30.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE.

Vol. XXVIIL, 1921.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

H Jouinal of Zooloo^

IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM.

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,

Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXVIIL, 1921.

(WITH NINE PLATES.)

Issued at the Zoological Museum, Thing.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON k. VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1921.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVIII. (1921.)

MAMMALIA

PAGES

1. Captain Angus Buchanan's Air Expedition. — 2. Mammals. Oldfield

Thomas and Martin A. C. Hinton ...... 1 — 13

2. Captain Angus Buchanan's Air Expedition. — 3. Ungulate Mammals.

Lord Rothschild ......... 75 — 77

AVES

1. On a Collection of Birds from West-Central and North-Western Yunnan.

Lord Rothschild ......... 14 — 67

2. Captain Angus Buchanan's Air Expedition. — 4. Birds collected from Kano

to Air (Plates I. — IX.). Dr. Ernst Hartert .... 78 — 141

3. Review of the Birds collected by^lcide d'Orbigny in South America. C. E.

Hellmayk.

Part 1 171—213

Part II 230—276

4. On some Birds from the Weyland Mountains, Dutch New Guinea. Lord

RoTHSOHii-D 280 — 294

LEPIDOPTERA

1. On the replacement of a lost vein in connection with a stridulating organ in

a new Agaristid moth from Madagascar, with descriptions of two new

genera. Dr. Karl Jordan ........ 68 — 74

V

(vi)

PAGES

2. Captain Angus Buchanan's Air Expedition. V. Lepidoptera collected in

Northern Nigeria and the Southern Sahara in 1919 — 1920. Lord

Rothschild.

Part 1 142—170

Part II 215—229

3. Two new African Sphingidse. Dr. K.\rl Jordan ..... 277 — 279

INDEX 295-317

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME XXVIII.

I. — IX. Captain Angus Buchanan's Air Expedition. From photographs by A. Buchanan.

^ JJ20-

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,

H journal of ZoolOQ^-

EDITISD BY

LORD EOTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,

Dr. ERNST HARTERT. and Dr. K. JORDAN.

^

^

Vol. XXVIII.

No. 1.

Pages 1—213.

Pr-ATES I.— IX.

Issued May 14th, 1921, at the Zoological Museum, Trixg.

PRINTED BY HAZEI.L, WATSON' 4: VINEV, I.D., I.ON'DOX AND AYLESUURV.

1921.

Vol. XXVIII.

N0VITATE8 ZOOLOGICAE

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. I.

1. CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EX-

PEDITION.

II. MAMMALS OUfidd Thomas and

Martin A. C. Hinton.

■2. ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM

WEST-CENTRAL AND NORTH-WESTERN

YUNNAN Lord Rothschild .

3. ON THE REPLACEMENT OF A LOST VEIN

IN CONNECTION WITH A STRIDULATING

ORGAN IN A NEW AGARISTID MOTH

FROM MADAGASCAR, WITH DESCRIP-

TIONS OF TWO NEW GENERA . . Dr. Karl Jordan

4. CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EX-

PEDITION.

III. UNGULATE MAMMALS . . . Lord Rolhsehild .

0. CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EX-

PEDITION.

IV. BIRDS COLLECTED FROM KANO TO

AIR (Plates I.-IX.) . . Dr. Ernst Harlerl

6. CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EX-

PEDITION.

V. LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN

NORTHERN NIGERIA AND THE

SOUTHERN SAHARA IN 1919-1920 Lord Rothschild .

7. REVIEW OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY

ALCIDED'OHBIGNY IN SOUTH AMERICA. C. E. Jlellmmjr .

1—1.3

14—67

68—74

10 — ( I

78—141

M2— 17(1

171-213

.^

NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. XXVni, MAY 1921. No. I.

CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EXPEDITION.

II.

ON THE MAMMALS MOTHER THAN RUMINANTS) OBTAINED DURING

THE EXPEDITION TO AlR (ASBEN).

By OLDFIELD THOMAS AND MARTIN A. C. HINTON.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

IN a previous number of Novitates Zoologicae,^ we gave an account of

the small mammals collected by Captain Angus Buchanan when stopping

at Kano on his waj' northwards towards Air.

Thanks to the kindness of Lord Rothschild we are now able to give a list

of the complete collection made by Captain Buchanan, both of such further

mammals as he obtained in the Kano region and of those which he got north-

wards to Air itself, which he explored most successfully.

As this is a country which has been hitherto entirely out of the ken of

mammalogists, we were prepared to expect a considerable number of new forms

to be discovered, but we certainly never expected that so very high a proportion

of the species would be new. Indeed, we believe it may safely be said that in the

history of mammalogy no collection containing so high a proportion of novelties

has ever come to Europe from a Continental locality.

In all, the collection contains 36 sj)ecies and subspecies, of which no less

than 18 arc new, 6 of these latter having been described in our previous paper.

Considering the comparatively barren nature of the country, and the number

of mammals usually found to occur in any given area, the cai)ture of 36 forms

indicates that Captain Buchanan has been highly successful in getting a full

representation of the fauna of the districts he has worked in.

The area dealt with extends from Kano, lat. 12° N., long. 8-30° E., north-

wards through Zinder and Agades, to the great mountains in Air, Mt. Baguezan,

17-30° N., 9° E., and Iferouan, a strip therefore about 600 miles due nearly north

and south.

From Kano northwards the country steadily becomes more and more desert ;

it is thin bush to commence with, then dwarf bush, and in the north absolute

desert.

■ XXVII, p. 315, 1920.

1

2 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Further details about the country and Captain Buchanan's expedition will

be given in connection with the working out of the birds by Dr. Hartert.

As already stated, the National Museum has to thank Lord Rothschild for

a full set of the mammals dealt with, including all the types. The skins are

all beautifully prepared, and Captain Buchanan is to be congratulated on the

great value that his collection has proved to possess.

The additional species are all local representatives of forms known either

in North Nigeria, in Algeria, or in the Egyptian Sudan, the nearest relationship

being evidently with the last-named. No further mammals so peculiar as the

short-tailed gerbil, Desmodillisciis, previously obtained in Kane, have to be added

to the list, but the occurrence of a new Gundi, which we have named in honour

of Lord Rothschild, greatly extends the range of that most interesting group.

All the species, of both collections, obtained by Captain Buchanan are here

mentioned, those of which no list of specimens is given being those recorded

by us from Kano in our previous paper.

1. Epomophorus anurus Hcuglin.

? 23. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

This is a great extension of range for this species, which has not hitherto

been recorded west of the Bahr-el-Ghazal.

2. Nycteris thebaica Geoffr.

41. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

(J 87 ; $ 85, 86. Zinder. l.-oOO ft.

3. Hipposideros cafier tephrus Cabrera.

$ 6, 27. Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 ft. (and two previously recorded).

4. Pipistrellus culex Thos.

Farniso, near Kano.

5. Seoteinus schlieffeni Peters.

$ 111. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

^119. Takoukout, Damergou. 1,550 ft.

$? 116. Azzal, Asben. 1,825 ft.

6. Atelerix spiculus Thos.

(? 2, ? 3. Kano. 1,700 ft.

$ 11, 12 (young). Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

7. Fells haussa sp. n.

? 34, 83 (juv.). Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

cJ 108. Zinder. 1,500 ft. Hausa name Sawala wala.

A small and exceptionally pallid representative of F. ocreala. Size small.

General colour sandy above, white below ; the body and limbs without con-

spicuous spots or stripes. Centre of forehead and cheeks pale bu£E ; eye-rings

NOVITATES ZOOI.OOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 3

white. Top of head, naj)o, and back darker bu£f, ticked with dusky hair-tips.

Mid-dorsal stripe represented by an inconspicuous rufous streak, extending

from the lumbar region to the root of the tail. Flanks and outer surfaces of

limbs pale buff ; spots on flanks inconsjiicuously represented by brighter and

deei^er buff hairs. Underparts white, with a narrow ochraceous throat band

and obscure traces of yellow spots on belly. Hands and feet white above. Tail

coloured like body proximaUy, its distal half greyer with three or four black

annulations, of which the last two are complete.

Skull and teeth smaller than in ocreata, otherwise not essentially different.

Measurements of type taken in the flesh :

Head and body, 470 mm. ; tail, 255 ; hindfoot, 114 ; ear, 57.

Skull, cJ (type) ; and $ : condylo-basal length, 80-8, 74-7 ; zygomatic

breadth, 64, 57-1 ; width of brain-case, 41-8, 40-1 ; front of canine to posterior

angle of carnassial, 27-9, 24-2 ; length of upper carnassial, 10-5, 9-!).

Hah. As above.

Type. Adult male, B.M. No. 21.2.11.1G, original No. 108, collected at

Zinder, February 16, 1920.

This animal is undoubtedly worthy of sj)ecific recognition, differing in a

quite striking manner from all other members of the ocreata groux) by its con-

siderably smaller size and marked desert coloration.

We ought to mention that the adult female, although equally j)allid, has

the upper parts rather greyer and less buffy in tone than they are in the male ;

the vestigial mid-dorsal stripe is ticked with dusky hair-tips, while in the male

the tint is clear, the dusky hair-tips being apparently segregated to form a feeble

black streak on either side of the rufous central area. The kitten is rather

darker than either of the adults, and has the spots and stripes more strongly

developed.

8. Caracal caracal poecilotis subsp. n.

? 145. Mt. Baguczan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

A desert-coloured form with whitish ear-pencils.

Fur short, about as in specimens from Kordofan and Somaliland. General

colour sandy above, white below. Mid-dorsal region scarcely darker than the

flanks and limbs, with practically no trace of a transverse stripe across the withers.

Ears with ectote clothed with numerous fine silvery-white hairs lying upon a

black ground ; terminal pencil composed of black and white hairs in about

equal numbers, the white hair.s preponderating in the antero-internal j)ortion

of the pencil. Throat pale buft'. Chest with brighter buff spots. Other under-

parts pure white. Tail pointed at tip, resembling the back in colour, but a little

more pallid below.

Skull and teeth normal.

Dimensions of typo measured in the flesh :

Head and body, 690 ; tail, 255 ; hindfoot, 156 ; ear (without tufts), 76 mm.

Weight, 13 lb.

Skull: condylo-basallength, 106-1 ; basal length, 97-2 ; zygomatic breadth

81'8 ; cranial breadth, 51-2 ; interorbital breadth, 22-1 ; base of canine to m'

37-4; p' length, 15 ; 7?ii length, 11-4 mm,

Hab. As above.

4 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921-

Tyjw. Adult female. B.M. No. 21.2.11.19, original No. 145. Collected

May 24, 1920.

This animal differs conspicuously from all other caracals in the national

collection by its exceptionally pallid coloration and silvery ears. 8o far as we

can judge from descriptions, it makes a nearer approach to G. c. nnhicus Fisch.,

described from the region between the Atbara and the Blue Nile, than to any

other subspecies. With regard to the forms treated by Matschie as distinct

species {berberorvm and iinhicits, with subspecies), we prefer to regard them all

as subspecies of the widely distributed C. caracal.

9. Ichneumia albicauda F. Cuv.

(J 81 juv. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

10. Canis anthus F. Cuv.

$116. Takoukout, Damergou. 1,550 ft.

11. Vulpes pallida edwardsi Rochebr.

o 78. rarni.so, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

$ 102, 109. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

Referred provisionally to the Senegal edwardsi of Rochebrune, as was done

by Thomas when writing about a specimen from Kontagora, N. Nigeria, in 1918.

This western form is undoubtedly very close to the true V. jxillidn of Kordofan.

On the other hand, Captain Buchanan obtained some specimens of this group

farther north in Damergou, and representing a form which we think should be

subspecifically separated. Hausa name Yinyowj'a.

12. Vulpes pallida liarterti sulisp. n.

(J 117. Takoukout, Damergou. 1,550 ft.

Two further hunter's skins from Takoukout and one from Agades.

Smaller and paler than V. p. edwardsi.

Size of a male about equal to that of the female edwardsi. General colour

above near pale ochraceous buff, slightly darkened along the middle dorsal area,

paljng on sides to " light buff," and gradually passing to quite white below. Head

mostly like body, the crown ochraceous buff like back, the cheeks whitish ;

preocular brown patch and pale- brown muzzle as dark as in edwardsi. Ears

very pallid, " light buff," with white edges. Forelimbs whiti.sh, with a pale

brown line running from the elbows down their outer side. Hind limbs similarly

white, with a pale-brown edging running down from the hips. Tail, apart from

the usual white-based, black-tipped terminal hairs, light buff above, slightly

lined with blackish, ochraceous buff below.

Skull of the single male specimen smaller, smoother, and more rounded than

those of the two available male skulls of edtmrdsi. Post-orbital processes less

developed, in fact less even than in the female edwardsi, which have about the

same skull- lengths. Bullae smaller than in edwardsi.

Hub. As above.

Dimensions of the type :

Head and body, 400 mm. ; tail, 270 ; hindfoot, 95 ; ear, 63.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXVIII. 1921. 5

Skull, greatest length, 94 ; coudylo-basal length, 91-5 ; zygomatic breadth,

52 ; interorbital breadth, 18 ; breadth on postorbital processes, 24-3 ; breadth

of brain-case, 39-5 ; length of p' on outer edge, 7-9.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.23, original No. 117. Collected

March 12, 1920.

This very pretty little desert fox is a pale local race of the widely spread

V. pallida, its browner allies of Nigeria being far more like the original Kordofan

form than it is. The skull of the type is curiously small and smooth, although

its basilar suture is completely closed.

"Weight, 2Hb."

We have much pleasure in naming it after Dr. E. Hartert, of Tring, who

was himself one of the first Europeans, and the first natiu-alist, to visit the regions

north of Nigeria. He was at Kano in 1885, but was at the time very ill with

fever.

13. Vulpes riippelli caesia subsp. n.

tS 125. South side Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 3,300 ft.

(S 179. Aouderas, Asben. 2,700 ft.

An almost wholly blue-grey race of V. riippeUi.

General characters as in true riippelli, but the reddish wash along the dorsal

area, so prominent in riippelli, and reduced in subsp. somuliae, here almost

obsolete, practically the whole back being a beautiful silvery grey. Just along

the middle line of the back there is a suffusion of dull ochraceous practically

confined to the under-fur, and hardly affecting the general colour. Buffy of

head and neck of rather a warmer tone than in riippelli. Colours elsewhere as

in light-coloured specimens of that animal. White tail-tuft well developed.

Skull without special characteristics.

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :

Head and body, 455 ; tail, 355 ; hindfoot, 120 ; ear, 98 mm.

Skull, greatest length, 110; zygomatic breadth, 58; palatal length, 56-5;

length of p* on outer edge, 10-5.

Hah. Asben, on high ground. Tyj)e from Mt. Baguezan. 3,300 ft.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.26, original No. 125. Collected

May 4, 1920.

This beautiful silvery-grey fox is evidently closely allied to the Sudan

V. riippelli, but is distinguishable by the nearly complete disappearance of the

ochraceous on the back, and its consequently more wholly grey colour.

" The natives say that this animal is only to be found in the mountains —

not heard of at Agades in tlie low country." — A. B.

14. Poeeilictis rothschildi T. & H.

Farniso, near Kano. (Tyjio B.M. No. 21.2.11.29.)

The skull of the type has now arrived, and shows that the specimen was

somewhat immature. The dimensions of a fuUy adult skull were given with

the original description.

15. Euxerus erythropus chadensis Thos,

(J 88, 110; $96, 97. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

6 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

16. Eiixenis erythropus agadius subsp. n.

9 122. Agades. 1,710 ft.

Like erythropus chadensis, but smaller and more pallid ; the skull with

smaller bullae and shortened rostrum.

Size small, the hindfoot only 56 instead of 60 mm. or more. Pattern as in

c. chadensis, but ujiper parts yellower and paler.

Skull much smaller than in chadensis, with smaller, shorter, and rounder

bullae. Rostrum peculiarly short, but the cheek-teeth absolutely as large as

in chadensis ; p' in type unusually minute.

Dimensions of type taken in flesh :

Head and body, 200 ; taO, 180 ; hindfoot, 56 ; ear, 13 mm.

Skull ( measurements of cj and $ chadensis in parentheses) : condylo-incisive

length, 47-9 (56-6, 54) ; zygomatic breadth, 27-8 (33-1, 3M) ; dental length,

26 (29-6, 28-4) ; cheek-teeth (on crowns), 12-1 (12-3, 11-9) ; bullae, 11-7 x 8-2

(13-2 X 9, 12-8 X 9).

Hab. As above.

Type. An adult female, B.M. No. 21.2.11.32, original No. 122. Collected

April 15, 1920.

In the type and only specimen, p' is in jjlace, but unworn ; m' is slightly

worn ; and the basal suture, although visible, is practically closed, so that the

animal is fully adult. The temporal ridges are weakly developed, as compared

with those of skulls of chadensis in similar stages of dental development ; and

this character and the shortening of the rostrum (which may be apjircciated by

comparing the dental and molar lengths given above) suggest that in spite of its

advanced dentition the type may, in terms of time, be actually younger than

specimens of chadensis in corresponding stages of dental development. Agades

is, of course, in the true desert, while Yo (the type locality of chaderms) and

Zinder are in far more richly vegetated country. Teeth are more rapidly worn

away in the desert than elsewhere, and it may be that dental development is

sometimes hastened in compensation.

There can be no doubt that the present form should be distinguished from

chadensis ; the only doubt we have had has been as to whether we should accord

it full specific rank or not. But on the whole we think it better to treat it merely

aS' a subspecies of erythropus.

17. Taterillus gracilis angelus T. & H.

Farniso, near Kano. (Type B.M. No. 21.2.11.36.)

18. Gerbillus nigeriae T. & H.

<J 99, 112, 113, 101 ; $ 100, 98. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

Farniso, near Kano. (Type B.M. No. 21.2.11.52.)

Hausa name daska.

19. Gerbillus gerbillus Oliv.

cJ 170 ; 9 1G2, 163, 169. Azzal, Asben. 1,825 ft.

cJ 185, 189, 190 ; $ 195. Aderbissinat, Asben. 1,525 ft.

Tuareg name aquotic.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 7

20. Gerbillus pyramidum Geoff.

$ 127, 157, 158. Mt. Baguczan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

(J 161 ; $ 160, 164, 171. Azzal, Asben. 1,825 ft.

21. Dipodillus campestris Levaill.

$ 135, 141, 146 (juv.), 152. Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

22. Dipodillus garamantis Lataste.

cJ 159. Agades. 1,710 ft.

(J 167 ; ? 168, 174, 175, 176. Azzal, Asben. 1,825 ft.

? 194. Aderbissinat, Asben. 1,525 ft.

(J 124. South of Baguezan Mount. 3,300 ft.

cJ 131 ; ? 151, 154, 155, 156. Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

This species and D. campestris, together with Gerbillis gerhillus and O.

pyramidum, are proved by Captain Buchanan's collecting work to have far more

extensive ranges than was previously supjjosed. The four species named were

obtained by Dr. Hartert and Mr. Hilgert in the neighbourhood of In Salah ; and

they are now shown to range southwards completely across the desert.

23. Desmodilliscus buchanani T. & H.

Farniso, near Kano. (Type B.M. No. 21.2.11.81.)

24. Steatomys cuppedius T. & H.

Farnibo, near Kano. (Type B.M. No. 21.2.11.85.;

25. Cricetomys gambiannus oliviae DoUm.

$ 9. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

Hindfoot, 62 mm. Hausa name gafia.

26. Cricetomys buchanani sp. n.

(^ 10. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

A harsh-furred, bright-coloured species of large size.

Size approaching that of ansorgei, considerably larger than gamhiunus ;

hindfoot, 71 ; condylo-basal length of skull, 77-8 mm.

Fur harsh ; on imderparts dense, the hairs rather stiff or spiny. General

colour exceptionally bright and yellow for a Cricetomys. Back clothed with a

grizzle of tawny olive, dark brown and black, the dark hair-tips becoming fewer,

and the colour brightening to a yellowish brown upon the flanks. Top of muzzle

dark brown ; forehead greyish. Eye-rings and upper cheeks dusky, incon-

spicuously lined by yellowish hairs, in sharp contrast with the pallid lower cheeks ;

the latter clear, pale yellow, continuous below and behind with the colour of the

undersurface. Ears dusky, in sharp contrast with the general dorsal colour.

Outer surfaces of limbs like back and flanks. On dorsal surfaces of hands the

tint deepens and clears to form a median stripe of sepia traversing the meta-

carpus ; outer margins of hands and bases of digits 3, 4, and 5 pale buff ; digits

otherwise white. Feet with a broad stripe of sepia on upper surface, traversing

8 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIR. 1021.

outer half of metatarsus and ending at bases of digits 2, 3, and 4 ; outer margins

narrowly bordered with white ; inner half w'liite, washed with pale buff ; digits

white. Underf)arts pale buff throughout, this colour running up on to the lower

cheeks ; inner surfaces of limbs more nearly white. Tail dusky proximallj%

white distally ; the white portion forming rather more than half the length of

the tail.

Skull agreeing in general form and proportional measurements with that of

gamhianus ; differing from the latter in its much greater size, strongly developed

supraorbital ridges and postorbital processes, in wliich resiJects it resembles the

skull of ansorgei. From the latter species it differs in its more normal nasals

and lighter cheek-teeth. Temporal ridges parallel and straight, not bowed

outwards in parietal region.

Dimensions taken on the skin :

Head and body, 400 ; tail, 415 ; hindfoot, 71 ; ear, 3G mm.

Dimensions of skull: condylo-basal length, 77-8; eondylo-incisive length,

75; zygomatic breadth, 38-1 ; interorbital constriction, 11-7 ; mastoid breadth,

2G-7 ; nasals, 31-8 x 10-7 ; dental length, 41-7 ; diastema, 25-7 ; length of

anterior palatal foramina, 8-7 ; cheek-teeth (crowns), 11-1.

Hab. As above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.87, original No. 10. Collected

December 16, 1919.

We have much pleasure in associating this fine species with the name of its

discoverer. C. buchanani is a very striking animal. Its large size and strongly

ridged skull suggest comparison with the Angolan C. unsurgei ; but in all essential

respects it shows itself to be more nearly allied to true gambianus.

27. Rattus (Mastomys) sp.

Farniso, near Kano.

(J 107, $ 84. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

28. Rattus (Myomys) daltoni Thus.

Farniso, near Kano.

29. Leggada haussa T. & H.

Farniso, near Kano. (Type B.M. No. 21.2. 11.100.)

? 103. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

30. Acomys airensis sp. n.

cJ 129, 132, 149, 153 ; ? 133, 142, 144, 147.

? juv. (in blue pelage), 148, 150. Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

Closely resembling A. wiiherbyi in outward api^carancc.

■Size larger than in ivitherbyi ; hindfoot about 17 instead of 15 mm., extreme

length of skull about 29-3 instead of 28 mm. Colour as in u-ithcrbyi ; but hairs

at base of procctote lighter in colour than elsewhere, instead of being concolor

with the rest of the head.

Skull with the brain-case relatively narrower and slightly less depressed than

in wiiherbyi ; greatest width of brain-case, measured across temporal ridges.

NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 9

averaging 40 instead of 48 per cent, of condylo-incisive length. Interorbital

region a little more constricted, and the supraorbital beads a little stronger and

more sharjily defined anteriorlj'. Other characters, making allowance for the

greater size, essentially as in witherhyi.

Dimensions taken in the flesh :

Head and body, 102 ; tail, 95 ; hindfoot, 17-5 ; car, 16 mm.

Skull of tyjje (and of 147 $ ad., in iJarentheses) : condylo-incisive length,

26-8 (27-5) ; occipito-nasal length, 29-7 (29-8) ; zygomatic breadth, 14-4 (14-4),

interorbital constriction, 4-6 (4-8) ; greatest width of brain-case across temporal

ridges, 12-7 (12-4) ; nasals, 12 x 2-6 (12-1 x 2-0) ; dental length, 13-8 (14-3) ;

cheek-teeth (on crowns), 4-1 (4-2).

Hab. As above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.109, original No. 149. Collected

May 25, 1920.

This animal, " taken among the great rocks of the Baguezan Hills on the

plateau," is a western representative of A. witherhyi. Having regard to the

cranial differences and to its isolated situation, we think it better to treat it as

a distinct species rather than as a mere subspecies of the animal described by

de Winton.

31. Arvicantliis testicularis Sund.

$82. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft. (Other specimens previously recorded.)

d^ 89, 90, 93 ;? 91, 92, 94, 96. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

cJ 123. Agades. 1,710 ft.

32. Lemniscomys olga sp. n.

(J 121. Takoukout, Damergou. 1,550 ft.

An exceedingly jjale species, even paler than dunni.

Size and proj)ortions as in dunni, but tail shorter than head and body. Fur

unusually spiny, the back feeling almost like that of a young, or fine-spined,

Acomys. General pale ground-colour, very light, almost " cream-buff " ; the

lateral darker stripes rather lighter and relatively narrower than in dunni.

Toi5 of head nearly clear buff, lightly lined or grizzled by darker hairs. Central

dorsal stripe obsolete beyond nape, narrower and less black than in dunni. Lateral

strijies essentially as in dunni and other members of the group ; the striping

unusually fine, the light areas somewhat, the dark areas considerably, narrower

than in dunni, which species, in turn, differs from zehra in a similar way. Cheeks

and eye-ring clear buff. Ears clear " Isabella," without any dark marking.

Arms and legs still lighter than in dunni ; dorsal siu'faces of feet cream-coloured.

Undcrparts pure white. Tail rather more hairy than in other forms, very finely

scaled ; 13 scales, instead of 9 as in dunni, occup3nng 10 mm. near the middle

of its length ; dorsal surface of tail scarcely darker than ventral surface ; no

trace of a caudal prolongation of the central dorsal stripe.

Skull and teeth essentially as in dunni.

Dimensions of the type measured in the flesh :

Head and body, 91 ; tail, 77 ; hindfoot, 23 ; ear, 13-5 mm.

Skull of type (an adult, cheek-teeth half worn) : condyle- basal length, 24-3 ;

10 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIIl. 1921.

zygomatic breadth, 13 ; intcrorliital brcatltli, 4-3 ; duiital length, 13-2 ; upper

cheek-teeth (crown length), 4-9 mm.

Hah. As above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.128, original No. 121. Collected

March 28, 1920.

We have great jileasm'e in naming this pretty mouse after Sirs. Buchanan.

Captain Buchanan says : " My old native Berber Bushman states that this

species lives solitary — never in numbers. Taken among tlie undergrowth of

low bush."

33. Jaculus iacalus aireusis subsp. n.

? 120. Takoukout, Damergou. 1,550 ft.

(J 191, 192; ? 186, 187, 188, 196. Aderbissinat. 1,525 ft.

In 1913 ' Thomas sorted the Jerboas of the J. jaculus group into five sub-

species, mainly according to size, those from the Algerian Sahara, from Biskra

to Lake Chad, all being put under the name of •/. j. deserti Loche.

We have now taken the opportunity to lay out geograxJhically all the

specimens of " deserti," and find to our great interest that they are themselves

readily divisible, by colour, into no less than four local races, which we have no

alternative but to call subspecies.

Fortunately the British Museum now possesses the typical specimen (and

lectotype ') of Lataste's darricarrerei from Bou Saada, and also a specimen which

is nearly a topotj'pe of Loche's deserti (type locality Ouargla), having been

obtained by Dr. Hartert on the " plateau 46 km. east of Ghardaia," so that we

are in a position properly to identify these names. Their respective localities

are the farthest north and the farthest south of the form to which we apply the

name deserti, those still farther south towards In Salah being different.

The following are the subspecies we should recognise :

1. J. j. deserti Loche (syn. Dipus darricarrerei Lataste).

General colour drabby grizzled with brown from the fine brown tijis to the

dorsal hairs. Sides lightly washed with brown. Darker colour of crown and

face passing more or less down on to the cheeks. Jliddle white ring on tail little

marked, often absent. Hindfeet about 60 mm. in length.

Hab. Northern Algerian Sahara, from Bou Saada to Ouargla. Very

common round Biskra, whence we have a large series.

2. Jaculus jaculus sejrius subsp. n.

General colour stronger, darker, more cinnamon-buff, the darker upper

colour descending quite low on the sides and the checks. Tips of dorsal hairs

prominently darkened. Middle white ring of tail almost or quite absent. Hind-

foot comparatively long, 63-64 mm.

Dimensions of type :

Head and body, 110 mm. ; tail, 177 ; hindfoot, 64 ; ear, 25.

Skull, incisor-bulla length, 35-2 ; condylo- incisive length, 30-5.

Ilab. Ain-Sefra, S.W. Algeria. Alt. 1,100 m.

1 Ann. Mag. N.H. (8), .xi. p. 4S2, 1913.

2 C£. Ann. Mag. N.H. (9), iv. p. 353, 1919.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. I'J21. J J

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 13.8.G.80, original No. 100. Collected

May 10, 1913, by A. Ruddle. Presented by Lord Rothschild. Six specimens.

Distuiguished by its strong cinnamon-bufl'y coloiu", equally unlike the drabby

of deserti and the clearer buffy of centralis.

3. J. j. centralis subsp. n.

General colour clear buffy, little or not grizzled with browu. Sides and

cheeks washed with buiTy. Middle white ring of tail, before the subterminal

dark one, prominently marked. Hindfeet, C3-64 mm.

Dimensions of type :

Head and body, 127 mm. ; tail, 178 ; hindfoot, 63 ; ear, 20.

Skull, length from front of incisors to baek of bullae, 34-7 ; condylo-incisive

length, 30-6.

Hah. Central Algerian Sahara. Type from Oued-el-Abiad, north of

In-Salah. Other specimens from 160 km. south of Ghardaia, and 25 km. south

of El-Golea.

Type. Adult female. B.M. No. 12.11.14.52, original No. 30. CoUected

April 25, 1912, by E. Hartert and C. Hilgert. Presented by Lord Rothschild.

4. J. j. airensis subsjD. n.

General colour clear pale buffy, with scarcely any darker grizzling ; narrowed

laterally, where the sides are almost white. Cheeks wholly white, the white

passing above the eye to the base of the ears, which have prominent basal white

patches. Hairs of nape also tending to be whitish. Middle white tail-band

well marked. Hindfoot about 60 mm. Hausa name damberia, Tuareg eddoic.

Measurements of type :

Head and body, 109 mm. ; tail, 195 ; hindfoot, CO-5 ; ear, 195.

Skull, incisor-bulla length, 34.

Hab. Air. Type from Aderbissinat. 1,525 ft.

Type. Adult female. B.M. No. 21.2.11.131, original No. 180. Collected

August 19, 1920.

This beautiful little jerboa is readily distinguishable by its white sides and

white cheeks. Its feet are shorter than in centralis and seriits, about as in

deserti, but the skulls of all are of very much the same size.

34. Massoutiera rotiischildi s^). n.

cJ 130, 134, 137 ; $ 136, 138, 140. Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

Most like M. mzabi, but the colour darker and the bullae smaller.

Size about as mzabi. General colour slightly darker, the tone with rather

more brown and less yellow in it, but the difference is not very strongly marked.

Below the colour is generally darker and more drabby, though in some specimens

the hairs are tipped with white. Feet smoke-grey, less white than in mzabi.

Tail as in mzabi, not so bushy as in harterti.

Skull on the whole very like that of M. mzabi, but it is rather less heavily

built, and flatter, less convex, on the crown. The bullae, whose size is here of

such systematic importance, are rather smaller in the upper view, and this

difference is intensified below owing to the antoro-inferior part of the bullae.

12 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

between the lower side of the meatus and the middle line, being markedly

less inflated. And of course, in comparison with M. hurttrti, with its extremely

inflated bullae, the difference is still greater. Intcrorbital space decidedly

narrower than in the other species. Interparietal smaller. Front edge of

anteorbital plate rather more slanted.

Teeth as in M. mzahi, except that the highly opisthodont condition of the

incisors is even more marked, the incisive angle being only 53°, one of the lowest

indices known in rodents.

Dimensions of the type :

Head and body, 185 mm. ; tail, 37 ; hindfoot, 34 ; ear, 16.

Skull, greatest median length, 45 ; greatest diagonal length, 46-7 ; condylo-

incisive length, 41 ; zygomatic breadth, 28 ; length of nasals, 17-5 ; interorbital

breadth, 10-6 ; greatest breadth on bullae, 28 ; interparietal, 7-7 x 10; palatilar

length, 20 ; palatal foramina, 6-5 ; upper molar series (crowns), 8-5 ; bulla,

greatest diagonal horizontal diameter, as seen from above, 16-3 ; ditto, below

18; height, 15-8.

Hah. As above.

Type. Adult female. B.M. No. 21.2.11.136, original No. 138. Collected

May 18, 1920.

This Gundi is curiously more similar to the North Saharan Massoutiera

mzahi than to its nearer neighbour, the species discovered by Dr. Hartert in the

Central Sahara, M. harterti. It is, however, clearly different from both, as is

natural from its geographical isolation.

It is with special pleasure that we find an opportunity to name a member

of this most interesting group in honour of Lord Rothschild, who has himself

taken so much interest in Gundis, and to whose generosity the National Museum

owes so large a proportion of its material in the group. Many of its examples

of Ctenodactylus gundi, its only useful specimens of Massoutiera mzahi, the type

of Massoutiera harterti, and now this tjrpical series of the new form are all results

of explorations carried out either by him personally or on his behalf, and it is

therefore peculiarly fitting that a member of the group should bear his name.

35. Lepus canopus sp. n.

(5 73 ; $ 74, 20 juv. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

A short-eared hare of unusually pallid colour.

Size and general characters as in senegalensis and zcchi, but general colour

much lighter than in cither. Back a mixture of tawny and black, lightening

to clear buff upon the flanks ; underparts generally, pure white. Crown a

fine grizzle of black and tawny, bordered by dusky hairs above the eyes, and in

sharp contrast with the facial stripes. The latter form, on each side, a broad

fusiform stripe, extending from the ujiper lip backwards to a point midway

between the eye and the ear, and completely encircling the eye-ring. Cliccks

below facial stripes greyish. Proectote Isabella with a buff-coloured fringe along

its anterior margin ; tips black. Nape patch clear dull buff. Outer sides of

limbs and pectoral collar bright buff. Underparts, other than chest, pure white.

Tail with a narrow median stripe of black, bordered by buff above ; the sides

and lower surface pure white.

>f0VITATE9 ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 13

Skull as in senegalensis. Grooves of upper incisors simple, deep, and filled

with cement.

Dimensions of type taken in the flesh :

Head and body, 430 ; tail, 70 ; hindfoot, 108 ; car, 100 mm.

Skull of type : condylo-basal length, 74-3 ; extreme length, 82-7 ; zygomatic

breadth, 39-2 ; postorbital constriction, 13-7 ; nasals, 35-8 x 18-0 ; dental

length, 41-1 ; cheek-teeth (alveoli), 15'3.

Hah. As above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.138, original No. 73. Collected

December 3, 1919. Hausa name zomo.

Apart from its more pallid coloration, this species differs from both sene-

galensis and zechi most strikingly in possessing sharjily defined white facial

stripes. From zechi it differs further in having the median dorsal surface of

the scut definitely black. In the Togoland species, the range of which, judging

from our material, extends to the Bawchi Plateau, the scut is ru,sty brown, or

at the most dusky, above, never actually black.

(Hares were also numerous at Agades, Mt. Baguezan, and Damergou.)

36. Procavia buchanani sp. n.

(J 139 (immature). Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

5 177 (stage viii). Aouderas, Asben. 2,700 ft.

A small species of the P. ruficeps group.

Size about as in P. ruficeps. General colour above grizzled buffy greyish,

paler than in any of the described West African species, the hairs brownish at

base, then dull buffy, brown subtcrminally, and with buffy whitish tips, which

give a general grizzled effect. Undersurface dull buffy, not sharply defined,

the hairs pale brownish at base. Head coarsely grizzled grey, not buffy, the

crown dull rufous brown. Ears with blackish edges ; pale buffy postauricular

patches behind them. Dorsal patch oval, ochraceous buffy, the hairs mostly

buffy to their bases. Forearms and liands, hindlegs and feet coarsely grizzled

grey, neither darker nor lighter terminally.

Skull of about the size and shape of that of P. ruficeps, conspicuously different

from the much larger and more heavily built skull of P. goslingi, the Dassie of

Nigeria. Teeth of even ]3roportions, not markedly hypsodont, much as in

P. ruficeps.

Dimensions of the type :

Head and body, 335 mm. ; hindfoot, 60 ; ear, 28.

Skull, condylo-basal length, 84 mm. ; zygomatic breadth, 49 ; nasals, median

length, 24-5 ; posterior breadth, 20 ; diastema, 10-2 ; upper cheek-tooth series,

35 ; molars only, 18 ; width of m', 7.

Hab. Air, as above. Type from Aouderas. Tuareg name akoka.

Type. Female, adult but not old ; just in stage viii. B.M. No. 21.2.11.141,

original No. 177. Collected July 22, 1920.

This Dassie, which we have named after its discoverer, is a pale and strongly

grizzled West African representative of the group of small species of which the

Soudan P. ruficeps is the best known. From the other West African species,

P. kerstingi and goslingi, it is distinguishable by its j)aler colour and much smaller

size.

14 NoviTATEa ZooLoaicAE XXVni. 1921.

ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM WEST-CENTRAL AND

NORTH-WESTERN YUNNAN.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

THIS collection was made by the well-known botanical collector, George

Forrest, for Colonel Stephenson Clarke, during the years 1918 — 1919,

and consists of 1,442 specimens of 278 species and subspecies. Colonel Stephenson

Clarke is most generously presenting the types of new forms and half the

remainder to the British Museum and the other half to the Tring Museum.

The principal places collected in were the Lichiang Range of mountains and

the hills and valleys surrounding Tengyueh. The few other places are T'ong-

Shan, Yangtze Valley, the Shweli-Salwin Divide, and the Shweli Valley.

The Lichiang or Likiang Range is in N.W. Yunnan, and the portion

collected in lies about 27-20 - N. latitude and 100-22° E. longitude. Tengyueh and

District is about 25° N. latitude by 98-28° E. longitude. The Shwcli-Sah.in

Divide, i.e. the portion collected over, is about 25-40° N. latitude by 98° E. longi-

tude. The character of the avifauna is distinctly Himalayan, but many migrants

from the north pass the winter in Yunnan, and the Tengyueh and Shweli

districts show a decided Burmese preponderance.

Two lists have been published lately on the birds of Yunnan. One by

Collingwood Ingram in 1912 in the Novitaies Zoologime, in which he included

all records up to date, and the second in 1914, by Outram Bangs and John C.

Phillips, in the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology for 1914, only

giving an account of the actual collection dealt with. Ingram enumerates 352

forms and Outram Bangs 238 ; 78 of the latter are not contained in the former,

so that up to 1914 430 forms had been recorded from Yunnan, of which 7 are

undoubtedly recorded in error, so that 423 remain. S. Uchida and N. Kuroda,

in Annotationes Zoologicae Jajmnenses, 1916, record a further 46 forms, of which

33 had already been recorded, owing to the authors having overlooked Bangs and

Phillips's paper, so that the total number up to 1921 was 436. The number of

forms in the present collection new to the Yunnanese avifauna are 59, so that

we now know 496 forms from Yunnan.

Considering the almost total absence of large birds from this collection, and

the smallness of the series aimed at, the proportion of 278 out of 496 species

known is remarkably large. In the second collection sent were 192 birds with

Chinese labels, or in a few cases no labels. These, owing to illness and departure

on a fresh expedition, Mr. Forrest was temporarily unable to label ; and as

they are all from the Tengyueh District (including the Shwcli-Salwin Divide), I

have recorded them here as from the Tengyueh District simply.

1. Prancolinus chinensis (Osb.).

Teirao ckinetuis Oabeek, Voij. en Chine, vol. ii. p. 326 (1771) (China).

One strongly marked and bright-coloured (J, no data.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 15

2. Bambusicola fytchii fytchii Anders.

Bamhusicola fijkhii Ander.son, P.Z.S., p. 214. pi. xi. (1871) (Ponse, W. Yunnan).

Collingwood Ingram merely record.s Anderson's specimens. Bangs and

Phillips record one sj^ecimen from Mengtze which tliey describe as new under

the name of Bnmbvsicola olengina. They evidently com^jared their bird with

a specimen of B. fytchii hoi^kinsoni Godw.-Aust. from Assam, at the same time

not realising that the type locality Ponse is in Yunnan. The differences on the

breast and flanks are not valid (i.e. those given by Bangs and Phillips) ; but

/. fytchii differs from /. hoyhinsoni in having a less rufous more olive-grey crown,

back, and rump, and the spots on the back and interscapulium are black, edged

with rufous, not entirely rufous as in /. hojikinsoni ; the chin and throat are

buff, not rufous buff.

2 (;JcJ) Tengyueh District.

3. Coturnix coturnix japonica Tcm. and Schl.

Colurnix vulgaris japonka Teraminck and Sclilcgel, Sic' old's Fmin. Jap. Aves, p. 103. pi. Gl (1849)

(.Japan).

1 (J, July 1918, 8,500 ft., cornfields. (Iris soft brown ; bill dark brown; legs

and feet dark brown.)

4. Ithaginis clarkei Rothsch.

Itliaginis clarlcci Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xl. p. 67 (1920) (Lichiang Range, Yunnan).

This is a most interesting discovery, as it is from the same country as /. kuseri

Beebe.

1 adult 3, 3 cJc? juv., 1 $ July 1918, 12,000—14,000 ft., pine forest. (Iris

orange-yellow ; bill black ; legs and feet scarlet ; nads dark brown.)

The principal differences of this species from cr;/e?(<«s are the longer crest,

long pointed ear coverts, and in younger birds the black mask in the (J cJ ; and

the greyer uniform upper and under surface in the $$.

5. Crossoptilon crossoptilon crossoptilon (Hodgs.).

Phariamis crossoptilon Hodgson, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, vii. p. 864 (1838) (no exact locality).

The three specimens of this bird, obtained by Forrest, appear at first sight

very different from G. crossoptilon , as the general tone of colour is not white,

but very pale blue-grey, and the throat is dirty brownish grey. However, on

closer examination the colour of the throat proves to be due to staining. As

regards the blue-grey tinge, the birds are in moult and one or two fresh feathers

are much paler and others are pure white. I therefore cannot separate this

Yunnan form until we get further specimens full moulted and j^roving distinct.

In his Monograph of Pheasants Mr. Beebe expresses the view that in

Crossoftilon the number of taU feathers being variable is of no diagnostic value,

and in consequence expresses some novel views on the status of the several

forms. I cannot agree with him at all, as the tail feathers and ear tufts by

their structure at once divide the species of Crossoptilon into two sharply separated

groups, each at present containing two species as follows :

16 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Group I. — Tail featliers witli plumules more or less disconnected, 22 — 24 ;

ear tufts long and pointed. C. mantschuricum, C. aurilum.

Group II. — TaU feathers with plumules more united, 20 ; ear tufts short and

blunt. C. harmani, C. crossoptilon.

2 cJcJ, 1 ?, August— September 191S, pine forests 13,000—14,000 ft. (Iris

golden yellow ; bill reddish yellow ; legs and feet scarlet-crimson ; nails dark

brown. )

Mr. Hartert points out that this bird was actually described under the name

of Phasianus cros-soptilon in the text, and that the name thihetamtm only occurs

under the plate.

6. Phasianus colchicus elegans Elliot.

Phasianus elegans Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vi. p. 312 (1870) (Sechuen).

All recent ornithologists have united P. ehgaiis Elliot and P. shuJeni Elliot,

nom. nud. , from Sechuen and Yunnan respectively, and from material at present

available no other course is possible. Should, however, larger series from

Yunnan make it possible to separate the two races, a name must be created for

the Yunnan birds. It is regrettable that Forrest sent no adults.

1 puUus, July 1918, 9,000—11,000 ft.

7. Amaurornis phoenicura chinensis (Bodd.).

Fuliea chinensis Boddacrt, Tahl. PI. Eul. p. 54 (1783) (terra typ. restr. Hongkong).

1 $, June 1918, 8,500 — 9,000 ft., marshes, Lichiang Valley. (Iris dark brown ;

bill green ; base of upper mandible dull red ; legs and feet olive-ycUow. )

8. Rostratula benghalensis benghalensis (Linn.).

Rallus henghalensis Linnaeus, Si/sl. Nat. cd. x. i. p. 153 (1708) (Asia).

1 <J, Tengyueh, 5,000 ft., October 1919, ricefields. (Iris blue black ; bill

dark brown above, pale below ; legs and feet duU dark green.)

9. Scolopax rusticola rusticola Linn.

Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, Sxjst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 146 (1758) (Europe — Sweden).

, 1 9, hills and side valleys round Tengyueh, 5,000— 7,000 ft., October 1919.

(Iris dull purple ; bill dark brown above, pale below ; legs and feet grey-brown.)

10. Limosa limosa melanuroides Gould.

Limosa melanuroides Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 84 (1846) (Port Essington).

1 $, Tengyueh, 5,300 ft., October 1919, marshes and ricefields. (Iris deep

purple ; bill pinkish brown ; legs and feet dark greenish grey. )

11. Tringa hypoleucos Linn.

Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus, Sijst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 149 (1758) (Europe — Sweden).

2 cJ(^, 4 ?$, Tengyueh, 5,000 ft., March and October 1919, ricefields,

streams, and marshes. 1 ^, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1918. (Iris

blue-black or dark brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet light greyish green.)

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiOAE XXVItl. 1921. 17

12. Tringa glareola Linn.

Tringa glareola Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 149 (1758) (Europe — Sweden).

1 c?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,000—5,500 ft., October 1919, ricefields and marshea.

(Iri.s deep purple ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet olive-green.)

13. Tringa ocrophus Linn.

Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 149 (1758) (Europe— Sweden).

1 (J, Yangtze Valley, 6,000 ft., September 1918; 2 ^^, 1 ?, Tengyueh,

5,000 ft., October 1919 ; 1 ?, Shweli Valley, August 1919. (Iris blue-black ;

bill black-brown ; legs and feet light greyish green.) 1 $, Tengyueh District.

14. Tringa nebularia (Gunn).

Scolopax ne^mlaria Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finm, Lapp. p. 251 (1767) (Norway).

1 $, Shwoli Valley, 6,000 ft., November 1919. (Iris brown ; bill greenish

brown ; legs and feet dark brownish green.)

15. Sarcogrammus indicus atronuchalis (Blyth).

Lobivanellus alroniichalis Blyth, Jerdon's Birds Iiulia, iii. p. G48 (1864) (Burmah).

1 $ juv., Tengyueh Valley, 5,000 ft., Augu.st 1919, marshes. (Iris black-

brown ; bill basal half orange-red, rest black ; core orange-red ; legs and feet

dull brownish yellow ; claws black.)

10. Microsarcops cinereus (Blyth).

Pluvianii-s cinereus Blyth, Journ. As. Sac. Bengal, xi. p. 587 (1842) (Calcutta).

1 cJ, Tengyueh Plain, 5,300 ft., October 1919, ricefields and marshes.

(Iris orange-red ; bill orange, tip black ; legs and feet lemon-yellow ; claws

black.)

17. Charadrius dominicus fulvus Gm.

Charatlrius fulvus Gmelin, Sysl. Nat. i. 2. p. 687 (1780) (Taliiti).

1 (?, 1 ?, Tengyueh, 5,300 ft., October 1919, ricefields. (Iris deep purple ;

bill black- brown ; legs and feet greenish grey. )

18. Charadrius placidus Gray.

Charadrius placidus Gray, Cat. Mamm. Birds, etr., of Nepal and Tibet in Brit, Mm. 2nd ed. p. 70

(1863) (Nepal).

3 ??, Shweli Valley, 6,000 ft., June and September 1919, by streams ;

2 $$, Tengyueh Valley, 5,300 ft., August and October 1919, ricefields and

marshes. (Iris reddish brown, brown-purple, or black ; bill black-brown ; legs

and feet creamy yellow, biscuit brown, or dull yellow ; claws black.)

19. Charadrius dubius dubius Scop.

Charadrius duMus Scopoli, Del. Faunae el Florae Insubr. ii. p. 93 (1786) (Luzon).

1 9, juv., Tungyueh Valley, 5,300 ft., October 1919, ricefields and marshes.

(Iris deep brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet olive-brown.)

2

Ig- NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXVIII. 1921.

20. Sphenurus sphenurus (Vig.).

Vinayo sphenvrus Vigors, P.Z.S. p. 173 (1831) (Himalayas).

The single $ is ratlier darker green above, and the liead and underside less

yellow, than our Kashmir and Sikkim $9, but until we can compare J<J I prefer

not to separate it.

1 $, June 1919, Shweli-Salwin Divide, pine forests. (Iris reddish scarlet ;

fiill blue ; legs and feet pale crimson ; nails grey.)

21. Oenopopelia tranquebarica humilis (Tcmm.).

Columha linmilis Tcmniiiick, PI. Cul. livr. 44. pi. 2.50 (1S24) (Bongal, Luzon).

1 ?, Yangtze Valley, 7,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 $, Tengyueh Valley,

5,000 ft., August 1919, mixed forest, bamboo thickets.

(Iris yellow ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet dark brown. Iris black-brown ;

bill dull black ; legs and feet pinkish grey.)

22. Streptopelia ehinensis vacillans Hart.

Streptapeha cliinerutis I'aciUans Harfert, Nov. Zool. xxiii. p. 83 (191G) (Yunnan).

1 (J, Tengyueh Plain, bamboo thickets, August 1919, 5,000 ft. (Iris orange ;

bill ruddy brown ; legs and feet dull pink.)

23. Streptopelia orientalis orientalis (Lath.).

Columha orientalis I,atham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 606 (1790) (China).

Forrest only sent 1 (J of this species.

1 (J, Lichiang Range, pine forest, 10,000 ft., September 1918. (Iris orange ;

bill dull crimson ; legs and feet deep magenta.)

24. Columba hodgsoni Vig.

Columlm hodgsoni Vigors, P.Z.S. p. 16 (1832) (Nepal).

The 9$ sent by Forrest have the mantle and wings, where they are maroon

in the (J, of a deep slate blue glossed with steel blue, not dark grey as Salvadori

states.

1 adult (J, 2 adult $9, Lichiang Range, 9,000—13,000 ft., June— September

1918; 1 (J imm. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000—11,000 ft., November 1919.

{Adult, Iris creamy white ; bill dull magenta, tip black ; legs and feet dull olive-

green ; nails yellow. Imm., Iris j)ale red ; bill black ; legs and feet dull black ;

naUs yeUow.)

25. Podiceps ruficollis poggei (Rchw.).

Cohjmhus nigricans poggei Reichcnow, Joiirn. f. Orn. p. 125 (1902) (Tschili, China).

1 am of opinion that the Yunnan Little Grebe belongs to the above sub-

species. Mr. CoUingwood Ingram {Nov. Zool. xix. (1912), p. 273) quotes them

ex Anderson as P. flimiatilis fhilippensis, but I do not agree with Anderson's

identification.

2 $S, 2 ??, Tengyueh Valley, August 1919, 5,300 ft., streams and ponds.

(cj. Iris greyish white ; bill brownish red ; legs and feet dark grey-green. $, Iris

pale orange ; bill black, centre pale olive-green ; legs and feet dark grey-green.)

NOVITATES ZooLoniCAE XXVIII. 1021. ■ 19

26. Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Gm.).

Ardea cinnamomea Gmelin, Sijsl. Nat. i. 2. p. 643 (1789) (China).

1 (J, 1 ?, Shweli Valley, 5,000 ft., June 1919, ricefields and marshes. (Iris

orange- yellow ; bill dark brown above, dull brownish yellow beneath ; legs

olive-green ; feet above olive-green, below orange ; nails dull lirown.)

27. Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (L.).

Arilfa nyrticorax Linnaeus, Si/31. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 142 (1758) (Southern Europe).

1 ^ ad., Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., October 1918, marshes; 1 9 j"'^-.

hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 5,000 — 0,000 ft., October 1919„streams and marshes.

((J ad.. Iris liright crimson ; bill black and pale greenish yeUow ; legs and feet

pale yellow ; nails brown. $ juv.. Iris reddish orange ; bill above black tinged

with green, below greenish ; legs and feet bright yellowish green, toes dark olive-

green.)

28 Butorides striatus javanicus (Horsf.).

Ardea javanim Horsfield, Trails. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xiii. p. 190 (1821) (Java).

1 (J, Tengyueh Plain, 5,300 ft., April 1919, marshes and ricefields. (Iris

yellow ; bill black above, yellow below ; bare skin round eye yellowish green ;

legs and feet olive- yellow.)

29. Ardeola bacchus (Bp.).

Buphvs haxxlncs Bonaparte, Conep. Gen. Av. ii. p. 127 (1855) (Malay Peninsula).

1 ? (winter plumage), Lichiang Range, October 1918, 10,000 ft., pools and

swamps ; 1 $ (winter plumage), October 1919, Tengyueh Plain, 5,300 ft., rice-

fields. (Iris golden yellow ; bill brown-black above, greenish orange ; cere

greenish yellow; feet and legs clear olive- green ; nails dark olive.)

30. Bubulcus ibis coromandus (Bodd.).

Cancroma coromantta Eoddaert, Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 54 (1783) (Coromandel).

1 $, Tengyueh Valley, August 1919, 5,000 ft., ricefields. (Iris pale yellow ;

bill light reddish orange ; cere yellow ; legs dull black ; feet black above, dull

green below.)

31. Accipiter nisus melanochistus Hume.

Accipiter melanochistus Hume, Ihis, p. 356 (1869) (Simla).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000— 12,000 ft., October 1918, cliffs and pine forests.

(Iris orange- yellow ; bill black; cere grey ; legs and feet yellow ; claws black.)

32. Accipiter gentilis schvedowi (Menzb.).

Ashnr palamharius schvedowi Menzbier, Orn. Qeogr. Eur. Riissl. in Mem. Scienl. Univers. Imp.

Moscow Hist. Nat. p. 439 (1882) (Transbaiealia).

1 ? juv., Mekong Salwin Divide, 6,000—12,000 ft., forests and cliffs (1919).

(Iris golden yellow ; bill grey ; cere yellow ; legs and feet golden yellow ; claws

black.)

20 Nov:tates Zoolooicae XXVIII. 1921.

33. Circus cyaneus cyaneus (Limi.).

FaUo cyaneus Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. xii. i. p. 126 (neighbourhood of London).

1 ^, north of Tengyueh, C,000 ft., October 1919, open country. (Iris light

yellow ; bill black ; cere yellow ; legs and feet orange ; claws black. )

34. Circus melanoleucus (Forst.).

Fako melanoleucus Forstcr, Ind. Zoo}, p. 12. pi. ii. (1781) (Ceylon).

1 (J, 1 ?, hills N.E. of Tengyueh, 5,500—8,000 ft., October 1919, open

moorland. ( (J, Iris pale clear amber yellow ; bill black ; cere dull pale greenish

yellow ; legs and feet pale orange ; claws black. )

35. Aquila nipalensis nipalensis Hodgs.

Aqnila nipalensis Hodgson, Asiatic Bes. xviii. pt. ii. pi. i. pp. 13-10 (183."?) (Nepal Plain).

? juv., Lichiang Range, 11,000— 15,000 ft., October 1918, cliffs and pine forests.

(Iris yellow ; bill black-brown ; cere yellow ; legs and feet golden yellow ; claws

black.)

30. Falco timiunculus satiu:atus (Blyth).

Tinnunculus saturatns Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xxviii. p. 277 (1859) (Tenasserim).

1 9 (sexed ^), Lichiang Range, 9,000—12,000 ft., pine forests, August 1918.

(Iris dull deep brown ; bill blue-grey ; cere yellow ; logs and feet orange ; claws

black.)

37. Falco subbuteo streichi Hart, and Neum.

Falco suhhuteo streichi Harteit and Neumann, Journ. f. Orn. p. 592 (1907) (Swatari).

1 ? ad., hills S.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 ft., October 1919. (Iris black-brown ;

bill blue-grey ; cere pale orange ; legs and feet orange ; claws black-brown.)

38. Strix aluco nivicola (Blyth). ?

Syrnium nivicola Bljfth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. j). 185 (1845) (Himalaya).

The adult $ sent by Forrest is considerably larger than La Toucho's S. aluco

karterti, and has larger white markings on the lower abdomen, but without a

large series it is impossible to separate these highly variable birds.

1 $ ad., 2 $$ juv., Lichiang Range, 12,000—13,000 ft., July and September

1918, pine forests. (Iris brown-grey ; bill olive-grey.)

39. Otus bakkamoena glabripes (Swinh.).

Ephialtes gla'iripes Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nal. Hist. (4) vi. p. 152 (1870) (S. China and Formosa).

1 9, Tengyueh Valley, 5,400 ft., April 1919 (4 eggs No. I.), trees and habi-

tations ; 1 (J, hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., October 1919. (Iris brown;

bill brown or greenish grey ; legs and feet brownish grey.)

Ingram has recorded a specimen from Mengtze as Otus lemplji erythrocnmpe

Swinh., but the specimen agrees with the above birds in size, while erythrocampe

is larger and has yellow iris ; whereas in Forrest's two specimens and Owston's

the iris is described as dark brown.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 21

0. b. glabripes is recorded from Formosa and S. Cliiiia and 0. b. ttmhratilis

from Hainan, and our serie.'' of the former is from Formosa alone. These two

forms and 0. b erythrommpe will require revision when a larger series is available.

Bangs and Phillips quote O. malayana ^ and $, but their measurements are .

quite absurd, being 100 mm. out for bakkamoena races and from 55 to 60 mm.

out for malayana. I am convinced they omitted the 1 before the 85 and 93.

and that they had the same birds as Ingram and myself.

40. Cuculus sparverioides Vig.

Ctwulus sparvmoides Vigors, Proc. Com. Zool. Soc. London, pt. i. p. 173 (1832) (Himalaya).

Forrest's three specimens are all young birds, the (^ from T'ong Shan is

probably in its second year (two years old), the other two being birds of the year

or one year old.

cJ ? juv., T'ong Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918 ; 1 ^ juv., hills

around Tengyueh, 5,000 — 6,000 ft,, June 1919, pine forest and open plains.

(Iris light orange ; bill greenish black ; legs, feet, and claws orange.)

41. Cuculus intermedius intermedius Vahl.

Cuctdus intermediaa Vahl, Slcriv. of Nat. SeUkahel, Kjohenhaven, iv. p. 58 (1789) (Tranquebaria).

1 c?, 2??, Lichiang Range, 9,000—10,000 ft., June and Augu,st 1918, pine

forests and open country. (cJ, Iris brownish yellow ; bill greyish black ; legs

and feet dull orange ; $ dark brown or brownish yellow.) 1 (^, Shweli, 8,000 ft.,

May 1919. {^ Iris dark yellow.)

42 Cuculus optatus Gould.

Cucidus optatus Gould, P.Z.S. pt. xiii. p. 18 (1845) (Port Essington).

2 <J(J ad., 1 $ juv., Lichiang Range, 8,500—10,000 ft.. May and September

1918, pine forests. (cJ ad., Iris greyish yellow ; bill dark brown, yellow at

base ; legs and feet brown. $ juv., Iris dark brown ; bill purplish ; legs and

feet orange.)

43. Cuculus canorus telephonus Heine.

Cuculus telephonus Heine, Journ. f. Orn. p. 352 (1863) (Japan).

1 (J ad., Lichiang Range, October 1918 ; 1 ? juv., Talifu, Central Yunnan,

6,500 ft., April 24, 1918. (Iris dark brown ; feet dull orange ; bill black-

brown.) 1 (J ad., Tengyueh Valley, July 1919.

44. Cacomantis merulinus querulus Heine.

Cacomantis querulits Heine, Journ. f. Orn. p. 352 (1863) (India, Nepal, Burma).

1 cj, liills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., June 1919 ; 1 cJ ad., Shweli-Salwin

Divide, 7,000 ft.. May 1919 ; 1 ^ juv,, Shweli, 7,000 ft., August 1919, forest

and open thickets. (Iris light red, light orange, or yellowish brown; bill dark

brown ; legs and feet orange-yellow, yellow, or light brown.)

22 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

45. Centropus bengalensis bengalensis (Gm.).

Cuculus henrjahiisis Gmclin, Sysl. Xal. vul. i. p. 214 (1788) (Bengal).

One young bird in half plumage ; head, neck, interscapulium, and rump as

ill adult ; tail, wings, and thighs as in first plumage.

