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22K, yY

Novi Aras ZOOLOGICA.

Vol. XXIX. APRIL 1922. No. I.

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF EAST AFRICA.

By V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN.

(Plates I to VII.)

INTRODUCTORY NOTES.

HOUGH our knowledge of East African birds has been greatly advanced

during recent years by the reports on the collections made by Sir Frederick

Jackson and others, yet these reports are based on collections which have been

made more or less indiscriminately, in localities which have no direct relationship

one to the other, so that a general idea of the distribution could hardly be gained.

Further, insufficient material for comparative purposes has rendered it impossible

to judge with any accuracy the relationship of the Uganda and East African

Avifauna with that of other colonies in Africa.

The recent paper by Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, was the first real attempt

to review the birds of East Africa and Uganda (as represented by the Cozens-Lowe

collection) in relation to the birds of other parts of Africa. Unfortunately, the

collection was somewhat limited and the work has been left unfinished !

Sclater and Praed, Jbis, 1918-1919, have contributed much to the elucidation

of the ornithological problems of the Sudan.

’ Until the collections become absolutely representative of the whole of

Africa, no comprehensive paper can be written showing the distribution of any

species or subspecies all over Africa, We must therefore depend on published

reports, and it is in the hopes of being able to throw fresh light on the ornithology

of East Africa and Uganda that I have written the following pages, based chiefly

on my present collection.

Students of African ornithology may at first sight be surprised that I have

recognised so many species and subspecies, and have also in nearly all cases

upheld the races created by the late Dr. Mearns (when reporting on the Roosevelt

collections, etc.). When these reports first appeared I was sceptical about the

possibility of so many new forms, because I accepted as a working basis the

works on Jackson’s and other collections as correct and representative of the

country. I must now admit, however, that since I have studied the ornithology

of East Africa and Uganda from the point of view of the field-worker and collector,

and from a geographical and topographical point of view, I have had to modify

my preconceived ideas considerably.

Considering the position of these countries, it is not surprising to find

> Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

that their avifauna is of a very varied and complex nature, therefore during

the last eight years I have endeavoured to carry out an ornithological survey of

the two countries from the coast up the great lake and westward to Uganda

and the Congo border. Owing to the war I was compelled to limit my

sphere of operations somewhat, but what I have accomplished has brought

to light certain facts of great interest. East Africa has been surveyed more

thoroughly than Uganda, and in the main I took as the line of investigation the

country on either side of the Uganda Railway from Mombasa to Kisumu, and

penetrating as far as possible on either side.

A large amount of material was got together, and the study of this reveals

the fact that there are certain more or less defined zoogeographical zones or areas

worthy of recognition.

I have endeavoured to illustrate these zones by means of the appended

chart, showing a vertical and horizontal section of the Uganda Railway.

The whole of the Western Provinces of Uganda and the central area can be

looked upon as West African in character, somewhat modified in type. When

we consider the northern territory we find Sudan and South Ethiopian forms

represented, and in the eastern districts a mixed avifauna showing South Ethiopian

and East African elements.

It should be noted here, however, that birds which may be taken to be

typically western in type, find their way into the Elgon area, North Kavirondo,

and the Mau Hill, extending more or less southward to what was the old political

boundary between Uganda and East Africa.

At this point I should like to draw attention to the extraordinary distribution

of certain species which are found on the Elgon-Nandi ranges, and which, although

not occurring in Uganda and south of Lake Victoria, yet appear again in the

Ruwenzori-Kivu area, in some cases exhibiting no change, in others showing a

marked intensification of colour so as to be reckoned as geographical forms.

As examples of this we have Sylvietta leucophrys, Trochocercus mgromitratus,

Chlorophoneus dohertyi, and Campothera taeniolaema.

In the case of East Africa we have to consider Ethiopian, Somali, and South

African influences ; but in practically all instances the birds exhibit modifications

in plumage justifying the recognition of races.

From this point we naturally come to the consideration of the effect of the

climatic and topographical influences on the bird-life of the countries.

The zones or areas, as indicated by the chart, carry in them certain species

and forms which are more or less confined to these areas, but it must be understood

that these areas are still provisional to a certain extent.

That various factors—such as climate, altitude, etc.—had influence on the

evolution of races and species has been long recognised, but insufficient regard

has been paid to these points in connection with the birds of Hast Africa and

Uganda. Thus, when they are considered, it is not surprising to find that we

must recognise more races and species than hitherto.

The various zoogeographical zones or areas are most marked when we

study the distribution of the Larks and the Cisticolae.

What I call the ‘‘ thorn-bush zone ”’ extends throughout the eastern half

of East Africa north into eastern Uganda, and encircles on the east the high

plain and Alpine zones. But even in this ‘‘ thorn-bush zone ”’ races of the same

form are found, produced no doubt by local conditions.

Novitates Zootogicar XXIX, 1922. 3

In addition to my own material, I have been able to make use of a fine

collection belonging to A. Blayney Percival, a small collection from the Nairobi

Museum, and a collection made by Mr. Allen Turner for Colonel Meinertzhagen,

and now mostly in Tring. I have also had specimens of Cisticola, which were

lent to me by J. Pemberton Cook. For comparative purposes I have had the

privilege of using the magnificent material in the Tring Museum, and also more

or less that in the British Museum. I wish to express my thanks to Lord

Rothschild and Dr. Hartert, to the staff of the Tring Museum, especially Mr.

Arthur Goodson, and the staff of the Bird-room in the British Museum, for

these privileges and much kind help.

The arrangement follows more or less that of Reichenow’s Végel Afrikas,

but has been modified in certain instances.

The localities have been grouped according to their political divisions.

My collection, on which this work is founded, contained 15,000 skins of about

1,300 species and subspecies. Included are over ninety European and several

Asiatic migrants and winter visitors. Several of the European visitors belong

to West European forms; as, for example, the British Yellow Wagtail and the

Greenland (and Iceland) Wheatear (Tring, February 1920).

[This important contribution to African Ornithology was first sent to the

Editors of the Ibis for publication, but was not accepted on account of its bulk

and unfinished state. It was written without regard to the present high prices

of printing, and, owing to an unfortunate attack of influenza, or something like

it, during the latter part of Dr. van Someren’s stay in England, the manuscript

was indeed not fit for printing, as it was rather hurriedly completed, and the

type-written text, evidently not being corrected, was full of slips and wrong

spellings of names. I have therefore undertaken the tedious work of cutting out

unnecessary lengths and repetitions, filling in and correcting quotations and names,

etc., etc. That I have eliminated all errors can, however, hardly be hoped for.

That I had to do this was natural, for unexpected work always falls to those

who are busiest, but I am glad to have been able to help that van Someren’s work

could be published. It must be added that 6,490 specimens of the 15,000 on

which this treatise is based are now in the Tring Museum, including nearly all

the types. The rest has, for the time being, been taken back to Nairobi by Dr.

van Someren.

This work has been written in the Tring Museum, where Dr, van Someren

worked over half a year, but some weeks were also spent over it in the British

Museum.

Though residents in East Africa still distinguish between ‘‘ British East”

and “ German East,” and will probably long continue to do so, the new official

titles of these two countries, ‘‘ Kenya (or Kenia) Colony” for British East Africa,

and ‘Tanganyika Territory” for German East Africa, are generally used in

Dr. van Someren’s article-—Ernst HArteErt.]

1. Struthio camelus massaicus Neum. East African Ostrich.

Young birds were brought to me at Naivasha in January 1919, and eggs

were found in the Longonot District in November.

4 Novirares ZoonocicaAE XXIX. 1922,

2. Struthio camelus molybdophanes Rchw. Somali Ostrich.

Adults and half-grown young were seen in the open country beyond Archer’s

Post.

(Struthio ?

A “pigmy Ostrich” has been reported from south of Lake Rudolf, but

no specimens have been procured.)

3. Podiceps ruficollis capensis Licht. African Little Grebe.

The amount of white on the wings of adult birds is very variable and not

so distinctly distributed as in the European species. In all my adult African

specimens, including breeding birds, the underside is pure white, lacking the

black mottling so characteristic in northern species.

On practically all lakes and larger swampy, slow-flowing rivers this bird

is common and comparatively tame. They are usually seen in couples or small

associations.

I am not satisfied that these birds have a non-breeding plumage. I have

shot them on a lake at 9,000 feet.

Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha, B.E.A. 495 9Qad., 2 juv., 29. viii.

4. Podiceps nigricollis Brehm. Black-necked Grebe.

Eggs: Clutch of two.

These birds, although resident and breeding in East Africa, appear not to

be separable from European ones, though my specimens are not so black. They

are, however, worn. Furthermore, they apparently have no winter or non-

breeding plumage. They nest twice a year!

Lake Nakuru, B.E.A. 2 ¢ 2 Qad., 2 juv., all 29. vili.1918.

5. Colymbus cristatus infuscatus Salvad. African Crested Grebe.

Clutches of three or four eggs, and young in October 1918.

This is a good subspecies. It is resident and breeds on the larger lakes of

Uganda and East Africa. There is no winter or non-breeding plumage so far

as I can make out. Several pairs nested together in a small area of reeds on

Lake Nakuru, and it was here that I was able to observe them going through

similar antics to those ably described by E. Selous, in connection with the Euro-

pean bird, in Wild Life, and elsewhere. Even when the eggs are well incubated,

fresh material is added to the nest—mostly by the male bird. The parent birds

are most assiduous in their care for the eggs and young.

Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha, B.E.A. 3 $29, 1 pull., 20.x. and December.

6. Larus fuscus Linn. Lesser Black-backed Gull.

A few adults and young remain throughout the summer, but the majority

are young or birds in their second plumage.

Lake Nakuru, Lake Naivasha.

7, Larus hemprichi Bruch. Hemprich’s Gull.

This species is found along the coast, but not very common,

Mombasa and Manda Island, 2 9.

Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX, 1922.

8. Larus cirrhocephalus Vieill. Grey-headed Gull.

Common on the larger sheets of water. The occurrence of L. ridibundus in

East Africa is doubtful, the recorded birds probably being young of L. cirrho-

cephalus.

Lakes Victoria, Nakuru, Naivasha. 3 4, 1 juv.

9. Sterna media Horsf. Lesser Yellow-billed Tern.

1 g Manda Island, 29. iii.

10. Sterna bergii Licht. Yellow-billed Tern.

Fair numbers seen along the coast.

Manda Island, March.

11. Hydrochelidon leucoptera Meisn. White-winged Black Tern.

The two August birds are adults, assuming winter plumage. The May

birds are young and show no attempt at assuming summer dress, Adult males

in winter plumage have grey tails—as in females. Many birds remain on the

lakes throughout the year and do not migrate north.

Lakes Nakuru, Naivasha, and Rudolf. 5 g 5 9, January, May, August,

December.

12. Hydrochelidon leucopareia leucopareia Temm. Whiskered Tern.

Not very common.

Lake Naivasha. November.

13. Gelochelidon nilotica Horsf. Gull-billed Tern.

A winter visitor to the large lakes and coast.

Lamu and Manda Island. 2 ¢9, April.

14, Pelecanus rufescens Gm. African Pelican.

A pair frequented the south end of Lake Naivasha for about a week in

October 1918, but eventually disappeared,

15. Pelecanus onocrotalus Linn. Common Pelican.

g 12.ii.1917, in perfect full plumage, Lake Naivasha.

16, Phalacrocorax africanus Gm. Lesser African Cormorant.

Jinja, in Uganda, Lake Naivasha and Kisumu. 4 ¢ 1 2, May, August,

December.

17. Phalacrocorax carbo lugubris Riipp. East African Cormorant.

The area of bare skin of the throat is more extensive than in P. carbo curbo

and P. carbo lucidus.

39, 25.viii. Kisumu.

6 Novitatrs ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922.

18. Nyroca erythrophthalma Wied. African Pochard.

(= capensis Less., nee Gm., brunnea Eyt.)

Great variation exists in this species. Full-plumaged birds are found in

April and November.

39. In full plumage, April and November. ¢ juv., half plumage, May,

October, December. @ juv., half plumage, February, August, October. There

appears to be no eclipse plumage !

Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha, Eldoret. 22 specimens.

19. Anas sparsa Eyton. Black River Duck.

This species is found on the smaller lakes and rivers. Although adult, my

male has no white ring on the neck.

Aberdare Mts. 4, 10. viii.17.

20, Anas undulata Dubois. Yellow-billed Duck.

Moulting in November, breeding in February and May. Down of two colours,

dark and long, pale and short, is present in females in February and May.

Nakuru Lake, Naivasha and Kimiriri River, Elgon. 6 3 4 9.

21. Anas capensis Gm. African Pink-billed Teal.

The female, although an October bird, had swollen ovaries and a heavy crop

of dark down. The female is more uniform on the lower surface than the male.

Nakuru Lake. 2 g 9, October, November.

22. Anas punctata Burch. Hottentot Teal.

The down in the female and of those in the Tring Museum is greyish ashy,

while that of males is dark brownish black.

Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha. 4 ¢ 1 9, February, October, November.

23. Dafila acuta Linn. European Pintail Duck.

The April male is in full breeding dress. This date is the latest on which I

have seen this species. The January bird is in half breeding dress.

Lake Naivasha.

24. Nyroca fuligula Linn. European Tufted Duck.

This I believe is the first record of this bird so far south. It was shot by

Mr. Allen Turner on the Yala River Swamp, Kavirondo, 21.xi.1913.

25. Querquedula querquedula Linn. European Garganey.

A regular winter visitor. In 1919 most birds had left by April 16th.

Lake Naivasha. 3 g 29, March, May, Ocvober.

Novrrates ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922. a

26. Poecilonetta erythrorhyncha Gm. African Pintail.

The November female is in heavy body moult. Dark and pale down is

present on the breast.

Lakes Naivasha and Nakuru. November, December.

27. Spatula clypeata Linn. European Shoveller.

The most extraordinary plumages are met with in Shovellers shot in East

Africa. The April 15th male is in full plumage. I have never come across an

adult male in full plumage before the end of March. Why this should be, is

difficult to explain, unless it is that all the birds which winter with us are birds of

the year or previous year. One young male has the feathers of the back barred.

Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha. January, April, November, December (3 juv.).

28. Thalassornis leuconotus Eyt. White-rumped Diving Duck.

A male bird shot on February 16th is uniform on the breast, and moulting

heavily. The male of October 18th had very large testes, while a female shot

on April 15th had an egg in the oviduct. A common bird, keeping to the Lily

patches, and very disinclined to take wing.

Lakes Naivasha and Nakuru. February, April, October, December.

29. Erismatura maccoa Smith. .Red Diving Duck.

A female shot in October has moulted all its wing-feathers and is in heavy

moult on the body. The other two are in full clean dress. This is not a common

species in East Africa.

Lakes Naivasha and Nakuru. 2 ¢ 49, October, December.

30. Dendrocygna viduata Linn. White-faced Whistling Duck.

A common species.

Naivasha and Lake Magadi. 2 519, 15.iv.1919.

31. Dendrocygna fulva Gm. Fulvous Whistling Duck.

Appears to prefer shallow swamps and flooded areas rather than open sheets

of deep water.

Kisumu swamp. 4d, 20. iii. 1918.

32. Chenalopex aegyptiacus Linn. Egyptian Goose.

An October male is young, just able to fly. It was seen amongst a flock of

at least fifty, all of the same age. There were only three adult birds with them.

Naivasha and Kisumu.

33. Sarkidiornis melanotus africanus Hartl. Knob-billed Goose.

Lakes Naivasha and Nakuru. 3 4 19.

Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922.

34. Plectropterus gambensis Linn. Spur-winged Goose.

My male has the entire head and neck and the whole breast black or green-

black.

Kisumu and Lake Nakuru and Naivasha. 1439, June, November.

35. Balearica regulorum gibbericeps Rchw. East African Crowned Crane.

Very common. Seen either in pairs or flocks, usually in the vicinity of water.

Kisumu. 1 juv., 17.i.1916.

36. Threskiornis aethiopica Lath. Sacred Ibis.

Very common on the larger sheets of water, but occasionally frequenting the

smaller streams and swamps. A small flock of six haunted the swamp by the

Nairobi River for nearly a month. The February specimen is young, still retaining

part of the spotted plumage, and has the neck and head feathered, Full-plumaged

breeding males develop long straw-coloured plumes on the flanks.

Kisumu, Naivasha, Nairobi. ¢ juv. 16.ii., g June, ¢ April.

37. Plegadis falcinellus Linn. European Glossy Ibis.

The May bird is in perfect full dress. Fairly common.

Naivasha Lake and Kisumu. 2 g May, December, 2 December.

38. Oreoibis akleyorum Chapman. Kenia Ibis.

Described from Kenia and Aberdare Mountains. Anadult male was obtained

by W. Noel van Someren on the slopes of Mt. Kenia, 6,500 feet, 18.i.1921.

39. Hagedashia hagedash nilotica Neum. Northern Great Glossy Ibis.

I have provisionally recognised this race, though I fail to appreciate the

differences between these birds and East African specimens.

however, very limited, 2 J 1 2 only.

Masindi and Entebbe in Uganda.

My material is,

40. Hagedashia hagedash erlangeri Neum. East African Great Glossy Ibis.

Lake Jipe and Naivasha.

41. Platalea leucorodia leucorodia Linn. European Spoonbill.

A male belonging to the European species, having black legs and the feather-

ing of the crown extending down between the eyes in a point; shot Lake Naivasha,

15.11.1918. Large numbers winter on the larger lakes.

42. Platalea alba Scop. African Spoonbill.

A female was shot off its nest April 10th, containing two eggs. Not particu-

larly common, though more were seen on Lake Nakuru than elsewhere.

Kisumu, Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha.

Novrrates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 9

43. Ardea cinerea cinerea Linn. European Grey Heron.

Migrants are found during the winter months, but the bird is not resident in

East Africa,

44. Ardea melanocephala Vig. Black Crowned Grey Heron.

A common species on the lakes and larger rivers and swamps.

Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha.

45, Ardea goliath Cretzschm. Giant Heron.

Not very common.

Lake Naivasha. dg, April 1916.

46. Ardea gularis Bosc.

Has been recorded from Zanzibar and Witu (Jackson).

47, Ardea purpurea purpurea Linn. Purple Heron.

Very common, A resident and breeding species.

Kisumu and Lake Naivasha.

48, Melanophoyx ardesiaca Wagl. Black Heron.

Common on the coast of Tanganyika Territory. A few extending to the

Pangani region.

Dar-es-Salaam (Loveridge leg.).

49, Mesophoyx intermedius brachyrhynchus Brehm. Short-billed White Heron.

Quite common on Lake Victoria and the larger lakes, but also found on the

smaller swamps.

Nairobi, Kisumu, Nakuru.

50. Egretta alba Linn. European White Heron.

Winter visitor. Not resident, so far as my observations go.

51. Bubulcus ibis Linn. Cattle Egret.

Very common, Sometimes found miles from water.

52. Eeretta garzetta Linn. Egret.

A common species found from the coast throughout East Africa and Uganda

in suitable localities.

53. Ardeola ralloides Scop. Buff-backed Heron.

Very common along the shores of the larger lakes, Naivasha and others.

10 Novitates Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922.

54, Ardeola idae Hartl. Striped-backed Heron.

It is remarkable to find this species so far inland as Nairobi. The only two

specimens I have seen and shot were along the banks of small streams, not by

lakes. It is a rare bird.

Nairobi and Kijabe, 10.vii.1915, 20.x.1916.

55. Butorides atricapilla Afz. Green-backed Heron.

Very common.

56. Erythrocnus rufiventris Sund. Chestnut Heron.

Not very common. Is found along the shores of Lake Victoria.

Entebbe. 18.xi.1917.

57. Ardetta sturmi Wagl. Little Blue Heron.

Not by any means common. It occurs along swamps, by little streams, and

also along lake sides.

Nairobi River, Lake Victoria, Kisumu. 2 ¢ collected, May, November.

58. Ardetta minuta payesi Hartl. Little Black-backed Heron.

Kisumu in British East Africa, Sezibwa and 8, Ankole in Uganda, January,

August, September.

59. Tigrisoma leucolaema Rchw.

This bird was described from Ukerewe Island on Lake Victoria. I have no

specimens.

(Botaurus stellaris L. Bittern.

I have no records of the occurrence of the Bittern in East Africa or Uganda.)

60. Nycticorax nycticorax Linn. Night Heron.

Occurs in East Africa on migration, and is said to be resident also.

61. Scopus umbretta bannermani C. Grant. East African Hammerkopp.

A pair was caught on the nest at Kisumu, 17.vi.1915, Common on swampy

ground and small collections of water.

62. Balaeniceps rex Gould. Shoebilled Stork.

Ts fairly common on Lake Kioga in Uganda, nesting in the sudd on that lake.

63. Ciconia ciconia Linn. White Stork.

Very common; large flocks spend the winter months on the plains of

Kavirondo and Ukamba, A bird which had been ringed in Hungary was shot at

Eldoret in Uasingishu district.

Novitatres ZooLnocican XXIX. 1922. 11

64. Ciconia nigra Linn. Black Stork.

A large flock was seen in the Kisumu district in December 1917.

65. Abdimia abdimi Licht. Purple Stork.

Common in the Nile district of Uganda.

66. Dissoura episcopus microscelis Gray. White-headed Stork.

Has been recorded from several localities in Uganda and Kast Africa: Lamu

Kipini, Naivasha, and Masindi.

67. Mycteria senegalensis Shaw. Saddle-billed Stork.

Occurs on the lakes and larger rivers, but is not common.

68. Leptoptilus crumeniferus Less. Marabou Stork.

Common in suitable localities.

69. Anastomus lamelligerus Temm. Open-billed Ibis.

Very common in the Kavirondo district. Kisumu.

70. Tantalus ibis Linn. Wood Ibis.

Commoner in the Nile district, Uganda, and Lake Albert than in East Africa

but occurs on the Tana and Juba Rivers and is common on Lake Rudolf.

71. Phoenicopterus roseus Pall. Greater Flamingo.

Very common on Lakes Rudolf and Baringo, also occurs on Naivasha and

Nakuru.

72. Phoenicopterus minor Geofir. Lesser Flamingo.

A common species on Lakes Rudolf, Baringo, Nakuru, Naivasha, and Magadi,

and the lakes in West Uganda. Breed on Nakuru in large numbers. Young

obtained in October and November. 20.x.1916, adults.

73. Glareola pratincola fiilleborni Neum. East African Pratincole.

Few in second plumage, 15.i.1917, adults January and May.

With a series of G. p. filleborni and G. p. limbata laid out side by side, it is

obvious that they are distinct. It is, however, difficult to define their exact dis-

tribution. From the specimens before me it would appear that in East Africa

and Uganda, @. p. fiilleborni occurs along the coast and inland to Victoria Nyanza

and Lake Rudolf, It is possible that G. p. limbata extends into North Uganda, but

I have no specimens from this locality. G. p. fiilleborni, besides being darker on

the breast, back, and under wing coverts than @. p. limbaia, lacks the indication.

of a collar on the hind neck. The amount of ochraceous on the under surface

appears to vary with age, the younger birds being pure white on the lower breast

i2 Novitates Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922.

and abdomen, It is important that the breeding range of the two subspecies

should be ascertained and information as to migratory movements—if any—

collected. Wings, 183-204 mm.

N. of Mombasa to Lamu, Lakes Victoria and Rudolf.

(Glareola pratincola pratincola. European Pratincole.

Does not occur in East Africa or Uganda—although reported, These

specimens should refer to the previous subspecies !)

74. Glareola nordmanni Fisch. Black-winged Pratincole.

Seth-Smith collected this form in North Uganda, at Gondokoro, in 1916, and

remarks that they appeared in large numbers between April 14th and 18th, and

then left. Wings, 193-202 mm.

75. Glareola ocularis Verr. Madagascar Pratincole.

This species has been reported from the coast of East Africa: Lamu,

September 11th, Jackson coll.

76. Glareola nuchalis Gray. White-ringed Pratincole.

% Glareola emini Shell,

It seems to me very doubtful whether G. nuchalis and G. emini are distinct.

Entebbe and Jinga in Uganda, 2 3, 1.viii.17 and 7.v.18.

77. Cursorius somalensis Shelley. Somali Grey-naped Courser.

3, 18.ii1.1918. Turkwell River, H. J. A. Turner leg., Meinertzhagen coll.

This specimen appears to me not to differ from birds collected in Somaliland.

The occurrence of this species in Turkana and south-west Lake Rudolf district

extends its range considerably. Wings, 125-134 mm.

78. Cursorius temmincki Sw. Temminck’s Courser.

Claude Grant, Jbis, 1915, draws attention to the three specimens collected

by the Cozens-Lowe Expedition in Uganda and East Africa, and remarks that

they are rather darker on the back than West or South African birds. This is

also the case in my five specimens. In addition, my specimens seem to have the

black abdominal patch larger in extent—more longitudinal and reaching almost

to the vent. However, this may be due to preparation, Transvaal birds are

palest.

There is considerable variation on the under-surface, some specimens lacking

the ashy-olive tinge on the breast. These birds are found from sea-level to well

over 8,500 feet. Wings, 118-125 mm.

Coast of East Africa, Lamu inland to Taveta, Simba, Nakuru, and Eldoret

in B.E.A., South Ankole in Uganda. 4 $29, January, May, August, September.

Novirates ZooLocicar XXIX, 1922. 13

79. Rhinoptilus chalcopterus obscurus Neum. Southern Purple-winged Courser.

Apparently a good subspecies. Two full-plumaged males, Nairobi, 3.v.1917

and 26.v.1919.

80. Rhinoptilus africanus gracilis Fisch. and Rchw. Little Two-banded Courser.

Frequents the open, rocky plains and dry bush country. Not very common.

Taveta, Magadi, Loita. 3 919, 5.viii.; 12, 23.xii.

81. Rhinoptilus africanus hartingi Sharpe. Lesser Two-banded Courser.

This form occurs in the Juba district of British East Africa.

82. Rhinoptilus cinctus cinctus Heugl. Three-banded Courser.

At first glance it would appear that Somaliland specimens are paler on the

upperside, but these can be matched with birds from East Africa.

Suk Country, Turkana, and Kerio River. 4 $19, 6.iv.1917;1 Q, 4.1.1918.

83. Squatarola helvetica Linn. Grey Plover.

Specimens shot during the same month represent various degrees of moult.

Thus we find that a male procured in March is almost in full nuptial dress, while

others obtained in April show as yet very little signs of change from winter to

summer.

Lamu and Manda Islands, Coast of mainland. ¢ 9, March and April.

84, Charadrius geoffroyi Wagl. Heavy-billed Dotterel.

Five birds, with the exception of two males collected in April, are in winter

dress. The moult apparently extends over a lengthened period, some birds

taking longer than others. A male taken 17.iv.1916 is still in full winter

plumage. So far as I know, this species has not been taken on the inland waters

of East Africa or Uganda.

Coast of East Africa, especially Lamu and district. March, April, January.

85. Charadrius asiaticus Pall, Caspian Plover.

This is perhaps the most common wader found inland, frequently miles

from water. On open veldt and newly ploughed land they occur in flocks, but

in my experience seldom stay long in one place.

Coast lands, Nairobi, Kisumu, Naivasha, Eldoret. 3 3, January, September.

86. Charadrius mongolus atrifrons Wagl. Black-fronted Sand Dotterel.

Specimens collected in March are almost in full breeding plumage. They

occur commonly along the coast and occasionally inland on the larger lakes,

Wings, 120-127 mm.

Lake Victoria, coast land Mombasa, Lamu. 5 $9, January, March.

(Charadrius mongolus mongolus does not migrate to East Africa.)

14 Novitates ZooLocicar XXIX. 1922.

87. Charadrius marginatus Vicill. Pale-backed Sand Plover.

2 C. pallidus Strick.

Rather paler than birds from Angola, but one or two worn specimens from

that country agree in coloration. Madagascar birds, however, are paler, like

the East African specimens ; a series should be compared. Wings, 100-103 mm.

Lamu and mainland coast [Jubaland, A. B. Percival coll.]. ¢9, April,

December, in fresh plumage.

88. Charadrius varius varius Vieill. African Sand Plover.

This species is found in East Africa along the coast and inland, frequenting

the lake shores and banks or rivers and streams where there are open beaches

and banks. It is, however, more a bird of the lakes than the Three-collared

Plover. Full-plumaged adults vary considerably from worn specimens, the

difference being particularly noticeable on the breast.

Lamu, Manda, Nairobi, Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha. 8 ¢ 3 2, February,

April, May, June.

89. Charadrius venustus Fisch. and Rchw. Massai Sand Plover.

To the original description should be added the following: In adult males

there is an indication of a narrow black band separating the white of the throat

from the pale chestnut breast band. In clean, freshly moulted males the chestnut

of the posterior part of the superciliary stripe is extended back to the nape,

forming a collar. The young bird has the feathers of the mantle and wing-coverts

tipped with pale greyish. It lacks the black-and-brown frontal bands, and on

the breast has an incomplete band of an ashy brown.

This Plover is apparently confined to the Soda Lakes of East Africa and

very rare in collections. The plumage of newly moulted birds is soon bleached

by the action of the soda in the water.

Magadi Lake. 3 g, 29, 1 juv. (20.xi.1917) obtained.

90, 91. Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula Linn. and Charadrius hiaticula

tundrae Lowe. Ringed Plover.

In a series of fifteen East African specimens pale and dark birds are repre-

sented, and as both the typical and eastern forms are migrants to Africa south

of the equator, both subspecies might occur. It is noticeable that November

to January birds are paler than February to April specimens, and some of the

latter are as pale as the typical form.

Wings: 3 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129; 9118, 121, 126, 127, 118 mm,

Nairobi, Nakuru Lake, Naivasha Lake, Mombasa. 5 3, 2 9.

92. Charadrius dubius curonicus Gmel. Little Ringed Plover.

The localities from which my specimens were taken extend its winter range.

February birds are still in first plumage,

Victoria Nyanza, Kisumu, and Lake Rudolf (S.W.). 3 g 2 9, February,

March,

Novirates ZoorocicaAE XXIX, 1922. 15

93. Charadrius tricollaris Vieill. Three-collared Ringed Plover.

Eggs: Clutches three and two taken 17.ix.1918.

A young bird, 16.x.17, is heavily spotted on the back, the feathers being

margined and barred with pale buff; remains of down are present on the hind

neck and on the tips of the rectrices. Very common on lakes and suitable streams.

Nairobi, Simba, and Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha. 3 g, 29, ljuv., the last

T6rxs TON.

94. Stephanibyx melanopterus minor Zedlitz. Large Grey-breasted Plover.

This form appears to be separable, but certain North-East African birds

are not any larger than East African examples.

East African : wings, 215-218; North-east African: 218-230 mm.

The nestlings in down have the forehead buff with a few black spots, head

and upper surface of body mixed black and buff, neck with a decided white

collar, chin, sides of head and lower surface of body white, sides of head and

body washed buff. Tips of bill brownish. They resemble very closely the

young of our common Lapwing. Frequents the plains rather than water-side.

Nairobi, Nakuru, and Naivasha, 2 g 3 9, May and October. Nestlings,

16.v.1918.

95. Stephanibyx lugubris Less. (= S. inornatus Swains.). Lesser Grey-breasted

Plover.

Claude Grant, Jbis, 1915, points out that the correct name for this bird is

S. lugubris, not inornatus.—Birds from the coast districts of East Africa have

rather narrower black bands separating the grey breast from the white abdomen.

In some cases the black is entirely absent. Wing, 160-184 mm.

Lamu and Nambeziwa, Uganda. 2 3, 8.v.1916, 14.x.1917.

96. Stephanibyx coronatus Bodd. Crowned Lapwing.

East African specimens do not appear to differ from South African birds.

Wings, 193-198 mm. Young in the first barred plumage show more indication

of the ultimate plumage than do others of this group. The specimen taken

12. viii.1915 has still a large amount of down. It is pale sandy buff on the

upperside and breast, faintly barred with blackish. A dark band separates the

buff of the breast from the white of the rest of the underside, Central pair of

tail-feathers uniform black, the remainder tipped white—all retain the down at

the tip. The cap is indicated by a whitish centre mixed with buff and margined

with black. The soft parts of the bill and the legs are yellowish pink.

M’buyuni Plains, Simba, Nairobi. 3 3, 1 9, 1 juv.

97. Hemiparra crassirostris Hartl. Thick-billed Plover.

Masindi, Uganda. 49 in full, fresh plumage, 15.xi.1918.

(Hemiparra leucoptera Rchw. White-winged Thick-billed Plover.

Is said to occur in Uganda, but I do not think it does.)

16 NoviratEs Zoonogicare XXIX, 1922,

98. Hoplopterus spinosus L. Egyptian Spur-winged Plover.

Fully adult birds were taken at Lake Rudolf, January and December.

Kobua River, Lake Rudolf, and Moroto.

99. Hoplopierus armatus Burch. Saddle-backed Plover.

(H. speciosus is synonym.)

Very common along the shores of Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha.

Naivasha and Nakuru. 2 3, June, October.

100. Sarciophorous tectus Bodd. Crested Wattled Plover.

From the series (21 skins) with which I have compared my few birds it

would appear that those from North-east Africa and Abyssinia are paler on

the upperside than birds from the Senegal, the type locality of S. tectus. The

East African (inland) and Uganda birds resemble the Senegal ones. It must,

however, be noticed that our North-east African birds are clean and hardly

worn, while the Senegal ones before me appear stained with earthy material.

A comparative table of wing-measurements gives the following :

North-east Africa, eight specimens, 190-198 mm.

Senegal, nine specimens, 185-195 mm.

Uganda, East Africa, four specimens, 180-187 mm.

Near Mt. Moroto, Turkwell River, Kerio River. Specimens collected in

January, October, November,

101. Sarciophorus tectus latifrons Rchw. White-fronted Wattled Plover.

Reichenow has separated the birds from the east coast near the Juba River

under the above name, giving as their differentiating characters the wide frontal

band, the paler plumage, and smaller size : wings, 175mm. In the Tring Museum

there is a specimen from the type locality which bears out these characters

except in size: wing, 183 mm, Zedlitz upholds this subspecies and quotes

several examples, and includes birds from the Ukamba district of British East

Africa. Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, doubts the validity of this form, but is in

error when he compares eastern and western birds.

102. Sarciophorus superciliosus Rchw. Chestnut-banded Wattled Plover.

Of this rare plover I collected three adult males in full plumage and with

the olive-bronze feathers of the back margined with rusty. The adult female

has the lower edge of the chestnut breast-band margined with black. Reichenow

appears to have used an immature bird for his original description. ‘Two young

birds, shot 22.viii.1917, near Kisumu (where these birds breed), differ consider-

ably from the adults, being paler on the upper side and having paler upper

breasts and necks ; the breast-band is only slightly indicated with a few brownish

feathers. The rufous on the forehead is wider than in adults and extends back

as a superciliary stripe to almost the nape. The crown is ashy greyish, not

black as in adults. The wattles are present, but not well developed,

Kisumu, 3 ¢ 2 9, August and December.

Novirates ZooLocicar XXIX, 1922. 17

103. Lobivanellus senegalus lateralis A. Sm. Black-billed Wattle Plover.

Claude Grant, Ibis, 1915, recording a bird from Gondokoro as L. senegalus,

states that it “‘ has not yet assumed the black on the abdomen,” and thinks it to

be immature. If the bird is L. senegalus senegalus it never would develop the

black abdomen! All the specimens that I have taken in Uganda have black

abdomens and are L. senegalus lateralis! Neumann, however, in O.M., 1914,

p. 8, includes Uganda in his distribution of L. senegalus senegalus. It may occur

there, but I doubt it.

L, senegalus major Neum., N.E. Africa, is a much larger bird, and a recognis-

able race.

Masindi, Singo, 2 g, April, December.

104. Burhinus oedicnemus oedicnemus Linn. European Stone Plover.

Appears to be a regular winter visitor to East Africa. I have records of its

occurrence during five years. They are, however, not common.

Kyambu and Naivasha Lake. Taken in January and October.

105, Burhinus senegalensis Swains. Senegal Stone Curlew.

My birds undoubtedly belong to the Senegal race. Whether or not the

Eastern bird differs, I am unable to decide from the material available.

W. Lake Rudolf, Kobua, and Meuressi. ¢ 2, February, March.

106. Burhinus vermiculatus Cab. African Stone Curlew.

Occurred in fair numbers on the coast at Lamu and on the mainland at

M’Koi. Is very common in Uganda.

Lamu. 29, April.

107. Burhinus capensis capensis Licht. Cape Spotted Stone Curlew.

My specimens agree with typical birds and not with B. capensis affinis.

They are resident and breed in Hast Africa, Several pairs nested on the stony

ground of the Athi plains.

Nairobi River. June, October.

108. Burhinus capensis affinis Riipp. Somali Spotted Stone Curlew.

Zedlitz (Journ. f. Orn., 1914) states that this form extends to the Victoria

Nyanza. This requires verification. Birds from Baringo and Lake Rudolf may

belong to this race. (Cf. Hartert, Nov. Zoon, 1921, p. 88.)

109. Dromas ardeola Payk. Crab Plover.

Common on the coast in suitable places, A very immature bird was taken

at, Manda Island on 6.iv.1916.

Mombasa, Lamu, Manda Island,

18 Novirates ZooLocicaE XXIX, 1922.

110. Recurvirostra avosetta Linn. Avocet.

Resident on Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha. The specimen collected was

taken at Njoro about twenty miles north of Nakuru, not in the vicinity of water,

on May 17th, 1917.

111. Himantopus himantopus Linn. Black-winged Stilt.

Resident on’ Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha.

112. Numenius arquatus arquatus Linn. Common Curlew.

Many birds remain on the coast throughout the summer, The bill of the

largest female measures 180 mm., and of the smallest male 127 (measured straight).

Occurs also on inland waters.

Mombasa, Manda Island. April.

113. Numenius phaeopus phaeopus Linn. Whimbrel.

Fair numbers winter along the lakes and coast.

Manda, Lake Nakuru. February, April, August.

114. Terekia cinerea Giild. Terek Sandpiper.

In full breeding plumage in March, at Lamu.

115. Machetes pugnax Linn. Ruff.

An August bird is still in summer plumage and has not commenced to moult ;

it shows little sign of wear, while the young taken with it is in first immature

plumage.

Nakuru Lake, Nairobi. Taken also in October.

116. Tringa nebularia Gunn. Green Shank.

March and April birds are in full nuptial dress. Common on inland waters

and in flocks along the coast.

Eldoret, Nakuru, Naivasha, Lamu and Manda Island.

117. Tringa totanus Linn. Red-shank.

Has been noted at Zanzibar and Mombasa, but I have not obtained specimens.

118. Tringa stagnatilis Bechst. Marsh Sandpiper.

The male of 17.iii. 1917 is to all intents in full breeding dress, while the May

birds are showing very little signs of change. In my opinion, these latter are

probably young of the previous summer and quite a number of these do not leave

their winter quarters in the summer. An August bird has so worn the pale edges

of the mantle feathers as to appear almost black in the interscapular region, and

yet shows little indication of a moult. My October and December birds are young

of the previous summer and are becoming light grey on the upperside.

Obtained at Nakuru and Naivasha Lakes, Eldoret, Kisumu, and Nairobi

River,

Novirates ZooLocicaE XXIX. 1922. : 19

119. Tringa ochropus Linn. Green Sandpiper.

Specimens shot in January, February, September, October, and December

are in various plumages, but none approaching the full nuptial dress. A few

remain throughout the summer.

Entebbe and Magani in Uganda, Nairobi, Kisumu, Lakes Nakuru and

Naivasha.

120. Tringa glareola Linn. Wood Sandpiper.

Odd birds remain in East Africa during the spring and summer.

Kisumu, Nakuru, Naivasha, Nairobi, and Lake Jipe, in East Africa ; Budu

and §. Aukole in Uganda. February, March, October, December.

121. Tringa hypoleucos Linn. Common Sandpiper.

Some birds remain throughout the year in suitable localities.

Kisumu, Nakuru, Naivasha, Nairobi, Simba, Tsavo, Lamu, and Manda Island,

122. Crocethia alba Pall. Sanderling.

An October bird is a young one in first plumage, while April birds are in half

summer dress, though one April male is still in winter garb.

Found on coast and inland waters.

Nakuru, Mombasa, and Lamu. April, October, January.

123. Calidris canutus Linn. Knot.

Recorded from Zanzibar. I have not collected specimens.

124, Arenaria interpres L. Turnstone.

Occurs along the coast during winter, and is occasionally found on the larger

lakes.

Jubaland coast. g 2, December.

125. Calidris alpina Linn. Dunlin.

Has been recorded from the coast and inland waters, but I have seen no

specimens.

126. Calidris ferruginea Briinn. Curlew Sandpiper.

The birds collected between April and May vary from specimens in new

summer dress to others still in full winter and showing no indication of moult.

August and October birds are young of the same year.

Kisumu, Nakuru, Naivasha, Lamu, and Manda Island. 4 3, 29, 2 juv., col-

lected April, May, August, October, December.

127. Calidris minuta minuta Leisl. Little Stint.

The assumption of the breeding dress is not limited to any given period ; thus

among the May birds we have some not yet started to moult and others in

nuptial plumage. As with other “ migratory waders,” I am convinced that here

20 Novitates Zoonoagicar XXIX. 1922.

also the late moulting birds are young of the previous summer, and of these many

would not leave their winter haunts. I have been unable to collect birds in June

and July, because I have not been in favourable districts during these months.

On my return to Africa I hope to rectify this omission.

Coast of East Africa, Mombasa, Lamu, Nairobi River, N’gong Ditch,

Naivasha, Nakuru, and Kisumu. 10 ¢ 11 9, shot in February, May, August,

September, October, and December.

128, Gallinago media Lath. Great Snipe.

As a rule the Great Snipe leave Kisumu area on May 28th, but in the spring

of 1917 they were still in evidence as late as June 15th. It was an exceptionally

wet period, and floods were common. My heaviest bird weighed 8} oz. ; it was

covered with a thick layer of fat. Numbers remain in East Africa during the

winter. Cf. next species.

Nairobi, Naivasha, Nakuru, Kisumu. 2 ¢ 3 9, collected in April, May,

December.

129. Gallinago gallinago gallinago Linn. Common Snipe.

A few Common Snipe remain throughout the winter in suitable localities,

but the majority which are shot are those passing south or north on migration,

Cf. previous species.

Nairobi, Nakuru, Naivasha. May, October, December.

130. Gallinago gallinago nigripennis Bp. African Snipe.

I have found this species breeding at altitudes from 3,400 to 9,000 feet.

Nairobi River, Lakes Narasha, Naivasha, and Nakuru. 3 ¢ 29, shot Septem-

ber and December.

131. Limnocryptes minima Briinn. (gallinula auct.). Jack Snipe.

The occurrence of the Jack Snipe in East Africa extends its known winter

range very considerably. I have only met with it twice, and shot two males

23.x.1918, 20.xii.1916. It is not a common visitor, and whether it is a regular

migrant to these parts has yet to be ascertained.

Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha.

132. Rostratula benghalensis Linn. Painted Snipe.

Breeds regularly in suitable places in East Africa.

Nairobi, Nakuru, Kisumu. April, May.

133. Phyllopezus africanus Gm. African Jacana.

Mombasa (mainland), Kisumu. January, May, September.

134, Microparra capensis Smith. Pigmy Jacana.

On two occasions I saw what I took to be this species on Victoria Nyanza.

The identification is probably correct, as the bird had been obtained by Sir F.

Jackson on Naivasha Lake,

Novirares Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. Pal

135. Rallus coerulescens Gm. African Long-billed Rail.

Two males and others from East Africa are rather paler than birds from

South Africa, and have the throats whitish, not grey like the rest of the underside.

They are adult birds, and possibly a northern form.

Nairobi, Simba.

136. Grex crex Linn. Land Rail.

The majority of those seen are birds on their way south and north. I have

specimens from Nairobi, Kisumu, Kyamba,and Simba,shot in April and December.

137. Crecopsis egregia Pet. African Water Rail.

It is rather remarkable that so few specimens of this bird are obtained, and

it was only by accident that my two specimens were procured while snipe shooting

in May.

Kisumu Swamp.

138. Limnocorax niger Gm. Black Rail.

The nestling in down (10. xii. 1917) is oily green-black on the upperside, dull

sooty-black below. Legs brownish horn, Upper mandible pink with a black

band midway, lower black with pink tip. In first feathered plumage the bird is

dull black, paler, more brownish underneath, becoming whitish on the belly.

Bill black-brown with indication of pink.

Nairobi, Fort Hall, Kisumu, and Jinja in Uganda.

139. Porzana porzana Linn. European Spotted Crake.

Two specimens obtained in February and April are both adult, yet are ex-

amples of extremes in plumage. The female bird, evidently in full breeding

dress, is very heavily speckled all over, including the secondary and tertiary

coverts, The male, on the other hand, is without spots from chin to the vent, the

abdomen being almost uniform creamy. The wing coverts have very few spots.

There is a large series of this bird in the Tring Museum, yet not one exactly like

my male bird.

Londiani and Nairobi.

140. Porzana pusilla obscura Neum. African Little Spotted Crake.

A 9, 14.i.1918, is an interesting specimen, being a bird changing from the

first or juvenile plumage to the adult. The grey which is appearing on the head

and throat is paler than in southern birds. I suspect that the northern birds are

distinct.

Collected by my friend J. P. Cook on Lake Naivasha.

141, Sarothrura rufa elizabethae van Someren, Van Someren’s Pigmy Rail. (PI. I.).

Bull. B.O. Club, xi. p. 20, 1919.

The bird recorded under the name of S. 7, bonapartet (Ibis, 1916) was identified

for me by Ogilvie-Grant. 1 have now procured three males and an adult female,

22 Novirates Zootoaicak XXIX. 1922,

I drew attention to the fact that my single specimen from Kyetume, Uganda,

did not have a white or pale throat, as S. bonapartei has, according to the original

description ; but the whole of the head, neck, and chest were uniform bright

chestnut. Now, with the additional material, it is evident that young males have

pale throats and paler chestnut foreparts than adults. The type of S. bonapartei

comes from Gabun, far removed from the locality where I procured my specimen

and in view of the fact that these Rails are very local—two distinct species

occurring in close proximity—it would not be unreasonable to suggest that the

Kakamega and Kyetume birds are not typical S. rufa bonapartei. There are in

the Tring Museum two males and two females from Angola, collected by Ansorge,

which are not true S. rufa, nor yet are they S. rufa bonapartei as they—the

females—have uniform black tails, not spotted. These females differ consider-

ably from my female, though the males are scarcely separable. I consider

these to be a new subspecies of S. rufa.

The birds are not S. r. bonapartei, specimens of which I have examined, for

that bird has the chestnut of the head and forepart of the body pale, more orange-

chestnut. I accordingly have named the Uganda and Kavirondo birds S. rufa

elizabethae. (Bull. B.O.C., November 1919.)

Uganda to North Kavirondo and Nandi.

S. rufa ansorgei van Someren, Bull. B.O. Club, November 1919, inhabits

Angola. :

The 9 from Kisumu cannot be S. Jugens, as the description of that bird does

not fit and S. Jugens is larger, having a wing of 83 mm. as compared with 78 mm.

of my bird. It differs from 9 of S. rufa rufa of Cape Colony by being blacker on

the upper surface, the buff markings are coarser, the tail is closely spotted and

barred. The males differ from S. rufa rufa 3 in being rather more whitish on the

underside and the bill is slightly smaller. The males have wings of 75-80 mm,

In the three Kavirondo males it is at once noted that the youngest bird is

less spotted and streaked on the wings than adults, further that the tail is

practically uniform, one or so spots being present. In the second, not quite

mature bird the abdomen is white and the throat paler than the breast, but this

isnotsointheold male. In the British Museum is an adult male shot at Kampala

by Seth Smith.

Kyetume, Kisumu, Kakamegoes.

142. Sarothrura somereni Bannerman, Bannerman’s Pigmy Rail. (PI. 1.).

Bull. B.O, Club, xl. p. 8, 1919.

I do not think this bird can be S. béhmi Rehw., type locality Likulwe River ;

for although agreeing superficially with the description, my birds differ in such

characters as the markings and measurements (Reichenow compares S. béhmi

with S. rufa amd S, bonapartei). The white markings on the wings are not small,

but very large white streaks, The outer web of the first primary is pure white.

My birds have wings of 84-87 mm. as compared to 80 mm. in S, béhmi ; tails of

30-32 mm. instead of 40.

Further, Kisumu and Nairobi are far removed from Likulwe, and these birds

are very local.

Since the above was written a female bird, procured by Dr. Hind at

Machakos, undoubtedly belonging to this species, and totally different from any

Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922. 23

known female, has been described by Bannerman in Bull. B.O. Club, November

1919, as the type of a new species to which my male birds belong.

Kisumu and Nairobi, East Africa. 3 g, May 1916.

143. Sarothrura pulchra centralis Neum. Uganda Pigmy Rail.

I wish to draw attention to the variation in the spotting and barring of the

tail feathers of this bird.

Lugalambo, Bugoma, Mabira ; Kakamegoes, Nandi.

144, Sarothrura elegans reichenowi Sharpe. Reichenow’s Pigmy Rail.

The specimen referred to by me in Jbis, 1916, remains the only one obtained

by me or my collectors. It is apparently very rare. I consider this a good race

of S. elegans.

Kyetume, Uganda. ¢ 20.ii.1912.

145. Porphyrio madagascariensis Lath. African Purple Swamp Hen.

Dr. Hartert has shown, Noy. Zoou, xxiv. 1917, that the continental bird

does not differ from that from Madagascar, consequently the name above must be

applied to all.

These birds were breeding in October 1918 on Naivasha Lake.

146, Porphyrio alleni. Thomps. Little Purple Swamp Hen.

A nest with eggs and young was observed at Naivasha Lake, in October 1918.

Not very common and rather retiring in habits.

147. Gallinula chloropus brachyptera Brehm. African Water Hen.

The name above must be applied to the African form of G. chloropus in pre-

ference to G. c. meridionalis. (Vide Hartert, Nov. Zoo. xxiv. 1917.) A Decem-

ber bird is in moult and is just beginning to renew the wing feathers.

Simba and Lake Naivasha. *

148, Gallinula angulata Anders. Lesser African Water Hen.

Extremely shy and difficult to procure. I obtained the eggs of this bird in

June 1917, and adult 3 gin April and May, on the Nairobi River.

149, Fulica cristata Gm. African Coof.

The young collected in December is a bird of October hatching. These birds

nested on Lake Naivasha.

Naivasha and Nakuru Lakes,

150. Podica petersi Hartl. Peter’s Finfoot.

A pair were seen on a small lake just north of Mombasa, but I was unable to

procure them with my small-bore gun.

24 Noviratrs Zoonocicar XXIX, 1922.

151. Podica senegalensis ? subsp. East African Finfoot.

On several occasions a small Finfoot was observed on the Thika and Ruiru

Rivers.

152. Turnix nana Sund. Dark-backed Button Quail.

Reichenow does not include Uganda in the distribution of this species, It is

possible that Uganda birds will prove to be a subspecies, but insufficient material

exists at present on which to form an opinion.

Kyetume, Uganda. , 12.iv.1914.

153. Ortyxelus meiffreni Vieill.

Has been taken on the Turkwell River, but is a very rare bird.

154, Turnix sylvaticus alleni Mearns. East African Button Quail.

Of the various characters mentioned by Mearns, the more intense rusty colour

on the breast and its extent are the only ones which can be accepted. Even these

are variable and can be matched by South African lepurana. Owing to lack of

South African material I am unable to come to any definite conclusion as to the

validity of this subspecies. Mearns gives the wing measurement of his type as

70mm. My specimens measure gg 75, 92 80-83.

Simba, Samburu, and Kisumu. 2 $3 9, January, May, July.

155. Pterocles gutturalis saturatior Hart. Eastern Yellow-throated Sand Grouse.

An excellent subspecies. Fairly common in suitable localities.

Simba and Kyambu. 2 3, collected 18. viii. 1918.

156. Pterocles decoratus decoratus Cab. Bridled Sand Grouse.

Two birds from the Suk Country do not differ from those found in the Taru

district. Common.

Kimiriri River, South Elgon, Suk Hills, Taveta, M’buyuni, and Simba.

8 ¢ 39, January to December.

157. Pterocles senegalensis olivascens Hart. Massai Pin-tailed Sand Grouse.

These specimens agree perfectly with the type of P. senegalensis olivascens

(type locality Simba). They are very much darker than birds from Somaliland

and Egypt. This is what one would expect. However, C. Grant (Ibis, 1915)

identifies his birds from thirty miles north of Baringo as ‘“‘ P. exustus ellioti,”

which he believes is the older name for Hartert’s P. exustus somalicus. Hartert’s

type and co-types were exceptionally small birds, as shown by a good series of

additional material from North Somaliland. These resemble the type in being

paler, but they agree in size with birds from the Sudan, which are darker than

Somaliland ones, though not so dark as birds from Turkana and Simba. Abys-

sinian specimens are pale like Somali ones, and thus P. s. ellioti must be used for

birds from these two countries. Are the Baringo birds P. s. ellioti, or are they

P. s, olivascens and thus similar to my Turkana birds? The locality of sene-

galensis is given as Senegal, Nubia, and Abyssinia, This species, however, does

NovitatEes Zootoeicar XXIX, 1922. 95

not occur in Senegal, and as the Abyssinian birds are the pale P. s. ellioti, we

accept Nubian ones as typical.

Simba (three specimens), Meuressi, Turkwell, South Turkana (two specimens).

The range of the forms are then: P. exustus exustus, Nubia (dark birds).

P. exustus floweri, Egypt (still darker, not quite so dark as olivascens). P. exustus

elliott, Abyssinia, Somaliland (pale birds). P. exustus olivascens, East Africa

North to Uganda (darkest form).

158. Numida coronata reichenowi Grant. Reichenow’s Helmeted Guinea Fowl.

Birds from Fort Hall district are rather puzzling. They have the helmet

curved and have no papillae at the base of the bill, while birds from the Loita

Plains are just the reverse, but also with no nasal tuft, while the Nakuru birds

have differently shaped helmets ; this has been called :

Numida ‘‘ ptilorhyncha’’ ansorget Hartert, 1898. Ansorge’s Guinea Fowl,

App. Under Af. Sun., 1898 (sbsp. of coronata).

I have placed ptilorhyncha in inverted commas because Hartert, in his

original description (from one specimen), among other characters of diagnostic

value mentions that the bird possessed ‘‘ caruncles”’ at the base of the bill. I

have examined the type and also topo-types, and all certainly agree in having

caruncles or bristles. There is one specimen, however, which has no bristles. I

think the evidence is in support of the type of NV. ansorgei belonging to the

“« ptilorhyncha ” group, and not “ coronata ”’ or “ mitrata.”

The character of the wing is as in NV. ptilorhyncha major Neum., i.e. spotted,

not with a decided white bar as in NV. ptilorhyncha ptilorhyncha, Assuming these

observations to be correct, in what relation does this bird stand to N. p. rendilis

Lonnberg (with syn. N. p. baringoensis C, Grant) ?

N. coronata Rchw. occurs just south of Nakuru and at Naivasha, but do these

birds flock together and do they interbreed ? More specimens are required !

N. ansorgei has priority over both N. rendilis and N. baringoensis.

In Tring are specimens from Nakuru and Elmenteita Lake.

159, Numida ptilorhyncha rendilis Lonnberg. Rendile Tufted Guinea Fowl.

(N. p. baringoensis !)

The relationship of this Guinea Fowl is still in doubt !

Suk Hills and Baringo.

160. Numida mitrata Pall. Coast Guinea Fowl.

2 N. uhehensis Rchw.

One specimen from Makindo may belong to this species or Reichenow’s

subspecies N. m. uhehensis, if that race can be upheld.

Makindo in Tanganyika Territory.

161. Acryllium vulturinum Hardw. Vulture-like Guinea Fowl.

Common in the dry desert scrub,

Tsavo, Masongoleni.

26 Novitarrs Zoonoarcar XXIX. 1929.

162. Guttera cristata suahelica Neum. East African Blue Guinea Fowl.

A doubtful form. More material required.

N’gong by Nairobi.

163. Guttera cristata seth-smithi Neum, Uganda Blue Guinea Fowl.

The young in first plumage is as follows: The head is ochraceous buff, lined

with black—a centre line commences at the base of the bill, passes back over the

crown, and at the top of the head widens out to form a large black patch on hind

part of the crown and neck ; a narrow black line commences at the nostril and

in the region of the lores divides into two—one passing up over the eye, where it

breaks up into a mottled superciliary stripe, the other skirting the edges of the

bill—passes below the eye to end in a mottled area in the region of the ear. The

throat is pale buff. Feathers of the mantle and coverts of wing rusty brown,

lined on the outer web with black and margined with ochraecous. The second-

aries are greyish, finely speckled with black and tipped with pale buff. Primaries

greyish black, tipped with buff. The breast feathers and those of the flanks are

blackish, widely edged with rusty and buff. Abdomen greyish. Bill horn

brown. Legs brownish.

Mabira Forest, Uganda.

164, Guttera pucherani Hartl. Scrub Black-crested Guinea Fowl.

Lamu and Malindi, Taveta. 2 g 19, January, April, August.

165. Pternistes leucoscepus infuscatus Cab. Orange-throated Francolin.

P.1. keniensis Mearns.

It is quite obvious that this bird varies greatly, and that these variations do

not occur according to locality, but are due to age, sex, and the soil. Mearns, in

describing the Kenia bird, gives certain characters by which this form can be dis-

tinguished from P. l. infuscatus, These may be found in all birds occurring over

6,000 feet on Kenia, but they are also found in birds from the Kyambu district,

from Maktau, from Lake Jipe (type locality P. 1. infuscatus) and Taveta, and from

the localities as mentioned by Mearns as being inhabited by intergrades—+.e, Saba

Saba and Fort Hall. Then he goes on to say that the birds from Wambugu’s

are typical P. 1. infuscatus. This is extraordinary, as Wambugu’s lies between

the locality of P. 1. keniensis and that of infuscatus. Therefore I doubt that his

“‘keniensis ” can be upheld. My thirteen specimens are from the following

places: West Kenia, Embu, Fort Hall, Saba Saba, Kyambu, Nairobi, Simba,

Wbuyuni, Taveta, and Lake Jipe.

166, Pternistes cranchi Leach. Cranch’s Red-throated Francolin.

The distribution of this and P. béhmi is rather remarkable, if the localities

given by Reichenow are correct.

Muburoni, east Victoria Nyanza. 3g 1 9.

Novitarrs Zoonoaioarn XXIX,. 1929. oT

167. Pternistes humboldti Peters. Humboldt’s Red-throated Francolin.

? P.h. melanogaster Neum.

There is much variation in birds from one locality, and I cannot with con-

fidence state whether these birds are typical or not.

3 3 2, Mombasa, Lamu (mainland).

168. Francolinus squamatus schiitti Cab. Schiitt?’s Scaly Francolin.

3, 4.ix.15; 17 9, 27. vii.1917, 3.ix.1915,

South Ankole, Kyetume, Lugalambo, and Elgon.

169. Francolinus squamatus maranensis Mearns. Kilimanjaro Scaly Francolin.

3 3, 17.x.1917; 9, 19.x.1917; juv., 3.v.1915.

The arrangement adopted in Tring of placing F’. schiitti as a subspecies of

F. squamatus appears to be correct. Of the various subspecies described by

Mearns, the only one which appears good is F. s. maranensis, but even here my

specimens do not bear out the characters given by him for this bird. Specimens

from the Kilimanjaro district (south-east) do not possess brown tails “ broadly

barred with black,” nor have they the outer primaries “ mottled and pencilled with

rust brown.”’ The tails of my birds are brown, finely vermiculated and freckled

with black, and the outer web of primaries is uniform, The distribution of

F. s. maranensis as given by C. Grant (Ibis, 1915) appears to embrace too large

an area, or else F, s, maranensis is not a good subspecies. It appears to me, from

the series before me (Uganda 8, East Africa 11), that the differences in the series

are very slight, and Uganda birds can be matched exactly by East African and

vice versa, and these not from localities where the two subspecies might be

expected to meet and interbreed! Further, my series does not bear out C.

Grant’s remark that the females of the East African birds are uniformly paler on

the underside than males, and that Uganda males and females are more alike in

this respect. In dividing Francolins into races one should never omit to take

into consideration age, moult, and of course sex, and most certainly also

character of soil of country inhabited. There is the tendency for old males of

the schiitti group to become more uniform on the underside, the central brown

patch on the feathers being diminished in size and the submarginal longitudinal

white or creamy white line disappearing. Old females follow the same change.

The young in down is as follows: Upper surface bright chestnut, slightly

mottled with black on the back, Head with two buff lines commencing at the

base of the bill, passing one on either side of the chestnut coronal patch which is

outlined in black, form wide superciliary stripes, and continuing down to the

nape, join each other. Along the sides of the back, from about the middle, pale

lines continue to the tail. There is a short black line posterior to the eye. The

under surface is bright sandy, not yellowish, and washed with brownish on the

breast and flanks. Thighs mottled sandy and brown. Bill horny yellow, culmen

brown. Legs pink. Cf. young of P. infuscatus and hildebrandti.

Kyambu, Fort Hall, Kenia, and Molo,

Although my birds do not conform to the distribution given by Mearns for

his races of squamatus, yet it is more than probable that we shall have to adopt

certain of the names applied, i.e, keniensis, maranensis, and ? zappeyi. There are

98 Novirates Zoonoaicar XXIX. 1922.

three district races in East Africa: (a) a form inhabiting the plains and scrub

from Kilimanjaro east to the cultivated lands of the N. Ukambo and N’gong

districts; (b) a race inhabiting the highlands from Kenia, Aberdares, and the Mau

Escarpment ; and (c) a marked form, ranging in the Loita district and 8. Kavi-

rondo area to Kisii. More material is required to establish these races.

170, Francolinus jacksoni Grant. Jackson’s Francolin.

In perfect plumage in August.

Aberdare Mountains.

171. Francolinus icterorhynchus Heugl. Uganda Striped Francolin.

F. i. emini Neum,

F. i, ugandensis Neum.

Some males have chestnut on the flanks, others not. Even with fresh

material, I am unable to arrive at a different conclusion from that published in

Ibis, 1916. 'Thespecimens available to C. Grant (Ibis, 1915) may have led him to

support F’. i. emini as a good subspecies, but my series—and the material in Tring

(including typical I’. icterorhynchus)—certainly suggest that the birds from West

Uganda are similar to those from East Uganda, as far as Elgon, and that F. 7.

emini is nota goodrace. C. Grant does not mention F, 7. ugandensis from Chagwe

in Uganda—and this is important, because whereas Francolinus i. emini was

described from just west of Lake Albert, I’. ugandensis was described from Chagwe

Prov. Ido not know whether Neumana made F. ugandensis a species, and not

a subspecies, on account of the fact that emini and ugandensis forms occur to-

gether, but they certainly do; and further, from east to west both occur, as

also many intermediates. F'. ugandensis is a full-plumaged bird in the dark

phase, F'. emini a bird in the light striped plumage. If the two forms were true

in extremes of distribution and at their meeting-line intermediates occurred, it

would be understandable, but this is not the case with the series before me. I

suggest that they are all united.

The material available includes birds from Toro and Masindi, besides the

localities mentioned by me in bis, 1916, and Kawala, Kyama Buremezi, and

Kyanja in Uganda.

Young in down: Very much like the young of F, schiitti, but paler through-

out, especially on the crown and underside.

172. Francolinus hildebrandti hildebrandti Cab. Hildebrandt’s Francolin.

Kibwezi. 4, 4.vii.; 9, 13. viii. 1918.

Apparently typical birds, small coveys seen in the bush country.

173. Francolinus hildebrandti altumi Fisch. and Rchw. Naivasha Francolin.

C. Grant (Ibis, 1915) has stated his reasons for retaining the Northern birds

as a subspecies, and with his remarks I agree. The young in down are very like

those of F. schiiiti, but paler throughout and more mottled in the wings, and

yellowish sandy below. There is a distinct black stripe passing right through the

eye from lores to ear-coverts.

Naivasha, Nakuru and Escarpment, January, November,

Novirates Zoonoaioan XXIX. 1922. 29

174, Francolinus uluensis O.-Grant. Ulu Francolin.

Simba and Saba Saba, Fort Hall.

175, Francolinus streptophorus O.-Grant. Nzoia Francolin.

A very local and rare species.

Elgon (South). 2 9, 12.11.1917, collected by Turner.

176. Francolinus gedgei O.-Grant. Gedge’s Francolin.

Although somewhat resembling F. icterorhynchus and occurring in the same

locality, this bird is perfectly distinct.

177. Francolinus elgonensis O.-Grant. Elgon Chestnut-bellied Francolin.

The occurrence of this species on Elgon and Kenia at about 10,000 feet is

most remarkable, especially as its nearest relations appear to be F. shelleyi and

F. crawshayi.

Very local, and apparently rare in collections.

178. Francolinus levaillanti kikuyuensis O.-Grant. Freckle-neck Francolin.

F. 1. mulemae O-Grant.

Ogilvie-Grant, in describing F. kikuyuensis, states that the chin and throat are

“rufous white”; and again, in contrasting F. mulemae with FP. kikuyuensis,

emphasises the point and says the latter ‘“‘ always has the entire chin and throat

suffused with buff.” Now, in comparing my birds I find my three specimens of

Francolinus kikuyuensis have the chin and throat pure white, much more so than

my three specimens of F, mulemae. The colour of the throat appears to be the

main difference between F. kikuyuensis and F. mulemae, but, as I have shown,

this character is not reliable, because not constant. To emphasise this point I

might mention that of four specimens of Francolinus levaillanti two have bufi

throats and two white just tinged with buff.

As regards wing measurements, my Uganda specimens have wings: 2 162,

3 165-166, Eldoret birds, 9 168, g 168-170.

Thus even the difference in size is so very slight that I am inclined to consider

F. mulemae and F. kikuyuensis synonymous. Dr. Hartert, who has examined

my birds and the type and co-types, agrees with my remarks.

C. Grant has been misled in thinking the type locality of F. kikuyuensis is the

Kikuyu district. It came from the Uasingishu. (Vide Jackson, Journal HA.

and U. Nat. Hist. Society, vol. i. No. 1).

“FI, kikuyuensis” : Eldoret, Uasingishu, and Burnt Forest.

“ FI. mulemae” : Banda, Mpumu, Entebbe.

Francolinus levaillanti benguellensis Neum.

The type compared with F, mulemae Grant has, as Neumann points out, this

difference, that, whereas . mulemae has a distinct rusty collar on the hind neck,

this bird has the barred black and white feathers of the lower neck carried up in

the form of a narrow line, to the crown. This is the only difference! It may

30 Novirates ZooLocicaE XXIX. 1922.

hold good, but is surely very variable, for if one compares a series of F’. levaillantz,

it will be scen that some have the rusty collar interrupted and some have not !

So also in F. 1. kikuywensis, though here the line is blackish when it exists, not

barred, and some birds have perfect collars.)

179. Francolinus coqui A. Sm. Coast Golden-headed Francolin.

The range of this species in East Africa requires careful study, as also does

the next mentioned.

Mombasa, S. Ankole in Uganda.

It is strange that the Coqui Francolin should have entered into 8.W. Uganda

and be, presumably, indistinguishable from the coast bird. It is true that

Ankole birds are more rufous on the mantle and rump, but they can be matched

with Natal birds. Some typical birds have rufous throats, others have white

throats.*

180. Francolinus coqui hubbardi Grant. Hubbard’s Francolin.

Nakuru Plains, and Loita. ¢ 9, May.

181. Francolinus sephaena granti Hartl. Grant’s Red-legged Bush Francolin.

I brought home a series of 13 jad., 6 Qad., and 2 juv. from various months,

in the hope that I might be able to clear up some of the confusion into which

the “ sephaena”’ group of Francolins has fallen. I laid out the series which the

Tring Museum possesses into the races which were admitted. It planned out

nicely, but when I added my specimens according to localities, the whole arrange-

ment was upset. Taking as a basis the papers by Zedlitz, Journ. f. Orn., 1914,

and that by C. Grant, Ibis, 1915, and attempting to reconcile their conclusions

to the series before me, I am led to vote provisionally in favour of Grant’s results,

but I have insufficient material of typical F. s. granti. The three specimens

from Dodoma are not identical and can be matched by birds from the Kisumu

area, Taking the described races singly I find :

F. s. ochrogaster Hartl.: Birds from West Uganda and the Nile province—

Gondokoro, Nimuli—can be matched by birds from Tsavo. It is not a case of

being able to pick out one from a particular district and matching it with

another from a place far removed, but with the series before me, three or so

can be so matched. The North Uganda birds are dark sandy below, but not

constantly so, and in size do not differ from Tsavo birds.

F. 8, icteropus—schoanus (= spilogaster, Abyssinia) : Can be kept separate

on account of its large size, but in the series of birds from this locality none

have indications of a speckled underside.

F. s. dilutescens (Mearns) from Kenia: Are not any larger than birds from

Tsavo and Chamgamwe, and resemble them in colour.

F. s. jubaensis Zedlitz: Supposed to extend from Jubaland south to

Ukamba and Mombasa, covering an area where birds of marked variations occur

and which do not bear out the characters mentioned by Zedlitz for his sub-

species. If we omit the Ukamba and Mombasa birds, then we may admit a

* In between S.W. Uganda.and the coast we find an accepted race of F. coqui, that is F. c.

hubbardi. It is possible that there is a line of continuous distribution through Tanganyika Territory

of which we have no information,

Novirares Zoonocroa® XXIX. 1922. 31

South Somali coast race, but of two old males collected on the Tana River,

one has very freckled and lined pale sandy feathers on the underside and the

other has this area ochraceous-sandy with a few marks. However, a series of

seven males and nine females from Lamu, Manda, and M’koi on the mainland

are very pale on the underside, and have narrow chestnut spots on the rib area

of the feathers of the breast and abdomen (not as in F'. rovwma = kirki).

This series is extraordinarily uniform, but the two specimens from the

Tana appear to upset this form, though the two races probably meet here. The

birds from Mombasa and Mazeras cannot be distinguished from birds from

Tsavo and Taveta. Size, except in the case of Abyssinian birds, appears in this

case to be very variable, and not a reliable character. Odd birds from between

Tsavo and Mombasa have large chestnut spots and stripes on the lower breast,

but they are not F. rovwma, because they do not possess the characteristic large

black spots on the secondaries, but show the close relationship of these species.

F. s. granti: Dodoma, Tanganyika Territory.

F.. s. ochrogaster : Nile Province, Uganda, Mt. Moroto, Meuressi, Turkwell

in Uganda, Kisumu.

F. s, dilutescens : Kenia and Embu.

2 F. s. granti: Chamgamwe, Mombasa, Kiu, Tsavo, Taveta, M’buyuni.

F, s. jubaensis : Lamu, Manda, M’koi, and north bank of lower Tana River.

182. Francolinus rovuma Gray. Chestnut-spotted Bush Francolin.

F., kirki Harti.

C. Grant (bis, 1915) states that the older name for this species is rovwma

Gray. It must, however, be recalled that the term Zanzibar used to include a

large tract of the mainland coast in olden times, and it is quite possible that,

although the name ‘‘ kirki”’? was applied to a bird from Zanzibar, it need not

necessarily have come from the Jsland of that name. Further, Dr. Aders of

Zanzibar assures me that there are no Francolins on Zanzibar Island! Iam not

convinced therefore that this change is advisable.

My 4 dg and 3 9 (April, July, November) are all typical ones. They possess

the characteristic large black areas on the inner secondaries and coverts and

scapulars, besides having bars on the undertail coverts, Young males and some

females have arrow-shaped head marks on the latter. Birds from Kitui, M’koi,

and Tsavo, though showing chestnut marks on the underside, lack the characters

mentioned above.

South Mombasa (mainland, Vanga district), Dar-es-Salaam,

183. Francolinus lathami schubotzi Rchw. Schubotz’ Forest Francolin.

I have nothing fresh to add to my notes on this species (Ibis, 1916), except

to record the occurrence in the Bugoma and Budongo Forests east of Lake Albert.

Bugoma, Budongo, Lugalambo, in Uganda (Mabira Forest, 8. Uganda,

Belgian Congo). 2 449, January, October.

184, Francolinus nahani Dubois. Nahan’s Forest Francolin.

Here, again, the range of this Francolin is extended, the former records being

only Ituri, Belgian Congo, and Mabira Forest in Chagwe. The new localities

are Bugoma and Budongo, east of Lake Albert. 2 3, January, December.

32 Novitates ZooLocicAE XXIX, 1922.

185. Ptilopachus fuscus florentiae O.-Grant. Rock Francolin.

A very large specimen was obtained, 28.i.1918, at Mt. Moroto, in Uganda.

186. Coturnix coturnix coturnix Linn. European Quail.

An undoubted specimen of the European Quail was obtained at Kisumu,

22.xii.1915. Dr. Hartert, who has recently made a study of this group, endorses

my identification. Wings, 112 mm.

The European Quail is not a common migrant to East Africa, and most of

the records for this species refer to C. c. africana, which is a resident bird.

187. Coturnix coturnix africana Temm. African Quail.

C. c. capensis Gray.

This resident form varies to some extent, some males being as pale on the

throat as European birds, but they are smaller. Wings, 96 mm. They were

breeding in June.

W. Kenia, Kyambu, Embu.

188. Coturnix delegorguei Hartl. Delegorgue’s Black-breasted Quail.

There is a great amount of variation in the females. This appears not to

be due to season, but possibly to age. Two breeding females are very heavily

spotted on the breast and upper abdomen, while another is apparently assuming

male plumage. Others, again, have the breast heavily washed with olive-grey,

others are almost uniform brownish.

Buff stripes on the feathers of the underside of males are a sign of immaturity.

These birds when kept in captivity are very prolific, one female laying 150 eggs !

During the flighting of these birds over Nairobi, dozens are injured or killed by

the telephone-wires.

Kisumu, Nairobi, Nakuru, Ngong, Kimiriri River, Elgon, Suk.

189. Excalfactoria adansoni Verr. Painted Quail.

These birds are resident and breed in East Africa and Uganda, They are

not common, I obtained two females at Mawakota, Uganda, and Nyarondo,

East Africa,

190. Neotis cafra Licht. Stanley’s Bustard.

Insufficient typical material prevents me from deciding whether or not these

birds should be united with the South African form, Fairly common, though

not seen in larger numbers than twos or threes.

Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha, Loita. 2 gf 2 9.

191. Otis hartlaubi Heugl. Uganda Little Bustard.

2 O. maculipennis Cab.

Occurs in the northern parts of Uganda and East Africa.

Novirates ZooLocicarE XXIX. 1922. 33

192. Otis senegalensis canicollis Rchw.

Fairly numerous in the dry scrub country and the Loita district. Iam not

satisfied that somaliensis is a synonym,

Tsavo, Simba. 4, June, August.

193. Otis melanogaster Riipp. Black-bellied Bustard.

? O. lovati Grant.

Fairly plentiful in the open grass country of the plains and highlands. I

am unable to say whether lovati is separable.

Fort Hall and Kyambu.

194, Otis kori struthiunculus Neum. Northern Kori Bustard.

Not very common, but usually seen in the same localities as Stanley’s

Bustard. The type is from 8. Abyssinia.

195. Afrotis gindiana Oust. Yellow-tufted Bustard.

Frequents the dry thorn-bush country from the coast to south Lake Rudolf.

Juba River. (A. B. Percival coll.)

196. Treron calva salvadorii Dub. Salvadori’s Large-cered Green Fruit Pigeon.

This form apparently extends from West Tanganyika (the type locality) to

Uganda and east to North Kenya Colony, as far south as the Elgeyu escarpment,

where apparently it meets with the next subspecies.

Elgon, Burnt Forest, Elgeyu in East Africa, Budongo, Sezibwa, Jinga, and

Kagera River in Uganda. 4 $39.

197. Treton calva brevicera Hart. & Goodson. East African Short-cered

Green Pigeon.

The principal difference between this and the foregoing subspecies is the

small ‘‘ cere”’ or basal portion of the bill. One never meets with a large-cered

bird in this form, The other differences mentioned by the authors do not hold

good in all cases, and no great reliance can be placed on them. The distribution

is German and British East Africa, north to Elgeyu, where it meets 7’. c. salvadorii.

The nestling is dull green above, with bright edges to the feathers. Wings

as in adult, but without the purplish patch on ‘‘ shoulder” and of a much duller

green. Under-surface covered with greyish down, through which yellow-green

feathers are showing, under tail-coverts uniform buff.

Kyambu, Fort Hall, Saba Saba, Embu, Thika, Nairobi, and Kiu.

198. Treron wakefieldi wakefieldi Sharpe. Wakefield’s Green-tailed Green Pigeon.

Four typical birds, with wings of 145-152 mm., March and April. Gunning

and Robert’s subspecies, 7’. w. orientalis, from Portuguese Hast Africa is larger.

Mombasa, Lamu, Manda Island,

34 NovitaTEs ZooLoGicAE XXIX. 1922.

199. Treron delalandei granti van Someren. Coastal Green-tailed Green Pigeon.

Bull. B.O. Club, November 1919.

Darker than birds from Transvaal and Natal, and considerably smaller.

Wing, 157-160 mm., as against 178-190 mm, in Natal birds.

Mombasa, Dar-es-Salaam.

200. Columba unicincta Cass. Grey Forest Pigeon.

Very uncommon. 1 2 specimen in full plumage, shot on the Sezibwa River,

201. Columba guinea longipennis Rchw. Speckle-necked Rock Pigeon.

The wing measurements of 1 ¢ and 3 9? are 220-232 mm. It is doubtful

whether this form can be recognised.

Kaimosi, Nyarondo, Elgon, Naivasha, Kisumu.

202. Columba arquatrix Temm. Speckled Forest Pigeon.

2 C. albinucha Sassi.

The whole of my series of 3 g and 5 2 (January, June, September) are hardly

so reddish on the back as birds from South Africa (Knysna Forest), and have a

distinct greenish sheen on the inner secondaries and coverts, which in southern

birds are dull brownish. The size does not differ. Is albinucha a species or a

variety ?

Fort Hall, Kyambu, Nairobi, Burnt Forest, Elgon.

203. Turturoena sharpei Salvad. Sharpe’s White-necked Pigeon.

T. harterti Neum.

The history of this species is interesting. The type, a head and neck only,

was collected on Mt. Elgon by Sir F. Jackson. It was described as new by

Count Salvadori in the Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi. 1893. This was a rash pro-

ceeding, but it is an instance where a rash and hasty description, based on wholly

inadequate material, has been confirmed. Further, the characters given by

Salvadori as warranting the separation are not valid. Compared with 7’. dele-

gorguei Hartl., it was stated that the new species had a metallic green lustre on

the head and neck, not purplish green-bronze. This, as I shall show, is not

constant. In 1894 Lord Rothschild received a complete skin of a T'’wrluroena

which he believed to belong to 7’. sharpei, and he described and figured the entire

bird in NoviratEs Zoonocicax, 1894. In his determination Lord Rothschild was

correct. A second adult was received from Doherty in 1901, from Escarpment,

which was like the Nguru specimen. Neumann, however, in 1898 described a

bird from Kilimanjaro as 7’. harterti, as his two females did not agree with any

known species of T'urtwroena (Journ. f. Orn., 1898, p. 287, pl. 2). In 1916 I

sent Dr. Hartert three skins, 1 male and 2 females, from Mt. Elgon. These,

coming from the type locality of 7. sharpei, were identified as complete adults

of that species. They had black backs, so naturally, as the Kilimanjaro and

Escarpment birds had reddish backs, the question arose as to whether the bird

figured by Lord Rothschild was really 7’, sharpei, The assumption was that it

Novirates ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922. 35

was not; the only other name for Kilimanjaro and Escarpment birds was

Neumann’s 7’. harterti—though the figure of 7. harterti in Journ. f. Orn., 1898,

was misleading, the colouring being much overdone. With the material I brought

home with me (fourteen skins) I have been able to show that the Elgon birds do

not differ from those of Kilimanjaro and Nguru, and that 7. sharpei, as the

oldest name, must be adopted for all of them. On Mt. Elgon we get red-backed

and black-backed birds which cannot be distinguished from specimens from

Escarpment, Nairobi, or Kyambu, and still further they are identical with birds

from Kilimanjaro and Nguru in coloration and size! From the same locality

we get males with green and others with purplish bronze heads, some with metallic

sheen to the red of the back, some without. Some have velvet black backs, others

black with greenish reflections. Similarly, the presence or absence of metallic

sheen on the under-surface is variable. The young male is very like the adult

female, but the coppery bronze of the head is dulled by the greyish tips to the

feathers.

T. delegorquei from Natal appears to be separable only on account of its

size. Reichenow gives the wings as 170-190 mm. My specimens, however,

have wings 165-182 mm.

Elgon, Nairobi, Kyambu, Thika, Kilimanjaro, Nguru, Escarpment.

(Turturoena incerta Salvad.

A specimen which died in the Zoological Gardens, locality unknown, must

surely be a female of 7’. delegorguei, as the description tallies, and the only other

bird it could possibly be is 7’. sharpei, a most improbable thing. This bird could

hardly have come from Elgon !)

204, Haplopelia larvata larvata Temm. Cinnamon-breasted Forest Dove.

H. 1. kilimensis Neum,

Bannerman, in reviewing the genus Haplopelia (Ibis, 1916) gives the dis-

tribution of the typical form as from the Cape to N’guruman and Kenya Colony,

including the latter on the evidence of a single skin procured by Mackinder on

Mt. Kenya, of which he says, ‘‘It is the only specimen known from north of

Nyassaland.” Apparently Bannerman did not consult the Tring collection,

where there are three skins, collected by Doherty at Escarpment in 1901, and

further he apparently overlooked H. larvata kilimensis Neum. 1898 from Kili-

manjaro. Neumann claimed that his was the first example procured north of

Nyassaland. In Ibis, 1916, I recorded H. larvata from Nairobi. As it happens,

Bannerman’s statements are correct, because with the material before me I

cannot separate the typical birds and specimens from East Africa north to Elgon.

Therefore I place 7. larvata kilimensis as a synonym of 7’, larvata larvata, The

size appears the same, southern specimens having wings of 145-150 and East

African 145-152 mm,

Nairobi, Kyambu, Kakamgoes, and W. Elgon. 6 39.

205. Haplopelia simplex jacksoni Sharpe. Uganda Grey-breasted Forest Dove.

A g obtained 11.xii.1918 in Budongo Forest, Uganda, shows traces of the

young plumage on the abdomen,

36 Novirates ZooLocicar XXIX. 1922,

206. Tympanistria tympanistria fraseri Bp. Fraser’s White-breasted Dove.

A good subspecies. Young males moult from the barred plumage into adult

dress in one moult.

Kyambu, Nairobi; Lugalambo, Sezibwa, Kyetume, Budongo. 7 ¢ 2 9.

207. Turtur chalcospilos ? subsp. Emerald-spotted Ground Dove.

I am not satisfied that this group can be separated into as many subspecies

as has been done. Even with the large series at Tring it appears difficult. Owing

to the lack of specimens from certain type localities, I refrain from identifying

my birds with certainty with any given subspecies. The Portuguese East African

birds (2 3 9) are interesting, as they are darker on the underside than East African

specimens and the wing speculum is not constantly green; in one bird the

spots are purply blue, in another half blue, half green, in the other two green !

Going by localities, there would be amongst my birds :

East Africa: J, c. acanthina Oberh.

Lamu and Tana: 7’. c. somalica Erl.

Lumbo Port, E.A.: 7. c. ? subsp. caffra.

Nairobi, Taveta, M’buyuni, Tsavo, Lamu, Mombasa, Dar-es-Salaam, and

Lumbo in Portuguese East Africa.

208. Turtur afer sclateri Rothsch. Uganda Blue-spotted Ground Dove,

An excellent pale race.

Toro, Masindi, South Ankole, 4 ¢ ad.

209. Oena capensis Linn. Long-tailed Ground Dove.

Oberholser described a subspecies, O. c. anomyna, from East Kilimanjaro,

which does not appear to be valid. Some birds have blue, others purple

speculum.

M’bayuni, Taveta, Simba, Kisumu, Maungu. 5 ¢ 2 9.

210. Streptopelia senegalensis senegalensis Linn. Speckled-neck Dove.

Zedlitz divided these birds into several races, but variation being considerable,

some of the forms cannot be upheld.

Kendu Bay, Kisumu, Fort Hall, Nairobi, Tsavo, Maungu. 8 39.

211. Streptopelia capicola tropica Rchw. Uganda White-vented Dove.

212. §.c. electra Mad. East African White-vented Dove.

My series includes birds which I recognise as belonging to two distinct races

of S. capicola, I do not agree with C. Grant that S. c. tropica of Reichenow

cannot be separated from S. capicola damarensis. One has only to lay out a

series of birds from typical localities to recognise that they are separable. With

regard to birds from East Africa south of the Kavirondo Plains, [ am not surprised

to find a difficulty in placing them with any known race, as they are intermediate,

They are greyer, less tinged with vinous on the breast, yet are as dark on the

Noviratrs Zoonocicar XXIX, 1922. 37

upper surface as 7’. capicola tropica. The females are more whitish on the

abdomen and not so greyish. In this they resemble S. capicola capicola, and

thus are darker than S. capicola damarensis, and would probably be electra of

Madarasz.

The distribution of these two forms, as evidenced by the series, is as follows :

S. capicola tropica: Albert Lake, through Uganda to Elgon and Kavirondo

south to Muhoroni. Wings, 145-157 mm.

S. capicola electra Madarasz: Lumbwa, south to the Athi Plains, and Simba.

Wings, 140-156 mm.

213. Streptopelia capicola somalica Erl. Somali White-bellied Dove.

These are pale birds, paler on the back than S. c. tropica, and cleaner vinous

on the breast. The most pronounced feature is the great extent of white on

the lower surface, extending well over half the underside. The wings are paler

grey than S. ¢. tropica, Wings, 145-157 mm.

The distribution within East Africa is: Plains east of Kilimanjaro—the

Taru Desert and South-east Ukamba.

S. capicola somalica : Samburu, Masongoleni, Tsavo, M’buyuni, Taveta, and

Mungu to 8S. Somaliland.

214, Streptopelia decipiens permista. White-vented Red-eyed Dove.

A quite distinct subspecies, with whitish belly and almost white under

tail-coverts.

Kendu Bay, Speke’s Gulf. 2 3g, August.

215. Streptopelia decipiens shelleyi? Grey-vented Red-eyed Dove.

These are the birds to which I referred in my paper in the Jbis, 1916, as not

being typical 7’. semitorquatus; but I had then overlooked the ‘‘ decipiens”

group. They differ in being darker, especially on the flanks and abdomen, and

in having the under tail-coverts much greyer.

Soath Ankole and Karagwe. 2 31 9.

216. Streptopelia reichenowi Erl. Juba Grey Dove.

3, December 1912. This is a very good species ; the whole bar on the

wing is very marked when the birds fly.

Juba River. (A. B. Percival coll.)

217. Streptopelia semitorquata semitorquata Linn. Grey-vented Dove.

There appears to be little difference between birds of the semitorquatus

group from various parts of Africa, except from the coast of South Somaliland,

Jubaland, and Tanaland, which I refer to later. These birds enumerated above

would be S. s. intermedius Erl., if this subspecies were valid. 7 39.

Nairobi, Thika in East Africa ; Bugoma, Budongo, and Masindi in Uganda,

38 Novrrarrs Zoonoarcar XXIX. 1929.

218. Streptopelia semitorquata minor Erl. Coastal Grey-vented Dove.

This I consider a good subspecies, thus disagreeing with C. Grant (bis, 1915),

who unites it with the typical fotm. It is altogether paler, above and below,

has paler under wing- and under tail-coverts, also a decided grey rump, in my

specimens. The head is not so rosy, but more pale grey.

W’koi, Lamu, and Kismayu.

219. Streptopelia lugens funebrea van Someren. Black Turtle Dove.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 21, 1919.

Very much like S. lugens lugens, but smaller and altogether darker. The

pinkish buff on the throat and lower breast not so extensive, the grey of the

crop and abdomen darker. The under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts

much darker. Wings, 170-180; in S. lugens lugens 185-192 mm.

Nairobi, Elgon, Burnt Forest, Elgeyu, and Kyambu, south to Kilimanjaro.

220. Streptopelia lugens subsp. nov. ?

In South Ethiopia is found an intermediate race which is not so pale as

S. lugens lugens, but not so dark as the subspecies described above, though of

about the same size. Wings, 170-185 mm. I have not named this, as I have

not ascertained the range, which, however, appears to be South Ethiopia to

Turkana and north Lake Rudolf.

221. Serpentarius serpentarius orientalis Verr. Secretary Bird.

Frequently seen on the plains round Nakuru.

222. Serpentarius serpentarius gambiensis Ogilby. Northern Secretary Bird.

This form probably occurs on the western plains of Uganda. It appears,

however, doubtful whether the supposed races can really be upheld.

223. Necrosyrtes monachus Temm. Common Brown Vulture.

This is the commonest vulture in East Africa, and particularly plentiful in

the Naivasha and Nairobi districts.

Nairobi and Kisumu.

224, Neophron percnopterus Linn. Egyptian Vulture.

Occasionally one or two would visit the slaughter-houses at Kisumu, but

were invariably driven off by N. monachus.

225. Lophogyps occipitalis Burch. White-necked Vulture.

[ shot a specimen of this bird in September 1918, on the open plains beyond

Lake Narasha at 8,900 feet, on the Eldoret Road.

Noyirates Zooroaroar XXIX. 1922. 39

226. Pseudogyps africanus Salvad. Lesser African Vulture.

So much variation exists in the plumage of these birds that it appears

doubtful if there are as many forms as have been described.

N. of Marich Pass, Suk. ) 12.vi.1917.

227. Polyboroides typicus Smith. Bare-faced Whistling Hawk.

One bird is a dark specimen with the barring of the lower surface indistinct.

Nairobi and Kimiriri River, Elgon. 2 gad.

228. Circus macrourus Gm. Grey Harrier.

A common migrant ; most of the birds seen are in immature dress.

Dar-es-Salaam, Uasingishu, Kyambu, and Nairobi.

229. Circus aeruginosus Linn. Marsh Harrier.

Not so common as the above.

Nakuru Lake. 9, 17.xii.1917.

230. Circus ranivorus Daud. African Harrier.

Not at all common in East Africa and Uganda.

Entebbe, Uganda. gy 19.xi.1917.

231. Melierax canorus metabates Heugl. Northern Chanting Hawk.

I have a very dark specimen, but the vermiculations on the secondaries are

present. Some individuals of this form, however, have uniform wings.

Kerio River, Turkana, Uganda. dg ad., 6.vi.1917.

232. Melierax poliopterus Cab. White-rumped Chanting Hawk.

Dr, Hartert, in Vogel Pal. Fauna, places this bird as a subspecies of M.

canorus, but to me it ought to be kept distinct because apparently M. poliopterus

and M. metabates are found in the same countries. The young bird taken in

February is exactly like that captured in March, and both belong to M. polio-

pterus. The general scheme of coloration is similar in young of M. metabates and

M. poliopterus, but the latter is much darker, while the upper and under tail-

coverts are marked differently, M. poliopterus having cordate markings.

Tsavo and Mt. Moroto, Turkana in Uganda.

233. Melierax gabar Daud. White-rumped Sparrow Hawk.

(M. niger is synonym.)

There is no doubt that I. niger is nothing but the melanistic form of M.

gabar. Not only have I seen a black bird mated to a normally coloured one, but

in the Nairobi Museum is a specimen which is parti-coloured. A common species.

The young vary greatly, some having brown or blackish markings on the under-

side, others bright reddish brown. A male was shot in the act of removing young

weavers from their nest.

Fort Hall and Kyambu, Nairobi, Burnt Forest, Kimiriri River near Elgon,

Meuressi, Turkwell River in Uganda.

40 Novitatrs Zootoaroar XXIX. 1922.

234. Kaupifalco monogrammicus Temm. Lesser Chanting Hawk.

Nairobi, Fort Hall, Kyambu, and Kimiriri River near Elgon.

235. Astur melanoleucus Daud. Black and White Goshawk.

Elgon. gd ad., 3.i.1916.

236. Astur tachiro tachiro Daud. Barred Goshawk.

A. t. acelatus Oberhols.

Oberholser has described a form of Astur tachiro from Taveta, which he

named A, ¢. acelatus (Proc. U.S. Mus., 1905). I fail to recognise this subspecies,

especially as the type is the only known specimen. If valid, my bird would have

to belong to this form.

Taveta, 8.E. Kilimanjaro. 9, 15.iii.1919.

237. Astur tachiro nyanzae Neum, Uganda Barred Goshawk.

Apparently intermediate between A. tachiro tachiro and A. tachiro unduli-

venter. The young birds shot in June and July are all about the same age and

show no signs of assuming the adult plumage. Some are heavily spotted, others

not.

Entebbe, Nairobi, Kyambu, Fort Hall.

238. P Astur tachiro tenebrosus Lonnb. Black Goshawk.

A @ agrees exactly with Lonnberg’s description of his new subspecies. I

doubt if it is a good form and consider it a melanistic variety of Astur tachiro

nyanzae Neum.

Forest West Kenia, 6,000 feet. A. B. Percival coll.

239. Accipiter badius sphenurus Riipp. Pale-breasted Sparrow Hawk.

Young birds, which are moulting into adult plumage, were shot January and

March, One male is in almost complete breeding dress.

Tsavo, Lugalambo, and Turkwell River, Uganda.

240. ? Accipiter badius riggenbachi Neum. Rufous-breasted Sparrow Hawk.

A bird with very distinct heavy rufous barring—not fine and pale as in all

the specimens in the Tring Museum and thirty others. The only specimen with

which it agrees is the female of A. riggenbachi from Senegal. Now, the strange

thing is, that in order to accept a dark barred bird as distinct from the pale, in a

country where both occur, Neumann had to make A. riggenbachi a species, not

subspecies of A. badius! Since I also have taken a dark bird, where pale ones

occur, it seems to me that A. riggenbachi is not a species nor even a distinct sub-

species, but merely a dark form of A. badius sphenurus (type and cotypes

examined). The fact that the type of A. riggenbachi has a uniform breast counts

for nothing, as some A. badius sphenurus have also practically uniform. breasts.

Either A. riggenbachi is a good species, and it extends to east of Kilimanjaro, or

else it is a synonym of A... sphenurus. Dr. Hartert takes this latter view.

19, 4.iii.1919. Taveta, S.E. Kilimanjaro.

NoviratEes Zootoaicar XXIX. 1929, 41

241. Accipiter minullus tropicalis Rchw. Little Sparrow Hawk.

A female, although a breeding bird, has not yet completed her moult into

adult plumage.

Fort Hall, Kyambu, Nairobi. 9, March, September, December.

242. Accipiter ovampensis Gurney. Barred Sparrow Hawk.

The occurrence of this species in East Africa greatly extends its known range.

My specimen is rather more distinctly and widely barred than birds from

Gambaga, and is rather larger, having wings of 230, as compared to 220 mm.

Nairobi. 1 9, 9.iii.1917.

243. Accipiter rufiventris A. Sm. Brown-breasted Sparrow Hawk.

Not a common species. My female is rather dark.

Nairobi and Kijabe. 3, 14.ix.1917; 9, 20.v.1916.

244, Circaetus cinereus Vicill. Brown Harrier Eagle.

A single male was seen and procured at Mombasa, March 1917.

245, Circaetus pectoralis Smith. White-breasted Harrier Eagle.

A fully adult 9 was shot at Nairobi, 27.iii.1917. Not common in British

~ East Africa,

246. Spizaetus coronatus Daud. Martial Hawk Eagle.

Nairobi and Kabete. 9, 5.ii.; juv. in moult, 25.iii. 1917.

247. Hieraaetus ayresi Gurney. Spotted Hawk Eagle.

% H. lucani Sharpe & Bouv.

An adult 3, Nairobi, 14.vii.1918. Lieut. Davies has written an interesting

note in the /bis, 1919, regarding this bird ; but without examining the material on

which he bases his remarks, one cannot form a personal opinion on the matter.

I do not consider that my specimen has a long tail for its size.

248. Hieraaetus wahlbergi Sund. Wahlberg’s Brown Eagle.

Two adult specimens in fresh plumage, March 1917, on the Kabua River,

Rudolf.

249, Lophoaetus occipitalis Daud. Crested Hawk Eagle.

Nairobi River. 9, 30.x.1916, in breeding condition, though not in full

adult plumage.

250, Aquila rapax rapax Temm. Tawny Eagle.

Very common round Nairobi. It is a great carrion eater, feeding freely

amongst kites, though keeping these at a respectful distance. It is also plentiful

at Naivasha,

49 Novitates ZootoaicaE XXIX. 1922.

251. Helotarsus ecaudatus Daud. Bateleur Eagle.

Eldoret, Uasin Gishu.

252. Buteo buteo vulpinus Gloger. Rufous Buzzard.

(B. desertorum, anceps, rufiventer /)

Eldoret, and Yala River, Kavirondo.

253. Buteo oreophilus Hart. and Neum. Mountain Buzzard.

This Mountain Buzzard is not very common. An adult 2 was shot off her

nest, which contained two eggs, on Mt. Elgon, 7,000 feet, 27.iii.1916. The eggs

are chalky white with pale indistinct blotches. My brother Noél shot a 2 6,000

feet high on Kilimanjaro, in August.

254, Buteo augur Riipp. Red-tailed Buzzard.

3g, 2.v.1917; 9, 30.xii.1916; both in the black plumage. The female is

not jet black, but brown-black.

Nairobi and Elgon, 6,000 feet.

255, Machaerhamphus anderssoni Gurney. Bat Hawk.

A pair was seen every night for some time just at sunset, when the bats started

to come out. Within an hour they had fed and disappeared. They catch and

devour a bat in mid-air.

Kisumu, Nairobi.

256. Butastur rufipennis Sund. Red-winged Hawk.

1 3 2, all in different phases of plumage. The presence of this species so

far south as central Tanganyika Territory extends the distribution as given in

Reichenow’s Vogel Afrikas.

Singo in Uganda, Morogoro in Tanganyika Territory.

257. Milvus migrans parasitus Daud. Southern Kite.

Nairobi, Naivasha, and Mt. Moroto in Uganda.

258. Milvus migrans migrans Bodd. European Black Kite.

Numbers visit East Africa during the winter, but are merely birds of passage,

not remaining longer than a week in any one place.

259. Elanus coeruleus Desf. Black-winged Kite.

Elgon and Sezibwa River in Uganda; Kyambu in East Africa, A nestling,

16. viii. 1916.

260. Pernis apivorus Linn. European Honey Buzzard.

An April bird is in fresh full plumage, while autumn ones are much worn and

have a paler appearance, especially about the head.

Yala River, Kavirondo, and Nairobi.

Noviratrs Zootocicar XXIX, 1922. 43

261. Baza verreauxi Laf. Cuckoo Falcon.

2 B. emini.

My male has barred under wing-coverts, the female uniform. I doubt if B.

emini is a valid species, as my series (ten specimens) does not support it.

Soronko River, Elgon, and Kadama Bukedi, in Uganda.

262. Falco peregrinus minor Schleg. Lesser Peregrine Falcon.

An adult in rather worn plumage, and a young bird.

Samburu, 8.xi., 23. vii. 1918.

263. Falco biarmicus abyssinicus Neum. Abyssinian Red-headed Falcon.

The adult males no doubt belong to this form, while the two young birds may

possibly belong to the typical F. biarmicus biarmicus, having been shot in German

East Africa.

Turkwell River, Uganda ; and Morogoro.

)

264. Falco ruficollis Swains. Red-necked Falcon.

The adult is a bird of the pale-breasted variety with few bars on the under-

side, while the young bird has no indication of arufous neck-patch. Not common.

Turkana, Uganda. dad., 3.iii. ; Qjuv., 7.iii.1918.

265. Faleo subbuteo subbuteo Linn. European Hobby.

Two specimens shot by Blayney Percival in the Northern Guaso N’yiro are

interesting. One is a young in the first plumage, the other is an adult, but has

only a trace of rufous on the thighs and under tail-coverts.

Jinga in Uganda, and Voi in East Africa.

266. Falco cuvieri cuvieri Smith. Cuvier’s Brown-breasted Hobby.

The male has the tail uniform grey, the female barred on both webs. The

latter is adult, showing no pale edges to the feathers of the mantle. In some adult

specimens the breast is very pale rufous,

Elgon, Nairobi. dy 6. viii. 1916; 9, 30.vii.1919.

267. Falco fasciinucha Neum. Taru Brown-breasted Falcon.

Sjuv., 5.iii.1918, Voi Station. This species was previously only known from

the type which was procured in the Teita Country. It is very like F. cwviert, but

more robust—the legs more powerful. This feature, along with the pale greyish

rump, which is spotted and barred, and the barred grey tail with terminal white

bars, distinguish this species at a glance from F. cwviert. Except for its much

stronger feet one might easily mistake the bird for a young FP’. cuviert.

This specimen is now in the Tring Museum, It was exchanged by Colonel

Meinertzhagen from Mr. Blayney Percival, who shot it at Voi Station.

Novitarrs Zoonoarcar XXIX. 1922.

