
Forewing with vein 6 from the cell ..... Apoprog i.Cd
NoVTTATEa ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 377
Genus Pemphegostola,
Type.
Pemphegostola Strand, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1909. p. 663 ..... synemonisHs
Strand says that the forewing has vein 1 , c, present, which is not the case
in Apoprogenes ; in that case it would fall by the key in the Castniadae, but
its affinities seem to be here.
* Pemphegostola synemonistis.
Pemphcgoitola synemonisHs Strand, Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 1909. p. 665.
Madagascar.
Apoprogenes.
Type.
Apoprogones (sic) Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1903. p. 137 ..... hesperistis
Oedimatopis Prout, Ann. Transvaal Mus. v. p. 152 (1916) ..... hesperistis
Apoprogenes hesperistis.
f Apoprojones hesperistis Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1903. p. 137. fig.
Oedimatopis jansi Prout, Ann. Transvaal Mus. v. p. 152. pi. xxv. f. 1 (1916).
Transvaal, Znluland, ITatal.
Family TASCINIDAE.
Neocastnia Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895. p. 284.
Neocastnia Hmpsn. is a synonym of Tascina Westw. ; the palpi reach to
about the middle of the frons in the male, to well above vertex of head in the
female ; the hindwing has veins 4, 5 separate to the base from veins 2, 3.
Genus Tascina.
Type.
Tascina Westw., Trans. Soc. Zool. (2) i. p. 198 (1877) orientalis
Neocastnia Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895. p. 285 ...... nicevillei
(1) Tascina nicevillei.
■\ Neocastnia nicevillei Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895. p. 285. fig. ?; id. Motka Ind. iv. p. 471-
Burma, Tenasserim.
(2) * Tascina metallica.
Tascina metallica Pag., Iris, iii. p. 3 (1890).
The distinctions between the sexes are reversed in the description.
Borneo, Sarawak ; Pulo Laut I. ; Philippines, Palawan I.
(3) * Tascina orientalis.
t Tascina orientalis Westw., Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2) i. p. 199. pi. 33. f. 5 (1877).
? Singapore. Specimens purchased in the mart at Singapore may have
come from the mainland or any of the neighbouring islands.
378
KOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918.
Family CHARIDEIDAE.
Pompostolinae Jord., Entom. xl. p. 125 (19U7).
Differs in the key from the Callimorphidae, in having the antennae dilated
towards extremity.
It is closely allied to and derived from the Zygaenidae of the typical sub-
family fi-om which it differs in both wings, having vein 1, c, absent.
KEY TO THE GENERA.
A. Forewing with veins 7, 8 stalked.
a. Palpi with the 2nd joint very long and not fringed w ith
hair ; forewing with veins 4, 5 shortly stalked . . Anmlthocera
b. Palpi with the ind jomt moderate and fringed with
hair ; forewing with veins 4, 5 from the cell . Ninia
c. Palpi extending about the length of head and clothed
with rough hah ....... Lamprochrysa
B. Forewmg with all the veins from the cell.
a. Palpi porrect.
a'. Palpi extending about twice the length of head.
a*. Hindwing with the tornus truncate . . . Toosa
b-. Hindwing with the tornus not truncate . . Chariclea
b'. Palpi extending about the length of head . Netrocera
h. Palpi upturned.
a'. Antennae dilated at extremity . . . Arniocera
b'. Antennae strongly dilated before extremity . Trichobaptes
c'. Antennae slightly dilated before extremity.
a^ Palpi with the 3rd joint short ; abdomen
with pan- of long lateral anal tufts. . Dilophura
b-. Palpi with the 3rd joint long ; abdomen
without lateral anal tufts . . . Byblisia
Genus Ninia.
Ninia WW.., viii. 72 (1856)
Cicinnocnemis HoU., J.S.Y. Enl. Sue. i. p. 181 (1894)
Type.
plumipes
jjlumipen
(1) * Ninia saphira.
Ninia saphira i\uriv. Oefr. Vet, Akad. Furh. 19011. p. 1055.
Congo.
(2) Ninia plumipes.
Sphinx plumipes Driiry, Exot. his. iii. 3. p. 2 aud Ind. pi. 2. i. ',i (1782) ; Obertli, EL Lep. Comp,
xiv. p. 376. pi. 381. f. 3197. i (
■fCicinocnemis cornutu HoU., ./.A'. )'. Enl. Soc. i. p. 181 (1894).
Gold Coast, S. ITigeria, Cameroons, Gaboon.
Genus Toosa
Type.
Toosa W'lk., viii. 64 (1856) .......... glaucupijonnia
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 379
Toosa glaucopiformis.
t Toosa glaucopiformis Wlk., viii. 65 (1850).
Zululand.
Genus Lamprochrysa nov.
Type, L. triplex.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, extending about the length of
head and clothed with rough hair ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antennae
strongly dilated towards extremity ; head and thorax clothed with rough hair ;
hind tibiae of male with large tuft of long hair from base above ; abdomen with
slight lateral tufts of hair towards extremity. Forewing narrow, the apex
rounded, the termen obliquely curved ; vein 3 from well before angle of cell ;
4, 5 from angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8 strongly stalked ; 9, 10, 11 from
cell, 9 widely separated from 10, 11, which are approximated. Hindwing with
veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6, 7 stalked ; 8 connected with the cell
by an oblique bar at middle.
Lamprochrysa triplex.
Diospatje triplex Plotz, Stelt. Ent. Zeit. xli. p. 79 (1880).
^Diospagr scintillans But!., P.Z.S. 1893. p. 675. pi. ix. ff. 12. 13.
Cameroous, Uganda, Br. C. Africa, IT. E. Khodesia.
Genus Charidea.
Type.
Charidea Dalm., Vet. Akad. Handl. 1816. p. 225 hypparchua
(1) Charidea hypparchus.
Sphinx hypparchus Cram., Pap. Exot. iii. p. 7. pi. 197. f. C. (1779).
Zygaena argynnis Fabr., Spec. Ins. ii. p. 161 (1781).
Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, S. Nigeria, Gaboon,
' (2) Charidea semiaurata.
t Evxhromia semiaurata Wlk., i. 207 (1854).
Sierra Leone, S. Nigeria, Gaboon, Congo.
(3) Charidea vicaria.
t Euchromia vicaria Wlk., i. 207 (1854).
Olaucopis pelidne Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6). x. p. 35 (1890).
Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Br.- B. A&ica, Uganda, Germ. E. Africa.
(4) Charidea smaragdina.
t Pompostola smaragdina Butl., P.Z.S. 1888. p. 97.
Uganda, Portuguese E. Africa.
Genus Amalthocera.
T.vpe.
Amalthocera Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. i. pi. 14. f. 8 (1836) tiphys
Callibaptes Jord., Entom. xl. p. 126 (1907) tiphys
The structural figure of the palpi given by Boisduval is sufficient definition
of his genus for it to stand.
380 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
* Amalthocera tiphys.
Amalthocera ti-phys Boisd., Spk. Gin, Lip. i. pi. 14. £. 8 (1836).
t Callibapks ornata Jord., Entom. xl. p. 127 (1907).
Senegal, S. Ifigeria.
Genus Netrocera.
Type.
NeiroceraFe\d.,Reis. Nor. ^.1 {lSli)nondescT.; Jord., £ntom. xl. p. 120 (1907) . aetioides
(1) Netrocera hemichrysa.
t Pompostola hemichrysa Hmpsn., P.Z.S. 1910. p. 489. pi. xl. f. 13.
Br. C. Africa, If. "E. Khodesia, Mozambique.
(2) * Netrocera difiSnis.
t Netrocera tiphys, diffinis Jord., Entom. xl. p. 12G (1907).
Germ. E. Africa, Br. C. Africa.
(3) Netrocera basalis.
t Netrocera tiphys, basalis Jord., Entom. xl. p. 126 (1907).
Angola, Br. E. A&ica.
(4) Netrocera setioides.
t Netrocera setioides Feld., Reis. Nov. p. 7. pi. 83. f. 5 (1874).
Sudan, Br. E. Africa, Uganda, Natal.
(5) Netrocera ugandae.
t Netrocera setioides, vgandae Jord., Entom. xl. p. 120 (1907).
XTganda, Germ. E. Africa.
Genus Arniocera.
Type.
Arniocera Hopff. Monatsb. Akad. Berl. 1857. p. 421 aurigultata
Arichalca Wllgm., Vet. Akad. Forh. xv. p. 137 (1858) auriguttata
(1) Arniocera sternecci.
Arichalca sternecki Rogenh., Baumann's Usamhara, p. 331 (1891).
An aberration has the spot before the middle of termen conjoined into a
V-shaped mark.
Germ. £. Africa.
(2) Arniocera erythropyga.
Arichalca erythropyga Wllgrn., Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 38 (1860).
f Zycjaenn negamica Wlk., xxxi. 61 (1864).
Br. C. A&ica, Maslionaland, Br. Bechuanaland, Mozamliique, Transvaal.
(3) Arniocera imperialis.
t Arniocera imperialis Butl., P.Z.S. 1898. p. 439. pi. 32. f. 6.
Arniocera imperialis var. tnbnrensis Strand, Ent. Rundschau, sxvi. p. 108 (1909).
Br. E. Africa, Germ. E. Africa,
NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXV. 1918. 381
(4) Ainioceia amoena.
t Arniocera amoena Jord., Entom. xl. p. 126 (1907).
t Arniocera amoena subsp. virgata Jord., Nov. Zool. xxii. p. 3U0 (1915) ab.
t Arniocera amoena subsp. angolana Jord., Nov. Zool. xxii. p. 304 (1915) ab.
Angola, Br. E. Africa, Germ. E. Africa.
(5) Arniocera ericata.
t Arniocera ericata But!., P.Z.S. 1898. p. 439. pi. 32. £. 4.
Br. E. Africa.
(6) * Arniocera lautuscula.
ArichaUa lautuscula Karsch., Ent. Nachr. sxiii. p. 367 (1897).
Germ. E. Africa.
(7) Arniocera poecila.
f Arniocera jme-ila Jord., Entom. xl. p. 125 (1907).
1[ Arniocera cyanoxantha ab. angulijera Jord., Nov. Zool. xxii. p. 299 (1915).
Br. E. Africa, XJganda.
(8) Arniocera zambesina.
^ Zygaena zambesina Wlk., xxxv. 1862 (1866).
Br. C. Africa, laashoualand, Natal.
(9) Arniocera septentrionalis. ,
Arichalca eleijans var. septentrionalis Auriv., Arh. f. Zool. ii. 12. p. 43 (1905).
^Arniocera dcgans subsp. barotzaiui Jord., Nov. Zool. xxii. p. 298 (1915).
Cameroons, US. Bhodesia.
(10) Arniocera cyanoxantha.
Arniocera cyanoxantha Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent, Belg. 1893. p. 57.
Arichalca elegans Wejnn., Iris, 1903. p. 233. pi. 11. f. 7.
Abyssinia, Br. E. Africa, Uganda, Germ. E, Africa.
(11) Arniocera chrysosticta.
t Arniocera chrysosticta Butl., P.Z.S. 1898. p. 439. pi. 32. f. 3.
Br. E. Afirica.
(12) * Arniocera elata.
■f Arniocera elata Jord., Nov. Zool. xxii. p. 298 (1911).
Germ, E. Africa.
(13) Arniocera auriguttata.
Arniocera aurignttata Hopff., Monatsh. Akad. Bert. 1857. p. 421 ; id. Peter's Reise Mozambique
Zool. V. p. 426. pi. 27. f. 13.
Arichalca melanopyga WUgn., Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 38 (IS60).
Mozambicine, Transvaal, Cape Colony.
382 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
(14) * Arniocera viridifasciata.
Arichalca viridifasciata Auriv., Ent. Tidskr. 1899. p. 247.
Cameroons.
(15) * Arniocera guttulosa.
t Arniocera guttulosa Jord., Nov. Zool. xxii. p. 298 (1911).
Abyssinia.
(16) Ainioceia chalcopasta.
t Arniocera chalcopasta Hmpsn. P.Z.S., 19U. p. 489. pi. 40. f. 19.
N. £. Rhodesia.
Genus Trichobaptes.
Type.
Trichobaptes Holl., J.y.Y. Ent. Soc. i. p. 184 (1893) auristrigata
Trichobaptes auristrigata.
Melittia auristrigata Plotz., Stett. Ent. Zeit. xli. p. 77 (1880).
■\ Trichobaptes sexstriala Holl., J.X.Y. Ent. Soc. i. p. 104 (1893).
Sierra Leoue, S. Nigeria, Gaboon, Uganda.
Genus Dilophura nov.
Tj^e, D. cavdata.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint reach-
ing to about middle of frons and with rough hair, the 3rd short and thickly
scaled ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antennae moderately dilated towards
extremity, almost simple ; build slender ; hind tibiae of male dUated with a fold
containing a tuft of long hair above from base ; abdomen long with pair of
lateral pencils of long hah- at extremity. Forewing very narrow, the apex
rounded, the termen obliquely curved ; vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 5
from just above angle ; 6, 7, 8 from upper angle ; 9, 10, 11 from cell and widely
separated from 8. Hindwing with vein 3 from well before angle of cell ; 4, 5
from angle ; 6, 7 stalked ; 8 free.
Dilophura caudata.
t Byblisia caudata Jord., ErUom. xl. p. 127 (1907).
Germ. E. Africa, Br. £. Africa, N. £. Rhodesia, IVIashonaland.
Genus Byblisia.
Type.
Byblisia Wlk., xxi. 107 (1864) latipes
(1) * Byblisia ochracea.
t Byblisia ochracea Jorg, Entom. xl. p. 127 (1907).
S. Nigeria.
NovnATEs ZooLOOicAE XXV. 1918. ggg
(2) Byblisia latipes.
t Byblisia latipes Wlk., xxxi. 107 (1864).
A form from S. Nigeria is without the black bands on the orange basal half
of abdomen.
Sierra Leone, S. ITigeria.
(3) Byblisia albapennis.
Byblisia albapennis B. Baker, A.M.N.H. (8). vii. p. 575 (1911).
Sierra Leone, S. ITigeria.
(4) Byblisia setipes.
Syntomis setipes Plotz., Stett. Ent. Zeit. xli. p. 79 (1880).
Gold Coast, Gaboon.
LIST OF THE FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.
The types of the genera are the first species in the author's original list,
when he does not cite the type, which agrees with his generic description. The
Family and Subfamily names are derived from the oldest generic name m the
respective groups.
The names from Hiibner's Verzeichniss should strictly be excluded as not
binomial ; his stirps are the genera and the subdivisions merely colour and
pattern groups.
The names in brackets are those used by :
* G. F. Hampson, Catalogue of Moths and other works,
t L. W. Rothschild and K. Jordan, Revision of the Sphingidae.
J D. Sharp, Cambridge Nat^iral History.
§ J. H. Dnrrant, Biologia Centrali- Americana and other works, or tabulated
from other authors.
384
NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXV. 1918.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
385
1 Linnaeus uses Papilio to mean " Butterfly " and Phalaena " moth,'
the genera.
his subdivisions are
386
XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Family.
43. EUYNNIDAE .
J (Hesperiadae)
44. euschemonidae
45. Chabideidae
46. Zygaenidae
47. Callidulidab
48. Drepajjidae
49. Thyeididae
50. Pyralidae .
Subfamily.
H imantopterin ae
■ (Phaudinae)
Z.vgaeninae
Chalcosianae
Tineinae
* [Galhrianae)
Crambinae
Siginae .
* (Schoenohianae)
Hypsotropinae
* (Anerastianae)
Anerastianae .
* (Phyeitinae)
Pococerinao .
* [Epipaschianat.)
Semnianae
* (Chrysavginae)
Endotrichinae
Pyralinae
Nymphulinae
*( H ydrocampinae)
Scoparianae
, Agrotermae
* (Pyraustinae)
51. Orneodidae
52. Alccitidae .
* (Pterophoridae)
53. JIomphidae'
* {Lavernidae)
54. Hyposmocomldae
§ {Diplosaridac)
55. EriMARPTIDAE
56. Physoptilidae
57. Metachandidae .
58. DiCHOMERIDAE
§ {Gelechiadae)
59. UZUOHIDAE 2
§ (Xyloryftidae)
60. Oecophoridae' .
01. Ethmiadae .
62. Blastobasidae
63. Stenomidae
' includes Cosmoptekyoid.ie
- Cryptophag(s)a McLeay 1805, type
oldest name in the family.
3 Harpella Schrank, type forficella, was
has priority.
includes Epebmeniadae
. Cosmopteryx Hiibn. 1S27 . zieglerella
irrorata (nee Cryptophagiis Herbs.. Col. 1792) is the
published the same year, but it is believed that OecopAora
. EpenneniajHiibn. 1827 . . pontificeUa
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
387
64.
05.
66.
67.
§
68.
69.
§
70.
71.
72.
73.
§
74.
§
75.
76.
§
77.
§
7S
79.
§
80.
81.
§
82.
83.
84.
Family.- Subfamily.
Aeqeriadae . . . ,
(Sesiadae)
TiNAEGERIADAE
Sparc ANOTHiDAE
EUCOSMIDAE.
(Olethreutidae)
TORTRICIDAE
COMMOPHILIDAE
(Plutloniadae)
Carposinidae
copromorphibae
Chlidanotidae
SiMAETHIDAE '
[Heinerophilidae)
Haploptiliadae
(Coleophoridae)
Heliodinidae
HyPSILOPHIDAE 2
(H yponomeutidae)
Cycnodiadae '
{Aphelosetiadae = EUwhistidac auct.
Amphitheridae
EnCESTIDAE*
(PhyUorycteridae)
Plutellidae
Parathyeidae
{Arrhenophanidae)
Phycidae^ .
(Tineidae)
Stigmellidae '
Lyonetiadae '
GenU3. Type.
Aegeria Fabr. 1807 . . . apiformis
Tinaegeria, Wlk. 1856 . , ocracea
Sparganothis Hiibn. 1827 . pilleriana
Eucosma Hiibn. 1827 . . circulana
Tortrix Linn. 1758 . . . viridana
Commophila Hubn. 1827 . . schreibersiana
Carposiaa Herr. Schilff 1853 . berberidella
Coproraorpha Meyr. 1886 . gypsota
Chlidanota MejT. 1906 . . thriarabis
Simaethia Leach, 1815 . . fabriciana
Haploptilia Hiibn. 1827 . coracipennella
Heliodines Stainton, 1854 . roesella
Hypsi(o)lophu3 Fabr. 1798 . oomutus
Cycnodia Herr. Schaff. 1853 . argentella
Amphithera Meyr. 1892 . . heteromorplia
Eucestis Hiibn. 1827 . . ulmifoliella
Plutella Schrank, 1802 . . maoulipennia
Parathyria Hiibn. 1827 . . perspioilla
. Phycis Fabr. 1798 . . . boleteUa
Stigmella Schrank, 1802 . . anomalella
Lyonetia Hiibn. 1827 . . clercoella
> includes Atychiadae
Glyphipterygidae
Choreutidae
2 includes Soythkidae
Arc YBESTHT A D.AE
ACROLEPIADAE .
2 includes Heliozelidae .
DOUGLASIADAE .
Antiepila Hiibn., Verz. 1827,
wlien its type can be i
* includes Lithocolletidae
Gracilariadae
Orthotaeliadae
' includes Talaeporidae .
Ochsenheimebiadae
Inctjrvariadae .
Lamproniadae .
Tischeriadae
Lyptjsidae
SetOMORPHI DAE .
TiCHOBIADAE
Crinoptebyoidae
Prodoxidae
" includes Nepticulidae .
' includes Phyxlocnistidae
Bedelliadae
Ebechthiadae .
Hieroxestidae .
. Atychia Latr. 1809 (nee Ochs. 1808) appeudiculata
. Glyphyteryx Hiibn. 1827 . bergstraeaserella
. Choreutis Hiibn. 1S27 . . diana
. Scythris Hubn. 1827 . . ohenopodiella
. Argyresthia Hiibn. 1827 . . goedartella
. Acrolepia Curt. 1838 . . pygmaeana
. Heliozela Herr. Schaff. 1853 . sericiella
. Douglasia Staint. 1854 . . ocnerostomella
, may be the oldest name in this family
dentified ...... pagenstecherella
. LithocoUetis Hiibn. 1827 . schrancella
. Gracilaria Haw. 1828 . . hemidaotylella
. Orthotaelia Steph. 1834 . . aparganella
. Talaeporia Hiibn. 1827 . . tubulosa
. Ochsenheimeria Hiibn. 1827 . luibalella
. Incurvaria Haw. 1828 . . muscalella
. Lampronia Steph. 1835 . . capitella
. Tischeria Zell. 1839 . . complanella
. Lypusa Zell. 1852 . . . maurella
. Setomorpha Zell. 1835 . . insectella
. Tichobia Herr. Schaff. 1853 = Psychoides
Bruand, 1849 (nee Psychoda Latr. Dipt.
1790 and PsychodesDum. Dipt. 1823) verhuellella
. Crinopteryx Peyer, 1871 . . famihella
quinquepunctella
aurella
suffuse 11a
somnulentella
myatacinella
omoaoopa
. Prodoxus Riley, 1880
. Nepticula Heyd. 1843
. Phyllocnistis Zell. 1848
. Bedellia Staint. 1849
. Ereothias Meyr. 1880
. Hieroxestis Meyr. 1892
388
NoTlTATfiS ZOOLOOIOAE XXV. 1918.
Family.
85. aorolophidae
86. Nemophoeidae' .
87. Hepialidae''
88. Eriocraniadae
89. Eriocephalidae .
* ( M icropleri/gidae) '
Subfamily. Genus.
. Acrolophus Poey, 1832 .
. Nemophora Hoffmannsegg,
. Hepialus Fabr. 1775
. Eriocrania Zell. 1851
. Eriocephala Curt. 1839 .
1798
Type.
vitella
degeerella
humuli
semipurpurella
calthella
^ includes Adelidae .
2 includes Prototheoeidae
Adela Latr. 1796 .
Prototheora Meyr. 1917 .
viridella
petrosema
' Micrapteryx Hiibn., Verz. 1827, type mucidella, is either a Nepticula or Elachista (auct.).
KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.
The key to the Microlepidoptera — families 53 to 85 — by Mr. J. H. Durrant
has been kindly prepared at my request. He wishes it to be clearly understood
that it is merely tentative and doubtless capable of great improvement ; the
names of the families used by him are given in brackets in the list of the families.
A. Hiiidwiiig with the cell emitting not more than G veins.
a. .\ntennae clubbed or dilated ; frenulum absent.
a'. Forewing with two or more veins stalked or coincident,
a^. Forelegs of male useless for walking.
a'. Forelegs of female useless for walking. ....
b^. Forelegs of female well developed .....
b''. Forelegs of male well developed.
a^. Fore tarsi of male more or less abbreviated or with one or both
claws absent .......
b^. Fore tarsi of male not abbreviated, the claws developed,
a'. Hindwing with vein l.a absent
a''. Hindwing with vein l.a present
b'. Forewing with all the veins present and separate
b. Antennae not clubbed or dilated or frenulum present when clubbed or
dilated,
a*. Hindwing with vein l.c absent.
a^. Forewmg with vein 5 from nearer 4 than G.
a^. Hindwing with vein 8 aborted ......
b'. Hindwing with vein 8 present.*
a*. Hindwing with vein 8 remote from 7.
a^. Frenulum present.
a*. Hindwing with vein 8 anastomosing with the cell to
near or beyond middle. .....
b". Hindwing with vein 8 anastomosing with the cell near
base only,
a'. Antennae with the shaft more or less dilated towards
extremity ........
b'. Antennae with the shaft not dilated f •
c'. Hindwing with vein 8 free or connected with the cell
by a bar.
a'. Proboscis aborted,
a*. Antennae clubbed ......
b*. Antennae not clubbed .....
b'. Proboscis fully developed.
a*. Antennae dilated towards extremity,
a*. Eyes hairy ; forewing with veins 7, 8, 9 stalked .
b'. Eyes not hairy ; forewing with all the veins from
the cell or 7, 8 stalked .... 45. Charideidae
• In some genera and species of the Arctianac allied to the Anuitidae vein 8 is obsolescent or
aborted, and in a tew others it is coincident with vein 7 to beyond the cell,
f Except in Dahlia.
38. Danaidae
41. Plebejidae
40. Cupidinidae
42. Equitidae
39. Asciadae
43. Erynnidae
1. Amatidat
2. Lithoaiadae
Phalaenoididae
4. Noctuidae
36. Taacinidae
6. Liparidae
7. Eucocytiadae
NOVnATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 389
b*. Antennae not dilated towards extremity . . 8. Callimorpliidae
\y>. Frenulum absent.
a°. Hindwing with vein S approximated to the cell at
middle ......... 5. Plerothysanidae
b". Hindwmg with vein 8 connected with the cell by a bar
near base ........ 30. Endmmidae
h*. Hindwing with vein 8 curved and approximated to or anas-
tomosing with vein 7, or coimected with it by a bar.
a'. Hindwing with a precostal spur to vein 8 . . . 47. Callidulidae
b^. Hindwing with no precostal spur to vein 8.
a". Hindwing with vein l.a absent or not reaching the
tornus ........ 48. Drepanidae
b". Hindwing with vein l.a reaching the tornus.
a'. Frenulum present ....... 49. Thyrididae
b'. Frenulum absent ....... 29. Lasiocampidae
-. Forewing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars, or from
nearer 6 than 5.
a'. Antennae clubbed.
a*. Forewing with veins 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked . . . . 21. Apoprogenidae
b'. Forewing with all the veins from the cell . . . 44. Euschemonidae
b'. Antennae with the shaft filiform or fusiform.
a'. Hindwing with vein 8 diverging from the cell from base,
a^. Forewing with vein 7 connected with 8, 9.
a'. Proboscis absent ; tibiae without spurs . . . 15. AUacidae
h''. Proboscis present ; tibiae with spurs . . . 19. Si/ssphingidae
h'. Forewing with vein 7 remote from 8, 9, usually stalked
with 8 ........ . 22. Uraniadae
h'. Hindwing with vein 8 connected with or approximated to
the cell or vein 7.
a°, Hindwing with vein 8 remote from 7.
a*. Forewing with vein 9 absent ..... 11. Eupteroiidae
b". Forewing with vein 9 present,
a'. Forewing with veins 7, 8 bent downwards towards
apex ........ 16. Bombycidae
h'. Forewmg with veins 7, 8 not bent downwards towards
apex,
a". Hindwing with vein 8 connected with the cell near
middle ; vein 5 obsolescent .... 12. Ceruridae
b'. Hindwing with vein 8 connected with the cell near
base only, or vein 5 fully developed,
a". Antennae more or less dilated towards extremity ;
eyes hairy 20. Setnatiiridae
b°. Antennae not dilated towards extremity or the
eyes not hairy in tlie few genera in which they
are dilated,
a'". Abdomen with the basal stigmata dilated into
vesicles 14. Dioplidae
b'". Abdomen with the basal stigmata not dilated
into vesicles ...... 13. Oeomelridae
h''. Hindwing with vein 8 approximated to or anastomosing
witli vein 7.
a**. Frenulum absent.
a'. Proboscis absent 17. Lemoniadae
b'. Proboscis present IS. Brahmaeidae
h'. Frenulum present,
a'. Hindwing with vein S connected with the cell by a
bar near base 9. Sphingidae
h~. Hindwing with vein 8 not connected with the cell . 10. Thyatiridae
390
NOVITATES ZOOIOOIOAB XXV. 1918.
b'. Hindwing with vein l.c present.*
a-. Wings divided into plumes.t
a'. Forewing divided into at most four plumes
b'. Forewing divided into six plumes .....
b^. Wings not divided into plumes.t
a'. Hindwing with vein 8 anastomosmg with or closely approxi-
mated to vein 7 ....■•• •
b'. Hindwing with vein 8 remote from 7.
a'. Hindwing with vein 8 coincident with the cell to middle or
to near its extremity ; palpi absent ....
h'. Hindwing with vein 8 anastomosing with the cell ; palpi
present.
a^. Frenulum absent .......
b'. Frenulum present .......
c'. Hindwing witli vein 8 free, or coimected with the cell by a bar.
a'. Middle spurs of hind tibiae very short or absent,
a'. Proboscis absent,
a'. Forewing with vein l.c absent,
a'. Frenulum absent.
a°. Forewing with vein 9 stalked or couicident with
8 ; larvae wood-borers ....
b'. Forewing with vein 9 widely separated from 8 ;
larvae case-dwellers .....
b'. Frenulum present ......
i)'. Forewing with vein l.c present,
a' Frenulum absent ......
b'. Frenulum present,
a". Female winged,
a'". Larvae wood-borers ; abdomen extending to
beyond the hindwing ....
b'". Larvae not wood-borers ; abdomen not ex-
tending to beyond the hindwing
b^. Female wingless.
a'". Female and larvae case-dwellers .
b". Female and larvae not case-dwellers .
b*. Proboscis present.
a'. Antennae clubbed ; hindwing with vein 7 diverging
from the cell from base .....
b' Anteimae filiform or terminally dilated ; hindwing
with vein 8 approximated to the cell and comiected
with it by a bar ......
b^. Middle spurs of hind tibiae, or at least one, well developed.
a". Palpi with the 1st joint as long or nearly as long as the
2nd (the male with the palpi more or less strongly
recurved), those of female more or less strongly porrect.
b«. Palpi with the 1st joint much shorter than the 2nd
joint.
a'. Antennae of both sexes bipectinate (more strongly in
the female than the male) ; forewing with vein
7 separate, 8, 9 stalked and 10 absent or 9, 10
stalked and 8 separate .....
b'. Antennae not bipectinate in both sexes, or if bipec-
tinate in female the forewing with veins 7 to 10
separate.
52. Alucitidae
51. Orneodidae
50. Pyralidae
33. M egalopygidae
31. Ectropidae
34. Helerogeneidae
25. Teragridae
32. Perophidae
26. Chrysotypidae
27. Hypoptidae
28. Cossidae
35. Acragidae
23. Psychidae
24. Epicnopterygidae
37. Castniadae
46. Zygaenidae
85. Acrolophidae
81. Parathyrididae
* Sometimes absent by asthenogenesis in some genera of the Eucoamidae and the leaf-mining
Microlepidoptera.
t Except in Aydislia. % Except in Cemloba and Oxychirola.
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
391
a'. Hindwing with vein 8 closely approximated to the
cell and vein 7 throughout, often becoming coin-
cident with 7 towards the apex,
a'. Hindwing with vein 8 concealed in a fold, veins
3, 4 coincident, 5 from lower angle of cell or
stalked with 3 ..... . 64. Aegeriadae
b'. Hindwing with vein 8 not concealed in a fold,
veins 3, 4 not coincident, 5 separate . . Co. Tinaegcriadae
b'. Hindwing with vein 8 not closely approximated to
the cell and vein 7 throughout,
a'. Hind tibiae with more or less developed whorls of
bristles or scales at the origin of spurs, the
tarsi always with more or less developed bristles
at the apex of joints, the hindlegs, in repose
erected over back or projecting laterally ; the
palpi slender, acuminate at tip, usually long
and excurved, often diverging, sometimes
short and porrect ..... 75. Heliodinidae
b'. Hind tibiae without whorls of bristles or scales
at origin of spurs, the tarsi without bristles at
the apex of the joints,
a'". Palpi long, upcurved, the terminal joint
acuminate at tip, usually acute (rudimentary
in some Blastobasidae).
a". Forewing with veins 7, 8 separate . . 63. Stenomidae
b". Forewing with veins 7, 8 stalked or coincident,
a'-. Hindwing with vein 8 connected with the
cell by a bar.
a'^. Hindwing with vein 5 approximated to
6, veins 6, 7 separate and parallel . 61. Ethmiadae
b". Hindwingwith vein 5 approximated to 4.
a". Hindwing with vein G absent.
a^*. Forewing with vein 6 absent, 7, 8
coincident .... 56. Physoptilidae
b'*. Forewing with vein 6 present, 7, 8
coincident .... 57. Metachandidae
b". Hindwing with vein 6 present ; veins
6, 7 generally approximated or
stalked, the termen usually sinuate
or excised below apex,
a''. Forewing with vem 2 approxi-
mated to 3* . . . . 58. Dichomeridae
bi=. Forewing with vein 2 remote from 3 59. Uzuchidae
h^. Hindwing with vein 8 not connected ■
with the cell by a bar.
a''. Hindwing with veins G, 7 separate and
parallel, veins 2 to 4 not separate and
parallel. "^
a" Forewing with costal stigma, veins 2
to 5 closely approximated, 4, 5
' sometimes stalked ; hindwing with
veins 3, 4 stalked and 5 from a point
or stalked with them, or 3, 4 coin-
cident and stalked with 5, or 4, 5
stalked and 3 separate ; the palpi
rudimentary in the Pigritia group 62. Blastohasidae
* The approximation of veins 2 and 3 is not very constant in the Dichomeridae, but their
remoteness is constant in the Uzuchidae.
26
392
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
b". Forewing without costal stigma, veins
2 to 5 not closely approximated ;
hindwing with veins 4, 5 separate
b*'. Hindwing with veins 6. 7 not separate
and parallel, veins 2 to 4 separate and
parallel,
a". Forewing with vein 7 ending on ter-
men ; hindwing with vein 5 absent
b^'. Forewing with vein 7 ending on the
costa.
a'*, Hindwing with the costa evenly
arched .....
b'^. Hindwing with more or less deve-
loped costal lobe towards or before
one-third from base, accentuated
by a projection of stiff scales, the
remainder of costa nearly straight,
the apex alwaj's acute
b'°. Palpi with the 3rd joint not acuminate,
a". Palpi moderate or long, porrect or oblique,
the 2nd joint with dense projecting or
appressed scales, usually more or less tri-
angular in form, the 3rd jomt short or
moderate, cylindrical, obtuse,
a'-. Forewing with vein 2 from be3'ond three-
fourths of lower margin of cell.
a>'. Hindwing with vein 5 absent
b*'. Hindwing with vein 5 present.
a'*. Hindwing on upperside with the
lower margin of cell fringed with
setae ......
b*''. Hindwing on upperside with the
lower margin of cell not fringed with
setae ......
b'-. Forewing with vein 2 from or from before
three-fourths of lower margm of cell,
a''. Forewing with veins 7, 8 stalked or co-
incident ; hindwing on upperside with
the lower margin of cell fringed, or
not fringed with setae
b'^. Forewing with veins 7, 8 separate,
a'*. Hindwing on upperside with the
lower margin of cell fringed with
setae ......