1 ?, Lichiang Range.

4G. Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus yamakanensis (Rich.).

Harpactm ijamakaneims Rickett, Bull. B.O.C. viii. p. slviii. (1899) (Fokicn).

Distinguished from E. erythrocephalus by its darker, more olivaceous upper

side and black chin and throat.

1 cJ, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000—9,000 ft., December 1919, mixed forests.

(Iris light crimson ; bUl black ; legs and feet pale greyish brown.)

47. Yynx torquilla japonica Bp.

Yunx japoiiica Bonaparte, Cotisp. Gen. Avium, i. p. 112 (1850) (-Tnpan).

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., pine forests, September 1918. (Iris deep

orange ; bill greyish brown ; legs and feet dull olive. )

48. Picumnus imiominatus chinensis (Harg).

Vivia chinensis Hargitt, Ibis, p. 228. pi. vii. (1881) (May-chee, China).

1 (^, Yangtze Valley, 9,000 ft., September 1918, thickets. (Iris brown ;

bill grey-black ; legs and feet grey- black.)

49. Dryobates pygmaeus scintilliceps (Swinh.).

Picus scintilliceps Swinhoe, Ibis, p. 96 (1863) (Peking).

2 cJtJ, 4$?, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., June— October 1918, pine forests.

1 $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, August 1919, 8,000 ft. ; 1 ^, Yangtze Valley, Sep-

tember 1918; 1 ?, T'ong Shan, 10,000 ft., August 1918; 3 $?, hills N.W. of

Tengyueh, thickets, March and October 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill dark grey ;

legs and feet olive to blackish grey.) 2 $5, Tengyueh District.

50. Dryobates hyperythrus subruflnus (Cab. and Heine).

Xylurgns suhrujinus Cabanis and Heine, Museum Heitieanum, iv., Picidae, p. 50 (June 1863) (North

China).

3 (JcJ, 3 ??, Lichiang Range, June and July 19IS, 11,000—12,000 ft., pine

forests. (Iris deep brown ; bill, upper mandible black, lower yellow ; legs and

feet dark olive.)

51. Dryobates darjellensis (Blyth).

Picus {Dcndrocopus) darjellctisis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, sir. i. p. 196 (1845) (Darjeeling).

1 cJ, 3 ??, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 ? juv., Shwcli Valley, 8,000—9,000 ft.,

May — November 1919, pine forests. (Iris dark brown ; bill, upper mandible

black, lower grey ; legs and feet blackish grey. )

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. ^3

52. Dryobates cabanisi cabanisi (Malli.).

Picus ca'mnisi Malherbe, Joiirn.f. Orn. p. 172 (1854) (China).

2 ^^, Shweli-Salwiii Divide, 8,000—9,000 ft., June and November 1919 ;

1 c?> 39$, Lichiang Range, June, September, and October 1918, ijine forests.

(Iris dull red ; bill dark bluish grey ; legs and feet dull black.)

53. Picus canus sordidior (Ri^jpon).

Oeciniis sordidior Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xix. p. 32 (1906) (Yangtze Big Bend).

1 <J, 1 $ ad., 4 ^cJ, 4 ?? juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft.. May, July, and

August 1918. (Iris dull grey ; bill fawn- brown to black ; legs and feet steel

to greenish grey.) 2 $$ ad., Tengyueh Valley, June 1919; 1 (J, Tengyueh

District.

54. Cyanops franklini (Blyth).

Bucco franUini Blyth, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, xi. p. 167 (1842) (Darjeeling).

2 (?(?, 1 9, Shweli Valley, 6,000 ft., streams. May and August 1919. (Iris

light brown ; bill black, lower maudible greyish ; legs and feet grey-black.)

1 (J, Tengyueh District.

55. Cyanops asiatica (Lath.).

Trogon asialicus Latham, Irul. Orn. vol. i. p. 201 (1790) (India).

1 ^, Shweli Valley, 6,000—7,000 ft., mixed forest, August 1919. (Iris light

yellow ; bill duU grey-blue, lower mandible pale olive ; legs and feet dull

olive- green.)

Oustalet quotes davisoni Hume from Yunnan (Prince Henri d'Orleans), but

there is evidently an error of locality, as this species is confined to Tcnasserim

and is probably the representative there of asiatica.

56. Alcedo atthis bengalensis Gm.

Alcedo bengalensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 1. p. 450 (1788) (Bengal).

One (J from Tengyueh Valley has a very strongly marked pectoral blue band.

1 ij ad., 2 $9 juv., Tengyueh Valley, 5,000 ft., July 1919, near streams.

(Iris and bill black ; legs and feet red.) 1 ^ ad., Lichiang Range, no data.

57. Halcyon smyinensis fusca (Bodd.).

Alcedo fusca Boddaert, 7\M. Planch. Enl. d'Hisl. Nat. de d'Aub. p. 54. pi. 894 (1783).

1 cj, Tengyueh District.

58. Ceryle rudis leucomelanura (Reichcnb.).

Ceryle leucomelanura Reichenbach, Handh. Alced. p. 21. pi. 409 B. f. 3,488 (1851) (Ceylon).

4 (J(J, 1 9, Tengyueh Valley, -5,300 ft., streams, April 1919. (Iris black-

brown ; bill black ; legs and feet black.)

24 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

59. Falaeornis schisticeps finschi Hume.

Palaeornis /inscki Hume, .S/r. Fealh. ii. p. 509 (1874) (Kollidoo, Salwin R.).

Unfortunately all Forrest's 7 specimens are ia strong moult.

2 (?c?> 1 ? ad., Yangtze Valley, 7,000—9,000 ft., September 1918, pine forests.

(Iris pale yellow ; bill orange and red ; legs and feet greenish grey.) 1 (J, 2 $$

juv., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., July 1919 ; 1 $ juv., Lichiang Range,

9,000—11,000 ft., July 1918.

Ingram gives cyanoce phaJa Linn., the record being founded on some young

^^ recorded by Anderson from Momier. These were probably wrongly identified

and were young of this species.

60. Coracias affinis McClell.

Uoracias aflinis McClelland, P.Z.S. p. 164 (1839) (Assam).

The adult birds sent by Forrest are in very worn plumage.

1 (J, 1 ? ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 5,000—7,000 ft., open country. May 1919 ;

I $ juv., Shweli Valley, 6,000—7,000 ft., June 1919. (Iris dark blue ; biU black ;

legs and feet dull black. 1 (J, Tengyueh District.

61. Upupa epops indica Reichenb.

Vpupa indica Reichenbach, Handh. spec. Orn. Scansores, p. 320, pi. dxcvi. f. 4,037 (India).

CoUingwood Ingram identifies some Mongtse specimens (4 (J (J, 1 $) as U. e.

saturatus Lonnb., but the jDresent specimen appears to me to be U. e. indica.

Outram Bangs enumerates 10 specimens from Mongtse as saturatus, so that the

Siberian and Mongolian saturatus appear to frequent the valleys of Yunnan in

winter at low elevations.

However, the status of U. e. saturatus is very uncertain and its distinctness

requires confirmation by the study of a series from its breeding haunts. Bangs

and Phillips enumerate U. e. indica under U. epops subsp.

1 (J, Lichiang Valley, 8,000— 9,000 ft., cultivated areas, September 1918. (Iris

black ; bill black-brown, greyish at base ; legs and feet dull greyish brown. )

62. Caprimulgus macrurus ambiguus (Hart.).

Caprimvlgus macrurus ambiguus Hartert, Ibis, p. 373 (1896) (Malay Peninsula, Burma, etc.).

1 (J, T'ong Shan, 9,000 ft., September 1918.

63. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka Tcmm. and Schleg.

Caprimulgus jolaka, Temminck and Schlegel, SiebohTs Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 37. pi. 12 (1847)

(Japan).

It is quite a surprise to find this form, and not indicus indicus, as the resident

race, but the great elevation (11,000 ft.) evidently produces palaearctic conditions.

2 $9, Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., dry clearings in pine forest, June and

August 1918. (Iris purplish brown ; bill black ; feet and legs grey-black.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 25

04, Lyncornis cerviniceps Gould.

Lyncornis cerviniceps Gould, Icon. Av. pt. ii. pi. iv. (1838) (China or adjacent islands).

1 $, hills south of Tengyueh, 5,000—6,000 ft., mixed forest, July 1919. (Iris

deep reddish brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet grey- black.)

This appears to be the first certain record for China.

65. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scop.

Hirumh gutturalis Scopoli, Z)e?. Fhr. and Faun. Insuhr. ii. p. 9G (I78G) (New Guinea) (ex Sonnerat).

1 cj ad., Tali Valley, 0,500 ft.. May 191S ; 1 cj juv., Lichiang Valley, 8,500 ft.,

August 1918, open country. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

1 (J, Tengyueh, 5,500 ft., open country, June 1919.

66. Tesia cyaniventer Hodgs.

Tesia cyaniventer Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vi. p. 101 (1837) (Nepal).

1 3, Shweli-Salvin Divide, 7,000 ft., December 1919. (Iris dark brown ;

bill brown, lower mandible orange ; legs and feet dark olive.) 1 ?, Tengyueh

District, 1919.

67. Tesia castaneo-coronata (Burton).

Sylvia ? castaneo-coronata Burton, P.Z.S. Loiul. iii. 1835. p. 52 (1836) (Himalaya).

3 SfS, 1 ?, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 13,000—14,000 ft., July— September 1918,

pine forests. (Iris brown ; bill brown, lower mandible olive- yellow ; legs and feet

olive-yellow.) 1 <J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft., November 1919.

68. Spelaeornis kauriensis (Har,).

Urocichla kauriensis Haiington, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. p. 246 (1908) (Watan, Bhamo District).

1 $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft,, December 1919, thickets. (Iris crim-

son ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet brown.)

69. Spelaeornis souliei Oust.

Spelaeornis souliei Oustalet, Ball. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 257. no. 6 (1898) (Tse-kou).

Forrest sent 1 cJ, 1 ?, 1 juv. of this hitherto unique burd.

The young is undescribed ; it differs from the adult above in having the

head and hind neck bright rufous, each feather edged with black, and the back

olive rufous barred with black lines ; below it has the throat and whole

underside deep rufous.

70. Troglodytes troglodytes talifuensis (Sharpe).

Anorthura talifuensis Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 11 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-shan).

3 <^<^, 2 ??, 2 ?, Lichiang Range, 14,000 ft., tliickets, July— October 1018.

(Iris dark brown or black-brown ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet brown.)

71. Prunella immaculata (Hodgs.).

Accentor immaculalus Hodgson, P.Z.S. Land. siii. p. 34 (1845) (Nepal).

2 ad., Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

86 NoVITATEa ZoOLOaiOAB XXVIII. 1921.

72. Prunella strophiatus multistriatus (David).

Accentor mithistrialus David, Ann. Mag. Xal. Hisl. {i), vii. p. 250 (1871) (Moupiu).

2 ?$, 7 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000— 13,000 ft., August— October 1918, thickets

by streams. (Iris pale reddish brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet light

pinkish brown.)

73. Prunella collaris ripponi Hart.

Prunella collarU ripponi Hartert, Vog. 2>aldarkl. Faun. i. p. 7G6.

The type specimen at Tring is dated May, wliilc Forrest's birds are dated

October, which accounts for the still purer grey of the breast.

5 ^(J, Lichiang Range, 14,000 ft., October 1918. Cliffs and rocky meadows.

(Iris bright reddish brown ; bill black, basal two-thirds of lower mandible yellow ;

legs and feet dull yellowish brown.)

74. Enicurus sinensis Gould.

Enicuriia sinensis GouU, P.Z.S. London, p. 665 (1865) (Shanghai).

2 9$, Lichiang Range, 9,000—10,000 ft., sheltered water courses, June 1918.

(Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet flesh pink.)

75. Enicurus maculatus guttatus Gould.

Enicurus guttalus Gould, P.Z.S. London, p. 664 (1865) (Sikkim ?).

Outram Bangs has described the Yunnan birds as a distinct race under the

name of bacatus, and gives as the difference the larger and more numerous spots

on the back. The single bird sent by Forrest has these spots not larger than

the usual run of Indian guUatus. The Yunnan sjiecimens in the British Museum

certainly have rather big spots, but several Indian ones have them still larger,

so that I cannot acknowledge the validity of Mr. Bangs's maculatus bacata.

1 $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., streams and shady ravines. May 1919.

(Iris black;; bill black; legs and feet transparent pearly white.) 1 (J ad.,

1 ^ juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

[Enicurus macu'atus omissus subsp. nov.

, While comparing the above specimen of m. guttalus I was struck by the

large size of a bird from Fokien in the Tring collection. Mr. Hartert kindly

examined the Fokien material in the British Museum, and we both agree that

the Fokien guitatus are a distinct local race and require a name.

(J ad. differs from m. giittatus in its larger size, larger white spots on the

back, and much larger white neck band.

Length of wing: E. m. giittatus, 95-102 (1-107) mm.

Length of wing: E. m. omissus, 112-115 mm.

Hab. Fokien, Tang Wangwang coll. Type in Tring Museum.]

76. Enicurus schistaceus Hodgs.

Enicurus schislaccus Hodgson, Asiat. Res. six. p. 189 (1836).

2 cJ<J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., May 1919 ; 1 ? ad., 1 $ juv., Tengyueh

District.

NOVITATBS ZOOLOOIOAE XXVIII. 1921. 27

77. Hodgsonius phoenicuroides (Gray).

Bradi/pterm phoenicuroides Gray, Cat. Mamm., etc., Nepal, p. 70 (Nepal).

IcJ, 3 ??, Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft , pine forests and thickets, May

— September 1918. (Iris black-brown ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet light

brown.)

78. Luscinia davidi (Oust.).

Calliope davidi Oustalet, Bull. Mas. Paris, p. 222 (1892) (Ta-tsien-Iu).

The single ^ sent by Forrest is in full moult and not absolutely adult, so

that the orange-scarlet of the throat and breast is more restricted than in our

two very bad skins. The presence, however, of a few isolated orange feathers

on the breast indicates that it would have extended.

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 12,000—13,000 ft., pine forests, July 1918. (Iris black,

biU black ; legs and feet greyish black.)

79. Luscinia brunnea (Hodgs.).

Larvivora brunnea Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vi. p. 102 (1837) (Nepal) $,

Forrest sent 1 ^, 2 $ $, adult and one very young bird. The labels on the

(J and one $ adult appear to have been reversed.

The young bird has upperside deep olive-brown ; feathers of head and hind

neck with rusty shaft stripes and indistinct blackish edges ; upper tail coverts

olive-rufous ; primaries blackish with olive-brown outer webs ; taU slaty black ;

feathers of cheeks, throat, and breast whitish rufous edged with sooty black ;

abdomen bufEsh white, feathers more or less edged with narrow sooty lines.

1 (J ad., Yangtze Valley, 8,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 ? ad., T'ong Shan,

9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918 ; 1 ? ad., 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000—

12,000 ft., July 1918, pine forests and thickets by streams. (Iris dark brown;

bill brown-black ; legs and feet blackish grey ; $ et juv., iris black-brown ;

bill brown; legs and feet pale brown.) 1, Tengyueh District, 1919.

80. Notodela leucura Hodgs.

Mascisylma, leucura Hodgson, P.Z.S. Land. p. 27 (1845) (Nepal).

The average Indian and Assam cJ(J show a wing measurement from 89

to 94 mm., but 1 Margharita ^ and 1 ^ from Darjeeling reach 97 mm. Two

Bhamo cJ<^ and the f)rescnt Yunnan (J measure 97 mm,, and 1 Annam ^ 99 mm.,

the remaining Annam ^^ recorded by Messrs. Robinson and Kloss would run

from 92 to 98 mm. if the bird I measure as 99 is really the bird they quote as

97 mm. It thus would seem that a more eastern larger race is in the process

of being evolved.

1 (J, hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., thiclicts by streams, August 1919.

(Iris black- brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

81. Phoenicurus schisticeps (Gray).

Rulicilla schisticeps Gray, Cal. Mamm. B. Nepal, pp. 69, 153 (1846) (Nepal).

1 (J, 1 $, Lichiang Range.

2S. NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

82. Phoenicurus frontalis sinae Hart.

Phoenicunis fronlalis sinae Hartert, Bull. B.O.C. xxxviii. p. 78 (1918) (Kansu).

Although the colour of the forehead and throat of the ^ is certainly paler,

it is the $ which is most distinct from /. frontalis.

8 cj c? ad., 6 $9 ad., 1 $ jun., 1 $ juv., Liohiang Range, 12,000 ft., August-

October 1918, pine forests ; 1 ^ ad., Tcngyueh Valley, 5,300 ft., November

1019 ; 4 cJtJ (1 scxed ?), Tengyueh District, 1919.

83. Phoenicurus auroreus leucopterus BIyth.

Plioenicura leucoplera Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beru/al, xii. 1. p. 962 (1843) (Malacca).

5 (S<S ad., 1 9 ad., 3 young, Lichiang Range, 10,000— 11,000 ft., thickets by

streams, July and October 1918 ; 1 ^ ad., Yangtze Valley, September 1918 ;

1 cJ ad., T'ong Shan, October 1918; 2 cJ,^ ad., 1 ? ad., hills N.W. of Tengyueh,

5,300—6,000 ft., thickets and meadows, October 1919 ; 2 ^<S, 2 ? ad., Tengyueh

Valley, 5,300—5,500 ft., March and November 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill,

legs, and feet black.)

The breeding-place of this race was unknown, but it evidently breeds in

N.W. Yunnan, though the birds wintering in Eastern India probably do not

breed in Yunnan.

84. Phoenicurus hodgsoni (Moore).

Rulicilla Jmlrjsoni Moore, P.Z.S. London, p. 26. pi. Aves Iviii. (1834) (Nepal).

2 $$ ad., Lichiang Range, 10,000—11,000 ft., thickets by streams, October

1918. (Iris black ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet black.)

85. Chaimariornis fuUginosa fuliginosa (Vig.).

Phoenicura fuliginosa Vigors, Proc, Coinm. Zool. Soc. London, i. p. 35 (1831) (Himalayas).

It is remarkable that in this species of the genus there should be extreme

dimorphism in the sexes, while they are alike in leucocephala and almost so in

bicolor.

4 (J (J, hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., April — September, 1919, thickets by

streams ; 1 ? ad., Tengyueh Valley, April 1919, 5,500 ft. ; 2 ^^, Shweli Valley,

7,000 ft., September 1919 ; 3 ^^ ad., 1 ? nestling, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft.,

by streams. Jlay — June 1918. (Iris blackish blue ; bUl, legs, and feet black.)

86. Chaimarrornis leucocephala (Vig.).

Phoenicura leucocephala Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, i. p. 35 (1831) (Himalayas).

The sexing in this series is all wrong ; out of 7 adults all labelled <S, 6 are $ $

and only 1 (J ; the two immature birds are correctly sexed.

1 cJ, 4 $$ad., 1 (J, 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000—10,000 ft., water

courses, August and October 1918 ; 2 $$ ad., Shweli Valley, June 1919. (Iris

dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black ) 1 o> Tengyueh District, 1919.

87. Tarsiger cyanurus (Pall).

iiolacUla cyanurus Pallas, Reise Prov, Euss, Reich, ii. p. 709 (1773) (Yenissei),

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 29

88. Tarsiger chrysaeus Hodgs.

Tarsiger chrysaeus Hodgson, P.Z.S. London, p. 28 (1845) (Nepal).

The sexing here is erratic, a young (J being marked $ and several 9? marked (J.

1 (J ad., 1 cJ juv., 7 ??, Lichiang Range, 12,000—13,000 ft., thickets,

July — October 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill black, edges and lower mandible

brownish yellow ; legs and feet olive- yellow.) 1 [J ad., 1 $ juv., Tengyueh

District, 1919.

These birds agree perfectly with Sikkim specimens, but the large number

of a series of 18 (J(J $$ from Tai-pai-shan, Tsin-ling Mountains, are considerably

smaller.

89. Tarsiger rufilatus practicus (Bangs and Phill.).

lanthia practica Bangs and Phillips, Bull. Miis. Comp. Zool. Iviii. p. 292 (1914) (Loukoucbai).

Bangs and Phillips treat this form as a quite distinct species, but when a large

series is compared the differences from r. rufilatus are very slight ; the back in

tlie cj is somewhat deeper blue and the rump is also darker, but the principal

colour difference is that the shoulder patch is much darker blue. The $$ are

darker above, more deep olive-brown, less rufous ; the tail also is much duller

blue. A large series of 11 (JcJ, 18 $$ at Tring from the Tsin-Ling Mountains

belong to r. practicus. This form can therefore only be considered a sliglitly

differentiated subspecies of T. rufilatus.

2 cJc? ad., 2 (J (J juv., 9 ?$ ad., Lichiang Range, 9,000—14,000 ft., pine forest

and thickets, August — October 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill black- brown ;

legs and feet dark brown.)

90. Dendrobiastes hyperythra hyperythra (Blyth).

JUuscicapa hyperythra Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 885 (1842).

1 <J ad., 1 ? 1 juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

91. Copsychus saularis saularis (Linn).

Gracula saularis Linnaeus, Sysl, Nat. ed. x. p. 109. no. 5 (Asia).

In the Cat. Birds, Brit. 31 us., vol. vii. pp. 61-64, Dr. Sharpo unites all the

forms of saularis under one head, but describes the named forms musiciis and

amoenus and the so-called hybrids, but the newest revisions of the species treat

saularis, mvsicus, aynoenus, ceijlonensis, andamanensis, pagiensis, and zoenicus as

subspecies of saularis.

4 cJcJ, 2 $?, Tengyueh Valley, March— April 1919, 5,500 ft., bamboo thickets.

(Iris black-brown ; bill black ; legs and feet brown- black.) 1 ^, Tengyueh

District, 1919.)

92. Oreicola ferrea haringtoni Hart.

Oreicola ferrea haringtoni Hartert, Vug. paliiark. Faun. i. p. 711. no. 1,080 (1910) (Moupin, etc.).

1 tj, I ?, 1 (J ? juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., July— September 1918 ; 1 ^,

1 (J, 2 9$ ad., 1 cj very young, Yangtze Valley, 9,000 ft., September 1918 ;

1 c? very young, T'ong Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918; 4 S^, Tengyueh

Hills, June 1919, 6,000 ft. ; 1 <J, 1 $, Tengyueh Valley, March and June 1919,

30 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

5,500 ft., open thickets. (Iris black- brown ; bill, legs, and feet q black, $ dark

brown.) 2 ^^ ad., 1 (J jiin., 1 ^ jiiv., 4 ?$ ad., 1 $ juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

93. Saxicola torquata przewalskii (Plcske).

PratinrnJa maiira var. przewnlshii Pleskc, Mi'st. Kis. PrzacaUl-y's lieiseti Viiijel, i. p. 40. pi. iv.

ff. 1,2, 3{1889)(Kan3u).

2 (JcJ, 1 $ ad., Lichiang Range.

94. Myiophoneus eugeniae Hume.

Myiophonem eugeniae Hume, SIray Feaih. i. p. 475 (1873) (Tliayetmyo).

This bird appears to differ from 31. temmlncki only in lacking the white spots

on the wing coverts and the concealed white on the rump and thighs. I should

therefore have considered these two forms as subspecies, only they appear to

occur together in the Karen Hills and Burmah. Hartert examined the type of

M. tibetanus Mad. and finding it to be a young laird placed the name as a

synonj'm under M. temmincki.

Thaj'er and Bangs record a series of adults {Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xl.

p. 1C8, 1912) and young, and maintain its distinctness from temmincki owing

to the absence of the concealed white of rump, etc. I therefore shrewdly

suspect that tibetanus Mad. is nothing more than eugeniae Hume, but only actual

comparison can confirm my susjiicion.

1 <J, 1 9, 1 fledgling, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., June— August 1918, cliffs ;

1 $ (marked (J), Tengyueh Hills, July 1919. (Iris dark crimson; bill orange ;

culmen dark ; legs and feet black. )

95. Monticola erythrogaster (Vig.).

Turdus erythrogaster Vigors, Pror. Comm. Soc. and Corr. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 171 (1831) (Himalaya).

1 ? juv. (first plumage), T'ong Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918 ;

1 ? juv. (first plumage), Shweli Valley, 8,000 ft., August 1919. (Iris black-

brown ; bill, legs, and feet grey-brown.)

96. Monticola philippensis (P. L. S. Jliill,).

Turdits philippensis P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Anhang, p. 142 (1776).

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 11,000—12,000 ft., July 1918. (Iris dark brown; bill

legs, and feet black.) 1 $, T'ong Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918.

Hartert places the red-beUied forms as subspecies of M. solitarius, but as

they appear in South and South-East China to breed in the same areas I prefer

for the present to keep them as sijecies, in which case La Touche's larger race

must stand as M. philippensis magna, not as 31. solitarius magna.

97. Monticola solitarius pandoo (Sykes).

Petrocincla pandoo Sykes, P.Z.S. Lond. p. 87 (1832) (Ghats, India).

2 cJcJ, Lang Bong Valley, 7,000 ft., May 1918 ; 1 ? (marked (J), Tengyueh

Valley, 5,300 ft., March 1919 ; 4 juv., Shweli Valley, 9,000 ft., June 1919 ;

1 juv., mountains north-west of Tengyueh, 0,000 ft., October 1919. (Iris dark

brown to black ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 31

98. Turdus castaneus gouldi (Verr.).

Meriila gmiWi Verreaux, Nmiv. Arch. Mvs. Hist. Nat. Paris, vi. Bull. p. 34 (1870) (Kansu).

2 cJcJ, 5 $9, 5 pull, half grown to three- quarters, Lichiaiig Range,

10,000—11,000 ft., thickets and mixed forest, June 1918; 1 $, Shweli-Salwin

Divide, 9,000 ft., November 1019. (Iris brown ; bill golden yellow ; legs and

feet yellowish brown.)

In the first plumage tlie Q has the ground-colour of undcrsurface yellower

and the spots smaller.

99. Turdus ruflcollis ruficollis Pall.

Turdus ruficollis Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs. iii. p. C94 (177G) (Dauiia).

1 c?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,.500 ft., March 1919, thickets. (Iris dark brown;

bill dark brown, tip and lower mandible orange ; legs and feet dark greyish

brown.) 2 ,^,^ juv., Tengyueh District.

100. Turdus fuseatus Pall.

Turdus fuscat us Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso. Asiat. i. p. 451. pi. xii. (1827) (Dauria).

Dr. Sharps and others identify Bechstein's Turdus dubius with this bird,

but Hartert says it is too doubtful to accept with certainty. Bechstein ante-

dates Pallas by thirty-two years.

2 S3, 1 ?, Tengyueh, March 1919; 1 J ; \ S, Lichiang Range, 1918;

1 c?, Tengyueh District.

101. Turdus naumanni Temm.

Turdus naumanni Temminck, Man. d'Orn. i. p. 170 (1820) (Oriental Europe).

1 S, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., March 1919, thickets. (Iris dark brown ;

biU black-brown, basal half of lower mandible orange ; legs and feet dark reddish

brown.)

102. Turdus obscurus Gm.

Turdus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 816 (1788).

3 ?$ (1 marked (J), Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., October 1918, thickets. (Iris

and bill black- brown; legs and feet dull yellowish brown.) 1 $ (marked S).

thickets round Tengyueh, 5,500 ft., November 1919 ; 1 $, Tengyueh District, 1919.

103. Turdus dissimilis Blyth.

Turdus dissimilisBlyth,Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, :^vi.]>. Hi. no. 12(1847) (Lower Bengal, Himalayas).

Seebohm, in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus., vol. v., footnote p. 265, rejects Blyth's

name for this bird and adopts Cabanis's one, because Blyth associated with

his S the cJ of T. tmicolor as $. Seeing, however, that Blyth describes the S of

this bird first it is quite evident that his name must be retained.

2 S3, 1 ?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., March 1919, thickets. (Iris dark

brown; bill orange- yellow ; legs and feet dull yellowish brown.) 1 S ju^-

1 ? ad., Shweli Valley, July 1919 ; 1 $ juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft.,

September 1918 ; I S, Tengyueh District.

32 NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

104. Turdus auritus Verr.

Tiirdus auritus Verreaux, Xo«i\ Arch. Mus. Hisl. Xal. Paris, vi.. Bull. p. 34 (1870) (Moupin).

Of three specimens sent by Forrest one only, unfortunately, is adult. All

three are much more heavily spotted on the flanks and abdomen than the single

<J at Tring from the Tsin Ling Slountains.

1 ad., 2 juv., Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., August — September 1918. (Iris

dark brown ; bill dull greyish brown ; legs and feet pale greyish yellow. )

105. Turdus mollissimus Blyth.

Turdiis monissimus Blyth, Jovm. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 188 (1842) (Darjeeling).

1 (J, 1 9, 1 juv., Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., August 1918, thickets. (Iris

dark brown ; bill dull greyish brown ; legs and feet pale grcj'isli yellow.)

106. Cochoa purpurea Hodgs.

C'orlion jnirpvrea Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, v. p. 359 (1836) (Nepal).

This appears to be the first record from Yunnan.

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 9.000—10,000 ft., June 1918, mixed fore.st. (Iris

brownish red ^ bill, legs, and feet black.)

107. Pomatorhinus ruficoUis stridulus Swinh.

Pomatorhinus stridulus Swinhoe, Ihis, p. 265 (1861) (Peking Hills, Foochow).

The forms of P. ruficoUis from the mainland are extremely puzzling, the

diflSculty being much increased by the great individual as well as local variation.

I am much inclined to consider all the continental named forms, with the exception

of r. bakeri, as identical, but the series at Tring of ruficoUis ruficoUis appears to

difier from Chinese and Shan States birds by having the rectrices of the same

uniform rufous colouring as the back, whereas in r. styani, r. stridulus, and

r. reconditus, the largest proportion of the very large series I have examined

has the tail more olive than the back, and in birds where the upperside is entirely

rufous the rufous colouring both of back and tail is much darker than in Indian

birds. The colour of the bUl is not constant and therefore is a character by no

means so decisive as Messrs. Bangs and Phillips make out when describing their

ruficoUis reconditus. In r. styani and r. stridulus in many specimens the whole

culmen is black, but in others only the basal half of the culmen is dark. In

r. ruficoUis the culmen is more uniform, two-thirds to three-quarters being alwaj^s

dark, but in the Yunnan series before me the bill varies from an entirely j'ellow

eulmen with a dark basal spot to a bill with two-thirds of the culmen dark.

At first sight an extreme form of stridulus with the back, rump, and tail

deep maroon-rufous appears to be very different from typical forms of styani

with the back and tail olive, or olive tinged with rufous, but every intergradation

occurs, 80 that the two names must be considered as nothing but synonyms.

Hartert {Vog. paldarkt. Faun., pt. i. pp. 039, 640) already draws attention to the

existence of intermediate specimens, both in Sikkim and China, between

r. ruficoUis and r. styani ; but, as I mentioned, there appears to be a preponderance

in Sikkim of birds distinct from Chinese examples, and therefore I cannot for

the present unite them. I have examined about 100 Chinese and Yunnanese

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 33

examples, including three nestlings, and I eannot find any difference between

Chinese and Yunnan individuals except that I have never seen a Yunnan

specimen with the culmcn entirely black as in many Chinese examples, and I

have never seen any Chinese sjjecimens with the culmen with so little dark

colouring as in extreme Yunnan individuals. As, however, the Yunnan examples

with the greatest extent of yellow on the culmen are from June and July, and

the one with least yellow is from October, it is more than likely that tlie bill

differences are seasonal. I therefore consider that at present wc can only accept

five races of P. ruficollis, viz. :

P. ruficollis ruficollis Hodgs., Himalayas, Assam, etc.

P. ruficollis stridulus Swinh., China.

P. ruficollis bakeri Har., Burmah, Shan States, etc.

P. ruficollis nigrostellalus Swinh., Hainan.

P. ruficollis niusicus Swinh., Formosa.

In the nine specimens sent by Forrest the breast varies from olive-grey with

whitish edges to the feathers to white with olive-brown streaks in the centre of

feathers, and to olive-rufous with broad white margins to the feathers.

2 (J (J, 2?? (1 marked <J), Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., June— September 1918,

scrub and thickets. (Iris brown; bill grey- brown ; legs and feet dull grey.)

3 cJcJ, 2 ?9 (1 cJ marked ?), hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., Blarch— October 1919.

108. Pomatorhinus maoclellandi odicus Bangs and Phil).

Pomatorhinm macchllandi odicus Bangs and Phillips, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Iviii. p. 286 (1914)

(Mengtsze).

6 ^c? (3 marked $?), 4 $$ (3 marked <^^) (length of wing, (J(J 91-93 mm.,

9? 85-88 mm.), Lichiang Range, 9,000—11,000 ft., thickets and pine forests.

May — July 1908. (Iris clear pale yellow; bill brownish grey; legs and feet

greyish brown.) 1 $, Tengyueh, May 1919.

109. Pomatorhinus erylhrogenys imberbis Salvad.

Pomatorhinus imherhis Salvaclori, Ann, Mzis. Genoi: (2), vii. p. 410 (1889) (Yado Karen Hills).

CoUingwood Ingram quotes a specimen from Momien (Anderson) as e. ferru-

gilatus, but the two fledglings sent by Forrest are in my opinion undoubtedly

e. imherhis, and Ander.son"s will also be this form.

1 fledgling, Lichiang Range, 9,000—11,000 ft., July 1918; 1 fledgling,

Tengyueh, June 1919. (Iris duU white ; bill grey-brown ; legs and feet light

grey.)

110. lanthocincla subunicolor griseata subsp. nov.

Differs from s. subunicolor by its more slaty-grey head and less rufous

more olive upperside and taU, and especially in the partially disintegrated outer

webs of the primaries being much brighter and darker yellow. Below, the throat

and breast are darker and sharply defined from the rest of the lower surface,

while in s. subimicolor the paler abdomen graduallly merges into the breast.

L'nder tail coverts more olive.

3 $9 (2 marked (J), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., August (tyjie), November

1919. (Iris brown; bill, legs, and feet black-brown. ) 1 (J, 1 $, Tengyueh District,

1919.

3

34 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

111. lanthocincla aflSnis oustaleti Hartert.

lanthocinda affinis oustaleti Hartert, Yog. paJdarkt. Faun. vol. i. p. 633. no. 970 (1909) (Tsekou).

The nine birds sent by Forrest agree perfectly with the type at Tring.

5 c?(?, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000—13,000 ft., May— September 1918, pine

forests; 3 S^, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft., May-July 1919. (Length of

wing, <J 100-109 mm. ; ? 95 mm. Iris dull grey or greyish white (? dull brown) ;

bill black-brown ; legs and feet brown. )

112. lanthocincla ellioti ellioti (Verr.).

Tmchahpteron ellioti Verreaux, Nom: Arch. Mus. Paris, ri.. Bull. p. 36 (1870) (Mountains of Chinese

Thibet).

I cannot find any difference between the birds sent by Forrest and tj^pical

e. ellioti, though they ought to be e. honoripeta Hart., but they certainly do

not agree with his description and do agree with e. ellioti.

12 cJcJ, T'ong Shan, 10,000 ft., September 1918 ; 4 cJc?. 3 ??, 1 fledgling,

Lichiang Range, 10,000 — 12,000 ft., May — July 1918, thickets and pine forests.

(Length of wing, cJ 97-100 mm. ; $ 87-92 mm. Iris dull white ; bill bla<;k ;

legs and feet light brown.)

Colonel Rippon (Bull. B.O.C. xix. p. 32, 190G) describes Trochalopterou

yunnanense as differing from ellioti in being everywhere darker and greyer.

This would be the same difference as between ellioti ellioti and ellioti bonvaloti

Oust. = ellioti honoripeta Hart. It is possible that ellioti ellioti is the breeding

race and that the darker greyer honoripeta comes to Yunnan on migration.

113. lanthocincla lanceolata bonvaloti (Oust.).

Bahox lanceolaius lonvahti Oustalet, Ann. Scie. Nat. (7), xii. p. 274 (B. bonvaloti, p. 273) (1892) (So,

Thibet errore ! Recte Tara, Thibet).

Oustalet's type is much worn, but is a specimen similar to cJ No. 2 (W.R.)

of Forrest's series, viz. a bird in its second year with tlie head and cheeks very

dark and the breast stripes very broad. Dr. Sharpe's character for his

B. yunnanensis, that the moustachial line is chestnut instead of black, is not

constant, two of Forrest's having black moustachial lines, while five have them

chestnut. In fact, the Yunnan race of lanceolaius is a very doubtfully distinct

form. I, however, must keep it separate because its identity with or difference

from lanceolatvs lanceolaius can only be finally decided by the comparison of

freslily moulted S.W. Chinese specimens with equally fresh Yunnan birds ;

personally I consider them identical, but Forrest's and Colonel Rippon's series

consist of very worn examples. In any case Oustalet's name has priority over

Sharpe's.

4 (JcJ, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000—10,000 ft., May— September 1918, scrub

and pine forest ; 1 S, Tengyueh, May 1919 ; 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft.,

December 1919. (Iris pale yellow ; bill olive-black ; legs and feet dull grey.)

2, Tengyueh District, 1919.

114. lanthocincla ocellata similis subsp. nov.

^ nearest to T. o. artemisiae in head and throat, but at once distinguished

by the feathers of the breast and foreneck having large black markings as in

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 35

/. o. ocellata, whereas in o. artemisiae they have narrow subterminal bands.

Differs from o. artemisiae ^ in the black of the throat being wider and also

extending on to the breast, apparently coalescing with the larger upper chest

spots. Ear coverts and superciliary line as in ^J artemisiae, biLffish grey or

brownish grey. Differs from both o. ocellata and o. artemisiae in the buff of the

breast and abdomen being darker and uniform, whereas in the two named

forms the breast and centre of abdomen are jialer and sharply contrasted with

the flanks. It is also smaller than the two known forms.

Length of wing : (J o. artemisiae, 133 mm.

,, ,, ,, cJ o. ocellata, 129 mm.

,, ,, ,, (Jo. similis, 125 mm.

1 (J (marked $), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., September 1919.

115. lanthocincla maxima (Verr. ).

Pterorhinus maximvs V'erreaux, Nottv. Arch.Mus. Paris, vi.. Bull. p. 36.pl. 3. f. 1 (1870) (Mountains

of Thibet).

2 cj (J, 3 $9 (1 $ marked ^), Lichiang Range, 11,000—13,000 ft., July-

September 1918, cliffs in ravines. (Iris dull grey; bill grey- brown ; legs and

feet pale yellow.)

110. lanthocincla Jorresti sp. nov.

This extraordinary species combines the characters of several others. It

has the ear coverts and cheeks of melaiwstigma, the breast markings of

erythrocephala erythrolaema, and the head of nigrimentu7n.

Ad. above head similar to yngrimentum, but less grey feathers edged with

more vinaceous, supercalium broadly brown-grey, not silver-grey, behind. Inter-

scapulium much less heavily spotted than in nigrimentum, but the two paratypes

show hardly any at all ; back less rufous, more olive, tlian in nigrimentum ;

ear coverts grey tinged with vinaceous as in melaiwstigma, but feathers much

less distinctly dark centred ; feathers of ear coverts long and narrow as in

melanostigma ; chin black as in nigrimentum ; breast and abdomen dark vina-

ceous chestnut, whole centre of feathers black as in erythrolaema and e. icoodi,

not edged with black as in nigrimentum.

Forrest sent three specimens all sexed $, length of wing 100, lOS, 108, so

there appear to be 1 $ ? and 2 ^,^. The $ ? has the least black markings on

the interscapulium and the primary coverts greenish chestnut, not bright rufous

chestnut.

2 SS, ? ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft.. May— September 1919, thickets.

(Iris clear yellow (brown !) ; bill, legs, and feet dark brown.) 1 ^, Tengyueh

District. (Type, Shweli-Salvin divide, v. 1919.)

117. lanthocincla chinensis (Scop.).

Lanius chinensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. and Faun, Insuhr. ii. p. 86 (1786) (China).

I $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft., August 1919. (Iris dull crimson ; bill,

legs, and feet black.)

86 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

118. lanthocincla sannio (Swinh.).

Garrulax sannio Swinhoe, Ibis, p. 403 (1867) (Amoy).

1 cJ, 2 $$, Lichiang Range, 8,000 — 10,000 ft., mixed and pine forests, June

1918 ; 2 (J (J, 1 ?, Yangtze Valley, 6,000—8,000 ft., September 1918 ; 2 ^^, 2 ??,

Teng3'ueh Valley, 5,500 ft., March 1919 ; 1 cJ, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft.,

July 1919. (Iris pale yellow ; bill black ; legs and feet dark brown.)

119. Leiothrix luteus jrunnanensis subsp. nov.

In his Vogel der paldarktischen Fauna Hartert acknowledges two races of

Leiothrix luteus, and gives as the distinction /. luteus inner primaries with orange-

red bases, /. calipygus primaries without orange-red bases. This is not quite con-

sonant with the series now at Tring, but I. luteus has the basal one-third of outer

web beyond the primary coverts brilliant crimson from the fourth primary

inwards, whOe /. calipygus has it orange. The character of the interruption of

the red or orange in the outer web of the inner primaries is somewhat variable.

In I. calipygus of the ten specimens at Tring three have it interrupted on the

8th and 9th, two on the 8th onlj', and five not interrupted at all. In I. luteus

of the five specimens at Tring none have it interrupted. The new form differs

from I. calipygus in its larger size, more sharply defined j'ellowish head, and in

the fact that out of eight specimens six have the red or yellow on the 7th, 8th,

and 9th primaries broadly interrupted, while the whole eight have this colour

on the first secondary interruiJted or entirely absent, whUc in the other two

subspecies it is never broken or it is entirely black.

Length of wing : /. calipygus, (J 65-71 mm.; 5 63 mm.

,, ,, ,, I. yunnanensis, cJ 72-76 mm. ; $ 66 mm.

The black base to the bill is seasonal, being a winter character.

6 cJcJ, 2$?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000— 10,000 ft , May and November 1919.

(Iris brown ; bUl orange-red summer, scarlet with black base winter ; legs and

feet dark brown.) (Type ^, May 1919.)

A specimen from Bhamo has the wing 65 mm. and the Cth, 7th, Stli, and

9th primaries l)roadly interrupted. A series to compare is a great desideratum.

120. Moupinia poecilotis sordidior subsp. nov.

Differs from M. p. poecilotis in the cheeks being much greyer, less rufous ;

in the top of the head, occiput, back, and rump being dark olive-brown, not

rufous brown ; and in the sides of breast being greyish, less rufous.

Of the five sjiecimens marked 9$, one has a wing measurement of 47 mm.,

the rest like the seven marked cJ(J, and two without data vary from 52 to 54 mm.

Thus only one $ was obtained, all the remaining thirteen are cJcJ.

13 cJo, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000— -12,000 ft., July— October 1918, thickets.

(Iris, bill, legs, and feet dark brown.) Tj^^e No. 225.

121. Schoeniparus genestieri (Oust.).

Akippe genestieri Oustalet, Bull. Miis. d'Hisl. Xul. Paris, iii. p. 210 (1897) (Tsekou).

1 ^, 2 ?$, T'ong-Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918; 1 S, Yangtze Valley,

7,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 <£', 1 juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., June 1918,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV'III. 1921. 37

pine forests; 2 ^^J, 1 juv., hills round Tcngyuch, 6,000 ft., April and June 1919.

(Iris and bill dark brown ; legs and feet pale brown.) 1, Tengyueh District, 1919.

Schoeniparus intermedins Ripp. from the Shan States must sink as a S3aionym

of S. genestieri. Rij)pon compares it with S. mandelii, there having ajoparently

been no specimens of genestieri at that time in the British Museum.

122. Pseudominia castaneceps (Hodgs.).

Minla castaneceps Hodgson, Ind. Rev. p. 33 (1838) (Xepal).

3 36, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., December 1919, mixed forest. (Iris

brown ; bill brown, lower mandible very pale brown ; legs and feet olive. )

2 S3, 2 ??, Tengyueh District, 1919.

This is new to the Chinese fauna.

123. Proparus ruflcapillus sordidior Ripi^.

Proparus sordidior Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 60 (1903) (Gyi-dzin-shan, W. Yunnan).

3 cJcJ, T'ong-Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918, thickets ; 2 S^, Yangtze

Valley, 7,000—8,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 $, hills round Tengyueh, 7,000 ft.,

October 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill black-brown, lower mandible yellow-brown ;

legs and feet dark olive- brown. ) 1 q, 2 $ $, Tengyueh District, 1919.

124. Proparus vinipectus bieti Oust.

Ahippe [Proparus) bieti Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 7. xii. pp. 283. 301. pi. ix. f. 2 (1892)

(Ta-tsien-lou).

Of Forrest's series of 15, 11 are marked cJ and 4 $ ; of the 11 marked (^

3 show a wing measurement of 54-55, and are clearly $.

8 (J (J, 7 $?, Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft.. May— October 1918, pine

forests. (Iris and bill dark brown ; legs and feet dull brown.) 2 S^, Teng3meh

District, 1919.

125. Proparus swinhoei Verr.

Proparus swinhoei Verreaux, Noup. Arch. 2Ius. Paris, vi.. Bull. p. 38 (1870) (Thibet).

2 cJ(^, 3 ??, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft., December 1919, mixed

forests. (Iris brown ; bill greenish brown ; legs and feet dull orange. ) 1 3,

Tengyueh District.

126. Brachypteryx cruralis Blyth.

Brachypteryx cruralis Bl3'th, Journ. As. Sue. Bemjal, xvi. p. 136 (1847) (Xepal).

Collingwood Ingram includes — form of the species — this teste Oustalet ex.

coll. Prince Henri d'Orleans ; while Bangs and Phillips identify a single specimen

from Mongtse as C. sinensis Ripp. The six adults and one young sent by

Forrest are undoubtedly cruralis cruralis.

5 cJcJ ad., 1 cJ juv., Lichiang Range, 11,000—12,000 ft., June— August 1918 ;

I ,5' ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., June 1919, rocky ravines and clifEs.

(Iris black-brown ; bill, legs, ^nd fe?t dark brown.) 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

38 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

127. Lioptila desgodinsi (Dav. and Oust.).

Sibia desgodinsi David and Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7), i. p. 139 (1877) (Yer-ka-lo).

4 (J 5', 3 ??, Lichiang Range, 8,500 — 11,000 ft., May — June 1918, pine forests.

(Iris dark brown ; bUl, legs, and feet black. )

Messrs. Robinson and Kloss, in their article on the " Birds of S. Annam

and Cochin China," enumerate the 6 (J^, 6 $$, they obtained as Malacias

desgodinsi. WhUe comparing the above Yunnan series I looked at the o ? I

had received from Messrs. Robinson and Kloss, and find the Annam bird to be

quite distinct. I herewith describe it as — ■

[Lioptila robinsoni sp. nov.

Differs from L. desgodinsi in its smaller size, pure slate-grey back, and in

the ear coverts being vinaceous cinnamon- brown with broad white shaft stripes

not uniform b^o\^■n-black as in desgodinsi.

Length of wing : desgodinsi, ^ 100-102 mm. ; $ 93-95 mm.

,, ,, ,, robinsoni, q 89-90 mm. ; $ 83-89 mm.

Type (J 224, Dalat, S. Annam, 4. iv. 1918. C. Boden Kloss leg., in Tring

Museum.]

128. Lioptila pulchella coeruleotincta subsp. nov.

Differs from P. pulchella in head and back being more blue-grey, in the

primaries being almost black edged with brighter blue, and in the central

rectrices being olivaceous amber-brown, the black subterminal area being much

smaller, and the grey terminal area somewhat broader. Below there is an almost

complete absence of any brown tint and the grey is piu'er, the abdomen showing

a faint vinaceous tint in one specimen, while the grey ends to the rectrices have

no brown tint whatever.

2 (3' (J, 2 $$(1 9 marked 3). Length of wing: (^<^ 100-104 mm.; ?? 93-94 mm.

Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6,000—7,000 ft., May 1919 (type), thickets and forests.

(Iris dark brown; bUl black; legs and feet blackish grey.) 1 ^, 3 $?,

Tengj'ueh District, 1919.

129. Actinoduia egertoni egertoni Gould.

Aclinodura egertoni Gould, P.Z.S. Land. iv. p. 18 (1836) (Nepal).

2 cJc?, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—9,000 ft.. May and November 1919,

thickets. (Iris light j-eUow (black- brown ?) ; bill lead bro«n ; legs and feet

dark brown.) 2 ^^, 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

These birds are undoubtedly typical egertoni, and not ramsayi, a form of

which is enumerated by Bangs and Phillips.

130. Ixops poUotis saturatior subsp. nov.

Differs from P. poliotis in the lanceolate feathers of the head having distinct

sUver-grey margins, the feathers themselves being blackish slate colour, not

brown-black ; the back is less olive, more rufous, £^nd the feathers are edged

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 39

with rusty yellow ; the undersurface has the feathers much deeper chestnut

rufous, distinctly edged with rusty yellow ; ear coverts more silvery grey.

2 cJcJ (1 marked $), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft., May and July 1919,

thickets. (Iris, bill, legs, and feet brown.) 2 ^^, 2 $?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

Type ^, Shweli-Salwin Divide, May 1919.

131. Stachyridopsis ruficeps bhamoensis Har.

Slacliijridopsis bhamoensis Harington, Ann. and Mag. Nal. Hist. (8), ii. p. 245 (1908) (Bhamo).

2 (JcJ, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., June and December 1919. (Iris

brown; bill dark brown; legs and feet olive-brown.) 2 .^(J, 2 $$, Tengyueh

District, 1919.

132. Minla ignotinca Hodgs.

Minla ignotinca Hodgson, Ind. Rev. p. 33 (1838) (Nepal).

As the name ignotinca was only altered to ignotinctiis in 1841, ignotinca must

stand.

2 SS, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft.. May— July 1919, scrub. (Iris

and bill dark brown ; legs and feet pale brown.) 1, Lichiang Range, 1918 ;

3 (J(J, 3 ??, Tengyueh District.

Minla jerdoni Verr., from China, was differentiated on the iU-defined pale-

olive flammulation on the sides of neck, breast, and flanks. Now in the Tring

Museum there are several from Sikkim showing this flammulation quite as

strongly, if not more strongly, than in typical jerdoni. I therefore consider that

jerdoni Verr. sinks as a synon3Tn of ignotinca Hodgs. The brighter yellow of

the breast mentioned by Bangs and Phillips is also untenable in face of large

series of Indian birds.

The $ of ignotinca has the outer edges of the primaries white or pale lemon

yellow, not crimson as in the ^, and the edges and tij)s of the rectrices very

pale pink.

133. Siva cyanuroptera wingatei Grant.

Siva toingatei Ogilvio Giant, Bull. B.O.C. x. p. 38 (1900) (Yunnan City).

Siva cyanuroptera Hodgs. falls into six well-separable subspecies, and when

we get more material from Eastern Yunnan a seventh form will probably prove

separable.

The key to the forms is as follows :

(Ends of secondaries bordered with white.

S. cyamiroptera cyanuroptera : Assam and Himalayas.

Ends of secondaries not bordered with white. 2.

'Head distinctly striped, breast grey.

S. c. wingatei : Bhamo District and West Yunnan.

2. Head distinctly striped, breast white.

S. c. sordida : Tenasserim.

.Head not distinctly gtriped. 3.

40 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Head brownish, breast grey.

S. c. subsp. ? : Mee-chow, E. Yunnan ?.

Head bluish, breast white.

S. c. oatesi : S.E. Burmah and Shan States.

Head uniform brown. 4.

Primaries uniform black-brown.

S. c. sordidior : Pcrak, Malay Peninsula.

Primaries edged with wliite.

S. c. orientalis : Annam and Cochin China.

4.

The birds from the Bhauio District are indistinguishable from typical West

Yunnan S. c. xcingatei.

S. c. sordida must be excessively rare, as the only specimen in the British

Museum in 1914 was Hume's tj'pe from Tenasserim, and we have none at Tring.

1 cJ (marked ?), 2$? (1 marked cj), hills round Tengyueh, 6,000—7,000 ft.,

June and November, 1919; 3 $$, 2 ?$ (marked $), Shweli-Salwin Divide,

7,000 ft.. May 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bUl dark olive ; legs and feet pale olive. )

1 S, Tengyueh District, 1919.

(Length of wing : ^^ 65-66 mm. ; ?? 62-63 mm.)

134. Siva strigula yunnanensis subsp. nov.

All forms of strigula differ much between fresh and w orn plumage. In fresh

plumage the back, rump, and upper tail coverts are very strongly marked with

olive- yellow ; while when worn these parts are dark grey only slightly tinged

with olive. The various subspecies fall into two sections, S. s. strigula, with

black tail, only the base of inner web of the two central tail feathers being dull

deep chestnut, and S. s. castaneicavda and the remaining subspecies with five-

sevenths of the inner web and four-sevenths of inner half of outer web chestnut.

S. s. yunnanensis differs from s. malayana in the head being much brighter

olive orange-yellow, sharply defined from the colour of the back and mantle

even in worn birds, in having a broad whitish band behind the eye, also back

deeper olive in worn birds, less schistaceous grey. From s. castaneicauda it

differs in being less golden olivaceous above.

Length of wing : 10 cJJ 69-71 mm. ; 6 9? 65-68 mm. (4 $? and 4 ^^ sexed

wrongly on labels.)

8 cJJ, 4 9$, Lichiang Range, 10,000—11,000 ft., June, July 1918, mixed and

pine forest; 1 3 (marked 9), T'ong Shan, 9,000 ft., September 1918 ; 2 99 (1 9

marked <^), Tengyueh Hills, June 1919 ; 1 J (marked 9), Shweli-Salwin Divide,

8,000 ft., May 1919. (Iris brown ; bill, legs, and feet grey.) 2 99, Tengyueh

District.

T\-pe cJ, Lichiang Range, July 1919.

[Siva strigula omissa subsp. nov.

The differences between the Perak form and «. malnyrtna Hart, have been

overlooked. S. s. omissa differs in being much brighter j'ellow below and in

having the head more sharjjly distinguished from the mantle and back, being

NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 41

much brighter olivaceous orange- yellow ; from s. yunnanensis it differs in being

smaller and greyer above.

Length of wing : ^ 67 mm. ; $? 60-63 mm.

Habitat : Perak. Type ?, Gunong Kerbau, Perak, 5,000 ft., March 1913

— Tring Museum.]

135. Pteruthius rufiventer Blyth.

Pieruthius rufiventer Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 183. no. 25 (1842) (Darjeeling) $.

1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., December 1919, forests. (Iris greyish

purple ; bill grey- black ; legs and feet light brown.)

136. Pteruthius xanthochloris palhdus (David).

Allotriu-s xanthochloris var. pallidum Aimand David, Notw. Arch. Mu.s. Paris, vii., Bull. p. 14 (1871)

(Frontiers of Kookonon).

1 (?, Lichiang Range, October 1918 ; 1 $, T'ong Shan, 9,000 ft., pine forests,

October 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill dull black ; legs and feet grey.)

137. Pteruthius melanotis subsp. ?

Bangs and Phillips record M. melanotis from Yunnan, but the single specimen

sent by Forrest differs both from that and from M. tahanensis Hart.

It is sexed $, and has the bars on wing coverts rufous brown as in the $9 of

both subspecies of Pt. melanotis. It differs, however, from the ?? of both forms

in having the entire throat and chin rufous as in (J M. tahanensis, whereas the

$ 5 of both races have only the sides of the throat and chin rufous ; the band

below the ear coverts is brownish yellow, not olive-yellow or clear yellow as

in the two other races respectively. The outermost pair of rectrices are pure

white as in M. melanotis, whereas in M. tahanensis the basal third is smoky grey.

1 $ ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, December 1919 ; 1 ? ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

138. Pteruthius aeralatus ricketti 0. Grant.

Pteruthius ricketti Ogilvie Grant, Bull. B.O.C. xiv. p. 92 (1904) (S. China, etc.).

Both Ingram and Bangs record Pt. aeralatus aeralatus from Yunnan. The

former only quoted Anderson and had no specimens to compare, but Outram

Bangs had a (J, and therefore cannot have compared it with true aeralatus.

3 SS, Yangtze Valley, 9,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 ^, Shweli-Salwin Divide,

5,000 ft., December 1919, mixed forest and pine forest. (Iris black ; bill purplish

black ; legs and feet light brown.)

139. Suya crinigera yunnanensis Har.

Suya crinigera yunnanensis Harington, Bull. B.O.C. xxxi. p. 110 (1913) (Yunnan).

The three fully localised specimens sent by Forrest are in such awful condition

that nothing can be done with them as regards determining the status of the

so-called seasonal forms. In C. crinigera it is said that the winter plumage is

above fulvous brown with black streaks ; while the summer plumage is black-

brown, with only slightly paler edges to the feathers. Now the three birds here

42 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVXII. 1921.

enumerated consist of two birds in striped plumage and one in the almost

unstriped dark plumage. One in striped plumage is dated May, second one

September, while the unstriped bird is dated June.

1 ? (marked S), Tali Valley, 6,500 ft., May 1918 ; 1 ? (marked S), Lichiang

Range, September 1918 ; 1 (J, Tengyueh, June 1919. (Iris brown ; bill dark

brown above ; legs and feet pale brown (birds in striped plumage.) 5, Tengyueh

District.

The five birds without labels from the Tengyueh District are in much better

plumage, and all agree in being unstriped.

140. Suya superciliaris Anderson.

Saya superciliaris Anderson, Zool. Res. Two Exp. Western Yunnan, p. 642. pi. !i. f. 1 (1878) (Momien).

2 cJc?, Tengyueh, June 1919.

141. Yuhina gularis griseotiueta subsp. nov.

Differs from 1'. g. yangpiensis Sharpe in the crown of head being greyer,

less brown in the back, and rump being darker, more greyish, less reddish olive,

and in the throat and upper breast being paler, less rufous.

1 (J, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000—11,000 ft., June 1919, thickets. (Iris

and bill dark brown ; legs and feet pale brown.) 2 c?<^, 1 ?, Tengyueh District,

1919. Type ^, Shweli-Salwin Divide.

142. Yuhina flavicollis rouxi (Oust.).

Ixulus rouxi Oustalet, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. ii. p. 186 (1896) (Ly-Sien-Kiang, Yunnan).

4 (JcJ, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., June 1919, cby thickets. (Iris and

bill dark brown ; legs and feet pale brown.) 2 ^3, Tengyueh District, 1919.

One of the last 2 ^^ is in very fresh plumage and the breast is tinged some-

what with yellow. When a good series of fresh-plumaged examples from Yunnan,

Burmah, and Assam are compared, it will probably turn out that /. rouxi and

/. harterti are the same.

143. Yuhina diademata ampelina (Ripp.).

Yuhina ampelina Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xi. p. 12 (1900) (Warar Busu, 6,000 ft., Bhamo).

1 ? juv., Tengyueh, August 1919 ; 5 (J (J, 9 $? (3 marked ^), Lichiang Range,

9 000— 12,000 ft., pine forests, May 1918. (Iris black-brown; bill, legs, and feet

yellowish brown.) 2 ^^, Tengyueh District, 1919.

Ingram records diademata diadcmala as reported by Oustalet from Tsekou

and by Wingate from East Yunnan, but these are all, I am certain, ampelina.

144. Yuhina occipitalis obscurior subsp. nov.

Differs from o. occipitalis in being darker, more ashy, above ; feathers of

crown purer ash grey, not brownish ; back and rump darker and more olive ;

hind neck gre3'er, less rufous ; tail much darker, more blackish ; below the

breast is more vinous, less cinnamon.

The sexing was also not correct in this species.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVUI. 1021. 43

10 c^tS, 6 $9, Lichiang Range, 11,000—12,000 ft., May— July 1918; 3 ??,

Tengyueh District, 1919, pine forests. (Iris dark brown ; biU reddish brown ; legs

and feet pale brown. ) (Wing, JcJ 04-67 mm. ;$$ 61-63 mm.) Type cJ, Lichiang.

145. Cisticola cisticola tintinnabulans (Swinli.).

Calamanthella tinlinnabiUans Swinhoe, Journ. As. Soc, N. China Branch, ii. (1859) (Amoy, etc.).

1 (J, Tali Valley, 6,500 ft., May 1918 ; 1 ^, no data ; 1 ?, Albino Hills round

Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., June 1919, cornfields and scrub. (Iris dark brown; bill

black-brown; legs and feet pale brown.) 1 adult, 2 young, Tengyueh District.