268. Faleo tinnunculus tinnunculus L. Common Kestrel.

7 g and 5 Q, collected in January, March, April, May, and September to

December, belong to the European species. They are in various stages of plumage,

from young of the year to fully mature adults in full plumage. The dates are of

interest.

Masindi, Bukedi, in Uganda; Kisumu, Kakrur, Naivasha, Fort Hall,

Kyambu, Tsavo, and Lake Jipe.

269. Falco tinnunculus carlo Hart. and Neum. Brown Kestrel.

3, 1l.v.1918. Fort Hall.

This bird, being very heavily marked and dark, probably belongs to this race.

270. Falco rupicoloides arthuri Gurney. Lesser Barred Kestrel.

A single specimen collected in Turkana, 17.iv.1918, belongs to this race.

It is a rare bird. It was collected by the East Africa Natural History Society’s

collector, and is now in the Tring Museum.

Meuressi, Turkwell River, Uganda.

271. Falco naumanni Fleisch. Lesser Kestrel.

Kisumu and Kyambu.

272. Poliohierax semitorquatus semitorquatus Smith. Red-backed Falconet.

There are certainly two distinct forms of the African Falconet—the southern

or typical, extending from South Africa to as far north as the Athi Plains (wings:

g 120-124, 9 125 mm.), and a northern race from Abyssinia to Baringo, which is

paler and smaller.

Simba, Taveta, and Tsavo,

273. Poliohierax semitorquatus homopterus Oberhols. Northern Falconet.

A 3, shot 1.vi., and a 9, 3.vi.1917, belong to the pale race, the oldest name

for which appears to be P. homopterus. Wings: ¢ 110-115, 9120 mm.

Turkwell and Kobua Rivers, Lake Rudolf.

274. Bubo lacteus Temm. Milky Eagle Owl.

Jinja in Uganda, Lake Naivasha.

275. Bubo capensis capensis Daud. Cape Eagle Owl.

I cannot see any difference between my East African bird and specimens

from Natal or Transvaal. Itis fairly common in parts of Tanganyika Territory.

Surely Oberholser re-described B. capensis when he named the Natal bird

B. m. amerimus (not americanus, as stated by C. Grant, 2bis, 1915).

Lake Jipe.

Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922. 45

276. Bubo africanus africanus Temm. Lesser Grey Eagle Owl.

B. maculosus auct.

Nairobi and Nakuru.

277. Bubo africanus cinerascens Guér. Brownish Eagle Owl.

Apparently this northern bird extends into the Suk Country and Nile pro-

vince of Uganda.

Kerio River and 8. Turkana. 3, 10. viii. 1916.

278. Asio capensis capensis A. Sm. Tawny Grass Owl.

Found in the swamps and grass country.

Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha.

279. Otus leucotis Temm. White-faced Scops Owl.

Owing to insufficient material I cannot be quite sure as to whether these are

typical O. leucotis leucotis (Senegal), or whether they belong to the Somali form

which has been named 0, I. nigrovertex by Erlanger.

C. Grant placed his Moroto birds as O. 1. lewcotis (vide Ibis, 1915).

Meuressi, Turkwell and Moroto, Turkana, Uganda.

280, Otus scops ugandae Neum. Uganda Little Owl.

Budongo Forest, Soronko River, and Buremezi, Uganda.

281, Syrnium woodfordi subsp. Brown Forest Owl.

In my series of twelve specimens there is every gradation from a bright

golden brown to deep black brown. Thus my specimens can be matched with

birds in the Tring Museum which have been placed as S. w. nuchale, bohndorfi,

suahelicum, and nigricantius.

The golden brown bird has no signs of vermiculations on the feathers of the

back.

The young also differ : one is greyish buff, while the other two are sandy buff.

Then, again, there is a young bird which has assumed adult plumage, but there still

remain some downy feathers and down about its neck at the back and on the

thighs. This bird is very dark brown. Two birds moulting from nestling plum-

age into second dress exhibit interesting differences, one having large broad spear-

shaped spots on the crown, the other small white irregular bars. The series in

Tring appears to indicate three distinct birds in Africa : (1) S. woodfordi woodfordi,

South Africa ; (2) S. woodfordi suahelicum, ashy brown, vermiculated on the back,

with narrow barred feathers on the underside ; and (3) a dark chestnut brown race

found in Gabun and Angola.

These birds are very fond of insects, beetles, and moths,

Budongo Forest, Lake Albert, Kyetume, Lugalambo, and Elgon in Uganda ;

Aberdare Mountains, Kyambu, and Nairobi in Hast Africa,

46 NoviratEes ZooLoGicaE XXIX, 1922.

282. Glaucidium perlatum subsp. Pearl-spotted Owl.

The Tring Museum possesses a fine series of this bird, and when these are laid

out according to localities, it is apparent that there are certainly two if not three

distinct forms. The typical birds (Senegal) are generally more rufous above and

below, while the eastern birds are more greyish on the mantle; variation in the

amount of spotting occurs in both forms, but the general tone is quite marked.

East African specimens are intermediate.

My specimens show extremes: birds with uniform heads and backs—

another with uniform head and spotted back, others spotted on head and back, and

one barred on the head and spotted on the mantle !

Tsavo, Kitui, Simba in Hast Africa ; Kerio and Kimiriri Rivers, Elgon, and

8. Ankole in Uganda,

283. Tyto capensis A. Sm. Black-backed Barn Owl.

A dis uniform black-brown on the back and less heavily spotted on the under-

side than Cape birds. It is possible that with more material it will be shown that

the northern birds belong to a recognisable race.

3, Fort Hall, 13. viii. 1916.

284, Tyto alba affinis Blyth. Cape Barn Owl.

T. maculata auct.

Kyambu and Nairobi. Nestlings, 2.ix.1917.

285. Psittacus erythacus Linn. Grey Parrot.

A male shot in December appears to be an old bird. It has an extra large

bill, and is considerably darker than two others. The tips of all the feathers of

the breast, abdomen, and rump are shot with bluish purple. The sexes differ

greatly in size.

Nyarondo in N. Kavirondo ; Jinja and Budongo Forest in Uganda.

286, Poicephalus gulielmi massaicus Fisch and Rchw. Red-fronted Green

Parrot.

Young birds are bright green like females, but have dark, horny grey-brown

bills. This is a very noisy species, and is very partial to the Juniper Forest of

the higher altitudes.

Burnt Forest, Elgeyu Forest, Aberdare Mountains.

287. Poicephalus fuscicapillus Des Murs. Golden-breasted Parrot.

My collectors tell me that these birds do considerable damage to young

growing coconuts, but personally I have not witnessed this destruction, The

birds are certainly seen among the palms, but mostly on the highest fronds,

Changamwe.

288, Poicephalus rufiventris simplex Rchw. Salmon-bellied Parrot.

It has been shown that the birds from south of Abyssinia are separable from

the northern‘or typical, and the name ‘‘ Simplex,”’ which Reichenow applied to

a female bird collected in Tanganyika Territory, has rightly been re-established,

Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX, 1922. 47

With my series and the birds in Tring Museum it is obvious that there are

three, perhaps four distinet forms :—

P. rufiventris rufiventris, Abyssinia and Blue Nile.—Dark above, ramp

greenish yellow tinged blue. Bill small,

P. rufiventris ? subsp. (intermediate), South Ethiopia.—Not so dark above,

bill small, ramp bluer. Wings, 140-155 mm,

P. rufiventris pallidus, subsp. nov., North Somaliland.—Much paler, bill

small, rump brighter blue, sides of abdomen blue, Wings, 145-155 mm.

P. rufiventris simplex, Tanganyika Territory, Kenya Colony.—Larger, darker

than N. Somaliland birds, much heavier beaks, rump green, tinged with blue.

Wings, 150-163 mm,

I have P. ruf. simplex from Tsavo, Taveta, Maungu, Masongoleni, Simba,

Kitui, and River N’zinin Ukamba. 13 3 8.

289. Poicephalus meyeri matschiei Neum, East African Blue-rumped

Parrot.

This form occurs in the southern portion of the Seyedi Province, and is said

to occur in Mombasa area.

Kongwa, Tanganyika Territory. ¢, 26.iv. 1917, collected by Loveridge.

290. Poicephalus meyeri subsp. nov. 2? Kenia Yellow-shouldered Parrot.

A 3 shot on Kenia, 7,000 feet, in February, comes from a locality where

specimens of P. meyeri do not appear to have been collected. It is an extremely

dark bird—darker than P. m. saturatus or P. m. neavei. It has dark yellow

shoulders and a yellow band on the crown, The rump is yellow green, bluer at

base.

291. Poicephalus meyeri saturatus Sharpe. Uganda Yellow-shouldered

Parrot.

P. m. nyansae Neum. ;

In 1916, when reporting on a collection from Uganda, I admitted three forms

of P. meyeri to Uganda and East Africa. I did this because at the time I had

insufficient material to test the validity of the several races named, With

additional material 1am compelled to unite P. m. nyansae of Neumann with P, m.

saturatus of Sharpe.

Masindi and Mubendi in Uganda,

292. Poicephalus meyeri virescens Rchw. East African Yellow-shouldered

Parrot.

I am not satisfied that the East African birds are the same as Uganda ones—

they are not so dark, more greenish (not the greenish tinge of immaturity). The

rump is rather bluer than in West Uganda birds, Should more material show the

East African birds to be the same as Uganda specimens, then P. m, virescens

becomes a synonym of P. m. saturatus.

Soronko River, Nyarondo in Kakamega, and Fort Ternan,

48 NoviratEes ZooLoGicaE XXIX. 1922.

293. Agapornis pullarius pullarius Linn. Red-faced Love-bird.

294, A. p. ugandae Neum.

In the Tring Museum seven western birds have dark blue rumps, much

darker than birds from South Abyssinia ; two males from Masindi in Uganda are

also dark, East African and Uganda (Central and East) birds cannot be separated

from Ethiopian specimens. The Masindi birds must be called A. pullarius and

the rest A. p. ugandae.

Masindi, Lugalambo, Entebbe, Jinja in Uganda, and Nyarondo in E, Africa.

295, Agapornis personatus Rchw. Yellow-breasted Love-bird.

This species comes over to the east of Mt. Kilimanjaro, where it was seen ly

me at Taveta.

Kongwa, Tanganyika Territory. 3, 2.iv.1917, collected by Loveridge.

296. Palaeornis krameri Scop. Long-tailed Ring-necked Parrot.

Palaeornis docilis auct.

A pair were seen between Masindi and the Budongo Forest.

297. Corythaeola cristata yalensis Mearns. Eastern Giant Plantain Eater.

In order to test the validity of this subspecies I procured 5 ¢ and 1 9 from the

type locality. Comparing these with Gabun and other West African birds

(Sierra Leone excepted), they certainly show less blue and a more greenish tinge

on the upper surface. They are also paler about the cheeks and throat. The

Sierra Leone birds are coloured similarly to the Eastern ones, but are smaller.

The Eastern birds are the largest ; the difference, however, can only be appreciated

with a series.

Mabira and Kyetume in Uganda, Yala River and Kakamega in East Africa.

298. Musophaga rossae Gould. Ross’s Red-crested Plantain Eater.

I have compared Uganda and Western birds and can find no difference.

Some Uganda specimens are certainly bluer, but these are newly feathered birds ;

others which are purplish show new feathers coming in, which are blue. The

coloration of the tail feathers varies with age and exposure. I have, however,

noticed that North Kavirondo and Nandi birds have less greenish tinge to the

feathers of the underside,

East Elgon and Kakamega,

299. Turacus hartlaubi Fisch. and Rehw. Hartlaub’s Blue-crested Plantain Eater.

Mearns has separated this bird into several subspecies. He gives as the

distribution for the typical bird, Kilimanjaro, South-east Africa north to Sotik

Forests, for “ Z’. 1. medius’’ Machakos north of the Uganda Railway, Kenia to

Uganda.

This distribution appears to me peculiar, particularly the northern limits of

each supposed race, The Sotik Forest is continuous with the Mau Forest which

crosses the railway and merges into the forest of the Ravine and Elgeyu Escarp-

Novitates Zoonroaicar XXIX, 1922. 49

ment. Now, according to Mearns at the Sotik end of the Forest is to be found

the typical bird and at the Elgeyu end the subspecies medius.—With birds before

me from Kilimanjaro (type locality of 7. hartlaubi hartlaubi) north to Elgon, it

appears that the typical bird extends to Mau, Ravine, Elgeyu, and Elgon ; while

in the Machakos, Kenia, Nairobi, and Escarpment districts there may possibly

be a recognisable subspecies which would have to bear the name of 7’. h. medius.

T. h. crissalis from Mt. Wbololo cannot be upheld; the coloration of the

abdomen and vent varies greatly in birds from one locality.

300. 7. h. coeruleus from Mt. Uraguess may possibly be separable, because

the avifauna from that district is most remarkable.

301. T. hartlaubi medius examined from Machakos, Kyambu, Nairobi,

Escarpment.

Turacus hartlaubi hartlaubi from Molo, Elgeyu, Burnt Forest, Elgon.

302. Turacus leucolophus Hartl. White-headed Plantain Eater.

Plentiful in suitable localities.

Bugoma, Budongo, Elgon, Buremezi in Uganda ; Marich, Suk, Kitosh, and

Nyarondo in East Africa.

303. Turacus emini Rchw. Emin’s Green Plantain Eater.

T. ugandae Rehw.

It seems to me impossible that there should be two distinct species of green

Plantain Eaters in the Lake Albert district. My birds (6 ¢ 3 9) areall identical,

and they were collected from West to East Uganda and in North Kavirondo.

There is a certain amount of variation, but this is due to weathering of the

plumage. One specimen shot in Kavirondo has a red feather in its tail.

Budongo Forest, Bugoma Forest, Lugalambo, Mabira in Uganda, South

Elgon, and Kakamega.

304, Gymnoschizorhis personatus centralis Neum. Uganda Pink-breasted Plantain

Eater.

My series (3 f 2 9) rather supports Neumann’s statement that the Uganda

birds are darker than the Tanganyika Territory birds, and for the present I shall

recognise his subspecies. If these birds are not separable, then my specimens

would be G@. p. leopoldi Shell.

Kendu Bay, Kano, and Kibos.

305. Chizaerhis africana zonura Riipp. Hackle-neck Plantain Eater.

Young birds in first plumage (14.iii.1916) are more uniform grey-brown,

lacking the striping on the breast and the elongated neck feathers.

Jinja, Masindi, and Elgon in Uganda.

306. Corythaixoides (Chizaerhis) leucogaster Riipp. White-bellied Plantain Eater.

Females have greenish bills. My specimens are rather smaller than northern

ones (Abyssinia), having wings of 205-220, as against 215-230 mm. ; otherwise

there appears to be no difference.

Kacheliba, Suk, Simba, M’buyuni, and Tsayo, 3 ¢ 29.

50 Novirates ZoonogicaE XXIX, 1922,

307. Centropus monachus monachus Riipp. Great Blue-headed Coucal.

The distribution in North Kenya Colony appears to be east of the Elgeyu

Escarpment, West of this range is found the smaller race. The hen sits after

laying the first egg, thus eggs do not hatch at the same time.

Fort Hall and Kyambu.

308. Centropus monachus fischeri Rchw. Fischer’s Dark-headed Coucal.

Fort Ternan in East Africa, Kewala in Uganda,

309. Centropus senegalensis flecki Rchw.

Eight specimens, Lumbo (Nairobi Museum Coll.).

I have reason to believe that this species occurs in the south of the Seyedi

Province. A bird of the ‘‘ senegalensis”? type is reported from Zanzibar (Kirk).

310. Centropus superciliosus intermedius subsp. nov. van Someren. East African

Hackle-necked Coucal.

These are all adult birds. I obtained a large series of this bird, because I

was certain that with sufficient material one would be able to recognise a distinct

race. I am satisfied that in point of size as well as colour, these birds can be

separated from the northern typical bird from S. Arabia, Colour alone (much

darker above than C. superciliosus superciliosus) justifies this. The extreme form

from Angola has been separated by C. GrantasC.s. loandae. This is a larger bird

than the intermediate race. The East African and Uganda specimens have wings

of 140-155 mm. The specimen of this Coucal from Sokotra in the Tring Museum

does not agree with the characters as given by C, Grant for C. s. sokotrae !

Mombasa, Changamwe, Lamu, Tsavo, Samburu, Nairobi, Kisumu, also Jinja

in Uganda. Type 3, Mombasa, 12.iv.1919.

311. Centropus grilli Hartl. Red-winged Black Coucal.

3, 11.v.1917.

Kitosh district.

312. Ceuthmochares aereus ? subsp. nov. Green Yellow-billed Coucal.

Specimens from the coast of British to Portuguese East Africa are much

paler than South African examples, and may possibly belong to a distinct form.

Doherty procured this bird at Escarpment, Lowe in Uganda (Naikwa Hills).

Changamwe, near Mombasa.

313. Ceuthmochares aereus intermedius Sharpe. Grey Yellow-billed Coucal.

The distribution in East Africa and Uganda of this race and the above

requires careful study. I have seen specimens of this form from Kenia, and

myself have collected it in Mubendi, Budongo, Bugoma, Mubango, Lugalambo,

Kyetume in Uganda, Elgon, Fort Ternanin East Africa. If they occur together,

they cannot both be races of the same form. 6 399, nestling, 20. xi.

Novitares Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922. 51

314. Coccystes cafer Licht. Green-backed Crested Cuckoo.

In a Kyambu specimen the striping of the breast reaches to the abdomen,

giving the bird a dark appearance.

Jinja in Uganda and Kyambu in East Africa.

315. Coccystes jacobinus Bodd. Blue-backed Crested Cuckoo.

Lamu, Manda, Tsavo, and Kisumu. 34929.

316. Coccystes glandarius Linn. Great Spotted Cuckoo.

December birds were very fat, pointing rather to the fact that they were

migrants from the north. May birds were in breeding condition, while the young

shot 9.v.1917 still has a soft bill. These lay regularly in Hast Africa, so I do not

think that Sclater is correct when he suggests that South African birds come up

to Uganda after the breeding season (during South African winter), nor do I

believe in the theory of double breeding of European birds! (C. Grant, Ibis,

1915, p. 416), There is doubtless a resident bird in Hast Africa, but whether or

not it is the same as the Kuropean bird remains to be proved.

Kano, Jinja, and Suk Hills.

317. Cuculus canorus canorus Linn, European Cuckoo.

3, Nairobi, 28.1.1918. This bird has a small black bill and is probably a

migrant from Europe.

318. Cuculus canorus gularis Steph. Yellow-billed Grey Cuckoo.

Larger than C. canorus canorus, and base of the upper mandible and almost

the whole of the lower cadmium-yellow.

Kimiriri River, Elgon, and Gomba in Uganda.

319. Cuculus clamosus clamosus Lath. Black Cuckoo.

See notes under next species,

Kitui in Ukamba, 20.x.1918,

320. Cuculus jacksoni Sharpe. Jackson’s Black Cuckoo.

I have examined a large series of this bird and of the preceding, and from the

specimens one is led to suggest that C. jacksoni is a species occurring side by side

with C. clamosus, or that C. jacksoni is a subspecies of C, clamosus and limited to

Uganda, where the adult gets a red throat.

The young in intermediate plumage would appear to be indistinguishable,

yet the adults are! Black birds such as one gets in Natal occur in Uganda, 5.

Ethiopia, and East Africa (Doherty coll. Escarpment), Bannerman is working

at these Cuckoos, so I will not discuss them further.*

Namasagali, Elgon, Soronko, and Mubendi in Uganda.

* Bannerman’s notes have since appeared in bis, 1921, pp. 93-5.—E, H,

52 Novirates Zoonocroar XXIX. 1922.

321. Cuculus gabonensis mabirae van Someren. Mabira Red-throated Cuckoo.

Bull. B.O. Club, 1915.

This is another bird which apparently occurs side by side with C. jacksoni.

I omitted to state in Jbis, 1916, that, besides having rusty-buff cheeks, the pre-

orbital spots are buff and the crown of the head is tinged greyish, not blue-black

as in C. gabonensis or C. jacksont.

The young in second plumage are somewhat like young of C. solitarius, but

differ in having the back blue-black, not grey. They differ from young of C.

jacksoni in the tails, which are barred, not uniform or with white shaft spots as in

C. jacksoni. The nesting plumage is not known.

Bugoma, Budongo, in Uganda.

322. Cuculus solitarius Steph. Red-throated Grey-backed Cuckoo.

The young of this bird and C. jacksoni or C. clamosus are quite different, and

cannot possibly be confused.

Mubendi, Entebbe, Kyetume and Kobua, Rudolf ; Mawakota and Bumasolo

in Uganda; Kyambu, Nairobi, and Nyarondo in East Africa. February, March,

May, October; young in May and July ; thirteen specimens.

323. Cercococcyx mechowi wellsi Bannerman. Long-tailed Barred Cuckoo.

Bull. B.O. Club, November 1919.

This bird does not appear to extend to Elgon district, its eastern limits, so

far as is known, being west of Jinja. What is the relationship to C. olivinus of

Sassi? (Cf. Lbis, 1921, p. 96.)

Kyetume, Uganda.

324. Chrysococcyx auratus auratus Gm. Yellow-bellied Emerald Cuckoo.

C. cupreus Shaw.

C. smaragdineus (authors).

Both Bannerman and Grant agree that there are two distinct species, one

with white, barred, and one with uniform yellow under tail-coverts, which in the

case of young birds are barred, but not as in the first.

My series along with the specimens in Tring show that birds which are resi-

dent and breeding in British East Africa possess these characters. Thus if Banner-

man and Grant were correct, we should have a species and a subspecies inhabiting

and breeding in the same districts! Bannerman next goes on to show that the

South African bird always has white, barred, but never yellow, under tail-coverts,

and states that this is a bird breeding in the south and migrating north during the

southern winter. This is accepted by C. Grant. I have, however, stated that

this type of bird breeds in Uganda and East Africa. The two forms are named

C. auratus auratus Gm, (= C. smaragdineus and C. cwpreus Shaw), type locality

Gambia, and C., auratus intermedius Hartl., type locality Gaboon. In the Tring

Museum there is a large series of Gaboon specimens—some with barred white,

some with wniform under tail-coverts. The type of C. intermedius was not a South

African bird! thus C. intermedius Hartl. is a synonym of C. auratus. The South

African birds differ from northern specimens in the way Bannerman mentioned

Novirates ZoorocicaE XXIX. 1922. 53

on p. 245 of Ibis, 1912, i.e. they are smaller, they have white under tail-coverts

which are barred, and the tail is shorter and not so graduated as in C. auratus.

The South African birds, then, require a name. On investigation we find the name

“* splendidus”? Gray. Vide Gray, G.B., 1847. This was based on a West-coast

bird. It was next used by Sharpe in his Catalogue, 1871, the reference he gives

being Gray, 1847, mentioned above; but he states the locality as South Africa,

which is wrong, Gray’s ‘‘ splendidus”? being a West-coast bird, thus the name

cannot be used. I name the South African bird—

Chrysococcyx auratus sharpei subsp. nov. (type in the Tring Museum).

Besides the differences mentioned by Bannerman as referring to males, we

find the female of the southern bird differs from the northern bird in being more

finely barred on the underside and lacks the clear green barring.

C.a. sharpei : Mawakota, West Elgon, and Soronko River, in Uganda,

C. a. auratus ; Nairobi, Kyambu, and Kisumu in British East Africa.

325. Chrysococcyx klassi Steph. White-breasted Emerald Cuckoo.

In June 1919 I was surprised to find a young Klass’s Cuckoo being fed by

a pair of Otyphantes reichenowi and apparently thriving. How did the Cuckoo

deposit its egg in the Weaver’s nest ? My previous experience has been that this

Cuckoo victimises “‘ insect-eating ’’ birds, not one given largely to a grain and

seed diet.

South Ankole, Elgon, and Entebbe in Uganda; Kisumu, Nairobi, Kyambu,

W’buyuni, Sagala, and Maungu in East Africa. Sixteen specimens.

326. Chrysococcyx caprius Bodd. White-breasted Golden Cuckoo.

C. cwpreus auct.

Very common and very noisy. I witnessed the presence of seven adult birds

in a small patch of scrub not more than a quarter of an acre in extent.

Bugoma, Kyetume, Nmbango, Junja, Soronko, Elgon, in Uganda; Kisumu,

Kendu Bay, Kibos, Nairobi, and Tsavo in East Africa.

327, Indicator indicator Gmel. Black-throated Honey Guide.

Nmbendi and Elgon in Uganda ; Nakuru, Fort Hall, and Tsavo in Kast Africa.

328. Indicator variegatus variegatus Linn. Speckled Honey Guide.

Some of these birds are heavily speckled on the breast, some have almost

uniform undersides,

Mubendi, Budongo, and Moroto in Uganda; Burnt Forest, Naivasha, and

Nairobi in East Africa,

329. Indicator minor teitensis Neum. Lesser Honey Guide.

(i) 3949: Heads green; green backs; underside grey-olive, green tinged.

Wings: 3 86-91, 9 83-85 mm.

Changamwe, Taveta, Kitui, Kyambu.

54 Novirates Zootocican XXIX, 1922.

(ii) 9g 19: Heads green; green backs; underside grey-olive, green tinged.

Wings: ¢ 91-98, 2 83-89 mm.

Fort Ternan, Aberdares, Kakamegoes, Kobua, Rudolf, and Mt. Moroto,

Uganda.

(iii) 1 g 3 9: Heads brown-grey, as in diademata ; backs more golden ; under-

side paler less tinged olive. Wings: gf 86, 2 838-85 mm.

Kobua River and Mt. Moroto.

This is a most interesting series which has caused me much bother. As

teitensis and minor are supposed to be separable on size only, it would appear that

no great reliance can be placed on this character.

A series of typical minor gives the following wing-measurements: g 92-94,

@ 88-89 mm.; South Abyssinian birds, gf 93-97, 2 87 mm.; North Abyssinia—

Erithrea, Jf 90, 2 85 mm,

Indicator lovati Og.-Grant agrees with these Erithrean birds, while the South

Abyssinian birds are indistinguishable from those from the Aberdare Mountains.

330. Indicator exilis P pygmaeus Rchw. Uganda Little Olive Honey Guide.

3, 2.i1.1919; 9, 7.v.1914, 4. viii. 17.

My two new specimens agree with the bird collected in 1914, and are not

typical ewilis but nearer to pygmaeus. More material will probably show this

to be a good race. These birds are clearly striped on the back.

Lugalambo, and Mabira Forests in Uganda.

331. Indicator exilis ? narokensis Jacks. Little Grey-bellied Honey Guide.

(? I. ansorget Alex. *)

1 § 2 Qagree with the descriptions of ansorgei and narokensis. They are pale

greyish below and have the mantle greyish green with practically no stripes.

Mt. Moroto, and Soronko River, Elgon, Uganda.

332. Prodotiscus regulus Sund. Slender-billed Brown Honey Guide.

g, 30.vi.1918; 9, 27. vii.1918, 21.xi.1916.

These birds agree very well with South African birds. They have wings of

73-75 mm.

Nairobi, Campi-ya-bibi, Samburu, in the Scrub country.

333. Prodotiscus insignis ? reichenowi Mad. Slender-billed Grey-bellied Olive-

backed Honey Guide.

5 $29. The identification of these birds must remain uncertain until the

type of reichenowi can be examined, They are quite distinct from emini. More

of a forest-loving bird than the preceding.

Nairobi and Kyambu.

334. Prodotiscus insignis emini Shell. Uganda Slender-billed Olive Honey Guide.

3, 15.x.1915; 9, 9.ii.1917. This very marked form appears to be confined

to Uganda, the distribution being from the Nile district to Mt. Elgon and North

Kavirondo. It is very rare.

Kakamegoes and Yala River.

Noyrrates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

335, Lybius bidentatus aequatorialis Shell. Uganda White-flanked Red Barbet.

This is an excellent subspecies which apparently extends to the Nandi

country. Neumann’s subspecies L. b. aethiops, Omo River and South Abyssinia,

is on the whole smaller, but quite a number of the Uganda birds are as small,

while the size of the South Ethiopian birds is constantly the same.

South-east Elgon, Kibras, Kibos, and Fort Ternan in East Africa ; Budongo,

Bugoma, Kiwala, Kasaka, Kigoma, South Ankole, Masaka, and Entebbe in

Uganda.

336. Lybius melanopterus Pet. White-bellied Red-headed Barbet.

A bird of the low altitudes and desert country. Young birds resemble the

adults somewhat, but the red on the throat and crown is more restricted, and the

spotting on the nape and mantle absent, The brownish area of the breast and

in the scapular region is absent, and the white of the underside tinged yellowish.

The bill, which is horn-brown, has smooth cutting edges.

Changamwe, Lake Jipe, Taveta, Teita, and Sagala Hills.

337. Lybius leucocephalus De Fil. White-headed Barbet.

Claude Grant, when referring to this bird, Ibis, 1915, endorsed the view of

Reichenow, Vog. Afrikas, vol. ii, that L. albicauda of Shelley and L. abbotti

Reichw. are merely stages in the plumage of L, senex Reichenow, the last named

being the full adult. He further goes on to state that a larger series will show

that L. leucocephalus is L. senex in its first dress, and as L. leucocephalus is the

oldest name it would have to be adopted for the species. Now, my series of L.

leucocephalus and L. senex prove quite conclusively that Reichenow and Grant

are in error. Lybius leucocephalus is quite distinct from either L. albicauda or

L. senex, as evidenced by the young bird of L. leucocephalus in my series, which

to all intents is coloured similarly to the adults.

A point I wish to draw attention to is, that the extent of the white area on

the breast varies in individuals—some have the white feathering extending in a

point, well on to the abdomen ; in others, it is limited to the breast. The amount

of white spotting on the wings differs in individuals. The distribution of this

species is from the Ituri Forest and East Congo through Uganda, including the

Blue and White Nile to Kavirondo. My series includes birds from Toro, Masindi,

Jinja, S. Ankole, Kigezi, in Uganda ; Kitosh and Nyarondo in East Africa.

338. Lybius albicauda senex Rchw. 1887. Black-winged White Barbet.

Here, again, we are dealing with a quite distinet bird—vide remarks preceding

species. Itis undoubtedly related to L. albicauda, as evidenced by the indications

of dusky mottling on the abdomen and flanks of individual birds, but otherwise

it is quite distinct, Three young birds shot with their parents show quite clearly

that this bird has nothing to do with L. leucocephalus. The young are coloured

like adults, with the exception of the tail, which is suffused with black on the

outer edges of the webs. The amount of white spotting on the back and wings

varies individually—thus some old males have the white limited to the scapulars,

others have the lesser coverts and mantle spotted,

56 Novirates ZooLoGcicaE XXIX, 1922.

I took the eggs in June 1919. The distribution appears to be East Africa

from Ukamba north to Lumbwa.

I have procured it in the following places: Kitui, Ukamba, Fort Hall, and

Nairobi.

339. Lybius albicauda albicauda Shell. 1881. Black-billed White Barbet.

Differs from the preceding subspecies in having the lower breast and abdomen

in both adult and young blackish, the feathers having pale whitish tips. The wing-

coverts are more spotted with white. It has been obtained at Taveta and

Mombasa in British East Africa,

The distribution is: southern portion of Kenya Colony through Tanganyika

Territory to the south-west shores of Lake Victoria,

(L. leucogaster Bocage 1887. Black-tailed White Barbet.

Differs from L, albicauda senex in having a black tail and white under wing-

coverts,

Angola.)

340. Lybius tridactylus ugandae Berger. Uganda Red-headed Black Barbet.

Tam perfectly satisfied that this is a good subspecies of L. tridactylus. Besides

having the white and yellow edgings to the wing feathers narrower and less

conspicuous, the wings are smaller. Thus a series of ten skins from Uganda varies

from 75 to 85 mm. as against 85 to 93 (most 90 mm.) in Z. ¢. tridactylus (Abyssinia).

I thus do not agree with C, Grant, bis, 1915, p. 438, nor Sclater, Zbis, 1919.

Toro, Soroti, and Jinja in Uganda.

341, Lybius torquatus irroratus Cab. Red-headed Yellow-bellied Barbet.

Two females have the vents decidedly orange. There is a tendency in the

East African specimens to show a greater expanse of black on the breast than in

specimens from Tanganyika Territory.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Samburu.

342. Tricholaema hirsutum ansorgei Shell. Ansorge’s Green-breasted Barbet.

Masaka, Kigezi, Mubango, Mibira, and Lugalambo in Uganda.

343. Tricholaema melanocephala stigmatothorax Cab. Brown-throated

Barbet.

In the thorn bush and scrub of the Taru Desert this bird is plentiful, breeding

in March and April. Young birds have the same colour scheme as adults, but the

coloration is duller.

Tsavo, Bura, M’buyuni, Cami-ya-bibi, and Maungu.

344, Tricholaema lacrymosa lacrymosa Cab. Spotted-flanked Barbet.

345, Tricholaema lacrymosa radcliffei Og.-Grant. Radeliffe’s Spotted-flanked Barbet.

T. 1. ruehae Neum.,

It is of interest that with my series of sixteen 7’. 1. lacrymosa and five

radcliffei, together with that of the Tring Museum, evidence goes to show that

Novitates ZooLocicarE XXIX. 1922. 57

Grant’s subspecies can be upheld, provided the distribution is carefully noted.

Birds with pear-shaped spots, 7’. 1. lacrymosa, must be recognised as the eastern

form—ranging through East Africa to North Kavirondo, to the eastern province

of Uganda and into South Ethiopia, while the western form ranges through

North Tanganyika Territory to Lake Victoria, extending to South Kavirondo on

the east, on the west through Uganda to, but not including, the eastern province.

T. 1. lacrymosa : Changamwe, Masongoleni, Taveta, Tsavo, Teita, Kitui, Lake

Jipe, East Elgon, Sio River, Jinja, Mt. Moroto.

T. 1. radcliffe: : Fort Ternan, Kisumu, Kampala, Entebbe, Kabulamuliro,

Toro, Kagera, and Nimule.

346, Tricholaema diademata diademata Heugl. Buff-bellied Barbet.

A series of birds from the White Nile and South Ethiopia have wings of

70-77 mm., while birds from North-east Uganda south to Mt. Kenia, although

having the characteristic uniform belly, are considerably larger and have the

same measurements as 7’, diademata massaica.

Kyetume—Masindi, Uganda.

347. Tricholaema diademata ? subsp. nov. Large Buff-bellied Barbet.

3 g and 2 9 have wings of 80, 80, 81, 82, 85 mm., and were obtained at

Mt. Moroto, Kacheliba, Kerio, and Mt. Kenia. 7,000 feet.

The specimen recorded by C. Grant (Ibis, 1915, p. 441) from the Turkwell

River has wings of 82 mm. and would belong to this apparently larger race.

348. Tricholaema diademata massaica Rchw. Massai Buff-bellied Barbet.

This subspecies is much larger than typical 7’. diademata, and heavily spotted

on the underside in both adult and young. Some birds, however, are not so

heavily spotted as others. Wings, 77-85 mm.

Kisumu, Nakuru, Nairobi, Naivasha, Kendu Bay, Simba, and Tsavo in

East Africa.

349. Gymnobucco bonapartei cinereiceps Sharpe. Elgon Tufted Barbet.

These birds, which are typical G. 6. cinereiceps, have long straw-coloured

tufts and distinctly greyish heads and necks. The ear-coverts are greyish.

They have wings of 96-104 mm., and range from Elgon south to Nandi and

possibly Sotik. They are the extreme contrast to G. b. bonapartei Hartl.

Elgon, Kakamega, Kitosh, Nyarondo, and Nandi.

350, Gymnobucco bonapartei intermedius subsp. nov.

The Tufted Barbet which occurs in Uganda is separable from the bird of

Elgon and North Kavirondo in being smaller and in having the nasal tufts shorter,

and chestnut or brownish in colour, and in having the ear-coverts brown. Bill

smaller, Tail more washed with green, and mantle and wings more striped. It

is thus the connecting link between G. bonapartei and G. bonapartei cinereiceps.

Young birds have short, soft, pale straw-coloured tufts, not like Elgon birds.

Wings, 87-99 mm.

58 Novitates ZooLnogicaE XXIX. 1922.

Mabira Forest, west to the Mpanga and Ruwenzori and South Ankole.

Type d: Mpanga Forest. 20.ix.1916.

Ogilvie-Grant noticed that the bird obtained during the Ruwenzori Ex-

pedition differed from the eastern form, but considered the difference due to

wearing.

Namwave, Mubaugo, Mabira, Kyetume, Bugoma, Kigezi in South Ankole.

351. Bucconodon olivaceum Shell. Large Olive Barbet.

This species, the type of which came from Rabai, appears to be rare, very

few specimens having been collected.

352. Bucconodon leucotis kilimensis Shell. Black-headed Barbet.

This is quite a good subspecies, but occasionally one comes across a bird

from Tanganyika Territory which has a blackish rump, asin Natal birds. Young

birds are rather blacker than adults, lacking the brown on the sides of the breast

and in the scapular region ; the bristle-like feathers are restricted to the forehead.

The bases of the upper and lower mandibles are pinkish or whitish.

Taveta, Lake Jipe, Teita.

353. Barbatula duchaillui Cass. Yellow-spotted Barbet.

B, ugandae Rehw.

With the additional material of 4 g 4 9 to my series of 1914 (11 skins), I

am unable to recognise Reichenow’s subspecies. The spotting on the back is

extremely variable. Wings, 75-80 mm.

8. Ankole, Lugalambo, Mubango, Mawakota, Sezibwa in Uganda.

354, Barbatula duchaillui ? subsp. nov.

The specimens from East Africa, although agreeing with the Uganda birds

in coloration, are larger and probably belong to a southern race. Wings: 83,

85, 85 mm.

Kisumu and 8. Kavirondo.

355. Barbatula scolopacea aloysii Salvad. Small Green-spotted Barbet.

Budu, Lugalambo, and Elgon in Uganda.

The distribution of the named races of B. scolopacea requires defining. From

the material available it would appear that :

B. scolopacea scolopacea is found in Ashanti, Sierra Leone, and South Nigeria.

B. s. stellata Jard. & Fras.: Fernando Po.

B. s. flavisquamata Verr.: Gaboon.

B. s. consobrina Rehw.: Congo to possibly Angola (Angola birds seem

larger).

B. s. aloysii Salvad, : Uganda to Elgon.

356. Barbatula leucolaima nyanzae Neum. (Jowrn. f. Orn. 1907, p. 347). Uganda

Little White-eyebrowed Barbet.

Ogilvie-Grant places this subspecies as a synonym of his B. 1. m’fumbiro,

but I do not consider this correct. In working over these Little Barbets, I have

Novirates Zooroaican XXIX, 1922. 59

checked Neumann’s reviews of the group in Journ. f. Orn, 1911, and his division

of this group appears correct.

Budongo, Bugoma, Kyetume, and Entebbe in Uganda.

357. Barbatula subsulphurea ituriensis Neum. (Journ. f. Orn. 1917). Uganda Yellow-

breasted Pigmy Barbet.

A good subspecies, being very much more yellowish on the underside than

B. subsulphurea subsulphurea, and having the yellow edging to the wing feathers

more pronounced, The character given by Neumann—viz. the blue instead

of green gloss on the head—is obvious in the type, but does not hold good in the

‘other specimens. The type is a miserable, much-soiled specimen.

Dividing the small Barbets into three species with so many subspecies as

Neumann does, allows for the presence of three of these Pigmy Barbets in the

same locality, each belonging to distinct species.

Budongo, Mabira, Kyetume, in Uganda.

358. Barbatula bilineata fischeri Rchw. East African Yellow-breasted Barbet.

This bird is remarkably like B. leucolaima nyanzae, but paler yellow on the

abdomen. It appears to be an uncommon bird. It is possible that the mainland

bird may be separable from the birds of Zanzibar—the type locality of this

subspecies of the South African B. bilineata.

Changamwe and Mombasa. 2 d, April and May.

359. Barbatula bilineata ? subsp. nov. Grey-breasted Pigmy Barbet.

3 dand 3 9 have a distinctly grey throat and breast and the rump is canary-

yellow. Wings, 50-56 mm. This form is met with from Ukambani to Nakuru

district, but north of this occurs a larger, paler one, which is apparently typical

B, jacksoni.

Nairobi, Kyambu, Naivasha.

360. Barbatula bilineata jacksoni Sharpe. Jackson’s Pale-breasted Pigmy Barbet.

This bird (type locality Ravine) is very like the preceding, but much clearer

yellowish below, not so grey on the breast, and has the rump rather darker

yellow-chrome. It is larger, with wings of 55-59 mm. ‘The distribution, so far

as is known, is from Molo north to Kakamegoes and Elgon.

Molo, Elgeyu, Kakamega, Kitosh, Elgon, and Bukedi in Uganda.

361. Viridibucco simplex simplex Rchw. Little Olive Barbet.

This species occurs in the Seyidi Province south of Mombasa, and is rare.

Morogoro, Tanganyika Territory.

362, Viridibucco simplex leucomystax Sharpe. White-moustached Olive Barbet.

I have not met with this bird south of Kitui, Ukamba, and in its northern

limits not beyond Mt, Elgon.

Mt. Elgon, Bukedi, Uganda ; Elgeyu, Marakwet, Burnt Forest, Aberdare

Mts., Nairobi,

60 Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

363. Pogoniulus pusillus affinis Rchw. Red-fronted Pigmy Barbet.

The revision of the races of this little Barbet, by C. Grant (Ibis, 1915, p. 443),

appears correct, though in certain instances the descriptions he gives are in-

adequate. The relationship between this race and the next is very close, for

amongst my series there are three adult birds from Kitui and Sagala, Teita,

with reddish-orange rumps.

Some birds have the hind margin of the red frontal patch outlined with

yellow feathers of a different character to the actual red feathers forming the

patch. In my series the wings vary from 47 to 57 mm.

Lamu, Changamwe, Manugu, Kibwezi, Sagala, River N’ziu, Ukambani,

Simba, Kendu Bay, Mt. Kenia, Baringo ; and Olgerei, Narossora (A. B. Percival

coll.), and Mt. Moroto, Kerio River, in Uganda.

364. Pogoniulus pusillus uropygialis Heugl. Red-rumped Pigmy Barbet.

Type locality Eritrea. It is possible that this race extends to N. Rudolf.

It is of interest to note that of sixteen specimens of this race only five have the

red rump.

365. Pogoniulus chrysocomus centralis Rchw. Uganda Yellow-fronted Pigmy Barbet.

Although C. Grant limits the range of this race to Uganda, it is not surprising

to find it extended into East Africa south-west of the Nandi Escarpment, as do

quite a number of Uganda forms. It is possible that the extreme East African

birds will prove to be-a further race, as they are rather paler yellow on the under-

side than West Uganda specimens and slightly larger. Wings: 62 and 63 mm.,

as against 57-60 mm,

Nyarondo, Kibos, and Kibigori in East Africa,

366. Trachyphonus erythrocephalus Cab. Large Red-headed Waxy Barbet.

Pale lemon-yellow under tail-coverts are found in decidedly adult birds as

well as in young, thus I doubt if it can be reckoned a character of immaturity.

One male specimen has a bill 32 mm. long!

Young birds are coloured as in females.

T. e. versicolor Hartl. is probably not a good race.

Masongoleni, Maungu, Tsavo, Kitui, Simba, in East Africa; and Kerio

River and Mt. Moroto in Uganda.

367, Trachyphonus d’arnaudi d’arnaudi Des Murs. Uganda Waxy-headed

Barbet.

There is a certain amount of variation in these birds which makes it rather

difficult to say whether 7’, d. zedlitzi Berger, from Baringo, is really a good form.

It is probably only in a series that the characters claimed for this race can be

appreciated. I cannot separate my two specimens from Baringo from birds

from Moroto or Kerio River, The wing measures 63-76 mm.

C. Grant does not mention thisrace. 7. @arnaudi darnaudi has nouaie to

do with 7’. d. usambiro Neum. The forms do not actually meet.

Nile Province, Masindi, Moroto, Kerio, in Uganda; Nyarondo in East Africa.

Novitates ZOOLOGICAE XXIX. 1922.

368. Trachyphonus d’arnaudizedlitzi Berger. Baringo Waxy-headed Barbet.

Baringo. 4, 5.xii.1917.

369. Trachyphonus d’arnaudi usambiro Neum. East African Waxy-headed

Barbet.

This distinct race has nothing to do with T. emini Rchw. C. Grant was

quite in error when he described this bird as the female of 7’. emini, and figured

it in the /bis, 1915, p. 449. The type of 7’. usambiro was in Tring, but he appears

not to have consulted it. He mentions this race when discussing the forms of

T. @arnaudi, but did not connect his Loita birds with it. It must be remembered

that the male and female of 7. d’a. usambiro are alike, as is also the case with

T. emint.

T. da. usambiro can be recognised from the typical race by being larger,

and by having a blackish bill, not horn-brown. The black patch on the breast

is larger, the head and nape are yellower, and there is an almost complete breast-

band of white-spotted black feathers.

The distribution, so far as at present known, is the Tanganyika Territory

south of Lake Victoria Nyanza, into Kenya Colony, as far as the Loita Plains

and Southern Uaso-n’yiro. Wings, 81-87 mm,

Loita and Usambara.

370. Trachyphonus emini Rchw. Emin’s Black-capped Waxy Barbet.

In size this bird agrees with the preceding, but, as already pointed out, has

nothing to do with it. The black crown and large black patch from the chin to

the breast, the bright yellow nape and side of face and neck, finely spotted with

blackish, and the distinct breast-band of white-spotted black feathers, render

this bird easy of identification, Distribution from Lake Nyassa north to

Tanganyika Territory.

371. Trachyphonus bohmi Rchw. Bohm’s Black-capped Waxy Barbet.

I am not satisfied that this bird is really a subspecies of 7’. d’arnaudi. The

black cap and the large black spot on the chest indicate separation.

The presence of this bird north-west of Kenia is of great interest.

Manugu, Bura, Sagala, Voi, Taveta, Campi-ya-bibi, Simba, N’ziu Ukambani,

and West Kenia.

372. Trachylaemus purpuratus elgonensis Sharpe. Yellow-billed Barbet.

The known distribution of this bird is from West Uganda east to Elgon

(type locality), and south to the Elgeyu Escarpment !

Mabira, Bumasifa, Elgon, in Uganda; Burnt Forest and Elgeyu in East

Africa.

373. Iynx torquilla torquilla Lin. European Wryneck.

The occurrence of the European Wryneck in Uganda is certain, but so far

there is no evidence of its being found in Hast Africa.

62 Novitates ZootoaicaE XXIX. 1922,

374. Iynx ruficollis cosensi C. Grant. East African Wryneck.

This race is recognisable, but there is a lot of variation in the character of the

striping on the underside, some birds being very heavily striped, others having

only narrow lines and spots. The extent of the brown on the throat, the rusty

under tail-coverts, and the larger size separate this bird from I. r. ruficollis of South

Africa. A young bird in first plumage has the broad patch on the throat indicated

by a rusty wash which does not extend to the chin, the underside more mottled

than striped, and the black markings on the back much larger than in adults.

Elgeyu, Burnt Forest, Naivasha, Nairobi, Loita, and Simba in East Africa.

375, Campothera nubica nubica Bodd. Nubian Red-headed Spotted Woodpecker.

In a variable species such as this it is difficult to define races, There are,

however, certain characters by which, in large series, one can admit at least three

races, These three are, however, not those admitted by C. Grant (bis, 1915, p.

452). I uphold one which Grant suppresses, I recognise as a distinct species a

bird which he places as a synonym of C., nubica nubica, and I transfer one of Grant’s

subspecies of nubica to a subspecies of this species (C. scriptoricauda).

When a series of birds from Abyssinia, Somaliland, Sudan, Uganda, and

East Africa is laid out, it will be noticed that those taken in East Africa from

Kavirondo south to Nairobi are dark birds, this being due to the fact that the

great majority are spotted on the back, not barred or with spear-shaped spots.

The northern birds I place as C. nubica nubica, those of Kast Africa, within

certain limits, as C. nubica newmanni Rehw (type locality Naviasha), and those

from Somaliland, Jubaland, Tana, south to desert area of Hast Africa as C. nubica

pallida Sharpe (type locality Lamu).

Individual birds from the distributions given can be matched by birds from

other localities, but in a series the characters of the races can be recognised, or

instance, I have a bird taken in the Sudan which exactly matches the pale birds

of Lamu, but this is individual.

The characters of the races are as follows :—

C. nubica nubica Bodd (22 skins).—Upper surface olive-yellowish, barred or

heavily spotted; cheeks and malar region white barred and streaked with black ;

under surface buffy to yellowish or whitish, generally the spotting smallish and

limited to breast and sides.

Nubia, Abyssinia, Sudan, Uganda, and British East Africa = south-east

of Elgon to Baringo.

376. C. nubica neumanni Rehw. (25 skins).—Upper surface darker above,

more greenish, not so heavily spotted and not frequently barred ; cheeks

and malar region darker, more blackish; under surface more heavily spotted,

with large spots which extend well on to the abdomen; ground colour whitish

or buff.

Kavirondo, south along the high country to Naivasha and Nairobi, and North

Ukambani.

C. nubica pallida Sharpe (14 skins),—Much paler above, more greyish

olive, heavily barred with whitish, very pronounced on inner secondaries and

Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX, 1922. 63

scapulars ; cheeks and malar region pale, lighter than in typical bird; underside

less spotted than in C. nubica nubica.

Somaliland south to Jubaland and Lamu down to Mombasa and through to

dry Taru desert country to East Kilimanjaro and South Ukambani. Where

these subspecies meet, intermediate forms occur. Some birds have reddish tips

to the feathers of the mantle !

C.n. nubica I have obtained from Masindi, Elgon, Kyetume, Suk, Kerio,

Moroto, Turkwell ; newmanni from Kakemega, Fort Ternan, Nakuru, Naivasha,

Escarpment, Nairobi, Machakos.

377, Campothera nubica pallida Sharpe. Red-headed Barred Woodpecker.

The characters and distribution of this subspecies are given above.

Lamu, Manda, Manugu, Changamwe, T'savo, Voi.

378. Campothera scriptoricauda Rchw. Yellow-billed Woodpecker.

Instead of uniting this bird with C. nubica, I place it as a distinct species. The

characters given in the original description hold good in the three specimens

before me. They are: more narrowly barred upper surface, tail blackish for

20 mm., breast and sides with small spots, spotting extending to throat and chin,

paler cheeks and ear-coverts, and (most important of all) the yellow lower

mandible! These are adult breeding birds.

Seeing that the distribution of this species and C. nubica pallida coincide for

a large part without the presence of intergrades, they cannot be subspecies of the

same typical race.

The range of this species is: Lamu, along the coast to Mombasa and into

Tanganyika Territory.

Mombasa and Morogoro.

Of this there is apparently another subspecies in Portuguese East Africa

which has been named C. s. albifacies by Gurney and Roberts, the characters being

the wide white superciliary stripe extending back to UE nape, throat and chin

spotted as in the typical form.

379. Campothera abingoni mombassica Fisch. and Rchw. Stripe-breasted Green

Woodpecker.

T have come to the same conclusions as Prof. Neumann (Bull. B.O. Club, 1908),

with the exception that I consider the birds from Lake Kivu and Baraka to belong

to a distinct smaller race.

Mombasa district north to Lamu and South Somaliland; specimens from

Mombasa, Changamwe, Mazeras obtained.

380, Campothera abingoni suahelica Rchw. Pale Stripe-breasted Green Woodpecker.

This race is characterised by having the abdomen and underside not so

spotted or streaked as in the typical form, and is thus paler, besides being greener

above. Inthe female the white spots to the fore part of the crown are elongated,

not round,

The distribution is Tanganyika Territory from Vanga and Kilimanjaro to

Mozambique: Lumbo, Portuguese Hast Africa, collected by Loveridge,

64 Novirates ZooLocicar XXIX. 1922.

381. Campothera cailliauti cailliauti Malh. Spotted-breasted Green Woodpecker.

(= C. matherbi.)

My birds are typical, with the exception of those taken in July at Dar-es-

Salaam. These two southern birds are heavily spotted on the underside with

large spots, whereas the Mombasa and Changamwe ones are all uniformly small

spotted. Wings, 93-99mm. The spotting on the back is large (cf. C. c. nyansae).

Mombasa, Seyedi Province north to Malindi and south to Zanzibar, and

Dar-es-Salaam.

382. Campothera cailliauti nyansae Neum. Nyansa Spotted-breasted Green Woodpecker.

I am satisfied that this is a good race. In the series of ten skins before me

the backs are almost uniform green or only with small ill-defined spots, while on

the underside the spotting is heavy and large. These birds are larger than the

coastal form, having wings of 95-109 mm.

South of Victoria Nyanza, north-west to Kagua and Kasaka in Uganda,

and south-west to Lake Kivu, Tanganyika, and North-east Rhodesia.

383. Campothera cailliauti filleborni Neum. Southern Spotted-breasted Green

Woodpecker.

Portuguese East Africa and Nyassaland.

Lumbo in Portuguese East Africa. 3, August. Collected by Loveridge.

384, Campothera caroli budongoensis subsp. nov. Uganda Chestnut-cheeked

Woodpecker.

Uganda birds are greener on the upper surface than C. caroli caroli, less golden,

and have the spotting on the underside pale yellowish, except on the throat and

fore neck, where it is whitish. Eighteen skins from Uganda show these characters

to be constant. The young are altogether darker than adults, and are very like

Gaboon birds.

Belgian Congo, east to Uganda as far east as the Mabira Forest and Elgon ;

Budongo, Bugoma, Mawakota, Lugalambo, Mubango, in Uganda. ‘Type, 2 ad.,

Bugoma Forest, 20.x.1913.

One other subspecies described by Oberholser as C. caroli arizelus from

Liberia and Sierra Leone appears a good race, having the underside greener and

the spotting bigger and more widely separated.

Another possible race are the birds from South Nigeria and North Kamerun,

which have the throat much whiter, caused by the spotting being larger and show

a tendency to run together.

385. Campothera nivosa herberti Alex. Lesser Barred-breasted Green Woodpecker.

Rather greener above than type. My series of thirteen agrees perfectly with

the two birds I collected in 1913-14 in the Mabira Forest and which were com-

pared with the type in the British Museum. This bird is no doubt a subspecies

of C. nivosa nivosa from the Gambia ; adult males, which apparently were un-

known, are similar to the females, but possess a bright red nape-crest.

Kasala, Budongo, Bugoma, Mibira, Kyetume, Kyanja, in Uganda.

Novirates ZootoaicaE XXIX, 1922. 65

The following races can be recognised :

C. nivosa nivosa Sw.: Head brownish olive ; upper surface brownish golden

green, underside brownish olive spotted whitish—Gambia, Sierra Leone, Fanti,

and possibly South Nigeria.

C. nivosa poensis Alex.: Very like nivosa nivosa, but more brownish olive

above, not so golden, head brownish olive-green, underside darker olive-brown,

throat buffy, streaked.—Fernando Po.

C. nivosa efulensis Alex. : Very like nivosa, but head darker, more olive-green,

upper surface olive-green, under surface clear olive-green, throat yellowish washed

and streaked.—Kamerun and Angola.

C. nivosa herberti Alex.: Head dark green, upper side bright olive-green,

under surface bright olive-green, throat whitish, streaked.—Belgian Congo to

Uganda, as far as the Mabira Forest.

C. nivosa ? subsp. nov. : Head greyish olive-green, back dull olive-green, no

yellow tinge, underside greenish grey spotted and barred. As I have no fully

adult birds, I refrain from naming this form.—Elgon, south to Nandi.

386. Campothera taeniolaema taeniolaema Rchw. and Neum. Broad-barred Green

Woodpecker.

The type locality is not exactly given in the original description, but merely

Mau and Eldoma Ravine. I have eight typical birds, agreeing perfectly. C.

hausburgi Sharpe has been suppressed, but the differences between the Ravine

birds and those from Kenia is so marked that I am inclined to reinstate the

subspecies.

Elgeyu, Ravine, Marakwet, Nandi.

387. Campothera taeniolaema hausburgi Sharpe. Narrow-barred Green Woodpecker.

In comparing my series of 5 ¢ 5 9 with two topotypical skins this race appears

quite evident, but intermediates occur where the races must meet.

Kenia, Fort Hall, Nairobi, Nakuru, intermediate at Molo.

Characters of races :

C. taeniolaema taeniolaema Rchw. & Neum. Type, Eldoma Ravine.—Dull

green above, throat and cheeks white, barred blackish ; underside white, widely

barred with green and washed faintly with green.

Mau, Sotik, to Elgeyu and Kakamegoes and Elgon.

C. taeniolaema hausburgi Sharpe. Type locality, Kenia.—Brighter green

above with yellow tinge; more finely barred below, especially on the cheeks and

throat ; underside washed yellowish.

Mt. Kenia, Fort Hall, east to Nairobi and Aberdare Range, and south to

Ukamba.

388. C. taeniolaema barakae van Someren, Type locality, Baraka, North

Tanganyika (Bull. B.O. Club, February 1920).—Not so yellowish green above

as Ct. hausburgi, but throat and breast more decidedly barred with blackish dark

green and darker green on the abdomen, on a yellowish ground, Size generally

66 NoviratEs ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

smaller. The black cap of female extends far back and the red nape-tuft is

correspondingly decreased.

North-west of Tanganyika, Lake Kivu north to the Mpanga Forest in Toro,

The specimen obtained by the Ruwenzori Expedition and called taeniolaema

by Grant would probably belong to this new subspecies.

389. Mesopicos goertae centralis Rchw.* Uganda Golden-backed Woodpecker.

This subspecies is quite distinct and easily recognisable by its much darker

coloration compared with M. goertae goertae, from Senegambia.

Masindi, Toro, Entebbe, Kawala, Moroto, in Uganda; Soronko River, South

Elgon, Kerio, and Baringo in East Africa.

390. Mesopicos goertae koenigi Neum.

I do not agree with C, Grant (Ibis, 1915) that this is a synonym of WM. g.

centralis, Hight birds from Nubia, Sudan, and west to Njam Njam, are uniformly

paler below and above, with the back greyish olive-yellow, and the abdominal

patch quite different from M. g. centralis, being more circumscribed, not so diffuse

and of a bright red edged with golden.

Out of eighteen skins of MW. g. centralis there is not one approaching the

pale Nubian birds. I therefore uphold the subspecies.

Mesopicos goertae abyssinicus Rehw., North Abyssinia, is possibly a northern

race of M. g. goeriae, as there is a specimen in Tring which agrees with Reichenow’s

description and it is not M. spodocephalus, specimens of which Reichenow un-

doubtedly had.

The range, however, assigned to this race is too wide and included that of

M. g. koenigi !

391. Mesopicos spodocephalus rhodeogaster Fisch. and Rchw. East African Golden-

backed Woodpecker.

This is a good race. It is interesting to note that in part of their range J. g.

centralis overlaps M. spodocephalus rhodeogaster without any interbreeding as far

as we know (ef. Sclater & Praed, Ibis, 1919).

Fort Hall, Nairobi, Naivasha, Simba, and Kisumu.

392. Mesopicos ruwenzori Sharpe. Ruwenzori Olive-bellied Woodpecker.

Apparently limited to the ‘‘ Central Lake region.”

393. Mesopicos ellioti subsp. ? Uganda Bufi-cheeked Woodpecker.

39, 20.xii.1915, These birds are brighter grass-green above than specimens

from the Ituri and Lake Kivu, and have uniform buff cheeks without any greenish

wash, this colour extending from the loral spot to the ear-coverts. They have

smaller bills but longer wings. Possibly an eastern race.

North Elgon,

* Cf. Nov. Zoo. 1921, p. 103.—[E. H.].

Noviratres Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 67

394. Mesopicos xantholophus chloroticus van Someren. Uganda Yellow-crowned

Olive Woodpecker.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 105, 1921.

Greener above and below than M. x. xantholophus, generally with brighter

golden tinge to the rump and less spotted below on the centre of the underside.

Wings: 110-122, as against 100-120 mm. of Gaboon and N. Angola birds.

Uganda from Elgon and Nandi west to North Tanganyika (Bugoma, Luga-

lambo, Kasala, Mubango, Elgon, Kakamega). Type: ¢ Lugalambo, 5.xi.1915.

395. Thripias namaquus schoensis Riipp. White-faced Black-breasted

Woodpecker.

Two races are distinguishable, but it appears that they can only be recognised

in series. Thus eight out of ten of my birds agree better with 7’. n. schoensis

than 7’. n. intermedius, though they are not absolutely identical.

Kerio River, Soronko River, Suk, and Baringo.

396. Thripias namaquus intermedius C. Grant. White-faced Grey-breasted

Woodpecker.

My ten birds agree with Grant’s description of the Ugogo birds and birds

from S. Uganda, and thus the range of this race is extended into East Africa.

Nine out of ten have grey and barred undersurface, while two show a tendency

to assuming a blackish-olive breast, spotted with white, showing gradation into

the schoensis type of plumage. Such birds are found from Nairobi to Nakuru

and the Elgeyu Escarpment.

Olgerei, Narorsera (A. B. Percival coll.), Tsavo, Kitui, Kyambu, and Nairobi

in East Africa,

397. Dendropicos poecilolaemus Rchw. Uganda Speckled-breasted Little Woodpecker.

D. p. nandensis Neum. (Nandi).

The young birds agree perfectly with Neumann’s description of D. p.

nandensis, which becomes a synonym. They are greyish green above on the

mantle and wings, and greyish below with blackish spots, thus looking very

different from the adults.

Budongo, Bugoma, Entebbe, Busiro, Sezibwa, Lugalambo, Mubango,

Kyetume, and Elgon in Uganda,

398. Dendropicos lafresnayi lepidus Rchw. Uganda Streaky-breasted Small

Olive-backed Woodpecker.

The young are greyer on the back than adults and more heavily streaked.

Some birds are less banded on the back than others and approach D. abyssinicus

hartlaubi, but there should be no difficulty in distinguishing these two birds.

The records of D, hartlaubi from Uganda undoubtedly refer to D. l. lepidus.

Nairobi, Escarpment, Aberdare Mts., Burnt Forest, Elgeyu, Elgon, Kendu

Bay, Fort Ternan, in East Africa ; Budongo, Kigezi, S. Ankole, Bugoma, Bumasifa,

Kibengei, Entebbe, in Uganda,

68 Novitates Zootocicar XXIX, 1922

399. Dendropicos abyssinicus hartlaubi Malh. Zanzibar Golden-backed Woodpecker.

(= D. a. zanzibari.)

Has been obtained at Mombasa and along the coast, but does not go far

inland. Type locality Zanzibar and adjacent coast of mainland. Records of

D. hartlaubi from Uganda are certainly erroneous. They refer, no doubt, to

brightly coloured D. lafresnayi, which lack bars to the mantle.

400. Dendropicos fuscescens massaicus Neum. Small Barred-backed Woodpecker.

The reference given by Claude Grant for the type locality of this bird is

misleading, as Lake Nguruman is not north of Lake Victoria. My large series

of 17 fg and 13 Q is most uniform, with the result that those birds I have referred

to other subspecies stand out quite conspicuously when placed alongside this

series. The races admitted by Claude Grant are in the main correct, but I differ

from him in recognising at least two forms which he unites, one as “ hemprichi”

and the other as ‘‘ massaicus.”’

Changamwe, Maungu, Masongoleni, Voi, Taveta, Tsavo, Kerio River,

Turkwell River, in East Africa ; Mt. Moroto in Uganda.

401. Dendronicos fuscescens centralis Neum. Golden-barred Little Woodpecker.

3, 3.vii.17; 9, 25.vii.18. These birds differ so markedly from D. f.

massaicus that I am compelled to recognise them as distinct. They are more

distinct from D. f. fuscescens than ‘‘ massaicus ” is from the typical bird. Above

they are more yellow-golden and distinctly barred, the golden colour being

present on the wings, especially on the cross bars to the primaries and secondaries.

The underside is less heavily streaked and washed with yellow. The females

have a brown head lacking the black nape, and the males lack the red tips to

the upper tail-coverts. Wings, 90 mm.

Central and South Tanganyika Territory to North Nyassaland and Mozam-

bique.

(Morogoro in Tanganyika Territory and Lumbo in Portuguese East Africa.)

402. Dendropicos fuscescens albicans Zedl. Pale-barred Little Woodpecker.

Type locality Juba River. The Lamu and Manda birds are very much

paler than D. f. massaicus, that I am prepared to support Zedlitz’s subspecies.

Eight specimens from this locality agree, with the exception of one youngish

female.

Jubaland south to Lamu and Manda and adjacent portions of mainland.

403. Iyngipicus obsoletus obsoletus Wagl. Western Grey Pigmy Woodpecker.

Two birds from Masindi cannot be distinguished from the Senegal birds

either in size or colour. They have wings of 80 and 81, while in Senegal birds

they range from 75 to 82 mm.

Masindi to Gondokoro,

Novirates Zootoaicar XXIX,. 1922. 69

404, Iyngipicus obsoletus ingens Hart. East African Grey Pigmy Woodpecker.

T am satisfied that birds taken in Eastern Uganda, north to Moroto, cannot

be separated from East African ones, and must all be placed under the name

given above. Some birds are dark, some pale, but the proportion of dark and

pale birds is equal in northern and southern specimens, Further, the wings of

birds taken in North Elgon area are as large or larger than Nairobi birds (typical

I. 0. ingens). Young birds are much darker above and below than adults—thus

IL am inclined to view Neumann’s J. 0. nigricans from South Ethiopia with doubt,

as he based it on insufficient material. J. 0. heuglini is a good race, being paler

throughout. The wing measurements of my series of fifteen vary from 84 to 92

mm.

Ukambani north to Elgon and Moroto, Turkanaland.

(Moroto in Uganda ; Kerio, Suk, Soronko River, Kimiriri River, Fort Ternan,

Kibos, Kisumu, Escarpment, Nairobi, Fort Hall, Kitui, in Kenya Colony.)

(In reviewing the Colies I have compared birds from type localities, and

my results include only those species and races which concern the student of

British East African and Uganda ornithology.)

405. Colius striatus affinis Shell. Dar-es-Salaam Coly.

Type locality, Dar-es-Salaam. 5 3,1 9, 1 juv., all from the type locality

and all uniformly coloured, showing no variation, The confusion which has

arisen over this bird and its near relations must be due to the fact that authors

have not compared typical birds. A description of the typical bird is as follows

(colours as in Ridgway’s Nomencl. Col.): Top of head, including crest, neck,

and mantle, avellaneous brown, the mantle very faintly barred. Cheeks very

pale smoke-grey, not sharply separated from the smoke-grey of the throat, which

is uniform and a shade darker, while the rest of the throat is but faintly barred,

especially where it merges into the avellaneous brown of the chest. The lower

breast and abdomen are light buff. Wings and scapulars buffy brown, tinged

with a slight olive wash. Rump and upper tail-coverts uniform avellaneous

brown. Wings: 86, 89, 89, 89, 91, 91.—Young birds are like adults, but lack

all signs of barring and have the back mottled with buff tips to the feathers, and

the lesser coverts tipped with rusty. Lower mandible black, base of upper

pinkish.

Dar-es-Salaam, Zanzibar and adjacent coast, inland to South Tanganyika

Territory and coast of Mozambique.

406. Colius striatus berlepschi Hart.

The nearest to “affinis’”’ inland is C. s. berlepschi Hart., which differs in

having the back and wings darker, more tinged with olive-brown, and the under-

side darker,

South-west Tanganyika Territory, round north of Lake Nyassa (type locality),

and North-east Rhodesia,

70 Noviratrs Zootoaicar XXIX. 1922.

407. Colius striatus mombassicus van Someren. Mombasa Grey-cheeked Coly.

Bull. B.O. Club, November 1919.

Type 3, 19.vii.1918, Mombasa, These birds are quite distinct from C. s.

affinis, from Dar-es-Salaam, being more greyish on the head, neck, and mantle,

the neck and* mantle being distinctly barred, the bars more widely separated

than in C. s. affinis. The cheeks are whiter ; the throat is more barred, ina

similar way to the mantle. Breast and abdomen darker. Wings and tail more

greyish ; rump and upper tail-coverts barred. Wings: 87, 87, 90, 90, 92 mm.

Mombasa, north to Kismayu and possibly South Somaliland, on the coast

and inland as far as Voi.

(Mombasa, Changamwe, Samburu, Lamu and Manda and M’koi.)

408. Colius striatus kikuyensis van Someren. East African Black-throated Coly.

Bull. B.O. Club, November 1919.

The central Kenya Colony or highland race differs from the coastal form

in having the head and neck saccado-umber, mantle slightly darker, faintly

barred, lores and base of forehead blackish, cheeks and throat blackish with the

feathers tipped greyish, ear-coverts silver-grey. Lower throat and breast buffy

brown, barred blackish ; lower part of breast and rest of underside light buff.

Wings and tail deep greyish olive ; rump and upper tail-coverts saccado-brown,

barred. A large bird, with wings of 100, 100, 101, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107 mm.

South Ukambani to Kavirondo, including the Loita Plains and east to Kenia.

Thirteen skins from Nairobi, Ruiru, Fort Hall, Escarpment, Kyambu, Burnt

Forest, Nakuru, Naivasha. Type ¢, 14.v.1918, Nairobi.

409. Colius striatus ugandensis van Someren. Uganda White-cheeked Coly.

Bull. B.O. Club, November 1919.

Type 3, 28.v.06, Chagwe. Eighteen specimens examined.

Crown and mantle wood-brown to buffy brown, the latter barred; wings

and tail not so dark as in C. st. kikuyensis, but greyish olive. Rump and upper

tail-coverts brownish olive. Cheeks greyish, ear-coverts white, especially at

the posterior border ; throat blackish, tipped whitish. Upper breast ochraceous

buff, barred with brownish black. Rest of undersurface ochraecous buff, thus

darker brownish than in East African specimens. Wing, 100-99 mm.

Uganda, from Lake Albert and Ruwenzori to Elgon and Turkwell River.

(Ankole in Toro, Chagwe, Kampala, Entebbe, Jinja, Moroto, Kerio.)

The other recognisable races are :

C. striatus striatus Gm: Cape to Knysna district.

C. s. nigricollis: Portuguese Congo and possibly Cameroon.

If Cameroon birds differ, they will be called C. s. nigriscapalis Rehw.

C. s. leucotis Riipp.: North Abyssinia, Eritrea,

CO. s. hilgerti Zedlitz (2 C. s. erlangeri) : South Abyssinia, north South Ethio-

pia, Omo district, northern frontier of East Africa, North Somaliland.

C. s. jebelensis Mearns: Nile district, Gondokoro to Niam Niam.

C. s. minor: Natal to Transvaal and South Portuguese East Africa, South

Nyassaland.

C. s. cinerascens Neum,: Central Tanganyika Territory to south of Lake

Victoria,

Noyrrarrs Zootogicar XXIX, 1922. Zi

410. Colius leucocephalus leucocephalus Reichw. White-headed Coly.

My series of 7 3, 49, 2 juv. of a species rare in collections shows no variation

in colour. They were breeding at the time they were collected (August 1918),

and eggs and young were taken. The eggs are white, or with a few brown marks

and with a matt surface. The young resemble the adults, but the feathers of the

mantle are tipped and edged with rusty. The pink on the breast is absent and the

barring in the throat not developed. The whole of the lower bill is black. Crest

well developed. In adult birds the crest is not pure white, but creamy, tinged

with buff and greyish towards the tips of the hind feathers.

The range of the typical bird is the Teita country and south of Kilimanjaro.

Possibly the specimens obtained by Zedlitz and Erlanger from South Somaliland

are not typical, as those from north of Mt. Kenia differ and have been described

as a new race.

Maungu, Masongoleni, and Taveta.

411. Colius leucocephalus turneri van Someren. Grey-naped Coly.

Bull, B.O. Club, xl. p. 27, 1919.

This race differs in having the neck and mantle more clearly barred, more

greyish, and the wings, back, and rump deeper grey. The vinous pink is more

restricted in area, being confined to the upper breast and sides, while the lower

breast and abdomen are ochraceous buff. The throat is slightly darker. The

cheeks are greyish, not brownish as in C. J. leucocephalus, and the crest feathers

and those of the forehead are pure white, the former deeply tinged with smoke-

grey.

The known range of this bird is the northern Guasso N’yiro. (Archer’s

Post, five skins.)

412, 413. Colius macrourus pulcher Neum, East African Blue-naped Coly.

(Type locality, Bura.)

Claude Grant (Ibis, 1915) recognised only two races of Colius macrourus,

but there are evidently more, and he can hardly have examined specimens from

northern Abyssinia. The birds from Eritrea are Oberholser’s syntactus; they

are very pale.

The Bura birds are darkest, having the back deep ashy washed with bluish

green, from the crown to the wings. The rump and upper tail-coverts are slightly

paler, The undersurface of the wings darker than in U. m. macrourus. The

throat not so whitish, more tinged with pinkish, the crest with a greyish tinge.

The chest deep vinous pink and the abdomen darker. The nape-patch is shiny

squil-blue, that of U. m. macrourus pale sky-blue. U. m. pulcher is a good race ;

the wing measurement of my series 86, 87, 87, 89, 90, 90 mm. The birds in the

second series, collected during practically the same months but from farther

north, i.e. Turkana to Uganda, are paler than typical U. m, pulcher and resemble

more the birds from South Ethiopia. They have the throat and breast more

pinkish than U. m. macrourus, but not so dark asin U,m. pulcher. The forehead,

crest, and nape more brownish than typical race, The underside paler than

Cm, pulcher and the upperside less bluish green—paler, and tinged with brownish,

72 Noyiratrs Zooroaican XXIX. 1922.

The nape-patch is sky-blue, not squil-blue as in C. m. pulcher. It appears,

therefore, that this race is intermediate between C. m. syntactus and C, m. pulcher ;

and as the type localities of these two are so widely separated, they may form

another subspecies. Wings, 90-96 mm.

South Abyssinia and North-east Uganda to Lake Rudolf.

Serres I.—Six specimens. Bura, Teita, Sagala, Magadi, Tsavo, M’buyuni,

Escarpment and Kisumu, South Kavirondo, Island of Manda, Lamu.

Serres I1.—Twelve specimens. Kimiriri, Suk, Turkwell, Moroto, Rudolf.

Tn the Lake Edward and Kivu district to North Tanganyika we find a dark

race which is near C. macrourus pulcher, but differs in having the crown more

greyish ; the blue nape-patch breman-blue, not squil-blue ; the wings and mantle

tinged more greenish, less bluish, and the throat not differently coloured to the

breast, but the whole vinous, washed with grey. Abdomen tinged greyish, not

buff. Wings, 88-95 mm. (four specimens).

This race I have named. I am inclined to separate also the birds from

Manda and Lamu Islands, as they seem to me much paler than the other races.

414. Colius macrourus griseogularis van Someren.

Bull. B.O. Club, November 1919.

With a range from Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu to North Tanganyika.

It is only by having large series that these races can be appreciated. I have

endeavoured to compare only birds in similar and unworn stages of plumage.

These races, having arisen from a common stock, do occasionally produce “ re-

versions ” or, where races meet, supposed ‘‘ hybrids,”

415. Apaloderma narina subsp. ?

I cannot detect any difference between males from East Africa and Uganda

and those from the type locality in South Africa, In the females, however, it

is quite noticeable that South African birds are brighter rufous on the lores,

throat, and breast, and lack the broad grey band on the chest which is present

in East African and Uganda birds. In northern birds the brown of the chest

is shot with greenish, giving this area a darker appearance. I have not sufficient

South African females, but refrain from identifying the northern birds with the

southern. Young birds, after passing through the spotted plumage, assume a

plumage like that of the female, but differ in having pale terminal spots to the

lesser coverts and occasionally on the secondaries. It is not until the third

plumage that the red underside is assumed.

Bugoma, Budongo, Butambara, Mawakota, Elgon, in Uganda; Elgeyu,

Naivasha, Nairobi, and Kyambu in East Africa.

416. Heterotrogon vittatum vitiatum Shell. Bar-tailed Trogon.

These, birds are not so common as the white-tailed species. The call is

much the same, but of a higher pitch. A series of eighteen adult birds. Owing

to lack of material I am unable to compare these birds with typical specimens,

Elgon in Uganda ; Elgeyu and Kyambu Forest in East Africa,

Novirates Zootoaicar XXIX. 1922. 73

417. Heterotrogon vittatum minus Chapin.

Is probably the form which inhabits West Uganda, as it occurs in the forests

of the Belgian Congo. I have no specimen from this locality for comparison,

but do not think that Uganda birds are the same as Hast African examples.

The males are darker crimson, and the females darker on the breast; I have,

however, insufficient material.

418. Pitta angolensis longipennis Reichw. Uganda Pitta.

This bird must be more plentiful than supposed. I have records of its

occurrence in the forests of Bugoma, Budonga-Mabira, in Uganda, and Kyambu

in East Africa.

During the dry season this bird was not seen in Bugoma, but appeared again

during the rains.

Bugoma Forest, Uganda. dg, 7.vi; 9, 4.vii.1919.

419. Coracias naevia naevia Daud. White-naped Roller.

(C. sharpei.)

I have compared my five birds with a large series of Senegal ones, and can

find no constant difference. There is a tendency for eastern birds in fresh

plumage to have the heads more rufous, without the greenish tips to the feathers

of the crown which is present in most fresh Senegal birds. The forehead is

more broadly whitish. More East African material is required.

Fort Hall, Kisumu, Nairobi, and Kitui.

420. Coracias garrulus garrulus Linn. European Roller.

Tn full plumage and showing no wear in February and March. A common

winter visitor.

Tsavo and Nairobi.

421. Coracias caudatus caudatus Linn. Lilac-breasted Long-tailed Roller.

(C. c. suahelicus Neum.)

The colour of the rump varies from deep ultramarine to pale blue.

Changamwe, Lamu, Kitui, Simba, Kimiriri River, Elgon.

422. Coracias caudatus lorti Shell. Lilac-throated Long-tailed Roller.

Type locality, Somaliland.

I wish to draw attention to the fact that these birds are found in localities

where C. c. caudatus occurs, and this not at a period ot migration, in January,

March, April, June, and August. The question to be settled is, are these birds

stragglers from Somaliland or are they resident, and should they not be reckoned

a species ! 4

The rump varies from deep blue to pale blue in birds from the same localities,

Lamu, Mombasa, Tsavo, Simba, Sagala, and Naivasha.

94 Novitates Zoonoaicar XXIX. 1922.

423, Coracias abyssinus abyssinus Bodd. Blue-breasted Long-tailed Roller.

This bird ranges over part of the distribution of C. c. lorti and C. c. caudatus,

and is kept as a species. Full-plumaged birds, not worn, in March and April.

Kobua River, Turkwell River, Moroto, in Uganda.

424, Eurystomus afer suahelicus Neum. Eastern Yellow-billed Roller.

Nairobi, Kitui, and Kyambu.

425, Eurystomus afer rufobucealis Rchw. Brown-cheeked Yellow-billed Roller.

Type locality Lake District in Uganda.

These birds have no purplish violet on the side of the head, and are paler

than the other subspecies. Apparently does not occur in East Uganda !

Bugoma, Toro, in Uganda.

426. Eurystomus afer aethiopicus Neum. Black-tailed Yellow-billed Roller.

I have compared my two birds with Neumann’s type and cotypes. They

agree perfectly, having the central pair of tail-feathers jet-black. The lateral

rump and tail-coverts dull blackish blue, central ones brownish tinged with

blackish ; darker on the back than any other race of F. afer.

Moroto and Kisumu.

427. Eurystomus gularis neglectus Neum. Blue-throated Chestnut Roller.

1 3, August, agrees perfectly with birds collected in 1914, The majority

of Angolan birds have blue rumps and blue central tail-feathers.

Bugoma Forest, Uganda,

428. Bucorvus abyssinicus Bodd. Abyssinian Ground Hornbill.

This species appears to extend as far south as the Turkwell River, but I

am not aware that its range actually meets that of the southern species.

429, Bucorvus cafer Schleg. Southern Ground Hornbill.

T had a Q in captivity for almost two years, and previous to my obtaining

it, it had been caged for about four months. When it died it was just beginning

to assume the red-and-blue coloration of the throat pouch—that is, at practically

two and a half years old. The parents of this bird nested in a hole in a cliff side

at Naivasha year after year, one young being produced at a time. From my

observations it would appear that the young of successive seasons do not leave

their parents until they are mature; thus I have frequently noticed that when

one finds a small party, there are usually two adult birds and perhaps three

young of various ages, from a young of the year to a young of two to three years

old,

Novirates Zoonoaicar XXIX. 1922. 75

430. Bycanistes subcylindricus Scl. White-winged Crested Hornbill.

(= subquadratus [2] = alloysii Salvad.)

I do not consider B. alloysii to be distinct from typical B. subcylindricus ;

the amount of white to the tip of the central tail-feathers varies in individuals.

Mabira Forest, Uganda; Yala River, in East Africa.

431. Bycanistes cristatus Riipp. Black-winged Crested Hornbill.

Common in the larger forests, but occasionally wandering to the larger

trees on open land near forest country.

Nairobi, Kyambu.

432. Bycanistes buccinator Temm. White-breasted Crowned Hornbill.

Sometimes numerous in the thick thorn-bush country of the Taru district.

Samburu, Manugu.

433. Lophoceros fasciatus fasciatus Shaw. Ivory-billed Hornbill.

Certain specimens from Uganda and Gaboon show a tendency for the second

and third tail-feathers from the outer side to be black for the basal two-thirds,

but the majority are typical.

Jinja in Uganda.

434. Lophoceros melanoleucus suahelicus Neum. Red-billed Pied Hornbill.

(? L. m. geloensis Neum.)

The amount of white on the side of the head and nape varies greatly, so

that I am inclined to doubt the validity of L. m. geloensis Neum. from South

Ethiopia (the supposed differentiating character being the greater amount

of white on the head), I have examined the type, a much-damaged bird. L. m.

suahelicus is a sound race.

Mubendi, Jinja, in Uganda; Sagala, Kyambu, and Lake Jipe in Kenya

Colony ; Morogoro in Tanganyika Territory.

435. Lophoceros hemprichi Ehrb. Abyssinian Red-billed Hornbill.

Mt. Moroto in Turkana in Uganda. A head only obtained.

436. Lophoceros pallidirostris neumanni Rechw. Neumann’s Pale-billed

Hornbill.

One specimen from the type locality. Not common in Hast Africa.

Taveta, Morogoro.

437. Lophoceros flavirostris flavirostris Riipp. Yellow-billed Hornbill.

It seems to me that L. f. somalicus is founded on a female of the typical race.

Seven adult males from Somaliland show no red on the lower mandible, two

females have the basal half and the tip reddish, but this is also found in East

African birds. Two birds, differing only in the colour of the lower mandible,

otherwise alike, can hardly occupy the same locality.

Bura, Sagala, Tsavo, Manugu.

76 Novirares Zootoarcar XXIX. 1922.

438. Lophoceros deckeni Cab. Von der Decken’s Hornbill.

Quite distinct from the northern species. In referring to the text figure 3,

p. 275, of C. Grant’s paper in bis, 1915, I find that an apparent error has been

made in the figuring, the males being transposed.

Samburu, Tsavo, M’buyuni.

439. Lophoceros jacksoni O.-Grant. Jackson’s Hornbill.

A good species. One might at first be inclined to treat it as a northern race

of L. deckeni, as the only difference other than the curve of the culmen appears

to be that L. jacksoni is spotted on the wing-coverts and L. deckeni not, but I

think it best to keep them as species.

Suk, Kerio River, Mt. Moroto, in Uganda.

440. Lophoceros nasutus nasutus Linn. Black-billed Grey Hornbill.

All fully adult.

Fort Hall and Kendu Bay in East Africa; Kyetume in Uganda.

441, Lophoceros erythrorhynchus erythrorhynchus Temm. Red-billed Hornbill.

It seems that the Abyssinian and N. Somaliland birds should be kept distinct

from the Senegal one (on account of the narrower, less, curved bill which these

birds possess), as L. e. leucopareus Hempr.

Tsavo, Simba, Nairobi, in East Africa; Kacheliba, Suk, and Turkana.

442. Haleyon chelicuti Stanley. Striped Kingfisher.

A very variable common species.

Changamwe, Samburu, Simba, Kisumu, Kimiriri River, in East Africa ;

Entebbe, Masindi, Kyanja, and Kawala in Uganda.

443. Halcyon albiventris orientalis Peters. Bufi-breasted Kingfisher.

No birds from the typical locality are available for comparison.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Kitui.-

Halcyon leucocephala and subsp.

There is an interesting revision of this group by C. Grant in the Ibis, 1915,

pp. 265-7. This has helped considerably to clear up the state of confusion into

which these birds had fallen. Before coming to England I endeavoured to collect

a large series of these birds from East Africa and Uganda, from the coast up to

Lake Albert.

‘As to the name A. semicaeruleus Forsk., C. Grant has shown that this name

must be limited to the South Arabian bird, and states that the Uganda and North-

east African birds are the same as Senegal specimens, placing them all under the

name H, leucocephala. I have, however, examined a series of Senegal birds and

find them to be quite distinet from Uganda and East African ones, therefore the

name leucocephala cannot be applied to these latter. The next names available

are hyacinthinus Rehw. and centralis Neum, The first name must be restricted

to birds inhabiting Zanzibar and the adjacent coast and North Mozambique,

Novitates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 77

Thus centralis must be used for the Hast African inland race, but cannot be

applied to Uganda and South Abyssinian birds, which I name H. 1. ugandae.

A careful study of the description and the figure of swainsoni Smith and a

comparison with South African specimens reveals the fact that the bird described

is certainly not the form which inhabits South Africa. In the Monograph of the

Kingfishers it is stated (on the authority of Verreaux) that the specimen which

Sir A. Smith described as coming from the ‘interior of South Africa” was in

reality a Senegal specimen which Verreaux had given to Sir A. Smith. Hence

the discrepancy between the description and South African specimens. The

description fits Senegal birds only. H. swainsoni cannot be used for the pale

brown-bellied birds which inhabit South Africa and Angola, and the next name

available is pallidiventris Cab., type locality Angola. I find, on laying out my

large series along with that of Tring, that these brown-bellied Kingfishers fall

naturally into two groups: a dark-bellied and a pale-bellied one, and dark- and

pale-bellied birds occur together in a large part of their distribution but remain

distinct! I therefore recognise two species, each with several races, and classify

them as follows :—

I. Halcyon leucocephala.

Halcyon leucocephala leucocephala Swains: Senegal, east to West Soudan.

H. 1. semicaerulea : South Arabia.

H.1. ugandae: Uganda, South Abyssinia, Somaliland, and Lake Rudolf

district.

H., 1. centralis: Hast Africa south of Victoria Nyanza, Northern Tanganyika

Territory, and Taru.

H., 1. hyacinthina : Zanzibar and adjacent coast and North Mozambique.

Il. Halcyon pallidiventris.

Halcyon pallidiventris pallidiventris Cab: Angola, Damaraland, to South

Africa and Transvaal.

H., p. ogilviei : Nyassaland, Angoniland, to South Tanganyika.

H. p. kivuensis: North Tanganyika, Kivu, Albert Edward, and South

Victoria Nyanza.

444. Halcyon leucocephala ugandae subsp. nov. Uganda Brown-bellied

Kingfisher.

Uganda birds cannot be united with the Senegal birds, nor with the East

African race. They are intermediate between the Senegal form and that of

Arabia, H. leucocephala leucocephala and H. 1. semicaerulea. They agree, however,

with the birds from South Abyssinia and North Somaliland. They have light

blue wings and upper tail-coverts, not tinged with greenish.

Masindi, Entebbe, Jinja, Mabira, Sio River, in Uganda; Kisumu and Kavi-

rondo in East Africa. Type Kisumu, collected by Turner for Col. Meinertzhagen,

in Tring Museum.

445, Halcyon leucocephala centralis Neum. East African Brown-bellied

Kingfisher.

With a series of twenty skins it is obvious that one cannot unite these birds

with H, 1. leucocephala or with the Uganda race, The coloration of the blue of

78 Novirates ZooLocicar XXIX. 1922.

the wings and tail, etc., is strikingly different and is, with the exception of one or

two birds which are worn, deep blue with a slight violet tinge, quite uniform in the

series. Furthermore, these birds are darker on the head than Senegal birds.

Lamu, Mombasa, Changamwe, Manugu, Voi, Sagala, Taveta, Simba, Nakuru.

446, Halcyon pallidiventris ?subsp. nov. Uganda Pale-bellied Violet-winged Kingfisher.

This bird undoubtedly belongs to the smaller, pale-bellied, violet-winged birds

of the central lake district, which I have named above. I have now met with it

on the east shore of Victoria Nyanza, from where I obtained 2 g, and conclude

that it must have wandered out of its true habitat. There can be no doubt,

however, as to its correct identification. The birds obtained by the Ruwenzori

Expedition belong to this race.

Halcyon pallidiventris ogilviei Grant is a bird with a darker brown belly and

probably belongs to the southern species.

Kendu Bay south of Speke’s Gulf and South Ankole in Uganda.

447. Halcyon senegalensis senegalensis Linn. Grey-headed Blue-backed Kingfisher.

Three birds from Bale, Burumezi in Uganda, and Kisumu in East Africa are

inseparable from Senegal examples.

448, Halcyon cyanoleuca Vicill. Blue-headed Blue-backed Kingfisher.

I prefer not to treat this bird as a subspecies of H. senegalensis as it appears

to occupy so much of the same territory together with the latter. I should

imagine that the birds which look like hybrids are merely highly coloured H,

senegalensis, for even amongst Senegal birds one finds a few with quite bluish

green heads. The black stripe going through the eye in H. cyanoleuca distinguishes

such birds from this species.

Sezibwa River, Uganda.

449. Halcyon senegaloides A. Smith. Red-billed Grey-breasted Kingfisher.

Has been obtained at Mombasa,

450. Halcyon malimbicus prenticei Mearns. Black-backed Blue Kingfisher.

Type locality, Sesse Islands. A good race, having the head much less blue

than in H. m. malimbicus.

Sezibwa River, Uganda,

451. Halcyon badia budongoensis van Someren. Uganda Brown-backed Kingfisher.

Bull. B.O. Club, November 1919.

This bird and three others in the Tring Museum from Uganda and Ituri

Forest are much bigger than typical H. badia badia, from Gaboon, They are also

paler, the blue of the rump darker, but not so wide. Bill larger. Wings 100-105

mm, as compared to 90-98 in H, badia badia.

West Uganda to Belgian Congo; Budongo and Bugoma Forests in Uganda.

Type 2, Budongo, 27. xii. 1918,

Novirares Zoonoaicam XXIX,. 1922. 79

452. Alcedo semitorquata Swains. Black-billed Blue and Brown Kingfisher.

Not common in East Africa, but occasionally obtained. Frequents the Kili-

manjaro area,

453. Alcedo giintheri Sharpe. Giinther’s Blue and Brown Kingfisher.

This bird has been obtained in the forest north of Entebbe by C. F. Belcher.

454. Ispidina picta Bodd. Violet-eared Little Kingfisher.

A Bugoma specimen is a variety, having the back light blue, not dark blue as

in normal birds.

Fort Halland Kisumu in East Africa; Lugalambo, Bugoma, and Entebbe.

455, Myioceyx ruficeps ugandae van Someren. Little Red-headed Kingfisher.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 105, 1921.

These birds have more decided blue spots on the head than Gaboon and

Fantee specimens,

Lugalambo, Mabira, and Budongo in Uganda. Type gj, Budongo, 1.vi.1919.

Tring Museum.

456. Corythornis cristatus Pall. Little Crested Kingfisher.

Kisumu, Kibos, Nairobi, in East Africa ; Entebbe in Uganda.

457. Ceryle maxima Pall. Eastern Giant Kingfisher.

A ¢ bird was shot by a small pool which had formed in a disused quarry, a

most unusual locality.

Nairobi, 4.i1.1917.

458. Ceryle rudis rudis Lin. Pied Kingfisher.

3 9, Kisumu.

459. Melittophagus revoili Oust. Little Buff-breasted Blue Bee-eater.

Insufficient material prevents me from ascertaining whether these are the

same as typical birds, but they probably are.

Northern Guasso N’yiro. Only two obtained.

460. Melittophagus lafresnayii oreobates Sharpe. Large Brown-breasted Yellow-

throated Bee-eater.

It is a pity the type locality, Elgon, is so far north, because birds from the

Turkwell are sometimes very like the Abyssinian birds, having the blue forehead

and supercilium and the blue neck-patch.

Nairobi, Kyambu, Kisumu, Marakwet, Elgon, and Turkwell River.

80 Novirates ZooLocicaE XXIX. 1922.

461. Melittophagus variegatus loringi Mearns. Uganda White-cheeked Yellow-

throated Bee-eater.

The Uganda race of M. variegatus can be recognised, differing from the

western bird in having a distinct blue torehead and supercilium.

Budongo, Bugoma, Masindi, Mubendi, Entebbe, and Jinja in Uganda;

Kisumu in East Africa.

462. Melittophagus pusillus cyanostictus Cab. Little Blue-eyebrowed Bee-eater.

(M. p. sharpei Hart.)

All my twenty-five birds have blue foreheads and superciliary stripes. The

distribution of this race and the next is such that they run parallel for part of

their distribution. In the Kisumu and East Uganda-Turkwell districts they

interbreed.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Lamu, Maungu, Tsavo, M’buyuni, Voi, Simba,

Nairobi, Fort Hall, Kibos, Kisumu, Kibingei, Turkwell River,

463. Melittophagus pusillus meridionalis Sharpe. Southern Little Bee-eater.

These birds have a small pale blue patch over the eye. From South Africa

they range to North Abyssinia via the lake districts. Some of the birds taken

in East Africa are intermediate.

Masindi, Busiro, Kyetume, Sezibwa, in Uganda; Kendu Bay, Kisumu,

Kibengei, and Elgon in East Africa.

464, Melittophagus miilleri yalensis van Som. Uganda Red-throated Blue

Bee-eater.

Bull. B.O. Club, xi. p. 26, 1919.

This is a pale form of M. miilleri miilleri (from Gaboon), having the back

lighter chestnut and the blue of the underside not so deep.

North Kavirondo, Elgon, and Kakamegoes.

465. Melittophagus bullocki frenatus Hartl. Red-throated Green Bee-eater.

Ranges into the north-west corner of Uganda as far south as Masindi.

466. Melittophagus bullockoides Smith. White-headed Red-throated Bee-eater.

Nakuru, Naivasha, Kisumu, Turkwell River.

467. Dicrocercus hirundineus hirundineus Licht. Fork-tailed Bee-eater.

Specimens from Vanga undoubtedly belong to the southern race,

468. Dicrocercus hirundineus heuglini Neum. Blue-vented Fork-tailed Bee-eater.

A 3, January, belongs to the northern form, which, if the Abyssinian birds

are a valid race, under the name of D. h. omoensis, would probably have to be

so named,

Mt. Moroto, Turkana.

Novitates Zoonocicar XXIX, 1922. 81

469. Merops apiaster apiaster Linn. European Bee-eater.

This is a common species on migration.

Kikuyu, Kyambu, Kitui, Tsavo.

470. Merops albicollis maior Parrot. East African White-throated Long-tailed Bee-eater.

Type locality, Bagamoyo. Length of wings, 100-108 mm. The longest

tail 220 mm.

Masindi, Bugoma, Budongo, Busiro, Singo, in Uganda ; Kisumu, Kendu Bay,

Rudolf, N’zoia River, in East Africa.

471. Merops nubicus nubicus Gm. Crimson Long-tailed Bee-eater.

Tsavo and Mombasa.

472. Merops persicus persicus Pall. Yellow-throated Green Long-tailed Bee-eater.

Two birds have tails with the central feathers 70 mm. beyond the rest and

as long and as graduated as the North-west African birds, M. p. chrysocercus.

It is quite possible that the north-west race (the eastern extension of breeding

range is perhaps not known) migrates to West Uganda and that these birds belong

to it.

Masindi, Entebbe, in Uganda; Kisumu, Kobua, Lake Rudolf, and Nairobi.

473. Merops superciliosus Linn. Brown-throated Long-tailed Bee-eater.

Masindi, Mubendi, in Uganda ; Kisumu, Simba, and Tsavo in East Africa.

474, Upupa epops epops Linn. European Hoopoe.

Two specimens belong undoubtedly to the European form. Dr. Hartert

confirms this identification. Two other birds were obtained by local ornith-

ologists.

Kyambu and Naivasha.

475. Upupa epops somalensis Salvad. Somali Hoopoe.

This race can be distinguished from the European bird by having more

rufous on the mantle and the breast, and by having no white band on the crest

before the black tips. It has the white band on the primaries, thus distinguishing

it from U. epops africana.

Nairobi in East Africa; Singo in Uganda,

476. Upupa epops africana Bechst. African Hoopoe.

This race is resident in East Africa throughout the year and breeds regularly

in suitable localities. Much variation exists in the coloration. Young males

are much richer in coloration than young females. It is particularly common

in the dry thorn-bush country.

Kisumu, Nairobi, Simba, Tsavo, M’buyuni, Lake Jipe.

82 Novirates ZoonogicaAr XXIX. 1922.

(C. Grant’s review of the genus J7risor in the Ibis, 1915, simplifies the division

of these birds into races. In the main he is correct ; but my series shows that

certain modifications will have to be made in the matter of distribution.)

477. Irrisor erythrorhynchus marwitzi Rchw. Green Red-billed Wood Hoopoe.

An old male collected at Kibos has several white feathers on the head and

throat, but is not J. jacksoni! One female has the primary coverts uniform

green, not tipped white, as is usually the case. Two young birds have these

coverts entirely white. A female shot with the nestlings, 23.vii.1918, has the

culmen and the whole of the lower bill black, but is not a specimen of J. d. granti.

It is perfectly adult.

Mubango, Lugalambo, Elgon, Kimiriri River, in Uganda; Nairobi, Kisumu,

Burnt Forest, Marakwet, Simba, Tsavo, and Changamwe in East Africa,

478. Irrisor erythrorhynchus niloticus Neum. Blue-tailed Red billed Wood Hoopoe.

All my five birds have heads and throats and breasts with bluish gloss, and

blue tails without any purplish tinge, or just a shade of purple at the base of the

central rectrices. They have much larger and longer bills than I. e, marwitzt.

Mt. Moroto, Kabua River, Rudolf, and Turkwell River.

479. Irrisor damarensis granti Neum. Purple-headed Red-billed Wood Hoopoe.

Although the majority of adults have black-and-red bills, nevertheless,

very old birds have bright red bills.

Simba, Kitui, Tsavo, Samburu, and Lake Jipe.

480. Irrisor somaliensis Grant. Black-billed Wood Hoopoe.

3, December 1912 (A. B. Percival coll.).

Occurs on the Juba River.

481. Irrisor bollei jacksoni Sharpe. White-headed Red-billed Wood Hoopoe.

There are three groups which may turn out to be recognisable races of this

species. I append measurements of bills and wings and other characters, in-

cluding the series in the Tring Museum.

Serres I. : 11 969. Wings, § 125-131, 9123-127 mm. Bills, from nostril to

tip, f 26-38 mm. Head and mantle on the average bluer than in Kikuyu birds,

Heads purer white.

Elgon, Mabira, Bumasifa, Mubango, Bugoma, in Uganda.

Serres II. : 5 29. Wings, 130-145mm. Bills, from nostril to tip, J 35-41,

° 27-37 mm.

These are typical I. b. jacksoni. General colour of head and mantle more

golden green.

Kyambu, Molo, Escarpment, Kenia.

Series IIl.: 7949. Wings, 120-135 mm, Bills, from nostril to tip, g 27-37,

Males with distinct bluish wash on head and mantle; only two birds with

white heads as in Kikuyu birds, though less extensive on the throat. The others

Novirates Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922, 83

have the white limited to the forehead and a few feathers on the throat; some

have altogether green heads. They are all adult. Apparently a small mountain

race, showing a strong tendency to loss of white feathers on the head. I refrain

from naming this race, as I find a bird in the Tring Museum, collected at Es-

carpment Station, with uniform green head; it, however, is long-billed. A

larger series from the Sherengani is required.

North end of Elgeyu Escarpment, 8,000 feet, Sherengani Hills.

482. Scoptelus aterrimus emini Neum. Uganda Black Wood Hoopoe.

3, 17.vi.1916. This bird has no white on the tail-feathers, and is not so

large as the type of S. a. maior Neum. which I have examined, Wing, 101 mm, In

S. maior the wings are 112 mm.

Bukedi in Uganda,

483. Scoptelus pallidiceps van Someren. Pale-headed Wood Hoopoe.

Bull. B.O. Club, 1915.

I described this bird on the evidence of eight males and females. Since then

I have collected four more birds, and these bear out the characters given for

this species. Wings, 90-105 mm.

This bird has a darker, more brownish head and greener belly than S. adolfi-

friedrici Reichw. from Belgian Congo.

Lugalambo, Mubango, Elgon.

484, Rhinopomastus cyanomelas schalowi Neum. Black Scimitar-billed Wood Hoopoe.

The inner primary coverts are white in the majority of specimens, but in

some uniform bluish. One old male from Lamu has not only all the primary,

but also all the secondary coverts pure white. It is probably an aberration.