W. Hindwing on upperside with the lower
margin of cell not fringed with
setae,
a'^. Forewing with veins 8, 9 stalked
or coincident, vein 2 from two-
thirds to three-fourths of lower
margin of cell; hindwing with
vein 5 parallel to 4 .
b'^. Forewing with veins 8, 9 separate
or rarely stalked, in which case the
hindwing with vein 5 approxi-
mated to 4 at base .
b". Palpi with the second joint not clothed with
dense projecting or appressed scales ; if
60. Oecophoridae
55. Epimarptidae
54. Hyposmocomidae
53. Momphidae
70. Carpostnidac
71. Copromorphidae
09. Commophilidae
CC. S parganolhidae
07. Eucosmidae
72. Chlidannlidae
OS. Tortricidae
NOVTTATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXV. 1918.
393
b'".
triangular in shape, then formed by long
hair scales.
a'2. Maxillary palpi three-jointed, fihform,
often curved, seldom minute or rudi-
mentary,
a". Hindwing lanceolate or linear ; forewing
with the upper margin of cell usually
obsolete on basal third ; vein 7 end-
ing on costa ; larvae with prolegs on
somites 7 to 9, not on 10
a". Hindwing trapezoidal-ovate or elon-
gate-ovate ; forewing with vein 7
ending on termen ....
bi2. Maxillary palpi not fihform, porrect.
a}'. Both wings with the ceU open, veins 3
to 5 absent ; maxillary palpi long,
folded ; head rough ; antennae with
eye-cap .....
Cell not open in both wings ; veins
3 to 5 not all absent.
a'*. Forewing with the apex bent up or
downwards ; maxillary palpi usuaUy
long, folded ; antennae often with
eye-cap ; head usuaUy tufted above,
sometimes smooth . . , ,
bi*. Forewing with the apex not bent up
or downwards,
a'^ Hindwing broader than the fore-
wing, trapezoidal, the apex
pointed, the termen strongly sinu-
ate, the tomus prominent, veins
5 to 7 nearly parallel ; forewing
with veins 7 to 8 stalked or co-
incident, ending on costa ; head
densely rough-haired above ; an-
tennae much longer than the fore-
wing, with basal pecten ; eyes
sometimes completely divided
longitudinally ....
W. Hindwing ovate-triangular, elon-
gate ovate, or lanceolate, rarely
trapezoidal
a". Antennae once to four times
length of forewing, usuaUy
much longer and rarely only
once the length ; hindwing with
veins 3 to 4 usually separate,
6 often stalked with veins 5 or7 ;
maxillary palpi five-jointed,
three-jointed, or rudimentary .
b". Antennae rarely longer than the
forewing,
a". Head usually rough ; maxillary
palpi often long, folded ; palpi
porrect or upturned, more or
less obtuse ; forewing with
vein 7 ending on the costa ;
hindwing with veins 2 to 4
79. Eucestidae
80. Plutellidae
83. Sligmellidae
84. Lyoneliadae
78. Amphitheridae
86. Nemophoridae
394
XOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
usually widely separated ; o, G
sometimes stalked, 7 separate . 82. Phycidae
b". Head with appressed scales or
smooth ; maxillary palpi rudi-
mentary or absent.
a". Palpi usually curved, upturned,
the third joint often trans-
versely appressed, pointed, or
obtuse ; hindwing broadly
ovate-triangular to trapezoidal,
seldom lanceolate, the lower
margin of cell on upperside not
fringed with setae ; forewiiig
elongate or subtriangular, often
moderately broad * . . 73. Simaethidae
b". Palpi bent, ascending, acuminate,
at tip, with the scales of second
joint somewhat angularly pro-
jecting beneath at apex ; fore-
wing with vem 5 absent, 7, 8
coincident, ending on costa ;
hindwing lanceolate . . 74. Haplopiliadae
c'*. Palpi moderate, ascendmg ; fore-
wing with costal stigma, vein 7
ending on the termen : head
with appressed scales or rough
on vertex .... 76. H ypsilophidae
d". Palpi moderate, curved, acumin-
ate at tip ; antennae witli pecten
on basal joint; forewing with
veins 7, 8 stalked or coincident,
endmg on costa, 6 arising from
7 ; hindwing lanceolate ; veins
2 to 4 nearly parallel, 6, 7
stalked, often with an extra
vein arising from 7 towards
costa, 8 free .... 77. Cycnodiadae
B. Hindwing with the cell emitting more than six veuis.f
a. Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs absent ...... 87. Hepialidae
b. Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs well developed.
a'. Bitmg mandibles not present ....... 88. Eriocraniadae
b^. Biting mandibles present ........ 89. Eriocephalidae
* In cases of difficulty of determination between Simaethidae and Eucosmidae the following
may bo useful :
Eucosmidae. Hindwing on upperside with the lower margin of cell fringed with setae ; fore-
wing with the vein in the cell to between veins 4, 5 (the upper fork obsolete).
Simaethidae. Hindwing on upperside with the lower margin of cell not fringed with setne ;
forewing with the vein in the coll to between veins 5. ti (the lower fork obsolete).
■f In a few Microlepidoplera the cell emits more than 6 veins.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI IL
No.
1. Chilena geyri Rothsch. Nov. ZooL. 1917 p. 369
2. Chilena malacosomoides Rothsch. Nov. Zool. 1917 - - - P- 369
3. Phragmatohia faroulti Rothsch. Nov. Zool. 1917 . . • P- 396
4. Malacosoma jranconica hrunneo-olivacea Rothsch. <J. Nov. Zool.
1917 ----------- p. 361
5. Phragmatohia breveti (Oberth.) Nov. Zool. 1917 . . • P- 396
6. Phragmatohia occidentalis (Rothsch.). Nov. Zool. 1917 - - p. 396
7. Dyspessa vaulogeri (Staud.) <J. Nov. Zool. 1917 . . • P- 406
8. Dyspessa vaulogeri (Staud.) ?. Nov. Zool. 1917 - - - P- 'lOe
9. Lambessa staudingeri staudingeri (B. Baker) (larva). Nov. ZoOL.
1917 p. 367
10. Malacosoma jranconica hrunneo-olivacea (Rothsch.) $ - - - P- 361
11. Lambessa decolorata virago {Hothsch..) lavva,. Nov. Zool. 1917 . p. 367
12. 13. Lambessa staudingeri staudingeri (B. Baker) <J(J, palest and
darkest at Tring. Nov. Zool. 1917 - - - - - p. 367
14. Lambessa staudingeri staudingeri (B. Baker) $. Nov. Zool. 1917 p. 367
15,16. Lambessa decolorata sordidior {Roi]\s(ih.) S'i. Nov. Zool. 1917 p. 367
19. Lambessa decoloiata albescens (Rothsch.) $. Nov. Zool. 1917 p. 366
20. Lainbessa decolorata sord id ior (Rothsch.) {lutv a). Nov. Zool. 1917 p. 367
21. La^nbessadecolorata albescens [Rothsch.) [larva,). Nov. Zool. 1917 p. 366
22. Lambessa decolorata albescens (Rothsch.) 6. Nov. Zool. 1917 - p. 366
23. 24, 25. Pachygastria davidis (Stdgr.) cJcJ ?. Nov. Zool. 1917 . p. 363
26, 27, 28. Pachygastria serrida palaestinensis (Stdgr.) (J<J. Nov.
Zool. 1917 - - - - p. 362
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE. VoL. XXV. I918.
PI VIII.
MENPES PHESS, WATFORD
F. W . Frokawk, del.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICiE XXV. 1918. 395
A PKOVISIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE DIOPTIDAE.
By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.
IN arranging the material in the Joicey collection and the Tring Museum
belongmg to the interesting Lepidopterous family Diopiidae, I have found
it necessary to adopt some provisional system of classification, since apparently
none at present exists. And although I have not been able to go deeply into
the structure, or even to examine all the known species, I think I have noted
sufficient clues and placed satisfactorily sufficient of the species and groups of
species to warrant my publishing the results thus far obtained, if only in the
hope of inducing other workers to follow them up. For myself, I am too much
preoccupied with the Geometridae and see little likelihood of pursuing this other
line of research.
On the family in general, particularly with regard to its differentiation
from the Geomelridae, I have contributed a few notes in Wytsman's Genera
Insectormn (fasc. 103, p. 8 ; 104, p. 2). I may add that Forbes {Psyche, xxiii. 191)
observes that " The Dioptidae show no tympanum of any kind and will make
a first exception to the rule that uniordial hooks on the prolegs are co-ordinated
with a tympanum of Arctiid or Noctuid type." Dyar {Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc.
iv. 69) inclined to regard Dioptidae as ancestors of Pericopidae (New World
Aganaidae = Hypsidae, according to Hampson's system), while treating the
true " Hypsidae " as " a low Noctuidous type." I believe both Pericopidae
and Aganaidae to be non-specialised Arctiids, and the resemblances between
Dioptidae and Pericopidae to be purely mimetic, just as are those between
Dioptidae and Lithosiids or many others. In his " Additional Notes on the
Classification of Lepidopterous Larvae" {Tr. N.Y. Acad. Sci. xiv. 49-62) Dyar
provides (p. 56) a tentative synopsis of the " Superfamily Noctuina " in which
the two families in question find themselves, from my point of view, in better
company, though we have still very much to learn on the phylogeny.
The following characterization of the family will sufiice for my present
purpose, and will save repeating the " constants " in diagnosing individual
genera.
Constant Characters. — ^Eye naked. Pali^us well developed, more or less
upcurved, terminal joint not elongate. Tongue fully develoj)ed. Legs fully
developed ; hindtibia with all spurs. Abdomen without " tympanum." Both
sexes winged, the wing-margins smooth. Frenulum developed.
Forewing with areole wanting, all the subcostals present, SC from cell,
gQ3-5 stalked, R'' not connate with R^* SM' wanting. Hindwing with C not
angled at base, free from SC, SC^ stalked with R', R' well developed, never
connate with R' *), SM' obsolete,! SM^ reaching hindmargin near tornus.
Variable Characters. — Face, palpus, pectus, and femora with appressed
scales or moderately (rarely densely) hairy. Antenna in 3 bipectinate or
ciliate. Wings more or less elongate, sometimes in large part diaphanous.
* Normally central, but occasionally — as in the Geometridae — driven back to near R-* by a
strong posterior prolongation of the cell.
t Comstook has found (negligible) traces of it in Phryganidia.
396
NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXV. 1918.
Forewing with SC from the cell or from the stalk of SC'~°, in the latter case
nearly alwaj's before SC (in the American Aganaids, SC arises before SC*),
R* froiu quite near R' to rather near R' (see above), M' free or stalked with
R'. Hindu-ing with M' free or stalked with R'.
All the species are Neotropical, with the exception of the Californian
Phryganidia californica.
Tlie following is a tentative key to the genera which I have adopted.
1. Forewing with SC from cell ....
Forewing with SC stalked ....
2. Forewing with M' separate ....
Forewing with M' stalked ....
3. Hindwing with M' remote from R' ; S antenna pec
tinate ........
Hindwing with M' connate or stalked * ; o antenna
ciliate ........
4. Forewing with SC arising beyond SC
Forewing with SC arising before SC
5. Forewing with M' sejjarate ....
Forewing with M' stalked ....
6. Forewing with SC arising before SC
Forewing with SC arising beyond SC f •
7. Cells short ; wings thickly scaled
Cells one-half or more ; wings thinly scaled
8. Wings diaphanous ; forewing with M much before middle
Wings not diaphanous ; forewing with M normally
placed .........
9. Hindwing with costa strongly arched ; S hindwing
tufted .........
Hindwing with costa not strongly arched ; <J hindwing
not tufted ........
Forewing with M' separate % .
Forewing with M' stalked §.....
Wings diaphanous or subdiaphanous || ; hindwing with
M' remote ........
Wings opaque ; hindwing with M' approximated or
stalked ........
12. Forewing with M' remote . . . . .
Forewing with M' almost connate . . . .
13. Wings elongate, generally hyaline . . . .
Wings broad, not hyaline . . . . .
14. Palpus long ; wings very narrow . . . .
Palpus moderate to shortish ; wings moderate .
15. Cells rather short; DC strongly oblique .
Cells long ; DC normal ......
10
11
2
4
3
3. Dolophrosyne
1. Phaecchlaena
2. Myonia
6
6
34. Anticorevui
35. Polyptychia
7
9
10. Psendoricia
8
20. Tanaostyla
9. Xenomigia
32. Sagaris
10
n
18
12
14
13
19. Authyala
18. Phanoptis
4. Tolimicola
15
16
11. Zunacclha
7. Oricia
* Separate, though approximated, in a few species.
t Occasionally together or almost together in Polypoetes and Momonipta.
X In Zunacetha usually connate ; in Authyala almost connate,
§ Just separate in $9 of Scotura Sect. I, and of BrachygUne caenea.
II Only opaque in Phanoptis fatidica Dogn.
NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXV. 1918.
397
16. Hindwing with DC biangulate .
Hindwing with DC not biangulate
17. Hindwing with M' stalked
Hindwing with M' not stalked
18. Wings diaphanous ....
Wings not diaj)hanous
19. Forewing with SC^ arising before SC°
Forewing with SC arising beyond SC
20. Forewing with cell short ; hindwing with cell extremely
produced posteriorly .....
Cells normal .......
21. Huldwing with M' separate ....
Hindwing with M' stalked ....
22. Forewing with cell in ^ one-fourth .
Forewing with cell in <J at least one-third
23. Hmdwing with SC — R' coincident .
Hindwing with SC* — R' not coincident
24. Femora hairy .......
Femora not hahy ......
25. Hairy clothing of head, pectus, and femora extreme
Hairy clothing moderate . • .
26. Build robust ; wings rather narrow ; 3 antenna pec-
tinate .........
Build not robust ; wings rather broad ; S antenna ciliate
27. Face and palpus with projectmg hair
Face and palpus with appressed scaling *
28. Build robust ; wings rather narrow ; 3 antenna pec
tinate ........
Build not robust ; wings rather broad ; <^ antenna ciliate
29. Antenna in 3 pectinate .....
Antenna in 3 ciliate .....
30. Forewing with DC long .....
Forewing with DC short or wanting
31. Scaling thin .......
Scaling not thin ......
32. Forewing with cell long, R' nearer to R' at origin
Forewing with cell one-half or less, near central or
nearer to R' .
33. Antenna in both sexes pectinate
Antenna in both sexes not pectinate
34. Scaling thin, hair-hke
Scaling normal ....
35. Hindwing broad ; abdomen not elongate
Hindwing narrow ; abdomen reaching considerably be
yond it ........
* Jlougher in the striata group of Josia.
5. Cacolyces
17
G. Xcnorma
8. Clepiophasia
19
22
21. Isostyla
20
24. Hadesina
21
22. Eudioptis
23. Dioptis
17. Euckontha
23
33. Getta
24
25
27
31. Cyanotricha
26
30. Thirmida
16. Mornonipta
(part.)
28
29
27. Actea
16. Mornonipta
(part.)
30
16. Mornonipta
■ (part.)
31
34
13. Tithraustes
32
26. Leptactea
33
25. Brachi/glcne
12. Scotura
15. Phryganidia
35
14. Polypoetes
36
398
36. Discocellulars biangulate .
Discocellulars not biangulate
NovrrATES Zoologica^e XXV. 1918.
29. Scea
28. Josia
Genus I. Phaeochlaena.
PhaeoMaena Hb. {Zutr. i. 18. indescr.). Yen. bek. Schmett. p. 176 (1822 ?) (type tendinosa Hb.,
Butl. sel., Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. 1878. p. 62).
Campylona lloschl., Verh. zaol.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxvii. 658 (1877) (type bicolor Moschl.).
Neolaiirona Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1893. p. 292 (type hazara Butl.).
Clastognatha (Feld., Reise Norara, Lep. Ha. tab. 104. fig. 8. Erkl. p. 3. indescr.) (type Integra Feld.).
Face with appressed scales. Palpus longish. Antenna in S pectinate, in
? shortly ciliate. Pectus scarcely hauy. Femora glabrous.
Forewing with cell long, DC developed, DC*"'^ inbent or straightish, SC
from cell, R' from before middle of DC, M' remote from R'. Hindwing with
cell rather long, DC straightish or sinuous, C closely approximated to SC for
some distance, thence gradually diverging, R= central or from nearer R' than
Ri, M' remote from R'.
On the larva (of gyon Fb.) see Mabilde, Guia Pralica, p. 229. tab. 24. f. 8 ;
Bastelberger, Ent. Zeit. Guben, xxii. 66.
Sect. I. — Palpus over t\^ice as long as diameter of eye ; forewing with
DC variable, DC shallowly inangled, R= before middle but rarely extreme
{Phaeochlaena = Cavipylona).
1. gyon gyon Fb., Mant. Ins. ii. 105 (1787) (Zygaena) (Cayenne).
= tendinosa Hb., Zutr. i. 18. f. 89-90 (1818) (Brazil [Para ?]).
= 1 remota Walk., List Lep. Ins. vii. 1649 (1856) (Actea) (type lost)
(" W. Coast of America ").
(ab. ?) obtecta Moschl., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxvii. 657. tab. 9. fig. 26
(1877) (Surinam).*
(ab.) ochrophanes Prout, ab. nov.f (Brazil).
Widely distributed, Mexico to Peru and N. Brazil. Outer spot of forewing
large, whitish ; discal bands generally broad.
la. gyon lampra Prout, subsp. nov. % (S.E. Brazil).
lb. gyon fucata Prout, subsp. nov.§ (Goyaz).
2. amazonica Druce, A7in. Mag. Nat. Hiit. (7) iii. 294 (1899) (Amazons).
3. 6ran?iea Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 500 (1904) (Campylona) (praec. form.?)
(Venezuela).
4. solilvcis Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878. p. 62 (Amazons).
(ab.) subintruta Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. 421 (1897) {Erilyces) (Amazons).
* The figure, as usual, worse than xiseless, the description exact.
t Phaeochlaena gyon ab. ochrophanes ab. nov. cj, 35 mra. All the yellow markings ampler,
th^ proximal patch with the dark streak behind cell very slender and abbreviated, the discal band
broad, ending in a large clear spot behind M-, patch on hindwing reaching SC^ anteriorly.
" Brazil " (.•Vmazons ?). Type in coll. Joicey, ex Staudinger.
t Phaeochlaena gyon lampra, subsp. nov. (J ?, 28 — 34 mm. Forewing with subapical spot
above reduced, ochre-yellow (not whitish), discal band generally narrow, its costal spot bright
ochre-yellow, sharply defined, generally rounded. Hindwing with band often narrowed.
S. Brazd, Paraguay, and Argentina. Type S from Castro, Parana (E. D. Jones) in coll. Joicey.
§ Phaeochlaena gyon fucata subsp. nov. (J, 27-33 mm. Forewing above with the light parts
more reddish, the subapical spot small (as in gyon lampra), almost white ; discal band generally
enlarged. Hindwing above and both wings beneath with the ochre-yellow colour changed to
orange, varying between clear orange and cadmium orange. Rio Uraguaya, Prov. Goyaz, Brazil,
June 1906, 23 (Jo, July 1906, 1 (J (G. A. Baer), all in coll. Tring Museum.
NOVTTATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXV. 1918. 399
(ab.) perintniea Prout. ab. nov.* (Rio Madeira).
Distributed from Central America to Bolivia and Argentina.
5. contingens Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 14 (1904) (Campylona) (E. Ecuador).
— aurata Warr., Nov. Zcol. xii. 312 (1905) (Campylona) (Bogota).
Also known from the Peruvian Amazons. Possibly a recurrent aberration
of the preceding.
6. bicolor Moschl., Verh. zool. -hot. Ges. Wieyi, xxvii. 659. tab. 9. fig. 27 (1877)
(Campylona.) (Surinam).
? = ? costidentata Dogn., A7m. Soc. Ent. Belg. lii. 264 (1908) (Campylona)
(French Guiana).
Unknown to me in nature.
Sect. II. — Palpus not over twice diameter of eye ; forewLng with DC long,
DC deeply inangled, R= from close to R' (Neolaurona).
1. hazara Butl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) viii. 287 (1871) (Pericopis) (Brazil).
Seems confined to the Amazons, Ecuador, and Peru. Mimetic of Stalachtis
calliope L. Rather variable, the horse-shoe shaped black mark in the male
(only) often filled in more or less completely with black, forming a nearly circular
patch. A form from Pachitea, Peru, with the subapical band of the forewing
wanting — the entire ajsical area being black — and the black markings on the
hindwing reduced, was labelled by Druce hdiconides and regarded by him as a
distinct species. His " type " and another ? conform to the above description,
but the third example (also 5) from the locality combines the fore\^ing of
typical hazara with the hindwing of heliconides. If Druce's name is hitherto
" ined." — I can find no reference — the authorship may be attributed to me :
Fhaeoclilaena hazara $ — f. heliconides, form. nov. ; tj^pe in coll. Joicey.
Sect. III. — Palpus over twice diameter of eye ; both wings with DC
straightish,R= of forewing little, of hindwing scarcely, before midd\e(Cla{tognatha) .
8. integra Feld., Reiie Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 104. fig. 8 (1868) (Chtiio-
gnatha) (Amazons).
Genus II. Myonia.
Myonia Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. .308 (1854) (type evippe Walk.).
Erbessa Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 319 (1854) (type sobria Walk.).
Phelloe Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 320 (1854) (type glaucaspis Walk.).
Isionda Walk., List Lep. Ins. vii. 1C5S (185G) (type pyraloides Walk, evippe ab.).
Pseuderbejssa But!., Cist. Ent. ii. 107 (1876) (type umbrifera Walk.).
Dialephtis (Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 14. Erkl. p. 4. indcscr.) (type salvini I'ekl.).
Face and palpus with moderately appressed scales. Palpus moderate to
long, third joint shortish or moderate, not distinct. Antenna in <? ciliate, in
$ almost sunple. Pectus scarcely hau-y. Femora glabrous.
Forewing with cell long, DC present, SC= from cell, R= slightly or scarcely
before middle, M' widely separate from R'. Hindwing with cell long, DC
slightly to moderately curved, R= about central, M' approxmiated to or connate
or stalked with R'.
* Phaeochlaena solilucis ab. perintrusa ab. nov. ^ $. Discal band completely broken into an
anterior and a posterior spot. Rio Madeira, type S in coll. Brit. JIus. Teffe, September 1 907
(.M. de Mathan), 1 ? ; S. Paulo de Oliven'ja, August 1907 (II. de Mathan), 4 ?? ; all in coll. Tring
Mus,, showing varying degrees of development from ab. aubintrusa.
400 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918.
Sect. I. — Build not very robust ; wings thickly scaled ; hindwing rarely
much narrowed, M' variably stalked (in salvini and scmimarginata just separate),
colour predominantly yellow proximally, at least beneath {Dialephiia).
1. salvini Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 14 (1868) {Dialephtis)
(Guatemala).
Only known from Guatemala and Nicaragua.
2. semimarginata Dogn., Ann. Sec. Ent. Belg. xlvi. 342 (1902) (Dialephtis)
(praec. form. 1) (Colombia).
The only Colombian speci:nens I have seen are intermediate towards the
preceding race (a black abdominal margin of forewing present though much
narrowed).
3. bicurvata Bastelb., Int. Ent. Zeit. ii. 267 (1908) (Dialephtis) (Colombia).
4. josia Feld., Wien Ent. Monats. vi. 230 (1862) (Phaeochlaena) (N. Brazil).
5. alea Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1890. p. 499 (Microgiton)
(Ecuador).
6. pyraloides Walk., Liit Lep. Ins. ii. 376 (1854) (Scaptia) (Brazil).
(ab. ?) longiplaga Warr., Nov. Zool. xiv. 198 (1907) (Paratyria) (Brazil).
7. dominula Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 70 (1909) (Oricia) (Argentina).
Also from Uruguay.
8. $ priverna Cram., Pap. Exot. ii. 108. tab. 166. fig. E. (1777) (Phalaena)
Noclua) (Surinam).
J = privigna Hb., Zulr. i. 32. fig. 195-6 (1818) (Phaeochlaena) (Surinam).
($ab.) fulva Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 71 (1909) (Oricia).
Inhabits the Guiana and N. Brazil.
9. quadricolor Walk., List Lep. Ins. vii. 1677 (1856) (Phaeochlaena)
(Anaazons).
10. celata Warr., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xsx. 410 (1906) (Dialephtis) (Peru),
(ab.) unimacula Warr., Nov. Zool. xiv. 199 (19U7) (Phaeochlaena) (Peru).
Both forms occur also in Bolivia.
11. ederi Prout, sp. nov.* (S. E. Colombia).
12. biplagiata Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. 421 (1897) (O)icia) (Bolivia).
13. graba Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 294 (1899) (Phaeochlaena)
(Peru).
Also from S. Paulo de 01iven9a, Upper Amazon, coll. Tring Mus.
14. projecta Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 72 (1909) (Oricia) (Rio Madeira).
15. augusta Warr., Nov. Zocl. xvi. 70 (1909) (Oricia) (Rio Madeira).
* Myonia cchri sp. nov. (J, 37 ram. Face buff. Palpus with 1st joint orange-yellow, 2nd
joint buff with a blackish streak along each side, 3rd joint blackish. Head mixed with black-
brown, an orange spot on each side behind eye. Wing-tegula and thorax above longitudinally striped,
orange, blackish, buff. Abdomen above orange with blackish dorsal and lateral stripes and blackish
anal end ; beneath buff.
Forewing with ground-colour dull dark brown, the veins yellow ; a great part of the win,
occupied by two large orange-yellow blotches ; the first on hindmargin, running from close to base
to beyond three-fourths, anteriorly just entering the cell, distally ind^?ntedby a tooth of the ground
colour along il' ; second blotch long-oval, starting near origin of SC^, anteriorly touching SC.
posteriorly almost confluent with first blotch (only separated by a dark line along either side oi
R^), distally 2 mm. from outer margin. Hindwing with M' minutely stalked ; orange-yellow
with a black-brown border, which has an average width of about 3 mm. but is rather irregular,
narrows at tornus and extends narrowly along outer two-fifths of costal margin ; a few dark scales
at base. Underside similar. Rio Caqueta, S.E. Colombia (Dr. M. Eder and T. Alexander). Type
in coll. Joicey. Near graba Druce, the orange colour less deep, more extended, distal margin of
forjwing loss oblique. Perhaps a (J form of projecta Warr.
NOTTTATES ZOOLOQIOAE XXV. 1918. 401
16. cuntiplaga Prout, sp. nov.* (Surinam).
17. cingulina cingulina Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. ii. .536
{Phaecchlatna) (Peru).
(ab.) semimaculata Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 502 (1904) (StenoTplastis) (Peru).
17a. cingulina auranlica Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 536. tab. 33.
fig. 7 (Phaeochlaena) (Bolivia).
(ab.) spumata Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 19 (1904) (Stenoplastis) (Bolivia),
(ab.) albifrons Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 501 (1904) (Stenoylastis) (Bolivia).
18. inaria Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 535 (Phaeochlaena) (Ecuador).
= nutria Dogn. (ex err. typogr.), Lep. Loja (2) 39 (1891) (Ecuador).
Occurs also in N. Peru.
Sect. II. — Abdomen, especially in S, strongly elongate ; wings generally
thinly scaled (partly diaphanous in species 21-24), hindwing long and narrow,
M' well stalked (separate only in 'pales), colour predominantly white or hyaline
proxLmally (except in citrina and ovia) {Erbessa = Phelloe = Psevderb(ssa).
19. citrina Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) i. 214 (1898) (Neolanrona) (sequ.
form. ?) (Amazons).
20. ovia Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 292. tab. 19. fig. 7 {Neo-
laurona) (Ecuador).
(ab. ?) con j unctaT) ogn. , Het. Nonv . i. 17 (1910) (Neolaurana) (French Guiana).
This and the preceding are only known in the ?. The markings tally so
closely with those of the following {S only known) that they may well prove
mimetically coloured females thereto. All the forms seem rare.
21. capena Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 534 (Erbesia) (Ecuador).
One from Carabaya, S.E. Peru, in coll. TrLng BIus.
22. pahs Druce, Pice. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 285. tab. 19. fig. 4 [Mela-
statia ?) (Ecuador).
Also known from Peru.
23. glaucaspis Walk., Liit Lep. Ins. ii. 320 (1854) (Phelloe) (Amazons).
Also occurs in N. Venezuela.
24. umbrif (ra umbrif era\Ya.\k., List Lep. Ins. 11.326(1854:) (Dioptis)(Aina,zons).
= decorata Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 146 (1864) (Phelloe) (Amazons).
= munda Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 146 (1864) (Phelloe) (Amazons).
I think there can be little doubt that these form a single species, of which
the following is a somewhat larger, brighter race ; munda represents the (J,
characterized by the greatly elongate abdomen, ihnbiijera and decorata the ?.
Known also from the Guianas.
24a. umbrifera cassandra Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 535
(Pseudebesia) (Ecuador).
Also from Bolivia.
* Myonia cuneiplaga sp. nov. 5> 34 mm. Perhaps akin to the preceding. Differs as follows.
Face orange. Palpus predominantly orange, only the third joint and some scales on sides of second
joint distally blackish. Abdomen with the dorsal line broken into spots.
Forewing with the orange band rather more distally placed (its distal edge beyond, in augusta
well proximal to, DC), oblique^ running in the direction of tomus, nearly uniform in width (circ.
2 mm.). Hindwing above with the orange area reduced to a wedge-shaped central patch, its
proximal (pointed) end on M, its greatest width distally (from R° to behind M-) 2'5 mm., its distal
end between R^ and JP little more than 1 mm. from terraen. Hindwing beneath largely orange,
the black border on an average narrower, but still more irregular, than in augusta and throwing less
projection basewards between C and cell-fold ; no apical orange spot. Fringes not pale-tipped,
" Surinam." Type in coll. Tring Mus.
402 N0%TTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV, 1918.
25. sobria Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 319 (185-1) {Erbessa) (Amazons).
Also from Ecuador and Minas Geraes.
26. semiplaga semiplagaWarT., Nov. Zool. xii. 3\5 (1905) (Phelloe) (Colombia).
26a. semiplaga pleniplaga Prout, subsp. nov.* (Bolivia).
27. avara Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 301 (1899) (Scotura) (Ecuador).
28. conigera Prout, sp. nov.f (E. Peru).
Sect. III. — Build generally very robust ; S abdomen strongly elongate ;
^\ ings densely scaled ; hindvving with M' well stalked, colour black proximally
and distally, or almost throughout [Myonia).
29. lindigiiYeM., Reise Novara, Lep.Hiit. tab. 105. fig. 19 (1868) (Phelloe)
(Colombia).
30. leechi Prout, sp. nov. J (Amazons).
31. labana Druce,§ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 295 (1899) (Getla) (Ecuador).
* Myonia semiplaga pleniplaga. $. White patch of hindvving considerably broadened, being
partly bounded for the greater part of its course by the submedian fold (in semiplaga semiplaga not
crossing M). Both forms differ from sohria in wanting the white ajiical patch of hindwing beneath.
Yungas de Coroico, 1.800 m.. October 1006 — March 1907{Oarlepp). type; Prov. Sara. Dept. S. Cruz
de la Sierra, April — May 1904 (J. Steinbach) ; both in coll. Tring Mus.
t Mt/onia conigera sp. nov. ?, 32 mm. Differs from avara as follow.?.
Forewinq above with the white band from hindmargin more proximal, much shorter, not
entering cell, broadest posteriorly, its proximal edge being strongly obhque ; beneath with accom-
panying grey-white shading reaching to base, to beyond middle of wing and to middle of cell.
Hiivlwing with the black border narrower, beneath without white apex ; abdominal grey shading
of upperside broader. (.Abdomen wanting.) Vpper Eio Toro, La Merced, E. Peru. August —
September 1901 (Simons). Tj-pe in coll. Tring Mus.
J Myonia leechi sp. nov. <J, 31 mm. Smaller and narrower-winged than lindigii, termen of
forewing more oblique. Wing-tegula with a yellow streak.
Forewing with yellow band not reaching SM-, relatively broad. Hindwing with R= — JP very
long-stalked ; without apical yellow spot ; the blue reflections of al .dominal region scarcely entering
cell. Hindwing beneath glaucous whitish along costal margin and from cell-fold to abdominal
margin (except at tcrmen). recalling mitys. Santarem, October 1884 (Leach). Type in coll. Joicey.
§ Here we have to deal with a single ver>- variable (and very scarce) species or with a number
of close allies. I treat the forms provisionally as belonging togellier. Unfortunately the jj is
unknown ; Druce mistook the sex of his type.
31a. caeneides form. (? sp.) nov. O. 37 mm. Transverse band 2 mm. in width, coloured as
in lindigii. continued above as well as beneath (in labatm beneath only) by a roundish apical spot
on hindwing. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Type in coll. Joicey (misidentified by Druce as
caenea Drury).
31b. eimpUncata form. (? sp.) nov. $. 39 ram. Band coloured as in the prece^ng, rather
more distal, on upperside narrowed posteriorly, ending at SM^ close to tomus ; hindwin/unmarked,
beneath with a noticeable sprinkling of irregularly distributed bkie-grey scales ; venter scarcely
pale. Sarayacu. Ecuador (C. Buckley). Type in coll. Joicey. Possibly a remarkable ab. of
evippe. to some extent connected by the following.