146. Alcippe nipalensis yuimanensis Har.

Alcippe fratercula yunnaneyisis Harington, Bull. B.O.C. xxxiii. p. 63 (1913) (Gyi-dzin-shan, Yunnan).

These birds are more rufous on the breast than Colonel Rippon's Talifu

specimens, but in n. fratercula we find light- and dark-breasted birds also. The

large size at once separates it from the latter.

3 (J^, hills west of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., April 1919; 1 3, 8hweli-Salwin

Divide, 9,000 ft., June 1919 ; 1, Lichiang Range, 1918, thickets by streams.

(Iris reddish brown ; bill blackish grey ; legs and feet grey -brown. )

Bangs and Phillips enumerate eleven specimens from Mengtze under the

name of A. nipalensis hueti (Dav.), but the jirobabUity is that they are really

A. n. yunnanensis.

147. Franklinia gracilis (Frankl.).

Prinia gracilis Franklin, Proc. Comm. Sc. and Corr. Zool. Soc. Lonil. p. 119 (1831) (Valley of

Ganges, etc.).

1 (5>, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 1 cJ, 1 ?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,300 ft., August 1919.

(Iris pale orange ; bill black-brov.n ; legs and feet brown.)

In the Catalogue of Birds Dr. Sharpe unites Franklinia with Cisticola. In

the Harullist, however, he follows Gates (cf. Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, vol. i.

pp. 370, 371), and keeps the two genera separate.

Oates's characters are as follows :

Cisticola. — Bill pointed ; first primary less than half the length of second ;

wing longer, more pointed.

Frankliyiia. — Bill blunt ; first j^rimary more than half the length of the

second ; wing shorter, more rounded.

I much doubt, if all the numerous African Cisticolas were compared, whether

these characters would hold good ; but this examination would occu^jy a con-

siderable time, and would delay this article much too long.

Franklinia and Cisticola have twelve tail feathers, whereas Priiiia has only ten.

148. Prinia inornata exter Thay. aijd Bangs.

Prinia inornata exter Thayer and Bangs, 3Iem. 3Iiis. Comp. Zool. xl. p. 182. pi. v. ff. 4-5 (1912)

(W. Szechuan).

1 S, 2 ??, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 3 cJcJ, 3 $$, 3 juv., hUls around and VaUey

of Tengyueh, 5,000—6,000 ft., March— October 1919, thickets. (Iris brown ;

bill greyish black-brown ; legs and feet brown.) 7 ?, Tengyueh District.

44 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Some of these .specimens do not aj)pear to be darker than exlensicaudata,

although Bangs and Pliillips refer all their Mengtzc series to in. exter. Thay.

and Bangs.

149. Megalurus palustris Horsf.

Megcdurus paluslris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. xiii. p. 159 (1822).

1 $, Tengyuch Plain, 5,400 ft., June 1919, ricefields. (Iris dark brown ; bUl

black-brown, under mandible lead grey ; legs and feet pale brown.)

150. Phyllergates coronatus (Jord. and Blyth).

Orthotomits coronatus Jerdon and Blyth, P.Z.S. Land. p. 200 (1861) (Darjeeling).

1 (J, Teng3'ueh Valley, 5,500 ft., October 1919, thickets. (Iris dark brown ;

bill brown, lower mandible pale ; legs and feet light brown.)

151. Phragamaticola aedon (Pall.).

Muscicapa aedon Pallas, Ueise Prov. Kuss. Reich, iii. p. 695 (1776) (Dauria).

2 c?(?, Tengyueh, 5,500 ft.. May 1919, thickets. (Iris black-brown ; bill dark

brown, pale j'ellowish on under mandible ; legs and feet pale brown.) 1 <^,

Tengyueh District, 1919.

152. Lusciniola thoracica (Blyth).

Dumelicola thoracica B!j-th, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. p. 584 (1845) (Nepal).

2 cJ,^, 2 $9, Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., June — July 1918, pine forest. (Iris

dark brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet light brown.)

153. Horeites flavolivacea intricatus Hart.

Horeiles flavolivacea intricatus Hartert, Vog. Palaearct. Fauna, i. p. 533 (1909) (Taipaishan).

1 $, Tengyueh District.

154. Horeites acanthizoides acanthizoides (Verr.).

Ahrornis axinnlhizoides Verreaux, Xour. Arch. Miis. Paris, vi., Bull. p. 37 (1871) (tcrr. typ. W.

Szecliuan).

1 $, Tengyueh District.

155. Horeites brunneilrons (Hodgs.).

Orthotomus {Prinia) hrunneifrons Hodgson, P.Z.S. London.

2 c?<?. 3 ??, 1 (? juv., Lichiang Range, 13,000 ft., October 1918, pine forests ;

1 (J, 1 9 (marked ^), Shwoli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft., June 1919. (Iris

and bill dark brown ; legs and feet light olive.)

150. Horeites major Moore.

Horeites major Moore, P.Z.S. Land. p. 105 (1854) (Xepal).

1 (S, Lichiang Range, 13,000 ft., August 1918 ; 1 cj, Shweli-Salwin Divide,

7,000—8,000 ft., June 1919, thickets. (Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; legs and

feet pale olive.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 45

157. Phylloscopus armandii (Milne-Edw.).

Abrornis armandii Milne-Edwards, Norw. Arch. Mits. Bull. i. p. 22. pi. 2. f. 1 (1865) (N. China).

Wing, c? 67 mm. ; $ 56 mm.

1 cj, Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft.. May 1918 ; 1 Q (marked ^ ?), Chien Chuan

Valley, 7,000 ft.. May 1918, thickets. (Iris brown ; bill, legs, and feet dull brown.)

158. Phylloscopus subaffinis (Grant).

Oreopneusle subaffinis Grant, Bull. B.O.C. x. p. 37 (1900) (Pu-an-ting, S.W. Kweichu).

5 (J(J, 6 ?$, Lichiang Range, 6,000 ft., July— November 1918, thickets on

hills. (Iris, bill, legs, and feet dark brown.)

159. Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth).

Phyllopneuste fwscala Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 113 (1842) (Calcutta).

The wings are of very variable size, ^^ 53-58, $9 48-50 fide Hartert. In

the five before me the variation is 55, 56, 58, 61, 65 mm., eo with a much larger

series it may be possible to separate the Yunnan race as a larger subspecies.

2 (Jc? (1 marked ? err. !), Yangtze Valley, 8,000—9,000 ft., September 1918 ;

1 S, Tali Valley, 6,500 ft.. May 1918 ; 1 (J, Lichiang Range, October 1918 ;

1 (J (? err.), hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., November 1919, thickets on hills.

(Iris brown ; bill brown, yellow on basal two-thirds of lower mandible ; legs and

feet olive-green.)

160. Phylloscopus maculipennis debilis (Thay. and Bangs).

Regidoides maculipennis debilis Thayer and Bang.s, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. xl. no. 4.

p. 180 (1912) (Kiating, W. Szechuan).

The two specimens sent by Forrest agree with Ph. m. debilis in the colour

of the head, but the rest of the description appears inapplicable as regards

tn. macidipenni.s, but nothing definite can be said with only two sjiecimens to

compare.

1 cJ, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., November 1919, mixed forest. (Iris

brown ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet olive. ) 1 $, Tengyueh District.

161. Phylloscopus proregulus forresti subsp. nov.

Differs from p. inoregulus and p. newloni in the much darker, less brownish-

olive colour above ; more sulphur- yellow rump ; black, not pale, basal two-thirds

of under mandible, and the darker and much duller superciliary line and bands

on the head. The length of the wings appears to be smaller, but this may be

due to sex.

Length of wings of eight specimens, 50, 52 i, 52, 53, 54, 56, 53, 48 mm. (Type

No. 2 ? 48 mm.)

The three specimens with data are all scxed $, but only the type is correct ;

the other 2 are (J (J. Only 2 out of the 8 are $$.

6 (J(J, 2 9$, Lichiang Range, 9,000—11,000 ft,, pine forests. May 1918. (Iris

brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet olive-green.)

46 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

162. Phylloscopus occipitalis coronatus (Temm. and Schleg.).

Ficednla coronata Temminck and Schlegel in Siebold's Fauna Japonica Aves, p. 48. pi. 18 (1847)

(Japan).

1, Lichiang Range.

163. Phylloscopus borealis borealis (Bias.).

Phyllopneiisle borealis Blasius, Naumannia, p. 313 (1858) (Sea of Okliotsk).

Of the two marked ^ one has wing 61, the other 69 ! ! ! The latter only is

correct.

1 (J, 4 $?, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., May 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill (J dark

olive, $ under mandible pale olive ; legs and feet dark olive.)

164. Phylloscopus davisoni (Gates).

AcantJtopneusle davisoni Gates, Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, vol. i. p. 420. no. 430 (1889) (Mount Muleyit,

Tenasserim).

Gates goes minutely into the question of the identity of Blyth's Reguloides

viridipennis, and proves to his own satisfaction that it was the same as

trochiloides Sund. As he bases his proof apparently almost entirely on Brook's

examination and report on Blyth's type, it would be necessary to re-examine

this to be absolutely certain ; but meanwhile one must accept Gates's names

provisionally for the bird with the whole inner web of the outer pair of tail

feathers white.

1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft., December 1919, mixed forest. (Iris

brown ; bill brown ; lower mandible orange ; legs and feet olive.) 1 ? Tengyueh

District.

165. Cryptolopha burkii tephrocephala (Anders.)

Culicipeta iephrocephalus Anderson, P.Z.S. London, p. 213 (1871) (Bharao).

The series is all wrongly sexed. I have sexed by measurement. ^^ 55-58

mm. ; $ ? 52-54 mm.

3 SS, 5 ??> Lichiang Range, 9,000—12,000 ft., thickets. May— July 1918;

? moulting, Yangtze Valley, 9,000 ft., September 1918. (Iris brown ; bill dark

brown, under mandible yellow-orange ; legs and feet pale brown. ) 1 (J. 1 $,

Tengjrueh District.

106. Cryptolopha poliogenys (Blyth).

Culicipeta poliogenys Blyth, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, xvi. p. 441 (1847) (Darjeeling).

3 ^(J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., December 1919, thickets. (Iris brown ;

bill black-brown, under mandible brownish yellow; legs and feet olive-brown.

167. Cryptolopha castaneiceps castaneiceps (Gray).

Abrornis ca^laneoceps Gray, Cal. Mamm., etc., Nepal, p. 66. et App. p. 152 (1846) (Nepal).

1 (J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., thickets, December 1919. (Iris brown ;

biU dark brown, lower mandible pale brown ; legs and feet olive.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 47

168. Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swains.).

Platyrhynchus ceylonensis Swainson, Zool. Illuslr. ser. i. pi. 13 and text (1820-1) (Ceylon).

1 marked ^ is a 9, but 2 $$, 2 ^^, are correctly sexed (according to size).

2?$, Lichiang Range, September 1918; 1 (J, 1 ?, Yangtze Valley, 8,000—

10,000 ft., September 1918, thickets. (Iris brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and

feet dark olive.) 1 (J, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft.. May— June 1919 ;

1 (J, 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

169. Chelidorynx hypoxantha (Blyth).

Rhipidura hypoxanlha Bljiih, Jonrn. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 935 (1843) (Darjeeling).

9 all marked 3, but 2 evidently o$, Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft.,

June — October 1918 ; 3 (J^J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft.. May and December

1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill black, lower mandible yellowish brown ; legs and

feet dark olive.) 1 ^J, Tengyueh District, 1919.

170. Muscicapa melanops melanops Vig.

Muscicapa melanops Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 171 (1831) (Himalayas).

2 c?c?, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 8,500—10,000 ft., May— July 1918, open country

and pine forests; 1 $, Yangtze Valley, September 1918>; 2 $$, T'ong Shan,

9,000—10,000 ft., September 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

3 SS, 2 $9, Tengyueh Valley, 5,300—5,400 ft., April— May 1919, thickets.

(Iris black ; bill, legs, and feet black.) 1 (5', 1 9; Shweli-Salwin Divide, June 1919.

The (J(^ vary in size from 83-89 mm.

171. Muscicapa leucomelanura cerviniventris (Sharpe).

Digenea cerviniventris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mtis. iv. p. 460. no. 2 (1879) (Manipur Hills).

The adult cJcJ appear to have a darker and clearer buff on the breast than

our Burmese, Assam, and Szechuan birds.

3 cJc? ad., 2 99 ad. (1 marked J), 1 ^ imm., 1 juv., Lichiang Range, 11,000 —

14,000 ft., pine forests, July— August 1918; 1 juv., Shweli Valley, 6,000 ft.,

September 1919. (Iris ruddy brown ; bill black ; legs and feet dark brown-black. )

172. Muscicapa hodgsonii (Verr.).

Siphia hodgsonii Verrcaux, Nonv. Arrh. J\Ius. Paris, vi., Bull. p. 34 (1870) (Moupin).

4 cJcJ, ad. 3 99 ad. (1 ^ marked 9, 1 9 marked ^), Lichiang Range, 12,000—

13,000 ft., pine forests, June — October 1918. (Iris, bill, legs, and feet black.)

1 cJ ad., 299 ad., Tengyueh District, 1919.

173. Muscicapa parva albicilla (Pall).

Muscicapa alhicilla Pallas, Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat. i. p. 462 (1827) (Dauria).

1 (J juv., Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., October 1918 ; 1 <3>, 1 9, Yangtze Valley,

7,000—8,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 (J, T'ong Shan, 10,000 ft., August 1918 ;

1 c?, hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., October 1919, thickets. (Iris ruddy to

dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.) 3 99, Tengyueh District, 1919.

48 KOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

174. Muscicapa strophiata (Hodgs.).

Siphia strophiaia Hodgson, Indian Eeview, i. p. 651 (1837) (Nepal).

The two cJcJ in unworn plumage have a wing measurement of 70 and 77 mm.,

while Indian and otlier Chine.se birds average 67-73, but two go fully 75 and 77,

so I cannot separate the Yunnan bird for the present.

3 cJc? ad., 2 $$ ad., 1 ^ juv., 1 $ verj' young, Lichiang Range, 9,000—13,000 ft.,

mixed forest, Julj' — October 1918. (Iris black-brown ; bill black ; legs and feet

dark brown.) 2 J^J ad., Tengyueh District, 1919 (1 sexed $).

175. Muscicapa sibirica fuliginosa (Hodgs).

Hemichelidon fttliginosa Hodgson, P.Z.S. London, p. 32 (1845) (Nepal).

The series sent by Forrest seem to be less brownish, more blackish above,

than the series at Tring, but I consider they are in more freshly-moulted plumage.

4 cJo, 5 ?? ad., 3 ^^ very young, Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft., pine

forests, May — September 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill dull black ; legs and feet

black.) 2 ?$ ad., 4 cJcJ juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

176. Muscicapa blythi nom. nov.

Mnscicapula melanoUwa Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 940 (1842) (Nepal, Darjeeling).

As I consider Dr. Hartert's treatment of the flycatchers to be the best to

date, I place this species in the genus Muscicapa, and in consequence the name

of melanoleuca is preoccupied. The names poonensis Sykes and pusilla Blyth

refer to $ birds from the Deccan and Central India, and are therefore clearly

inapplicable, our bird being unknown there, and moreover the descriptions of

these two birds do not agree with either race of melanolecua ; they might in fact

refer to the $? of any half a dozen birds. I therefore rename the species after

its first describer.

2 (J (J ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., pine forests. May 1919. (Iris

black-blue; bill, legs, and feet black.) 1 (J ad., 1 <J jun., 1 juv., Tengyueh

District, 1919.

177. Muscicapa rubeculoides dialilaema (Salvad).

Cyornis dialilaema Salvadori, Ann. Mvs. Genov. (2), vii. p. 387 (1889) (Taho, Karen Hills).

The rufous colour running up into the cliin is the distinctive character of

this race.

3 <J(J ad., Yangtze Valley, 8,000 ft., thickets by streams, September 1918.

(Iris orange-brown ; bill black ; legs and feet greyish black. )

178. Muscicapa tickelliae whitei (Har.).

Cyornis whitei Harington, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), ii. p. 245 (1908) (Watau, Bhamo District).

1 ^, 1 ?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,400 ft., thickets, April 1919. (Iris black-brown ;

bill black ; legs and feet grey-brown.) 1 <J, 1 $, Tengyueh District, 1919.

Harington's name of u'hitei dates from 1908, whereas Thayer and Bangs's

name of glaucicomans dates from 1909.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 49

179. Niltava sundara Hodgs.

Nillam sundara Hodgson, Indian Review, i. p. 650 (1837) (Nepal).

Outram Bangs has separated the Yunnan form as sundara denotata, but the

specimens I have before me from Forrest cannot be separated from Sikkim and

Assam birds ; the two c?o, however, are very large, the wing measure being

86 mm.

2 <3'(J, 2 9?, 1 c?, 4 ?? juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000—11,000 ft., thickets by

streams, June— September 1918 ; 1 $, Shweli Valley, 5,000 — 6,000 ft., June 1919,

(Iris black-brown; bill, legs, and feet black.) 1 cj ad., 1 cj juv., Tengyueh

District, 1919.

180. NUtava grandis (Blyth).

Chaitaris grandis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 189 (1842) (Darjeeling).

1 (5 juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

This apjjears to be the first record for Yimnan.

181. Rhipidura albicollis albicollis (Vieill.).

Platyrhynchus albicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 13 (1818) (Bengal).

This agrees with the Hainan series at Tring, and does not appear to differ

in any way from tjrpical Indian birds.

2 ^^, 1 9, Yangtze Valley, 7,000—8,000 ft., thickets by streams, September

1918 ; 4 (J (J, 1 $ (marked <J), Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., March— September 1919.

(Iris black-brown ; biU, legs, and feet black. )

182. Pericrocotus brevirostris ethologus Bangs and Phill.

Muscipeta brevirostris ethologus Bangs and Phillips, Bidl. Mus. Comp. Zool. Iviii. p. 282 (1914)

(Hnenshan, Hupeh).

10 (J(J ad., 2 cj(5 juv. (one marked $), 6 $?, 2 nestling plumage, Lichiang

Range, 9,000—12,000 ft.. May— August 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and

feet black.)

At Tring we have 2 (J ^J, 1 $, of brevirostris ethologus from Mengtze, and 1 $

agreeing exactly with Hume'.s characters of $ neglectus, and also agreeing with

specimens of what I take to be neglectus from Chin Hills and N. Cochar.

Should further series prove neglectus to occur alongside the brevirostris forms in

Assam and Yunnan it will have to be restored to its position as a good species

and not treated as a subspecies of brevirostris. The shades of red and scarlet

and orange in all the species of Pericrocotus are very variable, and I am not at

all convinced that the colour differences cited by Messrs. Bangs and Phillips as

distinguishing the Kulu race, the Himalayan-Burmese race, and the Chinese race

are constant, but until fresh and large series can be compared I keep them

separate.

183. Pericrocotus speciosus speciosus (Lath.).

Turdus speciosus Latham, Ind. Orn. i. p. 363 (1790) (Himalayas).

1 c? ad., 1 cJ jun., 1 $ ad., Tengyueh, August — September 1919.

60 XOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

184. Pericrocotus roseas (Vieill.).

Muscicapa rosea Vieillot. N. Did. d'Hisl. Nat. xxi. p. 486 (1818) (Bengal).

1 J, 1 9 ad., Tengyueh, March— April 1919 ; 1 $, Lichiang Range, 1918 ;

2 $?, Yangtze Valley, September 1918.

185. Graucalus macei Less.

Graucalus macei Lesson, Traiti d'Orn. p. 349 (1831) (Bengal) (?).

1 cJ juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

186. Campephaga melanopteia (Riipp).

Ceblepyris nuXanoptera Riippell, Mus. Senckenh. iii. p. 25. pi. ii. I. 1 (1845) (probably New Holland).

1 (J, Shweli Valley, 7,000 ft., September 1919. (Iris red ; bill, legs, and feet

black.) 1 (J, Tengyueh District, 1919.)

187. Microscelis leucocephalus (Gm.).

Twdus leucocephalus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 826 (829 rect.) no. 104 (1789) (China).

1 (J fere ad., 1 ? juv., T'ong Shan, 10,000 ft., August— September 1918 ;

1 (J fere ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., November 1919, mixed forest in

ravines. (Iris brown ; bill flame-orange ; legs and feet coral-red.)

188. Microscelis concolor (Blyth).

Hypsipetes concolor Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xviii. p. 816. no. 1,248 (1850) (Tenasserim).

1 ? ad., Chien-Chuan Valley, 7,000 ft.. May 1918 ; 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range,

10,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 ? juv., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft., July 1919.

(Iris ruddy brown-red ; bill dull brown-red ; legs and feet brown-black-red.)

189. Spizixos canifrons Blyth.

Spizixos canifrons Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, siv. p. 571 (1845) (Cherra Punji).

■ When Ingram wrote his paper on " The Birds of Yunnan " (Nov. Zool.,

xix. 1912) he records 2 cJ^J, 1 $ from Mengtze, and suggested quite rightly that

they were immature. Bangs and Phillips in recording six specimens from

Mengtze and Loukouchai describe them as a new local race under the name of

Spizixus canijrons ingrami. They give as the two main differences : throat

grey, not brown ; and underparts duU oUve-green, not greenish yellow.

Forrest has sent seven fully adult specimens, which I have compared at Tring

with 8 typical birds, (2 sex ?), Chin Hills, Venning coll. ; 3 cj c?- 1 ?. Sinlum,

Bhamo, Harington coll. ; 1 cj, Upper Burma, Bingham coll. ; and 1 $, N. Cochar,

Stuart Baker coll. The Yunnan series agrees absolutely with the eight at Tring,

two having greenish-yellow undersides, as bright as any of the above tj^iical

birds, whereas some of the latter have olive-green undersides as dull as any

Yunnan bird. The throat is grey or broT\nish grey in all the fifteen adult speci-

mens, not chocolate brown as stated by Sharpe. The undersides of the three

immiture Mengtze birds are much the brightest yellow of the whole eighteen

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 51

specimens before me. In view of these facts I am obliged to sink S. c. ingrami

as a synonym of S. canifrons.

5 ^(J (1 marked $), 1 $, Lichiang Range, 8,000—9,000 ft., May 1918, thickets

and scrub ; 1 $, ShweH-Salwin Divide, June 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill dull

ivory colour ; legs and feet grey-brown. )

190. AIcunisstriatus(Blyth.)

Trichophorus striatus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 184 (1842) (Nepal),

Bangs and Phillips describe two specimen.?, ^ $, from Loukouchai (Bull.

Mits. Comp. Zool. Iviii. p. 284) as A. striatus pavlus, saying that Gates had

already drawn attention to the small size of Burmese and Tenasserim birds

with which the Yunnan specimens agreed, while the Sikkim were always much

larger. I have measured our Tring series of 12 ^J^J and 4 $$, and find that

6 Sikkim (J (J range from 98 to 107 mm. and 6 (J (J from Assam and Burma measure

from 97 to 106 mm. The 2 (J (J sent by Forrest show a wing measurement of

109 mm,, thus exceeding by 2 mm. aU the Sikkim (JcJ at Tring. This I think

proves conclusively that Yunnan examples are typical striatus, and the type of

s. paulus being from Yunnan the name cannot stand.

2 cJcJ, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000—9,000 ft., July and December 1919,

thickets. (Iris pale yellow ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet grey-black.)

191. lole maclellandi similis subsj). nov.

The birds allied to maclellandi are a very puzzhng group. The latest treat-

ment of them has been to divide them into three species — ^naclellandi Horsf.,

tickelli Blyth, and holti Swinh. ; the latter two with several subspecies. I have

carefully compared the six specimens sent by Forrest with the six described

forms, and, while they jDrove to belong to a new form nearest to binghami Hart,

this comparison has led me to the conclusion that all the seven forms are subspecies

of one species, maclellandi. The amoimt of green on the back in maclellandi

and the three forms hitherto treated as subsjiecies of tickelli is not to my mind

a specific character, as all the other characters are found in various modified

degrees in all the seven races. I therefore consider these birds must be classified

as follows :

lole maclellandi

lole maclellandi

lole maclellandi

lole maclellandi

lole maclellandi

lole maclellandi

maclellandi (Hodgs.). Assam, Himalayas.

holti (Swinh.). Foochow, China.

similis Rothsch. Yunnan.

binghami Hart. S. Shan States, Upper Burma.

tickelli (Blyth). Karen HiUs, Moulyit.

peracensis Hart and Butt. Malay States.

lole maclellandi griseiventer (Robins, and Kloss). S. Annam.

/. m. similis differs from m. binghami in its much darker breast, the feathers

of which consequently show the white centres much plainer ; the back and head

are much darker and the coverts from bend of wing more extended brown.

From m. holti it differs in the abdomen being paler and the undertail coverts

yellower.

52 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

3 cJcJ ad. (1 marked $), 1 (J jun., 2 $9 (1 marked ^), Shweli-Salwiii Divide,

8,000 ft.. May and August, 1919. (Iris light red-pale orange ; bill black-brown ;

legs and feet brown.) 2 (J (J, 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919. Type Shweli-Salwin

Divide.

192. Pycnonotus xanthorhous And.

Pijcnonotus xanthorhous Anderson, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, p. 265 (1869) (Manwyne, Yunnan).

6 9$, Lichiang Eange, 9,000 ft.. May— August 1918, thickets by streams.

(Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black. )

193. Molpastes bunuanicus (Sharpe).

Pycnonotus burmanicus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. vi. p. 125. no. 2 (1881) (Burmese countries).

4 cJ(J, 2 $$ (1 marked ^), Tengyueh Valley, 5.500 ft., March— August 1919,

thickets. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black. )

194. Chloropsis hardwicMi Jard. and Selby.

Chloropsis hardwickii Jardine and Selby, III. Orn. ii. addenda, p. 1 (1830) (Nepal).

1 -J, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 1 (J, 1 $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, December 1919,

mixed forests. (Iris brown ; biU, legs, and feet black. )

195. Hemipus picatus capitalis (McCleU.).

Muscicapa ? capitalis McClelland, P.Z.S. Land. p. 157. no. 24 (1839) (Assam).

1 $, Shweli Valley, 7,000 ft.. August 1919. (Iris brown ; bill dark brown ;

legs and feet black.)

196. Lanius schach tephronotus (Vig,).

Collurio tephronotus Vigors, Proc. Coinrn. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. Land. pt. i. p. 43 (1831) (Himalaj-as).

2 (J (J (1 marked $), 1 ^ juv. (marked $), 5 ?$ (4 marked ^J), Lichiang Range,

thickets and pine forests, 9,000—10,000 ft., May— September 1918 ; 1 ? juv.

(marked S)< ^ <S <S Juv. (marked 9), hills round Tengjnieh and Tengyueh Valley,

5 000 — 7,000 ft., March — October 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet

black.)

197. Lanius cristatus cristatus Linn.

Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 93 (1758) (Bengal).

2 not sexed, Shweli Valley, September 1919.

198. Lanius collurioides Less.

Lanijis collurioides Lesson in Belanger's Voy. Ind. Or., Zoologie, Oiseaux, p. 250 (1834) (Pegu).

Lesson's name has fourteen years' priority over Blyth's Lanius hypoleucos,

and it can only have been because at the time of writing the eightii volume of

the Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. there were no white-fronted, grey-headed examples in

the British Museum that Gadow only described the normal phase of plumage

and not Lesson's typical phase. The fact that the bird described by BIyth is

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 53

the normal and most numerous phase was evidently the reason that Sharps in

the Handlist accepted Blyth's and not Lesson's name.

Forrest sent two young birds marked (J and $, but it is impossible to say

what the sexes are at such an age ^^ithout expert anatomical knowledge.

1 juv. 1, hills round Tengyueh, 0,000—7,000 ft., August 1919 ; 1 juv. ?,

Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6,000 ft., August 1919.

199. Lanius nigriceps nigriceps (Frankl.).

Collurio nigriceps Franklin, Proc, Comm. Sc. Con. Zool. Soc. Lorul. pt. i. p. 117. no. 36 (1831) (Ganges

and Nerbudda).

1 (J, 1 ?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., September— October 1919 ; 1 ?, Lichiang

Range, 1918 ; 1 S Juv., Shweli Valley, 6,000 ft., August 1919.

[The Genera Cholornis, Paradoxornis, and Suthora.

In his book Die Vogel der paldarktischen Fauna, vol. i. pp. 405, 406, Hartert

goes rather fully into the three aljove genera, which he keeps separate. The

most striking characters he quotes as distinguishing Cholornis and Paradoxornis

are the abortive outer toe in Cholornis and the strongly flattened and enlarged

bill of Paradoxornis. He then diagnoses Svthora as identical with Cholornis, but

with fully developed outer toe. He then proceeds to point out that Suthora

unicolor (Hodgs.) is the only large species of the genus Suthora, and that, barring

the outer toe, is almost identical with Cholornis paradoxa Verr. Hartert quite

failed to mention that although S. unicolor has a developed outer toe and claw,

it forms a step towards the abortive toe of Cholornis, in so far that its toe is

considerably smaller than the inner toe, and the claw (nail) is one-third the size,

whereas the smaller Suthora and Paradoxornis have both toes and nails of about

equal size. Now Hodgson, in 1843, when describing unicolor, made for it the

genus Heteromorpha, which name is, however, preoccupied. For the genus

splitter it remains to find a new name for Hodgson's genus Heteromorpha, but

to my mind the degenerate outer toe of unicolor unites the genus Cholornis v/ith

Paradoxornis and Suthora into one genus. The large development of the bill

in Paradoxornis as opposed to Suthora and Cholornis is bridged over by the

smaller development in P. heudei than in flavirostris and guttaticollis. As

Paradoxornis Gould (1836) has two years' priority over Suthora Hodgson (1838)

I unite all the species of Suthora, Paradoxornis, Heteromorpha Hodgs., Cholornis,

and Chlenasicus under the one generic name of Paradoxornis, with exception of

■' Suthora davidiana," which belongs to the genus Neosuthora.]

200. Paradoxornis fulvifrons cyanophrys (Dav.).

Suthora cyanophrys Armand David, Jonrn. trois. Voy. Chine, i. p. 345 (1875) (Shensi mend.).

2 ^3, 2 ?$ (1 marked ^), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000—11,000 ft., May 1919,

bamboo thickets ; 1 (J, Lichiang Range, 13,000—14,000 ft., July 1918. (Iris

red (crimson) ; bill brown-black ; under-mandible pink ; legs and feet grey-

brown.) 1 cj, 1 $, Tengyueh District, 1919.

54 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

201. Paradoxornis webbiana brunnea (And.).

Suthora brunnea .\nderson, P.Z.S. Land. p. 211 (1871) (Momien, Yunnan).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 1 (J, TaU VaUey, 6,500 ft., May 1918, scrub and

thickets ; 4 ^JcJ, 1 $, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., March— June 1919. (Iris

brown to dull red ; bill, culmen blackish, rest of bill dull yellow-greyish pink ;

legs and feet dull grey.) 1, Tengyueh District, 1919.

Bangs and Phillips evidently did not compare their birds with brunnea or

they would not have recorded them as typical webbiana, or else they may, as

they note themselves, have been straggUng northern migrants, though this is

very unlikely, for the breeding race of the North-West Yunnan Moimtains would

more likely furnish the winter migiants at Mengtze and the neighbourhood.

202. Paradoxornis unicolor saturatior subsp. nov.

Differs from ?(. unicolor above in being considerably darker ; head and nape

deeper brown saturated with dark gre_y ; back and rump darker and more olive-

brown, not yellowish brown ; rectrices duller, less rufous ; cheeks and ear coverts

much darker. Below it has throat and breast darker, more ashy grey ; the

abdomen, flanks, and crissum darker grey-brown, not yellowish.

3 cJ (J, 2 $$, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., mixed forests, July— September

1919. (Iris brown ; bill horn yellow ; legs and feet dark grey-brown.) Type o,

July,

203. Paradoxornis guttaticollis A. Dav.

Paradoxornis gtUtalicoUis Armand David, Xouv. Arch. JIu?. Paris, vii., Bull. p. 14 (1871) (no definite

locality, but certainly Western Szechuan).

Forrest sent 7 skins, 3 marked ^^^ and 4 $$ ; they are all worn and some

in moult, so I cannot say if they are correctly sexed.

1 marked (J, 3 marked ??, T'ongShan, 10,000 ft., August 1918, pine forests.

(Iris reddish brown ; bill lemon yeUow ; legs and feet dull green.) 1 marked cJ,

Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft.. May 1919 ; 1 marked ^J, hills south of Teug3rueh,

August 1919 ; 1 marked $, Shweli Valley, 7,000 ft., August 1919.

204. Regiilus regulus yunnanensis Ripp.

RegvlMS yunnanensis Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xix. p. 19 (1906) (Yangtze Rirer, W. Yunnan).

3 c?c?' 1 ?> Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., pine forests, October 1918. (Iris

brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet olive-brown. )

205. Aegithaliscus bonvaloti (Oust.).

Acredula bonvaloli Oustalet, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. (7), 12. p. 286. pi. 9. f. 1 (1891) (Ta-tsien-lu and

Pendjama).

Forrest sent for him the very large series of 17 specimens, but with the

exception of 4 they are in terribly abraded plumage, some almost un-

recognisable.

10 3<S, 7 9$, Lichiang Range, 7,000— 14,000 ft., May— July 1918, pine forests.

(Iris clear yellow ; bill black ; legs and feet deep brown.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 66

206. Aegithaliscus erythrocephalus concinnus (Gould).

Psaltria concimta Gould, Birds of Asia, ii. pi. 65 (1855) (China).

Rippon's Ae. talifuensis appears to me to be identical with the above, the

darker band and flanks and the paler head being due to abrasion. Many of

Forrest's birds and a number of others at Tring agree exactly with a paratype

of Rippon's in the Tring Museum.

2 tS3, 1 ?> T'ong Shan, 10,000 ft., September 1918 ; 2 (J-J, Chien-Chuan

Valley, 7,000—8,000 ft.. May— June 1918 ; 2 ^S, Yangtze Valley, September

1918 ; 2 JcJ, 1 9, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000— 11,000 ft., June— September 1918 ;

1 (J, ShweU-Salwin Divide, May 1919, pine forests. (Iris clear yellow ; bill

black ; legs and feet brown.) 3 cJij*, 2 ??, 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

207. Parus dichrous wellsi Baker.

Panis dichrous tcellsi Stuart Baker, Bidl. B.O.C. xxxviii. p. 8 (1917) (Yangtze, W. Yunnan).

4 ^^, 2??, Lichiang Range, 10,000— 13,000 ft., pine forests. May— July 1918.

(Iris bright crimson-scarlet ; bill black ; legs and feet dark grey. )

208. Parus lufonuchalis beavani (Jerd.).

Lophophanea beavani Jerdon, Birds of India, ii. p. 275 (1863) (Mount Tongloo, Sikkim).

6 (J (J, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000—13,000 ft., pine forests. May— August 1918.

(Iris black-brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

209. Parus ater subsp.?

Ingram identifies a much-worn specimen of Colonel Rippon's from Lichiang

as P. aler aemodnis. The two si^ecimens from Lichiang sent by Forrest are so

terribly worn that it is impossible to say if they belong to ater aemodius or ater

pekinensis, but where the white and buS spots on the wing coverts are not

abraded they are so much smaller that I am almost sure a series of fresh-plumaged

birds will prove this to be a third unnamed Chinese race of ater.

1 cj, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 11,000—13,000 ft.. May— June 1918, pine forests.

(Iris dark brown ; biU black ; legs and feet dark grey. )

210. Parus major commixtus Swinh.

Parus commixlus Swinhoe, Ibis (2), 4. p. 63 (1868) (Amoy).

2 (J (J ad., 1 ?, 2 juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft., pine forests, June-

July 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

Uchida and Kuroda enumerate P. major minor, but evidently in error, as

there are among m. commixtus examples which approach m. minor very closely.

211. Parus monticolus insperatus Swinh.

Paras insperatus Swinhoe, Ibis (2) 2. p. 308 (1866) (Formosa).

3 cJcJ, Lichiang Range, 9,000—12,000 ft., June— July 1918, pine and mixed

forests. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

56 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

212. Parus hypermelaenus dejeani Oustalet.

Parus dejeani Oustalet, Btdl. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. iii. p. 209 (1897) (Ta-tsien-lu).

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., Jlay 1918, pine forests. (Iris brown ; l)ill,

legs, and feet black.)

213. Parus spilonotus BIyth.

Parus spilonotus Blyth, Cat. Bs. Mus. As. Soc. p. 103 (1849) (Himalayas).

2 (5(3', Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., May and July 1919, thickets. (Iris

crimson ; bill black ; legs and feet blackish grey. )

214. Sitta himalayensis Jard. and Selby.

Sitta himalayensis Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn. 3. pi. 144 (1835) (Himalayas).

1 (J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., mixed forests, December 1919. (Iris

purjile ; bill grey-bro-nn ; legs and feet dark brown.)

215. Sitta yunnanensis O. -Grant.

Sitta yunnanensis Ogilvie-Grant, Bull, B.O.C. x. p. xxxvii. (1900) (Wei-yuan, S. Yunnan).

10 (3'(J, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., pine forests. May— August 1918. (Iris

dark brown ; biU greyish black ; legs and feet greyish black.)

216. Sitta europaea montium La Touche.

Sitta montium La Touche, Ibis, p. 404 (1899) (Kuatun, N.W. Fokien).

4 cJ(J, Lichiang Range, 9,000—13,000 ft., pine forests, May— October 1918.

(Iris dark brown ; bill black, sides and mider-mandible greyish ; legs and feet

black.) 1 (J, 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

217. Tichodroma muraria (Linn.).

Certhia muraria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. xii. i. p. 184 (1766) (South Europe).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

218. Certhia himalayana yunnanensis Sharpe.

Certhia yunnanensis Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 11 (1902) (Shayang, W. Yunnan).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

219. Certhia familiaris khamensis Bianchi.

Certhia khamensis Bianchi in Sharpe, Hamllist Birds, vo]. iv. 355-360 (1903) (Kham, Upper Mekong.)

1 (?, 2 $$ (marked ^), Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1918, pine forests.

(Iris dark brown ; bill black, lower mandible grey ; legs and feet olive-brown.)

220. Certhia discolor discolor Blytli.

Certhia discolor Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. ii. p. 580 (1845) (Darjeeling).

1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., :\Iay 1919.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 57

221. Zosterops erythropleurus Swinli.

Zoslerops eri/thropleurvs Swinhoe, Ibis, p. 294 (1863) (N. China).

9 ^^ (1 sexed O), 3 ?$, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., thickets by streams,

October 1918. (Iris dark brown; bill dull pinkish (fleshy) brown; legs and

feet dark olive-grey.)

222. Zosterops palpebrosa simplex Swinh.

Zosterops simplex Swinhoe, Ibis, p. 331 (1861) (Amoy).

Oustalet, besides some quite negligible characters, gives as the two most

striking differences between his Z. mussoti and Z. p. simplex that the former is

much smaller and has the green of the upper surface more golden. As regards

size simplex varies from 51 to 62 mm., while Oustalet gives 52 mm., and the bird

Forrest sent has a wing of 59 mm. This latter bird is dull green with only a

slight golden tinge on the lower rump, but some simplex are quite as golden as

p. palpebrosa. I therefore consider mussoti a synonym of simplex.

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 2, Tengyueh District, 1919.

223. Dicaeum ignipeetus ignipectus (Blyth).

Myzanthe ignipectus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 983 (1843) (Nepal and Bhutan).

2 (J (J, 1 $, Lichiang Range, 13,000 ft., June 1918 ; 1 S, Shweli-Salwin Divide,

10,000 ft., May 1919, pine forests. (Iris black-brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

1 (J, Tengyueh District.

224. Dicaeum minullum olivaceum Wald.

Dicaeum olivaceum Walden, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xv. p. 401 (1875) (Tonghoo and Karem Hills).

2 (J(J, 1 $, Tengyueh Hills, 6,000—7,000 ft., pine and mixed forests, June-

August 1919. (Iris and bill black-brown ; legs and feet grey-black.) 2 ^^, 2 ?,

Tengyueh District.

The bird sexed $ has a much larger bill than the 2 sexed (^-J and any of the

13 at Tring.

225. Pachyglossa melanozantha Blyth.

Pachyglossa melanozantlm Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 1010 (1843) (Nepal).

As in the case of Dicaeum ignipectus and so many others the real author is

Blyth, who pubUshed them, taking the names from Hodgson's manuscript and

citing Hodgson as author, though at that time, and for the most part even now,

this manuscrijit was not published. This is the first record for China.

10 (all sexed ;J), Lichiang Range, 9,000—12,000 ft.. May— August 1918, pine

forests. (Iris ruddy brown ; biU grey-black ; legs and feet duU black.) 5 ^^,

Tengyueh District.

226. Aethopyga ignicauda (Hodgs.).

Cinnyris ignicauda Hodgson, Ind. Rev. ii. p. 273 (1837) (Nepal).

1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 3 (J^, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft.,

thickets by .streams, July 1919. (Iris, bill, legs, and feet black.)

58 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker has described the birds from the Chin Hills as Aethopyga

igvicauda flavescens {Bull. B.O.C. xi. p. 71. No. 2. (1921)). the chief difference

being the much smaller amount of scarlet suffusion on the breast. Usually

Yunnan birds agree with the forms from the Chin Hills rather than with

Himalayan races, but the four (J^J of Ae. ignicauda here enumerated must be

considered for the present to be typical ignicauda ignicauda, for they have even

more scarlet suffusion than the majority of Himalayan examples. A large series

from N.W. Yunnan and Eastern Thibet may subsequently prove this to be a

third subspecies with increased scarlet suffusion.

227. Aethopyga seheriae viridicauda subsp. nov.

Similar to s. andersoni Gates, and with similar greyer less olive underside

than s. seheriae, but tail green as in the latter.

5 (J^J, hills round Tengyueh, 5,000—6,000 ft., open scrub, June 1919. (Iris

black ; legs and feet black-brown ; bill brown. )

A specimen at Tring from Maymyo, Shan States, Colonel Harington leg., is

identical with these.

228. Aethopyga dabryii (Verr.).

Nectarinia dabryii Verreaux, Rev. and Mag. Zool. p. 173. pi. 15 (1867) (" Nord de la Chine").

12 (JjJ ad., 1 $ jun. 2 ^^ juv., 3 ??, Lichiang Range, 9,000—12,000 ft., pine

forests. May — August 1918. (Iris black-brown ; bill black ; legs and feet dark

olive-green.) 1 $, Shweh-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., IMay 1919 ; 2 ^^ ad., 2 ??,

Tengyueh District.

229. Aethopyga saturata (Hodgs.).

Cinnyris saturattis Hodgson, Ind. Rev. ii. p. 273 (1837) (Nepal).

1 ;?. 2 $?, Tengyueh District.

230. Aethopyga nipalensis (Hodgs.).

Cinnyris nijHilensis Hodgson, Ind. Rev. ii. p. 273 (1837) (Nepal).

2 (J(J, 2 $$, ShweU-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft., May— December 1919,

mixed forest. (Iris black-brown ; bill, legs, and feet black. ) 2 ^J^J ad. , 2 ^J^ juv. ,

1 $, Tengyueh District.

Ingram quotes sanguinipectus, but I expect it will turn out that an error has

been made in the determination owing to the bad quality of the skins.

231. Motacilla alba hodgsoni Blyth.

MotaciUa hodgsoni Blyth, Ibis, p. 49 (1865) (Nepal).

1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 8,500 ft.. May 1918 ; \ ^, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6, 000 ft..

May 1919, water courses. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

232. Motacilla alba leucopsis Gould.

MotaciUa Uucopsis Gould, P.Z.S. Land. p. 78 (1837) (India).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. I92I. 59

233. Motacilla boaiula melanope Fall.

Motacilla melanope Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Reich, iii. p. 696 (1776) (Dauria).

1 ^, Lichiang Range, 9,000 — 10,000 ft., October 1918, streams and meadows ;

1 9, Tengyueh Valley, 5,000—0,000 ft., October 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill

dark brown ; legs and feet dull brown. )

234. Motacilla flava simillima Hart.

Motacilla flava simillima Hartert, Vog. pdlaarkt. Fauna, i. p. 289. no. 454 (1910) (Kamtschatka).

2 (5^, Tengyueh District, 1919.

235. Motacilla citreola citreola Pall.

Motacilla citreola Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Reich, iii. p. 696 (1776) (East Siberia).

2 $$, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., May 1918, streams ; 2 ^^, Tengyueh Valley

and Plain, 5,300 ft., April 1918. (Iris, ^ black, $ dark brown ; bill black-brown ;

legs and feet black.)

236. Anthus berezowskii yunnanensis Uch. and Kur.

Anfhv^ maculattts yunnanensis Uchida and Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Jap. vol. ii. p. 134. no. 2 (1916)

(Mengtze).

4 $^, 49$, Lichiang Range, 10,000—13,000 ft., Alpine meadows, May-

August 1918. (Iris dark brown; biU yellow-brown ; legs and feet pale brown.)

Hartert places maculaivs = berezonskii as a subspecies of trivialis Linn., but

recent investigations go somewhat to prove that it is a seiJarate species. The

sole distinction quoted by Messrs. Uchida and Kuroda for their yunnanensis

is the shorter bill. They give for b. berezotcskii culmen 15-5-17 mm., and for

b. yunnanensis culmen 14'5-15-5 mm. ; and the bill from gape 16-17 mm. and

14-5-15-5 mm. resj)ectively. They include Formosan birds in yunnanensis. I

have accepted their name, but consider the differences rather slight.

237. Anthus richardi richardi Vieill.

Anthus riclmrdi Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hisl. Nat. xxvi. p. 491 (1818) (France).

1 cJ (sexed $), 2 ?$, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., open meadows, March 1919.

(Iris dark brown ; bill black ; sides of upper- and entire under-mandible grey-

brown ; legs and feet dull light brown.)

238. Anthus roseatus Blyth.

Anthus roseatus Blyth, Joum. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi. p. 437 (1847) (Nepal).

1 cj, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, October 1918 ; 1 ^, Tengyueh District, 1919.

239. Anthus ruhilus rufulus Vieill.

Anthus rufulus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 494 (1818) (Bengal).

1 (J, 1 9, hills west of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., open pastures, April 1919. (Iris

dark brown ; bill pinkish brown ; legs and feet Ught brown.)

QQ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

240. Alauda gulgula coelivox Swinh.

Alaiula coelivox Swinhoe, Zoologist, p. 6724 (1859) (Amoy).

2 cJcJ (sexed ?), 2 $$, Lichiang Range, 8,500—10,000 ft., June— October 1918,

stony pasture. (Iris brown ; bill grey-brown ; legs and feet light brown.)

241. Alauda arvensis intermedia Swinh.

Alauda intermedia Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Lond. p. 89 (1863) (Shanghai).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

242. Melophus melanicterus (Gm.).

Fringilla melaniciera Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. ii. p. 910 (1789) (Macao).

6 (J(J ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6,000—7,000 ft., scrub and thickets, June

1919 ; 2 $$, 1 (^ juv., Tengyueh, August— September 1919. (Iris dark brown ;

bill horn brown ; legs and feet light brown. )

243. Emberiza pusilla Pall.

Emberiza pusilla Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Reich, iii. p. 697 (1776) (Daurian Alps).

2 ?$ (not sexed), Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 1 (J, 1 ? (sexed ^), Tengyueh Valley,

5,500 ft., March 1919, open dry meadows. (Iris dark brown ; biU dark grey-

brown ; legs and feet dull brown.) 1 ^, Tengyueh District, 1919.

244. Emberiza fucata fucata Pall.

Emberiza fucata Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs. iii. p. 698 (1776) (Banks of the Onon and Ingoda).

I cj, Tengj'ueh, May 1919; 1 S, Shweli Valley, 6,000 ft., August 1919;

1 (J, Tengyueh District, 1919.

245. Emberiza cia yunnanensis Sharpe.

Emberiza yunnanensis Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 12 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-shan, W. Yunnan).

Hartert had identified as yunnanensis a series from the Tsin-ling Mountains

and Ta-tsien-lu, but the true yunnaneyisis is much deeper coloured.

II (5^ (4 sexed 9), Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft., pine forests, May-

September 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill black, sides and lower mandible grey ;

legs and feet light brown.)

[Emberiza cia omissa subsp. nov.

Differs from C. godleivskii in having the rufous brown of the head darker

and much more extended, and in the margins of the feathers of the back, tail,

and wing coverts, and also the rump pure rufous, not cinnamon or cinnamon-

rufous. The grey of the head, neck, and chest is darker than in godleivskii.

From c. yunnanensis it differs in all the rufous and brown portions of the plumage

being much paler, and in the sujira ocular stripe being grey, not whitish grey.

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICiE XXVIII. 1921. 61

Below the abdomen, flanks, and undertail coverts are paler than in yunnanensis,

but considerably darker than in godleivskii.

Habitat : Si Taipaishan, Tsin-hng Mountains.

Type No. 1791, Tring Museum.]

246. Emberiza spodocephala melanops Blyth.

Emberiza melanops Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. p. 554 (1845) (Tipperah).

2 (J(J, Lichiang Range, 1918.

Oustalet quotes $p. spodocephala for Yunnan, but this is evidently an error.

247. Emberiza elegans Temm.

Emberiza elegans Temminck, PL Col. 583 (1835) (Japan).

6 ;;J^J, 2 2$, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., B'lay 1918, thickets and pine forests.

(Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet very light brown. )

248. Passer rutilans assimilis Wald.

Passer assimilis Walden, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) v. p. 218 (1870) (Tonghoo).

5 cJc?. 2 ??, Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft., May-^une 1918, pine

forests ; 2 (^^. Tengj'ueh Hills, June 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs

and feet dull brown.) 1 (J, 1 $, Tengyueh District, 1919.

249. Propyrrhula subhimachala (Hodgs.).

CoryUms ? subhimachalus Hodgson, As. Res. six. p. 152 (1836) (Nepal).

The single (J sent by Forrest is in heavy moult, so the wings are not measur-

able ; the head, back, and rump are much more strongly sufEused with red

than Himalayan <;J (J generally are, and the red of the breast is deeper ; but one

moulting specimen is insufficient to describe a new local race from, and many

Himalayan birds are almost as red.

1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 1918.

250. Procarduelis nipalensis (Hodgs.).

Carduelis nipalensis Hodgson, As. Res. six. p. 157 (1836) (Central and North Nepal).

1 (J, 4$? (1 sexed cJ), Lichiang Range, 12,000—13,000 ft., June— October

1918, pine forests. (Iris dark brown ; bill grey-brown ; legs and feet grey-brown. )

251. Procarduelis nibescens Blanf.

Procarduelis rvhescens Blanford, P.Z.S. Land. p. 694. pi. 74 (1871) (Sikkim).

1 cj, Lichiang Range, 13,000 ft., pine forests, October 1918 ; 1 ^, Shweli-

Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., May 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill dull brown ; legs and

feet brown.)

62 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

252. Haematospiza indica (Gni.).

Loxia indica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 847 (1780) (Island of Boeton, India, errore '.).

3 cJcJ (1 sexed ?), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., pine and mixed forests,

July 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill horn yellow ; legs and feet dark brown.)

This appears to be the first record for China.

253. Carpodacus erythrinus roseatus (Hodgs.).

Pyrrhulinota roaeala Hodgson, P.Z.S. London, p. 36 (1845) (Nepal).

2 (JcJ ad., 1 $ ad., 1 (J, 1 $ juv., Lichiang Range, 8,500—12,000 ft., pine

forests. May — June 1918 ; 1 ^ ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft,, September

1919. (Iris black-brown ; biU, legs, and feet horn brown.)

254. Carpodacus vinaceus Verr.

Carpodacus t^'Tioccu* Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. J/jts. Paris, vi., Bull. p. 39 (1870) (Mountains of Chinese

Thibet).

1 (J, 1 9, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000—9,000 ft., thickets and pine forests,

August— September 1919; 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., July 1918. (Iris

dark brown ; bill horn brown ; legs and feet duU brown. )

255. Carpodacus ripponi (Sharpe).

Propasser ripponi Sharpe, Bvll. B.O.C. xiii. p. 11 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-shan, W. Yunnan).

8 c?c?. 39$, Lichiang Range, 8,500 — 14,000 ft., pine forests and open .scrub.

(Iris, cj dark brown, $ ruddy brown ; bill, (J brownish grey, $ dull grey-brown ;

legs and feet, (J light brown, $ dark brown.)

256. Carpodacus thura femininus Ripp.

Carpodacus femininus Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xix. p. 31 (1906) (Yangtze River, W. Yunnan).

The (J(J of this subspecies are undescribed. ^ differs from th. dubius in the

sides of the head being much darker, the upper half being of a deep vinous red,

almost the same colour as the lores ; the undersurface is also duller, more

vinaceous pink ; the back and rump are also apparently darker. $ differs from

$ d-ubius in the central dark streaks on the underside being much wider and

sharper, and in the absence of the rufous front half of the superciliary stripe.

4 <^(5>, 5 ??, Lichiang Range, 11,000—14,000 ft., pine forests, July— October

1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill, (J brown-grey, $ grey -brown ; legs and feet,

(J dull brown, $ duU dark brown.)

257. Pyrrhoplectes epauletta (Hodgs.).

PyrrMila ? epauletta Hodgson, As. Fes. xix. p. 156 (1836) (Xorthcm and Central Nepal).

2 <JcJ (1 sexed $), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 11,000 ft., cliffs and rocky gullies.

May and July 1919. (Iris black ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet oUve-brown.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVIII. 1921. 63

258. Pyrrhula erythaca altera Ripp.

Pyrrhula altera Rippon, Bull. B.O.G. xix. p. 19 (1906) (Shayang, W. Yunnan).

The red of the breast is decidedly cinnabar-red, not orange-red, as in

€. erythaca, and even the one ^ of the five sent by Forrest, which is paler,

representing the yellow phase of the typical and Tsin-ling races, has the colour

duller, being brick-red. 5 ^^ have wing 79-87 mm., 4 $$ 76-81 mm.

•5 o (J. 4 9$, Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., pine forests, June — August 1918.

(Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet light brown.)

[Hitherto only one other race of Pyrrhula erythaca has been described,

viz. P. e. wilderi Riley, from Chili, N. China, but in going over the series at

Tring and in the British Museum in connection with Forrest's birds, I find

another form must receive a name.

Pyrrhula erythaca taipaishanensis subsp. nov.

(J Differs from e. erythaca in the white throat often strongly washed with

orange, in the red of the breast coming farther on to the foreneck, and in the

white band surrounding the black mask and frons being much wider. The red

of the breast varies much as in e. erythaca, but has always a greater admixture

of yellow, ranging from greenish orange-yellow through flame orange to brilliant

vermilion.

$ Differs from $ e. erythaca only in the black mask and frons being less

extensive.

Wing measurement : 33 cJ^J 78-84 mm. ; 8 $9 76-81 mm. ; 1 ^J juv. 79 mm.

Hab. : Tsin-ling Mts. (Mt. Tai-pai-shan). Type cj, 17. vi. 1905, in Tring

Museum.

While I, as a rule, deprecate the describing of subspecies from single examples,

especially females, I think that, as the above form differs from e. erythaca, when

the (J of e. wilderi Riley {Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. xxxi. p. 33 (1918) (Chili

Province) is known, it may also prove to be disMnct.]

259. Carduelis thibetanus (Hume).

Chrysomilria thibetana Hume, Ibis, p. 107 (1872) (borders of Sikkim and Thibet).

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 1918.

It is rather surprising to get this very rare little bird in Yunnan, as it was

to be expected that the Chinese form C. bieti (Oust.) from Ta-tsien-lu would

have been the race indigenous to this province. Oustalet in his description of

bieti ostensibly compares it with thibetana, la3ang stress on the absence of the

white band formed by the apices of the larger wing coverts, thus proving that

he only compared his five specimens with the plate in the Catalogue of Birds.

The truth is that this figure of the (J was done from an immature (J, and in the

adult <;J of MandeUi's at Tring, and most of Mandelli's other adult (^<^ in the

British Museum, as well as Forrest's specimen, there is no trace of this band,

only an indication of a paler hair-line edging to the feathers. The only appreciable

difference between the Ta-tsien-lu bieti and the Himalayan and Yunnanese

thibetanus is the bright golden yellow instead of yellowish green of the outer

webs to the inner secondaries of the former.

64 NOVITATKS ZOOLOCICAE XXVIII. 1921.

260. Carduelis ambiguus (Oust.).

Chryaomitris amhii/utts Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 186 (1896) (Yunnan).

7 cJcJ, 3 ??, Lichiang Range, 9,000— 12,000 ft., pine forests, May-^une 1918 ;

3 c?c?. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft.. May 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill horn

grey ; legs and feet grey- brown.)

If it were not for the very sharp-pointed bill this .species would bridge over

the differences between the genera Carduelis and Chloris.

261. Eophona melanura migratoria Hart.

Eophona tnelanvra migratoria Hartert, Vog. paldar. Faun. i. p. 59. no. 96 (Sidimi).

1 (J, 1 ?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., pine forests and thickets, March 1919.

(Iris black-brown ; bill Ught orange ; legs and feet pale ruddy brown. )

When the collection of Captain Wingate was worked out Hartert had not

yet separated the two races of this bird, and so Ingram records 77iel. melanura

in error.

262. Perissospiza icteroides affinis (Blyth).

Hesperiphona afinis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xxir. p. 179 (1855) (Sikkim).

The single (J sent by Forrest is not quite adult and has the oUve tibiae of

the $, but it appears to be affinis.

1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 14,000 ft., pine forests, August 1918. (Iris dark brown ;

bill dull blue-green flecked with brown ; legs and feet pinkish (fleshy) grej'-brown).

263. Munia atricapilla atricapilla (Vieill.).

Loxia atricapilla Vieillot, Ois. Chant, p. 84. pi. 53 (1805) (" Grandes Indes ").

6 (JjJ (4 sexed $), ShweH Valley, 6,000—7,000 ft., thickets, June 1919. (Iris

black ; bill lead-grey ; legs and feet dark grey.) 1 ^, ShweU-Salwin Divide,

August 1919.

264. Munia punctulata topela Swinh.

Munia iopda Swinlioe, Ibis, p. 380 (1863) (Formosa).

. 8 (J(J ad. (3 sexed $), 1 ^ juv., ShweU-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., pine and

mixed forests. May— June 1919 ; 2 cJ(J juv., Nantien Valley, 4,500 ft., April 1919 ;

4 9? (3 sexed ^), hiUs N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., October 1919. (Iris ruddy

brown (J, dark brown $ ; bill, ? dull black, ^ black ; legs and feet, ^ dark grey,

$ purpUsh grej'.) 1 ^ ad., 1 ^ jun., Tengyueh District, 1919.

265. Sporaeginthus flavidiventris (Wall).

Eslrdda flavidiventris Wallace, P.Z.S. p. 495 (1863) (Timor and Flores).

When the distribution and breeding areas of Sp. amandava and Sp. flavidi-

ventris have been ascertained, flavidiventris will most likely prove to be a sub-

species of the latter, but at present the records are too conflicting to warrant this.

1 cj, hills S. of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., October 1919, thickets. (Iris orange-red ;

bill scarlet ; legs and feet pale brown. )

NoVlTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 65

266. Oriolus indicus tenuirostris Blyth.

Oriolus tenuirostris Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xv. p. 48 (1846) (Central India ?).

2 ^^ ad., 1 o jun.. 1 $ ad. (sexed ^), 1 pull., Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., pine

forests, June 1918 ; 1 $ juv. (sexed ^), Tong Shan, 10,000 ft.. August 1918.

(Iris crimson ; bill dull ruddy Ijrown ; legs and feet black. )

Ingram records indicus indicus, and the two Mengtze birds he records are

undoubtedly this bird. The explanation is probablj' that the form breeding in

the plains is indicvs and in mountains tenuirostris.

207. Chibia hottentota (Linn.).

Corws hottentotus Linnaeu-s, Si/st. A'al. i. edit. xii. p. 155 (1766) (Cape of Good Hope. Errore !),

1 (J, Yangtze Valley, 6,000—7,000 ft., mixed forest, September 1918. (Iris

clear yellow ; bill, legs, and feet black. )

268. Dicrurus ater cathoecus S«'inh.

Dicrurus catlwecus Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Loud, p. 377 (1871) (China),

1 c?, 1 ? juv., Tengyueh Valley, August 1919 ; 1 ?, Shweli-Valley, 6,000—7,000

ft., August 1919. (Iris crimson ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

269. Dicrurus leucophaeus nigrescens Gates.

Dicrurus nigrescens Gates, in Hume's Nests and Eggs, edit. 2. i. p. 208 (1889) (Rangoon).