Lamu, Manda, Changamwe, Sagala, Simba, Nairobi, Naivasha, Elgeyu.

485. Rhinopomastus cabanisi Filippi. Yellow-billed Scimitar-billed Wood Hoopoe.

One male has a white bar on the fourth primary of the right wing, indicating

close relationship to R. minor.

As I have no birds from near the type locality I cannot compare my speci-

mens, but from the measurements given by Reichenow it would seem that my

birds are larger: wings, 108-112 mm,

Mt. Moroto and Kobua River in Uganda; Kisumu, Kerio River, Kendu

Bay, Tsavo, Voi, M’buyuni, Campi-ya-bibi, and Maungu in East Africa,

486. Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus Linn. European Nightjar.

I saw a bird of this species as late as April 24th in my garden at Nairobi.

487. Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hart. Mediterranean Nightjar.

9, 29.iii.1917, Nairobi. This bird agrees perfectly with the type. Identifi-

cation confirmed by Dr, Hartert.

84 Novirates Zootocioar XXIX. 1922.

488. Caprimulgus europaeus unwini Hume. Unwin’s Nightjar.

Q, 31.i11.1918; g, 12.iv.1917. Very pale birds with silvery backs and pale

undersurfaces with clear bars. Dr. Hartert has verified my identification. These

migratory Nightjars roost in trees more frequently than do the local species.

Tsavo and Mombasa.

- 489. Caprimulgus fraenatus Salvad. Salvadori’s Nightjar.

Young birds are very like C. inornatus, but more rufous on the back, and

the spotting is larger. A common species in suitable localities. Wings measure

165-175 mm, ; average lengih, 170 mm.

Kisumu, Nakuru, Nairobi, Fort Hall, Simba.

490. Caprimulgus keniensis van Someren. Kenia Nightjar.

Bull. B.O. Club, November 1919.

g ad., April 1919 (A. B, Percival coll.), type !

Superficially resembles C. fraenatus, but very dark with much bigger and

more numerous dark buffy tips to the wing-coverts on an almost black ground,

the vermiculations almost invisible. The longitudinal pale markings on the

scapulars are golden buff on blackish ground. The inner webs of the upper

scapulars have a silvery tinge contrasting with the rest of the black plumage.

The shafts of the primaries are white for a part of the length of the white spots

and about 30 mm. beyond ; the white in the outermost primary does not extend

to outer web. The breast is blackish with rusty buff spots. Throat with two

white patches.

Northern Uasso N’yiro.

491. Caprimulgus nigriscapularis Rchw. Black-winged Nightjar.

This is not a common species in East Africa, but more frequently met with

in Uganda.

3 2, Nairobi, Entebbe, in Uganda.

492. Caprimulgus inornatus Heugl. Plain-backed Nightjar.

There appear to be two extreme types of coloration in this species, grey

and rusty brown. Intermediate colours are common. The young of C. fosser

in first plumage are very like the greyish form, but can be recognised by the outer

web of the outer tail-feather being whitish, not white tipped as in C. iornatus.

Taveta and Kisumu in East Africa ; Lugalambo in Uganda.

493. Caprimulgus trimaculata tristigma Riipp. Black Nightjar.

36 2, 7.viii.1917, These birds have wings of 174-175 mm. respectively. It

is not a common species, and appears to frequent rocky hillsides in preference to

plains.

Fort Hall, Kenia Province.

Novirares Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 85

494, Caprimulgus nubicus taruensis van Someren. Taru Desert Nightjar.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 25, November 1919.

The coloration of the specimens is similar. Not rare in the desert thorn-

bush country, yet not common. More rufous than CO. nubicus torridus, and

smaller, Wings 43-51, as compared with 52-58 mm.

Tsavo and M’buyuni. 3 ¢ 2 9, type, 17.11.1918.

495, Caprimulgus donaldsoni Sharpe. Little Desert Nightjar.

My series shows a great range of coloration, from bright chestnut to pale

greyish. It is a most beautiful sight to see these birds sitting on an open bit of

ground with the sun shining on them, the yellow markings glistening like gold.

When I visited Tsavo I saw no less than forty of these beautiful little birds!

They were nesting in the district at the time.

M’buyuni, Tsavo, and Taveta.

496, Caprimulgus poliocephalus poliocephalus Rupp. White-tailed Nightjar.

After comparing my series and the birds in Tring, I have been compelled to

recognise two races: the typical bird ranging from Abyssinia to North Kenya

Colony, and a southern darker race inhabiting the Kilimanjaro district to Nairobi

and Kenia. The latter must bear the name C. p. palmquisti Sjstedt. In both

the northern and the southern race, birds occur which have no white on the

throat! Thus one of the characters claimed for Sjéstedt’s form does not hold

good.

Kyetume in Uganda; Kisumu, Elgeyu, Eldoret, Nakuru, in East Africa.

497. Caprimulgus poliocephalus palmquisti Sjostedt. Kilimanjaro White-tailed

Nightjar.

Differs from the northern race by being slightly larger and darker, and show-

ing a strong tendency to lose the white on the throat. Two of my birds agree

perfectly with the figure of this bird, allowing, of course, for slight faults due to

colour reproduction, The amount of black on the outer penultimate pair of

feathers of the tail varies. In some birds the second outer feather is pure white,

in others it is edged with sandy or even brownish black.

Taveta and Simba,

498. Caprimulgus natalensis chadensis Alexander. Spotted Golden Nightjar.

Eight birds belong to the northern race. One is just as fulvous as a speci-

men from Angola, It is not stained, but a beautiful clean specimen. The wings

vary from 150 to 155 mm.

Mubendi and Kyetume in Uganda ; Eldoret in East Africa.

Caprimulgus fossei and supposed races.

I have gone carefully into the supposed races of this bird and have arrived

at the conclusion that C. clarus and apatelius are in reality a distinct species.

First of all, throughout a large part of the range of C. fossed fossei the form

clarus occurs as a breeding species, though elsewhere C. clarus is found where C,

86 Novirates ZooLocicaE XXIX. 1922.

fossei fossei is unknown. Now, as regards the supposed character of elongation

of central tail-feathers and graduation of the others in C. fossez, I find that this is

not a marked feature and not any more emphasised than in C. europaeus. But

in CO. clarus and C. apatelius the graduation is marked, the average length of the

central rectrices over the outermost being 30 and in some as much as 50 mm.

I am therefore compelled to treat C. fossei as a species with a small race in

Mozambique ranging into Tanganyika Territory, and also to treat C. clarus as a

species or parent race with one subspecies, C. c. apatelius, and would suggest that

possibly ‘‘ Scotornis climacurus” should not be kept in a distinct genus, but

united with Caprimulgus. The body marking in Scotornis is no different in

pattern from that of C. clarus, and the bird differs only in the exaggerated elonga-

tion and graduation of the tail. I have compared a large series in coming to

these conclusions. Lord Rothschild concurs in my opinion. I thus treat my

birds as follows :—

499. C. fossei fossei Hartl. Gaboon Nightjar.

These birds are large and dark and have the tail not graduated. Wings

160-162 (in Gaboon and Angolan birds 155-165 mm.). These large birds range

from Gaboon to Uganda and Angola and thence to Transvaal.

Unyoro, Duro River, Kampala, in Uganda; Kisumu and Kenia in East Africa,

500. C. fossei mosambiquus Hartl. Mozambique Nightjar.

Rather more boldly marked than C. fossei fosset and darker, besides being

smaller. Wings, 145-152 mm. Range: Mozambique to Central Tanganyika

Territory (Lumbo, Morogoro).

501. Caprimulgus clarus clarus Reichw. Little Pale Nightjar.

This form cannot be a subspecies of C. fossei, as they occur together through-

out Uganda and East Africa, My series of adult birds has been collected prac-

tically throughout the year. One of the characters of the “‘ clarus”’ group is the

marked elongation of the central tail-feathers and graduation of the rest towards

the outer ones, the central ones projecting about 50 mm. beyond the outer ones.

Smaller than C. fossei. It is much paler, more greyish on the back, with golden

or sandy markings. The wing measurements of a large series of adults are

135-150 mm.

Of C. clarus there is one subspecies, C. c. apatelius Neum., South Ethiopia.

It is larger than C. clarus, rather more greyish, and has the same elongated tail-

feathers. The wings measure 147-162 mm. The character on which Neumann

separated this bird from C. fossei and C. clarus, viz. the white wing-spot extend-

ing over both webs in all the primaries, does not hold good in all South Ethiopian

birds, and it is found in specimens of true C. fossei, C. clarus clarus, and Scotornis

climacurus. I have maintained Neumann’s name for the South Ethiopian race,

because it is larger, not because of the character of the wing-spot. Records of

C, clarus apatelius from Kilimanjaro and Taveta should be referred to C. clarus

clarus |

Lamu, Manda, Mombasa, Manugu, Voi, Taveta, Nairobi, Kyambu, Kisumu,

in East Africa ; Jinja, Kampala, Bugoma, in Uganda.

Novrrates Zoorocican XXIX. 1922. 87

502. Scotornis climacurus Vieill. Long-tailed Nightjar.

The variation in this species is enormous, from black and deep chestnut to

fulvous and greyish.

Masindi, Unyoro.

503. Macrodypteryx longipennis Shaw. Racquet-winged Nightjar.

In February males are in the non-breeding plumage, lacking the long wing-

plumes.

Kisumu. Not common.

504. Macrodypteryx vexillarius Gd. Standard-winged Nightjar.

One male has white plumes, the other greyish, while the third has them

white at the basal half and grey for the rest. A gin August was shot high up in

the air, catching flying white ants.

Kisumu, Kendu Bay, in East Africa ; Mubendi in Uganda.

505. Apus apus apus Linn. European Black Swift.

3, 7.iii.1917, Nakuru. This specimen has a wing of 175 mm, and is no doubt

an example of Apusapus. It lacks the dark bluish mantle of the next species.

506, Apus roehli Rchw. Blue-backed Black Swift.

This race is very much like the European bird, but can be recognised by

having the head and rump blackish brown and the mantle glossy blue-black. In

size it is very little smaller, having wings of 161-175 mm. It is a resident breeding

bird in East Africa and nests in the cliffs at Longonot, Naivasha, and Nakuru Lake.

507, Apus shelleyi Salvad. Shelley’s Brown Swift.

2 319, November, December, show no wear. This is a small brownish bird

with greenish gloss, which is very much like Apus apus pekinensis, but much

smaller. I have found it breeding at Nakuru in some crevices of a cliff side and

obtained the eggs. As a nesting bird it ranges from Abyssinia to British East

Africa, It nests alongside a black swift which I describe later.

Naivasha and Nakuru.

508, Apus nakuruensis van Someren. Nakuru Swift.

3, 14.v.1917, type. I had noticed that from the same cliff issued three

distinct swifts—one a brownish bird, A. shelleyi, the second a large white-rumped

species, and a blackish one. On obtaining specimens, I found them to belong to

distinct species. As Apus shelleyi has been admitted a subspecies of Apus apus,

we cannot recognise these blackish birds also as a subspecies of A pus apus, though

they are nearer to Apus apus than to A. “ pekinensis.” These birds differ from

Apus shelleyi in being altogether blacker above and below and from Apus apus

rhoeli in lacking the deep bluish gloss to the mantle, which is glossy black, and

in being smaller; wings 150-159 as compared with 161-175 mm. They are also

distinct from Apus niansae of Reichenow.

88 Novitates ZooLoaicaE XXIX. 1922

To my knowledge the following birds nest together or in close proximity :

A. shelleyi, A. roehli and A. nakuruensis, A. horus and A. streubeli! The

latter two, of course, have white rumps, and do not come into the Apus apus

group.

I would suggest that Apus pekinensis should be raised to specific rank and

Apus shelleyi admitted as a subspecies of this parent race. The dark Swift which

I have described would be a race of Apus apus apus, as it resembles this bird in

appearance, and is merely smaller,

Nakuru, Naivasha, Kisumu.

509. Apus pekinensis Swinhoe. Pekin Swift.

Is a regular migrant to East Africa and has been obtained in Uganda.

510. Apus aequatorialis Mill. Giant Black Swift.

A, reichenowi Neumann.

I have no doubt that Apus reichenowi of Neumann is identical with this

species, the character given, viz. the uniform undersurface, being sometimes seen

in old birds, and one of my specimens is uniform brownish for more than half

the underside and faintly barred over the lower abdomen. Added to this is the

fact that this single specimen was obtained from a flock of typical birds. The

Nyassaland birds should be kept as a race under the name A. aequatoralis alfredi

Shelley.

Nairobi, Kyambu, Naivasha.

(Apus schubotzi Rehw. from Ruwenzori has been compared by Hartert, who

says that it is not different from aequatorialis.)

511. Apus niansae Rchw. (A. kittenbergeri Mad.).

These two names would appear to be synonymous, the older name being

A. niansae. These birds have been taken in the Bukoba district and at Buddu.

512. Apus murinus subsp. ?

Similar in colour to A. murinus murinus, but rather smaller. Occurs in

East Africa, probably as a migrant. A similar bird is found in Somaliland.

(Archer’s collection from North Somaliland.)

513, Apus affinis Gray. Square-tailed White-rumped Swift.

Three Mombasa specimens have black shafts to the feathers of the throat.

Wings, 128-130 mm.

Mombasa and Makindu.

514, Apus horus Heugl. Large White-rumped Swift.

2 3, July and August. The August bird is not typical, being paler on the

head and underside and being more purply blue on the back. The white on the

rump is less extensive and the white area on the throat wider than in typical

Abyssinian birds,

Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha.

Novirates ZootoaicAE XXIX. 1922, 89

515. Apus caffer streubeli Hartl. Fork-tailed White-rumped Swift.

A common species in East Africa and Uganda.

Lake Nakuru, Nairobi, Kisumu, Fort Hall, and Entebbe.

516. Tachornis parvus myochrous Rchw. East African Palm Swift.

Some of these birds have grey throats, others white with blackish streaks.

Mombasa and Tsavo ; Entebbe in Uganda.

Nesting habits of Swifts :-—

Apus shelleyi ; Nests in holes and crevices in cliffs, sometimes adding no

material to the hole or at others using mud to enclose a small area, Lining of

nest varies: occasionally straw, feathers (seldom), and sometimes small bones

from bats which inhabit these cliffs. Eggs, one or two.

Apus nakuruensis: As above. Eggs, two.

Apus roehli: As above. Eggs, two.

Apus aequatoralis : All nests of this bird seen have been out of reach, situated

in high cliffs.

Apus affinis : Nests constructed entirely of mud or mud and straws, com-

plete or in apertures in walls of dwelling-houses, or in spaces between heads of

pillars and roofs. Lined with feathers and straws. Eggs, two.

Apus horus: Not examined.

Apus streubeli : Utilises old or unfinished nests of swallows with tubular

entrances. It lines with straws and feathers if the nest be unlined. It also nests

in nests of other swifts. Eggs, two.

Tachornis parvus myochorus : Constructs nests to palm leaves, using feathers

and cobwebs which are stuck together with saliva. Eggs, two, glued to the bottom

of the nest.

517. Riparia riparia fuscocollaris Tschusi. Little Black-collared Sand Martin.

When my series is compared with typical birds from Sweden or Britain, it

is at once apparent that they are darker ; especially is this the case in the blackish

breast band. They agree well with birds from Turkestan and are probably

migrants from that country. There are autumn and spring birds, and all are

alike dark.

Kisumu, Kibigori, Naivasha, Nairobi, Nakuru. January, March, April,

October, December. 12 39. These birds are evidently Tschusi’s fuscocollaris

(Orn. Jahrb. xxiii. p. 216, 1912, from migrants in Dalmatia).

518. Riparia riparia riparia Linn.

7 $9 from Kisumu and Nairobi I consider to be typical riparia.

519. Riparia paludicola ducis Rchw. Little Sooty Sand Martin.

Riparia ducis Reichenow, 1908.

Riparia paludicola dohertyi Hartert, 1910 (Kikuyu Escarpment—not Mau !).

These birds are much darker than R. p. minor. Full-plumaged birds are

almost blackish above, especially birds from 8,000 feet upwards. Hartert has

compared the type of R. p. ducis Rchw. and found it identical with his doherty?

Nairobi, Kikuyu, Kisumu, Nakuru, Naivasha, Elgeyu, Lake Narasha. 6 g,

32, 2juv., January, July, August, September, October.

90 Novitates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

520. Riparia cincta suahelica subsp. nov. Large Black-collared Sand Martin.

Separable from South African and Angola birds by being much darker above

and having a darker, more blackish breast band. Wings, 120-140 mm.

East Africa and Uganda. Eleven specimens. Type g, Escarpment, 1901,

W. Doherty leg., Tring Museum.

521. Riparia fuligula rufigula Fisch. & Rcehw. Brown-throated Rock Martin.

The birds from Angola are very much more rusty on the throat and should

be kept separate as a distinct race. They differ also in having the spots on the

tail smaller, and are generally smaller.

Nakuru, Naivasha, Kisumu, Kyambu, Nairobi.

522. Hirundo griseopyga Sund. Grey-rumped Swallow.

East African specimens have much whiter rumps than the few birds available

from the type locality. The tails are longer and more graduated. It is possible

that the East African birds are separable as a southern race, but more material

is necessary before a decision can be arrived at.

Kisumu, Nakuru, Naivasha, and Nairobi.

523. Hirundo aethiopica Blanf. Red-fronted Swallow.

As I have no birds from the type locality I cannot say whether my specimens

are quite typical.

Mombasa, Tsavo.

524, Hirundo angolensis arcticincta Sharpe. Eastern Red-faced Swallow.

Some of my birds are very close to the typical race, but on the whole these

Eastern birds are larger and more whitish below.

Masindi, Entebbe, and Jinja in Uganda; Elgon, Kisumu, Nakuru, Naivasha,

and Escarpment in East Africa.

525. Hirundo rustica rustica Linn. European Swallow.

Some of these birds are very rufous on the underside and others are very

white. Young January birds are, of course, much more advanced than August

ones, the former being in the first winter plumage, the latter still in the nest

plumage. The moult of this bird appears to be a regular irregularity, that is, the

feathers are moulted in pairs; but in my series no two birds taken in the same

month are in the same stage of moult nor are the feathers which have been shed

always a similar pair. Freshly moulted birds are darker.

Kendu Bay, Kisumu, Nakuru, Naivasha, Nairobi.

526. Hirundo smithii smithii Leach. Wire-tailed Swallow.

My series is uniform in having paler brown heads than Angolan specimens.

Series of fresh birds should be compared.

Entebbe, Uganda; Kisumu, Nakuru, Nairobi, Tsavo, and Simba.

Novirates Zootocicam XXIX. 1922. 91

527. Hirundo puella abyssinica Guér. Northern Striped-breasted Swallow.

I cannot agree with Sclater and Praed (Jbis, 1918) that the East African and

East Uganda are the same as the South African birds. To say that the Uganda

and East African birds are heavily spotted and streaked, “‘ having as much black

as white,” is not correct. My birds agree with the Abyssinian race. Wings,

105-110 mm. It is noticeable, however, that West Uganda birds from about

Entebbe to Lake Edward, Bukoba, and Lake Kivu are heavily streaked, and

these may be similar to H. p. wnitatis Scl.

Pale race: W. Rudolf, Kisumu, Nairobi, Archer’s Post, Kenia.

Dark race: Entebbe, Masindi, Bukoba.

528. Hirundo senegalensis senegalensis Linn. Large Brown-breasted Swallow.

I have made a careful examination of these birds, and I find that they

remain true to type until they reach the eastern boundary of Uganda and North

British East Africa. Here they meet with a race which shows characters of both

H. senegalensis and H. monteiri. As I find that birds with the white spots on the

tail, as in “ monteiri,” but with paler breasts, are confined for the most part to

Tanganyika Territory and southern British East Africa, while true H. senegalensis

does not appear to occur in these parts, I have been compelled to place these

intermediates under a new name, as follows later.

The wings measure 143-155 mm, in H. senegalensis. I have five typical

birds from Senegal and twenty from countries between Senegal and Uganda.

These birds show no indication of spots on the tail.

Senegal to Abyssinia, Uganda, and North British East Africa (Masindi,

Unyoro, Kyetume, Kavirondo, Kisumu).

529. Hirundo senegalensis hybrida van Someren. Spotted-tailed Brown-breasted

Swallow.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 104, 1921.

East African specimens hitherto referred to H. monteiri are not true monteiri,

but much paler below. True H. monteiri is a dark bird. Further, they

show characters of both H. senegalensis and H. monteiri. If these birds were

found only where H. senegalensis and monteiri meet, there would be no need for a

name, but they are widespread in the distribution given. It is therefore im-

possible to recognise these birds as H, monteiri, and as it is a common bird in East

Africa I have given them a name. Besides my birds I have examined a series of

ten in Tring Museum and a number in Nairobi.

Tanganyika Territory and Kenia Colony to south of Lake Victoria, where it

meets H. senegalensis (Mombasa, Changamwe, Tsavo, M’buyuni, Samburu,

Nairobi).

530. Hirundo gordoni neumanni Rchw. Massai Long-tailed Brown-breasted

Swallow.

There is no doubt that H. newmanni is a race of H. gordoni, and that

the latter is not a subspecies of H. semirufa; semirufa and gordoni occur

side by side in Angola, Further, the scheme of colouring is different. All

92 Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

Uganda birds wonld be H. g. neumanni, not H. gordoni, as they are darker

below than H. gordoni, and larger.

The specimens of H. semirufa from Kivu and Belgian Congo are probably a

race of the southern bird.

Kisumu, in East Africa; Masindi and Entebbe in Uganda. (It is possible

that the birds from Angola will have to be recognised as a race of H. gordoni, a8

they are larger than typical birds, and somewhat darker. Material at present

insufficient to decide.)

531. Hirundo melanocrissa emini Rchw. Black-vented Swallow.

The female has the throat and breast distinctly streaked.

Nairobi, Kendu Bay.

532. Hirundo atrocoerulea christyi Sharpe. Black Wire-tailed Swallow.

This race is so very near the South African race as to be hardly distinguish-

able.

Nambigirwa, Uganda.

533. Delichon urbica urbica Linn. European House Martin.

Hartert states in Vogel pal. Fauna that the wings of this species measure

108-114, while a specimen from Turkestan has a wing of 115mm. In my series

is a bird with a wing of 117 mm. !

Naivasha and Nakuru Lake,

534. Psalidoprocne albiceps Scl. White-headed Martin.

Very common in the Kisumu scrub.

Entebbe and Bugoma in Uganda; Kisumu, Nakuru, Nairobi, Fort Hall.

535. Psalidoprocne holomelaena massaica Neum. Black Rough-winged Martin.

Kyambu, Fort Hall, Nakuru, Elgon.

Note.—It appears to me that the present division of the Swallows and

Martins into genera is not satisfactory. Iam unable to go into the matter fully,

but would like to draw attention to the nesting habits of the several species which

nest in East Africa and Uganda.

Riparia paludicolor doherty: : Nests in holes in banks, natural or excavated

by the bird, or occasionally in a mere depression under an overhanging tuft of

grass growing on an embankment. Nest lined with grasses. Eggs white.

Riparia cincta: Nests in holes in banks, Nest lined with grass. Eggs

white.

Riparia fuligua rufigula: Builds a“ half-cup’? nest of mud—mixed with

grass—lined with grass and feathers. Eggs pale pink to white spotted with

reddish or liver. Nest built in caves on cliffs and houses.

Hirundo griseopyga : Nests in tunnels in banks, natural or excavated by bird ;

little or no lining of grass. Eggs white.

Hirundo aethiopica: Builds a ‘‘half-cup’’ mud nest placed in caves or

houses ; nest lined grass and feathers, sometimes string and paper. Eggs white to

pinkish, spotted liver and reddish.

NovitaTEs ZooLocicar XXIX,. 1922. 93

Hirundo arcticincta : Similar to above.

Hirundo smithi : Ditto to above.

Hirundo puella abyssinica : Makes a mud nest with a half tubular entrance :

lining grasses and feathers. Placed in houses, culverts, caves, and cliffs. Eggs

white.

Hirundo senegalensis : Ditto, ditto.

Hirundo senegalensis hybrida : Ditto, ditto.

Hirundo gordoni neumanni : Ditto, ditto.

Hirundo melanocrissa emini : Ditto, ditto

Hirundo atrocoerulea christyi : Ditto, ditto.

Psalidoprocne albiceps : Nests in holes in banks, usually natural ones adapted

by bird, lined with grass and a feather or two. Eggs white.

Psalidoprocne holomelana massaica: Nests in holes in banks, natural or

excavated by bird; nest substantial, constructed of ‘“‘ beard lichen” and grass.

Eggs white.

536, Melaenornis lugubris ugandae subsp. nov. Uganda Black Flycatcher.

Differs from the Abyssinian race (schistacea, not pammelaina Stanley) in

being much more glossy black, especially the males, and in having the inner webs

of the primaries and secondaries greyish ashy, not whitish, and from M, p. edoloides

in lacking the bluish-black gloss, in being smaller, and having shorter tails and

wings. é

Masindi, Budongo, Entebbe, Sezibwa, in Uganda; Kisumu and Kavirondo

in East Africa.

I have examined the type of pammelaina Stanley, which is a blue-black bird of

the ater group. The next name for the grey-black birds is M/. lugubris lugubris,

North Abyssinia. Dull grey-black ; bases to inner web of quills white. Wings,

90-103 mm.

The recognisable races are :—

M. 1. schistacea Sharpe : 8. Ethiopia, Somaliland. Grey-black. 90-104 mm.

Wings inside whitish,

M.1. ugandae: Uganda and Kavirondo, Glossy black; wings, inner webs

greyish ashy.

M. 1. edoloides: Senegal. Larger, wing 95-108 mm. Dark blue-black ;

inner webs of wing feathers dark ashy.

537. Melaenornis ater pammelaina Stanley. Blue-black Flycatcher.

(= tropicalis Cab.)

An excellent race of the South African bird, but the name will probably have

to be altered to pammelaina Stanley, as the type of this is a blue-black bird which

agrees absolutely with tropicalis, and probably did not come from Abyssinia. As

pammelaina has priority, this name will have to be used.

Simba, Tsavo, Nairobi, Fort Hall, Teita.

538. Empidornis semipartitus kavirondensis Neum, Grey and Brown

Flycatcher.

As I have no birds from the type locality of Z. semipartitus I am unable to

verify this race. Wings, 90-100 mm,

94 Novirares Zoonoaicar XXIX. 1922.

Birds from Gondokoro and Nile east to Rudolf and Soroti are 95, 98, 100 mm.

Kendu Bay, Kisumu, Kachiliba, Baringo, in East Africa ; Soroti and Lali in

Uganda.

539. Dioptrornis toroensis Hart. Toro Grey Flycatcher.

Very like D. fischeri, but lacking the white ring round eye.

Found in South-west Uganda, Kigezi, South Ankole.

540. Dioptrornis fischeri Rchw. White-eyed Grey Flycatcher.

Mporogoma, West Elgon, in Uganda; Kibingei and Kimiriri Rivers, Elgon,

Kakamega, Elgeyu, Burnt Forest, Londiani, Molo, Nairobi, in East Africa.

Twenty-five specimens.

541. Bradornis murinus suahelicus van Someren. Eastern Ashy Shrike Flycatcher.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 104, 1921.

I have had a large series of birds from the type locality before me, also a

good series of this race. It is evident that the typical birds are much greyer

above and below, not so brownish. The eastern ones are larger.

Masindi, Entebbe, Kyetume, Jinja, Soronko, Elgon, in Uganda; Kibingei.

Suk, Kisumu, Nakuru, Londiani, Kakamegoes, Nairobi, Kitui, and Sagala in East

Africa (type Londiani).

542. Bradornis griseus griseus Rchw. Large White-throated Grey Shrike

Flycatcher.

These are large greyish birds with striped heads and greyish undersides,

except for the throat and abdomen, which are white. Wings, 85-90 mm.

Magadi Lake, Srita, Kendu Bay.

543. Bradornis taruensis van Someren. Lesser White-throated Grey Shrike

Flycatcher.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 104, 1921.

Smaller than B. griseus or B. griseus pumilus and darker above, having a

brownish tinge to the grey back. I have compared unworn full-plumaged birds,

They differ from B. g. pumilus in having the white throat more extensive and

clearly demarked, and in having the abdomen whiter, not tinged with greyish.

Wings, 70-80 mm. Head streaks distinct.

Thorn-bush country of the Taru: Manugu, Samburu, Sagala, Taveta,

M’buyuni, Campi-ya-bibi (type). Thirty-one specimens.

544, Bradornis griseus pumilus Sharpe. Northern Lesser White-throated Shrike

Flycatcher.

Agree perfectly with the South Abyssinian birds,

Meuressi, Turkwell, Uganda.

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX, 1922. 95

545. Bradornis griseus ? subsp.

Much more heavily built than the birds from Tsavo and nearer to B. griseus

and g. pumilus. Wings, 80-87 mm. They are, however, rather worn, heads

striped.

Simba, Kitui, Nairobi.

546. Bradornis pallidus pallidus v. Mill. White-throated Brown Flycatcher.

These birds agree with typical pallidus in the Tring Museum, They are

totally different from the next race, which is a coastal form.

Masindi and Unyoro, Uganda.

547. Bradornis pallidus subalaris Sharpe. Pale-breasted Coast Flycatcher.

These birds are distinctly different from birds collected farther inland in the

Taru district and also from B. pallidus of Abyssinia or Nile districts. The series

is constant and not damaged by wear. As Sharpe described “‘ subalaris”’ from

a Mombasa bird, I am compelled to adopt his name for these specimens.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Mazeras.

548. Muscicapa striata striata Pall. European Spotted Flycatcher.

Kisumu, Nakuru, Naivasha, Nairobi, Tsavo, Limba; Masindi.

549. Muscicapa striata neumanni Poche. Neumann’s Spotted Flycatcher.

These birds are paler greyish on the back, larger, and with the breast markings

pale.

Lake Jipe, Tsavo, Changamwe, Nairobi.

550. Alseonax lugens melanoptera Jacks. White-throated Dark Grey Flycatcher.

Erroneously referred by me to A. lugens in Ibis, 1916. They are darker than

A, lugens lugens and, according to the description, whiter on the belly and under

tail-coverts.

Chamburu River, Toro.

551, Alseonax griseigularis Jacks. Little Grey-throated Flycatcher.

The birds referred by me to A. ansorgei Hart. in bis, 1916, should belong to

this species. I consider that A. ansorgei should be kept distinct from A, grisei-

gularis, as the type is darker than any bird in my series. It is probably a race

of the Uganda bird.

Bugoma, Budongo, Lugalambo, Mubango, Kyetume.

552. Alseonax cinerea brevicauda Grant. Little Pale-breasted Grey Flycatcher.

As in the majority of cases, the Uganda “‘ Grey ’’ Flyeatchers are not the same,

but races of the West Coast birds. I prefer to keep these specimens under Grant’s

name for them, until typical specimens of A. cinerea can be compared.

Ogilvie-Grant’s remarks on the groups of ‘‘ Grey’’ Flycatchers in Ibis, 1917,

require considerable modification, as my series of birds of this group shows his

conclusions to be wrong in many instances.

Masindi, Kyetume, Mabira, in Uganda,

96 Novirates ZootogicaE XXIX, 1922.

553. Alseonax coerulescens kikuyuensis van Someren. Kikuyu Flycatcher.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 102, 1921.

These birds are very much like A. ¢. coerulescens from Natal and Angola, but

distinctly greyer below, the white throat is more restricted, with a wide grey chest-

band, the abdomen more or less flecked with greyish. Wings, 74-80 mm.

Nairobi, Kyambu, in the Kikuyu Mountains, 5,000-6,000 geet, Type @ ad.

Kyambu Forest, 19.iii.1916. Hight specimens.

554, Alseonax coerulescens ?cinereola Finsch and Hartl. Coast Grey

Flycatcher.

These birds are greyer than A. c. kikuywensis and have heavier bills. They

are found in the desert thorn-bush country, not dense forests. As Finsch and

Hartlaub described a bird from the coast of Tanganyika Territory under the

name of ‘‘ cinereola,” I have had to apply this name to these birds, even though

they do not agree with the coloured plate of Hartlaub’s type in Von der Decken’s

book on Hast Africa.

Tsavo, Sagala, Teita.

555. Alseonax infulata infulata Hartl. White-throated Brown Flycatcher.

South Ankole and Entebbe in Uganda; Kisumu in British East Africa,

556. Alseonax murinus murinus Fisch. & Rchw. Little Brown Forest Flycatcher.

Birds from Molo Forest at 9,000 feet are rather richer brownish below than

others from Nairobi district, but such birds can be matched by Escarpment

specimens. Unfortunately Kilimanjaro birds are not available to me for com-

parison.

Nairobi, Molo, Burnt Forest, Elgeyu.

557. Alseonax murinus pumilus Rchw. Uganda Little Brown Forest Flycatcher.

Birds from Elgeyu west to Masindi are much paler below and have white

not buffy throats ; but as the variation is great between birds from type locality

of A. pumilus (Bukoba), I have no hesitation in referring all to this race, though

in East Uganda one gets birds which are hardly separable from Nairobi specimens.

Masindi, Kyetume, Elgon, and Budu in Uganda,

558. Pedilorhynchus comitatus stuhlmanni Rchw. Little Dark Grey Forest Flycatcher.

Busiro, Budongo, Lugalambo, Mubango, in Uganda.

559. Pedilorhynchus epulatus seth-smithi subsp. nov. Little Yellow-legged Flycatcher.

Six specimens, Seth-Smith coll., from Budongo are richer, darker grey than

birds from West Africa, i.e. epulatus and flavipes. These birds have ochre-yellow

legs ; the lower mandible is yellowish.

Budongo Forest, Uganda.

Novitates ZoonocicaE XXIX, 1922. 97

560. Artomyias fuliginosa ? subsp. Uganda Dusky Flycatcher.

Specimens from Uganda, though agreeing in colour with birds from Gaboon

and Angola, are smaller. Wings, 78-80, as compared to 80-87 mm. in western

birds. As my series is not large enough, I refrain at present from separating them.

Mubango and Mabira.

561. Cryptolopha budongoensis Seth-Smith. Uganda Green Flycatcher.

The birds from Elgon and North Kavirondo do not differ from birds from

the type locality. It is an excellent species.

Elgon and Budongo in Uganda; Nyarondo in East Africa,

562. Cryptolopha mackenziana Sharpe. East African Green-winged Brown Flycatcher.

My series of 13 3 7 9 is made up of birds from various parts of the highlands

of East Africa, and very little variation exists in coloration. Young birds are

rather more olive on the head.

Kenia, Escarpment, Molo, Burnt Forest, Londiani, Aberdares, Elgeyu,

and Elgon.

563. Cryptolopha alpina Og.-Grant.

Limited to the highlands of the ‘‘ central lake district.”

564. Cryptolopha laeta Sharpe. Little Rufous-faced Flycatcher.

This form is found in hills of the Ruwenzori area, south to Ankole and Kivu.

Lukiga, 8. Ankole.

565. Chloropeta massaica storeyi Grant. East African Yellow Flycatcher.

The young birds, compared with young of the Uganda race, exhibit marked

differences. The East African ones have dark brownish black heads, the northern

dull brownish. I have compared my birds with the type of C. storeyi, and they

agree; but my birds from the type locality vary somewhat in the intensity of the

dark blackish brown crown.—l have no typical massaica, and it is quite possible

that storeyi is not separable.

Kenia, Nyeri, Fort Hall, Kyambu, Nairobi, Kavirondo, South-east Elgon,

566. Chloropeta massaica umbriniceps Neum. Northern Yellow Scrub Flycatcher.

As remarked above, the young of this race and of C. massaica storeyi differ.

The Uganda birds agree exactly with 8. Ethiopian specimens, and they have the

head olive-brown, not black-brown as in the East African race. One specimen.

from Mubendi, Uganda, has a dark head hardly distinguishable from southern

birds ; however, seven adults from Uganda agree with Neumann’s cotypes.

Kigezi, South Ankole, Kyetume, Mubendi, Busindi, Jinja, in Uganda.

98 Novirares Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

567. Chloropeta natalensis kenya Sharpe. East African Green-headed Yellow

Flycatcher.

Whether these birds are really separable from C. similis from Kilimanjaro

is difficult to say, as we have no specimen from Kilimanjaro for comparison. It

is a bird of the high country. The wings of this series vary from 56-63 mm.

Kenia, Escarpment, Aberdares, and Molo,

568. Stizorhina fraseri vulpina Rchw. Large Rufous Flycatcher.

S. f. intermedia Clarke.

I very much doubt whether S. intermedia of Stephenson Clarke is really a

good race. My series gives the wing measurements of 93-106. My series of

1906-1914 corroborate these measurements. The largest bird comes from

Bugoma. Thus it will be seen that my birds range from the minimum of 8.

vulpina to the maximum of S. v. intermedia. Further, one must remember that

males are very much larger than females in this species. As Colonel Clarke says

nothing about coloration, I presume the birds to be alike in this respect. Cer-

tainly birds from west of the Semliki, 7.e. type locality of S. vulpina, do not

differ from Uganda birds, but birds from North Tanganyika do differ. They are

smaller, wings 92-100 mm., and have the central tail-feathers rather darker.

569. Megabias atrialatus aequatorialis Jacks. Large Broad-billed Pied Flycatcher.

This is an excellent and constant race.

Kyanja, Mabira, Bugoma, Uganda,

570. Bias musicus femininus Jacks. Crested Flycatcher.

The birds from Uganda, separated from the typical B. musicus from West

Africa on account of the paler backs and paler undersides in the females, are a

recognisable race. They, however, do not differ so much as do the Angola

females. These are much the same on the back as typical birds, but the underside

lacks the rufous tinge except on the sides of the chest. This race I name Bias

musicus pallidiventris subsp. nov.

Angola to Tanganyika. Type 9, 23.xi.1903, Angola, Ansorge coll, Six

skins examined, all constant. (Tring Museum.)

A third race is easily separable and is described below.

Budu, Entebbe, Mubango, in Uganda.

571. Bias musicus changamwensis van Someren. Coast-crested

Flycatcher.

Bull. B.O, Club, November 1919, p. 24.

Very like Bias pallidiventris from Angola, but clearer white below, and very

pale rufous above, lacking entirely the dark blackish centres to the feathers of

the mantle, and it is smaller. The male differs from typical B. musicus and

B. m. pallidiventris in being more oily-greenish above, especially on the head.

Wings, 80-82 mm.

Coast lands of East Africa, Changamwe, Mombasa. (Type, 2 Mombasa,

21, vii.1918.)

Novirates ZootoatcaE XXIX. 1922. 99

The races of this bird are :—

Bias musicus musicus Vieill. (Type, Gold coast.)

Liberia, Sierra Leone to Camaroon,

Bias musicus pallidiventris van Som. (Type, Angola.)

Angola to West Tanganyika,

Bias musicus femininus Jackson, (Type, Entebbe.)

Uganda.

Bias musicus changamwensis van Someren, (Type, Changamwe.)

Coast of East Africa,

572. Smithornis capensis medianus Hart. and van Som. East African Broad-billed

Flycatcher.

This bird was described in the Bull. B.O. Club, 1916, and we united with the

East African bird five specimens from North Tanganyika. Now that I have

procured a large series of eastern birds, it appears that the Tanganyika ones

do not quite agree. They are rather more ochraceous on the sides of the breast

and more brownish on the back. That they may possibly be distinct is strength-

ened by the distribution: first of all the bird does not occur, to our knowledge,

anywhere between Nairobi and Baraka; and further, in between, in North

Kavirondo, there is a markedly distinet bird.

Nairobi and Kyambu Forests.

573. Smithornis capensis meinertzhageni van Someren. Kavirondo Broad-billed

Flycatcher.

Bull. B.O. Club, p. 24, November 1919.

These birds are smaller than S. capensis and S. medianus, and besides lacking

any ochraceous on the sides of the chest, they are very heavily streaked with

black on the breast and flanks ; further, the mantle, which is olive tinged with

brownish, has the centres of the feathers blackish, giving the upper surface a

mottled appearance. Besides my three birds, there are six other specimens

procured in the same locality by Allan Turner, when collecting for Major

Meinertzhagen. Type in the Tring Museum,

Nyarondo, North Kavirondo.

574, Smithornis rufolateralis budongoensis subsp. nov.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 103, 1921.

These birds are much like S. rwfolateralis from Camaroon, but have smaller

bills and the heads greyish, not brown.

Bugoma and Budongo Forest. Only three females examined.

The races of Smithornis and their known distribution is as follows :—

Smithornis capensis capensis Smith. (Type, Cape.)

South Africa.

Smithornis capensis camarunensis Sharpe. (Type, Camaroon.)

Camaroon.

Smithornis capensis albiguaris Hart, (Type, Angola.)

Angola,

100 Novirates Zoonocicam XXIX. 1922.

Smithornis capensis medianus Hart. and van Som. (Type, Kyambu.)

Nairobi district and ? North Tanganyika and West Toro.

Smithornis c. meinertzhageni van Som, (Type, Nyarondo.)

North Kavirondo.

Smithornis rufolateralis rufolateralis Gray. (Type, Gold Coast.)

Camaroon to Liberia.

Smithornis r. budongoensis van Som. (Type, Budongo Forest.)

Forests in western Uganda and eastern Belgian Congo.

Smithornis sharpei Alex. (Type, Fernando Po.)

Fernando Po.

Smithornis zenkeri Rechw. (Type, Camaroon.)

Camaroon.

575. Hyliota flavigaster ? Violet-backed Flycatcher.

3 g 3 9, which I cannot place with certainty. They exhibit the characters

of both races. Some of these birds are like H. flavigaster, others like H. f. barbozae

—that is, with the third and fourth secondaries widely edged with white, Every

intermediate stage is found. As regards size, the wing measurements come

within the extremes of the two races recognised.

Kyetume, Elgon, in Uganda; North Kavirondo and Fort Ternan in Kast

Africa.

576. Batis minor suahelica Neum. Coast Brown-barred Puff-backed Flycatcher.

This appears to be quite a good race, ranging from Mombasa to the Taru

and to the coast of the Tanganyika Territory. Wings, 55-58 mm, It is very

like B. minor nyansae, but smaller.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Samburu, Taveta, Sagala.

577. Batis minor nyansae Neum. Uganda Brown-barred Puff-backed Flycatcher.

I do not agree with Sclater and Praed (Ibis, 1918) that “minor” is a

synonym of ‘‘ bella.” B. minor came from South Somaliland, while the type

of ‘‘ Bella”’ is from E. Abyssinia. I have gone carefully over Neumann’s review

of this series and uphold this race as being perfectly good.

South Ankole, Budongo, Sezibwa, Jinja, Soronko, in Uganda; Kisumu, ,

Kakamega, and Kendu Bay in East Africa.

578. Batis molitor puella Rchw. Kilimanjaro Brown-chin Puff-backed Flycatcher.

This is a race with dark chestnut breast-band and chin-patch, and consider-

ably larger than the coastal form. It occurs inland, from Kilimanjaro to Uganda.

Simba, Nairobi, Kyambu, Naivasha, Nakuru, Burnt Forest, Elgeyu, Mara-

quet, 8. Elgon.

579. Batis molitor taruensis van Someren. Coastal Brown-chin Puff-backed Flycatcher.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 103, 1921.

These birds, which range from the coast and into the Taru desert, are a small

race, characterised by the males having a rather large pre-orbital spot, which is

101

Novirates ZoonoaicaAE XXIX, 1922.

extended back over the eye as a broad superciliary stripe. Thus they resemble

somewhat the male of Batis minor suahelica, but are larger and grey on the head

and mantle, The females possess this same white superciliary band extending

to the hind neck, and differ from females of B. minor suahelica in having the

brown chin-patch, ‘

‘As Batis m. suahelica is to B. m. nyansae, so is Batis molitor taruensis to Batis

molitor puella.

Samburu, Maungu, and Changamwe.

580. Batis soror perkeo Neum. Pigmy Puff-backed Flycatcher.

These birds agree well with two specimens from Somaliland collected by

Donaldson Smith and referred to this race by Neumann. They have rather less

yellowish ochre on the chins than the two Somali birds. In Somaliland is also

found B. minor. This led Neumann to consider B. perkeo a species, but I suggest

that it is really a small race of the pale-banded birds of Batis soror. In support

of this I indicate below the presence of a race linking up the two extreme types.

That B. perkeo is distinct from the “ molitor ” group is proved by the fact that a

form of B. molitor inhabits the area of B. perkeo in East Africa !

Tsavo, M’buyuni, Campi-ya-bibi, Maungu.

581. Batis soror pallidigula van Someren. North Mozambique Pale-breasted Puff

Flycatcher.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 103, 1921.

In the coastal districts of Portuguese East Africa is found a Batis belonging

to the B. soror group which differs from typical B. soror by having the breast-band

somewhat paler and the chin-spot much paler. Such birds have hitherto been

regarded as B. soror. On the island of Zanzibar is found a race which Neumann

calls Batis littoralis. This has the breast-band darker than B. soror.

Lumbo, North Mozambique to Tanganyika Territory, and Vanga. Type 9g,

Lumbo, 17. vii.1918.

582. Platystira peltata peltata Sund. Kilimanjaro Black-throated Wattle-eyed

Flycatcher.

P. p. cryptoleuca Mearns.

These birds have been collected from the coast up to Escarpment. It is

noticeable that up-country birds are larger than coastal ones, the former males

having wings of 67-68 and the latter 60-65 mm. A larger series may show

this to be constant or otherwise.

Changamwe, Tsavo, Taveta, Nairobi, Naivasha,

583. Platystira peltata jacksoni Sharpe. Elgon Black-throated Wattle-eyed Flycatcher.

This is an excellent race, differing from the southern form by having the throat

and head in the female blue-black, not green-black. So far I have not obtained

this bird farther south than Molo.

Elgon, Kibingei River, Maraquet, Elgeyu, Molo,

102 Noviratrs Zoonoaicar XXIX. 1922.

584. Platystira cyanea nyansae Neum. Brown-throated Wattle-eyed Flycatcher.

Common in Uganda and lake district.

Budu, Bugoma, Budongo, Sezibwa, Kasala, Mubango, Kawala, North

Elgon, in Uganda; Kisumu and Kakamegoes in East Africa.

585. Diaphorophyia jamesoni Sharpe. Brown-cheeked Puff-backed Flycatcher.

A common species in Uganda forests; a few tend to exhibit less chestnut on

the cheeks than normal, showing their close relationship to the western species.

Budongo, Bugoma, Kasala, Mubango, Lugalambo, and Elgon in Uganda;

Kakamegoes and Nandi in East Africa,

586. Diaphorophyia castanea Fras. Little Brown Pufi-backed Flycatcher.

I have compared my large series with West African birds and can find no

difference in colour, with the exception of the somewhat larger white chin-spot in

eastern birds, but this is variable. On the other hand, measurements of the wings

show that the eastern birds are larger by 3 mm. (to 5 mm. in one bird) ; but as the

colour does not vary, I do not separate them.

Budongo, Bugoma, Masindi, Mubendi, Kawala, Mubango, Mabira, Sezibwa,

Elgon, in Uganda.

587. Erythrocercus holochlorus Erl. Little Golden Flycatcher.

Not a common bird and appears to be limited to the coast region. A. B.

Percival procured two specimens on the coast in 1913.

Changamwe, Mombasa,

588, Erythrocercus thomsoni Sharpe. Little Bar-tailed Golden Flycatcher.

This bird has been taken on the coast of Vanga district in East Africa.

Whether or not it is related to Z. holochlorus I am unable to say.

589. Erythrocercus maccalli congicus Grant. Little Chestnut-capped Flycatcher.

This is apparently as rare as the two preceding, but several specimens are

now in collections. The young bird lacks the chestnut cap, and has the crown

merely tinged with brownish and the throat very pale brownish.

Budongo Forest, Uganda.

590. Elminia longicauda teresita Antin. Blue Paradise Flycatcher.

The amount of blue on the throat and breast varies in individuals—in some

it extends to the lower breast. Occasionally one meets with specimens which

show an affinity with #. albicauda Boc.

Budongo, Bugoma, Masindi, Entebbe, Kyetume, Jinja, in Uganda; East

Elgon, Nandi, and Kibegori in East Africa.

591. Elminia longicauda albicauda Boc. White-tailed Blue Paradise Flycatcher.

South Ankole, Kigezi, Uganda.

Novitates ZooLocicar XXIX,. 1922. 103

592. Trochocercus cyanomelas bivittatus Rchw. Blue-throated White-bellied

Crested Flycatcher.

I have no birds from the type locality to compare, but my males show

rather less white on the wing-coverts than does a single male from the Tanganyika

Territory which has been identified as “* bivitiatus ” by Neumann. Young birds

are like the females in general colour, but greyer, lacking the greenish-blue metallic

gloss of the head and mantle. The well-developed crest is grey, the wing-coverts

are tipped with rusty.

This is not a common bird, and has to be hunted for. One can always

recognise its call from that of T'chitrea suahelica, on account of its higher pitch

and more penetrating character. I have not met with this bird except in the

places mentioned below. The eggs are whitish, tinged pink, speckled brownish and

purplish.

Nairobi and Kyambu Forests.

593. Trochocercus vivax Neave. Spotted-wing Crested Flycatcher.

The occurrence of this species in Uganda is rather curious, as the type came

from Kitanga. An adult male and female were collected by Seth-Smith at

Mubendi.

Lugalambo, 9, 3.i1.1919.

594. Trochocercus nitens Cass. Blue-headed Crested Flycatcher.

T. reichenowi (nec Sharpe ?) van Someren (bis, 1916).

With additional material I am convinced that the birds I placed as a distinct

species in 1916 are extremes of one form. My 1914 birds were taken up to the

British Museum and compared for me by Ogilvie-Grant, who reported them to

be Z'. reichenowi. In one male there is a decided area of white between the blue

of the throat and the grey of the breast. This white line is indicated in a second

specimen and entirely absent in the other two. The females are alike. Two

males thus agree with the original description of “ nitens.” It would appear, then,

that 7’. reichenowi is doubtfully distinct from ‘‘ nitens,” as my birds agree with

both forms ; more material from the type locality of ‘‘ reichenowi,” i.e. Fanti, is

required. Two males from Camaroon identified as nitens are without white on

the breast. Type locality of 7’. nitens is Gaboon.

Mabira, Mubango, Lugalambo.

595. Trochocercus albonotatus Sharpe. Dusky White-tailed Crested Flycatcher.

These birds can always be distinguished from 7’, albiventris (Jacks) by having

the outer tail-feathers white or almost entirely white. Young birds are rather

duller above and below and resemble the adults of the race found in the Tangan-

yika district. The distribution of this race is important and should be noted,

Elgon (type locality), Kakamegoes, Elgeyu, Sherengani, Marakwet, and Molo,

596, Trochocercus albonotatus ? subsp. nov. Tanganyika Dusky-crested Flycatcher.

This race may differ from typical albonotatus (Sharpe) of Elgon by being paler

greyish above and below and in having the crown and throat sooty matt-black—

104 Novirares Zootogicar XXIX. 1922.

not pure black. The distribution would support the contention that this is a

recognisable race. The typical bird ranges from Elgon along the line of forests

on the east of the Rift Valley, and does not occur in Uganda nor yet in German

Kast Africa ; and this race is apparently found along the chain of forests from

south Lake Albert, Semliki to Tanganyika.

3, 16. vi. 1908, Tanganyika. Grauer coll., in Tring Museum.

597. Trochocercus albiventris toroensis Jacks. Toro Dusky-crested Flycatcher.

I consider this to be the Uganda race of 7’. albiventris Sjést. from Camaroon.

It differs in having much less white on the abdomen. It ranges from the Albert

Edward Lake, through the Semliki Valley, to North Tanganyika.

598. Trochocercus nigromitratus kibaliensis Alex. Black-capped Crested Flycatcher.

This race is very close to 7’. nigromitratus. It is rather plentiful in the

forests of Western Uganda, but also found in the eastern forests though not

commonly,

Bugoma, Budongo, Mubango, Lugalambo, in Uganda.

Genus Tchitzea.

I have gone over the series in Tring, in the hopes that with my material

something might be found out with regard to the ranges of the several races

named, Apparently even this mass of material is not sufficient. In the Tring

Museum there is a most remarkable series from Gaboon, exhibiting every variation

in colour to which these birds are subject. There, however, appear to be certain

types of plumage which are more constantly met with in some regions, and as

names are applicable to such, we must for the time being refer to these names,

birds which conform more or less to these types. Further than this one cannot

go, at present. Neumann’s review of this group is certainly the best so far, but

I cannot agree with him that 7’. v. suahelicus is constantly brown, never assuming

a white plumage—my large series shows otherwise ; but, as I shall explain later,

evidence with regard to habitat would seem to support his contention, but to

agree would mean recognising two distinct species of the “‘ viridis”? group in

East Africa,

In Uganda we find the most extraordinary birds—an apparent mixture of

three types: viridis, melanura or duchaillwi, and ferreti.

I thus classify my series as follows :—

599. Tchitrea viridis viridis S. Miller. Blue-bellied Paradise Flycatcher.

Dark brown backs, wings, and tails. The wings and tails with a certain

amount of white. Head, neck, breast, and abdomen glossy blue, blacker on abdomen.

Kyetume and Toro, Uganda.

600. Tchitrea melanura subsp. Brown-winged Paradise Flycatcher.

Adults with bright chestnut backs, wings, and tails, no white whatever, Tail

long. Breast and abdomen bluish grey. Head and crest blue-black. This

type predominates in the Kivu and Lake Edward district. Some males slaty on

mantle ; rather a patchy plumage, apparently not a fixed race.

Kigezi, South Ankole, Nazigo Hill, Budongo, Uganda,

105

Novirates Zoonoaicar XXIX. 1922.

601. Tchitrea suahelica Rchw. Grey-breasted Paradise Flycatcher.

Adult males exhibiting brown backs, wings, and tails; wings with varying

amount of white. Heads and throats glossy blue-black—chest greyish, abdomen

greyish to whitish at vent. Under tail-coverts buff to white. Only this type is

found in the Forusts round Nairobi and Kyambu, where I have collected, one

day every week, for the last four years.

Kyambu, Nairobi, forests at Taveta.

602. Tchitrea ferreti Guér.

Fist Variety.—9 9 39, Uganda. Brown-backed birds with large amount

of white on wing, tails brown. Head and neck glossy dark bluish, breast and

abdomen grey. Forest and game country.

Seconp Varraty.—l1 3, Uganda. Back, wings, and tail white, head and neck

glossy dark bluish, breast and abdomen grey, fading to white or buff at vent and

under tail-coverts. In some birds two or three outer tail-feathers streaked with

brown. Forest and cultivated land.

Tuirp Variety.—2 gf, Uganda. Back wings and tail white, heavily streaked

with brown. Undersurface grey. Forest and cultivations.

All three varieties: Bugoma, Budongo, Masindi, Entebbe, Turkana,

Moroto, Meuressi, in Uganda.

603. Tchitrea ferreti or suahelica.

Three with brown back, wings, and tails ; white in wings and tails, heads

bluish, breasts grey, abdomen grey, vents white or buffy. Four with backs,

wings, and tails white; two streaked brownish on these parts. Breasts and

abdomens grey. Inhabits scrub, thorn-bush, and cultivations.

Fort Hall, Lake Jipe, Simba, Kitui, N’ziu, and Elgeyu in Kenya Colony.

604, Tchitrea emini Rchw. Emin’s Paradise Flycatcher.

Males on the whole more brightly and richly coloured than females—--un-

doubted hybrids between 7’. emini and ferreti occur! Males shot 4.ii.1913 and

18.xii.1918 are coloured on the head and back as emini, but have much

longer tails than normal; they have the underside whitish, streaked with pale

chestnut and a white line on wings: apparently varieties.

Bugoma, Budongo, Lugalambo, Sezibwa, and Mabira. Of my large series

of 26 3, 169, and 8 juv., five appear to be hybrids !

605. Coracina pectoralis Jardine and Selly. White-bellied Grey Cuckoo

Shrike.

The Uganda specimens are larger than birds from West Africa by 5 mm. in

the wing, but this is insufficient to warrant racial distinction, The coloration

is the same.

Buremezi, Bukedi, Kibanda, Soronko, in Uganda ; North Kavirondo,

606. Coracina caesia pura Sharpe. Grey Cuckoo Shrike.

Elgon, Elgeyu, Nairobi, Fort Hall, Kenia, 5 359.

106 Novirates ZoonocicarE XXIX, 1922.

607. Campephaga phoenicea Lath. Red-shouldered Cuckoo Shrike.

C. xanthornoides Less.

C. rothschildi Neum. |= synonyms.

C. ignea Rehw. ,

For other synonyms see Neum. Journ. f. Orn., 1915, p. 154.

There is not the slightest doubt that all the names mentioned above are

synonyms of C. phoenicea, being merely varieties of true C. phoenicea, An im-

portant point to note is the fact that in all these birds the ‘‘ shoulder ” patch is

large, extending in some cases on to the secondary coverts. The females ot C.

phoenicea can always be distinguished from females of the nigra group by having

the head and mantle always brownish, and the yellow margins and tips to the

wing-coverts and secondaries very narrow or entirely absent, giving the wing a

more uniform appearance. Thus on account of the distinct females this bird

cannot be the same as C. nigra.

Budongo, Bugoma, Gulu, Kalwanga, Entebbe, Sezibwa, in Uganda ; Kisumu

and Kakamega in East Africa. Of eight males, two are of the xanthornoides

variety.

608. Campephaga nigra nigra Vieill. Black Cuckoo Shrike.

At first sight it would appear that Neumann's suggestion (Journ. f. Orn., 1915,

p. 154) that the bird hitherto known as C, hartlaubi is merely a variety of C. nigra is

unsound, but on examination of a large series of males and females it is at once

evident that Neumann is doubtless correct. First of all with regard to the males,

it will be noticed that the yellow patch is never pure, that is, the majority of

feathers have some black in them, and the whole patch is limited to the lesser

coverts—in some cases—the area being very small and never as large as in C.

phoenicea and its varieties. Both males possess a yellowish wash to the inner

webs of the primaries and secondaries, young males having the greatest amount of

yellow wash.

Now, comparing authentic females of nigra and var. hartlaubi, it will be seen

that they agree absolutely. They both have the head and mantle olive-green

with slight brownish tinge and yellowish wash, and the wing-feathers are broadly

edged with yellow.

In size they agree perfectly, and they occur together in the same districts.

Kobua, Rudolf, Kacheliba, Kisumu, Kendu Bay, Sio River, Burnt Forest,

Nairobi, Embu, Tsavo, Changamwe. Of fourteen males, five are of the var.

hartlaubi.

According to Oberholser, ‘‘ flava’ is the same as “ nigra’ and has priority.

609. Campephaga petiti Oust. Petit’s Cuckoo Shrike.

(Type Landana.)

North Kavirondo and Nandi.

I have only seen birds collected by Mr. Allan Turner in North Kavirondo,

There are also five females and presumably four males in the Tring Museum,

collected by Dr. Ansorge at Nandi and North Angola, and by Grauer in the Kivu-

Bukoba district and Mpanga Forest. When I worked out my collection of 1906-

Novirares Zootoarcar XXTX. 1922. 107

14 at Tring in 1915 L accepted the two males labelled petiti and collected by Ansorge

in North Angola (during the same week as the two undoubted females) as the true

males of C. petiti. They did not, however, agree with the male described by

Ogilvie-Grant (P.Z.S., 1910) from M’panga, I was unable to accept Grant’s

bird as the true male, because the female had not been obtained along with it,

nor yet was I prepared to look upon Grauer’s birds as true pairs, because they

had not been collected together, and this, combined with Grant’s statement that

the males were like C. nigra, but had the inner webs of the primaries without or

with just a trace of yellowish wash, made me doubtful of the correct identification

of these specimens. Neumann evidently accepted these birds as true males of C.

petiti (Journ. f. Orn., 1915, p. 151, 152) on Grant’s statement. Now that I have seen

the birds collected by Mr. Turner, as shot together, it establishes beyond doubt the

fact that the male of C. petiti is like C. nigra, and not like C. quiscalina. I might

mention that Mr. Turner knew nothing about the controversy regarding the male

of C. petiti. It is extraordinary that the male of C, petiti should be exactly like

the old male of C. nigra. Neumann places C. petiti as a subspecies of C. nigra, but

as they occur together and the females are so distinct, I prefer to keep both as

species. The range of this hird appears to be from the coast of Gaboon and

North Angola to the Congo, through Kivu and Lake Albert to Elgon and Nandi,

occurring in these localities with C. guiscalina and its subspecies C. q. martin.

Kakamegoes, Nyarondo.

610, Campephaga quiscalina martini Jacks. Uganda Purple-breasted Cuckoo Shrike.

The range of this bird has been considerably extended within recent years,

as indicated below. The differences between the adult female of this and the

parent race from Fantee have been given by me in Ibis, 1916. I should here

like to emphasise that, whereas, according to the original description and skins

from Sierra Leone, true C. quiscalina is greenish black, with a purplish throat and

sides of head, C. quiscalina from North and South Angola has the purplish gloss

extending on to the breast and abdomen! I would suggest that these latter

birds belong to another recognisable race !

Mubendi, Mabira, north South Elgon, in Uganda ; Kibingei River, Kakamega,

Elgeyu, Escarpment, Nandi, Nairobi, Kyambu, Kenia !

Kry To THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CAMPEPHAGA.

Adult males :—

Black with purple gloss on underside 2

1. 4 Black with blue-green gloss on underside . 3

Black with green gloss on underside . : . — C.q. miinznert.

9 aaa limited to throat . é : : . — C.q. quiscalina,

‘Purple extending to throat, breast, and abdomen - C. quis. martini and

C. quis. from Angola,

With red shoulder-patch . , ; , . — C. phoenicea,

3. 4 With a yellow shoulder-patch . 2 . — O. nigra var. hartlaubi.

With no shoulder-patch . ; A : p4

4 ike webs of primaries washed yello — C, nigra.

‘ |Inner webs of primaries not washed yellow . — CO, petiti.

108 Novrrares Zooroaicar XXIX, 1922,

Adult females :—

Underside white, more or less barred 2

ated yellow, uniform or barred. s rans

Head brownish, same as mantle : ; . — C, phoenicea

“ | Head olive-green, same as mantle. : . — C. mgra

3. {Head olive-green, like mantle . ; : . — C. petit.

(Feaa greyish, contrasting with mantle. . . GC. quiscalina and subsp.

611. Eurocephalus rueppelli rueppelli Bp. Pale-backed White-headed Shrike.

This race, which I do not consider a subspecies of H, anguitimens of South

Africa, is smaller than the other more southern forms.

Gulu, Nile Province of Uganda.

612, Eurocephalus rueppelli erlangeri Zed]. Abyssinian White-headed Shrike.

E. r. fischeri and EL. r, deckeni of Zedlitz are synonyms !

This race is larger and darker than H.r. rueppelli. This series represents

birds which would be referable to Z. fischeri and LZ. deckeni if these races could be

upheld. I have compared my birds with the material in Tring on which these

races were partly founded. I am of the opinion that if birds in fresh plumages

from the ranges of these supposed races (such as mine are) are compared, they

differ neither in size nor colour. As £. erlangeri is the first named race, this name

must be adopted for the birds inhabiting Abyssinia, Somaliland south to Kenya

Colony, and east and central Tanganyika Territory. H. béhmi from Western

Tanganyika Territory and Nyassaland is a large pale form of 2. rueppelli of the

Nile district and Sudan. My birds are smaller and larger than the limits given

by Zedlitz.

Changamwe, Samburu, M’buyuni, Tsavo, Kitui, Marich, Suk, Kacheliba,

in East Africa,

613, Prionops concinnata Sundey. Long-crested White-winged Prionops.

This species occurs in the Nile Province of Uganda south to Unyoro and

Chagwe.

614. Prionops poliocephala Stanl. Short-crested White-winged Prionops.

This bird occurs in the Vanga district of South British East Africa, and into

Ukambani and Loita, where it occupies the same territory as P. vinaceigularis

Richd.

Morogoro, Manugu. Collected by Loveridge.

615, Prionops melanoptera vinaceigularis Richmond. Short-crested Black-winged

Prionops.

P. intermedia Sharpe.

In this series are rather striking differences. Four birds have much darker

blue-black backs, the hind part of the head very dark ash-grey and the throats

dark greyish. Wings, 108-115 mm. These birds come from the Teita Hills,

5,000 feet.

Nine specimens have the backs not so dark, rather greenish black, the nape

Novitatrs ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 109

lighter ashy grey and the throat pale greyish to brownish. One specimen from

Voi is nearer to the Sagala birds than the others. Wings, 103-114 mm.

I emphasise these differences because we meet with the same thing in the next

group, P. cristata.

Sharp’s P. intermedia came from Taveta and was described in 1901. Rich-

mond’s P. vinaceigularis (1898) came from east of Kilimanjaro.

Sagala, Teita Hills, Taveta, M’buyuni, Voi, and Tsavo.

616. Prionops cristatus Riipp. Long-crested Black-winged Prionops.

2 P. c. omoensis Neum.

Here again my series might be divided into two groups, for practically the

same reasons as in the preceding species. Seven birds agree absolutely with the

type of Neumann’s omoensis, except that they are larger, wings 115-120 mm. ;,

in other words, they are very dark grey on the posterior parts of head and hind

part of crest tinged grey, throat dark. Thus we have seven birds collected south

of Neumann’s type locality agreeing with his bird. His birds were compared with

a series of nine birds in Tring from Eritrea and South-east Ethiopia, which are

all pale-headed with whitish throats, except two, one from Eritrea and one from

South-east Ethiopia, which approach very closely the southern birds. Thus the

typical birds vary, and in so doing render the validity of P. c. omoensis question-

able. Five other birds, all collected at one spot to the south-west of Lake

Rudolf on the Turkwell River, differ from the dark-headed birds by having the

hind part of the crest cream-colour, the hind part of the sides of the head and the

nape brownish ashy, and in having the throat tinged brownish. Wings, 121-123

mm. They are fully adult and in fresh plumage. If, therefore, birds from the

type locality differ, and southern birds from a comparatively small area also

vary, it is not unreasonable to suggest that P.c. omoensis is not a good race.

Dr. Hartert, in fact, is inclined to this view, but I am not in agreement with

this. I suggest that omoensis is a good race, and that possibly there is another

race inhabiting the south-end of Rudolf and Baringo districts, with characters as

given above.

Mt. Moroto, Simu River, Kimiriri River; Elgon and North Turkwell River.

617. Prionops poliolophus Fisch. and Rehw. Ashy-headed Crested Prionops.

This species was collected by Doherty at Escarpment Station. It is of

interest to note that a large portion of the forest and scrub in which Doherty

collected no longer exists. The forest has been burnt and cut down and the

entire aspect of the country altered.

618, Sigmodus retzii graculinus Cab, Orange-billed Helmeted Shrike.

I collected fourteen specimens. Some adults show traces of white on the

inner webs of the primaries, and all the young and immature birds exhibit this

character, indicating a very close relationship to S.r. intermedius and tricolor.

Mombasa, (type locality), Changamwe, Sagala, Teita, Bura, Kitui, Nairobi,

and Kyambu in East Africa,

110 Novitatres ZooLocicaE XXIX, 1922.

619. Nilaus afer erythreae Neum. Dark-flanked Brubru.

My birds agree absolutely with the type and a series of the North Abyssinian

birds in the Tring Museum, not with N. afer afer from Senegal. Other Uganda

skins in Tring are also not typical N. afer afer. The Uganda specimens are dis-

tinct from the South-east Ethiopian birds, which have a broad chestnut flank,

and have been called N. afer hilgerti Neum.

Soronko and Simu River in Elgon; Jinja and Kaina in Uganda.

620. Nilaus afer massaicus Neum. Massai Chestnut-flanked Brubru.

Seven birds are all alike and undoubtedly belong to this race. They have

broad dark chestnut flank streaks. The localities are of great interest, as they show

the line of extension from the type locality into Uganda. It will be seen that in

no less than two widely separated districts this race of afer and a pale-flanked bird

occur together. I would suggest that the “‘ minor” or pale-flanked form be kept

apart from the “‘ afer’ or dark-flanked group.

Taveta, Loita, Simba, Archer’s Post, Northern Guasso N’yiro, Kendu Bay,

in East Africa, and Toro in Uganda.

621. Nilaus minor Sharpe. Pale-flanked Brubru.

Neumann, in his review of the Nilaus group of shrikes (Journ. f. Orn., 1907),

places a bird from the Taru district under the South Somali race, N. m. erlangert.

Now, with my series, I fail to see how these birds differ from typical N. minor,

of which Tring contains a good series, including a cotype collected by Donaldson

Smith. Unfortunately, there are no South Somaliland birds available for

comparison, so I am unable to say whether NW. m. erlangeri Neum. from the type

locality is really different from N. minor ; certainly my Taru birds do not differ.

Samburu, Masongoleni, Kibwezi, Maungu, Voi, Taveta, Campi-ya-bibi,

M’buyuni, Tsavo, Olgerei, Simba, Kitui, Lodomeru, Kerio River, South Lake

Rudolf, in East Africa, Twenty-five skins.

622. Harpolestes * australis emini Rchw. Lesser Scrub Shrike.

623. Harpolestes australis minor Rchw.

624, Harpolestes australis dohertyi Neum.

625, Harpolestes australis kivuensis Rchw.

T have below separated four groups, according to their distribution and

coloration, because it appears to me somewhat doubtful whether all of the

names mentioned above can be upheld. It has been suggested that all the birds

from the Semliki and Kivu district, through Uganda, south to Kenya Colony

and Tanganyika Territory, should be united under the oldest name of the three—

ie. H. minor, type locality Kagehe, Simiu River, south shore Lake Victoria.

Even with my series of thirty-six skins and with the Tring series I am unable to

come to any final conclusions about these races. Workers will readily appreciate

the difficulties after perusing the characters I give for the four groups.

Grove I. (a) West Uganda (Kivu, Bukoba, Budongo, Bugoma, north to

Masindi). These birds, on the whole, have very white undersides tinged greyish

* = Telephonus, Telophonus, Pomatorhynchus, Tschagra |

Novitatres ZooroeicaAE XXIX. 1922. 111

on the flanks and breast. A few soiled birds have the breasts washed olive-brown.

The bills are large. (6) South Ankole, Budu, Kigezi. Very dark above and

heavily washed greyish below, especially on the chest and sides of body. Eleven

specimens collected by me.

Grovr II. Upperside similar to Group (I), but underside darker breast and

flanks washed olive-brown. Bills on an average smaller. Hast Uganda, Entebbe

to Jinja and Turkana. Six skins collected. :

Group III, North Kavirondo and South Elgon (Lucosi, Nyarondo,

Kakamegoes, Kimiriri). Very like Group (I), but rather greyer, and flanks much

more tinged olive-brown. Bills larger than Group (II). Six skins.

Grovr IV. (Kitui, Simba, Nairobi, Kyambu, Fort Hall, Kenya, Naivasha,

Nakuru.) Upper parts as in Group (I), but underside as in Group (II), and very

frequently more olive-brown—two birds from Escarpment as pale as Elgon birds.

The size is the same in all groups. Wings, 76-85 mm. It is apparent that the

series of skins collected by Doherty at Escarpment, one of which is the type of

H. a. dohertyi, are worn birds and a bit soiled ; but many of my East African

skins are not worn, but fresh, and they are darker than even the type. We have,

then, in point of distribution, the following: Pale, dark, pale, dark. I unfor-

tunately have no birds from type-locality of “ emini.” 1 do not think this varia-

tion can be due to season, but probably to age (not including quite young birds,

which are always darker and have pale bills) and, I think, character of the soil

in the district, The nature of the soil undoubtedly affects the coloration,

without the birds being actually stained by it; it is more a colour adaptation.

626. Harpolestes australis littoralis van Someren. Coastal Shrub Shrike.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 102, 1921.

Smaller than the up-country species, having wings of 63-73 mm. compared

to 75-85 mm. in A. australis australis emini and minor. Further, they are very

pale on the underside, being whiter on the throat and abdomen, with a faint

tinge of grey on the breast and flanks. Bills much smaller than in minor, Coast

of Kenya Colony and Tanganyika Territory (Changamwe, Mombasa), Seven

skins.

One male has a black crown as in H. senegalus group, and others show a

strong tendency towards this character.

627. Harpolestes senegalus orientalis Cab. Coastal Large Bush Shrike.

Twenty of my own collecting, twelve in Nairobi Museum, Mombasa,

Changamwe, Mazeras, Samburu, Lamu.

This is an easily recognisable race when compared with birds from South

Africa, or inland British East Africa. It is characterised by having the underside

clear whitish, the mantle sandy brown with an olive tinge.

Most of my birds are from the type-locality—Mombasa—to about Maungu,

where it perceptibly changes, becoming greyer on the underside, From Taveta

district, this intermediate form has received the name of H. s. armenus Oberb.

This again ranges further inland, gradually becoming much greyer on the under-

side and still retaining the darker, richer brown back of the Taveta birds,

the darkest and most greyish birds being found from Nairobi district, north into

south Central Uganda, or Uganda Proper.

112 Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

628. Harpolestes senegalus armenus Oberh.

9 g 3 9 from the type locality of H. senegala armena to Voi and Kibwezi

(Taveta, Lake Jipe, M’buyuni, Maungu, Masongoleni, Tsavo).

19 3, 4 9, 4 juv. from Simba north to Elgon and Uganda Proper (Kitui,

Nairobi, Kyambu, Fort Hall, Kenya, Naivasha, Nakuru, Fort Ternan, Kisumu,

North Kavirondo, Kerio River, Jinja, Lugalamba, Kyetume, Entebbe).

The last twenty-seven birds, on account of their marked greyish undersides,

especially on the breast and flanks, cannot be confused with the coastal birds ;

but birds from Taveta and Voi, called ‘‘ armena,” run so very close to the latter

that it seems a great pity that intermediates, such as these Taveta birds certainly

are, should have received a name and not the birds from inland, at about 6,000—

7,000 feet (Kikuyu). As matters now stand, the birds from Taveta north to

Entebbe will have to bear the name Harpolestes senegala armena Oberh,

Besides my big series, I have used the material in Tring for comparison, and

have endeavoured to compare birds in clean fresh plumages only. I brought

home with me, for purposes of comparison, six skins from Lumbo, North Portu-

guese East Africa, and these turn out to be quite distinct from any of the described

races and, being a recognisable race, require naming.

It will be seen that the localities comprise a series of birds from Mombasa

at the coast up to Uganda, taking in all types of country and starting from

sea-level, going up to 8,500, to drop again to 3,500 feet.

629. H. senegalus mozambicus van Som. Mozambique White-bellied Scrub

Shrike.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 103, 1921.

T have before me six of a series of over a dozen which were collected at Lumbo,

North Portuguese East Africa, They come from a locality little explored,

ornithologically, and prove to be a very pale race. The characters are: Mantle

very much paler than H. s. orientalis from Mombasa and whiter on the underside.

Rump greyish. Size as in H, s. orientalis. The series is remarkably constant.

When working out this group I went into the question of the names “‘ sene-

galus,” “ erythropterus,” and “tschagra.” Both Neumann and Shelley (Birds of

Africa, v. pt. 2, edited by Sclater) adopt the name erythropterus for the South

African bird and senegalus for the Senegal form. A study of the original de-

scriptions and plates, however, reveals. the fact that Neumann is wrong in

applying erythropterus of Shaw for the South African bird, because Shaw founded

this name on Daubenton’s (Buffon’s) Planche Illuminée, 479, which distinctly

depicts a bird with a black head, and the locality given is “senegal”! Shaw

states that possibly his bird is the same as the Senegal Shrike of Linnaeus, H.

senegalus, and in this he is correct. His further remarks to the effect that Levail-

lant had accurately described ‘‘ erythropterus,” in Hist. Natur. (1799), no doubt

referred to the second part of the general remarks made by Levaillant and not

to his diagnosis. Now, turning to Levaillant’s plate 70 (1799), we find that the

bird there depicted is one with a brown crown and a long slender bill, i.e. un-

doubtedly the bird now known as H. longirostris, the Tshagra Shrike! The first

description, which we must accept, says that the bird has the top of the head

black-brown with olive wash—not black, and further describes a white line from

Novirares ZoonoaicaE XXIX. 1922. 113

base of bill to nape, passing over the eye, and the whole of the underside “ ashy.”

That fits undoubtedly H. longirostris, not senegalus. In further remarks it

appears, no doubt, that the black-headed South African bird was confounded

with BE brown-headed ; but this does not alter the first denerinbor nor the plate

of an “adult male and female.”

The only South African bird with a black head belonging to the senegalus

group (because it is distinct from typical Senegal birds) requires a name. The

name coronatus Vieillot is not available, because no type locality is given, and it

was probably a western bird. I therefore name it Harpolestes senegalus confusus.

Type 3, Umfalosi, Zululand, 2.viii.1904. C. H. B. Grant coll. (Tring

Museum),

630. Harpolestes senegalus soudanensis Scl. and Praed. Ashy-backed Bush Shrike.

This has an ashy brown mantle, with practically no rufous tinge, and is

somewhat smaller than H. senegalus armenus. It is found in Uganda in the

northern province and also west of Lake Albert.

631. Harpolestes jamesi jamesi Shell. Somali Stripe-headed Bush Shrike.

Ten birds agree with specimens from Somaliland in having dark heads and

distinctly greyish undersides. The peculiar spotted iris is remarkable, the size

of the spots varying with the state of excitability of the bird, being large when

the bird is excited, and contracting to mere pin-points when frightened.

Tsavo, M’buyuni, Maungu, and Kerio River.

632. Harpolestes jamesi mandana Neum. Manda Stripe-headed Bush Shrike.

I have compared my ten birds with typical ones, and they certainly are

paler on the head and have a much wider black central stripe on the crown,

and the underside is more whitish. I, however, also agree that the Kismayu

birds are different, and place H. jamesi kismayensis Neum. as a good race.

Manda, Witu, Lamu.

633. H. jamesi kismayensis Neum.

6, December 2nd, 1912; 9, December 1912.

Juba River. ¢2, December 1912. Percival coll.

634. Harpolestes minutus minutus Hartl. Black-saddled Bush Shrike.

I have no typical birds from Fanti, but Camaroon birds are more reddish

above and more ochraceous below than East African specimens. I unfortunately

have insufficient material of fresh unworn birds, in order to come to a final

conclusion.

S. Ankole, Bugoma, Masindi, Kalwanga, in Uganda ; Kisumu, Nyarondo,

Fort Hall, Nairobi. 6 3, 3 9, 1 juv.

635. Harpolestes minutus reichenowi Neum. Lesser Black-saddled Bush Shrike.

Two specimens from Mombasa bear out the characters given by Neumann.

They are smaller and rather paler.

114 Novirares ZoonocioaE XXIX. 1922.

636. Nicator chloris chloris Val. Nicator.

Though no specimens from Senegal are available for comparison, it appears

that this bird does not vary, except very slightly in size, throughout its range

from west to northern East Africa.

Bugoma, Budongo, Mubango, Kyetume, Mubendi, Sezibwa River, W. Elgon.

637. Nicator chloris gularis Finsch. Brown-throated Nicator.

I have no typical birds for comparison, but my six specimens are not as

green on the back as depicted in the plate in Shelley, vol. v. pt. 2.

Sagala, Lamu, Mombasa, Bura.

638. Urolestes torquatus Cab. Blue-banded Shrike.

Has been obtained by Grauer in the Albert Edward district and is in the

Tring Museum.

639. Chlorophoneus rubiginosus rudolfi Hart. Buff-breasted Green Shrike.

Obtained in the Kivu-Albert district by Grauer.

640. Chlorophoneus rubiginosus andaryae Jacks. Uganda Bufi-breasted

Green Shrike.

This bird was described by Jackson in the Bull. B.O. Club, June 1919. It is

apparently near C. rudolfi and C. r. miinzneri from Tanganyika Territory, but

differs from both in having the mantle and central tail-feathers grey and the

underside paler. It thus resembles very closely the young of Dryoscopus jacksoni

(Laniarius auct.), but is rather greener, and the spotting on the tail and coverts

larger. It is also bigger.

The type, the only specimen known, came from near Entebbe.

641. Chlorophoneus sulphureopectus suahelicus Neum. Orange-breasted Shrike.

The name C. chrysogaster cannot be used for this race, as it was founded on a

Senegal bird. These birds are much more richly coloured than Uganda birds, and

have wider and deeper orange breast-bands. As these birds extend inland they

become paler; thus we find intermediates in the higher altitudes from Nairobi

to Elgon—but west of this the birds are as pale yellow and have breast-bands

as in C. s. modestus Bocage, from Angola. I separate these pale birds under the

latter name. One adult female from Teita has the whole underside dull ochre

yellow, without the orange breast.

Lamu, Changamwe, Mombasa, Samburu, Masongoleni, Teita, M’ziu, Ukamba,

Simba, 16429.

642. Chlorophoneus sulphureopectus modestus Boc. Western Orange-breasted

Shrike.

In these birds the females are paler than the males, which is not the case in

coastal birds.

Nandi, Elgeyu, Escarpment, in East Africa ; Elgon, Jinja, Entebbe, Bugoma,

in Uganda. 8 3g, 69, 2 juv.

Novirates ZooLoaicar XXIX. 1922, ; 115

643. Chlorophoneus nigrifrons Rchw. Black-fronted Forest Shrike.

My series of 11 3, 5 9, 2 juv. exhibits males and females in full plumage,

many of them breeding birds. The young are in two stages: the youngest is a

bird with the head and ear-coverts green, the other with the crown becoming

grey while the ear-coverts are jet black, the undersurface olive-yellow, faintly

barred, As I have no typical nigrifrons from Kilimanjaro I am unable to state

whether my birds are quite indentical. If they are, I would suggest that C.

abbotti of Richmond, and possibly C. manningi Shelley, are not separable from

nigrifrons, for my birds agree well with the plate of manningi in the Ibis. The

type of “ nigrifrons”’ is probably a female and the type of “ abbotti” a male.

Nairobi, Elgeyu, Molo, Elgon, and Escarpment.

644, Chlorophoneus elgeyuensis van Som, Fire-breasted Forest Shrike.

Bull. B.O. Club, November 1919, p. 23.

This extraordinary bird—of which my three females and one young appear

to be the only ones so far known—differs from all the described forms of Chloro-

phoneus. The adult female is as follows: On the forehead a narrow black band.

Crown, nape, and upper part of mantle dark grey, the rest of the back and rump

bright olive-green. Wings green, with the inner webs of the primaries and

secondaries edged yellowish ; tail green. The ear-coverts are jet black and con-

tinuous with the black frontal band; below the lower edge of the ear-coverts

is a clear bright yellow line; the throat and breast are a bright orange-red ;

abdomen and flanks olive-yellow, faintly barred on the latter. Thus these

females are brighter than the males of C. nigrifrons, from which bird this

new species can be easily distinguished, also by a comparison of the young.

The young in this new species has the crown and nape and ear-coverts grey—

not olive-green as in C. nigrifrons. The lower surface is yellowish green,

faintly barred. One of the females moults from the first plumage described

above, and has the ear-coverts black; on the throat and breast fiery orange

feathers are appearing. Wing, 82mm. This species is smaller than C. nigrifrons

and has a longer, more slender bill, Wings, 87 mm.

Maraquet and Sherengani Hills, 8,000-9,000 feet.

645. Chlorophoneus quadricolor nigricauda Clarke. East African Crimson-

throated Green Shrike.

Tq. intermedius Rechw.

In my series of 12 g 4 9 I find six males have the central tail-feathers green

or almost entirely green. Four old males have the tail-feathers entirely black,

even at the base; in two the bases for the terminal 20 mm. are greenish! As I

have not sufficient material of old males from South Africa I admit this race,

presuming that typical quadricolor never gets an entirely black tail. The differ-

ence in the females mentioned by Colonel Clarke does not hold good—females of

South African birds do have a black gorget. The amount of red on the breast is

variable; in some birds, even in those younger males with green tails, the red

extends to the abdomen, yet in some old males with black tails the red is limited

to the throat above the black gorget.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Malindi, Sagala, Teita,

116 ; Novirates Zootoeioar XXIX. 1922.

646. Chlorophoneus dohertyi Roths. Doherty’s Forest Shrike.

This beautiful bird is fairly common in the forests at high altitudes. The

southernmost locality appears to be Limuro, from which it extends up to Mt.

Elgon. It then appears again in the Semliki and Kivu districts. In the last-

mentioned district the bird becomes somewhat larger, and the crimson throat

takes on a deeper shade, more magenta tinged. Wings, 75-86, as compared with

75-80 mm, in my series. It seems strange that this form should not be other-

wise different, seeing that there seems to be a large break in its distribution,

but possibly connecting links will be found later.

Kijabe, Aberdares, Molo, Elgeyu, Maraquet, Kakamegoes, Elgon. 9 3, 5 9,

4 juv.

647. Rhodophoneus cruentus hilgerti Neum. Southern Red-breasted

Desert Shrike.

I have carefully gone into the races of R. cruentus, and this is a good sub-

species. My series of this species are of extreme interest, because the form

hilgerti and cathemagmenus must meet just about the line of the Athi-Tsavo

River. Now, out of six males collected at Tsavo Station, five are certainly

hilgerti, that is, they have no black band dividing the red streak on the underside,

or it is only just indicated by a few black feathers as in North Somali birds !

On the back these birds are washed with brownish crimson, but not to the same

extent as in R. c. cathemagmenus, typical birds of which occur farther south.

The pink breast-streak is paler than in R. c. cathemagmenus.

Tsavo, and Athi River junction. 5 J 59.

648. Rhodophoneus cruentus cathemagmenus Rchw. Black-collared

Red-streaked Desert Shrike.

This southern race can be distinguished from all others by the deep crimson-

brown of the upperside, the bright crimson (not pinkish) breast-streak, and by the

males having a decided black gorget. This form is fairly common in the dry

thorn-bush country of the Taru Desert and Kilimanjaro districts.

Lake Jipe, Taveta, Maktau, Mbuyuni. 13 $69.

649. Laniarius leucorhynchus Hartl. Sooty-black Shrike.

There appears to be no difference between the western and eastern birds,

except in size—the wings of the former ranging a few millimetres larger.

Sezibwa River, Kyetume, Lugalambo, Mubango, in Uganda.

650. Laniarius holomelas Jackson. Velvet-black Shrike.

This species ranges in the Kivu and Albert Edward district, up to Lake

Albert.

651. Laniarius nigerrimus Rcehw. Coast Black Shrike.

2L. n. erlangert Rehw.

I very much doubt if L. erlangeri is a good race. In my series of birds from

Lamu and district I find the amount of white on the rump varies greatly, as does

Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX, 1922. 117

also the colour of the inner webs of the wing-feathers. I find some white, others

blackish, so that these characters are evidently not constant. The wings vary

from 82 to 93 mm,

Manda and Lamu Islands.

652. Laniarius funebris funebris Hartl. Large Grey-black Shrike.

L. f. bergert Rchw.

L. f, rothschildi Neum.

My series is made up of birds from North British East Africa and Uganda.

They are quite distinct from the next race mentioned, by being larger and

blacker. Birds from Baringo—type locality of L. bergeri—do not differ from

specimens from Suk, and these are identical with Escarpment birds. The type

of L. funebris came from the country east of Tanganyika, and though I have not

sufficient material from this locality to state with absolute certainty that the

Suk and Uganda birds are the same, my birds do not differ from the specimens

available. I have examined the type and cotype of L. rothschildi, and consider

that they are not separable. The characters given by Neumann are not

exhibited in the specimens before me. One has lost all its rump-feathers, and

they are specimens which have been mounted and sadly maltreated. This species

does not appear to extend farther south in East Africa than South Kikuyu.

South of this we get the smaller greyer race mentioned below. In the districts

where the two races meet, interbreeding apparently takes place. Wings,

85-95 mm.

Mt. Moroto, Meuressi, Kerio, in Uganda; Suk, Baringo, and Escarpment in

East Africa.

653. Laniarius funebris degener Hilgert. Lesser Grey-black Shrike.

These birds are really a smaller darker form of L. f. atrocaeruleus of N. Somali-

land. Whereas in the latter the wings range from 86 to 95 mm., they are

80-85 mm. in the former.

This race is particularly plentiful in the Taru country, but very difficult to

procure, owing to its skulking habits.

Simba, Kitui, Tsavo, Voi, M’buyuni, Maktau, Lake Jipe, Taveta, Maungu,

Masongoleni, and Changamwe in East Africa. Twenty-two specimens.

654. Laniarius aethiopicus major Hartl. Great Pied Shrike.

I consider that this bird is a subspecies of L. aethiopicus, because I find, on

examining a large series of typical L. aethiopicus, that there are quite a number of

specimens which show a white margin to the inner secondaries. I find in my

series that birds indistinguishable from Western Uganda specimens range as far

south as Kikuyu, thus occupying part of the same territory as L. a. ambiguus

Madaraz, that is, from Nakuru south to Kikuyu. Within this area hybrids are

found. We must, however, retain the name ZL. a. ambiguus for the southern

British East African bird, because in its southern limits it remains true to type.

The following localities will exhibit the range of L. ae. major :

Budongo, Bugoma, Masindi, Mubendi, Singo, Entebbe, Sezibwa, Kyetume,

Jinja, Elgon, in Uganda; Nandi, Elgeyu, Maraquet, Molo, Nakuru, Aberdares,

Naivasha, and Kikuyu in East Africa, Thirty-seven specimens,

118 Novirates Zootocican XXIX, 1922.

655, Laniarius aethiopicus ambiguus Mad. White-shouldered Pied Shrike.

My nine birds are true to type, and have the white feathers limited to the

coverts, Whether this race interbreeds with Z. sublacteus in the Kilimanjaro

area, I am unable to say, but they both occur there.

Molo, Naivasha, Nakuru, Nairobi, Kyambu, Fort Hall.

656. Laniarius sublacteus Less. Black-winged Pied Shrike.

Does not appear to penetrate farther than South Ukambani. I have pro-

cured it at Mombasa, Changamwe, Sagala, Teita, Samburu, Lake Jipe, Makindu.

657. Laniarius ruficeps cooki van Som. Taru Red-naped Shrike.

Bull. B.O. Club, November 1919.

Distinguished from the typical North Somali form in having the forepart of

the crown jet black, the hind half and part of the mantle bright red, and from

L. r. nuchalis by having the nape-patch much larger and brighter red. In this

way it also differs from L. r. kismayensis of Jubaland.

Maungu and Tsavo, Taru desert.

658. Laniarius ruficeps kismayensis Erl. Crimson-naped Shrike.

Apparently a good race, with a dull crimson nape-patch.

Juba River. 6, 7.x.1912. A. B. Percival coll.

659. Laniarius liihderi castaneiceps Sharpe. Cinnamon-breasted Shrike.

When my twelve skins are compared with typical L. lithderi from Camaroon,

it is at once obvious that the Elgon and Nandi birds are smaller and paler ; the

wings measure 80-86, as compared with 85-95 mm, in the typical race. As

Sharpe described a young bird from Elgon as “ castanciceps.” and although he

afterwards suppressed it, finding out that it was an immature specimen, this

name nevertheless is available and must be reinstated for the Hast African

race of L. liihderi. This bird has not been procured in the forests of Uganda

Proper, though Mr. Grauer obtained it in the Mpanga Forest, Toro. I have

compared twenty-five Elgon birds.

Elgon, North Kavirondo, and Nandi.

660, Laniarius lithderi lithderi Rchw.

Tt seems that my two specimens from Lukiga and Kigezi, as well as a large

series collected by Grauer in the Kivu-Tanganyika district, belong to the typical

form.

661. Laniarius mufumbiri Og.-Grant. Golden-crowned Red-breasted Shrike.

My series greatly extends the range of this rare shrike. It has now been

obtained from the Kivu district east to Mt. Elgon. The Elgon bird, however,

is not quite typical, having the underside paler red-pink, not orange-crimson.

The gold of the crown is paler. I find that the amount of white on the coverts

is not constant ; thus in some specimens several feathers are white both on the

Novirares ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 119

secondaries and tertiaries, but in others only one or two feathers are tipped

with white. The small size of this bird, however, at once separates it from the

West African race.—The first plumage has apparently not been described. It

is as follows :

Upperside dull black with some pale tips to the feathers of the mantle,

crown-feathers broadly tipped ochraceous-buff, coverts of wings tipped and

margined with buff. Underside yellowish pink, the feathers slightly more

dull reddish on the breast, all the breast feathers tipped buffy white. Vent and

thighs buff.

Mufumbiro, South Ankole, Kigezi District, Sezibwa River, Entebbe, and

W. Elgon in Uganda.

662. Laniarius erythrogaster Cretzschm, Crimson-breasted Shrike.

L. e. chrysostictus Rchw. % Synonym.

Out of my series of twenty, there are ten males with well-developed yellow

tufts at the junction of the breast-feathers with the scapulars; thus I do not

consider this a character on which to separate the Camaroon bird; further, this

yellow bunch of feathers is present in some Erithrean specimens. The males

which show the yellow feathers to the greatest extent are those which have the

buff vent and under tail-coverts widely tipped with crimson, indicating a strong

development of pigment cells. One male from Budu has several yellow feathers

on the forepart of the crown.

Budu, South Ankole, Singo, Busiro, Buremezi, Jinja, in Uganda ; Elgon,

Marich, Kisumu, Kendu Bay, Nyarondo, in East Africa.

663. Dryoscopus bocagei jacksoni Sharpe. Jackson’s Black-capped Shrike.

Four birds, along with thirteen others collected during 1907-14, show some

variation, and specimens can be picked out which match the Angolan race,

which has been named D. b. ansorgei by Sclater. The majority of Uganda birds,

however, are purer grey on the back, and lack the olive tinge which is a constant

character in the Angolan specimens.

I am of the opinion that this bird should not be placed in the genus Dryo-

scopus but in Chlorophoneus, because the bill and feet are characteristic of this

latter genus, and the young in first plumage has the mantle, wings, and rectrices

distinctly greenish, and with large pale tips to the secondary coverts. In fact,

the young birds closely resemble the Shrike described by Jackson in Bull. B.O.

Club, September 1919, as C. andaryae, which, however, is distinct and rather

larger. The black cap so characteristic in adult jacksoni is greyish in the young.

Bugoma, Entebbe, Mabira ; Nyarondo, Nandi.

664, Dryoscopus angolensis nandensis Sharpe. Nandi Blue-headed Shrike.

These birds, eight collected by my men, three by Turner, when compared

with specimens from Angola and the Kivu and Semliki districts, show that there

are three subspecies :

1. Dryoscopus angolensis angolensis : 3, head blue-black ; 9, underside

pale, back greyish.—Angola and Camaroons.

2, Dryoscopus angolensis nande nsis : 3, head grey-blue ; , darker cinnamon,

120 Novirares Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922.

back with olive wash.—Uganda, east to Elgon, Nandi, and Elgeyu (Mabira,

Nyarondo, etc.).

3. Dryoscopus angolensis adolfi-friderici: g, head darker grey-blue than

in nandensis, back more olive.—Lake district, Semliki, Kivu, North Tanganyika.

Though Reichenow suppressed his adolfi-friderici, I consider that it must be

reinstated.

665. Dryoscopus gambiensis nyansae Neum. Grey-winged Shrike.

There is such an amount of variation in my series of twenty that I find it

difficult to distinguish these birds from the few specimens from the White Nile

at my disposal. The darkest and most intensely coloured females are from the

Moroto district in Turkana.

Bugoma, Bira, Mawakota, Masindi, Moroto, Entebbe, and M’porogoma

River in Uganda; South Elgon, Kibingei River, Soronko River, Kacheliba,

Nyarondo, Elgeyu, and Nandi in East Africa.

666. Dryoscopus pringlei Jackson. Desert Grey-winged Shrike.

I have a series of twelve skins of this somewhat rare bird. Its range appears

to be limited to the Taru Desert country.

Tsavo, Maungu, Maktau, Taveta, M’buyuni, and Campi-ya-bibi.

667. Dryoscopus cubla hamatus Hartl. East African Puff-backed Shrike.

D. c. suahelicus Neum. % Synonym.

I find that sixteen birds from the coast and desert country are smaller than

eight inland specimens, having wings of 75-82 as compared to 84-87 mm. in the

latter. Further, I find that the females of coastal birds have white breasts, while

inland birds have the breast tinged buffy. This character is also present in the

large series I have examined in Tring. Similar large birds are found in the

Kivu-Kagera Tanganyika district.—I have not taken or seen specimens of this

bird from Uganda proper. It apparently does not go so far north.

Smaller form: Mombasa, Masongoleni, Maungu, Teita, Kitui, Lake Jipe.

Larger form: Kyambu, Escarpment, Nairobi, Molo, Ravine.

668. Dryoscopus affinis Gray. White-shouldered Puff-backed Shrike.

D. salimae Harti.

There are two youngish birds in my series which show indications of white

on the outer webs of the inner secondaries, thus showing close relationship to the

previous species. They, however, occupy part of the same territory and may

occasionally cross, while in the Lamu district they remain true to type.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Lamu, and Manda Islands.

669. Fraseria ocreata Strickl, Speckle-breasted Flycatcher Shrike.

These birds, as also specimens in Tring from Uganda, are larger than the

birds from the type locality, but I can find no other difference.

Budongo Forest, Uganda.

Novirates Zoonoaicar XXIX. 1922. 121

670. Malaconotus monteiri catharoxanthus Neum. Great Yellow-breasted

Shrike.

I prefer to keep the uniform-breasted birds in one group and those with a

chestnut band or wash on the breast in another; for the reason that we find

both types occupying the same territory in part of the distribution of their races.

Thus in Angola we find M. monteiri and typical poliocephalus together ; and in

Uganda M. catharoxanthus, interpositus, and schoanus side by side.

Masindi, Meuressi, North Kavirondo.

671. Malaconotus interpositus Hart. (?). Hartert’s Giant Shrike.

One cannot distinguish my four birds from typical M. interpositus, yet as

they occur in the same locality as M. p. schoanus, it seems to me that they must

rank as a species or be united. I prefer for the time being to keep them separate.

Mt. Moroto, and Meuressi, Turkwell, Uganda.

672. Malaconotus poliocephalus schoanus Neum. Northern Brown-chested

Giant Shrike.

Six birds agree in colour and size with this race, and are distinct from the

birds inhabiting the highlands of East Africa and also from the birds of the

coast and desert belt. They have wings of 110-125 mm. The plumage is

constant.

Meuressi and West Rudolt in Uganda.

673. Malaconotus poliocephalus approximans Cab. Mombasa Yellow-breasted

Giant Shrike.

Six birds, which are quite distinct from the highland form, are characterised

by having a deep, bright chrome-yellow throat, sharply differentiated from the

dark chestnut breast-band, which does not extend on to the lower breast, but

is well demarked from the bright yellow of the lower breast and abdomen. The

flanks are shaded chestnut.

This form ranges from the coast, from Pangani River to Malindi and inland

through the Taru Desert to South Ukambani and East Kilimanjaro.

Changamwe, Lake Jipe, Masongoleni, Tsavo, Teita, Kitui.

674, Malaconotus poliocephalus subsp. nov. ?

Nineteen specimens of both sexes collected between 6.iv.16 and 20.v.16

on Manda and Lamu Islands and coast of the mainland opposite. These birds

are very much paler yellow on the abdomen and throat and considerably smaller.

They should probably be kept separate from M. p. approximans. Most

specimens have the pale tips to the coverts tinged reddish. Wings, 105-115 mm.

675, Malaconotus poliocephalus blanchoti Steph. Brown-breasted Giant

Shrike.

M. . starki Sclater.

M. p. hypopyrrus Hartl.

Birds which are found in the highlands of East Africa are characterised by

having the breast with a broad chestnut band, not sharply differentiated from

122 Novyirates Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922.

the throat, and extended well on to the flanks and upper abdomen. These are

larger birds, with wings of 125-130 mm. Others in Tring from Kikuyu agree

perfectly. I fail to distinguish them from South African specimens, and much

as I dislike the distribution, I cannot do else but unite them with this race.

Birds from Lumbo, coast of North Mozambique, Portuguese East Africa,

and from the coast south of Dar-es-Salaam are not the same as South African

birds, having the brown breast-band more restricted, and they differ markedly

from the Mombasa birds, M. p. approximans. They are quite different from

the upland East African birds, yet, coming as they do from a southern country,

I am compelled to keep them with the South African race for the time being,

but a larger series may prove them different.

Highland form: Nairobi, Escarpment, Morogoro.

Southern coastal form: Lumbo, North Mozambique, and South Dar-es-

Salaam.

676. Lanius collaris smithi Fraser. Western White-shouldered Fiscal Shrike.

Nine birds do not agree with the East African race, and are apparently

referable to the western form. No doubt this bird meets and interbreeds with

the Abyssinian form, F. ¢c. humeralis, so that it is difficult to place these inter-

mediate forms. The character of the tail-feathers is of some help, the western

birds having rather more black on the outer rectrices.

Masindi, Budongo, and Bugoma in Uganda,

677. Lanius collaris humeralis Stanley. Abyssinian Fiscal Shrike.

2? F.c. wopygialis Rehw.

I cannot see any constant characters for separating the Kilimanjaro birds

from the North-east African race. The rump varies in colour from dark grey

to grey and white! It appears, therefore, that no great reliance can be placed

on this character.