31c. prapcsignata form. nov. $, 38 mm. Forewing almost as in simplifi^ata, fringe tipped with
whitish anterioriy. Hindwing above with slight purple-blue rellections and with traces of a
liroken curved orange postdiscal band between C and the stalk of R'— JP (the largest spot being
an anterior one), which is beneath reduced to a few scales, except for a strong orange line along end
of SC and stalk of SC»— R' ; venter cream-white. Tefle, Amazons {.M. de Mathan). T.vpe in coll.
Tring JIus. Probably conspocifio with the preceding, but their status in relation to the rest of
the group problematical.
31d. coii/iHC'w form. (? sp.) nov. ?, 36 mm. Coloration above as in ^ahami ; band of forewing
somewhat broadened, light veins prominent ; an apical spot on hindwing as in caeneides ; the palo
venter becoming orange anally, the apical spot of hindwing beneath, on the contrary, whitish, not
orange. La Mercede, Chanc'haraayo, Peru, 2,000—3,000 ft. (Watkins). Type in coll. Joicey.
Also from BogotA and Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, in coll. Tring Mus. ; Ecuador and Songo, Bolivia, in
coll. Brit. Mus.
3Ie. aUingens form. (? sp.) nov. 9, 37 mm. Collar more distinctly orange; wings blacker,
band of forewing narrowed, almost pure white ; apical spot of hindwing orange, above represented
NOVIIATES ZOOLOQIOAE XXV. 1918. 403
32. aequivoca Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 440 (1901) {Ephialtias) (praec. subsp. ?)
(Venezuela).
33. mitys Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 297 (1899) (Amazons).
34. seducta Prout, sp. nov.* (Venezuela).
35. evippe Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 309 (1854) (Amazons).
(ab.) pyraloides Walk., List Lep. Ins. vii. 1658 (1856) (Isionda) (Amazons),
(ab.) (? syn.) imitatri.v Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 71 (1909) (Oricia) (Rio Madeira).
Occurs also in Ecuador and Venezuela.
36. basivitta Prout, sp. nov.f (Brazil).
Genus III. Dolophrosyne gen. nov.
Face broad, with appressed scales. Eye small. Palpus rather short, rough-
scaled. Antenna in o with fascicles of fine cilia. Pectus and femora hairj'.
Abdomen slender, not elongate. WiBgs with the scaling thin and hair-like.
Forewing with the cell long (almost two-thirds), DC well developed, DC°~'
oblique inwards ; SC" from cell near its end, SC^'^'' very long-stalked, R' about
central, M' stalked. Hindwing with costal margin elongate, apex rather well
expressed, termen gently rounded ; cell long (about three-fifths) ; C approxi-
mated to SC for a moderate distance, rather gradually diverging ; R- central,
M' stalked (tyjje mirax sp. nov.).
1. mirax Prout, sp. nov, J (E. Peru).
Genus IV. Tolimicola gen. nov.
Face somewhat rough. Eye large. Palpus moderate, with some pro-
jecting hair-scales beneath ; third joint small. Antenna in S with short
only by a dash along costa ; venter more extended orange. '' Brazil" {Amazons ?), 1844-45, ex
coU. Smith. Type in coll. Joicey. Pebas, a damaged $ in coll. Tring Mus.
* Myonia seducta sp. nov. ^, 30 mm. Differs from mitys in smaller size, whitish vertex and
dorsal stripe on thorax and anterior part of abdomen, cream-coloured {not orange) markings, etc.
Forewing with the pale cell-band more proximally placed {not reaching DC) and much shorter
(not quite reaching M^). Hindiving, in addition to the corresponding {but more angular) central
patch, with an elongate abdominal patch behind fold, from near base to nearly three-fourths. Fore-
wine; beneath similar, the pale veins less marked. Hindwing beneath only black in a basal streak
behind C {entering cell) and a broad distal border which differs essentially from that of mitys in that
it leaves free a broad apex instead of tomal region ; the rest greenish, not bluish, leaving the same
markings as on upperside pale yellowish. San Esteban, Venezuela, July 1909 (S. M. Klages).
Type in coll. Tring Mus.
f Myonia basivitta sp. nov. $, 30 mm. Face and vertex blackish brown. Palpus blackish
brown, at base orange. Postorbital rim and part of breast orange. Thorax blackish brown, tegulae
marked with orange, {Abdomen lost.) Wings shaped nearly as in Scea [aurifl-amnia, el ■. ).
Forewing orange ; costal edge blackish brown ; a blackisli brown hindmargin, proximally
jtist crossing SM^, distally narrowing almost to a point ; a tapering {distally sharply pointed)
blackish brown vitta along fold to middle of wing ; a broad blackish brown apical patch, its proximal
edge rujining almost straight from C well beyond middle to near termen before M-, then abruptly
bent an<-l tapering off to a point at tomus. Hindwing with R^ — iVP longish-stalked ; blackish
brown. Underside similar, but with an appreciable outward curve in the proximal edge of the
black apical patch between R" and M'. " Brazil." Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Recalls Euryptidia
basivitta and Darna {? Euryptidia) ftgulina Butl., III. Het. i. 5.j. tab. 19. fig. 8.
+ Dolophrosyne mirax sp. nov. ^, 24 mm. Head and body blackish, slightly mixed with
brown ; legs somewhat browner. Wings subdiaphaiious, blackish grey, the veins of the forewing
indistinctly yellowish light brown, the hindwing — at least towards base — still more thinly scaled.
Underside similar. Huancabamba [near Cerro de Pasco, E. Peru], 6,000 — 10,000 ft. TjT^e in coll,
Joicey. Perhaps akin to some of the species placed in Monocreagra, but the generic characters,
particularly the point of origin of SC- of the forewing, demand its separation.
404 N0V1TATE3 ZootoaioAi: XXV. 1918.
pectinations, ending in fascicles of cilia. Pectus hairy. Femora scarcely hairy.
Wings broad, scaling rather thin and hair-lUce.
Forewing with cell long, DC well developed, DC short ; SC short-stalked,
M' remote. Hindwing with cell over one-half, DC- strongly oblique, DC less
so ; C moderately approximated to SC, R* central, M' remote. (Type fassli
sp nov.). (A second species, too worn to describe, from the same locality in
coll. Tring Mus.)
1. jassli Prout, sp. nov.* (Colombia).
Genus V. Cacolyces.
Cacolyces Warr., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxx. 409 (1906) (type plajifera Walk.).
Face rough. Palpus moderate. Antenna in 3 shortly pectinate, in $ with
single bristles. Femora rough-scaled. Wings elongate.
Forewing with cell less than one-half, DC rather long, oblique, DC' very
oblique, SC from stalk of SC'~°, R- from close to R', M' just separate from R'.
Hindwing with DC biangulate, R' from lower angle, M' separate from R*.
Differs from Lyces in shorter cell of forewing and different origin of M' on both
wings.
1. plagifera Walk., List Lej). Ins. vii. 1650 (1856) {Lyces ?) (Amazons).
The Tring Museum has a short series from Venezuela.
Genus VI. Xenorma gen. nov.
Face somewhat roughened. Palpus shortish, slightly rough-scaled. Antenna
in both sexes pectinate. Pectus scarcely hairy. Femora not hairy.
Forewing somewhat elongate, costa slightly arched, termen oblique, cell
over one-half, DC longish, little oblique, DC^ not long, DC curved, becoming
rather oblique, SC^ stalked, M' sejiarate. Hindwing with cell rather long,
DC straightish, C approximated to cell for a short distance, then diverging
moderately, R' central, M' stalked. (Type cytheris Druce.)
Introduced here on account of the separation of M' of the forewing from R',
but probably the parent of Brachyglene, in a measure connected by the anomalous
B. caenea Drury.
1. cytheris Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. ii. 2. tab. 41. fig. 11 (1891)
(Phaeochlaena) (Costa Rica).
(ab. ?) ovata Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xliv. 438 (1900) (Phaeochlaena)
(Colombia).
This species also reaches Mexico and I think Colombia and Venezuela.
Variable.
la. cytheris australis subsp. nov.f
• Tolimicola fassli sp. nov. ^, 46 mm. Forewing with costa slightly arched, termen straight,
oblique ; hindwing very ample, markings nearly as indicated in Dognin's description of "Tithraustes "
consanguinen, of which it may possibly be the cj ; forewing with traces of lunulate whitish anteraedian
and postmedian lines, accompanied by yellow dashes in the veins ; snbterminal lunules white, not
yellowish, followed by yellow dashes on the veins and these again by yellow terminal dots ; hind-
wing beneath with yellowish terminal dots. Monte Tolima, Colombia, 3,800 m. February 1910
(A. H. Fassl). Type in coll. Tring Mus.
f Xenorma cytheris australis subsp. nov. Forewing -rather broader, with the central yellow
patch reduced or even wanting (ab. deleta nov.) on the uppersido, though persisting beneath.
Brazil. Type (J in coll. Joicey, ex. coll. Smith, 1844-45 ; type $ of ab. deleta (Itabapoana, Kio) also
in coll. Joicey. A $ in coll. Brit. Mus. from Minas Geraes.
UOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 405
2. picHfrons Warr., Nov. Zool. xiv. 199 (1907) (Phaeochlaena) (praec. subsp. ?)
(S.E. Peru).
3. biorbiculata Warr. Nov. Zool. xiv. 72 (1909) (Phaeochlaena) (Amazons).
Genus VII. Oricia.
Oricia Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 476 (1854) (type truncata Walk.).
Olissa Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 186 (1864) (type bi/acies Walk.).
Pyralopsis Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Hel. tab. 105. fig. 13. Erkl. p. 8 (indescr.) (type homalochroa
Feld.).
Adelphoneura Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 31, Erkl. p. 1 (iiidescr.) (type nerias Feld.).
Face slightly roughened. Paljjus long, with appressed scales, third joint
in (J tufted. Antenna in <? ciliate in fascicles or shortly pectinate, in $ shortly
ciliate. Pectus scarcely hairy. Femora witli appressed scaling. Abdomen
elongate, not robust. Wings very long and narrow.
Forewing with cell long, DC longish, DC incurved, SC stalked, R* typically
from very near R' (occasionally connate), M' separate. Hindwing with cell
over one-half, DC more or less curved, R' about central, M' just separate or
stalked.
Sect. I. — Forewing with R^ arising close to R' ; hindwing with M' generally
connate or separate ; S antenna ciliate (Oricia).
1. truncata Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 476 (1854) (Honduras; Guatemala).
2. domina Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix. 433 (1912) (praec. ab. ?)
(Costa Rica).
Sect. II. — Hindwing with M' stalked ; S antenna pectinate (Pyralopsis).
3. homalochroa Feld., Beise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 13 (1868)
(Pyralopsis) (Guatemala).
4. damalis Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix. 432 (1912) (praec. <J ?)
(Costa Rica).
Sect. III. — ^Abdomen more robust ; forewing with R' little before middle
of DC ; hindwing with JI' stalked ; ^ antenna ciliate (Olissa = Adelphonevra).
5. prolifera Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 302 (1854) (Josia) (Amazons).
= bifacies Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 186 (1864) (Glissa) (Amazons).
= nerias Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 31 (1868) (Adelpho-
neura) (Amazons).
6. phryganeata Warr., Nov. Zool. xiv. 200 (1907) (Stenoplastis ?) (huj. gen. ?)
(S.E. Peru).
7. venata, Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877. p. 359 (Stenoplastis) (huj. gen. ?)
(S. BrazU).
Genus VIII. Cleptophasia gen. nov.
Face with appressed scales. Palpus shortish, with appressed scales, third
joint small, not distinct. Antenna in cJ 1, in $ ciliate. Pectus and femora
glabrous. Abdomen rather long, robust. Wings rather narrow, densely scaled.
Forewing with cell well over one-half, DC well developed, DC short, DC
little oblique; SC"'^'^'' stalked, M' well separate. Hindwing with costal
margin long ; cell somewhat over one-half, DC oblique ; R' slightly before
middle, M' connate or closely approximated. (Type scissa Warr.).
1. scissa Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 72 (1909) (Oricia) (Amazons)
406 NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAX XXV. 1918.
Genus IX. Xenomigia.
Xenomigia Warr., Pore. U.S. Nal. Mus. xxx. 413 (1906) (type veninotata VVarr.).
Not positively known to me. According to Warren's diagnosis the typical
species differs from the following genus in the longer cells, thinner scaling, R' of
forewing close to R', M' of both wings free (from five-sixths of cell). The two
agree in the rare stalking of SC° of forewing beyond SC. I have proposed a
new section for the evidently kindred forms ■pallinervis Feld. and villiodes Prout,
sp. nov.
Sect. I. — M' of both wings free.
1. veninotata Warr., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxx. 414 (1906) (Colombia).
2. ccncinna Dogn., Het. Nouv. iii. 22 (1911) (huj. sect. ?) (Colombia).
3. cuneifera Dogn., 3Iem. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxii. 7 (1913) (huj. sect. ?)
(Colombia).
4. sordida Dogn., Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxii. 7 (1913) (huj. sect. ?) (Colombia).
Sect. II. — M' of both wings stalked.
5. pallinervis Feld., Beise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 133. fig. 16 (1875)
(Colombia).
6. villiodes Prout, sp. nov.* (Colombia).
Genus X. Pseudoricia gen. nov.
Face smooth. Palpus with second joint long, appressed-scaled, third joint
short, slightly tufted. Antenna with joints not projecting, in <J shortly ciliate,
in $ scarcely so, but with single minute bristles. Pectus slightly hairy. Femora
glabrous. Abdomen moderately long, obtuse, in ? broadening distally. Wings
elongate.
Foreiving with cell short, DC short, DC incurved, DC extremely oblique ;
SC from stalk of SC"', SC arising before SC ; R« about central, M' stalked.
Hindicing with cell shuilar, R' central, M' stalked. (Type sibyllae Druce.)
1. sibyllae Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 523. tab. 32. fig. 7 (Josiodes)
(Ecuador).
Genus XI. Zunacetha.
Ziniacelha Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxvii. 133 (1863) (type bipartita Walk.).
Akin to Oricia but with cell of forewing shorter, DC extremely oblique, M'
(also of hindwing) connate (occasionally just separate), M- of forewing arising
* Xenomigia villiodes sp. nov. <J $, 41-45 mm. Face black in middlo, orange at sides. Palpus
rather short ; first joint orange, the rest blackish. Thorax and abdomen black-brown ; wing-
tegula with an orange anterior patch and an orange stripe at proximal edge.
Forewing with costa somewhat arched, apex obtuse ; dark brown, clouded with blackish in
places, particularly in distal part of cell; veins and subraedian fold finely orange, brightest
proximally ; a very vague pale mark near proximal end of cell ; an oblique whitish streak from
middle of SM^ inwards to M well before origin of ip ; a narrowly diamond-shaped (but slightly
sinuous-edged) white mark just beyond DC ; a lunulate-dentate whitish submarginal line, slightly
incurved anteriorly to R^. Hindwing dirty white to end of ceil, ' omewhat cleaner white in a
moderate patch beyond a vague dark cell-mark ; all borders smo ty, the costal narrowly, the
abdominal broadly but more vaguely, the distal for a \vidth of G-7 m.n., dentato-edged proximally.
Underside similar, the veins of forewing less bright proximally. Sierra del Libano, Colombia,
(»,000 ft. (H. H. Smith). Tj-pe (^ and paratypes in coll. Joicey, misidentified by Druce as his viUia.
Very near pallinervis Feld., of which the unique type is unfortunately rubbed, but which appears
distinguishable, apart from its smaller size, by the different position of the pale markings.
NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918. 407
near end of cell. Palpus les.s long, rougher scaled beneath. Could be made
a section of Scotura.
1. bugabensis bugabensis Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Ley. Het. ii. 223. tab. 61.
fig. 15 (1895) (Panama).
la. bugabensis albibasis Warr., Nov. Zool. xiv. 200 (1907) {Stenoplastis)
(S.E. Peru).
2. annulala Guer., Icon. Eigne Anim. 519 (1844) (Lithosia) (Mexico).
= bipartita Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxvii. 134 (1863) (Honduras).
= nervosa Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 139. fig. 43 (1875) (Mieza)
(Colombia).
To Druce's localities {Biologia, ii. 222) I can add Venezuela and French
Guiana.
Genus XII. Scotura.
Scotura Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 524 (1854) (t.ype pyraloides Walk.).
Cymopsis Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 23, Erkl. p. 3 (indescr.) (t3'pe julviceps Feld.).
Face with moderately appressed scales. Palpus shortish-moderate, densely
scaled beneath. Antenna in S ciliate. Abdomen long, moderately robust.
Wings strongly elongate.
Forewing with cell rather less than one-half (in o cJ of Sect. I. much shorter),
DC long, oblique, DC and DC short, SC long-stalked, R^ slightly or scarcely
before rhiddle of DC, M' longish-stalked (in §? of Sect. I just separate), M' (in
the typical section) from near end of cell or even very shortly stalked, Hind-
wing with cell about one-half, DC oblique, especially behind, R' about central,
M' stalked, M' not apjoroximated.
Sect. I. — Venation in <J somewhat distorted, with cell of forewing very
short, a fovea beneath at base of R' and R' ; ? with cell much longer (almost
one-half), M' not stalked.
1. transversa Warr., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxx. 413 (1906) [Stenoplastis)
(sequ. subsp. ?) (French Guiana).
Also from Surinam.
2. auriceps Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878. p. 60 (Amazons).
3. atelozona Prout, sp. nov.* (huj. sect. ?) (Amazons).
Sect. II. — -Venation normal ; ? with M' of forewing stalked.
4. ovisigna Prout, sp. nov.f (huj. sect. ?) (Colombia).
* Scotura atelozona sp. nov. $. 35 mm. Head and palpus orange. Thorax and abdomen
slate-grey, beneath whitish.
Forewing not extremely narrow, costa slightly arched ; dark mouse -grey with a slaty tinge,
the veins proximally paler ; a white band just beyond the cell, from close to costa to just behind
, submedian {old, 2 mm. wide at costa. broadening gradually to nearly 3 ram. Hindunng simi-
larly coloured, slightly paler (but not pale-veined) proximally, the white patch pear-shaped, behind
cell-fold and proximal part of R2, its pointed (proximal) end somewhat dusted with grey, its distal
part with a small, partly grey-dusted anterior extension reaching the stalk of SC^ — R^ ; beneath
with the white patch much extended, so as to reach base, and with a whitish suffusion between
the patch and abdominal margin. Fonte Boa, Upper Amazons, August 1907 (S. M. Klages).
Type in coll. Tring Mus. Shape, facies, and venation suggest that it belongs to this section.
f Scotura ovisigna sp. nov. $, 35 mm. Superficially similar to Cteptophasia scisaa Warr.,
but with the cell of the forewing quite short, AP longish-stalked. Abdomen with middle of venter
infuscated.
Forewing with the orange patch placed proximally of middle of wing (just outside cell), oval,
2-3 mm. in width and reaching from C to M^. Hindwing with the bomidary of the orange patch
from costa to M^ rather more regularly oblique than in C. scissa, the abdominal margin scarcely at
all mixed with orange. Bogota. Type in coll. Tring Mus.
27
408 NOVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
5. flavicapilla Hb., Samml. Exot. Schnutl. ii. [tab. 393. ed. Kirby] (1820-26)
{Atolmis) (Surinam ?).
= pyraloides Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 525 (1854) (Amazons).
= unijormis Moschl., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxvii. 657. tab. 9. fig. 25
(1877) (Brachyghne) (Surinam).
Venezuela to French Guiana.
6. discolor Warr., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxi. 412 (1906) (Brazil).
7. nervosa leucophleps Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 74 (1909) (Costa Rica).
7a. nervosa nervosa Schaus, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Sac. iv. 154 (1896)
(Venezuela) .
Also from Colombia, the Amazons, etc.
7b. nervosa intermedia Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 73 (1909) (Surinam).
7c. nervosa nigrata Warr., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxx. 412 (1906) (French
Guiana).
Also from Para.
The races of this species are not at all sharply defined.
8. vestigiata Prout, sp. nov.* (Ecuador).
9. venata Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878. p. 60 (Amazons).
S.E. Peru in coll. Joicey and Trhig Mus.
10. longigntta Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 74 (1909) (Amazons).
11. distingitenda Prout, sp. nov.f (Amazons).
12. fulviceps fulviceps Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 23 (1868)
(Cymopsis) (Amazons).
= caresa Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 535 [Pseudehessa) (Ecuador),
(ab.) quadripuncta Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 73 (1909) (Amazons).
12a. fulviceps ahstracta Prout, subsp. nov.f (British Guiana).
13. fusciceps Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 73 (1909) (Amazons),
(ab.) obstrticta Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 73 (1909) (Amazons).
Genu.s XIII. Tithraustes.
Tiehraustes Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 158 (1885) (type haemon Druce).
Face slightly roughened or with slight conical tuft. Eye generally large
or moderate. Palpus scarcely roughened beneath. Antenna in <? and some-
times in ? pectinate. Pectus slightly hairy. Femora slightly rough-scaled.
Wings rather thinly scaled.
Forewing with cell not quite one-half (in Sect. II and in chloris shortened),
* Scotura vestigiata sp. now (J $, 32-34 mm. Similar to nervosa. Palpus less bright orange
(more mixed with drab). Ant?nnal ciliation of ^ rather longer.
Forewing of cj with cell rather shorter, followed by a vague pale spot on upperside between
the radials. Hindwing with abdominal margin more narrowly blackened. Sarayacu, Ecuador
C. Buckley), 2 (J(J, 1 ?, in coll. Joicey.
I Scotura distingiienda sp. nov. $, 35-30 mm. Larger than fulviceps, dark sepia rather
than black,
Forewing with the pro.ximal white markings as in that species, the postdiscal white spot
reaching R^, at least i^eneath (in fulviceps bounded anteriorly by R'). Hindwing with the white
patch approaching the shape <»f that of longigutta ; beneath with abdominal margin whitish. Fonte
Boa, Upper Amazons, .\ugust 1907 (S. M. Klages). 2 $9 in Tring Mus. Jlay conceivably be a
remarkable ab. of longigutta, but there are no intergrades.
+ Scotura fulviceps ahstracta subsp. nov. $.
Forewiruj with both tlii" proximal white spots wanting. Hindwing with the white patch
above blackened on the veins and in places dusted with blackish, much as in some examples of
nervosa nigrata Warr. Rio Demerara, British Guiana. Type in coll. Tring Mus.
NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 409
DC long, DC'~' somewhat curved, SC"'''''^ stalked, R' from before centre of
DC, M' stalked (in caliginosa from just before end of cell, according to a MS.
note of Warren's). Hindiving with cell nearly one-half, C approximated to
SC, rather gradually diverging, R^ central or slightly before, M' stalked. Rather
variable in length of palpus, size of eye, and some other characters, and needing
more thorough revision ; perhaps intergrades with Polypoetes in one du'ection
and with Dioptis in another.
Sect. I. — Venation normal.*
1. chloris Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 295 (Dioptis) (huj. gen. ?)
(Ecuador).
2. subalbata Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xviii. 358 (1904) (huj. gen. ?)
(Bolivia).
3. salvini Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 5 (1868) (Dioptis)
(Panama).
= noctiluces Butl., Cist. Ent. i. 88 (1872) (Dioptis) (Costa Rica).
4. eteocles Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 159 (1885) (Guatemala;
Nicaragua).
5. butes Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 158 (1885) (Guatemala).
= hasalis Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 128 (1900) (Phaeochlaena) (Honduras).
6. longipennis Schaus, Aym. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xi. 382 (1913) (Costa Rica).
7. seminigrata Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 444 (1901) (Panama).
8. quinquepunctata Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 444 (1901) (Panama).
9. moerens Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 130 (1900) (Ecuador),
(ab.) condensaia Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 130 (1900) (Ecuador).
10. Jiaemon Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 158. tab. 14. fig. 20
(1885) (Panama).
11. deiphon Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 159. tab. 14. fig. 25 (1885)
(Panama).
12. esernius Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 160 (1885) (Polypoetes)
(Costa Rica).
13. albinigra Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 316 (1905) (Panama).
14. pyrifera Dogn., Hit. Nonv. iv. 5 (1911) (Colombia).
15. caliginosa Dogn., Ann. Soc. Erd, Belg. xlvi. 476 (1902) (Polypoetes)
(Ecuador).
16. inaequiplaga Dogn., Hit. Nouv. iv. 5 1911) (Colombia).
17. suffumosa Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlvi. 476 (1902) (Polypoetes)
(Argentina).
18. fulvipalpis Dogn., Hit. Nouv. i. 16 (1910) (Polypoetes) (Colombia).
19. mirmaBiuce, Ann. Mag . Nat. Hist. (7) iii. SOI (1 899) (PoZypoeies) (Bolivia).
= semilugens Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 128 (1900) (Mcmonipla ?) (Bolivia).
= dryas Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlvi. 477 (1902) (Polypoetes ?) (Bolivia).
20. aliena Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. slviii. 119 (1904) (Bolivia).
21. latialbata Prout, sp. nov.f (Ecuador).
* Cells shorter in chloris, though Warren's " chloris " was a misidentification ; see Hadesina
caerulescens Schaus.
■f Tilhraustes latialbata sp. nov. 2. 27 mm. Closely akin to erymas Druce (possibly the same
as nervosus H. Edw., which is unknown to me). Palpus whitish, not orange. Antennal pectina-
tions apparently shorter (damaged).
Forewing with termen less oblique ; veins more orange ; white band broader. 3'5 to 4 mm.
Hindwing more broadly suffused at abdominal margin, the suffusion reaching the cell. Alpayacu,
Rio Pastaza, E. Ecuador, 3,(100 £t. (M. G. Palmer). Type in coll. Joioey.
410 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
22. nervosus H. Edw., Papilio iv. 15 (1884) (Dioplii) (Mexico).
23. erymas Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 161. tab. 14. fig. 21 (1885)
{Polypoetei) (praec. form. ?) (Guatemala).
(ab.) albifera Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 443 (1901) (Costa Rica).
24. bialbifera Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 18 (1904) (Phaeochlaena) (E. Ecuador).
25. cistrinoides Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. liii. 224 (1909) (Polypoetcs)
(Colombia).
26. creon Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 161. tab. 14. fig. 22 (1885)
(Polypoetes) (Costa Rica).
27. halesius Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 161 (1885) {Polypoetes)
(Costa Rica).
28. crypsispila Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 442 (1901) (Phaeochlaena) (Panama).
29. cistrina Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 301 (1899) (Polypoetes)
(Ecuador).
30. cletor Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1893. p. 296 (Polypoetes) (Ecuador).
31. nasor Druce, Ann. May. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 298 (1899) (Devura) (Colombia).
32. alhitmnida Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xliv. 475 (1902) (Phaeochlaena)
(praec. form. ?) (Ecuador).
Colombia to S.E. Peru. Very variable in shape of band and in extent of
black shading of hindwing. I strongly suspect Druce"s unique type of nasor
is a large yellowish-white ? aberration.
33. demades Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 160 (1885) (Polypoetes)
(Guatemala ; Panama).
34. albilinea Schaus, ^wm. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix. 431 (1912) (Polypoetes)
huj. gen. ?) (Costa Rica).
35. maximus Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. ii. 409. tab. 78. fig. 31
(1897) (Polypoetes) (Panama).
(ab.) JLimosa Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 316 (1905) (Panama).
36. consanguinea Dogn., Hit. Nouv. iii. 22 (1911) (huj. gen. ? cfr. Toli-
micola fassli, supra) (Colombia).
37. nubilata Dogn., Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. xix. 133 (1912) (huj. gen.?)
(Colombia).
Sect. II. — Cell of forewing in ? somewhat shortened ; in o only one-third,
followed by a fovea on underside between bases of R' and R^ (transition to genus
EuchotHha ?).
38. phaethon Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix. 432 (1912) (Costa Rica).
Genu.s XIV. Polypoetes.
Arina Walk., List Lep. Ins. vii. I(i62 (1856) (noni. praeocc.) (type obtnsa Walli.).
Polypoetes Druce, Biol. Cenir. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 159 (1885) (type deldon Druce).
Distinguished from Tithraustes by having DC of the forewing short, occa-
tiionally wanting (in etearchns variable, sometimes transitional to Tithraustes).
Generally also by the small eye. ^Vings on an average broader and more densely
scaled.
Sect. I. (gen. div. ?). — Eye not reduced.
1. mesitana Dogn., Hit. Nouv. xiii. 3 (1917) (Colombia).
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 411
2. etearchus Druce, Bid. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 160. tab. 14. fig. 23
(1885) (Guatemala).
= cethegus Schaus, Ent. Amer. v. 192 (1889) (Mexico).
(ab. ?) approximans Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 443 (1901) (Tilhrausies) (Panama).
3. tiznon Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxviii. 239 (1894) (huj. gen. ?)
(Ecuador).
4. eriphus Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 160 (1885) (Guatemala).
5. villia Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. ii. 409. tab. 78. fig. 35 (1897)
(Panama).
= longipalpis Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 442 (1901) {Phaeochlaena) (Panama).
Also from Costa Rica and Colombia.
6. mibilosa Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 128 (1900) (Phaeochlaena) (Ecuador).
Sect. II. — Eye small.
7. cuatropuntada Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxvii. 368 (1893) (Ecuador).
8. deldon Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 160. tab. 14. fig. 24. (1885)
(Guatemala).
9. semicoerulea Dogn., Mem.. Soc. Ent. Belg. xviii. 159 (1910) (Colombia).
10. luteivena Walk., List. Lep. Ins. xxxi. 211 (1864) (Melanchroia) (huj.
gen. ?) * (Colombia).
11. suhcandidata Dogn., Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. xviii. 159 (1910) (praec. ab.
yel syn. ?) (Colombia).
12. sublncens Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. liii. 225 (1909) (Colombia).
13. tenebrosa Warr., Nov. Zool. xiv. 199 (1907) (S.E. Peru).
14. nox Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 510 (1900) (Colombia).
15. leucocrypta Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. liii. 225 (1909) (Venezuela).
16. rufipuncta Schaus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1894. p. 236 (S.E. Brazil).
This and the two following may be forms of one variable species.
17. selenia Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 17 (1868) (Steno-
plastis) (Brazil).
18. obtusa Walk., List Lep. Lns. vii. 1663 (1856) (Arina) (Brazil).
19. aniplata Warr., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxx. 412 (1906) praec. subsp. ?)
(Bolivia).
20. circumfumata Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 443 (1901) (Phaeochlaena) (Vene-
zuela).
21. haruspex Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 161 (1885) (Panama).
Also from Colombia.
22. colana Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 296 (E. Peru).
23. albiscripta Dogn., A7in. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlvii. 271 (1903) (Peru).
Also from Bolivia.
24. picaria Wavr., Nov. Zool. xi. 18 (1904) (E. Peru).
= punctata Druce (ubi ?) (Astyochia) (Bolivia).
25. trimacula Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. 422 (1897) (Stenoplastis) (Colombia).
26. vidua Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 72 (1909) (S.E. Peru).
27. bistellata Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlvi. 476 (1902) (Argentina).
28. fuliginosa Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlviii. 119 (1904) (Bolivia).
Also from Peru.
• The unique type has lost its head, and the species may equally well prove a close relative
of Momonipta anhcaesia.
412 NOVITAIBS ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
Genus XV. Phryganidia.
Phryganidia Pack., Proo. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. 348 (1864) (tj-pe cali/omica Pack.).
Structurally nearest to Section I of Polypoetes, scaling thinner and more
hairy, cells rather longer. The only Nearctic genus of the family. The early
stages have been rather carefully studied ; see Stretch, III. Zygaen. N. Amer.
91 ; Dyar, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc. iii. 21; Packard, ibid. 32-34; Kellogg and
Jack, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2) v. 562. A second species, with narrower wings
and R' of forewing stalked, is here rather doubtfully added. It is curious that
both have been quite independently referred to the Psychidae !
1. calijornica Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. 348 (1864) (California).
2. naxa Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 229 (1887) (Typhonia) (Guate-
mala ; Panama).
Genu.s XVI. Momonipta.
Stenoplastis Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 16, Erkl. p. 9 (iiidescr.) (type satyroides Feld.).
Momonipta Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. 421 (1897) (type albiplaga Warr.).
Head not large. Eye moderate or small. Face more or less hairy. Palpus
shortish to moderate, second joint rough to hairy beneath, thnd joint small.
Antenna in S with fascicles of cilia. Pectus moderately hairy. Femora some-
times hairy. Abdomen rather slender. Wings fairly broad.
Forewing with cell rather less than one-half, DC moderate to long,
gQ2,5,3, 4 gtalked, R' from before middle of DC (much before in type species).
Hindwing with DC strongly oblique, R' central, M' stalked.
As at present constituted, the genus only differs positively from Polypoetes
in the ciliate 3 antenna, but the vestiture becomes progressively more hairy,
and it may jjrove possible to constitute a new genus for the species with hairy
femora.
1. persimilis Dogn., Mem. Soc. Ent. Bclg. xxii. 6 (1913) (Scotura) (huj.
gen. ?) (Colombia).
2. semisocia Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. Ivii. 380 (1914) (Scotwa ?)
(Colombia).
3. jipiro Dogn., ^wn. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxvii. 368 (1893) (Polypoetes) (Ecuador).
4. empheres Prout, sp. nov.* (S.E. Peru).
5. eximia Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 74 (1909) (Stenoplastis) (E. Peru).
6. albicuneata Dogn., Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. xviii. 159 (1910) (Scotura)
(Colombia).
7. carderi Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 298 (1899) (Devara) (Colombia).
8. albiplaga Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. 421 (1897) (Colombia).
9. subcoerulea subcoerulea Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 444 (1901) (Tithraxistes)
(Panama).