Ingram includes both nigrescens and longicaudata in his list ; it is quite

certain, however, that neither the Mengtze birds nor Forrest's five specimens

are longicaudalus. Bangs and Phillips quote the Mengtze birds as pyrrhops

Hodgs., but this is not available, being a nomen nudum, and they must be

called nigrescens Gates.

1 cj, 2 $9, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 8,500—10,000 ft., pine and mixed forests,

May— June 1918 ; 1 <J, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., ■March 1919. (Iris crimson ;

bill, legs, and feet black.)

270. Stumia nemoricola Jerd.

StiinUa neiiLoricula Jerdon, Ibis, p. 22 (1862) (Thayetmyo).

1 $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., thickets and forests, June 1991. (Iris

crimson ; ))ill, basal half black, anterior half yellow ; legs and feet pale olive.)

271. Acridotheres tristis (Linn.).

Paradisea Irislis Linnaeus, Sysl. Nut. edit. xii. i. p. 167 (1766) (Philippine Islands).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

272, Acridotheres cristatellus (Gm.).

Gracula cristalella Gmelin, Syst. Xal. i. p. 397. no. 5 (1788) (China).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

5

gg NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

273. Acridotheres albocinctus Godw.-Aust. and Wald.

Acridotheres alhocinclm Godwin-Austen and Walden, Ihis, p. 251 (1875) (Manipur Valley).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

274. Gracupica nigricollis (Pajk).

Oracula nigrkoUia Paykull, Nova Acta StocBi. xxviii. p. 291. pi. 9 (I7C6).

2 (J (J, Tengyuch Valley, 5,300 ft., open meadows, March 1919. (Iris creamy-

grey ; bill black-brown ; naked skin round eye chrome orange ; legs and feet

dull ivory white.)

275. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Limi.).

Upupa pyrrhocorax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 118 (1758) (England).

2 33, 1 ?, 1 juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000—13,000 ft., cUfIs and pine forests,

June 1918. (Iris dark brown ; biU crimson, pale orange-red in young ; legs and

feet crimson ; nails black. )

Ingram quotes P. graculus as obtained by Rippon, but it is only a wrong

application of the name, as Rippon' s bird is P. pyrrhocorax.

276. Garnilus bispecularis sinensis Swinh,

Oanulus sinensis Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Land. p. 304 (1863) (Canton to Ningpo).

In his review of Garnilus bispecularis Vig. and its allies {A^ovit. Zool., xxv.

pp. 430-433 (1918)) Hartert acknowledges Reichenow's h. rujescens, and identifies

as such five birds collected by Colonel Rippon in N.W. Yimnan. The chief

alleged differences from b. sinensis are the white throat and darker, greyer back.

The white throat is only present in two out of the five birds of Colonel Rippon's.

Forrest's two birds are very different inter se ; one has the back rufous-cinnamon,

as in typical b. sinensis, and chin and throat uniform cinnamon with the rest of

the underside ; the other has the back vinaceous grey, almost as in G. glandaritis,

and the throat, breast, and abdomen more vinaceous, and the cliin decidedly

whitish. I am therefore convinced that when we get a larger series of jays

from Yunnan that b. rujescens of Reichenow will prove to be a synonym of

b. sinensis, and I therefore enumerate these birds here as sinensis.

2 33, Lichiang Range, 9,000—10,000 ft., pine forests, May 1918. (Iris grey-

white ; bill black ; legs and feet pale brownish grey. )

277. Nucifraga caryocatectes yunnanensis Ingr.

Nucifraga yunnanensis Ingram, Bull. B.O.C. xxv. p. 86 (1910) (Mountains of Yunnan).

This nutcracker is intermediate between N. c. owstoni Ingr. and N. c. hemispila

(Vig.), and is constantly distinct from the latter by the black crown of the head.

2 33, 4 $9, 2 juv., Lichiang Range, 8,500—13,000 ft., pine forests and ravines.

May— August 1918 ; 1 3, Sliweh-Salwin Divide, July 1919. (Iris dull dark

brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

IfoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 67

278. Urocissa erythrorhyncha erythrorhyncha (Gm.).

Corvus eri/throrhi/nchns Gmelin, Si/st. Nat. i. p. ,'$72 (1788) (China).

4 S3, 5 juv., Lichiang Range, 8,500—11,000 ft., June— October 1918, pine

forests ; 1 (J, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft.. May 1919 ; 1 (J, 1 ?, Yangtze

Valley, 8,000 ft., September 1919. (Iris orange-reddish-yellow ; bill orange-

scarlet ; legs and feet dull red.

279. Dendrocitta himalayensis Blyth.

Dendrocitia himalayensis Blyth, Ibis, p. 45 (18C5) (Himalayas).

1 (J (sexed $), 3 ?? (1 sexed <J), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft.. May— June

1919. (Iris red ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

Qg NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

ON THE REPLACEMENT OF A LOST VEIN IN CONNECTION WITH

A STRIDULATING ORGAN IN A NEW AGARISTID MOTH FROM

JIADAGASCAR, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW GENERA-

By dr. KARL JORDAN.

(With text-figs. 1-9.)

IN the most generalised Lepidoptera the wing-neuration agrees closely with

the tracheae of the pupal wing. This tracheal system remains of an

ancestral tj'pe in all Lepidoptera, but in the specialised families no tubular vein

is formed along some of the main tracheae, which become atrophied before

emergence of the imago, and are indicated in the fully developed wing by folds.

With the exception of some generalised groups — such as Cossiclae and Castniidae,

for instance — the stem of the radial vein is a fold in the cell, distally divided,

and the upper submedian SM' ( = Ic of Herrich-Schaffer) is absent as a tubular

vein from the majority of families of Lepidoptera.

It holds generally good that the direction of develoj)ment, which is constant

m one group of families, reappears sporadically also in other groups, be it the

loss of an ancestral organ or the acquirement of a specialisation. We find, for

instance, a clavate antenna, a specialisation, not only in all butterflies, but here

and there also among moths ; the foretibial epiphysis, an ancestral organ , is

absent from nearly all families of butterflies and has also been lost by some

moths, for example, by aU Chalcosiids and some Saturniids and Sphingids. '

The loss of the same organ in widely different groups, however, is much more

frequent than the acquirement of one and the same specialisation, and is of quite

common occurrence, as exemplified by the mouth-parts of Lex^idoptera, the

ocelli, legs, genitalia, etc. It is, therefore, not surprising that the ancestral

vein SM' ( = Ic) is found absent in some genera of families which in the aggregate

are characterLsed by the retention of that vein, f.i. in some Zygaenidae (s.l.) and

Castniidae (s.l.). On the other hand, it is most remarkable that this vein is

constantly absent from so many families of Lepidoptera. Considering the two

facts : (1) that the generalised tracheal system persists in the chrysalides of these

families, the framework on which to build up any of the generalised veins therefore

being still given ; and (2) that the wing pattern is influenced by the submedian

fold SM' as if it were a vein, one might be inclined to regard the pupal trachea

SM' as a potential vein, and to expect that the discarded vein SM' would make

its reappearance here and there. But that is not the case ; the potentiality

is gone, being, in this instance, an a priori conception without reality. The

absence of vein SM' has, in the majority of the families, the regularity of a natural

law, and if it is a law, and not a mere rule, it admits of no exceptions.

If considered from this jjoint of view, the species of Agaristid which forms

the main subject of this pajser acquires a general interest. It is a new species

from Madagascar, representing a new genus. We have only a single (J, the chief

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

69

structural features of which are the large club of the thin antenna and a stridu-

lating organ. It is the latter which claims our attention first.

The males of a number of Agaristids and Noctuids make a fairly loud noise

during flight. The sound, which carries a good distance, is produced by the

Fig. 1. — Mnsuryina lacta (J.

2. — Ditto ; underside of forewing,

3.— ,, ; club of antenna.

4. — ,, ; clasper.

5. — ,, ; hindtarsus.

0. — ,, : oral area and frons.

Fig. 7. — Submedian fold of a normal Agaristid.

„ 8. — „ ,, (SM>) and submedian

vein SM" of Miia-

ttrgina.

,, 9. — ,, vein oi & Zygacna

friction of a tarsus against a modified portion of a wing. In the Malagassic

species, which we will describe below as Musiirgina laeta (text-fig. 1), the musical

apparatus is composed of the forewing an the hindtarsus.

On the underside of the forewing Musurgina bears a naked area occupying

70 NOVITATES ZoOI.OOtOA.B XXVIII. 1921.

the cell except its upper angle, and extending backwards to the submedian fold.

This area is transversely ribbed (text-fig. 2) ; the ribs are rounded-convex, and

correspond to the interspaces of the rows of scales on the rest of the wing. Along

the costal side of the median vein a stripe of scaling is left, protected by the

vein. The space behind the cell is concave beneath and correspondingly convex

on the upperside of the wing, and is sharply bounded by the submedian fold.

Now, in other Agaristidae the wing does not show any appreciable incrassatiou

at the fold in a transverse section (text-fig. 7), while in Musurgina the place of

the fold is occupied by a conspicuous ridge, which extends as far distad as the

stridulating area and then fades away into an ordinary non-incrassate fold

(text-figs. 2 and 8). Under a weak lens the ridge has the appearance of a vein,

but on closer examination is found to differ very considerably from the tubular

veins. The ridge is not cylindrical and not hollow, and much more chitin has

been employed to construct it than in the case of a tubular vein (text-fig. 8).

The stridulation area is thus strongly supported, but this end could have been

achieved much more economically by the construction of a tubular vein similar

to SM* ( = lb ; text-fig. 8). The factors of growth which govern the development

of the stridulation organ in Musurgina are unable to reproduce the lost vein

and can only dii-ect matter to the line where support is needed, and buUd up a

substitute. The vein is a memory, and its actualitj' cannot be regained. For

comparison we add a figure of the transverse section of SM' of a Zygaena (text-fig.

9), in which genus this vein is thinner than the other veins, and evidently is on the

road towards obliteration.

The naked membrane expanding between the subcostal nervure and the

submedian ridge acts as a sound-board, the sound itself being produced by the

friction of the hindtarsus on the median nervure. This vein, which is cm-ved,

with the convexity towards the costa (text-fig. 2), as is the submedian ridge

distally, i.s enlarged within the naked area, and bears 60-odd obliquely transverse,

sharp ridges which are directed costad-distad. The ridges are strongest in the

proximal half of the vein and gradually become fainter towards the apex of the

cell, the most distal ones being shifted to the costal side of the vein.

The corresponding structure of the hindtarsus is found on the upi>erside

slightly towards the uiside, a file of transverse ridges extending from the base

of the tarsus to the apex (text-fig. 5). The first segment is inflated and bears

about 55 ridges. The hindtarsus as well as the tibia is smooth-scaled, which is

an evident advantage for the good working of the instrument. It will be noticed

in text-fig. 8 that the false submedian vein is narrow along its highest point, a

longitudinal ridge being formed which, I think, is likewise employed in the

production of the sound when the tarsus strilies across it. This ridge recalls the

stridulation organ of the Australian Agaristid, Platagarista tetraplema Meyr.

(1891), in which the instrument is comi^osed of the hindwing and hindtarsus, the

subcostal vein being provided with a ridge (but not with a file) and the hind-

tarsus with a file. Compare also what we say of Pemphigostola Strand (1909)

on p. 72.

We do not know what sound Musurgutu produces, but assume that it is

similar to the sound of Platagarista, a hybrid noise between whistling and hissing.

Further characteristics of Musurgina may be gathered from the following

description of the genus and species and the figures illustrating it.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVIII. 1921. 71

Musurgina gen. nov.

(J. Frons in middle a little more than one-third a.s broad as the eye is high ;

frontal process (text-fig. 6) long, conical, flattened above and below, truncate,

apical area marginate, transverse, more rounded ventrally than dorsaUy. Oral

edge of frons sharp, triangular, with the apex rounded off ; at each side a pointed

pyramidal genal process. Scape of antenna very broad, its diameter about

one- fifth shorter than that of the centre of the frons. Shaft of 30-odd segments,

very slender, lengths of segments VI to XII more than twice their widths in

centre; club (text-fig. 3) composed of 12 or 13 segments, very large, slightly

flattened, five times as broad as the shaft, rather abruptly narrowing distaUy

to form a short, thin, slightly upcurved, apical hook of 5 or 6 segments, the

last of which bears a thin, conical, truncate, apical stylet ; upperside of antenna

scaled, the club proximaUy also beneath ; underside of shaft covered with short

hair and bearing bristles like typical Agaristids. Eye naked. Palpus beneath

rough-hairy inclusive of third segment, which is less than three times as long

as apicaUy broad, and but sliglitly porrect. Pronotum at base with very large

scales contiguous to head ; rest of thorax with hair mixed with long narrow

scales. At base of abdomen a divided tuft of scales, the longest of which are

dark, metallic, oar-shaped, or lanceolate (the other segments of abdomen almost

entirely denuded in our specimen). Tibiae without spines ; tibia and first tarsal

rough-hairy in foreleg, with some long hair on upperside in midleg, smooth

and inflated in hindleg ; inner spur of midtibia reaching a little beyond one-third

of first tarsal segment ; proximal spurs of hindtibia quite short, much shorter

than the tibia is broad, and the apex of the longer (inner) spur about twice the

length of the spur distant from the apical spurs, inner apical spin: twice the

length of the outer one and about one-fourth as long as the first tarsal segment.

Hindtarsus from base to apex with naked dorsal stripe of transverse, slightly

obliquely curved ridges (text- fig. 5), segment I with spines at apex only, II without

spines at base ; V with a few spines in hindtarsus and only bristles in fore- and

midtarsus; proportional lengths of hindtarsal segments 90, 70, 17, 5, 9, segment

IV being shorter than broad. Claw with tooth in middle.

Neuration. — Forewing (text-fig. 2) : SC oS cell at two-thirds, areole small,

SC from areole, SC and SC on long stalk, SC from this stalk near areole ; R'

from upper cell-angle close to areole ; R', R', M', and M' almost at equal distances

from each other around lower cell-angle, which is rounded, M- being much more

distal than in allied genera ; M curved with the convexity towards costa ; SM'

a false vein as far as the stridulating organ extends (to near lower cell-angle)

and nearly curved like M, distally a mere fold as in other Agaristidae ; SM' thm,

distally api^roaching SM', but not joining it, i.e. SM' not " forked " at base.

Hindwing : SC- and R' from upjjer cell-angle, which is almost 90°, R' from

middle, R' and M' from lower cell-angle, which is acute, M' from near angle.

Genotype : 3T. laeta spec. nov.

Musurgina laeta spec. nov. (text-fig. 1).

cj. Head and thorax russet mixed with grey. Scaling of antenna white.

Frontal process black. Palpus orange, third segment with some black hairs.

Tegula black at apex. Abdomen much rubbed, evidently orange, basal tuft with

72 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

the long curved scales metallic black. Coxae and femora pale fawn colour,

some of the long hair almost white ; tibiae and tarsi of fore- and midlegs black

den.sel}' mixed with white ; inner side of foretibia and two spots on outer side

orange ; hindtibia and greater part of hindtarsus I pale buff, rest of tarsus blackish

above, grey beneath.

Upperside of forewLng russet ; costal margin excurved from base to beyond

middle and again near apex, termen very oblique, tornus very obtuse, the angle

almost effaced, liindmargin strongly rounded ; a silvery white stripe runs from

base of costal margin obliquely across cell, continues distad as far as the stridula-

tion area extends and then turns costad across lower angle of cell, reaching costal

margin 2 to 3 mm. from apex, the stripe 2 mm. broad below cell, 1 mm. towards

costa ; costal edge brown from base beyond middle, cell except apex and part

of terminal area shaded ■nith brown, termen partly mixed with white and bearing

a row of rufous dots placed between the veins ; fringe a mixture of white and

sepia-coloured scales. Hindwing orange, with a sepia-black terminal band

2 to 3 mm. wide, ending at anal angle, extending along costal margin to near

middle, slightly dentate upon M- and SJ\P ; termen ventricose above centre,

excurved at submedian fold, this lobe having a rufous marginal bar, two small

rufous dots between R' and M- and vestiges of two more dots farther ajiicad ;

fringe white and sepia, some white scaling at margin in black band, especially

in front of submedian lobe.

Uiiderside sepia colour, rufous marginal markings vestigial ; forewiug without

white stripe, a stripe on the submedian false vein as far as lower cell-angle, and

connected across lower cell-angle with a triangular spot placed a short distance

outside the discoceUulars pale orange buff, this stripe fading away towards inner

margin. Hindwing as above.

Genitalia: Anal tergite as in the allied genera a long, tapering, curved process

ending with a sharp point. Clasper long, narrow, ventral margin evenly

excurved, dorsal margin incurved, apex pointed, ventral apical margin with a

regular row of nearly 40 stiff bristles lying flat above the inner surface of the

clasper and being directed dorsad-frontad ; harpe an evenly curved, sharply

pointed, spiniform process (text-fig. 4).

Length of forewing : 18o mm.; breadth: 7-5 mm.

Hab. Diego 8uarez, N.E. Madagascar, 24.xii.1916 (Gaston Melou) ; 1 <J.

• The unknown $ maj' be expected to differ from the (J in the stridulating

organ being absent, the submedian fold not incrassate, the antennal club less

enlarged, the hindleg normal, and the forewing broader.

When we first saw this insect we believed it to be a species of Pcmphigoslola

Strand (1909), a genus placed by its author among the Castniids. Pemphigostola

synemonistis , of which only one cJ is known, occurs like Mvsurgina laeta on

IMadagascar. It has practically the same size as M. laeta ; the forewing is very

narrow, witli the costal margin excurved proximally and bcfoi'c apex, and bears

a stridulating organ, and the hindwing has a small submedian lobe, as in Miisur-

gina. According to Strand's detailed description Pemphigostola, however,

differs very essentially from Musurgina in SM' ( = Ic) being a tubular vein in

both wings, in the frons being broader, the forewing having no areole, both

cell-angles of the hindwing being 90°, in the midtarsus (not hindtarsus) bearing

a stripe of transver.se ridges (the file), and in other details. The colouring is

also different from that of M. laeta.

NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAK XXVIH. 1921. 73

This Pemphigostola is a strange insect. The statements that in the hindwing

the cross-veins are comijlete, vein 5 arises from tlieir centre, and the costal vein

branches oflE from the midtlle of the subcostal are very remarkable, jjlacing

Pemphigostola quite outside the Castniids. The stridulating organ also is some-

thing unknown among Castniids ; in fact, I was under the impression that a

stridulating organ of this kind (wing plus tarsus) does not occur outside the

Noctuiform families of Lepidoptera. If Pemphigostola really is allied to the

Castniids, which I do not believe, the similarity between it and Musiirgina in

the peculiar antennae, the stridulating organs, the size and shape of the wings

is astounding, and if Pemphigostola should prove to be an Agaristid, the presence

of a tubular vein SM' ( = Ic) in fore- and hindwing would be no less wonderful.

However, it seems to me desirable that Pemphigostola be re-examined.

The general colouring of Musurgina laeta agrees very well with that of some

other Agaristids, especially with the Malagassic species described by Saalmiiller

as Ovios laminifera (Ber. Senck. Ges. 1878, p. 91), and figured by him in Lepid.

Madag. 1884 as Euscirrhopterus laminifer (p. 140, no. 327, tab. 8, fig. 133).

Hampson, who had not seen the species, placed it in Paratuerta among the Noctuids

{Lep. Phalaenae, ix. p. 415 [1910]). We have a (J of this laminifera, and find

that the sjjecies is a true Agaristid, representing a new genus allied to Acgocera.

Ancarista gen. uov.

cJ. Frons very narrow, widening above and below, its diameter at the

narrowest point about twice that of the shaft of the antenna ; frontal process

conical, somewhat flattened above, not quite so long as the frons is broad at

this point, truncate, the apical surface marginate, transverse, more rounded

above than below. Oral edge of frons sharp, laterally curving upwards to join

the short gcnal process. Palpus similar to that of Aegocera, segments I and II

long-hairy beneath ; III short-scaled, the scales longer at apex, therefore the

segment appearing more strongly club-shaped than it really is. Eye large.

Antenna simple, long (16 mm.), extending much beyond apex of cell, slightly

but distinctly thickened from about tliree- fifths to foiu--fifths, then gradually

becoming thinner, the distal segments being much thiimer than the shaft. Bristles

and hair on ventral sm-face as in true Agaristids. Thorax clothed with a mixture

of scales and hairs, scales of patagia especially large, widest at apices, which are

rotundate-truncate and multidentate. Abdominal tergite I with bifid tuft of

long scales and hairs, the lateral scales ciurving inward. Tibiae without spines

as in Mitrophrys, fore- and midtibiae with long hair-scales on upperside, hind-

tibia almost smooth ; inner spurs of mid- and hindtibiae more than twice the

lengths of outer ones and fully two-thirds as long as tarsal segment I. Tarsi

long, more than half as long again as tibiae, spined beneatli only, V slightly

shorter than IV.

Neuration. Forewing nearly as in Mitrophrys, SC' more proximal than

M-, areole long, 8C'- from before apex of areole, SC and SC on long stalk, SC

from this stalk close to apex of areole, R' from upper cell-angle, which is very

acute and is much more distal than lower cell-angle, R' and M' at equal distances

from cell-angle, D' longer than the cell is broad at apex. Hindwing : SC

and R' from upper cell-angle, R" from middle of cell-apex, R' and JI' close together

from lower cell-angle, M- a short distance below angle, both cell-angles a little

74 NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

less than 90". Abdomen with anal tuft. Clasper long, rounded at apex, on

inside densely studded with stiff spines which are curved frontad.

$. Frons broader, antenna thinner.

Genotype : Species identified as Ovios laminifera Saalm. (1878).

Differs from Aegocera in the long and slender antennae, long tarsi, non-spined

tibiae, etc. ; and from Milrophrys in the longer antennae and tarsi, longer tibial

spurs, much more acute and more projecting upper cell-angle of the forewing,

and the narrow frons of the cj.

Our (J has a sUver streak on the forewing like the $ figured by SaalmiiUer,

but differs from that figure in bearing a broad creamy-white longitudinal stripe

which reaches the costal margin at the base and before the apex, and is posteriorly

bounded by the silver streak. Moreover, the terminal band of the hind wing

is paler, less definite, and anteriorly narrower, and the thin orange admarginal

line within this band extends forward to near apex.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 75

CAPTAIN AXC4US BUCHANAN'S AIR EXPEDITION.

III.

UNGULATE JIAMMALS COLLECTED BY CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

F

ULL particulars of the expedition Lave been given by Dr. E. Hartert and

Messrs. Thomas and Hinton.

1. Ammo tragus lervia angusi subsp. nov.

Differs from all the four other forms — /. lervia, I. saharienms, I. ornata, and

I. hlainei — in the horns being much more upright on the head, and curving farther

backwards and inwards. General colour very deep rufous, darker than in

I. ornatus ; no dark face stripe ; dorsal crest mixed with black, more strongly

on front half. Beard on sides of lower jaw cinnamon-rufous ; long hair on legs

and knee tufts, apparently more sparse and restricted than in the other forms.

1 (J ad.. No. 184. Tarrouaji Mt., Asben, 3,100 ft., August 4, 1920. (Dead

weight, 152 lb. ; height at shoulder, 36 in. = 900 mm. ; at rump, 36^ in. =

906-5 mm. ; length of body, 34| in. = 863 mm. ; girth of neck, ISJ in. = 456-5

mm. ; of body, 42J in. = 1,059 mm.) Right horn, 525 mm. = 21 in. over

curve ; left horn, 510 mm. = 201% ui.

1 ? very old. No. 178. Aouderas, Asben, 2,700 ft., July 25, 1920. {Dead

weight, 112 lb. ; height at shoulder, 31 J in. = 794 mm. ; at rump, 32J in. =

819 mm. ; length of body, 35^ in. = 888 mm. ; girth of neck, 13 J in. = 338

mm. ; of body, 43 in. = 1,075 mm.) Right horn, 400 mm. = 16 in. ; left

horn, 365 mm. = Myij m.

1 cJ, fully adult, skull and horns with scalp. No. 14. S. of Baguezan, May 1,

1920. Right horn, 550 mm. = 21 in. ; left horn, 545 mm. = 20i"TT in.

Type: $ ad., No. 184.

Hausa name Ragindoutchi ; Tuareg name Afitall.

2. Damaliscus korrigum (Ogilb.).

Antilopc korrujiim Ogilljy, P.Z.S. Land. 1836. p. 103 (Korrigum, Bomu).

This antelope was described from skulls and horns brought home by Denham

and Clapperton. In the Book of Antelopes Messrs. Sclater and Thomas go very

fully into the reasons why the names " koba " and " senegalensis ," being mixtures

of three or more species, should be rejected in favour of the name korrigum of

Ogilby. Herr Schwartz has now applied the name " koba " to the sisecies and

apparently uses it to represent Senegal examples, while he makes " korrigum "

one of the numerous subspecies which he recognises. Whether the Senegal

examples are separable from Lake Chad, Bornu, Damergou, and Gambian

examples, which in my opinion are all identical, can only be settled with fresh

76 NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXVIII. 1921.

Senegambian material ; but whether they are separable or not, the names " kola "

and senegalensis are alike not admissible.

Buffon's " Koba " appears to be a mixture of a Biibalis, an Aepycerus, and an

Adenola, and Pennant quotes the name and locality, and describes and figures

as this animal a head of Biibalis caama of the Cape. Erxleben latinised Buffon's

"Koba" as " A ill Hope koba," and Cuvier called it " Aniilope senegakmis"

but both these authors simply used these names and appended to them Pennant's

description. It will thus be seen that it is quite beyond dispute that both these

names apply to a mixtiu-e of animals, or in the case of extra-strict and finnicking

purists could be treated as appertaining to Biibalis caama, in which latter case

the latter ought to be called Bubalis koba (Erxl.) 1777, as caama Cuv. dates

from 1816.

Lydekker, in the Catalogue of Ungulate Mammalia in the British Museum,

gives a key to the subspecies of the Senegal Hartebecst known to him, and uses

as principal characters the black line under the eye and the coloiu- of the legs

below the knee. He evidently cU-ew up his key at various times and from all

sorts of material, for the key characters do not agree with the specimens avaUable

for examination by myself. The character of the tan of the legs below the knee,

as opposed to the darker rufous body in k. tiang when compared with uniformity

of body colour and legs in k. korrigiim, shows that he took this from Watcrhouse,

Hawkins, and Wolf's plates, for both the Lake Chad and Gambian skins in

the British Museum, which he places under k. korrigum, have tan legs. Mr.

Gilbert Blaine {Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xiii. 1914, pp. 326-335) explains that,

while the black mark below and behind the eye is never present in the two

AVest African forms, it is present or absent in North-Eastern forms, and is only

invariably present in the S.E. African form eiirits Schwarz. Without discussmg

the status of Senegal specimens at present, it is my firm conviction that the

examples of Damaliscus korrigum from Lake Chad westwards to the Gambia

aU belong to the tyjiical race D. korrigum. korrigum (Ogilby).

1 very old S, No. 193. Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, 1,525 ft., August 22,

1920. (Dead weight, 271 lb. ; height at shoulder, 53 in. = 1,325 mm. ; at

hindquarters, 49 in. = 1,225 mm. ; length of body, 46i in. = 1,163 mm. ; girth

of neck, 28 in. = 700 mm. ; of body, 55 in. = 1,375 mm.) Right horn over

curve, 18t5 in. = 480 mm. ; left horn, IS/u in. = 470 mm.

' Hausa name Dere or Derri.

3. Gazella dania damergouensis subsp. nov.

(J?. Nearest to and intermediate between G. d. permista Neum. and d. rcducta

Heller., but distinguished from both by the rusty suffusion of all the white parts,

and the greater extent of the rufous on legs. The horns are quite as thick as

in d. mhorr, but longer in proportion.

1 <J ad.. No. 118. Takoukout, Damergou, 1,550 ft., March 20, 1920. (Dead

weight, 130 lb. ; height at shoulder, 43J- in. = 1,088 mm. ; at rump, ditto ;

length of body, 37i in. = 938 mm. ; girth of neck, 17i in. = 438 mm. ; of

body, 39J in. = 995 mm.) Right and left horns, 330 mm. = 13fij in.

1 very old (J skull, . procured at Damergou. Length of horns, 390 mm. =

15A in.

1 ? ad., No. 115. Takoukout, Damergou, 1,550 ft., March 7, 1920. (Height

MOVITATES ZoOLOGtOAl! XXVIII. 1921. 7T

at shoulders, 40i in. = 1,013 mm. ; at rump, 41| in. = 1,045 mm. ; length

of body, 34 in. = 750 mm. ; girth of neck, lOJ in. = 263 mm. ; of body, 35 in. =

775 mm.) Length of right liorn, 12i\- in. = 320 mm. ; left, 12i''5 in. = 315 mm.

Hausa name Mena.

4. Gazella lufifrons hasleri Poc.

Qazella riififions hasleri Pocock, P.Z.S. Land. 1912. p. 5 (Kano).

1 3' ad., No. 114. Takoukout, Damergou, l,550ft., March 6, 1920. (Height

at shoulder, 29 in. = 725 mm. ; at rumj), 32 in. = 800 mm. ; length of body,

28 in. = 700 mm. ; gu'th of neck, 13 in. = 325 mm. ; of body, 30 in. = 750 in.)

Length of horns, 270 mm. = lOy'V in.

5. Gazella dorcas dorcas (Linn.).

Capra dorcas Linnaeus, Sgst. Nat. edit. x. i. p. 69 (1758) (Egypt).

1 ad. cJ, No. 120. Tokede, Ahber, 3,400 ft.. May 4, 1920. (Dead weight

38 lb. ; height at shoulder, 24J in. = 613 mm. ; at rump, 26 in. = 650 mm.,

length of body, 24 in. = 600 mm. ; girth of neck, 12 in. = 300 mm. ; of body,

24J in. = 613 mm.) Length of horns, 240 mm. = 71"^ in.

Hausa name Matakundi.

6. Gazella ?

This is a skull and horns of an old q gazelle, which may jjossibly be an

abnormal dorcas, but it does not agree with those I have. The horns are longer,

thinner, and closer together, curving in towards the tips more like g. tilonura.

1 old o, skuU and horns. No. 15. Taken near Faodet, N. Asben, June 12,

1920. Length of riglit horn, 315 mm. = 12/u in. ; left, 320 mm. = 12/5 in.

7. Oryx algaael algazel (Oken).

Cemas ahjazel Oken, Lehrb. Xaturg. vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 741 (1816) (Western Sahara).

Lydekker throws some doubt as to the distinctness of a. algazel Oken from

the Western Soudan, and a. dammah from the Eastern Soudan. This was owing

to his never havmg seen a skin of a western example. The western specimens

I have examined in various Italian museums all showed a much greater extent

of rufous than in eastern examples.

Captain Buchanan never got within shot of this animal, owing to his great

exertions to obtain an ostrich ; for the Sabre-horned Antelope is only found

in the Damergou scrub belt where the ostriches occur. He brought home a

pair of native-killed horns.

1 o ad., horns and frontlet. Damergou. Length of riglit horn, 1,050 mm.

= 42 in. ; left, 1,075 mm. = 43 in.

78 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANANS AIR EXPEDITION.

IV.

THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY CAPT. ANGUS BUCHANAN DURING HIS

JOURNEY FROM KANO TO AIR OR ASBEN.

By dr. ERNST HARTERT.

(Plates I.-IX.)

THE best zoogeographical boiindarj', apart from vast oceans, has hitherto

been the Sahara, a wide belt of poorly inhabited and unexplored country.

As long as we knew very little about it, this was a very simple question — north

of the Sahara palaearctic, south of it aethiopian. This contention, however,

was bound to be shaken to some extent when the Sahara (as it is marked on

maps) became zoologically explored. Until the second decade of this century

the Great Desert had only been touched by zoological collectors on some of its

borders : in the east near the Nile, in the north from Algeria, Tunisia, and Tripoli-

tania. South of Algeria the Koenigs had collected as far as Ouargla, Erlanger

and Spatz from Tunisia about as far or little more to the south ; Whitaker's

intrepid collector, Dodson, had penetrated as far as ^Murzuk in Fezzan, south of

Tripolitania, and his collections added much to our knowledge, but were evidently

not exhaustive. J. Dybowski had collected during his inspecting-toiu- to El-

Golea, but of the 42 species of birds which he brought home very few came actually

from El-Golea, but were taken all along the route from Ghardaia to El-Golea,

and mostly not properly labelled. Riggenbach collected a few birds at the Rio

de Oro and Comte de Dalmas at the Bale de Levrier, Cap Blanco south, but neither

of these latter travellers had penetrated into the interior, and each had only

obtained a few specimens.

• In 1912 I collected industriously, accompanied by Hilgert, as far south as

Tidikelt (In-Salah), and in the same year Spatz and Fromholz collected as far

as Temassinin. In 1914 GejT von Schweppenburg and Spatz made their fruitful

expedition to Ideles, on the slopes of the Hoggar Mountains. Thus some know-

ledge was obtained of the Saharan avifauna, but its greater part remained still

unknown — not a step had been made (by ornithological collectors) into the desert

south of Marocco and north of the Senegal, the central belt remained unknown

almost from the Nile to the Atlantic.

Looking at any map, a somewhat large mountain-land. Air or Asben, catches

the eye in the middle of the Sahara, on older maps and in textbooks called an

" oasis," which is, however, a most misleading name for a mountainous country

with desert tracts and valleys, towns and villages, mountains rising up to about

2,000 m. in height.

Zoologically Air remained absolutely unlcnown until Buchanan's expedition.

It was with great satisfaction to myself that Lord Rotlischild fell in with my

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 79

ideas about it, with his usual zeal and interest in all scientific exploration, and

that Capt. Buchanan accepted his offer to make a collecting trip to Air for the

Tring Museum. The exploration of that country has been in my mind since

1886. In that year the leader of a Tuareg caravan in Hausaland, who had

brought salt from BUma, offered to take my companion Staudinger and me to

Asben, but we had not the means, neither the necessary outfit, ammunition, etc.,

nor the money, to accept it, nor would it have been possible, at that time, to

collect freely in Asben, which was only permanently occupied by the French in

1905. It was one of my many unfulfilled dreams of life to visit Asben myself,

but I have never given up the hope one day to see natural history specimens

from there. In 1901 I wrote (Nov. Zool. vol. viii. p. 118), "what may the

extensive mountains of Tintellust, what Asben or Air have in store for us." In

Nov. Zool. vol. XX., 1913, p. 20, I again directed attention to Asben. We knew

already from Earth's Travels that Air has tropical vegetation, that some valleys

are fertile and contain good water, that ostriches, lions, giraffes, birds were seen

by him, that near Agades he observed monkeys and butterflies. Jean, in 1909,

in his book, Les Touaregs du Sud-Est, VAir, mentions lions hi the mountains of

Timgue and Baguezan, foxes, hyaenas, cats, antelopes, monkeys, but he adds

that giraffes do not now exist in the country, and that the ostrich is not found

north of Damergu ; of other birds he mentions, besides some which, like turtle-

doves, occur in palaearctic regions as well as in the tropics, and some unin-

telligible names, glossy starlings, which are only foimd in tropical countries.

The French trader Brand in In-Salah, who had passed Air on his journey to and

from Kano, told me in 1912 that Air abounded in brilliantly coloured birds, such

as sun-birds ("colibris") and glossy starlings, and that weaver-birds' nests

could be seen in the trees. On Plate XVIII. Jean reproduces a large vultiure,

which may possibly be a young Oyps riippellii or G. fiilvus. It seems to be too

large for Lophogyps, and cannot be Pseudogyps. Foureau in D'Alger aii

Congo mentions several birds at Iferouane, among them evidently Columba

guinea, a bird of the size of a thrush, with golden underside and very glossy green

back (? Chrysococcyx cupreus), Plerocles senegalus (probably error !). At Aguellal

he observed C'oJ-f^* « ft »s, i\"»«nV?a, glossy starlings, and small birds " de toutes

nuances."

Meagre as all these statements are, they proved that the fauna of Asben is

chiefly, if not entirely, tropical. This is borne out by Buchanan's collections.

Of the birds nearly all may — apart from migrants — be called tropical species or

subspecies ; two, Sireplopdia turtiir lioggnra and Colinnba livia targia, are so far

only known from the Hoggar Mountains, where Geyr discovered them, and nine

are inhabitants also of the Northern Sahara, one is a sub-species, and closely allied

to the South Algerian Crateropus fiilvus. The mammals are on the whole

Sudanese forms or close allies of such, and what there is of Algerian forms is really

Saharan, and not found in Algeria proper. The lepidoptera are essentially

Saharan, many forms being similar to those foimd by Geyr and myself in the

Sahara between the Atlas and Tidikelt, and the Hoggar Mountains.

The boundary between the palaearctic and tropical African fauna may

therefore be regarded as fairly fixed to about the 20th degree of latitude, though

it is, of course, not a hard-and-fast dividing line, there being many exceptions —

even among birds which form the main basis of these notes. I am sorry to say

I cannot agree with my friend Geyr v. Schwepfienburg's conclusions as put forth

80 NOVTTATES ZOOLOCICAE XXVIII, 1921.

in Journ. j. Orn. vol. Ixv., 2, pp. 43-56. Nobody will and can deny that Asben,

with such birds as Nectarhiiidae, glossy starlings, Burhinus capensis, Necrosyrtes,

Chrysococcyx, hornbUls, Coliiis macrourus, Pogoniulus, Scoptelus, Batis, Eremo-

pterix, Passer griseus, weaver-birds, etc., has a tropical bird population. With

equal certainty, however, I consider a country where all these tj'pes of tropical

avifauna are fully absent, and where, instead, Burhinus oedicnemus, Sylvia nana

deserti, Buteo ferox cirlensis, Athene noctua saharae, and other birds which also

inhabit palaearctic regions north of the Sahara, or along its northern portion,

form the bird population, as palaearctic. The correctness and erudition shown

in Geyr's remarks is great, but the origin of certain forms does not, m my opinion,

prove that they can nowadays be called upon as witnesses for the relationship

of a fauna. There are in Marocco, Algeria, etc., and even in Europe, forms of

undoubted tropical origin, such as Alcedo atlhis ispida and Coracias garrulus

in Europe, tlie often-quoted Pyenonotus barbatus barbatus, Telephonus (Harpo-

lestes), Asio capensis tingitanns, Melieraxmusicits, Streptopelia senegalensis phoeni-

cophila, Apus afpnis galilejcnsis, in Africa Minor, yet these forms are nmo palae-

arctic bu-ds, and can therefore not prove the character of a country to be tropical.

Of the troj)ical birds from the expedition, 14 (possibly 15) are peculiar,

modified forms, but only 6 of them are found in Asben proper, 6 are equally found

in Damergu, Zinder, or Northern Hausaland, which are naturally richer in animal

life than the dry, desolate mountains of Air.

The birds show once more that the Sudan from east to west, like the

Saharan province, forms a uniform faunal zone. In olden times, when Jean

Cabanis was alive and head of the bird department in the Berlin Museum, a

saj-ing of his used to be proverbial among his disciples, " dat jeht so durch " (" that

ranges through"), which he frequently used to emphasise that certain forms

extended from the west (Senegal) to the Eastern Sudan. The name Sudan is

the ancient name for the negro-country south of the Sahara, from west to east.

Therefore we correctly called the expedition to Hausaland in 1885 and 188C, of

which my journey to Sokoto and Kano formed a j^art, the expedition to the

Western Sudan, and Sclater and Praed published a list of the birds from what

they call the " Anglo- Egyptian Sudan." Unfortunately it has become customary

to restrict the name Sudan to that latter region, in which, moreover, is included

the whole of Nubia, which should be separated historically, geographically, and

tb a certain extent faunistically.

While most of the birds from Kano, Zinder, and Damergu agree best with the

Senegal forms, this is also the case with the majority of Asben birds, but the

occurrence of such specialised forms as Orlyxelus meifjreni from the Senegal to

Darfur and Kordofan, the discovery of Capriniulgus eximius and Calendula dunni

as far west as Zinder are, among others, proofs of this continual Sudanese fauna.

On the other hand, many forms are different east and west, sometimes widely,

sometimes very little, though distinguishable. A stepping-stone between our

knowledge of the bii'ds of Asben to Kano and those from the " Anglo- Egyptian

Sudan " are the discoveries of Capt. Lynes, the results of which are, however,

except descriptions of a few novelties, not yet published, and who is now making

a second collection in Darfur. The temporary French occupation of Tibesti, under

Col. Tilho, has not yielded any zoological fruits.

Capt. Buchanan sailed from England early in November, and landed at

Lagos, whence he proceeded by railway to Kano. Near Kano, mostly in the

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 81

village of Farniso north of Kano, he stayed and collected from December 3 to

January 8. Kano is about 1,700 feet high, and the dry season had commenced

before he arrived there. From 9. i. 1920 to January 22 he travelled northwards

over the 140 miles to Zinder, where he camped until February 20 (PI. I.). The

journey was mostly through open bush country, interspersed with barren, sandy

tracks. Zinder was the ricliest place for birds where he collected during the ex-

pedition, many birds appearing, for example, on the wells of Baban Tubki (PI. I.).

The Zinder country is generally called Damagarim, and is from 1,500 to 1,610 feet

high. North of Zinder is a barren belt, 25 to 30 miles wide, undulating in places

with low-rounded rises, sandy or covered (in the dry season) with withered grass,

and often outcrops of gravel, boulders and rocks, in places some scraggy bush and

an odd tree. Near Kaleloua a 20-mUes-wide belt of fairly thick bush,chiefly acacias,

is passed, to be followed by a 50-mUes-wide barren belt. Takukut (Takoukout) in

Damergu was reached on March 6, and collections were made until March 27.

From south of Takukut to north of Aderbissinat extends a bush belt of fairly

scattered dwarf acacias, of elevations from 1,500 to 1,800 feet. This bush belt

is about 75 miles wide, and the only place where ostriches are found nowadays in

these countries. The 93J miles to Agades are waterless desert, there being water

only in the well at Abellama.

Agades, the French garrison and administrative capital of Air (Asben), 1,710

feet above the sea, was reached on April 1 1, and the traveller stayed there 1 1 days.

Agades, however, lies not yet in the mountains of Asben, though in the far distant

in the north smoke-blue hills are visible on the horizon. The foothills can be

reached in half a day from Agades, but the great mountain ranges commence

only near Aouderas and Baguezan, when range upon range are in view in a long

ragged line acro.ss the northern front (Pis. II., III., IV.). The typical brown-

grey rock-country of Asben is entered south of Aouderas and Baguezan at Azzal,

1,825 feet above the sea. At Arra, in the southern foothills of Mount Baguezan,

Buchanan stayed from May 1 to May 5, and on Mount Baguezan, the highest

point of which is 6,050 feet high, he stayed at an elevation of 5,200 feet from

May 8 to June 6. It had been a rainless dry season, but a few light rains began

to fall early in June. This seems to be a land of pebbles and rocks, like lava or the

sea-shore, a waterless waste, a desert of rocks, bare of plants and life. Only

along the beds of rivulets, which appear like a meandering line of sand through

the grey land of pebbles, some tufts of coarse grass and a few stunted acacias are

seen, and along the greater river-beds is more vegetation, with doum-palms

(Hyphaene) and date-palms, acacia bush and " skunk," a bush growing about

6 to 10 feet high, from a distance looking like a strong-leaved willow. Goats eat

it, and camels when in need of food ; it is evergreen, and has a strong, unpleasant

smell. Hausa name " Abisgee."

The summit of Mount Baguezan appears as a great plateau with mount upon

mount of gigantic boulders with narrow levels of sand or bare rock. Nearly all

the shelf-rock in Asben is in an advanced stage of decay, but the boulders

(Pis. VII. and VIIT.) are strong and hard. There is besides much rock like lava.

Mounts Baguezan, Timia, Agalak, Faodet, and Tamgak may be said to form almost

one continuous range. The heights are often of grotesque shape and appear like

towers and castles from the distance. At the base of the greater mountain rangea.

are fertile belts, where acacias and slirubs (particularly the skunk-like smelling

bush) grow in fair abundance, and on which the goats and camels used to feed in

6

32 NOVITATF-S ZoOLOGIrAR XXVIII. 1921.

the past — for now many large stone-built towns and villages are deserted and dead,

except in the southern parts, near Agades. There are small settlements at Timia,

Aouderas, and on Mount Baguezan, a few hundred natives in all, otherwise the

land north of Agades is in ruins and unpopulated. This is due to the continued

attacks by raiders, who come from the north, stealing camels and whatever they

can get, and attacking and killing the people who resist. A band of 14 men

attacked Timia on June 21, stealing 32 camels and wounding 8 natives, several

of whom died. Buchanan reached Timia only a few hours after the fight, just

too late to help the inhabitants. These raiders come from far north, from Janet,

about south-west of Ghat, in the territory of the Asger (Asdjer, Azkar), and were

led by a famous robber named Chebickee.

At Iferouan (2,300 feet) the traveller collected on June 13 and 14; he then

returned via Aguellal, at the foot of the Aguellal mountains (Pis. V. and VI.) and

stayed at Timia (3,800 feet) June 21-26; from there he returned to Mount Baguezan

from July 1 to 3, when the dreary aspect was relieved by some green foliage

appearing, resulting from light rains. Collections were made to about 5,200 feet,

the highest point being 6,050 feet. At Azzal (1,825 feet), not far from Agades,

Buchanan camped from July 12 to 17. In the Aouderas Mountains (2,700 to

4,000 feet) (PI. IX.) a stay was made from July 22 to August 1, on Mount

Tarrouaji August 3 and 4. Here most of the time was occupied with the

hunting of the Barbary sheep, at elevations of alaout 3,000 feet, which is

roughly the summit of the range. Here the rainy season liad set in fully.

The return journey was now commenced, and a stay made at Tegguidi,

where the collector camped at 1,375 feet below the cliff, which towers up to 1,710

feet at its top. From Tegguidi to Agades is the only place where Passer simplex

was noticed. A stay was again made at Aderbissinat, 1,525 feet, 93| miles south

of Agades, where large, lake-like temporary ponds of water had collected from

the heavy rains, frequented by a good many waterfowl and waders. From

September 3 to 5 Buchanan stayed at Tanout, 1,800 feet, south of Damergu, and

from there travelled rapidly southwards to Kano.

While the traveller had always been in splendid health, he was attacked by

malarial fever during the rains, on his return journey, from which he was still

suffering for some months in England.

WhUe the winter was absolutely dry, some slight showers fell in June, soon

followed by green foliage, but the rainy season began in the middle of July and

lasted throughout August, ending in September. Water in Asben is gained from

deep wells ; permanent surface water exists only in three places, so far as could be

ascertained, one being a deep pool near Aouderas. The year 1920 was exception-

ally good for rain, while the foregoing years were terrible, in 1919 rain falling on

two days only.

Buchanan was most kindly received, and assisted in every possible way, by

the French officers in Zinder, Damergu, and Agades. Unfortunately the insecurity

in Asben obliged the authorities to insist on a guard of Tuareg soldiers accom-

panying him on his journey to the northern parts of Asben, and he was only

allowed to stay a very short time in some of the places.

Capt. Buchanan obtained skins of 168 species. In a country which, to a

great extent, is desert and therefore poor in animal life, and considering that he

also collected as many lepidoptera and mammalia as possible, this is a very fine

collection. He believes that he got almost every resident bird in Asben, except

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK XXVIII. 1921. 83

two, a large falcon (probably Falro hiurmicns ahyssinicns) and a large eagle

with white on rump or base of tail. But of the 168 species, apart from migrants

from Europe, only 65 were from Asben proper, of which we are sure or must

assume that they are breeding resident birds. They are the following : Numida

(jnleata galeata, Pterocles Hchtensteinii targius, Burhimis capensis affinis, Strepto-

pelia senegalensis senegaltnsis , S. roseogr. roseogrisea, S. turtur hoggara, Oena

capensis, Columba livia targia, Necrosyrtes mon. monachus, Neophron pcrcn.

percnopterus, Gyps riipp. riippellii, Clamator jacobinvs pica, Chrysococcyx caprins

chrysochlorus, Lophoceros erythr. erlhrorhynchus (only in the south), Mesopicos

goertae goertae, Dendropicos minulus, Coracias abyssiiius minor, Upiipa (pops

somalensis, Merops orientalis viridissimus, C'olivs macrourus syniactus, Lyhiiis

vieilloti Jrater, Trachyphomts margar. margaritatus, Pogoniulus chrysoconns

schubotzi, Scoptelus oterrimns cryptostictus, Caprimvlg^ts inornatus, Apits miirinns

brehmorum (?), Apus affinis galilejensis, Riparia obsoleta buchanani, Oenanthe

leucopyga aegra, Crateropvs fvlvns buchanani, Cercolrichas podobe, Agrobates

galaciotes minor, Cercomela melamira airensis, Ilippolais pallida reiseri, Spiloptila

damans, Eremomela flavivenier alexaruleri, Hedydipna platura platura, Nectarinia

pulchella aegra, Remiz pinirlijrons, Balis senegalensis, Lanivs excubitor lencopygos,

Nilatis afer afer, Pycnonotus harbatus arsinoe, Anthus sordidus asbenaicus,

Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes, Galerida crisiata alexanderi, Ammomanes deserii

mya, Ammomanes phoenicurus arenicolor, Eremoplerix leucotis melanocephaln,

Erem. frontalis jrontalis, Emberiza slriolata sahari, Passer simplex saharae, P.

liiteus, P. grisetis griseus, Serinus leucopygins riggenbachi, Erythrospiza gifhaginea

zedlitzi, Ploceus luteolits luteolus, P. viiell. vitellinus, Aidemosyne cant, cantans,

Estrilda senegala brunneiceps, Spreo pulcher pulcher, Lamprocolius chnlybeus

harllanbi, Corvus albus, G. corax riificollis, C. rhipidurus.

As wOl be seen at a glance by anyone acquainted with the distribution of

birds in Africa, by far the majority of these forms are inhabitants of tropical

Africa. The greater part have evidently found their way to Asben from Nigeria,

and agree fully with the Senegalese forms, or those from Hausaland, when they

differ, as for example Pogoniulus chrysocomis schubotzi, Scoptelus aterrimus

cryptostictus, Galerida crisiata alexanderi. Others, however, have hitherto only

been known from North-East Africa, as, for examjile, Spiloptila clamaiis, Remiz

punctijron-s, Corvus rhipidurus, and others found in Zinder and Damergu. Of

still greater interest are those birds which must have reached Asben from the

north, viz. Oenanthe leucojiyga aegra, Hippolais pallida reiseri, Alaemon alaudipes

alaudipes, Ammomanes deserti mya (?), Emberiza slriolata sahari. Passer simplex

saharae, Erythrospiza githaginca zedlitzi, Corvus corax ruficollis, which Asben has

in common with the Algerian Sahara, a palaearctic country, and Pterocles lick-

tensteinii targius, Streplopelia turtur hoggara, Columba livia targia, hitherto only

known from the Hoggar Mountains.

As not a single specimeu had ever been collected in Asben, Damergu, and

Zinder, every skin from there was of the greatest interest. Also the collection

from Kano is valuable to us, as practically nothing has been known from there

except my own meagre notes and specimens, very meagre indeed owing to my

severe illness (malaria) and other hindering circumstances ; Boyd Alexander

did not collect near Kano, but passed through Katshena on his journey to

Lake Chad.

The migrants obtained are also of interest, but we know still of certain species

84 KoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921

passing througli the Western Sahara and not yet found in the Sudan south of the

latter, such as Shrpiopelia turtiir arenicola for example. Only 4 forms appear to

be peculiar to Ashen : Riparia ohsoleia buchanani, Crateropus fiihnis huchanani,

C'ercomela melavvra airensis, Anlhus sordidns asbenmcus. From such a remote

place, far away from all explored portions of Africa, I should have expected more

peculiar forms. The reason that there are so few is probably the connecting

highway through Zinder and Damergu to Hausaland, which has mostly more or

less vegetation, there being only a comparatively narrow bare belt.

Probably also this part, and indeed the whole of the Sahara, has been water-

less desert before the arrival of many of the species inhabiting it at present,

while the former bird population may have died out when the desiccation became

serious. Though I do not denj' that the desiccation of the Sahara continues

even now, I am convinced that it has in the main been a desert long before

historical times.

During my study of Buchanan's bird collection the following recent works

have more especially been of value to me : Oscar Neumann's list of the birds

of the western Senegal Colon}', and Sclater and Praed's list of the birds of the

Anglo- Egj'ptian Sudan. Among others I have had occasion specially to use

Claude Grant's articles, Zerllitz's reviews of many African groups, Neumann's

critical and detailed articles, Lynes's description of new birds from Darfur, and

Wettstein's notes on Kordofan birds. Doubtless the results of Lynes's second

expedition to Darfur, when worked out together with his first collection, will

greatly increase our knowledge of Sudanese birds.

A great desideratum is still the exploration of the country north of the

Senegal, and, though of less importance, that south of the Maroccan Atlas.

1. Stiuthio canielus camelus L.

Strutldo Camehis Linnaeus, Syst, Nal. ed. x. i. p. 155 (1758 — " habitat iu Syria, Arabia, Lybia,

Africa." Restricted terra typica North Africa, from quotations and designation of Rothschild,

Bull. B.O. Cluh, xxxix. p. 83).

(J ad., Damergu, 3.Lx. 1920. " Iris light stone-grey. Bill dull pale whitish

yellow, nostrils and corners of mouth full dull pink. Feet whitish cream-

yellow with pinkish tint. Length of neck and body 88 in., tarsus 24(?),

weight 274 lb."

This is a very fine adult male ; the tarsus measures in the skin 455 mm., bill

140 mm. It is only in Damergu, i.e. in a bush belt, about 80 miles wide, of

scattered dwarf acacias between Tanout and Tessalatin, that ostriches are found.

The food in the dry season is chiefly a leguminose shrub, about 18 in. high,

with yellow flowers and flat transversely ribbed pods, which grows, though not

abundantly, on bare sand. It is a species of Cassia near obovata. Hausa name

Filusko. Next to it the juicy leaves of Oxystelma hornouense (Asdepiadeae), a

slender creeper that climbs to the topmost branches of the acacias. Hausa name

Hanwin Rago. Other food plants of the ostrich are a species of Chtcumis (Hausa

name Gurji or Gurji kwantal, " a common ground-creeping goiu-d"), and Maerita

rigida {Capparidaceae), a small tree with white flowers, called by the Hausas

Chichiwa. Hausa name Simmina.

NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 85

2. Numida galeata galeata Pall.

Kumida gakala Pallas, Spkil. Zool. i. fasc. iv. pp. 13, 15 (1767— name given to the domesticated

guinea-fowl of Europe and America).

(Nimmla meleagris auctorum, nee Linnaeus ! Linne named the bird described

in detaO by Hasselquist, Iter Palaestinum, pp. 274-278, 1757. The name melea-

gris cannot possibly be accepted for the West African common guinea-fowl now

domesticated in Europe and other countries, because it is clear that it is that of

the species hitherto called ptilorhyncha. Hasselquist clearly described the round

white spots changing to narrow bars at the base of the neck, and the bristles at

the base of the bill, and not the obvious bluish grey-brown collar across the crop

region ; moreover he described it from a specimen brought to Cairo by Nubian

traders, together with monkeys and parrots. Advocates of " nomina conser-

vanda " will probably say the " well-known " name of meleagris must be preserved

for our domesticated guinea-fowl ; but as it obviously was not meant for it,

nomenclature would become a mockery if we continue its erroneous use, and the

domesticated species must be called Numida galeata. )

Nos. 342, 343, 344 ^$$, Zinder, 9.ii.l920.

Nos. 577, 598 (J?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 11, 17. v. 1920.

" Length, 18^ to 20J in. Top of head medium brown, sides of head pale

whitish cobalt blue, wattles red. Iris dark brown. BUI brown of various shades,

tip pale. Feet black, joints of scales generally pale brown."— (A. B.) Also

observed near Aderbissinat in August, south of Aguellal in June, and near

Aouderas in July. Hausa name Labo.

There is no constant difference between these birds, nor between them and

our series from iSenegambia. iV. galeata is common in Hausaland in wooded

districts, while on the Lower Niger the Angola-Gabun form N. galeata marchei

occurs, which is larger and has a darker and more bluish crop region with more

or less developed whitish cross-bars.

3. Francolinus clappertoni clappertoni Children.

FrancoUnus Ckipperloni Children, Denham & Clapperton's Narr. Trav. <£- Discov. North <£■ Central

Afr., append, p. 198 (1826 — no locality stated. The specimens were evidently never labelled.

The Francolm doubtless came from northern Bomu or northern Hausaland. To say that Bornu

must be the exact locality is impossible. Grant did this because on p. 320 it is said that" very

large partridges'" are found in Bomu, but there is no indication that the type of F. clappertoni

was shot there).

9 jun., nearly full grown, juv. about half grown, Zinder, 5, 9.ii. 1920.

c?? ad., Takukut, Damergu, 21, 26.iii. 1920.

" Iris dark brown, bare space roimd eyes fairly deep pink. Bill and ' cere '

(space round nostiils) dull black, edge of nostrils and corner of mouth slightly

pink. Feet ^ dull black, legs behind and soles tinted with pinkish ; $ deep bright

black, underlain with reddish, particularly on back of tarsus."

These specimens are interesting as coming not far from the original locality

of the species. So far no specimens except the type were available from there,

until Boyd Alexander collected a few from various places near Lake Chad.

There appears to be no difference between birds from Hausa and Bornu

and those of Kordofan. The former have more often buff spots, in addition to

gQ NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

the submargiiial lines to tlie feathers of the interscapulium, but this diiference

is not constant. F. clapperloni heuglini and gedgei are well distinguishable from

F.c. clapperloni, but very close to each other, F.c. sharpei from Abj'ssinia is still

more distinct and considered as a species by some authors. (Cf. Sclater and

Praed, Ibis, 1920, pp. 844-846).

4. Pterocles senegalensis senegalensis Licht.

Pterocles senegalensis LicUtensteiii, Verz. DoM. Mus. Berlin, p. 64 (1823 -" Scnegainb., Aegypt.,

Nubia ").

Pterocles exuslus Temminck, 1825.

(J ad., Abellama, south of Asben, 14. viii. 1920. "Iris dark, ej'elid pale

■whitish yellow. Bill medium whitish grey, paler yellowish at corner of mouth.

Feet dead whitish grey." Length 13^- in.

This specimen agrees joerfectly with those from Nubia.

5. Pterocles lichtensteinii targius Gcjt.

Pterocles lichlensteinti targius Gej'r von Schweppenburg, Orn. Jlonalsher. 1916. p. 56 (source of Tahart,

northern Tuareg country).

3 cJ 1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet. May 13, 18, 20, and June 4, 1920.

tJ. " Iris very dark umber-brown, eyelid lemon-yellow. BOl dull sienna-brown.

Feet dull medium orange- yellow." ?. Same, but " eyelid whitish yellow."

These birds agree entirely with the specimens collected by Geyr in the north

of the Hoggar Mountains, 4 of which were kindly lent me by Prof. Koenig for

comparison. These birds differ certainly at a glance from P. lichtensteinii

lichtensteinii of Nubia (specimens from Suakim in British Museum) by having

narrower bars on the upperside and thus appear much less black ; the bars on

the wings are less white ; also the barring of the females is very much narrower,

and the ground colour is less whitish, more brownish isabeUine, so that it appears

altogether more isabeUine brownish. With regard to the other forms, I cannot

help, for the present, doubting the difference of abyssiniciis from P. I. lichtensteinii.

It seems to me that the latter ranges from the Red Sea shores (Nubia) to Abyssinia,

and North Somaliland. This was also accepted by Neumann in 1909.

Buchanan found these sandgrouse only on Mt. Baguezan, where they were

often flushed from between the boulders on the hill- sides, and were seen flying

to water at sim-down.

6. Ortyxelos meifEreni (Vieill.).

Turnix Meiffreni Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 49 (Senegal).