Nairobi, Fort Hall, Naivasha, Kisumu, Kendu Bay.

678, Lanius dorsalis Cab, Saddled Fiscal Shrike.

Hight specimens from practically the type locality, and all constant in

showing no white tips to the inner secondaries. This race must extend through

the Ukamba country and to the east of Kilimanjaro, thence to Suk and north-

west to Lake Stephanie, whence came specimens collected by Smith and Jackson.

These latter specimens are interesting, because to the south-west of Rudolf at

the Karoli Escarpment a form of F. somalicus is found. No doubt the two

forms meet in this neighbourhood. ‘There is one specimen in the Nairobi Museum

from Simba which is white on the back.

Wbuyuni, Teita, Tsavo, Simba, Thika.

679. Lanius somalicus mauritii Neum. White-rumped Saddled Fiscal Shrike.

Although Neumann described this bird from a single mounted specimen,

his risky action has fortunately turned out all right. The specimens agree exactly

with the type, except that the black of the head is not sharply differentiated from

the grey of the mantle. The general coloration is like F. somalicus, but in this

Noviratrs ZooLocicar XXIX. 1922. 123

form the rump and upper tail-coverts are white and the underwing-coverts dark

ashy grey, not jet black. My specimens are in full clean plumage. I should

like to point out that the Karoli Mountains or Escarpment are just south of

Karoli Lake, and this, again, is south-east of Lake Rudolf, not in West Somali-

land, as has been stated. My specimens of this rare Shrike, known hitherto

from the type only, came from west of Rudolf.

Meuressi, on Upper Turkwell River.

680. Lanius cabanisi Hart. Long-tailed Fiscal Shrike.

F, caudatus Cab.

Unlike Lanius excubitorius princeps, these birds are resident in East Africa.

MW’buyuni, Tsavo, Simba, Lamu, Kitui, Fort Hall, Kyambu.

681. Lanius mackinnoni Sharpe. African Grey-backed Shrike.

This species is particularly common in the Elgon district.

Busmasifa, Elgon, Elgeyu, and Entebbe in Uganda.

682. Lanius excubitorius excubitorius Prév. African Great Grey Shrike.

Lanius e. intercedens Neum.

5 3, wings 120-130 mm. This is the resident breeding bird of Kavirondo

district and Elgon. These birds agree perfectly with Abyssinian specimens and

birds from South Ethiopia, called by Neumann intercedens. I find, on reference

to his original description and to his actual specimens, that the birds which he

took to be L. excubitorius excubitorius are in reality L. ex. princeps, the small

race which inhabits the Nile districts, passing south into the whole of Uganda,

and migrating in numbers to East Africa in the winter. His specimens of L. ex.

intercedens are really L. ex. excubitorius. Besides being larger, this race is also

darker grey on the head and mantle than L. ex. princeps or L. ex. béhmi: L. ex.

bohmi is merely a larger edition of L. ex. princeps Cab. I have come to this

conclusion after nine years’ observation in the field, and after going over the

material in the Tring Museum as well. I have taken eggs and young.

Kisumu, Kibos, Elgon.

683. Lanius excubitorius princeps Cab. Lesser African Great Grey Shrike.

5 3 9, with nine birds in the Tring Museum collected by Turner at Naivasha,

agree in colour and measurements with the birds from the White Nile district.

They are smaller and paler grey than the Abyssinian bird, having a wing-measure-

ment of 105-115 mm. During the winter large numbers of this race migrate to

Kast Africa, especially to Lakes Nakuru and Naivasha, Owing to their migratory

habits they have been mistaken for L. e. excubitorius.

Masindi, Mubendi, in Uganda; Naivasha in East Africa.

684, Lanius excubitorius Rchw. Southern Intermediate Great Grey Shrike.

Specimens of this race have been taken in the Kagera district of Uganda, and

my present collection includes this race, from South Ankole and Mufumbiro,

Budu in Uganda,

124 » Novirates Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922,

685. Lanius minor Gm. European Lesser Grey Shrike.

Between April 20th and 24th, 1918, these birds passed north through Tsavo

in large numbers. They were in perfect full plumage.

Tsavo, Nairobi, Kimiriri, in East Africa; West Elgon in Uganda.

686, Lanius senator niloticus Bp. Nile Woodchat Shrike.

These birds have a wide wing-speculum and the bases of the rectrices white.

2319. Elgon.

687. Lanius collurio Linn. European Red-backed Shrike.

Twelve males from April are all normally coloured birds, the winter birds

being pale brownish. A female shot 5.iv.1918 is coloured on the back somewhat

like the adult male, the head being greyish, the feathers tipped brownish, the

mantle reddish brown, but the underside is marked with wavy bars and the sides

of the body washed with rufous. It agrees very well with the description of the

variety which Shelley believed to be a different species and called reichenowit,

from Dar-es-Salaam,,and which is the same as affinis of Fischer. Common during

the winter and early spring.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Maungu, Tsavo, Nairobi, Kisumu; also Masindi

and Lugalambo in Uganda,

688. Lanius collurio subsp. ?

2 $ from Dar-es-Salaam have caused me some trouble. One is very like

L. collurio, but the forehead is whitish, crown grey, mantle and back dark

earth-brown, not reddish. Wing dark, with a large white speculum at base of

primaries. Underside pale pinkish, 90 mm. Can this be L. c. kobylini? The

other has wings and back as in LZ. cullurio, but crown and neck brownish as in

L. phoenicuroides. Loral spot black, ear-coverts black, with white streaks.

Breast and flanks pinkish.

689. Lanius cristatus isabellinus Hempr. and Ehrenb. Isabelline Shrike.

4 339, but only one male is fully mature.

Simba, Tsavo, Nakuru, Kisumu. January, December, March.

690. Lanius cristatus phoenicuroides Schal. Brown-capped Red-tailed Shrike.

Tam not satisfied that all my eighteen birds belong to this race of Z. cristatus.

There are males in full fresh plumage which have no brown on the crown, but

have the top of the head the same colour as the back; these are smaller than

typical birds. Others, again, have greyish crowns, all being in good plumage.

They have black ear-coverts, not brownish as in female birds.

Changamwe, Maungu, Tsavo, Fort Hall, Nairobi, Nakuru, Simba, Kisumu ;

and Mt. Moroto in Uganda.

691. Corvinella corvina affinis Heugl. Yellow-billed Giant Shrike.

3 3,19, 1juv. One specimen is very like the western typical race. Elgon,

Simu River, in Uganda; Nandi, Kibigori, Lumbwa, in East Africa,

NoviratEs ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922, 125

692. Dicrurus modestus coracinus Verr.

The typical bird does not occur. The race of Uganda is not so purplish blue

on mantle and breast and is a recognisable form. This race I name:

693. Dicrurus modestus ugandensis van Som. Uganda Velvet Drongo.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 102, 1921.

The birds which inhabit Uganda from Toro to Elgon are more blue-black,

less purplish black than typical “‘ coracina” from Gaboon and Nigeria, of which

there is a series at Tring. In size, the races are practically alike, though on an

average the Gaboon birds are larger. The largest Uganda bird has wings of

135 mm.

Bugoma, Budongo, Lugalambo, Mabira, Elgon, in Uganda ; and Kavirondo

in East Africa. Type 3g, Budongo, 10.xii.1918. Nineteen examined.

694, Dicrurus ludwigi elgonensis van Som. Elgon Little Drongo.

Bull. B.O. Club, February 1920.

The appearance of this small Drongo in the Elgon district is extremely

interesting. In coloration it is very like D. sharpei, but it is larger. These

specimens have been compared at the British Museum. They are darker, and

lack the blue gloss of sharpei. The known range of this form is limited to North

Kavirondo and Elgon.

695. Dicrurus adsimilis divaricatus Licht. (Senegal) Pale-winged Drongo.

D. adsimilis lugubris Hempr. (Nubia).

696. D. adsimilis fugax Peters (Nyassaland).

The coast birds are smaller, and on the whole more greenish, less bluish black.

Uganda, gf 130-136, 2 120-130 mm. Coast to Simba, g 117-127, 2117-119 mm. °

D. a. divaricatus: Masindi, Bugoma, Mubendi, Elgon, Kisumu. Ten

specimens.

D, a. lugubris : Nairobi, Thika, Kitui, Simba. Five specimens.

D. a. fugax : Coast and Taru: Changamwe, Mombasa, Sagala, Tsavo, Taveta.

Ten specimens,

D. a. divaricatus and lugubris are probably not separable.

697. Corvus rhipidurus Hart. Fan-tailed Raven.

(C. affinis auct.)

Occurs in fair numbers in the Suk and Turkana countries. I obtained it at

Mt. Elgon,

698. Corvus capensis minor Heugl. Slender-billed Crow.

A very common species in the highlands and plains, ;

Nakuru.

699. Corvus ruficollis Less. 1831. Brown-necked Raven.

C. umbrinus Sund, 1838.

Seen in the Suk and Kavirondo country, but not common.

126 Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX, 1922.

700. Corvus scapulatus Daud, White-bellied Raven.

Very common.

Nairobi, Fort Hall, and Kisumu.

701, Corvus edithae Phillips. Somali Raven.

Has been recorded from Lake Rudolf,

702. Corvus albicollis Lath. White-necked Raven.

Kisumu, Tsavo, Wbuyuni.

703. Corvultur crassirostris Riipp. Giant Thick-billed Raven.

Was obtained in Uganda by my collectors in 1912.

704, Cryptorhina afra Linn. Long-tailed Crow.

Occurs in the Nile Province of Uganda.

705, Oriolus oriolus Linn. European Golden Oriole.

About a dozen were taken in Nairobi. They arrive mid-September and

October and return in April, but very few stay throughout the winter in Nairobi

district. They prefer the open park country to forest. It would appear that

the young male assumes an intermediate plumage, somewhat like that of the

female, before becoming fully adult. These birds are particularly fond of the

flowers of Girevillia robusta.

Nairobi, Tsavo, Nakuru, West Elgon, in Uganda.

706. Oriolus auratus Vieill. West African Black-winged Oriole.

A $ shot 17.xii. 1917 is in full fresh plumage. It is not a common species in

Uganda.

Mt. Moroto, Uganda.

707. Oriolus notatus Pet. South African Golden Oriole.

When comparing my series of twenty-two with the material in Tring, it was

obvious that the East African birds were smaller than birds from Angola, the

eastern birds having wings of g¢ 130-137, 2 130-135 mm., the western birds

g 140-147, 9 135-145 mm. As we have no Nyassaland birds, I am unable to

say which are typical. Adult females apparently never lose the indications of

striping on the breast and flanks.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Nairobi, and Fort Hall; also Masaka and Budu in

Uganda.

‘ 708. Oriolus brachyrhynchus laetior Sharpe. Grey-winged Black-headed

Oriole.

I consider that the grey-winged Orioles should be kept as a separate race

from the larvatus group. Races of both groups are found together. The young

differ markedly.

NovitatEs ZOOLOGICAE XXIX, 1922. 127

Two birds from Budongo appear to me to be hybrids between O. J. rolleti and

O. b. laetior.

Bugoma, Budongo, Masindi, Mubendi, Sezibwa, Elgon, in Uganda.

709. Oriolus larvatus rolleti Salvad. Nile White-winged Black-headed Oriole.

Seven birds from Uganda, with wings of 125-135 mm., I consider the same

as others from the White Nile with wings of 125-130 mm. These should bear the

name given above; but the following birds from East Africa, which are larger,

should, in my opinion, be recognised as a large highland race, while we have the

name O. /. reichenowi, for a small race, inhabiting the coast and desert districts.

The large birds and the small coast form meet in the Ukambani country.

Bugoma, Budongo, Sezibwa, Marich, Elgon.

710. Oriolus larvatus kikuyuensis subsp. nov.

These birds have wings of 135-147mm. The range appears to be from North

Ukambani north to Elgeyu Escarpment and east to Kenia. Type 3, Nairobi,

2.x.1915, in my collection. Nine specimens compared.

Elgeyu, Nairobi, Escarpment, Kitui, Kyambu.

711. Oriolus larvatus reichenowi Zedl. Coastal Black-headed Oriole.

As far back as 1914 it was obvious to me that the Coastal Black-headed Oriole

was smaller than the up-country bird, and in order to satisfy myself on this point

I measured the material in the Nairobi Museum (thirteen specimens). These,

together with nineteen recently collected skins, show a variation in wing-measure-

ments from 115 to 125 mm., thus being smaller than the Kikuyu form,

Lamu, Manda, Mombasa, Maungu, Taveta, Voi, Tsavo, Kitui, Sagala.

712. Oriolus percivali Og.-Grant. East African Black-tailed Oriole.

These birds are inhabitants of the forests of the higher altitudes, and one

seldom sees them in the open, park-like country where the large race of O. larvatus

is principally found. I am not at all certain whether there is any interbreeding

between these two birds, but one certainly finds specimens which appear to be

hybrids. There is no doubt in my mind as to O. percivali being a good species

distinct from O. larvatus, but whether it should be considered a subspecies of

O. nigripennis | am not prepared to say ; the main difference is that O. nigripennis

has the tip of the primary coverts white—O. percivali not.

Kikuyu, Elgeyu, Elgon, in East Africa; Bale, Bumasifa, Bugoma, in Uganda,

713. Buphaga erythrorhyncha Stanl. Red-billed Ox-pecker.

A female was caught on its nest in a stone wall on 10.xii.1918. The nest

was constructed entirely of ox, goat, and sheeps’ hair, felted together.

Kisumu.

714. Buphaga africana Linn. Yellow-billed Ox-pecker.

Not at all common in East Africa, whereas the preceding is plentiful.

Kibigori.

128 Novirates ZooLocicar XXIX. 1922.

715. Perissornis carunculatus Gm. Wattled Starling.

Two of nine males have fairly large wattles, but the others, though in full

plumage and many in breeding condition, have the heads still covered with

feathers, though wattles are present. As this species was particularly common

near Nairobi, I shot and trapped over a hundred birds and examined them care-

fully. In no single instance were the head or throat wattles more than three-

quarters of an inch long, and I found that the state of the wattles in no way

indicates the condition of the reproductive organs. I am led to believe that the

large wattles are only found in very old birds. I kept several males in captivity

for two years and more, and although these had fairly respectable wattles under

the feathers, they did not shed the head feathers at any time, though the bare

patch at the side of the throat became bright yellow in the breeding season.

Kendu Bay, Lake Nakuru, Naivasha, Nairobi, and Masindi in Uganda.

716. Spreo superbus Riipp. White-banded Glossy Starling.

The average wing-measurement of the East African adult males is 125 mm.,

the maximum 128 mm., ie. larger than in birds from the White Nile district.

There is, however, no difference in coloration.

Masindi, Gondokoro, Moroto, Kerio, in Uganda; Marich, Nakuru, Naivasha,

Simba, Campi-ya-bibi, Lake Jipe, and Voi in East Africa.

717. Spreo hildebrandti Cab. MHildebrandt’s Glossy Starling.

Some of my birds come from the type locality. In habits they are like 8S.

superbus, but not quite so tame, nor do they frequent dwellings to the same

extent. I wish to draw attention to the distribution of this bird and S. shelleyi

in East Africa. I am of the opinion that these birds should be kept as distinct

species, for although they overlap, they do not interbreed. I have examined a

good many specimens and have seen no evidence of mixing.

Simba, Kitui, Mbuyuni, Voi, Tsavo, Kibwezi, Campi-ya-bibi.

718. Spreo shelleyi Sharpe. Shelley’s Glossy Starling.

The occurrence of this species in East Africa is of great interest, the typical

birds coming from N. Somaliland. My birds, however, differ from the few

Somaliland skins that I have been able to examine by being rather larger. They

have wings from 110 to 117 mm., while four typical birds range from 105 to

110 mm. It is possible, therefore, that the Hast African race is larger. More

typical birds are required.

Tsavo and Maungu. Eleven specimens.

719. Spreo fischeri Rchw. Fischer’s Grey Glossy Starling.

Fairly common in the thorn-bush country, and extending up to Nairobi.

Maungu, Teita, Tsavo, Taveta.

720. Speculipastor bicolor Rchw. Pied Glossy Starling.

T have seen these birds in large flocks on Mombasa Island, on the wild fig trees

which line the main thoroughfares. They appear to know, to a day, exactly

Novirares Zoonoaicar XXIX, 1922. 129

when the figs are ripe and make short work of stripping the trees bare. Their

bold orange or crimson eyes are most conspicuous.

I was greatly surprised to discover this species just on the outskirts of Nairobi

in 1917. They apparently had noticed during their wanderings a crop of wild

tomatoes growing on the Municipal Dump. In two days there wasn’t a ripe fruit

in the whole ten-acre plot. The next time these birds were met with was in the

dry country round Mt. Moroto in Turkana, Uganda. They were in full breeding

condition.

The young birds in first plumage are interesting, because, except for their

heavier build, they might easily be mistaken for adult Spreo fischeri. They

have, however, a white wing-speculum, and the secondaries are tinged with

purplish, not greenish. The grey of the throat and breast is not so extensive.

These birds are the greatest wanderers of any species of glossy starling I know.

Mombasa, Magadi, Nairobi, in East Africa; Meuressi, Turkwell River,

Mt. Moroto, Kobua and Kozibiri Rivers in Turkana, Uganda.

721. Pholidauges sharpei Jacks. Sharpe’s Bufi-breasted Blue Starling.

The young of this bird is distinguishable from the adults by being duller on

the back and by having the whole underside speckled with arrow-shaped

terminal spots to the feathers, thus being quite different from the young of P.

femoralis Rchw.

This species is particularly common on the Nandi and Elgeyu ranges. The

occurrence in the Kivu area is interesting.

Elgon, Nandi, Elgeyu, and Burnt Forest.

722. Pholidauges femoralis Rchw. Buff-bellied Purple Starling.

The seven specimens collected by Doherty at Escarpment in 1901 certainly

belong to this species. These young birds differ from the young of P. sharpei in

' being somewhat smaller and much more heavily mottled and streaked on the

underside, and in having the belly whitish.

When adults are obtained it may be shown that the Escarpment birds are

different from the Kilimanjaro ones.

723. Pholidauges verreauxi Finsch and Hartl. Verreaux’s White-breasted Purple

Starling.

A common and widely distributed species. I have procured them at:

Manda, Changamwe, Samburu, Simba, Nairobi, Burnt Forest, Elgon, Kerio,

Kacheliba ; and Bugoma in Uganda.

724, Pholidauges leucogaster Gm. White-bellied Purple Starling.

Several examples have been taken in Uganda and East Africa, and these

birds occur in localities occupied by P. verreawai and do not interbreed.

Elgon. 3 9, July.

725. Lamprocolius corruscus corruscus Nordm. Black-bellied Glossy Starling.

L. melanogaster Swains.

The typical bird does not occur within the limits of East Africa, The birds

from these areas are the following subspecies :—

130 NoviratEs Zoonoaicar XXIX. 1922,

726. Lamprocolius corruscus mandanus van Som. Northern Black-bellied

Glossy Starling.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 124, 1921.

The birds north from Dar-es-Salaam to Manda and Lamu are smaller and

have much slenderer, smaller bills and have wings of 100-105 mm. The young

bird is dull black on the head and mantle, with a green gloss, without any purplish

tinge to the lower back, and it has the whole of the lower breast and abdomen

dull brown-black. This does not agree with Shelley’s description of the young

of corruscus.

Lamu, Manda, M’koi, and Mombasa, Type from Manda, in my own collec-

tion.

727. Lamprocolius purpureiceps ? subsp. nov. Eastern Lesser Purple-headed

Glossy Starling.

Five birds differ from typical L. purpureiceps from Gaboon in lacking the

distinct purplish tinge to the wings. In eastern birds the wings are bluish, with

the purple limited to the primaries, not extending on to the coverts, More

material from Elgon is wanted.

Budongo, Lugalambo, Elgon, in Uganda.

728. Lamprocolius chalybeus Ehrenb. Ehrenberg’s Green Glossy Starling.

2 3, Mt. Moroto, Uganda.

As contrary views have been expressed and published regarding the above

name, I have gone very carefully into the question of the original description and

plate. Neumann, in Journ. f. Orn., 1905, states that the type is a small bird with

wings of 122 mm., and says L. chalybeus cannot be used for the big bird, but for the

small form, that is for L. c. schraderi Neum. Sclater and Praed in Ibis, July 1918,

also make the same statement ; Hartert in Nov. Zoou., May 1919, has endorsed

these views. I cannot understand this, as (1) Ehrenberg’s type is a female ; (2)

the rump is coloured like the belly, and tinged purplish ; (3) the wings measure

47 inches, Paris measure (not English), = 130 mm. (old way), modern method no

doubt 132-133 mm. ; (4) the size of the bill and foot as depicted on the plate,

below the figure of the bird.

Now, all these characters are found in the females of the large species, not the

small. Lord Rothschild and now Dr. Hartert agree with me in this matter.

As all the other names apply to this large bird, I admit L. schraderi Neum.

for the smaller bird found in Abyssinia and the Nile district. Type in Tring.

In the south-east of Uganda and in East Africa north of the Taru and desert

country we find a small race of L. chalybeus which Neumann has named :—

729. Lamprocolius chalybeus massaicus Neum. Massai Green Glossy Starling.

This race is smaller than L. chalybeus chalybeus, with wings ranging from 140

to 150, as compared with 145-157 mm. in typical race. Absence of or only

slight indication of a shoulder-patch, and not dark well-defined ear-coverts.

As I find no adult males with larger wings than 150 mm., and as the largest

female is equal in size to the smallest female of the typical form, I admit this bird

as a race,

Kisumu, Nakuru, Naivasha, Nairobi, Fort Hall.

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 131

730. Lamprocolius sycobius pestis van Som. Southern Glossy Starling.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 124, 1921,

In the thorn-bush country of East Africa from Mombasa north to South

Ukamba and Teita and ranging west to Lake Kivu and Tanganyika we have a

race of L, sycobius which is larger than the typical southern African (Nyassaland)

bird, having wings of 130-135 in males and 120-125 mm. in females. Abdomen

purplish. Has a well-developed purple shoulder-patch and very clearly well-

defined dark purplish-blue ear-coverts.

Mombasa, Samburu, Maungu, and N’di. Type, dg ad., Samburu, 18.x.1917.

Tring Museum.

731. Lamprocolius chaleurus Nordm. Violet-tailed Green Glossy Starling.

Seven specimens obtained on the foothills of Mt. Elgon undoubtedly belong

to this race. The whole of the rump and tail-feathers are purplish violet. The

young bird is blackish above with a slight blue tinge. Underside dull sooty black

with a green-blue sheen on the breast. Tail-feathers greenish blue with the basal

half of centre pair violet purple.

Kerio River, Kimiriri River, Nyarondo.

732. Lamprocolius chloropterus Swains. Golden-green Glossy Starling.

1 3, 21. vii. 1910, agrees with L. chloropterus, and not with L. sycobius. It is

golden greenish on the wings and back. Probably a stray bird. These birds are

great wanderers.

Buddu in Uganda.

733. Lamprocolius purpureus amethystinus Heugl. Large Violet-headed Glossy

Starling.

Five specimens in beautiful condition. One male has the feathers of the fore-

head exceptionally long and directed forward, forming a distinct ridge.

Elgon and Bulamezi in Uganda; Soronko River and Nyarondo in East

Africa.

734. Lamprocolius splendidus Vicill. Great Fiery-breasted Glossy Starling.

My seven birds come from a locality far removed from where the type of L.

splendidus was obtained (mouth of Congo) and probably belong to a distinct race.

Mubango, Bugoma, Budongo, Mabira ; Elgon and Nyarondo.

735. Lamprotornis purpuropterus Riipp. Green-headed Long-tailed Starling.

Three of thirteen adult specimens lack the blue band on the breast, so that

their lower surface is almost entirely violet-purple. As a rather worn specimen

shows a somewhat similar change, I have no doubt this variation is due to wear.

Wings: ¢ 149-160, 9 135-150 mm. The young bird has the head black,

with a faint purplish lustre to the crown. Manule blackish with light purplish

gloss. Wings bluish. Underside sooty black with slight bluish tips to feathers.

Bugoma, Budongo, Masindi, Busiro, Singo, in Uganda ; South Elgon, Kisumu,

Kenda Bay, and Kavirondo in Hast Africa,

132 Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922.

736. Cosmopsarus regius regius Rchw. Golden Long-tailed Glossy Starling.

Hight birds in perfect condition, and typical.

Young birds in first plumage differ markedly from the adults. They have

the head, mantle, throat, and breast greyish brown. Wings darker, glossed

greenish. Lower breast and abdomen yellowish buff; tail blackish with greenish

tinge.

Maungu, Tsavo, Taveta.

737. Cosmopsarus regius donaldsoni van Som. Somali Golden-bellied Starling.

Bull. B.O. Club, December 1919.

When I compared my birds with the series of Somali birds in the Tring

Museum, it was at once evident that there were two races of this splendid starling,

The North Somali birds from Wagar Mountains differ from the typical C. regius

by being slightly smaller, in having smaller bills, and particularly in having the

breast-band reddish violet-blue, not golden bronze-violet, and in having a well-

defined dark ear-patch. Further, the underside is more orange-gold, darker than

in typical specimens. Birds from South Ethiopia are like the North Somali

birds, but are larger. With more material it may be possible to recognise a

third race.

Marsabit and Lorian. 2 $9, from Marsabit. Type in Tring Museum.

738. Cosmopsarus unicolor Shell. Olive Long-tailed Glossy Starling.

Lake Jipe, South-east Kilimanjaro.

739. Onychognathus morio shelleyi Hart. Great Red-winged Starling.

This race must be admitted. It is (as Dr. Hartert stated in Cat. B. Mus.

Senckenb.) intermediate between two well-defined races, 4. m. morio and A. morio

riippelli. No type locality is given in the original description and no type

designated, but the author gives the name shelleyi to specimens from Mamboio

and Ugogo in East Africa. I find in my series a male from Naivasha, which is

only just a little smaller than Abyssinian specimens; but my Uganda birds are

considerably smaller and agree with specimens from East Africa.

Mt. Moroto and Meuressi in Uganda; Naivasha, Nairobi, Narossera, Moro-

goro. Nine skins.

740. Onychognathus morio montanus van Som. Elgon Great Red-winged

Starling.

Amydrus montanus, Bull. B.O. Club, December 1919.

Differs from O. m. morio and O. morio riippeli in having the bill as long as in the

Abyssinian race but more slender, and from the typical form in being slightly

larger and having the bill longer and slenderer. Wing, 155-160 mm.

Mt. Elgon, at 9,000 feet. 599, ad.,1ljuv. Type, 15.iii.1916,

741. Amydrus walleri (? subsp.). East African Small Red-winged Starling.

I have compared my four birds with the type and find that they agree fairly

well, but the type is so poor a skin as to be almost useless for comparison, I doubt

if A. nyassae isa good race. The type is certainly a large bird.

Mt. Kenia,

Novrrates ZootocicaE XXIX.1 922. 133

742. Amydrus walleri elgonensis Sharpe. Elgon Little Red-winged

Starling.

Wings, 123-127 mm. in the males. In the Kivu district we find a representa-

tive with a wing of 120-123 mm, but no other difference that I can see. They are

larger than the birds from Camaroon which have been called 4. w. preussi. The

type of elgonensis is a small female.

Elgon, Nandi.

743. Cinnamopteryx tenuirostris Riipp. Slender-billed Red-winged Starling.

Wings, 155-157 mm., smaller than Abyssinian birds. The young in first

plumage are dull sooty black above and below, with a bluish wash on the wings

and tail; the cinnamon speculum is present on the primaries.

Nairobi, Kyambu, and Fort Hall.

744, Poeoptera stuhlmanni Rchw. Slender Purple Starling.

P. greyi Jackson.

We have no typical birds to compare with this series, so I can give no opinion

as to whether they differ or not. These specimens have wings of 100-105 mm.

Elgon and Elgeyu.

745, Poeoptera kenricki Shell. Slender Bronze-green Starling.

Should, I think, be kept as a distinct species from P. stuhlmanna.

Lake Jipe, East Kilimanjaro. 39, December.

746. Textor albirostris albirostris Vicill. White-billed Buffalo Weaver.

These birds undoubtedly belong to the albirosiris group, as evidenced by the

two June males which are in full breeding condition and have the base of the bills

much swollen and enlarged, pinkish yellow. They agree perfectly with specimens

from North Abyssinia, Eritrea, and White Nile district, and although the bills

are not as long as in these birds, yet the bases are just as swollen. As 7’. scioanus

was described from Shoa and South Abyssinia, it appeared to me rather curious

that one should get a typical 7’. albirostris in the South Rudolf and Suk district.

I therefore laid out in geographical order all the material in Tring together with

my excellent series of these Black Weavers, It was then evident that there were

two groups or species, with so many races, judging by the distribution, the

character of the bills, and of the young and adult females.

Moroto, Kerio River, and Suk Marich.

747. Textor niger scioanus Salvad. Northern Red-billed Buffalo Weaver.

Three birds belong to this race of 7’. niger. They have smooth, coral-red bills,

and the inner webs of the primaries greyish or whitish. They agree well with the

series in Tring from South Ethiopia.

Kobua River, Lake Rudolf.

134

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX, 1922.

748. Textor niger nyansae Neum. Black-winged Coral-billed Weaver.

Neumann has boldly described this race from one single male specimen from

Kavirondo. Whether he is justified or not, [am unable to say ; but it is true that

my single bird from Kavirondo agrees perfectly with his description, and has

black inner webs to the primaries, As my specimen supports his bird, I am forced

to admit this race.

Kibigori, Kavirondo.

749. Textor niger intermedius Cab. East African Coral-billed Buffalo Weaver.

My series includes breeding birds ; they have smooth, coral-red bills, the males

greyish or whitish inner webs to the primaries.

Taveta, Tsavo, Kitui, Simba.

NoTES ON THE ALBIROSTRIS AND NIGER GROUPS.

The characters of the two groups of T'extors are as follows :—

(1) 3, white or pinkish yellow bills, with bases greatly swollen in the breeding

season. Q, black like the males but duller, bills sometimes slightly swollen.

Young like the females but more brownish. INNER WEBS OF PRIMARIES BLACK,

Textor albirostris albirostris and Ta. senegalensis. (The type of 7’. senegalensis is a

young gor. The race must be admitted because the Senegal birds have a much

larger bill than typical 7’. albirostris.)

(2) Bills coral-red and smooth, not swollen at base in breeding season. Females

not like males, showing some white on breast. , distinct white wing-patch or inner

webs white or greyish, except Tn. nyansae. Young quite different from adults :

brownish above, white below, with black-brown streaks and mottlings. Textor

niger niger, T'. niger intermedius, T'. niger scioanus, and T'. niger nyansae.

T. n. niger: South Africa north to Limpopo and Zambesi, and north-west

to Angola.

T. n. intermedius: Tanganyika Territory north to Kenya Colony, as far as

Baringo.

T.n. scioanus: South Abyssinia, Rudolf to West Somaliland.

T.n. nyansae : Kavirondo and shore of Lake Victoria.

750. Dinemellia dinemelli Riipp. White-headed Giant Weaver.

D. ruspolii Salvad.

I cannot recognise D. ruspolii of Salvadori. Specimens from Somaliland are

just as large as birds from Abyssinia, Kast Africa, and Uganda. In my series the

wings vary from 112 to 123 mm,

Nile Province, Moroto, Kacheliba, Kerio, in Uganda; Nyarondo, Simba,

Tsavo, Voi, Taveta, Campi-ya-bibi, Maungu, Masongoleni, in East Africa.

751. Plocepasser donaldsoni Sharpe. Somali Grey Sparrow Weaver.

I have compared these with a cotype in Tring. My birds are rather greyer,

more mottled on the breast, and the cheeks are distinctly buff, not white.

are also larger. Apparently a rare bird.

Northern Guasso N’yiro, near Archer’s Post.

They

Novitares ZooLocicarE XXIX. 1922. 135

752. Plocepasser superciliosus Cretzschm. Red-crowned Sparrow Weaver.

Four birds agree with the specimens in Tring from Abyssinia and Lake Albert

(Seth-Smith coll.). My birds in fresh plumage are slightly darker.

Mt. Moroto in Uganda; Kerio River in East Africa.

753. Plocepasser mahali melanorhynchus Riipp. Black-crowned Sparrow Weaver.

My Uganda and Suk birds agree well with typical specimens, but I find that

three specimens from Naivasha and Thika are rather darker on the back and

blacker on the crown. A larger series may show this to be constant.

Masindi, Meuressi, Turkwell, Kacheliba, and Kobua River in Uganda; Kerio,

Naivasha, Fort Hall, Kitui, and Simba in East Africa.

754. Sporopipes frontalis loitanus van Som. Loita Scaly-headed Finch.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 55, 1919.

These birds differ from the Senegal and Abyssinian races by being much

darker on the back, and in having the breast and flanks washed with grey.

Wings, 65-70 mm. Uganda birds are slightly smaller than East African ones

(wings 62-66 mm.), but they agree in colour. My Uganda birds are mostly females.

East Kilimanjaro, north through Loita and Ukambani to Turkana and the

Nile (Gondokoro), Taveta, Tsavo, Simba, Loita (type), Kitui, Suk, Moroto, and

Gondokoro.

755. Malimbus malimbicus crassirostris Hart. Uganda Crested Black Weaver.

Nov. Zool. 1919, p. 140, Unyoro.

The character of the heavier bill, mentioned by Hartert, does not hold good,

but the race is distinctly recognisable because the red of the head is more crimson

with a magenta tinge, the crest much more developed, and the posterior half black

in adult breeding males. My birds are from the type locality.

Bugoma and Budongo Forest.

756. Malimbus rubricollis centralis Rchw. Uganda Red-hooded Black Weaver.

It is of interest to note that young birds have the throat distinctly reddish,

yet this part in adults is black. Iam of the opinion that the birds from Angola

will have to be separated. The red of the neck does not extend to the upper

mantle, as it does in M. r. centralis.

Bugoma, Budongo, Masindi, Sezibwa, Lugalambo, West Elgon, in Uganda ;

South Elgon and Nyarondo in East Africa.

757. Anaplectes rubiceps Sund. Red-headed Weaver.

A 3 collected by Loveridge is interesting as it is much paler red than normal.

Morogoro,

758. Anaplectes jubaensis van Som. Crimson Weaver.

Bull. B.O, Club, xi. p. 94, 1920,

These Crimson Weaver birds appear to be limited to the region of the Juba

River. They were collected by A. Blayney Percival in 1912.

136

Noviratrs ZooLocicaE XXIX,. 1922.

759, Anaplectes melanotis Lafr. Black-cheeked Red-headed Weaver.

A, blundeli and erythrogenys are synonyms.

Much variation exists in the amount of black on the chin, the intensity of the

red, and the amount of this colour on the mantle and breast. One male has the

wings edged with yellow, not red. From the localities given below, it will be

seen that my series covers a fairly large area, and the birds from various places

do not differ in any important manner.

Lake Jipe, Sagala, Teita, Voi, Tsavo, Simba, Ruiru, Kibigori, Kisumu, Elgon,

in East Africa; Kerio River, Mt. Moroto, Singo, and Gulu in Uganda, 163,79.

760. Symplectes kersteni Finsch. Coast Black and Yellow Weaver.

This is not a common species and does not appear to go very far inland.

Mombasa. 1 g, 7.iv.1917.

761. Symplectes mentalis Hartl. Grey-backed Weaver.

S. nandensis is synonym.

I cannot see the supposed difference between the birds from Buguera and

Nandi. Although I have collected in Uganda for a considerable time, I have not

taken this species between Elgon and Toro, yet the birds are not separable. The

young birds are much like the adult, but duller above, and the yellow of the

underside is not so pure, duller.

Nandi, West Elgon, North Kavirondo.

762. Phormoplectes insignis Sharpe. Chestnut-headed Yellow-backed Weaver.

I have examined the type of P. frater Neum. from Kivu, and it appears to

me that the only character separating this female from females of P. insignis,

namely the yellow chin, is variable. In my series I possess a female with just two

black feathers on the chin, otherwise it is exactly like P. frater. The sequence of

plumages of P. insignis 3 is as follows :—

I. Head and neck olive-green, bill horny brown; mantle yellowish in centre ;

wings dull blackish, feathers edged with tawny ochraceous; rump olive-yellow.

Underside, including throat, dull yellow, more ochraceous on belly and flanks.

TI. Head black like adult female or some brown present; throat yellow or

with one or two black feathers; mantle bright yellow; wings blacker. Under-

side brighter yellow ; rump yellow; bill blackish brown.

II. Head mottled black and chestnut; remainder of plumage like adult, but

longest upper tail-coverts olive green.

IV. Crown entirely chestnut and longest upper tail-coverts black.

I have one male in Stage III which has the forehead chestnut while the rest

of the crown is brownish yellow, as in P. preussi. It is most extraordinary that

so many birds exhibiting such close relationship and such slight differences should

occupy the same areas and not interbreed. I refer to P. insignis, P. frater, P.

dorsomaculatus, and P. preussi, allfound in the area between the central lakes and

Camaroons! Some of my female birds have the mantle spotted with black and

closely resemble the females of P. dorsomaculatus.

Kyambu Forests, Nairobi, Kenia, Molo, Burnt Forest, Elgeyu, Maraquet,

Elgon! Nestlings in October.

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 137

763, Otyphantes reichenowi Fisch. Reichenow’s Black and Yellow Weaver.

These birds agree absolutely with typical specimens. The females have the

head and mantle jet black. Young birds in the second plumage have the mantle

mottled black and olive-green, but the bills are blackish brown, and they do not

breed in this condition. Very young birds have the entire crown and mantle olive-

green, the latter streaked black. Bills horny brown.

Kilimanjaro, Kitui, Simba, Kyambu, Nairobi, Naivasha, Nakuru, Molo,

Elgeyu, Maraquet. Nestlings in July and September.

764. Otyphantes reichenowi ? subsp. North Elgon Weaver.

In 1915 and in 1917 I collected female breeding birds from North and West

Elgon which did not have jet-black backs, but striped black and olive-green

mantles and jet-black bills, and I put them into a drawer of O. sttihimanni with a

note to the effect that these birds had larger black stripes on the mantle than

typical O. stuhlmanni. Later I received a male and two females from Kerio River.

The male is just like O. reichenowi, but the females are like the birds referred

to above. In comparing these birds at Tring I was surprised to find a male and

two females collected by Turner for Meinertzhagen, south of Elgon, which exactly

agree with my birds. The females have mottled black and green backs and

jet-black bills. On looking up the literature I found Mearns’s description of

O. reichenowi fricki from South Abyssinia as follows :—

Adult males not to be distinguished from O. r. reichenowi, but the adult breed-

ing females differing from females of O. r. reichenowi by having the mantle olive-

green with large distinct blackish streaks, more heavily than in O. stuhlmanni, and

Mearns referred to this race two specimens collected by Neumann in South Abys-

sinia, These birds are in Tring and bear out Mearns’s statements. My breeding

females do not, however, agree with Neumann’s two birds; they are more heavily

mottled with blackish and one is considerably darker. Are my birds reichenowt,

and would they develop jet-black backs, or are they connecting links between

reichenowi and O. r. fricki? Iam inclined to the latter view, because my birds

were breeding.

West Elgon, South Elgon, Kerio River.

765. Otyphantes stuhlmanni Rchw. Stuhlmann’s Black-crowned Olive Weaver.

Two males show indications of a distinct yellow forehead. The whole of the

undersides are yellow (ef. O. emini subsp.). Does 0. stuhlmanni, at any time of

its life, develop a yellow forehead—for instance, when very old ? There is a good

series in Tring, and not one shows this character ; further, this series shows, as

does mine, that O. stuhlmanni and O. emini, or rather the southern race of emini,

occupy the same territory.

Budu, Kigezi in South Ankole ; Masindi, Busiro, Entebbe, Sezibwa, Mabira,

Lugalambo, and West Elgon Plains, in Uganda.

766. Otyphantes emini budongoensis van Som. White-bellied Green-mantled

Weaver.

Bull. B.O, Club, xii. p. 123, 1921.

I was surprised to find that when I compared my birds with the series of

O. emini in Tring, all the Tring specimens had black backs, including the lype

138 Noviratrs ZooLoaicar XXIX, 1922.

and topo-types, as also the birds from South Ethiopia which Ogilvie-Grant named

O. zaphiroi (thus O. zaphiroi becomes a synonym, in spite of what Grant wrote

in P.Z.S, 1910). Now, not one of my adult breeding birds has a black back, but

in reality is only slightly more boldly striped than O. stuhlmanni and only differs

from this bird by having a wide golden crown and a white or buff belly. It is

unfortunate that the type of O. emini came from so far south as Agaru, thus

practically on the borders of the southern race which I have described. I am

convinced, however, that the two birds are distinct.

The sequence of plumages from young to adult in the male is as follows :-—

I. Head greenish olive-grey; ear-coverts blackish ; neck-mantle and rump

greyish, with dark centres to the feathers ; tail greenish; wings blackish-olive

with pale greenish yellow edges; throat yellow; rest of underside buff; bill

horn brown.

II. Head blackish ; forehead with some yellow; mantle greyish, strongly

washed with olive, centre markings pronounced ; rump greyish. Underside yellow

to lower breast, belly and under tail-coverts buff to whitish.

III. Forehead broadly yellow, rest of head black; mantle olive-green with

dark blackish centres to the feathers; rump and tail-coverts olive-green with

yellowish wash. Underside from throat to breast bright yellow ; belly to under

tail-coverts pale creamy buff. Females are like the males, but they have the

crown and sides of the head black.

A specimen collected by Dr. Ansorge at Masindi agrees with my birds in

Stage IT.

Masindi, Bugoma, Budongo. Type: ¢ ad., Busindi (Budongo), 7.vi.1919.

Tring Museum.

767. Hyphanturgus stephanophorus Sharpe. Yellow-faced Black Weaver.

The sequence of plumage in the male is as follows :—

TI, Crown olive-black ; wings and mantle dull sooty black; upper tail-coverts

and lower rump olive; sides of head and throat brownish ochre; lower breast

olive-ochre.

II. Crown yellow; cheeks ochre-yellow, so also the throat; rest of plumage

blackish, darker on mantle, wings, and tail.

III. Crown and cheeks yellow; throat black—as rest of the plumage.

The change takes considerable time; many birds commence breeding

before having attained full mature plumage.

Elgon, North Kavirondo, Nandi, Burnt Forest, Marakwet, Molo, and Aber-

dares in East Africa ; South Ankole in Uganda.

768. Hyphanturgus nigricollis melanoxanthus Cab. Coast Black-mantled

Yellow Weaver.

I consider this bird to be merely a black-backed race of H. nigricollis, the

Uganda and central lake form not overlapping the coastal and East African

race. The Uganda birds I refer to a new race intermediate between the true

nigricollis of West Africa and melanoxanthus of East Africa. The records of

H. melanoxanthus from West Uganda are erroneous and refer to this new sub-

species,

Lamu, Manda, Changamwe, Mombasa, Maungu, Masongoleni, Teita, Tsavo,

N’ziu, Kitui, Magadi.

Noviratres Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922. 139

769, Hyphanturgus nigricollis vacillans van Som.

Heteryphantes nigricollis vacillans, Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 123, 1921 (Budongo).

Whereas all the typical birds are decidedly East African, my birds, with

the exception of not fully adults, have the mantle olive-black to black—darker,

more blackish than in H. n. nigricollis, but not jet-black as in H. n. melanoxan-

thus. This form stands thus between nigricollis and melanoxanthus,

Kigezi, South Ankole, Bugoma, Budongo, Mubendi, Mabira, Elgon,

Entebbe, in Uganda ; North Kavirondo, Taveta, Bukoba.

22 3, 16 9, 4 juv., January, February, July, August, December.

770. Hyphanturgus ocularius crocatus Hartl. Uganda Spectacled Weaver.

HH. o. abayensis Neum.

This is a good race and very constant in its characters.

The range is from Uganda to Kivu and east to Elgon and Kavirondo:

Masindi, Unyoro, Budongo, Busiro, Mubendi, Entebbe, Sezibwa, Jinja, Elgon,

in Uganda ; Soronko, Kisumu, Kavirondo, in Kast Africa,

771. Hyphanturgus ocularius suahelicus Neum. East African Spectacled Weaver.

This race is very much richer-coloured than the Uganda form and always

constant. Coastal birds are slightly smaller than up-country specimens.

Changamwe, Voi, Teita, Taveta, Simba, Nairobi, Nakuru, Naivasha, Fort

Hall, Kenia.

772. Hyphanturgus aurantius rex Neum. Uganda Golden Swamp Weaver.

Not very widely distributed. A good race.

My two birds, 3 and Q, are from the type locality, Entebbe.

773. Xanthopilus castanops Shell. Brown-faced Golden Weaver.

Masindi and Bira in Uganda.

774. Sitagra pelzelni Hartl. Little Slender-billed Black-faced Weaver.

I have again gone over the material reported on in 1916, and with my ad-

ditional material I must emphasise that the Kisumu birds have longer wings

and longer bills than those from Entebbe. I hope to get more material from

Kisumu to prove that Kisumu birds belong to a bigger race.

Entebbe, Kigezi, South Ankole, in Uganda (smaller) ; Kisumu, East Africa

(larger).

775. Sitagra luteola luteola Licht. Little Thick-billed Black-faced Weaver.

The three males from the dry scrub of the Turkana country cannot be

separated from birds from South Ethiopia or the Nile, and these latter agree

with typical Senegal specimens. They have the mantle rather yellowish green

and very indistinctly streaked, the hind part of the crown yellow. Birds from

Suk are darker,

Moroto, Meuressi, Kobua River, Rudolf, and Masindi in Uganda.

140 Noviratrs ZooLoaicaAr XXIX,. 1922.

776. Sitagra luteola kavirondensis van Som. Southern Thick-billed Little

Black-faced Weaver.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 123, 1921. Type Soronko River.

Birds from south of Elgon and thence along the Nandi Escarpment and to

south of Lake Victoria are slightly darker above, more greenish, with more

decided striping to the mantle, and the nape is less bright yellow, with indications

of stripes. They nest in the scrub, well away from water, thus contrasting with

S. pelzelni, which nests in the papyrus swamps. Is this bird a true Sitagra ?

Soronko River, South Kerio, Kacheliba, Kisumu, Kibigori, also Entebbe.

777. Xanthophilus bojeri bojeri Fischer. Coast Golden Weaver.

These birds show great variation in the intensity of the yellow, and the

orange on the crown. Lamu and north coastal birds have rather deeper chestnut

breast-collars than Mombasa specimens, but my series is insufficient to create

a separate race. I would invite particular attention to the localities where I

have collected these birds and those of the next two forms. The eggs are olive-

green, uniform or freckled with brownish.

Lamu, Manda, Changamwe, Mombasa, Tsavo, Voi, Taveta, Lake Jipe.

Forty-seven specimens, mostly males.

778, Xanthophilus bojeri alleni Mearns. Inland Golden Weaver.

This race is barely recognisable, but is rather larger than coast birds, and

has the upper surface and underside tinged with olive-green, not so bright

yellow. Wings, g§ 78-80, 9 70-72 mm.

Yatta Plains, N’ziu River, North Ukamba, Embu, and Archer’s Post.

779, Xanthophilus castaneiceps Sharpe. Brown-naped Golden Weaver.

X. schillingsi Rehw.

X. schillingsi is certainly not separable. It is extraordinary that this species,

which differs from X. bojeri in a very slight manner, should occupy part of the

same territory.

Tsavo, Taveta, and Lake Jipe. 13 3, 4 9.

780. Xanthophilus aureoflavus Smith. Brown-faced Olive-golden Weaver.

These birds live alongside X. bojeri and X. castaneiceps in the Taveta and

Teita districts. The females are quite distinct, 2 X. aureoflavus having a whitish

abdomen. 12 g, 29.

Bura, Taveta, Lake Jipe.

781. Xanthophilus xanthops camburni Sharpe. Large Yellow Weaver.

This race was separated from X. xanthops because of its smaller size and

richer colour. The type is a small bird, a female, but the males are really as

large as X. wanthops ; however, as the colour-character holds good, the race can

be maintained for the birds inhabiting British East Africa, north to Kisumu.

Wings, 93-100 mm.

Kenia, Fort Hall, Nairobi, Kitui, Fort Ternan, and Kisumu.

Novirates ZooLocican XXIX, 1922. 14]

782. Xanthophilus xanthops (? subsp.). Uganda Large Yellow Weaver.

8 gf and 5 Q from Uganda seem to be slightly smaller, having wings of

90-96 mm. Kivu birds have longer wings again, and perhaps stumpier bills.

Masindi, Budongo, Bugoma, Lugalambo, Ankole, and Budu, in Uganda.

783. Hyphantornis cucullatus abyssinicus Gm. and Hyphantornis cucullatus

femininus Og.-Grant. Large Black-headed Weaver.

I am not quite certain if femininus will be separable, because I find that

the birds from East Uganda and Elgon district are hardly separable from

Abyssinian specimens, and they merge into the West Uganda race which has

been called H. c. femininus. On examination of the series in Tring and my own

specimens, I find that authentic breeding females of all the cucullatus races have

yellow breasts, and that young females and males have the belly buffy. With

regard to the coloration of the head, I find amongst my birds specimens agreeing

perfectly with H. c. bohndorffi, H. c. femininus, and H. c. abyssinicus, the pre-

vailing forms being the latter two. I do not know where to draw the line between

these races, but suggest that the East Uganda and Elgon birds should provisionally

be placed under H. c. abyssinicus and the central and western Uganda birds

under H. c. feminina.

H. c. abyssinicus : Elgon, Mumias, Kisumu, and Kendu Bay. 4 3, 69.

H. c. femininus: Masindi, Bugoma, Budongo, Entebbe, West Busoga, and

South Ankole in Uganda. 10 3, 7 9.

784. Hyphantornis nigriceps nigriceps Lay. Black-headed Weaver.

The birds from the coast are paler yellow than up-country specimens, but

my series is not sufficient to show that this is constant. One Nairobi male has

the black mottling of the mantle very large and distinct, thus giving the bird

a very dark appearance, very like a bird from Angola which possibly belongs to

a darker race. .

Changamwe, Simba, Nairobi, Kikuyu.

785. Hyphantornis nigriceps graueri Hart.

This is an excellent race. It probably extends into the Kigezi district of

Uganda. ;

786. Hyphantornis intermedius intermedius Riipp. Abyssinian Lesser Black-

faced Weaver.

2 g 1 9 agree well with typical birds; they have the abdomen clear pale

yellow, and wings 65-70 mm. ‘This type of bird is found in the north-eastern

part of Uganda and Turkana, west of Lake Rudolf, and probably just south of

that lake.

Moroto and North Turkana.

787, Hyphantornis intermedius kisumui van Som. Kavirondo Lesser Masked

Weaver.

Bull. B.O, Club, xii. p. 122, 1921.

Distinguishable from the typical form by being larger, having wings of 70-77

mm,, and by having the underside darker more washed with orange, and having

142 Novrrates ZooLocicar XXIX, 1922.

the abdomen washed with this colour, not pure bright yellow. The amount of

chestnut on the back of the head varies, and some birds have this area deeply

coloured, others rather paler.

South Kavirondo to North Ukambani and Simba: Kendu Bay, Kisumu

(type), Simba, Kitui.

788. Hyphantornis intermedius littoralis van Som. Coastal Lesser Masked

Weaver.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 123, 1921.

This race is limited to the coast belt and Taru district. It is smaller than

kisumui, underside lighter, bright yellow, even brighter than in H. 7. intermedius,

from which the ¢ differs chiefly in its lighter, much more yellow nape. Wings,

62-70 mm, The single female is brighter yellow on the underside than typical

Abyssinian birds. The birds are not H. cabanisi, as has been supposed.

Changamwe and Malindi. Type: Changamwe.

789. Hyphantornis heuglini sukensis subsp. nov. Plain-backed Masked Weaver.

This bird is coloured like H. heuglini heuglini, but smaller, with a smaller

bill. It is apparently the British East African representative. Wings, 78 mm. ;

culmen, 18 mm. long, 7 mm. deep.

Elgon, Kimiriri River, and Kerio River (type). 2 g, 15.iv.1917;

1 Qand 1 juv., 28.v.1916.

790. Hyphantornis spekei Heugl. Speke’s Masked Weaver.

This common species apparently does not alter throughout its distribution,

but one occasionally comes across a specimen which shows an almost blackish

back, due to super-pigmentation.

Simba, Kitui, Nairobi, Naivasha, Nakuru, Kisumu.

791. Hyphantornis vitellinus uluensis Neum. Little-masked Weaver.

I agree with Neumann that these birds are not typical H. v. vitellinus from

Senegal, but not in the manner indicated by him. The principal difference is the

much darker and more striped mantle, which is decidedly more greenish, and the

underside is deeper yellow. Birds from the Nile Province of Uganda appear also

different.—I have not sufficient Somali material, but H. v. uluensis appears very

close to H. lineolatus Shell., judging by a couple ot Somaliland skins.

River N’ziu, Simba, and Lodomeru (A. B. Percival).

792. Hyphantornis jacksoni Shell. Jackson’s Yellow-backed Black-headed

Weaver.

At first glance it might appear extraordinary that two birds superficially so

alike as H. jacksoni and H. dimidiatus fischeri should be found side by side, but

an examination of the respective females at once distinguishes them. The females

of H. jacksoni are decidedly yellowish underneath and have bright yellow inner

webs to the primaries and secondaries (this latter character helping to distinguish

them from females of H. intermedius distinctus). It will also be seen that H.

Novirates Zoonocicam XXIX. 1922. 143

jacksoni have red eyes and H. dimidiatus fischeri brown or ochre-brown. Birds

from the type locality, Lake Jipe, are rather darker than northern birds.

Bura, Lake Jipe, Baringo, Kisumu, Kerion River, in East Africa; Jinja,

Entebbe, and Masindi in Uganda.

793. Hyphantornis dimidiatus fischeri Rchw. Olive-mantled Black-headed

Weaver.

2 =H. dimidiatus dimidiatus Salvad.

It appears to me very doubtful whether the birds from Lake Victoria are the

same as the North Abyssinian species, so I prefer to recognise Reichenow’s name

for the southern bird. No Abyssinian birds are, however, available for compari-

son. I have always found H. d. fischeri very partial to water, and it nests in the

papyrus and on trees growing in the water, not in the scrub away from water.

The type of H. fischeri, which came from south of Lake Victoria at Kagehi, was

collected along with typical H. jacksoni. There are in Tring Museum specimens

of H. jacksoni collected by Fischer at this place, which had been first named

H. dimidiatus by Reichenow. Apparently Reichenow afterwards recognised that

there were two distinct birds and named the dark mantled bird H. fischeri. Until

the type of H. dimidiatus is examined, it will be impossible to say which of the

two Kagehi birds is nearest to it. My series of males in breeding plumage is

very uniform. There are two birds which are not typical, and they agree abso-

lutely with H. capitalis. The females of H. d. fischeri have the underside whitish

buff, more deeply buff about the breast and flanks. Young birds of both sexes

are deep buff on the underside, the abdomen being whiter.

Nile Province, Gondokoro, Bugoma, Budongo, Masindi, Kigezi, South Ankole,

Entebbe, Jinja, Kagera, in Uganda; Kisumu, Kendu Bay, and Kibos River in

East Africa. 32 g, 139, 5 juv.

794, Hyphantornis rubiginosus Riipp. Black-headed Chestnut Weaver.

I have not enough material to judge whether these birds are true to type or

not. The capture in Nairobi is of interest.

Samburu, T'savo, Simba, N’ziu, Kitui, Nairobi, and Moroto.

795. Hyphantornis weynsi Dubois. Weyns’s Yellow-bellied Black Weaver.

As no birds from the type locality are available for comparison, I cannot say

whether these birds are typical. It is not a very common species.

Bugoma, Lugalambo, Mubendi, Bumasifa, in Uganda. 6 ¢ 2 9.

796. Hyphantornis golandi Clarke. Coast Black-flanked Weaver.

The type was procured north of Mombasa.

797. Melanopteryx nigerrimus Vicill. Black Weaver.

I have no specimens from the type locality for comparison ; the wings of

my birds measure 80-90 mm.

Budongo, Bugoma, South Ankole, Masindi, Kawala, Entebbe, Mubango,

Sezibwa, Elgon, in Uganda; and North Kavirondo in East Africa, Common.

144 Novitates ZooLocicaE XXIX, 1922;

798. Cinnamopteryx interscapularis Rchw. Yellow-backed Brown-breasted

Weaver.

C. mpangae Grant.

C. rufoniger Rehw.

I wish to emphasise the unfortunate muddle which has occurred over this

bird in its various plumages, and because the sexes differ. In Jbis, 1915, I drew

attention to the fact that Reichenow had described the female as “‘ interscapu-

laris,” and shortly after Og.-Grant described the male as “ mpangae”’ ; and I now

find that at the same time Reichenow named the young rufoniger. My specimens

show this conclusively. The three types came from the same locality. The

young female has the head chestnut, the lower neck tinged yellowish, the lower

surface brownish tinged blackish, thus agreeing well with the plate of C. rufoniger

in Reichenow’s Atlas.

Bugoma, Budongo, Kyetume, Mubango.

799. Pachyphantes superciliosus Shell. Thick-billed Masked Weaver.

P. pachyrhynchus Rehw.

P. omoensis Neum.

Much variation exists in the adult males. I doubt if these birds can be

separated from the typical Senegal ones. I have examined the type (a single

female) of Neumann’s P. omoensis. In spite of what Dr. Hartert has written

(Nov. Zooz. 1919) I am unable to recognise this race; I can match this bird

absolutely, both in size and coloration, with birds from Moroto and Elgon, and

therefore place this name as a synonym.

Masindi, Bugoma, Budongo, Entebbe, Jinja, Moroto, Elgon, and Kisumu.

800. Amblyospiza albifrons melanotus Heugl. Heavy-billed Swamp Weaver.

A. aethiopica Neum.

I cannot accept A. aethiopica of Neumann, and am satisfied that it is a

synonym of A. melanotus. I have to endorse the remarks I made on this bird in

Ibis, 1916, as additional material strengthens my view.

A, melanotus extends into East Africa as far as South Kavirondo and A. a.

unicolor north into Kisumu, so that we find in this district birds of both types.

They no doubt interbreed.

Masindi, Budongo, Bugoma, Entebbe, Mubango, Kyetume, Lugalambo, in

Uganda ; Elgon, Kisumu, Fort Ternan, in East Africa.

801. Amblyospiza albifrons unicolor Fisch. and Rchw. Coast Heavy-billed

Black Swamp Weaver.

The series is fairly constant, though two males show some brown on the

head. Like so many coastal forms, this race is small; wings, g 88-91 mm. The

race extends inland through the dry thorn-bush to the region of Lake Jipe and

base of Kilimanjaro. In the highlands we find a larger, heavier bird, showing a

strong tendency to becoming almost uniform black in the old males,

Novitatrs Zoonocicar XXIX, 1922. : 145

802. Amblyospiza albifrons montana van Som.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 122, 1921.

Highlands of British East Africa north to Kavirondo, where it meets with

A.a. melanotus. Type: Fort Hall, Kikuyu Mountains.

Kenia, Fort Hall (Kikuyu), Nairobi, Kisumu; while wnicolor inhabits the

coast regions, 7.e. Mombasa, Changamwe, Tsavo, Lake Jipe.

803. Spermospiza ruficapilla Shell. Red-headed Forest Weaver.

A very constant species which ranges from West Uganda east to the Elgeyu

Escarpment,

Budongo, Bugoma, Mubango, Lugalambo, Kyetume, West Elgon, in Uganda ;

East Elgon, Kakamega, Maraquet, in East Africa.

804. Spermospiza poliogenys Og.-Grant. Lesser Red-headed Forest. Weaver.

I know of no records of this bird from Uganda Proper, but have no doubt

that it extends to within its boundaries.

805. Pyrenestes ostrinus centralis Neum. Uganda Thick-billed Forest Weaver.

I find that with additional material I am not able to decide whether this is

a good race. I have two males with enormous bills equalling P. 0. ostrinus in

size, the other two being smaller.

Bugoma, Mabira, Lugalambo.

806. Pyrenestes coccineus ? subsp. Thick-billed Brown Forest Weaver.

A 3 shot 20.vi. at Mubendi agrees with specimens reported on in Ibis, 1916.

They differ from typical P. coccineus by having the wings much darker olive-

brown ; more material may show that the Uganda birds are distinct from Sierra

Leone ones.

807. Pseudonigrita cabanisi Fisch and Rchw. Black-headed Sociable Weaver.

% P. enchora Oberh.

Birds in fresh, not worn, plumage agree absolutely with the co-type of P. c.

enchora Oberh., and I doubt if this race is recognisable. I find the undersides of

my birds white, without any fleshy-pink tinge which is stated by Oberholser to

be a character of cabanisi.

M’buyuni and Teita.

808. Pseudonigrita arnaudi arnaudi Bp. Grey-capped Sociable Weaver.

Pale, like birds from Nimuli.

Kacheliba and Kerio in South Turkana, Plentiful in the desert and dry

country.

146 Novitates ZooLocicaE XXIX. 1922.

809. Pseudonigrita arnaudi kapitensis Mearns. Kapiti Grey-capped Sociable

Weaver.

P.a. emini Rehw.

This race is recognisable on account of its larger size (wings, 65-70 mm.) and

darker mantle. Four young birds without the grey cap agree well with the descrip-

tion of P. a. emini, which must be a synonym. I find two specimens from the

Magadi district, collected 20.xi.1917 and 21.xi.1917, indistinguishable from

Nimule ones. They are not worn and not bleached by the action of the strong

alkali in the lake.

M’buyuni, Simba, Taveta, Magadi, Machakos.

810. Amadina fasciata alexanderi Neum. Cut-throat Finch.

Comparison with Abyssinian and South Ethiopian birds shows that the East

African birds have rather coarser bars on the mantle and underside, and that the

mantle is rather browner. The difference is most pronounced in the females.

Seven males show an inclination to assume uniform brownish buff backs ; this is

particularly the case in specimens taken at Lake Magadi. Owing to insufficient

Abyssinian material, I refrain from naming these southern birds.

Kisumu, Magadi, Simba, Tsavo, Taveta.

811. Quelea erythrops Hartl. Red-faced Weaver Finch.

With more material it may be shown that the coastal birds differ from

Angolan specimens.

Masindi, Entebbe; also Mumias, Changamwe, and Mombasa. 5 ¢ 4 9.

812. Quelea cardinalis Hartl. Red-headed Weaver Finch.

Birds from Nairobi have very bright red heads and crimson throats, rather

more richly coloured than birds from Uganda.

Masindi, Kawala, Jinja; Kimiriri River, Kisumu, and Nairobi.

813. Quelea sanguinirostris intermedia Rchw. Southern Masked Weaver Finch.

As more than half of a series of sixteen adult breeding males have small black

foreheads as distinct from the Abyssinian Q. s. aethiopica, and as three have wide

black foreheads as in typical Q. s. sanguinirostris of Senegal, I prefer to adopt

Reichenow’s name for the East African birds, and I recognise a dark race inhabit-

ing the central lake district and West Uganda. As is well known, this bird varies

in the amount of pink on the breast, crown, and abdomen. These birds on the

whole have blacker cheeks and throats than Ethiopian specimens. The pale-

headed variety ‘‘ rwssi,’’ without black on the head, is not common, but I obtained

four. I do not consider them to be very old birds, as stated by Butler. I have

had a young bird which moulted straight from its nest plumage into the “‘ russi”

plumage.

Kisumu, Mumias, Nakuru, Naivasha, Nairobi, Simba, Tsavo, Taveta.

Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 147

814. Quelea sanguinirostris centralis van Som. Ankole Masked Weaver Finch.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 122, 1921.

When compared with eastern aethiopica and western sanguinirostris, it is

at once evident that the central lake birds (9) are darker, more brownish on the

head and mantle, and darker below. The males are for the most part coloured

as in the Angolan race.

Toro, Albert Edward (type), Bukoba, South Ankole, in Uganda; also Kivu

and North Tanganyika.

815. Anomalospiza imberbis Cab. Yellow Swamp Finch.

A, rendalli.

A, macmillani.

A. butleri.

I collected a series of sixty-two of this hitherto rare bird. I have placed

three so-called races of this birdassynonyms. This may at first appear rash, but

I have compared the types of all three with my birds, and these names apply to

the same birds in different plumages. There is the most extraordinary variation

in both males and females between fresh moulted birds, birds that are breeding,

and those that have come through the breeding season, the plumages being in

males: Fresh moulted—olive-green with greyish tips to the feathers of the

upper and underside ; breeding—greenish yellow, orange-yellow crown, mantle

more distinctly streaked, flank feathers with dark shafts; after breeding—

crown yellow, mantle still more distinctly streaked, underside bright yellow.

Tn females, head greyish brown, mantle greyish brown, both with slight olive

tinge, throat buffy white; breast uniform buffy brown, flanks faintly streaked

and brownish washed.—Head more distinctly streaked, mantle more streaked,

breast distinctly streaked, flanks streaked, abdomen and throat paler.—Altogether

paler in colour on the upper and undersurfaces, a totally different-looking bird to

fresh moulted ones! The young in nestling plumage are pale golden buff or brown

to sandy ; heavily streaked on the head, neck, and mantle ; golden sandy below,

slightly paler on the belly ; bill yellowish ; culmen darker brownish. Later we

find the general tone becoming paler, less golden sandy, and the underside almost

white ; when the bird starts moulting in its first full dress we find the buff or

yellowish feathers coming in on the breast and the head becoming olive-greenish-

brown, with greyish-tipped feathers. The time of moulting of the young and

adults takes place in June. Full-plumaged fresh birds were captured in June also.

Whether or not there is a double moult in the year I am unable to say with

certainty, but I am almost certain that this is the case.

As far back as 1912 I found and photographed a young Finch which I took

out of a nest of a Cisticola, Not knowing the bird, I failed to recognise it until I

collected specimens of young birds, as described above, along with adult birds,

in 1916. In my notes I find the entry: ‘‘ July 7th, 1912—photographed a young

Finch in nest of Cisticola ruficapilla fischeri ? Parasitic ?”? Later, Roberts, of

South Africa, proved by a series of photographs that Anomalospiza is parasitic in

just such a way as Vidua serena, but that it victimises the Cisticolas and apparently

not Finches, The eggs which I take to belong to this bird are uniform pale bluish

with a dull surface—not glossed as in Pyromelana,

148 Novirates ZooLocicaE XXIX. 1922.

The distribution of this bird is of the greatest interest, for we find it in South

Africa (Natal) and Zanzibar, at Lamu in East Africa, inland to Nairobi and thence

to Kisumu and into Uganda, going north to the Sudan and Abyssinia, and we meet

with it again in Sierra Leone. Much as I dislike the lumping of races under one

name, yet in this instance, because I find that birds taken in one locality at the

same time show to perfection the characters on which the several races were

founded, I have no option in the matter. I have examined over 100 skins.

A. imberbis Cab. was described from Zanzibar, rendalli Shell. from Natal,

macmillani Bannerm, from Abyssinia, butleri Scl. and Praed from the Sudan.

All the characters supposed to be peculiar to these forms are found in birds

from Nairobi and other districts.

Lamu, Mombasa, Thika, Nairobi, Kisumu, in East Africa; Elgon, Meuressi,

Turkwell, and Moroto in Uganda,

816. Pyromelana flammiceps changamwensis Mearns. Coast Red-crowned

Bishop.

This race is distinct from all other East African or Uganda forms and recog-

nisable from the typical flammiceps by its larger size and stronger, larger bill.

The females are more ochraceous on the breast. Apparently limited to the coastal

belt and not penetrating into the highlands.

Changamwe, Mombasa, Malindi, and Samburu.

817. Pyromelana flammiceps rothschildi Neum. Uganda Red-crowned Bishop.

5 g 19 agree best with P. f. rothschildi, the type and cotypes of which I

have examined. The mantles of these birds and mine are dark brown, washed

with red, the under tail-coverts are white in four out of the five birds in Tring and

three out of the six in my series, so that this character cannot be regarded as of

value. It should be remarked that, whereas the buff feathers are fresh, the white

ones are old. In the character of the mantle this race is recognisable from P. f.

petiti, of Sudan. This is a smaller bird than that found at the coast.

The birds recorded by me under P. flammiceps (Ibis, 1916) should refer to this

race,

Nyarondo, Kisumu, in East Africa; Busoga in Uganda.

818. Pyromelana nigrifrons leuconota Rchw. Western Uganda Black-fronted

Bishop.

I find now that the Uganda birds mentioned Jbis, 1916, p. 416, are not true

nigrifrons. 'They belong to the race which is found along the central lake region,

to which Reichenow gave the name leuconata, unfortunately using as typical

birds specimens with very pale straw-coloured backs. It has been proved beyond

doubt that these pale-backed birds are old males that have come through the

nesting season and are consequently faded, while fresh-plumaged males have the

back reddish brown. ‘The crown and breast-band in this race is a deep red, not

orange-red, thus contrasting markedly with the east shore birds.

South Ankole, Kasinga, Lusasa, Kilima, Toro, in Uganda.

Novirates ZootocicAE XXIX, 1922. 149

819. Pyromelana marwitzi Rchw. Kavirondo Black-faced Bishop.

Tam not certain that this bird is a subspecies of nigrifrons. These birds differ

from the Western Uganda race in having the red of the head, breast, and rump

orange-red, not scarlet-red, and in having the black forehead extensive. Nesting

habits are as with all this group. The eggs, two to three, are blue.

The type came from Wembere, Tanganyika Territory ; Kendu Bay, Kisumu,

Kano, in East Africa.

820. Pyromelana nigriventris rufigula van Som. Little Red-throated Black-

breasted Bishop.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 122, 1921.

These birds are from the Teita and Ukamba district. In four males from Bura

and Voi and one from Kitui the throat and breast are red, as in P. franciscana

pusilla, but they have, of course, not got the long upper tail-coverts, and most of

the other males show red feathers on the throat and upper breast, while two are

almost indistinguishable from typical nigriventris.

Type locality, N’ziu River.

Bura, Teita, Voi, and Kitui in Ukamba. 6 g 3 2, February and March,

821. Pyromelana nigriventris nigriventris Cass.

Coast region from Lamu south to Mombasa. No trace of red on the throat

or breast.

Lamu, Manda, Mombasa. 7 ¢ 8 9, from April and July, examined.

822. Pyromelana diademata Fisch. and Rchw. Little Orange-crowned Bishop.

My single male is in off plumage, but full-plumaged birds were obtained by

Percival at Voi. My three March females were shot from a flock which passed

overhead, and in which were no full-plumaged males.

Tsavo and Bura.

823. Pyromelana ansorgei Hart. Yellow-mantled Black Bishop.

Six fine adult males and a of a somewhat rare species, the distribution of

which appears to be limited to Uganda.

Masindi, Bugoma, Sio, in Uganda.

824. Pyromelana friedrichseni Fisch. and Rchw. Large Yellow-backed Black

, Bishop.

Probably occurs in the Magadi and South Loita district. .

825. Pyromelana intercedens EHrl.

Has been recorded from Lake Baringo.

826. Pyromelana xanthomelas Riipp.

I cannot find any difference in size or colour between Abyssinian, Uganda,

Toro, and East African specimens.

150 Novitatrs ZooLroaioaE XXIX. 1922.

South Ankole, Budu, Toro, Masindi, Jinja, in Uganda; Kimiriri, Elgon,

Kisumu, Burnt Forest, Kyambu, Fort Hall, Naivasha, Nairobi, Maungu, Mason-

goleni, in East Africa,

827. Pyromelana crassirostris Og.-Grant. Thick-billed Yellow-rumped Bishop.

Ruwenzori.

828. Urobrachya axillaris media Sharpe. Uganda Red-shouldered Whydah.

This bird has usually been called phoenicea, but must now be called media,

the name phoenicea referring to the Nile birds. It is noticeable that females of

this bird from Uganda and the central lakes are more rufous than East African

specimens.

Masindi, Bugoma, Entebbe, in Uganda; Kisumu, Mumias, and Fort Ternan

in East Africa,

829. Urobrachya axillaris zanzibarica Shell. Coast Red-shouldered Whydah.

U, hildebrandti Sharpe.

U. nigronotata Sharpe.

Easily distinguished from the up-country birds by larger size and heavier

build.

Mombasa and Changamwe.

830. Coliuspasser hartlaubi humeralis Sharpe. Elgon Buff-shouldered Giant

Whydah.

This is an excellent race, never getting such a long tail as the Angolan species

and always with rather heavier bills and having wings from 100 to 105 mm,

Mumias, Nandi, in East Africa ; West Elgon in Uganda.

831. Coliuspasser hartlaubi hartlaubi Bocage. Angolan Buff-shouldered

Whydah.

Has been recorded from Western Uganda, but I have seen no specimens from

this district.

832. Coliuspasser macrurus conradsi Berger. Yellow-backed Black Whydah.

These specimens ought to be, according to locality, referable to this race from

Victoria Nyanza (Ukerewe Island), but my birds do not possess long tails—not

more than 125 mm.

Mumias in North Kavirondo.

833. Coliuspasser macrocercus soror Rchw. Yellow-shouldered Black Whydah.

There is as much as 20 mm, difference in the length of the tails of full-

plumaged birds. The longest are not limited to any particular locality.

Masindi, Kawala, Bukedi; East Elgon, Mumias, North Kavirondo.

Noviratrs Zootogicak XXIX. 1922. 151

834. Coliuspasser eques Hartl. Brown-shouldered Black Whydah.

One male is entirely jet black.

Jinja in Uganda; Mumias, Kisumu, Nairobi, and Fort Hall in East Africa,

835. Penthetria concolor Cass. Black Long-tailed Whydah.

It is of interest to note that all the birds obtained in the Masindi district were

jet black. I accept this bird as being distinct from C. ardens tropicus, though

they may occasionally interbreed.

Masindi and Entebbe.

836. Penthetria ardens tropicus Rchw. Uganda Cut-throat Black Whydah.

When compared with typical C. ardens of South Africa it is quite noticeable

that the red throats are darker, more crimson, in the northern birds. I therefore

consider it a good race. Birds with yellow or orange bands are varieties,

Jinja and Kampala, Uganda.

837. Penthetria ardens teitensis van Som.

Bull. B.O, Club, xii. p. 121, 1921.

Smaller than P. a. ardens and tropicus, apparently narrower crimson throat-

band, much narrower tail-feathers, than Uganda specimens. This character is

borne out by specimens in Tring Museum.

East of Kilimanjaro, Bura Hills, Teita (type loc.).

838. Penthetria laticauda suahelica van Som. Red-hooded Long-tailed

Whydah.

Bull, B.O. Club, xii. p. 122, 1921.

When a series of East African specimens is compared with typical birds it is

noticeable that the former develop longer tails, but the wing-measurements are

considerably less, the East African bird having wings of 70-80 and the Abyssinian

one of 81-87 mm., mostly 84-85. As these differences are constant, I propose to

recognise this southern race. Type locality, Nairobi.

Kerio, Kirimiri, Elgon, Kisumu, Maraquet, Elgeyu, Burnt Forest, Kikuyu,

Nairobi, Ukamba.

839. Drepanoplectes jacksoni Sharpe. Jackson’s Dancing Whydah.

Melanism is frequently exhibited in this species when in captivity, the altera-

tion taking place in two moults.

Nairobi, Kyambu, Naivasha, Nakuru, Elgeyu.

840. Dioptrornis progne delamerei Shell, Delamere’s Long-tailed Whydah.

The sequence of plumages from the first juvenile to the adult is as follows :—

(a) Very like the females, but richer sandy buff, with black streaks to the

feathers of the upper side and on the breast and flanks ; a faint yellowish tinge to

the “shoulders”; tail short; bill brown. This plumage is moulted in two to

three months,

152 Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX, 1922.

(b) A paler plumage takes its place, more like the female dress, while the tail-

feathers become elongated and the central pair pointed ; the shoulder-patch is

now orange ; bill dark brown.

30 mm, long; the shoulder-patch still orange, but outlined on the lower edge

with buff-tipped feathers ; bill blackish grey.

(d) The black plumage is shed and the bird reverts to a dress similar to

plumage (6), but the shoulder-patch remains deep orange.

(e) As the bird becomes mature it again assumes the full black plumage, with

a long black tail and the shoulder-patch bright red and sandy buff, the latter

quickly fading to a pale buff or creamy colour ; the bill is now greyish and the

bird ready to breed. Many birds commence breeding before having completed

the total moult. The change is brought about by moult, not colour change.

Kenia, Aberdare Mountains, Naivasha, Nakuru.

841. Steganura paradisea verreauxi (?). Northern Shaft-tailed Whydah.

I am of the opinion that the East African form of S. paradisea will have to

be recognised under a special name when sufficient typical material is available.

The female birds are darker, more brownish on the mantle and below, than

Abyssinian specimens. The young in first nestling plumage are considerably

darker. Adult males are indistinguishable ; the difference is in the adult females

and young.

Taveta, Samburu, Kitui, R. N’ziu, Ukamba.

842. Linura fischeri Rchw. Straw-tailed Whydah.

Birds in Tring from South Ethiopia are hardly as deep glossy black on the

mantle, and the straw colour of the crown is paler; but fresh material may show

these differences to be due to wear.

Plumages.~(a) The young bird in nestling plumage is a dull rusty brown,

rather paler on the abdomen; the legs and bill flesh-brown. (5b) From this

plumage the bird moults into a dress similar to that of the adult female, occasion-

ally with short straw-like central tail-feathers, and the bill becomes salmon-red,

Taveta, Tsavo, Loita, Simba, Kikuyu, Kitui, and Kendu Bay.

843. Vidua hypocherina Verr. Blue-black Whydah.

The adult females of this species can always be distinguished from females of

Vidua serena by the decidedly white inner webs to the primaries, the white area

being sharply differentiated from the darker tips. From the female of the genus

Hypochera they differ in the same way, although females of the “ steel’”’ Finches

have the inner webs whitish, but not sharply defined. Another good character is

the colour of the bill in fresh specimens: in Vidua hypocherina the bill is white, in

Vid. serena brownish red, and in Hypochera greyish. The underside of V. hypo-

cherina is white with just a tinge of buff on the sides of the breast and a few streaks

in this region; in Vidua serena buffy brown, abdomen whitish; and in Hypochera

greyish brown with whiter abdomen.

Novirates ZooLtocicaE XXIX. 1922. 153

The young in first plumage is very like young of Linura fischeri, but the

abdomen is whiter and the bill whitish? not red-brown.

I shot examples of V. hypocherina, V. serena, Linura fischeri, Steganura p.

verreauxi, and Hypochera orientalis all together, at a drinking-hole in the Taru

desert. The birds come there in hundreds to drink, about one or two o’clock.

Samburu, Kisumu, Kacheliba.

844, Vidua serena Linn. Common Pied Whydah.

My series indicates quite clearly the sequences of plumages through which

this bird passes before and after attaining maturity. Shortly, the plumages are :

(a2) Nestling and when with foster-parents: dull grey-brown or hair-

brown, paler on the underside and buffish on the abdomen ; bill dark brownish,

legs brownish. The first change towards plumage (6) is in the colour of the bill,

which turns from dark brown to red. The head and mantle then become striped

with the sprouting of dark centred feathers with reddish brown or sandy edges,

and the underside becomes paler. This change is gradual, and when completed,

plumage (c) is reached, and this is like the adult female in off plumage. This

point should be noted. If the young bird is a male, it moults into a plumage (d)

which is very like that of an adult female, only the underside is whiter, head and

mantle rather more boldly striped, and the central two pairs of tail-feathers black

with sometimes pale edges of similar character to those assumed by the adult

male, but they do not project more than about an inch beyond the outer tail-

feathers. This plumage exactly resembles the dress of adult males in off

plumages! If the young bird be a female, it retains the plumage described as

(c), but when it matures or is ready for breeding, a marked change takes place,

the plumage assumed being darker, and the bill turns from coral red to dark

brown. After the nesting season, the bill changes back to red. My experience

goes to show that this bird is not polygamous. Although parasitic on other

Finches, especially Estrilda, I have never seen more than one female with a male,

when the former are laying. I have seen the female accompanied by the male

enter the nest of an Estrilda, deposit its egg, and then fly off with the male. Most

of the so-called females accompanying the males when these birds ‘‘ flock” are

young males and a few young females.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Samburu, Lake Jipe, Tsavo, Simba, Athi, Nairobi,

Fort Hall, Naivasha, Nakuru, Kisumu, Elgeyu, in East Africa ; Jinja, Entebbe,

Elgon, Moroto, Kimiriri, Bugoma, and Masindi in Uganda.

845. Odontospiza caniceps Rchw. White-rumped Silver-billed Finch.

Some birds are pale-breasted, and some dark-coloured, but the differences

are not limited to definite ranges. Uganda and East African specimens are equal

in size.

Meuressi, Turkwell, Kerio, Kacheliba, in Uganda; Kisumu, Simba, and

Tsavo in East Africa,

846, Aidemosyne cantans meridionalis Mearns. Abyssinian Scaly-headed Silver-

billed Finch.

Ihave checked over Mearns’s division of this group, and while agreeing that the

South Abyssinian, Rudolf, and Somali birds are different from the South Arabian,

154 Noviratrs Zoorocican XXIX. 1922,

and typical birds from Senegal, I cannot unite with any of them the birds from

the South Ukamba and East Kilimanjaro’ district. The South Abyssinian bird,

which extends to south Lake Rudolf, is pale, but distinctly barred, and has the

spotting of the throat indistinct.

Meuressi, Turkwell, Kobua, Lake Rudolf,

847. Aidemosyne cantans tavetensis van Som. Southern Scaly-headed Silver-billed

Finch.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 121, 1921.

These birds are more distinct from the Senegal bird than A. meridionalis.

Upper surface considerably darker with a greyish tinge, the scales on the head

more pronounced, and the spotting on the chin larger and more distinct, underside

white.

South Ukambani to Kilimanjaro: Simba (type), Tsavo, M’buyuni, Taveta.

Fourteen specimens.

848. Amauresthes fringilloides Lafr. Pied Manakin.

Has been taken at the coast of Vanga district and Zanzibar.

849. Pseudospermestes microrhynchus Rchw. Large Black-headed Manakin.

The type locality is Buddu in Uganda. I have no specimens,

850. Spermestes cucullatus Swains. Green-headed Manakin.

Very plentiful. Some have greenish heads, others purplish.

Masindi, Bugoma, Sezibwa, Kawala, Meuressi, Uganda; Elgon, Maraquet,

Kisumu, Kendu Bay, Nairobi, Taveta, East Africa.

851. Spermestes scutatus Heugl. Abyssinian Green-headed Manakin.

These birds have no trace of greenish or purplish on the flank feathers and

must therefore belong to this form, if it is a species ! 2

Nairobi and Elgon.

852. Spermestes nigriceps Cass. Brown-backed Manakin.

I think that this form and the next should be considered races of one species,

most S. stigmatophorus showing a strong brownish tinge on the mantle.

Nairobi and Taveta.

853. Spermestes stigmatophorus Rchw. Black-backed Manakin.

I consider this to be a subspecies of the West African S. poensis. The forms

do not overlap and are geographical representatives.

Masindi, Bugoma, Sezibwa, Mabira, and Elgon in Uganda ; North Kavirondo

in East Africa.

In the North Kavirondo district, Elgon, Moroto, Turkana, we find a bird

which is nearest to B. atricollis ansorgei Grant, from Portuguese Guinea.

Novirates ZooLocicaE XXIX, 1922, 155

854. Ortygospiza atricollis ugandae van Som. Uganda Partridge Finch.

Bull. B.O. Club, sli. p. 121, 1921,

These two birds and one from Entebbe, collected by Grauer (Tring Museum),

have uniform grey-brown mantles, black foreheads, extensive black throats,

and small white chin-spots, with a white ring round eyes ; breasts pale brownish.

The female, however, has a white chin-spot. They thus differ from birds from

Sierra Leone, which agree with O. a. ansorgei (vide Nov. Zoo, xxii. p. 264, 1915),

The Butiti specimen mentioned by Dr. Hartert is referred to under the next

race, Type in my own collection, but will be incorporated in the Tring Museum.

Mumias, North Kavirondo.

855. Ortygospiza atricollis dorsostriata van Som. Ankole Partridge Finch.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 115, 1921.

The nearest to this form is gabonensis of Lynes, but the Uganda birds are

richer rufous below and the flanks are darker. The female has no white chin-spot.

The male has a small indication of white on the chin, but no white round the eye.

Western Uganda.

Butiti, Toro, and Kigezi, South Ankole, South-western Uganda.

856. Ortygospiza atricollis miilleri Zedl. White-chinned Partridge Finch.

Very near polyzonus of South Africa, but darker above and more distinctly

barred below. With this race Zedlitz united the birds from South Abyssinia,

Gallaland. I find that the series of birds from South-east Ethiopia in Tring

Museum collected by Zaphiro are paler, more greyish above, and probably

ought not to be united.

O. a. miilleri is the common form in East Africa, ranging from the southern

scrub belt north to the South Kavirondo plain and Sotik-Mau Escarpment.

They do not have a black chin and black throat, but have these white, and a

large white ring round the eye. They have almost uniform backs, the mottlings

being indistinct.

Nairobi, Machakos, Nakuru, and South Kavirondo.

857. Cryptospiza salvadorii Rchw. Salvadori’s Crimson-backed Forest Finch.

I have no specimens from the typical locality for comparison, but as that

is Shoa, it is quite possible that my birds are not typical.

Mt, Elgon, North Kavirondo, Elgeyu, Maraquet, Molo, Kikuyu, Nairobi,

Kenia,

858. Cryptospiza spec. ?

1 g, 21.vii.1916, differs from the rest of the East African birds in having

the lower surface pinkish buff, the flanks tinged with olive. Crown olive-brown.

Cheeks greyish, not washed with olive-green.

Eastern slopes of Mt, Elgon.

156 Novitates ZoonocicaAE XXIX. 1922.

859. Cryptospiza borealis Percival. Percival’s Red-backed Forest Finch.

Bull. B.O. Club, 1912.

I have compared four males from October and also the types and topo-types

with C. salvadorii, and they must certainly be kept separate, borealis being much

less bright crimson on the mantle and rump. The colour of the back is more

brownish olive-green.

The range of this bird appears to be limited to Mt, Uraguess on the Northern

Guasso N’yiro.

860. Cryptospiza jacksoni Sharpe. Jackson’s Forest Finch.

This species is not common in South Ankole, but more plentiful in the forests

of the Kivu district.

Lukiga Kagezi, South Ankole. 29149.

861. Cryptospiza shelleyi Sharpe. Shelley's Forest Finch.

Forests of Ruwenzori and Kivu.

862. Cryptospiza reichenowi Hartl. Reichenow’s Forest Finch.

Ruwenzori. It is not represented in my collection.

863. Cryptospiza ocularis Sharpe. Red-eyed Forest Finch.

No specimens are available for comparison.

864. Nesocharis capistrata? Golden-flanked Forest Finch.

4 3 19do not agree with the description of typical capistrata from ‘‘ Gambia ”’

and may belong to a recognisable race, but material for comparison is not

available.

Masindi.

865. Nesocharis ansorgei Hart. Ansorge’s Black-headed Forest Finch.

The type came from Toro, and the species has since been obtained on Ru-

wenzori and in the Albert Edward district.

866. Linurgus elgonensis van Som, Black-headed Oriole Finch.

Nov. Zool. April 1918.

Besides my 4 f and 2 9 there are now in Tring four others collected near

Elgon by Mr. Turner for Colonel Meinertzhagen. This bird is somewhat like

L. olivaceus, but is altogether brighter, and has no rufous band separating the

black neck from the golden yellow of the breast. The type isin the Tring Museum.

Females of this species are brighter than female olivaceus. It is quite distinct

from L, kilimensis, which is a dark olive-green bird with little or no yellow.

Elgon and Kakamegoes.

Novirates Zootoaican XXIX. 1922. 157

867. Nigrita schistacea Sharpe. Black-breasted Forest Finch.

N. sparsimgutiata Rehw.

The type locality of this bird is the Sotik Forest, in East Africa, and of

sparsimguttata Bukoba, west of Victoria Nyanza. I have compared typical

specimens and find no difference. The name schistacea is the older name and

must stand. I wish to draw particular attention to the distribution, and would

request a comparison with the distribution of the next species.

Masindi, Bugoma, Budongo, Kagera, Entebbe, Sezibwa, Lugalambo, Elgon,

Elgeyu.

868. Nigrita diabolica Rchw. Kilimanjaro Black-breasted Forest Finch.

N. dohertyi Hart.

Tam not satisfied that the East African birds are really distinct from Uganda

specimens. Some specimens from Nairobi, Kenia, and Naivasha are darker

than Uganda birds, but others not. As no Kilimanjaro birds are available for

comparison, I cannot say whether these specimens are actually the same as

N. diabolica, the type of which came from Kilimanjaro. Birds from Escarpment

in the Tring Museum are placed as N. diabolica, of which dohertyi Hart. is a

synonym.

Molo, Naivasha, Nairobi, Kenia.

(It would appear that we have one race ranging through the great Mau

Forest up to Elgon and through Uganda, and another from Kilimanjaro north

through the Kikuyu and Aberdare Mountains to Kenia, with the Rift Valley

in between.)

869. Nigrita fusconota Fras. Little Black-capped Forest Finch.

I can find no difference between Uganda and typical West African specimens.

Entebbe, Sezibwa, in Uganda; East Elgon and North Kavirondo in East

Africa,

870. Hypochera funerea Tarrag. Purple Black Finch.

2? H. purpurascens Rehw.

The identification of these birds must remain somewhat doubtful until the

type or topo-types of H. purpurascens are compared. The specimens agree well

with H. fwnerea in the Tring Museum. They are without sheen. This type of

bird is found east of Kilimanjaro.

Morogoro, Tanganyika Territory. (Loveridge leg.)

871. Hypochera (near chalybeata). Green Black Finch.

1 g, Kisumu, 7.vi.1912, belongs to the “‘ chalybeata”” group, having a distinct

green sheen, not bluish, A similar type of bird is found near Milanje, in Nyassa-

land.

872. Hypochera sp. Dull Blue-black Finch.

2 3, 17.ii. 1917, 26.viii.1918, are very dull blue-black, with the crown almost

dead black. They are adults in good condition. They do not agree with any

of the described races known to me.

Kisumu and Kendu Bay.

158 Novirates ZooLocicaE XXIX. 1922.

873. Hypochera ultramarina Gm. Glossy Dark Blue-black Finch.

Four males agree perfectly with specimens from Abyssinia.

Buvuma Island and Kacheliba,

$74. Hypochera orientalis Rchw. East African Blue-black Finch.

% H, amaumopteryx Sharpe.

These birds are a bright blue-black, and agree with typical H. orientalis.

The change which the males undergo, from blue-black to a grey-brown plumage,

is well known, but it is worthy of recording that when the females come into

breeding condition, they become very much darker on the crown, mantle, and

breast than in the off season, the breasts in some breeding birds being a deep

ashy brown. The plumage is very like that of the non-breeding male, but even

darker. The character of white under tail-coverts mentioned in connection

with these birds is not reliable, and simply indicates remains of the off-plumage

dress, these feathers being almost the last to be moulted. With regard to

the brownish wings in certain birds of this group, it is quite noticeable that males

which have gone through the nesting season, although showing very little abrasion

of the tips of the primaries and secondaries, yet have these feathers much browner

than in the freshly moulted, adult, breeding bird. The first young plumage is

like that of the female in off-plumage, but altogether duller and paler on the breast,

Nairobi, Simba, Kikuyu, Voi. Not rare.

875. Coccopygia dufresnayi kilimensis Sharpe. Little Grey-headed Grass Finch.

Nairobi, Kyambu, Kenia, Elgeyu, Londiani, Elgon.

876. Coccopygia dufresnayi nyansae Neum. Uganda Little Grey-headed Grass

Finch.

C. d. minima Og.-Grant,.

Hardly separable from the preceding race.

Bugoma and Budongo Forests in Uganda.

877. Granatina ianthogaster ianthogaster Rchw. Brown-backed Chestnut and

Blue Waxbill.

The characters of this race are :—Male: bright chestnut head, not strongly

contrasting with the brownish earth-brown mantle; in some cases mantle

decidedly chestnut-brown, thus very like G@. 7. hawkeri. Chin and throat bright

chestnut, upper breast with blue band followed by a more or less complete band

of bright chestnut ; abdomen blue on a brown base, Blue ring round eye, not

very large. Wings, 57 mm.

Female: Very like the male on the upper side, but slightly duller ; the ring

round the eye, which is well marked, is pale lilac. Underside darker than in

G. i. hawkeri.

Young: Head and breast brownish; mantle slightly duller; underside,

abdomen, and flanks and under tail-coverts whitish.

South Tana through the plains to Kilimanjaro: Tana River, N’ziu River,

Ukamba, Kitui, Simba, Tsavo, Voi, Maungu, Masongoleni, Bura, M’buyuni,

Taveta.

Novitates ZooLoGcicaAr XXIX. 1922. 159

(Granatina i. hawkeri Phillips. N. Somali Chestnut and Blue Waxbill.

This race does not oceur within the limits of East Africa. It is brighter

chestnut on the head and mantle, the back being the same colour as the crown.

Eye-ring small. Wings, 54 mm., 7.e. smaller than typical race. Female very like

the female of G. 7. ianthogaster but smaller and with a slight indication of a white

or very pale lilac eye-ring. The young has a brownish head, back, and breast,

with the centre of abdomen paler; mantle tinged grey.)

877a. Granatina ianthogaster ugandae van Som. Turkana Chestnut and

Blue Waxbill.

Bull. B.O. Club, December 1919.

Very like G. ianthogaster, but head not so bright rufous; mantle more hair-

brown; blue on the underside limited to a circumscribed patch on the*breast and

abdomen. The female differs from the typical bird in having the head paler,

mantle and breast paler, eye-ring smaller, as in G. 7. hawkeri, the abdomen whitish.

Wings in males, 57 mm.

The young bird differs from the young of G. i. ianthogaster in being much

paler and in having the whole of the abdomen whitish.

South Ethiopia to Lake Rudolf and Turkana : Mt. Moroto, Kerio, Kobua, in

Turkana.

878. Granatina ianthogaster roosevelti Mearns. Loita Chestnut and Blue

Waxbill.

Very much like typical G. 7. canthogaster but larger. Wings, 60mm.; mantle

darker, more earth-brown; head light chestnut, blue on the breast not in any

regular pattern but unevenly distributed on a brown ground; chin blue. The

female is distinguished from G. 7. ianthogaster much as the males differ, and has

the eye-ring lilac-blue or bluish ; abdomen greyish, not whitish buff.

Loita Plains from Sotik to N’guruman and southern Guasso N’yiro: Loita,

Narok, Sotik.

879. Granatina ianthogaster montana van Som. Naivasha Chestnut and

Blue Waxbill.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 53, 1919.

Males very much like G. 7. roosevelti, but darker on the mantle and more blue

on the underside; wings longer, 60-64 mm. The females differ from those of

rooseveltt by having the eye-ring lilac as in G. 7. ianthogaster, and in being more

earth-brown on the mantle, besides being larger and the flanks shot with bluish.

The young is paler than all the other races, being sandy grey, and larger.

Highlands of Kenia Colony 6,500-9,000 feet to Mt. Kenia: Naivasha,

Nakuru, Mau, Kenia; also Escarpment, Doherty coll.

880. Granatina ianthogaster rothschildi van Someren, Kavirondo Chestnut

and Blue Waxbill.

Bull. B.O. Club, xi. p. 53, 1919.

These are the most intensely coloured of the group, The adult male differs

from that of @. 7. roosevelti in being larger, in having the whole of the underside

160 Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX, 1922.

deeper blue, even to having the throat flecked with deep blue and the mantle

darker earth-brown. The eye-ring is deeper blue and larger. The female differs

from that of roosevelti in much the same way, being darker on the mantle, richer,

deeper chestnut below, abdomen and flanks shot with purple blue, the eye-ring

large and deep blue asin the male. Wings, 58-63mm. The young are larger and

richer brown than those of any other form.

North Kavirondo from Yala to South Kavirondo: Kisumu, Kendu Bay,

Kaimosi, Yala, Kibigori, Kano.

881. Granatina ianthogaster ? subsp. nov.

1 g, 7.xi. 1918, is very much like the typical G. 7. ianthogaster, especially the

females, the eye-ring being pale lilac, but they have duller rufous heads and earth-

brown, more greyish, not so rufous backs. They thus agree fairly well with the

highland race, but the males are much less blue on the underside. Wing, 63 mm.

Dodoma and Morogoro in Central Tanganyika Territory.

882. Uraeginthus bengalus ugandae Zedl. Uganda Red-cheeked Blue Waxbill.

This is a good race, the range of which appears to be Uganda generally, east

to North and South Kavirondo, It is rather noticeable, however, that South

Elgon birds are rather greyer on the back than Entebbe ones. The young of

both sexes have blue throats, like the adult female. (Cf. next race.)

Nile Province, Entebbe, Jinja, in Uganda; Kisumu, Kendu Bay, Kaimosi,

Kibos, and Kibigori in East Africa.

883. Uraeginthus bengalus brunneigularus Mearns. East African Red-cheeked

Blue Waxbill.

Type locality, Wambugu’s, near Kenia.

Dr. Hartert, Nov. Zoox. 1 99, p. 141, rather suggests that this may not be

a good race, but my material shows, in my opinion, that it is excellent. It must

be noted, however, that these birds do not occur in Kavirondo, nor yet at the

coast. 'The females have brown throats with just a tinge of blue on the chin; but

the best character is the brown cheeks, which never get blue as in U. 6. ugandae

Zedl. Itis noticeable that young males have blue throats, while in young females

they are brownish.

Adult males of this race and ugandae appear indistinguishable !

Nairobi, Kenia, Fort Hall, Kikuyu, Simba.

884. Uraeginthus bengalus schoanus Neum. Ethiopian Red-cheeked Waxbill.

Three specimens differ from U. b. ugandae by being paler below and of a

different shade of grey-brown, and agree well with the specimens of U. schoanus in

Tring.

Meuressi, Turkwell and Kobua, near Lake Rudolf.

885. Uraeginthus bengalus littoralis subsp. nov. Coast Red-cheeked Waxbill.

Paler on the mantle than brunneigularis in both sexes. Males paler blue below,

the red ear-patch more restricted in size. Females with cheeks and throats washed

Novitates ZoonocicaAE XXIX, 1922. 161

with blue as in U. 6. wgandae; slightly smaller. Besides these differences the

call-note of these birds is not the same as that of the up-country race. They make

use of deserted Weaver birds’ nests for sleeping and nesting.

Coast of South Somaliland to Mombasa: Lamu, M’koi, Mombasa (type).

886. Uraeginthus cyanocephalus Rchw. Blue-headed Blue Wazxbill.

I have ten beautiful examples of this exquisite little Waxbill. It is

apparently confined to the drier desert parts of East Africa, and birds of South

Ethiopia appear not to differ.

Tsavo, Wbuyuni, Maungu.

887. Uraeginthus niassensis Rchw. Lake Nyassa Blue Waxbill.

Appears to be fairly plentiful in the Tanganyika Territory and North Mozam-

bique and comes within the Kenya Colony in the Kilimanjaro region, where I

procured specimens at Lake Jipe.

Lake Jipe, Morogoro, Kisaki, and Lumbo in Portuguese East Africa.

888. Pytelia melba mosambica van Som. Mozambique Fire-throated Finch.

Bull. B.O. Club. xl. p. 55, 1919.

Differs from P. m. melba and P. m. elegans in lacking the yellow-green breast-

band, or having it only very slightly indicated, and in having the spotting on the

underside large and commencing high up on the breast, in immediate contact with

the red throat, also in having the lower breast and sides of abdomen very heavily

barred and spotted, so that the underside appears dark. The red on the forehead

is very limited. The females are very dark breasted and have grey throats, thus

differing from P. kirki, in which the female has a whitish throat. Wings,

57-58 mm. Type in Tring Museum.

North Mozambique (Lumbo) to South Tanganyika Territory.

889. Pytelia percivali van Som. Loita Fire-throated Finch.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 56, 1919.

The ¢ differs from all known females by having the head and breast dark

grey, the spotting of the underside not commencing before the lower breast, and

by being larger. Wings, 58mm, The males are like P. kirki, but have the lores

white. Wings, 58-60 mm.

Loita Plains (Percival coll.), Simba, Magadi.

890. Pytelia kirki Shell. East African Fire-throated Finch.

Seven skins from Lamu are very uniform, having the red of the throats

limited, and wide golden-green breast-bands. The birds from the dry Taru

country, however, are very variable, most having the red of the throat extending

well on to the breast-band, and in some cases right on to the breast. The females

all possess white throats, thus differing from the birds of the Tanganyika Territory

and those from Lumbo, also from the birds from Loita, Wings, 55-58 mm.

Lamu, Changamwe, Samburu, Maungu, Masongoleni, Tsavo, Campi-ya-bini,

162 NovitaTtes ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922.

891. Pytelia soudanensis Sharpe. Large Pale Fire-throated Finch.

These large pale birds are easily recognised from P. kirki on account of their

paler markings and larger size, the males having longer bills. The females differ

from female kirki in having the throat pale greyish like the breast. Wings:

3 58-62, 2 58-61 mm.