* Momonipta empheres sp. nov. (J, 30 mm. Similar to jipiro as figured by Dognin, Lep. Loja,
tab. 9. fig. 13 (unkno\TO to me in nature), possibly a form of it (aberration or subspecies). Differs
on the /orewing. in having a yellow- white spot at base of M. SM' and S.\P, vaguer and more extended
white marking in cell, white abdominal margin from close to base to beyond middle, narrower
spot outside DC, a small yellow, white-mixed spot at branching of SC'i *■ ' ; hindtcing with the black
border narrower posteriorly. Santo Domingo, S.E. Peru, 0,000 ft. (G. Ockenden) : November
1904, type in coll. Joicey ; October 1902, paratype in coll. Tring Mus. Differs from typical
Momonipta in less Jiairy face and larger eye.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 41.3
9a. subcoerulea felderi Prout, subsp. nov.* (Colombia).
10. subcaesia Prout, nom. nov.
= subcoerulea Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. liii. 225 (1909) {Scotura)
(Colombia).
Perhaps a melanistio form of the preceding.
11. subalba Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 374 (1854) (Chrysauge) (Venezuela).
12. satyroides Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 16 (1868) (Steno-
plastis) (Colombia).
13. aterrima Dogn., Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxii. 6 (1913) {Scotura) (Colombia).
14. flavinigra Dogn., Het. Nouv. i. 17 (1910) (Colombia).
15. decorata Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. liii. 224 (1909) (Polypoetes)
(Colombia) .
16. biplaga hiplaga Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlvi. 475 (1902) (Stenoplastis)
(S. Ecuador).
16a. biplaga flaviplaga Dogn., Het. Nouv. iv. 6 (1911) [Scotura) (Colombia).
Also from Baiios, E. Ecuador (coll. Joicey).
17. aborta Dogn., Mein. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxii. 6 (1913) (6W»ra) (huj. gen. ?)
(Colombia).
18. grandimacula Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlvi. 474 (1902) (Stenoplastis)
(huj. gen. ?) (Bolivia).
19. euchonthoides Prout, sp. nov. f (Bolivia).
Genus XVII. Euchontha.
Euchonthu Walk., List Lep. Ins. x.xxii. 383 (1865) (type suUactigera Walk.).
Gnatholophia Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het., Erkl. p. 5 (indescr.).
Macroneurodes Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 127 (1900) (type albinmcula Warr.).
Face promment, densely scaled. Eye rather small. Palpus long, second
joint with moderately appressed scaling, third joint tufted. Antenna in ,J
pectinate. Pectus moderately hau-y. Femora rough-scaled.
Forewing in S with cell extremely short (scarcely over one-fourth), DC
well developed, DC long, incurved, DC short; SC^'°'^'' stalked, their stalk
curved, R' — M''^ stalked, their stalk curving away rapidly from R' from origin.
• Momonipta subcoerulea felderi subsp. nov, ^ ?, 33-35 mm. Larger than subcoerulea sub-
coerulea.
Forewing above with the veins finely yellowish, the basal white streak wanting. Hindwing
above in the $ (type) with the white patch smaller (but this probably varies individually), t'nder-
side as in subcoerulea subcoerulea. Bogota '!, both sexes in coll. Tring Mus. from the Felder collec-
tion ; Antioquia, a damaged $ in coll. Joicey. According to a MS. note of Warren's, this form is
also represented from Colombia in coll. Schaus.
t Momonipta eiKhonthoides sp. nov. Face protuberant. Eye small. Vestiture hairy. Head
and body black above, whitish mixed with ochreous beneath ; palpus beneath bright ochreous
proximally ; wing-tegula with an ochreous spot. Wings somewhat elongate.
Forewing with cell short (less than two-fifths). Ri sinuous, M' from near end of cell ; blackish
brown ; veins lighter, more yellowish ; an elongate yellow whitish patch beyond cell, sprinkled
with dark scales, especially in streaks along the borders of R' and R^ ; length of this patch anteriorly
(along SC'-') 2'5 mm., posteriorly (at R^) about 4 mm., the increase gradual and fairly regiUar.
Hindwing pale bufi proximally, more or less heavily irrorated with dark scales, blackish lirown
along the borders — narrowly at costa, broadly (about 3 mm.) at termen, broadly but indefinitely
at abdominal margin. Forewing beneath similar, usually also with a pale proximal streak behind
M and sometimes a small spot in end of cell. Hindwing beneath whiter than above, the borders
similar except the abdominal, which is almost wanting. La Paz, Bolivia, 1,000 m. Type in coll.
Joicey. Also from Bolivia in coll. Brit. Mus. and from E. and S.E. Peru in coll. Tring Mus.
4J4 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918.
Hindwing in type rather long : cell rather strongly produced posteriorly
DC biangulate ; R' rather behmd middle, M' stalked.
The $ is not certainly known and the genus may prove untenable — ^perhaps
a secondary sexual development of Tithraitsles.
1. memor Warr. Nov. Zool. xi. 16 (1904) (E. Peru).
= ? dareta Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxviii. 239 (1894) (Monocreagral)
?* (Ecuador).
2. commixta Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 16 (1904) (E. Peru).
= chilion Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 303 (1907) (Devara) (E. Peru).
Also occurs in Bolivia.
3. ciris Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 297. tab. 20. fig. 10 (Ecuador).
= circis Dogn., Lip. Loja, iii. 73 (1894).
4. jrigida Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 185 (1864) {Devara ?) (Ecuador).
5. siiblactigera Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxii. 383 (1865) (praec. ab. ?)
(Colombia).
= loriginervis Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 8 (1868) (Gratho-
lophia) (French Guiana).
= alhimacula Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 127 (1900) (Macroneurodes) (Colombia).
Extends to S. Peru and Rio ; jrigida (unfortunately the older name) is
probably merely a unique aberration of the same.
6. castrona Warr., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxx. 411 (1906) (S. E. Brazil).
Genus XVIII. Phanoptis gen. no v.
Phanoptis Feld., Iteise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 104. fig. 10. Erkl. p. 8 (indescr.) (type cyanomelas Feld.).
Face with appressed scales. Palpus shortish, with dense but appressed
scaling. Antenna in both sexes pectinate, branches in ? quite short. Pectus
scarcely hairy. Femora not hairy. Wings elongate, hyaline (except in fatidica).
Forewing with cell long, at end narrow, DC long; SC"''''-' stalked, M'
widely separate. Hindwing with cell long ; C rather remote from SC, R' slender,
M' widely separate.
Here begins a group of hyaline-winged genera, reaching to Hadesina.
1. cyanomelasFeld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 104. fig. 8 (1868) (Colombia).
Also occurs in Costa Rica and Ecuador.
2. taxila Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 309 (1907) (Colombia).
3. fatidica Dogn., Het. Now. i. 17 (1910) (Phelloe) (N. Peru).
A ? from N. Venezuela in coll. Brit. Mus.
4. vitrina Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 162. tab. 14. fig. 26 (1886)
(Panama).
Mr. Joicey has a more heavily marked example from Guatemala, in addi-
tion to the normal Chiriqui form. Mr. Schaus collected the species in Costa Rica.
Genus XIX. Authyala.
Authyala Warr., Nov. Zool. .xii. 311 (1905) (type oUiquaria Warr.).
Differs from Phanoptis chiefly in that M' of the forewing is almost connate
with R', not widely separate ; cells less narrowed distally.
1. obliquaria Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 312 (1905) (Peru).
* Teste Dognin in litt., August 12th, 1918. The name will have priority, but my proffered
determiaation is at present too precarious.
NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICiE XXV. 1918. 415
Genus XX. Tanaostyla.
Motwcreagra Feld., Eeise Novara, Lep. Het., Erkl. p. 6 (indescr.) (type pheloides Feld.).
Tanaostyla Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. 422 (1897) (type dilucida Warr.).
Differs from the adjacent genera in having the antenna ciliate (in the $
in fascicles) and in the venation.
Forewing with cell narrow (M much before middle of wing), SC stalked
beyond SC, M' well separate from R^ Hindwing with M' stalked, in occa-
sional sports of pheloides from Bogota SCR' coincident (= conjunctiva Warr.).
1. orthyades Druce, Proc. Zool. Sac. Lond. 1893. p. 295. tab. 20. fig. 7
{Monocreagra) (sequ. ab. ?) (Ecuador).
2. pheloides Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 7 (1868) {Mono-
creagra) (Colombia).
= dilucida Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. 422 (1897) (Colombia).
= conjunctiva Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 129 (1900) (Colombia).
Distributed from Colombia to Bolivia.
3. unimacula Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. 422 (1897) (Bolivia).
Also from E. and S.E. Peru.
Genus XXI. Isostyla gen. nov.
Differs from Phanoptis in the longer, slenderer palpus, ciliate (bristled),
not pectinate, $ antenna, stalking of M' of both wings, origm of R' of forewing
near R', approximation of C of hindwing to SO, and in the point of origin of
SC of forewing which — as Ln Tanaostyla — arises beyond SC. (Type crycinoides
Feld.)
1. zetila Bdv., Lep. Guat. (1870) p. 78 (Epilais) (Guatemala).
= nubila Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix. 537 (1912) (Hyrminu)
(Costa Rica).
A Costa Rica S (ex coll. Neuburger), nubila Schaus, was determined for me
by the late Jlr. Warren as zetila Bdv. and I have accepted the determination.
Nicaragua (J,J in coll. Tring Mus. are somewhat intermediate in coloration
towards the following species (or form ?).
2. erycinoides crycinoides Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 4 (1868)
(Dioptis) (Panama).
= ithomeina Butl., Cist. Ent. i. 87 (1872) {Dioptis) (Costa Rica).
= picata Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 130 (1900) {Tithraustes) (Ecuador).
2a. erycinoides purefacta Prout, subsp. nov.* (S. Ecuador).
3. intersecta intersecta Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 130 (1900) {Tithraustes)
(Ecuador).
3a. intersecta biquadrata Prout, subsp. nov.f (Colombia).
* Isostyla erycinoides purefacta subsp. nov. ^.
Forewing predominantly white, the median vein and its branches proximally and SJP not
blackened, the black discal mark narrowed. Hindiving almost entirely white, with a narrow
black discal border. S. Ecuador : Zamora. Type in coll. Tring IVIus.
f Isostyla intersecta higuadrata subsp. nov. Both sexes dark ; postdiscal band of forewing
narrowed, measuring 2-3 mm. at its widest part, usually tapering to 1 mm. at its anterior end.
posteriorly not crossing R^ ; the intersecting veins darkened throughout. Colombia : Cundina-
marca, July — August 1903, a long series of both sexes in coll. Tring Mus., collected by JI. de
Mathan, mostly (including the type) at Cananche, labelled by Warren (MS.) Dioptis biquadrata.
^^^ X0\-ITATES ZOOLOQIOAE XXV. 1918.
Genus XXII. Eudioptis gen. nov.
Like the following, but cell of hindwing considerably longer, M' well separate.
Palpus longer than in most Dioptis.
1. otanes Druce, Proc. Zool. 8oc. Lond. 1893. p. 294 (Dioptis) (E. Ecuador).
Genus XXIII. Dioptis.
Dioptis Hb. {Ziitr. i. 9. indescr.). Verz. bek. Schmeit. p. 174 (1822 ?) (type njma Hb.).
Epilais Bdv., Lep. Guit. p. 78 (1870) (type cyma Hb.).
Face appressed-scaled, usually rather i^romincnt. Eye moderate or rather
small. Palpus moderate or rather short, with appressed scaling. Antenna in
both sexes pectinate, the branches shorter in $. Pectus only slightly hairy.
Femora slightly rough-scaled. Abdomen rather slender. Wings subdiaphanous.
Foreiving with cell one-half or rather less, DC long, moderately oblique,
DC'' slightly incurved ; SC""''" staged, R» before middle of DC, M' stalked!
Hindwing rather elongate costally ; cell one-half or rather less, DC' ' rather
oblique, not or only feebly biangulate ; C rather remote from SC, R' about
central, M' stalked.
1. candelaria Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 157. tab. 14. fig. 16
(1885) (Panama).
= vacuata Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 313 (1905) (Panama).
-'. pellucida WaiT., Nov. Zool. viii. 438 (1901) (Colombia).
3. phelina Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 6 (1868) (Colombia).
= pandates Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 294 (Colombia).
= impleta Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 129 (1900) (Tithraustes) (Colombia).
4. areolata Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 332 (1854) (Brazil).
5. restricta Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 439 (1901) (praec. form, i) (Brazil).
= ? melda Bdv., Lep. Guat. p. 78 (1870) (Epilais) (Nicaragua ; ? Ecuador).
The Tring Museum has a specimen labelled Huatu.xco, Vera Cruz, so closely
like the Brazilian form that I suspect an error in labelling ; if correct, it would
help to support the dubious determination of melda — though Boisduval's
localities, too, were often wrong.
6. charila Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 292. tab. 20. fig. 1 (British
Guiana) .
Similar forms occur in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.
7. onega Bates, Tr. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 503, 565. tab. 55. fig. 12 (1862)
(Amazons).
8. pallene Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 293. tab. 20. fig. 3 (Ecuador).
9. stenothyris Prout, sp. nov.* (Rio Madeira).
• Dioptis stenothyris sp. nov. <J $. 38-40 mm. Face white, with a brownish mark down
the middle. Palpus white beneath and at base. Wing-tegula «ith a largo orange spot. Thorax
and abdomen above brown-grey with a fine white dorsal line ; liejieath whitisli.
Forewing dark brown-grey ; anteriorly to the cell white, witli tine grey irroration, SC remain-
ing clear white ; a hyaline longitudinal streak in posterior part <■{ cell ; a long hyaline-whitish
patch behind cell, broadly divided by dark lines on fold and SM» ; anteriorly tliis patch is bounded
by M and M-, distally it is irregularly bounded about 3 nun. from termen ; a very small white spot
in front of DC, a longer but less clear mark between M' and M' ; submarginal oblique white band
opaque, rather narrow (about 2 mm.), clear to R= with a small and slight, blurred extension behind
it. Hindwing mostly hyaline whitish, with the veins and costal and distal margins dark ; distal
of moderate width, containing from SC^ to S.M^ a narrow orange band. Underside similar, costal
margin of hindwing largely white. Humayta, Rio Madeira, July— September 1906 (W. Hoff-
manns). 2 cJcJ, 1 $ in coll. Tring Mus.
NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 417
10. leucothyris But!., Cist. Ent. ii. 117 (1876) (Hyrmina) (Amazons).
11. roraima Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 292. tab. 20. fig. 2 (sequ.
$ form. ?) (British Guiana).
12. trailii Butl., III. Het. i. 56 (1877) {Hyrmina) (Amazons).
= traillii id. ibid. tab. 19. fig. 9.
= jatima Moschl., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxvii. 665 (1877) {Hyrmina)
(Surinam).
Occurs also from Venezuela to French Guiana.
13. paracyma Prout, sp. nov.* (Rio Madeira).
14. cyma Hb., Zutr. i. 9. fig. 17-18 (1818) (Amazons).
15. aeliana Bates, Tr. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 503, 565. tab. 55. fig. 10 (1862)
(Amazons).
16. cheledonis Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 293. tab. 20. fig. 5
(Ecuador).
17. proix Prout, sp. nov.f (Peru).
18. uniguttata Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 439 (1901) (Colombia).
= quirites Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 308 (1907) (Colombia).
19. mean Cram., Pap. Exot. i. 113, 153. tab. 71. fig. F (1775) {Phalaena
Bombyx) (British and Dutch Guiana).
= beroea Moschl., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxvii. 664. tab. 9. fig. 31 (1877)
{Hyrmina) (Surinam).
20. charon Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 294. tab. 10. fig. 6 (Bolivia).
21. ilerdina ilerdina Bates, Tr. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 503, 565. tab. 55. fig. 11
(1862) (Amazons).
= herdina Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 149 (1864) {Laurona).
21a. ilerdina curvifascia Prout, subsp. nov. J (Rio Madeira).
22. zarza Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxviii. 239 (1894) (Monocrcagra ?)
(Ecuador).
= vitrifera Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 43 (1905) (E. Peru).
= albifasciata Druce, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 309 (1907) (E. Peru).
23. egla Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 293. tab. 20. fig. 4 (Amazons ;
Ecuador) .
* Dioptis paracyma sp. nov. (sequ. form. ?). Differs from cyma in having tho white obUque
bands of the forewing not cut by dark veins, except that the stalli of R^ — M' and the space between
them is broadly darlcened across the postmedian band ; this band does not cross SC^^ ; orange sub-
costal spot generally much reduced. The hindwing appears slightly less produced apically.
Upper Surinam River, August 1892, type cj and another; interior of Surinam. September 1892
(C. W. Ellacombe), 1 ? ; Humayta, Rio Madeira, July — September 1900 (W. HofTmarms), 3 cfcj ; all
in coll. Tring Mus.
t Dioptis proix sp. nov. (J $, 40-43 mm. Differs from cheledonis Druce in the forewing, as
follows. Subapical brownish suffusion obsolete ; hindmargin predominantly blackish, the orange
admixture being feeble ; anterior region broadly blackened, the pale streak between costal margin
and C being obsolete, that between C and SC weakened, the postcellular white spots before and
behind R^ entirely wanting, that before R^ narrowed, sometimes wanting ; outer white band ou
an average narrower; subtornal spot weaker. Rio Ucayali, Peruvian Amazons, 1912-1913, 3 (J(J,
1 ?, including the type, in coll. Joicey. S. Peru : Chaquimayo, 2,500 — 3,000 ft., June — July 1910
(H. and C. Watkins), in coll. Joicey ; Yahuarmayo in coll. Brit. Mus.
Perhaps a local race of cheledonis or of uniguttata.
X Dioptis ilerdina curvifascia subsp. nov. ^.
Forewing with the proximal white markings more developed, a streak between fold and SIP
and a spot distally to base of M^ being conspicuous ; postmedian band always narrow (in ilerdina
ilerdina usually broader than in Bates' figure), posteriorly strongly curved. Huraayta, Rio Madeira.
July— September 1906 (W. Hoffmanns). 5 cJ<J in coll. Tring Mus.
418 XO-SITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Druee's " type o " is a 2. The o is unknown an 1 the supposed " species "
may possibly prove a remarkable mimetic ? form of some species of the cyma
group.
(ab.) phaedima Prout, ab. nov.* (Peruvian Amazons).
24. climax Prout, sp. nov.f (Amazons).
Genus XXIV. Hadesina.
Hadesina W'arr., Nov. Zool. vii. 129 (1900) (type limbaria VVarr.).
Characters of DiopHs, but forewing with cell shorter (about one-thii-d), R'
from close to R', M' from close to end of cell, hindwing with cell short anteriorly,
DC biangulate, extremely oblique between the angles.
1. anomala Prout, sp. nov.f (Amazons).
2. caerulescens Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (S) xi. 382 (191.3) (Hyrmina)
(Costa Rica).
= chloris Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 313 (1905) (Dioptis) (nee Druce).
3. limbaria Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 127 (1900) (Kcuador).
Genus XXV. Brachyglene.
Brachyglene H.-Sch., Samml. Aussereur. Schmett. i. 19 (185C) (type bracteola Hb.-Gey.).
Anaiolis Feld., Reise Novara. Lep. Hct. tab. 105. fig. 10, Erkl. p. i (indescr.) (type subtilis Feld.).
Face with appressed scales. Palpus shortish, scarcely rough-scaled. An-
tenna in both sexes jjcctuiate. Pectus scarcely hairy. Femora glabrous.
Abdomen rather elongate. Wings elongate.
Forewing with cell less than one-half (in caenea sometimes fully one-half ;
see also peba), DC long, DC^ bent behind origin of R-. very oblique posteriorly,
gQ2,5,3,4 stalked, R' from rather near R', I\I' stalked (in caenea closely
* Dioptis cgla ali. phaedima, ab. nov. $, 4] mm.
Forewing with outer band more reddish orange, much narrower (3 mm. in middle, tapering
at both ends). Hindwing white, with the veins not blackened. " Bio Maranon, Peru, 1!)13."
Type in coll. Joicey.
t Dioplis climax sp. nov. $, 42 mm. Distinguished chiefly from egla Druce by the essen-
tially different cUstribution of the ochraceous coloration.
On the jorewing this nms nearly to the base in front of the cell, reaches from C about to K'
beyond the cell (leaving a moderate apex and narrower border black, much as in egla) and forms
an additional chopper-shaped patch posteriorly, extending along a great part of SM= and the inter-
space as far as the fold, and throwing forward a broad projection to the base of iP and the stalk
of R' — M' ; double white proximal patch as in egla. a single elongat ■ white patch beliind JP, reach-
ing to the black distal border. Hindwing with the veins on the s?mitran.sparent white proximal
area strongly blackened, the dark distal area broader than in egla. traversed by a much broader
(2-3 mm.) ochraceous band. Pebas, Amazons, December lOOB (M. de Mathan). Type in coll.
Tring Mus.
I Hadesina anomala sp. nov. 5.43 mm. Face mixed white bikI dark. Palpus with fir.st joint
white, second light orange, third fuscous. Thorax and abdomen mostly dark fuscous, wing-tegula
orange, abdomen beneath mixed with whitish.
Forewing rather broad, cell not quite as short as in the type (though less than two-fifths) ;
white with most of the veins and the posterior margin and broad drstal margin dull black ; DC
and a streak behind the stalk of R' — Ri more broadly black ; an oblique black band of 2 — 3 ram.
width from costa beyond middle, meeting the distal border at R^ and IP ; distal border broaden-
ing a little at apex, leaving free a white subapical band of less than 3 mm. breadth, the veins in
this band not blackened. Hindwing with DC very oblique, but not formed quite as in the type ;
whitish, with black veins and broad, ill-defined borders, the apical containing a white patch from
before SC to near R^. .Amazons (Bates). A damaged specimen in coll. Tring Mus. (ex coll. Feld).
A connecting linl: with Dioptift ?
KOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918. 419
approximated). Hindicing with cell almost one-half, DC bent, very oblique
posteriorly, C well separated from SC, R* about central, M' stalked (in caenca
sometimes connate or closely approximated).
I do not think Anatolis is separable, in spite of somewhat more slender
build.
1. caeiiea Drury, III. Exot. Ent. iii. 27 and Index, tab. 21. fig. 3 (1782)
[Phalaena Noctua) (Brazil).
(ab. ?) extensa Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 139 (18G4) (Scedrosa) (Brazil).
(ab.) fracta Prout, ab. nov.* (Venezuela).
Mexico and Costa Rica to Brazil, thus widely distributed but apparently
always rare.
2. schauai Prout, sp. nov.f (Costa Rica).
3. circumlita Prout, sp. nov. J (Amazons).
4. bracteola Hb.-Gey., Zutr. iv. 17. fig. 655-6 (1832) (Phaeochlaena) (?loc.).
= privata Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 156 (1864) (Phaeochlaena) (Bogota).
Also known from Venezuela.
5. peba Druce, Biol. Cenir. Amer., Lep. Ilet. ii. 405. tab. 78. fig. 23 (1897)
(Ephialtias) (Panama).
The unique type is crippled, but seems to agree generically, excejit that the
cell of the forewing is a little longer.
6. crocearia Scliaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix. 432 (1912) {Phaeochlaena)
(Costa Rica).
7. subtilis Fold., Reise Novara,Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 10 (1868) (Anatolis)
(Colombia ?).
= punctata Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 293 (1899) (Eudesmia)
(Venezuela).
8. patinata Prout, sp. nov.§ (Brazil).
9. divisa Dogn., Ann. Sac. Ent. Belg. xlvi. Hi (1902) (huj. gen. ?) (Colombia).
* Brachyglene caeiiea ab. fracta ab. nov. O, 37 mm. Band of forewing incomplete, tapering
to a point on iipperside just behind M*, on underside just behind M^. Caracas, Venezuela. Type
in coll. Tring Mus.
t Brachyglene schausi sp. nov. o $, 30-33 mm. Smaller than caenea, cells slightly shorter,
resulting in the stalking of 11' of both wings, as in moat Brachyglene. Face, gula, and patches on
patagia, on tegula, and on forecoxa yellow.
Forewing with veins proximally yellowish ; discal band of almost uniform width throughout
(generally rather narrow), or tapering posteriorly, its proximal edge not forming the sinus whicli
is noticeable in caeHca. CostaRica: Siquirres, circ. 1.000 ft. (A. Hall), type (J in coll. Jo. cty ; Sixola
Rivr-r (W. Schaus), both sexes in various collections. Colombia : El Tigre, Choco. 320 ft., Febnmry
1909 (G. M. Palmer), a (J in coll. Joicey. Ecuador : Corondalet, a $ in coll. Tring Mii-\
J Brachyglene circumlita sp. nov. Q, 35 mm. Akin to bracteola Hb.-Gey. AbdQu;en with a
broad yellow lateral line.
Forewing above with a posteriorly tapering orange Ijand from C (2 mm. xvide) to SlI'. in place
of the round spot of bracteola ; basal streak of imderside distinctly indicated above ; a large sub-
apical smear ; all these markings brighter and still more extended beneath. Hindwing with the
orange area much more extended than in bracteola,, leaving only a dark distal border of 2 '5 nun.
width in its widest part, tapered at apex and tornus. Amazons: Ceara, August 1884 (Leach),
type in coll. Joicey ; Fonte Boa, July 1907 (S. M. Klages), 2 $$ in coH. Tring Mus., with the basal
and subapical markings above sharper, the border of hindwing slightly broader.
§ Brachyglene patinata sp. nov. q, 30 mm. Similar to subtilis, possibly a Ioc.tI rnc. Ali-
domen with dor.sal dots much feelilcr. anal end more extended black.
Forewing with the yellow spot very much larger — 5 mm. at costa and reaching w.|l behind
the stalk of R^ — M'. Hindwing witli a slight dark border, shaped about as in crorer.ria Hehaua
but much narrower. Forewing beneath yellow from base to beyond the yellow patch of upper-
side. Brazil (per F. Moore). Type in coll. Brit. Mus.
420 N0VITATB3 ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Genus XXVI. Leptactea gen. nov.
Differs from Brachyglene in the longer abdomen, narrower wings, long cells,
and more or less biangulate discocellulars, R' thus arising appreciably nearer to
R' than to R'. Antennal pectinations in o short, in ? (unknown) probably
w-anting. (Type minuta Druce.)
A link towards Josia, which, however, has DC of the forewLng short or
wanting.
1. minuta Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 526 {Actea) (Ecuador).
Genus XXVII. Actea.
Actea Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 307 (1854) (type monilis Hb.).
Alitmdaemon Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878. p. 60 (type velulinum Bull.).
Face rough. Palpus with second joint rather long, with long-projecting
liau- beneath, third joint moderate. Antenna in o pectinate, in $ almost simple,
thickened. Pectus somewhat hah-y. Femora not or scarcely hairy. Abdomen
long, more or less robust. Wings elongate.
Forewing with cell over one-half, DC moderate to longish, oblique, DC*''
rather oblique, curved; SC'''^ stalked, R* about central, M' stalked.
Hindioing with cell well over one-half, DC oblique ; C rather far from SC (except
quite near base), R' about central, M' stalked.
1. pseudena Bdv., Lep. Guat. p. 94 (1870) (Retila) (Honduras).
= dorsispilota Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 313 (1905) (Ephiallias) (Colombia).
Mexico to Colombia.
2. velutinum Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878. p. 60, pi. 3. fig. 1 {Mitra-
daemon) (Amazons).
Also from Carabaya in coll. Tring Mus.
3. monilis Hb., Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pi. [183] (1806-18) (Hypocriia).
Known from Ecuador and the Ucayali down to Para.
4. choba Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 297 (1899) (Myonia) (Amazons).
Genus XXVIII. Josia.
Josialih., Yen. hek. Schmett. p. 176 (1822 ?) (typeligula Hb., Walk, rostr., List Lep. Ins. ii. 289-93,
Kirby sel.. Cat. Lep. Ilet. i. 406).
Ephinltias Hb., Yerz. hek. Schmett. p. 170 (1822 ?) (typo ahrupta Hb., Walk, restr.. List Lep. Ins.
ii. 302-5, Butl. sel., Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. 1878. p. 59).
Phalcidon Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 301 (1854) (type integra Walk.).
Phintia Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 306 (1854) (type podarce Walk., Kirby sel.. Cat. Lep. Het. i. 403).
Lyces Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 366 (1854) (type angulosa Walk., Kirby .sel., Cat. Lep. Het. i. 400).
Phalcidona Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 135 (1864) (vice Phalcidon).
Retila Bdv., Lep. Guat. p. 94 (1870) (type ahrupta Hb.).
Erilyces Warr., Nov. Zool. ii. 85 (1895) (type flavissima Walk.).
Differs from Actea in the smoother face, appressed-scaled palpus, and in
having DC of forewing short or wanting (but the striata group has more of the
cliaracters of Actea). I cannot separate the above-cited " genera." Possibly,
however, some of the familiar names may be retained as groups within the
genus, partly distinguished by facies, partly by slight structural characters.
Section I (Ephialtias = Retila) approaches the preceding genus in buUd and
UbVlTiLTES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 421
perhaps sometimes in rough clothing. Section II [Phintia) has the facies of
Ephialtias but R' of forewing stalke<l. Section III (Lyces = Erilyces) consists
in general of rather larger moths, with rather more rounded costal margin.
Section IV (Josia = Phalcidon) has the markings in general longitudinal, but
I have left at the end, without separate sectional name, a few small species
with transverse band {ena, etc., with R' from cell, ilaire, etc., with R' stalked) ;
perhaps they should be merged in Sections I and II.
Sect. I. — {Ephialtias).
1. brevifascia Prout, sp. nov.* (Amazons).
2. consueta consueta Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 304 (1854) (Amazons).
= pilarge Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 305 (1854) (Amazons).
(ab. ?) hyperia Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 306 (1854) (Amazons).
= lugens Feld., Beise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 105. fig. 22 (1868) (Amazons).
2a. consueta cassa Prout, subsp. nov.f (Colombia).
3. abrupta Hb., Samml. Exot. Schmett. tab. [184] (1806-18) (Hypocrita)
(Amazons).
(ab.) basalis Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. 1878. p. 59 (Ephialtias) (Amazons).
($-ab:) icca (Walk. M.S. ?) Prout, ab. nov.J (Amazons).
4. dorsivitta Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 305 (1854) (Amazons).
Also from Ecuador.
Sect. II. — {Phintia).
5. C'Soterica Prout, sp. nov.§ (Ecuador).
6. tegyra Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 298 (1899) {Phintia) (sequ.
form. ?) (Ecuador).
7. simplex Walk., List Lep. Ins. vii. 1648 (1856) {Ephialtia) (Amazons).
Also from Bolivia.
8. podarce Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 306 (1854) (Amazons).
9. cercostis Walk., List Lep. In.s. ii. 307 (1854) (praee. form.?) (Amazons).
Also from French Guiana.
* Josia brevifascia sp. nov. ^, 38 mm. Near consueta. Thorax without yellow spot in front.
Abdomen less white beneath.
Forewing with terinen slightly more oblique ; colour browner ; the orange band abbreviated,
reathing from stalk of SC^~* to just behind M^. Hindwing with slight blue-grey reflections.
Amazons. Type in coll. Tring Mus., ex coll. Meyer.
f Josia consueta cas.ia subsp. nov. q $. Abdomen without white dorsal marking. Wings
with slight dark-blue gloss.
Forewing with band atraighter, on an average narrower. Hindioing beneath i-.hnost or
altogether without white scaling at abdominal margin. (The white on palpus and venter varial:>le,
apparently chiefly sexually.) Colombia: JMuzo River. Cantinero, 400 m. (A. H. FassI). type;
Cundinamarea (M. de Mathan) ; in coll. Tring Mus. Also from Panama and Bogota, coil. Joicey
and coll. Brit, Mus.
J Josia abrupta ab. icca ab. nov. The white of the hindwing as strongly reduced as in th? q
or even more so, above more or less heavily mixed with black about SM'. Abdomen with white
dorsal ornamentation soinetimes wanting. Para. Type in coll. Tring Mus., 2 $$ in coll. Brit. Mus.,
labelled " icca " without elucidation.
§ Josia esoterica sp. nov. $, 32 mm. Differs from dorsivitta in having the yellow markings
of thorax and tegula largely suppressed, the abdomen without white dorsal and lateral stripes, only
the venter dirty whitish.
Forewing with the orange band rather short and broad, above not crossing submedian fold,
beneath with only a minute extension beyond it. distal edge of band rather noticeably excavated
between K' and H-. Hindwing with the white basal costal streak of tmderside wanting ; the
white patch ample anil roundish, as in some dorsivitta. Sarayacu. Ecuador (C. Buckley). Type in
coll. .Joicey. Larger than tegyra Druce. wings not so narrow. C of hindwing diverging more rapidly,
palpus perhaps longer.
422 NovrrATEs Zoolooicai: XXV. 1918.
Sect. III. — (Lyces).
10. draconis draconis Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Le-p. Het. i. 145. tab. 14.
fig. 6 (1885) {Actea 1) (Panama).
Also occurs in Jamaica.
10a. draconis tenuijascia Prout, subsp. nov.* (British Guiana).
11. bryce Walk., List Lep. /«s. ii. 303 (1854) (Amazons).
12. ariaca Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 147. tab. 13. fig. 27 (1885)
(Ephialtias) (Mexico).
13. coatepeca Schaus, Ent. Amer. v. 192 (1889) {Ephialtias) (Mexico).
A ? from Honduras in coll. Tring Mus.
14. constricta U'aiT., Nov. Zool. viii. 440 (1901) {Ephialtias) (sequ. subsp. ?)
(Bahia).
15. vittida vitUda Hb., Zutr. ii. 15. fig. 265-G (1822) {Ephialtias) (Brazil),
(ab.) carneata Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 440 (1901) {Ephialtias) (Brazil).
15a. vittula adiante Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 303 (1854) (Colombia).
16. aperta Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 313 (1905) {Ephialtias) (Peru ; Bolivia).
17. fornax Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 525. tab. 33. fig. 11 {Lyces)
(Ecuador).
(ab.) latimargo Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 16 (1904) {Ephialtias) (Ecuador).
18. maera Schaus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1892. p. 285 {Lyces) (Brazil).
19. morena Warr., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxx. 411 (1906) {Ephialtias) (S.
Brazil).
20. angidosa Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 367 (1854) {Lyces) (Brazil).