2 cJ ad., 3 ?, 1 (J pull., Zinder, January 24 and February, 1020. " Length

4 1-4 J in. Iris medium umber- brown. Bill various shades of dark l)rown, in

one dull pale yellowish with extreme of upper mandible blackish grey. Feet

creamy white."

There is considerable variation among these specimens, 1 male (No. 228) is

redder, has more conspicuous buff spots, bordered above by a black line on the

scapulars and inner secondaries, and lacks on these parts almost completely the

biilT edges, Altogether they do not seem to differ from a skin from the Senegal

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 87

Colony (Riggenbach) and the skins brought home by Lynes from Darfur. Tlie

young bird is in its first feather-garb, and agrees calmost exactly with adult birds,

except for its much smaller size. Wings, (J 73, 75, $ 77, 78, 80 mm. The larger

size of the 5 is, judging from Lynes's specimens from Darfur, not constant, as he

has females with wings measiuring 77 and 79, a male with wings 80 mm. That

is assuming that Buchanan's and Lynes's sf)ecimens are correctly sexed.

I am inclined to think that the position of Ortyxelos with the " Cursors," as

adopted by Sharpe and Reichenow, is wrong, and that it is a genus of the

Hemipodii (Turnicidae).

Buchanan says they frequent quiet bush, rise from the grass at one's feet

and fly " like a bat in daylight, as if short-sighted," for a short distance before

dropping into cover again. Seen singly or in pairs only. An adult bird had

small seeds, the young insects in stomach." A$shot 13. ii. 1920 had a " half-

formed egg."

7. Otis senegalensis senegalensis Vieill.

Otis Senegalensis Vieillot, Tahl. Em. Meth. Orn. i. p. 333 (1820 — Senegal, in Riocour collection).

cJ ad., Zinder, 1,500 feet, 5.ii. 1920. " Iris dark. Upper mandible blackish,

cutting edge and lower mandible whitish with pink tinge. Feet cream-white.

Length 20} in. Hausa name, Kadupkurra. Found in open half-desert country,

interspersed with dwarf bush and irregular patches of dry grass."

Also found in Hausalaud, near Zaria (of. Nov. Zool., 1915, p. 247).

8. Eupodotis arabs (L.).

Otis arabs Linnaeus, Si/sl. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 154 (17-58 — ex Edwards, who figures, on pi. 12, a specimen

from Mocca in Arabia).

$ ad., Zinder, 1,500 feet, 28. i. 1920. " Iris clear cream-white. Bill greyish

brown between nostrils and to tip, three-quarters of an inch from extreme lower

mandible darkish, remainder of bill dirty white. Feet white, slightly tinged

with yellow. Hausa name Toogee or Towgee."

It is at present impossible to define sub-species of this species.

9. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temm.).

Sterna kmoplcra Temniinck, Man. d'Orn. p. 483 (1815 — coasts of Mediterranean).

cJ juv., ? juv., Aderbissinat, 1,525 feet, south of Asben, 18, 24. viii. 1920.

" Iris dark. Bill deep bluish black with faint dull orange at corner of mouth.

Feet (^ medium full darkish sienna-brown, $ sienna-brown."

10. Himantopus himantopus himantopus (L.).

Charadrius Himantopus Linnaeus, Sijst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 151 (1758—" habitat in Europa australiore ").

?, Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 17 . viii . 1920. " Iris full clear crimson. Bill

fairly bright black. Feet medium pale pink."

11. Tringa glareola L.

Tringa glareola Linnaeus, Sysl. A'at. ed. x. i. p. 149 (1758 — " habitat in Europa ").

(J9, Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 19. viii. 1920,

go NOVIIATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

12. Tringa ochropus L.

Tringa Ocrophus (evidently the " h " misplaced, though in the quoUtions as well !) Liunaeus, Sysl.

Nat. ed. x. i. p. 149 (1758 — " habitat in Europa ").

<JcJ, Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 feet, 26, 29.xii. 1920.

13. Tringa hypoleucos L.

Trinrja Hypoleucos Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. s. i. p. 149 (1758 — " Europa").

<^, Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 15.viii.l920.

14. Philomachus pugnax (L.).

Trinija Piicjiiax Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 148 (1758 — " Europa." Restricted terra typica

Sweden).

cj?$, Aderbissiuat, south of Asben, August, 1920.

15. Sarciophorus tectus tectus (Bodd.)

Charadrivs leclus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 57 (1783 — ex Daubenton, pi. 834, "Pluvier du

Senegal ").

2 (J, 3 $, Zinder, 5, 9.ii.l920. "Iris clear lemon- yellow. Bill crimson

except f in. extreme which is black. Wattles dull deep pink. Feet medium

full purple. Length, lOJ to 10| in."

There is no differences between males and females. Wings, J 193, 196,

$ 187, 193, 202 mm. ! Stupendous variation. The length of 202 must be excep-

tional, the other (right) wing measuring only 201, while in about 15 specimens

from Senegal and East Africa the biggest measm'e was 1 99, and that only occiured

once, tlie usual length being 186-196 mm.

" $, February 9, in breeding condition. $, February 5, with fully formed

eggs in ovary."

16. Hoplopterus spinosus (L.).

Cluxradriua spinosus Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 151 (1758 — " habitat in Aogypto." Ex Hassel-

quist's '■ Iter").

' $9, Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 1,525 feet, 15, 26. viii. 1920. "Iris rich

red. Bill deeiJ black. Feet dull deep black." Wings, 194, 199 mm. Length,

11 in.

17. Burhinus (Oedicnemus) capensis maculosus (Temm.).

OeJicncmus maculosus Temminck, PL Col. 292 (1824 — wide distiibution given, but specimen from

Senegal figured and described).

I Orilicnemus a^ttis Riippell, Mas. Senckeith. ii. p. 210(1837 — " Kordofan, Nubien, Abyssinien," but

terra typica Red Sea coast of Abyssinia, ex Syst. Nebers. ]'dy. N.O. AJr. pp. 112, 117 .').

(^, Aouderas, central Asben, 2,700 feet, 21.vii.l920. "Iris clear medium

pale lemon-yellow, eyelid lemon-yellow. BiU beyond nostril dull black, remain-

ing portion of a slightly greenish lemon- yellow. Feet pale greenish lemon-yellow."

This bird is very brightly coloured, the black spots on the uppcrsidc smaller

than in B. capensis capensis, abdomen unsj)otted excej)t along flanks, feet very

pale.

NOVITATES ZoOLOGlfAE XXVIII. 1921. 89

Though Reichenow united affinis and maculosus with capensis, he evidently

no longer adheres to this opinion, and modern authors distinguish at least a

northern brighter, lighter, and a southern darker, duller-coloured subspecies.

It is, however, difficult to know what the proper name of the pale birds should be.

Sclater and Praed {Ibis, 1920, p. 802) adopt " Kordofan " as the typical locality

of affinis, but this is not correct. Though Riippell said that its distribution was

Kordofan, Nubia, and Abyssinia, he had oidy collected it on the Red Sea coast

of Abyssinia (I.e.), and the types in Frankfurt are labelled Abyssinia. Now the

figure in Syst. Nehers. Voy. N.O. Aft:, pi. 42, seems to me to represent a bird

different from the brightly coloured ones from the Senegal, Gambaga, Asbcn,

Upi^er Nile and White Nile, with which also one from Eritrea agrees.

Zedlitz(t/o!M'«. /. Orn., 1010, p. 314) gave a review oi the iorms ot Oe. capensis.

He examined the " types " of Riiijpell, of which one only agrees with Riippell's

plate, the other is, he says, a juvenile bird and looks quite different. He truly

says that only the adult bird which agrees with the plate can be the type, and he

wonders how Riippell could have designated two different birds as types ; it

must, however, be pointed out that Riippell designated no types at all, he not

having the modern conception of the importance of type specimens ! We can

now only accept the Frankfm't birds as his types, but no individual example can

with absolute certainty be labelled " type," unless he had only one ! The birds

in Frankfurt do not have " original " collector's labels ; the labels which I found

on the specimens when I catalogued the collection thirty years ago were written

by the curator Erckel, and only sometimes were still older labels glued under the

stands, and those were hardly the original field-labels. In former days the proper

identification of the species appeared to be of more importance than the all-

important, sacred original label j)ut on the bird by the collector in the field.

Collectors who nowadays do not attach such labels, but numbers or marks only,

are fortunately rare and deserve nothing but the severest criticism.

A specimen in the Tring Museum from Ehanda in South-West Africa is

hardly distinguishable from Senegal ones, and is evidently B. capensis damarensis

(Rchw.), while some from Benguella, on the other hand, seem to agree absolutely

with others from South and East Africa, being much darker !

B. c. psammochrous (Rchw.) is synonymous of maculosus (and thus perhaps

of affinis), csongor the same as capensis. B. c. dodsoni (Grant) is lighter than

capc7isis, greyer than maculosvs (affinis auct.). B. c. ehrenbergi (Zedl.) (Orn.

Monatsber., 1910, p. 9, Journ. f. Orn., 1910, p. 314) is unknown to me.

18. Streptopelia senegalensis senegalensis (L.)

Columba senegalemis Linnaeus, Sysl. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 283 (1766 — Senegal, ex Brisson).

3 (J, 3 $ ad., 1 (J immat., Kano and Farniso near Kano, December 1919.

2 juv. in first plumage, Timia, northern Asbcn, 26. vi. 1920.

2 cJad., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 12, 28. v. 1920.

(5 ad., south of Baguezan, 3. v. 1920.

Adults : " Iris very dark umber-brown. Bill and nostrils dull black. Feet

medium reddish pm'ple."

In the young in first plumage the ujiper wing-coverts have brownish-buff

margins, the jugular collar is wanting ; at first the jugular feathers are sandy grey

90 NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXVIII. 1921.

with buffy edges, later rufous buff with bluish-grey bases. A jj shot o.xii. 1919

is in full moult.

Common near Kano ; near Baguezaii among the rocks, not rare, common at

Baban Tubki near Zinder. On December 19 a nest with 2 eggs was taken near

Farniso (Kano) about 3 feet 6 in. above the ground in a low acacia bush, in a

clump of trees near village. The eggs are slightly glossy and measure 258 x 148

and 268 X 15 mm. An egg taken from the oviduct 23.xii.1919 measures

255 X 20 mm. Hausa name Kutchea, Tuareg Tedabear.

19. Streptopelia decipiens shelleyi (Salvad.)

Turlur shelleyi Salvadoii, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 419 (1893 — Lower Xigcr !).

3 tJ", 2 ?, Farniso near Kano, 1,700 feet, December 1919, January 1920.

" Iris pale creamy white. Bill with cere black. Feet medium reddish purple."

Hausa name Zunqui.

I compared these specimens with the type and sole specimens of Turlur

shelleyi, m the British Museum, and find them to agree with the latter. This

form differs from all the other subspecies of decipiens known to me in the colour

of the primary coverts, which are bluish grey and not blackish or dark brown !

The cheeks are grey, back brownish, narrow outer edges of quUls whitish grey,

mider tail-coverts bluish grey with whitish fringes. Wings, (J 181-185, $ 171,177

mm. I measure the left whig of the tyjJe specimen 172, the right one 169 mm.

This form inhabits also Togo, as Reichenow informs me that Togo specimens

have bluish-grey primary coverts and extends to the Senegal Colony.

20. Streptopelia roseogrisea roseogrisea (Sund.).

Columha msfogrisea Sundevall, Kril. om Lcvaill. p. 54 (1857 — Xubia).

4 (^, 2 ?, Zinder, 24-30. i. 1920. "Iris rich scarlet. Bill black. Feet

medium reddish purple." Hausa name Memmacallie.

These birds do not seem to differ from Nubian examples. The coloration of

the under wing-coverts varies, being sometimes quite white, more often tinged

\yith grey.

Also observed numerous at Aderbissinat in August, and at Azzal in July.

Very common at Zinder. In stomachs mUlet and small beans.

21. Streptopelia vinacea vinacea (Gm.).

(? an subspecies.)

Columha vinacea Gmelin, Si/st. Na!. i. 2. p. 782 (1789 — Senegal. Ex Bris.son).

3 cJ, 1$, Farniso near Kano, 31. xii. 1919, l.i.l920. " Iris dark. Bill grey-

black. Feet medium full reddish purple." Hausa name Memmacallie, which

means having a black crescent on the hind-neck.

These birds are rather long-\\inged, comjiarcd with Senegal specimens.

Left wing, ^ 146, 148, 150, 2 140 mm. Possibly with a larger series a larger sub-

species might be established, but they seem to be widely spread. At Loko on

the Benae they were common.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 91

22. Streptopelia turtur hoggara (Ge3T).

Turlur liirlur hoggara Geyr von Schweppenlnirg, Orn. MonaUher. 1916. p. 59 (Ideles, northern edge of

Hoggar Mountains),

2 (J, 1 ?, Iferouan, northern Asben, 2,300 feet, 14. vi. 1920. "Iris clear

light huffish sienna, bare skin round eye deep purple. Bill brownish black. Feet

crimson to pale purple."

Buchanan only found this dove at Iferouan and observed it chiefly in the

tops of the date palms. The chief of Iferouan informed him that it never occMred

south of Tamgak (close to Iferouan), but was found among the rocks north of

Iferouan. This information is probably quite correct, as the specimens agree

with the type of S. tnrtur hoggara. They are really intermediate between S. t.

isabellina and arenicola, but nearer to the former, from which they merely differ

in the more or less bluish-grey forehead and crown, and the darker, more greyish-

brown, less isabelline, back and rump. Wings, (J 175, 168, $ 173 mm. The

wing of the type of hoggara measures 170. Stomach berries.

8. i. hoggara is one of the few birds the stronghold of which seems to be in

more northern regions, the majority of the bird population of Asben being that

of the Western Sudan.

23. Oena capensis (L.)

Columla capensis Linnaeus, Syal. Sal. ed. xii. i. p. 286 (1766 — Cape of Good Hope. Ex Brisson).

Eight specimens from Farniso near Kano, Zinder, and Mt. Baguezan. A

yomig in first plumage, Zinder, 17. ii. 1920. Hausa name Burdu.

In the males the bill is orange-red, in females and young black or blackish.

Also observed in the Timia valley in June. Very plentiful at Aderbissinat in

August, so many that Buchanan believed them to be in course of migration.

24. Columba livia targia Geyr.

Columla livia targia Geyr von Scliweppeubuig, Orn. Monatsher. 1916. p. 58 (Ain Tabart — northern

Tuareg Mountains).

6 cJ$ ad., Timia, 3,800 feet, June, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, May 1920.

" Iris rich madder brown with fine inner circle of cream-colour ; eyelids blue-grey,

like feathers. Bill black, round nostrils chalk-white. Feet bright red with slight

purplish tinge." Tuareg name Eleelookum.

Only seen among the rocks of Timia and Mt. Baguezan, in the Arra hUls

south of Baguezan and at AgueUal. Rock- inhabitant. Feeds on berries of

bushes, grain, and a hard-spiked bmr.

These 'birds agree absolutely with €. I. targia from the Tuareg Mountains.

The rump is blue-grey, not white ; the glossy jugular zone is much less in extent

than in most C. I. livia, though some of the latter are in this respect like C. I.

targia. Generally C. I. livia has a darker breast and abdomen, but not constantly.

Rcsemljlcs more C. I. intermedia (India), but the latter is vmderneath darker,

and has much darker upjier tail-coverts. Wings, ^ 208, 213, 220, 221, $ 203,

211 mm.

92 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

25. Columba guinea guinea L.

Columha guinea Liuiiacus, Sysl. Nal. ed. xii. i. p. 282 {1766 — " habitat in Africa ! " Ex Edwards

and Brisson. Uescr. ex Edwards. Terra tj-pica " inland parts of Guinea," according to

Edwards).

6 (J $ ad., 2 juv., near Kano, December 1919, and first days of January 1920.

The young have the interscajjulium more grcyi-sli, the spots on the wings more

greyish and less defined, the throat is brownish grey or without hackles. The old

birds have the iris " glossy clear, brownish tinted ; the bare space around the

eyes deep pink ; bill dark brownish black, white over nostrUs ; feet pale dull

whitish pink." Hausa name Hasbia.

Very common in Hausaland. Buchanan saw the species as far north as

Baban Tubki, near Zinder, but never In Asben proper. Cf. Nov. Zool. vol. xxv.

pp. 356-359, Ib!s, 1920, pp. 827, 828.

26. Treron waalia (Gm.).

Cuhimtia waalia Gniclin, Bruce's Reisen Innere Afrika, II., Tiis. p. 31 (1791 — near Lake Tsana in

Abyssinia).

(J ad., Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 feet, 2.i. 1920. " Iris deep rich crimson.

Bill pale whitish green. Feet pale straw-yellow."

Buchanan observed these green pigeons plentifully near Kano on his return

journey.

27. Sarkidiornis melanotus (renn.).

Ansfr iiicliinuhis Pennant, Ind. Zool. p. 12. pi. xi. (1769 — Ceylon).

(^$ ad., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 17, 27. viii. 1920. Tuareg name

Teukimbub.

CSaude Grant {Ibis, 1915, p. 72) says that he can appreciate the difference of

the African race (Sarkidiornis africanvs Eyt-on, 1838), which is " always smaller."

iSclater and Praed {Ibis, 1920, p. 784) also call their African specimens S. melanotus

africanvs, thus indicating that they distinguish them from Indian ones. It

seems, however, not to be a fact that African examples are smaller. The wing

of the (J from Aderbissinat measures 397 mm., that of the $, which is always

stuijendously smaller, 299 mm.

Common on the lakes of northern Hausaland.

28. Alopochen aegyptiacus (L.).

Anas acgyptiaca Linnaeus, Si/sl. Xal. ed. xii. i. p. 197 (1766 — " habitat in Acgypto").

$ ad., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 16. viii. 1920. Tuareg name Tchghenem.

29. Dendrocygna viduata (L.).

Anaa viduala Liruiacus, Sysl. Xal. ed. xii. i. p. 20.3 (Columbia, South j\mcriea).

cj ? ad., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 19, 20. viii. 1920. " Iris dark umber.

Bill deep blue-black. Feet clear bluish lead-colour." Both D. vidxiata and

jnlva inhabit 8outh America and Africa, and American and African specimens

are indistinguishable ! Tuareg name Enud.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. I92I. 93

30. Anas querquedula L.

Anas Querquedula Linnaeus, Si/st. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 126 (1758 — " Europa." Restricted typical locality-

Sweden).

cJ, Aderbissinat, 1.525 feet, south of Asben, 24.viii. 1920. If a male, in full

eclipse, but perhaps a $ with unusual bright, grey wing. Wing only 188 mm.

The date is remarkable. Can it have migrated south already in August ?

I suppose it had stayed in Africa throughout the summer.

Common in winter in northern Hausaland.

31. Bubulcus ibis ibis (L.).

Ardea Ibis Linnaeus, Syst. Na/. ed. x. i. p. 1-t-t (17.58 — Egypt).

Four specimens from Kano and Zinder, December and January, in non-

breeding plumage. Also observed at Aderbissinat. Very common in northern

Hausaland, often following cattle and donkeys, catching insects between their

feet. Grasshoppers found in stomachs.

32. Butorides striatus atricapillus (Afzel.).

Ardea atricapiUa Afrelius, Komjl. Vet.-Akad. nya Handl. Stockholm, xxv. p. 264 (1804 — Sierra Leone).

2 tJ ad., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 1,525 feet, 13, 26. viii. 1920. "Iris

clear yellow. Bill black with utmcst base from nostrUs and lores yellow. Feet

orange- yellow, brownish on front of tarsus and top of toes."

33. Ardea melanocephala Vig. & Children.

Ardea melanocephala Vigors & Children, Denham & Clapperton's Narr. Trav. dk Discov. N. <fe C. Afr.

App. p. 201 (1826 — no locality, but doubtless northern Bomu or northern Hausaland).

S ad., Zinder, 10. ii. 1920, 3 juv., near Kano, December 1919. " ^ ad., iris

clear yellow, bare skin round eye pale yellow. BUI dark blackish grey, inner

two-thirds of lower mandible white tinted with grey." The iris of the young is

described as whitish yellow or straw- yellow. Hausa name Zelibie.

The bird shot near Zinder was in virtually waterless dry country. It had

two large rats in stomach. The Hausas tell a fable about this heron : it catches

snakes by placing its foot in a hole occupied by a snake, then waits until the foot

is gripped and well swallowed by the snake. It then extends its toes, thus making

a bulge or grapjjle by which it is able to pull the snake from its lair.

34. Abdiniia abdimii (Licht.).

Ciconia Abdimii Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, p. 76 (1823 — Dongola).

cj, Aderbissinat, 28. viii. 1920. " Iris stone greyish brown."

Was very numerous at the water at Aderbissinat.

35. Threskiomis aethiopicus aetbiopicus (Lath.).

Tantalius aethiopicus Latham, Iiid. Orn. ii. p. 706 (1790 — " Aethiopia." Ex Bruce, Trav. Abyssinia).

9 juv., Farniso, near Kano, 20.xii.l919.

Common in northern Hausaland.

94

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK XXVIII. 1921.

3G. Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus (L.).

Tantalus Falcinellus Linnaeus, Syst. Sat. ed. xii. i. p. 241 (1766 — " habitat in Austria, Italia ").

(J9 juv., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 24. viii. 1920.

Both these birds have 4 or 5 irregular white patches across the foreneck,

evidently albinistic.

37. Necrosyrtes monachus monachus (Temm.).

Calhartes tnojiachus Temminck, PI. Col. 222 (1823 — Senegal).

NEvjionyiiiJiii Jiu.vAcaux neak Kaxo.

^ ad., Tarrouaji ^Mountains, southern Asben. o.viii. I'.tiO. " Iris very dark

umber-brown. Bill and neck and head-skin pale whitish cobalt l)lue. bill darken-

ing to blackish towards tip. Feet pale whitish cobalt blue grey."

(Needless to say ia Temminck's figures the colours of the bare parts are

drawn from imagination and all w-rong !)

This is the common vultiu-e at Kano, as shown on a photograph. The

Hausa name is Angulu. Probal)ly this is also the common vidture of Aderbissinat

— though Buchanan is not quite sure that they were the same. The smaller

dark vulture seen on Mt. Baguezan was probably a j'oung Neophron. An egg

taken at Kano 11 . xii. 1919 has a pale greenish shell if held against the light, and

is white with pale rufous-brown blotches covering the thicker end and a few deeper

nifiins-brown spots. It measures 74 X 54 mm. Pieces of another egg from the

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 95

same locality (8.xii.l919) have bolder, darker patches. Both nests were on

tall trees, about middle height.

38. Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (L.).

VuUur Perenopteriis (doubtless error for percnojiterus) Linnaeus, Syst. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 87 (1758 —

" liabitat in Aegypto ").

1 cJ 2 $ ad., Zinder, 2.ii. 1920. " Cere and head-skin orange-yellow."

The c? is in perfect adult dress, the females still show a few grey-brown

feathers in tail and back.

A few were seen at Agades, in April, and it was j)lentiful on Mt. Baguezan,

but never seen south of Zinder proper. A dark vulture seen on Baguezan was

doubtless the young of this species, and not Necrosyries. Hausa name Angulu

Fulani.

39. Gyps riippellii ruppellii (Brehm).

Vuliur Ruppellii A. Brehm, Naiimannia, 1852, Hefl 3, p. 44 (Khartum !).

$ juv. Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, 4.vii.l920. "Iris brown. Bill

pale whitish green, cere brown-black. Feet medium greenish grey, joints of

scales wliitish."

Hausa name Mike ; Tuareg name Ajchuder. Once observed south of

Zinder (Dogo) on the return journey.

Ruppell's vulture has been collected in the western Senegal Colony by

Riggenbach. I saw it close by on a dead horse near Sokoto in 18S5. The speci-

men sent is juvenile, looking underneath like a Gyps fulvus.

(In Lieutenant C. Jean's book, Les Touareg du Sud-Esl VA'ir, pi. xviii. is a

photograjih of a large vulture from Air (Asben). It may possibly be a young

G. ruppellii or fulvus { if that occurs there), as it seems too large for Lophogyps, and

I don't think it can be a Pseudogyps.)

40. Milvus migrans parasitus (Daud.).

Falco parasitus Daudin, Traiti d'Orn. ii. p. 150 (1800 — South Africa. Ex Levaillant).

$ ad., Farniso, near Kano, 22.xii.1919. "Iris deep umber-brown. Bill

and cere light dull purplish yellow. Feet dull light whitish yellow."

Kites, probably of this subspecies, were observed in numbers south of

Abellama and Aderbissinat, catching locusts on the wing ; they appeared to be

on migration to Buchanan. The first bird seen in Asben was also a dark kite,

and many were noticed at Agades T.viii. 1920, though not before.

41. Melierax musicus neumanni Hart.

[Fako vmsicus Daudin. Traiii d'Orn. ii. p. IIG (ISOO — name for Levaillanfs Faucon Chanteur, Ois.

d'Afr. i. pi. 27) ; Fako canorus Rislach, Tliunberg's Diss. Ac. iii. p. 264 (published 1801, though

read in 1799, cf. Ihis, 1919, p.;702 !).]

Melierax canorus neumanni Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, ii. p. 1165 (1914 — Nubia, etc.).

2 0 ad,, Farniso, near Kano, 27, 31.xii. 1919.

3 cj, 1 9 ad., Zinder, January and February 1920.

1 (J in moult, stUl showing some brown juvenile feathers and 1 $ juv., just

showing some adult feathers, below and above, Aouderas, Asben, 22, 27.vii. 1920.

96 NOTTTATES TooT.cr.icxT. XXVTTT. 1921

Adults: "Iris rich (loop madder- 1 )rowii. Bill blue-black, base and cere

rich orange-chrome, sometimes almost coral-red. Feet rich orange-chrome, in

some from Zinder full coral-red.' " Inhabits open bush-country, hunts flying

low ,and often alights on ground from a perch on a tree, to take up some prey.

In the stomachs of three specimens grasshoi^pers were found."

The above specimens are typical neitmanni, except $ No. 109, from Farniso,

which may be called intermediate between neumanni and metabates, while the cj

in moult from Aouderas (No. 762) is still darker and might be called metabads !

Also the few feathers of the adult plumage in the $ from Aouderas (No. 752) are

quite dark. Such specimens that do not agree with the usual appearance of

neumanni are also found in other countries, while, on the other hand, light-winged

examples like neumanni are now and then found in the areas of the dark- winged

melabates. One might therefore be tempted not to separate neimianni, but it is

a fact that in the more desert-like countries from northern Nigeria and Asben

to the Blue Nile and Red Sea province light-winged birds predominate by far,

while in the range of metubaten, i.e. from southern Arabia and Eritrea, Abyssinia,

Bahr-el-Ghazal, southern Nigeria, Senegambia to Marocco darker birds are the

usual form. Cf. Hartert, Vog. jxil. Fauna, vol. ii. pp. 11C4-5, Sclater and

Praed, Ibis, 1919, pp. 701-2.

42. Gymnogenys typica (Smith).

Poly^joroiilea lypieus Smith, S. Afric. Qitarl. Journ. i. p. 107 (1803 — ca.stern Cape Colony).

(J, Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 feet, 27.xii.1919. "Iris very dark. Bill

black, mouth whitish, cere and bare skin round eyes pale whitish coral-pink.

Feet pale dull lemon-yellow. Length 235 in."

Observed on the water at Aderbissinat in August 1920.

43. Circus macrourus (Gm.).

Accipiter macrourus Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Acad. Petropol. xv. pro. 1770, p. 439 (1771 — " a Woronez

abhinc ad omnem Tanain occurrit").

$ ad., Farniso, near Kano, 31 .xii. 1919.

44. Micronisus gabar (Daud.).

Fako gdbar Dauden, Traili d'Orn. ii. p. 87 (1800— interior of South Africa).

(J5 ad., 2 (J juv., 1 ? juv., near Kano, December 1919.

cJ ad., Takukut, Damergu, 19.iii.l920.

$ ad., melanistio variety ('^Micronisus niger " auct.) near Kano, 5. i. 1920.

" Iris of all adults rich deep madder-brown or deepest red. of the young ones clear

lemon-yellow."

The melanistic female is not quite so deep black as our specimens from

Gabun and elsewhere. There can be no doubt that the so-called M. niger is a

melanistic variety of M. gabar. Cf. Ibis, 1919, p. 701. Gray, Schlegel, Kaup, and

Pelzeln, and recently Butler, considered the black Gabar a black variety of

M. gabar, but it was left to Mr. G. F. Archer to provo this to be a fact.

Our material shows a good deal of variation in size and width of barring, and

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 97

does not lead to the separation of subspecies. The wings of the adult males

measure 194, 19G ; those of the adult grey female 214 ; of the black one 211 mm.'

1 do not think that the generic separation of Micronisus from Melierax is

justilied : the former has a more graduated tail, and that is all ! Doubtless it

is a near ally of Mdkrax !

The Hausa name is said to be Chanibatu. but the natives do not, of course,

properly distinguish the various birds of prey, so that their names necessarily

include several species.

45. Falco chicquera ruficollis Swains.

Falco ruficollis Swainson, B. 11'. Africa (vol. xxii. of Nalur. Lilrary) i. pi. ii. p. 107 (1837 — " Senegal "

mentioned in text, but perhaps not exactly fion> there. The collections which Swainson studied

were apparently partly trade skins, and partly from Sierra Leone. C'f. p. 2G1 of vol. i.).

2 c?, 2 ?, Farniso, near Kano, 5, 9.i. 1920, Zinder, 24.1.1920. "Iris dark,

bare space round eye lemon-yellow. Bill blue-black, paling to jiale yellow at

base. Cere lemon-yellow. Feet lemon- yellow." One of the females at Farniso

was killed with a chicken in its claws.

Extends southwards to at least Zaria in Hausaland.

46. Accipiter badius sphenurus (Riipp.).

Falco (Nisus) aphermrus Ruppell, Neue Wirhdt. Abyss, p. 42 (1835 — Dahlak Is. in Red Sea).

(J juv., Farniso, near Kano, 23. xii. 1919. Occurs also in Zaria.

47. Falco biarmicus abyssinicus Neum.

Falco biarmicus ahyssinicus Neumann, Joiirn. f. Orn. 1904, p. 369 (Abyssinia, Shoa, Galla country).

(J, Farniso, near Kano, 2.1.1920.

A young male, apparently hatclied the year before, moulting above and

below from the juvenile into the adult garb. F. b. abyssinicus occurs in Hausa-

land.

48. Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides Temm.

Falco pelegrinoides Temminck, PI. Col. 479 (1829 or 1830— Nubia).

$ juv., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 28.viii.1920.

In its full juvenile plumage, evidently first year. Geyr v. Schweppenburg

obtained specimens as far south as the southern escarpment of the Tassili of the

Azger, Timassinin, etc.

■ Another black hawk has been described from the Galla country, Accipiter hilgerti Erl., Journ.

/. Orn., 1904, p. 171, pi. 6. One is tempted to consider tliis bird amelanistic variety, but this cannot

be done from our present knowledge. In proportions and the light markings on tail and wings it

agrees only with Accipiter ovampoensis, but tliis species is not known to occur in Gallaland. Moreover

Hilgert saw a pair, both alike in colour, but only succeeded in getting the female. This remained

the only known specimen at the time, but July 12, 1902, Zapphiro shot a male at Bissidimo in

Gallaland, which, except in size, agrees perfectly with the type collected by Hilgert in 1901. Its

wing measures 225, tail 165 mm. Apparently A. hilgerti is, from this evidence, not a melanistio

variety, but a blackish species. Description and figure in tlie Journ. f. Orn. are very good.

98 NoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

49. Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus L.

Fairo linniinciilus Linnaeus, Sysl. Xal. ed. x. i. p. 00 (1758 — Europe, restricted typical locality

Sweden),

4 9, 1 c?, Farniso, near Kano, December and January.

3 (J, Zinder, January and February.

5 No. 335, Zinder, 7.ii. 1920, is moulting its body plumage on the upperside

and jugulum, the feathers of the adult male appearing all over the back, neck,

and rump in the juvenile plumage. The ,^,^ Nos. 82, 2G4, from 25.xii. 1919 and

28. i. 1920, though fully adult, also moult their body plumage above and below ;

the new feathers resemble the old, only they are darker, richer, the old ones

being paler. The same is the fact with the females Nos. 85 and 175 from

Farniso, 26.xii. 1919 and 5.i. 1920.

The Common Kestrel winters in Hausaland ; F. timuinculu.i carlo, its tropical

African subspecies, occurs near Zaria, where F. t. tinnuncuhts al.so winters.

50. Bubo africanus cinerascens Guerin.

[Sirix afrirana Temminck, PI. Col. ")() (1S21 — Cape of Good Hope. Cf. Neumann, Journ. f. Orn.,

1914. p. 38).]

Buho cinerascens Guerin, Rer: el Mag. Zonl., 1843. p. 321 (Abyssinia).

1 (J, 2 9 ad., Zinder, 20, 28 . i. 1920. " Iris very dark brown. Bill blue black.

Toes soiled whitish, claws black." Wings, r? 316, ? 316, 319 mm.

Hausa name Mogia ; Tuareg Goomack. Found in trees near village.

These 3 specimens agree well with each other, being paler on the upperside

than South African ones, with a very distinct ferruginous colour, especially on the

sides of the feathers of the head and interscapulium. They agree with other

North-East African examples. All these are smaller and lighter than South

African true B. africanus africanus {jiiaculosus of older authors).

The subspecies of B. africanus are by no means clear. All recent authors

(Erlanger, Neumann, Zedlitz, Sclater and Praed) agree that — apart from the

very distinct milesi of S. Arabia — two forms are separable, i.e. B. a. africanus

from South Africa and B. a. cinerascens from North-East and North- West Africa.

But some doubt exists about the East African birds. Oberholser (Proc. S.U.

Nat. 3Ius., vol. xxviii. p. 856) described as Asia maculosua amerimnus, a sub-

species ranging from " Natal to German East Africa," which he says is " much

paler tliroughout, as well as generally more ochraceous. and legs, feet, face, and

crissum less heavily barred with dusky." This subdivision appears to me quite

unnatural. I find South African ones, including birds from Natal, rather large,

more brownish, but skins from the Lake district (Lake Kivu, west of Lake Tan-

ganyika, Baraka, collected by Grauer), equally larger, but darker, less ochraceous,

and with these agree some few from Benguella and Angola. I could hardly say

that a Naivasha specimen ( van Someren) differs, while one from Lindi (A. Buchanan

leg.) has also the same coloration, but is smaller (wing 313 mm.). On the other

hand, skins from the Blue Nile (Capt. S. S. Flower), Sennaar (Loat), Gambaga

(Col. Giffard) are the typical cinerascens. I would gladly recognise an East

African race, if Oberholser's type was not chosen from Natal (Durban), as our

Natal skins agree with Cape Colony ones. Two extremely reddish specimens were

collected by G. Sclirader in Abyssinia (Eritrea), and one from Masindi (Unyoro),

NOVITATES ZoOtOGICAE XXVIIl. 1921. 99

collected by L. M. Seth-Smith, is of the same colour on the upperside, or very

little less red, but much less ochraceous on the underside. I suppose Schrader's

Eritrean birds are extremes of the " rufous phase " (cf. among others, Sclater and

Praed, Ibis, 1919, p. 679).

I must add that a specimen from the province of Zaria, Hausaland, collected

by Poggiolini, does not well agree with the Zinder ones, being darker and having

a wing of about 324 mm. It is, however, quite possible that it came from a

forest district, where a darker form lives, but the Gambaga Ijird (Gold Coast

Hinterland) is typical cinerascens !

51. Otus leucotis leucotis (Temm.).

Strix Icumlis Tomminck, PI. Cnl, livr. 3. pi. 10 (1824— Senegal).

$ ad., Kano, S.xii.lOlO. "Iris clear orange-yellow. Bill pale greenish

grey." Wing 1S9 ram.

1 am not certain if this owl is correctly placed in the genus Otus (Scops of

older authors).

52. Glaucidium perlatum (VieUl.) (? subsp.).

Strix perlata Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat. (nouv. ed.) vii. p. 26 (1817 — Senegal).

2 ^, 1 ?, Farniso, near Kano, 29.xii.1919, 5, 9. i. 1920. "Iris clear lemon-

yellow. Bill fiale greenish yellow. Feet dull straw- yellow."

These three specimens hardly differ from each other ; their heads and entire

uppersides are rather pale, the white spots on the head rather small. In view of

tlie stupendous individual variation of this little owl I do not feel justified, without

a large series, to separate this form, but they are certainly paler than other

specimens, though very closely apjoroached by some from Abyssinia and Senc-

gambia.

53. Centropus senegalensis senegalensis (L.).

Cttculits senegalensis Linnaeus, Sijst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 169 (1766 — Senegal).

1 (J, 3 ?, Farniso and Kano, December and January. Occurs also in the

province of Zaria and on Lake Chad.

54. Clamator jacobinus pica (Hempr. & Ehr.).

Cvcnhis Pica Hemprich & Ehrenberg, SynA. Ptiys. fol. r (1828 — Ambukol in Dongola).

3 cJ, 1 9, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, first week in June 1920. "Iris

dark brown. Bill deep black. Feet deep leaden grey with whitish scale-joints."

.Seen in numbers at Tebernit, 27. vi. 1920. The ? 674, shot 4. vi. 1920, had

an almost fully developed egg in ovary. Stomach of another full of caterpillars.

Has a double call : one a sharp " key, key-key," the other a full .slow sound, like

" chau-chau," twice repeated. Wings, J 156, 156, 161, $ 156 mm. See remark in

Nov. Zool., 1915, pp. 253, 254. It is a vexed question whether forms should be

named which differ only on an average in size. In such cases many specimens

cannot be placed without knowledge of the locality. Thus the recognition of

such subsj)ecies is of no practical value to the curator of a collection for naming

his birds. On the other hand, the placing of the " correct name" on the labels

is not the final aim of research, and if it is a fact in nature that in one country

7

loo NOVITATES ZoOLOfilCAE XXVIII. 19:21.

a form reaches larger dimensions (or even longer wings onlj-) than in another, it

may be important to emphasise such a fact, and that is certainly very strongly

achieved bj' giving it a name. New names are always noticed and discussed,

but one mav write long treatises without their being read or considered.

55. Clamator glandarius (L.).

Ctirulus glamiarins Linnaeus, Si/.fl. Nal. ed. x. i. p. HI (1758 — "habitat in Africa septentrional! ct

Europa australi," based on Edwards, who figured and described a specimen from Gibraltar !).

$, Timbulaga, between Asben and Damergu, 15.viii. 1920. This specimen

is in full moult, the old feathers being brown and much worn, new grej'ish feathers

growing on uppersidc, wings, and tail, white ones on the undersurface.

50. Chrysococcyx caprius chrysochlorus Heine.

[Curulus cnpriu!: Boddaert, Tahl. PI. EnJiim. p. 40 (1783 — Cape of Good Hope. Ex Daubenton,

PI. Enl. and Montbeillard's text). Chri/socorcyx cnpnu.i auctorura !]

Chrysococfyx chryxochlorvs Heine, Mii.s. Hein. iv. p. II (I8G2 — Sennaar ! Erroro ! Probably

Senegal).

2 (J ad,, Aouderas, Asben, 2,700 feet, Sl.vii. 1920. " Iris deep brick red ;

eyelid red. Bill dull brownish black, base of lower mandiljlc paler. Feet dull

grey-black." The only two specimens seen by tlie traveller, in a deep valley in

the Amathasa Mountains.

C. H. B. Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 417, has shown correctly that the name for the

" Golden Cuckoo " is C. caprius, and that there is no such thing as " C. cupreus

Bodd.," though all authors have copied "cupreus" from former writers, either

without looking into Boddaert's book at all, or not doing so properly. A new

name was given by Shaw, Mus. Lever., p. 157 (1792 — locality unknown, but

"probably" Africa), for the Emerald Cuckoo, which therefore must be called

Chrysococcyx cypreus. Messrs. Sclater and Praed, Ibis, 1919, pp. 644, 645, con-

fused the names, calling the Emerald Cuckoo (C. smaragdineus auct.) C. caprius,

but corrected their mistakes. Ibis, 1920, p. 853.

There is a striking difference in size between the Golden Cuckoos of South

Africa and those from North- West Africa. It is strange that recent students of

■African birds have not noticed this. While the wings of South African (Cape

Colony, Transvaal) C. caprius caprius measure (J (10 measured) 118-121, $

(only 2 measured) 124-125 mm., those of males from Senegal measure 108-112,

very rarely to 115 (25 measured), females 110-117 (5 measm-ed), males from Sierra

Leone 108-115 (the latter measm'cment twice, 10 measured), females 115-117

(5 measured). We have thus ^ 118-121 against ^ 108-115, $ 124^125 against

110-117 mm., surely sufficient difference for recognition of two races.

Heine's statement of the localities " Sennaar" and "Egypt" is doubtless

erroneous, as already stated long ago by Hcuglin, for C. caprius has never been

found north of Fazoglo, and there only by Heuglin, and it does not occur in

Sennaar and Nubia ! Heine sen., who bought many specimens from dealers,

probably got his type of clirysochlorus from Verreau.x, and it came from the

Senegal, not Sennaar!

While the difference between North- West African and South African Golden

Cuckoos is so striking, I cannot at present fully go into the question of the East

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 101

African and West African (Niger, Angola) forms. All I should like to saj' is,

that a good series from Harrar and neighbourhood (from Zaphiro) are generally

intermediate, males wings about 113-118 mm., that most Benguella and Angola

examjiles agree with South African ones, but some from there are smaller. I

believe, therefore, that the large form C. c. cajwius ranges to Angola, where it

meets a smaller form, while an intermediate one may occur in middle Africa,

east and west. This has already been stated by Heine (Journ. f. Orn., 18G3,

p. 350), who named the intermediate race Lamprococcyx chrysites (type locality

Gabun !), but Heine was uncertain about the distribution, and had some wrongly

located specimens — evidently from Verreaux.

Another point I have not seen mentioned (without searching the wliole

literature !) is, that the females are larger, having longer wings and tail, and

generally larger bills.

57. Lophoceros erythrorhynchus erythrorhynchus (Tcmm.).

Dxireros erylhrorhynclins Temminck, PI. Col., livr. 36, genvis Bnreros, spec. 19 (1823 — Senegal).

cJ?,Kano, 5,6. xii. 1919.

$ in moult, Agades, 22. iv. 1920.

Bills of females entirely sienna-red, except for whitish base, that of male

with long black j)atch on basal haU of lower mandible.

Common at Zinder, a few at Agades in April, more numerous at Azzal, just

north of Agades, in July, but no hornhills seeii. farther north.

58. Lophoceros nasutus nasutus (L.).

Bttceros nasutus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 154 (1766 — Senegal. Ex Brisson).

(J? ad., Kano, December 1919, ^ ad., Zinder, 24.1.1920. Hausa name

Chilachoa. Common at Zinder.

The males have the distal end of the bUl all black, the females mahogany red.

In stomach of one many locusts.

These bnds are typical nasutu.s, but birds from the Eastern Sudan appear

indeed to be larger and thus intermediate between L. n. nasutus and forskalii of

Arabia.

59. Chizaerbis africana (Lath.).

Phasianns africanus Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 631 (1790 — " Africa." I substitute as typical locality

Western Senegal Colony).

3 cJ, 1 $, Farniso, near Kano, December 1919. " Iris very dark brown. Bill

lemon-yellow, in a younger bird black with base of upper and whole lower mandible

light duU green. Feet blue-black, in the younger bird brownish black."

Not noticed in Asben. " Crest erected in life." This is a common bird in

Hausaland : Kadsena, Rara, Zaria.

60. Poicephalus senegalus versteri (Finsch).

Psillacus Versteri Finsch, Ned. Tijd.sehr. Dierh. i. p. xvi. (1863— "Kust van Guinea,"' rectius Gold

Coast, teste Finsch, Papageicn. Name ex Goffin MS.).

3 (J, 1 $, near Kano, December and January. " Iris clear yellow. Bill

dark bluish or grejish black. Feet blackish."

102 NOVITATKS ZOOLOCICAE XX^^II. 1921.

Tlicse birds must nudoubtedly be called versleri, rather than P. s. senegahtx,

as all have a great amount of orange on the breast, and all over the middle of

abdomen. On the other hand, thej' are not so extensively bright orange as some

males from Sierra Leone, in which the orange extends all over the sides of the

breast and abdomen, but the extent of the orange varies, in one bird extending

even over the under wing-coverts.

Besides the orange colour on the imdcrside, P. s. versleri differs also by having

a darker green jugular region, but fine adult Senegal examples also show an orange

tinge on the breast. The $ from Kano has much less orange, and the under tail-

coverts are green, not yellow, but the specimen is not fully adult, and therefore

it is not certain whether the green under tail-coverts are only a sign of immature

age, or also peculiar to fidly adult females. A larger series may possibly show

that all Hausaland specimens are slightly intermediate, but this is not probable,

because the variation is so great.

The true P. seiiegalus senegalus is evidently only found in the western Senegal

Colony and southwards to Portuguese Guinea. The birds from Sierra Leone,

Togo, etc., are all verslfri. We have a series from the western Senegal from

Riggenbach.

61. Palaeornis krameri krameri (Scop.).

Psittacus Krameri Scopoli, Annus I. Hisl.-Nal. p. .'il (1769 — no locality ! Xciimann accepted

Senegal as original locality, because he considers that the description only agrees with females

of the Senegal form. It is, therefore, not admissible to quote " Senegal " as terra typica without

explanation, as has been done by Sclater & Praed, Ibis, 1919, p. 675 (more Americanonim ot

Mathewsi-Iredalei). I should have hesitated to introduce Scopoli's name, which has hitherto

always been considered doubtful, but as it has been done by Neumann and Sclater & Praed,

it may be best to follow their lead and thus to come to a general understanding).

(5 ad., Farniso, near Kano, IG.xii. 1919.

2 (J j u V. , Zinder, 1 C . ii . 1 920.

?, Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 26. viii. 1920.

^ ad. " Iris very pale tinged whitish, fine inner ring of greenish grey ;

eyelid orange-chrome. Bill deep mahogany, lower mandible black."

I cannot separate these birds from Senegal specimens. They have not the

brighter red bills of P. k. parvirostris and Neumann's centralis, to which they

should belong if that form is separable and extends from Sokoto to the White

Nile. I agree with Sclater & Praed that it requires confirmation, but I cannot

say that our White Nile skins (very worn though they are), collected by Col.

Yardley, agree with the Senegal form, but — unless centralis is different — would

rather unite them with parvirostris. More material is required to settle their

status.

These parrots were rare at Aderbissinat. At Zinder they frequented date-

palm groves, eating dates approaching ripeness.

62. Mesopicos goertae goertae (P. L. S. Miill.).

Picus ijoerlaij P. L. S. Miiller, Nalursysl. Svppl. p. 91 (1776— Senegal. Ex PL Enl. 320 and Biiffon).

4 (J, 2 $, Kano, December 1919, in beautiful fresh plumage.

4 cj, 2 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 12 to 29. v. 1920. " Iris very dark brown.

Bill dull grey- black, paler at base. Feet leaden grey."

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 103

Though thfese specimens have a little more grey on the jugulum than most

Senegal examples, I do not think they can be separated from the latter, while, on

the other hand, specimens from the more southern parts of Hausaland, the province

of Zaria and Loko on the Benue, cannot be separated from the darker race,

M. g, poicephalus auct., which I prefer to c&U. centralis Rchw., extending from the

Gambia to the Congo and eastwards to the Victoria Nyanza and Ujjper White

NUe.

There are, since 1900, no less than four reviews of the forms of M. goertae !

In 1900 Reichenow (Orn. Monatsber., 1900, p. 58) separates what he calls

M. goertae (typicus), M. g. poicephalus, M. g. abyssinicus, and M. g. centralis. In

1903 {Orn. Monatsber. 1903, p. 181), Neumann added M. g. konigi from the Nile

between Atbara and Khartum. In 1904 Neumann (Journ. f. Orn., 1904, p. 396)

states that centralis cannot be separated from poicephalus (as already pointed out

by Grant and Sharpe in Ibis, 1902). Herein I agree, the reason probably being

that Reichenow looked upon poicephalus as a paler form than goertae (perhaps

from insufficient and faded material), while in fact it is a darker bird. Moreover,

as it is doubtful whether Swainson's poicephalus came from the Senegal, the

home of the paler form, or the Gambia, the home of a darker bird, I prefer to

adopt Reichenow's name centralis for this bird.

In the Ibis, 1915, pp. 468, 469, C. B. Grant reviewed these wood-

peckers. While I agree that the name centralis must be adopted for the

form generally called poicephalus (for reasons stated above), I separate konigi

and abyssinicus, and consider spodocephalus a subsjjecies of goertae, not

another species.

Finally Sclater & Praed, Ibis, 1919, p. 632, have written about these birds.

With their views I agree on the whole, but it is in my opinion an error to recognise

poicephalus and centralis as two different forms, all the birds from the Gambia to

the Congo and Uganda being the same, and I call them centralis because of the

vuicertainty of the name poicephalus ; on the other hand, I consider separable,

by the characters pointed out by Neumann, M. g. konigi from Nubia (Berber,

Meroe, Nakheila, Atbara, Shendi), the palest race of all.

63. Dendropicos minutus (Tcmm.).

Picus mimtlus Teiuminck, PI. Col, 197 (1823 — Senegal and coast of Guinea, Restricted terra typica

Senegal !)

1 (J immat., 3 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 9, 11, 20. v. 1920.

2 cJ, 2 $ ad., Takukut, Damergu, 24, 26, 27.iii.1920. "Iris dark. Bill

dark, shading to dull greenish grey on sides of mandibles. Feet greenish grey."

This is one of the rarest woodpeckers, hitherto only known from the Senegal,

as the locality White NUe (DesMurs, in Lefebvre's Voy. en Abyss., p. 170) cannot

be credited. The occurrence, therefore, in Damergu and Asben is very interesting,

but Boyd Alexander had already collected two specimens at Yo, western shore

of Lake Chad.

(I do not think that the supposed genera Dendropicos and Mesopicos can be

separated at all ! In tliat case they would have to Ise called Dendropicos, which

appears to be the older name !)

104 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

C4. Coracias abyssinus minor Neiun.

Coracias abyaainm minor Xcumann, Juiirn. f. Orn. Ixv. ii. p. 201 (1917 — Lower Senegal Colony).

$, Farniso, near Kano, 8.i. 1920. Wing 167 mm. !

2 ?, Zinder, 26. i., 7.ii.l920. Wings 163, 166 mm.

9, Aouderas, Asben, 2,700 feet, 27 . vii. 1920. Wing about 153 mm. (worn).

The above measm^ements show already how variable these birds are in the

length of their wings. It is, therefore, not quite correct if Neumann says that

the Senegal form is "standig" smaller, but Senegal birds, and those from Gam-

baga, Gambia, Portuguese Guinea, and Nigeria, are generally smaller, the wmgs

of Abyssinian birds ranging from 167 to 177 mm., while most West African ones

have wings under or not above 160, but some few range to 164, 165, and 167 mm.

The bills are not usually smaller. Neumann's nomenclature is, of course, per-

fectly correct (cf. also Orn. Monatsber., 1915, p. 156). It seems to me doubtful

if birds from Nubia are not also small and belong to C. a. minor ! ? The Tuareg

(Targi) name is Tchgurgat. In the stomachs were found mostly grasshoppers,

and some beetles.

65. Upupa epops somalensis Salvin.

Upupa somaUnsis Salvia, Cat. B. Brit. Mii-s. xvi. p. 13. pi. 1 (1892 — Somaliland).

cJ, Zinder, 13. ii. 1920.

$, Takukut, Damergu, 1,550 feet, ll.iii.l920.

2 ^, 1 $, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, 17, 21, 26. v. 1920. " Iris dark,

bUl dull black, paling slightly to reddish at base. Feet whitish grey."

Hausa name " Kahoohoo," meaning " crest."

Hoopoes, undoubtedly of this race, which alone occurs in summer, were

observed also at Aouderas and near Timia in June and July. They were very

common on Mt. Baguezan. In May caterpillars were found in .stomachs, which

at that time, after light rain, were very plentifid. In February small crickets

filled stomachs.

Neither Claude Grant (Ibis, 1915, p. 278) nor Sclater & Praed {Ibis, 1919,

p. 665) have read my explanations in Vog. d. pal. Fauna, i)art vii. p. 870(1912).

I have again exammed the type of U. senegalensis Swainson, and I repeat that

it is a small U. epops epops. Therefore the tropical African Hoopoe must be

called U. e. somalensis, and not senegalensis. The latter name refers to a small

$ of U. e. epops, which is common in Senegambia in winter ; U. intermedia is a

synonym of somalensis ; U. butleri Mad. is U. e. epops, like the tj'pe of senegalensis.

Riggenbach sent some U. e. epops from the Senegal, but not somalensis, of which

no specimen seems yet to be kno^vn from Senegambia. The white subterminal

spots to the crest-feathers vary ; they are sometimes obscure in U. c. epops, some-

times present in somalensis, though rarely. The markings on the quUls are

variable.

66. Upupa epops epops L.

Upupa Epops Linnaeus, Syst. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 117 (1758 — " habitat in Europac sylvia," Restricted

terra tyiiica Sweden).

c?, Kano, ll.xii.l919.

cJ, Zinder, 5.ii.l920.

Winter visitors from Europe or Africa Minor.

NoviTATEs ZooLoaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 105

67. Merops (Aerops) albicollis albicollis Vieill.

Merops albicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat. (nou¥. ed.) xiv.'p, 15 (1817 — Senegal).

5 ,^, 1 9, Azzal, just north of Agades, 13.vii. 1920, 1,825 feet. " Iris clear

crimson, bill dull black, feet .slightly yellowish brown." These birds at first

glance look very pale and very blue on the scapulars, secondaries, and rump.

They are, however, in worn and faded plumage, and can be perfectly matched by

specimens from other countries.

If the large first primary in connection with the long middle rectrices is

considered a sufficient generic character, the genus Aerops must be used ; it is

certainly a recognisable genus and much better than many genera now generally

used, for example, among the Fringillidae, Muscicapidae (sensu latiore), Anatidae,

etc.

It is my opinion that the N.E. African form, M. a. major, is quite distinguish-

able. Wings of West African specimens measure about 95-100, those of N.E.

African ones 100-108 mm., and as a rule the bills of the latter are much larger.

Buchanan observed also many in Aderbissinat in August,

68. Merops orientalis viridissimus Swains.

Merops viridissimus Swainson, B. W. Africa, ii. p. 82 (1837 — Senegal).

4 (J, 1 ?, Takukut, Damergu, 1,550 feet, 8, 12, 19, 22.iii. 1920. " Iris clear

rich red. Bill black. Feet whitish with dark greenish grey midcrlying."

(J ? juv., Timia, Asben, 23. vi. 1920.

9, Azzal, near Agades, 12. vii. 1920.

Also observed north of Zinder.

At first glance these birds look rather pale, the blue edging to the black

jugular bar is rather distinct, and there is a bluish tinge on the abdomen. These

peculiarities are, however, due to the somewhat worn and faded plumage in the

summer season. (Messrs. Sclater & Praed, Ihis, 1919, j)p. 660, 661, use the

specific name " lamark " for this bird, and say that I, in 1910, pointed out that

this is its oldest name. If they had looked, however, into my Vog. pal. Fauna, ii.

p. 863, 1912, they would have found that the correct name is M. orientalis Lath.

1801, which antedates " lamark " by just 20 years.)

09. Colius macrourus syntactus (Oberh.).

Urocoliu^ tiuicrourus synliictus OberhoLser, Pror. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxviii. p. 86.3 (Abyssinia. Ex

Neumann, who, however, did not state fully the diilerences between the Abyssinian and Senegal

race, therefore wisely not bestowing a name on the former).

6 (3*, 2 ?, 1 doubtful, Zinder, February 1920.

1 cJ, south of Baguezan, Asben, 3,300 feet, 2. v. 1920. "Iris dark reddish

umber-brown to deep crimson ; bare space around eye didl red, deep purplish

crimson, deep crimson. Bill dull deep red to crimson, lower mandible and tip

of upper black. Feet dull reddish piu-ple."

A bad specimen of this race was taken by Poggiolini at Niamei on the Upper

Niger.

Hausa name Kileoandamma, Targi Asharato.

106 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921,

Also observed in the Timia Vcalley and at Igouloulos on June 1 1 ; also at

Iferouan and Tabernit. It was common at Agades, and in the ravines south of

Baguezan. Buchanan does not think they occur near Kano, as his Kano natives

did not know them. In the stomach of one he found green leaves.

It is with some hesitation that I imite the form of Colius from Asben and

Zinder with the Abyssinian one, but there is no difference whatever between

them. On the other hand, they differ from C'olkis macrourusmacrourus in being

generally paler, the forehead and crown lighter, rump paler, tliroat and breast

lighter and less vinous. The wings measure, ^ 88-92, $ 87, 87 mm. The wings

of Senegal birds are often, though not always, much longer.

70. Halcyon chelicuti eremogiton subsp. nov.

Halcyon specie! U. chelicuti dictae simillimus, sed pallidior, rostio graciliorc.

1 c?, 2 ?, Zinder, 23. i., 10. ii. 1920.

9, Farniso, near Kano, 2.i. 1920.

Type $, Zinder, 10. ii. 1920, No. 3.56.

" Iris dark brown. Bill soiled dull sienna reddish with blackish tip."

9 No. 157, Farniso, is juvenile, the wing-coverts are buff, with blackish centres,

the underside (except the entirely white throat and foreneck) buff and more

striated than m adult birds. The upper mandible is quite blackish, with only

a reddish tinge, merely the basal half of lower mandible bemg dark reddish.

These birds are nearest to H. chelicuti chelicuti, but are distinctly paler on

the upperside, especially the scapulars and wing-coverts, and the bill is somewhat

slenderer. Wings, S 75, ? 81, 76 mm. Bill 36, 37, 37 mm. The blue of the

lower back, rumj), and upper tail-coverts is paler.

Hitherto all modern authors have united all the chelicuti from Abyssinia

and Senegal to South Africa. C. H. B. Grant said, " I can see no racial differences

between eastern and western, or northern and southern specimens," and Sclater

& Praed tacitly endorsed this view. Even Neumann hesitated to divide them,

as in his list of the birds of the Lower Senegal he called the bird simply binomial

" Halcyon chelicuti."

Though I cannot follow all the modern splitting of African subspecies, in

this case I must admit at least two races. The " typical " form extends from

Abyssinia to the western Senegal Colony, where Riggenbach collected over 26

specimens. In the drier districts bordering the desert the paler eremogiton lives ;

besides Buchanan's I have examined one collected by Boyd Alexander at Zogo,

near Lake Chad, which agrees absolutely with the Zuider ones, while others

from the Shari River, Kopchi, Serikin Kudu, and Gongolo hardly differ, but are

a shade darker, and one from Fashoda also closely approaches oiu- specimens,

of which, in fact, the Farniso (Kano) one is a little darker than the Zinder ones,

on the scapulars and upper back, but this may be due to its being juvenile.

Rather different from H. chelicuti chelicuti are the specimens from southern

Africa, being larger, having longer wings and heavier, stumpier bills, and generally

a much darker coloration. Their wings measure 85-79, sometimes only 84,

exceptionally 81 mm. Southern specimens (South Africa, Transvaal, Angola)

have wings of 82-88, sometimes only 81 mm.

East African birds, and those from the Lake districts (Kivu, Tanganyika,,

etc.) are very dark, but sornetimes larger, sometimes smaller. They may thus

NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 107

be called intermediate. This has already been pointed out by Reichenow, and

others.

Cheliculi Staul. was described from Chelicut in Abyssinia, variegnki Vieill.

and striolata Licht. from the Senegal, pygmaca from Kordofan and E. Abyssinia.

All these names must therefore be synonyms of chelicuti. The southern bird

must be called

Halcyon chelicuti damarensis Strickl.

This bird was also observed on the edge of the water at Aderbissinat in

August. Buchanan found Halcyon chelicuti eremogilon frequenting shady groups

of tall trees and date-palms. In the stomach of one he found grasshoj^pers.