Mt. Moroto, Meuressi, Kobua, in Uganda; Kacheliba, Kerio River, Lorian

Swamp, in East Africa.

892. Pytelia belli Og.-Grant. Bell’s Fire-throated Finch.

These birds have darker grey heads and darker undersides than P. kirki.

Toro.

893. Pytelia phoenicoptera emini Hart. Barred Fire-throated Finch,

Nile Province of Uganda.

894. Pytelia afra griseigularis Neum. Coast Grey-throated Phoenix Finch.

This is a good race of P. afra. Wings, 55-60 mm.

Mombasa, Samburu, Voi.

895. Pytelia afra 2? subsp. nov. Kikuyu Grey-throated Phoenix Finch.

Two males and others in Tring do not agree with the coastal birds, being

larger, more greenish yellow on the breast, and greener on the back, They

probably belong to an up-country race, but more material is necessary.

Kikuyu, Kenia.

896. Hypargus nitidula schlegeli Sharpe. Red-faced Green-speckled Finch.

This western form ranges into Uganda and is frequently taken in the forests.

Bugoma and Mubango.

897. Hypargus nitidula nitidula Hartl. Coastal Red-faced Green-speckled Finch,

2 H. n. chubbi Og.-Grant.

Has been taken at Mombasa by A. Blayney Percival. Apparently rare,

(Vide Bannerman, Ibis, 1911.)

898. Hypargus monteiri ugandensis van Som. Chestnut-breasted Speckled Finch.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 115, 1921.

Differs from the typical Angolan form by having the back darker, so that

the nape is not so sharply differentiated from the mantle. Bill slightly larger.

Masindi, Mubango, Kyetume, Buzileranjovu, in Uganda ; Entebbe (Grauer),

Lado, and Langomeri (Emin Pasha). 6 g 29.

899. Hypargus niveoguttatus Peters. Crimson-fronted Speckled Finch.

? H. macrospilotus Mearns.

These birds possess all the characters given by Mearns for the Kenia race,

Novirates Zootocican XXIX, 1922. 163

It is possible, however, that my specimens are not typical, as the type came from

Inhambane. If different, they would have to bear Mearns’s name macrospilotus.

Changamwe, Taveta, Sagala, Teita, Kibwezi.

900. Lagonosticta oenochroa Hartl. Black-bellied Crimson Finch.

2 L. melanogaster.

This is a very rare bird and is known from very few specimens. Seth-Smith

collected a female at Masindi.

901. Lagonosticta rhodopareia rhodopareia Heugl. Red-faced Black-vented

Crimson Finch.

39, 7.xii.1917. This pair undoubtedly belong to the northern typical race.

The male is brighter crimson than L. r. congica, and the female has a red face

which the female of congica lacks ; besides, the undersurface is more washed with

crimson.

Mt. Moroto, Turkana, east Lake Rudolf.

902. Lagonosticta rhodopareia congica Sharpe. Uganda Black-vented

Crimson Finch.

This race is very like typical L. rhodopareia, but the crown is not washed with

red, though bright crimson bird. The females lack the red loral spot and chin,

and are paler below, more pinkish.

Masindi, Bugoma, Mubendi, Sezibwa, Kyetume, and South Ankole in

Uganda.

903. Lagonosticta rhodopareia hildebrandti Neum. Greyish-crowned Black-

vented Crimson Finch.

These birds, although described as a subspecies of L. rubricata, should no

doubt be placed as have putthem. ‘This race and congica do not overlap in their

distribution. The bluish-grey wash to the crown distinguishes this race from

L. congica, The females are alike, except that female hildebrandti has a greyish

bloom on the head and mantle, which is absent in the northern representative.

Young birds are altogether dark brown, except for a slight crimson wash on the

upper tail-coverts.

Kyambu, Nairobi, N’gong, Naivasha, Kitui.

904. Lagonosticta rhodopareia umbriventer van Som. Kenia Brown-bellied

Crimson Finch.

Bull. B.O, Club, xi. p. 54, 1919.

Somewhat like L. r. hildebrandti, but abdomen and vent cinnamon-brown,

under tail-coverts black. The females resemble those of L. rhodopareia, but have

brownish abdomen, ‘The bill is bluish, as in LZ. rhodopareia,

Embu, East Kenia, and Mount Uraguess.

164 NoviratEs ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922.

905. Lagonosticta jamesoni taruensis van Som. Little Black-vented Crimson

Finch.

Bull, B.O. Club, xl. p. 54, 1919.

Altogether brighter reddish than L. 7. jamesoni, having the mantle distinctly

washed with reddish, asin senegalla. Vent and under tail-coverts black; the bill

bluish black.

Coast from Lamu to Mombasa, inland to the Taru and South Ukamba :

Tsavo, Kitui, Mombasa, Teita.

906. Lagonosticta senegalla ruberrima Rchw. Uganda Crimson Finch.

This is quite a good race and distinct from the East African bird, because the

females do not agree. I can find no difference in the males. 1 have compared a

very large series and find the differences constant in the females, and therefore

named the Eastern African form. In the Uganda bird the females are darker,

more brownish, while the East African birds are paler, more greyish.

Chagwe, Entebbe, Jinja.

907. Lagonosticta senegalla somaliensis Salvad. Lorian Crimson Finch.

Specimens collected by Blayney Percival agree fairly well with typical Z. s.

somaliensis, but the males are brighter and the female washed with pink on the

breast and has a distinct red loral spot.

Juba River,

908. Lagonosticta senegalla kikuyuensis van Som. East African Crimson

Finch.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 55, 1919.

I have no hesitation in separating the East African race. The females are

distinct, as indicated under L. s. ruberrima.

Kisumu, Nakuru, Naivasha, Kikuyu, Tsavo.

909. Estrilda nonnula Hartl. Black-capped Grass Finch.

My series is very uniform and agrees well with typical birds. A series from

South Elgon are rather whiter below, not tinged with creamy, and have the breast

and flanks more washed with greyish. More material is required from this

locality. Kigezi, South Ankole, Masindi, Sezibwa, and West Elgon.

910. Estrilda atricapilla keniensis Mearns. Kenia Black-capped Grass Finch.

This race is barely separable from FH. a. graueri from Kivu, of which I have

compared the type and cotypes. The Kenia birds do not differ in the way

Mearns states, the only character, and this not mentioned by Mearns, being the

deeper black of the abdomen and vent; otherwise the birds agree absolutely,

Aberdare Mountains and Kenia,

Novitatrs Zoonocicar XXIX, 1922, 165

911. Estrilda erythronota delamerei Sharpe. Delamere’s Black-faced Grass Finch.

These birds are very much darker than southern ones, and possess the

characters claimed in the original description.

Loita, Kisumu, and Kendu Bay.

912. Estrilda charmosyna Rchw. Pink-bellied Black-faced Grass Finch.

2 H. nigrimentum Salvad.

It is doubtful whether these birds should be united, as has been done by

Shelley. Owing to lack of material I am unable to form any definite opinion on

the matter. The bird from Turkwell agrees very well with specimens from Somali-

land, while the Kacheliba one is not so pink and agrees best with birds from South

Ethiopia.

Meuressi, Turkwell, Kacheliba, Uganda.

913. Estrilda charmosyna pallidior Jacks. Pale-bellied Black-faced Grass Finch.

North Guasso N’yiro. (A. B. Percival leg.)

914. Estrilda charmosyna kiwanukae van Som. Kilimanjaro Black-faced

Grass Finch.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 55, 1919.

My series is constant in displaying the characters which separate this form

from the other races, They are: the clearer bars on the wings and the deep

greyish tinge to the underside, giving the lower surface a dull grey-pink colour,

Taveta, Tsavo, M’buyuni, Simba, and Magadi.

915, Estrilda paludicola Heugl. Grey-capped Pale Grass Finch.

Some males have a deep ochre stripe down the belly, ending in a deep pink

vent.

Sezibwa, Bugoma, Mambigirwa, Jinja.

916. Estrilda roseicrissa Rchw. Brown-capped Pale Grass Finch.

This is a good form,

Mbarara.

917. Estrilda rhodopyga centralis Kothe. Uganda Buff Grass Finch.

HE. r. hypochroa Mearns,

E. r, polia Mearns.

I have had a series of over sixty skins for comparison. I regret that I cannot,

recognise more than one race for Uganda, South Ethiopia, Somaliland, and East

Africa. I can pick out birds which agree with the characters of the various races

claimed, but such are not limited to specimens from the distribution of these

supposed forms, and similar birds are to be found from all the localities mentioned.

agree that Uganda and East African birds are not typical rhodopyga and thus,

as there is only one race recognisable, the first name applied must stand, and this

is centralis of Konrad Kothe—founded on one specimen !

166 Novirates ZoonocioaE XXIX, 1922

I would call attention of ornithologists to the variation which one must expect

in these birds. Young birds in the first plumage after the nestling dress are very

much less or not at all barred. Strong, full-plumaged adults are most distinctly

barred and rather dark below.

Ankole, Meuressi, Turkwell, South Rudolf, in Uganda; Kisumu, Nairobi,

Simba, Tsavo, Northern Guasso N’yiro, Changamwe, in East Africa.

918. Estrilda subflava subflava Vieill. Little Orange-breasted Grass Finch.

Uganda specimens are rich red-orange below, and agree well with birds from

the type locality. They differ from the East African ones, which again differ

from £. s. clarkei of South Africa and Angola.

Kigezi, South Ankole, Masindi, Mubendi, in Uganda.

919. Estrilda subflava Vicill. (? subsp.). Yellow-breasted Grass Finch.

23,12, 1juv., are near Est. s. clarkei,but do not agree with typical specimens ;

they are more richly coloured, but not so rich as the typical Z. subflava, I have

examined a dozen specimens from Kast Africa, but require more material before

coming to a final decision.

Nairobi and N’gong.

920. Estrilda astrild nyansae Neum. Uganda Red-eyebrowed Grass Finch.

This race is recognisable, being on the whole less heavily or distinctly striped

on the breast than East African birds, and having the pink blush carried right up

to the throat in full plumage.

Kigezi, Ankole, Entebbe, and Masindi in Uganda.

921, Estrilda astrild massaica Neum. East African Red-eyebrowed Grass

Finch.

In this race the adults are heavily barred right up to the sides of the head and

the pink wash is not so extensive as in the Uganda form.

Kisumu, Naivasha, Nakuru, Nairobi, Bura, Samburu.

922. Sorella emini Hartl. Chestnut Sparrow.

Young birds are like the females, but lack all tinge of brown on the back and —

underside. Bill yellowish horn. No throat-patch.

Kendu Bay, Kisumu, Maragoli.

923. Sorella emini subsp. ?

Two males and one female from North-west Kenia are paler chestnut,

lacking the deep tinge on the crown. The female differs in having a paler brown

throat and having the mantle and flanks washed with palerufous. As the locality

is rather remote, these differences rather suggest the possibility of a separable form,

924, Passer rufocinctus Rchw. East African Red-rumped Sparrow.

Nairobi, Naivasha, and Nakuru. Quite typical.

Novirates Zoorocioar XXIX. 1922. 167

925, Passer shelleyi Sharpe. Uganda Red-rumped Sparrow.

(P. cordofanicus of Sclater & Praed, Ibis, 1918.)

This is an excellent species, and has nothing to do with P. cordofanicus,

which is very much like motitensis of South Africa. P. shelleyi is very much

like jagoensis of the Cape Verde Islands. The birds referred to cordofanicus by

Sclater & Praed come from the type locality of shelleyi and must be of this species,

therefore their remarks regarding relationship to jagoensis. It is a rare species,

and the localities from which I have received it extend its range southward.

North Kerio River and Mt. Kamalinga, Karamoja, in Uganda.

926. Passer griseus suahelicus Neum. Coastal Pale-bellied Sparrow.

This race and ugandae no doubt meet in the Kisumu or Kavirondo district,

undoubted hybrids occurring there.

This race has a paler shoulder-patch and mantle than the Uganda form,

Taveta, Simba, and Karungu.

927. Passer griseus mosambicus Som.

Darker than P. griseus swahelicus and ugandae, greyer on the breast and

flanks, and the light throat-patch more greyish. The mantle, rump, and shoulder-

patch darker. Wings, 75-83 mm.

North Mozambique and Kast Nyassaland. Type, Lumbo. Six specimens

examined.

928. Passer griseus ugandae Rchw. Uganda Grey Sparrow.

Nestlings have the head, neck, and mantle brownish and are buffy grey

below, rather paler on the abdomen; bill and legs brownish. These birds are

very little different from P. griseus swainsomi. This brings me to the question,

which bird is swainsoni—the dark- or the light-breasted one? Both occur in

North Abyssinia. Opinions differ, but we must go by the type and cotypes,

and these Prof. Neumann has examined and has compared with the birds collected

by Witherby, Rothschild, and Wollaston in the Sudan, All are pale-breasted

birds. We have no right to over-rule this, unless we also examine the types

and come to a different conclusion. Having fixed the name swainsoni, Neumann

found the dark grey-breasted bird without a name and called it abyssinicus. The

plate of P. swainsoni might stand for either the dark or light bird. Zedlitz’s

view as expressed when he re-named the pale bird erithrea cannot be accepted,

nor have Sclater and Praed (Zbis, 1919) sufficient grounds for rejecting Neumann’s

decision, This takes us a step further, because we get a connecting link between

P. g. abyssinicus and P. g. gongonensis of Oustalet. Both birds are alike in

colour but differ in size, and an intermediate form exists, and P. gongonensis

being the older name we must make P. abyssinicus a subspecies of the latter.

Kigezi, South Ankole, Budu, Mawakata, Masindi, Bugoma, Entebbe, Jinja,

in Uganda ; and Kisumu in East Africa,

168 Novirates ZootocicAr XXIX. 1922.

929. Passer griseus gongonensis Oust. Mombasa Thick-billed Sparrow.

The typical heavy-billed birds appear to range inland to about 3,500—4,000

feet, when they begin to get rather smaller (vide table of measurements), and

this smaller race ranges into Uganda and Rudolf, probably meeting with P.

abyssinicus in South Ethiopia.

Mombasa, Lamu, Samburu, Campi-ya-bibi, Voi, Kitui, N’ziu.

Wings: 3 95, 95, 96, 97, 98, 98, 99, 100, 102; 991, 92, 95, 96 mm.

930. Intermediate race between P. g. gongonensis and abyssinicus.

Inhabiting the country between Ukamba and Lake Rudolf, characterised

by their smaller size and smaller bills—as a rule.

The series in Tring from Escarpment corroborates this.

Moroto, Kerio, in Uganda ; North Guasso N’yiro, Kisumu, Nairobi, Kikuyu,

Simba, in East Africa.

Wings: 3 90, 92, 93, 93, 93, 95, 95, 95; Q 85, 85, 85, 85, 90 mm,

931. Petronia pyrgita massaica Neum. Massai Yellow-throated Sparrow.

This is a good race, not because they have larger bills as mentioned by

Neumann, but on account of its much darker upper surface. I find that birds

from Uganda south to the coast do not differ. Young birds are browner above

and lack the yellow on the white throat.

Kamalinga, Moroto, Meuressi, Turkwell, and Kerio in Uganda; Marich,

Kibingei, Kisumu, Kendu Bay, Kibigori, Nairobi, Thika, Simba, Tsavo, M’buyuni,

Maktau, Samburu, and Changamwe, Juba River.

932. Poliospiza elgonensis Grant. Elgon Grey Serin.

This is apparently a good form, having the breast almost uniform grey, not

streaked as in striatipectus. I have only one female from south Mt. Elgon.

933. Poliospiza striatipectus Sharpe. Pale Striped-breast Grey Serin.

I saw this species at the Ravine, and Doherty has collected it at Escarpment.

934. Poliospiza striolata striolata Ripp. Northern Streaky Serin.

My pale-breasted birds cannot be separated from typical striolatus, and have

the underside whitish cream, streaked with blackish brown and pale yellow.

This race meets with P. s. affinis from Kilimanjaro, just about the Nairobi district.

Nairobi birds are decidedly tinged with buff.

Lake Naivasha, Nakuru, and Aberdare Mountains.

935. Poliospiza striolata ugandae van Som, Elgon Streaky Serin.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 114, 1921.

This race is nearest to P. graueri from Ruwenzori, but differs in being only

slightly paler, less deep buff on the breast, while the upperside is as dark, Similar

birds are found in Lake Kivu district. Besides my skins I have examined twelve

others. ,

Mt. Elgon to the heath zone and forests of Kivu districts and Ankole.

Novirares ZooLocicar XXIX, 1922. 169

936. Poliospiza striolata affinis Richm. Southern Streaky Serin.

The birds from the forests of Nairobi south to Ukambani and Kilimanjaro

are very like typical striolata, but have the underside buff, not creamy white,

and agree with Kilimanjaro birds, which are affinis of Richmond.

Kitui and Nairobi.

937. Poliospiza albifrons albifrons Sharpe. Kikuyu White-fronted Great

Serin.

These birds all possess the white frontal band and are paler below than the

birds found up-country. Grant united the Ruwenzori birds with kilimensis of

Reichenow, the character of this race being the absence of the frontal band and

other slight differences. I have examined birds from Ruwenzori and Kivu and

find that they differ from the Mt. Elgon ones considerably, and I have been

compelled to recognise a highland East African race as distinct, as mentioned

later. My typical birds come from Nairobi, Kikuyu, N’gong.

938. 2 Poliospiza albifrons kilimensis Rchw. ? Kilimanjaro Great Serin.

This type of bird is found in Western Uganda and I have compared a series

in Tring Museum; but until I can examine Kilimanjaro specimens, I shall feel a

doubt about them being identical.

Kagezi, South Ankole.

939. Poliospiza albifrons ? subsp.

9 $ 39 from Mt. Elgon and Molo seem to differ from P. a. kilimensis in being

darker above and below, and in having the breast deep olive-brown. These

differences seem to exist also in young birds. The bills, especially in the Molo

birds, are larger and stronger.

Mt. Elgon south to Molo Forests: Elgon, Elgeyu, Maraquet, Molo.

940. Poliospiza angolensis somereni Hart. Uganda Black-throated Serin.

This is a good form, and birds obtained subsequent to the original description

bear out the characters claimed for this race.

Kigezi in South Ankole; Entebbe and Jinja.

941. Poliospiza reichenowi Salvad. Reichenow’s Yellow-rumped Grey Serin.

Type locality Shoa.

7 g and 6 Gare rather less streaked on the underside than the single typical

specimen in Tring, but otherwise agree. I am certain that when a series of

typical birds is available, the East African birds will have to be separated under

a new name.

Kisumu, Kibigori, Nairobi, Kyambu, Fort Hall, Embu, Simba, Bura.

942, Poliospiza reichenowi subsp. nov.

4 $19 are rather paler, less brownish, above than Kikuyu and southern

birds, and have the breast whiter and not so streaked as in the typical race from

170 Novitates Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922.

Shoa. They approach closely the coastal race hilgerti, but are not so greyish

on the back.

South-west Lake Rudolf, Kobua, Kerio, and Marich in Suk.

943. Poliospiza reichenowi hilgerti Zedl. Coastal Yellow-rumped Grey Serin.

This pale race is found on the coast from north of Mombasa to South Somali-

land. It is characterised by being pale greyish above with dark streaks to the

feathers, and in having a wide white frontal band which is continued back as

superciliary stripes, and by having the lower surface white.

Lamw and Manda.

944. Poliospiza leucopygius Sund. White-rumped Grey Serin.

A form of white-rumped Serin occurs in North-west Uganda, Nile Province,

which is nearest to leucopygius, but may prove separable when sufficient material

is got together.

(Serinus donaldsoni Sharpe. Somali Thick-billed Serin.

Probably occurs in the northern frontier of East Africa.)

945. Serinus donaldsoni buchanani Hart. East African Thick-

billed Serin.

Bull. B.O. Club, January 1918.

This bird has been collected as long ago as 1913 and was represented in the

collection of A. Blayney Percival, but its distinctness had not been recognised.

I consider that it should be placed as a subspecies of the Somali bird as above.

Besides in its enormous bill, it differs from donaldsoni by lacking a definite

yellow eye-stripe. The known range is South-east Kilimanjaro to the Loita

Plains.

Lake Jipe, Maktau (type locality), Campi-ya-bibi, Maungu, Voi.

946. Serinus dorsostriatus Rchw.?2 Nyanza Serin Finch.

I am not satisfied that my birds are really true dorsostriatus. I have com-

pared cotypes in the Tring Museum. While two are young birds, the other two

are adults, and all have greener backs than my birds and white lower abdomens

and under tail-coverts. This was mentioned in the original description, and led

Shelley (Birds of Africa, vol. iii.) to place Sharpe’s maculicollis as a synonym.

I find that adult birds from south of the type locality in Tanganyika Territory

have this character, while Kisumu and Uganda birds have the belly and under

tail-coverts deep yellow like the breast, and greenish yellow backs.

Kisumu and Yala in East Africa; Jinja in Uganda.

947. Serinus dorsostriatus dorsostriatus Rchw.

Three full-plumaged adult birds have the belly and under tail-coverts whitish,

and agree with the adult cotypes of dorsostriatus in Tring.

Loita in Kenya Colony; Dodoma in Tanganyika Territory.

Novirates Zoonroctcar XXIX. 1922. 171

948. Serinus maculicollis maculicollis Sharpe. Somali White-bellied Serin.

1 g, 11.vi.1917, agrees with Somali and South-east Ethiopian specimens

and has a wing of 75 mm. It is brighter on the back and lighter yellow on the

underside than birds from Kilimanjaro. I take it to belong to the typical race.

Kerio River, south Lake Rudolf.

949. Serinus maculicollis taruensis van Som. Taru White-bellied Serin.

Bull. B.O. Club, sli. p. 114, 1921.

I have come to the conclusion that possibly S. m. harterti Zedlitz (Journ. f.

Orn. 1916) from South Somaliland can stand. I have also found that the bird

inhabiting the East Kilimanjaro and Taru Desert cannot be united with the

Somali or South Somali races, as it is darker on the back, with the shaft-spotting

larger and the underside a richer yellow. Wings: ¢ 73, 71, 71, 70, 70; 2 70,

69, 69 mm.

East Kilimanjaro to South Ukambani and the Taru Desert: M’buyuni

(type locality), Maungu, Maktau, Tsavo.

950. Serinus (? flaviventris) loveridgei van Som. Mozambique Yellow Serin.

Bull. B.O. Club, sli. p. 114, 1921.

Similar to S. f. flaviventris, but smaller and lighter yellowish green on the

upperside and ear-coverts. Smaller than marshalli, upper tail-coverts greenish,

ear-coverts darker. Wings, 70-72 mm.

Lumbo, North Mozambique. Type: gd, 10.vii.1918, Loveridge leg., in

Tring Museum.

951. Serinus sulphuratus sharpei Neum. Sharpe's East African Large

Yellow Serin.

This is an excellent race, extending from Kilimanjaro (type locality) to

Kisumu. I am not sure where it meets with shelleyi, but it might do so near

the Yala River or in the Elgon district. It is larger than the Uganda race.

Kisumu, Kibos, Kibigori, Nakuru, Nairobi, Naivasha, Eldoret, Fort Hall, Kenia,

Olgerei.

952. Serinus sulphuratus shelleyi Neum. Uganda Large Yellow Serin.

This race extends from the Elgon district west to Ankoli in Uganda:

Masindi, Budongo, Busiro, Lugalambo, Jinja, Elgon.

953. Serinus icterus barbatus Heugl. Uganda Little Yellow Serin.

This is a small, highly coloured race, with wings from 60 to 65mm. The

female as a rule has a white chin, but in some this area is yellow as in the adult

males. Ranging through Uganda, it comes east to Elgon, where it meets with a

large bird nearest to the Camaroon species (punctigula), which I have named

below.

Masindi, Bugoma, Busiro, Entebbe, Sezibwa, Kampala, Jinja.

172 Novirates Zooroctoar XXIX, 1929.

954, Serinus icterus madaraszi Rchw. Coast Grey-naped Yellow Serin.

These birds are not S. icterus of Mozambique or South Africa, as they are

slightly smaller, and have the crown, nape, and cheeks decidedly grey, as in S.

harilaubi of Angola ; but they are rather darker grey, and darker greenish yellow

above on the mantle. It is possible that these East African birds are not true

madaraszi, though the description agrees.

Changamwe, Mombasa, Lamu, South Juba.

955. Serinus pseudobarbatus van Som. Kavirondo Yellow Serin.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 56, 1919.

This bird agrees best with punctigula of Camaroon, but the back is greyer

and the bill larger. Wings, 67, 70, 71, 72, 72, 72, 72, 74mm. Young birds are

duller above and below and young females have small spots on the side chest.

The range is from North Elgon to Kavirondo: Kisumu, Fort Ternan, Kibigori,

Kibingei.

956. Serinus flavivertex Blanf. Golden-crowned Serin.

It is remarkable that eight males collected in the Molo Forest, Mau, and the

Aberdare Mountains are not dark breasted, like those from Escarpment and Elgon,

which agree with the typical form of Abyssinia.

Nairobi, Naivasha, Aberdare Mountains, Molo, and Elgon.

957. Serinus ? capistratus subsp. Streaky Serin.

I am unable to place three birds which have the bills just like a Serinus,

but are coloured like a female Spinus c. frontalis or kikuyuensis. The male has

the lores and chin greyish. They are adult breeding birds.

Kisumu and South Ankole in Uganda.

958. Spinus citrinelloides frontalis Rchw. Uganda Black-faced Serin.

One male is an entirely yellow variety.

Kigezi in South Ankole ; Entebbe, Sezibwa, Mubango, Jinja.

959. Spinus citrinelloides kikuyuensis Neum. East Africa Black-faced Serin.

Neumann’s type is not a fresh-plumaged bird, but rather worn and different-

looking to clean moulted specimens. From the material available it would appear

that the young male moults three times before assuming the full adult plumage ! ?

Nairobi, Fort Hall, Kenia, Kikuyu, Nakuru. 8 3, 39, 1 juv., 20.ix.1915.

960. Spinus citrinelloides hypostictus? Streaky Green Serin.

These birds are very like the female of Sp. c. kikuyuensis, but paler and

brighter above, and have the lores and chin greyish black without a definite black

face, the underside more streaked. I have no material for comparison, so cannot

place these birds with certainty. The type of hypostictus came from Kilimanjaro.

The bills are shorter and bigger at the base than in S, c. kikuyuensis.

Kisumu and South Elgon.

NoviraTes ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922. 173

961. Emberiza tahapisi Sm. Brown Rock Bunting.

The coloration on the inner web varies much, some being very dark and

reaching the shaft as in septemstriata, while others have scarcely any rufous-

cinnamon wash.

Younger birds have the colour more extensive than older ones.

Simba, N’ziu, Nairobi, Nakuru, Kisumu, Jinja, and Kigezi in South Ankole.

962. Emberiza saturatior Sharpe.

Has been recorded from Lake Stephanie and may extend into the south Lake

Rudolf country.

963. Emberiza affinis ? forbesi Salvad. Lesser Yellow-breasted Bunting.

I am uncertain whether forbesi of Salvadori can stand, but as I have no

typical birds I cannot make certain. I have compared the types of forbesi and

omoensis and find a bird from Nimule just as dark as Neumann’s omoensis, but

my specimens are not so dark. The localities from which I have taken this bird

are of interest and should be compared with those of /. flaviventris and poliopleura.

Singo in West Uganda ; North Kerio River and Simu River, Elgon.

964, Emberiza flaviventris Steph. Yellow-breasted Bunting.

I do not consider that affinis and polioplewra should be iooked upon as races

of this bird: first, because this is a very widespread species ; secondly, because

all three forms occur together in part of their distribution within East Africa and

Uganda. Cf. Journ. f. Orn. 1905, p. 359. I have obtained all three in the Suk

country.

Kigezi in South Ankole in Uganda; Kibengei, Marich, Kacheliba, Nairobi,

Simba.

965. Emberiza poliopleura Salvad. Moittled-back Yellow-breasted Bunting.

This species is specially common in the Taru country and ranges through

South and North Ukambani to North Kenia and Baringo and thence to Lake

Rudolf.

Taveta, Maktau, Campi-ya-bibi, M’buyuni, Simba, Magadi, Loita, Baringo,

Kerio.

966. Emberiza cabanisi orientalis Shell. Large Grey and Yellow Bunting.

Has been recorded from 'Tingasi and is said to oceur west of Victoria Nyanza,

967. Emberiza cabanisi ? subsp. nov. Black-headed Yellow Bunting.

On two occasions when my collectors went to South Masindi district they

obtained a male of this bird. When compared with typical cabanisi they are

evidently much darker, purer grey on the mantle, and have the head black,

contrasting with the grey back, and with only a very minute indication of a central

line on the crown in one specimen. I am certain that this will prove to be a dis-

tinct race.

Masindi and Budongo.

174 Novitates ZooLtocicas XXIX. 1922

968. Eremopteryx signata Oust. Cinnamon-headed Finch Lark.

4 319 collected by A. B, Percival are paler more greyish on the mantle than

typical birds, but they are fresh-moulted specimens. The localities are of

interest.

Kobua River, Lake Rudolf (1,500 feet), and Lorian Swamp.

969. Eremopteryx frontalis melanauchen Cab. Black-bellied Grey Finch Lark.

The capture of this bird so far south as the Lower Juba River is of great

interest. ‘Two specimens shot by A. B. Percival are paler on the back than others

in Tring, but I have insufficient material to decide if this is constant.

Lower Juba River.

970. Eremopteryx leucotis madaraszi Rchw. Black-bellied Brown Finch Lark.

East African and Gallaland specimens are certainly different from Z, l.

leucotis by their heavier bills, which are nearly as powerful as in Z. J. smithi, which

has a lighter chestnut upperside.

Mt. Kamalinga, Moroto, in Uganda ; Magadi and Loita in East Africa.

971. Eremopteryx leucopareia Fisch. Red-capped Finch Lark.

18 3, 8 9, 2 juv., and 10 birds from type locality collected by Loveridge.

The latter are larger and paler than the series from Kisumu and North Elgon

district, and more rufous on the crown and neck, and the females have a distinct

rusty stripe over the eye, also a rusty collar which is wanting in the dark northern

birds. Birds from Magadi are more typical.

Mt. Moroto and Kobua River in Uganda; Kacheliba, Kibengei, Kisumu,

Kendu Bay, Kibos, Nairobi, Simba, Tsavo, in Kenya Colony ; Tabora and Dodoma

in Tanganyika Territory.

972. Mirafra poecilosterna poecilosterna Rchw. Pink-breasted Singing Lark.

3 d collected by A. B. Percival are typical ; and while two are very pale on the

back and breast, the other is rather browner but it is a bit soiled.

Lorian Swamp and Juba River.

973. Mirafra poecilosterna massaica Rchw. ‘Taru Pink-breasted Singing Lark.

M. jacksoni Og.-Grant.

I do not consider that this bird should be kept in the genus Mirafra! Besides

the slender shape of its bill, the formation of its feet, the colour-scheme generally

and especially of its wings, also its habits, are rather different. It is a great tree-

percher, quite apart from perching when disturbed, and its song is of a different

character. Grant must have overlooked the name massaica given to a bird from

the Kilimanjaro district (which is undoubtedly the same as the Kikuyu bird),

when he named the latter jacksoni. This race is darker above and below than

the typical one from the Lower Tana River.

Lake Jipe, Taveta, Maktau, Campi-ya-bibi, Maungu, Tsavo, Simba, Nairobi

River. 234109.

Novitates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 175

974, Mirafra hypermetra hypermetra Rchw. Great Black-breasted Lark.

This bird is rather uncommon. Its great size and the black breast-patches

distinguish it at once from the “‘ africana ” group of Larks.

Campi-ya-bibi and Northern Gausso N’yiro,

975. Mirafra africana tropicalis Hart. Uganda Rufous-crowned Red-winged

Lark.

Nine specimens from Uganda and Kisuma are typical tropicalis; but in the

Loita Plains, especially in the plains towards the east of Sotik, we find birds

which are intermediate between tropicalis and dohertyi, having the rufous crown

of the former and the body plumage of the latter, but more rufous on the mantle

and underside. A series from the South Kavirondo and Loita may show this to

be constant, in which case the form should be recognised ; I have so far only four.

Semliki, Masindi, Bugoma, Mubendi, Entebbe, Jinja, in Uganda; South

Elgon and Kisumu in East Africa ; also Loita and South Sotik.

976. Mirafra africana dohertyi Hart. Kikuyu Red-winged Lark.

With twenty skins of my own and twenty others collected by A. B. Percival

and J. P. Cook, I find that this is a fairly good race which can be described as a

darker form of M. a. athi; but on the high ground of the Athi plains, just outside

Nairobi, we get intermediate birds, and others, which are true to the types of the

two races which meet in this district. Extremes are, however, very distinct. In

my series of over forty skins, and with the birds in Tring, the gradual graduation

from one form to the other is beautifully shown, and with the Loita birds we get

the connecting link between dohertyi and tropicalis. I wish to emphasise this,

because in my field work and in the large series examined, I have been unable to

find links between M. a. athi and M. a. harterti. The latter was described as a

race of africana and as such has been united by Hartert (Nov. Zoou. May 1919)

with tropicalis ; but how does one overcome the fact that in between harterti and

tropicalis there are two pale forms—athi and dohertyi ?

Kikuyu, Naivasha, Nakuru, Lumbwa, Maraquet, and Eldoret.

977. Nirafra africana athi Hart. Athi Pale-backed Lark.

For remarks on this race, see under previous form. This is the palest of the

“ africana ” larks in East Africa. This should be noted, in view of the coloration

of the next form.

Athi Plains, Kapiti Plains, Magadi, N’gong, Nairobi, Kyambu, Kenia, Fort

Hall.

978. Mirafra “‘ africana” harterti Neum. Large Rufous Lark.

I have examined over a dozen skins besides my own nine specimens, and am

satisfied that Neumann was right to describe it, although he had a poor material.

Since seeing my birds, Dr. Hartert has altered his views regarding this very rufous

Lark (Nov. Zoot, May 1919).

If harterti is a form of africana, which I very much doubt, how is it that we

get the very palest race next to the most rufous? It may be suggested that the

176 Novirates Zoonocican XXIX. ~ 1922

character of the soil, etc., is the determining factor; but this rufous bird is not

found only on red soil, nor yet the pale athi on “‘ black cotton” soil. So far I

have no proof of the presence of the two forms in the same locality, except in

South-west Ukamba.

Simba, Kiboko River (type locality), Tsavo, Serengeti Plains.

979. Mirafra fischeri fischeri Rchw. Fischer's Coastal Flappet Lark.

T collected seven birds at the type locality and neighbouring districts. These

are characterised by being small (compared with other races), fairly dark above,

and pale below, with small spots on the chest, which is washed with brownish.

I find in these two types of plumage a blackish or dark and a slightly rufous one.

These plumages are not due to sex or season, as such are found in breeding

and non-breeding birds. Wings: ¢, 75, 75, 76, 76, 76 mm. ; sex ? prob. 9,

70 mm.; 9, 70, 72, 72, 73 mm,

There is no distinct greyish ‘‘ bloom ” to either of the plumages. In the red

phase it has a more barred appearance. The outer tail-feathers are pale buff with

black along the edges to the inner webs. Such birds are met with at Mombasa,

Changamwe, Mazeras, Maji-ya-chumvi, and M’koi.

This species extends along the coast of the Tanganyika Territory, but in

North Mozambique and Nyassaland has developed into the following form,

980. Mirafra fischeri zombae Grant. Mozambique Flappet Lark.

Four blackish 3, two brownish 9, are very like fischeri, but larger, having

wings of ¢ 80, 79, 78, 78, 276, 77 mm. The whole upperside with a distinct

greyish bloom, in both the blackish and brownish phases. The brownish phase is

more pronounced in this form than in true fischeri. The spotting on the breast

is rather smaller. Birds of both sexes of the same coloration were collected in

the same month.

Lumbo, North Mozambique.

Further inland we get a rufous bird, possibly a form of fischeri, called :—

981. Mirafra “ fischeri’ torrida Shell. Rufous Flappet Lark.

2 M. rufocinnamomea,

Six specimens in dark red, seven in bright rufous plumage. The plumage is -

very rufous above and below with a “‘ brick-red ” chest-band, which is spotted in

the region of the lower throat. The barring on the back is present in both

varieties. These birds are somewhat like M. tigrina of Angola, but more

rufous, not greyish rufous. In comparison with fischeri and zombae they are

larger, and differ in colour. They have rufous buff outer tail-feathers. Wings:

3, 85, 83, $3, $2, 82; 9, 80, 80, 80, 78, 78 mm.

These birds do not resemble the few really typical rufocinnamomea I have

had for comparison, nor do they agree with the plate of torrida in Shelley’s Birds of

Africa, vol. iii, but the locality is the same. We do not get a blackish bird in the

district where this-red bird occurs. Both varieties were collected of both sexes

and at the same months.

Simba, Teita, Kitui, Thika, Fort Hall.

In Western Uganda is found a bird very like the above, but much paler

Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 177

below and paler and brighter on the upperside. Of this I possess only 2 g and 1 9.

They have wings of ¢ 78, 78, 977 mm., and come from Ankole,

In Usambiro Emin collected much darker greyish rufous birds, which agree

with none of mine, though Shelley referred them to M., fischeri.

Now, alongside the Uganda reddish birds and between them and the East

African reddish ones we get a very dark blackish bird, much like fischeri but

blacker above when in the black phase, and darker when in the brown phase, also

larger. They are also much darker than M., f. zombae, and the spotting on the

breast is large. Similar birds to these, collected by the Ruwenzori Expedition,

were referred by Og.-Grant to M. zombae and by Reichenow to M. fischeri. Asa

matter of fact they belong to neither, and I have named them :—

982. Mirafra fischeri kawirondensis van Som. Nyanza Black Flappet Lark.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 125, 1921.

11 ¢ Qin blackish, 5 in brownish plumage. ‘These birds are also exhibiting

the two phases, black and brownish, but it must be understood that the several

forms I have enumerated, although alike in exhibiting this peculiarity, are per-

fectly distinct from one another. In my series I have breeding birds of both

sexes, some black, some brownish, and of various seasons. Blackish birds show

no bars, brown ones do.

Wings: 3, 81, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 78, 78; 9, 80, 78, 78, 76, 76, 76, 75, 75, 75,

74, 74 mm.

These birds lack absolutely the greyish bloom found in M. f. zombae. The

outer tail-feathers are dark buff. A male bird from Soroti Uganda, with wings

of 78 mm., has a very much more slender bill than the others and may be a

different East Uganda form or an aberration. More material from there is

required.

Kisumu, Karungu, Kendu Bay, Kibigori, in East Africa; and Soroti and

Entebbe in Uganda.

983. Mirafra alopex Sharpe. Rufous Scrub Lark.

This is a very deep rufous-backed bird with dark stripes, found in the East

Kilimanjaro plains to South Ukamba, and it must extend north to the Northern

Uasso N’yiro, skirting the higher levels and not rising to more than 3,000 feet.

Higher than this and up to 5,000 feet we get a paler, less rufous bird, called

intercedens.

Makindu, Tsavo, Maktau, Bura, Campi-ya-bibi, Taveta.

984. Mirafra intercedens Rchw. Paler Scrub Lark.

My specimens in good plumage agree well with the fresh birds collected by

Ansorge in the same locality (and identified by Reichenow as his intercedens) from

which I obtained my specimens. These birds are very like alopex, but paler, less

dark rufous, also narrower, but more thickly spotted on the chest. Shelley’s

figure in Birds of Africa, vol. iii, is incorrect, and therefore misleading. The type

of plumage of this bird is not the same as alopex.

range is definitely known.

Simba, Kiboko River, Magadi,

I keep it as a species until its

178 Novirates ZoonocicaE XXIX, 1922,

985. Mirafra longonotensis van Som. Naivasha Grey-necked Lark.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 57, December 1919.

9 $2 and 7 collected by Doherty appear to be a very dark form nearest to

intercedens, but differ from that bird in lacking the sandy tinge to the feathers of

the mantle, also possessing, in fresh adult stage, a distinct greyish colour. When

this plumage gets worn, the general tone of the mantle becomes much darker,

almost blackish.

Loita Plains, South Naivasha, and Nakuru.

986. Mirafra sp. near intercedens.

3 g shot in May 1917 cannot be matched with any of the specimens in

Tring, though they are nearest to my M. intercedens, but between these pale birds

and intercedens we get the blackish form described above. More material

may prove them to be a distinct race. They are much like intercedens, but very

much paler—more sandy rufous above and much paler below, the breast-spots

very faint. They probably represent a desert form of intercedens.

Kerio River, South Lake Rudolf, and Marich, Suk Hills,

987. Mirafra albicauda Rchw.

Lake Magadi, Karungu Bay, Olgerei.

988. Mirafra schillingsi meruensis P

Lake Nakuru, Escarpment,

(Single males each from Taveta, Mt. Moroto in Uganda, and Lake Nakuru

remain doubtful for the present.)

989. Mirafra cantilans marginata Hawker. Pale White-tailed Lark.

1 3, shot on Mt. N’yiro, Northern Guasso N’yiro, agrees perfectly with

specimens of marginata in Tring ; as does also a specimen collected by Butler in

the Sudan, which has been called chadensis. I wonder if the latter differs from

marginata | %

990. Mirafra cantillans ? subsp. nov. Magadi White-tailed Lark.

3 $29 from Lake Magadi differ from marginata in being generally darker

especially on the crown, and having the markings on the back not so streaky.

991. Pseudalaemon delamerei Sharpe. Athi Long-billed Lark.

These extraordinary long-billed little larks are not common, Two specimens

colleeted in July by A. B. Percival are not so dark as the two in Tring, but they

are in fresh unabraded plumage.

Kapiti Plains.

992. Calandrella cinerea saturatior Rchw. East African Red-capped Lark.

I think this race should be recognised ; it is generally darker than typical

cinerea, the rufous patches on the side of the chest and the crown darker.

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922, 179

In Uganda is found an even darker bird, which cannot be placed under any

named race.

Nairobi, Naivasha, Nakuru, in East Africa (ten specimens); Entebbe and

Buzileranjuvo in Uganda (2 3).

993. Galerida cristata somaliensis Bianchi.

These birds have wings of 102-105 mm. and the thick bills characteristic

of somaliensis.

Kobua River, West Lake Rudolf. 5 g 29. Also collected by J. Allen

Turner for Meinertzhagen.

994, Macronyx sharpei Jackson. Sharpe’s Pale-breasted Long-clawed Pipit.

A high country species. The young in first plumage is very like a female

but paler above, and almost uniform sandy buff below, with just a tinge of

yellowish on the abdomen. The breast has a few black spots.

Kenia, Uasingishu, Lake Narasha, Aberdare Mountains.

995. Macronyx croceus Vieill. Yellow-throated Long-clawed Pipit.

Eastern birds are larger than typical ones which I have examined. More

material required !

Budu, South Ankole, Entebbe, Kibingei, Kimiriri, Kisumu, Kibigori, Nakuru,

Naivasha, Burnt Forest, Fort Hall. Twenty-three specimens.

996. Macronyx aurantiigula Rchw. Orange Long-clawed Pipit.

The young bird is buffy below with a faint wash of yellow on the breast.

It is an inhabitant of the scrub and thorn-bush country.

Taru, Samburu, Maji-ya-chumvi, Taveta, Maktau, M’buyuni, Sagala.

997. Macronyx ameliae wintoni Sharpe. Red-throated Long-clawed Pipit.

Birds from the type locality, Kavirondo, differ somewhat from those obtained

in higher altitudes. It remains to be seen whether the differences are constant.

The young in first plumage is paler above, more sandy; it lacks all pink on the

throat, and has just a pink tinge on the middle of the abdomen. Rather partial

to swampy ground and high grass country.

Kisumu, Kibigori, Elgeyu, Nakuru, Kenia.

998. Anthus melindae Shell. Malindi Pale Striped-flank Pipit.

Apparently a rare species. Two birds agree well with the description. It

is quite a distinct species and should not be confused with any other.

M’koi and Samburu.

999. Anthus nivescens Rchw. Grey Desert Pipit.

This bird is nearest to sokotrae Hart. (Nov. Zoou. 1917), but differs in the

breast-markings and in being larger. Wings, 103 mm. It agrees well with

specimens collected by Archer in North Somaliland,

Lower Juba River. dg obtained by A. Blayney Percival.

180 NoviratEs Zoonocicak XXIX. 1922,

1000. Anthus campestris Viecill. European Tawny Pipit.

Two g, 26.iii.1918, undoubtedly belong to this form, They differ slightly

from the typical birds by being more sandy above and below, but can be matched

by a specimen from Algeria and by skins collected by Archer in Somaliland in

June.

Tsavo.

1001. Anthus richardi Vieill. Richard’s Pipit.

The capture of these birds in East Africa is of the greatest interest because

it extends the winter range considerably. One specimen has the hind claws 20,

the other 18 mm. long. The latter specimen is rather rufous underneath and

rather resembles the Indian species.

Kisumu, and Lake Rudolf, Kobua River, Kyambu near Nairobi.

1002. Anthus blayneyi van Som. East African Pigmy Pipit.

Bull. B.O. Club, December 1919.

This remarkable Pipit is nearest to the brown form of brachyurus called

calthropae by Shelley, but differs from that bird by being paler and considerably

smaller, besides having the inner secondaries as long as or almost as long as the

primaries, and having the chest-streaks finer. Wings: 4, 68-70; 9, 65-67 mm.

The wing-measurements of the South African bird are 74-76 mm.

Simba, Loita, Kapiti, Olgerei.

1003. Anthus rufulus cinnamomeus Riipp. Cinnamon Pipit.

A very common species, richer coloured in Uganda than in East Africa ; but

as the coloration is not constant in either country, they must be united, for

the time being.

Entebbe, Jinja, Bukedi, in Uganda; Kisumu, Kibingei, Kendu Bay, Kibos,

Nakuru, Kenia, and Nairobi.

1004. Anthus rufulus ? subsp.

Four adult and three young birds from South Ankole are very much darker

on the mantle and richer below than northern specimens of rufulus. The bills

are heavier and stronger.

South Ankole and Kivu district.

1005. Anthus nicholsoni longirostris Neum. Long-billed Mottled Pipit.

Neumann described this East African race as a form of nicholsoni, and I

consider he was right. Dr. Hartert, on the other hand, states that this bird

should be made a form of sordidus, because the type or sordidus must have been

a bird with mottled back. Thus, as sordidus has priority over nicholsoni, the former

name must be used for the group. I have spent much time over these birds,

examining the material in Tring and paying attention to the feature which,

according to Dr. Hartert, is characteristic of this group, 7.e. the slender, straight

bill, but I have failed to become reconciled to his views and would support Prof.

Neumann. My reasons for this opinion are: (1) That freshly moulted birds of

NovitatEes ZootoaicaE XXIX, 1922. 18]

the old ‘‘ sordidus”’ group sometimes show a slight mottling to the mantle, caused

by the edges of the feathers being a shade paler than the centres, but this is soon

lost and the birds become uniform as the type of sordidus is, and as are Neumann’s

topo-types, except the one fresh bird. (2) Birds of the old nicholsoni group never

lose the mottled appearance, no matter how worn they become, because the

pale edges to the feathers extend almost to the base and are not limited to the

tips. (3) The measurements of the types are small, such as are met with in

the sordidus group. (4) I find the shape of the bill is not a constant feature.

Nakuru, Naivasha, Sagala, Kisumu.

1006. Anthus leucophrys turneri Meinertzh. White-throated Black-backed Pipit.

Anthus gouldi turneri Meinertzh., Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 24, 1920.

These birds are uniform dark blackish brown on the back like omoensis of

Neumann, but paler brownish buff below, with the throat white, contrasting

with the rest of the underside. The breast is spotted with large distinct arrow

marks,

Wings: 3, 91, 91, 92, 95, 95, 95, 97, 98; Q, 87, 87, 88, 89, 90, 90 mm.

Bukoba, Lugalambo, Mubendi, Entebbe, Kyetume, in Uganda; Elgon

Kibingei, Kituni, Kisumu, Nakuru.

1007. Anthus leucophrys goodsoni Meinertzhagen. Goodson’s Pipit.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 24, 1920.

These birds represent a race of the large pale brownish Pipit of Transvaal.

A similar bird occurs in Angola, which must be called newmanni Meinertzh., as

Neumann’s name angolensis is preoccupied. Upperside pale greyish drab-brown,

paler brown on the rump. A pale eye-stripe. Underside pale buffy, the throat

being of the same colour as the belly. The breast with large indistinct diffuse

brownish black markings.

Wings: 3, 99, 100, 100, 100, 101, 102; 9, 97, 97 mm.

East African highlands: Nairobi, Nakuru, Naivasha, Kenia.

1008, Anthus trivialis Linn. Tree Pipit.

Fairly common in winter. Apparently adult birds have not completed

their moult until October or later; others leave their winter quarters before

assuming full summer dress—these are probably young birds. An albino, shot

17.x.1913, is pale buffy grey, but has all the normal markings in a subdued form.

Maraquet, Eldoret, Elgeyu, Elgon, Nairobi, in East Africa; Masindi and

Lugalambo in Uganda.

1009. Anthus cervinus Pall. Red-throated Pipit.

Three spring females are like adult males, but others have the pink limited

to the throat only. One apparently adult spring male has no red on the throat.

Many late March birds have not completed their moult and leave East Africa

before doing so.

Nairobi, Naivasha, Nakuru, Kisumu. Numerous; over fifty collected.

182 Novirates Zootocicar XXTX, 1922.

1010. Tmetothylacus tenellus Cab. Golden-yellow Pipit.

Much variation exists in the males. The young male in first plumage is

like the adult female, but has practically no yellow on the abdomen, and the

breast has a few brown spots; the general colour is duller. The first moult

produces a marked change on the underside which becomes yellow, the black

gorget is moulted, but the throat remains buffy with just a slight tinge of yellow,

the crown and upperside are more greyish green than yellow-green. The following

moult produces a yellow throat, a complete black gorget, and the upperside

becomes yellowish green, though, until the feather-tips get worn off, it still retains

a greyish appearance.—This species appears to range throughout the dry thorn-

bush country from Mombasa and East Kilimanjaro north to East Kenia and

Somaliland. I found it nesting in May and July.

1011. Motacilla aguimp Dumont. African Pied Wagtail.

M. vidua Sund.

Masindi, Bira, Budongo; Molo, Fort Ternan, and Nairobi.

1012. Motacilla capensis wellsi Og.-Grant. Uganda Olive-backed Wagtail.

Specimens from Nairobi and Molo agree with typical wellsi in colour.

1013. Motacilla alba alba Linn. European White Wagtail.

V regular migrant in small numbers.

Mporogoma, West Elgon; Kisumu and Nairobi.

1014. Motacilla clara Sharpe. Long-tailed Wagtail.

This bird has the same habits and build as the European Grey Wagtail.

West Elgon, Kyambu, and Nairobi.

1015. Motacilla cinerea cinerea Tunst. European Grey Wagtail.

Elgon, Maraquet, Kibras, Yala, Londiani.

1016. Motacilla flava feldegg Michah. Black-headed Wagtail.

Very few Black-headed Wagtails migrate south of Lake Victoria. During

the winter they are fairly plentiful in the Kisumu district.

Jinja in Uganda; Kisumu and Nairobi.

1017. Motacilla flava thunbergi Billberg. Grey-headed Wagtail.

Two birds have white throats and thus resemble very closely M. f. cinereo-

capilla, and two have distinct superciliaries and blackish ear-coverts like dom-

browskit.

Entebbe, Elgon, Kobua River, Lake Rudolf, Kisumu, and Nairobi in British

East Africa,

1018. Motacilla flava flava Linn. Blue-headed Wagtail.

Fairly common, often associating with M. f. rayi and campestris.

Bumasifa, Mt. Elgon, Kobua River, Lake Rudolf, Kisumu, Nairobi.

‘Noviratrs Zootocicar XXIX, 1922. 183

1019. Motacilla flava beema Sykes. Pale-headed Wagtail.

Not very common, and recognisable in the field only when in full plumage.

Kobua, Lake Rudolf, Kisumu, Nairobi.

1020. Motacilla flava subsp. ?

Two specimens with almost white heads were shot in November 1917 and

April 1918. A totally white-headed bird was also procured. Are these albinistic

birds or M, f. leucocephala *

Nairobi, Soroto.

1021. Motacilla flava rayi Bp. British Yellow Wagtail.

Fourteen males are undoubted specimens of the British Wagtail, having

dark green heads and distinct yellow eye-stripe. The presence of this bird in

East Africa is remarkable.

Entebbe, Nairobi, and Kyambu.

1022. Motacilla flava campestris Pallas. Yellow-headed Wagtail.

Two specimens have greyish backs and one has a very pale head, almost

cream-yellow. The April birds have bright canary-yellow heads. A very

common migrant, by far the most numerous in Nairobi district.

Victoria Nyanza, Lauru, Nairobi, Naivasha, Nakuru, Kisumu, Kobua ;

Bira and Entebbe. ,

1023. Trichophorus calurus ndussumensis Rchw. White-throated Green Bulbul.

This is a fairly common bird in Uganda and ranges from the Lake Albert

and Toro districts to Elgon, but does not appear to extend to the Nandi Range.

Young birds in first plumage are like females, but generally duller and have a

brownish tinge to the wings, rump, and tail.

Budongo, Bugoma, Entebbe, Mubango, Masaba, Mabira, Lugalambo, Elgon.

1024. Bleda eximia ugandae van Som. Large Green-tailed Olive Bulbul.

Fifteen additional specimens show that the characters claimed for this race

hold good. It is not so common as the next species, but covers the same

distribution.

Lugalambo, Sezibwa, Mubango, Bugoma.

1025. Bleda syndactyla woosnami Og.-Grant. Large Red-tailed Olive Bulbul.

With a series of twenty-one skins I find that the character of the small bill

mentioned by Grant in the original description does not hold good, several of

my male birds having larger bills than the typical West ‘African syndactyla, but

the generally brighter plumage is a constant feature.

Lugalambo, Budongo, Bugoma.

184 Novirates Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922.

1026. Atimastillas flavicollis flavigula Cab. Uganda Yellow-throated Bulbul.

2 A. pallidigula,

t A. shelleyi Neum,

Thirteen specimens have yellow throats and range from Semliki to Elgon

and south along the shore of Lake Victoria, where the type of shelleyi came from,

I fail to recognise this form from specimens from Karungu, but possibly

Neumann’s race does not range up so far.

Karaungu, Fort Ternan, Kimiriri, Nyarondo, in British East Africa ; Kyanja

Budu and Kagezi in Uganda.

Atimastillas sp.? White-throated Grey Bulbul ?

Nine specimens from North-west Uganda—Masindi and Budongo—all have

white throats, not yellowish. They are not pallidigula of Sharpe from Entebbe,

for Entebbe birds have yellow throats. A series may show this to be constant.

Masindi and Budongo.

1027. Prosphorocichla orientalis Hartl.

Has been recorded from Uganda.

1028. Ixonotus guttatus Verr. Speckled-wing Bulbul.

This bird has been obtained in the Ruwenzori Range and Budongo Forest.

There is a specimen in Tring taken by Seth-Smith in the latter place.

1029. Phyllastrephus terrestris suahelicus Rchw. Olive Scrub Bulbul.

Described from the Pangani. This bird probably ranges into Vanga district.

1030. Phyllastrephus strepitans strepitans Rchw. Brown Scrub Bulbul.

2 P. s. fricki Mearns.

These birds were obtained in various localities, but I fail to recognise any

characters warranting separation. The wings vary from 65 to 82 mm.

Juba, Lamu, Sekoke, Changamwe, Samburu, Masongoleni, Sagala, Lake

Jipe, and Simba,

(Phyllastrephus strepitans sharpei Shell.

I doubt if this race—if recognisable—extends into East Africa.)

1031. Phyllastrephus strepitans pauper Sharpe. Somali Brown Scrub Bulbul.

I very much doubt whether this race can stand close investigation. These

birds are, on the whole, larger than typical specimens of Strepitans.

Kobua, Lake Rudolf, Mt. Moroto, in Uganda.

1032. Phyllastrephus cerviniventris Shell. Yellow-legged Olive Scrub Bulbul.

This is not a common species. East African birds may be found to differ

from typical Nyassaland specimens, but I have no material for comparison.

Bura, Taveta, Lake Jipe.

Novrrates Zootoaicar XXIX. 1922 185

1033. Phyllastrephus cerviniventris lonbergi Mearns. Kenia Yellow-legged

Olive Bulbul.

I have not examined a specimen of this race, but from the locality it must

certainly be different from the typical bird. The type came from Meru, Kenia.

1034, Phyllastrephus placidus placidus Shell. Kikuyu White-throated Forest

Bulbul.

Wings of my seven birds and others in Tring measure : ¢ 85-90, 9 75-80 mm.

Common in the Karura and Rueraka Forests.

Kikuyu and Kyambu Forests.

1035. Phyllastrephus placidus keniensis Mearns. Kenia White-throated Forest Bulbul.

With only one g, shot on Mt. Kenia, April 1919, I am unable to form an

opinion on this race, so have to admit it without criticism.

1036, Phyllastrephus flavostriatus Sharpe. Yellow-streaked Forest Bulbul.

According to Oberholser, this species ranges into British East Africa.

1037. Phyllastrephus fischeri Rchw.

This species from the Pangani probably reaches into the Vanga district.

1038. Phyllastrephus olivaceogriseus Rchw. Ankole Grey-backed Bulbul.

This is a very distinct species which inhabits the central lake regions. My

specimens are particularly grey on the head and mantle.

Kigezi, South Ankole. 2 3 1 9, September 1919.

1039. Phyllastrephus cabanisi hypochlorus Jackson. Uganda Olive Forest Bulbul.

I have no doubt that this is a race of cabanisi, as the other races do not

overlap. Wings, 65-87 mm.

Mubango, Lugalambo, Entebbe, Mabira, Kyetume.

1040, Phyllastrephus cabanisi succosus Rchw. Uganda Yellowish Olive Forest Bulbul.

Although described from Bukoba, on the west of Lake Victoria, this race

does not occur in Uganda Proper. It, however, crops up again on Elgon and

extends south along the Nandi Escarpment to Ravine and Molo. I find no

difference between Elgon and Kivu birds, except that the latter are a shade

darker, but this is not sufficiently definite to warrant separation.

Elgon, Kimiriri River, Kibingei River, Kakamegoes, Nyarondo, Kibigori,

Elgeyu, Maraquet, Molo.

1041, Phyllastrephus icterinus seth-smithi Hart. and Neum. Budongo Yellow

Forest Bulbul.

This is an excellent race, being much bigger than the typical western birds,

but some of the small females are absolutely indistinguishable from males of

186 Novirates Zootocicam XXIX.. 1922.

P. i. icterinus. Wings: 9, 63-75; 3, 85-93 mm. The difference in size between

the sexes is remarkable. ;

Budongo, Bugoma, Masindi.

1042. Phyllastrephus albigularis leucolaima Sharpe. Uganda Pale-throated

Forest Bulbul.

P. ugandae Rehw.

P. grauert Neum.

P. a. albigularis van Som. (nec Sharpe !), Zbis, 1916.

Although I kept large and small birds separate in my paper in the Ibis,

1916, I am now compelled to unite all these pale-throated Bulbuls under the

name leucolaima. I find that the females have wings of 64-75, the males 75-90

mm. It is most amazing that some females should be almost half the size of the

males.

Bugoma, Budongo, Mubendi, Mubango, Lugalambo, Sezibwa, Elgon.

1043. Baeopogon indicator chlorosaturata van Som. White-tailed Green

Bulbul.

My series shows these birds to be constantly darker and more greenish below

than the typical race. The young is greyish below, dull olive-green above, and

the outer tail-feathers are pure white.

Budongo, Bugoma, Sezibwa, Yala, Elgon.

1044. Chlorocichla flaviventris mombasae Shell. Coastal Large Yellow Bulbul.

Ten typical specimens with the wings measuring: 4 103-110 (average 107),

2 97-102 (average 98) mm. The largest bird of this series is from Taveta.

Mombasa, Manda, Kitui, and Taveta.

1045. Chlorocichla flaviventris ? meruensis Mearns. Kikuyu Large Yellow Bulbul.

The only difference I can find between these up-country birds and the coastal

form is the slightly larger size. The males have wings of 108-114, females

102-108 mm., and perhaps the coloration is brighter. As I have no birds from

Meru or Kenia, I am unable to state definitely whether these birds are really

the same as the race described by Mearns. The nestling is somewhat like the

female, but duller, and the underside buffy with only a slight yellow tinge, the

wing-coverts tinged rufous.

Kyambu and Nairobi Forests.

1046. Chlorocichla laetissima Sharpe. Elgon Large Yellow Bulbul.

C., hypoxantha Hart. (not Sharpe), Nov. Zool. 1900.

Eight typical specimens cannot be distinguished from others from the

Kivu and Semliki district, except that there is a slight difference in size, but not

sufficient to warrant separation.

Elgon, Nandi, Nyarondo, Yala.

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 187

1047. Andropadus insularis subalaris Rchw. Mombasa Little Yellow Bulbul.

The character given for this race, namely, the buffy yellow, not bright

yellow under wing-coverts, and inner edges to the wing-feathers, holds good ;

but Reichenow is wrong in stating that the Manda and Lamu birds are typical

insularis, which is apparently limited to the Island of Zanzibar and the adjacent

coast, north to the Pangani.

Lamu, Manda, Malindi, Changamwe, Mombasa, Samburu, Voi, M’buyuni,

Sagala, Taveta, Tsavo, Kitui.

1048. Andropadus insularis somaliensis Rchw. Somali Yellow Bulbul.

I am unable to form an opinion on this race for want of material, but a

single Juba River specimen, collected by A. B. Percival, is similar to the Lamu

birds. The type is also from the Juba.

1049. Andropadus fricki Mearns. White-eyed Yellow Bulbul.

From the description this appears to be a good species, but whether A. f.

kitungensis is separable remains to be proved.

1050. Andropadus kagerensis Rchw. (From Budden, Victoria Nyanza.)

Requires confirmation. Is probably the same as Phyll. cabanist hypochloris

Jackson.

1051. Andropadus curvirostris 2 alexanderi Oust. Large Green Forest Bulbul.

Andropadus curvirostris curvirostris van Someren, Ibis, 1916.

In the original description it is stated that the under wing-coverts are of

the same colour as the breast, but I find that in my large series only twenty

specimens have the under wing-coverts olive-green, all the others yellowish. In

size these birds agree, as they also do with the rest of the general description.

The type of A. c. alexanderi should be examined before one could form a

definite opinion as to whether these birds are separable. The wings vary from

75 to 90 mm. Although I kept two birds separate in the Ibis, 1916, I am now

compelled to unite them ; but it is possible that these Uganda birds will have

to be recognised as a distinct race of curvirostris.

Bugoma, Budongo, Mubango, Sezibwa, Elgon.

1052. Arizelocichla nigriceps Shell. Black-headed Green Bulbul.

Is apparently limited to the Kilimanjaro district.

1053. Arizelocichla striifacies Rchw.

Appears also to be limited to the Kilimanjaro district.

1054, Arizelocichla kakamegae Sharpe. Little Grey-headed Green Bulbul.

It is extraordinary that this bird should occur in regions where A. kikuyuensis

exists, as it differs only slightly in coloration and size.

Kakamegoes, North Kavirondo, and Mt, Elgon.

188 Novrrates Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922.

1055. Arizelocichla tephrolaema kikuyuensis Sharpe. Kikuyu Grey-headed

Green Bulbul.

A common bird in the high forest country. Elgon specimens have wings

80-90 mm. and small bills; in fact, the females have bills equal in size to A.

kakamegae, while of typical birds the wings vary from 87 to98mm. Ankole

specimens have wings of 85-94 mm. Young birds are very like A. kakamegae

in coloration, but have the crown of the head greenish, not greyish.

Kikuyu, Molo, Maraquet, Elgeyu, Londiani, Burnt Forest, in East Africa ;

also Elgon, Bumasifa, and South Ankole.

1056. Stelgidillas gracilirostris chagwensis van Som. Uganda Grey-breasted

Bulbul.

In comparing my fine series with birds obtained from North Kavirondo,

Kakamegoes, I find that the latter agree well with the exception of two which

approach S. g. percivali. The rest are true to type. The two forms meet in

Nandi.

Budongo, Bugoma, Mubango, Masindi, Kyetume, Bumasifa, Elgon, and

Kakamegoes. Also Lerundo, Kibrass, Kaimosi, in Meinertzhagen’s Collection.

1057. Stelgidillas gracilirostris percivali Neum. East African Grey-headed

Bulbul.

The true home of this race is the forests of Kikuyu. The pale, creamy-grey

breast at once distinguishes this race. It ranges north to Nandi.

Kyambu, Kikuyu, and Molo.

1058. Charitillas gracilis ugandae van Som. Uganda Little Green Bulbul.

My series endorses the validity of this race. The grey throat and breast

are distinctive. Wings, 65-75 mm.

Bugoma, Budongo, Mubango, Lugalambo, in Uganda.

1059. Charitillas minor 2

Two specimens from Toro are very small-billed and have wings of 62,

64 mm.; they have the grey on the underside limited to the throat. More

material required !

1060. Charitillas kavirondensis van Som. Kavirondo Grey-bellied Green Bulbul.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 95, 1920.

This new species is nearest to C. ansorgei from Nigeria, but differs from

that species in being larger (wings 70-80, compared to 65-73 mm.), in being

darker olive above and darker on the crown, breast and belly paler greyish,

flanks not so olive-brownish. The throat is the same colour as the breast, i.e.

grey. Beside these birds there are others taken by Turner when collecting for

Meinertzhagen, and now in the Tring Museum.

North Kavirondo to Elgon: Kakamegoes and Nyarondo, Kimiriri River,

South Elgon.

Novitates Zootocicae XXIX. 1922, 189

1061. Stelgidocichla latirostris eugenia Rchw. Uganda Yellow-moustached

Bulbul.

The wings of thirteen adults are: ¢, 75-88; 9, 70-75 mm.

Budongo, Bugoma, Mubango, Bumasifa, Mt. Elgon.

1062. Stelgidocichla latirostris saturata Mearns. East African Yellow-

moustached Bulbul.

This race is recognisable, being greener above, with the crown like the

mantle, not darker, and it is slightly larger. Wings: dg, 85-94; 9, 80-88 mm.

The young are darker than young in corresponding age of the Uganda race.

Kyambu, Kikuyu, Kenia.

1063. Stelgidocichla latirostris pallida Mearns. Mt. Uaraguess Bulbul.

I have no specimen from this locality; but as the avifauna in this district

is peculiar, it is probably sound.

1064, Eurillas virens holochlorus subsp. nov. Uganda Green Forest Bulbul.

Larger than typical viens and the whole of the underside, with the exception

of the middle of the breast, uniform olive-green, the central streak yellow and

restricted. Wings: 2 70-78, J 80-85 mm., as compared to 55-65 in 9 virens and

$70-76mm,. The young is rusty-olive above, and has the breast and flanks tinged

with brownish. This is the darkest race of the virens group. In Angola is found

a form which is much like the above, but the throat is always paler than the

breast. It probably requires naming. Type: 3, Sezibwa River, Uganda,

November 1914, Tring Museum.

Budongo, Bugoma, Lugalambo, Sezibwa (type), Kyetume, Elgon. 13 4g,

14 9.

1065. Pycnonotus tricolor minor Heug]. Uganda Yellow-vented Bulbul.

P. t. phaeocephalus Mearns.

Typical P. tricolor tricolor does not occur in Uganda. I cannot understand

Sclater and Praed (Ibis, October 1918) stating that tricolor is the Uganda form.

I have had a series of over forty typical tricolor and laid them out with fifty-five

specimens of the Uganda race, including typical White Nile birds. The differences

were obvious. Uganda birds are darker on the head, throat, and breast than

tricolor. The wings measure: P. tricolor: 3, 101, 100, 100, 99, 98, 98, 97, 97, 96 ;

9, 98, 96, 96, 96, 95, 94, 95, 91, 90 mm. P. tricolor minor: 3, 99, 99, 97, 97, 97, 96,

96, 96, 95, 94, 93; 9, 94, 93, 92, 92, 92, 92, 91, 90, 90, 90, 90, 88 mm.

West Uganda to White Nile, east to Elgon and Kisumu districts:

Masindi, Nimule, Budongo, Bugoma, Sezibwa, Elgon, Kisumu, Kendu Bay.

1066. Pycnonotus tricolor fayi Mearns. East African Yellow-vented Bulbul.

Pycnonotus tricolor micrus (not Oberholser) van Someren in Jbis, 1916.

My series shows that the characters claimed for this race are good. Com-

pared with the Uganda P. tricolor minor these birds are larger and darker on the

190 ‘ Novirates ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922.

head and general plumage. Wing: d, 102, 102, 101, 100, 99, 98, 98, 98, 97,

95; 9, 92, 91, 90, 90, 90, 90, 85 mm. The call-note and song are also different.

Nairobi district to Kenia and north to Muhuroni, where it probably grades

into P. t. minor: Nairobi, Kyambu, Fort Hall, Naivasha, Nakuru, Molo, Burnt

Forest, Lumbwa.

1067. Pycnonotus tricolor micrus Oberh. Kilimanjaro Yellow-vented Bulbul.

This race, which is represented in my collection from Dar-es-Salaam, Tabora,

and Dodoma, and in Tring from Zanzibar and Kisaki, has nothing to do with the

yellow-vented Bulbul of the Teita Plains, nor with the birds inhabiting the coast

at Mombasa inland to Samburu, both of which are forms of dodsoni. Wings:

3, 96, 95; Q 90, 90, 92, 92, 93 mm.

1068. Pycnonotus tricolor pallidus Roberts.

This form from Portuguese East Africa is represented in my collection by six

specimens from Lumbo, North Mozambique. They are like layardi, but slightly

paler, and have the yellow of the crissum extending on to the abdomen. Wings :

3, 97, 97, 96, 95; Q, 87, 90 mm.

1069. Pycnonotus dodsoni dodsoni Sharpe. Little Somali Yellow-vented

Bulbul.

Small typical birds with wings from 80-84 mm. do not range to Kilimanjaro

as stated by Sclater and Praed in the Ibis, October 1918. In the Ukambani

and Teita district is found a larger race with heavier, longer bills and longer

wings.

North Marsabit and Juba River.

1070. Pycnonotus dodsoni teitensis subsp. nov. Desert Yellow-vented Bulbul.

This is a larger race of dodsoni, having a more robust appearance and having

wings of in g 88, 88, 87, 85, 85, 85, “9” 81, 91 mm.

These birds have been compared by Oberholser with peasei, and he reports

them distinct. This corroborates my views. I have therefore named the birds

as above. South Ukamba to Kilimanjaro.

Teita, Tsavo (type), M’buyuni, N’ziu River. 6 g 29. Type: 3g, Tsavo

26.iii.1918. Tring Museum.

1071. Pycnonotus dodsoni ? subsp. nov. Mombasa Yellow-vented Bulbul.

These birds are certainly also a form of “‘ dodsoni,”’ having the mottled breast,

white patch on the side of the neck, broad white tips to tail-feathers, and the same

note. The wing-measurements are as follows: g, 90, 90, 90, 89, 89; 9, 82, 82, 82,

79mm. They are thus even larger than teitensis and probably another distinct

subspecies.

Mombasa along the coast to Malindi and inland to the South Taru country :

Mombasa, Changamwe, Mazeras. 5 ¢ 3 2 only examined.

I have gone over the African groups of Brown Bulbuls, and I think the follow-

ing division into four groups the best: (1) The white-vented group: P. barbatus

Novitates Zoonocicam XXIX. 1922. 191

with its subspecies. (2) The yellow-vented group: P. tricolor with its races.

(3) The wattle-eyed yellow-vented: P. capensis and its races; and (4) the

mottle-breasted yellow-vented : P. dodsoni with its races.

1072. Zosterops kikuyuensis Sharpe. Yellow-fronted Kikuyu Zosterops.

This is the most beautiful of the East African Zosterops, being more intensely

coloured and having a wide, deep yellow band on the forehead, and a very big

eye-ring. Kenia birds differ slightly and when sufficient material is examined

will probably be found distinct. The range of this species is the high forests

south-east of the Rift Valley, including the Aberdare Range south to Kikuyu

and Nairobi, and possibly Kenia. Wings of twenty skins: 55-63 mm. A forest

species.

Kyambu, Kikuyu, Aberdare Mountains, Nairobi.

1073. Zosterops jacksoni Neum. Jackson’s White Eye.

Z. bayert Lonnberg.

There is no doubt that Lonnberg has re-described typical Z. jacksoni under

the name bayeri, His specimen came from Londiani, practically the type locality

of gacksoni. He compared it with Elgon birds, but Elgon birds are not true

jacksont but a distinct race, which is named afterwards.

Neumann included Elgon in the distribution of jacksoni, but the type locality

was fixed as Mau. Zosterops jacksoni is very much like kikuyuensis, but not so

intensely coloured, and has a paler and narrower frontal band, besides being larger.

Eighteen typical specimens have wings of 62-65 mm., mostly males 65 mm. The

range of this species is the high forest north-west of the Rift Valley, i.e. Sotik,

Mau, Ravine, Elgeyu, Nandi, Molo, Londiani, Nyiro, Burnt Forest, Maraquet,

Shandi.

1074, Zosterops yalensis spec. nov. Yala White Eye.

This species is very like jacksoni, but smaller, and lacks the green wash on the

breast ; it has a smaller bill, and the eye-ring is not so extensive, the mantle

slightly yellower. Besides my series of 5 3 2 2 there are several specimens

collected by Allen Turner for Major Meinertzhagen, and now in the Tring Museum.

Wings of thirty skins: g, 59-62; 9, 58-60 mm. ‘This species is found in the

park country on the Kisumu-Kakamega Road, and in the Kakamega Forest. It

does not extend to Elgon.

Yala, Mumias, Nyarondo, Kaimosi, Type: ¢ ad., Kaimosi, Allen Turner

leg. Tring Maseum.

1075. Zosterops elgonensis spec. nov. Elgon Pale White Eye.

These birds differ from both Z. yalensis and jacksoni by being generally paler

above and below and having the yellow of the underside decidedly tinged with

greenish, except on the throat. This pale form has wings of 60-61 in males,

56-60 mm. in females. The eye-ring is large. Fifteen specimens were taken. It

is a forest species. The range of this species is limited to Mt. Elgon, particularly

on the Bukedi (Uganda) side, and in the Bumasifa Forest, up to 10,000 feet.

Type: 3, Bukedi, 13.i.1916. Tring Museum.

192 Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922.

1076, Zosterops stuhlmanni Rchw. Uganda White Eye.

Birds from Central and North-west Uganda do not differ from Sesse Island

specimens.

Budongo, Busiro, Lugalambo.

1077. Zosterops flavilateralis Rchw. Coast Pale White Eye.

These birds differ from Teita specimens and those from Ukambani. Typical

birds do not range over the localities mentioned by Reichenow, but are confined

to the coast belt.

Witu, Lamu, and Manda.

1078. Zosterops massaica spec. nov. Teita White Eye.

Somewhat like flavilateralis, but richer yellow below and greener above, less

yellow, with a darker forehead. Wings from 53-56 in males, 53-55 mm. in females.

This form ranges from Teita north to the South Guasso Nyiro Plains, to Loita,

but not to the Ukamba and Fort Hall districts. Here we find a paler form, which

has been named, by Mearns, Z. frickv.

Sagala, Teita, Tsavo, Loita. Type: 3, Sagala, 8.viii.1918, Tring Museum.

1079. Zosterops flavilateralis fricki Mearns. Pale Scrub White Eye.

These are pale small birds which are very close to Z. j. smithi—Somaliland—

but slightly greener above and darker yellow below. They differ from the Teita

birds in being generally paler. As the material of smithi is too limited I refrain

from criticising this form until more material is available. Neumann in his

description of smithi mentioned a bird collected by Jackson in Ukamba as being

intermediate between smithi and flavilateralis; this specimen belongs to fricki.

Twenty skins; wings: g, 55-56; 9, 52-55 mm.

Fort Hall, Thika, Nairobi, Simba, Meru.

1080. Zosterops omoensis Neum.

This form probably ranges down the west shore of Lake Rudolf, but there

are no specimens available for comparison.

1081. Nectarinia kilimensis Shell. Long-tailed Green Sunbird.

A large series of specimens, though showing considerable variation, cannot

be divided into races, but on the whole a greener, less bronzy bird is found in the

Kisumu district and North Kavirondo. It would appear that full-plumaged

males are to be found in every month of the year. Ankole specimens are purply

bronze. I have no typical Kilimanjaro specimens for comparison,

Bugoma, Budongo, Busiro, Ankole, Sezibwa, Kyanja, Kyanuna, Kibingei,

Kimiriri, Kisumu, Burnt Forest, Maraquet, Naivasha, Fort Hall, and Nairobi.

1082. Nectarinia tacazze jacksoni Neum. Jackson’s Purple Long-tailed

Sunbird.

This race must be recognised, as the southern mountain birds are much more

highly coloured than the typical Abyssinian form. It is a common bird at

altitudes over 6,500 feet.

Bumasifa, Elgon; Elgeyu, Maraquet, Londiani, Mau, Aberdares.

Novitates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 193

1083. Nectarinia tacazze unisplendens Neum. Kilimanjaro Purple Long-

tailed Sunbird.

Apparently a mountain form confined to Kilimanjaro.

1084. Nectarinia famosa famosa Linn. Southern Emerald Long-tailed

Sunbird.

Has been recorded from the highlands of the coast, but its occurrence requires

verification.

1085. Nectarinia famosa aeneigularis Sharpe. Blue-bellied Emerald Long-

tailed Sunbird.

Nectarinia famosa centralis (Neum. in MSS.) van Someren in Ibis, 1916 (!).

It is noticeable that my four Nairobi specimens are larger and have heavier,

longer bills than specimens taken at higher ranges from Escarpment, north to

Londiani. A larger series may show this to be constant, I cannot find a

published description of Neumann’s name centralis.*

Nairobi, Escarpment, Naivasha, Nakuru, Londiani, Aberdare Mountains,

1086. Nectarinia pulchella lucidipectus Hart. Red-and-yellow-breasted

Green Sunbird.

Nov. Zool. 1921, p. 123.

Ankole, Meuressi, Kobua, Lake Rudolf; also Baringo.

1087. Nectarinia melanogaster Fisch. & Rchw. Black-bellied Sunbird.

I find that when a series of Kisumu birds are compared with typical birds

from Nguruman, the Kavirondo birds are larger, having longer bills and

wings of 64-66 mm., compared with 58-60 in typical birds, but, as birds from Loita

intergrade, no definite distribution can be assigned to these large birds at present.

Magadi, Loita, Naivasha, Kitui, Kisumu, and Kendu Bay.

1088. Nectarinia johnstoni Shell. Johnston’s Crimson-tufted Emerald Sunbird.

Limited to Mt. Kilimanjaro.

1089. Nectarinia johnstoni idius Mearns. Kenia Crimson-tufted Emerald

Sunbird.

Confined to Mt. Kenia.

1090. Nectarinia johnstoni dartmouthi Og.-Grant. Ruwenzori Crimson-tufted

Emerald Sunbird.

Found only on the heights of Ruwenzori.

1091. Nectarinia purpureiventris Rchw. Rainbow Bird.

Found in the Kivu district.

* It is always undesirable to write unpublished names on labels, but still more objectionable

to quote them in print.—E. H.

194 Novirates ZootocicAE XXIX, 1922.

1092. Nectarinia chloronota Jackson. Ruwenzori Sunbird.

Limited to Ruwenzori.

1093. Drepanorhynchus reichenowi Fischer. Golden Sunbird.

Found on the higher elevations from 4,500 to 9,000 feet.

Nairobi, Naivasha, Nakuru, Burnt Forest, Kisumu, Kibigori, in East Africa ;

Jinja in Uganda.

1094, Hedydipna platura karamojoensis van Som. Pigmy Long-tailed Green

Sunbird.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 93, 1920.

This race is very much like platura, but is purer, darker green on the head

and breast, the type of feathering being like that found in N. famosa, i.e. with a

frosted appearance. From H. adiabonensis Zedlitz it differs in being considerably

larger, having wings of 60-61 and bills of 11-12 mm. The females differ from

those of H. platura platura by being darker above, without the yellowish rump ;

in being more yellowish below ; in lacking a distinct eye-stripe ; and in having

the whitish tip to the outer rectrices much more restricted. The range of this

form appears to be from Soroti, north to Kobua on Lake Rudolf, including the

Karamoja country in Turkana. Besides my specimens there are others in the

Nairobi Museum.

Mt. Kamalinga, Mt. Moroto, and Soroti in Uganda.

1095. Hedydipna platura platura Vieill. Western Pigmy Long-tailed Green

Sunbird.

Has been obtained in the north-west province of Uganda at Nimule and

Gondokoro.

1096. Hedydipna metallica Licht. Somali Pigmy Long-tailed Green Sunbird.

This form extends from Somaliland to the Northern Frontier districts of East

Africa,

1097. Nectarinia erythrocerca Hartl. Red-breasted Wedge-tailed Sunbird.

I have no typical White Nile birds for comparison, but as I find that Kisumu

birds are not quite the same as Western Uganda ones, it is quite likely that they

differ also from typical specimens. A series of each should be compared.

Karungu, Kendu Bay, Kisumu, Kano, Kimiriri River, in East Africa; Sezibwa

River, Jinja, Entebbe, and Ankole in Uganda.

1098. Nectarinia nectarinoides Richm. Lesser Red-breasted Wedge-tailed

Sunbird.

This very rare species appears to be limited to the dry scrub country, stretch-

ing from Ukamba, west to the Nguruman Hills. It is possible that we will

eventually have to recognise an intermediate race between this Kilimanjaro

species and the small South Somaliland form.

N’ziu River, Simba, Magadi, Tsavo, Taveta, Sagala, in East Africa.

Novitates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 195

2 Nectarinia raineyi Mearns. Sotik Wedge-tailed Sunbird.

** Helionympha raineyi”’ was described from Sotik. It is said to be near

erythrocerca, but very much like Cinnyris m. suahelica in coloration. It is

probably a long-tailed specimen of suahelica. This now brings me to a discussion

of the validity of the genus Helionympha. I find certain characters which dis-

tinguish the birds placed in this genus from the genus Cinnyris and Chalcomitra ;

but on examination of large series of so-called Cinnyris, I find birds which present

features intermediate between the so-called true Helionympha and Cinnyris. I

refer to the mariquensis group. I find that the representatives of this species in

Kisumu district have markedly graduated central rectrices which in certain

specimens project as much as 10 mm, beyond the next pair, and the tail is thus

wedge-shaped! (ef. H. raineyi). But I also find in the series, examples with

very much less graduated central rectrices. In typical mariquensis I find the

same variation. The birds referred to the genus ‘‘ Helionympha ”’ are undoubtedly

connecting links between Cinnyris and Nectarinia, and as the characters of this

genus do not remain true to type but merge into the genus Cinnyris, I submit that

the Nectarinia and Cinnyris groups should not be kept separate! It is also

doubtful whether Chalcomitra should be recognised for the same reasons !

1099. Cinnyris mariquensis suahelicus Rchw. Large Brown-black-bellied Green

Sunbird.

My large series covers an area from East Uganda south to Kilimanjaro and

South Ukambani: I find that ten specimens from Simba and River N’ziu have

distinct purplish blue bands separating the green of the throat from the red of the

breast. This band, when present, in Kisumu specimens is not purply but green-

blue. As I am unable to define the ranges of these forms, I keep them united for

the time being.

N’ziu, Kitui, Machakos, Magadi, Loita, South Guasso N’yiro, Naivasha,

Kisumu, Kibingei, Kendu Bay, Kibigori ; M’Bale and Elgon.

1100. Cinnyris mariquensis osiris Finsch. Abyssinian Black-bellied Sunbird.

Cinnyris mariquensis hawkeri Neum.

I am certain that when more specimens are available from the Baringo and

Northern Frontier district, they will prove to be distinct. I fail to separate the

South Abyssinian birds from the typical North Abyssinian race, with which my

Moroto specimens agree very well. This form does not overlap suahelicus.

Mt. Moroto, Kerio River, in Uganda; Ravine, Baringo, North Kenia, Orr

Valley, N’guasso N’yiro, in East Africa.

1101. Cinnyris chalcomelas Rchw. Purple-banded Black Sunbird.

C. shephardi Jackson.

The name chalcomelas has priority over shephardi, and as both apparently

refer to the same bird, this species must be known by Reichenow’s name. The

wings of my series measure 59-63 mm.

Tana River (A. B. Percival), N’ziu River, Tsavo, Campi-ya-bibi.

196 Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

1102. Cinnyris bifasciatus microrhynchus Shell. Little Red-banded Black Sunbird.

The characters of this race are its small size, and the wide maroon-red band

which succeeds the purple band of the upper breast. The range appears to be

the moist coastal belt, from Lamu south to Dar-es-Salaam and the coast of North

Mozambique, and it does not range into the dry thorn-bush country beyond the

Taru Desert. The wings of my series are 50-56 mm.

Lamu, Manda, Mombasa, Dar-es-Salaam, and Lumbo.

1103. Cinnyris bifasciatus tsavoensis subsp. nov. Little Purple-banded

Dark Sunbird.

This inland form differs from microrhynchus by having a pronounced purple

breast-band and a very narrow or faintly indicated maroon line below this band.

This form ranges throughout the dry inner thorn-belt as far inland as the Simba

Plains, occupying practically the same territory as C’, chalcomelas, but not extend-

ing to the coast. There is not a single adult male in the series which has the

maroon breast-band as in typical microrhynchus. The wings measure 53-58 mm,

Besides my 18 ¢ birds and many females, there are others in Nairobi Museum

and private collections in East Africa. The birds occurring in West Uganda and

said to be microrhynchus should be compared in series.

Teita, Sagala, Maungu, Tsavo, Upper Tana, andSimba. Type: ¢ ad., Tsavo,

3.iv.1918. Tring Museum.

1104, Cinnyris angolensis Less. Green-throated Black Sunbird.

These birds from West and Central Uganda are very like typical Angolan

birds, being dark bronzy brown, but they are slightly larger, though not sufficiently

so to warrant separation.

Masindi, Bugoma, Mubendi, and Entebbe.

1105. Cinnyris angolensis kakamegae van Som, Kavirondo Green-throated

Black Sunbird.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 118, 1921.

A dark race of the Angolan species; bills slightly longer, 21-22; wings

70-72 mm. Females darker above, and more darkly and heavily striped below.

North Kavirondo and Nandi: Yala River, Kaimosi, Kakamegoes, Mandi

Escarpment.

1106. Cinnyris bradshawi Sharpe. Violet-rumped Black Sunbird.

One g from Kyambu (17.v.1918) has purple upper tail-coverts, and possibly

belongs to this species. The type locality is Witu near Lamu. Are these birds

not reversions to the oldest type, amethystinus ? So far as I know, only two or

three specimens exist.

1107. Cinnyris kirki Shelley. Purple-throated Black Sunbird.

I find that my highland birds are larger and have longer, stouter bills. Should

a series show this to be constant, a highland race should be recognised, as, besides

Novitates Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922. 197

size, the birds are darker. More material is, however, necessary. Most of my

specimens are from the coastal area.

Manda, Witu, Changamwe, Samburu, Sagala, Teita, Bura, Kitui, Simba, Orr

Valley (A. B. Percival), Nairobi, Kyambu, Kenia.

1108. Cinnyris cupreus Shaw. Copper Sunbird.

Budongo, Bugoma, Mubendi, Sezibwa, Elgon, in Uganda; Yala and Kisumu

in East Africa.

1109. Cinnyris superbus Shaw. Superb Sunbird.

Compared with typical birds the Uganda specimens are larger and more

purplish about the throat and breast; the females are darker, more greenish,

below. Wings: ¢, 80-81; 9, 73-76 mm.

The races of this Sunbird require working out; there are certainly three dis-

tinct forms. Sierra Leone and South Nigerian birds are the smallest and most

distinct, having blue throats in the males and yellowish females.

Owing to lack of time I am unable to study these races closer.

Masindi, Budongo, Bugoma, Kyanja, Sezibwa.

1110, Cinnyris habessinicus turkanae van Som. Purple Crowned Black-bellied

Sunbird.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 94, 1920.

This race differs from the typical bird and from alter of Neumann, by being

larger, and in having the red breast wider and of a brighter shade ; the throat is

greener, not inclining to bluish; the mantle and rump and upper tail-coverts

golden green, the latter not bluish. The pectoral tufts are richer yellow.

Wings: 66-70 mm., as compared to 60-61.

South Lake Rudolf and Turkana: Turkwell, Kobua.

1111. 2 Cinnyris bouvieri tanganyicae Og.-Grant. Orange-tufted Brown-hellied

Sunbird.

5 9 3 Qare not typical bowvieri, but may possibly be the same as tanganyicae,

which is known only from the type.

Bugoma, Busiro, Entebbe, Mawakota.

1112. Cinnyris leucogaster lumbo van Som. Large White-bellied Sunbird.

Bull, B.O, Club, xii. p. 113, 1921.

Differs from the typical South African form by having the rump and upper

tail-coverts like the mantle, not so bluish, The throat is less purplish, and it is

smaller. Wings: g, 53-55; 2, 51 mm.

North Mozambique and coast of southern Tanganyika Territory. 3419,

July, August, September, and four skins in Nairobi Museum, Type trom Lumbo.

1113. Cinnyris albiventris Strickl. Small White-bellied Sunbird.

I have insufficient material of typical birds for comparison, but specimens

available suggest that North Somali birds may not be quite the same as South

Kenya Colony ones.

Lamu, Manda, Tana, Taru, Taveta, M’buyuni, and Tsavo,

198 Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

1114. Cinnyris venustus blicki Mearns. Little Buff-bellied Sunbird.

3 g 1 Qshow that this race is perfectly good. It is, however, rather doubtful

whether they should be looked upon as intermediate between venustus and

albiventris.

Kerio, Turkwell R., Lake Rudolf.

1115. Cinnyris venustus igneiventris Rchw. Orange-bellied Sunbird.

Although strictly a West Uganda race, yet typical birds are occasionally

found in Kast Uganda, in territory occupied by C. v. falkensteini. The two forms

probably interbreed.

Kigezi in South Ankole, Masindi, Bugoma, Budongo, Mubendi, Sezibwa,

Entebbe, Elgon.

1116. Cinnyris venustus falkensteini Rchw. Yellow-bellied Sunbird.

Two specimens from Lumbo and Dar-es-Salaam agree well with specimens

from Nyassaland in size and colour, but I am unable to verify this with a series.

Much variation exists, some specimens being quite deep orange-yellow on the

belly, others chrome-yellow, while two birds from the country of the northern

frontier are very pale yellow (not as in blicki), and their females are also pale.

More material should be collected from this district.

Dar-es-Salaam, Lumbo, Taru, Bura, Kitui, Nairobi, Escarpment, Naivasha,

Nakuru, Kyambu, Kisumu, South Elgon, West Elgon, Jinja, and Kyanja.

1117, Cinnyris chloropygius orphogaster Rchw. Little Olive-bellied Sunbird.

This form is apparently confined to the west and central districts of Uganda,

and does not extend into East Africa.

Masindi, Budongo, Bugoma, Mawakota, Mubendi, Kyanja, Mbale.

1118. Cinnyris mediocris keniensis Mearns. Kenia Olive-bellied Sunbird.

This form occurs in the same territory as C. reichenowi. I have no typical

mediocris for comparison.

Kenia, Nyeri, Enbu (typical keniensis), Molo, Elgeyu, Maraquet, Elgon

(perhaps slightly different).

1119. Cinnyris mediocris garguess Mearns. Mt. Uraguess Olive-bellied Sunbird.

This race can be admitted, as the specimens from the type locality show these

birds to be paler on the belly and lacking a deep blue breast-band.

Mt. N’yiro and Mt. Uraguess. 2419. A. B. Percival coll.

1120. Cinnyris reichenowi reichenowi Sharpe. Purple-rumped Olive-bellied

Sunbird.

Occupies the same area as the blue-rumped C. mediocris, i.e. Elgon south to

Mau.

Ankole and Kivu birds are smaller and have shorter bills, and belong to a

recognisable race.

Kagezi, South Ankole, Elgon, in Uganda; Yala River, North Kavirondo,

Elgeyu, Maraquet, Molo, in East Africa,

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 199

1121. Cinnyris reichenowi kikuyuensis Mearns. Kikuyu Purple-rumped Olive-

bellied Sunbird.

This race can be recognised. The females show more difference and are also

smaller.

Kenia to Escarpment: Kenia, Fort Hall, Meru, Uraguess (A. B. Percival).

1122. Cinnyris regius Rchw. Little Yellow-flanked Sunbird.

This species is fairly common in the South Ankole district and extends up to

the Semliki, 7.e. the West Uganda lake districts.

Kigezi in South Ankole. 5 329.

1123. Cinnyris hunteri Shell. Hunter’s Red-breasted Black Sunbird.

The presence of this species in East Uganda is rather remarkable and extends

its range. With sufficient material from this locality, however, it may be shown

that Uganda birds are not typical. I find no difference in the males; females

may differ.

Meuressi, Turkwell ; Samburu, Voi, Bura, M’buyuni, Campi-ya-bibi, Maungu,

Tsavo, Tana, and Juba River.

1124, Cinnyris gutturalis inaestimata Hart. East African Purple-shouldered

Red-breasted Black Sunbird.

We must admit this race, as the small size is constant. I cannot find any

constant difference in coloration, either in the males or females, between this

race and the southern birds. The type locality is Dar-es-Salaam.

Malindi, Mombasa, Changamwe, Masongoleni, and Dar-es-Salaam.

1125. Cinnyris senegalensis aequatorialis Rchw. Uganda Red-breasted Black

Sunbird.

This race is coloured exactly like acik of the Sudan, but larger. I find that

birds from the Masindi-Nimule district are intermediate and hardly to be dis-

tinguished from the northern form, This form does not occur in Uganda Proper

—there the race is always larger. The female aequatorialis is a dark bird with

dark olive underside, quite different from the East African race which has been

separated by Mearns.

Masindi, Bugoma, Budongo, Mubendi, Busiro, Mubango, Lugalambo, Kye-

tume, Jinja, Elgon, in Uganda; Kisumu, Kendu Bay, Kibigori, in East Africa,

1126. Cinnyris senegalensis atra Mearns. East African Scarlet-breasted

Sunbird.

I find on comparing East African examples with Uganda birds that the males

are larger, not smaller as stated by Mearns, and not any blacker. They have

wings of 75-80 mm. I recognise this race not only because of its larger size, but

because the females are quite different from Uganda ones ; being much less dark on

the back and paler greyish, not olive-greenish-yellow below, also more mottled.

The range is trom the coast to Kilimanjaro and Kenia north to Lumbwa.

200 Novirates Zootocican XXIX. 1922.

Reichenow has described birds from Moschi (Kilimanjaro) as lamperti, giving

as their characters the brownish back and wings. I have examined the bird col-

lected by Ansorge and which Reichenow has referred to this new race, and find it

to be indistinguishable from worn specimens of C. s. atra. I have not sufficient

specimens of so-called lamperti for comparison, but would suggest that German

East African birds in fresh full plumage are not brown backed or have brown

wings, but blackish, and thus not distinguishable from the Ukamba birds—in

which case the form must, of course, be called lamperti and not atra. I found

this bird at Lamu, along with @. g. inaestimata.

Lamu, N’ziu, Kitui, Thika, Fort Hall, Tsavo, Lake Jipe, Nairobi, Nakuru,

Kenia (7,000 feet).

1127. Cinnyris cyanolaema subsp. Blue-throated Grey Sunbird.

A comparison of birds belonging to this species from various localities shows

that there are certainly three distinct forms. That of (1) Fernando Po; (2) that

from Sierra Leone and South Nigeria; and (3) the Uganda race. As I have

insufficient typical material I refrain from placing my birds with certainty.

Bugoma, Entebbe, Mubango, Kyetume, in Uganda.

1128. Cinnyris verticalis viridisplendens Rchw. Green-backed Grey Sunbird.

I was surprised to find this bird represented in a collection from Mt. Kenia,

especially as it does not occur in the Forests of Kikuyu. A comparison of the

females may possibly show the Kenia bird to differ.

Bugoma, Budongo, Masindi, Busiro, Mubendi, Entebbe, Kyanja, Lugalambo,

Mubango, Sezibwa; Elgon, Elgeyu, Maraquet, Molo, and Kenia.

1129. Cinnyris alinae Jackson. Ruwenzori Sunbird.

This bird was described from Ruwenzori and is apparently limited to that

range and the central lake region. I have obtained it in the Kigezi country in

South Ankole.

1130. Cinnyris obscura ragazzi. Uganda Olive Sunbird.

Of the three forms of Olive Sunbird inhabiting East Africa and Uganda, this

is the largest, having wings of 57-71 mm. The form extends from West Uganda

to Elgon and south along the Nandi Escarpment to Mau and the Sotik and Elgeyu

Forests.

Budongo, Bugoma, Mawakota, Buremeze, Sizebwa, Kyetume, Entebbe;

South Elgon, Kavirondo, Nandi, Lumbwa, Elgeyu, Maraquet.

1131. Cinnyris obscura neglecta Neum, Kikuyu Olive Sunbird.

This race is perfectly good, being smaller and more olive-yellow below than

the Uganda race. The range, so far as I can find out, is from South Ukamba and

Kast Kilimanjaro north to Kenia and the Kikuyu Forests. Wings: 54-63 mm,

Kitui River, N’ziu, Taveta, Kyamba, and Nyeri on Mt, Kenia.

Novirares Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922. 201

1132. Cinnyris obscura changamwensis Mearns. Coastal Olive Sunbird.

This is the smallest race of obscura and quite distinct. It is greyer below

than the Uganda form and much smaller. The wings of my series measure

50-56 mm. It is apparently limited to the coast belt from the Pangani River

north to Lamu. North of this, in the Juba district, is found a smaller race

with yellow undersurface and wings of 46-53 mm., but as my material is

inadequate I have not named the form,

Mombasa, Changamwe, and Juba River. 7339.

1133. Cinnyris verreauxi fischeri Rchw. East African Grey Sunbird.

This quite distinct Sunbird does not extend very far inland, but is limited

more or less to the coast belt.

Changamwe, Mombasa, Manda, and Lamu Islands.

1134, Anthreptes longmari ? haussarum Neum. Large Purple White-bellied

Sunbird.

I am not satisfied with the identification of these birds, owing to want of

material for comparison. As stated in my paper in the Ibis, 1916, the birds I

reported on then agree with Neumann’s haussarum from Togoland, of which there

is a topo-type in the Rothschild Museum. I find that whereas the majority of

specimens have no green whatsoever on the rump, one or two show just a small

patch on the sides of the rump; the shoulder-patch is purple, narrowly outlined

with greenish. These characters are present in the co-type of haussarum. In

any case, these birds do not seem to be typical longmari. The wings measure :

3 76-82, 2 65-78 mm.

The females are yellow-bellied, while the young have the whole underside

washed yellowish. Seth-Smith collected this type of bird on the White Nile at

Fatiko, along with typical orientalis. I have collected these birds at Masindi,

Soroti, Bugoma, Budongo, Busiro, Kyetume, Jinja ; North Kavirondo,

1135. Anthreptes orientalis Hartl. Green-rumped Purple White-bellied Sunbird.

My large series agrees well with typical birds collected near Lado, They are

much smaller than the birds mentioned above, and besides having a large green

band on the rump and a large green shoulder-patch, the females are quite distinct,

being paler, greyer above, and pure white below. In view of the fact that these

birds and the large form longmari occur together throughout Uganda and northern

East Africa, we must keep them as distinct species and not as subspecies

of the same species. I thus recognise a large species characterised by having

yellow-bellied females—the longmari or western group, with so many races ;

and the small species—the orientalis or eastern group, with one subspecies, A. o,

neumanni of South Somaliland, with white-bellied females. Wings: 63-71 mm,

Nimule, Masindi, Soroti, Moroto, Usoga, Meuressi, Turkwell, Kogua, in

Uganda; Kerio, Elgon, Suk, Baringo, Marsabit (A. B. Percival coll.), Kitui,

Magadi, Tsavo, Simba, Teita, Kibwezi, Maungu, Masongoleni, Campi-ya-bibi,

M’buyuni, in East Africa,

202 Novirates ZootocicAE XXIX. 1922,

1136. Anthreptes orientalis neumanni Zedlitz. South Somali Purple Sunbrid.

2 3 collected by A. B. Percival on the Juba River probably belong to this

race, but I have no typical birds for comparison.

1137. Anthreptes tephrolaema elgonensis van Som. Elgon Grey-throated

Sunbird.

Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 112, 1921.

With a series in my own and Meinertzhagen’s collection we must recognise

the Elgon Grey-throated Sunbird as belonging to a new race, distinguished by its

larger size, darker grey chin-patch, and the female having a darker, more greyish

underside. Wings: dg, 59-64; 9, 57-62 mm.

Nandi Escarpment, north to Mt. Elgon and Uganda: Kaimosi (type), Elgon,

Yala River, Kakamegoes, Sio River, in East Africa; Mubango and Mabira.