21. eterusialis Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 178 (1864) {Lyces) (Colombia).
22. fiavissima Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 367 (1854) {Lyces) (Venezuela).
Also from Colombia and Ecuador.
Sect. IV. — (Josia).
23. megaera megaera Hb., Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. tab. [179] (1806-18)
{Hypocrita) (N. Brazil).
= fasciata Rothsch., Nov. Zool. xix. 229 (1912) {Josiodes) (Venezuela).
Also from Surmam (teste Moschler) and Bolivia.
23a. megaera integra Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 301 (1854) (Honduras),
(ab.) decorata Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 149. tab. 14. fig. 5 (1885)
(Mexico; Guatemala).
23b. megaera (ruhstorferi Prout, subsp. nov.f (Bahia).
24. auriflua auriflua Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 132 (1864) (Colombia).
Also from Panama.
24a. auriflua inaequiflexa Dogn., Het. Nouv. iv. 4 (1911) (Ecuador).
24b. auriflua scalata Dogn., Het. Nouv. iv. 4 (1911) (E. Peru).
24c. auriflua flavi'pars (Dogn., ined.) (Prout, subsp. nov. J (Bolivia).
• Josia draconis tenuijascia subsp. nov. ^^ $. Band of forewing narrower (circ. I'o mm.),
scarcely widening anteriorly. Essequibo River. British Guiana (Wliiteley), 3 ^q, 3 $$ in coll.
Joicey. The British Museum has a $ labelled " Brazil."
t Josia megaera fruhstorjeri, subsp. nov. <J $.
Foreu-ing slightly less deep black, more olivaceous, both the orange bands strongly narrowed
on upperside, the longitudinal one rarely reaching M (ne\'er entering the cell), only reaching SM*
posteriorly at extremities. Bahia (Fruhstorfer). A short series in coll. Tring Mus.
J Josia auriflua flavipars subsp. nov. ^. Wings rather narrow. Markings slightly less
reddish orange than in auriflua auriflua,
Forewing with longitudinal band rather narrow, shaped as in the last-named. Hindwing
with orange border even narrower than in auriflua scalata. E. Bolivia (J. Steinbach) : Prov. del
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 423
25. aurifusa Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 393 (1854) (Venezuela).
Also from " Brazil " in coll. Brit. Mus.
26. turgida Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 314 (1905) (praec. ab. ?) (Venezuela),
(ab.) conifera Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 315 (1905) (Venezuela).
A similar example from Panama in coll. Brit. Mus.
27. glycera Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 527 (Colombia).
28. oribia Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 528 (sequ. subsp. ?) (E.
Peru).
29. lativitta Walk., Char. Undescr. Lep. Het. p. 6 (1869) (sine loc).
Walker's type has the band of the forewing bleached white, but evidently
belongs to the Amazonian species whicli resembles oribia except in the narrower
orange areas.
30. subcuneijera Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlvi. 342 (1902) (praec. form. ?)
(Ecuador).
31. insincera Prout, sp. nov.* (Venezuela).
32. ligula Hb., Samml. Exot. ScJmiett. i. tab. [180] (1806-18) (Hypocrita)
(Surinam).
= fulvia Cram., Pap. Exot. iii. 101. tab. 251. fig. F (1779) (nee Linn.).
Inhabits the Guianas and North Brazil.
33. tenuivittaBntl., Tr . Ent. Soc. Lond . 1878. p. 61 (praec. form. ?) (Amazons).
Also from Ecuador and the Guianas.
34. cruciata Butl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. 340 (1885) (Panama).
Distributed, Central America to S. Peru and Brazil. There may be two
or three species mixed, as the face is curiously variable in colour.
35. annulata Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. liii. 223 (1S09) (praec. ab. ?)
(Colombia) .
36. aurimutua Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 292 (1854) (sine loc).
= ? julvia Hb., Zutr. ii. 19. fig. 289-90 (1822) [Josia) nee Linn.) (Brazil).
= ? jesuita F., Sijst. Ent. 586 (1775) {Phalaena Bombyx) ("Lidies").
Known from Ecuador and Brazil.
37. interrupta Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 441 (1901) (Colombia).
38. mononeura Hb., Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. tab. [182] (1806-18) (Hypo-
crita) (Para ?).
= 7nitis Walk., List Lep. Ins. vii. 1645 (1856) (S. Brazil).
The Tring Museum possesses also a single examjile from Popayan, Colombia,
possibly representing a separate race.
39. jusigera Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 133 (1864) (sine loc).
= fusijera Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. Het. i. 149 (Central America).
Reaches from Mexico to Colombia.
40. ligata Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 131 (1864) (Colombia).
Sara, Dept. Santa Cruz de la Sierra, coll. div, (type in coll. Joicey) ; Buenavista, 750 in., coll. Tring
Mils.
* Josia itisiticera sp. nov. (J $ 27-32 ram. Differs from ligula Hb. in having nearly the
coloration of mononeura (the ground-colour olive brownish rather than black, the markings slightly
more reddish orange than in ligula) and the longitudinal streak of the forewing narrowed, not
tapering (in the type (^ as narrow as in mononeura, in other examples less extreme, in the § reach-
ing a width of 1"5 mm.). Underside almost as in ligula. Venezuela; Gucuta, type (^ and para-
types, 4 (J(J, 1 $, in coll. Joicey ; Suapure, Ciudad BoUvar, etc., in coll. Tring Mus. These and
examples in coll. Brit. Mus. were named by Warren and Rosenberg " mononeura,^' but the white
venter and quite differently shaped streali of forewing beneath show that its affinities are rather
with ligula.
28
424 NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXV. 1918.
Also inhabits Central America.
41. radians Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 44 (1905) (praec. form. ?) (Colombia).
= ? fiilvia Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 148 (1885) (nee L.)
(Mexico; Honduras).
Also from Venezuela and British Guiana.
42. fustula Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 441 (1901) (praec. subsp. ?) (Ecuador).
Also from Peru. Warren's type has the body crushed sideways, hence his
misleading description of the orange lateral stripe as " dorsal."
43. frigida Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 149 (1885) (ligata form. ?)
(Guatemala).
Central America to British Guiana. Dognin (Lip. Loju ill. 72) adds
Ecuador.
44. gigantea Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 150 (1885) (J osiomorpha)
(Costa Rica).
45. attenuata Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 442 (1901) (sequ. form. ?) (sine loc.
[Colombia]).
46. striata Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 528 (J osiomorpha)
(Ecuador).
47. ampliflava Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 442 (1901) (Colombia).
48. longistria Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 17 (1904) (E. Ecuador).
49. patula Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 132 (1864) (Colombia).
50. goj)ala Dogn., Le Nat. xiii. 109 (1891) (Flavinia.) (Venezuela).
51. fluonia Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 525. tab. 32. fig. 12 {Seen)
(Ecuador).
52. banana Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 441 (1901) (sine loc).
In coll. Brit. Mus. from " Brazil (bought of Argent, 1847)."
53. ena Bdv., Lep. Guat. p. 95 (1870) (Retila) (Cayenne).
= tryma Schaus, Journ. N .Y . Ent. Soc. iv. 154 (1896) (Ephialtias)
(Trinidad).
Common from the Amazon northward to Trinidad, rare in W. Ecuador,
Peru, and Matto Grosso. Variable, especially in size ; abdomen beneath gener-
ally whiter in <J than in ?.
54. enoides Bdv., Lep. Guat. p. 94 (1870) (Retila) (praec. ab. vel subsp. ?)
(Honduras; Mexico).
55. infans Walk., List Lep. Ins. vii. 1647 (1856) (Scea) (Amazons).
56. ilaire Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 147. tab. 13. fig. 26 (1885)
(Ephialtias) (Panama).
Also from Colombia.
61..repetita Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 314 (1905) (Ephialtias) (Colombia).
58. lativitta Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 440 (1901) {Ephialtias) (Ecuador).
Genus XXIX. Scea.
Hcea Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 293 (1854) (type auriflamma HI).).
Differs from Actea in the smoother face and palpus, from Josia in the better-
developed DC of forewmg, and in having the cells more produced posteriorly,
DC biangulate, with R* arising from the hinder angle, thus more or less markedly
behind the middle.
Novhates ZooLOGioAE XXV. 191 S. 425
1. miriflamma Hb., Samml. Exot. Schnett. ii. tab. [186] (1820-26) (Josia)
(BrazU).
= nervosa Perty, Del. Anim. Bras. p. 161. tab. 32. fig. 7 (1833) {CnUimorpha)
(BrazU).
Also occurs in E. Bolivia, N. Argentina, and Paraguay.
2. obliquaria Warr., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxx. 412 (1906) (S.E. Brazil).
Range similar. Exceptional in having DC of forewing not biangulate.
3. Solaris Schaus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1892. p. 285 (Peru).
Also from Bolivia.
4. angustimargo Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 315 (1905) (Paraguay).
One in coll. Joicey from Hillapani, Peru (Garlepp).
5. cleonica Druce, Proc. Zocl. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 525. tab. 32. fig. 13
(Ecuador).
6. curvilimes Prout, sp. nov.* (N. Peru).
7. semifulva Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 19 (1904) (Peru).
8. caesiopicta caesiopicta Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 128 (1900) (Bolivia).
= gigantea Druce (ubi?) {Brachyglene) (Bolivia).
= caesiopicta suhcyanea Prout, subsp. nov.f (S. E. Peru).
9. servula servula Warr. Nov. Zool. viii. 443 (1901) (Colombia).
Also a 2 from Marcapata, in coll. Tring Mus. (trans, ad subsp. sequ. ?).
9a. servula steinbachi Prout, subsp. nov. J (Argentina).
10. erasa Prout, sp. nov.§ (E. Peru).
11. vulturata Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 18 (1904) {Josia) (E. Peru).
Genus XXX. Thirmida.
Thirmida Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 466 (1854) (type dimidiata Walk.).
Venation, etc., of Scea. Face and palpus rough-haired, pectus shaggy,
femora, or at least hind femur, hairy.
1. dimidiata dimidiata Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 466 (1854) (Colombia).
la. dimidiata discinota Warr., Nov. Zool. vii. 129 (1900) (Venezuela).
* Scea curvilimes sp. nov. ^J $, 38 mm. Coloration of semifulva Warr., of which it may
prove a race ; the yellow therefore slightly lighter than in cleonica, more heavily marked with dark
scales ; distinguished from all hitherto known species by the shape of the apical dark area, the
proximal margin of which leaves C about 8 mm. before apex, follows the sinuosity of DC to the
hinder angle of cell, and is then excurved, joining the dark posterior border at about 2 mm, from
termen. N. Peru, 1912 (A. E. and F. Pratt), the type (J labelled " W. Slopes of Andes, 4,000 ft.,
June," the paratype $ Ayabaca Mountains. Both in coll. Joicey.
■f iScea caesiopicta subcyanea subsp. nov. $. Apical part of forewing and whole of hindwing
strongly glossed with blue ; hindwing with abdominal region less markedly and less extensively
pale than in caesiopicta caesiopicta. Abdomen above brighter blue. Carabaya, S.E. Peru,
Oconeque to Aqualani, 6,000—9,000 ft., March 1905 (G. Ockenden). Type in coll. Tring Mus.
} Scea servula steinbachi subsp. nov. (J $, 38-42 mm. Smaller, rather more reddish orange,
intermediate towards the colour of auriflamma ; veins and folds darkened as in that species.
Tucuman {J. Steinbach). A series in coll. Tring Mus. The extreme form of DC, with R^ some-
times extremely near R^, associates this with servula servula.
§ Scea erasa sp. nov. $. Close to servula Warr., agreeing in size. Rather brighter orange.
Forewing with DC more normally formed ; SC and M not blackened ; black costal edge nar-
rowed. E. Peru : Pozuzo, 5,000-0,000 ft,, type and another, Piehis Road, 3,000 ft. (Watkins), all
in coll. Joicey ; Cushi, Prov. Huanuco, 1,900 m, (W, Hoffmanns), 3 in coll, Tring Mus. Colombia :
Canon de Tolima, 2,500 m,, November 1909 (A, H. Fassl), in coll, Tring Mus. A beautiful mimic
of Darna trigotuita Warr,, which occurs with it at Pozuzo and Cushi ; Druce even labelled our typ^
*' Darna trigonata Warr., compared with type" (!),
426 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXV. 1918.
2. gi-andis Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 510 (1900) (Brachyglene)
(Colombia).
3. venusta Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xliv. 213 (1900) (Ecuador).
4. siiperba Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890. p. 498 (E. Ecuador).
Genus XXXI. Cyanotricha gen. nov.
Cyanotricha Warr. MS. (type necyria Feld.).
Eye rather small. Face and palpus densely hairy. Antenna in 3 pectinate,
in ? slightly ciliate, with single short bristles. Pectus and femora strongly
hairy. Wings elongate, with dense, glossy scaling.
Forewing with cell over one-half, DC biangulate, strongly oblique between
the angles; SC''"''^'* stalked, R' approximated, connate or stalked, R* from
posterior angle of DC, thus near (sometimes very near) R', M' stalked. Hind-
icing with cell over one-half, DC somewhat as in forewing but less extreme ;
C rather widely separate from SC, R' about central, M' stalked.
1. necyria Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 133. fig. 19 (1874) (Sangala ?)
(N. Peru).
Also from Ecuador.
2. bellona Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xviii. 87 (1906) {Tuina) (Peru).
Genus XXXII. Sagaris.
Sagaris Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 313 (1854) (type stygne Walk.).
Phavaraea Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 315 (1854) (type erynnis Walk., nee Fb.*).
Scedros Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 316 (1854) (type dilatata Walk.).
Centronia H.-Sch., Samml. Aussereur. Schmett. i. 15, 17 (1856) (nee Hb.) (type rejecta Hb.).
Scedrosa Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 137 (1864) (vice Scedros).
Milodora Bdv., Lep. Guat. p. 85 (1870) (indescr.) (type rejecta Hb.-Gey.).
Face rough. Palpus moderate, little upcurved ; second joint with ap-
pressed scales, third distinct. Antenna in o pectinate to scarcely beyond
middle (farther in Sect. II), in ? almost simple. Pectus slightly hairy. Femora
glabrous. Abdomen in S rather elongate.
Foreiving with termen curved, oblique, in o very strongly ; cell one-half,
or slightly over, DC short, DC^'^ gently curved or straightish ; SC"'*'''^ stalked,
R- from middle of DC or slightly before, ID just separate at origin from
R', occasionally almost connate, in Sect. II just stalked. Hindwing with
costa arched, in S truncate apically, produced at tornus ; cell over one-half,
IJC oblique, sinuous or straightish ; F approximated to SC for a short distance
near base, moderately rapidly diverging, R- from middle of DC or very slightly
behind, M' stalked.
Large, robust species, perhaps related to Actea.
Sect. I {Sagaris). — Forewing with M' not stalked. Hindwing with a
submedian fold, enclosing a strong ridge of hair on uppersidc.
1. rejecta Hb.-Gey., Zutr. iv. 18. fig. 663-4 (1832) (Centronia) ("Java,"
in err.).
? = stygne Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 313 (1854) (Josia) (Amazons).
* Walker's citation.s (jip. 314-15) for erynnis and for Hb, Zutr. fig. 603-4 are extraordinarily
muddled, but his Phavaraea is certainly meant for rejecta Hb.-Gey.
NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 427
(J = erijnnis ? Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 315 (1854) (Josia) (Brazil).
Also occurs in Venezuela.
2. ortropea Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1893. p. 286 (Eucyane) (Colombia).
Only the type $ known from Colombia ; I cannot distinguish it from
Venezuelan examples (rejecta).
3. poliana Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lorul. 1893. p. 285 (Eucyane (British
Guiana).
Only $$ known ; possibly a race of rejecta or ortropea.
Sect. II. (Scedros). — Foreicing with M' stalked. Abdomen in cj with long
lateral pencil.
4. dilatata Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 316 (1854) {Josia) (Amazons).
Genus XXXIII. Getta.
Geiia Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 139 (1864) (type niveijascia Walk.).
Differs from Sagaris in the narrower wings, shorter cell of forewing,
stalking of R' with SC"' ''•'•' long stalking of M', coincidence of SC' and R' of
hindwing and in the (J secondary sexual characters.
Forewing of S with cell extremely short and narrow. Hindwing of (J with
costal margin greatly expanded in proximal part, in the tj'jse species and
baetifica bearing on upperside a large roundish ]3atch of mealy brown scaling
which fits against a smiilar patch on the underside of forewing ; R° coincident
with SC— R'.
1. ennia Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 295 (1899) (Brazil).
Amazons. The type is only labelled " Brazil, ex Smith," and I have no
doubt '■ South Brazil " in the published description is an error.
2. (?) elite elite Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 312 (1854) (Josia) (Amazons).
<J = niveijascia Walk., List Lep. Ins. x.xxi. 140 (1864) (Amazons).
Also known from Ecuador, S. Peru, and French Guiana.
2a. elite probles Prout, subsp. nov.* (E. Peru).
3. baetifica Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) i. 213 (1898) (Ephialtias)
(Ecuador).
Also in Colombia and Peru.
Genus XXXIV. Anticoreura gen. nov.
((J unknown.) Face rough-scaled. Paljjus shortish, rough-scaled, tliird
joint small. Antenna in $ pectinate. Pectus somewhat hau-y. Femora rough-
scaled. Abdomen robust.
Forewing with cell nearly one-half, DC long, DC very short, DC inangled
anteriorly, becoming very oblique outwards; SC'"'''^ stalked, M' separate.
Hindtving with cell about one-half, DC oblique and sinuous, C approxi-
mated to SC for a short distance near base, rather rapidly diverging, R' about
central, M' stalked. (Type salmoni Druce.)
1. salmoni Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1885. p. 521. tab. 32. fig. 6 (Coreura)
(Colombia).
* Oetta elite probles subsp. nov, 5. 42-44 mm. Larger than elite elite, yellow marks on breast
rather well developed, band of forewing broader (about 4 mm.), proximally rather more markedly
inclined basewards at costal end. Chancharaayo, E. Peru, 1.000-1. .500 metres (Watkins), type in
coll. Joicey, together with two others from La Mercede. in the .same district, 2,000-3,000 ft. Others
in eoU. Brit. Miis.
428 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
Genus XXXV. Polyptychia gen. nov.
Polyplychia (Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het. tab. 104. fig. 7. Erkl. p. 8. indescr.) (type fasciculosa
Fekl.).
Differs from Anticorenra in having tlie 9 antenna not pectinate, the palpus
less short, smoother, R' of forewing from middle of DC, M' stalked* ; from
Sagaris in that SC of forewing arises before SC and M' is much longer stalked ;
from both in the S secondary sexual characters. S hindfemur and hindtibia
with dense tufts of white hah". Hindwing in <J small, venation distorted, cell
very short, abdominal area folded, containing a strong tuft of light hair, a
second fan-lilie tuft of long, light hair on upperside arising near 25osterior
extremity of cell ; in § with DC biangulate, strongly produced posteriorly.
1. jasciculosa fasciculosa Feld., Beise Novara, Le-p. Het. tab. 104. fig. 7 (1868)
(Bogota).
Also from Venezuela.
la. fasciculosa ceron Druce, Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 295 (1899) {Thyrgis)
(E. Colombia).
Also from the Ujiper Amazons.
The following do not belong to this family :
Brachyglene dispar Warr., Nov. Zool. xiv. 197 (1907) is an Arctiid.
Cymopsis albipes Maassen in StiibeVs Reisen, p. 130 (1S90) is a PjTalid (1).
Darna ^^'alk.. List Lep. Ins. xxxi. 181 (1864) is Aganaid (sens. lat.).
Ephialtias superha Druce, Biol. Ventr. Emer., Lep. Het. ii. 405 (1897) is a
Syntomid (?).
Ephialtias percurrens Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 314 (1905) is an Arctiid.
Ephialtias cordigcra Warr., Nov. Zool. xiv. 198 (1907) is a Syntomid.
Episcea Warr., Nov. Zool. viii. 440 (1901) is Aganaid (sens. lat.).
Erbessa calydon Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1885. p. 534 is a Pyralid.
Getta h/sia Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii. 295 (1899) is a Syntomid.
Josia erectislria Warr., Nov. Zool. xi. 17 (1904) is Aganaid (sens. lat.).
Josia discrepans Warr., Nov. Zool. xvi. 70 (1909) isa PjTalid.
Josiomorpha Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 149 (1885) is Aganaid
(sens. lat.).
Locha Walk., List Lep. Ins. ii. 335 (1854) is Geometrid.
Lyces albiventris Walk., List Lep. Ins. vii. 1657 (1856) is a Geometrid.
Monocreagra (?) chorax Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1893. p. 295 is a Liparid.
Monocreagra (?) chares Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 295 is a
Liparid.
Phanoplis lydia Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. 309 (1899) is a Syntomid.
Polypoetes antedala Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxvii. 426 (1893) is a
Geometrid.
Sagaris horae Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. i. 144 (1885) is an Aganaid
(sens. lat.).
Scea orilochia Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885. p. 525 is a Geometrid.
Scea (?) puella Walk., List Lep. Ins. vii. 1647 (1856) is a Pyralid.
Zunacetha angulifera Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. ii. 222 (1895) is
a Pyralid (?).
• Barely stalked {almost connate) in Druce's type specimen of ceron, which is in this respec^
almost a ■" sport."
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV, I91S. 429
The following are unknown to nie and have to be cited as " incertae s«dis " :
Ephialtias superbior Strand, Arch. Nat. Ixxviii. A (9) p. 147 (19121.
Josia modesta Moschl., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxii. 33i (1882). •
Josia gigantea Druce, Biol. Centr. Artier., Lep. Het. ii. 406 (1897) (nee huj.
fam. ?).
Phaeochlaena augustimacula Dogn., Ann. Soc. Ent. BeUj. xlvi. 475 (1902).
Pyralopsis divisa Bdv., Lep. Guat. p. 94 (1870).
Tanaostyla disconnexa Dogn., Het. Nouv. iii. 21 (1911).
A NEW RACE OF LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE.
By ERNST HARTERT.
JN Vog. pal. Fauna, i. p. 385, I said, having exammed a few specimens, that
Pyrenean Long-tailed Titmice were mdistinguishable from British roseus
I have since received, in the Tring Museum, a series of 27 specimens from the
neighbourhood of Cauterets, Central Pyi-enees, collected by J. Mousques, mostly
at altitudes of 900 to 1,400 m. These birds differ from Aegithalos caudatus
roseus of the British Isles as follows :
The black bands on the sides of the head are wider and extend further
forwards, often right on to the bUl. Looked at en face they show therefore much
less white than roseus. The Pyrenean form is thus nearer to Ac. caudatus taiti
from Portugal, but the black lateral bands on the head are not quite as wide
as in taiti and the back has as much pink as roseus, wings as m roseus.
Hab. : Central Pyrenees. Type : <J ad. Reine Hortense near Cauterets,
1,400 m., 22. iii. 1907. J. Mousques leg. (Trmg Museum).
430 NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918.
GARRULVS BISPECULARIS AND ITS ALLIES, WITH LIST
OF ALL FORMS OF GARRULVS.
By ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.
" ^ I "'HE Himalayan Jay " was rather poorly treated by Gates in the Fauna
-L of British India, Birds, i. pj3. 39, 40 (1889). Twelve years before, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 100, Sharpe had already remarked that " Specimens from
the North-western Himalayas are rather paler on the head and have longer bills
than those from Nepal and Sikkim." No notice was taken of this remark,
though Sharpe had only a very poor material, \\'hile Gates had the fine material
of the Hume collection, including the very dark race from Shillong.
After Gates' volume several new forms have been described from the hills
of Burma and Yunnan. I have now examined the \^onderful material in the
British Museum and the, in this case, rather poor one at Tring, and have conic
to the following conclusions :
1. Garrulus bispecularis bispecularis Vig.
Garrulus bispecularis Vigors, Pruc. Committee Zool. Soc. London, part. i. p. 7 (1S3I — Western
Himalaya).
Garrulus ornatus Gray, Gray & Hardwicke's III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 23. fig. 2 (1832— Almora in Kumaon).
Considerably paler than the following forms.
Wings, 163-178 mm. Iris said to be brown!
Western Himalaya from Cashmere to Western Nepal.
2. Garrulus bispecularis interstinctus subsjj. nov.
Upperside darker and more reddish brown, including the forehead, under-
side also darker, throat as dark as upper part of abdomen. Wing, 157-170 mm.
Hab. : Silvkim and eastern part of Nepal. Probably through Bhutan to
the Mishmi and Dafla Hills, as a skin from the latter (E. C. S. Baker in litt.) is in
the Indian Museum.
Type : ad. (apparently S) Darjiling, 1883 (exchanged from Giglioli. In
Tring Museum).
Examined G skins in the British and 3 m the Tring Museum.
3. Garrulus bispecularis persaturatus subsp. nov.
Still darker and more brownish than G. h. interstinctus. Wing, 162-176 mm.
Hab. : Khasia Hills (Shillong), found by E. C. Stuart Baker also in Cachar
and Manipur, where it appears to be a rare straggler. E. C. S. Baker (in litt.)
says that Tytler obtained also a specimen in the Naga Hills, from where eggs of
a jay were brought to Baker.
Type: <j ad. Shillong, 20 x. 1877. J. Cockburn leg. (British Museum).
NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE .XXV. 1918. 431
4. Garrulus bispecularis harringtoni Rippon.
Garmlus harringtoni Rippon, BtiU. B.O. Club, xv. p. 97 (1905 — Mt. Victoria, South Chin Hills).
Colour richer than that of G. b. bispecularis, throat distinctly whitish, also
sides of head above the black malar stripe rather paler. Uj)per- and underside,
except the whitish throat, as in G. b. interstinctus. On the crown some faint
black lines.
Wing, 170-178 mm.
Hab. : Mt. Victoria in the southern Chin Hills. Half a dozen in the British
Museum.
5. Garrulus bispecularis rufescens Rchw.
Garrulus rujescens Reichenow, Orn. Monatsher. 1897- p. 123 (North Yunnan).
Described as similar to G. bispecularis, but throat nearly pure white, sharply
in contrast with the red-brown jugulum, upperside deeper in colour. I am
convinced that 5 specimens from the " Yang-tse big bend " in North Yunnan,
9-10,000 feet high, collected by Colonel Rippon, belong to this form. They
are very much like harringtoni, but the forehead is darker, upperside darker,
back more greyish, throat whitish in 2 out of the 5. These birds scarcely differ
from sinensis, except that in 2 of 5 specimens the throat is more whitish
than in most sinensis and the back is generally more greyish. It is therefore
somewhat doubtful, but most probable that the specimens in the British
Museum differ slightly from sinensis, and I do not think we can doubt that
they are referable to rufescens. Their wings are as long as those of sinensis.
Reichenow gave no measurements. Wing, 183-197 mm.
Hab. : North Yunnan.
6. Garrulus bispecularis sinensis Swinh.
Garrulus sinensis Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863. p. 304 (nomen nudum) ; id. op. cit. 1871.
p. 381 (" South China, westwards to Szechuen." Meagre diagnosis added).
Similar to bispecularis, but generally larger in all dimensions, nasal bristles
with more distinct black tips (in 1 out of 50 absent), above the bill some
blackish spots and bristles.
Wing, 177 (?) — 197 (cj) mm. Iris described by Swinhoe as "pearly with a
deep purple outer edge."
Hab. : Southern China. Exact distribution not certain, but certainly to
Yang-tse-kiang, and if a northern race is not separable, to the Tsin-ling
Mountains.
Our two Tsin-ling specimens are darker above and below than specimens
from the Yang-tse-kiang and Foochow, but Commander Lynes obtained on
the Yang-tse-kiang also a similarly dark specimen, in February. In the British
Museum are lighter and darker specimens from various localities.
7. Garrulus bispecularis pekingensis Rchw.
Garrulus bispecularis pekingensis Reichenow, Journ. /. Orn. 1905. p. 425 (Peking).
Said to differ from sinensis by much brighter red-brown head, from
bispecularis and rufescens by duller, greyer back.
Apparently one specimen, said to be from Peking, received by Mollendorff.
432 XovrrATEs Zoologicae XXV. 1918.
This description might possibly fit some of our darker specimens, thougli
the back of the latter is hardly tinged with grey, but Reichenow's bird may
perhaps have been a very extreme example. I am not aware that any Jaj-,
except brandti, has been recorded from Peking. Possibly there is an error about
the locality ?
8. Garrulus bispecularis taivanus Gould.
Garruhis taimnv.s Gould, Pwc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862. p. 386 (Formosa).
Smaller than all other forms of G. bispecularis and nasal bristles black !
Hab. : Formosa.
The following members of the genus Garruhis may now be distinguished :
I. Garrulus glandarius glandarivs (L.).
Europe south to Pyrenees and Italy, east to Ural and Volga.
l.\. Garrulus glandarivs rufilergum Hart.
England and Scotland.
1b. Garrulus glandarius hibernicus \V'ith. & Hart.
Ireland.
Ic. Garrulus glandarius fasdatus Brehm.
Spain.
Id. Garrulus glandarius corsicanus Laubm.
Corsica.
lE. Garrulus glandarius icknusae Klemschm.
Sardinia.
If. Garrulus glandarius glaszneri Mad.
Cyprus.
iG. Garrulus glandarius krynicki Kalenicz.
Caucasus.
iH ?. Garrulus glandarius anatoliae Seeb.
Asia Minor. (Probably = krynicki.)
li. ? Garrulus glandarius rhodins Salvad. & Festa.
Rhodos. (Slight differences from krynicki ex Caucasus stated which may
be individual. Specimens from Asia Minor not compared.)
iK. Garrulus glandarius atricapillus Geoffr.
Syria, Palestine.
II. Garrulus glandarius hyrcanus Blanf.
N. Persia.
IM. Garrulus glandarius caspius Seeb.
Lenkoran.
In. Garrulus glandarius iphigenia Suschk. & Ptuschcnko.
Crimea (unknown to me).
lo. Garrulus glandarius cervicalis Bp.
Tunisia and North-eastern Algeria.
If. Garrulus glandarius whitakeri Hart.
North Marocco and North-western Algeria.
iG. Garrulus glandarius oenops Whit.
Southern Atlas ranges, hitherto only known from the mountains near
Djelfa in Algeria (terra typica for G. minor Verr., nee Dumont 1822), and the
NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918. 433
south-western Atlas in Marocco. Jays are said to be common in the Djebel
Amour west of Laghouat in Algeria, and they must also be G. g. oenops.
1r. Garrulus glandarius brandtii Eversm.
Siberia to Corea, Manchuria, Sachalin, Northern China, and Yesso.
(S3Tionynis : taczanowskii, bambergi, ussuriensis).
Is. Garrulus glandarius ja-ponicus Schleg.
Hondo and Kiusiu Islands, also Yakushima and probably Sikoke.
2. Garrulus diaphorus La Touche 1915.
North Chi-li, N. China.
3. Garrulus bispecularis bispecularis Vig.
Western Himalaya.
3a. Garrulus bispecularis interstinctus Hart.
Sikkim and Eastern Nepal.
3b. Garrulus bispecularis persaturatus Hart.
Shillong, Khasia Hills.
3c. Garrulus bispecularis harringtoni Rippon.
Mt. Victoria, S. Chin Hills.
3d. Garrulus bispecularis rufescens Rchw.
North Yunnan.
3e. Garrulus bispecularis sinensis Swinh.
China (see above).
3f. Garrulus bispecularis pekingensis Rchw.
Peking. Requires further confirmation, perhaps widespread. (See above.)
3g. Garrulus bispecularis taivanus Gould.
Formosa.
4. Garrulus leucotis Hume.
Burma.
5. Garrulus oatesi Sharpe.
Chin Hills, N.E. Burma.
(Probably subspecies of G. leucotis, from which it diif ers by having the crown
narrowly striped with blackish brown, instead of entirely black.)
The two following species have been separated generically by Reichenow :
Lalocitta lidthi (Bp.).
Amami Island, Loo Choo group.
Laletris lanceolatus (Vig.).
Western Himalaya.
I fully appreciate the value of Laletris, the stiffened lanceolate feathers of
the throat and the crested crown being good generic characters, and I cannot
help also admitting Lalocitta, the somewhat stiff, velvety-like feathers of the
forehead, stiffer feathers of the crown, and stiff lanceolate feathers of the upper
throat being sufficiently well marked.
434 NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. J916.
FUETHER NOTES OX PIGEONS.
By ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.
The forms of Phlegoenas crinigera.
THE Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 588 gives as the distribution of Phlegoenas
crinigera " Mindanao, Basilan, and Sulu Island (?)," but the author had
only, besides some without locality, skins from Mindanao. McGregor's Manual
of Philippine Birds, 1909-1910, gives, on page 81, as the habitat Basilan, Leyte,
Mindanao, and Samar ; he apparently examined specimens from Basilan only,
where he had collected, while he had neither Whitehead's Leyte example, nor
those collected on ^lindanao by Everett and Steere, nor Bourn's and Worcester's
from Samar.
The original specimen of Hombron and Jaequinot, collected during the
" Voyage au Pole Sud," was supposed to have come from the " Solo " Islands,
but this was probably an error, and I regard as the original locality Mindanao,
as had evidently been done silently bj' Salvadori, Bourns and Worcester, and
McGregor. Of the thus typical P. crinigera crinigera from Mindanao I have
examined half a dozen in the British Museum and one at Tring. Theii- wings
measure : o" 160-107'5, $ 158, 160 mm.
Compared with these the wings of Basilan sj^eciniens measure : 1 " o " 153,
4 " ? " 145, 147, 145, 152 mm. (1^, 2 $ in Tring, 2 $ British Museum). McGregor
gives for Basilan S 153, ? 145, average of seven only 146 mm. It is thus
obvious that the Basilan race is smaller. In colour it agrees with Mindanao
specimens, the red of the hairy blood-patch on the crop varymg, but generally
the rump is a little lighter. I name the Basilan form :
Phlegoenas crinigera basilanica subsp. nov.