71. Lybius vieilloti frater Neum.

[Pui/oKtw-s vieilloti Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. pi. 97 (1815 — Africa ! Almost surely to have been a Senegal

skin, or from Gambia; it is therefore a violation of probability to say that it came from

Abyssinia, whence birds did not, at that time, come to Europe, except the few from Salt's and

Bruce's expeditions. Description and figure are not convincing, as such closely allied forms

cannot be separated except by comparing series. Moreover the type of Pogonius (not Pogonias

as quoted !), vieilloti appears to have disappeared from the British Museum. I therefore agree

with Neumann to accept Senegambia 8is the typical locality of P. lieilhti).]

Lytjius vieilloti frater Neumann, Journ. f. Orn. 1917. ii. p. 201 (Abyssinia, terra typica Barentu, Upper

Baria).

cj ad., Farniso, near Kano, 1 . i. 1920.

2$, Zinder, 30. i., 13. ii. 1920.

(J ?, Takukut, Damergu, 1,550 feet, 13.iii. 1920.

? ?, Timia, Asben, 3,800 feet, 21. vi. 1920 (yomig bird !).

2 cJ, 2 ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 3,300 feet, May 1920.

" Iris rich sienna-brown. Bill glossless deep black. Feet greyish black."

If one could judge from a single specimen I would say that the specimen from

Farniso (Kano) had larger red spots, and was therefore the Senegal bird, while

those from Damergu have smaller ones and must be referred to L. v. frater Neum.

Probably, however, the Kano bird would also belong to the latter, as the late

Boyd Alexander collected it also at Yo on Lake Chad ; his specimens also vary

somewhat, some havuig larger spots (like Senegal birds), others very small ones,

and the same must also be said of Abyssinian birds. Although the ditference of

a heavier- sjiotted Senegal (West African) form and a finer -spotted N.E. African

form is admitted by all modern splitters (Ogilvie- Grant, Neumann, Sclater &

Praed), I must confess that I can hardly seiJarate the two forms, and wish to

emphasise that' many single specimens cannot be distinguished, though in a

scries the difference is visible. (The specimen from Zaria belongs already to the

Senegal form.)

72. Trachyphonus margaritatus margaritatus (Cretzschm.).

Bucco margaritatus Cretzschmar, Atlas Itcise Aljes/i. p. 30. pi. 20 (1S26 — Sennaar and cast slopes of

Abyssinia, terra typica Seimaar).

3 (?, 3 ?, Zmder, January and February 1920.

<J 9, Timia, Asben, 24. vi. 1920.

" Iris dark brown, umber- brown. BUI dull dark madder-brown, soiled dull

reddish brown, medium pale chestnut- brown, tip dark brown or blackish. Feet

dull leaden grey."

108 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Tuareg names Agaslia and Agliisit-Agur.

Observed in numbers at Agades and near Baguezan in bushes along river-

beds, and in neighbourhood of vv'ater. " Has a clear piping prolonged call, also

a less shrill ' thuc-thuc-thuc-thuc.' "

1 am unable to distinguish these speeimcns from others from Abyssinia

(Eritrea), the Blue Nile (Brehm, Flower), and Nubia (Shendi, Suakim, Port

Sudan, Erkowit, etc.).

The wmgs of the males all reach 97 mm., like some of the nortii-eastern

specimens, while others from there are smaller, sometimes only 88. $ wmg 92-

96 mm.

73. Pogoniulus chrysoconus schubotzi (Rchw.).

Barbalula chrysocoma schubotzi Reiclienow, Orn. Monalsher. 1912. p. 28 (Fort Archambault ou the

Shaii River).

2 ^,\<2, Timia, Asben, 3,800 feet, 22, 23, 25. v. 1920.

cj, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, 31. v. 1920.

" Iris dark umber-brown. BUI black. Feet blackish grey to black."

These specimens agree perfectly with those collected by Boyd Alexander

near Lake Chad, and on the Shari River. They have very wide white spots on

the upper back, the lower back and rump have much yellow, more lemon- yellow

on the latter and upper taU-coverts. The difference from P. chrysocoims chryso-

conus from the western Senegal (Tiali, Riggenbach leg.) is very slight, but the

latter are apparently darker on the back, the white patches being more extended.

P. chrysoconus zcdlitzi (Neumann) 1909, Sennaar, Blue NUe, only differs

in having the back tinged with orange, and the underside perhaps a little paler.

" Barhutula chrysocoma pallida " Wettstein, Ahad. Aitz. math. nal. Kl.

Akademie, Wien, p. 131 (1916 — Talodi in South Kordofan) is, according to the

description and distribution — as schiibolzi is supposed to range to the Balir-el-

Ghazal — the same as schnholzi, if the latter is really different from zcdlitzi from

Sennaar. " B. c. pallida " has been compared only with centralis, which is much

darker, but it should have been compared with P. c. chrysoconus, zcdlitzi, and

schvbotzi ! Wettstein says the white spots of the upper back are " reinweiss,"

which refers to schubotzi, but not to zcdlitzi. So far we must admit schnholzi and

zcdlitzi as different, but further material and mvestigation about the relationship

of chrysoconus, schubotzi, and zcdlitzi is desirable.

The wings of Buchanan's specimens measm-e : ^J^, Timia, 58, 58 ; $ 58-5 ;

S, Mt. Baguezan, 58-6 mm. , the latter is the palest of the four.

No other specimens were observed by Buchanan.

(This genus must be called Pogoniulus, as Barbalula is preoccupied by

Barbatulu Linck., 1790, and Pogoniulus has priority over Xylobucco. Cf. Rich-

mond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. 034, 1908.)

74. Scoptelus aterrimus cryptostictus subsp. nov.

Scoiilrtu.'i subspufici S. a. aterrimus dictac persimilis, sed maris luaculis pallidis subterminalibus

rcmigum piimariarum minus evolutis, intcrdum obscuris vel abscntibus.

c? ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, S.vi. 1920.

cJ ?, Aouderas, Asben, 24.vii. 1920.

cj, Azzal, Asben, 14.vii. 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 109

" Iris dark brown. Bill dull black, corners of mouth yellow. Feet bright

black, with white scale-joints."

The males have less-developed pale subterminal spots on the primaries than

the Senegal form (»S'. a. aterriinus). In two specimens collected by Boyd Alexander

near Yo (on the northern Lake Chad) these pale brown patches are entirely

absent, in another exactly as in ours from Asben. The white markings in the

middle of the primaries are somewhat variable. The rcctrices of oiu- Senegal

specimens are, as a ride, without any white spots, but the (^ from Aouderas has

a small white spot at the tip of the outermost taU-feathcr, as is also found in

a male from the Senegal Colony. Adult females have smaller bills and brown

throats, and the brown spots near the tips of the primaries are as well developed

as in Senegal males, but in a Senegal female they are stUl larger. The females

also have always, or nearly always, white spots near the tips of the outermost

primaries. Wmgs of the Asben birds, ^ 102, 105, 107, $ 98, 98 mm.

Type of Scoptelus aterrimiis cryptoslictus : ^ ad., Mt. Baguezan, Asben,

5.vi.l920. A. Buchanan leg. No. 678.

This form is evidently spread from Asben to Lake Chad, and the Shari River

(Alexander leg.). Buchanan saw it also a little south of Baguezan, at Tebernit

on June 27, and at Timia.

75. Caprimulgus eximius simplicior subsp. nov.

Caprimulgus eximius speciminibua orientalibus simillimus sed supra minus auraiitio-auratus, palli-

diore isabellinus ; caudae fasciis albicantibus frequentioribus.

cJad., Zinder, 26.1.1920.

(J ad., Takukut, Damergu, 25.iii.1920.

" Iris dark. BUI blackish, slightly more brownish at nostrils. Feet medium

pale dull blackish grey, edges of scales whitish."

Only these two specimens were found, among dwarf bushes on desert .sand.

Nightjars were seen in early morning at Aguellal and in Asben, but whether of

this or other species could not be ascertained.

These specimens differ from C. eximius eximius (sjiecimens from Sheiidi,

White Nile, and Darfur [Lynes leg.] compared) in being less golden orange,

slightly duller, paler all over the uf)i)erside azid wing-coverts, also on the chest ;

the whitish bars on the rectrices, speckled with black, are more numerous, being

10 or 11 on the middle pair, and only 8 or 9 distinct ones in C. e. eximius, therefore

being a little closer together.

Type of C. e. simplicior ^, Zinder, 26. i. 1920. A. Buchanan leg. No. 244.

The discovery of this beautiful goatsucker so far west extends its distribution

very considerably. It has, however, also recently been obtained by Ca^jt. Lynes

somewhere in Darfur, and the Darfur specimens agree entirely with those from

the Nile. What appears not to have been described before is the very great

length of the middle upper tail-coverts, which extend over two-thirds of the tail,

to within 3 cm. of its end, and the width of the middle rectrices, the edges of which

are strikingly disintegrated. Someone wUl, I fear, make a new generic name for

this species, for this reason. The female has the tips to the outer rectrices less

wide and buflf, not white. The young bird is paler, but not like the Zinder-

Damergu birds.

In the volumes of the Ibis is now, since the rediscovery of the species on the

110 NuVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVlll. I'Jlil.

Wliite Nile bj' Witherby {Ibis, 1901, p. 259), which was the fifth specimen known,

quite a literature on it.

N. C. RothschOd and Wollaston, Ibis, 1902, p. 20, found it numerous at

Shendi, between Khartum and the Atbara, and collected 15 skins. They gave

an excellent account of its habits and the sort of country which it frequents, and

also discovered the eggs and pullus !

A. L. Butler gave more particulars about the localities where it has been

found, in Ibis, 1905, p. 344, and Ibis, 1908, p. 239.

C. eximiiis eximius breeds near Khartum and at Shendi, and has been found

at Meroe, on the White and Blue Nile, and in Kordofan and Darfur. According

to Butler it also occurs on the Atbara.

70. Caprimulgus inornatus Heugl.

CaprimuUjus itiornaln-s Heuglin, Orn. Noriosl-AJr. i. p. 129 (1869 — Bogosland).

cJ ad., Tarrouaji, Asben Mountains, 2.viii. 1920.

This specimen is neither of the extreme rufous nor of the quite greyish

variety, but rather intermediate. A very reddish example was sliot by A. L.

Butler near Khartum in May.

(A nightjar different from C. inornatus and eximius was shot at Aouderas

in July, but so much shot to pieces that it was not skinned.)

77. Tachornis parvus parvus (Liclit.).

Cypseliis parvus LicUtcnstcin, Vers. Douhl. Berlin Mits. p. 58 (1823 — N.E. Nubia).

2 ?, Zinder, 17, 19. ii. 1920. " Iris dark brown. Bill and feet black."

These specimens agree perfectly with a series from Nubia, and another from

the western Senegal Colon}'. In one the throat is perfectly uniform and very

little jialer than the abdomen, in the other wliitish and distinctly striated. Wings

of both 129 mm.

I cannot at present discuss all the forms of this species, but it seems to me that

T. p. griseus must be a synonym, because the wing is the average measure of

T. p. parvus, and the coloration varies, some Nubian examples being much

paler and greyer than others. The longest wings, i.e. 139 and 140 mm., I find in

Benguellan examples, wliich Reiohenow unites with his brachypterus, the terra

typica of which is clouded in darkness. Reichenow first mentions " Gambia "

but casts doubt upon the Gambia birds belonging to his " brachijpterus " with

wings of 120-128, or to T. p. parvus with wings of " 125-132." In any case, the

sliort-winged form is separable, having a darker underside and shorter wings !

It inhabits the Gold Coast, Lower Niger, and Fernando Po, Kanierun, but the

Mossamedes and Benguellan birds have longer wings again, and lighter underside.

The Hausa name is Soysaywa.

78. Apus murinus brehmorum Hart. (?).

Apus apus brehmorum Hartoit, " Naumami, Nalurg. Vog. MiUeleuropas " (sic !) (new edition of

Naumann's work), iv. p. 233 (1901 — " Siidspanien, Madeira, Canaren," type Madeira !).

3 tJ, 5 9, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 24, 25. v. 1920.

Large flocks were feeding over acacias. In July such birds were observed

at Aouderas, June 27 at Tebernit, June 11 Igouloulouf, June 12 Faodet, June 18

NOVITATKS ^OOLOGICAE JvXVIII. 10^1, 111

Assodc, all in Asben (Air). At none of these places, however, were specimens

collected.

The identification of these specimens has been a sore troulile. A number of

brchmorum are not distinguisliable from tliese birds in coloration, but the majority

are distinctly darker ; on tlie other hand, darker examples of A. tnurinus murinus,

notably one from Jericho, collected by Meinertzhagen — which I think must be

A. m. murinns — are indistinguishable : it is still evident to me that hrehmorum

and A. vi. murinus must be distinguished, but their distribution is not yet quite

known.

Another question is the size. One of the Baguezan swifts has a wing of 172

mm., while the others have wings of about 162-165, but this can only be said

confidently of three, because the otlicrs are all moulting ! Swifts do not moult in

Europe or North Africa by the end of May ! Wings of A. in. hrehmorum measure

168-178, exceptionally under 168 (164) and above (180). There is thus no

evidence that the Asben swifts are really smaller. The dates suggest their

nesting on Mt. Baguezan.

A similar difficulty confronted me with the Pallid Swifts which I collected in

the Algerian Sahara near Guerrara and El- Alia, and two or three shot near Biskra.

Tliey were obviously paler than others from North Algeria (Alger, Bone), and

North Tunisia. Could it be that Apus murinus hrehmorum is restricted to the

Atlas region and Canary Islands and Madeira, while A. m. murinus extends from

the Nile through the Sahara to the Mzab country ? Unfortunately I have not

seen a swift from Tripoli !

79. Apus affinis galilejensis (Antin.).

Cypsel-us Galilejensis Antinori, Nanmannia, 1855, p. 307 (Lake of Galilee).

^, Farniso, near Kano, 25.xu.19I9.

1 cJ, 2 9, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, 25. v., l.vi. 1920.

At Mt. Baguezan seen among large flocks of Apus murinus. On February 24

many were seen over the town of Zinder, but not obtained.

Hausa name BiUo bulo, which name is also applied to bats !

I cannot separate these birds from A. a. galilejensis from Persia, Palestine,

Marocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. On tlie other hand, specimens formerly received

from Zaria are not separable from tropical African (Niger, Gold Coast, Sierra

Leone) A. a. affinis !

80. Hirundo daurica domicella Finsch & Hartl.

Birnndo domicella Finsch & Hartlaub, Vog. Ostafr. p. 140 (1870 — Casamanze).

9 ad., Farniso, near Kano, 7. i. 1920. "Iris dark. Bill and feet black."

Wing 116 mm.

It is not without hesitation that I treat this swallow as a subspecies of H.

daurica, but after all I see no other choice. It most certainly cannot be treated

as a species, as it is merely a smaller form of H. melanocrissus from Abyssinia ;

the latter, however, shows faint striolations on the throat, and thus only differs

from some specimens of H. daurica rufula in having the rump and shorter

ui^per taU-coverts of the same colour, while they are altogether paler and merging

into whitish isabelline on the tail.

112 NonTATES ZooLnaioAE XXVIII. 1921.

Tlic Haiisa name givpn to Buchanan is Saj-saywa. T!iis is; a rare form in

collections. The late \V. A. Forbes obtained it at Shonga on the Niger, Giffard

and Alexander near Gambaga.

81. Riparia obsoleta buchananl subsp. nov.

liipiria forinae 7?. ohanleta ohsolela dictao noii ilissiinili.s, sed inidor, roatro minorc, alia brevioribvis.

colore supra et infra saturatiore, obscuriorc, corporis lateribus grisco-brunncis. Subspecici

R. rupestrls spaizi dictae similia, sed minor, alis brevioribus. abdoniino bruiiiiescentiore.

cJc???, Mt. Baguczan, 5,200 feet, 8, 9, 22, 27. v. 1920.

cJcJ, south of Baguezan, Asben, 3,300 feet, 2, 3. v. 1920.

" Iris very dark. Bill black. Feet blackish, slightly tinged with flesh

colour."

Not observed before approaching Baguezan, but afterwards seen, though not

obtained, at Iberkom June 13, Aguellal June 16, Assode June 18 (1), Tiniia

June 9, at Aouderas in July, and July 8 at Agades, where they nest in the fort.

At Baguezan frequenting steep cliffs.

These rock-swallows are in colour between the tropical rufigula and allies,

and R. obs. obsoleki. The upperside is almost sooty brown, but fresh feathers

are more cinereous. Chin and throat unspotted, more isabelline than in obsoleta,

abdomen darker greyish isalicUine, flanks brownish grey. Under taU-coverts

brownish grey with buff fringes, not very much darker than in obsoleta. Wings,

J 112-115, $ 110-113 mm., in o&«oieta 116-12-1 ( 113 given by me as rarely occurring,

but no skin at Tring measures less than 116).

Type of R. o. buchanani, (J, Mt. Baguezan, 27. v. 1920. A. Buchanan leg.

No. 643.

1 found it — like Geyr with his spatzi from the foot of the Hoggar Mountains

— very difficult to decide where to place this new form, I think, however, that

it is a near ally of R. spntzi, de.scribed as R. rupesiris spaizi by Geyr, and which

I look upon as a dark obsoleta form. As rupestris and obsoleta breed together in

western Asia (notably Palestine and evidently Persia), I consider them, like recent

observers in Palestme, as two species, and we may look upon R. fuligula and

anderssoni as forms of rupesiris, rufigula (which is also found in Angola !)

as a subspecies of obsoleta. This, however, is only hypothetical. Another

^s yet undescribed form has been discovered by Lynes in Darf lu-.

The specimens of R. o. buchanani are not in the best of plumage ; they were

evidently obtained just after the nesting season, and are beginning to moult :

now and then an inner primary or a secondary, some tail-feathers and a few body

plumes, on back and breast.

83. Phoenicvmis phoenicurus phoenicurus (L.).

Molacilla Phoenicurus Linnaeus, Sijst. Xut. cd. x. p. 187 (1758—" habitat in Europa." Restricted

terra typica Sweden).

(J, Farniso, near Kano, 2.1. 1920.

2 (J, Zinder, 23. i., 10. ii. 1920.

3 $, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 11, 29. v. 1920.

The males from Kano and Zinder— undoubtedly in their winter quarters —

are in beautiful plumage. In one from Zinder the white edges to tlie tliroat

feathers have mostly disappeared, so that the throat is almost quite black, the

NoviTATEs ZooLOaiCAE XXVIII. 1021. lis

white forehead is .also already conspicuous. As redstarts have not very often

been recorded from western Africa, the fact that they winter south of tlie Sahara

is of interest.

The occurrence on Mt. Baguezan, in shady glades with tall acacias but no

undergrowth, in the middle and end of May is unexpected. The three females

are in much-worn plumage, like birds shot in Europe at the same dates, the one

from May 29 being worst. I think these birds would have remained in Asben

and would not have returned to Em'ope. Geyr found also redstarts in the

desert, near Temassinin, May 12, near Ain Taiba, May 24, 25, and 26, the latter

in feeble condition !

S3. Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (L.).

Motar.illa Oenanthe Linnaeus, Syst. Xal. ed. x. p. ISO (1758— " Euiopa." Restricted terra tj'pica

Sweden).

(J, Agades, 15.iv.l920,

(J<J ?, Zinder, 23 . i . , 1 9 . ii . 1 920.

(J, Kano, 3.xii.l919.

One of the males from Zinder is a beautif id old bh'd. The other is a first

year's bird with an unusually rufous upperside and moulting body plumage on

breast and back on January 23. The collector could not determine its sex, but

the entirely black lores and car-coverts (though some of the latter have small

rufous tips) show it to be a male. The fresh growing feathers on the back are

not grey, but brownish. The fine adult male, shot February 19, is just finishing

its moult on the breast. The ? from Zinder also moults a few feathers on the

breast and head. In the Kano and Agades specimens I find no moult, but the

latter looks rather worn for the time of the year.

Buchanan says wheatears were common at Baban Tubki, near Zinder, and

at Kano, but rare at Agades.

84. Oenanthe hispanica melanoleuca (Giild.).

Mttscicapa mehnoleiwa Giildenstadt, Nov, Comm. Petrop. xix. p. 408, pi. 15 (1775 — Georgia in the

Caucasus).

(J ad., Zinder, 5.ii.l920.

This specimen has the upperside white with only a rusty buff tinge on the

back, its feathers are much worn, especially the upper tail-coverts ; the remiges,

including the inner edges, are entirely black. The bird is purer black and white

than old males shot in March and April, and thus much whiter than usual winter

specimens. There is no moult.

The locality is very interesting. Though extending m winter to the eastern

Sudan, it is not known from the western Sudan. Only one other specimen (pre-

sumably of this form) was noticed at Zinder, none elsewhere.

85. Oenanthe leucopyga aegra Hart.

Oenanthe leucopyga aegra Hartert, Nov. Zool. xx. p. 55 (1913— Algerian Sahara, type Gara Klima,

near Ouargla).

3 cJ, 3 ?, Agades, 12, 13, 22. iv. 1920.

(J juv., Aouderas, 24.vii.1920.

1 (J, 2$, 1 (Jjuv.,Mt. Baguezan, 5,200feet, 10, 27.V., 2.vii.l920.

114 NOVITATES Zooi.noicAE XXVIII. 1021.

" Iris very dark brown, bill and feet black." The joung q, July 24 (No.

756), with wings and tail only two-thirds grown, has the bill " pale whitish yellow,

exeept over ba.sal half of upper mandible, which is brown. Feet medium pale

leaden brown." Plentiful at Agades, observed on the cliffs of Tegguidi.

These specimens belong to the western form : wings, ^J 100-103, $ 94-97 mm.

The young birds have, of course, black heads. Of the adult ones 4 have the

whole crown pure wliite ; 1 (No. 644) has some white feathers on the nape and

sides of crown, one of them just growing — the wings of this bird, a <?, are browner

than those of the white-crowned birds ! Another cj (No. 505) has one growing

white feather at the nape — its wings are also a little brownish ! Three have

entirely black heads and distinctly brownish wings, especially wing-coverts.

Conclusion (already arrived at from series collected in northern Sahara) : the

white crown is only found in fully adult birds, young birds have alwaj's black

heads, but specimens with black crowns breed sometimes. Probably aged

birds always get white crowns in 0. I. aegra, but of 0. I. Iciicopyga I have

examined fully aged black-headed birds with quite black wings.

Targi name Sin-c 8in-e.

At Aguellal a clutch of eggs was foimd on June 16, 1920. The nest was in

a hole in a stone wall of a deserted hut in Aguellal vUlage ; it was composed of

dry grasses and lined with camel's hair. The eggs agree quite with others collected

by me in the Oued Mya, Central Sahara. They are white with a hardlj' i^erceptililo

bluish tinge, almost glossless, and are spotted, chiefly near the larger end, with

rusty red spots and dots, without underlying blue-grey markings. They measure

20-4 X 15-3, 20-2 X 14-S, and 20-5 X 19-7 mm.

86. Cercomela melanura airensis subsp. nov.

Cercomcla subspeciei C. m. hjpnra dictae affinii?, sed notaeo pallidiorc, fere arenieolore, noenon

gastraeo brunnescente luteolo distinguenda,

4 cJ, 3 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 8, 10, 14, 20, 22. v. 1920.

2 cJ, south of Baguezan, Asben, 3,300 feet, 1. v. 1920. "Iris vcrj' dark

brown. Bill dull black or brown-black. Feet bright black."

jJ2 ad. : Upperside uniform light cinnamon- brown, almost sand-colour, very

different from the darker, more fawn-colour, or drab of C. meluJiura hjpura, upper

•tail-coverts and taU brownish black. Ear-coverts brighter, more glossy rufescent

brown. Chin and throat dirty white, rest of understirface brownish buff, middle

of abdomen more whitish, under tail-coverts clearer and brighter, the longest

sometimes with longitudinal black patches. Under wing-coverts and axUIaries

buffy white. Wing-feathers dark brown, outer webs margined with colour of

back, inner with bufiish brown. Wing, ^ 79-82-5, $ 74-5-76-5 mm. Type,

cj ad., Mt. Baguezan, 14. v. 1920. No. 594, A. Buchanan leg.

This is a very distinct form, but possibly the form from the Nile in Nubia —

one specimen collected by N. C. Rothschild & Wollaston between Merowc and

Obu Hamed, at Dakfala — is different again, being intermediate between airensis

and lypura ; this questjon must remain unsolved until a series is available.

Cercomela is so closely allied to Oenanthe as to be hardly sej)arable 1

Buchanan observed this bird also at Tebernit, June 27, at the base of the

Tamgak Mountains, June 13, and at Timia in June, but never farther south.

He found it frequenting the sides of ravines, among rocks, often perching on bushes.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 115

They often uttered a pleasant broken warble, at times chirped like an English

house sparrow.

87. Myrmecocichia aethiops buchanani Rothsch.

MyrmecocichU bmliamm Rothschild, Bull. B.C. Club, xli. p. 33 (1920—" Damergou and Zifider,

south to Kano in northern Nigeria '').

2 cJ, 2 ?, Takukut, Damergu, IS.iii. 1920.

S,^', 1?, Zinder, 27. i. 1920.

2 (?, 1 c? juv., Farniiso, near Kano, 19, 20.xii. 1919, 2.i. 1920. '" Iris dark

brown. Bill and feet black."

This new form is closely allied to 31. aefhiops aethiops, but in fresh plumage

not so blackish, and the edges to the feathers of the throat and breast are wider

and lighter. The sexes do not differ appreciably. Wings, (J 110-114, one from

Kano 117, $ 102-107 mm. ; tail 76-79 ; bill from base 22-24 mm. The young bird

has the edges to the feathers of the underside rufous, not whitish brown as in

adults, and not confined to throat and breast, but also on the abdomen.

Another very much smaller and browner subsjiecies, Myrmecocichia aethiops

sudanensis has been discovered by Lynes in Darfux and western Kordofan. Its

bill is very much smaller, about 15-17 mm. (cf. Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 18, 1920).

One might be tempted to look upon both these forms (huchanani and

sudanensis) as subspecies of M. jonnicivora from South Africa, but in that species

the males have the inner series of uj)per wing-coverts white — the females, how-

ever, not.

Nests, according to Buchanan, in holes in sand banks during rains

(September, August). No eggs obtamed.

88. Crateropus fulvus buchanani subsp. nov.

Crateropus formae Cmleropu.^ f ulcus fulvus dictae simillimus, sod colore pallidiore, minus rufescente,

rostroque minore distinguendus.

6 (J, 2$, Mt. Baguezan, 12. v. -4. vi. 1920.

?, Agades, 21.iv.l920.

(J, Tessalatin, south of Agades, 5.iv. 1920.

" Iris uraber-brown to clear blackish brown with water- white outer ring.

BUI brown-black or black with corners of mouth yellow. Feet pale dull whitish

grey-green or pale sage-green." On two labels the iris is described as " glassy

white, grey tinted" and " whitish, tinted with stone-grey." " Flight and call

■ exactly like that of a Colius " (Buchanan).

These birds were only seen in the places where obtained. They very closely

resemble C. fulvus fulvus from the Algerian and Tunisian Sahara, but the bill is

smaller, slenderer, the back more pale isabelline, less reddish, occijjut and crown

paler, only the forehead rufous- brown, while in C. fulvus fulvus the whole top of the

head is rufous-brown, ear-coverts paler. Evidently the iris is also, as a rule,

differently coloured, being usually umber to blackish brown. In C. f. fulvus the

iris, according to books, is brown or rufous-brown, Riggenbach described it as

red, and I found it bright red-brown or brown with a whitish outer ring, never

blackish brown. However, the iris seems to be variable : Koenig described it

as white, and Buchanan marked it in two specimens as whitish and glassy white,

tinged grey !

8

116 NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XSVIII. 1921.

Wings, (5 94-97, ? 94 mm., in C. f. fulvus 95-102 !

Type of C. f. buchanani, 3, Mt. Bagiiezan, 5,200 feet, 4. vi. 1920. No. 075.

A. Buchanan leg.

Several Maj' and June specimens moulting rectrices and some body plumage.

89. Crateropus plebejus anomalus subsp. nov.

Craleropus, a subspecie typica occipite striato, colore saturatiorc, grisescentiore ; a subiipeeicbus

reliquis plumis gularibus jugularibiisque magis rotundatis, minus apicatis dillert ; colore supra

brunneigriseo, subtus pallidiore, abdomine isabellino.

(J ad., Farniso, near Kano, 27.xii.1919. No. 100, type of C. p. nnomnlus.

" Iris clear orange- yellow. Bill black. Feet dark brownish black."

This bird agrees perfectly with several males and females in the British

Museum collected by the late Boyd Alexander at various places on the River Yo,

in eastern and western Bautchi, and at " Danahaga, N. Nigeria." These bird.s

differ much from all other African Crateropi, and it was Alexander's intention to

describe them as a new species, as shown by a manuscript name on the label.-^.

If all the other forms which are now treated as subspecies of C. pkbejus are forms

of it, then this new form must also be one of them. It is perhaps nearest to C. p.

plcbcjus, but differs from the latter at a glance by the dark centres to the feathers

being continued over the occiput and hind- neck, while in C. p. plebejus they only

reach to 6 mm. beyond the eyes. The uppcrside is darker, more greyish, not so

isabelline, the sides of the head are darker, not isabelline, but greyish brown.

The dark centres to the feathers become more or less indistinct in the middle of

the back. QuUls brown, rectrices brown, darkening towards the end. Feathers

of throat dark brown, an almost blackish spot near the tip and a buffy white

fringe all romid, these fringes becoming less whitish on the chest, where, however,

the tips of the feathers have a more distinct whitish guttate tip, which is merely

indicated on the throat feathers ; chin white ; abdomen isabelline, flanks and

under tail-coverts slightly browner. Under wing-coverts and inner lining of

quills from below brownish isabelline. Wing, ^ 106-116 (type 115), $ 109-113,

tail type 110, tarsus 33, bill from forehead 12 mm.

Apparently the only specimen Buchanan met with.

90. Cercotrichas podobe (P. L. S. Miiller).

Turdns Podobe P. L. S. MiiUer, Linnfe's Naiursyst. Suppl. p. U5 (1776— Senegal. Ex Buffon.)

$ juv., Aouderas, Asben, 23. vii. 1920.

(J?ad.,Zinder, 24. i., 13. ii. 1920.

2 tj, 2 ? ad., Takukut, near Damergu, 12, 13, 19.iii. 1920.

(J$ ad. : " Iris dark brown. Bill black. Feet deep brown- black." Juv.:

" Corners of mouth whitish, feet medium blackish leaden grey."

The female has been said to be greyer than the male, but this is not the case :

it agrees in colour, but is considerably smaller; wings, ^ 91, $ 84-87 mm. The

young agrees in 001010: of plumage also entirely with the adults.

Found commonly at Azzal and Aouderas, also at Takukut, rare at Zinder.

" Frequenting thickets, mouse-like movements." Broken up insects in stomach.

A widely spread species, from N.E. Africa to Senegal, no subspecies dis-

tinguishable, unless one considers ('. melanoptira a subspecies of podobe. The

MOVITATES ZOOLOQICAF. XXVIII. 1921. lit

locality " Dongola "' for C. melnnopiera, where it is said to have been found by

Hemprieh & Ehrenberg, is probably erroneous — it seems to be restricted to

southern Arabia.

91. Agrobates galactotes minor (Cab.).

Aedon minor Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 39 (1850 — " Abyssinien ").

Sylina olwiae Alexander, Bull. B.O. Chih, xxiii. p. 15 (1908 — Lake Chad).

2 cJ, 2?, Zinder, 24.i.-12.ii. 1920.

(J, Takukut, Damergu, 26.iii.1920.

(J9, Agades, 11, 14. iv. 1920.

tJ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 19. v., 2.vi. 1920.

(J ?, Timia, Asben, 23 . vi . 1920.

" Iris dark brown. BUI dark Iirownish, lower mandible whitish flesh-

colour, tip darker. Feet brown of various shades to pale blackish brown."

There are considerable variations in size ; wings, ^J 70-82, $ 75-80, if correctly

sexed. The coloration varies also, some specimens being redder, darker, others

more sandy, paler. This form, formerly only known from N.E. Africa, was

discovered by Alexander on Lake Chad, and now its range extends to Air (Asben).

Buchanan found it " frequenting low shrub, flitting from one bush bottom

to another." It has " a sweet somewhat thrush-like broken morning song."

Besides the localities where specimens were obtained, observed at Iferouan,

Ebazouera, and Tebernit. A nest was found in a thick tangle of vines, six feet

from the ground, containing young, at Tokede, S.vii. 1920.

92. Hypolais pallida reiseri Hilgert.

Hypolais pallida reiseri Hilgert, Falco, 1908 p. 3 (Biskra).

(J 9 ad., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 12, 22. v. 1920.

5 juv. ! Aouderas, 24.vii. 1920.

2 (J, Agades, 11, 14. iv. 1920.

1 (J, 3$, Zinder, 26.i.-16.ii. 1920.

(J, Takukut, Damergu, 27.iii.1920.

" Iris dark brown. Upper mandible dark brown, lower light yellowish.

Feet leaden grey to blackish leaden grej^ The young bird has the iris umber-

brown, upper mandible dull grey- brown, lower greyish white, feet medium pale

whitish leaden grey."

Most of these birds are smaller than topot3q)ical reiseri from Biskra, Tuggurt,

Mraier, El-Golea, and In-Salah. They doubtless nest in Asben, as suggested by

the late dates of the Baguezan birds and shown by the young bird from Aouderas !

The Zinder ones might be and most likely are only winter visitors. Oberholser

and other American authors and probably Stresemann would separate these

birds from reiseri, because their wings are mostly shorter, but this is also the case

with the Zinder ones.

The {J from Asben and Zinder have wings of :

cJ, 61-5, 61-5, 63, 63-5, 64-8 mm. ; ? 60, 62, 62, 62-5.

On the other hand, specimens from the Algerian Sahara (Biskra, Tuggurt,

Mraier, El-Golea, In-Salah) have wings of :

(J, 63-5, 64-5, 65, 65, 66, 66, 66, 66-5, 66-5, 67, 67, 68 ram. ; ? 62-5, 64-5.

118 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII, 1921.

1 do not venture to name the tropical form, because with such a small

series I think it is quite possible that larger specimens might also occur, and I

have a strong suspicion that the Zinder birds are winter visitors, and, if so, prob-

ably from the Algerian desert, where they are migratory, arriving in April and

leaving apparently in August or early in September.

The first unconscious discoverer of H. p. reiseri was H. J. Elwes, who shot a

specimen in Biskra, 5. v. 1882. But at that time birds were not very seriously

compared, and so it was labelled as " pallkla," which is rather different, and

recorded by Dixon in the Ibis, 1882, as opnca, which is still more strikingly

different !

93. Hypolais icterina (Vieill.).

Sylvia icterina Vioillot, Koiiv. Did. d'Hisi. Nat. (nouv. kCi.), xi. p. 194 (1817—).

2 (J ad., south of Mt. Baguezan, 3,300 feet, 1, 3. v. 1920.

Not observed elsewhere. Must be migrant, of coiu-se, notwithstanding the

late date.

94. Sylvia cantillans cantillans (Pall).

(Sylvia suhalpina auct.).

Molacilla cantillans Pallas, Vroeg's Cat. rais. Coll. Ois., Adumhratiuncitla, p. 4 (1764 — Italy !).

1 ^, 2$, Farniso, near Kano, 23, 27.xii.1919, l.i.l920.

2 ?, Zinder, 24. i., 10. ii. 1920.

(J?, Damergu, 22.iii.1920.

?, south of Mt. Baguezan, 3,300 feet, 2. v. 1920.

Though the date of the Asben specimen is very late, we may suppose that

these birds are only winter visitors in all these places.

In a $ from Zinder, No. 350, 10. ii. 1920, tail-feathers, primaries, and a few

feathers on the back are moulting ! ^ No. 57 from Farniso, 23.xii. 1920, evi-

dently in its first year, as shown by its pale rusty edges to the wings, looks more

like a female, there being only an indication of the pinkish colour of the ^ on the

underside. The tail is in moult, there being three just-grown new feathers among

the rest of much-worn ones.

95. Sylvia cantillans albistriata (Brehm.).

Curruca albistriata Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 229 (1855 — Egj^pt).

$, Farniso, near Kano, 5.i. 1920.

<J"$," Zinder, 23. i., 17. ii. 1920.

The (J moults body plumage on back, throat, and breast ! The supposed $

from Zinder must be a (J, it moults into brick-red on the throat, and into grey

on the back ! The ? from Farniso moults body plumage !

96. Sylvia communis communis Lath.

Sylvia communis Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 287 (1787 — England).

2 (J, Farniso, near Kano, 23, 31.xii. 1919.

1 (J, 3$, Zinder, 24.i.-5.ii. 1920.

1, Takukut, Damergu, 27.iii.1920.

1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 9. v. 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAI; XXVIII. 1921. 119

The c? (No. 485) shot March 27 is moulting rectrices and body plumage, the

others from December to February are before their moult ; the $ from May 5 is

probably a sick bird that omitted to wander homewards with its kind, though

these birds linger behind very late. Gejr observed it May 10-12, in the gardens

of Temassinin !

97. Sylvia hortensis hortensis (Gm.).

{Sylvia orphea auct.).

Molacilla Jiorlensis Grnelin, Sysl. Nat. i. ii. p. 955 (1789 — France and Italy).

1$, Zinder, 26.1.1920.

2 (J, Agades, 14, 15. iv. 1920. " Iris creamy white. Feet greyish black.*^

Though known to occur in winter in north-eastern Africa (Kordofan, Hota,

Zeila, Shendi), this is the first reliable proof of its wintering in western Africa.

Geyr observed it as far south as Temassinin.

98. Acrocephalus scirpaceus scirpaceus (Herm.).

{A. strepcrus sireperus auct.).

Tvrdus scirpaceus Hermann, Obscrv. Zool, p. 202 (1804 — Alsace).

?, Zinder, 1 9.11.1920.

99. Phylloscopus bonelli bonelli (Vieill.).

Sylvia Bonelli Vicillot, Nouv. Did. cVUisl. Nal. (nouv. eJ.) xxviii. p. 91 (1819— Piemont).

^, Kano, 3.xii.l919, moulting back.

cj, Farniso, near Kano, 2.i. 1920.

9, Zinder, 10. ii. 1920. Moulting-on throat.

100. Spiloptila damans (Temm.).

Malurus clamans Temminok, PI. Col. 466 (1828 — Nubia, collected by Riippell).

5 cJ, 4 9, Zinder, January and February, 1920.

<J$, Takukut, Damergu, 11, 24.iii.1920.

2 (J, 1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 21, 24. v. 1920.

" Iris clear yellowish sienna-browii. Upper and extreme tip of lower man-

dible black, remainder flesh-colour. Feet pale whitish sienna-brown."

Wings of males 47-49, females 44-5-46 mm. Five of the females differ from

all the males in having the black spots on the forehead much narrower, but the

$ from Mt. Baguezan, though having short wing and tail, has them like the males.

Among Nubian birds the same variation in the head is observed, both in large

and small specimens !

The occurrence so far west of this species, hitherto known only as a north-

eastern form, is very interesting. Buchanan observed it also on June 14 at

Iferouan, and June 15 at Aguellal. It frequented the lower parts of " under-

brush " and tall grass in half sandy desert, singly or in pairs. Moult seems to be

irregular, several specimens moulting tail-feathers and body plumage in January

and February, others in March and May.

I cannot unite Spiloptila damans with Apalis ! The rich rump plumage

and the sparse thin feathering of S. clamans separate it widely.

120 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVIII. 192i.

101. Prinia mistacea mistacea Rupp.

Prinia mistacea Riippell, Netie Wirbell. Abess. p. 110 (1835 — Gondar in Abyssinia).

2 (J, 1 sex ?, Farniso, near Kano, December 1919, January 1920.

3 (J, 2 $, Zinder, January, February 1920.

" Iris clear sienna or pale clear umber-brown. Bill blackish, basal portion

of lower mandible straw-j'ellow, but quite black in a quite adult (J from Kana, and

in the February specimens from Zinder. Feet pale brown to pale clear j'cUowish

brown."

I agree with Sclater & Praed that the specimens from north-western tropical

Africa (Nigeria, Portuguese West Africa, and Senegal !), and also ours from Kano

and Zinder, agree with Abyssinian examples, also that the East African P. m.

tenella and South African P. m. affinis are well distinguishable subspecies, but

I believe that even more races can be separated.

102. Eremomela flaviventris alexanderi Scl. & Praed.

Ere.mo)iieU ftavivmlns alaanderi Sclater & Praed, /iw, 1918, p. 673 (Upper White Nile to Kurdofan

and Lake Chad. Type Bara in Kordofan, A. L. Butler leg., British Museum).

3 (J, 1 ?, Zinder, 4, 10, 12. ii. 1920.

?, Takukut, Damergu, 13.iii.l920.

$, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, 2.vi. 1920.

" Iris brown. Bill dark umber-brown, lower paler. Feet very dark greyish

brown."

These birds agree with those from Kordofan. An adult female of E. /.

grisco/Java was obtained by Charles Rothschild & WoUaston at Nakhaila on the

Lower At bara in February 1904. •

103. Eremomela pusilla Hartl.

Eremomela pusilla Hartlaub, Syst. Oni. M'eslafr. p. 59 (1857 — Senegal, C'asamanzc).

1 cJ (wing 53 mm.), 1 sex ? (wing 51-5), Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 feet,

22.xii.1919. "Iris dark umber-brown. Bill brownish, lower mandible pale

dull yellow. Feet medium dull greenish dark."

Distributed from the Lower Senegal districts (Thies, Riggenbach leg.) to

the Niger and Lower Benue, Kamerun and Congo (Leopoldville).

104. Camaroptera brevicaudata chrysocnemis Zedl.

Camaroplera griseoviridis chrysocnemis Zedlitz, Journ. f. Oni. 1911, p. 339 (ex Lichtenstein uomen

nudum, 1854 — " vom Senegal bis Adamana." Terra typica Senegal).

^, (??, $, Farniso, near Kano, 22, 29.xii. 1919.

" (J " o, Takukut, Damergu, 12.iii. 1920.

" Iris light or dark brown. Upper mandible dark brown, lower pale. Feet

medium or pale brownish straw colour."

Though mentioned as a " nomen nudum" by Lichtenstem in 1854, this

form was not described until 1911. The dilTercnccs, however, were not

very clearly stated, and in part contradictory, They arc, in fact, very slight,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXVIII. 1921. 121

but the adult C. b. brevicaudata lias the underside, from the light-grey throat

downwards, almost pure white, while in C. b. ckrijsocnemis the underside is less

pure white, more or less tinged with buff Ceven in adults), the sides more greyish

or brownish, the throat, as a ride, less grey. In C. b. brevicaudata the back is

purer ash-grey, whUe in chrysocnemis it remains more tinged with brownish or

greenish, even in adults. As already mentioned by Zedlitz (I.e.) a male from

Gambaga (Gold Coast hinterland) agrees, in fact, better with C. b. brevicaudata,

but the sides are less white.

In Nov. Zool., 1920, p. 459, I have explained the nomenclatorial error in

Zedlitz's article^ i.e. that there is no reason for the somewhat hazardous theory

that the type of brevicaudata is lost, and that this bird has not yet been re-

discovered. In fact, there are Kordofan sjiecimens now in the British Museum,

and they are what Zedlitz called griseoviridis, i.e. the real brevicaudata.

105. Sylvietta micrura brachyura Lafr.

Si/lcietla brachyura Lafresnaye, Bev. Zool., 1839, p. 258 (Senegambia).

cJ, Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 feet, 5.i. 1920.

?, Zinder, 26.i.l920.

cJ$, Takukut, Damergu, 24.iii.1920.

" Iris medium rich brown. Dull grey-black or blackish brown. Feet pale

reddish brown."

The specimen from Zinder is in quite fresh plumage and slightly lighter ;

the feathers become darker when worn.

The reviews of these birds by Zedlitz (Joiirn. f. Orn., 1916, p. 25) and Sclater

& Praed (Ibis, 1918, p. 669) are excellent, but their nomenclature requires an

alteration : as S. micrura (Riipp.) was described in 1835, the specific name of the

group must, of course, be micrxira, and not brachyura ( 1839).

106. Cisticola cisticola ai'idula With.

Cislicola aridula VVitUcrby, BuU.B.O. Cla't.xi. p. 13 (1900 — 60 miles Bouth of Khartum on the White

Nile).

(J?, Zinder, 3, 4.ii.l920.

<S, Takukut, Damergu, 21.iii. 1920.

" Iris umber-brown. Bill dark brown, lower pale. Feet pale brown-tinged

skin colour."

I am sorry to say that I cannot agree with Sclater & Praed's conclusions.

Ibis, 1918, p. 650. I still consider Witherby's aridula a subspecies, the darker

specimens of which are very near uropygialis from West Africa (Gold Coast to

Niger, Angola, and eastern Africa), but lighter, while the light specimens are

typical aridula. This subspecies thus occurs in two variations, a darker and a

lighter one. Not only wOl it be seen that both varieties are found in the same

places (Nubia, White NOe), but some are intermediate. Of the three specimens

collected by Buchanan, one has much wider black markings, thus looking

much darker, the other two are practically as light as a specimen collected

at Shendi by N. C. Rothschild and A. F. R. Wollaston, which agrees with the

type of aridula.

122 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

107. Hedydipna platura platura (Vicill.).

Cinnyris phlurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. cCHisl. Xiil. {nour. id.) xxsi. p. 501 (1819— Senegal !).

3 b'acl., near Kano, 22.xii.1919, l.i. 1920.

2(Jad.,Zinder, 12. ii. 1920.

1 (J ad., Damergu, 26.iii. 1920.

2 cJ ad., 1 " <S juv.," 2 ?, Agades, 12, 14, 15. iv. 1920.

3 ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, May 1920.

Found fairly plentiful at Agades.

In fresh plumage adult females and young males are bright yellow, in old

plumage very pale. Females from April 26, May 12 and 14 are moulting from

the pale into the bright-yellow underside. One male from Zinder and another

from Damergu have a very distinct, though narrow, violet line separating the

green jugulum from the dark-yellow breast. As far as I can see H. platura and

mekillica do not actually occur together, and in that case the latter would be a

subspecies of platura. Both, however, are said to be found in Kordofan. Zcdlitz

discovered a race of platura in the Adiabo stej)pe in N.W. Abyssmia, while

melallica was found at Tocolai, Ghinda, Scetel, and in Barca.

(The genus Hedydipna might as well be suppressed !)

108. Nectarinia pulchella aegra subsp. no v.

Nectarinia subspeoiei N. pulchetta pulchella persimilis, sed rostro debilioie, maris mauula pectorali

plerumque minus splendidiore distinguenda.

c??ad., Agades, Asben, 1,710 feet, O.vii., 12. iv. 1920.

2 c?, 2 ?, Timia, Asben, 3,800 feet, 21. vi. 1920.

2 (J, 1 $, Azzal, Asben, 1,825 feet, 12, 14.vii. 1920.

2 c?, 1?, Zinder, 23. i., 13. ii. 1920.

(J 9, near Kano, 7.i. 1920.

Targi name Tagachit-Nakowit.

These birds are very similar to N. pulchella pulchella from the Senegal, of

which we have 22 adult males in full plumage, a few females, and some males

in winter plumage, mostly from Thies, collected by Riggenbach, by having a

slightly thinner and as a rule shorter bill, and the red patch on the breast

being, as a rule, duller, less bright. Type: (J ad., Timia, 21 .vi. 1920. No. 688,

A. Buchanan leg.

Also noticed at Aouderas.

The males from Zinder are in the female-like dull winter plumage, but two

have the long tail feathers, which they do not lose until the next moult ; they

have always (or nearly so) retained some metaUio green feathers on shoulders

and upper tail-coverts. The females in off-plumage seem to have a greyish-black

throat — I do not think that such birds are young males, at least not always !

Nectarinia pulchella aegra is very closely allied to and requires careful com-

parison with N. p. pulchella from the Senegal. The North- East African form,

however, is much more strikmgly different, and it is strange that its distinctness

has not been noticed before. It has the larger bill of N. p. pulchella, the red

breast patch is of a still brighter scarlet and generally more extended, the yeUow

patch on the sides of the chest not dull greenish yellow, but Ijrightcr, almost pure

yellow, J iiamc this subspecies —

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV'III. 1921. 123

Nectarinia pulchella lucidipectus suIjsj^. uov.

Neclarinia pulchella pcctore clariore scarlatino praepectorisque lateribus purius luteia a forma

topotypica distinguenda.

Type of subspecies : cJ ad. Wad Medani, Blue Nile, 25.vii. 1909. Stanley

S. Flower leg., No. 856, in the Tring Museum.

Other specimens in the Tring JIuseum are from Barankwa, Blue Nile, and

Roseires, both collected by Major S. S. Flower, from the Kobua River, Lake

Rudolf, collected by H. J. A. Turner for Col. Meinertzhagen, near the Gelo River,

by Oscar Neumann, from Nimule and Gondokora, collected by L. M. Seth-Smith,

and Lado, Emin Pasha leg. Also sj)eeimens from Lake Stephanie and Lake

Abaya, A. Donaldson Smith leg., Kibero on Lake Albert, W. J. Ansorge leg., and

a dozen males from Harar, the Kassam River, and another locality in south-eastern

Ethiopia, collected by Zaphiro, belong to N. p. lucidipectus, though some of

Zaphiro's skins are somewhat intermediate and not quite so typical as those from

the Blue Nile.

A nest of N. pulchella aegra, hanging suspended in an acacia tree, was found

at Timia, Asben, June 21. It has the u.sual longitudinal purse-shape, and is

composed of all sorts of dry material, such as fibres, bark, little twigs, spider-

webs, and leaves, lined with white and light-grey feathers, evidently of doves.

The eggs are very long, with very faint gloss, greyish white with brown and

greyish longitudinal blotches and spots, measuring 17-3 X 10-8 and 17-3 x 11mm.

109. Cinnyris senegalensis senegalensis (L.).

Cailiia senegalensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nal. ed. xii. i. p. 186 (1766 — Senegal. Ex Brisson).

2 ^ ad. in full plumage, 4 ^ juv. or in off-plumage, or in moult, 2 ?, near

Kano, 22.xii. 1919-9.1.1920.

Hausa name Makading-Gowdi.

110. Remiz punctiJrons (Sund.).

Aegithalus puncHfrons Simdevall, Oefv. Vet. Ak. Fork, vii, 1850 p. 129 (Serniaar).

2 cJ, 1 ?, Takukut, Damergu, 11, 12, IS.iii. 1920.

3 (J, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 26. v., l.vi. 1920.

" Iris dark. Bill dark bluish grey-black, edges at mouth pale blue-grey.

Feet blue- grey."

The March specimens are in very much worn plumage, the Asben ones

beautiful, though one still moulting remiges and body plumage.

Frequenting thorn bushes in bush country, waterless except for artificial

wells.

The specimens agree perfectly with others from the Nile (Shendi), Atbara,

and White Nile.

I do not consider it advisable to separate the African Penduline Tits gcneri-

cally. There is no structural difference except the longer first primary. If this

alone is admitted as a generic character, then Lanius minor must at once be

separated from the other shrikes, the sprosser from the nightingale — to quote

only two out of numerous other instances.

124 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVllI. 1921.

111. Batis senegalensis (L.).

Muacicapa senegalensis Linnaeus, Si/st. Nal. cJ. xii. i. p. 327 (1766 — Senegal. Ex Brissou).

1 c?, 3 9, Zinder, 26.1.1920.

1 (J, 1 ?, Agades, 14. iv. 1920.

1 t? juv., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 13. v. 1920.

1 (J juv., Timia, Asben, 3,800 feet, 22. vi. 1920.

(J ?, " Iris clear bright yellow. Bill and feet black."

Not uncommon at Agades in April, generally iii parties of four or five in

bush-country far from habitations.

Hausa name Youngkingalla.

(The distinctness of B. senegalensis togoensis Neum. requires confirmation.)

112. Muscicapa striata striata (Pali.).

Motacilla striata Pallas, Vroey's Cat. Verzam. Vogelen, Adumbratiuncula, p. 3 (1761 — HoUanil).

cJ ad., Mt. Baguezan, 18. v. 1920.

This bird belongs to M. s. striata, being dark-coloured, though its wing

measures 90 mm.

The date is a very late one ! Would probably not have returned to Europe.

Not seen anywhere else.

113. Muscicapa albicollis Temm.

Muscicapa albicollis Temminck, Man, d'Orn. p. 100 (1815 — new name for collaris, which had been

anticipated).

?, Tegguidi, Asben, 12.viii. 1920.

The occurrence in Asben is most interesting ; we know that the species

passes tlirough Algeria on migration, but there has, so far, been no evidence

where it went. The date is a very early one ! The specimen was " very thin

.and weak."

114. Lanius excubitor leucopygos Hempr. & Ehrb.

Lanius leucopygos Hemprich & Ehrenbcrg, Sijtnholae PIvjsicae fol, e and fol. dd, description fol. d

(1828— Dongola).

1 9, Zinder, 2.ii.l920 (lateral rectriccs badly worn, moult on breast and

throat).

4 (J, 1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 8. v. -3. vi. 1920 (plumage more or less worn,

two rectrices moulting, 2.vi.l920).

2 J, Agades, 17, 20. iv. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. BUI black. Feet greyish or brownish black."

Rare at Agades and Zinder, not seen farther south. Wings, cJ 100-105,

$ 95-97 mm.

Formerly orJy known from Nubia, to Kordofan, Blue and White Nile, but

collected by Alexander near Lake Chad, and by Poggiolini at Timbuktu,

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 125

115. Lanius senator senator L.

Lnnius Senator Linnaeus, Si/st. Nat. ed. x. p. 94 (1758 — "habitat in Indiis," errore ! Typical

locality fixed " Rhine," ex Albin — cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, i. p. 434).

1 cJ, 3$, nearKano, 8.xii.l919 to 7. i. 1920.

2 (J, Zinder, 28. i., 12. ii. 1920.

1 3 ad., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 24. v. 1920.

(J juv. Tegguidi, Asben, 12.viii. 1920.

Hausa name Suda.

Notwithstanding the late date of the Baguezan male, and that of the young

bird from Tegguidi, I do not for a moment believe that these birds nest in Asben.

They evidently migrate southwards rather early — at least some of them. On

the other hand, some remain up to a rather late date, mostly never to return to

the north in the same year, and they are frequently in bad condition (cf. Geyr,

Joiirn. f. Orn., 1918, p. 142 !). The specimens from Kano are in beautiful fresh

plumage, with rump, scapulars, and edges to feathers of wings brownish buff, and

some are still moulting a few of the feathers on back and breast, as well as outer

primaries ; also one of the Zinder birds still moults a few body feathers. The

young bird has nearly the whole of the outer webs of the second to fourth

primaries buff.

116. Harpolestes senegalus senegalus ( L. ).

Lanius senegalus Linnaeus, Sijsl. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 137 (1766 — Senegal).

" c?$," Kano, 13. xii. 1919.

" Iris medium dark purplish grey. BUI black. Feet pale bluish grey."

Hausa name Suda.

1 must stUl state that I cannot separate the supposed " pallida " of Neumann.

On the other hand, I do not quite understand Messrs. Sclater & Praed's remark,

Ihis, 1918, p. 637, where they say " that it is impossible to recognise any satis-

factory races of this shrike from South, West, or East Africa," and then not only

recognise H. s. habessinica, erlangeri, remigialis, and even name a new form — a

good one no doubt — H. s. sudanesis Scl. & Praed. Certainly these are good

subspecies, but rujofuscus and others are in my opinion equally distinct.

117. Laniarius barbarus barbarus (L.).

Lanitis barbarus Limiaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 137 (1766 — Senegal. Ex Bris.son).

(J, not quite adult, Farniso, near Kano, 27. xii. 1919. "Iris dark. Bill

black. Feet light leaden grey."

This bird has an unusually dark, somewhat brownish yellow crown, and some

of the wing-coverts have rust-brown fringes. It is apparently a younger bird,

but not, of course, in its first plumage, which is quite difierent.

118. Nilaus aler afer (Lath.).

Lanius Afer Latham, Ind. Orn. Snppl. ii. p. xix (1801 — Senegal. Ex Gen. Si/nops. Suppl. ii. p. 76 !).

2 (J, 2?, 1 juv., Timia, Asben, 3,800 feet, 22, 23, 25. vi. 1920.

3 (J, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 11, 13, 31. v. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. Bill black, inner half of lower mandible blue-grey. Feet

medium leaden-grey,"

126 KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

In all these specimens the wing.s are faded and worn, but in the ^J of June 25

the new, more blackish remigcs are growing, and several specimens show moult

of body plumage.

119. Prionops plumatus haussarum subsp. nov.

Prinops formae P. p. plumatus dictao persimilis, seel fascia nuchali latenunque capitis lutca vcl fere

absenti, nee schistacea coiispicua distinguendu.s.

3 (J, 2 9, 1 ?, near Kane, December 1919, January 1920. "Iris and bare

orbital ring lemon-yellow. Bill blue-black. Feet medium dull orange-chrome."

Hausa name Kara-dangi.

These birds are clearly different from P. p. phimatiis, of which we have a

good series from the western Senegal Colony, as the more or less incomplete band

on the nape and behind the ear-coverts is not dark greyish slate or almost black,

but brownish buff and sometimes indistinct or nearly absent. The wings

measure 113-126 mm., the largest bird being marked as a female, but possibly

by error. The 26 Senegalese specimens do not surpass 123, the majority being

under 120 or just 120 mm,, it is therefore possible that a larger series from Kano

would show a larger maximum or average wing- measure. The little series from

Kano all belong, of course, to my new subspecies, but some other birds are also very

interestmg. Thi-ee specimens from the province of Zaria, either near the town of

Zaria or northwards, agree entirely with our Kano ones, but another, from the

collection of the late Schiitt in Freibiu-g, labelled by the late Schneider from whom

we bought it as coming from the " Sudan," agrees with the second whitest of our

haussarum. Its locality is doubtful, but it can hardly have come from the eastern

Sudan. There is also a skin from Ilorin, Nigeria, which approaches our new

form, though not the whitest specimens. On the other hand, two specimens from

the Kaduna River, south of Zaria, have the dark bands on the head darker and

might belong to P. p. plumatus, and this is possible, as the Kadima valley is much

richer in vegetation and more fertile than the more open, drier country near

Kano.

Tjrpeof P. p. haussarum, (JFaruiso, near Kano, 15.xii. 1919. No. 44, Angus

Buchanan leg.

(Neumann wrote about the specimen labelled " Sudan" in Journ. f. Orn.,

1905, p. 219, and I discussed the Hausaland ones in Nov. Zool., 1915, p. 259. I

shot a Prionops near Loko on the Benue and observed it not far from Zaria, in

1886.)

120. Pycnonotus harbatus arsinoe (Licht.).

Turdus Arsinoe Liohtenstein, Verz. DoM. Zool. Mns. Berlin, p. 39 (1823 — " Fayum in Acgypto ").

1$, Agades, 1 2. i v. 1920.

2 ?, Timia, Asben, 22, 23. vi. 1920.

1 (J, Azzal, Asben, 1,825 feet, 16.vii.l920.

2 $, Aouderas, Asben, 2,700 feet, 23.vii.1920. "Iris dark umber-brown.

BUI black. Feet grey- black." Targi name, Taynut.

Found always in groves of date-palms, rarely among other trees.

It is interesting to find this Nile bird so far west. The heads are browner

than in our Nile specimens, but, all Asben examples being in worn plumage, this

is probably due to the state of plumage.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 127

121. Motacilla flava flava L.

Molacilla flava Linnaeus, Si/sl. Nat. ed. s. i. p. 185 (1758—" habitat in Europa." Restricted typical

locality South Sweden !).

(J, near Kano, 7.i. 1920. Juv., body plumage in moult.

3 (J, 2 doubtful, apparently 1 (^ juv., 1 ?, Zinder, January, February. The

males moulting body plumage, one also inner secondaries and outer rectrices.

1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 19. v. 1920 ; late date, no moult.

122. Motacilla flava thunbergi Billberg.

Motacilla Thunbergi Billberg, Synops. Faunae Scandin. i. 2, Aves, p. 50 (1828 — Lapland).

tJ, near Kano, 7.i. 1920. Slight moult of body plumage.

(J ad., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 8. v. 1920. No moult.

123. Motacilla alba alba L.

Motacilla alha Linnaeus, Sysl. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 185 (1758 — " habitat in Europa." Restricted typical

locality Sweden).