Anthreptes collaris and subspecies.

I find that there are undoubtedly several recognisable races, composed of,

(a) typical A. collaris collaris, South Africa ; (b) A. collaris subsp., Angola, Gaboon,

and Camaroon ; (c) A. collaris hypodila, Fernando Po (a large long-billed form) ; (d)

A. collaris subsp., Liberia, Sierra Leone (small and rich yellow below); (e) A.

collaris subsp., South Nigeria (slightly paler); (f) A. collaris zambesiana (size as

in Angolan birds, but yellower with an olive wash) ; (g) A. collaris ugandae van

Som. (richer yellow with dark olive wash on flanks and rich yellow pectoral tufts),

extending into highlands of East Africa ; (h) A. collaris teitensis van Som. (size

slightly small but with clearer paler yellow underside, paler pectoral tufts), ranging

from South Ukambani to Teita ; and (7) A. collaris elachior, limited to the coastal

belt of the Tanganyika Territory and Kenia Colony north to South Somaliland ;

(k) A. c. wraguess, limited to Mt. Uraguess and Marsabit district. Of these races

the ones occurring in Uganda and East Africa are the following :—

1138. Anthreptes collaris elachior Mearns. Pale Yellow-bellied Little Sunbird.

This race is at once distinguished from all others by its small size and very

pale yellow underside—especially in the females, which have the throat pale

yellow without any olive wash. Wings: 4, 48-52; 9, 45-48 mm.

Lamu, Manda, Changamwe, Mombasa, Vanga.

1139. Anthreptes collaris teitensis van Som. Teita Little Yellow-bellied

Sunbird.

This race is much like the above but larger and slightly richer yellow below,

females having the throats slightly tinged with olive; from A. c. zambesiana it

is distinguished by its clearer yellow undersurface. Wings: 52-57 mm.

South Ukambani to Teita and East Kilimanjaro: N’ziu River, Tsavo,

Sagala, Teita, Simba.

Novirates ZoonocicAE XXIX. 1922. 203

1140. Anthreptes collaris uraguess Mearns. Northern Little Yellow-bellied

Sunbird.

Only one ¢ topo-type (A. B. Percival’s coll.), so I am unable to discuss its

value.

Mt. Uraguess, North Frontier.

1141. Anthreptes collaris ugandae van Som. Elgon Little Yellow-bellied Sunbird.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 113, 1921.

This race can be recognised by its rich yellow underside, which in the males

is washed with dark olive-green on the flanks, and by the more bluish green upper-

side and throat ; and by the females having a dark olive wash on the throat and

flanks. The pectoral tufts in the males are rich yellow. This is the darkest race

of this group.

Uganda to Kivu, east to Elgon, and south to highlands of East Africa.

(1) Bugoma, Budongo, Entebbe, Lugalambo, Kyetume; (2) Mt. Elgon,

south-east and west; (3) Yala, Kakamegoes, Fort Ternan, Elgeyu, Maraquet,

Naivasha, Nakuru, Kyambu, Nairobi, Ngong.

1142. Anthreptes axillaris Rchw. Orange-tufted Green Sunbird.

Wings: 68-72mm. A common species in the Uganda Forests.

Bugoma, Budongo, Mubango, Lugalamhbo, Sezibwa, in Uganda.

1143. Salpornis emini? African Tree Creeper.

This is rather a rare bird; very few specimens have been taken in East Africa,

My records show, one Kibingei River, south of Elgon, one in Suk, one in the

Elgeyu Escarpment.

1144, Anthoscopus sharpei Hart. Northern Buff Penduline Tit.

This bird is characterised by having a dark rufous buff underside and a pale

buff forehead. Wings: g, vary from 57 to 59; 9, 53-54 mm. I suggest that

this should be considered a race of A. sylviella Rchw., from North Lake Nyassa,

and not united with it, as Neumann suggested. A rare bird.

Kisumu, Kendu Bay, South Guasso N’yiro. 5 329.

1145. Anthoscopus rothschildi Neum. Eastern Buff Penduline Tit.

This race is distinguished from the preceding by being paler rufous below, but

with a darker rufous forehead and eye-stripe. Wings: 4, 55; 9, 52 mm.

Simba and Kitui. 3 319.

1146. Anthoscopus roccatii roccatii Salvad. Uganda Green-backed Penduline

Tit.

Not by any means common. Usually seen in pairs.

Entebbe, Sezibwa, Kyetume. 2 f 2 9.

204

Noviratres Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

1147. Anthoscopus roccatii taruensis van Som. Coast Penduline Tit.

Bull. B.O, Club, xli. p. 112, 1921.

This bird is smaller and paler below than roccatii, and greyer above. The

belly is buffy and the forehead whitish buff with a few dusky tips to the feathers.

Besides my specimens there is another in Nairobi Museum, Wings: 45-48 mm.

Coast of British East Africa inland to the Taru desert : Changamwe, Samburu.

3912.

1148. Anthoscopus musculus ?subsp. East African White-breasted Penduline

Tit.

I have examined the type and cotype of musculus, and find that they are

rather paler below than my birds, less creamy white on the throat and chin, and

much less deep buff on the abdomen.

Wings: ¢g, 51; 9, 47 mm.

Turkwell Rees Baringo, Magadi, Routh Guasso N’yiro, Tsavo, Taveta,

Campi-ya-bibi, Maungu.

1149. Parus fringillinus Rchw. Large Buff-breasted Tit.

This rare species was described from the Meru Kilimanjaro Hills. My

specimens extend its range considerably.

South Guasso N’yiro, Loita Plains. 5 dy also series collected by A. Blayney

Percival.

1150, Parus thruppi barakae Jacks. White-cheeked Tit.

This race can be admitted, as I find on comparing this series with North Soma-

liland specimens that the latter are not so clear whitish below, but more greyish.

The white collar is found in both races. The wing-measurements are alike—that

is, the extremes are the same, though averages are slightly different.

Simba, N’ziu, Olgerei, Lodermoru, Baringo, Campi-ya-bibi, Tsavo, M’buyuni,

Masongoleni, Maungu.

1151. Parus thruppi fricki Mearns (?). Kenia White-cheeked Tit.

Two birds collected by A. B. Percival ought to belong to this race, but I

doubt its validity.

North Guasso N’yiro,

1152. Parus niger insignis Cab. Greenish-black Tit.

This race enters Uganda in the south-western district.

Kagera, Kazinja Channel, in South Ankole.

[Parus niger leucomelas does not occur—the birds found in Uganda are

larger and more purple-black, and I have separated them as purpurascens.]

Noyitates ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922. 205

1153. Parus niger purpurascens van Som. Uganda Black Tit.

Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 112, 1921.

A comparison between Uganda and Abyssinian birds shows that they differ

as indicated above. Wings: g, 88-85; 2, 78-82 mm. ; bills also larger.

Entebbe (type), Bukedi, Mubendi, Soronko on Mt, Elgon.

1154, Parus niger lacuum Neum. South Abyssinian Black Tit.

Neumann gives his measurements as 83-95 mm. My birds range from

83-91 mm. This large race apparently extends down the line of Lake Rudolf

into the North Kavirondo country, where it has been taken by Mr. Turner for

Meinertzhagen and myself on three separate occasions. Although not agreeing

in wing-measurement exactly with the Omo River birds, it seems to me un-

necessary to recognise another race, though they are distinct from the Uganda

birds.

Kakamegoes, Kerio, Kibingei, and Kimiriri Rivers, Komolo in Turkwell.

1155. Parus funereus nigricinereus Jackson. Grey-black Tit.

I have no typical funereus to compare, so I am unable to discuss the value

of this race.

Sezibwa, Elgon, and Mubango in Uganda.

1156. Parus albiventris Shell. White-bellied Tit.

I am of opinion that when a series of coast birds is available they will

prove to bea smaller race. I find that my two coast males have wings of 75-77,

while the up-country males run from 83 to 86, average 85 mm., while the females

are 72 mm., compared to 80-82 in up-country birds.

Large birds: Elgon, Nadi, Maraquet, Naivasha, Nakuru, Nairobi, Kyambu,

in East Africa ; Moroto and West Elgon in Uganda.

Small birds : Sagala, Samburu.

1157. Parus fasciiventris Rchw.

Type locality, Ruwenzori.

1158, Parus griseiventris Rchw.

Type locality, Kakoma.

1159. Parus pallidiventris Rehw.

Type locality, Kakoma.

Of these three species I have no specimens.

1160. Parisoma bohmi Rehw. Black-collared Tit Warbler.

I am certain that the Somali birds will have to be recognised as a race of

this species. If birds in fresh condition are compared, it will be noticed that

Somali birds are not so pure grey above and the breast-band is less distinct and

not so black, due to the fact that the feathers forming the band are greyer black

and have pale tips.

Samburu, Masongoleni, Campi-ya-bibi, Sultan Hamud, Simba, Olgerei.

206 Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

1161. Parisoma jacksoni Sharpe. Brown Tit Warbler.

This species is common on the edges of the forests in the highlands. Speci-

mens from Mt. Kenia should be compared with typical birds.

Elgon, Nandi, Burnt Forest, Elgeyu, Maraquet, Lumbwa, Molo, Mt. Kenia.

1162. Parisoma plumbeum ? subsp. nov. Uganda Grey Tit Warbler.

My five specimens of the Uganda Tit Warbler are much greyer on the breast

than typical birds, and it is probable that when a sufficient series from these

localities are compared the Uganda birds will prove to be distinct.

Kyanja, Budongo, Sezibwa, in Uganda.

1163. Parisoma plumbeum orientale Rchw. & Neum. East African Grey

Tit Warbler.

This race is quite good, being considerably darker above and below and

possessing white under tail-coverts, but its range is not definitely known.

Sagala, Teita, Tsavo, and N’ziu River in Ukamba.

1164. Melocichla mentalis orientalis Sharpe. East African Moustached Warbler.

This race is perfectly recognisable, being very much richer below and darker

above than the one found in Uganda west of the Elgon district. Wings: 4,

78-81; 9, 74-79 mm.

These dark birds range from the coast throughout East Africa up to the

Elgon district, where they meet and breed with amauroura, producing at the

line of junction birds which agree with both races, though birds from Kisumu

are all pale.

Sagala, Teita, Fort Hall, Nyarondo, North Kavirondo, Elgon, and Mbale

in Uganda.

1165. Melocichla mentalis amauroura Pelz. Uganda Great Moustached Warbler.

M. m. atricauda Rehw.

This form ranges throughout Uganda and extends along the lake shore in

the Kisumu district. Wings: 3, 75-82; 9, 75-78 mm.

Masindi, Bugoma, Nambigirwa, Entebbe, Kyanja, Jinja, in Uganda; and

Ksiumu and Kibigori in East Africa.

Genus CISTICOLA.

In endeavouring to identify the Grass Warblers, I have made use of the series

in Tring Museum, which had been named some time ago by W. Sclater. In some

cases I have had to disagree with his views, because my large material does not

support his opinions. During my collecting I have endeavoured to make an

ornithological survey from the coast through to West Uganda, and the results,

so far as the Cisticola are concerned, have been most interesting, because I have

been enabled to work out the ranges of the various torms inhabiting the country

(East Africa particularly).

The first group I shall deal with is the terrestris group.

Noviratrs ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 207

It will be noticed that my division of the group is not based on insufficient

material—in fact the forms are obviously recognisable.

First of all, I should like to emphasise the fact that over a considerable area

of the country under review we get both C. terrestris forms and C. cisticola forms,

birds which at first glance somewhat resemble one another, but are distinguished

by the formation and markings on the tail. The terrestris forms always have

a shorter tail (even in off season plumage), without a well-marked, clear black

subterminal band.

1166. Cisticola terrestris hindei Sharpe. Athi Little Grass Warbler.

The birds which I have referred to this race are characterised by their pale

brownish tone of plumage, which in the non-breeding season becomes lighter,

but never greyish! The males in breeding dress have the top of the head uniform

pale brownish, the uniformly coloured feathers not extending beyond the crown,

in many cases being limited to the frontal patch. In this race, as in the two

other East African forms, the mouths of the males become jet-black in the

breeding season !

This type of bird ranges in the plains south of Nairobi to as far south as

Simba and Sultan Hamud on the railway, to Magadi on the west, and North

Ukamba plains on the east.

North Athi River, Kitui, Machakos, Nairobi plains.

North of this area is found a form which is certainly not C. t. hindei; this

I name:

1167. Cisticola terrestris nakuruensis subsp. nov. Nakuru Little Grass

Warbler.

These birds are more richly coloured than the preceding, more brownish

above and sandy below, with the feathers of the rump more brownish. In the

series the differences are readily seen. In breeding condition the males have

the top of the head uniform brownish rather darker than in hindei, and the

uniform feathers extend to the nape. This form is found in the higher plain

country from Limuro through Escarpment to Naivasha and Nakuru and in the

Solai district and Sotik. Type: g, Nakuru plains, 16.v.1918, crown uniform.

In Tring Museum.

Escarpment, Naivasha, Nakuru, and South Kavirondo specimens,

When we come to the high plateau of the regions from 7,800 to 10,000 feet,

we find a very well marked form, which, being without a name, I have called :

1168. Cisticola terrestris mauensis subsp. nov. Alpine Little Grass

Warbler.

This is a very dark race, having the mantle very deep brownish and the

rump decidedly rufescent, while the whole undersurface is deep sandy ochraceous.

The rich colouring is noticeable in the field—in fact, when the birds are flushed

they appear very like C. troglodytes ferruginea.

So far as is known, this form is confined to the high altitudes; thus we find

208 NoviratEes Zoonocicam XXIX. 1922.

it on the high belt of the Mau and Elgeyu, and again on Kenia and Aberdare

Mountains.

Mau, Molo, Elgeyu, and Mt. Kenia, 8,000 feet. Nine specimens, Type:

3d, Mau, 18.i.1917. Tring Museum.

1169. Cisticola terrestris ugandae Rchw. Uganda Little Grass Warbler.

2 C. brunnescens Heugl.

This is a rufous form very much like the Nakeen one, but having a more

rufous rump, while the underside is pale, not sandy as in the alpine race. It

comes close to C. t. eximia, if it is not identical with it. It ranges from West

Uganda to Kisumu and North Kavirondo, but does not occur in the Karamoja

and Turkana country. In the last-mentioned districts is found a pale bird of

which I have only two specimens. They are somewhat like C. aridula.

Mawakota, Entebbe, Buziteranjovu, in Uganda. Four skins.

The next bird to be considered is a very pale somewhat greyish bird which

is found in the northern districts of the Yatta plains, South-east Ukambani, and

in the dry thorn-bush to the Taru desert. These birds appear to be referable

to the Somaliland bird :

1170. Cisticola lavandulae Grant. Grey-backed Small Grass Warbler.

It appears to me somewhat doubtful whether these birds should be considered

as a subspecies of terrestris, because in the field their form and habits are rather

dissimilar. This being so, I prefer to keep them apart. None of my birds have

uniform heads.

Kitui, Simba, Tsavo, M’buyuni, Taru, and Lower Tana River. Nine

specimens.

Of the Cisticola cisticola group there is probably more than one race inhabiting

Uganda and East Africa. In my small series I find brownish birds, and others

grey on the back, but all with clear, well-defined subterminal black bars on

the tail. The tails in all are long.

I provisionally place these kirds under :

1171. Cisticola cisticola uropygialis. Little Barred-tail Grass Warbler.

The localities from which these birds were taken cover a large area. There

is a somewhat marked difference between breeding and non-breeding plumages.

Simba, Naivasha, Karungu, in East Africa ; Bumbere Island in Lake Victoria

Nyanza ; Bugoma and Kobua River, West Lake Rudolf, in Uganda. Seven skins.

1172. Cisticola nana Fisch. & Rchw. Little Brown-headed Grass Warbler.

This well-marked species is found in the plains from Ukamba, south to the

Taru and Teita. It is somewhat like a Prinia in habits. I find no evidence of

plumage change indicating the breeding conditions. Young birds are browner

on the back than adults, and have yellower breasts. Judging from the limited

material of the Somali form which has been named dodsoni, I am of the opinion

that this race is good, being much purer grey on the mantle. There are no such

birds in my series of twenty typical C. nana. :

Maungu, Campi-ya-bibi, Tsavo, Makindo, M’buyuni, Machakos, and Magadi.

Novirates ZooLnocicAr XXIX. 1922. 209

1173. Cisticola angusticauda Rchw. Little Long-tailed Brown-headed Grass

Warbler.

C. simplicissima Neum.

C. miilleri: Alex.

This bird, which might at first glance be taken for C. nana, is readily dis-

tinguished by its much longer, more graduated tail, and the almost uniform back,

They do not occupy the same territory, angusticauda coming into the East

African area, only in the Kisii and South Kavirondo districts.

Kendu Bay, Victoria Nyanza. 2 919.

1174. Cisticola troglodytes ferruginea Heugl. Little Brown Grass Warbler.

This race is quite good, being darker above and more rufous below, than

typical form. It is not common, and apparently does not extend farther south

than the northern territory of Uganda, Turkana, and South Lake Rudolf to Suk.

Mt. Kamalinga in Turkana, Uganda ; and Suk in East Africa, 2 3.

1175. Cisticola calamoherpe Rehw. East African Little Mottled-back Grass

Warbler.

Described from west of Kilimanjaro, this species ranges through Ukamba,

going north as far as Elgon. I do not think that the Abyssinian birds are the

same, but my material from this district is very small. It is also possible that

with more material from the highlands of 7,000 feet and over, we shall have to

admit a paler, larger race. My few birds taken on the Mau appear to suggest

this. Young birds are like adults, but more rufescent above and yellower below.

My material comes from South Loita, Kitui, N’ziu River, Nairobi, Ruiru River,

Machakos, Fort Hall, Naivasha, Nakuru, Mau, Kibigori, and Kisumu, Thirty-

seven specimens, .

1176. Cisticola rufa subsp. Ankole Little Brown-backed Grass Warbler.

Two males shot at Ankole in April and November seem to belong to a

recognisable race of rufa, the distribution of which is from Ankole south to Lake

Kivu and the chain of lakes to North Tanganyika. From typical birds they

differ in being more rufous on the back and crown. The series in Tring corro-

borates this, The form of rufa occurring in Angola is even more distinct !

1177. Cisticola rufa hypoxantha Hartl. Uganda Little Brown-headed Warbler.

This race, which is quite distinct, ranges from Lake Albert east to Elgon and

North Kavirondo. I do not think it comes farther east or south. There appears

to be a plain-backed plumage and a mottled plumage, the former being the

breeding dress. In the latter plumage the mottlings, though not numerous, are

large and clear. The rufous coloration to the edges of the primaries and outer

secondaries is present in both plumages.

Masindi, Entebbe, Lugalambo, Kyetume, in Uganda; Soronko River, Elgon,

Yala River, and Kisumu in East Africa, Eleven specimens,

210 Noviratrs Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922,

1178. Cisticola reichenowi Mearns. Coastal Little Grass Warbler.

Ten topo-typical specimens. First described as a form of hypoxantha. My

series and the distribution suggest that these birds should be kept as a distinct

species. They are somewhat like C. rufa, but are larger and have less rufous on

the wing. The range is limited to the coast belt and the dry thorn-bush of the

Taru and Teita. In habits they resemble the rest of the small Grass Warblers.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Samburu, Sagala, Teita, Taru.

(I have carefully gone into this group, usually looked upon as several sub-

species of subruficapilla = cheniana (cf. Sclater & Praed, Ibis, 1918), but the

species subruficapilla is apparently quite distinct and does not occur in East

Africa. In East Africa we find three forms of this group inhabiting distinct areas

and not overlapping, i.e. C. fischeri, aequatorialis, and semifasciata. I am not

absolutely certain that they are all subspecies of cheniana (subruficapilla auct.),

but they all have the following features: Top of head brownish, mantle ashy

brown, distinctly mottled with dark shaft streaks ; undersurfaces whitish to buff,

greyish on flanks. Fairly long tails, 60-70 mm., and slender bills. Tarsus

30 mm, or under. Tail with black band and greyish tips.)

1179. Cisticola fischeri Rchw. Kavirondo Scrub Warbler.

This form, apparently described from a bird in immature plumage, ranges in

the region of the south shore of Lake Victoria as far south as the line of the Mau-

Elgeyu Hills and North Sotik and in northern Tanganyika Territory. This bird

in its full breeding dress is brown umber on the head; greyish brown on the

mantle with distinct dark centres to the feathers. Underside buffy white, paler

on the throat and abdomen and greyer on the flanks, The non-breeding plumage

is slightly lighter in colour, but not so well marked as in the natalensis (stranget)

group. It is noticeable that females are more sandy below than males. Young

birds are paler brown above and much more distinctly streaked.

The wing-measurements of my series give the following: Wings: 9, 55;

3, 68-70 mm.

Sio River in North Kavirondo ; Kisumu, Kano, Karungu, Kisii, Bumbere

Island in Victoria Nyanza; Amala River. 23 389.

1180. Cisticola aequatorialis Mearns. Naivasha Scrub Warbler.

This bird is very much like the above and differs in the darker brownish tinge

to the mantle, which is distinctly mottled. It is also slightly larger and has a

longer tail when in full plumage. Wings: 2, 55-60; ¢, 68-72 mm.

The range appears to be from South Sotik through the North Loita Plains to

Nakuru and Naivasha Lakes to the north end of the Aberdare Range (not on high

mountains) through the Kikuyu country to Fort Hall district: South Mau,

North Loita, Sotik, Nakuru, Naivasha, Escarpment, Nairobi, Kikuyu. 12 3,

3 9, 1 juv.

1181. Cisticola semifasciata Rchw. Southern Brown-headed Scrub Warbler.

Somewhat like the race inhabiting the Kisumu district, but altogether paler

and with a paler, more brightly rufescent-crown, especially on the nape. The

Novitates Zootogicamr XXIX. 1922. 211

crown is more distinctly streaked. It is perfectly distinct from aequatorialis.

This form ranges throughout the dry belt of East Africa, including the South

Ukamba district through the district of Simba, across to Magadi and South Loita

to the plains east of Kilimanjaro, and thence to the Teita and Taru districts to

the middle Tana. No seasonal plumages are apparent.

South Loita, Narossera (A. B. Percival), Olgerei, Magadi, Simba, N’ziu,

Tsavo, Campi-ya-bibi, M’buyuni, Lake Jipe, Bura, Maungu, Masongoleni, Kib-

wezi, Makindu. 25 $119.

1182. Cisticola cinereola schillingsi Rchw. Streaky Grey Scrub Warbler.

This is a larger, rather paler race of cinereola (? = somalica) which inhabits

the same area as C., semifasciata, except that it apparently extends farther north-

east and reaches the Lower Juba River and Kismayu. ‘Two birds from this

district anyhow agree better with schillingsi than with cinereola. The general

characters are: Head coloured like mantle, pale whitish grey, with pronounced

brownish streaks. Undersurface whitish, tinged sandy on the flanks.

Magadi, Simba, Tsavo, M’buyuni, Campi-ya-bibi, Taru ; Kismayu on Lower

Juba (A. B. Percival coll.). 11939.

1183. Cisticola cantans Heugl.

Two males shot 19.ii.1911 appear to belong to this species.

Marsabit North.

1184, Cisticola spec. ?

2 3, shot 22.xi.1917, are somewhat like 9 “‘ subruficapilla fischeri,” but differ

from that bird by having the pale tips to the tail-feathers pure white, not ashy or

brownish buff. When the birds fly, this character is most conspicuous. They

do not agree with any birds in Tring Museum.

Mt. Kamalinga, Karamoja, Uganda.

(The next group is that of the birds known hitherto as “ strangei”’ and

“ natalensis.” Both belong to the one species, i.e. natalensis. These birds are

readily recognised by their comparatively short, stout, strong, curved bills and

their generally compact build. Seasonal plumages differ.)

1185. Cisticola natalensis pachyrhynchus Heugl. Uganda Heavy-billed Scrub

Warbler.

Cisticola strangei van Someren (nec Fraser !), Zbis, 1916, and auct.

These are the birds which have been called strangez, but as strangez is distinct

and, as Sclater has pointed out, a race of ‘‘ natalensis,” the next name available

for the Uganda birds is pachyrhynchus. I thus do not agree with Sclater, who

(on the Tring labels) united all the East African and Uganda birds under the name

kapitensis of Mearns, The Uganda birds are quite different from the East African

ones, and there is a big break separating their respective ranges. In full breeding

plumage this bird is greyish above—with dark centres to the feathers of the

crown and mantle—but appears also to have a brown non-breeding dress, as

occasionally such specimens are found. But an examination of the material

above and in Tring Museum (over sixty skins) reveals only four such birds. Are we

212 Novirates ZooLocicaArE XXIX. 1922.

to presume that seasonal (that is breeding and non-breeding—not “‘ summer and

winter ’’—as the birds breed twice a year!) plumages are the exception in the

Uganda race of natalensis ? I find no intermediate birds, and, what is of great

importance, grey-backed birds are found throughout the year! In this connec-

tion I would draw attention to a paper on the nesting of Uganda birds in the

Journal of the East African and Uganda Natural History Society, No. 15, 1920,

January, p. 477. It will be seen that for C. strangei or pachyrhynchus the nesting

seasons are April, May, and June, and again in December. If there were any

regular and consistent periods during which the birds moulted from grey to

brown, surely my present series and that reported on in Ibis, July 1916, p. 451,

would contain more brown birds during the months of, say, February and August !

Again, I would draw attention to the fact that brown (not grey) birds were captured

on March 3rd, December 3rd, and May Ist! They are not young birds! One

is led to suggest that on the whole there is no definite seasonal plumage change !

The range is from the shores of Lake Albert throughout western Uganda to South

Ankole and passing east to the shores of Lake Rudolf, extending into Kast Africa

in the Kavirondo country, but not farther south than the line of the northern

foothills of the Elgeyu—Mau Escarpment. South of this there is a large tract

where I have not taken or seen any of these heavy-billed birds.

South Ankole, Masindi, Mubendi, Entebbe, Chagwe, Kyetume, Lugalambo,

Jinja, Soronko River, West Elgon, in Uganda; Kimiriri, North Kavirondo,

Kisumu, Kibigori, Fort Ternan, and N’zoia River. 15 J 149.

1186. Cisticola natalensis kapitensis Mearns. Kapiti Heavy-bill Scrub

Warbler.

I am not sure that these birds should not be kept as a species! In general

tone they are rather different from the natalensis group in both types of plumage.

They are much more streaky in the non-breeding plumage, and always have the

nape and neck rather brownish—in fact, some birds in the non-breeding dress

superficially resemble worn C. robusta ambigua. However, as the general build

and the type of bill are that of the natalensis group, we must for the time being

keep the bird as a subspecies. The type of call and song and other habits are,

however, different. A seasonal change is fairly well marked, which is another

difference. The range, so far as I have observed, is from the plains of South Kenia

through Fort Hall and Ukamba to Kapiti and south of South Guasso N’yiro,

south to the thorn-bush belt north of Makindu.

Fort Hall, Kitui, Machakos, and N’ziu River and Simba. 9 3, 5 9, 2 juv.

1187. Cisticola alleni Mearns.

Described from Mt. Kenia. I have no specimen.

1188. Cisticola heterophrys Oberh. Coast Brown-capped Scrub Warbler.

20. soror Rehw. 1916.

This bird was described from Mombasa and most of my specimens are topo-

typical. I have placed soror as a synonym provisionally, but it is doubtful.

These birds are somewhat like rufopileata, but have the mantle slightly mottled.

Novirates ZooLocicAE XXIX. 1922. 213

The range appears to be the coast belt of East Africa to almost the Ruvuma

and inland to the South Kilimanjaro Plains.

Mombasa, Pangani, Changamwe, Lamu, Manda Islands, 14 3, 7 9, 1 juv.

compared,

(Typical lugubris (erythrogenys is a synonym) has two plumages—a grey-

backed and a sandy pale one (vide Riipp. Vog. N.O. Afr. T.11and12). Both birds

came from the same locality !)

1189. Cisticola lugubris marginata Heugl. Nile Brown-winged Swamp

Warbler.

2 g, shot 20.xi.1917, undoubtedly belong to this northern race and not to

nyanzae Neum, They are much like the coastal form haematocephala. They

are pale on the back and have olive-grey-brown heads. This race ranges through

the Nile Province east to the Turkana and Lake Rudolf country.

Mt. Kamalinga in Karamoja, Moroto, Turkwell, in Uganda.

1190. Cisticola lugubris haematocephala Cab. Coastal Brown-winged Swamp

Warbler.

2 C. 1. suahelica Neum.,

I have taken this race next as it is most like the preceding, but can be easily

distinguished. It is quite a different-looking bird from C. 1. nyanzae, being paler

on the back and always having a pale olive head, not brown. The eggs of

haematocephala are much more boldly marked. This race inhabits the coast belt

of British East Africa from Kismayu to Pangani and extends inland to about the

line of Samburu; interior to this we find birds indistinguishable from the lake

race, i.e. nyanzae, Seasonal plumages not marked.

Juba River, Kismayu, Witu, Lamu, Manda, Changamwe, Mombasa,

Samburu. 10 362 compared.

1191. Cisticola lugubris nyanzae Neum. East African Brown-winged Swamp

Warbler.

The majority of brown-backed birds occur in August, September, October,

and November, yet grey-backed birds also occur in these months. Glancing at

my records of nesting-times I find that this bird is breeding freely in April, May,

and June and at the end of November and December—that is, these birds ought

then to be in the grey-backed plumage, but both grey and brown are found in

the months of November and December. How is one to account for this seeming

irregularity, and how many times in the year does one single individual bird

moult? I think it must moult four times! A suggestion has been made that

the birds which breed in the long rains (March, April, May, and June) do not

breed again in the short rains (November), and vice versa. This may be correct.

The range of nyanzae appears to be from the shores of Lake Victoria south

to the Ukamba district and Loita. Whether this race and haematocephala

actually meet, I have been unable to prove.

Budu, Kampala, Entebbe, Jinja, in Uganda; Kisumu, Kibigori, Nakuru,

Naivasha, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Machakos, Kitui, Simba, and Makindu in British

East Africa, 15 grey-backed g, 9 brown-backed g, 6 moulting from grey to

brown or from brown to grey, 32 9, 5 juv.

214 Novirates ZootogicaE XXIX. 1922.

1192. Cisticola carruthersi Og.-Grant. Slender-billed Chestnut-capped Warbler.

A pair of birds, shot 14.iii. 1919, resembles somewhat C. 1. nyanzae, but can

be readily distinguished by their much darker grey backs and deep chestnut

crowns and long slender bills. Further, there is no bright red-brown edges to

the primaries and secondaries, but instead these parts are dull brownish.

The type of this species came from Mokia, near Ruwenzori, while my speci-

mens come from the Sezibwa River, in Chagwe, Uganda. It is a swamp-loving

species and very shy. I have compared the type of Carruthersi, which agrees

absolutely.

1193. Cisticola carruthersi kavirondensis subsp. nov. Kisumu Slender-billed

Chestnut-capped Warbler.

These are the birds which I doubtfully referred to C, lugubris in the Ibis,

1916. I have since been able to observe, though not to capture, two other pairs

of this bird in the dense papyrus swamps at Kisumu. They resembled the

specimens procured in 1912 absolutely. These birds are very much like carruthersi,

but differ from the latter by being slightly paler on the mantle, with a paler

brown crown, the brown colour merging into the grey of the mantle. The wings

are also paler. The tail is blackish, with the feathers tipped greyish except

the central pair, and the black subterminal band is only just indicated. The

bill is long and slender, but not so long as in C. carruthersi. It is larger than

carrutherst.

East shore of Victoria Nyanzae at the Kavirondo Gulf: Kisumu Bay.

23192. Type: J, Kisumu Swamp, 2.vii.1912, in the Tring Museum.

1194. Cisticola tinniens oreophila subsp. nov. Red-headed Mountain Warbler.

This race of the South African bird is recognisable by its blacker upperside

with narrower buff lines to the mantle, its paler, uniform yellow-brown head

and the white or cream, not greyish, white edges and tips to the tail-feathers.

In the brownish non-breeding plumage this bird assumes a striped head. It

is a mountain bird and does not occur in the low country.

The range is Mt. Kenia, along the Aberdare Mountains to the Mau and

Elgeyu Escarpments, and Elgon.

Kenia, Aberdare Mountains, Mau, Molo, Elgeyu, Elgon. Type: g, Kenia,

12.ii.1919, 7,000 feet. Tring Museum. 6 4, 49, 2 juv.

1195. Cisticola spec.? Slender-billed Mountain Warbler.

1 3, shot 20. viii. 1917, resembles somewhat C. robusta in general appearance

and size, having the head and nape striped to the mantle, but is at once dis-

tinguished by its very slender bill and its more grey-tinged underside. The

tips to the tail-feathers are greyish, not white.

Aberdare Mountains.

1196. Cisticola robusta nuchalis Rchw. Uganda Rufous-capped Grass

Warbler.

I find on measuring up a series of thirty skins the wings of the males range

from 64 to 66, in females from 55to 60 mm. In the field I have always recognised

Novitates ZooLtocicar XXIX. 1922. 215

the Uganda bird as being smaller in build than the Hast African race, and the

note is slightly different. The East African bird, C. r. ambigua Sharpe (Mau),

has been united with nuchalis, but I do not agree with this, as a comparison of

the wing-measuremenis and field-notes show the difference.

I believe the range of this bird to be (within the territory dealt with in this

paper) West Uganda from Ankole through to the east of Elgon, I am not able

to say whether this race and ambigua meet, but they may do so in the Elgon-Nandi

district. My Elgon birds appear intermediate in size.

South Ankole, Toro, Mubendi, Mubombo, 10 3, 3 Q, 3 juv.

1197. Cisticola robusta ambigua Sharpe. East African Rufous-capped Grass

Warbler.

With my big series of 38 g 30 9 before me I can easily appreciate the dis-

tinctness of this race, though it is merely one of size and the largest birds are

found on the high plateau round Mau, Nakuru, Naivasha. Wings measure :

3, 68-72 (average 70); 2, 58-65 mm. This I consider ample to warrant the

upholding of this race. There is practically no seasonal variation.

The range of this form is from the grass lands of South Ukamba and the

Loita Plains to North Kavirondo and Elgon,

Simba, Magadi, Kitui, Thika, Fort Hall, Nyeri, Kenia, Kikuyu, Nairobi,

Naivasha, Nakuru, Mau, Londiani, Eldoret, Elgeyu, Baringo, Kisumu, Kimiriri

River, Elgon.

1198. Cisticola robusta tana Mearns. Pale Rufous-headed Grass Warbler.

This race, described from one specimen, appears doubtful, as I have speci-

mens from the Upper Tana which do not differ from Mau birds !

1199. Cisticola hunteri Shell. Long-tailed Warbler.

C. kilimensis Mearns.

I have examined typical specimens, and am unable to recognise two races

of hunteri on Mt. Kilimanjaro, therefore kilimensis Mearns is probably the

same, as it comes from the same locality. C. prinioides Stone, 1905 (nec Neu-

mann !), is also the same as huntert.

1200. Cisticola hunteri prinioides Neum. Mau Long-tailed Warbler.

C.h. harrisoni Stone.

A darker race than hunteri from Kilimanjaro, but not so dark as newmanni

Hart., and possesses distinct dark centres to the feathers of the mantle. The

underside is greyish with the throat whitish, which colour extends to the breast

and belly. The white of the throat is not sharply defined from the grey of the

breast. I find, however, two darker birds—more like the type of newmanni,

but they are not adult! The young are brownish above, with distinct streaks

to the mantle, while the underside is creamy with a grey tinge on breast and

flanks (cf. young of Elgon birds); the brown edgings to the wing-feathers are

paler than in adults. In my series I find the wings: 3, 60-63; 9, 56-58 mm.

To this race I refer specimens collected by Doherty at the Escarpment and

others shot at Nairobi, Kikuyu, Molo, Londiani, Mau (type locality), Maraquet

Escarpment (lower slopes), Nakuru, Olbolorset, Naivasha, Elgeyu, and Eldoret,

216 Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

I have twenty-one specimens and there are in Tring fifteen from Escarpment.

I also find that the series represents birds taken in every month of the year.

They are all uniform, except the two birds referred to before.

This bird ranges in altitudes of 5,000 to 8,000 feet along the Rift Valley :

Loita, Kikuyu, Kabete, Nakuru, Molo, Mau, Londiani, Burnt Forest, Maraquet.

Twenty-two specimens.

1201. Cisticola hunteri neumanni Hart. Kenia Long-tailed Warbler.

C. wambuguensis Mearns.

I have examined the type of newmanni and consider it to be a young bird ;

it has a brown bill, not black as is found in adults. It is slightly more rufous

on the back than my topo-types—but this, too, is in keeping with its immature

state. When the series is laid out with prinioides, the darker appearance of

neumanni can, however, be appreciated. I have in my series birds from the

type locality of wambuguensis Mearns, and cannot separate them from the Kenia

specimens ; further, my birds from the Aberdare Highlands do not differ from

Kenia ones, and there cannot be a pale form between two dark ones of the same

race. My series shows wings of 57-67 mm. Worn birds are hardly to be dis-

tinguished from fresh typical prinioides.

Mearns’s description of wambuguensis fits exactly immature newmanni in

second plumage! Seasonal plumages do not appear to differ.

Mt. Kenia, Nyeri Road, Aberdare Highlands. 9 ¢ 3 collected.

1202. Cisticola hunteri immaculata subsp. nov. Elgon Long-tailed Warbler.

Elgon birds do not agree with any of the described races, and on referring

to Jackson’s specimens taken on Elgon I find that Sharpe (Ibis, 1892) already

remarked on the dark grey undersurface. This is most pronounced in my

specimens, but they are also much darker on the mantle than any other specimens

and show no mottling or streaks. Further, the young of corresponding age to

young prinioides have the underside grey, now creamy, with only a greyish tinge.

Further specimens will no doubt show this to be a good form.

Mt. Elgon, 9,000 feet. 2 ¢,29,1ljuv. Type: gad., Bumasifa, Mt. Elgon,

24.iii.1916, in the Tring Museum.

1203. Cisticola lateralis ugandensis subsp. nov, Uganda White-bellied Brown

Warbler.

These birds are usually referred to as lateralis, but differ markedly from the

latter by being much browner on the mantle, at all seasons. The wings measure

62-68 mm,

Type in my collection.

Uganda-Congo border east to Mt. Elgon and South Ankole: South Ankole,

Mubendi, Bugoma, Masindi, Entebbe, Chagwe, Jinja, Busoga. 10 ¢ 4 9.

1204. Cisticola chubbi Sharpe. Large Pale Brown-headed Warbler.

This species does not alter much throughout its range in Uganda, though

Ankole and Kivu birds are somewhat darker on the mantle and darker brown

on the crown.

North Kavirondo to West Uganda and Kivu: Yala, Kavirondo, Elgon,

Lukiga, Kigezi, Ankole. 6 3, 69, 1 juv.

Novirates ZooLtocicar XXIX. 1922. 217

1205. Cisticola rufopileata emini Rchw. Emin’s Brown-backed Warbler.

It would appear that this bird does not get a jet-black bill like C. 1. ugandensis,

The paler brown back and more rufous head, together with the colour of the

bill, help to distinguish these birds. The range appears to be the whole of the

Uganda territory, including Elgon: Budongo, Bugoma, Masindi, Entebbe.

Jinja, Mubendi, Elgon.

1206. Cisticola pictipennis Madarasz. East African Chestnut-capped Warbler.

I have before me an excellent series of birds, including, besides my own

enumerated above, the material in Tring. I am compelled to suggest that all

the birds from East Africa hitherto called cinerascens are pictipennis of Madarasz.

I do this for the following reasons: C. cinerascens of Heuglin is synonymous

with semitorques, according to all recent workers. Now, typical semitorques is a

bird with a distinct supercilium, as given in the original description, while all the

birds called cinerascens from East Africa have no superciliary stripe. This being

so, the next name available is pictipennis. Madarasz compared them with

rufipileata, and states that they are greyer on the back, and have the bands on

the tail much more clearly defined and darker, which is a fact in East African

birds! Comparison with typical rufipileata confirms this, If it is shown later

that cinerascens is not the same as semitorques, still pictipennis will probably have

to be used for the East African birds, as cinerascens came from Keren, Bogos-

land, and is most certain to be different from southern birds. With regard to

the birds named pictipennis by Bannerman (Lbis, 1911), and those so named by

Og.-Grant (Ibis, 1908, p. 295), I have examined these birds, and they are really

immature pictipennis (cinerascens of Authors). The grey forehead and very wide

black tail-bar is found in immature pictipennis.

The birds referred to by Grant would belong to the Uganda form of picti-

pennis, which appears to be C. belli Grant, described from Ruwenzori.

1206A. Cisticola pictipennis ? belli Og.-Grant.

A 3 from Jinja in Usoga is unlike E. African specimens, the back being

darker grey, the head deeper chestnut, the edges to the primaries darker, and

the underside has sandy buff. This bird is matched by two specimens collected

by Ansorge at Masindi in Uganda and referred to as cinerascens by Hartert.

They somewhat resemble rufopileata from Angola, Gaboon, Nigeria, etc.

12068. Cisticola teitensis spec. nov. Teita Red-headed Warbler.

A g from Sagala, Teita, at first glance resembles C. ruficapilla of 8.

Africa, being similarly coloured underneath and above, and having a distinct

wide superciliary stripe. Head chestnut-brown, the brown extending to the

mantle, which is generally tinged with brownish. It differs markedly in the

tail not being long and graduated, but short and rounded, and has distinct wide

black bars and pale grey tips (not whitish as in pictipennis!). It is also a larger

bird.

1207. Cisticola erythrops subsp. East African Rufous-bellied Swamp Warbler.

Sclater and Praed have studied this group and have recognised three races

of typical erythrops. Unfortunately their researches did not go far enough.

218 Novitates ZooLtogicaE XXIX. 1922

The two new forms they create are obviously distinct, but I think they have

overlooked Reichenow’s prior name for the Abyssinian form. No mention is

made of the East African and Uganda race, but I find this to be quite distinct

from the West African species (Nigeria). It is always more olive-washed on the

mantle, never being grey in this area. It resembles zwaiensis = pyrrhomitra

Rchw., but has the forepart of the head paler, more yellowish brown, less rufous,

this colour not extending on to the fore part of the crown. The crown is coloured

like the mantle. My series is very uniform, with the exception of three youngish

birds, which are rather more olive than normal. Young in first plumage are

quite brownish olive on the head and mantle, have a distinct white loral spot,

and a grey ring round the eye.

Uganda birds cannot be separated from Hast African ones.

Masindi, Toro, South Ankole, Bugoma, Budongo, Busiro, Kasala, Mawakota,

Lugalambo, in Uganda; Kavirondo, Kirimiri, South Elgon, Kakamegoes,

Kisumu, Burnt Forest, Kenia, Embu, Nairobi, Kyambu, in East Africa,

1208, Heliolais erythroptera kavirondensis subsp. nov. Red-winged Pintail Warbler.

Apparently near major of Blundell and Lovat, and as rich on the underside.

The type of major is a pale worn specimen. It is quite different from typical

erythroptera. The East African birds differ from major in being less rufous on

the mantle, more greyish, and the ramp more olive. The tail is much darker

brown, without rufous tinge. Bill brown, not black. A rare bird.

4, 27. viii.1918, Fort Ternan in Kavirondo. Other specimens in Nairobi

Museum.

1209, Prinia mistacea immutabilis van Som. East African Wren Warbler.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 93, 1920.

In the provisional revision of this group by Sclater and Praed (bis, 1918,

pp. 676-7), omission has been made of certain well-marked forms. Under the

heading P. m. tenella Cab. (Mombasa) we find the distribution given as East

Africa and Uganda to Belgian Congo. My series of birds from the coast, north

to West Uganda, shows that there are two birds within this distribution ; the

coastal bird is tenella Cab., the inland one differs. I therefore named it immuta-

bilis. In addition, the bird from the Mufumbiro, Kivu, and North Tanganyika

districts is Prinia mistacea grauert Hart. (Nov. Zoo, 1920, p. 457). P. m. immu-

tabilis differs from P. m. mistacea in having the mantle and lower back olive-

brownish, with the head slightly darker and greyer tinged, the rump more

brownish, the outer webs of the primaries and secondaries only slightly edged

with brownish. It differs from the coastal form (éenella Cab.) in being darker

above, and lacking the large white preorbital spot and mottled appearance

which tenella has in fresh full plumage. It is also a larger bird, having wings

of 351-55, 9 49-51 mm.

The call-notes are different. There is no seasonal change. This type of

bird ranges from Ukambani and Loita through the highlands of East Africa to

Elgon and Uganda, Besides my specimens, there is a series in Tring.

Simba, Kitui, N’ziu River, Embu, Fort Hall, Kyambu, Nairobi, Nakuru,

Naivasha, Samburu, Kibos, Kisumu, in East Africa; Jinja, Lugalambo, Kyetume,

Entebbe, Mubendi, Bugoma, Toro, Chambura, Masindi, in Uganda.

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 219

1210. Prinia mistacea tenella Cab. Coastal Wren Warbler.

This coastal race is paler below and above than up-country birds.

There is no seasonal change in plumage. Wings: 45-58mm. The range

appears to be limited to the coast belt and the birds do not penetrate inland to

any distance. I have found it from Vanga, north to the Juba River, including

the Islands of Lamu and Manda.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Lamu, Manda, Witu, Juba River.

1211. Prinia somalica intermedia Jacks. Pale Wren Warbler.

I was surprised to find this bird in the Serengeti Plains east of Kilimanjaro,

and then again in the region of the Turkwell River, west of Lake Rudolf. I can

see no difference between these birds, nor can I find any character for separating

them from P. s. erlangeri from South Somaliland (N’gare-lewin), of which, how-

ever, I have only seen one specimen. If the two are not separable, then the name

erlangeri must be used, as it has priority. The range would be from East Kili-

manjaro Plains to South Ukambani, north to the Guasso N’yiro and Baringo

district, also to Lake Rudolf and Turkana.

Tsavo, Campi-ya-bibi, Meuressi, Turkwell River.

1212. Prinia leucopogon reichenowi Hartl. Uganda White-throated Wren Warbler.

'P. ugandae.

Very distinct and ranges through Uganda from west to east, extending into

East Africa in the North Kavirondo country.

South Ankole, Toro, Bugoma, Budongo, Masindi, Buzivanjovo, Entebbe,

Lugalambo, Sezibwa, Kyetume, Elgon, in Uganda; Kaimosi in East Africa.

16 $89.

1213. Prinia bairdi melanops Rchw. East African Barred Wren Warbler.

Young birds are brownish above, grey-brown below, with whitish abdomen,

barred slightly at the flanks ; secondaries tipped with rusty brown. Bill horn-

brown. This bird does not appear to range into Uganda, but is limited to Elgon,

south to the Nandi and Elgeyu Escarpments to Mau and Sotik. Here, again,

we have a race of a western bird which appears cut off from its nearest neighbour,

P. b. obscura, by the whole width of Uganda and northern Tanganyika Territory,

(See introductory remarks.)

Elgon, Kaimosi, Mau, Elgeyu Ravine, Molo.

1214. Prinia bairdi obscura Neum. Kivu Barred Wren Warbler.

Darker than the Elgon bird.

South Ankole to Kivu and North Tanganyika.

1215, Dryodromas rufifrons rufidorsalis Sharpe. Rufous-backed Wren Warbler.

D. r, reichenowi Mad.

Full-plumaged males are much more rufous on the back than the nearest

form, smithi, of which erlangeri is a synonym. Females and young birds are not

so rufous, and very much like males of smithi, Full-plumaged males have a

220 Noyitates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

series of black spots on the upper breast, forming a broken collar. In females

this is almost absent. The range is apparently the dry thorn-bush country from

Teita to Sotik and Ukamba.

Maungu, Voi, Campi-ya-bibi, M’buyuni; Tsavo, Magadi, Simba.

1216. Dryodromas rufifrons smithi Sharpe.

Has been recorded from the Lorian and Juba River districts.

1217. Dryodromas rufifrons turkana van Som. Uganda Rufous-faced Wren Warbler.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 93, 1920.

Very much paler above than smithi and rufidorsalis, with the rufous of the

forehead not extending beyond the middle of the crown. From rufifrons it differs

in the greater amount of rufous on the head and more white on the outer webs

of the primaries and secondaries. This white edging is not so conspicuous as in

rufidorsalis.

Country west of Lake Rudolf: Kobua River, Meuressi, Turkwell River.

1218. Apalis pulchra Sharpe. East African Black-collared Forest Warbler.

This really beautiful species is fairly plentiful near Elgon, and has a fairly

wide range. It occurs along the line of forest-clad highlands from Elgon to

Kikuyu and Kenia. Young birds differ in being duller and having the throat

tinged with yellowish ; the bill is horny brown, not black. The eggs of this bird

have been taken for me by J. Pemberton Cook at Kyambu; they are rather

elongated, of a pale greenish blue, with liver-coloured spots,

Elgon, Kibingei River, Kakamegoes, Nyarondo, Elgeyu, Maraquet, Molo,

Nairobi, Kikuyu, Kyambu, Kenia.

1219. Apalis ruwenzorii Jacks. Ruwenzori Collared Forest Warbler.

These birds from a country between that of typical rwwenzorit and catiodes,

are also intermediate in plumage. They are darker than ruwenzorii on the chin,

breast, and flanks, but not quite so dark as catiodes. A larger series is required

to see if any definite distribution can be defined for so-coloured birds. I have

only 1 3 1 9 from Kigezi in South Ankole.

1220. Apalis nigriceps collaris van Som. Uganda Black-capped Forest Warbler.

Bull. B.O. Club, 1915.

2 g 2 9 agree absolutely with the birds mentioned in /bis, 1916, and endorse

the characters claimed for this race.

Mubendi, Entebbe, Mabira.

1221. Apalis jacksoni Sharpe. Jackson’s Yellow-breasted Forest Warbler.

Kikuyu specimens do not differ from Elgon ones ; on the other hand, Kivu

birds have blacker heads. A series from North Tanganyika will probably show

this to be constant.

I have also two birds from Toro which are very much richer yellow below

Noviratrs ZoonocicAE XXIX. 1922. 221

than typical Elgon birds, and more like two females from Angola (Ibis, July 1916,

p. 458 pl.). A series should be collected and compared. They probably agree

with the Congo race, but I have no specimens for comparison.

Elgon (1), Kikuyu (4), Maraquet (3), Nyarondo (2).

1222. Apalis binotata Rchw. White-bellied Green Forest Warbler.

The appearance of this bird on Mt. Elgon is surprising. From Camaroon I

have insufficient material. A slight difference is, however, noticeable in the

specimens available, but I cannot say if this is constant.

2 3, 17.11.1915, Mt. Elgon.

1223. Apalis personata Sharpe. Black-headed White-bellied Green Warbler.

Ruwenzori, south to Kivu.

1224, Apalis porphyrolaema Rchw. Chestnut-throated Grey Warbler.

The range appears to be the forests from Elgon south to Elgeyu and Sotik,

and south to the Aberdares and Kenia.

Elgon, Bumasifa, in Uganda; Burnt Forest, Maraquet, Aberdare Mts.,

Kenia.

1225, Apalis porphyrolaema affinis Og.-Grant. Ruwenzori Chestnut-throated

Grey Warbler.

Described from Ruwenzori. Requires confirmation.

1226. Apalis rufigularis denti Og.-Grant. Brown-throated Forest Warbler.

Some of my specimens come very near to the typical bird. The range of

this subspecies would be from Ruwenzori east to Mt. Elgon.

Bugoma, Budongo, Mubango, Sezibwa, Mabira, and Lugalambo in Uganda,

1227. Apalis flavocincta Sharpe. Long-tailed Yellow-banded Warbler.

I collected a series of 21 J, 169, 3 juv. at all times of the year, because I was

certain that there were two groups of these birds in East Africa, My suspicions

have been justified, and I have accordingly arranged my specimens under two

headings. I keep flavocincta Sharpe specifically distinct from the short-tailed

group, flavida. The characters of flavocincta are: Size large (in comparison) ;

mantle and wings dark yellowish olive-green, the grey of the head seldom reaching

to the nape, head always dark grey, not pale grey. Tail long and graduated,

with the outer pair entirely pale matt yellow, or just dark at the base, the next

pair yellow for the terminal third, rest tipped with yellow. Breast-band pale

yellow, and in the males washed with greenish olive on the sides (cf. next group).

Young birds are paler on the underside and have a distinct greyish white loral

spot and whitish eyelids. Perhaps Sharpe had a youngish bird when he de-

scribed this species. The range is from the south of Elgon throughout East

Africa, not including the southern coast belt.

Maraquet, Nakuru, Naivasha, Kyambu, Nairobi, Fort Hall, Athi, Kitui,

N’ziu River, Tsavo (Mbuyuni, Campi-ya-bibi, Maungu, the last rather smaller),

222 Novitatres Zoobocicar XXIX, 1922.

1228. Apalis “ flavida’? neumanni Zedl.

Three skins collected on the Juba River by A. Blayney Percival. This

appears a doubtful form !

1229, Apalis flavida golzi Fisch. & Rchw. Short-tailed Yellow-banded Warbler.

Although this bird has been united with flavocincta, I am of opinion that it

is different. I find that we get a bird which ranges through Central and Southern

German East and extends along the southern coast belt of East Africa, presenting

the following characters, as compared with flavocincta: Crown of head entirely

pale grey, not merging into the brighter yellow-green of the mantle. A deeper,

brighter yellow breast-band ; paler underside ; short green tail which is tipped

yellow. Two birds collected by Buchanan at Kissaki and Kirengwe agree with

my Tanganyika Territory specimens and with my South Mombasa bird.

I have no birds from Arusha for comparison, but have no hesitation in

keeping this form distinct from flavocincia.

Mombasa, Dar-es-Salaam, Dodoma, Morogoro.

1230. Apalis flavida aequatorialis Neum.

This race resembles golzi in having the entire crown light grey, but the

breast-band is of a deeper yellow. The tail is greenish, short, and with small

yellow tips.

This bird ranges along the north-west and southern shores of Victoria Nyanza

and to the Kivu district.

South Ankole, Entebbe.

Two specimens in my collection from Lumbo, Portuguese East Africa, are

A, f. neglecta.

1231. Euprinodes nigrescens Jacks. Black-backed Forest Warbler.

West Uganda to Elgon; Bugoma, Budongo, and Mubango in Uganda.

1232. Euprinodes cinerea Sharpe. Brown-headed Grey Forest Warbler.

Four specimens have the crown greyish brown, the forehead pale grey, and

the rest have the crown brownish. These differences are not limited to birds

from particular localities. The range is from Bukedi in Uganda, south to the

forests of North Ukambani: Bukedi, Elgon, in Uganda ; Kaimosi, Burnt Forest,

Maraquet, Elgeyu, Molo, Nairobi, in East Africa.

1233. Euprinodes karamojae van Som. White-winged Grey Warbler.

Journ. E. Afr. and Uganda Nat. Hist. Soc. No. 16, 1921.

1 g, shot 12.xi.1919, agrees with no described species. Head, mantle,

rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy grey. Ear-coverts darker, pre-orbital spot

blackish ; white streak from the nostrils to above anterior angle of eye. Under-

surface entirely buffy white, thighs mottled blackish, wings dark blackish brown,

with the four inner secondaries widely edged with pure white on the outer web.

Central pair of tail-feathers entirely black, next‘ pair tipped with white, third

Novitates ZootocicazE XXIX. 1922. 223

pair white for the terminal half, except along the inner web and shaft; fourth

pair, terminal half white ; outer pair entirely white, except at the base.

Mt, Kamalinga, Karamoja, in Uganda.

1234, Phyllolais pulchella Cretzschm. Little Buff-bellied Warbler.

Southern birds are rather darker on the back than northern, but the material

for comparison is not in good condition for safe judgment.

Mt. Moroto in Uganda ; Kerio River, South Lake Rudolf, Kisumu, Kibigori,

Kendu Bay, Burnt Forest, Simba.

1235. Drymocichla incana Hartl. Nile Brown-winged Grey Warbler.

Has been taken at Masindi and in the Nile Province in Uganda.

1236. Eremomela elegans elgonensis van Som, Elgon Golden-breasted Scrub Warbler.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 92, February 1920.

This distinct race is nearest to H. e. canescens Antin., but differs by being

larger and very much richer yellow underneath, a darker and purer grey head,

and blacker ear-coverts. It thus differs from both the other forms, elegans

elegans and elegans abyssinica. Wings: 57-61, as compared to 50-56 in

canescens. The young bird is paler below with the crown coloured as the mantle,

7.e. greyish green.

The range of this new form is from the north of Elgon to North Kavirondo

and south along the Nandi Escarpment to the Burnt Forest.

Kibingei and Kimiriri Rivers, Kibos, Soronko River, Elgon, Kibigori,

Kaimosi, Nyarondo, Burnt Forest.

(Eremomela elegans canescens Antin. Nile Yellow-bellied Scrub Warbler.

Described from the Djur River, this form probably ranges to the north of the

Nile Province in Uganda.)

1237. Eremomela scotops occipitalis Rchw. Pale Yellow-breasted Scrub Warbler.

This form is purer grey on the back, less tinged with yellowish green. The

yellow green of the head is brighter. Young birds are much paler than adults,

and have the head and mantle of the same colour ; the underside is not so yellowish

buff.

The range appears to be from the scrub south of Kenia, through North

Ukambani to the Kedong Valley.

Nairobi, Kyambu.

1238, Eremomela citriniceps Rchw. Yellow-headed Scrub Warbler.

Head yellowish green, sharply defined from the grey of the mantle, black

loral spot clear and well marked,

The range appears to be the Western Loita district to the Amala country,

along the south coast of Victoria Nyanza, It ranges into the South Ankole

district along the Kagera River.

Kendu Bay by Kisumu,

Novirates ZooLocicAaE XXIX. 1922.

1239. Eremomela badiceps turneri van Som. Elgon Brown-crowned Scrub

Warbler.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 92, February 1920.

This ‘new form is quite distinct from badiceps of West Africa. It is smaller

and darker, more sooty grey on the hind half of the crown, mantle, wings, and

tail. The chestnut of the head is limited to the forehead and front of the crown,

the brown colour being extended back as superciliary stripes. The black chest-

band is not so wide or extensive. Wing 49, bill 4, tarsus 14 mm.

Only known from the North Kavirondo district : Yala River, south of Elgon.

(The next group of Scrub Warblers is rather difficult. I find two birds,

griseoflava and flavicrissalis, hitherto supposed to be forms of one species, flavi-

ventris, inhabiting the same country. This being the case, I must keep them

specifically distinct, each with so many races. There are birds in which the

yellow is very limited and pale, others in which it is deeper and extends on to

the lower chest or so—with the material at my disposal I am unable to arrive

at a definite classification.)

1240. Eremomela flavicrissalis Sharpe. Little Yellow-vented Scrub Warbler.

These birds occur along with griseoflava. They do not agree in measurements

with Sclater and Praed’s remarks in [bis, October 1919, p. 674. They state that

flavicrissalis is easily distinguished by its small size, wings under 50 mm. My

three birds have wings of 48, 50, 54 mm. The largest bird is from the North

Guasso N’yiro; the smallest from the Turkwell River. These birds are adult,

and have the yellow on the underside very pale and limited to the area round

the vent.

The range would be from Hastern Uganda, through the dry country north of

Baringo, south to the Northern Guasso N’yiro and Marsabit, probably to the

east of Ukambani, east to Tana and Jubaland.

Northern Guassa N’yiro, Meuressi, Turkwell.

1241, Eremomela flaviventris griseoflava Heugl. Northern Little Yellow-bellied Scrub

Warbler.

These birds are undoubtedly distinct from abdominalis Rchw. The yellow

of the abdomen is paler and the upperside not so clear grey.

East Uganda, Turkana country, and Lake Rudolf, ? Nile Province, Uganda.

Mt. Moroto, Meuressi, Turkwell.

1242, Eremomela flaviventris abdominalis Rchw. Kikuyu Little Yellow-bellied Scrub

Warbler.

These birds have rich yellow abdomen, and my series is very constant in this

respect. Young birds have the abdomen slightly paler and the yellow extending

to the breast. The range is through the Ukamba country west to Kilimanjaro

and into Tanganyika Territory.

Fort Hall, Simba, Tsavo, Sagala, Campi-ya-bibi, Maungu.

Novirates ZootogrcaAm XXIX. 1922 225

1243. Eremomela flaviventris crawfurdi Steph. Clarke. Little Pale-bellied Scrub

Warbler.

This race has a dark sooty-grey back with pale lemon-yellow abdomen, and

the sides of the breast are tinged with greyish. The yellow of the abdomen is

more restricted than in abdominalis. It is large, with wings 57-62 mm.

Range appears to be from Sotik south to the South Loita Plains, and possibly

South Guasso N’yiro.

Loita, Sotik (A. B. Percival coll.).

1244. Sylvietta virens barakae Sharpe. Brown-throated Crombec.

This is a good race which ranges from the Toro country to Ankole and east

to Elgon.

Mubendi, Entebbe, Jinja, in Uganda.

1245. Sylvietta leucophrys leucophrys Sharpe. Elgon Brown-headed Crombec.

Mearns has separated the Kenia birds, but my single Aberdare bird does not

differ from Elgon specimens. Forest-clad highlands from Elgon to Aberdares

and Escarpment.

Elgon, Kaimosi, Elgeyu, Burnt Forest.

(Sylvietta leucophrys keniensis Mearns. Kenia Brown-headed Crombec.

I have not seen Kenia specimens. )

1246, Sylvietta leucophrys chloronota Hart. Kivu Brown-headed Crombec.

Nov. Zool. 1920, p. 460.

This is a good form, being greener on the mantle, rump, and flanks, darker,

purer chestnut-brown on the head.

South Ankole to Kivu and North Tanganyika.

(Sylvietta denti Og.Grant. Brown-headed Crombec.

Described from Ruwenzori and apparently limited to that range.)

1247, Sylvietta brachyura dilutior Rchw. Uganda Grey and Brown Crombec.

These birds vary somewhat in the intensity of the brown lower surface. I

have two which do not differ in colour from typical jacksoni. The smaller size

and the grey eye-stripe, of course, distinguish them. One bird from Masindi is

very pale and cannot be distinguished from S. b. nilotica !

Soronko River, Mt. Elgon, Masindi, Mabira, Kaimosi.

1248, Sylvietta brachyura leucopsis Rchw. Little White-bellied Crombec.

S. b. tavetensis Mearns.

The material in the Tring Museum does not bear out the distribution of this

form given by Sclater and Praed, Jbis, October 1919. The South Ethiopian birds

are not the same as those from East Africa, nor do the West Rudolf ones agree.

S. tavetensis is the same as leucopsis.

The range is the scrub and thorn-bush country from East Kilimanjaro to

Loita, east to Ukambani and Northern Frontier to South Juba,

Tsavo, Maungu, Voi, Taveta, Northern Guasso N’yiro (A. B. Percival coll.),

Novitates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

lor)

1249. Sylvietta brachyura near leucopsis.

Sal 2 resemble leucopsis in having a white chin and abdomen, but differ

from that race by being less pure grey above, more tinged with sandy and slightly

larger. They are intermediate between lewcopsis and nilotica !

Meuressi, Turkwell, Kobua River, West Rudolf.

1250. Sylvietta minima Grant. Manda Green-rumped Crombec.

Uniform grey-backed birds occur along with the green-rumped type on

Manda and Lamu!

1251. Sylvietta isabellina macrorhyncha van Som. Long-billed Pale Crombec.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 92, 1920.

A large pale bird with white undersurface with the flanks markedly sandy

rufous, contrasting with the rest of the underside. The bill is very long, as in

S. rufescens, but more slender, Wings: 58-63 mm.

Yatta and Serengiti Plains, Teita, and E, Kilimanjaro: M’buyuni, Tsavo.

1252. Sylvietta whytii jacksoni Sharpe. Jackson’s Brown-bellied Crombec.

S. distinguenda Mad. 4

Specimens from north and south of the type locality have a rich rufous buff

underside, slightly paler on the abdomen, but not always so.

Specimens from Southern Abyssinia and from west of Lake Rudolf are paler

than typical birds. My material from these localities is, however, small (3 g

1 2 only), but I prefer to recognise abayensis of Mearns for the time being.

The brighter coloured form I have from Kenia, Nairobi, Kikuyu, Olgerei

(A. B. Percival), Loita, Naivasha, Nakuru, Burnt Forest, Fort Ternan, Kibos,

Kibigori, Kisumu, Kendu Bay ; also from Elgon, Entebbe, and Mubendi.

The paler birds from Meuressi, Turkwell, Kibos River, Mt. Moroto, and

Kacheliba in Turkana.

1253. Sylvietta whytii loringi Mearns. Pale Brown-bellied Crombec.

I am prepared to support this race as a pale form of S. w. jacksoni, and give

as its range the East Ukambani district from south of Fort Hall, extending to the

east of Kilimanjaro—i.e, inhabiting the whole of the thorn-bush and scrub country

and the Yatta Plains.

Fort Hall, Simba, N’zui River, Tsavo, Voi, Taveta, and Campi-ya-bibi.

1254. Sylvietta whytii fischeri Rchw. Coastal Pale-bellied Crombec.

I do not consider this to be the same as 8, whytit whytii Shell. It is a paler

bird which, within the coastal belt, remains true to type, but which, when it

extends inland, merges into the form loringi Mearns. My series of fifty skins

shows this beautifully. In the Teita and South Ukamba district we find the

intermediates (cf. Camaroptera pileata, etc.),

NovitatTes ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

Females are more buffy below than males.

S. w. fischeri differs more from whytii than loringi from jacksoni.

Typical birds: Mombasa, Changamwe, Malindi, Lamu, Manda, Samburu,

Juba (South). Intermediates: Maungu, Taveta, Teita,

1255, Camaroptera toroensis Jacks. Toro Green-winged Warbler.

Ranges from West Uganda to Mt. Elgon and North Kavirondo: Bugoma,

Budongo, Mubango, Lugalambo, Mabira, Elgon, in Uganda; Kaimosi in East

Africa,

1256, Camaroptera superciliaris ugandae Steph. Clarke. Bare-throated Forest Warbler.

2 C. pulchra Zedlitz.

In 1916 (Ibis, July 1916) I drew attention to the whiter undersides of my

specimens as compared to pulchra, but my new material shows that this is not

constant, some birds being quite creamy below, just as in pulchra of Zedlitz.

Colonel Clarke does not compare his birds with pulchra (1911). If not different,

this form must be called pulchra !

Mabira, Bugoma, Budongo, South Ankole, Sezibwa River.

(The next group of this genus to be considered is that embracing the various

forms of brevicaudata Cretzm. = griseoviridis of Zedlitz. Iam of the opinion that

brevicaudata is not founded on a specimen of the swperciliaris group, but on a young

of the brown-headed group !)

1257. Camaroptera brevicaudata near abessinica Zed], Turkana Green-winged Warbler.

These birds are nearest to abessinica in coloration, but differ in size, having

longer bills. They differ from the race of Uganda Proper in having the head

browner, mantle and rump browner, not greyish. A series is necessary before

these birds can be satisfactorily determined.

Mt. Moroto, Kobua, Meuressi, Turkana, West Rudolf.

1258, Camaroptera brevicaudata subsp. Green-winged Warbler.

My large series from Uganda and northern Kenya Colony are darker on the

head than the Turkana birds and greyer on the back. The fully adult in the

East African birds has the whole of the underside grey, while the young has the

belly paler grey, more like the adult males from West Uganda. Both the Uganda

and Hast African birds differ from C. b. tincta in having the head and mantle less

dark, In seeking to name these birds I looked up the original description and

type locality of griseigula Sharpe, the name which has been applied to all the

East African birds. That bird came from Voi, and apparently so differed from

the specimen taken up-country, which Sharpe called griseoviridis, that he con-

sidered it separable, and proposed for it the name griseigula. But is the Voi

bird (and those from south of this locality) really different from Kikuyu and Mau

specimens? My series from these southern areas do not agree with up-country

birds; they are almost intermediate between the pale white-bellied coast bird

and the dark grey-bellied highand race. These intermediate birds have the

throat and breast greyish, with the abdomen white, very little greyer on the

flanks ; the crown brownish, and the back greyish, They appear never to get

the entirely grey underside of the highland form,

Novitates ZooLocicaEk XXIX. 1922.

1259. Camaroptera brevicaudata griseigula Sharpe. Teita Green-winged

Warbler.

South Ankole, Budongo, Gugo-ma, Mawakota, Busiro, Sezibwa, Entebbe,

Kyetume, Elgon, Kenia, Fort Hall, Kyambu, Nairobi, Naivasha, Nakuru, Molo,

Londiani.

C. b. griseigula: Voi, Bura, Teita, Maungu, Taveta, N’ziu River (Mt. Nyiru).

N. Guasso N’yiro, Marsabit (A. B. Percival).

1260. Camaroptera brevicaudata pileata Rchw. Coastal Green-winged Warbler.

These birds have the head and mantle pale ash-grey ; the underside whitish

in the Mombasa birds, and creamy in the more northern ones from Lamu and

Manda. C. pileata is described as very similar to brachyura, which bird has a

green tail, but the East African birds have it greyish brown.

Mombasa, Changamwe, Manda, and Lamu.

1261. Calamonastes simplex Rchw. Sooty Scrub Warbler.

My big series is made up of birds from a very large area, which I might refer

to as the South Juba, West Rudolf, and East Kilimanjaro districts. I can find

no difference in birds from these areas, except in the case of the birds from

Turkwell and Suk, which are smaller.

I find in the series birds which are uniform greyish on the underside with

practically no indications of darker barring. They are not young! Young

birds are uniform brownish grey above and below, with no barring on the breast,

but a little on the flanks.

Magadi, Simba, Tsavo, Voi, M’buyuni, Campi-ya-bibi, Maungu, Masongoleni,

Samburu; Lower Juba River; Meuressi, Turkwell, and Suk.

1262. Calamonastes undosus Rchw. Loita Grey Scrub Warbler.

One specimen collected by A. B. Percival at Narok, Loita, has the grey of the

breast more sharply demarked from the pale underside and the bars on the lower

parts more clear-cut than in typical birds. The under tail-coverts are buffy

banded with grey-brown, not pure white (vide Rchw. Vog. Afr., vol. iii.).

1263. Eminia lepida lepida Hartl. Grey-capped Swamp Warbler.

Besides my material of twelve skins and seven in Nairobi Museum, I have

compared the specimens in Tring, and come to the conclusion that, so far as East

Africa and Uganda are concerned, the typical bird ranges from South Ankole to

Masindi, east to Elgon and south along the Nandi Escarpment to Mau and Sotik.

Specimens within this range are indistinguishable. Within the valley between

the Aberdare Mts., and the Mau-Sotik Range we get intermediate birds—some

showing the pale underside, others being greyish as in typical hypochlorus. Thus

the ranges of the two are not clear-cut and defined. The two forms, however,

are quite recognisable.

South Ankole, Toro, Budongo, Bugoma, Lugalambo, West Elgon ; Kimiriri,

Kaimosi, Kisumu, Kibos, Fort Ternan, Elgeyu, Maraquet.

Novirates ZooLocicaE XXIX. 1922. 229

1264, Eminia lepida hypochlorus Mearns. Kenia Grey-capped Swamp Warbler.

The only characters which really distinguish this race are the darker, more

greyish underside, and paler under wing-coverts, The range is from the Kenia

district south to Ukamba, west to the Loita and into the Rift Valley.

Kenia, Fort Hall (type loc.), Kyambu, Nairobi, Naivasha, Escarpment, Molo.

1265, Macrosphenus flavicans ugandae van Som. Golden-flanked Long-billed

Warbler.

The young (September, October) is greenish yellow above without a grey

head, and brighter yellowish below, quite different from M. zenkeri, which is a good

species. The series endorses the distinctness.

Western Uganda east to Busoga Province. I have not taken it near Elgon :

Budongo, Bugoma, Mabira, Lugalambo.

1266. Macrosphenus zenkeri Rchw. Pale Olive Long-billed Warbler.

The young are like adults, but rather more greenish.

West Uganda to Mabira: Lugalambo, Buremezi in Mabira.

1267, Hylia prasina Cass. Green Forest Warbler.

I can see no difference between typical birds and those from Uganda, but the

Elgon birds are larger and greyer below, More material desirable.

The young is like the adult on the back, but Les dark on the crown, the

underside washed with greenish.

The range is throughout the wooded parts of Uganda east to Mt. Elgon, and

the Nandi Escarpment.

Budongo, Bugoma, Kigezi, Entebbe, Mabira, Sezibwa, Lugalambo, Elgon.

(Kaimosi and Kakamegoes ? different race.)

1268. Schoenicola apicalis Cab. Fan-tailed Warbler.

C. brunneiceps Rehw. 1907,

I have insufficient material, but what there is suggests that there are at least

three races: (1) South Africa and Benguella; (2) North Angola; (3) East

Africa and Uganda (= brunneiceps Rchw.). Reichenow admits that the type of

brunneiceps is a youngish bird. I see no difference between Uganda and Hast

African specimens.

Toro, Entebbe, Soronko, Elgon; Kimiriri River, North Kavirondo, Burnt

Forest, Maraquet, Nakuru, Nairobi, Kyambu, Fort Hall.

1269. Bradypterus altumi van Som. Molo Narrow-tailed Swamp Warbler.

Bull. B.O, Club, xl. p, 22, 1919.

The description of this bird reads much like that of B. babaeculus fraterculus

Mearns 1914, but as his bird is a race of babaeculus it must have a broad tail, of

twelve feathers, not narrow, decomposed, and numbering ten only! The two

must belong to different groups.

Highlands of Kenya Colony from Mau to Aberdares and Kenya.

230 Novirates ZooLtocicaE XXIX. 1922.

1270. Bradypterus cinnamomeus subsp. Ankole Cinnamon Swamp Warbler.

A very dark race of B. cinnamomeus, being very dark brown above, with crown

darker than mantle or same colour ; the chestnut brown of the breast and flanks

very dark, almost as dark as the mantle.

Kigezi, South Ankole, in Uganda.

1271. Bradypterus cinnamomeus elgonensis Mad, Elgon Cinnamon Swamp

Warbler.

There seem to be two groups, the Elgon birds being of a darker rufous, with

darker tails, than the Molo specimens, which are altogether paler. The breast-

band is very broad and wide in the middle.

Darker: Bumasifa on Elgon, Bukedi, in Uganda.

Paler: Molo, Maraquet, Burnt Forest, in East Africa.

1272. Bradypterus cinnamomeus ? salvadorii Neum. Kenya Cinnamon Swamp Warbler.

These birds are as dark as the Elgon race, but not nearly so dark as the

Ankole specimens, but like the latter they have the white of the throat well

defined and clear cut. They differ from the Elgon race in having the breast-band

narrower, not so wide in the middle of the breast. They are altogether darker

than the Molo birds,

Ten skins collected by Wm. Doherty at Escarpment (probably in the Lari

Swamp) have the throat not pure white, and the area of white on the abdomen

is rather limited. The series is very uniform, but I think they must be soiled !

I very much doubt if there is one race on the top of the Aberdare Mts, and another

at the foot of the Escarpment.

Menengai Volcano, Nakuru, Aberdare Mts., and Mt. Kenya at 8,000 feet.

1273. Bradypterus brachypterus ? centralis Neum. Nairobi Speckled-throated Swamp

Warbler.

The type of centralis came from Lake Kivu, South Ankole, and was described

from a very worn, dilapidated specimen; with this Neumann united another

very worn skin collected by Doherty at the Escarpment. My series of fresh full-

plumaged birds are so very different that I am inclined to think that they must

belong to another race, especially as Kivu birds are not usually like Nairobi ones,

and these birds are very local! However, until a series is obtained from Kivu,

one cannot decide the question. They are much like B, abyssinicus.

Nairobi Swamps to Elgon and Kivu !

Nairobi, Kikuyu, Kisumu, Kibingei, and Kirimiri Rivers, in North Kavirondo ;

Bukedi, Elgon, in Uganda,

1274. Bradypterus yokanae van Som. Uganda White-winged Swamp Warbler.

Bull. B.O, Club, xl. p. 21, 1919.

This bird apparently belongs to the group to which B. graueri Hartert and

B. carpalis Chapin belong. It is distinguished by its very black brown upper

surface and white spotted wings.

The range appears to be the swamps of the Sezibwa River basin.

Sezibwa River in Uganda,

Novirates Zootocican XXIX. 1922. 231

1275. Calamocichla ansorgei nilotica Neum. Nile Long-clawed Reed Warbler.

These birds appear to be C. a. nilotica of Neumann, but there is some doubt

that they are a race of ansorgei Hart. There are certainly three distinct plum-

ages: (1) The nestling plumage, which is a bright brown.on the upper surface,

slightly darker wings and tail ; lower surface whitish sandy buff, with paler throat

and abdomen, gape yellow! Changes by moult into (2) dark hair brown mantle,

lower surface sandy buff; by a further moult into full plumage (3), which is dark

ashy brown above, grey below with whitish or paler grey throat and centre of

abdomen, gape orange.

The range of this bird appears to be the Nile province of Uganda along the

chain of the Kioga Swamps to the Victoria Nyanza.

Kisumu Swamps and Sezibwa River.

1276. Calamocichla jacksoni Neum. Jackson’s Long-clawed Reed Warbler.

The same sequence of plumages, but in the adult the upper surface is not so

dark, and the lower surface, instead of being greyish, is buffy whitish with olive

brownish on the sides of the chest and flanks.

The type of this bird is a specimen in the second plumage and probably a

female.

The swamps on the north and east of Lake Victoria Nyanza: Kisumu

Swamps and Entebbe Swamps.

1277. Calamocichla leptorhyncha parva Fisch. & Rchw. Naivasha Long-clawed

Reed Warbler.

Bradypierus macrorhynchus Jacks.

A smaller edition of the greyish C. a. nilotica, inhabiting Victoria Nyanza.

These birds are more olive-greyish above and greyer below than birds found in

the swamps of the Nairobi district. These latter are like C. jacksoni, but larger !

Of this Nairobi form I have 10 ad. 3, 4 ad. 9, 6 juv.

At one time I was led to think that possibly there were two distinct birds

inhabiting the Nairobi Swamps, a brownish and a darker-backed species ; but the

paler birds are really the second plumage of the darker bird. The young and

intermediate birds have yellow mouths, the adults orange ones. If the Naivasha

and Nairobi birds are the same, then the range would be from Naivasha to

Simba and Kilimanjaro. More Naivasha birds required.

Lake Naivasha (only two skins) ; Nairobi and Simba in Taveta.

1278. Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus Linn. Great Reed Warbler.

These birds belong to the western race. They are fairly common on

migration.

Masindi in Uganda ; Tsavo, Voi, and Bura in East Africa.

1279. Acrocephalus griseldis Hartl. Lesser Great Reed Warbler.

This bird, described from Nguru, has remained unique. (Cf. Noy. Zoov. 1920,

p. 464!)

239 Novirates Zoonogicae XXIX. 1922

1280. Acrocephalus palustris Bechst. Marsh Warbler.

Fairly common during the winter months.

Masindi; Kisumu and Nairobi.

1281. Acrocephalus scirpaceus scirpaceus Herm. European Reed Warbler.

Masindi; Naivasha, Nairobi, and Taveta.

1282. Acrocephalus baeticatus Vicill. African Reed Warbler.

2 A. cinnamomeus Rehw.

My two specimens are rather more rufescent than South African ones, and

may be cinnamomeus of Reichenow from Lake Albert, if different. (They are not

A, agricola!) This is a resident breeding bird.

Kisumu.

1283. Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Linn, Sedge Warbler.

The young bird shot 12. xii. has the breast still heavily speckled. The moults

are most interesting. Adults are in heavy moult in December and February,

and young birds (?beyond the nestling plumage) are still in heavy moult in April.

(CE. Sylvia nisoria and Agrobates g. syriacus.)

Masindi; Kisumu, Nakuru, Naivasha, Nairobi.

1284. Hippolais olivetorum Strickl. Large Olive-Grey Warbler.

Not common, but occasionally captured on migration,

Simba and Sagala in Teita.

1285, Hippolais languida Hempr. Large Pale Warbler.

A series of forty skins includes birds in all stages of moult. Birds in full fresh

plumage are found in January, March, and April, while some have not yet quite

finished their moult in the same months; there are, however, quite a number

which are very worn and show little or no fresh feathers in December, March, and

April. These are probably birds of the previous year which would not breed in

the year. These birds are found, during the winter, well away from water in the

dry thorn-bush country of the Teita and Taru Desert, where they are particularly

common.

Marsabit (A. B. Percival), Kisumu, Simba, Tsavo, Taveta.

1286. Hippolais pallida elaeica Lind. Little Olive-grey Warbler.

I find much variation in the colour of the mantles in these birds, some being

quite greyish olive-green, while others are greyish, without the olive tinge. Dr.

Hartert, who has examined these birds, assures me that they are all elaeica—

apparently pallida pallida does not extend to East Africa even as a migrant. I

have looked over a large material of Hippolais from East Africa and find no

specimen of opaca. Their haunts are the dry thorn-bush country and scrub.

Very common in the Tsavo area.

Kobua River, Lake Rudolf, in Uganda; Kisumu, Naivasha, Simba, Tsavo,

Lake Jipe, Changamwe, Embu, Tana, Lodomoru (A, B, Percival leg.).

Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 233

1287. Locustella fluviatilis Wolf. River Warbler.

Not a common migrant. Haunts the swamps.

Taveta, Nairobi (A. B. Percival leg.).

1288. Sylvia borin borin Bodd. Garden Warbler.

A very early arrival in the autumn and a late bird to depart. The May bird

is the latest noticed, Found in forests and gardens.

Entebbe in Uganda; Elgon, Kisumu, Nairobi, Tsavo in Taveta, in Hast

Africa.

1289. Sylvia atricapilla Linn. Black-cap.

Bumasifa, Elgon, Nairobi, Kyambu.

1290. Sylvia communis communis Lath. Common Whitethroat.

Here also we find birds in April, which are still in very worn plumage, show-

ing no attempt at moulting either body or flight feathers, while others at the same

time are in full fresh plumage.

Kobua River in South Uganda; Kisumu, Nairobi, Simba, Tsavo.

1291. Sylvia nisoria nisoria Bechst. Barred Warbler.

This bird was first recorded from East Africa by A. B. Percival in 1917.

Since then my collectors have taken a fair number. The moults are irregular.

Young show no signs of change in March.

Kobua near Lake Rudolf, Meuressi, Turkwell ; Simba, Tsavo, Teita, Taveta.

1292. Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus Linn. Willow Wren.

I have carefully gone over each one of these specimens and forty others from

Africa, and find not one collybita amongst them. As regards eversmanni I am in

doubt. If size is any really determining factor in the separating of this race, then

there would be at least eight of my fifty birds eversmanni, having wings of 70 to

73mm. Much variation exists in regard to the size of the first primary. There

are quite a few specimens with this feather just over the length of the primary

coverts, and there are a great many with very large long first primaries. 1 would

draw attention to two specimens taken in June! The moult in these, as in

Hi. languida, is very erratic.

Mubendi, Bira, Bumasifa, Elgon, Kobua near Rudolf; Kisumu, Nakuru,

Naivasha, Nairobi, Simba, Tsavo, Changamwe, and Orr Valley (A. B. Percival).

1293. Crateropus hindei Sharpe. Speckled Bubbling Thrush.

These birds in fresh plumage show the most extraordinary variation. One

specimen has the whole of the breast and abdomen pure white, thus resembling

somewhat OC. hypoleucos, but the upperside is that of typical hindet.

Ukamba and South Kenya Province.

Fort Hall, Kitui, River N’ziu, Ukamba.

234 NovitaTEs ZooLoGicAE XXIX. 1922.

1294. Crateropus hypoleucos Cab. East African Pied Babbling Thrush.

The range appears to be South Kenya, Ukamba, Kikuyu, and Teita Province,

to the coast, though I have not taken it in Teita or Seyedi.

Nairobi, Fort Hall, Simba, Kitui.

1295. Crateropus squamulatus Shell. Coastal Scaly Babbling Thrush.

Apparently limited to the coastal area from South Tana, Lamu to Pangani.

Young birds are paler than adults and have whitish throats.

Lamu, Manda, Mombasa.

1296. Crateropus plebeus emini Neum. Ankole Spiny Babbling Thrush.

This race is quite good. In Uganda it does not appear to penetrate farther

than South Toro, The typical birds come from south-west shore of Lake Victoria.

Buddu, Kagera, Mohokya.

1297. Crateropus plebeius cinereus Heugl. Nile Spiny Babbling Thrush.

C. buxtoni Sharpe.

There is some variation in the plumage of this bird. I find two which have

the underside from the breast to the vent creamy buff, thus being somewhat like

typical C. plebeius. Others again are very greyish below. The bird from Lali:

Soroti is particularly pale. The range appears to be Unyoro and Nile Province of

Uganda to West Rudolf, south to Mt. Elgon and the Kavirondo area.

Masindi, Budongo, Namasagoli Soroti, Lali Soronko, Elgon, in Uganda ;

Kisumu, Kibos, Fort Ternan, in East Africa.

1298. Crateropus plebeius kikuyuensis Neum. Kikuyu Spiny Babbling Thrush.

This is a recognisable race, being rather darker than the birds of Uganda or

Tanganyika Territory.

Kikuyu and Naivasha districts, South Loita,

1299. Crateropus melanops sharpei Rchw. Sharpe’s Scaly Babbling Thrush.

C. grisescens Rehw.

This race ranges from the south shore of Victoria Nyanza through Western

Uganda and along the north shore to Elgon and the Kavirondo country. C.

grisescens of Reichenow, described from the type locality of sharpei, is a synonym,

and probably founded on an immature specimen in second plumage.

Ankole, Budongo, Mubendi, Kalwanga, Jinja, and Elgon ; Kisumu, Kaimosi,

Kibigori.

1300, Crateropus melanops clamosus van Som, Kikuyu Scaly Babbling Thrush.

Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 95, 1920.

This bird is nearest to melanops sharpei, but differs by being much darker

above, and more decided by dark grey below, with the centres of the feathers dark.

The throat is white with the shaft-spots blackish, Wings and tail darker black-

brown. Wings: 110-115 mm.

Rift Valley from Nakuru south to Naivasha and the Kikuyu Hills.

Novirates ZootocicarE XXIX. 1922. 235

1301. Argya aylmeri mentalis Rchw. Scaly Brown Scrub Chatterer.

A, keniana Jacks.

I have no topo-typical specimens for comparison, but my birds agree with

specimens from Moschi. With regard to keniana of Jackson, my two birds from

just about the type locality are rather less rufous on the mantle than more southern

specimens, but I doubt if it is a good race. Jackson did not compare his bird

with mentalis, but with typical aylmeri, which is recognisable at a glance. The

young mentalis is paler above and below than the adult, and has no scaly feathers

on the throat,

South Kenya to the plains and scrub of East Kilimanjaro: Mumosi, Kitui,

Tsavo, Mbuyuni, Campi-ya-bibi, Taveta.

1302. Argya rubiginosa rubiginosa Riipp. Northern Rufous Scrub Chatterer.

These birds are paler, less dark rufescent on the back than more southern

ones, and agree with South Ethiopian specimens which are said to be typical.

I find, however, that two topo-typical birds of rufula Heugl. (heuglini Sharpe) are

paler.

Nile Province of Uganda to Rudolf and the Frontier (Marsabit area): W

Rudolf, Kerio, Marsabit.

1303, Argya rubiginosa emini Rchw. Dark-backed Rufous Scrub Chatterer.

Birds ranging from the Kenia to the Ukamba country are noticeably darker

on the back wings and tails than typical rubiginosa, and as the name emini has

been applied to the Massailand birds it probably includes East African ones. If

it is shown that the Tanganyika Territory bird is different, it would require a

new name. Sclater and Praed unite emini with rubiginosa, but I do not think

this is correct.

South Kenya, Fort Hall, Kitui, Simba, Masongoleni.

1304, Argya rubiginosa saturata Sharpe. Coastal Rufous Scrub Chatterer.

The intense coloration, together with the rufous loral spot and dark shafts

to the feathers of the mantle, distinguish this bird from other races. The range

is from the coast at Lamu, south to the Pangani, penetrating inland only as far

as the South Teita country. It meets with Argya emini, but no intermediates

are known.

Lamu, Changamwe, Mombasa, Samburu, Sagala, Teita, Bura, Taveta,

(It would appear that rubiginosa Riipp. from Shoa is the oldest name. Heug-

lin procured a bird from Gondokoro which he considered to be distinct from

rubiginosa and named it rufescens. Sharpe, when writing the Catalogue of Birds,

vol. vii, discovered that the name rufescens could not be used for the Gondokoro

bird, as it was preoccupied by an Indian species. He accordingly renamed the

Gondokoro bird A. heuglini, which he had not seen (but accepted Heuglin’s word

that it was different, vide Cat. B., vol. vii. pp. 391, 392.) He united with it two

birds in the British Museum, one from Mombasa, the other from Zanzibar ;

not having a Gondokoro specimen he gives a description of the Mombasa

or Zanzibar one, not for purposes of a diagnosis, but to conform with the plan

of the catalogue. Subsequently in 1895, when reporting on a Somaliland

236

Novitates Zootoeicar XXIX. 1922.

collection, he discovered that the Zanzibar bird was not the same as the

Gondokoro one, and named the Zanzibar bird satwrata, He did not rename the

Gondokoro bird this time! He also found that Reichenow had drawn attention

to the fact that Heuglin himself had found that rufescens was preoccupied and had

already renamed the Gondokoro bird rufula! Sharpe’s note in P.Z,S. 1895,

p. 488, fully explains the confusion, and we must accept this, His own words

are: “This bird, heuglini, was discovered at Gondokoro,” Dr. Hartert and

Lord Rothschild agree with my view, which differs from that of Zedlitz (Journ. f.

Orn. 1916, p. 162) and Sclater and Praed (Lbis, 1918, p. 692).

1305. Cichladusa arquata Peters. Collared Babbler.

Coast of British East Africa and again in the Kagera River area in South

Ankole. Mombasa specimens should be examined,

Changamwe, Mombasa. 2 ad., 1 juv.

1306. Cichladusa guttata rufipennis Sharpe. Lamu Speckled Babbler.

This is a small bird with a greyish tinge to the crown, and pale back. Wings:

80-82 mm. ;

Coast district only: Lamu Island.

1307. Cichladusa guttata Heugl. Lake Rudolf Speckled Babbler.

Larger than typical birds with a more yellowish brown mantle and long tails

and wings. Wing, 85-92; tail, 86-94 mm.

Such birds are found in Moroto, Meuressi, Turkana, Turkwell, Kerio River,

West Rudolf.

1308, Cichladusa guttata? Ukamba Speckled Babbler.

These birds are smaller than the Rudolf ones and darker on the mantle ; the

crown is more distinctly streaked and the spotting on the underside more

numerous, larger, and blacker. They thus differ considerably from the Lamu race

rufipennis. Wings: 76-83 mm. More material is necessary to understand

the variation in this species.

Simba, Kitui, Sagala, Taveta.

1309. Erythropygia quadrivirgata Rchw. Buff-breasted Scrub Chat.

This species ranges along the coast and penetrates inland to the Teita and

South Ukamba districts, The birds found in Manda and north of this in the Juba

district are paler and probably erlangeri Rchw.

Sagala, Teita, Mombasa, Changamwe, Manda Island.

1310. Erythropygia leucoptera vulpina Rchw. Grey-streaked Scrub Chat.

Compared with typical leucoptera, this form is less clear grey on the crown,

having this part washed with ochraceous brown, caused by the brown of the

upper back extending to the nape and hind part of the crown. The brown of the

back is of a deeper shade, and the grey streaks on the breast are more pronounced.

From the Baringo and Tana district, south and west through Ukambani, to

the plains east of Kilimanjaro, In the North-west Ukamba area we get an inter-

Novirares Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922. 237

mediate form between this and brunneiceps Rehw. from Nguruman, but a series

is necessary to show whether these intermediates cover any definite area,

Baringo, Marsabit (Percival), Simba, Tsavo, Voi, Campi-ya-bibi, Lake Jipe,

Maungu, Masongoleni, Sagala, Teita, Taru, and Samburu.

1311. Erythropygia leucoptera ? subsp.

Three birds resemble typical lewcopiera in the colour of the underparts, but

are paler on the mantle, less rufous. They have greyer crowns than vulpina.

Meuressi, Turkwell, Kerio, Rudolf.

1312. Erythropygia leucoptera brunneiceps Rchw. N’guruman Scrub Chat.

These birds (from near the type locality) agree perfectly with a cotype of

brunneiceps in the Tring Museum, This race is recognised by its larger bill,

darker, more brownish olive head, less rufous, more olive-rufous mantle and

distinct black streaks on the breast. As remarked before, Simba birds are

intermediate between this and vulpina.

N’guruman district through the South Guasso N’yiro area to South Loita.

It probably meets with the next race in the Loita Valley: Magadi Lake, South

Guasso N’yiro.

1313. Erythropygia leucoptera ukambensis Sharpe. Ukamba Scrub Chat.

Apparently a common bird in the Escarpment district where Doherty

collected a good series,

Ukamba to the Kikuyu Hills, Naivasha.

1314. Erythropygia ruficauda ? subsp. Kavirondo Red-tailed Scrub Chat.

I have no typical birds from Malimbe to compare, and as the distance between

South Kavirondo and Malimbe is very great, it is most probable that these birds

differ, especially since the form of ruficauda from the Kivu area is much darker,

more rufous on the back, than Kisumu birds. I have united my specimens

pending examination of Malimbe specimens,

South and North Kavirondo (Kisumu, Kendu Bay, Kaimosi); South

Ankole, Kigezi, Kivu.

1315, Erythropygia hartlaubi Rchw. Uganda Black-backed Scrub Chat.

I find that my birds from Kenya are very much darker on the mantle, and

have the crown almost black. They have the breast-markings much more dis-

tinct and are slightly larger. It is quite possible that Kenia birds are separable,

but more material is required.

South Ankole Buda, Masindi, Chagwe, Jinja, in Uganda; Kisumu, Kaimosi,

Loita, Nairobi, Fort Hall, south of Kenya in East Africa.

1316. Neocossyphus rufus Fisch. & Rchw. Rufous Chat Thrush.

Not common.

Coastlands from Malindi to the Pagani (type locality), Mombasa.

(Neocossyphus praepectoralis Jacks. Uganda Rufous Chat Thrush.

(Type locality: Toro, Uganda.)

238 NovitaTes Zoonocicam XXIX. 1922.

1317. Turdus gurneyi keniensis Mearns, Kenia Rufous-breasted Thrush.

Though near piaggiae, this subspecies can be distinguished from the latter

by having the upperside much darker green-olive, with a dark tail; less deep

rufous on the crown; the rufous of the throat rather darker. No white tips to

the tail-feathers.

Mt. Kenya and Aberdare Hills.

1318, Turdus gurneyi piaggiae Bouv.? Mt. Uraguess Rufous-breasted Thrush.

A single specimen taken by Mr. Blayney Percival on Mt. Uraguess, South

Marsabit district, agrees with typical piaggiae in the colour above and below, but

has less rufous on the forehead and crown. It is paler than keniensis.

1319, Turdus gurneyi rayneyi Mearns.

2 kilimensis Neum.

Mt. M’bololo, North-east Kilimanjaro.

1320. Turdus fischeri Hellm. Coastal Spotted Thrush.

Coast to Pangani.

1321. Turdus olivaceus elgonensis Sharpe. Elgon Rufous-bellied Thrush.

T. johnstoni Sharpe.

When compared with abyssinicus it is evident that the latter are more tinged

with ochraceous on the breast and the throats are paler. The Elgon birds are

more greyish on the breast-band.

Entebbe, east to Elgon and south along the Forest Highlands to Nairobi and

Kenia: Elgon, Maraquet, Elgeyu, Burnt Forest, Molo, Kikuyu, Kabete, Nairobi ;

Entebbe and M’bale, Bukedi.

1322. Turdus olivaceus polius Mearns. Mt. Uraguess Rufous-bellied Thrush.

These birds are separable from elgonensis, but I fail to see how they differ

from abyssinicus. The wings measure 112-117 mm,

Mt. Uraguess, South Marsabit.

1323. Turdus olivaceus bambusicola Neum. Ankole Rufous-bellied Thrush.

Very like elgonensis, but with a paler throat, with distinct lines.

Kagera-Kivu area.

1324, Turdus baraka Sharpe. Ruwenzori Rufous-bellied Thrush.

Ruwenzori area.

1325, Turdus pelios centralis Rchw. Uganda Pale-bellied Thrush.

I find the palest bird with the whitish throat from West Rudolf, the darkest

from Entebbe.

The range is throughout Uganda, except in the northern area, and south to

the Elgon-Nandi Range. Elgon birds are slightly paler on the mantle, more

greyish, less olive,

Masindi, Bugoma, Budongo, Busiro, Entebbe; Lugalambo, Mubango,

Meuressi, Elgon, Bukedi, Kavirondo,

Novirates ZooLocicaE XXIX. 1922. 239

1326, Turdus libonyanus tephronotus Cab. Taru Pale Grey-backed Thrush.

Birds from Lamu, Manda, and Juba River are paler below than typical

iephronotus, with clear grey breast-bands, lacking the ochraceous tinge, and with

the throat area not outlined with buff, but with white, and streaked with black.

These characters are constant in my series, but I await further material.

The scrub area east of Kilimanjaro and Teita, east to South Ukamba and the

Juba district: Kitui, Ndi, Tsavo, Masongoleni, Maungu, Lamu, Manda [Juba

River (A, B. Percival)].

1327. Luscinia luscinia Linn. Sprosser.

Common on migration.

Nairobi, Simba, Tsavo, Taveta.

1328, Luscinia megarhyncha Brehm. Nightingale.

One specimen was shot along with a Sprosser in my garden.

Nairobi, Teita. 3 3. ?

1329, Irania gutturalis Guér. White-throated Chat.

These birds are somewhat dichromatic. Adult males are either uniform

creamy buff or rufous orange on the underside. Intermediates between these

types are found. Not common.

Simba, Tsavo, Taveta.

1330. Cossypha natalensis Smith. Grey-winged Rufous Cossypha.

C.n. intensa Mearns. ? C. n. garguess Mearns.

These birds vary considerably in colour and in size. My smallest birds come

from Taveta, but Taveta birds are not dark, rather pale in fact, but a Lake Jipe

specimen is very big, having a wing of 100 mm. My largest bird comes from

South Ankole and its wing measures 102 mm.

Though I have examined a big series, I cannot recognise any constant

differences, warranting the separation into geographical forms. I have no

Uraguess birds, but birds from this locality may very likely be different, because

of the peculiar nature of the country.

C. and W. Uganda, Kilimanjaro and Ukamba district: Taveta, Lake Jipe,

Sagala, Changamwe ; South Ankole, Mubango, Lugalambo.

1331, Cossypha cyanocampter bartteloti Shell. Blue-shouldered Cossypha.

I was surprised to find this bird on Mount Elgon and on the Nandi Range.

There are slight differences in the birds from Elgon, but the specimens from this

locality are soiled, so one cannot attach much value to their colour.

West Uganda to Elgon and Nandi: Bugoma, Budongo, Lugalambo; Kaka-

megoes and Kaimosi in North Kavirondo.

1332, Cossypha caffra iolaema Rchw. Red-headed Cossypha.

C. c. mauensis Neum.

[ have no typical Kilimanjaro birds, but if the highland form really differs, it

would have to be called mauensis Neum,

The birds from Kivu and Kagera are somewhat darker than East African

240 Novitates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

ones, and may possibly belong to a recognisable race, but more material is

necessary. I find amongst my Naivasha specimens, one just as dark. The

coloration is, however, on the whole, constant.

Highlands of Kenya Colony, Elgon and South Ankole district of Uganda :

Elgon, Bukedi in Uganda, Burnt Forest, Elgeyi, Mau, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya,

1333. Cossypha somereni Hart. Small White-striped Cossypha.

The wings vary from 74 to 85 mm,

The range, so far as is known, is from the forests of Central Uganda to Elgon

and North Kavirondo: Mabira, Lugalambo ; South Elgon and Kaimosi.

1334, Cossypha archeri Sharpe. Ruwenzori Little Rufous Cossypha.

This bird appears to be limited to the Ruwenzori Range, south to the Kigezi

country in South Ankole.

1335, Cossypha verticalis melanonota Cab. White-crowned Cossypha.

The Uganda and Elgon birds are very rufous, and those from south of the

Nandi Range are very big, with longer wings, heavier, longer bills, and more

intensely coloured, but more specimens are required.

West Uganda from Ankole and Masindi, east to Mt. Elgon: South Ankole,

Budu, Bugoma, Budongo, Masindi, Kyetume, and Elgon; Kaimosi, Kakamegoes,

North Kavirondo, and South Nandi.

1336. Cossypha heuglini occidentalis Rchw. Ankole Large White-eyebrowed

Cossypha.

Very dark rich rufous on the underside, and darker on the mantle than

typical heuglini, or the birds from Elgon. Quite distinct from subrufescens,

having olive-greyish instead of black central tail-feathers.

Ankole to Kivu: South Ankole, Kigezi, in Uganda.