Type: rj ad. Basilan, ii. 1898. William Doherty leg. "Iris rich royal
purple. Bill black, lower mandible ochreous below. Feet beet-red, posteriorly
whitish."
I have only been able to examine the single male obtained by John White-
head from Leyte, but, reluctantly as I describe subspecies from single specimens,
I must do so in this case, for the following reasons :
This bird is smaller than P. crinigera crinigera from Mindanao, and no
bigger than P. crinigera basilanica, its wing measuring 153 mm. The sides of
the crop region are bluish grey, with some greenish gloss, the greyish colour
extending laterally an inch farther down than the blood-patch and showmg
also below it. The blood-patch — if it can be said so from one skin — is much
smaller and darker, and the blue-grey tips to the greater upper wing-coverts
are smaller. Leyte lies to the north of Mindanao, Basilan south. I name the
Leyte form :
Phlegoenas crinigera leytensis subsp. nov.
Type : o% mountains in the north of Leyte, 3. viii. 1896. John Whitehead
leg. No. B. 834. (Tring Museum.)
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV. 1918. 435
The Samar specimen collected by Bourns and Worcester is probably
another subspecies, if not leytensis ! Their menagei from Tawi Tawi is perhaps
also a subspecies of tliis group, with an orange blood-patch, a white line
behind the green pectoral band, and still more grey on the breast, while keayi
of Clarke is still more distinct. Messrs. Bourns & Worcester saw also, but
did not obtain, a pigeon of this group on Sulu, which may either be another
undescribed form or then- menagei.
On Tibetan Streptopelia orientalis.
In Bull. B. O. Club, xv. j). 92, 1905, Walton described as a " new species "
Turtur Ihasae from Lhasa. He says its upper wing-coverts were dark brown
with pale grey edges, not bright rufous, the interscapulium grey, not vinaceous-
brown, the sides of the body pale grey, not vinaceous. The description is made
from one single, apparently not quite adult bird, and at Gyantse, at the same
altitude as Lhasa, Turtur orientalis was found to be common [Ibis, 1906, p. 246).
I have examined the t3rpe in the British Museum and I must admit that it
looks a bit pale, and there is an unusual amount of grey on the upper wing-
coverts, but the diagnosis is exaggerated and I have no doubt that the type of
Ihasae and the Gyantse specimens belong to the same race, and that they are
inseparable from orientalis. There are also in the Tring Museum two skins from
Chuksam in the Tsangpo Valley, which are inseparable from orientalis. The
description as a " new species " from a single skin, not even confirmed bj' geo-
graphical separation, on rather slight grounds, is scientifically unjustified. In
certain cases, when one is well acquainted with the local races of a species, a
subspecies from a new or well-separated geographical area might of course be
described from a single skin, but it is generally best to avoid this, and to await
a series, if such is possible.
The forms of Tympanistria.
A comparison of the series of Tympanistria tympanistria in the Tring and
British Museums reveals two very distinct forms. The sijecimens from South
Africa — apparently south of the Zambesi and Cunene rivers — are paler, some-
times with a slight greyish tinge, than others from West Africa (Sierra Leone
to Benquella, also Fernando Po), and Eastern Africa (sjjecimens from Kaffa,
Toru, Entebbe, Baraka, west of Tanganyka, also from the Ituri Forest and
from Abyssinia examined), which are all darker, deeper coloured, on the upper-
side. The size is very variable, but southern birds average larger, thou£a there
is no constancy in this. The name of the southern form is of course
Tympanistria tympanistria tympanistria (Columba tympanistria Temminck,
Pigeons, i. fam. pi. 36, South Africa, Country of the Kaffirs), that of the
northern one :
Tympanistria tympanistria fraseri {Tympanistria fraseri Bonaparte, Consp.
Gen. Av. ii. p. 67 (1854— Fernando Po !)].
A Fernando Po specimen in the British Museum differs in no way from
West and East African ones. Tympanistria virgo Hai'tlaub (Ibis, 1886, p. 2,
from Djanda, E. Equatorial Africa) is an aberrant sjjccimen without metallic
436 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV. 1918.
spots, and the name is therefore a synonym of fraseri. A synonym of T. t. tym-
panistria is :
Tympanistria bicolor Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. p. 78 (1852 — ^Nomen
nudum) ; id. Atlas, p. 258, ic. 1435 (the date when these plates appeared is
uncertain ; they are quoted in the list of 1852, but whether they had actually
appeared at the time is doubtful ; Salvadori quotes them with the " Tauben "
as of 1862, but they must have appeared long before that date. The figure is too
bad to indicate any locality, the name bicolor of 1852 is therefore to be regarded
as a nomen nudum, as no habitat is given ; id. Vollst. Naturg. Tauhen, p. 78
(1862 — Description and habitat : S. Africa : bicolor of 1862 is therefore a
synonym of T. t. tympanistria).
NOVITATES Z00L061CAE,
H Journal of Zooloo^-
EDITED BY
LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT. anb Dr. K. JORDAN.
Vol. XXV.
No. 3.
Pages 437—462.
Issued Febeuakt, 1919, at the Zoological Museum, Trino.
PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYIESBDRY.
. 1919.
Vol. XXV.
N0VITATE8 ZOOLOGICAE.
EDITED BT
LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.
CONTENTS OF NO. III.
PiGES
INDEX TO VOLUME XXV 437—462
TITLE-PAGE AND CONTENTS TO VOLUME XXV.
INDEX.
Abacena, 175.
abscondita (Ozarba), 180.
abyssinica (.41cippe), 290
— (Aspidifrontia), 122.
abyssinicus {Hyphantomis), 280.
Acaenica, 182, 183.
Aoanthofrontia, 187
aocedens (Parus), 28.
Accentor, 34
Accipiter, 312.
acco (Pamassius), 257.
acconus (Parnassiua), 259.
acdestis (Pamassius), 257.
Achaea, 208, 209.
achromatica (Beara), 202.
aohrosis (Ilema), 99.
Acidaliodes, 158.
acik (Chalcomitra), 286.
Acraea, 385.
Acraga, 385.
Acragedae, 390.
Acrapex, 155.
Acrocephalus, 30, 31.
Acrolepia, 387.
Acrolophidae, 390.
Acrolophus, 388.
Acronycta, 141.
Actea, 397, 420.
actius (Pamassius), 250, 251.
acuta (Anas), 47.
acutirostris (Calandrella), 91.
adalberti (Aquila), 43.
Adela, 388.
adolphi (Pamassius), 225.
adspersa (Strix), 41.
adulatrix (Phlogophora), 383.
advena (Sitta), 26.
Aedon, 33.
Aegeria, 387.
Aegeriadae, 391.
Aegialitis, 52.
aegisthus (Scmatura), 368.
Aegolius, 39.
aenea (Chaptia), 303, 304.
— (Muscadivora), 346.
aequatorialis (Chalcomitra), 286.
29
aereus (Ceuthmochares), 268.
aeruginosus (Circus), 45.
aethiopicus (Laniarius), 277.
Aethodes, 216,217.
Aethya, 48.
afer (Dicrurus), 278.
— (Nilaus), 276.
affinis (Colius), 272.
— (Corvinella), 278.
— (Corvus), 7, 361.
— (Larus), 59, 60.
— (Plilogophora), 190.
— ( Poliospizastriolata), 282.
— (Rhinocorax), 278.
africanus (Apua), 36.
— (Bubo), 266.
Afrida, 103.
Agapomis, 267.
Agrobates, 33.
agrorum (Anthus), 23.
Agrotera, 386.
Agrotis, 111, 112, 383.
Agylla, 100.
Alaemon, 22.
Alauda, 18, 21, 22, 360.
alaudarius (Anthus), 24.
alaudipes (Alaemon), 22.
alba (Motacilla), 26, 284.
— (Tyto), 40.
albapennis (Byblisa), 383.
albarracina (Metopoceraa), 127.
albeola (Mesoxantha), 343.
albicans (Aquila), 43.
albicUla (Haliaetos), 45.
albicostata (Scoliacma), 97.
albida (Anaemosia), 101.
— (Enispa), 161.
— (Holocryptes), 166.
— (Metopoceras), 127.
albidior (Catuna), 341.
albifascia (Gonodes), 147.
albifera (Steniscadia), 200.
albifrons (Anser), 46.
— (Poliospiza), 282.
— (Sterna), 59.
albigularia (Aegialitis), 52.
437
438
albigularis (Alauda), 22.
— (Bonasia), 63.
— (Petronia), 14.
— (Phyllastrephus), 285.
albilinea (Parallelia), 210.
albimacula (Oenoptera), 171.
albiorbis (Vestermannia), 203.
albiplagiata (Negeta), 203.
albipuncteUa ( Eulocastra), 186
albirictus (Dicrurus), 298.
albistriata (Curruca), 33.
— (Sylvia), 33.
albiventris (Parus), 287.
albivitta (Cerynea), 168.
— (Eriopus), 134.
albizona (Procriosis), 187.
albizonea (Illice), 103.
albocoerulea (Euphaedra), 339.
albolaxatus (Caprimulgus), 323, 324.
albonotatus (Trochocercus), 275.
albulus (Parnassius), 256.
alburnus (Parnassius), 246.
albus (Parnassius), 240.
Alca, 61.
Alcedo, 36, 320.
Alcippe, 290.
alecto (Monarcha), 315.
• — (Piezorhynohus), 315.
Alectoris, 63.
Aletis, 384.
aleuca (Odontodes), 384.
alexandrinus (Aegialitis), 52.
alpestris (Ereraophila), 22, 23.
— (Parnassius), 231.
alpherakyi (Parnassius), 244, 245.
alpina (Erolia), 53, 54.
alpinus (Parnassius), 247.
— (Picoides), 37.
Alseonax, 274.
altaica (Parnassius), 228.
altensteinii (Platypus), 49.
altera (Manucodia), 313.
alticola (Parnassius), 261.
altifrons (Charadrius), 52.
altirostris (Galerida), 21.
— (Galerita), 21.
— (Miliaria), 15.
altus (Parnassius), 260.
altynensis (Parnassius), 252,
Alucita, 386.
Alucitidae, 390.
Amalthocera, 379, 380.
Amasinus (Dorarchon), 220.
Amata, 93, 383.
Amatidae, 388.
ambigua (Calamoherpe), 30.
— (Hypopta), 385.
ambrosius (Parnassius), 250.
americana (Calidris), 54.
— (Querquedula), 47.
amethystinus (Lamprocolius), 279.
Amibomena (Tricentra), 83.
Ammomanes, 18, 19.
amoena (Amiocera), 381.
Amphidrina, 143.
Amphithera, 387.
Amphitheridae, 393.
amurensis (Parnassius), 226.
— (Sericinus), 70.
Amydnis, 279.
Amyna, 180, 181.
anacardii (Danais), 385.
Anaemosia, 101.
analoga (Ptilotis), 319.
Anas, 47.
ancile (Parnassius), 239.
ancilis (Ectropa), 385.
Andropadus, 285.
Angitia, 176, 177.
angolensis (Crenis), 342.
— (Precis), 345.
angustata (Catuna), 341.
angustimedia (Berta), 76.
angustipennis (Aethodes), 217.
angustistriata (Galerita), 20.
angustus (Parnassius), 258.
anomalella (Stigmella), 387.
Anomalospiza, 282.
Anser, 46.
ansorgei (Euphaedra), 339.
— (Treron), 352.
Anthodes, 142.
Anthoscopus, 305, 306, 308, 309.
Anthreptes, 286.
Anthus, 23-25, 285.
antifesuita (Parnassius), 260.
antiquorum (Emberiza), 16.
— (Phoenicopterus), 46.
Anticoreura, 396, 427.
Antispila, 387.
Anua, 205, 206.
Anurapteryx, 376.
Apalis, 289.
apenninus (Parnassius), 237, 260.
apetzii (CalandreUa), 18.
— (Melanocorypha), 18.
apicalia (Schoenicola), 288.
apipormis (Aegeria), 387.
apivorus (Pemis), 45.
Aplonis, 313.
Aplopelia, 264.
apoUinaris (Dorarchon), 220.
apoUinus (Dorarchon), 219, 220.
apollo (Parnassius), 233-245, 260.
apoUonius )PamassiU8), 246, 247, 260.
Apoprogenes, 377, 384.
439
Apoprogenidae, 389.
Apothosia, 100.
appendiculata (Atychia), 387.
apricarius (Charadrius), 52.
Apus, 36.
aquaticus (Aorocephalus), 31.
— (Cinclus), 35.
— (Circus), 45.
— (Rallus), 61.
Aquila, 42-44.
araba (Melanocorypha). 19.
aragonicus (Pamassius), 236.
arboreus (Passer), 15.
arehesia (Precis), 345.
Arctia, 283.
arctiea (Fratercula), 61.
arcuata (Eugoa), 108.
ardens (Coliuspasser), 281.
Ardeola, 46.
Arenaria, 53.
— (Corydalla), 23.
arenarius (Oedicnemus), 52.
arenicola (Streptopelia), 51.
arenicolor (Ammomanes), 19
argentacea (Sterna), 59.
argentella (Cycnodia), 387.
argentifera (Rhobolosia), 159.
Argus, 385.
Argyresthia, 387.
argyropasta (Lophocyttara), 172.
argyrosemastis (Eriopus), 135.
— (Euplexia), 131.
arigonis (Hypolaia), 31.
ariovistus (Parnassius), 221.
Armandia, 69.
Amiocera, 380-382.
Aroana, 173, 174.
arquata (Nucifraga), 9.
— (Pelidna), 53.
arquatrix (Columba), 263.
arquatus (Numenius), 56.
artemisiae (CucuUia), 383.
artemisiana (Calandrella), 90.
artisticta (Athetis), 146.
aruensis (Geoffroyus), 325.
arundinaceus (Acrocephalus), 30.
— (Cynchramua), 17.
arvensis (Alauda), 21, 22, 360.
Ascia, 385.
ascia (Semaeopus), 86.
Asciadae, 388.
asella (Heterogenea), 385.
assimilis (Aquila), 44.
— (Asio), 39.
— (Crucirostra), 13.
— (Curruca), 32.
— (Dicrurus), 278.
— (Lanius), 28.
assimilis (Parus), 28.
Asio, 39, 266.
Astur, 265, 325.
Aspidifrontia, 122,
Asura, 106.
ater (Dicrurus), 296, 297.
Aterica, 340.
aterrimus (Scoptelus), 274.
Athene, 40.
— (Pamassius), 224.
Athetis, 143, 144-146.
atlas (Attacus), 384.
atra (Fulica), 62.
— (Manucodia), 313.
atribasalis jPhlegetonia), 191.
atricapillus (Parus), 28.
atricapilla (Sylvia), 32, 289.
atricauda (Melocichla), 287.
atricentrica ( Porosagrotis), 109.
atricincta (Euryzonosia), 107.
atricosta (Acanthofrontia), 187.
atridiscata (Feltia), 111.
atrimixta (Bryophila), 138.
atrirena (MaurUia), 202.
atrisignata (Aulolarache), 189.
— (Cirphis), 124.
Attacidae, 389.
Attacus, 384.
atthis (Alcedo), 36, 320. •
Atychia, 387.
auctidisca (Tricentra), 82.
audacis (Geopelia), 358.
auerspergi (Pamassius), 242.
auguralis (Buteo), 265.
Aulolarache, 189.
aurantiaca (Rhoptrophalaena), 366.
— (Tigroides), 97.
aurantisquamata (Ilema), 98.
aurantivena (Chrysostola), 94.
aurella (Nepticula), 387.
aureola (Euphaedra), 340.
aurifluella (Ethmia), 386.
auriguttata (Amiocera), 381 .
auristigma (Chrysocraspeda), 80.
auristrigata (Trichobaptes), 382.
auritalis (Semnia), 386.
Authyala, 396.
autocrator (Pamassius), 262.
avinoffi (Pamassius), 262.
avosetta (Recurvirostra), 55.
baedecfceri (Nyctale), 39.
baileyi (Pamassius), 257.
balcanicus (Stumus), 331.
baldur (Pamassius), 229.
baliensis (Aroana), 173.
balthica (Sylochelidon), 58.
440
balthicus (Haematopus), 58.
banghaasi (Pamassius), 260.
barbalis (PoljT)ogon), 384.
Barbatula, 270.
barbatus (Pj'cnonotus), 286.
Baronia. 67.
barteli (Pamassius), 253.
bartholomaeus (Pamassius), 239.
basalis (Netrocera), 380.
basilauica (Phlegoenas), 434.
Bathmedonia, 290.
Batis, 275.
— (Thyatira), 384.
Baza, 265.
Beana, 198.
Beara, 202.
becceri (Anurapteryx), 376.
BedeUia, 387.
bellargus (Dorarchon), 220.
behrii (Pamassius), 233.
benickii (Lestris), 61.
berberidella (Carposina), 387.
beresowskyi (Pamassius), 252.
bergstrasserella (Glyphyteryx), 387.
Bemicla, 46.
bemicla (Branta), 46.
Berta, 76.
bicincta (Treron), 356.
bicomis (Eremophila), 23.
— (Phileremos), 23.
— (Vanellus), 53.
bifasciata (Crucirostra), 13.
— (Loxia), 13.
bimaculata (Jlelanocorypha), 17.
bispecularis (Garmlus), 430, 433.
blacebumi (Hyposmocoma), 386.
Blastobasidae, 391.
Blastobasis, 386.
boedromius (Pamassius), 259, 260, 262.
boisduvalii (C'renis), 342.
boleteUa (Phycis), 387.
boUei (Irrisor), 273.
Bombycidae, 389.
Bombyx, 384.
Bonasia, 62, 63.
bonasia (Tetrastes), 62, 63.
bonelli (Caricicola), 30.
— (Phj'lloscopus), 29v
borealis (Plectrophanes), 17.
— (Rissa), 60.
— (Somateria), 49.
— (StrepsUus), 53.
borin (Sylvia), 32,289.
Borolia, 125.
bosniacus (Pamassius), 223.
bosniensis (Pamassius), 242.
bostanjogli (Anthoscopus), 308.
— (Remiza), 307.
Botaurus, 46.
brachydactyla (Calandrella), 18, 90.
— (Certhia), 26.
— (Melanocorypha), 18.
Brachyglene, 397, 418.
brachyoptera (Teknatias), 57.
brachyphorus (Dissemurus), 301.
brachyptera (Limosa), 56.
brachyrhynchos (Corvus), 361.
— (Clypeata), 48.
— (Cmcirostra), 12.
— (Curruca), 32.
— (Nucifraga), 8.
— (Pyrgita), 14.
brachyura (Coronidia), 372.
brachyuros (Lanius), 29.
brachyurus (Corvus), 7.
— (Microptemus), 38.
bracteatus (Dicrurus), 313.
bractella (Oecophora), 386.
Bradomis, 274.
Bradypterus, 288.
Brahmaea, 384.
Bramaeidae, 389.
Branta, 46.
Brassolis, 385.
brauniana (Chaptia), 304.
bremeri (Pamassius), 229, 230.
Brephos, 384.
brevicera (Treron), 353.
brevicomis (Baronia), 67.
brevipes (Tringa), 326.
briscis (Coronidia), 371.
brittingeri (Pamassius), 240.
bryki (Pamassius), 258.
bruchii (Nimus), 33.
brunneiplaga (Tospitia), 102.
Bryomima, 129.
BryopUUa, 138.
bubalella (Ochsenheimeria), 387.
Bubo, 266.
Bucephala, 48.
bucharana (Pamassius), 225.
budongoensis (Cryptolopha), 273.
Budytes, 25.
bugiensis (Alauda), 22.
Buphaga, 277.
Buphus, 46.
Burhinus, 52.
buruanus (Plilinopus), 347.
Busseola, 153.
Butalis, 29.
But«o, 265.
Byblisia, 382, 383.
Cacolyces, 397, 404.
caesar (Pamassius), 250.
441
caesia (Sitta), 26, 27.
cafer (Coccystes), 268.
caja (Arctia) 383.
calabrica (Pamassiua), 222.
Calamohenpe, 30, 31.
calandra (Emberiza), 15, 16.
— (Melanocorypha), 17.
Calandrella, 18, 90, 91.
Calcarias, 17.
Calidris, 54.
oalidris (Pelidna), 54.
calidus (Faico), 42.
Callichen, 48.
CaUidula, 386.
Callidulidae, 389.
Callimorpha, 384.
Callimorphidae, 389.
Calloruza, 169.
Callyna, 157.
calochroa (Cordylepalpa), 133.
calthella (Eriocephala), 388.
calva (Treron), 348-353.
— (Vinago), 263.
Calymniodes, 150, 151.
Camaroptera, 289.
Campephaga, 276.
campestris (Anthus), 23, 24.
— (CorydaUa), 23.
— (Motacilla), 284.
Campothera, 270.
camptosoma (Angitia), 177.
canace (Coronidia), 371.
canariensis (Eumichtis), 128.
Candida (Pamassius), 262.
candidus (Pamassius), 241.
canescens (Laroides), 60.
caniceps (Curruca), 31.
— (Larus), 60.
cannabina (Ficedula), 362.
canneti (Cynchramus), 16.
— (Emberiza), 16, 17.
canogularia (Xodiceps), 50.
canorus (Cuculus), 37, 38.
cantarella (Alauda), 22.
canteneri (Zerynthia), 74, 75.
cantiUans, (S.vlvia), 33.
cantoroides (Aplonis), 313.
canus (Lams), 60.
capensis (Asio), 266.
capieola (Turtur), 264.
capitella (Lampronia), 387.
Caprimulgus, 321-324.
caprius (Chrysococcyx), 268.
Carbo, 50.
carbo (Phalacrocorax), 50.
cardinal (Pamassius), 254.
Carduelis, 10.
Carea, 200, 201.
Caricicola, 30.
carinthicus (Pamassius), 260.
Caripodia, 100.
carminata (Borolia), 125.
cameotincta (Hyposada), 173.
caraibasalis (Eulocastra), 185.
caroli (Dendropicus), 270.
carolinensis (Anas), 47.
carpathicus (Pamassius), 241.
Carpophaga, 326, 363.
Carposina, 387.
Carposinidae, 392.
caryocatactes (Nucifraga), 8, 9.
caspius (Anthoscopus), 305, 308.
Cassandria, 199.
cassiensis (Pamassius), 222.
castanea (Diaphorophyia), 275.
castiliana (Zerynthia), 74.
Castnia, 385.
Castniadae, 390.
Catacroptera, 344.
Catoblemma, 160, 161.
Catocala, 384.
cathoecus (Dieraras), 298.
Catuna, 341.
caucasica (Pamassius), 224.
— (Zerynthia), 71.
caucasicus (Stumus), 333.
caudata (Dilophura), 382.
— (Pica), 8.
Celama, 95.
Celerio, 384.
celtis (Libythea), 385.
cembrae (Scoparia), 386.
centralis (Bradypterus), 288.
— (Mesopicus), 270.
— (Turdus), 290.
centrimacula (Goniotermasia), 130.
Centropus, 268.
cephalus (Pamassius), 261.
Cephus, 61.
cerastidia (C'habuata), 120.
Cerchneis, 42.
Cercococcyx, 268.
cerisyi (Zerynthia), 71, 72.
Certhia, 26.
— (Brahmaea), 384.
CerthUauda, 22.
Cerura, 384.
Ceraridae, 389.
Cerynea, 168, 169.
Ceuthmochares, 268.
ceylonensis (Dissemurus), 303.
Chabuata, 120.
Chalcomitra, 286.
Chalcopasta, 152.
chalcopasta (Amiocera), 382.
chalcoperas (Callyna), 157.
442
Chalcophaps, 326.
Chalcosia, 386.
Chamaita, 107.
Chaptia, 303, 304.
Characoma, 193, 194.
Charadrius, 52, 326.
Charidea, 379, 386.
Charideidae, 388.
charltonius (Pamassius), 258.
cheniana (CUticola), 287.
chenopodiella (Scythris), 387.
chinensis (Luehdorfia), 65.
Chionaema, 102.
chionocraspis (Corgatha), 174.
— (Cruza), 170.
chionoperas (Ozarba), 179.
chionostola (Tigroides), 97.
chitralensis (Pamassius), 251.
chitralica (Pamassius), 261.
Chiza«rhis, 267.
Chlidanota, 387.
Chlidanotidae, 392.
Chlorindus, 360.
Chloris, 10.
chloris (Chloris), 10.
chlorocephalus (Budytes), 25.
Chlorocichla, 286.
chlorochroa (Trichestra), 115.
Chlorophoneus, 276.
chloropus (Gallinula), 162.
chlorosaturata (Chorocichla), 286.
chlorosoma (Rhoptrophalaena), 366,
Choreutis, 387.
chrysochlora (Chalcophaps), 326.
Chrysococcyx, 268, 269.
Chrysocraspeda, 80, 81.
chrysosticta (Amiocera), 381.
Chrysostola, 94.
Chrysotypidae, 390.
Chrysotypus, 385.
chubbi (Cisticola), 288.
Chytonix, 137.
ciliata (Acraga), 385.
Cinclus, 35, 36.
cinclus (Cinclus), 35.
cinctus (Pams), 27.
cinerascens (Bubo), 266.
— (Monarcha), 314.
cinerea (Apalis), 289.
cinereocapilla (Budytes), 25.
— (Motacilla), 284.
cinerosus (Pamassius), 261.
cinnamomeus (Bradypterus), 288.
Cinnyria, 286, 287.
Circaetus, 45.
circulana (Eucosma), 387.
Circus, 45.
Cirphis, 122-124.
cirrhocephalus (Accipiterl, 312.
Cisticola, 287, 288.
citrinarius (Pamassius), 226.
Clamator, 38.
clanga (Aquila), 43, 44.
Clangula, 48.
clarius (Pamassius), 228.
claudianus (Pamassius), 229.
Clemensia, 105.
Cleptophasia, 397, 405.
elerccella (Lyonetia), 387.
clodius (Pamassius), 228, 229.
Clypeata, 47, 48.
clypeata (Spatula), 47, 48.
Clytie, 214.
Coccystes, 268.
Coeruleus (Elanus), 265.
Colaptes, 38.
Colbusa, 212.
Colius, 272.
Coliuspasser, 281.
coUaris (Anthreptes), 286.
— (Lanius), 278.
— (Prunella), 34.
CoUocalia, 312.
coUurio (Lanius), 29, 278.
collybita (Phylloscopua), 29.
Coloeus, 8.
colonus (Halcyon), 324.
Columba, 50, 51, 263, 312, 326, 356.
Colymbeis, .50.
comitis (Pamassius), 222.
Commophila, 3S7.
Commophilidae, 392.
communis (Columba), 50.
— (Parus), 27.
comoramm (Neptis), 341.
complanella (Tischeria), 387.
concinna (Celama), 95.
— (Myiagra), 318.
concolor (Coliuspasser), 281.
— (Ozarba), 179.
conformis (Apothosia), 100.
— (Odontestra), 119.
congenita (Amata), 93.
Conicochyta, 137.
Conicofrontia, 156.
consimilis (Caripoda), 100.
consobrinus (Anthoscopus), 309.
conspersa (Teregra), 385.
conturbatella (Mompha), 386.
convoluta (Trischalis), 108.
Copromorpha, 387.
Copromorphidae, 392.
Coracina, 275.
coracinus (Dicrurus), 278.
coracipennella ( Haploptila), 387.
corax (Corvus), 2, 7.
443
Cordylepalpa, 133.
corethrus (Euryades), 66.
Corgatha, 174, 175.
comutus (Hypsolophus), 387. '
coronatus (Aathoscopus), 309.
coronoides (Corvus), 313.
Coronidia, 368, 369-375.
corticea (Athetia), 145.
Cortyta, 214.
corvina (Corvinella), 278.
Corvinella, 278.
Corvus, 2, 313, 361.
corybas (Pamassiua), 231.
Corydalla, 23.
coryndoni (Precis), 345.
Corythaeola, 267.
Corythus, 11.
Cossidae, 390.
costiplagiata (Poeselia), 96.
costiplicata (Ilema), 98.
Cossus, 385.
C03SU8 (Cossus), 385.
costaricensis (Cucullia), 126.
coutellii (Anthus), 25.
Cracticus, 314.
Crambus, 386.
craspedontia (Parnassius), 221.
crassirostris (Calamoherpe), 31.
— (Galerita), 21.
— (Miliaria), 15.
— (Sylvia), 32.
crataegi (Ascia), 385.
crecca (Anas), 47.
cremoma (Catoblemma), 161.
Crenis, 342, 343.
cressida (Eurycus), 66.
cretatus (Parnassius), 261.
oretiea (Zerynthia), 72.
creusa (Zerynthia), 72.
Criniger, 285.
crinigera (Phlegoenas), 434.
Crinopteryx, 387
crispus (VaneUus), 53.
cristata (Galerida), 19, 20.
— (Corythaeola), 267.
— (Galerita), 20.
— (Prionops), 276.
cristatus (Lanius), 29.
— (Pandion), 326.
— (Podiceps), 50.
crithea (Catuna), 341.
crocatus (Hyphanturgua), 280.
croceus (Macronyx), 285.
Crucirostra, 11-13.
cruenia (Miltochrista), 106.
cryptoleuca (Tolma), 207.
Cryptolopha, 275.
Crytophagidae, 391.
oryptosema (Agylla), 100.
Cryptospiza, 281.
Ctenosia, 98.
cuculatella (Nola), 383.
cucullatus (Spermestes), 281.
Cucullia, 126, 383.
Cuculus, 37, 38, 268.
eultraria (Drepana), 386.
euneirostris (Gecinus), 37.
Cupido, 385.
cupido (Plebejus), 385.
Cupidonidae, 388.
cupreitincta (,\chaea), 208.
cupreus (Chrysococoyx), 269.
— (Cinnyris), 287.
curiua (Leptocircus), 67.
curonicus (Charadrius), 52.
Curruca, 31, 32, 33.
curruca (Sylvia), 32.
Curvirostra, 12.
curvirostra(Loxia), 12, 13.
— (Treron), 356.
curviroatris (Andropadua), 285.
— (Chloria), 10.
cuvieri (Falco), 266.
oyanea (Platystira), 275.
cyaneotincta (Thyrogonia), 94.
cyaneus (Circus), 45.
cyanoleuca (Myiagra), 316.
cyanostictus (Melittophagua), 273.
Cyanotricha, 397, 426.
cyanotus (Turtur), 51.
cyanoxantha (Amiocera), 381.
Cycnodia, 387.
Cyenodiadae, 39 1.
cyma (Dioptis), 384.
cymograpta (Euxoa), 109.
Cynchramus, 16, 17.
cymus (Parnassius), 261.
cyparissa (Euphaedra), 340.
cypraota (Eumichtis), 127.
cypria (Zerynthia), 71.
Cypselus, 36.
Danaidae, 388.
Danais, 385.
danica (Somateria), 49.
— (Stemula), 59.
danubialia (Stemula), 59.
daubei (Parnasaius), 247.
davidis (Parnassius), 246, 260.
decaocto (Streptopelia), 63.
decius (Leptocircus), 68.
deckerti (Pamassiua), 258.
degeerella (Nemophora), 388.
dejectus (Dierurus), 313.
delegorguei (Turturoena), 264.
444
delgranprincipe (Pamassius), 225.
delphius (Pamassius), 254-257, 261.
demaculatus (Pamassius), 221.
Demigretta, 326.
dcmocratus (Pamassius), 243.
Dendropicos, 271.
Dendropicus, 270.
dentata (Petronia), 14.
Dermaleipa, 205.
derubescens (Zerynthia), 75.
deserti (Ammomanes), 18, 19.
— (Oenanthe), 34.
devia (Hyposada), 172.
deyrollei (Zerynthia), 71.
diana (Choreutis), 387.
— (Sematura), 368.
dianassa (Euides), 385.
diaperas (Acaenica), 183.
— (Rhyncholita), 153.
diapbana (Pamassius), 255.
Diapboropbyia, 275.
Dicaeum, 311.
Dichomeridae, 391.
Dichomeris, 386.
Dicraras, 278, 291-299, 313.
dicycla (Acanthofrontia), 187.
Diduga, 107, 108.
diificilis (Coronidia), 369.
— (Euphaedra), 340.
diffinis (Netrocera), 380.
dignella (Anerastia), 386.
DUophura, 382.
dimorpha (Phaeosia), 98.
dinarcba (Hypolimnas), 344.
dinianus (Pamassius), 222.
Dioptidae, 389, 395.
Dioptis, 384, 397, 416.
Dioptromis, 274.
Dipbtbera, 384.
Discbalis, 188.
discobolus (Pamassius), 248, 249, 261.
discors (Semaeopus), 85.
Dissemums, 299, 300-303.
distorta (Zeryntbia), 75.
disturbans (Dicrurus), 293.
Ditbecodes, 77, 87.
dives (Cbrysotypus), 385.
dolabella (Pamassius), 254.
dolichognatha (Oraza), 170.
Dolopbrosyne, 396, 403.
domesticus (Passer), 14, 15.
dominicana (Semaeopus), 84.
dominicus (Cbaradrius), 326.
Dorarchon, 219, 220.
Douglasia, 387.
Drepana, 386.
Drepanidae, 388.
dresseri (Stumus), 335.
Dromolaea, 34.
dryma (Ithomia), 385.
Dryobates, 37.
Dryoscopus, 277.
dubia (Columba), 50.
dubitabiUs (Pamassius), 250.
dubius (Cbaradrius), 52.
— (Hypolimnas), 344.
— (Pamassius), 242.
duperreyii (llegapodius), 326.
duponcbeli (Euryades), G5.
durbanica (Trogocrispis), 162.
durvilli (Rhoptropbalaena), 366,
Dysmilicbia, 147.
Dysphania, 76.
dzungaricus (Stumua), 336.
Eebolemia, 132.
ecUpsifera (Parallelia), 210.
Ectropa, 385.
Ectropidae, 390.
ectozona (Neoduma), 102.
ecuadorensis (Microxestts), 204.