$ ad., Takukut, Damergu, 1,550 feet, S.iii. 1920.

124. Anthus sordidus asbenaicus Rothsch.

Anthus sordidus as^ienaicus Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 33 (November 1920 — Mt. Baguezan).

6 cJ, 4 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 9. v. -5. vi. 1920. "Iris dark umber-

brown. Bill brown-black, cutting-edges of upper and basal two-thirds of lower

pale brown or pale dull straw-colom-."

This very distinct local form of Anthus sordidus is described as nearest to

A. sordidus hararensis Neumann from Harar (and northern Somaliland), but more

rufescent, especially on the rump and upper taO-coverts, and the chest less

.spotted and flanks paler ; there is also, as a rule, less brown on the inner webs

of the taU-feathers, but this last character is somewhat variable. The size is

very variable, wings of males measuring 93-100, of females 87-91-5 mm. This

form is also somewhat similar to A. sordidus jebehnarrae Lynes {Bull. B.O. Club,

xli. p. 16, from Jebel Marra, Darfur, 0,000 feet), but the latter is of a darker brown

on the upperside and darker, more rufous- brown on the underside. A pair before

me measure ^ wing 96, $ 89-5 mm.

These pipits were not observed anywhere else than on the Baguezan

Momitains. They frequented valleys, often where sandy flats joined stony

ground. The $ shot on June 5 had " eggs in the ovary."

125. Anthus campestris campestris (L.).

Alauda campestris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 166 (1758 — " habitat in Europa." Restricted

typical locality South Sweden).

1 cJ, 3$, near Kano, 22. xii. 1919-5. i. 1920.

3 cJ, 2 ?, Zinder, 23.i.-13.ii. 1920.

Winter visitors. Hausa name " Myshagaeomje."

Most specimens .still show traces of moult on body plumage, two also moult

wing-feathers.

12S N0VTTATE3 ZoOlOQIOAE XXVTII. 1921.

126. Anthus trivialis trivialis (L.).

Alauda trivialis Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 1C() (1758 — " habitat in Suocia "),

(J?, Zinder, 27.i., 19.ii.l920.

AVinter visitors.

127. Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes (Desf.).

Upupa alaudipes Desfontaines, 3Uin. de VAcad. 1787, p. ."504 (Gafsa & Tozer in Tunisia).

(J ? ad., Agades, 21 . iv. 1920.

3, north of Aguellal, 15. vi. 1920.

These specimens have the uppersidc rather lirownish. darker than in most

specimens from the northern Sahara of Algeria and Tunisia. A specimen which I

shot in the Oued-el-Abiodh north of In-Salah, 14. iv. 1912, one from Gizeh in

Egj^t, one from Meroe in Nubia (E. & R. Gurney coll.) are, however, absolutely

like the Asben ones, and one from near Sidi Okba (near Biskra) comes very close

to them in coloration. The question requires attention, for it almost seems as

if the southernmost specimens were as a rule darker. Of two May birds from

Cape Blanco South {west coast of Sahara), however, one, though terribly

worn, is evidently quite pale, and in the Natron Valley in Lower Egypt

and Nubia these birds are very variable, sometimes quite greyish, sometimes

isabelline.

The only specimen seen north of Agades is the one from Aguellal, in northern

Asben. In southern Asben it inhabits the desert between Agades and Tigueddi.

128. Galerida cristata alexanderi Neum.

Oalerida crislaia alexanderi Neumann, Bull. B.O. Cluh, xxiii. p. 45 (1908 — Baiitchi in Hausaland).

3<^, 3?, nearKano, 13, 26.xii. 1919, 2, 7. i. 1920.

2 cJ, Zinder, 30. i., 10. ii. 1920.

?, Agades, 16.iv.l920.

3 (J, 1 $, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 8, 27, 29. v. 1920.

cj, Aouderas, Asben, 30.vii. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. Bill jjale brown, upper mandible darker. Feet pale

whitish brown, pale straw-colour, pale yellowish brown."

It is with much hesitation that I unite all these Crested Larks under the name

of G. c. alexanderi. Those from the neighbourhood of Kano, Zinder, and Agades

agree very well with each other, and with the typical specimens from Bautchi

and other places in Hausaland — they are all in more or less worn plumage. The

three males from Mt. Baguezan are much more cimiamon or rufous, but they are

in heavy moult, most of the feathers of the upperside being fresh and even still

growing ; the female, however, though also heavily in moult, has stUl many of its

old feathers and looks very much like one of the Kano skins. The Aouderas

specimen, on tlie other hand, has quite finished its moult, and looks much paler,

not so rufous, as the Baguezan ones, and paler, less brownish, than the worn

winter birds. Its feathers have still all the pale sandy, almost greyish edges.

Although in some countries, Algeria for example, the forms of Galerida cristata

lioVITATES ZOOLOalCAE XXVIII. 1921. 129

are very constant, while those of Galerida theklae are very variable, in other

countries, Nile valley and Palestine for example, the cristata forms vary much ;

this is especially demonstrated by the wonderf id series collected by Meinertzhagen

in Palestine and Syria, and there a similar phenomenon is evident, i.e. that the

quite freshly moulted birds are mo.st reddish or cinnamon, those shortly after the

moult, with feathers a couisle of months or so old, palest, while later on, when the

edges to the feather.s are worn off, the central dark-brown spots are more exposed,

the upperside therefore becoming much darker. The spots on the chest in al

Crested Larks are less circumscribed in freshly moulted ones, sharper defined and

apparently — not really — smaller in worn birds.

Buchanan gives the Hausa name as " Dela." Except perhaps on Mt.

Baguezan he found Crested Larks nowhere common, but only saw isolated pairs

or single birds. The female shot near Kano, IS.xii. 1919, had "a fully formed

egg in ovary." Small insects and seeds were found in the stomachs.

129. Ammomanes deserti mya Hart. (?).

Ammomancs ileserii myn Hartert, Ann. d- Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. viii. vol. x. p. 230 (1912 — Oued-Mya

north of In-Salah, western Sahara).

2 (J, 5 9, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 8. v.-2.vii. 1920.

1 3, south of Baguezan, 3,300 feet, 3. v. 1920.

" Iris umber-brown. Bill dull medium lemon- yellow, upper mandible

tinged with brown. Feet pale yeUowish brown, tinged with white, in the freshly

moidted bird medium umber-brown, soiled with white."

cj No. 723, shot 2.vii. 1920, is in beautifid fresh plumage, just through the

moult. All the others are much worn, but not yet moulting, except No. 547,

shot 3. V. 1920, which moults some secondaries and primaries. I cannot con-

fidently separate these birds from A. d. tmja, which GejT found throughout the

Tuareg Mountains from Kelmet to Ideles. It is true that our birds are generally

darker on the upperside, but some Oued-Mya examples can hardly be called

different. The one freshly moulted bird agrees so well with examples of A.

deserti algeriensis, collected by Lord Rothschild and myself on the hills near

Biskra by the end of September and early in October, that I cannot separate it,

though it cannot be denied that it is darker than most of the latter. A series of

unsoiled, freshly moulted birds would be necessary for a separation of the Asben

form ; without that it would be a risky experiment to name it.

Similar birds were observed (but not collected) near Aouderas in July, and

at AgueUal, Aouderas, Faodet, Iberkom, Iferouan, and Tebernit in June. They

frequented level stretches of lava stones and pebbles, and were seen among the

huge boulders of the mountains.

A nest was fomid on Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet high, on June 30. It was

placed on the sand among a small group of stones, lying on level ground under a

projecting rock. The three eggs were in an advanced stage of incubation, and

only one could be saved. It agrees with many varieties of the eggs of

Ammomanes deserti algeriensis, being dirty pinkish white with a ring of brown

and underlying greyish spots and a few spots and dots over the rest of the surface.

It measures 21 x 16-8 mm. The nest is like those of A. d. algeriensis, and pieces

of thread and linen are also present.

180 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXVIII. 1921.

130. Ammomanes phoenicurus arenicolor (Sundev.)

Alauda arenicolor Sundcvall, Oefr. K. Vel. Akail. Fork., Stockliolm, 1850, p. 128 (Lower Egypt and

Arabia Petraea).

3 (J, 1 ?, Agades, 1,700 feet, 16. iv. 1920.

On an average the bills of these birds are rather large, but Algerian specimens

match them not rarely. Coloration and size absolutely as in Algerian and other

specimens. Plumage worn.

131. " Calendula " dunni pallidior subsp. nov.

Formae Calendula dunni dvnni dictae persimilis, sed pallidior.

1 (?, 1 ?, 1 ?, Takukut, Damergu, 8, 21.iii.l920. " Iris dark brown. Bill

almost white, upper mandible tinged with brown. Feet creamy white or " very

pale whitish skin-colour."

These three specimens are so much like the two adult sjieciniens of Calendula

dunni in the British Museum (the third is a nestling) that it is not without hesita-

tion that I propose to distinguish them as above. But two of our specimens are

much, the female a little paler, less reddish, and the bills certainly less powerful.

The wings of the types, marked cj and $, measure (J 85, $ 80, our specimens (J 80,

(J ( ?) 84, $ 77 mm. It is, therefore, possible that the form has shorter wings, l)ut

more material must be exammcd. Let us hope that Lynes will come across this

species in northern Darfur, and that his specimens will either confirm the differ-

ence of the more eastern and more western specimens or show that they vary

so much individually that they must be united. C. dunni was discovered at the

Ogageh Wells in Kordofan.

T3rpe, (J ad., Takukut, 21.iii. 1920. No. 459, A. Buchanan leg.

1 am by no means sure that these birds should be in the genus Calerulula. It

is true that they agree in structure, i.e. the very thick, high bill, shape of wings,

and feet with Calendula crassirostris, but the colour is more that of a Crested Lark

or Ammomanes, and in fact a perfect coimterpart of Mirajra cordojanica, so that

I am in doubt if the Calendulae should not be lumped into Mirafra, which contains

many very different forms.

Buchanan found these birds only in an isolated barren desert stretch, where

they were generally seen in pairs.

132. Calandrella brachydactyla hermonensis Tristr.

Calandrella hermonensis Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1864, p. 434 (Mt. Hernion and Lebanon).

2 (J, Agades, 13. iv. 1920.

Probably still on migration, though sometimes eggs are already found in

mid- April in the northern Sahara. GejT observed Short-toed Larks as late as

May 13, north of the Ahaggar Mountains, which he considered to be still on

migration.

I am sorry to say that we must accept Tristram's name hermonensis for the

desert form of this species, which has been named ruhiginosa by Fromholz and

ranges from Marocco throughout the northern parts of the Sahara to Egypt and

Palestine. It is true that Tristram's specimens were iia badly worn breeding

plumage, and some juvenUe, but a re-examination of his series shows that the

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 131

name hermonensis must be applied to the more rufescent rufous-headed desert

form. On the other hand, some of Tristram's specimens from Lake Huleh in

the plains are more like typical hrachydactyla — possibly the two forms may meet

in northern Palestine. Moreover on migration the greyish C. h. longipennis occurs

in Palestine !

133. Calandrella hrachydactyla longipennis (Eversm.).

Alauda longipennis Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nal. Moscou, xxi. p. 219 (1848 — Songaria).

$ad., Zinder, 2.ii.l920.

Though we have found this form in small numbers in the Algerian northern

Sahara, i.e. even farther west than Zinder, this seems to be the southernmost

locality for it in Africa.

134. Eremopterix leucotis melanocephala (Licht.).

Alauda melanocepluila Lichtenstein, Yerz. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, p. 28 (1823 — " E. Nubia et Sene-

gambia ! " Restricted terra typica Nubia !).

1 (J ad., 1 (J in moult, 1 ?, Zinder, 2. ii. 1920.

1 cj juv., 1 9, Tegguidi, Asben, ll.viii. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. Bill white, slightly tinged with greyish. Feet pale

greyish white, more brownish in female and juv."

In small flocks, mostly on open wind-swept flats.

I have called these birds E. I. melanocephala, though this is perhaps not quite

correct. As has been noticed by Reichenow, myself, Sclater & Praed, and others,

there is much variation in the coloration of the upper wing-coverts, males from

the eastern Sudan very often having a black patch on the lesser ujsper wing-

coverts, while this is, as far as I have been able to make out, invariably absent in

Senegal specimens. There are, however, specimens from Khartum and Nubia,

in which the black patch is entirely absent, and though in the Tring collection

they are very much in the minority, they are apparently more frequent in other

museums. As I cannot find any other difference between eastern and western

birds, I, like others before me, hesitate to give a name to the Senegal form.

The old male from Zinder has a black patch, but not so large as in many eastern

males, the younger males have no trace of it.

[If we do not separate the Nubian and Senegal birds, there still remain four

good races :

1. E. leucotis leucotis Stanley {Loxia leucotis Stanley, SaWs Travels in Abys-

sinia, Append, p. Ix., 1814, "Coasts of Abyssinia"). This is a bird with dark-

brown back, black and brown (not white !) lesser wing-coverts, and a moderately

strong bUi. Hab. Abyssinia (Eritrea to Gedaref — at least our Gedaref specimen

is clearly typical leucotis).

2. E. leucotis madaraszi Rchw. (Pyrrhulauda leucotis madaraszi Reichenow,

Orn. Monatsber., 1902, p. 78, " Ostafrika "). This form has a larger bUi than

both leucotis and melanocephala, otherwise agreeing with melanocephala. It

inhabits East Africa north to the Galla countries, from where we have a good

series.

3. E. leucotis melanocephala (Licht.). Upperside, as a rule, lighter than in

E. I. leucotis and madaraszi, lesser upper wing-coverts white. Senegal to Asben

9

132 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

and Hausaland and thence to Nubia, where leucotis leucotis is, of course, not

found, south to Kudurma (Emin Pasha).

4. E. leucotis smithi Bp. Bill still larger than that of madaraszi, wings a

little longer, otherwise no constant differences. Southern Africa.

All these birds vary to some extent. The variation in the upper wing-coverts

in melanocephala has already been discussed. Among the madaraszi collected

in the Galla country by Zapphiro is a male in which the white of the sides of the

head encircles the eye.]

135. Eremopterix frontalis frontalis (Bp.).

Pyrrhulauda frorUalis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. .512 (1850 — Nubia. Ex Lichtenstein MS., in

Berlin Mus.).

2 <J, 1 ?, Zinder, 2.ii.l920.

2 (J, 1 ?, Agades, 1,700 feet, 11, 16, 20. iv. 1920.

2 <J, 2 ?, Azzal, Asben, 12, 17.vii.l920.

cj$: "Iris dark brown. Bill greyish white or whitish grey. Feet cream-

white, sometimes tinged with brown."

There is much variation in the colour of the upperside in the males ; No. 749

from Azzal has the upperside grey with a slight brownish tinge, while No. 730

from the same locality is as brown as those from Agades.

Were foimd very plentiful at Agades and on the plains to the south of that

place, and many were seen flitting in large flocks with undulating flight over

the wind-swept flats near Zinder, a few seen near Aouderas and Tebernit. None

observed near Baguezan.

Hausa name Gulo gulo tabari ; Targi Kusouro.

136. Emberiza striolata sabari Lcvaill.

Emberiza Sakari Levaillant jun., Expl. Scient. Algirie, Atlas, Ois., p. ix. bis, fig. 2 (1850 — Algeria

accepted as terra typica).

4 (J, 1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 10-19. v. 1920.

3 9, Azzal, Asben, 16, 17. vii. 1920.

(J, Agades, 22. iv. 1920.

(J, Zinder, 2.ii.l920.

" Iris dark brown. Upper mandible dull blackish, lower whitish or yellowish.

Feet clear sienna brown, toes a shade darker."

Geyr von Schweppenburg was justly surprised to find the " house-bunting "

in the Tuareg Mountains, as he had not come across it south of Ouargla, nor had

Hilgert and I foimd it in El-Golea or in the Tidikelt oases. It is still more sur-

prising to find it in Asben, and even in Zinder ! Moreover, the specimens agree

weU with a large series from Tunisia, Algeria, and Marocco. It is true that all

these specimens have a more or less distinctly striolated back, while ui Marocco

and Algeria some specimens do not show these stripes, but the majority are

perfectly similar to the Asben specimens in this and in every other respect.

The wings measure 77-81 mm., those of Geyr 78-82 ; the latter ornithologist

remarks that I only gave 75-80, and that was quite correct, but 75 is a rare

measurement, and recently collected specimens measiu'e ujj to 82 mm.

In April and May these birds are already moulting, in Algeria (Bislu-a) thej'

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 133

appear to moult much later, as those collected end of September and in October

were only just through their moult, and some were still moulting on October 4

and 8. Maroccan specimens from May 15 and 18 had not yet any sign of moult.

Buchanan found these birds rather locally, both in the town of Zinder, on

the granite rocks near that town, and in the hills north of Agades and Baguezan.

They were also seen in great numbers at Igouloulouf and Tebernit.

Hausa name Zeegeegee ; Targi Tarayak.

{Emberiza striolata djebelmarrae Lynes is a very distinct, much darker sub-

species from the Djebel Marra in Darfur.)

137. Emberiza septemstriata goslingi ?

2 cJ, Zinder, 2, 16. ii. 1920.

These two birds are still paler than E, septeinstr. goslingi (Bull. B.O. Club,

xvi. p. 124, Ubima on the Uelle), but being very much worn it is impossible to be

certain about their coloration. A specimen from Gambaga is brighter rufous,

but ai3pear.s to be rather goslingi than E. s. septemstriata, which has a more

blackish tliroat. As E. s. goslingi occurs also in the Balir-el-Ghazal it is quite

possible that both our Zinder specimens and the one from Gambaga belong to it.

138. Passer simplex saharae Erl.

Passer simplex saJiarae Erlanger, Journ.f. Orn. 1899, p. 472, pi. 14 (Tunisian Sahara).

2 ?, Tegguidi, south of Agades, 12.viii. 1920.

2 (J, 1 $, Tilaraderas between Agades and Tegguidi, 10. viii. 1920.

(J$, south of Agades, 21. iv. 1920.

Bill in (J, April 21, which is moulting wings and body plumage, "light

brownish," that of the August males " deep blue-black."

These birds agree perfectly with specimens of both sexes from the Algerian

and Timisian deserts. It is most peculiar that modern collectors and observers

have not come across P. simplex simplex in southern Nubia, Ambukol, northern

Kordofan, Sennaar, and Berber, where it was observed by Hemprich & Ehrenberg

and Heuglm. The few old specimens examined are certainly darker than any

P. s. saharae, but the light colour of the bill, which Erlanger supposed to be one

of its differences, is — as in other sparrows — due to age and season. Several

specimens from August are in moult, but also the two April birds ! No Passer

simplex moults in April in the Algerian Sahara.

Buchanan only found the Desert Sparrow in the deserts between Agadea and

Tegguidi. Geyr found the species only as far south as Tazzait, but remarks that

the country to the south was not suitable for it. It inhabits sandy desert and

breeds in trees, bushes, holes in rocks, buildings, tree- trunks, and in wells.

139. Passer luteus (Licht,).

Fringilla lulea Lichtenstein, Verz. Doitbl. AIiis. Berlin, p. 24 (1823 — " Prope Dongolam Nubiae "),

3 c? ad., 2 " (J " juv., 1 ?, Zinder, February 1920.

1 (J ad., Takukut, Damergu, 24.iii. 1920.

3 <?, Agades, 12, 22. iv. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. (^ ad. bill dull blackish to dark umber- brown, lower

paler ; $ whitish grey with brown tinge."

131 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

These specimens agree with others from Nubia (Shendi to Khartum). The

species has hitherto only been known from N.E. Africa, except for one specimen

got by PoggiolLni at Dosso in Djerma, between Say on the Niger and Sokoto.

Buchanan observed, but did not collect, the species also at Timia, Iferouan

(" plentiful "), Aguellal ; at Agades and Zlnder (" fairlj' plentiful "), Tebernit ;

he saw them in flocks and found them rather wary, and less easy to approach

than most other birds.

[Passer euchlorus is apparently entirely restricted to southern Arabia.

Heuglin never said — as far as I can find — that it occurred at Massaua, but errone-

ously believed that Hemprich & Ehrenberg's specimens came from the Abyssinian

coast. The quotation of Heuglin's second volume given by Reichenow is also

wTong.]

140. Passer griseus griseus (Vieill.).

Fringilla grisea Vioillot, Xouv. Diet. d'Hisl. Xat. (iiouv. ed.) xii. p. 198 (1817 — " Etats-Unis ! "

EiTore : Senegal, of. Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 95).

3 cj, near Kano, 3. xii. 1919, C.i.l920.

7 (J, 1 2, Zinder, 27.i.-19.ii. 1920.

1 $ ad., Agades, 22. iv. 1920.

1 (J ad., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 13. v. 1920.

" Iris dark bro^vn. Bill in April and May quite black, in the winter nearly

always lower mandible paler, brown. Feet pale umber-brown."

Hausa name Dola.

Common bird near Zinder, in great flocks in February near the Baban-

Tubki wells near Zinder. At Timia met with in June, young found in hole of

acacia tree, 21.vi. 1920.

(Cf. systematic notes on subspecies, Nov. Zool. 1900, p. 44, 1915, p. 264,

Journ. /. Orn. 1905, p. 352, 1911, p. 36, 264, Ibis, 1918, pp. 471-474.)

141. Petronia dentata buchanani subsp. no v.

Pelronia formae P. dentata denlata dictae similis sed notaea paUidiore, magis isabellino baud difficile

distinguenda.

(J ad., Zinder, 19. ii. 1920, No. 414, A. Buchanan leg., type of buchanani.

" Iris dark umber-brown. Bill brown-black. Feet dark umber-brown. Length

5 in."

The entire upperside is very much paler, almost isabelline. Wing 82 mm.

There are in the British Museum two females collected at Yo and Kuka, near

Lake Chad, which mu.st belong to this new subspecies. They are also very much

paler than females of P. d. dentata, the eyebrow is nearly white, wings 77, 77 mm.

142. Gymnoris pyrgita pallida Neum.

Gy'mnoris pyrgita pallida Neumann, Bull. B.O. Cluh, xxi. p. 70 {1908 — Khartum to Senegal).

2 " (J," but I think must be <? and ?, Takukut, Damergu, 21, 22.iii. 1920.

Wings 83 and 87-5 mm. " Iris dark umber-brown. Bill medium dull blackish

grey. Feet medium leaden grey."

Agree with type from Shendi.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 135

143. Serinus leucopygius riggenbachi Neum.

Serinus leucopygius riggenbachi Neumann, Bull. B.O. Clu)i, .txi. p. 44 (1908 — " Senegambia and

western Sudan '').

2 3 juv., near Kano, 3, 23.xii. 1919.

3 c?$. in moult, Zinder, 30. i. 1920.

3 (J, Takukiit, Damergu, 22, 24.iu.1920.

2 $ ad., Azzal, Asben, 14.vii. 1920 (fresh plumage, bat wings stOl moulting).

" Iris dark brown. Bill brown, darker in adults, basal two-thirds of lower

mandible paler. Feet pale brownish."

This subspecies, of which we have received a series from Riggenbach, mostly

from Thies, is very distinct, differing from S. I. leucopygius chiefly in the tlu-oat

and chest being white with dark greyish-brown spots, which leave a patch in the

middle of the throat unspotted. The jugulum and sides of body are heavily

spotted, but vary a good deal. Possibly the two Azzal specimens belong to

another still paler subspecies, but more material would be required to separate

them. The Kano, Zmder, and Damergu specimens certainly agree with the true

riggenbachi from Senegal. A number were observed at Azzal, but unfortunately

only two obtained.

144. Serinus mozambicus hartlaubii (BoUe).

Crithagra Harllaubii BoUe, Jour/i. f. Oni. 18.58, p. 355 (West Africa. Restricted terra typica

Senegal).

2 cJ, near Kano, 22, 29.xii.1919.

Buchanan says that quantities of this bird are sold at the ships' side at Lagos.

(About the name mozambicus see Ibis, 1918, p. 242. Unfortunately this

name must be adopted.)

145. Erythrospiza githaginea zedlitzi Neum.

Erythrospiza githaginea zedlitzi Neumann, Orn. Monatsber. 1907, p. 145 (Eastern Algeria and Tunisia,

type Biskra).

3 cJ, 1 ?, Agades, 12, 14. iv. 1920. " Iris very dark. Bill $ full dull orange-

chrome, $ duU yellowish chrome. Feet cj$ pale whitish brown."

Fairly numerous at Agades, also observed Mt. Baguezan, 2.vii.l920, and

at Tebernit (common), and Iberkom m northern Air.

Hilgert and I found this species very .sparingly among the rocks of the

southern Oued-Mya, but Geyr observed it as far south as the Hoggar Mountains,

where it did damage to the corn.

146. Tester albirostris albirostris (Vieill.).

Coccolhraustes albirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 535 (" Afrique." Restricted typical

locality Senegal ! Of. Nov. Zool. 1907, p. 485.

3 cJ, 2 ?, Farniso, near Kano. 5, 6. i. 1920. "Iris dark. Bill grey-black.

Feet brown- black."

Neither of these birds has the base of the culmen much swollen, nor is it

reddish white, but black tinged with white, distal end entirely black. I expect

that the colour of the bill changes in the various seasons. (About the anatomy

of. Bull. Amer. Mus. New York, xxxvii. p. 243.)

136 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

147. Sporopipes frontalis pallidior subsp. nov.

Sporopipes formae typicae senegalensi .sirailis, scd pallidior,

c??ad., cJ?juv., Zinder, 10. ii., 28. i. 1920.

2 (J, 2 ? ad., Takukut, Damergu, 13, 22. iii. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. Bill pale whitish flesh-colour. Feet whitish umber or

fleshy brown. Young birds biU darker, more greyish."

Sporoprpcs jrontalis frontalis (Loxia frontalis Daudin, Traited'Orn. ii. p. 445,

1800 — Senegal !) comes from Senegambia ; it extends apparently across Africa

to Abyssinia, at least I cannot distinguish Abyssinian specimens. The Damergu

and Zinder bu-ds differ from Senegambian ones in having the hind-neck paler

rufous, the back slightly paler, sides of head lighter. Wings of males 67-70,

$ 67-68 mm. It is smaU wonder that the desert-like regions of Zinder and

Damergu should contain a paler race, and only remarkable that not more of these

birds are paler than their brethren in more moist and fertUe districts. The pale

aspect of two specimens from Zaria, in central Hausaland, has already been noted

in Nov. Zool. 1915, p. 261 ; in fact these two birds are somewhat intermediate

between S. f. pallidior and S. f. frontalis. S. f. loitanus van Someren from East

Africa is darker. Neumann's S. f. emini is not luiown to me, but it would be

very strange if the latter — described as being paler ! — were the same as typical

frontalis, when the East African form (Loita, Taveta, Tsavo, etc.) is darker !

T\T)e of T. /. pallidior, ^, Zinder, 9.ii. 1920. No. 345, A. Buchanan leg.

Specimens from March and February are in moult. The young birds are

duller and lack the white tips to the frontal feathers.

Hausa name Cheesakee. Seen in middle of bush in company with other

birds. Feeding on minute grass-seeds on ground.

148. Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus (P. L. S. Miill.).

Oriolus cucvUatns P. L. S. Miiller, Nahirsystem, Suppl. p. 87 (1776 — Senegal. Ex Buffon).

2 cJ in non-breeding plumage, 1 $, near Kano, December 1919.

Hausa name, Gado.

149. Ploceus luteolus luteolus (Licht.).

FringiUa luleola Lichtenstein, Verz. Douhl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 23, note (1823 — Senegambia !).

(J ? near Kano, 2.i. 1920, juv.

2 (J, nearly m breeding plumage, 2 in non-breeding plumage, 2 $, Zinder,

January and February 1920.

(J, in full plumage, Agades, 12. iv. 1920.

(J$, in full plumage, Mt. Baguezan, 31. v., I.vi.l920.

(J juv. (first plumage), Timia, 22. vi. 1920.

Also observed at Igouloulof, Iferouan, Tebernit, and Aouderas.

150. Ploceus vitellinus viteUinus (Licht.).

Fringilla viteUina Lichtenstein, Verz. Douhl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 23 (1823 — Senegambia !).

?, Agades, ll.iv.l920.

1 (in non- breeding dress), $, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 9. v., l.vi. 1920,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 137

151. Pyromelana franciscana franciscana (Isert).

Loxia franciscana Isert, Schriften Ges. luilurf. Freunde Berlin, 1789, p. 332, Taf. 9 (near Accra on the

Gold Coast).

2 cj, in brown plumage, 1 ?, near Kano, 29.xii. 1919, 7.i. 1920.

152. Amadina fasciata Jasciata (Gm.).

Loxia fasciafa Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 859 (1789— ex Brown, III. p. 64, pi. 27— no locality ! I

substitute Senegal, as these birds were mostly introduced from there).

4 (J, 1 9, Zinder, January and February 1920. " Iris dark brown. Bill dull

whitish grey. Feet whitish brown."

These specimens agree well with Senegal ones. The araoimt of barruig on

the back is very variable.

Hausa name Youngka- Allah or Beywahallah.

Plentiful on the wells of Baban Tubki near Zinder. Seeds of Pennisetiim and

Sorghum in stomachs.

153. Aidemosyne cantans cantans (Gm.).

Loxia cantans Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 859 (1789— ex Brown, III. p. 66, pi. 27— no locality ! Dakar,

Senegal, is the designated locality, cf. Sclater & Praed, His, 1918, p. 440 !).

2 cJ, 3$, near Kano, 30.xii.l919, 6. i. 1920.

?, Zmder, 30. i. 1920.

(J?? Agades, 22. iv., 9.vii.l920.

These birds agree quite with Senegal specimens, of which we have a good

series. They do not show any bars on the upperside except one male from Kano

(No. 123). See the review of the subspecies in This, 1918, pp. 439, 440.

Were also observed at Aderbissinat in August and Aouderas in July. Very

few noticed at Agades.

154. Pytelia melba citerior Strickl.

Pytelia citerior Strickland, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 151 (Kasamanze River, Senegambia).

1 (J ad., l?juv.,nearKano, 27.xii.1919, 5.i.l920.

2 (J, 3?, Zinder, 4, 6. ii. 1920.

The cJ from Kano is richer in colour, darker than the Zinder ones, but as the

latter are worn, the difference is probably due to the state of their plumage.

Buchanan found these birds frequenting under-brush in imdisturbed bush

country and very shy. Tiny grass seeds found in crop.

155. Estrilda ' senegala brannelceps (Sharpe).

Lagono.sticla hnmneiceps Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Miis. xiii. p. 277 (1890 — " north-eastern Africa

throughout eastern Africa and the south-east and south-west portions of the continent."

Partim ! Restricted typical locality Erithrea ; type Maragaz, Eritrea, in Brit. Mu3.).

3 c?, Zinder, 16. ii. 1920.

1 t?, 2 ?, Aouderas, Asben, 26, 30. vii. 1920.

t? juv. Timia, Asben, 23. vi. 1920.

' I propose to suppress the genus Lagonosticla. CeTt&inly Estrildn cinerea and senegala cannot

be separated generically.

138 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV'IU. 1921.

(J ad. ; " Iris dark brown, narrow bare ring around eye clear yellow. Bill

medium dull crimson, palest at base, blackish along top of culmen and along lower

mandible as well as on cutting-edges. Feet umber-brown."

Also observed in May at Baguezan and at Agades. " It is essentially a bird

of cultivated districts. Very plentifid in Hausaland, but not so in Asben."

Specimens from the Galla countries have much browner females, but I

cannot satisfactorily separate the males !

A nest was found in the recess of celling logs in one of the buildings in the

fort at Agades on April 14. It contained two glossless white eggs, measuring

15-4 X 11-5 and 14 x 11-2 mm.

156. Estrilda cinerea (VieilL).

FringiUa cinerea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. (THist. Nat. (nouv. ed.) xii. p. 176 (1817 — " Afrique." As

terra typica I designate Senegal, whence these birds have been introduced for a hundred years).

2 9 ad., Farniso, near Kano, 27. xii. 1919. " Iris dark. Bill reddish purple.

Feet blackish brown."

157. Uraeginthus bengaJus bengalus (L.).

FringiUa bengalus Linnaeus, Si/st. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 323 (1766 — ex Brisson, Bengal errore ! I sub-

stitute the correct locality Senegal !).

1 cJ, 1 ? ?, near Kano, 26, 29. xii. 1919.

1 cj, 1 juv., Zinder, 13. ii. 1920.

(J?, Damergu, 22.iii. 1920.

" Iris medium brick-red. BOl medium reddish purple, tip and cuttmg-

edges black. Feet pale umber-brown."

Hausa name Asseseta.

These birds are mostly in such worn plumage that it is difficult to compare

them satisfactorily, but I do not think they belong to any other race. They are

not perpallidiis. U. b. togoensis appears to me to be indistinguishable from U. h.

bengalus.

158. Steganura paradisea verreauxii (Cass.) ?

Vidua verreauxii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1850, p. 56 (Abyssinia).

2 (J ad., 2 (^ in fu'st plumage, Zinder, 30. i., 17. ii. 1920.

I cannot be sure from this limited material (the fully plumaged males worn)

to which race these birds belong. The nape-band is brown in the middle, faded

yellow (in one merely cream-colour) on the edges. I do not think, however, that

they ever had the deep brown baud of the quite distinct 8. p. aiiciipum from

Senegambia.

Hausa name Zelidu.

159. Hypochera chalybeata neumanni Alex.

Hypochera neumanni Alexander, Bull. B.O. Club,s.s.m. p. 33 (19U8 — " Yo, near Lake Chad, 19. XJ.

1904").

2 cj ad., 1 ^, moultuig from juv. to ad., 2 ^J juv.. near Kano, 5, 23. xii. 1919

2. i. 1920.

I ?, Zinder, 16. ii.' 1920.

NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 139

These specimens agree absolutely with the form neumanni of Alexander,

which he also collected near Bautchi and which we have from Zaria, central

Hausaland. They are quite different from Alexander's nigeriae, which was badly

described and is still unique. Cf. Nov. Zool. 1915, p. 263, Ibis, 1918, p. 450.

Though the brown wings of the Hypocherae may possibly not be a specific

character, they are a constant one, and not always " due to the faded condition

of the plumage," as Alexander suggested. Bull. B.O. Club, xxiii. p. 15. Of course,

quite fresh feathers are darker than old faded ones, but dark-quilled forms like

ultramarina, clialybeata and others, have not the brown quills which funerca,

wilsoni, and amanropteryx have in freshly moulted plumage. In the excellent

review of these birds in Ibis, 1918, pp. 449, 450, the colour of the wings has not

been mentioned, but it would have enhanced the utility of the authors' review.

Mr. Buchanan says he also saw this species at Agades !

160. Lamprotornis caudatus (P. L. S. Miill.).

Turdus caudatus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursystem, Suppl. p. 144 (1776 — Senegal ! Ex Daubenton and

Buffon).

7 (^ ad., 1 $ (much worn and faded to earthy brown, probably young, com-

mencing to moult taU), near Kano, December 1919, January 1920. " Iris clear

creamy white. Bill and feet black."

Hausa name KOach-illa.

The variation in colour in these birds is very striking. Of the seven adult

males, six are purplish blue, one green. Among the masses sent by Riggenbach

from the western Senegal Colony, mostly from Diourbel, Ouomine, Gassam, and

Thies, green ones are nearly as numerous as purplish-blue ones, and a few are

of a wonderful purple nearly all over. (Cf. Neumann, Journ. /. Orn. Ixv. ii.

p. 204, note 13, 1917.)

161. Spreo pulcher pulcher (P. L. S. Miill.).

Twrdm pukher P. L. S. MuUer, Natursystem, Suppl. p. 139 (1776— Senegal).

2 cJ, 1 9, near Kano, 5.i. 1920.

1 ?, Takukut, Damergu, 24.iii.1920.

" Iris creamy white. Bill and feet black."

These specimens agree with the typical Senegal birds, though the wings are

sometimes somewhat long, c? 118 and 122 mm., the first being the same as

several Senegal males, the latter apparently an exceptional outside measurement ;

$ 111 and 113 mm., which is about the same as the bigger Senegal females.

In August Buchanan saw many at Aderbissinat. Small numbers were seen

south of Baguezan, but unfortunately not collected. They were seen in acacia

bush, but none farther north. Near Takukut (Damergu) fairly common.

1G2. Lamprocolius chalybeus hartlaubi Neum.

Lamprocolius clmtybms hartlaubi Xeumami, Orn. ilonatsher. 1908, p. 64 (Senegal).

3 (J, Zinder, 27. i., 6.ii.l920.

?, Agades, 9.vii.l920.

(J, Azzal, Asben, 13.vii.l920.

" Iris yellow-chrome or orange-yellow. Bill and feet black."

140 NovrrATES Zooi.ooicae XXVIII. 1921.

Hausa name Shya ; Tuareg Tagadoquot ; at Zinder called Eyrindoula.

Nesting numerously in trees in the flooded area at Aderbissinat in August.

Very few at Agades and Azzal, but never seen farther northwards. Seen near

villages and in low bush, generally in small flocks. )Small insects found in

stomachs.

The specimens agree perfectly with typical L. c. hartlauhi from Senegal;

the subspecies is a very distinct one, differing as described by its author.

163. Buphagus africanus (L).

BupJiaga afrkana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 154 (1766 — Senegal. Ex Brisson !).

$ ad., Faruiso, near Kano, 2.1.1920. "Iris rich reddish orange. Bill:

outer half rich reddish orange-chrome ; inner half full yellow-chrome. Feet

brown-black."

164. Cryptorhina afra (L.).

CorvM afer Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 157 (1766 — " Senegalia." Ex Brisson ii. p. 40, pi. iii.).

2 (J, 1? ad., Kano, 3. xii. 1919.

1 <J, 1?, Zinder, 19. ii. 1920.

" Iris : narrow imier ring clear sienna, outer broader ring beautiful clear

pittple. Bill and feet black in cj. In $ basal two-thirds whitish, as if stained

with blood-red."

The Kano specimens are in beautiful fresh plumage, with steel-blue gloss,

wings and taU still moulting, the Zinder ones worn> tail and wings browner,

upperside less glossy, duller.

Except at Kano only seen near Zinder, chiefly near the wells of Baban

Tubki, in flocks.

165. Corvus albus P. L. S. Miill.

(Corvus scapulatus auct.).

Corvus aVius P. L. S. Muller, Natursyatem, Suppl. p. 85 (1776 — Senegal. Ex BufEon).

2 (J, 1 ? ad., Kano, 11, 13. xii. 1920.

These are the only specimens collected, but the species was also seen at

Aderbissinat, many at Aouderas in July, at Baguezan in May, Timia in June,

Iferouan and Igouloulof in northern Air, Tebernit, and Assode. They were

fairly common at Zinder, very common at Agades.

An egg was taken near Mt. Baguezan, 29. vi. 1920. It measures 41-5 X 19-2

mm., and resembles eggs of other crows and ravens. The nest was in the top

of an acacia tree in a secluded valley. The parent bird was on the nest, which

contained only this single egg.

Hausa name Hankaka.

166. Corvus corax nificollis Less.

{Corvus umhrinus auct.).

Corvus ruficoUia Lesson, Traili cPOm. p. 329 (1831— no locality ! Type probably Cape Verde

Islands. Cf. Nov. Zool. 1913, p. 37).

(J, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 10. v. 1920.

?, Agades, 16. iv. 1920.

NoviTATES Zoological, Vol. X.WIII. 1921.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV'III. 1921. 1 -1 1

The male is in fairly fresh plumage and shows very little brown on the hind-

neck. The $ is a young bird ; it has some very faded chocolate- brown feathers

on back and breast, while the fresh feathers are very dark.

Was foiuid in desolate places and very difficult to aj)prcach.

Poggiolini got a specimen from Sokoto, otherwise it had not been known

from south of the Sahara. It is a pronounced desert bird, inhabiting the Sahara

from immediately south of the Atlas Mountains to Asben, and from east to west.

The two Asben specimens are very large, wing 408 mm. Cf. Nov. Zool.,

1913, p. 38.

167. Corvus rhipidurus Hart.

{Corvus afjiiiis auct., nee Shaw, 1809 !)

Corvus rhipidurus Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxix. p. 21 (1918 — new name for C. affinis, which was

preoccupied, as were hrachyurus and brachyrhynchua !).

S, Mt. Baguezan, 10. v. 1920.

?, Timia, Asben, 24. vi. 1920.

" Iris deep umber-brown. BUI and feet black."

Tuareg name Taralgie.

Also observed at Aouderas in July, Iferouan and Tebernit in June. It was

never seen at Agades or any-where farther south. The remarkably short tail

made it very conspicuous in flight.

The occurrence so far west is very interesting. Hitherto it has not been

recorded farther westwards than Kordofan ! Southwards it ranges to Karamoyo

in Uganda, but not to Kavirondo, as erroneously stated.

142 NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EXPEDITION.

V.

ON THE LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED BY CAPTAIN A. BUCHANAN

IN NORTHERN NIGERIA AND THE SOUTHERN SAHARA IN

1919—1920.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

THE itinerary and an account of the collecting expedition will be found

in Dr. E. Hartert's article on the birds ; so I will only repeat here that

the specimens recorded were all collected at Kano and northwards to the Moun-

tains of Baguezan, in the large territory of Asben or Air, and the route taken

went via Zinder (Damagarim), Damergou, and Agades. The character of the

fauna is distinctly " desert " ; many of the species being widespread, reaching

to Karachi in India and farther.

RHOFALOCEKA.

PAPIUONIDAE.

1. Papilio pylades pylades Fabr.

PapUio pylades Fabricius, Entom. Syst. iii. 1. p. 34 (1793) (Africa).

The 9 specimens taken are quite typical, though rather small.

1 ? Farniso, near Kano, December 30, 1919 ; 7 (J(J Zinder, February 1-26,

1920 ; 1 (J Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

2. Papilio demodocus demodocus Esp.

Papilio demodocus Esper, Ausl. Schmett. pt. i. p. 205. pi. li. f. 1 (1798) (China, Bengal).

2 cj<^ Kano, December 3-11, 1919.

PIERIDAE.

3. Herpaenia eriphia lacteipennis Butl.

This subspecies appears in two very distinct seasonal forms, as follows :

(A) Form. pluv. lacteipennis Butl.

Herpaenia lacteipennis Butler, Ann. Mag. Nal. Hist. (4) xviii. p. 489 (1876) (Abyssinia).

8 (5(S, 3 ?? Abourak, Damergou, August 30, 1920 ; 1 9 Aderbissinat, Damer-

gou, August 24, 1920; 2 c?c? Tchingaraguen, Damergou, August 31, 1920;

8 (JcJ, 1 ? N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920 ; 2 (J(J Marzia, Damergou,

September 6, 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 143

(B) Form. arid, straminea Auriv.

Herpaenia straminea Aurivillius, Jdgersk. Exped., Lepid. p. 4.

8 c?c?. 6 $ ? Zinder, Damagarim, January 31, 1920 ; 1 $ Takoukout, Damergou,

March 14, 1920.

4. Pieris meseutina (Cram.).

Papilio mesentina Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iii. pt. xxiii. p. 140. pi. cclxx. ff. A, B (1780) (Cote de

Coromandcl).

There appear to be two forms among Captain Buchanan's series, and I

should have treated them as seasonal forms without question if he had not

collected both forms in several individuals each on the same day on Mt. Baguezan.

Form A, in the cJ, is much larger, and above generally has the dark markings

purer black ; below, the dark pattern is dark brown and clear cut.

Form B, in the ^, is smaller, and the dark pattern above is more smoky

black and less clear-cut below, and much paler cinnamon-brown. Iii the $ the

differences are not so marked, as these show enormous variation individually

inter se.

1 c? A, Kano, December 6, 1919; 3 cj(3* B, 5 $$ Farniso, near Kano,

December 22-26, 1919 ; 2 (JcJ A, Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920 ;

5 cJcJ B, 5 $ $ Zinder, January 31-February 2, 1920 ; 1 c? A, Bande, S. Damagarim,

September 16, 1920 ; 4 (JcJ A, Aderbissinat, N. Damergou, August 27, 1920 ;

2 (JcJ A, Abourak, Damergou, August 30, 1920 ; 1 (J A, Tchingaraguen, Damergou,

August 31, 1920; 1 c? A, 2 ?$ N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920

( 1 $ has very wide black borders to both pairs of wings above with no pale markings

in border) ; 4 (J A, 3 (^<^ B, 3 ?? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, September 1-3, 1920 ;

15 (^^ B, 5 $? Aouderas, Asben, July 23-31, 1920 ; 2 (J^ B, 1 $ Tebernit ; 1 cJ,

1 ? Ajiron, Asben, June 27, 1920.

5. Pieris gidica westwoodi Wallengr.

Pieris westwoodi Wallengrcn. Rhopul. Caffr. p. 9 (1857) (Caffraiia).

The present single specimen is of the dry-season form.

(B) Form. arid, abyssinica Luc.

Pieris ahyssinica Lucas, Ilev. Zool. (2) iv. p. 328 (1852) (Abyssinia).

1 $ Zinder, Damagarim, February 2, 1920.

0. Pieris creona (Cram.).

Papilio creona Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. i. pt. viii. p. 148. pi. xcv. ff. C, D, E, F (1776) (East Indies).

1 (J Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920 ; 1 $ Makochia,

September 15 ; 1 (J Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

7. Pieris daplidice albidice 0 berth.

Pieris daplidice var. albidice Oberthiir, Etud. d'Entom. vi. p. 47 (1881) (Algeria).

The two specimens sent are two extreme examples, as extreme as any of

the most typical examples collected by Hartert and Hilgert in the Central Sahara.

1 cJ Tebernit, Asben, June 27, 1920 ; 1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 2,

1920.

144 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAR XXVIIl. 1921.

S. Teracolns amatus Calais Cram.

Of this insect there are two seasonal forms. Aurivillius states that the

dry-season form = carnijer Butl., is distinguished bj' the red of the underside,

but this character is not constant, the examples from the western side of Africa

being more often below as yellow as the wet-season form Calais. A better char-

acter is the less black above and smaller size of the dry-season form.

(A) Form. pluv. Calais Cram.

Papilio Calais Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. i. pt. v. p. 84. pi. liii. ff, C, D (1775) (Cape of Good Hope).

2 <J<J Mazia, Damergou, September 5, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, carnifer Butl.

Teracolns carnifer Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1876. p. 138. pi. vii. ff. 8, 9 (Mynpuri, X.W. Punjab).

6 (JcJ, 2 ?? Aouderas, Asben, July 23-29, 1920.

9. Teracolus phisadia phisadia (God.).

Pieris phisadia Godart, Encycl. Meth. Hist. Nat. Entom. vol. ix. p. 132. no. 40 (1819-1824) (?).

The large series sent by Captain Buchanan are all from May — July and

apparently dry-season phisadia, but again here we find the red of the imderside

of dry-season arm Klug absent in these western examples.

1 (J Mazia, Damergou, September 6, 1920; 40 (J(J, 21 $$ Aouderas, Asbenj

July 22-29, 1920 ; 5 <^cj, 3 $$ Azal, N. of Agades, July 13-15, 1920 ; 2 ^^ Arra

district, Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 1, 1920 ; 2 <J(J, 2 $? south of Mts. of

Baguezan, Asben, May 2, 1920 ; 3 (J(J, 3 ?? Timia, Asben, June 26 ; 1 $ Tebernit,

Asben, June 27, 1920.

The $ $ vary from almost cJ coloration to pure yellow and cream- white.

10. Teracolus chrysonome (Klug).

The species has two seasonal forms as follows :

(A) Form. pluv. cbiysonome Klug.

Pontia chrysonome Klug, Symb. Phys. pi. vii. ff. 9-11 (1829-1845) (Ambukol).

11 (J<J, 5 ?$ Baguezan Mts., Asben, May 8— July 3, 1920; 2 (J<^, 2 $? S. of

Mts. Baguezan, May 1, 1920 ; 1 d*, 1 ? Tebernit, Asben, June 27, 1920 ; 2 ^^,

2 ?? Timia, Asben, June 21-26, 1920; 4 ^^ Aouderas, Asben, July 23, 1920;

1 (J, 1 $ Aderbissinat, Damergou, August 24-27, 1920 ; 1 $ N. of Tanout, Damer-

gou, September 2, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, helvolus Butl.

Teracolus helvulus Butler, P.Z.S. Loml. 1888. p. 94 (.Somalilaml).

2 (J(^, 1 $ Takoukout, Damergou, March 13-14, 1920; 8 (5'^J, 3 $$ Zinder,

Damagarim, January 24 — February 14, 1920.

NOVn-ATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 145

11. Teracolus amelia Lucas.

This species has also two well-characterised seasonal forms, of which the

dry-season form is a discovery of Captain Buchanan's.

(A) Form. pluv. amelia Lucas.

Idinais amelia Lucas, Rev. Zool. (2) iv. p. 427 (1852) (Senegal).

(B) Form. arid, insignis form. nov.

Differs from amelia form, amelia in being much smaller, and in havmg the

black stigma at discocellulars reduced to a thin line. Below the differences of

colour are very striking ; on the forewing the apical portion of outer third of

forewing is dull mauve-strawberry, and the tornal half is black with the nervures

strawberry, whereas in form, amelia the whole is black-brown ; the cellular area

is reddish orange, not golden yellow ; on the hindwuig the whole outer two-fifths

are mauve- strawberry, not black-brown, and the golden lines in the basal one-

third in form, amelia are replaced by bright scarlet ones.

Expanse : form, amelia 60 mm. ; form, insignis 52 mm.

1 (J Farniso, near Kano, December 27, 1919.

12. Teracolus celimene angusi subsp. nov.

(A) Form. arid, angusi.

Differs from the dry-season forms of the other races of celimene above in

the almost obsolete white marginal spots, and below in the absence of dark

colouring of the veins in the basal two-thirds of hindwing.

1 (J Zinder, Damagarim, February 14, 1920.

13. Teracolus halimede halimede (Klug).

A great confusion has arisen in this species, owing to most authors having

misinterpreted King's halimede and acaste. Klug figures and describes from

Am^Dukol, on plate vii. £f. 12-15, ?$ of an undoubted wet-season form, to which

he gives the name halimede. On the same plate (ff. 16, 17) he figures a $ of a

not quite extreme dry-season form also from Ambukol, which he calls acaste.

Now, most authors have applied this name acaste to the East African and

Abyssinian race of this species, which is distinguished from true halimede by its

large size and in the yellow patch on the inner area never reaching vein 3, whereas

in the typical form it extends beyond vein 3, reaching in the wet-season genera-

tion veins 4 and 5, and even 6. Professor Aurivillius, in Seitz, and also in his

Rhopalocera Aethiopica, gives Arabia as the country inhabited by halimede, imiting

with it as a synonym coelestis of Swinhoe ; whereas for acaste he gives a huge

range in continental Africa, from the Senegal to Somaliland and East Africa,

quite ignoring the fact that both the types of halimede and acaste came from

Ambukol on the White Nile. The true position at present is as follows : there

are 3 races or subspecies of Teracolus halimede : 1st, halimede halimede Klug,

146 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVllI. 19 21.

White Nile to Senegal ; 2nd, halimede coelestis Swinh., Arabia ; and 3rd, the

large form from Abyssinia and East Africa, which is without a name.

T. halimede. halimede has two well-marked seasonal forms, and apparently

some among the dry-season forms are occasionally slightly intermediate.

(A) Form. pluv. halimede Klug.

Pontia halimede Klug, Symb. Phys. pi. vii. ff. 12-15 (1829-1845) (Ambukol).

7 cJcJ, 3 ?? N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, acaste Klug.

Ponlia acaste Klug, Symh. Phys. pi. vii. ff. 16. 17 (1829-1845) (Ambukol).

1 (J, 3 9? Aouderas, July 23 ; 4 ^^ Timia, Asben, June 2C, 1920.

Of these 2 ,^^ and 1 $ are not quite extreme dry-season forms.

[I here describe the East African forms :

Teracolus hahmede aurivillii subsp. nov.

Differs from halimede halimede in its larger size and in the yellow on the

inner area of forewing never reaching vein 3. There are two seasonal forms :

(A) Form. pluv. aurivillii Rothsch.

(B) Form. arid, restrieta form. nov.

This differs from form. arid, acaste in the most extreme development in the

$ being exactly like the cJ, only with a band of somewhat obliterated discal spots

on the forewing ; less extreme examples do not differ much beyond the differences

detailed above for the subspecies.

At Tring are 59 specimens from Suakin, Abyssinia, and British East Africa.

TjT)e of h. aurivillii S Jubilando, British East Africa : type of form, arid reslricta

9 Kiboko River, B.E. Africa.

The three forms of halimede, therefore, are as follows :

1. Teracolus halimede halimede (Klug).

(A) Form. pluv. hahmede Klug.

(B) Form. arid, acaste Klug.

2. Teracolus hahmede coelestis Swinh.

(A) Form. pluv. coelestis Swinh.

(B) Form. arid, swinhoei Rothsch.

Differs from /. a. acaste by being larger, and less yellow.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXVIII. 1921. 147

3. Teracolus haiimede aurivillii Rothsch.

(A) Form. pluv. aurivillii Rothsch.

(B) Form. arid, restricta Rothsch.]

14. Teracolus ens eris (Klug).

Here, again, the seasonal forms are easily distinguished.

(A) Form. pluv. eris Kiug.

Ponlia eris Klug, Symb. Phys. pi. vi. ff. 15, 16 (1829-1845) (Ambukol).

1 (J Aderbissinat, August 27 ; 1 ^J N. of Tanout, September 2; \ ^ llazia

Damergou, September 6, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, fatma Feld.

Idmais Jatma Felder, Rcise Novam, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 189. no. 185. pi. sxv. f. 3 (1865) (Kordofan).

2 <3'(5', 1 $ Takoukout, Damergou, March 10-13, 1920.

14. Teracolus eupompe eupompe (Klug).

This species is most comj)licated, because in very wet areas a very extreme

wet-season form, pseiidacaste Butl., is found together with normal wet-season

specimens, and intermediates between wet- and dry-season forms, but no extreme

dry-season forms ; whUe at the opposite end of the series— i.e. in very dry areas —

only intermediate and extreme dry-season forms are obtained. The series of

forms appear to be as follows :

Form. pluv. extr. pseudacaste Butl.

„ „ norm, eupompe Klug.

„ arid. extr. dedecora Feld.

„ interm. theopompe Fold.

The series sent by Captam Buchanan consists of 9 q^, 5 2 $ of cufompe ;

11 (?<?) 3 $? thcopomps ; and 1 o, 1 $ dedecora.

(A) Form. pluv. extr. pseudacaste Butl.

Teracolus pseudacaste Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1876. p. 156. pi. vi. f. U (White Nile).

(B) Form. pluv. norm, eupompe Klug.

Ponlia eupompe Klug, Symb. Phys. pi. vi. ff. U-13 (1829-1845) (Arabia).

3 (Jc?, 3 ? ? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 1-2, 1920 ; 5 ^^, 2 ?$ Aderbissinat,

Damergou, August 24-27, 1920 ; 1 cj N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920.

10

148 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV'III. 1921..

(C) Form, intermed. theopompe Fcld.

Anikopsyche Iheoponipc Folder, Beist Novara, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 183. no. 175 (1865) (Nubia).

1 (J Takoukout, Damergou, March 14, 1920 ; 1 cJ. 1 ? Mts. S. of Baguezan,

May 3, 1920; 6 cJcJ, 2 ?$ Mts. of Baguezan, May 22— July 2, 1920; 3 c?c?

Aouderas, Asben, July 23, 1920.

(D) Form. arid. extr. dedecora Feld.

Anthopsycht dedecora Felder, Reise Novara, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 184. no. 177 (1865) (KhartoumJ.

1 cJ, 1 ? Takoukout, Damergou, March 11-14, 1920.

15. Teracolus achine (Cram.).

Here, again, we find great complications owing to the climatic influences-

There appear to be four different seasonal forms, but they are not always confined

to definite geographical areas, and intergrade completely in some districts.

T. gavisa WaUengr. is the extreme wet-season, and simplex Butl. is the extreme

dry-season, form, whUe achine Cram, appears to be the normal wet-season form.

Aurivillius puts anievippe Boisd. down as the intermediate form between the

wet- and dry-season forms, and this appears to be the fact in very wet areas.

In the Southern Sahara, however. Captain Buchanan's series shows that antevippe

is the normal wet-season form and simplex the dry-season form. This would

be to be expected, for in very dry areas either only the dry-season forms of

seasonably dimorphic species occur, or else a form only slightly different is

found as the second generation. T.ilhonus Butl. is the normal dry-season form.

(A) Form. pluv. extr. gavisa WaUengr.

Anthopayche gavisa Wallengren, L&pid. Rhoji. Gaffr. p. 13 (1857) (Ca£fraria).

(B) Form. pluv. norm, achine Cram.

' Papilio achine Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxix. p. 94. pi. cccxxxviii. ff. E, F (1781) (Cape of

Good Hope).

(C) Form, interni. antevippe Boisd.

Anihocharis antevippe Boisduval, //i.s/. lYa?. f»is. Spec. Gen. i. p. 572. no. 18. pi. 18. f. 3 (183G)

(Senegal). '

1 (3 Farniso, near Kano, December 31, 1919 ; 1 o Makochia, Damagarim,

September 15, 1920.

(D) Form. arid. extr. simples Butl.

Teracolua simplex Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1876. p. 148. no. 71 (Natal).

3 cJt^' Farniso, near Kano, December 16, 1919— January 3, 1920. (The

explanation of the apparent anomal3' in the dates is explained by the fact that

the <J antevippe of December 31 is a much worn and broken specimen, evidently

a survivor from several months earlier.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXVIII. 1921. 149

(E) Form. arid, norm, ithonus But].

Teracolus ithonus Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1876. p. U6. no. 66. pi. vi. f. 7 (Natal).

16. Teracolus liagore (Klug).

Professor Aiirivillius suggests, in Seitz, that this may be only the extreme

dry-season form of ephyia Klug. I do not agree with him, as in the large series

of this insect sent by Captain Buchanan the wet-season form is totally unlike

ephyia, which has a wet-season form more like the typical dry-season form.

Seeing that I treat aU the various insects grouped by Professor AurivUlius under

eupompe and achine as seasonal forms only, it is more than likely that I shall be

accused of inconsistency for treating liagore and ephyia as two .species ; but I

maintain the cases are very different. WhUe eupompe and achine have an

enormous range, bemg spread all over Africa almost, liagore and ephyia are

apparently confined absolutely to the desert region from the Nile to Senegambia,

and up to 1910 were only known with certainty from the Egj'ptian Soudan.

In Bull. Soc. Enlom. France, 1908, M. de Joarmis records a few lepidoptera

collected by a Monsieur R. Chudeau in the Sahara between the Ahaggar Mts.

and Asben or Aiir, and among them he records liagore as having been got in

September 1905, at the Oucd Kadamellet north of Air. This record had

apparently escaped the notice both of the author and editor in Seitz.

(A) Form. arid, liagore Klug.

<J Pontia liagore Klug, Syiiib. Phys. pi. vi. £E. 5, 6 (1S29-1S15) (Ambutol).

? Resembles <J, but the black arrow-marks on margin of hindwings larger,

and in some specimens traces of, or occasionally a full though faint darker band

in orange apex.

10 (^(J Zinder, Damagarim, January 31 — February 2, 1920 ; 1 (^, Takoukout,

Damergou, March 13, 1920 ; 2 (J^, 1 $ Azzal, N. of Agadcs, July 13-15, 1920 ;

1 cJ AgueUal, Asbcn, June IG, 1920 ; 1 ? Timia, Asben, Juno 21, 1920 ; 5 cJcJ.

2?? Aouderas, Asben, July 23-29, 1920; 23 <J(J, 3 $?Mts. of Baguezan, Asben,

May 8— July 1, 1920 ; 1 cJ S. of Mts. Baguezan, Asbon, May 1, 1920.

(B) Form. pluv. liagoroides form. nov.

c?. Differs from form. arid, liagore in the whole costa of forewing being tlack,

in the termen of forewing being much more broadly edged with black, and by

the black arrow marks on hindwings being much larger and joined to form a

complete marginal band. $. Differs in complete heavy band to the hindwing,

heavy black termen, black costa, and either heavy black band in orange apex

or else basal portion of forewing to discoceJlulars grey, apparently the more

extended the more obsolete the apical dark band becomes.