1337. Cossypha heuglini intermedia Cab. Coastal White-striped Cossypha.

(Restricted type locality : coast of Kenya Colony.)

A dark race of heuglini. It is considerably smaller, the wings of fifteen

specimens measuring 3 90 to 97, 9 82 to 88 mm,

This small race ranges from the coast of Pangani to the Juba, and goes

inland to the Teita and South Ukambba district : Changamwe, Mombasa, Teita,

Sagala, Bura, Taru.

1338. (P) Cossypha heuglini Hartl. Uganda White-striped Cossypha.

I am not satisfied with the identification of these birds, owing to the want of

topo-typical specimens. It is probable that the North-west Unyoro birds are

typical, the Elgon and Highland ones not. Wings: East Africa: g, 101-108

(most 104); 9, 92-95 mm, Uganda: g, 100-103; 9, 90-92 mm.

If not separable, the range would be West Uganda from the shores of Lake

Albert and Ruwenzori east to Mt, Elgon and south to Nairobi district and Mt.

Kenia: Moroto, Kawala, Kikoma, in Uganda; Loita, Nairobi, Nakuru, Kenia,

Elgon, Nyarondo, Kisumu, Fort Ternan, in Kenya colony.

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 241

1339. Cossypha semirufa intercedens Cab. East African Black-tailed Cossypha.

(Type locality : Kitui.)

These birds occur in the same territory as the heuglini form, but can be

readily recognised by the black central tail-feathers.

Wings: 4, 92-93; 9, 84 mm.

Kitui, Nairobi, Escarpment.

1340. Cossypha semirufa near saturatior Neum. Marsabit Cossypha.

I have a single specimen from Marsabit of a Cossypha belonging to the

semirufa group which is nearest to saturatior in colour of the upper parts, but

the lower surface is richer rufous and the abdomen like the breast, not paler and

inclining to buff. The rufous feathers in the tail are chestnut.

1341, Callene aequatorialis Jacks. Little Orange-breasted Forest Cossypha.

Elgon and Nandi, south to Sotik and Molo: Kaimosi on Elgon, Lumbwa,

Maraquet.

1342. Monticola saxatalis Linn. Rock Thrush.

Common during migration.

1343, Monticola rufocinerea rufocinerea (? sclateri Hart.).

Two specimens taken at Naivasha agree well with the South Arabian bird

described by Dr. Hartert as sclateri, while the Mt. Moroto to West Rudolf birds

agree better with typical rufocinerea. M. r. sclateri was separated principally

because South Arabian birds had a much wider black tip to the tail-feathers.

This is certainly the case in the series in Tring. When describing this new race

Hartert mentions a bird shot by Doherty at Escarpment which has this black

tip to the tail almost 15 mm. wide and suggested that additional material might

show it to be another recognisable race. Now, my two Naivasha birds, from

nearly the same locality, are not like Doherty’s birds, and as already stated do

not differ appreciably from M. r. sclatert. Can it be that sclateri is migratory ?

Mt. Moroto, West Lake Rudolf district, in Uganda; Naivasha.

1344, Oenanthe familiaris near omoensis Neum. Red-tailed Grey Chat.

1 $ shot at Kigezi (Ankole) is in full fresh plumage and has a distinctly

greyish back; the under tail-coverts are buff. It is nearest to omoensis, but

differs by having the throat whitish, not grey like the breast. The type and co-

type of omoensis are very worn. An adult in moult collected by Grauer at Kivu

has the new feathers on the mantle brownish grey, not pure grey, like my birds,

Further material will probably show these birds to be distinct.

1345, Oenanthe heuglini Hartl. Little Brown-breasted Chat.

The capture of a g, 24.vii.1917, in Kisumu (Kavirondo) extends its range

considerably.

242 Novirates Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922.

1346. Oenanthe pileata albinotata Neum. East African Banded Chat.

2 O. livingstonit.

Although livingsionti and albinotata have been united with pileata, I believe

that two or three races should be upheld, and certainly the Massailand one.

Birds from Kenya Colony never get a complete black cap extending to the nape.

Naivasha, Nakuru, Nairobi, Athi, M’buyuni, Campi-ya-bibi.

1347, Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe Linn., ? rostrata and ? leucorhoa.

Wheatear.

It is difficult to decide whether or not to recognise the race rostrata Hempr.

and Ehr. I find in my series no less than nine birds which have very long bills,

as in rostrata, while the others have short, thicker bills. Also we find very big

specimens with wings of 100-106, thus being as large as the Greenland form,

leucorhoa, A common migrant.

1348, Oenanthe isabellina Cretzschm. Isabelline Wheatear.

Kisumu, Kyambu, Nairobi, Simba, Tsavo, Bura, Magadi.

1349. Oenanthe schalowi Fisch. & Rchw. Massai Buff-tailed Chat.

Considerable variation exists in the females, some being dark, others pale on

the lower surface.

The more rocky parts of the Highlands—Escarpment to Molo, Naivasha,

Nakuru.

1350, Oenanthe leucomela pleschanka Lepech. Pied Chat.

Common during the winter months.

1351. Cercomela fuscicaudata turkana van Som. Grey Desert Chat.

Bull, B.O. Club, xi. p. 91, 1920.

Nearest to fuscicaudata Blanf., but differs by being paler, less deep greyish

brown, more ashy grey with an ochraceous tinge to the crown and back, while the

edges of the tail-feathers, which are similar in colour to the mantle, are buff, not

rusty brown.

Known only from a gj and 9 from Kobua and Meuressi in the Turkana

district.

1352, Myrmecocichla cryptoleuca Sharpe. Kikuyu White-winged Black Chat.

A common species, ranging from the North Ukamba district north to the

Uasingishu and Sotik, where it meets with M. nigra.

Kikuyu, Eldoret, Nakuru.

1353. Myrmecocichla nigra Vieill. Uganda Black Chat.

A common species ranging from the west and south-west of Uganda, east to

Elgon and South Kavirondo.

Kawala, Singo, Bugoma, Entebbe, in Uganda; Kibigori and Fort Ternan in

East Africa,

Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

1354. Pentholaea clericalis Hart]. White-capped Black Chat.

2 P. baucis Hartl.

Occurs in the Nile Province of Uganda.

1355, Thamnolaea subrufipennis Rchw. Rufous-bellied Mountain Chat.

Not very common. I find very little difference between the Uganda and

Kilimanjaro birds.

Lai Soroti in Uganda ; Naivasha and Sagala Teita in East Africa.

1356, Pinarochroa sordida ernesti Sharpe. Kenia Mountain Chat.

Aberdare Range and Mt. Kenia.

1357, Pinarochroa sordida hypospodia Shelley, Kilimanjaro Mountain Chat.

I have no specimen.

1358. Pinarochroa sordida rudolfi Mad. Elgon Mountain Chat.

Appears to be very close to ernestt.

1359, Pogonocichla elgonensis Sharpe. Elgon Black-tailed Forest Chat.

This distinct species is not by any means so common as P. c. keniensis.

Besides the uniform black tail, this bird has all the secondaries edged with grey.

The young bird is not so much washed with yellowish green below, as in P. c.

keniensis.

Limited to Mt. Elgon.

1360, Pogonocichla cucullata ruwenzori Og.-Grant. Uganda Yellow-breasted

Forest Chat.

P. eurydesmus Rehw.

P. intensus Sharpe.

Smaller than keniensis and more richly coloured. The young birds are also

much darker, being more heavily spotted on the underside.

South-west Uganda to Ruwenzori and ? to Entebbe: Kigezi in South Ankole.

1361. Pogonocichla cucullata keniensis Mearns. East African Yellow-breasted

Forest Chat.

P. orientalis (nec, Fisch, and Rehw.,) auct, !

3irds from the Mau and Elgeyu Hills are not separable from the Kenia race.

This form is distributed throughout the highlands, as far north as the Nandi

Lidge, but does not occur in the forests of North Kavirondo, The tail-markings

vary with age. The young birds have the inner webs of the outer tail-feathers

yellow without a terminal band.

Elgeyu, Maraquet, Londiani, Molo, Aberdare Mts., N’gong, Kyambu, Nairobi,

and Mt, Kenia,

244 Novitates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

1362. Pogonocichla cucullata orientalis Fisch. & Rchw. Coast Yellow-breasted

Forest Chat.

? P. guttifer Rehw. ?

P. helleri Mearns.

t P. olivacea Rehw.

This race was described from the Pangani district, and differs from the other

East African forms by having all the secondaries and inner primaries edged with

olive-green,

I doubt if a distinct form occurs on the Usambara Hills, and the Kilimanjaro

birds are the same.

Morogoro and Kilimanjaro.

1363, Alethe poliothorax Rchw. Rufous-backed Forest Ground Thrush.

I have no typical poliothorax, but find the Elgon birds to be less rufescent on

the head and back than Kivu and Ankole ones. A series will probably show this

to be constant.

Ankole to Ruwenzori, appearing again on Elgon: Kigezi in Ankole, and

Mt. Elgon.

1364, Alethe castanea woosnami Og.-Grant. Golden-crowned Rufous-backed Ground

Thrush.

Very much like castanea, but are less rufous on the mantle.

Forests of Uganda from Ruwenzori to Mabira: Butambara, Lugalambo,

Kyetume,

1365, Alethe poliocephala kikuyuensis Jacks. Kikuyu Buff-breasted Ground Thrush.

2 A. p. akeleyi Mearns.

A good race, being very large and with a greyer crown and less rufescent

mantle. It ranges from Kenia to the forests of Kikuyu and the Mau, and meets

with carruthersi in the Nandi district. A specimen from Kakamegoes is indis-

tinguishable from kikwyensis, yet all the other birds from this district are carru-

thers: !

Nairobi, Kikuyu, Kyambu, Kenia, Mau, and Kakamegoes.

1366, Alethe poliothorax carruthersi Og.-Grant. Uganda Buff-breasted Ground

Thrush.

Less rufous than poliothorax, ranging throughout Uganda, occupying the

same area as Alethe woosnami, but extending further, being plentiful in the

North Kavirondo Forests and Nandi.

Lugalambo, Mubango, Bugoma, in Uganda; Kakamegoes and Kaimosi.

1367. Lioptilus atriceps Sharpe. Black-headed Lesser-fronded Thrush.

Not very common in Uganda, but more plentiful in the Kivu area.

Kigezi in South Ankole,

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 245

1368. Lioptilus rufocinctus Rothsch,

May possibly occur in the Kigezi country of South-west Uganda.

1369, Lioptilus abyssinicus Riipp. Grey-headed Lesser Ground Thrush.

My birds from East Africa are not quite so rufous on the back as specimens

from Abyssinia, but the series from the latter locality is insufficient. This bird

is found on all the forest-clad highlands from Elgon to North Kikuyu and Mt.

Kenia, but does not occur in the South Kikuyu Forests.

Elgon, Maraquet, Elgeyu, Molo, Londiani, Kenia.

1370. Lioptilus kilimensis Shell. Kilimanjaro Lesser Ground Thrush.

Apparently confined to the Kilimanjaro Range.

1371. Bathmocercus rufus jacksoni Sharpe. Little Rufous Forest Chat.

Young birds are uniform dull olive-brown, rather darker on the abdomen.

Elgon, south along the Nandi Range to Mau: Elgon, Bukedi; Kakamegoes

and Nyarondo.

1372. Malacocincla fulvescens ugandae van Som. Uganda White-throated Thrush.

A series of forty-eight specimens from all parts of Uganda confirms the

characters claimed for this race. The range would be the forest region through-

out Uganda, including Mt. Elgon, south into the Nandi Range.

Budongo, Bugoma, Butambara, Mubendi, Lugalambo, Kyetume, Entebbe,

Bukedi; Kibras and Kakamegoes.

1373. Malacocincla minuta van Som. Little Olive Ground Thrush.

This is probably a race of rufipennis Sharpe. It was erroneously described

as a form of albipectus, which is, according to Og.-Grant, the same as rufipennis,

but I am now convinced that ‘‘ albipectus Rehw.” is a distinct species. As in

rufipennis, these birds have olive crowns, not greyish and distinct from the colour

of the mantle, and they have a fulvous tinge to the breast, forming a more or less

complete band. The underside is never uniform white from the throat to the vent.

The feet are olive-grey-brown, in the dry skin they are olive. The type, which

is sexed 4, is probably a female.

In these birds the feathers of the throat and breast have not got a scaly

appearance as in barakae ? = albipectus.

West to Central Uganda: Mabira, Bugoma, Budongo.

1374, Malacocincla barakae Jacks, White-breasted Ground Thrush.

% = M., albipectus Rehw.

As mentioned above, Og.-Grant asserts that this bird is the same as albipectus

and that albipectus is the same as rufipennis, but I cannot agree. I have a good

series of this bird and of rufipennis. What has probably given rise to the error

is, that rufipennis and albipectus both occur in Camaroon, Reichenow gives a

plate of his albipectus in his Vog. Afrikas which agrees very well with barakae,

but not at all with rufipennis. The characters by which these birds can be

246 Novitates Zootogicar XXIX. 1929.

distinguished from rufipennis are: Head olive, of a different colour to the back ;

sides of head greyer ; underside white with a tinge of olive on the sides of the

breast ; the feathers are of a scaly character, z.e. the edges are rounded and

sharply cut, not soft. These birds have grey-brown legs, which become pale

when dry, not dark as in minutus. Besides, the young are quite different.

Uganda to Elgon and North Kavirondo: Budongo, Bugoma, Mabira, Luga-

lambo, Elgon ; Kakamegoes and Kaimosi.

1375. Malacocincla pyrrhopterus Rchw. Grey-breasted Ground Thrush.

M. jacksoni Sharpe.

M, kivuensis Neum.

Some of these birds have the crown tinged olive, others greyish, and as

Neumann separated the Kivu birds because of the greyish crown, it is probable

that his kivuensis is a synonym. My three Ankole birds are not separable from

Mau specimens. It is strange, however, that if these birds are the same there

should be a great break in their distribution—namely, the area between Ruwenzori

and Mt. Elgon, practically the whole of Uganda! They do not extend by way of

the south shore of Victoria Nyanza.

Elgon and Mau to Aberdare Mts., reappearing in Western Uganda: Molo,

Maraquet, Kaimosi, Kakamegoes, Elgon, and South Ankole.

1376. Saxicola rubetra Linn. Whin Chat.

Very common migrant.

Masindi, Lugalambo, Elgon ; Naivasha, Kisumu, Mumias, and Nairobi.

1377. Saxicola torquatus axillaris Shell. East African Stone Chat.

Much variation exists in the extent of brown on the breast, some birds being

entirely without the breast-band. East African examples are larger than Uganda

ones.

Throughout Uganda and East Africa, except in the coastal region and thorn-

bush country.

South Ankole, Budu, Busiro, Masindi, Entebbe, Lugalambo, Elgon ; Kisumu,

Nakuru, Naivasha, Molo, and Burnt Forest.

OVITATES ZOOLOGICAEF, Vol. XXIX., 1922

Savothrara v. eljabeltue

Sarothrura ansorpel Sarethrura somerent

Sarolhrurya somereni

VARIOUS FORMS OF SAROTHRURA.

(Pall.)

sraph from life

CORYTHORNIS

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XXIX., 1

Vol

VWITATES ZOOLOGICAE,

ATES ZOOLOGICAE, Vol

CORYTHORNIS CRISTATUS

Photograph from life

TATES ZOOLOGICAE, Vol. XXIX., 1922.

CORYTHORNIS CRISTATUS (Pail)

Photograph from life

1922

XXIX.,

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Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 247

ON AN ORGAN PECULIAR TO THE FEMALES OF SOME

GENERA OF LUDIINAE, A SUBFAMILY OF SATURNIIDAE.

By DR. KARL JORDAN.

(With four text-figs.)

fA the meeting of the Entomological Society of London held on February 2,

1921, we described and demonstrated an organ restricted to certain genera

of the African subfamily Ludiinae, and as we shall often refer to this organ in

the monograph of that subfamily following hereafter, we now give a figure

illustrating its structure (text-figs. 1-4), In Holocera, Pseudoludia, and Ludia

ASRS SAS SAS SS

the female bears a large patch of modified scales on the underside of the forewing

before the tornus, varying somewhat individually and showing differences in

some of the species. The scales composing the patch are more or less strongly

chitinised, and so twisted that they are semi-erect and turn the edge towards

the wing and not the flat side. Many of the scales are pointed, and most of

them have lost the apical dentition altogether. The reduction in size and the

modifications in shape are shown in fig. 3; all the scales here represented may

be found on the same wing, and as a rule there are some small dentate scales

among them lying flat on the wing. ‘The patch is more or less continued on to

248 Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

the undersurface of the hindwing, the costal vein C being incurved in consequence.

Some of the scales at the costal margin of the hindwing, on the upperside, are

long and spiniform, being strongly chitinised and standing erect or semi-erect,

scraping on the forewing when the wings are being moved. The structure

suggests that we have here a stridulating organ of a peculiar kind, and we shall

refer to it as such in the monograph of the subfamily.

However, Professor Janse, Dr. Guy Marshall, Father J. O’Neil, and Mr.

E. E. Platt, who have frequently handled live females of this group of Saturnians,

inform me that they have never heard the female make any kind of sound, from

which observation we must conclude either that the organ serves some other

purpose than stridulation, or that the sound produced is imperceptible to the

human ear.

Though confined to the female, the development of the organ has, never-

theless, influenced to a slight degree also the g-wing, inasmuch as the costal

vein of the hindwing of the male is distinctly incurved, nearly as in the female,

at least in those species in which the ‘‘ organ of stridulation ”’ is strongly developed.

In Orthogonioptilum we find, also in the female, a homologous organ. Here

it is present only in most of the species, not in all, and consists of a small spot

of enlarged scales placed at some distance from the tornus of the forewing, on

the underside, There is no organ on the hindwing of the females corresponding

to the row of spikes observed in Holocera, Pseudoludia, and Ludia.

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 249

A MONOGRAPH OF THE SATURNIAN SUBFAMILY LUDIINAE.

By DR. KARL JORDAN.

(With Plates 1 and 2, and text-figs. 1-169.)

ee the publication of the Revision of the American Papilios in 1906

we took up the study of-the superfamily Saturnioideae with a view to

issuing an account of the morphology and classification of the Lepidoptera united

under that name. Various circumstances delayed progress, and when we heard

from Dr. Packard that he was working intrinsically at the same group of moths

and would publish a monograph of them, we were glad to postpone the continuance

of our own investigations, as we did not wish to anticipate Dr. Packard in any

way. Unfortunately for science, Dr. Packard died before he had completed

his researches on the Saturnioideae. His manuscript was left incomplete and

lacked the final revise by its author. However, it has been ably collated by

Professor Cockerell and has appeared as a posthumous work in 1914, a volume

splendidly got up and full of information. Since the termination of the war

we have again devoted some attention to the Saturnians as time and circumstances

permitted.

It seems desirable for several reasons that we publish our account in instal-

ments. And in adopting this procedure, we venture to express the hope that

Lepidopterists who are in possession of material we have not been able to consult,

or who have knowledge of important facts with which we are not acquainted,

will complement and correct our account, and thereby render the issue of a com-

prehensive revision of the whole superfamily, contemplated for the future, more

complete and useful.

Although the Saturnians are large insects, they are by no means an easy

group to study. The great size of the wings and the woolliness of the body are

frequently serious obstructions, if the specimens are unique. But even if

large numbers of specimens are available, one meets often with great

difficulties in the discrimination of the species, and in diving below the

superficial, elements of uncertainty are frequently encountered which are

almost discouraging.

We have been greatly assisted in our task by the generous loan of specimens

on the part of various museums and private collectors, and we wish to tender

our thanks in particular to Professor E. B. Poulton, Mr. J. J. Joicey,

Oberst-Lt. Richelmann, Mr. H. J. Watson, and our colleagues at the British

Museum, Paris Museum, and the Berlin University Museum for the help they

have given us.

It is not our intention to present a general account of the superfamily now.

That is better postponed till we have dealt in detail with the various groups

that belong here, But in order to make ourselves more easily understood, we

250 Novitates Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922.

deem it necessary to say a few words about the classification within the super-

family. The following diagram represents our view :

SATURNIIDAE. CERATOCAMPIDAE.

ee —_—_—_—_

Saturniinae. Agliinae, Ludiinae. Arsenurinae, Ceratocampinae,

“ i} 4

SS | é eA

\ v4

SS ee

\ ve

SUPERFAMILY : Saturnioideae.

1. Family : Saturniidae. 2. Family : Ceratocampidae.

| | | | |

1. Subfamily : 2. Subfamily : 3. Subfamily : 4. Subfamily : 5. Subfamily :

Saturniinae. Agliinae. Ludiinae. Arsenurinae. Ceratocampinae.

Actias, Attacus, Aglia, Automeris, Holocera, Ludia, Arsenura, Copr- Citheronia, Eacles,

Bunaea, Cirina, Dirphia, Hemi- Goodia, opteryx, Dysdae- Othorene,

Cricula, Decachorda, leuca, Hylesia, etc., etc. monia, Loxolomia, etc., etc.

Hudaemonia, Samia, Pseudohazis, etc., ete.

Saturnia, ete., ete. etc., etc.

The Ceratocampidae * have a large parasternum { in the mesosternite, and

comprise the large-winged Arsenurinae and the (broadly speaking) small-winged

Ceratocampinae. The family is entirely confined to the American Continents,

All the larvae have lost the faculty of spinning a cocoon,

In the Saturniidae, with the exception of most Ludiinae, the parasternum

of the mesosternite is small as compared with the episternum.

In the Saturniinae the antennae have nearly always multiple sensory cones

at least on the most distal segments (the cones vestigial in Ludia spini, e.g.), and

if the antennae are quadripectinate, the apical and proximal branches of con-

secutive segments are separated by a gap at their bases, with the exception of a

few aberrant forms. Cross-vein D! of forewing long, D* directed basad, rarely

absent. This subfamily comprises all the Old-World Saturnians, with the

exception of Aglia (Palaearctic) and the Ludiinae (African), and also includes a

number of American genera, which are more numerous in the Nearctic Region

than in the Southern Continent. Cocoon spinners, with the exception of a large

African section which has lost the faculty of spinning.

The Agliinae have a single apical sensory cone in all antennae, at least on

the most distal segments, and in the case of quadripectinate antennae the apical

* Sir George Hampson, Bart., in Nov. Zoou. xxv. p. 389 (1918), distinguishes the Saturniidae

= Attacidaec) from the Ceratocampidae (= Syssphingidae) by the absence of the proboscis and of

the tibial spurs. A very significant error of observation.

+ For the nomenclature of the sclerites of the mesosternite cf. Jordan, ‘‘Das Mesosternit der

Tagfalter,” in Verhandl. Internat. Zool. Congress, 1901, pp. 816 ff. (1902).

Novitares ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 951

and proximal branches of consecutive segments are contiguous at their bases.

Cross-vein D! of forewing short or absent. An American subfamily which is

represented in the Old World by one genus only, Aglia. Pupa in a cocoon.

The Ludiinae are an early ofishoot with many specialisations, approaching

the Ceratocampidae in the structure of the mesosternite (text-fig. 1, Ludia), and

combining to some extent the Saturnian and Aglian types of antennae. The

subfamily is distinguished by the small non-segmented palpi. The genera with

antennae similar to the Aglian type (Ludia and allies, text-fig. 2) have no patch

of shining, entire, modified scales at the bases of the wings (forewing below and

hindwing above), and the genera with multiple sensory cones on the distal seg-

ments of the antennae (Goodia and allies, text-fig. 3) differ from the Saturniinae,

which likewise have multiple cones, in neuration, the cross-vein D* (between

veins 5 and 6) of the forewing having in all Ludiinae (as in many Agliinae, but

not in Saturniinae) the same direction (or nearly) as cross-vein D* (ef. text-figs.

4, 5, 72-79).

The division of the subfamilies into tribes of genera is a matter which will

be discussed under each subfamily.

It is perhaps not unnecessary to state that we arrived at our view on the

classification of the Saturnioideae by commencing to group together the species

which, from their morphology, appeared to us more or less closely related, This

led to the formation of large groups:and the discovery of gaps, and when these

natural associations had absorbed all but a small number of evidently aberrant

forms, we tried to find out whether the species thus associated with one another

exhibited any morphological distinctions common to all the species of a group.

Such characteristics of large groups do not lie on the surface.

It is, of course, much simpler to seize upon any structure and divide up a

family according to the presence or absence of this or that morphological detail

regardless of true affinity.

Supramizy : Ludiinae Auriv. (1904).

Ludiinae Aurivillius, Arkiv Zool. ii. 4. p. 21 (1904).

Holocerinae Packard, Monogr. Bombyc. Moths, iii. p. 144 (1914).

The Ludiinae * have affinities to the other Saturniidae as well as to the

Ceratocampidae, and evidently branched off far back in the history of the

Saturnioideae.

Palpus short, non-segmented, third segment absent, Oral margin of frons

not produced into a median lobe. Second cross-vein D? of forewing (text-figs. 4, 5)

transverse, not inclining basad. Hindtibia with one pair of short, serrate spurs.

The labial palpus usually shows a slight constriction when denuded, indicating

the joint between the first and second segments, but there is no movable joint

in any of the species, nor is there anywhere a distinct remnant of the third (apical)

segment. The tongue is reduced to two small tubercles in some genera, while

in others it remains quite distinct, though weak and without function. The oral

margin of the frons (or clipeus) is convex, but does not project in the centre as

a lobe; in two genera (Orthogonioptilum and Carnegia) the lateral angles are

raised into a tubercle, in which the labrum participates, The antennae are most

* Falcatulula brunneata Strand, Archiv Naturg. Ixxviii. A. 6. p. 143 (1912), deseribed from

Spanish Guinea as a new genus and species of Ludiinae, is a Geometrid, subfamily Boarmiinae, 1

have seen the specimen in the Berlin Museum,

252 Novirares Zoonocican XXIX. 1922.

interesting, the genera with a single (sometimes rugged) sensory cone on the

distal segments of the antennae (tribe Ludiicae, text-fig. 2) have the adjacent

branches of consecutive segments of the g-antenna contiguous at their bases as

in the Agliinae, but in the second tribe (Goodiicae, text-fig. 3), with the multiple

sensory cones of the Saturniinae on the distal segments, the adjacent branches

of the g-antenna are either contiguous at their bases as in the Agliinae or separate

as in the Saturniinae (excepting some also otherwise aberrant forms of this

subfamily). We have, therefore, here combined in one subfamily some characters

which in other Saturnians distinguish whole subfamilies from one another. The

recurrence of the same or similar morphological features in different tribes,

Fie. 1.—Mesosternite of Ludia delegorguei 2 ; lateral aspect.

Fic. 2.—Segment of antenna of L, delegorguei 2 ; ventral aspect.

Fra. 3.—Segment of antenna of Orthogonioptilum smithi 3 ; ventral aspect.

subfamilies, and families is a frequent and most interesting phenomenon, no less

important in its bearings for the evolutionist than for the systematist. Com-

munity of certain features is not necessarily evidence of close relationship. The

evidence requires to be corroborated and to be weighed. If the Saturnians were

strictly divided according to the sensory cones of the antennae, Goodia and

allies would go to the Saturniinae, and Ludia and allies to the Agliinae. If the

position of the branches of the g-antennae were taken as a basis, Goodia would

be placed with the Saturniinae and all the other Ludiinae with the Agliinae.

These are examples of artificial classification. The multiple sensory cones are a

later development than the simple ones. In Orthogonioptilum the cones are

concentrated on the median, apical, process of the segment.

Noviratrs ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 253

The 9-antennae vary in the subfamily from being simple to being quadri-

pectinate nearly as in the ¢, but with the branches shorter. The distal segments

are always simple in both sexes and the bristles (as distinguished fromthe covering

of short, thin hairs) are short, there being never any long ones either on the

branches or on the shaft. The upperside of the shaft is scaled to a more or less

great extent, but the scales are easily worn off.

The foretibial epiphysis is larger in the g than in the Q; it is absent or much

reduced in the 9 of Goodia and missing in both sexes of Vegetia. The hindtibia

bears one pair of spurs, which resemble those of the midtibia, being short and

serrate. The spines of the tarsi are restricted to the undersurface. The pulvillus

is present in all genera but Vegetia, in which genus the black apical pad is absent,

the pale basal portion of the pulvillus remaining as a small triangular lobe (the

pulvillus is also absent in a few Saturniinae and Agliinae).

The relatively large size of the parasternum of the mesosternite in which

the Ludiinae (with the exception of Goodia) approach the Ceratocampidae is a

further interesting feature (text-fig. 1).

The neuration is similar to that of certain Agliinae, f.i. Hylesia, the chief

distinction from the other African Saturnians being found in the position of the

cross-veins in the forewing. The second cross-vein, D* (text-figs. 4 and 5), is a

direct continuation of D*, being always long and forming with R' (= vein 6) an

angle varying from being acute to being slightly over 90°. In the Saturniinae

and many Agliinae D* inclines basad, more or less. There are three well-developed

subcostals, and in several genera SC* is present as a short, weak, fourth branch

thrown off SC‘ near the apex of the wing ; first subcostal from the cell, or from

angle, or from beyond cell, the subfamily presenting all stages in the distad move-

ment of this vein. In the hindwing R' and R° (text-figs. 114-117) are separate,

and the upper cell-angle is obtuse ; cross-vein D’ is longer than D*, curved, with

the upper end directed apicad ; one submedian vein.

Larva urticating, woolly, first stage essentially similar in structure to last ;

head small; segment I. with two, II. to XII. with three low tubercles on each

side, dorsal ones of XI. united to form a single medium tubercle of somewhat

larger size; I. to III. with small additional tubercle above leg ; dorsal one of I.

small; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular tubercles with smooth, pointed spines

and long hairs, which latter are either plumose or bear minute-pointed pro-

jections ; similar microscopic teeth on most of the numerous hairs dispersed on

head and body (text-figs. 6-11).

Cocoon tough but not compact, and usually covered with bits of leaves.

Pupa not glossy, densely granulated ; mesonotum without a pair of tubercles,

metanotal tubercles, if present, transverse, approximated ; no deep grooves on

dorsal side of cremaster ; the armature of the cremaster consists of teeth (Ludzicae,

text-figs.) or involute spines (Goodiicae). Pupa and larva not known to us of

Orthogonioptilum, Carnegia, and Vegetia. ‘The caterpillars of some species are

known to be exceedingly variable in colour and pattern.

Distribution: Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to Senegambia and

Abyssinia ; no representative known from Madagascar.

A. Tribe: Ludiicae.

Distal segments of antennae with a single ventral apical sensory cone. Fore-

wing beneath and hindwing above without basal patch of shining, entire, modified

254 Novirates ZooLoGicAE XXIX. 1922.

scales. Claws of tarsi non-serrate or serration vestigial, Eighth addominal

tergite not modified, not produced in middle, but sometimes with large teeth

laterally and small ones medianly.

1, Forewing with four subcostals, the first from beyond cell (text-fig. 4).

Antenna of 2 simple. Hindwing without orange ocellus, Long hairs of larva

not plumose, with very short pointed projections (text-fig. 10). Cremaster of

pupa a transverse ridge, armed with some large teeth (as in text-figs. 15, 16)

Holocera

2. As before. d-antenna quadripectinate to near tip. Hindwing with

orange ring : c Pseudoludia

3. Forewing mel fines eect! Geet fart beyond cell (text-fig. 5).

Antenna in ¢ quadripectinate to one-half or three-fourths of length, in 9 also

quadripectinate. Hindwing with orange ring. Long hairs of larva plumose

(text-figs. 7-9, 11). Cremaster of pupa subcylindrical, truncate, with apical belt

of teeth which project laterad (text-figs. 17, 18) . ; : Ludia

4, Epiphysis of foretibia and pulvillus absent (both present in the previous

genera) : : : - : 2 : ; 4 : Vegetia

B. Tribe: Goodiicae.

Distal segments of antenna with several ventral sensory cones (text-fig. 3),

in Orthogonioptilum and Carnegia more or less restricted to a ventral apical process

or projection. Forewing beneath and hindwing above with patch of modified

scales at base. Abdominal tergite VIII. of g with prominent median lobe or

process. Claws of tarsi distinctly serrate. Spines of tarsi reduced to hairs

except apical pair of fourth foretarsal segment of 9.

5. Forewing with first subcostal nearly always from cell. Lateral oral

angles of frons not tuberculiform. Adjacent branches of g-antenna separate

at their bases; 9-antenna simple. Long hairs of larva plumose. Cremaster

of pupa with invalute spines : é : Goodia

6. Forewing with first subcostal from beyond! cell. Tater oral angles of

frons tuberculiform. Adjacent branches of antenna contiguous at their bases ;

Q-antenna quadri- or bipectinate F : : : . Orthogonioptilum

7. As before, anal angle of hindwing produced in both sexes as a lobe curved

towards abdomen. Termen of forewing bisinuate in 2 : . Carnegia

A, Tribe: Ludiicae.

1. Genus: Holocera Feld. (1874).—Typus: smilax.

Saturnia (Henucha ?). Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.59 (description of antennae and neuration),

Henucha Walker (ex Westwood, laps. calami, pro Heniocha Hiibn.), List Lep. Ins. B.M, vi. p. 1331

(1855) (partim) ; Sonth., Hssai Classif. Lép. iv. p. 40 (1904) (partim).

Holocera Felder, Reise Novara, Tafelerklérung. p. 5 (1874) (nom. nov. pro Henucha smilax Westw.) ;

Auriv., Ent. Tidskr. p. 120, footnote (1895) (“ Bolocera”” of Kirby and others laps. calami) ;

id., Arkiv. Zool. ii. 4. p. 21 (1904) ; Karsch, Ent. Nachr. xxii. p. 252 (1896) (correction of “ Bolo-

cera”’) ; Strand, Iris, xxv. pp. 111 and 119 (1911) (key ; distinctions from Ludia) ; Pack., Mon.

Bombyc. Moths, iii. p. 145 (1914).

Bolocera (!), Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. p. 774 (1892) ; Roths., Nov. Zool. ii. p. 50 (1895).

Differs from Ludia chiefly in the forewing having four subcostals instead

of three, and in the 9-antenna being simple. No orange ocellus on hindwing.

mae

Novirates ZooLtocicaE XXIX. 1922. 255

Long hairs on tubercles of larva not plumose, with short dispersed projections.

Apex of pupa slanting ventrally, cremaster a transverse ridge armed with teeth

which are more or less curved dorsad. Frons strongly narrowed orad, considerably

narrower above oral margin than the eye is high (transversely). Genal grooves

vestigial. Mouth-parts as much reduced as in Ludia, individually variable in

detail.

Antenna of 3 quadripectinate not quite to middle segment, 11 to 15 segments

being pectinate and 17 to 21 bearing short lateral ciliated projections. In 9

simple, dorsally from base to about middle flattened and provided with a very

thin stripe of narrow scales (in the worn antenna a non-pubescent stripe shows

where the scales have been in the fresh

specimen) ; all these segments except the

apical one broader than long, those of

proximal half of antenna more or less

rounded on the sides, especially strongly

in H. rhodesiensis. Distal segments in

both sexes with one apical sensory cone,

which is truncate or sinuate. Legs as in

Ludia, but the sole of the fifth mid- and

hindtarsal segment scaled, and the sen-

sory plantar bristles of the fifth foretarsal

less numerous. Epiphysis of foretibia

large in both sexes, larger in § than in 9.

Lobe of paronychium narrow ; pulvillus

large. Claw non-serrate. Wool of thorax

not intermingled with long white oar-

scales; but such scales present in fresh

specimens of some species on the abdo-

men, especially at the bases of the ter-

gites, where this pale scaling forms a sort

of transverse bands; similar scales on

the wings.

Neuration : Forewing with four sub-

costals (text-fig. 4), all branching off fe. 4,—¥Forewing of Holocera smilax 9

beyond cell, SC* being present and origina- Fic. 5.—Forewing of Ludia delegorguer 9.

ting from SC‘ near apex of wing, being

sometimes reduced to a small spur; D! short. C of hindwing incurved before

apex in both sexes. Stridulation-organ of 2 strongly developed. Scales of

stridulation area of forewing all or nearly all with the edge turned towards the

surface of the wing; these scales nearly erect or curved distad ; costal spikes

of hindwing strongly chitinised, narrower than in Ludia.

Genitalia: g. Eighth tergite (VIII. t., text-fig. 13) strongly chitinised at

apex, the apical margin armed with strong pointed teeth ; a broad membranous

flap projects from this margin over the base of the tenth tergite, concealing the

ninth tergite. No dorsal humps on tenth tergite; apical process strongly

chitinised, short, divided into two lobes (text-fig. 12). Tenth sternite (X. st)

triangular, Clasper (Cl) broad from base to apex, apically sinuate ; on inner

surface of clasper a large, transversely convex, hairy, soft flap originates from

dorsal margin near base and projects distad, the clasper, when viewed from the

256 Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

inner side, resembling a gardening glove of which the flap is the thumb. Penis-

sheath stouter than in Ludia. ©. Vaginal sclerite (text-fig. 14) with a median

lobe as in Ludia, but the lobe much smaller. The area between this sclerite and

the anal valves (segments IX. + X.) not membranous as in Ludia, but strongly

chitinised, blackish brown, forming the roof of a large depression or cavity ; this

roof not flexible to any large extent, the anal claspers and the vaginal sclerite

remaining separate even in contracted specimens.

Forewing of ¢ much more falcate than in 9; in hindwing the subcostal in

3 farther away from apex

of cell than in 9, and the

a 10. discocellular D* (which

is often transverse in 9)

Lore more oblique. Vitreous

spot of forewing larger in

@ than in g, individually

very variable.

Early stages: Larva

(adult) woolly as in Ludia,

segment I. with two tu-

{ . bercles on each side, the

Hoa dorsal one small, with a

few spines, the lateral one

‘ large, spiniferous ; II. to

XI. with three spiniferous

tubercles each side, but

aL the two dorsal ones on

SRE XI. united into a single

pets median tubercle which is

e larger than the others ;

fanaa

XII. with two each side ;

I. to Ill. with an addi-

: es , tional, small, but distinct

Fic. 6.—Short hair from body of larva of Ludia delegorguet. faced 5 thou

Fic. 7. Long hair from dorsal tubercle of young larva (first in- uu. ere ©. BOVE e legs

star) of L, 0. limbobrunnea. bearing some long, stiff

Fic. 8.—Long hair from dorsal tubercle of adult larva of ZL. dele- getae corresponding to

gorguei. rn

Fic. 9.—Long thin hair from infrastigmatical tubercle of L, dele- the See of the other

gorquei, adult larva. tubercles. In centre of

Fre. 10.—Long hair from dorsal tubercle of Holocera smilax, infrastigmatical tubercle

Fic. “Rv aap ean meted abdominal tubercle of adult larva of two or three long setae

L, delegorguei. which are widened at the

base; similar setae on

dorsal tubercles, usually two, no such setae or only one here and there on

subdorsal tubercles. The small hairs on head and body spiniferous, the pro-

jections shorter than in Ludia. The long hairs and long setae also spiniferous

(text-fig. 10), not pilose as in Ludia ; the projections short and more numerous

in proximal half of hair or seta than in distal half, and absent or vestigial

on the swollen basal portion, which is practically smooth. Short hairs more

numerous and stouter on thorax than on abdomen. Spines of tubercles

smooth. Two individual colour-forms: a cingulate form and a reticulate or

ee es a ae nn a aaa. ee a

Novitates ZootocicAE XXIX. 1922. 257

almost unicolorous one.——Pupa with the cremaster dentate as in Pscudoludia,

teeth more numerous. Cocoon essentially as in Ludia.

Food-plants: Quercus, Jasminum, Psidium, Cussonia, Uapaca, Protea.

Distribution: Africa south of the Sahara ; not yet recorded from Abyssinia

proper and Somaliland, the Blue Nile being the most north-easterly locality

where the genus has as yet been found.

Key to the species :

1, Costal half of hindwing above pink —_. H. agomensis (PI. 1, fig. 15 9, 22 3)

Costal half of hindwing above not pink : : 5 : 2

2. Forewing above with ferruginous subcostal patch petaeed vitreous spot

and postdistal line contrasting strongly with rest of median band

H. rhodesiensis (Pl. 1, fig. 6 9)

Forewing without prominent ferruginous subcostal patch; antemedian

line slaty grey below cell, thin and usually distinctly angulate H. angulata

As before ; antemedian line not or very feebly angulate below cell, broader

and of the same colour as the triangular costal area . é . A, smilax

1. Holocera smilax Angas (1849).

Saturnia smilax Angas, Kafirs Iilustr. explan. of tab. 30. fig. 12 (1849) (Zululand).

Saturnia (Henucha ?) smilax, Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 59. no. 31 (1849) (Pt. Natal; de

scription of ant, and neurat.).

Henucha (!) smilax, Walker, List Lep. Ins. B.M. vi. p. 1333. no. 3 (1855) (Pt. Natal); Sonthon.,

Essai Classific. Lép. iv. p. 40. no. 1. tab. 6. fig. 1 (1904) (Cape).

Holocera smilax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 5. tab. 88. figs. 4, 5 (1874) (Pt. Natal); Pack., Mon.

Bombyc. Moths, iii. p. 146. tab. 33. fig. 9 larva, tab. iii. figs. a J, b 2 (1914) (Natal).

Bolocera (!) smilax, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. p. 774 (1892) (Natal); Roths., Nov. Zool. ii. p. 50. no. 1

(1895).

India smilax, Fawcett, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xv. p. 305. no. 7. tab. 49. fig. 6 larva, 7 cocoon (1901)

(Natal; on oak, takes Jasminum pubigerum).

Henucha (!) smilax, Fawcett, l.c. xvii. p. 171. tab. 6. fig. 35 larva (1903) (Durban, on Guava [Psidium)]).

As a rule vinaceous cinnamon, with chestnut median band; but variable

in tint, the brightest specimens having the terminal area of both wings ochraceous,

Antemedian line straight, without an angle below cell or the angle vestigial ;

the posterior portion of this line of the same tone of colour as the triangular

costal area. Postdistal line forming with costa on distal side an angle varying

from about 60° to 85°. On forewing a triangular costal area from base to near

bent of costa pale, shaded with grey, especially in 9, bounded by the median vein

and the median band. In this area a blackish brown costal spot, which represents

the costal end of the antemedian line, with which the spot is sometimes connected,

The median band on outside deeply incurved below middle, the terminal area

being broader in front of M* than the median band. Vitreous mark variable,

but always large; sometimes the two arms of the second spot meet, separating

a sealed dot. Termen of hindwing incurved in 4, convex in 9, even in both

sexes or faintly undulate, in forewing of 2 sometimes very uneven,

Scales on stridulation-area of 9 mostly curved distad, few lying flat on the

wing, many pointed, and a large number with the upper edge excurved near

base (cf. p. 247).

Genitalia: 3. Highth tergite (VIII. t., text-fig. 13) with the apical edge

258 Novirates ZoorocicaAE XXIX. 1922.

dentate, and usually blackish, but the median teeth often quite short. Clasper,

ef. text-figs, 12 and 13. ©. Vaginal sclerite, ef. text-fig. 14.

Larva dichromatic: cingulate form yellow (creamy buff in blown speci-

mens), with black rings bearing the black tubercles, spines black, hairs white ;

head entirely red, pronotum, anal segment, thoracic legs and inner surface of

abdominal legs also red; above legs a black, more or less interrupted, stripe.

Short hairs of thorax black. Reticulate form: red, numerous bluish black

spots and dots edged with yellow, smaller than the tubercles and arranged in five

transverse, irregular bands on each segment ; the spots smaller and more irregular

Fic. 12.—Genitalia of Holocera smilax 3 ; ventral aspect.

Fic. 13.—Genitalia of H. smilax 3; dorsal aspect,

Fic. 14.—Genitalia of H. smilax 9; ventral aspect, O = aperture.

on segments I. and II. and on underside ; spines pale, hairs white, long central

setae of tubercles dark basally.

Cocoon on bark of trees.

Food-plants: Oak, jessamine (Jasminum pubigerum), guava (Psidium),

according to Faweett.

Fawcett’s statement that the tubercles are longer in the larva from Durban

than in those from Maritzburg is probably due to an error of observation. In

the Durban larva figured by Fawcett and Packard (of the reticulate form) the

blue spots are larger than in our specimens, and the tubercles are represented as

having no long setae. Our examples from Durban have such setae.

Hab. Cape Province northwards to Mombasa, Kilimanjaro, N. Nyasaland,

and N.W. Rhodesia.

In the Tring Museum a series from: Grahamstown and Transkei, Cape

Province ; Durban, Natal; Transvaal.

In Mus. Brit. a series from: Cape Province, Natal and Transvaal. Also

from: Mombasa, 1 g; Kilimanjaro, 19; Ulange, Nyasaland, 1 9; Solwezi,

N.W. Rhodesia, 2 99.

Also a series in Mus, Oxon., Mus, J. J. Joicey, and Mus, Berlin.

Se4a% © 5

)

;

‘|

;

Novitates ZoonocicAar XXIX. 1922. 259

The specimens in the British Museum from tropical East and Central Africa

are most interesting. They prove that H. smilax and the following species,

H. angulata, are both found in these districts. This fact would render it

comparatively easy for a resident naturalist to prove or disprove the specific

distinctness of H. smilax and H. angulata by breeding from the egg.

2. Holocera angulata Auriv. (1893).

Bolocera smilax, Schaus & Clem., Sierra Leone Lepid. p. 29 (1893),

Holocera angulata Aurivillius, Hnt. Tidskr. xiv. p. 201. no. 5 (1898) (Sierra Leone ; Camerun).

The differences from H. smilax are not so trenchant as one would wish them

to be. At first sight the two insects appear to be geographical forms of one

species ; but as they are synpatric in the eastern tropical districts of their ranges,

the evidence seems to favour the opinion that they have already acquired the

independence of species.

Individually variable from bright cinnamon-rufous to a dull drab-brown,

in the latter case the median band blackish chestnut. Antemedian line of fore-

wing, upperside, usually sharply exangulate on submedian fold, and between

cell and hindmargin narrow and of a slate-grey colour; postdistal line costally

more strongly curving basad than in H. smilax, forming a smaller angle with the

costal margin. Vitreous mark very unstable: in g sometimes reduced to a

short and narrow line; in 2 the second spot often enlarged and triangular,

enclosing a scaled dot ; but usually as in H. smilaz. On hindwing the median

band and the grey lines bounding it less prominent than in H. smilax. Vitreous

spot usually small and transverse in 3, mostly not transparent ; in 9 varying

from being a transparent bar to forming a complete ring enclosing a scaled dot,

in most specimens the vitreous mark an externally open halfring, irregular, and

of variable size.

Genitalia of g as in H. smilax, but the margin of the eighth tergite always

pale and usually armed with one to three lateral teeth only, occasionally with

small teeth along the median portion in addition. Dorsal margin of clasper

more excurved than in H. smilax. ©. Median lobe of vaginal sclerite usually

more rounded than in H. smilax.

Larva not known. Possibly the black larvae found by Sjéstedt belong here

(Ludia ? sp., Auriv., Arkiv. Zool. ii. 4. p. 15, no. 45 [1904)).

Hab. Senegal southward to Angola, Mashonaland, Mozambique, Nyasaland,

British East Africa, and Blue Nile.

Two subspecies :

(a) H. angulata angulata Auriv. (1893).

Holocera angulata Aurivillius, l.c. (1893) (Sierra Leone ; Camerun); id., Arkiv Zool. ii. 4. p. 14.

no. 42 (1904) (Camerun).

Bolocera (!) angulata, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 50. no. 2 (1895).

Holocera angulata ab. bistricta Strand, Iris, xxv. p. 113 (1911) (Camerun).

Holocera angulata var. guineensis Strand, Arch. Naturg. \xxviii. A. 6. p. 145, no, 15 (1912) (Spanish

Guinea).

3g. Vitreous mark of forewing not larger than in H, smilax, usually smaller,

sometimes almost obliterated. Terminal area of both wings vinaceous (Ridgway,

Nomencl, Colours, iv. 17), on hindwing scarcely at all contrasting with the median

260 Novirates ZooLocicaE XXIX. 1922.

band. In one of our Gambaga g¢ the antemedian line of the forewing shows

only a trace of the angle on the submedian fold.

9. Terminal area varying from bright cinnamon-rufous (contrasting strongly

with median band) to dull drab-brown (not or little contrasting with median

band); vitreous mark of forewing very variable, on an average larger than in

HH. smilax.

Hab. Senegambia to Angola, eastward to the coast of Portuguese Hast

Africa.

In Mus. Tring from: Sédhiou, Casaman (H. Castell), 1 g; Sierra Leone, a

small series; Gambaga, Gold Coast (Dr. Bury), a series; Prestea and Wassaw

districts, inland from Sekondi, Gold Coast, 7 gg; Ilesha, South Nigeria (Capt.

Humfrey), 2 $3, 19; Warri, Niger Coast (Dr. Roth), 1 g, 2 99, all three dark

brown; Luluabourg, Kassai (Landbeck), 292; Canhoca, Angola (Dr. Ansorge),

1 g, 192; Solwezi and Mumbwa, N.W. Rhodesia (Dollman), 1 g, 19; Selukwa,

Rhodesia, 1 ¢; Angoni, Nyasaland (Andrews), 1 g; Nairobi, Brit, E. Africa

(Dr. van Someren), 1 3.

In Mus. Brit. from: Sierra Leone and Gold Coast, a small series ; Jebba,

Niger, 1 9; Mt. Mlanji, Nyasaland (Neave), 3 gg and pupa; Mashonaland

(Dobbie), 1 g. Also in Mus. J. J. Joicey and Mus. Berlin.

(b) H. angulata nilotica subsp. nov. (Pl. 1, fig. 7 3).

3. Macula vitrea alae anticae magna ; area terminali utriusque alae ochracea,

Hab. Blue Nile; 1 g in Mus. Tring.

Antemedian line of forewing not exangulate below cell, postdistal line as

strongly curved basad costally as in H. a. angulata ; terminal area ochraceous,

this band tapering costad, terminating at SC*, the apical lobe of wing being of

nearly the same colour as the median band and but slightly shaded with ochrace-

ous at the margins ; triangular basi-discal costal area shaded with ochraceous ;

fringe with minute blackish vein-dots ; vitreous mark very large, about 4 x 44

mm., upper spot R!—R? longer in basi-distal direction than broad, with a narrow

and deep incision on distal side, above it in angle between subcostal stalk and

R' a sparsely scaled dot, another dot below R' vitreous ; lower partition R*-R*

of vitreous mark much longer than upper, strongly curved, its upper arm

elongate-ovate, separated from ochraceous limbal area only by a very thin

chestnut line and its distance from fringe little more than 1 mm, Hindwing

narrow, anal angle produced as in most ¢¢ of H. a. angulata, terminal area

ochraceous, diffuse at apex ; vitreous mark an exteriorly open ring about 1 mm,

wide, with a vitreous dot above it.

On underside the terminal area of both wings ochraceous as above, vitreous

mark of forewing larger than above, the chestnut dot situated in second spot

isolated, while on upperside it is connected by a thin line with the scaled wing

area,

Genitalia: Eighth tergite slightly denticulate, with two long spiniform

teeth at lateral angle.

It is almost certain that some of the differences exhibited by this single ¢

from the Blue Nile are individual ; particularly the ochraceous colouring of the

terminal area can hardly be expected to be a constant character. The large

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 261

size of the vitreous mark of the forewing is remarkable, the spot resembling more

that of a 9 of H. a, angulata and H. smilax than that of a 3.

3. Holocera rhodesiensis Janse (1918) (Pl. 1, fig. 6 9).

32. Holocera rhodesiensis Janse, Ann. Durban Mus. ii. p. 83 (1918) (Salisbury) ; O'Neil, ibid.

ii. p. 167 (1919) (Salisbury ; descr. of larva ; on Cwssonia).

32. Both wings dentate, especially strongly in 2. Deep chestnut shaded

with purple-grey ; a costal patch in median band of forewing, an abbreviated

terminal band on hindwing, the centre of the metanotum and part of the underside

of the abdomen varying from ferruginous to cinnamon-rufous, sometimes the

ferruginous colour much extended. Mid- and hindtarsi, except segment V., white

like the middle of foretarsus.

Wings : General shape and pattern as in H. smilax ; antemedian and post-

distal lines purple-grey, conspicuous, but diffuse, antemedian not angulate below

cell, postmedian less incurved below middle than in H. smilax; vitreous mark

differs in the second spot being slenderer, anteriorly less dilated and posteriorly

not (3) or little (2) curved distad.

Genitalia essentially as in the two previous species: Eighth tergite less

strongly dentate medianly than in H. smilax and more than in H. angulata, with

one to three large lateral teeth. The two apical lobes of the clasper of nearly

equal size ; dorsal margin of clasper less incurved than in the previous forms,——

. Vaginal sclerite as in H. smilax, the central cavity smaller (in our only 9).

Stridulation-organ as in H. smilaw.

Larva dimorphic: (1) ‘‘ Body and tubercles black with long downy hairs

and an inferior double row of salmon-red marks.” (2) ‘Segments ringed with

black and white” (J. O'Neil).

Food-plant : Cussonia.

Hab. Rhodesia and Nyasaland.

In Mus. Tring from: Salisbury (J. O'Neil), 2 gg, 19; Agoniland, Nyasa

(Andrews), 1 ¢.

In Mus. Brit. from: Blantyre (Ambruster), 19; Mlanje, Nyasa (Neave),

1 g; Salisbury, 1 9.

4. Holocera agomensis Karsch (1896) (Pl. 1, fig. 15 9, 22 3).

Holocera agomensis Karsch, Ent. Nachr. xxii. p. 253 (1893) (Bismarckburg, Togo, April) ; Strand,

Tris, xxv. p. 112 (1911).

India nov. ?, O'Neil, Ann. Durban Mus. ii. p. 165 (1919) (Salisbury ; descr. of $2 and variable

larva).

32. Costal half or more of hindwing above and posterior half of forewing

below pink, recalling Ludia. Lines blackish brown ; antemedian line of forewing

exangulate below cell, as in Ludia continuous to costal margin ; postdiscal one

less incurved than in H. smilax, the median band therefore less constricted below

middle. Discocellular mark of hindwing black, with vitreous centre, the spot

resembling the figure 3 with the upper projection truncate. Anal angle of

hindwing less acuminate than in the other species of the genus.

g. Antenna with about 15 segments pectinate and 17 non-pectinate.

9. Sealing of stridulation-area quite different from that of the other species.

The scales arranged in fairly regular transverse rows, all broad, erect, more or

262 Novirates ZooLocicar XXIX. 1922.

less fan-shaped, apical margins sinuate and more or less irregular; the broad

sides of many scales turned towards the wing.

Genitalia: ¢. Eighth tergite strongly dentate, as in H. smilaz.

Clasper broader than in the other species ; its apical sinus more shallow, the

dorsal apical lobe almost effaced; dorsal fold narrow. ©. Lobe of vaginal

sclerite rather longer than in H. smilax and slightly sinuate at apex.

Larva very variable. O’Neil has taken ‘‘ no fewer than ten different varieties

of this caterpillar, each of which

was quite unlike any of the

others.” Greyish olive with very

broad dorsal band and_ bright

yellow tubercles ; or black mottled

with small yellow and white

spots, and large crimson tuber-

cles; or pure white with the

tubercles bright orange-red; or

pale creamy-ochraceous with

ochreous- brown tubercles; or

“colours bright yellow and

magenta,” etc. Double brooded,

adult larva in October and April.

Cocoon very hard.

Food-plants: Uapaca kirki-

ana, rarely on Protea spec.

Hab. (Togoland), Congo,

Nyasa, Rhodesia.

In Mus. Tring from: Luebo

and Luluabourg, Kassai, Congo,

292; Salisbury, Rhodesia (J.

Fic. 15.—Cremaster of pupa g of Ps. suavis g; ventral O'Neil), 1 3, 19; Kashitu, N.W.

‘ pene Rhodesia (Dollman), 1 ¢.

1G. 16.—Cremaster of pupa of Ps, suavis?; ventral 7 .

senda In Mus. Brit. 10 gg, 13 $2,

Fia. 17.—Cremaster of pupa of Ludia delegorguei ; and some pupae from : Mlanje,

ventral aspect. Nyasa (Neave) ; Kashitu, Chipe-

Fra. Pe sonre sa of pupa of Ludia delegorguei ; ampa, and Solwezi, N.W. Bho-

: aie desia (Dollman) ; Salisbury (Mar-

shall, O'Neil).

The locality “‘ Togo” given by Karsch is no doubt erroneous.

2. Genus: Pseudoludia Strand (1911).—Typus: suavis.

Holocera Rothschild (nec Felder, 1874), Ann. Mag. N.H. (7). xx. p. 9 (1907).

Holocera (Pseudoludia) Strand, Iris, xxv. p. 112 (1911) (subgen. nov.).

Connects Holocera with Ludia, but also has peculiarities of its own.

3°. Genal groove distinct, asin Ludia. Antennain g¢ with 19 or 20 segments

quadripectinate and only 7 to 10 non-pectinate ; in Q (text-figs. 22 and 23) simple

as in Holocera-9, flattened to two-thirds, the segments, particularly those in

middle of antenna, slightly constricted before apex, in dorsal or ventral view

Noviratrs Zootogicar XXIX. 1922, 263

lateral humps being indicated which correspond to the branches of the g. Fifth

segment of all tarsi in ¢ with the sole scaled, in 2 non-scaled and densely studded

with S-shaped sensory bristles.

Stridulation-scales of 9 small, narrow.

Neuration nearly as in Holocera ; forewing with four subcostals, SC’ being

present as a short subapical spur ; D! of forewing, and in 9 also D' of hindwing,

longer than in Holocera ; C in hindwing of 3 not recurved at apex.

Genitalia: g. Eighth tergite without teeth, but the margin sharp, slightly

blackish, projecting. Clasper deeply sinuate at apex, on inner side with strongly

chitinised black armature not present in Holocera and Ludia; ventral margin

with lobe near base, recalling Ludia. ©. Genital sclerite of the Ludia type,

the aperture more proximal than in Holocera and the area behind the vaginal

lobe membranous as in Ludia, not strongly chitinised as in Holocera.

Larva as in Holocera; dorsal tubercles with one or no seta.

Pupa asin Holocera ; metanotum with two approximate transverse tubercles ;

granulation sharp, granules on sides of median segments more isolated than in

Holocera, with fewer and less evident small folds radiating from each granule ;

cremaster a transverse ridge armed with some teeth (text-figs. 16 and 17).

Hab. East Africa.

One species, which has on hindwing an orange ring of the Ludia type.

1. Pseudoludia suavis Roths. (1907).

39. Holocera suavis Rothschild, Ann. Mag. N.H. (7). xx. p. 9. no. 19 (1907) (Usambara, g 2, descr. of

larva); Jord., Nov. Zool. xv. p. 256. no. 18. tab. 11. fig. 11 ¢ (1908) (= lilacina).

32. Holocera lilacina Weymer, Ent. Zeitschr. xxi. p. 118 (1907) (Usambara).

32. Holocera (Pseudoludia) suavis, Strand, Iris, xxv. p. 113 (1911) (Amani; Usambara).

32. Forewing, above, chestnut-purple from base to whitish postdiscal line ;

a large triangular costal area from base to near bent of costa grey like pronotum ;

terminal area dull cinnamon ; postdiscal line costally much less curved than in

Holocera, forming an acute angle with the costa on the basal side, not on the

distal side.——Costal half of hindwing pinkish vinaceous; median band ter-

minating at upper cell angle, where it is rounded (as is usual in Ludia) and blackish;

the band bounded by a whitish line ; yellow ocellus somewhat incurved on outer

side, as in Ludia, enclosing a vitreous crescent edged with black.

In ¢ the forewing falcate, but rather wider at narrowest point than in

Holocera-3 ; termen of hindwing slightly convex, anal angle less acute than in

Holocera, In 9 the wings shaped almost as in Holocera smilax-9, but costal

margin of forewing less arched before apex and anal angle of hindwing rather

more obtuse.

Genitalia: 3. Eighth sternite (VIII. st., text-fig. 19) without median lobe,

its margin not strongly chitinised. Anal tergite (x.t.) dorsally slightly depressed

along centre, strongly convex laterally, but not humped as in Ludia ; apical

process black, bilobate, the lobes rounded, the sinus deeper than in any Ludia

and less deep than in Holocera. Tenth sternite (x.t.) broader than in Ludia and

very much broader than in Holocera. Clasper broad from base to apex; its

ventral margin produced near base into a lobe (L) corresponding to the ventral

lobe found in all species of Ludia; apex of clasper (text-fig. 20) very broad,

obliquely truncate-sinuate, the apical margin not continuous with the ventral

264 Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

margin, but continued by a ridge which runs from the ventral angle obliquely

on to the inner surface of the clasper; dorsal apical angle prolonged into an

obtuse process which is slightly concave on inner side, Proximally to apical

margin and about midway between the two apical angles originates a long

sclerite (S, text-fig. 20) which lies flat on the surface of the clasper and curves

dorsad and basad. This sclerite is somewhat prismatical at its base and more

flattened elsewhere, and remains of nearly even width to near apex, which is

rounded-acuminate ; apical portion densely denticulate-granulate-——9. Vaginal

ea,

Nay

Fig. 19.—Genitalia of Pseudoludia suavis 3 ; ventral aspect.

Fic. 20.—Clasper of Ps. suavis f ; inner surface.

Fre. 21.—Genital sclerite of Ps. suavis 2; ventral aspect.

Fic, 22.—Segments 22 and 23 of antenna of Ps. suavis9; ventral aspect.

Fic. 23.—Segments 11 and 12 of antenna of Ps, suavis 2; ventral aspect.

sclerite broad in fronti-anal sense ; median lobe larger than in Holocera, truncate-

sinuate, cavity extending to near basal margin of sclerite ; aperture placed as in

Ludia in anterior portion of cavity.

Scales of stridulation-area in irregular rows; a large number of the scales

bidentate, some sublinear, but most of them elongate-triangular, small, with the

flat surface turned towards the wing ; costal spiniform scales of hindwing numer-

ous, sharply pointed, differing in size in the same individual, some being long,

some short, with intermediate sizes.

Larva (adult) orange with black belts which bear the black tubercles ; head,

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 265

pronotum, and anal segment also black, as are the thoracic legs, the outside of

the abdominal legs, and a ventri-lateral stripe.

Pupa, see above. We have several cocoons in a half-cylinder of bark (perhaps

obtained under artificial conditions in a breeding-cage 2).

Hab. Usambara, ex-German East Africa.

In Tring Museum a small series of both sexes, two blown larvae, and some

pupae; also in Mus. Brit. and the Berlin Museum.

3. Genus: Ludia Wallengr. (1865).—Typus : delegorguez.

Saturnia, Boisduyal (nec Schrank 1802), in Deleg., Voy. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 601 (1847).

Saturnia (Henucha ?), Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 59 (1847) (partim ; Henucha laps. cal.,

instead of Heniocha Hiibn.).

Henucha, Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B.M. vi. p. 1331 (1855) (partim) ; Sonthon., Hssai Classif. Lép.

iv, p. 40 (1904) (partim).

Ludia Wallengren, K. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. (2). v. 4. p. 25 (1865) (type: delegorguei); Kirby, Cat.

Lep. Het. i. p. 774 (1892); Roths., Nov. Zool. ii. p. 50 (1895); Auriv., Arkiv Zool. ii. 4. p. 21

(1904) (distinction of genus); Pack., Mon. Bombyc. Moths, iii. p. 149 (1914); Strand, Jris,

xx, pp. 110, 119 (1911) (key to species ; distinctions from Holocera).

32. Forewing with three subcostals, SC? and SC’ being absent (text-fig. 5).

Antenna of 2 pectinate to beyond middle. 9 with large patch of modified scales

on underside of forewing near tornus and a row of erect spiniform scales at costal

margin of hindwing near apex. Long hairs on tubercles of larva plumose (text-

figs. 8 and 11). Cremaster of pupa subcylindrical, truncate, with apical circlet

of teeth which project laterad (text-figs. 17 and 18).

Frons moderately narrowed orad, varying in width at the genal grooves from

being broader to being a little narrower than the eye is high (measured trans-

versely). Labrum narrow, slightly convex, not prominent. Genal groove very

distinct, rounded, deep. Vestige of tongue quite small, the tongue being repre-

sented by two short processes of irregular and variable shape firmly attached to

the sides of the buccal cavity. Labial palpi united at the base, curved forward,

scarcely distinguishable from the frons with the naked eye, being quite small,

non-segmented.

The antennae consist of 32 to 37 segments, besides the scape. In g 13 to 17

segments quadripectinate, the distal 16 to 19 segments with a short lateral

projection on each side bearing long cilia ; the apical branch of a segment touching

the proximal branch of the next. In 9 the proximal half or two-thirds bipectinate

(17 to 25 segments), the apical branches of these pectinated segments indicated

as short projections, which are often longer than the shaft is broad; shaft in

fresh (bred) specimens dorsally scaled to apex, but as a rule the specimens have

sealing only on the pectinated segments. Apical sensory cone of distal segments

of both sexes single, truncate, or sinuate, sometimes rugged or subdivided, longer

than in Holocera, especially in 9 (text-fig. 2). Epiphysis of foretibia large, in ¢

reaching about to three-fourths of tibia, shorter and narrower in 9, but even in

this sex extending about to two-thirds. Spurs of mid- and hindtibiae somewhat

shorter than the tibiae are broad when denuded; hindtibia with one pair only,

asin all the Ludiinae. 'arsal segments I. to IV. with some apical spines at each

side of ventral surface and one or several additional spines further basad, these

additional spines more numerous on segment I. than on the others, Tarsal V.

of 9 with the sole non-scaled, except laterally at base ; near apex of sole a fairly

266 Novirarrs Zootoaicar XXIX. 1922:

dense tuft of stout, curved, sensory hairs on each side. Pulvillus large in both

sexes; lobe of paronychium broad. Claw without serration or only a suspicion

of it. Organ of stridulation present in all 99 on fore- and hindwing (cf. p. 247).

Vein C of hindwing less curved in 9 than in g, distally straight or recurved.

Neuration: Forewing with three subcostals, all given off beyond cell, or the

first from cell close to stalk of the two others, the short subapical spur SC* of

allied genera absent ; SC! variable in position, wandering from upper cell-angle

distad until it branches off from SC‘ (cf. text-figs. 36, 37, 52-54),

Genitalia: g. Anal tergite (X.t., text-figs. 33, 40, 55) with two smooth,

glossy, more or less globose dorsal swellings, one on each side, close together,

feebly chitinised, more or less projecting anad, partly covering the median lobe

of x.t. ; this lobe black, short, simply triangular with the tip blunt, or rotundate-

truncate with the apex sinuate. Anal sternite (X.st.) triangular, black, apex

obtuse. Clasper long, broad in proximal half, abruptly narrowed in or before

middle, the ventral margin being abruptly incurved, the lobe (L) proximal to

this large sinus projecting distad, often being prolonged into one or two pointed

processes (text-figs. 61-64). Penis-sheath (P) very slender, without armature ;

its funnel (F) open ventrally. Eighth sternite (VIII. st.) varying according to

species, being acuminate, rounded, or sinuate. ©. Sexual orifice medianly on

a large, strongly chitinised, transverse sclerite, the apical margin of which is

dilated behind the orifice into a large lobe. Area between this sclerite and anal

valves (IX. and X.) membranous.

All species with orange ocellus on upperside of hindwing; black pupil of

ocellus varying in shape and size from being a thin line or crescent to being a

large rounded spot.

Larva: No essential structural difference between the first and last stages,

but the first stage without definite markings. Appearance woolly in all stages.

Prothorax on each side with three tubercles, upper one small, with hair only or

bearing in addition one spine, third tubercle also without spines, second with

spines. Segments II. to X. with three spiniferous tubercles, two above and one

below the stigma, XI. like X., but the dorsal tubercle united with that of the

other side to form a single, larger, median tubercle. Segments II. and III. with

an additional, small, non-spiniferous tubercle above the legs. In the centre of

the tubercles (text-fig. 11) a tuft of long white hairs, about ten on dorsal tubercles,

fewer on the others. Some of these long hairs of the infrastigmatical tubercles

have the base strongly widened, the incrassation being less conspicuous, or absent,

in the hairs of the dorsal and subdorsal tubercles, Apart from the tubercles the

skin studded with numerous short and long hairs, All the hairs with the exception

of the short ones somewhat resemble the rays of a feather, being densely covered

all round with thin, hair-like filaments (text-figs. 7-9). The short hairs on head

and body are not pilose, but are studded with short dispersed spikes (text-fig. 6).

The spines of the tubercles are smooth, without projections. Larva known of

very few species,

Cocoon thin but tough, covered with remnants of leaves. Pupa granulose ;

ventral surface of last segment less rough than in Holocera, with a more sharply

defined median groove ; cremaster subcylindrical, truncate, the margin of the

apical surface armed all round with a variable number of teeth which project

laterad (text-figs. 17, 18) ; metanotum on each side close to middle line with a

transverse tubercle as in Holocera.

Noviratres Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 267

Food-plants: Microglossa mespilifolia (Compositae), also on Zingiberaceae

according to Sjéstedt, Labiatae according to Schultze, and probably other plants.

Distribution : Africa south of the Sahara, from Senegambia and Abyssinia

to the Cape Province.

The material in collections is not extensive, and our knowledge of the dis-

tribution of the various species, therefore, is very incomplete. The great simi-

larity in colour and pattern renders identification difficult in many cases, the

more so as there is a considerable amount of individual variability. The genitalia

of the male, however, are a great help; they are very distinctive, presenting

differences between the species which it is easy to perceive. The genital armature

of the female, on the other hand, is of a more uniform character in the different

species, though not quite useless in diagnostic work. In some of the species the

female-antennae are different and afford a means of recognising the species.

The vitreous discocellular mark of the forewing, on which Strand’s key to the

species is chiefly based (Iris, xxv. p. 110), is not so constant as Strand believed

it to be.

Key to the species :

1. Fore- and hindwing with a row of conspicuous, irregular, black patches

in the pale terminal area; postdiscal line of forewing above dentate upon the

veins, the teeth pointing distad . JL. corticea spec. nov. (Pl. 1, figs. 11 3, 19 9)

2. No such patches. Antemedian line of forewing not exangulate below

cell; ocellus exceptionally small; vitreous mark of forewing very large in J,

eighth sternite of g with long, pointed, very narrow, median process

L. tessmanni (Pl. 1, figs. 8 3, 16 9)

Orange ring without white scales on outer portion ; anal angle of hindwing

produced ; forewing beneath with large white submarginal patch posteriorly ;

antenna of 2 with long pectinations to near apex. JL. dentata (Pl. 1, fig. 5 9)

Colouring different . : 3

3. Prevailing colouring above and shenbathi Biswas grey ; postaincal line

of forewing above regularly crenate, the teeth pointing basad; termen of both

wings scalloped, fringe pale between the teeth or almost entirely pale ; pupil

of ocellus a linear crescent. Eighth sternite of ¢ strongly acuminate, clasper

broad at apex . : : . IL. arguta spec. nov. (Pl. 1, fig. 9 9)

Postdiscal line of of forewing not regularly crenate, or termen not regularly

scalloped. : : : : 4

4, Males (this sex not ‘naw of 1p pipiliats and L. maa 5

Females . : ‘ : : : : : 8

5. Median lobe of eighth sternite founda

Median lobe of eighth sternite strongly acuminate

L. orinoptena (Pl. 1, fig. 1 3)

6. Clasper ending with a long, pointed hook; termen of hindwing not

angulate . ; ; Ral Pe bapniee (Pl. 1, figs. 12 g, 13 9)

Clasper with shorter apical hook ; termen of hindwing angulate below

middle ; F 3 , . : : . JL. goniata (PI. 1, fig. 14 #)

Clasper broad at apex : ; c

7. Ventral lobe of clasper with one process. 5 He ee

Ventral lobe of clasper with two processes L, Ronee (Pl. 1, fig. 10 3)

8. Females, Postdiscal line of forewing straight from its bent to hind-

268 Novirates ZoonocicaAE XXIX. 1922.

margin; on both wings a shadowy brown band between postdiscal line and

termen. Antenna pectinate to one-half : . JL. goniata (Pl. 1, fig. 4 9)

Postdiscal line of forewing incurved below middle. Antenna pectinate

to two-thirds or beyond. : : : 9

9. Postdiscal line of forewing pues bordered! on autailie oa a broad whitish

or brownish grey band which fades away distally ; if the band is narrow, then

the underside has a greyish white postdiscal line or diffuse band : ee it,

Postdiscal line bordered by a narrow pale line, which more or less widens

posteriorly, but is fairly sharply defined; no greyish white postdiscal line or

band on underside : ; : Be eel

10. Border of postdisoal line of forewing preyish white

L, delegorguet (Pl. 1, fig. 21 9)

Border of postdiscal line of forewing brownish grey, duller; vitreous

mark of forewing usually very thin . ; . L. hansali (Pl. 1, fig. 20 9)

11. Antemedian line of forewing forming a right angle on submedian fold ;

postdiscal line hardly at all widened behind; short grey oblique apical line

narrow. Orange ring thin, black centre very large; red area sometimes sup-

pressed above. : : . JL. obscura (PI. 1, fig. 17 9)

Submedian angle of antemedian line usually obtuse ; postdiscal line

widened behind ; short grey apical line broad, diffuse ; upper vitreous mark more or

less distinctly separated from second spot ; postdiscal line on underside of hind-

wing incurved before reaching abdominal.margin . L. orinoptena (PI. 1, fig. 2 9)

Submedian angle of antemedian line as in L. obscura; postmedian line

slightly widened behind ; upper arm of lower vitreous spot longer than its distance

from postdiscal line. Black centre of ocellus a narrow crescent

L. syngena (Pl. 1, fig. 3 9)

Postdiscal line on both fore- and hindwing ending at a considerable dis-

tance from tornus. Pupil of ocellus a short and nearly straight line ; discal band of

hindwing scarcely half as wide at abdominal margin as above ocellus L. pupillata

1, Ludia corticea spec. nov. (Pl. 1, figs. 11 3, 199).

Utraque ala maculis nigris sublimbalibus ornata ; area media alae anticae

nigra extus dentata ; corpus Sp ae nigrum,

Al. ant. long. J 20 mm. ; 9 32 mm.

Al. ant. lat. ¢ 9 mm. es 16 mm.

Hab. Eros Mts., 1,150 m., 7 km. from Windhoek, S.W. Africa, one pair,

and Windhoek (two 99) in the Tring Museum ; also in the Berlin Museum,

3. Body, antenna and legs deep brownish black ; pronotum slightly paler,

edged with dark cinnamon ; basal area of patagium also dark cinnamon, dorsally

shading into creamy buff and here sharply defined. Antenna with 14 segments

quadripectinate, 17 non-pectinate, the longest branches equalling in length

three and one-half pectinated segments.

Forewing, wpperside : Cell from base to antemedian line dirty creamy buff

shaded with grey ; costal margin grey to apex of cell, speckled with dark olive-

brown ; below cell a dirty creamy-buff patch bounded by the antemedian line,

base up to this patch brownish black, Antemedian line excurved in cell and

more strongly so between cell and hindmargin, being strongly angulate upon

base of M‘. Median area nearly black, but with numerous creamy-buff scales,

Novirates ZooLtocicanE XXIX. 1922. 269

which are not much in evidence except under a lens; upper scales of this area

bidentate, nearly all the pale ones broad, gradually widened. Postdiscal line

incurved between the veins, rather conspicuously dentate, particularly on the

posterior veins, below SM’ 3 mm. distant from apex of this vein. Upper vitreous

bar nearly straight, crescent thinner than bar, not projecting anteriorly, Terminal ~

area dirty creamy buff shaded with cinnamon distally, especially in upper half ;

between the veins numerous black specks condensed to form a row of patches,

which are as deeply coloured as the median area and are quite prominent on the

pale ground. Termen dentate, teeth R* and M' more projecting than the others.

Hindwing dentate, rather strongly incurved above anal angle, which projects.

Red area deep pink, extending to apex of wing and invading abdominal area

below cell. Orange ocellus small, its diameter (2-5 mm.) shorter than the

distance from termen ; black crescent in ocellus thick ; a whitish spot in sinus ;

orange scales and white ones sharply bidentate. Black area encircling ocellus

widest in cell, narrowed costad, paler posteriorly, where it assumes a slight bluish

tint. Postdiscal line almost even, somewhat curved in S-shape, being incurved

below M?, ending near anal angle, but with the extreme end curved basad. Out-

side this line, and separated from it by a thin pale buff line, a row of black spots,

better defined and more compact than on forewing, the row extending forward

to R'. Fringe black on both wings, whitish midway between the veins.

Underside: On forewing the costal area greyish irrorated with black ;

median area brown-black ; pink patch nearly extending to tornus. Postdiscal

line dentate. Limbal area as above, but wider in lower half, spots conspicuous

except spot SM'-SM?, which is obsolete. Hindwing grey irrorated with numer-

ous blackish brown specks and transverse spots. Terminal area shaded with

cinnamon, the blackish scaling more extended than above. Postdiscal line

incurved anteriorly and posteriorly, in anterior half thick, diffuse, in posterior

half thin and indistinct. Upper scales as on forewing bidentate, the teeth well

projecting and in most scales far apart, especially in basal half of hindwing,

rarely a small additional tooth in centre.

9. Similar to J, but muchlarger, Apex of forewing less produced ; pronotum

somewhat paler. Vitreous crescent anteriorly projecting distad a short distance.

Brownish black median area with bluish tint in certain aspect. Blackish

shading of costal margin of hindwing extended backwards to near black median

band, almost isolating a red subapical spot. Orange ring 4-5 mm., its distance

from termen 6 mm.; the black crescent heavy, more than half the thickness of

the ring; white spot distinct; orange upper scales mostly tridentate, many

bidentate, the lower orange scales on proximal side of black crescent quadri- or

quinquedentate. Black median band with bluish tint from ocellus backward.

Underside coloured as in 3; terminal area of forewing more irrorated with

grey along the postdiscal line; red patch not extending beyond this line, but

invading cell. As in g¢ the blackish submarginal spots R'—R* enlarged and

confluent. Upper scales in outer half of underside bidentate, broad, the teeth

strongly divergent, at least in most of the pale scales ; many scales with a small

central tooth, which rarely attains the length of the lateral teeth.

Stridulation-area of forewing reaching a little above M*; its scaling as in

L. delegorguei, but with few flat and dentate scales, and the curved ones on the

whole more pointed.

Antenna of 2 with 20 or 21 segments pectinate, 15 or 14 non-pectinate, the

270 Novirates ZoonocicaAE XXIX, 1922.

proximal ones of these non-pectinate segments dentate, the distal ones nearly,

simple ; the longest branches not quite as long as three segments ; apical branches

in basal half of antenna indicated as very short projections ; underside of pecti-

nated segments non-carinate, transversely convex, rounded, appearing somewhat

swollen.

Genitalia: 3. Eighth sternite (VIII. st., text-fig. 24) deeply sinuate, the

sinus rounded, with the angle sharp. Tenth tergite (X.t.) acuminate, not excised

at tip. Clasper (Cl, text-fig. 24) very broad ; ventral median lobe short, denti-

culate, projecting distad, but not narrowed into a long pointed process; apex

of clasper broad, truncate-dentate, when seen from above or below (text-figs.

24, 26) in aspect from inner side very broadly rounded and irregularly dentate

Fic. 24,—Ludia corticea g; genitalia, ventral aspect.

Fic. 25.—L. corticea 3 ; clasper, inner side.

Fic. 26.—L. corticea 3 ; tenth tergite and clasper, dorsal aspect.

Fic. 27.—L. corticea? ; genital sclerite.

(text-fig. 25). 9, Lobe of vaginal plate strongly projecting ; apex rounded

with small median sinus ; sides sharply incurved before apex (text-fig. 27).

Neuration: SC! from stalk SC” °.

Early stages not known.

The species, which stands as yet isolated among the others, is easily recognised

by the black subterminal blotches on fore- and hindwing.

2. Ludia tessmanni Strand (1911) (Pl. 1, figs. 8 J, 169).

39. Ludia tessmanni Strand, Iris, xxy. p. 110 (1911) (Uelleburg, Spanish Guinea); id., Arch. _

Naturg. \xxviii. A. 6. p. 145. no. 14 (1912) (Uelleburg and Alen, Spanish Guinea, five pairs).

Ocellus very small in both sexes. Vitreous mark on forewing large in ¢.

In Jris, xxv., Strand mentions only the vitreous marks of this very distinct

a. ee a oe

Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 271

species, but promises to give a full description in some other place. I have failed

to find this description. The authorities of the Berlin Museum have very

kindly come to my rescue by giving us in exchange a pair of paratypes, for

which we are very grateful.

6. Antenna with 13 or 14 segments quadripectinate and 17 or 18 dentate.

Forewing entire, more strongly faleate than in any other Ludia known to me ;

lower cell-angle only 3 mm. distant from termen. General colouring a dark

sc’

sc" sc

ger

Sé2

VilL.st.

Fic. 28.—Ludia tessmanni 9 ; neuration of left forewing.

Fic, 29.—L. tessmanni ; neuration of right forewing.

Fic. 30,.—L, tessmanni 3; eighth sternite and clasper.

Fic, 31.—L. tessmanni 3; clasper, dorsal aspect.

Fic. 32.—L. tessmanni 2; genital sclerite, ventral aspect.

mummy-brown, without the grey of L. delegorguei; the antemedian and post-

discal lines almost disappearing in the dark ground, their pale borders distinct

and narrow, cinnamon; terminal margin and fringe likewise cinnamon except

apical lobe. Vitreous spot very large. Hindwing entire, termen very slightly

elbowed at M' and incurved before anal angle; terminal margin and fringe

narrowly cinnamon, tapering away at anal angle ; black median band not separate

from terminal area, the postdiscal line being practically absent, a trace of it

indicated close to termen ; proximal border of median band likewise indistinct,

Ocellus very small, without white spot.

272 Novirates ZoonocicaAE XXIX. 1922.

Underside drab mummy-brown. Forewing: red area extending about

2 mm, beyond base of M? and slightly entering cell; costal margin shaded with

cinnamon ; postdiscal line and terminal edge also cinnamon, the former running

distad on apical lobe. Hindwing almost uniform in colour, except for a narrow

cinnamon terminal border.

. Antenna with 18 or 19 segments pectinated and 14 to 17 non-pectinated.

In colouring similar to f ; forewing much pervaded with cinnamon ; antemedian

line very oblique, not angulate below cell, its costal end almost separated off as

an isolated spot; termen slightly undulate, deeply incurved below apex, very

oblique posteriorly ; postdiscal line as in $ ending at tornus, incurved below

middle ; vitreous mark not enlarged as in g, upper spot comma-shaped, lower

one not larger than upper, but a little more curved, its upper end projecting

slightly but distinctly ; postdiscal line close to lower cell-angle as in g, more

proximal than in the other species. Hindwing: ocellus 2 x 2:3 mm. in the

Guinea © and not quite 3 x 4 in our (larger) specimen from the Upper Congo,

with narrow black crescent and no white spot ; orange scales partly with 3 or 4

short, blunt teeth, and partly with the apex entire and more or less rotundate,

Underside : Red area large, extending across cell to C and distally reaching

base of M'; terminal area broadly mummy-brown at margin and drab and

cinnamon along postdiscal line. Scales of stridulation-area mostly strongly

curved and sharply pointed, many angulate at highest point, also numerous

small sinuate scales present. Hindwing shaded with drab except at costal

and terminal margins; transverse median line very oblique; postdiscal line

indistinct, touching lower cell-angle or nearly.

Genitalia: 3. Eighth sternite (VIII. st., text-fig. 30) with a very long,

almost spiniform, median process. Clasper divided at apex into a broad and

rounded, but at upper corner acuminate, ventral lobe and a curved, long, slender

and pointed dorsal process (text-figs. 30, 31). ©. Lobe of vaginal sclerite

(text-fig. 32) strongly projecting, almost square, with the sides nearly straight,

the apex strongly sinuate, and the angles rounded. The sclerite otherwise

narrower than usual, strongly convex in a sagittal sense.

Neuration : SC! of forewing from stalk SC’ *; discocellular D* as long as or

longer than D*, more or less curved in S-shape ; M’ rather more distal than usual

(text-figs. 28, 29, taken from right and left forewing of Yakusu specimen).

Early stages not known.

Hab. Spanish Guinea ; Upper Congo.

In the Tring Museum a pair of paratypes from Uelleburg, Spanish Guinea

(Tessmann) ; a 9 from Yakusu, Upper Congo (K. Smith).

In Mus. Berlin four pairs from Uelleburg.

3. Ludia arguta spec. nov. (Pl. 1, fig. 9 9).

Qg. Grisescens, russata; linea postdiscali crenata, linea marginali russa

vel nigra bene expressa tenui ornata, cilia pallida, ad venas russo vel nigro

maculata,

Hab. Somaliland and British East Africa.

A small species, with the antennal pectinations long and numerous in both

sexes, but particularly so in ¢.

¢g. Antenna with 32 segments, of which 21 are quadripectinate ; longest

Novitates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922, 273

branches as long as five segments; shaft tawny, branches ochraceous. Body

russet, underside of abdomen paler, head and thorax above densely mixed with

grey hair-scales, the non-dentate hair-scales lanceolate, narrow, none of them

strongly dilated before apex.

Wings, upperside: Forewing shorter than in ZL. delegorguei, termen much

more distinctly dentate ; basal area grey irrorated with brown and shaded with

cinnamon except costal margin and a line along the blackish antemedian line.

This line with faint indications below cell of an excurved and an incurved angle.

Median area olive-brown shaded with bistre, the median vein and the bases of

the veins beyond upper cell-angle washed with cinnamon rufous, Postdiscal

line crenulate, bordered by a prominent white line, and not ending quite so close

to tornus as in L. delegorguei. Terminal area greyish cinnamon, with the usual

grey costal cloud.—Hindwing costally longer than in ZL. delegorguei, costal

margin less curved, termen indistinctly undulate, but rather distinctly elbowed

at M’, recalling LZ. goniata. Ocellus with white spot in sinus, diameter of orange

ring shorter than distance from terminal margin, black border narrow except

in cell. Postdiscal line bordered by a sharply defined white line.

Underside: Costal margin of forewing whitish grey spotted with brown ;

area around vitreous mark brown shaded with cinnamon; terminal area as

above, but paler ; postdiscal line white, continued to costal margin, outwardly

shading off. Hindwing densely shaded with creamy buff; costal margin

whitish grey, spotted and irrorated with dark brown; postdiscal line not

incurved below costa, its whitish border less conspicuous than on forewing.

Cross-vein D* transverse, not oblique.

. Antenna darker than in g; 22 to 26 segments pectinate, 9 to 11 non-

pectinate, apical branches of proximal pectinated segments represented by short

projections. Body russet-brown, pronotum the same colour as mesonotum,

with indication of a grey apical border.

Wings, upperside: Forewing more strongly dentate than in g, between

the veins with distinct pale fringe-spots of variable size, usually the fringe more

extended pale than brown, as is also the case in the hindwing. Basal area

russet-grey, paler grey along antemedian line and at costa, not divided into a

triangular pale costal area and a darker posterior area. Antemedian line deep

russet, usually somewhat curved in S-shape in cell and slightly undulate or

zigzag between cell and hindmargin, sometimes straight. Median band russet-

brown, distally with or without grey scaling. Costal margin spotted with grey

and brown from base to apex of cell. Veins above upper cell-angle slightly

rufescent. Postdiscal line thin, conspicuously and regularly crenulate, more or

less slightly accentuated upon the veins, with a narrow whitish grey outer border.

Terminal area a little paler than base, with russet irroration which is condensed

into a shadowy band along the whitish postdiscal line. Hindwing dentate,

tooth M' or likewise R* slightly longer than the others. Fringe as on forewing.

Red area pinkish, as in g. Ocellus nearly as in L. delegorguei ; the white spot

placed on its outer portion sometimes barely vestigial. Median band pale from

ocellus backwards, sometimes also pale on outer side of ocellus, Postdiscal line

erenulate, nearly parallel with termen, ending as on forewing at some distance

from anal angle ; this line or its pale border often continued to costal margin,

Terminal area nearly as on forewing, sometimes slightly pervaded with pink,

A thin, rather sharply defined, marginal line as on forewing blackish brown,

274 Novirates ZoonocicaAE XXIX. 1922.

Underside similar in colour to terminal area of upperside, almost unicolorous’

apart from red area, Cell of forewing and subcostal region beyond cell deeper

brown. Costal margin spotted with whitish grey in both wings. Subterminal

line of forewing more or less obsolescent posteriorly, not incurved below costa

on hindwing. Red area entering cell and usually extending to base of M’, variable

in extent. Shadowy band outside postdiscal line distinct on both wings. Longi-

tudinal brown cloud below costa of hindwing inconspicuous, sometimes absent ;

dark transverse band across cell of hind-

wing narrow. Marginal line as above.

Vitreous mark of forewing some-

times larger and sometimes thinner

than in our figure (Pl. 1, fig. 9), the

median projection usually shorter,

sometimes distinctly dilated.

Scales of stridulation-area pale ;

nearly all narrow, pointed or biden-

tate, and hardly at all curved (text-

fig. 35). Scales of fringe with three or

more long, thin teeth.

Genitalia: g. Eighth sternite

(VIII. st.) acuminate as in L. orino-

ptena, but shorter (text-fig. 33). Tenth

tergite (X. t.) bilobate, each lobe

divided transversely into an upper and

a lower projection. Tenth sternite

(X. st.) triangular, apex obtuse.

Ventral lobe of clasper projecting

Fic. 33.—Ludia arguta 3; genitalia, ventral anad, but without spiniform process ;

sepect: apical lobe irregularly dentate, ending

eae annie 3's epex of elasper, dorsal igh «ai ‘claw-like process and being

Fic. 35.—L. arguta9?; scales from stridulation- dilated proximally to this claw (text-

area. i figs. 33, 34). 9. Vaginal sclerite less

ra IL, Fo bo eben tai ates broad on the frontal side of the central

cavity than in L, delegorguei ; median

lobe truncate-sinuate or rotundate.

Neuration: SC! of forewing from stalk of SC‘ *, usually near cell, rarely

from upper cell-angle (text-figs. 36, 37).

Early stages not known.

Evidently two geographical forms:

(a) L. arguta arguta.

Grey tone prevalent on wings above and below; median band of forewing

much shaded with grey; postdiscal line not strongly crenate, and the brown

shadowy band in terminal area vestigial. Discocellular D*? of hindwing much

more transverse than longitudinal, Antenna of 9 with 22 segments pectinate.

Hab. Mandera, Somaliland, S.W. of Berbera, April, September, and October

(W. Feather), 1 3 (type) in Mus, Brit., 2 99 in Mus. Oxon. ;

Novitates Zootocicas XXIX. 1922. 275

(6) L. arguta russa subsp. nov. (Pl. 1, fig. 9 9).

G. Henucha hansali ?, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 430. no. 187 (1898) (Voi River, April).

9. Body and median band of forewing russet-brown, much darker than in

the previous form ; basal area and the undersurface of both wings (apart from

red area) much shaded with russet-brown. Postdiscal line more conspicuously

crenulate, and the shadowy brown band outside the grey border of the postdiscal

line more pronounced, though rarely prominent. Antenna of 2 with 24 to 26

segments pectinate. Second discocellular D* of hindwing less transverse.

Hab. British East Africa, only 92 known.

In Mus. Tring 1 9 (type) from Kedai, April 1912 (W. Feather).

In Mus. Brit. 2 99 from Voi River and Juba River, and 11 99 (in coll.

Adams) from Taveta,

In Mus. Oxon. 4 99 from Taveta, about 2,500 ft., May 1905 (Native coll.),

presented by C. A. Wiggins.

4, Ludia dentata Hamps. (1891) (Pl. 1, fig. 5 Q).

Q. Ludia dentata Hampson, Ann. Mag. N.H. (6). vii. p. 184 (1891) (Sabaki River).

9. Henucha dentata, Sonthonnax, Hssai Classif. Lép. vi. p. 43. no. 5. tab. 6. fig. 2 (1904) (fig. mala).

3. India nyassana Strand, Iris, xxv. pp. 111 and 114 (1911) (Langenburg, L. Nyassa).

Q. Ludia luciphila Strand, l.c. pp. 111 and 117 (1911) (Dar-es-Salaam).

Similar in its dark colouring to L. orinoptena, but easily recognised by the

large greyish white patch or band situated posteriorly in the terminal area of

the forewing beneath. Antenna of ? more strongly pectinate. Anal angle of ¢

strongly produced. No white scaling on orange ring.

g. The ¢ described by Strand as L. nyassana I consider to belong to L.

dentata. It is the only specimen of the GI have seen. It differs much from the

9, but hardly more so than the $3 of L. tessmanni and L. delegorguei do from

their respective 99. At first sight this g, of which we give an outline sketch

(text-fig. 38), resembles the 3 of L. tessmanni, apart from the smaller size of the

vitreous mark of the forewing and the clearly marked submarginal line of the

hindwing. The apex of the forewing is strongly produced, and the outer margin of

the hindwing markedly incurved posteriorly, the anal lobe being curved outwards

as a short, blunt tail. The orange ring has no white scaling and is small. The

grey submarginal patch on the underside of the forewing is much less white than

in the 9.

9. Antenna with 35 to 38 segments, of which 26 to 29 (usually 27) are pec-

tinate, 6 to 12 (usually 8) non-pectinate, longest branches longer than four

segments, Pronotum not contrasting with mesonotum. Body, basal half of

forewing, and abdominal area of hindwing with numerous oar-shaped white

scales. ‘Termen of both wings dentate; apex of forewing and anal angle of

hindwing prominent. Postdiscal line bordered by a conspicuous greyish white

line, which is deeply incurved below centre of forewing. Basal area of forewing

dark brown, more or less shaded with grey costally and along antemedian line.

Orange ring thick, without white spot, or with only a faint trace of it. Abdominal .

margin of hindwing above with a red streak near base more or less distinct,

Red area of wnderside rather sharply defined, not entering cell, or only a

small number of hairs in cell red; postdiscal line abruptly bent costad at SC*

276 Novirates ZooLocicaAE XXIX. 1922.

(not at R'), posteriorly accompanied by a broad greyish white, conspicuous but

not sharply defined, band or patch.

Stridulation-area with two principal kinds of scales : short, broad, irregularly

dentate scales flat on the wing, and narrow, obliquely erect ones which are more

or less curved and mostly bidentate. The great majority of these long scales

present the broad side to the eye, with both lateral edges so curved up that the

scale appears channelled.

Genitalia: ¢. Eighth sternite with a rounded median lobe (text-fig. 39).

Clasper, in ventral view, a large half-ring, its broad ventral process obliquely

truncate; apical process also truncate-acuminate (the sketch taken in situ,

without dissection). 9. Vaginal sclerite narrower than in L. delegorguet ;

central cavity transverse ; lobe very broad.

Neuration : SC! of forewing from stalk SC‘, SC* close to fork, rarely from

SC*. In one of our specimens SC!

absent from left forewing.

Early stages not known.

In the figure of the type pub-

lished by Sonthonnax the vitreous

mark of the right forewing is evi-

dently taken from the left wing of

the specimen, The outline of the

hindwing is quite wrong.

Hab. British and ex-German

East Africa,

In Mus. Tring from Kibwezi,

April and May (W. Feather), 4 99 ;

Pemba Island (E. Morland), 19;

Bulwa, Usambara, 2 99; Dar-es-

Salaam, 2 92; Itumba, 1 9; ‘ Ger-

Fia. 38. Ludia dentata 3. man E. Africa,” 2 99.

Fic. 39. L. dentata 3 ; genitalia, ventral aspect. In Mus. Brit. 19 from Sabaki

River (type).

In Mus. Oxon., from 15 miles west of Fort Hall, Kikuyu, 6,000 ft., May 1907,

19; Sagalla Mt. and Dabida Mt., 3,500 ft. and 3,700 ft., about 100 miles W.N.W.

of Mombasa, 2 92; presented by K. St. A. Rogers.

In Mus. Berlin 1 ¢ from Langenburg, Lake Nyassa (type of nyassand) ;

19 from Dar-es-Salaam (type of luciphila).

5. Ludia hansali Felder (1874).

9. Ludia hansali Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., Atlas, p. 6. tab. 89. fig. 1 9 (1874) (Bogos).

Sexes less different in wing-shape than in L. delegorguei, to which the 2

comes nearest in general appearance. Pronotum less pale than in that species,

the basal and terminal areas of forewing above much shaded with brown and

therefore not strongly contrasting with median band. Termen of both wings

slightly undulate or even. Red area of hindwing of 2 extending a little below

cell ; base of abdominal margin often with pink hairs, Vitreous mark of forewing

usually very thin, often partly obsolete,

As in L, delegorguei the body bears numerous long grey oar-shaped scales,

Novirates Zoonoctcar XXIX. 1922. 277

the broad apex of which is truncate or slightly sinuate ; similar scales in basal

area of forewing. Scaling of median area of forewing, above, interspersed with

numerous long pale scales, especially towards postdiscal line, which gives the

wing the appearance of being more woolly than in L. delegorguet. On underside

of forewing the scales in cell and on dise more deeply slit than usual, which, in the

9, is especially noticeable near the area of stridulation.

Median band of hind-

wing above with a bluish

tone, which often extends

- forward into the black

border of the ocellus, either

on the outside only or also

in the cell. Ocellus as in

L. delegorguei, with white

spot, orange scales with

three to six teeth, very

few with two. On both

wings, above and beneath,

the grey border of the

postdiscal band duller than

in L. delegorguei and nar-

rower; the postdiscal line

slightly crenulate.

¢. Antenna with 15 or

16 segments quadripecti-

nate and 16 or 17 non-

pectinate, longest branches

a little longer than four

segments. Forewing

broader than in L. dele-

gorguei, apex less produced.

Hindwing longer in costal

half, therefore less narrow ;

Fic. 40. Ludia hansali tanganyikae @ ; ventral

genitalia,

costal margin and costal

vein less curved. Fringe of

both wings beneath dark,

without distinct spots.

9. Antenna with 24 to

26 segments pectinate, and

12 to 9 non-pectinate,

aspect.

Fic. 41. LZ. h. tanganyikae 3 ; apex of clasper, dorsal aspect.

Fia. 42. L. h. tanganyikae g; ventral subbasal hook of

clasper.

Fia. 43. DL. h. tanganyikae 2 ; scales from stridulation-area.

Fia. 44, L. h. hansali 3 ; apex of clasper, ventral aspect.

Fia. 45. L. h. eximia $; apex of clasper, ventral aspect.

longest branches as long as three and one-half or four segments; apical

branches of pectinated segments vestigial, variable in length individually.

Stridulation-area of forewing beneath extending to M*, rarely above it ;

the curved scales nearly all pointed (text-fig. 43); hardly any flat and dentate

scales among them.

Genitalia: 3. Median lobe of eighth sternite (text-fig. 40, VIII. st.) short,

rounded, but distinctly narrowed apically, sometimes acuminate.

Tenth tergite

sinuate ; dorsal pale projections long, reaching much beyond median process,

Tenth sternite narrow, Clasper broad only in proximal fourth; this portion

:278 NoviratEs ZooLogicaE XXIX, 1922.

with a long, curved, ventral hook, which is more or less bent into the cavity of the

clasper (text-fig. 40); fig. 42 gives an externo-lateral view of the hook. Apex

of clasper more or less widened, irregularly dentate (text-figs. 41, 44, 45)——

9. Vaginal sclerite with the median lobe rather narrow and distinctly sinuate ;

the portion of the segment connecting the vaginal sclerite with the previous

segment strongly chitinised for a considerable distance.

Early stages not known.

Hab. Abyssinia westward to Lake Tanganyika and Nigeria; probably

more widely distributed in tropical Africa,

We recognise here four subspecies, with a reservation. Whereas the

Abyssinian race appears to be fairly distinct, we have some doubt about the

other three really being different from one another. We separate two of them

on account of slight distinctions in the g-claspers. As we have seen but few

specimens, there is naturally a good deal of uncertainty.

(a) L. hansali hansali Feld. (1874).

Q. Ludia hansali Felder, l.c. (Bogos) ; Roths., Nov. Zool. ii. p. 50. no. 2 (1895).

§. Henucha (!) hansali, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. p. 774. no. 3 (1892) ; Holland, in Don. Smith, Through

Unkn. Afr. Countr, p. 412 (1897) (Gumbisa = Gambisa, about 40° lat., 40° long.—This insect ?) ;

Sonth., Hssai Classif. Lép. iv. p. 44, no. 6. tab. 6. fig. 8 9 (1904) (“ 3” tab. 6. fig. 7, possibly

taken from 2 ZL, arg. russa ; figure too bad for identification).

39. Collar darker than in the following geographical forms, hardly at all

contrasting with the mesothorax. Postdiscal line of forewing less excurved

before hindmargin. Anal angle of hindwing more obtuse, the hindwing appearing

more rounded. Antenna (broken off in our 3) of 2 with 27 segments pectinate

and 7 non-pectinate, longest branches at least as long as four segments.

Genitalia of 3 distinguished by the clasper being slenderer (text-fig. 44) and

its proximal hook shorter and less curved than in the other races.