Edolisoma, 314.
egina (Coronidia), 370.
Egretta, 46.
Elachista, 388.
Elaeognatha. 199.
Elanus, 265.
elata (Arniocera), 381.
elegans (Columba), 51.
— (Eremomela),289.
— (Melanocorypha), 19.
elgonensis (Linurgus), 283.
— (PjTTbocheira), 279.
— (Tachypbonus), 270.
— (Tarsiger, 290.
— (Turdus), 290.
ellioti (Mesopicos), 271.
elwesi (Pamassius), 261.
Emberiza, 15, 16, 17, 284.
emini (Baza), 265.
— (Pomatorhyncbus), 276.
— (Turacus),268.
empedocles (Sematura), 368.
endoleuca (Phlogophora), 190.
endotherma (Celama), 95.
Endotricha, 386.
Endromidae, 389.
Endromis, 385.
Enispa, 161.
ennius (Leptocircus), 68.
enucleator (Pinicola), 11.
epaphus (Pamassius), 252, 253.
Epia, 116.
Epicnopterygidae, 390.
Epicnopteryx, 385.
445
Epimarptidae, 392.
Epimarptis, 386.
epops (Upupa), 36.
Eques, 386.
Equetidae, 388.
Erastria, 383.
erebus (Parnassius), 249.
erecthea (Coronidij), 369.
Erecthias, 387.
Etemomela, 289.
EremophUa, 22, 23.
ericata (Amiocera), 381.
Eriocephala, 388.
Eriocephalidae, 394.
Eriocraniadae, 394.
Eriopus, 1.34, 135.
Erolia, 53, 54.
Erynnidae, 388.
Erynnis, 385.
erythreae (Nilaus), 276.
erythrogaster (Laniarius), 277.
erythroptera (Crucirostra), 13.
erythropyga (Amiocera), 380.
erythrorhyncha (Buphaga), 279
erythrorhynclius (Irrisor), 273
Erythrura, 320.
escalerae (Parnassius), 236.
esculenta (Collocalia), 312.
Estrilda, 281.
Ethionodes, 146.
Ethmia, 386.
Ethmiadae, 391.
ethosia (Meso.xantha), 343.
euapenninus (Parnassius), 236.
Eublemma, 163-165.
Eucereon, 94.
Eucestidae, 393.
Eucestis, 387.
Euchontha, 397, 413.
euchroa (Phytometra), 215.
Eucoccytia, 384.
Eucooytia, 367.
Eucocytiadae, 388.
Euoosma, 387.
Eucosmidae, 392.
Eudioptis, 397, 416.
eugenius (Andropadus), 285.
Eugoa, 108.
Eugraphosia, 103, 104.
Euides, 385.
Eulooastra, 185, 186.
Eumacrodes, 88.
Eumichtes, 127, 128.
Euphaedra, 338-340.
Euplectes, 280.
Euplexia, 131.
Euploea, 385.
Eupterote, 384.
Eupterotidae, 389.
europaea (Pyrrhula), 11.
— (Sitta),26, 27.
Euryades, 65, 66.
euryodia (Chrysocraspeda), 80.
euryphaea (Clytie), 214.
euryscia (Trachea), 130.
Eurystomas, 272.
Euryzonosia, 107.
Euschemon, 386.
Eusohemonidae, 389.
Eustrotia, 183, 184.
Eutelia, 190.
euthysticta (Eumacrodes), 88.
Euxoa, 109, 110.
evander (Callidula), 383.
evenus (Coronidia), 372.
eversmaiini (Parnassius), 227, 228.
— (Phyllopneuste), 29.
ewingii (Ptilinopusl, 348.
exaeta (Somatina), 88.
exaleuca (Neptis), 341.
exanimis (Eublemma), 165.
excelsa (Parnassius), 260.
excisa (Diduga), 107.
— (Plectothripa), 198.
— (Toana), 166.
excubitor (Lanius), 28, 29.
eximia (Luscinia), 34.
exitela (Ptochophyle), 79.
faberi (Platypus), 48.
Fabia (Eupterote), 384.
fabriciana (Simaethis), 387.
fabricii (Larus), 59.
faeroeensis (Cephus), 61.
— (Hydrobates), 50.
— (Telmatias),57.
falcinellus (Limicola), 54.
falclandica (Lycophotia), 113.
Faico, 42, 45, 266.
falkensteini (Cinnyris), 286.
farailiaris (Certhia), 26.
familiella (Crinopteryx), 387.
farinalis (Pyralis), 386.
faroensis (Sturnus), 330.
fasciata (Motacilla), 26.
fasciatus (Budytes), 25.
— (Garrulus), 9.
— (Hieraaetus), 44.
felderi (Parnassius), 22.
fenestrella (Thyris), 386.
Fcltia, 111.
femininus (Hyphantomis), 280.
ferrealis Calymniodes), 150.
ferreotincta (Achaea), 209.
ferruginea (Athene), 40.
446
ferruginea (Cordylepalpa), 133.
— (Erolia), 53.
ferrugineus (Colaptes), 38.
festucae (Phytometra), 384.
Ficedula, 362.
ficedula (Muscicapa), 361.
filipendulae (Zygaena), 386.
finraarchicus (Pamassius), 243.
fischeri (Dioptromis), 274.
fissipes {Recurvirostra), 55.
flammealig (Endotricha), 386.
flammeus (Asio), 39.
flassipes (Recurvirostra), 55.
flava (Galerita), 21.
— (Motacilla), 25, 284.
flavescens (Antlius), 23.
— (Eublemma), 165.
flavebasis (Eublemma), 165.
flaviceps (Toana), 167.
flavicollis (Ptilinopus), 348.
flavidirubra (Carea), 201.
flavidorsata (Coronidia), 373.
flaviventris (Emberiza), 284.
flavivertex (Serinus), 282.
florepicta (Oospila), 82.
fluviatUis (Locustella), 30.
formosana (Luehdorfia), 65.
fractifascia (Ilema), 99.
Fratercula, 61.
fraxinae (Catocala), 384.
friburgensis (Parnassius), 239.
fruhstorferi (Pamassius), 223.
Fulica, 62.
fulvibasalis (Amata), 93.
fulviventris (Aquila). 44.
fulvus (Charadrius), 326.
Fumaria, 385.
funereus (Haliaetos), 45.
— (Paru8),287.
fusca (Oidemia), 49.
fuscantis (Busseola), 153.
fuscioollis (Cypselus), 36.
fuscinervis (Himantopterus), 38G.
fusco-atra (Aquila), 43.
fusconota (Nigrita), 281.
fuscus (Larus), 59, 60.
gabar (Micronisus), 265.
gabonica (Euphaedra), 338.
galactotes (Agrobates), 33.
galataea (Maniola), 385.
galeae (Aterica), 340.
Galerida, 19, 20.
galeridaria (Alauda), 22.
Galerita, 19-21.
galeritaria (Melanooorypha), 18.
gallica (Galerita), 20.
gallica (Melanooorypha), 18.
gallicus (Circaetua), 45.
galii (Celerio), 384.
Gallinago, 57.
gallinago (Gallinago), 57.
Gallinula, 1,62.
Garrulus, 9, 430-433.
garrulus (Garrulus), 9.
garzetta (Egretta), 46.
gausape (Euphaedra), 340.
Gecinus, 36, 37.
geelvinkianum (Dicaeum), 311.
Gelochelidon, 58.
geminus (Parnassius), 238.
gemmifer (Parnassius), 257.
geoffroyi (Charadrius), 52.
Geoffroyus, 325.
Geometra, 384.
Geometridae, 389.
Geopelia, 358.
germanae (Pamassius), 253.
Gerygone, 318. 319.
Getta, 397, 427.
gibbella (Pocerera), 386.
gibbera (Melanitta), 49.
— (Tadorna),46.
gibbimargo (Tricentra), 83.
gigantea (Pamassius), 225.
gigas (Aegialitis), 52.
gilvaria (Lamprothripa), 196.
girrenera (Haliastur), 326.
glacialis (Cephus), 61.
— (Montifringilla), 14.
glandarius (Clamator), 38.
— • (Garrulus), 9.
glareola (Tetanus), 55.
Glaucidium, 40.
glauconotus (Columba), 51.
— (Peristera), 51.
glaucopiformis (Toosa), 379.
glaucovirens ( LamproooUua), 279
glauous (Larus), 60.
glaux (Athene), 40.
glocneriea (Pamassius), 239.
gloriosus (Parnassius), 246.
glycinae (Phalaenoides), 383.
Glyphyteryx, 387.
goedartella (Argyresthia), 387.
goertae (Mesopicos), 270.
goldii (Minox), 325.
Goniocalpe, 203.
Goniotermasia, 136.
Gonodes, 147.
goodfellowi (Erythrura), 320.
gourcyi (Petrocossyphus), 34.
goyensis (Monodes), 148.
grabae (Fratercula), 61.
— (Mormon), 61.
447
Gracilaria, 387.
gracilis (Lanius), 29.
— (Pelidna), 54.
— (Phyllopneuste), 29.
graeca (Calandrella), 18.
graecus (Lanius), 28.
— (Sturnus), 331.
— (Totanus), 55.
graellsi (Larus), 60.
graeseri (Pamassius), 230.
grajus (Pamassius), 242.
grandis (Dissemurus), 302.
— (Hypolimnas), 344.
granti (Sturnus), 330.
graphicus (Pamassius), 260.
Graucalus, 314.
graueri (Euphaedra), 339.
grisea (Liraosa), 56.
griseigena (Podiceps), 50.
griseiventris (Falco), 42.
griseocapilla (Curmca), 31.
griseola (Stictothripa), 200.
griseoviridis (Caraaroptera), 289.
grisola (Muscicapa), 274, 361.
groenlandica (Querquedula), 47.
groenlandicus (Plectrophanes), 17.
groumi (Pamassius), 254.
grylle(Uria), 61.
gueneei (Coronidia), 371.
guinea (Columba), 263, 356.
guttula (Monarcha), 315.
guttulosa (Amiocera), 382.
guttata (Tyto), 41.
gylippos (Pamassius), 262.
gypsota (Copromorpha), 387.
Gyrtona, 193.
Hadena, 383.
Hadesina, 397, 418.
Hadjina, 148.
Haemaphlebia, 166.
Haematopus, 58.
hainana (Treron), 356.
Halcyon, 272, 324.
Haliaetos, 45.
haliaetos (Pandion), 326.
Haliastur, 326.
lialmaheira (Columba), 312, 326.
Hapalodernia, 272.
Haploptilia, 387.
Haploptiliadae, 394.
hardwickii (Pamassius), 253.
harringtoni (Garmlus), 431.
harterti (Dicrams), 299.
hartlaubi (Coliuspasser), 281.
— (Turacus), 267.
hartmanni (Pamassius), 222.
Heccmeyeria, 385.
helcita (Metis), 384.
helebi (Recurvirostra), 55.
heliaca (Aquila), 43.
Heliodines, 387.
Heliodinidae, 391.
helios (Hypermnestra), 218, 219.
Heliozela, 387.
helvetica (Pamassius), 221.
hemiohiona (Eublemma), 164.
hemichrysa (Netrocera), 380.
hemicycla (Afrida), 103.
hemidactylella (Gracilaria), 387.
hemiselenias (Hoplotarche), 188.
Hepialidae, 394.
Hepialus, 388.
hera (Callimorpha), 384.
hercynianus (Pamassius), 221.
Herodias, 46.
hesebolus (Pamassius), 245.
hesperica (Alauda), 360.
hesperistis (Apoprogenes), 377, 384.
Heterogenea, 385.
Heterogenedae, 390.
heteromorpha (Amphithera), 387.
hexadactyla (Omeodes), 386.
hiaticula (Charadrius), 52.
hiemalis (Anthus), 24.
Hieraaetus, 44.
Hieroxestes, 387.
himalaicus (Teinopalpus), 69.
himalayensis (Pamassius), 251.
Himantopterus, 386.
Hiraantopus, 55.
himantopus (Himantopus), 55.
hippolais (Motacilla), 363.
hirsutella (Leptopteryx), 385.
hirundo (Sterna), 59.
hispaniensis (Sitta), 27.
hispaniolensis (Passer), 15.
hotfmannsi (Semaeopus), 86.
holbecki (Pamassius), 260.
holboellii (Carduelis), 10.
— (Linaria), 10.
hollandiae (vStunius), 10.
Holocryptis, 166.
holomelaena (Psalidoprocne), 274.
holoxantha (Phryganopsis), 97.
— (Pseudlepista), 100.
Hoinaea, 205.
homeyeri (Aegialitis), 52.
homoeoptera (Cirphis), 123.
lionnoratii (Zerynthial, 74.
honrathi (Pamassius), 246.
Hoplotarache, 188.
hopwoodi (Dicrurus), 294.
homschuchii (Platypus), 49.
horta (Acraea), 385.
448
hortensis (Sylvia), 31, 32.
hortorum (Dryobates), 37.
— (Pious), 37.
hortulana (Emberiza), 16.
hueberi (Pious), 37.
humeralis (Coliuspasser), 281.
— (Latiius), 278.
humii (Stumus), 336.
humuli (Hepialus), 388.
hungaricus (Pamassius), 224.
hunteri (Cistioola), 287.
hunza (Pamassius), 261.
huwei (Pamassius), 252.
Hyblaea, 384.
hybrida (Luscinia), 34.
Hydrobates, 50.
Hydrochelidon, 58.
Hydroprogne, 58.
hyemalis (Clangula), 48.
— (Colymbus), 50.
HyUa, 289.
Hypangitia, 178.
Hypanua, 206.
Hypasmocomidae, 392.
Hypermilichia, 146.
Hypermnestra, 218, 219.
Hyphantomis, 280.
Hyphanturgus, 280.
h3rphasis (Coronidia), 368.
Hypocarea, 201.
hypodilla (Anthreptes), 286.
hypoenochrous (Lorius), 312, 324.
hypograramica (Tolma), 207.
Hypolais, 31.
hypoleuoa (Tringa), 326.
Hypolimnas, 343, 344.
hypopolia (Achaea), 208.
Hypopta, 385.
Hypoptidae, 390.
Hyposada, 172, 173.
Hyposmocoma, 386.
hypoxantha (Anua), 206.
hypparohus (Charidea), 379, 386.
Hypsolophidae, 394.
Hypsolophus, 387.
Hypsotropa, 386.
Hyssia, 120, 121.
lambia, 139.
lambiodes, 139.
iberica (Athetis), 145.
icarus (Castnia), 385.
ignetincta (Lycophotia), 114.
Ilema, 98, 99.
lUice, 103.
illustris (Pamassius), 254.
illyricus (Buphus), 46.
imberbis (Anomalospiza), 282.
immaculata (Melanocorypha), 18.
immer (Colymbus), 50.
imperator (Pamassius), 237, 258, 261, 262.
imperatri.x (Pamassius), 262.
— (Teinopalpus), 69.
imperialis (.Amiocera), 331.
— (Euphaedra), 338.
— (Teinopalpus), 68. 69.
incana (Tringa), 326.
incongrua (Neptis), 342.
Incurvaria, 387.
Indicator, 269.
indicator (Chorooiohla), 288.
indigena (.Athene), 40.
Indus (Haliastur), 326.
infemalis (Pamassius), 255.
infumata (Pamassiu-j), 254.
insectella (Setomorpha), 387.
insignis (Pamassiusl, 245, 249.
— (Phonnopleotes), 280.
insolita (Coronidia), 375.
iutercedens (Alectoris), 03.
— (Athene), 40.
— (Crucirostra), 12.
— (Pams), 27.
— (Perdix),63.
— (Peristera), 63.
interfasciata (Lycopliotia), 114.
interjecta (Pamassius), 255.
interlineata (Coronidia), 374.
intermedia (Catacroptera), 344.
— (Pamassius), 255.
intermedius (Ceuthmochares), 26S.
— (Chrysococcyx), 269.
— (Eurycus), 66.
— (Pamassius), 230, 258.
— (Thripias).271.
iuterpositus (Pamassius), 231.
interpres (.Arenaria), 53.
interstinctus (Garrulus), 430.
irioleuca (Euxoa), 110.
Irrisor, 273.
irrorata (Acidaliodes), J58.
— (C ryptophaga), 386.
isabellina (Aramomanes), 19.
— (Galerida),21.
isabellinus (Lanius), 29.
islandica (Aetbya), 48.
— (AIca), 61.
— (Bucephala), 48.
— (Limosa), 55.
— (Somateria), 49.
islandicus (Numenius), 56.
Isostyla, 397, 415.
itala (Melanocorypha), 18.
italicus (Pamassius), 260.
Ithomia, 385.
449
Ixobrychus, 46.
jacksoni (Apalia), 289.
— (Barbatula), 270.
— (Bathmedonia), 290.
— (Cuculus), 268.
— (Irrisor), 273.
— (Laniarius), 277.
— (Parisoma), 287.
— (Zosterops), 286.
jacobsoni {Pamas8iu.s), 261.
japonica (Luehdorfia), 65.
jacquemontii (Pamassius), 250, 251, 252.
jaxartensis (Anthoscopus), 305, 308.
johni (Dissemurus), 301.
Josia, 398, 420.
juncorum (Calamoherpe), 31.
juldussioa (Pamassius), 255, 261.
juniperorum (Turdua), 33.
kakamegae (Phyllastrephus), 285.
karinthiaca (Galerida), 20.
karjala (Pamassius), 221.
karu (Lalage), 314.
kashtahenkoi (Pamassius), 242.
Kaupifalco, 265.
kikuyuensis (Phyllastrephus), 285
kiUmensis (Nectarinia), 287.
kiliraenais (Neisna), 281.
kirchhoffii (Strix), 41.
kiritschenkoi (Pamassius), 261.
klaasi (Chrysococcy-x), 269.
koreana (Pamassius), 226.
— (Sericinus). 70.
kozlowyi (Pamassius), 262.
kuehni (Caprimulgus), 322.
kiihni (Eurycus), 66.
laohrymosa (Tricholaema^, 269.
lactearia (Geometra), 384.
laoustris (Sterna), 59.
— (Telmatias), 57.
lafresnayi (Dendropicos), 271.
— (Melittophagus), 272.
Lalage, 314.
lampidius (Pamassius), 257.
Lamprochrysa, 379.
Lamprocolius, 279.
Lampronia, 387.
Lamprothripa, 196.
Lamprotomis, 279.
lanata (Megalopyge), 385.
landbecki (Euphaedra), 340.
Laniarius, 277.
Lanius, 28, 29, 278.
lapponicus (Calcarius), 17.
Laroides, 59, 60.
larvata (Aplopelia), 264.
larvatus (Oriolus), 278.
Larus, 59, 60.
Laaiocampa, 385.
Laaiocampidae, 389.
latiaris (Zerynthia), 73.
laticilia (Pterothysanus), 384.
laticauda (Coliuspasser), 281.
(lathonius Pamassius), 262.
latipes (Byblisia), 383.
latirostrLs (Andropadus), 285.
lautuscula (.Arniocera), 381.
leachi (Coronidia), 371.
leechi (Sericinus), 70.
leighi (Neptis), 341.
leilus (Urania), 384.
leisleri (Platypus), 49.
Lemonia, 384.
Lemoniadae, 389.
lentilineata (Carea), 201.
leovigildus (Pamassius), 234.
lepidus (Dendropicos), 271.
Leptactea, 397, 420.
Lepteria, 155.
Leptocircus, 67, 68.
Leptopteryx, 385.
Lestris, 60, 61.
leschenaultii (Charadrius), 326.
leucocephala (Dromolaea), 34.
leucogenys (Falco), 42.
leucolaima (Barbatula), 270.
leucolophus (Turacus), 268.
leuoomelas (Parua), 287.
leucomera (Deschalis). 188.
leucomyatax (Barbatula), 270.
leuconeura (Lycophotia), 113.
leuconotos (Aeth_ya), 48.
leuconotus (Lanius), 28.
leucophaea (Calidris), 54.
leucophaeus (Dicrurus), 291, 293.
leucophlebia (Cirphis), 124.
leucopis (Otus), 39.
leucopsis (Asio), 39.
— (Loxia), 13.
leucopterus (Larus), 60.
leucopyga (Oenanthe), 34.
— (Vitiflora), 34.
leucopygos (Lanius), 28. ■
leucorhynchus (Laniarius), 277.
leucosema (Chj'tonix), 137.
leucospila (Borolia), 125.
leucosticta (Coronidia), 369.
leucothorax (Gallinula), 62.
leucotia (Colius), 272.
leucotos (Dryobates), 37.
leucotrigona (Goniocalpe), 203.
450
leucura (Pinicola), 11.
levantinus (Pamassius), 242.
leytensis (Phlegoenas), 434.
libeUuloides (Leptocircus), 67.
libumicus (Pamassius), 241.
Libyphaenis, 141.
Libythea, 385.
lichenea (Neophaenis), 140.
lichtensteinii (Anthus), 24.
lidderdalii (Armandia), 69.
lignea (Hylomoea), 148.
ligula (Dichomeris), 386.
ligustri (Sphinx), 384.
limbella (Hypsotropa), 386.
Limicola, 54.
limicola (Anthus), 24.
— (Pamassius), 243.
Limosa, 55, 56.
limosa (Limosa), 55, 56.
Linaria, 10.
linaria (Carduelis), 10.
lindermayeri (Herodias), 46.
Linurgus, 283.
Liparidae, 388.
Lipams, 384.
Lipotaxia, 87.
liris (Siga), 386.
Lithacodia, 182.
LithocoUetis, 387.
Lithosia, 383.
Lithosiadae, 388.
litoreus (Pamassius), 228.
littoralis (Anthus), 25.
— (Arenaria), 53.
— (Corvus), 7.
— (Tringa), 54.
litura (Stenoma), 386.
livia (Columba), 50, 51.
lobisemastis (Trachea), 130.
Looustella, 30.
lomvia (Uria), 61.
Lonchotura, 375, 376.
longicauda (Anas), 47.
— (Motacilla), 284.
longicaudatus (Dicrurus), 295.
longicaudus (Stercorarius), 61.
longipennis (Columba), 263.
— (Cuculus), 37.
— (Macrodipterj's), 274.
longipes (Himantopus), 55.
longus (Dicrurus), 299.
Lophocerynea, 168.
Lophocyttara, 172.
Lorius, 312, 324.
loudoni (Remiza), 307, 309.
louristana (Zerynthia). 72.
lousiadensis (Cracticus), 314.
— (Graucalus), 314.
Loxia, 11-13.
loxias (Pamassius), 262.
lozerae (Pamassius), 234.
lucidus (Monarcha), 315.
lucidus (Pizorhynchus), 315.
luctuosa (Curruca), 32.
ludifica (Diphthera), 384.
Luehdorfia, 64, 65.
lugens (Parus), 27.
— (Turtur), 263.
lugubris (Parus), 27.
luhderi (Laniarius), 277.
lunus (Sematura), 368, 384.
luperca (Euphaedra), 338.
lupercoides (Euphaedra), 339.
Luscinia, 34.
— (Luscinia), 34.
luscinioides (Locustella), 30.
Lusciniola, 30.
lutea (Galerita), 21.
luteola (Acronycta), 141.
— (Sitagra), 280.
luteolus (Corvus), 361.
Lycaugesia, 171.
Lyonetia, 387.
Lyonetiadae, 393.
Lycophotia, 113, 114.
Lypusa, 387.
maedonaldi (Pamassius), 256.
macgillivrayi (Megapodius), 326.
mackenziana (Cryptolopha), 275.
maokinnoni (Lanius), 278.
macleayii (Halcyon), 324.
macrodactyla (Certhia), 26.
Macrodiptoryx, 274.
Macroglossum, 384.
Macronyx, 285.
macronyx (Remiza), 307, 309.
macropis (Morrisonia), 121.
macroptera (Alauda), 18.
macrorhynchos (Clypeata), 47.
— (Curvirostra), 12.
— (Mucifraga). 9.
— (Petronia), 14.
macrourus (Cuculus), 38.
macrums (Caprimulgus). 321-324.
maculata (Galerita), 21.
— (Strix),41.
— (Tyto),41.
maculatus (Tetrao), 62.
maculifascia (Ilema), 99.
magnifica (Hypolimnas), 343.
magnifoveata (Amyna), 180.
magniplagia (Eustrotia), 184.
magnirostris (Gerygone), 318, 319.
magnus (Pamassius), 233.
451
major (Accentor), 34.
— (Anthus), 25.
— (Athene), 40.
— (Crenis), 343.
— (Crucirostra), 11.
— (Galerida). 20.
— (Galerita),21.
— (HypoUmnas), 344.
— (Laniarius), 277.
— (Lanius), 28.
— (Locust«Ua), 30.
— (Paru3),27.
— (Upupa), 36.
malabaricus (Dissemurus), 303.
malagassica (Ogoa), 365.
malayensis (Chaptiaj, 304.
malvae (ErjTinis), 385.
malzaoii (Dryoscopus), 277.
Mamphidae, 392.
mandschuriae (Parnassius), 247.
mandti (Cephus), 61.
Maniola, 385.
Manucodia, 313.
marcianus (Parnassius), 238.
margaritalis (Crambus), 386.
margaritata (Strix), 41.
marila (Nyroca), 48.
marinus (Lams), 59.
maritima (Erolia). 54.
— (Tadoma), 46.
martini (Campepliaga), 276.
— (Zerynthia), 71.
marwitzi (Irrisor), 273.
maugeus (Geopelia), 358.
maui (Parnassius), 228.
maurella (Lypusa), 387.
mauretanica (Zerynthia), 74.
Maurilia, 202.
maxima (Hypermnestra), 219.
maximilianus (Parnassius), 260.
maximinua (Parnassius), 256.
mayottensis (Hypolimnas), 344.
mechowi (Cercococcyx), 268.
medesicaste (Zerynthia), 74.
media (Gallinago), 57.
medialia (Phobolosial, 158.
medioatra (Agrotis), 111.
medioplica (Angitia), 170.
medius (Cinclus), 35.
— (Larus), 60.
meeci (Eucocytia), 367, 384.
meeki (Caprimulgus), 321, 323.
Megalopygidae, 390.
Megapodius, 326.
megapus (Melanittal, 49.
megarhynchos (Budytes), 25.
— (Jlelanocorypha), 17.
— (Pelidna), 54.
megarhynchos (Squatarola), 53.
Megastopolia, 196.
megauros (Clangula), 48.
meges (Leptocircus), 67, 68.
meisneri (Cephus), 61.
Melaenornis, 274.
Melalopyge, 385.
melanapygra (Asura), 106.
Melanitta, 49.
melanerges (Athetis), 144.
melanocephala (Curruca), 32.
melanocephalus (Himantopus), 55.
— (Laras), 60.
— (Oriolus), 361.
melanochroa (Spilosoma), 216.
Melanocorypha, 17-19.
melanogaster (Cinclus), 35.
melanographa (Characoma), 193.
melanoleucus (Astur), 265.
melanope (llotaoilla), 284.
Melanopica, 360.
melanopogon (Lusciniola), 30.
melanopterus (Monarcha). 315.
melanosema (Callyna), 157.
melanothorax (Parus), 27.
melanotos (Botaurus), 46.
— (Pica), 8.
melanotus (Laroides), 59.
— (Porphyrio), 326.
melasema (Eublemma), 163.
melba (Apus), 36.
meUicuIus (Parnassius), 239.
Melittophagus. 272, 273.
Melocichla, 287.
melsheimeri (Perophora), 385.
menetriesii (Parnassius), 229.
mentalis (Melocichla), 287.
— (Symplectes), 279.
menzbieri (Reniiza), 307, 309.
mercurius (Parnassius), 251.
meridionalis (Aedon), 33.
— (Certhilauda),22.
— (Cinclus), 36.
— (Galerida), 20.
— (Miliaria), 16.
— (Parnassius), 234.
Merops, 273.
mesoleucus (Parnassius), 223.
mesombra (Nudaria), 107.
mesophanis (Caprimulgus), 322.
Mesopicos, 270, 271.
mesopis (Ochrothripa), 196.
mesoplaga (Lithacodia), 182.
mesoscia (Conicofrontia), 156.
Mesoxantha, 343.
Metachanda, 386.
Metachandidae, 391.
Metaemene, 186.
452
metahyala (Asura), 106.
etalampra (Cirplus), 123.
metaleuca (Diduga), 108.
metaUica (Columba), 312, 326.
— (Tascina), 377.
metaphaea (Sebagcna), 196.
metathoracica (Eucereon), 94.
metatroga (Narasodes), 101.
meterythra (Dermaleipa), 205.
Metopoceras, 127.
Metria, 212, 213.
mexicanus (Lanius), 29.
meyeri (Poicephalus), 266.
miasticta (Cerphis), 124.
micralis (Phobolosia), 159.
Micronisus, 265.
Microphaea, 176.
Microptemus, 38.
micropus (Bernicla), 46.
microrhjTichum (Glaucidium), 40.
microsema (Tridentifrons), 153.
Microxestis, 204.
micta (Miselia), 117.
niilhauseri (Cerura), 384.
Miliaria, 15, 16.
Miltochrista, 106.
miltochristodes (Mimasura), 186.
Mlniasura, 186.
Mimus, 33.
minerva (Pamassius), 243.
minima (Parnassius). 229.
minimus (Dicrurus). 296.
minor (Agrobates), 33.
— (Bonasia), 62.
— (Calandrella), 18.
— (Cuculus), 38.
— (Dicrurus), 298.
— (Dryobates), 37.
— (Larus), 60.
— (Nyctale), 39.
— (Otus), 39.
— (Oxylophus), 38.
— (Pamassius), 248.
— (Parus), 28.
— (Pycnonotus), 286.
— (Pyrgita), 15.
— (Pyrrhula), 11.
— (Rallus), 61.
— (Scops), 38.
— (Sitta), 27.
— (Stagnicola), 62.
— (Sturnus), 336.
minuta (Aquila), 44.
— (Gallinula), 62.
— (Parnassius), 250.
minutissima (Gallinula), 62.
minutus (Ixobrychus), 46.
MiseUa, 116, 117-119.
misimae (Pachycephala), 311.
mnemosjTie (Parnassius), 220-226.
molina (Sj'ssphinx), 384.
moUissima (Somateria), 49.
moltrechti (Parnassius), 230.
molybdesis (Trichestra), 114.
Momonipta, 397, 412.
Mompha, 386.
Monarcha, 314, 315.
Monedula, 8.
— (Coloeus), 8.
mongolieus (Parnassius), 244.
monodactyla (Alucita), 386.
Monode«, 147, 148.
monogrammicus (Kaupifalco), 265.
monotona (Coronidia), 374.
montana (Alauda), 21.
— (Butalis), 29.
montanellus (Anthus), 24.
montanus (Corvus), 7.
— (Parnassius). 240.
— (Passer), 15.
— (Picoides), 37.
monteirouis (HypoUmnas), 344.
montela (Sericinus), 71.
Monticola, 33, 34, 290.
Montifringilla, 14.
mori (Bombyx), 384.
morio (Amydrus), 279.
Morio (Edolisoma), 314.
— (Liparis), 384.
Mormon, 61.
Morrisonia, 121.
Motacilla, 25, 26, 284, 363.
mozambica (Athetis), 143.
mufumbiri (Laniarius), 277.
multipunctata (Cirphis), 122.
murinus (Alseonax), 274.
— (Bradornis), 274.
— (Parus), 28.
musagetus (Parnassius), 258.
M\iscadivora, 346, 363.
Muscadivores, 363.
muscalella (Incurvaria), 387.
Muscicapa, 29, 274, 361.
musica (Clangula), 48.
— (Curruca), 32.
musicus (Anthus), 24.
Musophaga, 267.
Myiagra, 316-318.
Myonia, 396, 399.
mystacea (Prinia), 288.
mystacinella (Erecthias), 387.
naevia (Locustella), 30.
Namangana, 149.
namanganus (Parnassius), 255.
453
namaquus (Thripias), 271.
Managuna, 195.
Nanarhyncha, lOii.
nanchanicus (Pamassius), 253.
nandensis (Dryosoopus), 277.
nanus (Parnassius), 232.
Narasodes, 101.
narina (Hapaloderma), 272.
natalensis (Precis), 345.
natalica (Precis), 345.
ndussumensis (Criniger), 285.
neavei (Neptis), 342.
nebrodensis (Parnassius), 223.
nebulifera (Ilema), 99.
Neotarinia, 287.
Negeta, 203, 204.
neglectus (Anthoscopus), 309.
Neisna, 281.
nelsoni (Timandria), 78.
Nemophora, 388.
Nemophoridae, 393.
nemoralis (Agrotera), 386.
Neocerjiiea, 168.
Neoduma, 101, 102.
Neophaenis, 140.
nephelistis (Ctenosia), 98.
Nepticula, 387, 388.
Neptis, 341, 342.
Netrocera, 380.
Netta, 48.
nevadensis (Parnassius), 260.
niasicus (Leptocircus), 68.
nicevillei (Tascina), 377.
nicobariensis (Dissemurus), 302.
nigella (lambia), 139.
nigeriensis (Eriopus), 134.
nigra (Hydrochelidon), 58.
— (Oidemia), 49.
Nigramma, 192.
nigrescens (Dicrurus), 293.
nigricans (Anthoscopusi, 309.
— (Galerida), 19.
— (Galerita), 19.
nigricantius (Syrnium), 266.
nigricapUla (Curruca), 32.
nigricoUaris (Characoma), 194.
nigricoUis (Podiceps), 50.
nigripennis (Circus), 45.
Nigrita,281.
Nilaus, 276.
Ni'micola, 104.
nilotica (Gelochelidon), 58.
nilotious (Lanius), 29.
Ninia, 378.
Ninox, 325.
niphosticta (Perigea), 131.
ni£oria (Sylvia), 31.
— ■ (Telmatias), 57.
30
nivalis (Montifringilla), 14.
— (Plectrophenax), 17.
nivatus (Parnassius), 238.
nobilior (Stumus), 335.