16 cJc?, 3 ?? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 1-3, 1920; 1 cj Tchiugaraguen,

August 31 ; 3 <JcJ, 2 $$ Aderbissmat, August 27 ; 1 $ N. of Tanout, Damergou,

September 2, 1920.

150 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

17. Teracolus daira daira (Klug).

Professor Aurivillius, in 8eitz, has united heuglini Feld., Ihriippi Butl.,

evagore King, daira Klug, yerhurii Swinh., and nouna Luc. as various gradations

of the seasonal form of one species, because he says that the dry-season forms

are indistinguishable. This is not quite correct, and although I agree with him

that we have here onlj' one single species, yet I think by these very dry-season

forms we can separate daira Klug into three local races, or even four if we get

larger material. As we are dealing with already-named forms, and only the one

race comes into question in connection with Captain Buchanan's collection,

I wLU not go into the Arabian and East African forms, but only notice the

typical race and the N.W. African one.

(A) Form. pluv. daira Ivlug.

Ponlia daira Klug, Symh. Phys. pi. viii. ff. 1, 2 (1829-1845) (Ainbukol).

(B) Form. arid, evagore Klug.

Ponlia ciwjore Klug, 1-iymb. Phys. pi. viii. ff. 3, 4 (1829-184o) (Auibukol).

cJ. Differs from the N.W. African nouna Lue. in the orange apex being much

more red, and in the black margin to termen and apex being much narrower.

$. Differs in the apex of forewing being duller, more ferruginous, in the dark

band in apex being larger and more distinct, and in the black on margin of

hindwLngs being less.

1 (J Farniso, near Kano, December 25, 1919 ; 1 cj, 1 ? Zmder, Damagarim,

January 31, 1920 ; 3 ?$ Mts. of Baguezan, May 22, June 3, July 2, 1920.

18. Teracolus evarne evame Klug.

There appear to be two local forms of this insect, and although these

specimens from Captain Buchanan are very small they cannot belong to the

SomalUand race philippsi-shnr pci , as there are no black dots on margin

whatever.

(A) Form. pluv. evarne Klug.

Ponlia evarne Klug, ,Sym6. Phys. pi. vi. ff. 1-4 (1829-1845) (Ambukol).

1 $ N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, citreus Butl.

Teracolus citreus Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1876. p. 152. no. 120 (White Nile).

4 (J{J Takoukout, Damergou, March 11-14, 1920 ; 1 $ S. of Mts. Baguezan,

May 3 ; 3 (^^ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 20-23, 1020.

19. Eronia cleodora Hiibn.

There are three seasonal forms of this insect.

(A) Form. pluv. erxia Hew.

Eronia rrria Hcwiteon, lllusl. Exol, Butt. vol. iv. Pier, i, text (1867) (Natal).

NOVITATES ZoOLOalCAE XXVIII. 1921. 151

(B) Form. jjIuv. extr. dilatata Butl.

Eronia dilatata Butler, P.S.Z. Lowl. 188S. p. 96 (Taveta).

(C) Form. arid, cleodora Hiibn.

Eronia deodora Hubner, Samnd. Exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 130 (1822-1836).

The single specimen obtained is somewhat intermediate between erxia and

cleodora.

1 cj Farniso, near Kano, December 22, 1919.

20. Eronia buqueti buchanani subsp. nov.

cj. Differs from h. hiiqiieti in the distinct green tinge of the wings and the

olive-grey apical area.

$. Differs in the almost complete absence of the dark apex and termen,

which are only indicated by a rusty suffusion.

3 c?c?, 2 ?? Timia, Asben, June 24-26 ; 2 cJJ Aonderas, Asben, July 29,

1920. Type : c? Timia.

22. Catopsilia fiorella (Fabr.).

Papilio florella Fabriciiw, Sysl. Entom. p. 470. no. 1.59 (1775) (Sierra Leone).

1 c? Baguezan Mts., Asben, May 8, 1920; 1 ,J Aouderas, Asben, July 20,

1920 ; 3 (J(J Aderbissinat, Damergou, August 27, 1920 ; 1 ^ Abouzak, Damcrgou,

August 30, 1920; 2 ^^ Baban Tubki, N. of Zinder, September 13, 1920; 1 <?

Zinder, Damagarim, February 1, 1920; 2 (Jc? Makachia, Damagarim,

September 15, 1920 ; 1 (J Barbara, N. Nigeria, September 18, 1920 ; 2 cjc?, 1 ?

Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11-13, 1919 ; 1 $ Zigawa, N. Nigeria, September 19,

1920.

23. Terias brenda Doubld. & Hew.

The two seasonal forms are as under ;

(A) Form. pluv. brenda Doubld. & Hew.

Terias hrenrla Doubleday & Hewitson, GVn. Ditirn. Lepid. p. 79. no. 30. pi. ix. f. 6 (1847) (Sierra

Leone, Ashanti).

2 cJ<J, 1 ? N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, maculata Auriv.

Terias hrenda maculata Aurivilliu.s, in Heiiz,OrosschmeU. Erde, vol. xiii. p. 64. pi. 22C (1910) (range

of species).

24. Terias floricola (Boisd.).

Captain Buchanan only obtained the dry-season form. Three of his six

specimens are very extreme.

(A) Form. pluv. floricola Boisd.

Xanlhidia floricola Boisdnval, Faun. Entom. Madag. Lipid, p. 21. no. 2 (1833) (Bourbon, Mauritius,

and Madagascar).

152 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVTII. 1921;

(B) Form. arid. norm, ceres Butl.

Terias ceres Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvii. p. 218. pi. v. f. 33 (1886) (Mauritius).

1 c? Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11, 1919; 2 ^^ Farniso, near Kano,

December 18, 22, 1919.

(C) Form. arid. extr. parva form. nov.

Differs from ceres in its much smaller size and the much more obliterated

markings on the underside.

2 c^'cJ Kano, N. Nigeria, December 9-11, 1919; 1 $ Farniso, near Kano,

December 19, 1919.

25. Terias brigitta (Cram.).

Papilio brigitta Oatner, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxviii. p. 82. pi. cccxxxi. ff. B, C (1780) (coast of

Guinea).

This insect varies much in size and depth of colour.

(A) Form. arid, brigitta Cram.

The smallest (^ expands 32 mm. and the largest 52 mm. ; the smallest $

34 mm. and the largest 52 mm.

2 (JjJ, 2 ?? Kano, N. Nigeria, December 3-12, 1919 ; 9 3^, 13?? Farniso,

near Kano, December 1 1-3 1,1919; 7 (J(J, 2 ? ? Zinder, Damagarim, January 23 —

February 4, 1920 ; 1 ^ Aouderas, Asben, July 29, 1920.

(B) Form. pluv. zoe Hopff.

Terias zoe Hopffer, Monatsber. Konigl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1855. p. 640 (Querimba).

The smallest (J expands 36 mm., the largest 48 mm. ; the smallest ? expands

38 mm., the largest 50 mm.

1 (5* Baguezan Mts., Asben, June 6, 1920; 7 <J^ Aderbissinat, Damergou,

August 27, 1920; 11 cJd", 6 ?? Tchingaraguen, Damergou, August 31, 1920;

2 cJd" Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

DANAIDAE.

26. Danaida chrysippus alcippus (Cram.).

Papilio alcippm Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. ii. pt. xi. p. 45. pi. cxxvii. ff. E, F (1777) (coast of Guinea

and Sierra Leone).

D. chrysippus chrysippus was described from Egjqit, while D. chr. orientis

Auriv. was described from East Africa and has also a white hindwinged form,

alcippoides Moore, corresponding to alcippus. The subspecies orientis in both

forms is at once recognisable by the broader and more conspicuous white sub-

apical band of the forewings. True chrysippus occurs in the Sahara south to

the northern slopes of the Ahaggar Mts., south of these alcippus takes its place

in the wliole of the region of West Africa proper. Alcippus also occurs sporadically

among tj'pical chrysippus in Egypt and Arabia.

1 ? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 1, 1920; 2 $2 Aouderas, Asben, July 22,

NOVITATES ZooLoaicAE XXVIII. 1921. 153

26, 1920; 1 ^ Makochia, Damergou, September 15, 1920; 0 t?(? Zinder,

Damagarim, September 23, 1920 (one has very dark-brown basal two-thirds

of forewings) ; 16 (JcJ Kano, December 7-13, 1919; 8 ^(^ Farniso, near Kano,

December 16-30, 1920.

SATYRIDAE.

27. Ypthima asterope (King).

This species has two seasonal forms like most of the tropical Old World

Satyridae. Unfortunately, Professor Aurivillius has paid no attention to this,

and lumps all the names given to forms of this insect as trivial aberrational

names, as in truth they were so given by Strand. In order not to create too many

new names I here use Strand's name of inocellata for the dry-season form, it

having been given to such a specimen, though Strand at the time did not realise

this and considered it only as an aberration.

(A) Form. pluv. asterope Klug.

Hipparrhia aslrrope Klug, Symh. Phya. pi. xxix. ff. 11-14 (1829-1845) (Syria and Arabia).

1 cj, 1 9 Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 2, 1920 ; 1 ? Abourak, Damergou,

August 30, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, inocellata Strand.

Yplhiim asleropp ab. inorellnla Strand, Inleni. Enlom. Zeitschr. Stiittg. vol. 23. p. 112 (1909) (XJluna-

Langenburg).

5 (JcJ, 1 $ Farniso, near Kano, December 20-31, 1920.

NYMPHALIDAB.

28. Byblia ilithyia (Drury).

The two seasonal forms are as follows :

(A) Form. arid, ilithyia Drury.

Papilio ilithyia Drury Illust. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 29. pi. xvii. ff. 1, 2 (1773) (Senegal).

(B) Form. pluv. polinice Cram.

Papilio polinice Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxxii. p. 169. pi. ceclxxv. ff. G, H (1781) (Cote de

Coromondel).

1 cJ, 1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 27, 1920.

29. Precis oenone crebrene (Trimen).

Junonia crehrene Trimen, Trans. Enlom. Soe. Lond. 1870. p. 353 (South Africa).

1 ? Kano, N. Nigeria, December 7, 1919 ; 9 (J^J, 8 ?? Farniso, near Kano,

December II, 1919— January 3, 1920.

154 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

30. Precis orythia madagascariensis (Guen.).

Junonia madagaseariensis Guenie, in Vinson, Voij. Madag. Lepid. p. 37 (1864) (Madagascar).

5 (JcJ Kano, N. Nigeria, December 3-13, 1920 ; 5 ^J^?, 1 ? Farniso, near Kano,

December 17-27, 1920.

31. Pyrameis cardui (Linn.).

Papilio cardui Linnaeus, l^yst. Xat. edit. x. p. 475 (1758) (Sweden).

46 (Jc??? Mta. of Baguezan, Asben, July 1-2, 1920; I ? Ajieou, Asben,

June 27, 1920.

32. Acraea terpsichore (Linn.).

Papilio terpsichore Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 466. no. 45 (1758) (Asia).

7 (?(J Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11, 1919; 1 ^ Farniso, near Kano,

December 24, 1920 ; 7 (J(J, 1 $ Zigawa, N. Nigeria, September 19, 1920 (? = ab.

janisca God., Encycl. Method, vol. ix. p. 233 [1819]).

33. Acraea encedon (Linn.).

Papilio encedon Linnaeus, Syai. Nat. edit. x. p. 488 (1758) (India).

The aberrations encoedon, alcippina, and lycia only are represented.

26 c?(??? Kano, N. Nigeria, December 7-13, 1919.

LYCAENIDAE.

34. Virachola livia pallescens subsp. nov.

c?. Differs from I. livia Klug in the much paler colour and less sharply defined

markings.

1 cJ Zinder, Damagarim, January 31, 1920; 1 ^ Timia, Asben, June 26;

1 c? Agirou, Asben, June 27, 1920 ; 5 S<S, 15 ?? Mts. of Baguezan, May 8-12, 1920.'

35. Virachola dinochares (Gr. Sm.).

De-iidoryx dinochares Grose Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) six. p. 64 (1887) (Delagoa Bay).

Professor AuriviUius places dinochares as a synonym under licinia Mab., but

I do not agree with his determination.

1 ? Kano, N. Nigeria, December 13, 1919 ; Farniso, near Kano, December 20,

1919.

36. Virachola antalus (Hopff.).

Sitlum antalus Hopffer, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1855. p. 641 (Mozambique).

1 9 Farniso, near Kano, December 16, 1919.

37. lolaus nursei Butl.

lolaus nursei Butler, P.Z.S. London, 1896. p. 251. pi. 10. f. 16. <J (Sheikh Othman).

1 ? Aouderas, Asher, July 26, 1920.

NOYtTATES ZooLoaiCAE XX\T^II. 1921. 155

38. Spindasis buchanani sp. nov.

$. This is quite unlike any known species. Thorax black-grey ; abdomen

black-grey, banded on sides with white. Forewing above blackish grey or

blackish slate-grey ; the basal two-fifths obliquely clothed with long ashy scales

giving a cloudy appearance, a whitish mark in base of cell, an oblique whitish

transverse antemedian band, a median and postmedian white band of coalescent

patches converging to form a V with its base on vein 2, an indistinct pale-grey

submarginal band. Hindwings with same ground colour as forewings, but with

the ashy scales occupying at least the basal three-fifths of wing. An irregular

whitish V with its base on vein 1 in outer two-fifths of wing, and a pale-grey

indistinct submarginal band. Fringes of both wings white. Forewing below

white ; a curved brown line on basal one-third of costal area, a subbasal brown

dash and a quadrate brown patch with centi-al silver spot in cell, a grey quadrate

baso-subbasal patch ringed in brown below median vein, an oblique median

and a curved postmedian band converging almost on vein 1, grey edged with

dark brown, with a row of sUver spots in each, terminal area grey with submarginal

row of dots and marginal hair line dark brown. Hindwing below cream-buff

with three discal bands of kidney-shaped rusty-grey patches ringed with brown

and with silver central spots, the subbasal band has these patches separate, the

outer two bands coalescent ; the two inner bands consist of four patches, the

outer one of three and reaching vein 3. Basal and terminal areas rusty grey,

a submarginal row of brown dots and a post-discal band edged with brown and

centred with silver.

Length of forewing : 15-16 mm. Expanse : 32-34 mm.

1 $ Farniso, near Kano, December 27, 1920 ; 1 $ Zinder, Damagarim,

January 31, 1920.

39. Lycaenesthes princeps Butler.

Lycaenesihes princeps Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xviii. p. 484 (1876) (Abyssinia).

1 (J Dambiri, Damergou, September 7, 1920.

40. Castalius cretosus lactinatus Butl.

Castaliua lactinatus Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1885. p. 764. pi. xlvii. f. 3 (Somaliland).

3 (J(J Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 17— June 3, 1920.

41. Tarucus theophrastus (Fabr.).

Hesperia theophraatm Fabricius, Entom. System, vol. iii. pt. 1. p. 281. no. 82 (1793) (Morocco).

2 ^^ Kano, N. Nigeria, December 5, 1919 ; 5 ^^ Farniso, near Kano,

December 17-31, 1919 ; 6 ^J^, 1 $ Zinder, January 24— February 1, 1920 ; 5 c?c?

Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920; 1 (J Mazia, Damergou,

September 6, 1920.

42. Tarucus mediterraneae B. Baker.

Tarucus mediterraneae Bethune Baker, Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. 1917. p. 281. pla. xiv. ff. 7, Vk

xvi. f. 7, xix. f. 26 (Alexandria).

1 (J Dambu-i, Damergou, September 7, 1920 ; 1 $ Takoukout, Damergou,

March 13, 1920 ; 1 cj Zinder, Damagarim, January 31, 1920 ; 3 c?<?, 2 $ $ Aouderas,

166 NOVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Ashen, July 23-29, 1920 ; 1 9 Azzal, N. of Agades, July 15, 1920 ; 1 (J Arra,

S. of Baguczan Mts., May 1, 1920 (aberration central black spots coalescent into

large patch) ; 41 $^, 42 $? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May IC^July 3, 1920.

43. Syntarucus plinius telicanus (Hiibn.).

Papilio telicanus Hubner, Europ. Schmetl. i. ff. 371, 372, 553, 554 (1798-1803).

It is doubtful if the single specimen belongs to the typical form (in which

case the ground coloiu- below would be very pale), or to the form S. telicanus

or ■plinius Fabr. (Entom. Syst. iii. 1, p. 284, no. 92 [1793] [India]), (in which case

it would be very dark.)

1 (J Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

44. Syntaruchus pulchra (Murray).

Lycaena pulchra Murray, Trans. Enlom. Soc. Land. 1874. p. 524. pt. x. ff. 7. 8 (W. Africa).

3 cJ(J Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11, 1919.

45. Azanus ubaldus (Cram.).

Papilio ubaldus Cramer, Pap. Bxot. vol. iv. pt. xxxiii. p. 209. pi. 390. ff. L, M (1782) (Cote de

Coromandel).

1 (J Farniso, near Kano, December 27, 1919 ; 9 (Jj, 1 $ Mts. of Baguezan,

Asben, May 10-12 and July 1, 1920 ; 1 ^ Iferouan, June 14 ; 1 ? Tebernit,

June 27 ; 2 (^^ Ajiron, Asben, Jiuie 27, 1920 ; 1 ^ Mazia, Damergou, September 6,

1920.

46. Azauns moriqua (Wallengr.).

Lycaena moriqua Wallengren, Lepid. Ithop. Caffr, p. .39. no. 9 (1857) (Caffraria).

Mr. RUey, who kindly identified most of the Lycaenidae for me, considered

the single (J enumerated below as moriqua and not A. niirza (Ploetz.), {Lycaena

mirza, Stett. Entom. Zeit. vol. xli. p. 203, no. 179 [1880] [Victoria Camaroons]).

1 (J Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

47. Lampides boeticus (Linn.).

Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nal. edit. xii. vol. i. pt. ii. p. 789. no. 226 (1767) (Barbary).

2 3^ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 8 and July 1, 1920 ; 1 ^ Takoukout,

Daraergou, September 3, 1920 ; 1 cj Farniso, near Kano, December 27, 1919.

48. Catachrysops eleusis (Demais.).

Lycaena eleusis Demaison, Bull. Soc. Enlom. France, 1888. p. Ixvi. (Nubia).

17 cJ(J, 5 9? Farniso, near Kano, December 12-31, 1920 ; 20 ^3, 10?? Zinder,

Damagarim, January 24 — February 6, 1920; 7 ^^, 3 ?$ Mts. of Baguezan,

May 9— June 3, 1920 ; 1 3 Aguellal, Asben, June 16, 1920.

N6VtTATES ZooLoaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 157

49. Catachrysops osiris (Hopff.).

Lymena osiris Hopffer, Monatsb. Konigl. Akad. Kiss. Berl. 1855. p. 642 (Querimba).

2 (J(J, 1 $ Kano, N. Nigeria, December 6-13, 1919 ; 1 ? Farniso, near Kano,

December 27, 1919.

50. Zizera antanossa (Mab.).

Lycaena anianossa Mabille, Bvll. Entom. Soc. France, 1877. p. Ixxii. No. 6 (Madagascar).

2 t^cS, 1 $ Farniso, near Kano, December 17-2S, 1919 ; 1 c? Zinder, Dama-

garim, February 1, 1920; 3 cJc? Makochia, Damagarim, September 15 ; 1 (J

Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

61. Zizera lysimon (Hiibn.).

Papilio lysimon Hubner, Emop. Schmett. i. ff. 534, 535 (1798-1803).

26 (JcJ, 4 ?? Farniso, near Kano, December 16-29, 1919 ; 4 cj^, 7 ?? Kano,

N. Nigeria, December 3-13, 1919 ; 1 $ Zigawa, N. Nigeria, September 19, 1920 ;

2 (?c?, 4 ?? Aderbissinat, N. Damergou, August 27-28, 1920; 1 ^ Darabii-i,

Damergou, September 7, 1920 ; 2 ^^ Aouderas, Asben, July 22, 1920.

GRYPOCERA.

HESPERIIDAE.

52. Sarangesa eliminata Holl.

This insect has two seasonal forms.

(A) Form. pluv. eliminata Holl.

Sarangem eliminata Holland, P.Z.S. Land. 1896. p. 9. no. 18. pi. v. f. 9 (Abyssinia; Somaliland).

Mabille, in his catalogue of the Ilesperiidae in Wytsman's Genera Inseclorum,

gives a perfectly imaginary quotation, viz. " Butt. Afr." instead of " P.Z.S.Lond."

The solitary specimen sent is evidently a very belated individual of the

wet-season brood.

1 S Farniso, near Kano, December 31, 1919.

(B) Form. arid, deserticola Rebel.

17 <?(?. 8 ?? Zinder, Damagarim, January 24, 1920.

53. Hesperia machacoana Butler.

1 $ Farniso, near Kano, December 19, 1919.

54. Gegenes nostrodamus (Fabr.).

Hesperia nostrodamus Fabricius, Entom. Syst. iii. (1). p. 328. no. 246 (1793) (Barbary).

1 (J Aderbissinat, S. Damergou, August 27, 1920.

158 NOVITATE3 ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

55. Gegenes hottentota (Latr.).

Hesperia hottentota Latreille, Encyct. Melh. Hisl. Nat. Enlom. vol. ix. p. 777. no. 133 (Cape of

Good Hope).

299 Farniso, near Kano, December 19, 31, 1019.

56. Parnara mathias (Fabr.).

Hesperia mathias Fabricius, Entom. Syst. Suppl. p. 433. nos. 289-290 (179S) (India).

1 cj Famiso, near Kano, December 27, 1919 ; 5 ^^ Aderbissinat, N. Damer-

gou, August 27, 1920 ; 3 c?o Aboiu-ak, Damergou, August 30, 1920.

57. Parnaia fatuellus (Hopff.).

Pamphila Jatuellus Hopffer, Monatsh. Berl. Akad. Wiss. 1855. p. 643. no. 25 (Queiimba).

1 9 Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11, 1919.

58. Platylesches chameleon (Mab.).

Pamphila chamdeon Mabille, BiiU. on Compt.-Rend. Soe. Entom. Belg. 1891. p. cl.'cxix. (Sierra Leone).

1 cj Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

HETEBOCEBA.

ARCTIIDAE.

Lithosiinae.

59. Siccia conJormis Hmp.sn.

Siccia conJormis Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. ilus. Suppl. vol. i. p. 706. no. 843a. pi. xxivii.

f. 13 (1914) (Minna, N. Nigeria).

2 c?(?, 1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 23, 1920.

Arctiinae.

60. Utetheisa pulchella (Linn.).

Phalaena pulchella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 534 (1758) (S. Europe, Mauritania).

3 ^(J, 599 Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11-12, 1920.

AGARISTIDAE.

61. Aegocera brevivitta rectilineoides subsp. nov.

(J. Differs from b. brevivitta Hmpsn. in liaving the hindwing yellow, with a

red outer area and central red spot as in rectilineii Boisd., not entirely red as

in b. brevivitta, with only base and cilia j'ellovv.

1 (J Tanout, Damergou, September 6, 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 159

62. Aegocera rectilinea Boisd.

Aegoccra redilinca Boisduval, Hist. Xal. Ins. .Spec. Ght. Lcpid. vol. i. pi. 14. f. 5 (1836).

1 9 Zinder, Damagarim, September 11, 1920; 1 ? Agades, S. of Asben,

July 10, 1920; 1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 21, 1920. (The Zinder example has

the forewings much suffused with black, while the one from Aouderas is very

pale in colour.)

NOCTUIDAE.

Agiotinae.

63. Chloridea peltigera (SchifE. & Den.).

Phalaena Noclua peltigera Schiffcmiullcr & Denis, Ank. Sijst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 89 (1775)

(Vienna).

1 cJ, 1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 24-June 1, 1920 ; 1 ^J, 3 ?? Ader-

bissinat, Damergou, August 28, 1920.

64. Chloridea nubigera (Herr.-Sch.).

Heliothis nabigera Herrich-SchaSfer, Syst. Bearb. tichintU. Eur. p. 366 (1845) (Asia Minor).

2 (JtJ, 2 ?$ Aderbissinat, Damergou, August 28, 1920.

65. Chloridea obsoleta (Fabr.).

Bo7nhyx obsoleta Fabricius, Enlom. Syst. iii. 1. p. 456. no. 155 (1793) (S. America).

9 (^c?. 12 ?? Aderbissinat, Damergou, August 26— September 18, 1920.

The 9 (^(J have the ground colour olivaceous, but only 5 $ $ have it olivaceous

and the others rufous-brown. All 21 specimens have the row of white postmedian

points on the veins very prominent, unlike any specimens I have examined.

66. Chloridea flavigera Hmpsn.

Chloridea flavigera Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 242. no. 58a (1907) (Buluwayo).

3 $^ Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 26-28, 1920.

67. Chloridea hyalosticta (Hmpsn.).

Heliotliis hyalosticta Hampson, Trans. Enlom. Soc. Land. 1895. p. 298 (Karachi).

14 c?c?, 13 ?? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 12-16, 1920 ; 1 (J, 1 ? Aouderas,

Asben, July 21, 23, 1920 ; 2 ?? Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 26, 1920.

68. Timora chrysita de Joan.

Timora chrysita de Joannis, Bull. Soc. Entotn. France, 1910. p. 225 (Dioudougou).

4 (So Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 26, 29, 1920 ; 7 ^tS, 2$$Tanout,

Damergou, September 6, 1920 ; 1 (J Kaleloua, Damagarim, September 6, 1920.

160 NOVITATES ZoOLoaiCAE XXVIII. 1921.

69. Timora metaihoda Druce.

Tiimra inelarhoda Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi. p. 201 (1903) (Gambia).

1 ? Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

70. Timora buchanani sp. nov.

cJ$. Differs from metarhoda by the cream-white hindwings, and in the two

longitudinal mauve bands of the narrower forewings.

4 J(^, 2 $$ Azzal, Asben, July 13-15, 1920. (Type ^, July 14.)

71. Timora decorata (Moore).

Pradalla decorata Moore, P.Z.S. Land. 1881. p. 365 (Saidabad, Kashmir).

6 cJ(J, 8 $? Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920; 1 ^ Tanout,

Damergou, September 6, 1920 ; 2 ^^, 3 $$ Kaleloua, N. Damagarim, September 8,

1920; 1 ? Zinder, Damagarim, September 11, 1920; C $^, 5 $$ Bande, S.

Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

72. Timora terracottoides sp. nov.

(J $. Differs from terracotta Hmpsn.in the very strongly developed longitudinal

silvery line above vein 1 of forewing, in the row of marginal silvery dots on

forewing, and in the suffused, duskj', not pure creamy-white hindwing. This

insect is very variable in the ground colour of the forewings ; some arc deep

grey-brown, others umber-brown, some are olive-stramineous, others maroon-red.

4 <J(J, 1 $ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 10, 1920 ; 1 $ Songo, Damagarim,

September 17, 1920; 8 $^, 2 ?$ Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920;

6 ^^, 11 ?? Kaleloua, N. Damagarim, September 8, 1920; 2 ^Jo. 1 ? Baban

Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 18, 1920. {^ Kaleloua, type.)

73. Adisura callima B. Baker.

Adisura callima Bctliuno Baker, Ann. May. Xat. Uisl. (8) viii. p. 508 (1911) (Malange, W. Africa).

1 cJ Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 20, 1920.

74. Adisura affinis si), nov.

Differs from atMnsonl Moore in deeper maroon suffusion, iu the heavy,

complete blackish outer one-third of hindwings, and especially iu the postmcdian

line of spots being confluent and forming au oblique hue running from centre of

inner margin to vein 0, near termen, not a curved line of separate dots.

2 c?tJ, 1 ? Barbara, N. Nigeria, September 13, 1920 ; 1 (J Kaleloua, N.

Damagarim, September 8, 1920 ; 3 S3, 2 9? Songo, S. Damagarim, September 17,

1920; 15 cJcJ, 19 $$ Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920; C cJd', 4$$

Bande, S. Damagarim, September IG, 1920.

75. Euxoa segetum (Schiff. & Den.).

PhaJaena Noctua segeitim SchiSermuUer & Denis, AnI:. Si/st, Werk, Schmett, Wienerg. p, 81, 252,

£f. 3a, h (1775) (Vienna).

1 (J Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, June 1, 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 161

ZENOBIINAE.

76. Spodoptera mauritia (Boisd.).

Hadena mauritia Boisduval, Faun. Entom. Madag. Lepid. p. 92, no, 3, pi. 13, f. 9 (1833) (Mauritius,

Bourbon).

1 (^ Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 28, 1920.

77. Spodoptera abyssinia Guen.

Spodnptera abyssinia Guence, Hisl. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lipid, vol. v. Noct. i. p. 154. no. 244 (1852)

(Abyssinia) .

3 cJ(J Agades, S. of Asben, July 9-10, 1920.

78. Laphygma exigua (Hiibn.).

Noclua exigua Hiibner, Sammt. Europ. Schmett, Noct. f. 362 (1808).

1 cj, 1 ? Azzal, Asben, July 12, 15, 1920 ; 1 c?, 1 ? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben,

June 1, 1920 ; 1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 21, 1920 ; 1 cj, 1 ? Agades, S. of Asben,

August 7, 8, 1920 ; I ^ Zinder, Damagarim, February 18, 1920 ; 1 ? Baban

Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

Erastriinae.

79. Eublenima dissoluta sp. nov.

Nearest to syrtensis Hmpsu. and suava Hiibn.

(J. Antennae yellowish brown, shaft whitish ; head, thorax, and abdomen

cream-white. Forewing creamy isabelline ; a broad median band somewhat

darker, with brown edges, two postmedian bands of this darker isabelline, three

dark-brown patches between apex and vein 6, and some smaller similar markings

between veins 2 and 4 ; marginal hair-line dark brown. Hindwing cream colour

with two indistinct buff bauds, termen smeared with dark brown.

$. Antennae brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen creamy grey. Forewing

basal half dirty pinkish wood-brown, with dark band in centre and margin ;

outer half paler, more isabelline, an indistinct waved postmedian greyish line,

and a clouded brown subterminal broad band. Hindwing dirty cream colour,

termen broadly brown, and two indistinct transverse bands dark grey-brown.

Length of forewing : ^J 13 mm. ; $ 15 mm. Eximnse : cJ 30 mm. ; $ 35 mm.

1 (J, 1 $ Zinder, Damagarim, February 17, 1920.

80. Eublemma parva (Hiibn.).

Noctua parva Hiibner, Samml. Europ. Schmett. Noct. f. 356 (1808).

1 cJ, 1 ? Zinder, Damagarim, February 20, 1920.

81. Eublemma deserti (Rothsch.).

Thalpochares deserti Rothschild, Int. Entom. Ze.itsch. Stutlg. xxiii. p. 142 (1909) (Mraier, S. Algeria).

J (J, 1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 9, 1920,

162 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXVIII. 1921.

82. Eublemma bipaitita sp. nov.

9. Antennae honey-j-ellow ; hccad and thorax snow-white ; abdomen pale

huffish grey. Forewing basal half pure white, outer lialf yellowish rusty brown,

a small wedge running in from costa and fringe white. Hindwing creamy white,

washed with rusty buff on outer half.

Expanse : 18 mm. ; length of forewing : 8 mm.

29$ Takoukout, Damergou, March 12, 1920.

83. Eublemma perkeo sp. nov.

This msect much resembles a minute arcuinna.

(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen dull pale wood-grey-brown. Forewing,

basal half sooty brown clouded with paler colour, outer half whitish grey with

brown-grey cloudings. Hindwing black, basal and terminal areas whitish grey,

a curved median white band.

Expanse: 11-25 mm. ; length of forewing: 5 mm.

1 ^ Zinder, Damagarim, February 19, 1920.

84. Eublemma bulla (Swinh.).

Micra bulla Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Land. 18S4. p. 51S. pi. 47. f. 9 (Karachi).

1 cj Bande, S. Damagarim, September 10, 1920.

85. Eublemma griseola (Ersch.).

Thalpocharcs (jriseola Erschoff, iii Failsch. Eci^: p. 51. lil. 4. i. 55 (IS74).

1 cJ Azzal, N. of Agadcs, July 13, 1920.

86. Ozarba punctigera Walk.

Ozarha punclirjera Wallcer, List. Lcpid. Ins. Brit. Mus. sxsii. p. 685 (1865) (Cliina, Moreton Bay).

1 ^, 5 ?$ Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920; 1 $ Zinder,

September 11 ; 1 o, 1 2'Babau Tubki, S. of Zinder, Damagarim, Scjjtcmbcr 13,

1920.

87. Ozarba rafula Hmpsn.

Ozarha rujnU Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Plial. Brit. Mus. vol. x. p. 445. no. 5676. pi. cisii. f. IS (1910)

(Bombay).

1 $ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 10, 1920 ; 1 $ Azzal, N. of Agadcs,

July 1920 ; 1 cJ Agades, S. of Asben, July 10, 1920.

88. Ozarba venata Bull.

Ozarba vcmla Butler, III. Ud. Bril. Mm. vii. p. 69. pi. 130. f. 12 (1889) (Dharmsala).

1 S Songo, S. Damagarim, September 17, 1920 ; 2 ?? Makochia, Damagarim,

September 15, 1920 ; 1 ? Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

NOVITATBS ZOOIOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 163

89. Ozarba damagarima sid. nov.

(J. Nearest to sancta Stdgr., but darker and at once distinguishable by the

broad, indistinct, and broken dark submarginal band of the hindwings. Antennae

black-brown ; head and thorax mixed wood-grey and whitish ; abdomen

cinnamon brown-grey, a white band above anal tuft. Forewings, ground colour

mauve-brown with whitish smears, two antemedian, irregular, much twisted black

bands, a similar median band with an hourglass-shaped white patch enclosing two

grey spots at end of cell, a postmedian similar band ; terminal hair-line black.

Hindwing deep orange-yellow, a dusky area at base and a broken wide sooty

subterminal band ; fringe checkered sooty and white.

?. Similar, but forewiiig much darker ; hindwing rufous-orange, outer

one-third sooty black.

Expanse : 15 mm. ; length of forewing : 6 mm.

1 9 Zinder, Damagarim, September 11, 1920 (type) ; 1 (J Makochia,

Damagarim, September 15, 1920 ; 1 $ Tanout, Damergou, September 4, 1920 ;

1 c? Agades, S. of Asben, July 10, 1920.

90. Pseudozarba opella (Swinh.).

Acontia opella Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Land. 1885. p. 456. pi. 27. f. 16 (Poona).

1 ? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 10, 1920 ; 2 $? Aouderas, Asben, July 23,

1920.

91. Pseudozarba abbreviata sp. nov.

9- Antennae dark brown ; head greyish cinnamon ; thorax and abdomen

darker greyish cinnamon-brown. Forewing short and truncated, termen convex ;

basal one-third cinnamon, costal area densely stippled with black ; median

one-third slaty grey-black, edged with a bright cinnamon line basad and distad ;

outer one-third cinnamon somewhat clouded with grey, four minute white marks

on costa, terminal hair-line black. Hindwing silky yellowish grey, darker and

more smoky on outer half.

Expanse : 13 mm. ; length of forcv/ing : 5 mm.

1 ? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 15, 1920 (type) ; 1 ? Aderbissinat, N. of

Damergou, August 29, 1920 ; 1 cJ Agades, S. of Asben, July 1920.

92. Pseudozarba bella sp. nov.

?. Antennae black ; head and thorax pale maroon ; abdomen brownish

wood-grey. Forewing, basal tvto-fifths maroon with black distad edge and

slightly clouded with black distad, outer three-fifths creamy white, the central

part strongly irrorated with black scales, terminal line and a patch about veins

6 and 7 blackish maroon. Hindwing wood-grey.

Expanse : 15 mm. ; length of forewing : 6 mm.

1 ? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 1, 1920.

93. Euloca'stra acthiops (Dist.).

Tamche aethiops Distant, Ann. Mag. Nal. Hist. (7) 1. p. 223 (1898) (Pretoria).

1 (J Kaleloua, N. Damagarim, September 8, 1920; 2 99 Makochia, Dama-

garim, September 15, 1920 ; 1 9-

11

16A' NovrrATES Zoologicae XXVIII. 1921.

94. Eulocastra sahariensis sp. nov.

(J. Antennae deep black with yellowish cilia on sides and undersurface ;

liead and frons black, a small brownish inter-antennal patch ; thorax and patagia

black-brown, rest of thorax dark cinnamon-brown ; abdomen sooty brown-grey.

Forewing : basal one-fourth brownish cinnamon with paler shading, costa

black with two pale spots ; rest of wing deep black, a creamy dot in cell and two

creamy spots at discocellulars, a curved irregular brownish cinnamon postmedian

band, beyond which are some whitish marks in costal half of wing, a subterminal

row of cream dots. Hindwing dark grey.

$. Differs from cJ in tlie non-ciliated brown antennae and the obsolescence

of much of the paler markings of the forewings, owing to black suffusion.

Expanse : ^ 20 mm. ; $ 17-5 mm. Length of forewing : ^ 8-5 mm. ;

? 7 mm.

1 (J Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920 (type) ; 1 $ Bande,

S. Damagarim, September 10, 1920.

95. Exilocastra pseudozarboides sp. nov.

$. In appearance much like a very pale Psetidozarha opella. Antennae

brown ; head and thorax greyish buff ; abdomen cream-grey. Forewing greyish

buff with darker yellowish cloudings ; a median broad band black with a projec-

tion distad along median vein ; an interrupted postdiscal line black, broadening

at costa into a spot ; terminal area broadly grey, interrupted between veins 2

and 4, a line of four black dots subterminally between costa and median vein.

Hindwing pale cream-grey.

Expanse : 20 mm. ; length of forewing : 8-5 mm.

1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 12, 1920.

96. Tarache zelleri (Wallengr.).

Aconlia zelleri WaUengren, Anteckn. I. Zool. i. p. 59 (1856).

2 iS<S, 1 ? Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 28, 1920 ; 1 ^, 2 9$ Tanout,

Damergou, September 3-6, 1920 ; 1 J, 1 ? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 13, 15, 1920 ;

1 ^ Agades, July 9, 1920 ; 1 (J Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

97. Tarache gratiosa (Wallengr.).

Acontia gratiosa WaUengren, Anteckn. I. Zool. i. p. 59 (1856).

1 $ Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 28, 1920.

98. Tarache buchanani sp. nov.

(J. Antennae black-brown ; head and thorax snow-white ; abdomen, first

two segments pure white, rest cream colour above, dirty white at sides, anal tuft

greyish buff. Forewing : basal two-thirds snow-white, strongly angled in below

median vein, costa with five olive-grey spots, rest of white area with scattered,

similarly tinted dots ; outer one-third black-brown with some whitish scribbling,

strongly angled out above median vein and with a white patch between veins

2 and 4 in terminal area. Hindwing silky white with broad, blackish-grey

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. ' _ 165

marginal band. The Asben (J differs in the great reduction in strength of the

outer dark area of forewings and the absence of the band of hindwings below

vein 3 and its great evanescence above that vein.

Expanse : 28 mm. ; length of forewing : 12 mm.

1 (J Tanout, Damergou, September 6, 1920 (type) ; 1 (J Aouderas, Asben,

July 21, 1920.

99. Tarache asbenensis sp. nov.

(J. Antennae dark brown ; head and thorax cream-white ; abdomen huffish

grey, anal tuft yellower. Forewing : basal two-fifths cream- white with indistinct

oUve-grey costal spots ; outer three-fifths sooty black-brown, a blacker quadrate

patch basad between median vein and inner margin, a large, creamy, wedge-like

spot running in from costa, fringe intermittently white. Hindwing rusty

yellowish grey with darker marginal band.

Expanse : 22 mm. ; length of forewing : 9-5 mm.

1 cj Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 16, 1920.

100. Hoplotarache karachiensis (Swinh.).

Aconlia karachiensis Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Land. 1889. p. 410 (Karachi).

2 cJ, 1 ? Agades, S. of Asben, August 9, 1920 ; 1 (J, 2 $$ Azzal, N. of Agades,

July 15-16, 1920 ; 3 (JcJ, 1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 21^23, 1920.

Catocalinae.

101. Crypsotidia conilera Hmpsn.

Crypsolidia amijera Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Plial. Brit. 3Ius. vol. xii. p. 249. no. 7371. pi. cciii. f. 4

(1913) (N. Rukum VaUey).

5 (JcJ, 4 99 Zinder, Damagarim, February 15-20, 1920; 1 ^ Mts, of

Baguezan, May 1920.

102. Crypsotidia griseola sp. nov.

(J 2. Antennae brown-black ; head and thorax mouse-grey, minutely freckled

with black scales ; abdomen yellowish wood-grey, sparsely and minutely freckled

with black.

Forewing mouse-grey, a subbasal and a very broad median band with irregular

edges darker grey ; beyond the median band is a strongly waved, blackish

line from costa to median vein ; a postdiscal darker cloud band with almost

black patch towards costa ; frmge whitish and grey. Hindwing dirty white

with broad, dark, wood-grey marginal band ; fringe white. One 9 is decidedly

mclanistic.

Expanse : 23-75 mm. ; length of forewing ; 10 mm.

5 cJJ, 9 99 Zinder, Damagarim, February 14-20, 1920 (type cj).

103. Crypsotidia parva sp. nov.

9. This is the smallest species, hitherto obtained, of the genus. Antennae

brown ; head and thorax wood-brown ; abdomen pale wood-grey. Forewing :

basal two-thirds bright wood-brown, an antemedian and a postmedian zigzag

J^g NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

greyish-whitp line enclosing distad the distinctly dark-grey reniform ; outer

third much paler wood-brown-grey, a large brown patch from costa before apex,

a terminal white line dotted with black. Hindwing semivitreous pearl-grey,

darker towards margin.

Expanse : 15 mm. ; length of forewlng : 6 mm.

1 $ Farniso, nr. Kano, December 22, 1919.

104. Cyligramma latona (f'rani.).

Phalaena laloiia Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. i. part ii. p. 20. pi. xiii. f. B (1775) (coast of Guinea).

1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, June 6, 1920.

105. Achaea catella Guen.

Achaea calclla Guenee, Hisl. Nal. Ins. Spec. Gen. vii. Noct. iii. p. 247. no. 1667 (1852) (Senegal).

1 ? Baban Tubki. S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

106. Grammodes stolida (Fabr.).

Noctua stolida Fabricius, Syst. Enlom. p. 599. no. 38 (1775) (East India).

1 ? Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920 ; 1 ? Tanout, Damergou,

September 6, 1920; 7 3^, 8 $? Aderblssinat, N. of Damergou, August 18-24,

1920 ; 1 (J Agades, S. of Asben, August 8, 1920 ; 6 J (j', 4 ?? Mts. of Baguezan,

Asben, May 13— July 2, 1920.

107. Grammodes buchanani sp. nov.

Although the hindtibiae are hardly, if at all, spincd, this is a true Grammodes.

$. Antennae brown, each segment banded narrowly with white ; head and

thorax mauve, microscopically freckled with white ; abdomen wood-brown.

Forewiiig : basal one-fifth mauve-grey, an antemedian band deep chocolate-

brown, edged distad with -white, and being nearly three times as broad below

median vein than above it ; a broad median band dark chocolate-brown, edged

distad with white between the antemedian and median bands ; the wing is mauve-

grey above median vein and olive-j'ellow below ; a postmedian zigzag brown line

running out into points and widening into a large blackish apical patch ; between

this and median vein the wing is mauve-grey from costa to vein 6, olive-yellow

from vein 6 to inner margins ; rest of wing mauve-grey, shaded with sooty grey

towards termen and with white spot below apex. Hindwing wood-grey, saturated

with dull buff and clouded with darker grey, a median line and a submarginal

and marginal band sooty blackish grey.

Expanse : 23-75 mm. ; length of forewing : 10 mm.

1 $ Zinder, Damagarim, September 11, 1920.

108. Parachalciope mixta sp. nov.

$. Size, shape, and general pattern similar to P. deltifrm (Feld), but with

the postmedian band on the hindwings as in Chalciopc hijppasia (Cram.). The

oblique white band on the forewing between median vein and tornus is not of

uniform width as in ddlijera, but gradually expands in width towards tornus.

Expanse ; 48 mm. ; length of forewing : 22 mm.

1 $, no data,

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 167

109. Mocis frugalis (Fabr.).

Noclua Jrngalis Fabricius, Sijsl. Entom. p. 601. no. 45 (1775) (India).

1 (^ AderbLssinat, N. of Damergou, August 26, 1920.

110. Plecopterodes moderata (Wallengr.).

Orammodes modemln Wallengren, Wien. Entom. Moruils. vol. iv. p. 174. no. 69 (1860) (Cafiraria).

1 $ Kaleloua, S. Damagarim, September 8, 1920.

111. Gnamptonyx innexa (Walk.).

Alamis innexa Walker, LiH Lepid. Ins. Bril. Mns. pt. xv. p. 1797 (1858) (St. Vincent, Cape Verd

Islands).

This is almost as variable a species as Cortyta leucoptera (Hmpsn.).

4 cJ^, 2 ?? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 16— June 16, 1920 ; 3 cjcj, 4 ? ?

Aguellal, Asben, June 10, 1920; 1 $ Aouderas, Asben, July 21, 1920; 5 ,^6,

4$$Azzal, Asben, July 12-16, 1920; 12 ^J^J, 4$?Agade.s, 8. of Asben, August 7-9,

1920.

112. Cortyta acrosticta (Piingl.).

Pericyma acrosHela Piinglcr, Iri.i, vol. xvi. p. 290. pi. vi. f. 6 (1903) (Engeddi, Dead Sea).

This has nothing to do with vetimta Wlk,, where Hampson put it as an

aberration ; it is much nearer rosacea Rebel.

1 ? Agades, S. of Asben, July 9, 1920.

Phytomstrinae.

113. Phytometra ni (Hiibn.).

Noctiia ni Hiibner, Samml. Eiirop. Schmell. noct. f. 284 (1802).

1 cJ, 2 ?? Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 28, 1920.

114. Phytometra chalcytes (Esp.).

Phalaena Noctm spirilingua crislata chaUijIes Esper, Srhmell. vol. iv. pt. ii. p. 447. no. 167. pi. cxli.

noot. 62. f. 3 (1789) (Central Italy).

1 cj Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 23, 1920.

Noctuinae.

11.5. Polydesmi coUutrix (Geyer).

Coenipeta collutrix: Geyer, Zulr. IliVm. Samml. Exot. Schmell. p. 22. no. 443. pi. 152. ff. 885, 886

(1837) (S. Africa).

4 (JcJ, 1 $ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16 1920.

116. Melanephia tristis (Snell.).

Aconlia Iristia Snellen, Tijds. v. Entom. vol. xv. p. 52. pi. 4. ff. 12, 13 (1872) (mouth of Congo River).

1 $ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

169 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVIII. 1921.

117. Asplenia melanodonta (Hmpsn.).

Melijmtis melanodonta Hampson, P.Z.S. Lond. 1896. p. 203 (Aden).

A.iplenia rvbrescens Hampson, P.Z.8. Land. 1916. p. 133. pi. 2. f. 1 (Somaliland).

The fine series of 65 examples of this insect sent by Captain Buchanan

proves that melanodonta and ruhresccns are one and the same species ; the

rubrescens examples are much the most numerous, but unfortunately melanodonta,

being the older name, must stand for tlie species. Like Cortytn leucoptera, it is

a most variable insect, ranging from clear huffish cinnamon with no markings,

to rusty brown banded and shaded w-ith sooty black-brown.

1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 25, 1920 ; 8 ^(J, 4 ?? Azzal, N. of Agades, July

July 12-16, 1920 ; 25 <JJ, 10 ? ? Agades, S. of Asben, July 10— August 8, 1920 ;

6 (J(J, 7 $ $ Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 18-28, 1920 ; 1 ^, 3 ?? Tanout,

Damergou, September 3-6, 1920.

118. Pandesma anysa sennaarensis Feld. & Rog.

Pandesma sennaarensis Felder & Rogenhofer, Reise der Novara, Zoology, vol. ii. sect. 2. pi. exi. and

Tajel-Erkl. p. 26 (1872) (Cape Colony and Sennaar).

The series from Asben varies very much in size, the smallest ^ having an

expanse of 32 mm. and tlie largest 48 mm. ; the smallest $ has an expanse of

36 mm. and the largest 50 mm.

12 $$, 14 9? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 7— June 1, 1920 ; 1 ? Azzal,

N. of Agades, July 12, 1920.

119. Tathorhychus exsiccata (Led.).

Spintherops exsiccata Lederer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wica, vol. v. p. 204. pi. 2. f. 12 (1855) (Beirut).

29$ Zinder, Damagarim, February 18, 1920.

120. Raphia buchanani .sp. nov.

cJ$. Antennae dark grey, basal three-fifths in (J strongly pectinated,

diminishing rapidly on distal two-fifths to almost a cylindrical last five joints,

in $ the pectinations on basal half are shorter and diminish gradually to the

last five or six almost cylindrical joints ; head and thorax sooty grey ;

abdomen paler. Forewing sooty grey with a cinnamon suffusion ; a subbasal

black sinuate line below median, an anteraedian and a postmedian strongly

sinuate black line, from which latter a black line joins termen along vein 5.

Hindwings white, a sooty marginal hair-line and a sooty smear at tornus.

Expanse : (^ 32 mm. ; $ 45 mm.

3 (J^ Barbara, N. Nigeria, September 18, 1920 ; 1 ? Aouderas, Asben,

July 23, 1920.

121. Acantholipes circumdata (Walk.).

Hydrelia citcumdala Walker, List Lepid. In.i. Brit. Miis. xv. p. 1763 (18.')8) (Congo).

1 cJ Azzal, N. of Agades, July 12, 1920 ; 5 $$ Zinder, Damagarim, February

17-20, 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIIl. 1921. 169

Hypeninae.

122. Rhjrnchina sahaiiensis sp. nov.

$. Antennae brown-grey ; head and thorax rufous-buff ; abdomen pale

buffi.sli grey. Forewing, basal half cinnamon-rufous, a pinkish cinnamon spot

on costa ; a broad oblique median postmedian band pinkish cinnamon from

costa to median vein, sooty black from median to inner margin ; rest of wing

cinnamon-rufous, fringe sooty grey. Hindwing greyish wood-brown.

Expanse : 15 mm. ; length of forewing ■ G mm.

1 ? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 13, 1920 ; 1 $ (type) Agades, S. of Asben,

July 9, 1920; 1 d*, 1 ? Tanout, Damergou, September 3, 1920; 1 $ Kaleloua, N.

Damagarim, September 8, 1920 ; 1 $ Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

123. Rhynchina buchanani sp. nov.

$. Antennae brown-grey ; head and thorax whitish grey, freckled with

darker grey ; abdomen brownish buff.

Forewing : basal two-thirds obliquely whitish grey, freckled and clouded

with blue-grey, most strongly below median vein, and with indistinct and broken

sinuate subbasal median and postmedian sooty-grey lines ; outer one-third

blue-grey clouded with whitish grey, mostly near apex ; marginal hair-line

sooty grey ; fringe chequered grey and white. Hindwing pale cinnamon brown,

somewhat clouded towards termen.

Expanse : 20 mm. ; length of forewing : 8 mm.

1 $ Azzal, N. of Agades, July 13, 1920.

124. Hypena sordida sp. nov.

$. Uniform sooty brown-grey ; forewing an angled dull orange antemedian

line, within which is a black dot on subcostal vein ; an oblique median band

also dull orange, a postdiscal oblique darker grey shadow band. Hindwing

uniform sooty brown-grey.

Expanse : 20 mm. ; length of forewing : 8 mm.

1 $ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

LYMANTRIIDAE.

125. Nygmia Jasciata (Walk.).

DuUchia Jasciala Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 809 (1855).

1 ? Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

120. Casama griseola sp. nov.

tJ. Antennae yellowish grey ; head and thorax mouse-grey ; abdomen

yellowish mouse-grey. Forewing ash-grey, a black lunate discocellular stigma,

a faint indication of a postmedian line, and some blackish marginal dots. Hind-

wing opalescent white.

$. Similar but larger ; thorax darker grey. Forewing darker grey, stigma

ringed with white, marginal dots running into wing as streaks.

170 NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Expanse : ^ 22-5 mm. ; 9 28 mm. Length of forewing : (J 9-5 mm. ;

? 12 mm.

1 (J (type) Takoukout, Damergou, March 10, 1920 ; 1 $ Zinder, Damagarim,

February 20, 1920.

127. Casama miifoimis (Rothsch.).

Ocneria vniformis Rothschild, Noi-it. Zoo}, vol. xx. p. 118. no. 22 (1913) (S. Oued Mya).

2 cJ(J Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 7 and 26, 1920.

SPHINGIDAE.

128. Acherontia atropos (Linn.).

Sphinx atropos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. vol. i. p. 490. no. 8 (1758) (Europe).

1 $ Kano, N. Nigeria, September 23, 1920.

The following species was omitted accidentally from its correct place :

85a. Eublemma pseudonoctua sp. nov.

(J. This insect resembles a small species of tlie subfamily Noctuinae.

Antennae pale cinnamon ; head, thorax, and abdomen cinnamon.

Forewing whitish cinnamon ; the basal two-thirds suffused with rufous, a

post-median band leaden grey-brown edged with orange-rufous.

Hindwing pale greyish cinnamon.

Expanse : 12 mm.

2 (J(J Zinder, Damagarim, February 1920.

[To he continued.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XX VIII. 1921. 171

REVIEW OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY ALCIDE D'ORBIGNY

IN SOUTH AMERICA.

By C. E. HELLMAYR.

PART I.

DURING the yeare 1826-33 M. Alcide d'Orbigny, on behalf of the French

Government, travelled in the south-western portion of the South American

continent, and transmitted large collections of various objects of natural history

to the Paris Museum. The ornithological results of his exertions were very

important and rich in novelties, owing to the fact that he was the first European

naturalist to visit Bolivia and the inner districts of Argentine. It is hardly worth

while commenting upon his merits as an explorer and collector, which are '

familiar to every working ornithologist through the sumptuous volumes dealing

with the scientific results of his travels.

The account of the ornithological collections of the enterprise forms the

troisieme partie of the fourth volume of the Voyage dans VAmerique meridionale,

published at Paris from 1835 to 1847.' As so often happens with works planned

on a large scale, the volume was never completed, and ended suddenly with the

matter relating to the Toucans.

Soon after commencing this great work, d'Orbigny secured the assistance of

his countryman A. de Lafresnaye, and under their joint authorship appeared

in the Magasin de Zoologie a preliminary list of the species collected during his

travels, together with Latin descriptions of the new ones and critical notes upon

others.

This "Synopsis Avium, ab Alcide d'Orbigny, in ejus per Americam mcridio-

nalem itinere, collectarum et ab ipso viatore nconon A. do Lafresnaye in ordine

redactarum," was issued in two parts : the first, pp. 1 to 88, in the seventh volume

for 1837 ; the second, pp. 1 to 34, in the eighth volume for 1838, of the Magasin

de Zoologie, edited by Guerin-Meneville. This list, too, was never finished, and,

ending with the genus Prioriites, is even less complete than the " Oiseaux " of

the Voyage.

In the winter of 1904, while staying at his house, the late Count Berlepsch

1 Much uncertainty exists about tlis dates of issue and contents of the numerous Hvraisons of the

work. According to Messrs. Sherborn & Woodward (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii. 1901, pp. 388-390)

the several parts of the ornithological portion were published as follows :

pp. 1-48 : 1835. pp. 233-352 [date unknown].

pp. 49-158 : 1837. pp. 353 to end : 1847.

pp. 159-232 : October 1838.

It appears, however, that the plates were issued in advance of the corresponding letterpress.

This was certainly the case with pi. 2, contained in livr. 1, published 1834, while the text of Phnlco-

baenns inontanits was edited in 1837. The same applies evidently to pi. 3 to G his^ all of which are

quoted by the compilers of the Synopsis Avium in 1837. Furthermore, Tschudi (.4rcA. /. Naturg.

10, i. Heft 3, pp. 302-303), as early as 1844, quotes plates 02 to 66, with the remark "sine

descriptione," although, according to Sherborn and Woodward, the text relating to the Woodpeckers

and Toucans did not appear until 1$47.

17? NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIIl. 1921.

suggested to me the desirability of a thorough revision of d'Orbigny's material,

in view of the uncertainty attached to the proper identification of many of the

species described or mentioned in the Voyage and in the ,Sy)topsis Aviit7n. I

readily agreed to undertake that work, in which I have been materially assisted

by a series of manuscript notes, chiefly on Bolivian birds, generously placed at

my disposal by the Count.

I set to work in Februarj' 1904, during a short sojourn at Paris, and, as far

as time and other duties jjermitted, I have ever since been accumulating material

for the present study. In the winter 1905-6, when residing in the French capital,

I devoted much time and labour to d'Orbigny's birds, and in subsequent j'ears

ten other visits to the Paris ]Museum were chiefly emjjloyed in collecting data

on this subject. Various types belonging to certain difficult groups were most

obligingly forwarded to me by my friend, Mons. A. Mencgaux, while others I

was allowed to take over with me to England for comparison with the series

at Loudon and Tring. Thus I have successively worked over the whole of

d'Orbigny's series as still rejiresented in the French National Collection. In

some cases I have not succeeded in tracing particular examples,' which, however,

* does not imply that they no longer exist in the Paris Museum, since researches

of that kind are seriously hampered by the fact that a number of specimens,

particularly among the larger birds, have been mounted, and have to be looked

for in the show gallery, housed in a separate building.

By far the greater portion of the birds, however, are kept in the skin collec-

tion, and, with very few exceptions, still bear the original labels, on which, besides

number, locality, and year of entry at tlie Museum, the scientific name used in

d'Orbigny's writings is to be found. In the case of the specimens having been

mounted, these data were transcribed on the new Museum labels, while d'Orbigny's

old ones are often attached to the bottom of the stand. In nearly every instance

I give an exact copy of the original label (or its substitute), so that ornithologists

may be able to control any particular statement of mine.

While the bulk of d'Orbigny's collection remained in the Paris Museum,

a considerable number of alleged " duplicates " went into other lands. M. de

Lafresnaye, the joint author of the Synopsis Avium, appears to have obtained

examples of the new species whenever there was more than one specimen, and

, these, if properly identifiable as being of d'Orbigny's collecting, have cer-

tainly the claim to be regarded as cotypes. In a joint communication with

Mons. Menegaux - I have explained, however, why the labelling of certain

specimens as " types " in the Lafresnaye Collection should generally be mistrusted.

We are glad to learn that Messrs. Bangs and Penard arc at present engaged in a

thorough revision of that important collection, now in the Museum of Comparative

Zoology at Cambridge, Mass.

Besides those given to Lafresnaj'c, .specimens of d'Orbigny's passed into the

Massena Collection, and thus found their \\a,y to the Museum of the Academy

of Natural Science at Philadelphia.' Others again, by exchange, went to the

Vienna, Leydcn, and British Museums ; but all of these were mere duplicates

* The types of the following species described n.s new b,v d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye could not

be found ; Myothera analis, Thamnophilus a£inis, Synallaxis bitorquata. Troglodytes guarayanQf

Muscipela slnunineo-votlris, Pyrrhula cineria, Anuhules squamiycr.

■' Auk, 23, 1906, pp. 480-483.

3 See Stone, Proc. Ac. N. i^ci. Phila. 51, 1899, p. 52.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 173

of species well represented in the original series at Paris, and, consequently, of

no importance for our own purpose.

In compiling the present memoir I have paid special attention to geographical

distribution and local variation, and, as I have had the advantage of consulting

very large series of most of the species treated in the succeeding pages, it is

hoped that the results of my studies may not be entirely devoid of interest to

the student of neotropical ornithology. During the past few years, I am sorry

to say, certain authors have been remarkably industrious in contributing to the

synonymy of American birds. Many of the supposed new " species " and

" subspecies " are based upon characters which the experienced specialist at

once recognises as useless in the respective groui:is. The ornithologist begiiming

work in a new field, however clever he may be, should keep in mind that not

everything new to him must necessarily be new to science. On reading such

diagnoses as those given by Cherrie or Chubb, one is forced to the conclusion

that the authors are not conversant either with the existing literature or with

the subject about which they are writing. It is to be hoped that authors

generally wiU soon realise that similar contributions are a hindrance rather than

an advantage to science.

In concluding these introductory remarks I have to tender my warmest

thanks to the late Count Berlepsch for constant help and advice during the

preparation of this paper, either by the loan of specimens or by offering criticism

on disputed points. To Lord Rothschild and Dr. Ernst Hartert I am under

great obligations for giving me free access to the wonderful bird-collection in the