Noctua, 383, 384.
noctua (Athene), 40.
Noctuidae, 388.
Nola, 96, 283.
nolophaea (Manarhyncha), 195.
nominulus (Parnassius), 247.
nomion (Parnassius), 230, 245-247, 248. 261.
nomius (Parnassius), 248.
nordmanni (Parnassius), 229.
norvegicus (Parnassius), 234.
nossis (Semaeopus), 84.
Notophoyx, 312.
novaeguineae (Philemon), 319.
novaehoUandiae (Notophoyx), 312.
nubica (Campothera), 270.
nubifera (Chamaita), 107.
nubUosus (Parnassius), 225.
Nucifraga, 8, 9.
Nudaria, 107.
nudariodes (Metaeraene), 186.
nudirostris (Treron), 352.
Numenius, 56.
nyanzae (Barbatula), 270.
— (Dryoscopus), 277.
— (Platystira), 275.
nyasioa (Chionaema), 102.
Nyctale, 39.
Nycticorax, 46.
nyoticorax (Nycticorax), 46.
nyctostola (larabiodes), 139.
Nyroca, 48.
nympheata (Nymphula), 386.
Nymphula, 386.
oberholseri (Caprimulgus), 322.
obliquilascia (Pynegiodes), 78.
obliquirena (Calymniodes), 151.
obliquisignata (Eustrotial, 184.
obscura (Curruca), 32.
— (Hadjina), 148.
obscurus (Spinusl, 10.
— (Turdus), 33.
obsolescens (Anua), 205.
obsoleta (Curruca), 33.
obsoletus (Yungipicus), 271.
oceani (Sterna), 59.
occidentalis (Neptis), 342.
ochracea (Byblisia), 382.
— (Neptis), 341.
ochrida (Corgatha), 175.
Ochrothripa, 196.
Ochsenheimeria, 387.
ocnerostomella (Douglasia), 387.
454
ocracea (Tinaegeria), 387.
ocularis (Hyphanturgus), 280.
ocylus (Lonchotura), 376.
Odontestra, 119.
Odontodes, 384.
Oecophora, 386.
Oecophoridae, 392.
Oediblemma, 159, 160.
Oedibrya, 138.
Oedicnemus, 52.
oedicnemus (Burhinus), 52.
Oenanthe, 34.
Oenoptera, 171.
offlexa (Semaeopus), 86.
Ogoa, 365.
Oidemia, 49.
olearia (Agrotis), 111.
oUgoscia (Timandra), 79.
oUvaria (Bryomima), 129.
olympius (Parnassius), 248.
omissa (Aterica), 340.
— (Crenis), 342.
— (Precis), 345.
omoensis (Prionops), 276.
omoscops (Hieroxestis), 387.
Oospila, 82.
opaca (Hypolais), 31.
oppenheimi (Sturnus), 332.
oreobates (Melittophagus), 272.
Oricia, 396, 405.
orientalis (Anthus). 25.
— (Batis), 275.
— (Calamoherpe), 30.
— (C'ircaetus), 45.
— (Corydalla), 23.
— (Crucirostra), 13.
— (Haematopua), 58.
— (Microphaea), 176.
— (Nycticorax), 46.
— (Parnassius), 225.
— (PhyUopneuste), 29.
— (Phylloscopus). 29.
— (Pomatorhynchus), 276.
— (Tasoina), 377, 385.
Oriolus, 278, 361.
oriolus (OriolusK 278.
orithea (Coronidia), 369.
Orleans (Parnassius), 254.
ornata (Scopula), 384.
Oraeodes, 386.
Omeodidae, 390.
orphea (Curruca), 31.
— (Sylvia), 31.
orru (Corvus), 313.
orstralegus (Haematopus), 58.
Orthotaelia, 387.
Oruza, 170.
otiosus (Dissemurus), 302.
ottonius (Parnassius), 240.
Otus, 38, 39, 266.
otus (Asio), 39.
Otyphantes, 280.
Oxylophus, 38.
Ozarba, 179, 180.
Pachycephala, 311.
Pachygnatliesis, 156.
pagenstecherella (Antispila), 387.
pagonim (Galerida), 19.
Palacot}T)e, 109.
palawanensis (Dicrurus), 293.
pallens (Cerynea), 169.
— (Circus), 45.
— (Siccia), 104.
pallescens (Hydrochelidon), 58.
— (Lalage), 314.
pallida (Alcedo), 36.
— (Eulocastra), 185.
— (Galerida), 20.
— (Galerita), 20.
— (Hypolais), 31.
pallidicosta (Hyssia), 121.
pallidior (Catuna), 341.
pallidirostris (Lanius), 28.
pallidas (Bradomis), 274.
— (Parus), 27.
paludicola (Estrilda), 281.
palustris (Parus), 27.
— (Totanus), 55.
pammelaina (Melaenornis), 274.
Pandion, 326.
papuana (Myiagra), 317, 318.
papuanus (Accipiter), 312.
papuensis (GraucalusK 314.
paradisaea (Sterna), 59.
paradiseus (Dissemurus), 299, 300, 303.
paradoxa (Certhia), 26.
— (Remiza), 307.
— (Strix),41.
— (Vitiflora), 34.
Paradoxosia, 105, 106.
paradoxus (.\nser). 46.
— (Lanius), 29.
ParaUelia,210,211.
paramensis (Agrotis), 112.
parasiticus (Stercorarius), 60.
Parathyrididae, 390.
Pardasena, 194.
Parisoma, 287.
parmenides (Parnassius), 222.
Parnassius, 64, 220-262.
"parthenias (Brephos), 384.
Parus, 27, 28. 287.
parva (Porzana), 62.
parvimacula (Neptis), 341.
455
parvus (Pamassius), 223.
passalis (Amata), 383.
Passer, 14, 15.
passerinura (Glaucidium), 40.
patagiatus (Podiceps), 50.
paucipuncta (Siccia), 104.
pechueli (Crenis), 342.
pectinicornis (Chaleosia), 386.
pectorali.s (Coracma), 275.
— (Pachycepliala), 311.
pekingensis (Garrulus), 431.
pelagica (Alcedo), 320.
pelagicus (Hydrobates), 50.
Pelidna, 53, 54.
Peloponnesiacus (Parnassius), 260.
Pemphegostola, 377.
penduLina (Remiza), 306, 307.
pendulinus (Anthoscopus), 305, 306, 308, 309.
pennatus (Hieraaetus), 44.
pennella (Epicnopteryx), 385.
perangulata (Toana), 167.
— (Trauoses), 154.
peratopk (Hypangitia), 178.
percivali (Oriolus), 278.
Perdix, 63.
peregrina (Telmatias), 57.
peregrinus (Cinclus), 35.
— (Corvus), 7.
— (Falco), 42.
perexcurvata (Parallelia), 211.
perfuraosa (Trachea), 131.
Perigea, 131.
perirrorata (Eustrotia), 184.
Peristera, 51, 63.
Perophidae, 390.
Perophora, 385.
Pemis, 45.
persaturatus (Garrulu-s), 430.
persica (Hypermnestra), 218.
persicus (Jlerops), 273.
persimilis (Anthoscopus), 309.
perspicilla (Plutella), 387.
perstrialis (Nigrarama), 192.
Petrocossyphus, 33, 34.
Petronia, 14.
petronia (Petronia), 14.
petrosema (Prototheora), 388.
phaedra (Chrysocraspeda), 81.
phaeella (Eulocastra), 180.
phaenoraeris (Dithecodes*, 77.
phaeobasalis (Jletria), 212.
Phaeochlaena, 396, 398.
phaeomicta (Haemaphlebia), 166.
phaeopus (Numenius), 56.
Phaeosia, 98.
phaeotermina (Celama), 95.
Phalacrocorax, .50.
Phalaenoides, 383.
Phalaenoididae, 388.
phanerostola (Elaenognatha), 199.
Phanoptis, 396, 414.
Phapitreron, 348.
Philemon, 319.
Phileremos, 22, 23.
philocoma (Epimarptis), 386.
Phlegetonia, 191.
Phlegoenas, 434.
Phlogophora, 190, 383.
Phobolosia, 158, 159.
phoebus (Parnassius), 230, 231-233, 245.
phoenicea (Campephaga), 276.
phoenicias (Cassandria), 199.
phoeuicopasta (Metria), 213.
Phoenicopterus, 46.
phoenicurus (Ammomanes), 19.
PhoUa, 279.
Phormoplectes, 280.
Phryganidia, 397, 412.
Phryganopsis, 97.
Phycidae, 393.
phycidella (Blastobasis), 386.
Phycis, 387.
Phyllastrephus, 285.
Phyllocnistis, 387.
Phyllopneuste, 29.
Phylloscopus, 29, 289.
Physoptila, 386.
Physoptilidae, 391.
Phytometra, 215, 384.
Pica, 8.
pica (Pica), 8.
Picoides, 37.
Picus, 36, 37.
piedemontanus (Parnassius), 237.
Piezorhynchus, 315.
pilaris (Turdusl, 33.
pileatum (Xema), 60.
pilleriana (Sparganothis), 387.
pinetorum (Calamoherpe), 30.
— (Gecinus), 36.
— (Picus), 36, 37.
— (Scolopax), 56.
Pinicola, 11.
pinou (Carpophaga), 326.
piscinarum (Calamoherpe), 30.
planorum (Galerita), 20.
Platypus, 48, 49.
platyrchynchos (Nucifraga), 9.
platyrhyncha (Anas), 47.
— (Melanitta), 49.
platyrhynchos (Phoenicopterus), 46,
Platystira, 275.
platyuros (Fulica), 62.
Plebejidae, 388.
Plebejus, 385.
Plectothripa, 197, 198.
456
Plectrophanes, 17.
Plectrophenax, 17.
plexippus (Euploeal, 385.
Ploceus, 280.
plumbeifusca (Clemensia), 105.
plumbeolinea (Zale), 213.
plutnipes (Xinia), 378.
Plutella, 387.
PluteUidae, 393.
Pococera, 386.
Podiceps, 50.
poecila (Amiocera), 381.
poenis (Hpyolimnas), 344.
poensis (Treron). 350.
poeta (Parnassius), 252.
Poieephalus, 266.
polaris (Uria), 61.
poliocephalus (Astur), 325.
poliogramma (Eulocastra), 185.
Poliospiza, 282.
Poliospizastriolata, 282.
poltaratskyi (Sturnus), 333.
Polyboroide.s, 265.
polyglottus (Petrocossyphus), 33.
Polypoetes, 397, 409.
Polypogon, 384.
Polyptychia, 396, 428.
polyxena (Zerynthia), 72, 73.
pomarina (Aquila), 44.
— (Clypeata), 47.
— (Sterna), 59.
— (Stemula), 59.
Pomatorhynchus, 276.
Porosagrotis, 109.
porphyria (Aroana). 174.
Porphyrio. 326.
porphyrolaema (Apalis), 289.
porphyronotus (Stunius), 334.
Porzana, 62.
porzana (Porzana), 62.
pratorum (Alauda), 22.
prasina (Hylia). 289.
pratensis (Anthus), 24.
Precis, 345.
preussi (Euphaedra), 340.
priaraus (Eques), 386.
princeps (Parnassius), 258.
Prinia, 288.
Prionops, 276.
Procriosis, 187.
Prodoxus, 387.
proleuca (Dysmilichia), 147.
pronubella (Heccmeyeria), 385.
Prototheora, 388.
proTineialis (Parnassius), 234.
proxima (Gcrygone), 319.
Prunella, 34.
przewalskii (Parnassius), 261.
Psalidoprocne, 274.
pseudagrotis (Amphidrina), 143.
Pseudlepista, 100.
pseudoblabia (Scaptesyle), 102.
Pseudomecia, 142.
pseudonubilosus (Parnassius), 224.
pseudo-pyrrhuloides (Cynchramus), 17.
pseudopytiopsittaous (Cruoirostra), 12.
Pseudoricia, 396, 406.
Psyche, 385.
Psychidae, 390.
Psychophora, 384.
Pterothysanidae, 389.
Pterothysanus, 384.
Ptilinopus, 347, 348.
Ptilotis, 319.
Ptochophyle, 79.
Pucialia, 196.
puella(Bati3», 275.
puera (Hyblaea), 384.
pulchripicta (Oospila), 82.
puUa (Fumaria), 385.
puUarius (Agapornis), 267.
pumilus (Parnassius), 236.
punctilinea (Pardasena), 194.
— (Tranoses), 154.
punctilineata (Lycophotia), 114.
pura (Coracina), 275.
purpurascens (Stumus), 331.
purpurea (Treron), 355.
purpureolineata (Carea), 200.
purpureus (Lamprocolius), 279.
purpuropterus (Lamprotomis), 279.
pusilla (Certhia), 26.
pusillus (Melittophagus), 273.
pustulata (Semaeopus), 84.
puziloi (Luehdorfia), 64.
Pycnonotus, 286.
Pj-cnorhinus, 360.
pygmaea (Aegialitis), 52.
— (Motacilla), 25.
pygmaeana (Acrolepia), 387.
pygmaeus (Budytes), 25.
— (Parnassius), 259.
pygmea (Scops), 38.
Pyralidae, 390.
Pyralis, 386.
pyrenaica (Parnassius), 235.
Pyrgita, 14, 15.
pjTochroa (Eublemma), 164.
Pyrrhocheira, 279.
Pyrrhia, 360.
pyrrhopterus (Turdinus), 290.
Pyrrhula, 11.
pyrrhula (Pyrrhula), 11.
pj-tyopsittacus (Loxia), 11.
quadra (Lithosia), 383.
457
quercifolia (Lasiocampa), 385.
Querquedula, 47.
quinquepunctella (Prodoxus), 387.
quiscalina (Campephaga), 276.
raffleaiae (Euscheraon), 386.
ragazzi (Chaloomitra), 286.
ralloides (Ardeola), 46.
Rallus, 61.
rangoonensis (Dissemurus), 301.
rapax (Aquila), 43.
— (Lanius), 28.
raptor (Aquila), 43.
rectangula (Agrotis), 383.
reotilinea (Abacena), 175.
recurbirostris (Podiceps), 50.
Reourrirostra, 55.
reduota (Mesoxanthal, 343.
redundata (Semaeopus), 85.
regina (Ptilinopus), 347.
reichenowi (Cinnyris), 287.
— (Otyphantes), 280.
— (Prmia),288.
Remiza, 306, 307.
renalia (Catoblemma), 160.
restinota (Coronidia), 371.
restricta (Chalcopiista), 152.
— (Colbusa), 212.
reticulata (Hadena), 383.
revayana (Sarrothripus), 384.
rhaetious (Pamassius), 237, 245.
Rhinocorax, 278.
rhodesiana (Crenis), 342.
Rhodostrophia, 77.
Rhoptrophalaena, 366.
Rhyncholita, 153.
ribbei (Coronidia), 375.
richardi (.\nthus), 23.
ridibundus (Larus), 60.
rifimixta (Eublerama), 163.
rippeUi (Amydrus), 279.
risoria (Sterna), 58.
Rissa, 60.
rivolii (Ptilinopus), 347.
roastis (Athetis), 144.
robusta (Corydalla), 23.
RoeseUa, 96.
roesella (Heliodines), 387.
rolleti (Oriolus), 278.
romanovi (Parnassius), 249.
roseitincta (Hypanua), 206.
— (Tumidifrontia), 150.
roseiventris (Picus), 37.
roseola (Acrapex), 155.
rosina (Coronidia), 370.
rossae (Musophaga), 267.
rosseli (Dicaeum), 311.
rosseliana (Pachycephala), 311.
rosselianus (Lorlus), 312.
— (Monarcha), 314.
rothsohildi (Pamassius), 236.
rubeoula (Myiagra), 316, 317, 318.
ruber (Plioenicopterus), 46.
rubotra (Saxicola), 290.
rubioundus (Pamassius), 251.
rubidus (Parnassius), 240.
rubiginosa (Calandrella), 90.
rubra (Perdix), 63.
rubribasis (Lycaugesia), 171.
rubrifasciata (Crucirostra), 12.
rubripictalis (Nigramma), 192.
rubrirena (Amyna), 181.
rubrisignata (Eustrolia), 183.
rubrizonea (Eugraphosia), 104.
ruokbeili (Pamassius), 231.
rufa (Cisticola), 288.
— (Alectoris), 63.
rufapicia (EnLspa), 161.
rufescens (Cirphis), 122.
— (Garrulus),431.
— (Melanocorypha), 17.
— (Numenius), 56.
— (Phileremos), 22.
— (Scops), 38.
— (Zerynthia), 72.
ruficauda (Cerchneis), 42.
ruficaudus (Lanius), 29.
ruficeps (Cerchneis), 42.
rufidefinita (Bordlia), 125.
rufidorsalis (Certhia), 26.
— (Passer), 15.
— (Peristera), 51.
rufifusa (Miselia), 116.
rufimixta (Hyssia), 120.
rufina (Netta), 48.
rufipex (Paradoxosia), 106.
rufirena (.Maurilia), 202.
rufitincta (Nanaguna), 195.
— (Stenopterygia), 129.
rufizonalis (Nola), 96.
rufobuocalis (Eurystomas), 272.
rufolineata (Eublemma), 163.
rumiiia (Zerynthia), 73, 74.
runioa (Miselia), 119.
rupestris (Bonasia), 62.
— (Cinclus), 35.
— (Otus), 38.
— (Pyrgita), 14.
— (Tetrastesl, 62, 63.
rupicolaeformis (Falco), 42.
rusticola (Scolopax), 56.
sabini (Psychophora), 384.
sacerdos (Parnassius), 231, 245.
458
sacra (Demigretta), 326.
sacraria (Lepteria), 155.
Sagaris. 396, 426.
salax (Saxicola), 290.
salicarius (Parus), 28.
salmacis (Hypoliranas), 343.
salvadorii (Bradypterus), 288.
— (Caprimulgus), 321.
— (Cryptospiza), 281.
— (Treron),351.
— (Vinago), 263.
sambucaria (Urapteryx), 384.
sandvicensis (Sterna), 58.
saphira (Ninia), 378.
sarmatica (Aquila), 42.
Sarrothripus, 384.
saturatua (Poicephalus), 266.
saurophaga (Halcyon), 324.
saxatilis (Jlonticola), 33, 290.
Saxicola, 290.
scandinavicus (Parnassius), 234.
Scaptesj'le, 102.
soapularis (Clangula), 48.
Soea, 398, 424.
schachraman (Tadorna), 46.
echillingii (Sterna), 58.
sohimperi (Columba), 51.
schinzii (Pelidna), 53.
sohleepii (Lestris), 60.
Schoenicola, 288.
schoeniclu3 (Emberiza), 16, 17.
schoenobaenus (Acrocephalus), 31.
schrancella (LithocoUetis), 387.
schreibersiana (Commophila), 387.
sciurorum (Jlyiagra), 316, 318.
ScoUacma, 97.
Scolopax, 56.
Scoparia, 386.
Scops, 38.
scops (Otus), 38.
Scoptelus, 274.
Soopula, 384.
Bcotialis (Gyrtona), 193.
Scotura, 397, 407.
Scythris, 387.
Sebagena, 196.
aegmentata (Lipotaxia), 87.
sejuncta (Treron), 353.
Semaeopus, 84, 85, 86.
Sematuridae, 389.
semialba (Negeta), 204.
semiaurata (Charidea), 379.
semiolrcularis (Eriopus), 134.
semilunaris (Parallelia), 211.
seminigra (Angitia), 177.
semipurpurea (Syngatha), 172.
semipurpurella (Eriocrania), 388.
semitorquata (Melaaocorypha), 17.
semitorquatus (Turtur), 264.
Semnia, 386.
senator (Lanius), 29.
senegalensis (Batis), 275.
— (Halcyon), 272.
— (Otus), 38, 266.
senegalus (Pomatorhynchus), 276.
senica (Phj'soptila), 386.
septentrionalis (Aegialitis), 52.
— (Amiocera), 381.
— (Chloris), 10.
— (Cinclus), 35.
— (Cynchramus), 16.
— (Miliaria), 16.
— (Monedula), 8.
— (Picoides), 37.
— (Pyrgita), 15.
— (Telmatias), 57.
Serena (Vidua), 281.
sericiella (Heliozela), 387.
Sericinus, 70,71.
Serinus, 282.
Sesia, 384.
setifer (Dissemurus), 301.
setifera (Cortyta), 214.
setioides (Netrocera), 380.
setipes (Byblisa), 383.
Setomorpha, 387.
seyffertitzii (Turdus), 33.
sheljuzhkoi (Parnassius), 225.
shelleyi (Serinus), 282.
sharpei(Pholia),279.
— (Treron), 350.
— (Turturoena), 264.
sibu-icus (Parnassius), 245, 260.
Siccia, 104.
sicciana (Nilgiricola), 105.
siciliae (Parnassius), 236.
Siga, 386.
sikkimensis (Parnassius), 252.
silesiacus (Parnassius), 221.
silesianus (Parnassius), 239.
Simaethidae, 394.
Simaethis, 387.
similis (Chlorophoneus), 276.
simo (Parnassius), 259, 262.
simonides (Parnassius), 262.
simonius (Parnassius), 259.
simulator (Parnassius), 259.
sinensis (Garrulus), 431.
singalesia (Ecbolemia), 132.
sinuata (Chalcopasta), 152.
Sitagra, 280.
Sitta, 26, 27.
smaragdina (Charidea), 379.
Smerinthus, 384.
sminthous (Parnassius), 232.
aociella (Tinea), 386.
459
sojoticuB (Pamasaius), 243.
solitarius (Cuoulus), 268.
Somateria, 49.
Somatina, 81, 88.
somnuleutella (Bedellia), 387.
sophiae (Sturnus), 329.
sophorae fBrassolis), 385.
soror (Coliuspaaser), 281.
sordida (Halcyon), 324.
soudanensis (Athetis), 145.
sparganella (Orthotaelia), 387.
Sparganothidae, 392.
Sparganothis, 387.
sparsimguttata (Nigrita), 281.
Spatula, 47, 48.
speciosa (Zerynthia), 71.
speotabilis (Somateria), 49.
Speotula, 47.
Spermestes, 281.
apermologus (Coloeua), 8.
sphenurus (Astur), 265.
Sphingidae, 389.
Sphinx, 384.
Spiloaoma, 216.
spinoletta (Anthus), 24, 25.
Spinas, 10.
epinua (Carduelis), 10.
aplendens (Corythus), 11.
— (Strix), 40.
aplendidus (Lamprocolius), 279.
squamata (Pachygnathesis), 156.
Squatarola, 53.
squatarola (Squatarola), 53.
ssaposhnikowi (Anthoscopus), 308.
atagnatilia (Parus), 27.
Stagnicola, 62.
staudingeri (Parnassius), 261.
atellatarum (Macroglossum), 384.
Stenamidae, 391.
Stenisoadia, 200.
Stenoloba, 179.
Stenoma, 386.
Stenopterygia, 129.
atenoamus (Parnassius), 256.
stephanophorus (Hyphanturgus), 280.
Steroorariua, 60, 61.
Stema, 58, 59.
sterneooi (Arniocera), 380.
atevensi (Dicrurus), 295.
Stichophthalma, 310.
Stictothripa, 200.
Stigmella, 387.
Stigmellidae, 393.
Stillopsar, 279.
stoliozkae (Anthoacopus), 306, 308.
stoliczkanus (Parnassius), 256.
atrambergensis (Parnassius), 241.
streperus (Acrocephalus), 30, 31.
atrepitans (Locustella), 30.
Strepsilus, 53.
Streptopelia, 51, 63, 435.
atriata (Corydalla), 23.
striata (Muscicapa), 29.
— (Sylvia), 31.
striatalis (Homaea), 205.
atrigosa (Xylinissa), 128.
Strix, 40, 41.
strix (Noctua), 383, 384.
stubbendorfi (Parnassius), 226, 227.
stuhlmanni (Otyphantes), 280.
— (Stilbopsar), 279.
Sturnus, 10, 328-337.
styriacus (Parnassius), 231.
suahelica (Psalidoprocne), 274.
suanetious (Parnassius), 242.
subalpina (Prunella), 34.
subalpinus (Accentor), 34.
subarquatus (Anthus), 24.
aubboschas (Anas), 47.
subcormoranus (Carbo), 50.
— (Phalacrocorax), 50.
aubdiaphana (Parnassius), 262.
subleucoptera (Hydrochelidon), 58.
subleucopterus (Laroides), 60.
subnaevia (AquUa), 44.
aubpalustris (Parus), 27.
subpicta (Coronidia), 371.
subpytiopsittacus (Crucirostra), 11.
subrubra (Semaeopus), 84.
subrufa (Supernola), 96.
subrufinua (Callichen), 48.
substitutus (Parnassius), 235.
subvestita (Lipotaxia), 87.
sudestiensis (Geoffroyus), 325.
auevioua (Parnassius), 238.
suffusa (Euphaedra), 338.
— (Neptis), 341.
auffusella (Phyllocnistis), 387.
sulphureopeotus (Chlorophoneua), 276.
superba (Vestermannia), 384.
superbus (Parnassius), 249.
superciliaris (C'urruca), 32.
superciUosus (Centropus), 268.
— (Ploceua), 280.
Supernola, 96.
aupremus (Parnassius), 262.
Sylochelidon, 58.
sylveatris (Corvus), 7.
— (Scolopax), 56.
— (Sylvia), 29.
— (Totanus), 55.
Sylvia, 29, 31-33, 289.
symphona (Euphaedra), 339.
Symplectes, 279.
Synegiodes, 78.
Synemonistis (Pemphegoatola), 377.
460
Byntypioa (Miselia), 118.
syra (Pamassius), 224.
sjTiacus (Agrobates), 33.
Symium, 266.
Syssphingidae, 389.
Syssphinx, 384.
szechenyi (Pamassius), 253.
tacazze (Nectarinia), 287.
tachiro (Asturl, 265.
Tachyphonus, 270.
Tadorna, 46.
tadoma (Tadoma), 46.
tagulana (Gerygone), 318.
tagulanum (Edolisoma), 314.
tagulanus (Philemon), 319.
taivanus (Garrulus), 432.
Talaeporia, 387.
Tanaostyla, 396, 415.
tancrei (Pamassius), 261.
tangens (Coronidia), 369.
tantalus (Sesia), 384.
Tarache, 189.
taraxici (Lemonia), 384.
tarbagataica (Pamassius), 243.
Tarsiger, 290.
tartarus (Pamassius), 226.
Tartricidae, 392.
Tascina, 377, 385.
Tascinidae, 388.
tatsienluica (Pamassius), 251, 252.
tauricus (Stumus), 332.
Tchitrea, 275.
Teichobia, 387.
Teinopalpus, 68, 69.
telamon (Sericinus), 70, 71.
telemachus (Argus), 385.
— (Sericinus), 70.
Telmatiaa, 57.
temminckii (Erolia), 54.
tenedius (Pamassius), 259.
tengmalmi (Aegolius), 39.
tenuifascia (Monodes), 147.
tenuirostris (Alauda), 22.
— (Calamoherpe), 30.
— (Galerida), 20.
— (Galerita), 20, 21.
— (Melanocorypha), 18.
— (Stumus), 10.
Teragridae, 390.
Teregra, 385.
Tetracheia, 126.
Tetrao, 62.
Tetrastes, 62, 63.
thaidalii (Armandia), 69.
Thalassius, 58.
thaleropis (Metaohanda), 386.
theklae (Galerida), 21.
Thirmida, 397, 425.
thriambis (Chlidanota), 387.
Thripias, 271.
Thyatira, 384.
Thyatiridae, 389.
thyatirodes (Namangana), 149.
Thyris, 386.
ThjTogonia, 94.
tibetanus (Pamassius), 251, 252.
tibetana (Calandrella), 91.
Tigrioides, 97.
tiliae (Smerinthus), 384.
Timandra, 78, 79.
Tinaegeria, 387.
Tinaegeriadae, 391.
Tinea, 386.
tinnunculus (Falco), 42.
tiphys (Amalthocera), 380.
Tischeria, 387.
titan (Pamassius), 261.
Tithraustes, 397, 408.
Toana, 166, 1G7.
Tolimicola, 396, 403.
Tolma, 207.
Toosa, 378.
torda (Alca), 61.
toroensis (Camaroptera), 289.
Tortrix, 387.
Tospitis, 102.
Totanus, 55.
totauua (Tringa), 55.
trabealis (Erastria), 383.
Trachea, 130, 131.
traducta (Coronidia), 369.
Tranoses, 154.
transbaicalensis (Pamassius), 245, 247.
transiens (Pamassius), 254.
translucida (Dysphania), 76.
transvehens (Somatina), 81.
transylvanicus (Pamassius), 241.
tremiscens (Rhodostrophia), 77.
Treron, 348, 356.
Tricentra, 82, 83.
Trichestra, 114, 115.
Trichobaptes, 382.
Tricholaema, 269.
Trichosilia, 112.
trichroa (Erythrura), 320.
tridactyla (Rissa), 60.
tridactylus (Picoides), 37.
Tridentifrons, 153.
Trilophonota, 181.
trimenii (Crenis), 342, 343.
Tringa, 54, 55, 326.
triplex (Lamprochrysa), 379.
Trischalis, 108.
tritici (Calamoherpe), 31.
461
trivialis (Aiithus), 285.
trivirgatus (Monarcha), 315.
trochilus (Phyllopneuste), 29.
— (Phylloscopus), 289.
Trochocercus, 275.
Trogocrispis, 162.
trogoptera (Oediblemma), 100.
troilus (Eurycus), 66.
tropicus (Turtur), 264.
tsaidamensis (Parnassiusl, 261.
tschegrava (Hydroprogne), 58.
tsingtaua (Pamassius), 227.
tubulosa (Talaeporia), 387.
tubulus (Pamassius), 223.
Tumidifrontia
Tumidifrontia, 150.
Turacus, 267, 26S.
turatii (Pamassius), 237.
Turdinus, 290.
Turdus, 33, 290.
Turtur, 51, 263, 264.
turtur (Streptopelia), 51.
Turturoena, 264.
Tympanistria, 264, 435.
tympanistria (Tympanistria), 264.
typicus (Polyboroides), 203.
tytleri (Stichoplithalma), 310.
Tyto, 40.
uellensis (Treron), 350.
Uganda (Euphaedral, 338.
ugandae (Netrocera), 380.
— (Otus),266.
ugrjumovi (Pamassius), 221.
uliginosa (Telmatias), 57.
ulmifoliella (Eucestis), 387.
umbrifera (Stenoloba), 179.
umbrimedia (Trilophonoto), 181
umbrina (Beana), 198.
undata (Sylviat, 33.
undulata (Sylvia), 31.
unicolor (Columba), 51.
— (Psyche), 385.
— (Sturnus), 337.
Upupa, 36.
Urania, 384.
Uraniadae, 389.
Urapteryx, 384.
Uria, 61.
urogallus (Tetrao), 62.
urumtsiensis (Pamassius), 250.
usticolor (Miselia), 117.
utahensis (Pamassius), 233.
valida (Miliaria), 15.
— (Pyrgita), 14.
Vanellus, 53.
vanellus (Vanellus), 53.
vaporosus (Pamassius^, 262.
variabilis (Pamassius), 251.
variegata (Aquila), 43.
venustus (Ciunyris), 286.
verity! (Pamassius), 249.
vernans (Treron), 354, 355.
vernetensis (Pamassius), 222.
verreauxi (Baza), 265.
— (Criniger), 285.
versicolor (Endromis), 385.
vesparum (Falco), 45.
Vestemiaimia, 203, 384.
vestwoodi (Coronidia), 369.
viarum (Galerida), 19, 20.
vicaria (Charidea), 379.
vicina(Ptilotis), 319.
vidali (Curmca), 31.
vidalii (Athene), 40.
Vidua, 281.
vidua (Motacilla), 284.
vierthaleri (Corydalla), 23.
vigaureae (Cupido), 385.
Vinago, 263.
vinningensis (Pamassius), 238.
violascens (Achaea), 209.
vircns (Andropadus), 285.
viresoens (Leptocircus), 68.
— (Libyphaenis), 141.
veridana (Tortrix), 387.
viridella (Adela), 388.
viridifasciata (Amiocera), 382.
viridirufa (Miselia), 118.
viridis (Euphaedra), 338.
— (Picus), 36, 37.
— (Tchitrea), 275.
viridisplendens (Chalcoraitra), 286.
vitella (Acrolophus), 388.
Vitiflora, 34.
vitrina (Zorynthia), 73.
vittatum (Hapaloderraa), 272.
vulgaris (Stumus), 10, 328-337.
walkeri (Leptocircus), 67.
wallaoei (Dicrurus), 293.
wallori (Pyrrhocheira), 279.
wiedii (Aquila), 44.
wodzickii (LocusteUa), 30.
woodfordi (Symium), 266.
valderiensis (Pamassius), 237.
valesiaeus (Pamassius), 237.
31
xanthobola (Corgatha), 175.
xantholophus (Mesopicos), 271.
xanthomelas (Euplectes), 280.
462
xanthora (Dysphania), 76.
xanthosemata (Euxoa), 110.
Xema, 60.
Xenomigia, 396, 406.
Xenorma, 397, 404.
Xylinissa, 128.
Xylomoea, 148.
xypete (Euphaedra), 339.
yalensis (Corythaeola), 267.
yemenensis (Tarache), 189.
yeniseenis (Anthosoopus), 308.
yessoensis (Luehdorfia), 64.
yorki (Caprimulgus), 322.
yorki (Myiagra), 318.
Yungipicus, 271.
zaidamensis (Stumus), 336.
Zale, 213.
zambesina (Amiocera), 381.
Zenobia, 383.
Zerynthia, 71-75.
zetlandicus (Stumus), 329.
zonura (Cbizaerhis), 267.
Zosterops, 286.
Zunacetha, 396, 406.
Zygaena, 386.
Zygaenidae, 390,
1.6JAN.1919
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