Hab. Abyssinia.

In Mus. Tring 1 9 from Bogos (Hansal ; type), and 1 ¢ from Eli i. Marocko,

Abyssinia (Alf. Kostlan), received from the Berlin Museum. .

In Mus, Paris 1 2 from ‘‘ Abyssinia ’’ (Schimper).

In Mus, Berlin 1 3 from Eli i. Marocko (Alf, Kostlan).

(b) L. hansali eximia Roths. (1907).

Ludia delegorguei, Butler (nec Boisduval 1847, err. identif.), Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 84, no. 143

(1888) (Monbuttu, a much-worn pair).

3. Ludia eximia Rothschild, Ann, Mag. N.H. (7). xx. p. 10, no. 21 (1907) (Kampala).

9g. Collar brownish grey, contrasting with the mesonotum. Postdiscal

line of forewing, above, excurved before tornus; terminal area of hindwing

narrower than in L, h, hansali.

Clasper of 3 broader in apical half than in the preceding race (text-fig. 45).

Median lobe of eighth sternite short and very obtuse in type, more acuminate

in Mabera specimen,

Hab. Uganda,

Noviratrs ZooLocicar XXIX. 1922. 279

In Mus. Tring 1 ¢ from Kampala (type; Stanley Tomkins); 1 9 from

Kampala (Capt. Rattray).

In Mus. Brit. 1 9 from Monbuttu (Emin Pasha; the gj mentioned by

Butler, J.c., is not preserved in the collection) ; another 2 from Mpuma, Uganda.

In coll. Joicey 1 g¢ from Mabera Forest (Jackson).

g. Ludia tanganyikae Strand, Iris, xxv. pp. 110 and 115 (1911) (Ujiji, Tanganyika).

392. In colour like L. h. eximia. Clasper of g (text-figs. 40, 41, 42) strongly

convex before apex, the apical margin forming a kind of flattened, irregularly

indented brim. In the two Nairobi-gg examined the median lobe of the eighth

sternite is obtuse, in the cotype from Ujiji more distinctly acuminate.

Antenna of 2 with 24 to 26 segments pectinate, longest branches as long as

three and a half segments. Friction-scales, ef. text-fig. 43.

Hab. British and ex-German East Africa.

In Mus. Tring 2 33, 3 99 from Nairobi, March and April 1905 (Jackson) ;

1 9 from Nairobi (Dr. van Someren) ; 1 ¢ (cotype) from Ujjiji.

In Mus. Berlin 1 ¢ from Ujiji, N.E. Tanganyika.

(d) L. hansali festiva subsp. nov.

3g. Body and wings, both above and below, much more blackish brown than

in the three previous subspecies, a dark slate-colour, paler in parts. Antenna

with 15 segments quadripectinate and 14 non-pectinate, longest branches equalling

four segments.

Wings, wpperside : Forewing somewhat narrower than in L. h. eximia and

tanganyikae, costa distally more curved, apex slightly more produced (but not

so much asin 3 L. delegorguei). Median band deep slate-colour, darkest anteriorly

near discocellulars, distally shaded with slate-grey ; basal area not much con-

trasting with median band. Postdiscal line angulate at M® as in eximia (costally

much worn, but evidently not more curved than in eximia), bordered on outside

with pinkish grey, which forms a narrow line shading off on distal side.

Underside slate-black, shaded with slate-grey, particularly on hindwing,

which is almost unicolorous. Red area not extending so far into cell and along

it as in eximia and tanganyikae. Costal margin of hindwing less curved ; post-

discal line of hindwing undulate, not appreciably incurved anteriorly, much

nearer to termen than to cell-apex. No distinct fringe-spots.

‘Genitalia as in L. h. eximia, but eighth sternite more acuminate, but not

pointed as in L. orinoptena ; broad dentate portion of apical lobe of clasper longer

than in eximia and without the strong convexity of the clasper of tanganyikae.

Length of forewing: gj 27 mm.

Breadth of forewing: g 12 mm.

Hab, Bauchi Plateau, N. Nigeria; 1 gin Mus. Tring.

6. Ludia delegorguei Boisd, (1847).

9. Saturnia delegorguei Boisduval, in Deleg., Voy. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 601. no, 152 (1847) (2, Amazooloo).

Termen of both wings slightly undulate or practically even.

g. Vorewing narrow, faleate, about twice as long as broad, Terminal area

280 Noviratrs ZooLtocicAE XXIX. 1922.

creamy buff, more or less shaded with cinnamon, more strongly contrasting with

median band than does the basal area, which is more strongly shaded with grey.

Postdiscal line ending in both wings close to or at tornus. Hindwing triangular,

with the costa strongly rounded. Red area extending to or near apical angle.

Orange ocellus usually wider than its distance from termen, sometimes the

diameter shorter ; black-bordered vitreous crescent small, variable in size and

shape, sometimes inter-

rupted; black border of

ocellus varying in width

from 0:3 to 1 mm., occa-

sionally produced costad,

A but not reaching the brown

Xt“ oe costal border.

¢ On underside the ter-

nes 5 E

46. An. ay minal border of forewing

> usually more strongly con-

Rstei Ah - trasting with disc than

above, varying from being

almost entirely creamy buff

to being almost completely

shaded with brown. Median

N S 3 area of forewing often with

47. - X 51. 2 distinct chestnut tint,

; A sometimes nearly — black.

Fringe of both wings pale,

with blackish or brown dots

at the vein-ends.

49. 9. Antenna with 30 to

34 segments (apart from the

48. ee two-scaled basal ones), 20

* to 24 segments pectinate,

9 to 14 non-pectinate. On

Aa Oa forewing, above, the trian-

Ci om gular costal area from base

Fia. 46.—Ludia delegorguei 3 ; genitalia, ventral aspect. to antemedian line, a stripe

Fic. 47.—L. delegorguei 3; apex of clasper, dorsal aspect. at costal margin beyond this

Fic. 48.—L. delegorguei 9 ; scales of stridulation-area, line. and the terminal area

Fie. 49.—L. delegorguei 9; spiniform costal scales of é F

Wiadwiag! along the postdiscal line

Fria. 50.—Ludia goniata 3 ; genitalia, ventral aspect. bright grey. Postdiscal line

Fia. 51.—L, goniata 3 ; apex of clasper, dorsal aspect. incurved below middle, well

separate from tornus (as is

the case also in hindwing), but the distance from tornus individually variable.

Antemedian line angulate on M and exangulate or excurved on SM‘. As in

6 the vitreous discocellular mark continuous, rarely the upper bar not reaching

the lower crescent, both dilated at the ends or only at one end, the lower

arm of the crescent variable in length, width, and curvature. Red area of

hindwing inconstant in size, extending to postdiscal line or more reduced,

sometimes not quite reaching to upper cell-angle. Ocellus occasionally

narrowed costad ; white spot on its outer portion often very much reduced,

Novirarrs ZootocicAr XXIX. 1922. 281

as happens frequently also in g; black border of ocellus varying in cell from

1 to 3mm.

On underside the grey colour very variable in extent; usually there is a

broad band along the postdiscal line, and the hindwing is often almost entirely

shaded with grey, but in some specimens the grey colouring is nearly restricted

to the mottling of the costal margins and to a thin, prominent, postdiscal band ;

in the latter case the blackish postdiscal band almost suppressed.

On upperside of forewing the teeth of the tri- and quadridentate upper scales

along postdiscal line as long as or shorter than the scales are broad ; teeth of

lower scales short ; long grey tridentate scales in posterior half of median band

’ gradually widening apically, teeth about as long as the scale is broad. Stridula-

tion-area on underside of forewing extending forward to M? or beyond, many of

the scales, particularly between the submedian fold and submedian vein, short

and flat, dentate or obliquely rounded, most of the narrow and curved scales

truncate-sinuate, none or very few strongly curved (text-figs. 48, 49).

Genitalia: 3. Eighth sternite (VIII. st., text-fig. 46) with a broad, rounded,

but distinct, median lobe. Clasper broad from base to about centre, then narrow ;

the ventral median lobe produced distad into a long, spine-like process, which is

slightly recurved ventrad ; apical lobe of clasper abruptly narrowed to a spiniform

black apical hook, which varies in length (text-figs. 46, 47). ©. Vaginal

sclerite broad, the median lobe large, rounded, with the apex truncate-sinuate,

or rotundate ; size of cavity variable, usually about as broad as long.

Neuration: SC! of forewing usually from stalk SC, as a rule branching

off near fork, sometimes at bifurcation, often off SC‘ (text-fig. 5).

Early stages: Larva greenish white (yellowish in blown specimens) ; first

stage shaded with black above, without definite pattern. Head in all stages

black. From second stage a dorsal black stripe of elongate spots, which are

widened behind the dorsal tubercles and are more or less joined together on the

anterior and posterior segments; a spiracular stripe of small black spots, the

spot in which the spiracle is situated larger than the others, which are transverse ;

above the legs another, blackish, stripe, which is more strongly marked in the

last stage than in the earlier ones. Long plumose hairs (text-figs. 8, 9) white.

Spines and short hairs of the colour of the ground on which they are placed, the

pale spines nearly all with dark tips. Pupa, cf. text-figs. 17, 18.——On Micro-

glossa mespilifolia.

Hab. Cape Province and §.W. Africa north-eastwards to ex-German East

Africa, probably distributed farther north.

Two subspecies :

(a) L. delegorguei delegorguei Boisd. (1847) (Pl. 1, fig. 12 3).

9. Saturnia delegorguei Boisduval, l.c. (Amazooloo).

Saturnia delagorguci (!), Angas, Kafirs Illustr. tab. 30. fig. 13 2 (1849).

Saturnia (Henucha ? sic !) delegorguei, Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 59. no. 30. tab. 10. fig. 4 J

(1849) (Amazooloo and Pt. Natal).

Henucha (!) delegorguei, Walker, List Lep. Ins. B.M. vi. p. 1332. no. 2 (1855) (Pt. Natal) ; Junod,

Bull. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 241 (1899) (larva in winter on “‘ Mpachla” tree; Delagoa

Jay); Fawe., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond, xvii. p. 172. tab. 6. fig. 36 larva (1903) (Durban, on

Microglossa mespilifolia); Sonth., Lssai Classif. Lép. iv. p. 42. no. 4. tab. 6. fig. 3 g (1904)

(Natal).

Saturnia dalagorguei (!), Monteiro, Delagoa Bay, p, 197 (1891) (larva).

282 Novirates ZoonocicarE XXIX, 1922.

Ludia delegorguei, Wallengren, K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. (2). v. 4. p- 25 (1865) ; Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het.

p- 774, no. 1 (1892) (Natal); Dist., Ins. Transvaal. i. p. 54. no. 3. tab. 5. fig. 8 g (1903)

(Johannesburg ; “ Monbuttu” error, = eximia); Strand, Iris, xxv. p- 111 (1911) (key to

species); Packard, Monogr. Bomyc. Moths, iii. p. 150. tab. 31. fig. 7 larva (this spec. ?

or goniata 7), tab. 81. figs. 8 g, 8a 2, tab. 111. figs. c J, dQ, e pupa, f larva, g cocoon (1914)

(Natal ; fig. d is possibly 2 goniata); O'Neil, Ann. Durban Mus. ii. p- 168 (1919) (Salisbury).

The only Ludia of which we have seen a large number of specimens. It

is very variable in size as well as in coloration, the red areas above and below

especially being quite inconstant in extent and intensity. The fringe bears

pale spots in the gg and in most 99, being unicolorous brownish black in other

In southern specimens the ventral median process of the g-clasper is shorter

than the clasper is broad proximally to this process, in the g¢ from Rhodesia

and Nyasaland, which are of a deep colour, the underside being almost black,

the ventral process and the dorsal apical rounded lobe of the clasper are longer ;

intergradations occur.

Larva, see above,

Hab. Cape Province north-eastward to Rhodesia, Nyasaland, and ex-

German East Africa,

A series from the Cape Province and Natal in Mus. Brit., Mus. Oxon.,

Mus. Tring, and other collections ; but from the tropical districts we have seen

only a few specimens, which possibly represent a tropical subspecies (ef. Pl. 1,

fig. 13 3).

(6) L. delegorguei vetusta Strand (1911) (Pl. 1, fig. 21 9).

2. Lrudia delegorguei, Grinberg, in Schultze, Forschungsreise Siidafrika, iv. 1. p. 118 (1910) (Windhoek),

Q. Ludia delegorguei ab. vetusta Strand, Iris, xxv. p- 118 (1911) (Windhoek).

d¢. A bright grey form. Sexes alike in colour, Body and median band of

wings paler, terminal area of both wings less brown, and underside more shaded

with grey than in L. d. delegorguei.

Hab. South-west Africa,

In Mus. Tring 2 fg and 599 from: Auos Mts,, 7 km. south-west of Windhoek,

1,150 m. ; Windhoek ; Tsumeb, near Karibib.

In the Berlin Museum both sexes from Windhoek.

7. Ludia goniata Roths. (1907) (Pl. 1, figs. 4 9, 14 3).

Ludia goniata Rothschild, Ann. Mag. N.H (7). xx. p. 9. no. 20 (1907) (Natal; Grahamstown).

This species has long remained mixed up in collection with L. delegorguei,

under which name we have also received it from Natal. Both sexes are easily

differentiated from that species, the 3 especially by the angulated termen of

the hindwing, and the 2 by the shorter pectination of the antenna and some

detail in pattern,

d. On an average larger than the ¢ of L. delegorguei. Branches of antenna

shorter, the longest equalling two segments in length (three in L, delegorguet).

Both wings dentate. Forewing broader and deeper brown; postdiscal line

more or less scalloped, rarely even, not approaching tornus so closely as in L,

delegorguei, narrowly bordered with pale clay-colour except towards apex ;

fringe-spots between the veins of this same colour, as are some ill-defined markings

Novyrrates Zooroaicar XXIX, 1922. 283

placed near the fringes. Hindwing very distinctly elbowed below middle ;

postdistal line nearly parallel with termen, excurved below centre of wing. Ocellus

smaller than in L. delegorguei, less regularly rounded, orange ring thinner, black

lunate pupil larger, its smus narrower.

On underside the terminal area with but little pale scaling; red area ex-

tending to tornus.

®. Antenna pectinated only to middle, 16 or 17 segments being pectinate,

17 to 19 non-pectinate, the branches, moreover, shorter than in L. delegorguet.

Postdiscal line of forewing hardly at all incurved below middle, being straighter

than in the preceding species ; the grey colouring in costal area and along post-

discal line less pure, being shaded with brown; between postdiscal line and

termen on both wings an ill-defined brown band.

On underside the black postdiscal line distinct on both wings; general

coloration deeper brown than in L. delegorguei, the grey scaling almost confined

to the outside border of the postdiscal line.

Genitalia: g. Eighth sternite short, rounded, its apex sinuate (text-fig. 50).

Apical lobe of tenth sternite (X.st.) very little narrowed apically. Clasper broad

to middle ; the median ventral lobe produced into a long, pointed, and recurved

process ; apical claw shorter than in L. d. delegorguei, and the subapical lobe of

the dorsal margin (text-fig. 51) less projecting. 9, Vaginal sclerite essentially

as in L. delegorguet.

Early stages not known,

Hab. Cape Province and Natal, probably more widely distributed.

In Mus. Tring 7 33, 499 from Namaqualand, Durban (Leigh), and ‘‘ Natal.”

In Mus. Brit. 2 3g, 2 92 from Grahamstown,

Also a small series in coll, J. J. Joicey and Mus, Berlin,

8. Ludia pupillata Strand (1911).

9. Ludia pupillata Strand, Iris, xxv. p. 116 (1911) (Antottos, Abyssinia).

Only one specimen known, a ° in the Berlin Museum, without antennae and

abdomen, Not unlike L. deleg. delegorguei, but the forewing more uniform in

colour, the antemedian band broader and almost evenly curved, the postdiscal

line non-dentate, termen undulate. Hindwing with marginal tooth at R' and

M' ; orange spot slightly longer (in basi-distal direction) than broad, not reniform,

its distal margin nearly straight, pupil small, hardly at all curved ; white scaling

in outer portion of orange spot inconspicuous; black median band narrow

behind, about half as wide at abdominal margin as in front of orange ocellus,

Postdiscal line in both wings as widely separate from tornus as in L. delegorguer.

Hab. Abyssinia,

In Mus, Berlin 1 9 from below Antottos, Abyssinia, 10.vi.1907, at light

(Kostlan).

9. Ludia orinoptena Karsch (1893).

39. Ludia orinoptena Karsch, Berl, Ent. Zeits. xxxvii. pe 504. no. 21. tab. 20. fig. 2 2 (1893) (Buea,

Camerun).

39. A deep-coloured species. Pronotum and costal area of forewing (above)

more or less isabella colour, not so much contrasting with median band as in 9°

L. delegorguei and 1. goniata; terminal area nearly as dark as median band ;

284 Novirates ZootocicAE XXIX. 1922.

pale border of postdiscal line narrow. Upper vitreous bar of forewing nearly

always pointed behind and usually not reaching the arcuate vitreous spot.

Orange ocellus very variable, always with white spot.

g. Antenna quadripectinate to middle (14 to 17 segments). Wings in shape

recalling those of L. goniata, dentate.

9, Antenna with 35 or 36 segments of which 17 to 19 are pectinate. ‘Termen

of wings undulate or entire. On underside the red area extends far into cell,

usually to subcosta ; on both wings a well-marked terminal band mummy-brown

like centre of forewing, in fresh specimens shaded with bright tawny olive ;

between this band and postdiscal line a fawn or drab band; outer portion of

median band of forewing and nearly the whole hindwing (with the exception of

costal and subcostal areas and a broad line across cell) shaded with drab or fawn.—

Most of the scales of the stridulation-patch long,

narrow, pointed.

Genitalia: g. Eighth sternite (VIII. st., text-

fig. 55) medianly produced into a long, triangular,

pointed lobe. Tenth tergite sinuate ; tenth sternite

short. Clasper (Cl) broad from base to beyond

middle; the median ventral lobe irregularly denti-

culate, without a spiniform process; apical lobe of

clasper twisted, widened before end, variable indi-

vidually (text-figs. 56-58).——-9. Vaginal sclerite

broad (in a fronti-anal sense), at the side of the

median lobe much more than half as wide as in the

centre (measured from apical margin of lobe to base

- of sclerite), the median lobe not projecting so much

; beyond the lateral apical margin of the sclerite as in

x* et the allied species L. goniata and L. obscura, rounded

at apex or sinuate.

Fie, 52.—Ludia syngena 2; Neuration: SC! of forewing branching off SC*

subcostals of forewing. (i.e. beyond fork) in all specimens examined (twenty-

Fie, 53.—Ludiacrin. orinoptena five) its distance from point of origin of SC* very

©; subcostals of forewing.

Fic. £4. — Ludiaorin. limbo. Variable (text-figs. 53, Adamaua, 54, Langenburg). ;

brunnea 9; subcostals of Early stages, see under subspecies,

forewing. Hab, Adamaua and Camerun to Angola, Rho-

desia, Nyasaland, and Uganda.

The species varies very much individually in size, colour, and pattern, The

division of the species into a western and an eastern subspecies must be considered

as being preliminary, the distinctions adduced to be taken ewm grano salis.

(a) L. orinoptena limbobrunnea Strand (1912).

39. Ludia limbobrunnea Strand, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, v. p. 299. no. 123, text-fig. J (1911) (N.

Langenburg, Nyasa).

69. Vitreous spots of forewing usually contiguous,

3. Hindwing nearly as much elbowed as in L. goniata.

First stage of larva described on p. 226.

Hab. Rhodesia and Nyasaland northward to Uganda,

Novirates Zoonocicar XNIX. 1922. 285

In Mus. Tring from Langenburg, Nyasa, March 1906, 19; Entebbe, Uganda,

3 dd and 1 9.

In Mus. Brit. from Mlanje Plateau, Nyasaland (Neave), 3 92; Kampala,

Uganda, 19. In Mus, Berlin from Langenburg, Nyasa.

In Mus. J. J. Joicey, from Shigudara, Imtali, Rhodesia, 1 g; Toro, 1 9.

(b) L. orinoptena orinoptena Karsch (1893) (Pl. 1, figs. 1 3, 2 9).

g. India orinoptena Karsch, l.c. (Camerun) ; Strand, Jris, xxv. p. 111 (1911).

Ludia dentata, Aurivillius (nec Hamps. 1891, err. identif.), Arkiv Zool. ii. 4. p. 14, no. 43 (1904)

(Camerun) ; Schultze, Arch. Naturg. Ixxx. A. 1. p. 162. no. 24 (1914) (larva, Camerun).

Ludia orinoptera (!), Aurivillius, l.c, sub. no, 43 (1904).

39. The upper vitreous spot of the forewing usually separated from the

lower spot, often reduced to a short comma. Ocellus very variable ; the orange

ring often as narrow as in L. obscura and the

black correspondingly large, which is particu-

larly frequent in 92 from the Congo.

3. Hindwing more triangular than in the

preceding form, dentate, but not so distinctly

elbowed.

Larva described by Schultze (J.c.) as light

parrot-green ; stigmata black; tubercles grey ;

head, all legs, and a narrow border around

each stigma dark brown. Tubercles with

black spines and some long grey hairs. Body

covered with soft hair, which is whitish except

on first three segments, where it is golden

yellow.

Food-plant: larva found on a climbing,

aromatic Labiate with small flowers, fed up

with another aromatic Labiate of the genus

Ocimum.

Hab, Adamaua to Angola and Upper Congo.

In Mus. Tring from: Adamaua, 1 9;

Lolodorf, Camerun, 1 ¢; Camerun, 1 9;

Yakusu and Bopoto, Upper Congo (Forfeitt 57.

and K, Smith), 9 99.

In Mus. Brit. from: Bihé, Angola, 1 ¢

(coll, Adams). 58. \

In Mus. J. J. Joicey from: Bitje, Ja

River, Camerun (Bates), 1 g and 2 92 ; Mongo- K

ma Lobah, Camerun, 1 9. Fra. 55.—Ludia orin. limbobrunnea 3 ;

genitalia, ventral aspect.

10. Ludia syngena spec. nov. (PL. iF fig, 3 9). Fia. 56-8.—L. orin. limbobrunnea, apex

Jaws r of clasper, dorsal aspect; three

Q. Similar to L. orinoptena. Antenna with specimens from Entebbe.

31 segments, of which 18 are pectinate, i.e. a

larger number than in L. orinoptena. Subcostal SC' of forewing from stalk of

SC**, not from SC* (text-fig. 52). Lobe of vaginal plate broad, rounded. less

projecting than in L. orinoptena,

286 Novitates ZooLoGicAE XXIX. 1922,

Antemedian line of forewing rectangular upon M and again upon (SM).

Upper vitreous spot strongly tapering behind, barely touching second spot ; the

latter anteriorly projecting further distad than in any other Ludia known to us,

the projecting lobe longer than its distance from the postdiscal line. Grey

border of postdiscal line narrow, ending closer to tornus than in L. orinoptena.

Termen of both wings non-dentate, anal angle of hindwing projecting.

Hab. Bathurst, Gam-

bia ; 1 Qin Mus. Tring.

11. Ludia obscura Auriv.

(1893).

9. Ludia obscura Aurivillius,

Ent. Tidskr. xiv. p. 201,

no. 4 (1893) (Camerun).

69. Orange ring thin,

the black pupil therefore

large, round, sinuate on

outer side, with a thin,

curved, vitreous line.

Grey border of postdiscal

line reduced to form a

sharply defined narrow

line. Red colour of hind-

wing often more or less

completely suppressed.

Clasper of ¢ differing

from that of all other

species in the ventral lobe

bearing two pointed pro-

cesses (text-figs. 59, 61—

Fra. 59.—Ludia obscura apora 3; genitalia, ventral aspect. 64).

Fic. 60.—L. 0. apora $; humps of X.t. and apex of clasper, o. Antenna of 30 to

dorsal aspect. 33 segments, only 13 or

Fic. 61.—L. 0. apora 3; clasper from inside. :

Fic. 62.—L. 0. apora 3; ventral processes of clasper, externo- 14 of which are quadri-

lateral aspect. pectinate, 17 to 20 being

Fic. 63.—L. o. laeta ; clasper from inside. non- pectinate. Wings

Fic. 64.—L. 0. laeta 3; ventral processes of clasper, externo- dentate-undulate. Ante-

lateral aspect. A : Z

Fic. 65.—L. 0. obscura 2; genital sclerite. median line of forewing

rectangulate below cell ;

vitreous spots contiguous, thinner than in LZ. delegorguei-3, the lower one

sometimes partly obliterated; postdiscal line ending close to tornus.——

Hindwing triangular, apex less rounded than in L. delegorguei-3, angulate,

termen on the whole straighter ; diameter of orange ring shorter than distance

from termen; postdiscal line converging with termen, ending close to

tornus.

On underside both wings with a fairly sharply defined brown terminal band,

which is separated from the postdiscal line by a pale band varying from fawn-

colour to vinaceous cinnamon.

9. Antenna with 33 to 38 segments, of which 24 to 27 are bipectinate, 9 to

Novirates ZootocicaAn XXIX. 1922. 287

11 non-pectinate. Colour and markings asin g. In both wings termen undulate,

and postdiscal line ending close to tornus,

Genitalia: 3. Eighth sternite (VIII. st., text-fig. 59) medianly very slightly

produced and strongly rounded. Apical process of tenth tergite (X. t.) entire,

not sinuate ; dorsal humps large. Clasper broad to one-third (text-figs. 59-64),

the ventral lobe with two curved, pointed processes, of which the lower one is

the longer ; apex of clasper broad, dentate. 2. Median lobe of vaginal sclerite

strongly projecting, slightly sinuate or rounded at apex (text-fig. 65),

Neuration: SC! of forewing most often branching off exactly opposite SC‘

or close before or close after SC°, in some of the large 3g off SC! at some

distance from point of origin of SC°.

Larva of L. 0. obscura, according to Sjéstedt, greenish white, anteriorly with

four dark tufts, a dorsal line, a lateral one, and the underside blackish, legs paler.

In some specimens without dark lines the anterior tufts not black.

Hab, Camerun to Ivory Coast.

The specimens we have seen apparently represent four subspecies.

(a) L. obscura obscura Auriv. (1893).

9. Ludia obscura Aurivillius, lc. (Camerun) ; id., Arkiv Zool. ii. 4. p. 14. no. 44. text-fig, 209

(1904) (descr. of larva).

LIudia orinoptena, Strand, Iris, xxiv. p. 189 (1910) (“ obscura = orinoptena”’ falso).

Ludia sopponis Strand, Archiv Naturg. |xxx. A. 1. p. 45 (1914) (Soppo, Camerun).

3 not known.

9. Red area of hindwing above almost completely obsolete. Termen of

both wings almost entire, being very slightly undulate ; grey postdiscal line of

forewing (above) not prominent; tornus of forewing oblique, but distinctly

angulate. Scales of stridulation-area truncate or sinuate, hardly any pointed.

Hab. Camerun and Niger Delta.

In Mus. Tring 1 2 from Warri, Niger Delta, April 1897 (Dr. Roth).

Also 1 9 in Entom. Mus. Dahlem (type of sopponis).

(b) L. obscura apora subsp. nov. (Pl. 1, figs. 10 g, 17 9).

39. Red area of upperside of hindwing vestigial. Postdiscal pale line of

forewing sharply defined and prominent.

3. Postdiscal line of hindwing reaching margin at anal angle. Upper

median ventral process of clasper (text-figs. 59, 61) short and well separated

from second process.

9. On underside of forewing the proximal portion of the brown terminal

band deeper in tone than the marginal portion, forming a diffuse blackish ab-

breviated band between postdiscal line and termen. Scales of stridulation-area

as in the previous form, Termen of both wings moderately dentate, Tornus

of forewing much more oblique than in L. o. obscura.

Hab. Nigeria.

In Mus. Tring 1 j and 4 99 labelled ‘‘ Nigeria,” evidently from up the river.

Three specimens bear an additional label, stating that they emerged in July,

October, and November respectively.

The distinction in the clasper of the g may not be constant.

288 Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

39. Red area of hindwing varying from being obsolescent to being nearly

as well developed (in some of the 99) as in the next subspecies.

3. Like L. 0. apora, Clasper differs in the two median ventral processes

being contiguous, as in the following race ; red area of upperside much reduced,

fairly distinct from base to median band.

9. Tornus of forewing as oblique as in the previous form; terminal band

of underside of forewing likewise as in L. 0. apora, Scales of stridulation-area

as before, but a portion of them pointed.

Hab. Lagos.

In Mus. Oxon 3 gg and 5 $9 from Lagos district, bred by W. A. Lamborn, —

in June, August, October, and November.

(d) L. obscura laeta subsp. nov. (Pl. 1, fig. 18 3).

39. Red area of hindwing clearly defined and about as large as in L. dele-

gorguei, somewhat shaded with brown posteriorly in cell. Costal margin and

veins of forewing on the whole more copiously irrorated with grey than in the

previous races.

3. Very variable in size, some specimens not being larger than the 3 of

L. o. apora here figured (Pl. 1, fig. 10). Clasper (text-figs. 63, 64) as in L, o.

intermedia. Postdiscal line of hindwing posteriorly remaining separate from

margin,

9. Terminal band of forewing below practically of a uniform dark colour.

A large proportion of the stridulation scales pointed,

Hab. Gold Coast and Ivory Coast.

In Mus. Tring from Wassaw district, 45 miles inland from Sekondi, Gold

Coast, 2 $d; Kumasi, Gold Coast, November 1909, 1 3, type ; Dimbokra, Ivory

Coast (J. Dyot), 1 2.

In Mus. Brit. from Bibianaha, Gold Coast (H. G. F. Spurrell), 5 gd;

Aburi, 1 9.

In Mus. J. J. Joicey, from Sekondi, Gold Coast, 1 large 3.

Tn coll, J. H. Watson, from Ivory Coast, two pairs,

Vegetia gen. nov.

Heniocha, Geyer (nec Hiibner, 1822 ?), in Hiibn., Hxot. Schmett. iii. tab. 44 (1831) (indeser.).

Saturnia (Henucha !), Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 59 (1849) (laps. eal. ; indescr.).

Henucha, Walker, List Lep. Ins. B.M. vi. p. 1331 (1855) (name ex Westwood, J.c.; description of

genus taken from Ludia delegorguei) ; Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. p. 774 (1892); Roths., Nov. Zool.

ii. p. 50 (1895); Sonth., Lssai Classif. Lép. iv. p. 40 (1904); Auriv., Arkiv Zool. ii. 4. p. 21

(1904) ; Strand, ris, xxiv. p. 188 (1910) (“ does not belong to the Ludiinae” falso) ; Packard,

Monogr. Bombyc. Moths, iii. p. 148 (1914).

Westwood quotes “‘ Phalaena (Henucha) Hiibner,” but Hiibner (as well as

Geyer) wrote Heniocha, Westwood did not intend to propose a new generic

name, but accidentally misspelt a name originally given by Hiibner to the

Saturnian figured by Cramer (Pap. Exot. iii. tab. 250. fig. A) as Phalaena Attacus

apollonia, and he gives no description of ‘‘ Henucha.”

Walker (1855) quotes ‘‘ Henucha, Hiibn. Exot. Schmett.” and ‘ Saturnia

(Henucha) Westw.,” and places in Henucha three species: grimmia, delegorguei,

Novirates ZooLtocicar XXIX, 1922. 289

and smilax, the description of the genus evidently being taken from delegorguei

(cf. antennae).

Neither Westwood nor Walker knew grimmia except from the figure in

Hibner IIT.

“ Henucha,” clearly being an accidental distortion of Heniocha, is a synonym

of it and cannot be employed as a separate generic term.

32. A generibus Ludia et Holocera dictis epiphysi protibiali atque torsorum

pulvillo obliteratis distinguenda.

Genotypus: Species identified as Ludia dewitzi Maass, (1885).

32. Frons broader than the eye is high transversely. Genal groove large

and deep. Mouth-parts vestigial,

as in Ludia. Antenna in 3 quad-

ripectinate to four-fifths, shaft of

pectinated segments broad; in ?

bipectinate or simple, two or three

proximal segments cylindrical,

distal ones slightly compressed

(text-fig. 67), the others broad,

flattened (text-fig. 68), and each

produced on inner and outer sides,

either into a broad, obtuse cone

which bears cilia and a short seta

(sometimes two), or into a short

branch about as long as a segment

(text-fig. 70). Foretibia without

epiphysis in both sexes. Tarsi

spined beneath, as in Ludia ; in 9

the sole of the fifth foretarsal

segment non-scaled, but studded

with dispersed S-shaped sensory

hairs. Pulvillus without the usual

dark apical pad, only the pale basal

portion of the pulvillus being pre-

served as a more or less triangular

flap. Paronychium short and broad.

Termen of forewing not in-

curved, apex not produced as a Fic. 66.—Vegetia dewitzi g; genitalia, ventral

lobe. Both wings above and Bs be ik oe 23 of antenna of V. dewitzi 2;

below with a vitreous discocellular ventral aspect.

ring, which is usually open distally. Fia, Sea ae 10 of antenna of V. dewitzi 9 ;

Body with numerous, white, Fra. 60.—-Genital aclerite of V. dewitzi 9; ventral

long-stalked scales, which are aspect.

broad at the end and truncate or Fia. 70.—Pectinate segments of antenna of V.

truncate-rotundate, with the denti- boners le eae of V. ducalis 2;

tion indistinct ; similar scales on ventral aspect.

the wings.

Neuration: Forewing as in Ludia with 3 subcostals, all beyond cell on a

Jong stalk, SC! off SC*; discocellular D* much shorter than D*, whereas in

290 Novirates ZoonocicAE XXIX. 1922.

Ludia and Holocera these two cross-veins are practically equal in length (i.e.

R: = vein 5 from middle).

No organ of stridulation in Q.

Genitalia similar to those of Ludia.

Early stages not known.

Geyer as well as Maassen erroneously figures the 9 with long-pectinated

antenna. Packard, who had 2 $¢ and a Q, describes the antenna of the ¢ only.

Sonthonnax figures the antenna of the Q as pectinated to the tip, but the figure

is grotesque. The 92 I have seen have the antennae as described above (text-

figs. 67, 68, 70).

Three species from the Cape Province.

1. Vegetia dewitzi Maass, (1885).

9. Ludia dewitzi Maassen, Beitr. Schmett. figs. 90, 91 2 (1885) (Cape, Mus. Berol.).

Henucha dewitzi, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. p. 774. no. 2 (1892) (Cape) ; Roths., Nov. Zool. ii. p. 50 (1895) ;

Sonth., Essai Classif. Lép. iv. p. 41. no. 2. tab. 6. fig. 4g, 5 2 (1904) (Cape); Pack., Monogr.

Bombyc. Moths, iii. p. 148 (1914) (Cape).

$9. Forewing with three creamy-buff bands, antemedian, postdiscal, and

terminal. Hindwing red from base to ocellus (2) or to terminal area (g), with

two creamy-buff bands, antemedian and terminal, the former almost entirely

shaded over with red (3) or only anteriorly (). Vitreous ring in both wings

open or closed. Frons pale yellow or creamy, with the sides pink.

In ¢ the thorax streaked and the abdomen ringed with creamy buff. Termen

of forewing less convex than in 9.

Genitalia: g. Eighth abdominal sternite (text-fig. 66) with a rotundate-

truncate median lobe (which is not quite symmetrical in our only g). Tenth

tergite with two large pale dorsal swellings ; apical process black, short, obtuse,

on its upperside before tip a double hump. Tenth sternite triangular. Clasper

sinuate ventrally beyond middle, the lobe proximal to the sinus triangular ;

apical lobe broad, somewhat spathulate when viewed from inner side, with the

apex obliquely truncate and irregularly scalloped (text-fig. 66). Penis-funnel

short, broad, sinuate ventrally. Penis-sheath slender. ©. Genital sclerite

(text-fig. 69) in centre less than twice as wide (in fronti-anal sense) as at the side

of the median lobe. This lobe truncate-sinuate ; the cavity extending to near

anterior margin of sclerite.

Hab. Cape Province.

In Mus. Tring 1 ¢ and 3 99 from “‘ South Africa.”

In Mus. Brit. 1 g from Grahamstown and 1 9 from Deelfontein.

In Mus. Berlin 1 2 (type of dewitzi, without antennae) from the Cape.

2. Vegetia grimmia Geyer (1831).

Heniocha grimmia Geyer, in Hiibn., Samml. Exot. Schmett. iii. tab. 44. figs. 3, 4 (1831) (Afr. mer.).

Saturnia (Henucha !) grimmia, Westwood, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. p. 59 (1849) (** not seen”’).

Henucha grimmia, Walker, List Lep. Ins. B.M. vi. p. 1331. no. 1 (1855) (“‘ not seen”’); Kirby, Cat.

Lep. Het. p. 774. no. 2 (1892); Roths., Nov. Zool. ii. p. 50 (1895); Sonth., Hssai Classif. Lép.

iv. p. 42, no. 3. tab. 6. fig. 6 (1904) (‘‘not seen”); Strand, Jris, xxiv. p. 188 (1910) (“‘a bad

specimen in Mus, Berol.”’).

A specimen in the Staudinger collection (Mus. Berlin) from Herrich-Schiffer’s

collection. It agrees so well with Geyer’s figure that one might be inclined to

regard it as the specimen from which the figure was drawn,

NoviraTes Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 291

Q. Larger than V. dewitzi. Bands broader, antemedian one consisting of

two large half-moons, the postdiscal band of well-separated lunules, and the

terminal band, which is yellow in both wings, is much more strongly broken up

into spots than in V. dewitzi. Vitreous halfring of forewing with a triangular

costad enlargement ; on hindwing, above, a slight tint of yellow at the basal side

of the black ring, and on the underside a diffuse red smear in cell, as in Geyer’s

figure. Head dark, with a trace of red. Collar white. Antenna with 37 seg-

ments, 25 shortly bipectinate, the others non-pectinate. Process of vaginal

plate as in the following species, but shorter and broader; much less rounded

than in V. dewitzi.

Hab. ‘‘ South Africa,”

One 2 in Mus. Berlin.

3. Vegetia ducalis spec. nov.

9. V. grimmiae similis, minor, areis rubris fere nullis facile distinguenda.

9. Head like abdomen, blackish mixed with grey. Collar white. Antenna

with 35 segments, of which the third to the twenty-fifth are bipectinate, the

longest branches being about as long as a segment (text-fig. 70). Antemedian

band of forewing broken into two angulate spots, the upper less than half the

size of the second ; postdiscal band nearly as in V. grimmia, but rather narrower ;

marginal spots of both wings white with a faint tint of yellow, broadly separated,

particularly on forewing. Hindwing above and forewing below with just a trace

of red, while in the preceding two species the red areas are large and very con-

spicuous. Median lobe of vaginal plate (text-fig. 71) almost square, about as

long as broad, the sides slightly incurved ; the apical margin incurved in centre,

excurved laterally, with distinct lateral angle.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope ; 1 2 in Mus. Berlin.

4. Genus: Goodia Holland (1893).—Typus: nubilata,

Saturnia, Dewitz, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. Ak. Naturf. xlii. 2. p. 70 (1881).

Saturnia (?), Holland, in Donalds. Smith, Through Unknown Afr, Countr. p. 413 (1897).

Goodia Holland, Ent. News, p. 178 (1893) (type: G. nubilata); id., Ann. Mag. N.H. (6). xii. p. 25

(1893) (prior to Orthogonioptilum) ; Sonth., Essai Classif. Léep. iv. p. 44 (1904) (no descr. of

genus); Auriv., Arkiv Zool. ii. 4. p. 21 (1904) (type: “ nebulata,” recte nubilata ; venation ;

= Campimoptilum) ; Strand, Iris, xxiv. p. 188 (1910) (difference from Orthogonioptilum) ; Pack.,

Monogr. Bombyc. Moths, iii. p. 11 (1914) (synon. partim).

Tagoropsis, Karsch (nec Felder, 1874), Berlin. Unt. Zeits. xxvii. p. 500 (1893, May).

Orthogonioptilum Karsch, Ent. Nachr. xxii. p. 247 (1896) (= Goodia, error).

Campimoptilum Karsch, l.c. p. 248 (1896, August) (type: “ kunzei,” recte kuntzei); Strand, Iris,

xxiv. p. 187 (1910) (enumer. of species).

Lasioptila Kirby, Ann. Mag. N.H., (6). xviii. p. 386 (1896, November) (type : ansorgei = kuntzei).

In the g-antenna the apical branch of a segment is separated by a gap from

the basal branch of the segment following ; 9-antenna simple; in both sexes

the distal segments with several apical sensory cones (text-fig. 3). SC' of forewing

with four subcostals, SC! nearly always from cell (text-figs, 72-79). Epiphysis

of foretibia small or absent in 9. Long hairs on tubercles of larva plumose,

Cremaster of pupa with numerous involute spines.

39. Frons much narrower anteriorly than the eye is high, Genal groove

deep. In contradistinction to Orthogonioplilum angles of labrum not tuber-

292 Noyirares Zoorocicar NXIX. 1922.

culiform, not elevate, Palpus projecting beyond labrum, with distinct central

constriction between segments I. and II., but the joint solid, the segments not

movable against each other ; no separate third segment. Tongue very variable

individually, from being several millimetres long to being reduced to two small

tubercles, the two halves contiguous at base or separate.

Antenna of ¢ quadripectinate, in the larger species pectinate just beyond

middle (12 or 13 segments pectinate, 10 or 11 non-pectinate) ; the distal branch

of each segment apical, but as the proximal branches are not quite basal and,

» moreover, curve distad, the apical branch is not contiguous with the basal one

Fic. 72.—Goodia oxytela g¢ (Damba) ; neuration of forewing.

Fic. 73.—Goodia nubilata g (Congo ?); neuration of forewing.

Fic. 74.—Goodia oxytela 9 (Yakusu); neuration of forewing.

Fie. 75.—Goodia hierax 9 (Nigeria); neuration of forewing.

Fie. 76.—Goodia hierax 3 (Gold Coast); neuration of forewing.

Fic. 77.—Goodia hierax g (Camerun) ; neuration of forewing.

Fia. 78.—Goodia kuntzei g (Camerun) ; neuration of forewing.

Fia. 79.—Gocdia kuntzet 9 (Camerun); neuration of forewing.

following (or very rarely in one or the other segment); in this Goodia differs

from all other Ludiinae. In Q non-pectinate, scaled above, flattened except

distal segments ; there is usually a slight constriction in or beyond the centre of

the segment, with indication of a subbasal and of an apical hump corresponding

to the branches of the g-antenna, but in some forms the sides evenly rounded.

In both sexes the distal segments at the apical margins with multiple sensory

cones, somewhat as in true Saturnians. Segments in ¢ much longer than broad

except distal ones, in 2 with one or two short bristles on the subbasal hump

(text-figs. 3, 80-83).

Foretibia with large epiphysis in g, a small one or none in 9. Pulvillus

Novirares ZootocicaAE XXIX. 1922. 293

large ; paronychium long. Tarsal spines reduced to bristles, except the apical

pair of the fourth foretarsal of 9. One pair of spurs on mid- and hindtibiae.

Sole of fifth segment densely scaled, except in foretarsus, where there is each

side a non-scaled stripe studded with short sensory hair. Claw serrate.

Scaling soft, the upper scales deeply dentate ; fringe long. No organ of

cae 8i.

74,

MUA,

WN mm/h" ph yi y

nt aaNet CN

nt ut i Hh Hi) i)

84. 85.

Fic. 80.—Segments 10 and previous of antenna of Goodia thia 2 (Congo).

Fia. 81.—Segments 10 and previous of antenna of Goodia hierax 2 (Nigeria).

Fria. 82.—Segments 10 and previous of antenna of Goodia oxytela 9 (Damba).

Fic. 83.—Segments 10 and previous of antenna of @oodia oxytela 2 (Yakusu).

Fic. 84.—Goodia thia 2; hindwing (Luluabourg).

Fia. 85.—Goodia hieraz 9; hindwing (Nigeria).

Fia. 86.—Goodia hierazx 3; forewing, type.

Fic. 87.—Goodia lunata 3; forewing, type.

stridulation, Forewing below and hindwing above with basal patch of shining

modified scales,

Neuration: Forewing with four subcostals, SC! usually from cell, rarely a

little beyond, SC‘ and SC® on a long stalk, SC! off SC‘ near apex as in Holocera ;

discocellular D' short or absent, D* slightly incurved, D* very long, medianly

more or less obsolescent (text-figs. 72-79).

Genitalia: g. Eighth tergite (text-figs. 88, 94, 99, 104, 106) produced, with

or without median process ; eighth sternite medianly excurved or lobate-acu-

294 Novirates ZoonocicaAE XXIX. 1922.

minate, Tenth tergite (X. t.) feebly chitinised, being a weak half-cylinder covering

the anal cone, its angles more or less projecting. Tenth sternite (X. st.) with

a long triangular median process, sulcate or flattened beneath. Penis-sheath

granulate-dentate on outer side in the large species (text-figs. 102, 103), smooth

in the small ones. Clasper different according to species. ©. Genital sclerite

(text-figs. 96-98, 100, 105, 108) with a smooth transverse ridge behind the cavity,

which is more or less arched, sometimes tuberculiform in centre, not dentate.

Early stages: Larva (of G@. sentosa), according to Dr. A. Schultze, gregarious

when young ; with soft white hair ; tubercles low, bearing black spines. Cocoon

an open network of brown silk covered with bits of leaves, stalks, and soil (G.

kunizet in Mus. Brit.). Pupa (of kunézei) without gloss, granulate ; cremaster

densely studded with spines which are involute at the ends ; meso- and metanota

without tubercle,

Among C. A. Dollman’s drawings in the British Museum there is a picture

of the larva of @. kuntzei: Yellowish green, head and abdominal legs black, anal

claspers ferruginous with large black lateral spot ; below spiracles a white stripe

from segment V. to XII. edged with black-brown above from base of each

segment to near spiracle. From supraspiracular tubercle obliquely forward and

downward a paler yellowish-green line, a similarly coloured line above this

tubercle. Spiracles black, Tubercles low; hair mostly black, forming two

long dorsal tufts on II. and IIT. and one on XI. From the shed larval skin in

the cocoon of G. kuntzei I can add the following detail: the long hairs of the

larva plumose as in Ludia, the spines on the tubercles and the short hairs on

the body smooth ; tufts of about a dozen long brown plumose hairs on some

tubercles, the brown hairs thicker than the white ones. Among this vestiture

some curious gourd-hairs, flat in the dried state except the apex, which is filled

with amber-coloured matter (poison 2), similar granules in the base of the gourd

(text-fig. 109).

The species falls into two groups, which one might be inclined to treat as

different genera, For the second group the generic term Campimoptilum is

available. This name was proposed by Karsch (1896, August) for G. kuntzei,

whereas the nearly allied G. dwnata and G. nubilata were placed by him in Ortho-

gonioptilum, of which he erroneously considered Goodia to be a synonym,

The name Campimoptilum, therefore, was originally due to an error in

classification, but it may nevertheless be found useful, if and when the necessity

arises of dividing Goodia up into several genera, Lasioptila Kirby (1896,

November) is based on the same species, kuntzei = ansorgei. ‘There are probably

more species in existence than we know at present.

Key to the species :

I. Larger species: In 37 to 13 distal segments of the antenna non-pectinate ;

eighth abdominal tergite with long, narrow, somewhat spathulate process ;

penis-sheath with patch of small granules and teeth. Forewing much more

faleate in 3 than in 9; in both sexes above with pale patch outside lower cell-

angle.

A. No sharply defined terminal line on either wing.

1. Clasper of 3 with median hook . : ; : ; G. nubilata

2. Clasper of g with dentate apical hook : , : G. sentosa

3. Clasper of 3 with long, smooth, apical hook , ; G. oxytela

Noviratrs ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 295

B. On both wings, above, a sharply defined chestnut-brown terminal line,

separated from fringe by a thin pale line.

4, Forewing ¢ moderately falcate, apex of clasper pointed . G. lunata

5. Forewing ¢ strongly falcate, apex of clasper pointed, anal sternite

spathulate

Fie.

Fria.

Fia.

Fra.

Fia.

G. hierax

‘

Mirver

yf lS

88.—Goodia oxytela 3; genitalia, ventral aspect.

89.—G@oodia oxytela g; clasper, inner side.

90.—Goodia nubilata 3; tenth tergite, dorsal aspect.

91.—Goodia nubilata g; genitalia, ventral aspect.

92.—Goodia nubilata 3; clasper, inner side,

93.-——Goodia sentosa 3; clasper, ventral aspect.

94.—Goodia nubilata 3; eighth tergite, ventral aspect.

95.—Qoodia nubilata 3; penis-sheath, ventral aspect,

6. Forewing 3 strongly falcate, apex of clasper obtuse, anal sternite sharply

pointed

G. thia

II. Smaller species: In 3 only 5 or 6 distal segments of the antenna non-

pectinate ; eighth abdominal tergite broadly rounded or with truncate median

lobe ; penis-sheath smooth, Forewing almost alike in shape in g and 9, without

large pale patch outside lower cell-angle.

7, Forewing 27-35 mm, long; above with a narrow, long, evenly arched,

296 NoviratEs Zoonoaicar XXIX, 1922.

chocolate-brown, discocellular crescent bearing centrally a long, thin, vitreous

line. Clasper with a bundle of apical spines. : : . G. kuntzei

8. Forewing 18 to 28 mm. long, the discocellular steak more blackich brown,

less regularly arched, shorter, with a shorter and less distinct vitreous line.

Clasper without black spines at apex . : : ‘ : . G. smithi

There are in this genus two groups of particularly difficult species, the

groups represented by @. nubilata and G. lunata respectively. The fair number

of specimens we have seen of what seemed to be G, nubilata had nothing in the

outward appearance suggestive of the existence of more than one species. The

examination of the g-genitalia, however, gave a very different result. We find

three quite distinct forms of claspers, from which fact we conclude that we are

dealing with three distinct (i.e. independent) species.

To which of these outwardly similar insects do the names @. nubilata Holland

(1893), @. nodulifera Karsch (1893), and G. falcata Auriv. (1893) apply? In

cases like this, the descriptions and figures of externals as usually given in picture-

book entomology are inadequate, I am most grateful to Dr. Holland and

Professor Aurivillius for having examined the genitalia of the types of nubilata

and falcata respectively and given me the information necessary for a correct

application of these two names. The third name, nodulifera, was based on a

single 9. This specimen we regard as the 9 of nubilata.

We have compared the external genital armature of 11 99. There is

considerable individual variability in the structure of the vaginal sclerite, but

we can nevertheless recognise among them three different types corresponding

to the three types of ¢-genitalia.

The neuration is individually variable in all three species and does not

present any specific differences. As a rule the upper cell-angle of the forewing,

i.e. the angle formed by cross-vein D' with cross-vein D*, is about 90°, but some-

times acute, sometimes (especially often in 99) obtuse ; occasionally D' is reduced

to a point. In all specimens SC! of the forewing branches off from the cell

(text-figs, 72-79) or from close to apex (text—fig. 75).

1, Goodia nubilata Holland (1893).

9. Goodia nubilata Holland, Ent. News, iv. p. 179. tab. 11. fig. 3 J (1893, early May) (Ogové River,

99 partim); Packard, Mon. Bombyc. Moths, iii. p. 12 (1914) (deser. of 3, 2 mentioned).

9. Tagoropsis nodulifera Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxvii. p. 500. no. 16 (1893) (middle of May)

(Buea, Camerun).

3. Tagoropsis ? falcata Aurivillius, Ent. Tidskr. xiv. p. 202. no. 7 (1893, end of May) (Camerun).

Goodia (“ Tagoropsis”) nodulifera, Strand, Arch. Naturg. \xxviii. A. 6. p. 145. no. 10 (1912) (Spanish

Guinea).

Identified from sketch of genitalia kindly supplied by Dr. J. W. Holland.

Professor Aurivillius has examined the tail-end of falcata-type ; it agrees with

that of nubilata.

39. Ochreous, much shaded with ochraceous and russet. Occiput and

pronotum greyish white. Costal area of forewing shaded with grey from base

to postmedian bent; a postdiscal crenulate line brown, accentuated on the

veins by blackish brown arrow-heads; a pale bufi-yellow patch outside lower

cell-angle traversed by vein R2, conspicuous ; an apical patch of the same colour,

irrorated with black. Both wings (if in good condition) with small tufts of pale

CR ee Pe

sae

Novirates ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922. 297

scales, which are broad at apex and deeply dentate, but otherwise very slender,

such scaling especially abundant in abdominal area of hindwing, above and

below. Underside with numerous brownish black speckles ; forewing outside

cell, hindwing in cell and in apical region pale buff, more or less conspicuously

shaded with pink in fresh specimens, Antenna in ¢ with 12 or 13 segments

quadripectinate, 8 or 9 non-pectinate. Forewing strongly falcate in g. Wings

much broader in 9, apex of forewing acuminate, projecting beyond termen.

Genitalia: g. Eighth tergite produced into a long median process which

is not unlike a hock-bottle when viewed from beneath ; the process is gently

curved downwards, convex above and flat beneath, apically rounded and usually

distinctly dilated (text-fig. 90). This process takes the place of the anal tergite,

which is reduced to a weak half-cylinder forming the dorsal covering of the anus.

Tenth sternite an oblong, transverse, slightly incurved sclerite, from the ventral

surface of which projects a triangular or spatulate process (text-fig. 91). Clasper

irregularly elongate-ovate ; ventral and apical margins simple, but from dorsa

margin at a considerable distance from apex a long, curved, sharply pointed

process projects towards the anus and recurves ventrad to some extent (text-figs.

91, 92). Penis-sheath with patch of pointed granules, the longitudinal diameter

of the patch rather shorter than the transverse diameter of the penis-sheath ;

penis-funnel not independent of anal sternite (X. st.), being fused with it.

9. Aperture of genital sclerite (text-fig. 96, Camerun) much smaller (in the only

specimen examined) than in the next two species, ovate, longer than broad ;

behind it a smaller cavity bounded on posterior side by a smooth, semicircular

ridge, which laterally is connected with an oblique longitudinal ridge extending for-

ward and joining the anterior margin of the vaginal cavity. The proximal margin

of the sclerite is medianly raised as a transverse carina, At each side of the post-

vaginal semicircle and separated from it by a long and irregular ridge a large

hump scaled like the sides of the eighth segment. Area posterior to the semicircle

membranous.

Hab. Camerun and Ogové River, probably more widely distributed.

In Mus, Tring from Victoria, Camerun (Preuss), 1 g; Upper Congo ?, 1 3.

In coll. Joicey from Bitje, Ja River, Camerun (G. W. Bates), June and

October, 4 gg, 19.

In coll, Holland a series of both sexes from Camerun and Ogové River.

In Mus. Berlin from Camerun.

2. Goodia sentosa spec. nov.

9. Goodia nubillata (!), Sonthonnax (nee Holland, 1893, error identif.), Essai Classif. Lép. iv. p. 45.

no. 3. tab. 26. fig. 4 (1904) (Ogové; Mus. Brit.).

Goodia nodulifera var. nubilata, Strand, Arch. Naturg. Ixxviii. A. 6. p. 145. no. 11 (1912) (Spanish

Guinea; larva mentioned),

Goodia nodulifera, Schultze (nec Karsch, 1893), ibid. Ixxx. A. 1. p. 161. no. 23 (1914) (Camerun,

early stages).

32. Occurs together with the preceding species. Colouring more diffuse,

markings less prominent, especially the postdiscal scalloped line, together with

its pale border not quite so well expressed as in @. nubilata ; on underside the

pinkish tint usually less conspicuous and more restricted, and the black disco-

cellular dot on the hindwing a little larger.

298 Novirares Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

Genitalia: g. Process of eighth tergite broader proximally than in @.

nubilata, dorsally carinate ; eighth sternite medianly more rounded, less acu-

minate. Clasper very different, bearing a long, somewhat twisted process which

projects mesad from the ventral margin at the apex and is densely studded with

small teeth (text-fig. 93). Penis-sheath thicker than in G. nubilata, the patch

of teeth larger, the teeth coarser. Penis-funnel anteriorly higher than in G,

nubilata. ©. Aperture (text-fig. 97, Camerun) larger than in G. nubilata ; its

margin raised all round, the small postvaginal groove being separated by this

elevate margin from the main cavity ; postvaginal are as in G. nubilata, but

shorter ; sclerite less impressed laterally to cavity,

Fie. 96.—Goodia nubilata 2; genital sclerite, ventral aspect.

Fie. 97.—Goodia sentosa 2; genital sclerite, ventral aspect.

Fra, 98.—Qoodia oxytela 9; genital sclerite, ventral aspect.

Early stages: According to Schultze the larva white, with a greenish tint

shining through; stigmata bright ochreous; tubercles dull green, with some

brown-black spines ; head and thoracic legs deep ochreous, abdominal legs and

anal claspers dull ochreous ; some specimens with large black patches on under-

side. The whole body covered with long white hair, partly in tufts. Gregarious

when young, close together on the underside of a leaf. In May and again in

August, probably several broods during the year. Cocoon rather small, loose,

brown, covered with bits of leaves. Imago appears in 4 to 5 weeks in daytime,

flies at night.

Food-plant : Amomum (Zingiberaceae).

Novirates Zootoaicar XXIX. 1922. 299

Strand says: The larva (3), according to Tessmann, densely covered with

snow-white hair, on segments IT. and III. laterally longer tufts, head brown-red,

legs dark,

Hab. Camerun ; Spanish Guinea; Ogové River.

In Mus. Tring from Spanish Guinea, 1 g (type); Alén, Benito, 19; and

Nkolentangan, Spanish Guinea, 1 9; all collected by G. Tessmann and received

from the Berlin Museum.

In the British Museum a 9 from Ogové River, “‘ cotype”’ received from

Dr. Holland ; I consider the specimen to belong here.

In coll. Joicey from Bitje, Ja River, Camerun (G. W. Bates), 1 3, 3 99;

Mungo-ma-Lolah (near Victoria), Camerun (ex coll. Druce), 2 gg, 1 2.

In Mus. Berlin from Spanish Guinea (Tessmann) and N.W. Camerun

(Arnold Schultze).

3. Goodia oxytela spec. nov.

g2. In colour and pattern like G. nubilata, differing in the genitalia, For

neuration and antenna, cf. text-figs. 74, 82, 83. 3g. Process of eighth tergite

(text-fig. 88) proximally even broader than in G. sentosa, this broad portion

shorter and more abrupt than in that species, the apical portion narrower, not

carinate above, less widened at apex; eighth sternite acuminate in centre.

Process of tenth sternite sharply pointed, narrower than in G. sentosa. Clasper

armed with a long, pointed hook which projects from the dorsal portion of the

apical margin and is curved inward and basad ; the ventral portion of the apex

is produced as a broad, short, rounded lobe (text-fig. 89). On the inner surface

of the clasper a deep channel runs from the base on to the hook parallel with the

raised dorsal margin of the clasper. Penis-funnel ventrally about as short as in

G. nubilata. Penis-sheath as stout as in G. sentosa, and the patch of teeth similar,

extending on to the dorsal surface. ©, Aperture of genital sclerite (text-fig.

98, Damba) large, the basal area of the sclerite smooth; the margin of the

cavity elevate also posteriorly, bounding the postvaginal groove ; the posterior

wall of this groove is formed by a more or less triangular ridge or lobe, which is

much higher than in both the previous species, and, instead of being continuous

with the margin of the cavity, curves backwards at the sides and runs anad as

asharp ridge. From this longitudinal ridge two transverse ridges run on to the

postvaginal median area (eighth sternite), which is much larger than in the two

preceding species.

Hab. Uganda ; Upper Congo.

In Mus, Tring 1 g and 1 9 and 2 pupae from Damba Island and Bugalla

Island, Victoria Nyanza, bred August and December (Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter),

received from Professor E. B. Poulton.

In Mus, Oxon a series from the same places.

A somewhat larger and darker-coloured 9 from Yakusu, Upper Congo (K.

Smith), in Mus. Tring also belongs here. In this 9 the lobe behind the genital

orifice is longer. and its margin thicker than in Carpenter’s examples, The

antenna has the slight projections barely indicated (text-fig. 83).

The second group of species, exemplified by G. lwnata, presents us with

greater difficulties even than the preceding group, especially because the number

300 Noviratrs Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922.

of specimens we have seen is very small, and because there was not a single

example among them which agreed in the contour of the forewing either with

G. lunata or with fulvescens. In these circumstances our endeavour to clear up

the systematics of the group should be regarded as tentative. We will enumerate

the facts which, for the time being, must guide us in forming an opinion :

(1) The specimens we have seen, as well as those of which Dr. Holland has

very kindly sent us photographs, are practically identical in pattern, but there

are differences in size, wing-contour, genitalia, and 9-antennae.

(2) In G@. lunata Holland (1893), of which we have a beautiful photograph,

the forewing is moderately falcate (text-fig. 87).

(3) In G. fulvescens Sonth. (1898), likewise based on a 4, the forewing

resembles that of G. lunata, but the apex is much more broadly rounded off.

This difference may be due to Sonthonnax’s figure being incorrect, and may

be dismissed as non-existing.

(4) The 3g before me and photographs of 2 3g in Dr. Holland’s collection

have the forewing strongly falcate (cf. text-fig. 86).

(5) The clasper of G. lwnata type is evidently the same as in the falcate 3g,

judging from sketches kindly given me by Dr. Holland ; the other portions of

the genitalia of G. lwnata type have not been examined.

(6) Among the falcate 3 before us is one in which the clasper differs slightly,

the other genital organs strongly. It is therefore possible that in the case of

G. lunata type those non-inspected portions also show differences from the more

strongly falcate gg.

(7) We have seen 4 99, two of them have been closely investigated. One

_of these two differs in the contour of the hindwing, the shape of the antennal

segments, and very slightly in the genital plate.

This is all the evidence before us. It is quite clear that the strongly faleate

33 belong to two species. One of them may be the same as G. lunata. Which

one? On the other hand, the subfalcate types of G. lunata and fulvescens may

represent a third species. As the contour of the forewing in these types is un-

doubtedly different, and as the genitalia have not yet been compared minutely,

it is advisable to treat Jwnata as distinct from the falcate species. As regards

the two forms of 99, we can only express the hope that we have assigned to them

their right positions.

4. Goodia lunata Holland (1893).

3. Goodia lunata Holland, Ent. News, iv. p. 179. no. 19. tab. 9. fig. 2 (1893) (Ogové River).

(2) g. Goodia fulvescens Sonthonnax, Ann. Labor. Et. Soie ix. p, 157, tab. 3. fig. 3 (1899) (Congo

in coll. Oberthiir) ; id., Hchange, xvi. p. 30 (1900) ; id., Essai Classi if. Lép. iv. p. 16. no. 4. tab. 26.

fig. 5, 3 (1904) (Congo).

6. Goodia lunata, Strand, Iris, xxiv. p. 188 (1910) (= fulvescens 7); id., Arch. Naturg. Ixxviii. A. 6.

p- 145. no. 12 (1912) (Spanish Guinea).

(2) 9. Goodia lunata, ab. obscuripennis Strand, Arch. Naturg. Ixxviii. A. 6. p. 145. sub no, 12 (1912)

(Alén, Spanish Guinea),

3. Forewing moderately faleate (text-fig. 87), nearly as in G. nubilata; a

straight line connecting extreme point of apex with end of vein R* and prolonged

backwards crosses hindwing about centre, in the two following species near base ;

distance of lower cell-angle from termen, 11 mm. ; transparent discocellular line

short, not extending to upper cell-angle, and also obscured behind; the dull

Novirates ZoonocicaAE XXIX. 1922. 301

tawny ochraceous area outside the discocellular bar does not project so far

towards termen between SC* and R! as in the more falcate species. Clasper

with short apical hook (the other parts of the genital armature still require to

be studied).

Ochraceous, shaded with clay-colour in parts; pronotum grey or purplish

grey; anterior edge of mesonotum and underside of body a deep chestnut.

Forewing, above, more or less shaded with pale clay-colour from base to dis-

cocellular bar and on apical lobe ; outside lower cell-angle a brighter ochraceous

patch, above this patch a dull tawny-hazel area and below the patch a blackish

or purplish brown cloud ; .antemedian line separated into two parts, which are

parallel with one another and not connected, anterior portion in middle of cell,

posterior portion much longer, beginning not quite halfway to base at vein M

and running very obliquely to near middle of hindmargin; a very thin sub-

marginal line parallel with termen to apical lobe and here curved costad ; this line

straight between the veins from R' to SM’, but forming on the veins very sharp

arrowheads or angles pointing basad ; these lines more or less deep chestnut

like the discocellular lunule ; close to fringe, but separated from it as well as

from submarginal line, a thick uninterrupted line of the same tawny-brown

colour as the fringe. Submarginal and admarginal lines of hindwing as on

forewing.

On underside the cell of forewing greyish, bearing a blackish patch in middle,

a small spot of a similar dark colour near bent of costa.

Hab. Ogové River ; Congo.

One ¢ in coll. Holland and another from the Congo in coll. Oberthiir. I

have placed here the 2 named ab. obscuripennis by Strand, but am as doubtful

about its position as I am in the case of the other 9? mentioned under the next

two species. In this specimen the middle segments of the antenna are very

little longer than broad and show very slight see es of teeth. The disc

is suffused with black in both wings.

5. Goodia hierax spec. nov.

g. In colour and pattern like the preceding, but forewing much more strongly

falcate (text-fig. 86), dull tawny-hazel postmedian area projecting between

SC* and R! to near margin. Antenna with 12 segments quadripectinate and

10 or 11 simple, the former segments much longer than the latter; apex of

penultimate segments ventrally much produced.

Genitalia: Eighth tergite gradually narrowed from the broad base to beyond

middle, thence narrow to apex, this narrow process rather less than 1 millimetre

long, slightly curved downward, convex above; apex rounded, beneath flat.

Kighth sternite with a broad obtuse median lobe which does not project much

(text-fig. 99). Tenth sternite very distinctive, the process widened apically,

the apex broadly rounded. Clasper acuminate, the tip turned mesad, forming

a short hook, Penis-sheath not quite so wide as the apex of the eighth tergite ;

the patch of teeth extending all round, being distally about parallel with the

apical edge of the sheath and extending on ventral side much more cephalad

than dorsally (text-fig. 102).

9. Forewing much less faleate than in 3, much broader, apex more pointed ;

markings as in g, but pale clayish apical area more sharply defined between

302 Novirates ZooLogican XXIX. 1922,

SC* and R!; on wnderside no black spot in cell and the subapical black dot larger,

Hindwing (text-fig. 85) somewhat longer costally than abdominally ; apex

rounded ; termen convex; anal angle faintly produced. Antenna moniliform,

the segments rounded at the sides (text-fig. 81). ‘

Genitalia: Aperture ovate, placed obliquely, the cavity extending into the

body towards the left side; this asymmetry noticeable also in G. nubilata and

allied species (text-fig. 100). Rim of aperture highest behind. From in front

of the aperture a fold runs obliquely laterad and joins a postvaginal transverse

smooth ridge (or plate), which is slightly narrowed in centre.

For neuration of both sexes, ef. text-figs. 75-77.

Hab. Gold Coast ; Cameroons ; French Congo.

~ nore Wilats ~~. CI

WY 4 9

K 101. 102

Fic. 99.—Goodia hierax 3; genitalia, ventral aspect.

Fic. 100.—Goodia hierax 2; genital sclerite.

Fic. 101.—Goodia thia 3; genitalia, ventral aspect.

Fic. 102.—Goodia hierax g; penis-sheath, lateral aspect.

Fic. 103.—Goodia thia 3; penis-sheath, lateral aspect.

X.st

103.

In Mus. Tring 1 ¢ from Wassaw district, 45 miles inland from Sekondi,

Gold Coast, type ; Nigeria, 1 9.

In Mus, Brit. 1 g from Port Victoria, Camerun (Captain Fitzroy).

In Mus. Berlin from Uelleburg, Spanish Guinea, and Kuilu, French Congo,

2 gg and 19.

6. Goodia thia spec. nov.

3. Like the preceding species, G. hierax, but differing in the genitalia, Process

of eighth tergite stouter, the apex wider and dorsally more convex. Eighth

sternite slightly thickened medianly, but not distinctly produced. Tenth sternite

elongate-triangular, sharply pointed (text-fig. 101). Clasper less acuminate than

Novirates ZootocicaAn XXIX. 1922. 303

in G. hierax, without apical hook. Penis-sheath broader, the patch of teeth

larger, the teeth longer, particularly dorsally (text-fig. 103).

Q. The specimen I place here possibly belongs to another species. It is

larger than the 2 mentioned above under G. hierax ; the segments of the antenna

are longer and less rounded (text-fig. 80); the termen of the hindwng is

incurved below apex, the apical angle distinctly projecting (text-fig. 84). Vaginal

sclerite similar, but the basal fold higher, the rim of the aperture thicker laterally,

and the postvaginal transverse ridge higher.

Hab. Camerun ; Congo.

In Mus. J. J. Joicey 1 3 (type) from Bitje, Ja River, Camerun (G. W. Bates).

In Mus. Tring 1 9 from Luluaburg, Kassai, Congo (R. Landbeck).

7. Goodia kuntzei Dewitz (1881).

Saturnia kuntzei Dewitz, Nova Acta Leop, Carol. Ak. Naturf. xlii. 2. p. 70. tab. 2. fig. 14 g (1881)

(Guinea).

Saturnia (?) kunzei (!), Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. p. 773. no. 18 (1891) (Guinea).

Orthogonioptilum kunzei (!), Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 49 (1895).

Campimoptilum kunzei (!), Karsch, Ent. Nachr. xxii. p. 248 (1896).

Q. Lasioptila ansorgei Kirby, Ann. Mag. N.H. (6). xviii. p. 386. no. 43. tab. 19. fig. 82 (1896)

(Uganda).

Q. Lasioptila selene Kirby, I.c. sub no. 44 (1896) (selene probably was the name Kirby originally

intended to give to this species).

32. Goodia hollandi Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 430. no. 188. tab. 33. fig. 1 J (1898) (Voi, ¢ ; Yaru, 2)

Goodia ansorget, Butler, l.c. sub no. 188 (1898).

Goodia kuntzei, Distant, Ins. Transvaal., p. 64. no. 23. tab. 5. fig. 6 J (1903) (Transvaal).

9. Campimoptilum ochraceum Aurivillius, Tidskr. Ent. xxii. p. 123. no. 98 (1901) (German E. Africa).

Goodia hallandi, Sonthonnax, Essai Classif. Lép. iv. p. 44. no. 1. tab. 26. fig. 3 J (1904) (3 9, Tan-

ganyika).

Goodia ansorgei, id., l.c. p. 45. no. 2 (1904) (= kuntzet).

Lasioptila ansorgei, Strand, Iris, xxiv. p. 189 (1910) (doubts identity with kwntzet).

In colour and pattern similar to G. lunata, but differs considerably in the

outline of the wings, size, scaling, antennae, etc. The species being fairly common

in Central and East Africa, we have seen a good series of specimens, ranging in

general coloration from hazel to clayish buff, the 99 as a rule being paler than

the $3. This variability in colour accounts for the string of synonyms.

The scaling is very soft, like fur, the upper seales being deeply divided up

into long hair-like teeth nearly over the entire upper and under surfaces inclusive

of fringe ; the long-stalked pale scales which project above the general scaling

are less deeply dentate.

32. Apex of forewing usually pointed and distinctly produced, but some-

times rectangular and not produced; the proximal area from base to beyond

upper cell-angle and to one-third of hindmargin paler than rest of wing, sometimes

contrasting rather strongly with it ; this area bounded by a very diffuse, shadowy,

darker median band, which is usually blackish brown at hindmargin and extends

along the margin to the crenate postdiscal line ; discocellular are thin, regularly

curved, bearing a very thin transparent line, which usually extends from near

one end of the are to the other; below apex a blackish brown, more or less

triangular, cloud, rarely absent. On hindwing a postdiscal line as on forewing,

but much less crenate, often without dentition, incurved before abdominal

margin. In both wings base of fringe ochreous, forming a pale line separating

304 Novrrates. Zootoaicar XXIX. 1922.

a dark hazel terminal line from the similarly coloured dark line occupying the

apex of the fringe.

Neuration: Lower cell-angle of forewing less than 90°; R' variable in

position, sometimes off stalk of subcostals ; cf. text-figs. 78, 79, which illustrate

the variation in the position of SC! and R'.

Antenna in 3 quadripectinate to near apex, the branches slender and, owing

to their thinness, irregularly curved (in dry cabinet-specimens), apical branches

and the following proximal branches closer together at their bases than in the

preceding forms, but soon diverging, their apices usually crossing each other ;

15 to 17 segments quadripectinate and 5 or 6 non-pectinate, the latter (except

Fia. 104.—Goodia kuntzeit g; genitalia, ventral aspect.

Fic. 105.—Goodia kuntzei 9; genital sclerite.

Fre. 106.—Goodia smithi g; genitalia, ventral aspect.

Fia, 107.—Goodia smithi 3; clasper, ventral aspect.

Fic. 108.—G@oodia smithi 9 ; genital sclerite.

Fie. 109.—Goodia kuntzet 9; gourd hair of larva.

last one) with their multiple sense-cones ventrally strongly produced distad.——

In 9 simple, 19 to 23 segments, proximal two-thirds of them somewhat flattened

ventrally and their apical margins oblique ; on each side a small hump bearing

a few short bristles; length of segments not constant, in some specimens the

central ones longer than broad, in others broader than long, with intermediates.

Genitalia: 3. Eighth tergite (text-fig. 104) gradually narrowed to form

either a stumpy median lobe which is truncate or rotundate at apex, or (rarely)

a longer triangular process of which the tip is rounded off. Eighth sternite

medianly widened, angulate, the apex of the angle distinct though obtuse,

Tenth tergite with the lateral angles projecting, its upperside concave ; tenth

sternite produced into a long median process which varies individually, being

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX, 1922. 305

sometimes almost spathulate, sometimes more elongate-triangular with the tip

rounded off. Clasper very distinctive, elongate, somewhat twisted, with an

apical bunch of about 8 black spines (text-fig. 104); a deep channel runs from

base of clasper to apex. Penis-sheath without armature, the membranous apical

area several times as long as the sheath is wide, being very much longer than in

G. lunata ; penis-funnel also different from that of the previous species, being

anteriorly about as long as it is broad and vanishing posteriorly. 9. The

cavity of the genital sclerite (text-fig. 105) is anteriorly bounded by a curved

ridge which runs obliquely laterad to join the lateral longitudinal fold; as the

sclerite is submembranous in and laterally to the cavity, it is more contracted

in some (dry) specimens than in others, the cavity being accordingly sometimes

longer than in our figure and the sides of the basal ridge more longitudinal.

Behind the cavity a large central tubercle, convex above, concave on the side

towards the cavity, variable in size, and appearing almost semilunate when viewed

from front.

Early stages: cf. p. 294.

Hab. From Angola and Natal north-eastward to British East Africa,

In Mus. Tring a series from ; Shilouvane, Transvaal (Dr. Junod) ; North-east

Rhodesia (Dollman) ; Selukwe, Rhodesia; Nyasaland; Kalambo River, south

end of Lake Tanganyika; Mamboia (Dr. Baxter); Masasi, ex-German East

Africa,

In Mus. Brit. 1 g from Voi River (type of hollandi) and a series of 99 from

Stanger, Natal (J. Delvin), Transvaal, Mashonaland, Rhodesia, and Katanga,

Also in Mus. J. J. Joicey and Mus. Berlin.

8. Goodia smithi Holland (1897).

g. Saturnia (?) smitht Holland, in Donaldson Smith, Through Unkn. Afric. Countries, p. 413. tab.

fig. 13 3 (1897) (loc. ?; congeneric with “S. (?) kunzi”); Strand, Iris, xxiv. p. 188 (1910)

(belongs to Campimoptilum).

9. Goodia holland Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 430. no. 188 (1898) (partim ; 2, Yaru).

32. Goodia oriens Hampson, Trans, Zool. Soc. Lond. xix. p. 129. tab. 4. fig. 42 3 (1909) (Ruwenzori ;

2 hollandi Butl. 1898 this species).

3. Goodia decolor Le Cerf, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. xvii. p. 308 (1911) (Kiu, Brit. E. Africa).

9. Goodia uniformis Joannis, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. xliv. p. 139 (1912) (Eritrea).

3f. Goodia oriens heptapora Fawcett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 104, no. 81. tab. 1. fig. 13 g (1915)

(Kedai, Brit. E. Africa ; lines of forewing too strong in fig.).

The smallest species of the genus, and, like G. kwntzei, liable to individual

variation in size and colour, Wings more thinly scaled in 9 than in 3, with the

markings less prominent, and the general colouring duller, a darker or lighter

drab-brown, the veins standing out more distinctly than in the 3,

3g. Varying from drab-brown to pale hazel with a tint of rufous, sometimes

the forewing nearly black; hindwing paler than forewing, especially at base ;

basal half and apex of forewing usually shaded with grey. Markings as in @.

kuntzei, but the discocellular lunule shorter and less regularly arched, with the

vitreous line absent or vestigial ; postdiscal crenulate line accentuated on the

veins as in G. kuntzei, sometimes the line obsolete between the veins, Scaling

similar to that of G. kuntzei.

Antenna similar to that of G. kuntzei-3, quadripectinate to near apex, 16 to

18 segments pectinate and long, 4 to 6 non-pectinate and short, the branches

306 Novirates Zootogicar XXIX. 1922.

slender, crossing one another, apical branch and the following proximal branch

not quite contiguous at their bases.

©. The scales of wings reduced in width, most of the upper scales of the

underside deeply divided into two hair-like prongs. Antenna simple, with 21 to 24

segments; middle segments somewhat flattened, longer than broad, more or

less constricted centrally, apical margin oblique, vestigial lateral humps with a

few short bristles.

Neuration: SC! of forewing as a rule from cell near apex, frequently from

upper angle, rarely from beyond; in one ¢ from angle in right wing and from

beyond in left wing, being coalescent with stalk of subcostal fork (the line of

division partially indicated) ; lower cell-angle usually acute, rarely 90°.

Genitalia: g. Eighth tergite (text-fig. 106, VIII. t.) broadly produced,

almost concealing the claspers in a view from above, strongly rounded, often

the margin irregular, sometimes bituberculate medianly, not narrowed into a

median process, Highth sternite with a rudimentary median lobe, which is

often missing. Clasper widest beyond middle, where the ventral margin is

strongly rounded-excurved ; dorsal margin incurved (text-fig. 106, the claspers,

Cl, bent sideways, so as to show their inner surfaces) ; apex narrowed to form a

somewhat variable hook, which in a view from the ventral side (text-fig. 107)

is directed mesad. Tenth tergite (X. t) deeply sinuate, feebly chitinised, the

angles projecting. Tenth sternite (X. st.) with a long median process, somewhat

variable in contour, with a central ventral channel. Penis-sheath very slender,

without armature; penis-funnel (F) anteriorly elevate, the rim fading away

posteriorly——. On the frontal side of the cavity the genital sclerite, in the

specimen from which our figure is taken (Kibwezi), smooth, transversely convex,

somewhat tubuliform; in other examples this area is more or less concave

(collapsed ?) and the anterior margin of the central cavity is raised as a transverse

ridge. Behind the cavity a median tubercle, hollow on frontal side and con-

siderably raised above the level of the membranous postvaginal sternite (VIII. st.),

variable in width.

Early stages not known.

Hab. Eastern half of the continental Aethiopian Region: from Eritrea,

Harar, and the White Nile south- and westward to the Ruwenzori and British

East Africa, probably also occurring further south.

Both sexes come to the light.

In Mus, Tring from: Harar (G. Kristensen), 1 g; White Nile, lat. 12° qit4

(Captain Yardley), 6 gd; S.E. Ruwenzori, 3,500 ft., June 1906 (Legge and

Wollaston), 4 gg; Entebbe, Uganda (F. J. Jackson), 2 $3; Kedai, November

1914, and Kibwezi, British East Africa, January, April, November, December

(W. Feather), a series of both sexes.

In Mus, Brit. from: S.E. Ruwenzori as above, 4 gg, 12; Yaru and

Kedai, British East Africa, 1 ¢ (type of heptapora), 19; British Somaliland,

1 3; Mongalla Province, 8. Soudan.

In Mus, Oxon a series from the Nuba Mts., Sudan (10° 39’ lat. N.) (BR. S.

Wilson).

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 307

6. Genus: Orthogonioptilum Karsch (1898).

Orthogonioptilum Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxxvii. p. 501 (1893, May) (type not specified.—We select

adiegetum as genotype); Holland, Ann. Mag. N.H. (6). xii. p. 251 (1893) (= Goodia, errore) ;

Karsch, Ent. Nachr. xxii. p. 247 (1896) (= Goodia, errore; neuration of O. prox); Auriv.,

Arkiv Zool. ii. 4. p. 21 (1904) (different from Goodia, if Karsch’s descr. of neuration correct),

Strand, Jris, xxiv. p. 187 (1910) (distinctions from Goodia, enumerat. of species ; his remark,

p- 187, on position of Orthogonioptilum erroneous, Strand having misunderstood Aurivillius).

Guillemeia Sonthonnax, Ann. Lab. Et. Soie Lyon, ix. p. 158 (1899) (type not specified.—We select

tristis as type) ; id., Echange, xvi. p. 30 (1900); id., Essai Classif. Lép. iv. p. 47 (1904) ; Strand,

Tris, xxiv. p. 188 (1910).

Goodia, Weymer (nec Holland 1893, err. in classific.), Zris, xxii. p. 14 (1909).

India, id., l.c.

Carnegia, Strand (nec Holland 1896, err. in classific.), Zris, xxiv. p. 185 (1910).

Near Goodia, but in the g-antenna the apical branches of a segment con-

tiguous with the proximal branches of the segment following, not separated by

a gap at their bases as in Goodia, the branches regular in arrangement ; in 9 the

antenna quadri- or bipectinate, not simple as in Goodia ; first subcostal of forewing

always beyond cell; epiphysis of foretibia large in both sexes, but smaller in 9

than in g ; labrum and angle of clipeus raised on each side as a prominent tubercle ;

anal angle of hindwing of 2 projecting inward ; etc.

The sexes are much more different than in any other genus of Ludiinae, which

renders it sometimes exceedingly difficult to ascertain which ¢¢ and 9° belong

together. Strand, who described a new species of ‘‘ Carnegia”’ from a Q of

Orthogonioptilum, and Weymer, who described one 9 as a new Holocera, another

as a new Ludia, and a ¢ of the former as a new Goodia, were not aware of this

troublesome fact. Unfortunately, the difficulties one encounters in this genus

do not end there. In several instances the gg are almost identical in markings,

while they are very distinct in the genital armature, the descriptions and figures

of the ordinary type being of little help for identification unless accompanied by

a sketch of the sexual armature. Moreover, the vitreous marks of the 9, on

which Strand and Weymer lay great stress, are proved by the series of 99 of

O. incana before me to be variable in that species, and therefore may possibly

also be unreliable in the other species, as I think they are. Furthermore, we are

greatly puzzled by the absence in some specimens of the tuft of modified scales

usually present on the underside of the forewing near tornus in the 9, and homo-

logous to the stridulation-scales of Ludia and Holocera. Is the presence of this

feminine adornment of plumes (or organ of attraction) always of specific value,

or is it sometimes merely an individual distinction? The genital armature

varies in detail to a considerable extent in O. incana, the species of which alone

we have a series of 99 before us, only the general arrangement of the armature

being the same in the various specimens,

In the case of other species no more than one or two examples of the 9 are

available, each with its own peculiarities, which renders it difficult or even

impossible at our present state of knowledge to decide which features of a

specimen are characteristic of the species,

Dr. Holland has been so kind as to assist us with sketches of the genitalia

of the types of O. vestigiata 3 and O. kahli 3, and I have examined at the Berlin

Museum the types of O. adiegetum 3, O. prox 3, O. monochromum 3, and O.

308 Novirates ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922.

genieulipennis 9, and in coll, Richelmann the types of O. servatia 2, O. pancratia 9,

and O. septiguttata .

62. Epipharynx distinct, excurved or nearly straight, Labrum on a plane

with clipeus or inclining, separated by a suture which usually is indistinct ; laterally

the labrum and the angle of the clipeus raised together into a prominent tubercle,

which is not the case in any other genus of Ludiinae except Carnegia. Between

this tubercle and the eye the deep genal groove. Genal process impressed along

eye and scaled, Tongue longer than palpus, usually several times as long,

particularly in 3, not functioning as a sucking tube, Palpus short, not projecting

beyond margin of frons (= clipeus), non-segmented, with constriction in middle

indicating joint between first and second segments ; no third segment, but at

apex a small groove. Frons

narrower anteriorly than the

eye is high,

Antenna in ¢ quadripecti-

nate to two-thirds or beyond,

16 to 18 segments pectinate

and 16 to 11 without branches,

apical branch contiguous with

basal branch following. In 2

bipectinate to segments 17 to

21, the apical branches also

present in the larger species,

but not in O. incana; 13 to 9

segments non-pectinate. In

both sexes the distal segments

short, strongly compressed ; the

apical ventral angle of these

segments projecting, bearing

several sensory cones as in

eee : Goodia ; one or the other seg-

a ST ce acca dollmant 2; segments 8 and ment with only a single cone,

of antenna,

Fre, 111.—Orthogonioptilum vestigiata 2; segments 8 and In Q the branches with three or

9 of antenna, — ‘ four short stiff setae at apex

Fia, peer ee ie incana 9; segments 8 and and one or two before apex

Fia, 113.—Orthogonioptilum incana 9; segments 8 and (text-figs. 110-113).

9 of antenna, Epiphysis of foretibia large

in 4, reduced in 9, but re-

maining long, being much larger than in any Goodia-99. Spurs of mid- and

hindtibia short, as in the allied genera, Tarsi with the spines reduced to

short bristles, except the pair of apical spines of the fourth foretarsal of 9.

Sole of fifth segment scaled in all tarsi, in foretarsus of 9 with a non-scaled

lateral stripe studded with sensory hairs, which, however, do not form a dense

mass. Lobe of paronychium long ; pulvillus large. Claw serrate.

Neuration: Forewing with four subcostals, all beyond cell, SC' off stalk of

SC**, SC* off SC‘, Discocellular D' about as long as D*, which stands at right

angles (or nearly) to D* and is straight or slightly incurved ; D* much longer and

strongly incurved (text-fig. 154). For neuration hindwing, cf. text-figs. 114-117.

No organ of stridulation in 9, but in most 99 on underside of forewing near

Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX, 1922, 309

tornus behind (SM’) a patch or spot of semi-erect scales which are larger than

and different in colour and shape from the surrounding scales, On forewing

beneath and on hindwing above a basal patch of shining modified scales.

Sexes different in wing-contour. In ¢ forewing falcate, termen evenly

incurved, posteriorly straight, tornus about rectangular in the larger species,

obtuse and more or less strongly rounded in O. incana ; anal angle of hindwing

not produced inward. In 9 apex of forewing more pointed, termen excurved ;

hindwing costally longer than in 3, apex angulate or even lobate at SC? (= vein

7), anal angle produced inward, forming a more or less prominent lobe. Scaling

in outer half of wings smoothes

and much harder than in

Goodia, the teeth of the scales

much shorter and broader,

Genitalia: g. Eighth ter-

gite medianly produced into

a strongly chitinised process

which is acuminate in centre

and either simple or armed

with spiniform teeth ; this ter-

gite projects far beyond tergites

IX. + X. Kighth sternite

simple, not projecting in centre

as a lobe. Tenth segment

peculiar ; the homology of the

various sclerites which have a

dorsal position, and to which

I shall refer as being portions

of the tenth tergite, is by no

means quite clear to me and

requires further investigation ;

the dorso-lateral process pro-

bably is morphologically the

enlarged upper end of the tenth

Fic. 114.—Orthogonioptilum adustum 9; neuration of

hindwing.

Fic. 115.—Orthogonioptilum chalix Q; neuration of hind- sternite, but is functionally

wing. part of the tergite, a most

Fic. 116.—Orthogonioptilum kahli 9; neuration of hind-

airy. interesting point well worth

Fic. 117.—Orthogonioptilum vestigiata 9; neuration of investigating. Tenth sternite

hindwing. without an infra-anal median

process, being a low ridge

which is obsolescent in middle and laterally runs upwards to join the dorsal

selerite, with which it is firmly connected. Clasper compact, strongly armed,

different according to species. Penis-sheath stout, without armature.

9. Genital sclerite large, posterior edge a more or less denticulate transverse

ridge which is centrally sinuate ; this sharp and rough ridge very different from

the smooth, anteriorly concave, postvaginal ridge of Goodia; aperture large,

subapical, central, or basal. Hair-scales around base of anal segment yellow,

ochraceous, or tawny.

Early stages not known. Schultze mentions a bluish emerald-green

larva as possibly belonging to Carnegia mirabilis (cf, this species, p, 326) ;

310 Novirates ZoorogicaAn XXIX. 1922.

found on Avona senegalensis. It may have been the larva of a species of

Orthogonioptilum.

In all species of Orthogonioptilum the antemedian line of the forewing, which

is widely interrupted in Goodia, is continuous, less oblique than in Goodia, and

widened at costa into a patch or large spot ; the line often indistinct in g. Collar

(with the exception of O. incana) slightly paler than mesonotum in J, not in 9.

Key to the species :

I. Antenna in ¢ quadripectinate to two-thirds, in 2 quadripectinate with

the apical branches short. On underside of forewing a pale, oblique stripe *

from costa near apex straight to vein R*, accompanied by a blackish stripe either

on the distal side only or also on the proximal side; tarsi ringed with creamy

buff or grey.

A. Males (this sex not known of O. adustuwm and O. chaliz).

(a) Greyish drab (more or less pale).

1, Apical portion of eighth tergite dentate and much broader than long ;

harpe of clasper broad, dentate at dorsal and apical margins. With some

ochraceous spots on underside : . O.adiegetum

2. Eighth tergite as before ; harpe elonpate-triangular, ‘not dentate. Without

ochraceous spots . : . . 0. dollmani (PI. 2, fig. 1)

3. Eighth tergite not aentate) eee with small rounded median lobe

O. vestigiata

4, Eighth tergite long, with long spiniform median projection and a lateral

tooth . : : : O. deletum (PI. 2, fig. 9)

(0) Warm ann (Gnsamon to rset) or sepia-colour.

5, Antemedian line broader on both wings than in all the following species.

Fawn, inclining to vinaceous. (Highth tergite not examined) . . O. kahli

6. Antemedian line thin. Warm brown. Apical process of eighth tergite

dentate, with the sides rounded and the apex acuminate, recalling a poplar leaf,

numerous bristles on convex dorsal portion . 3 . O. prox (Pl. 2, fig. 8)

7. Sepia brown; antemedian and postdiscal lines indistinct on account of

the dark general colour. Eighth tergite as before, apical tooth rather longer

O. monochromum

8. Warm brown. Posterior vitreous spot on forewing large, irregularly

reniform, Highth tergite me Lae to apical dentate portion with a large

median tubercle . 4 : , 5 . 20. brunneum (PI, 2, fig. 6)

B. Females (this sex not known of O. deletum and O. monochromum).

(a) Forewing below with a spot of modified scales near tornus in front of

SM.

1, Median cavity of genital sclerite subapical. Fore- and hindwing beneath

with conspicuous ochraceous spots in some of the niches of the postmedian

line . : : : : : : . O. adiegetum (PI. 2, fig. 3)

2. Genital sclerite as before. No ochraceous spots on underside

O. dollmani (PI. 2, fig. 2)

3. Genital sclerite nearly as before. Antemedian and postdiscal lines, above,

more or less indistinct (apart from costal patches of forewing)

O. adustum (Pl. 2, figs. 14, 15)

* This stripe indistinct in O, chaliz, which we know only from one imperfect specimen,

NovitaTEs ZooLocicaE XXIX. 1922. 311

4, Cavity of genital sclerite in or before middle, apical margin of sclerite not

sinuate ; oblique apical line on underside of forewing greyish

O. kahli (Pl. 2, fig. 16)

5. Genital sclerite as before, but apical margin sinuate in centre, lateral edge

of cavity with tooth or tubercle. Oblique apical line on underside of forewing

obsolescent . : : , O. chalia (Pl. 2, fig. 5)

6. Genital salerite as Coa bat areal margin rather strongly dentate ;

wall of cavity subcylindrical. oe apical line of forewing below conspicuous,

cinnamon . : . O. brunneum (PI. 2, fig. 13)

(b) No spot # modified Peale on underside of forewing.

7. General colour cinnamon. Apical branches of pectinated antennal

segments very distinct. In front of cavity of genital sclerite a conspicuous

transverse ridge raised each side into a tooth or tubercle . O. prox (PI. 2, fig. 12).

8. Much shaded with whitish grey. Apical branches of pectinated antennal

segments quite short. No conspicuous transverse ridge in front of vaginal cavity

O. vestigiata (Pl. 2, fig. 4)

II. Antenna in ¢ quadripectinate to four-fifths (of total length), in 2

bipectinate ; tarsi ringed with ochre yellow . QO. incana (PI. 2, figs. 7, 10, 11)

1, Orthogonioptilum adiegetum Karsch (1893) (Pl. 2, fig. 3 9).

6. Orthogonioptilum adiegetum Karsch, Berl. Unt. Zeits. xxxvii. 1892. p. 501. no. 17. tab. 20. fig. 1 g

(1893, May) (Buea, Camerun).

Orthogonioptilum odiegetum (!), Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 41 (1895).

3. Guillemeia tristis Sonthonnax, Ann. Labor. Et. Soie, ix. p. 158 (1899) (Camerun, coll. Oberthiir) ;

id., Echange, xvi. p. 31 (1900); id., Hssai Classif. Lép. iv. p. 47. no. 1. tab. 26. fig. 1 g (1904).

Dark markings more prominent than in the other species of this genus,

Antemedian line strongly zigzag, taken as a whole evenly curved in J, while in

9 it is much more distal between M' and M®, forming here a double tooth. A

shadowy dark band obliquely across median area, having the appearance of

being a continuation of the antemedian line of the hindwing.

In ¢ three or four minute vitreous dots on forewing, in 9 three larger and

one or two small spots. From apex of forewing a pale line runs to R* or R’,

bordered with blackish brown on inner and outer sides, but more heavily on the

terminal (= outer) side; the proximal dark border of this line continued

backwards as a line or band, and the outer border of the apical line replaced

further back by dark triangles which in the gf are separated from each other

and vestigial, and in the 2 form a dentate band. The niches of the postdiscal

line on its basal side are partly filled in with ochraceous on the undersurface

of both wings, these spots more numerous and more conspicuous in 9.

In the @ in coll. Joicey (Pl. 2, fig. 3) the termen of the forewing is strongly

convex, the apical lobe narrow and long; termen of hindwing sinuate below

apical angle, which projects very distinctly. Antenna with 23 segments pectinate

and 13 non-pectinate, the apical branches of segments 6 to 12 about as

long as a segment. In both wings M! stalked with R*, the stalk shorter in fore-

than in hindwing (in g¢ M' from before cell-angle). Upperside of body and wings

chestnut, densely shaded with purplish ecru-drab, with the exception of the

submarginal band, an ill-defined curved patch on forewing surrounding the

vitreous dots on the proximal and costal sides, and the streak which runs parallel

312 ° Novirates ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922.

with costal margin of forewing to abdominal margin of hindwing, these markings

mummy-brown and, like the terminal fringes, not shaded with ecru-drab.

Underside of body and wings brighter chocolate than above ; ochraceous spots

very prominent on both wings. The spot of modified scales on forewing elongate-

elliptical, dull ochraceous, its outer

third blackish chocolate ; the scales

curved in S-shape, pointed, similar

to text-fig. 148, a and 6.

Genitalia: g. Eighth tergite

(VIII. t., text-fig. 118) ending with

a broad rounded process, which is

dentate at the edges and acuminate,

bearing in the paratype an asym-

metrical apical sinus which is absent

from the type. At each side of this

process, but beneath it, the arma-

ture of the tenth tergite is visible.

In a ventral aspect (text-fig. 119)

the two large, very strongly chitin-

ised, setiferous, bifid, supra-anal

processes X. t. are found to be

separated by a small median sclerite

and connected laterally with the

tenth sternite (X. st.) without a

suture. The penis-sheath(P) slender;

penis-funnel (F) broader proximally

than long, its apex truncate-sinuate.

The dorsal half (Dp) of the clasper

(text-fig. 120) very broad, strongly

dentate, ending with a long, curved

tooth,

9. Surface of genital sclerite

convex in centre, this elevated part

bearing the aperture, which is sub-

Fra. 118.—Orthogonioptilum adiegetum 3; elghth apical; rim of aperture gradually

alt a adiegetum 3; genitalia, SEES tan ned ee a

ventral aspect. the edge of the sclerite; this edge

Fic. 120.—Orthogonioptilum adiegetum 3; clasper, slightly denticulate, with a small

F iat ee ioptilum doll 3 hth ei Ue.

1G. — ogonioptilum dollmant g; eight

tatuita, Accultaareeh Early stages not known. :

Fic. 122.—Orthogonioptilum dollmani 3; clasper» Hab. Camerun ; Spanish Guinea.

Piast Rees 1 e dollmani 3; clasper ee ae Sate ee

inner side, view vertical on apical faba: a, a Sp anish Guinea (G. i

mann), received from the Berlin

Museum,

In Mus. J. J. Joicey 1 2 from Bitje, Ja River, Camerun, 2,000 ft., dry

season (G. L. Bates).

In Mus. Berlin 1 ¢ from Buea, Camerun.

In coll. Charles Oberthiir 1 ¢ from Camerun,

8. 121.

—

Novirates ZooLocicAr XXIX. 1922. 313

2. Orthogonioptilum dollmani spec. nov. (Pl. 2, fig. 1 g, 2 9).

Probably a geographical form of O. adiegetum. Vein M in both wings from

cell in ¢ and from angle in 9.

Both sexes above broccoli-brown shaded with grey, the lines prominent,

the antemedian one heavier in 2 than in 3, costal spots conspicuous, markings in

terminal area of both wings weaker than in O. adiegetum, in ¢ scarcely a trace

of such markings on hindwing ; the vitreous spots of forewing bounded on costal

and proximal sides by a shadowy curved band of a dull tawny-olive tint, the

oblique stripe situated between the antemedian and postdiscal lines below the

lower cell-angle of the same colour, being less prominent and paler than in O.

adiegetum. Costal margin of hindwing slightly pink. Termen of forewing of 9

much less convex than in the preceding species, hindwing also less excurved

below sinus ; in g anal angle more rounded than in ¢ adiegetum.—On underside

the body, forewing except terminal area, and base of hindwing washed with

pinkish chocolate, rest a cinnamomeous isabella colour, At costal bent of

forewing outside postdiscal line a diffuse pale cloud; oblique pale apical line

accompanied by a prominent black line on terminal side. In 9 the space between

discocellulars of forewing and postdiscal line, a spot below M? at inner side of

this line, and on hindwing such spot or clouds below costa, outside discocellulars,

and below M? dull raw umber colour, not ochraceous, and not much brighter than

terminal area, in 3 these spots practically absent.

Vitreous spots and antenna (text-fig. 110) as in adiegetum, the 3 bearing

three small vitreous dots on both wings.

Genitalia: ¢. Eighth tergite broader than in O. adiegetum (text-fig. 121).

Supra-anal process X. t. narrower, less dentate. Penis-sheath much broader ;

penis-funnel apically not sinuate. Dorsal lobe of clasper (text-figs. 122, 123,

Dp) elongate-triangular, acuminate, the apex curved ventrad and concealed in the

clasper in a view vertical on the inner surface of the clasper (text-fig. 122).——

9. Genital sclerite (text-fig. 134) agreeing closely with that of O. adiegetum.

Hab. Rhodesia.

In Mus. Brit. one pair from Solwezi, N.W. Rhodesia, August 1917 (H. C.

Dollman).

3. Orthogonioptilum adustum spec. nov. (Pl. 2, figs. 14 9, 159).

°. Markings as in 9 O. adiegetum, but much less prominent. Antenna with

20 segments pectinate and 10 non-pectinate, longest branches as long as four

segments. Vitreous spots essentially as in O. adiegetwm (cf. figs. on Pl. 2), re-

maining more or less completely separate ; in hindwing the anterior spot directly

above the second, while in the species following hereafter the upper spot has a

more proximal position. This difference is due to a difference in neuration : in

O. adustum 2 the cross-vein D* is short and but slightly oblique, and D* is broken

at a right angle (text-fig. 114). Subtornal spot of modified scales present on

underside of forewing.

Genital sclerite (text-fig, 136) similar to that of O. adiegetum, but the convex

median area longer, the anterior edge of the cavity higher, continued apicad as

a sharp ridge which ends in the submedian tooth of the apical edge of the sclerite,

Seen from the side the median portion of the sclerite has the appearance of an

obliquely truncate cone,

314 Novirates ZooLtocicAE XXIX. 1922. ©

The two specimens we place here differ considerably in colour, The example

in the Tring Museum (type, Pl. 2, fig. 15) is tawny russet (faded ?), much shaded with

ecru-drab ; on the underside the niches of the postdiscal line, especially outside

the vitreous spots, a somewhat brighter ferruginous tint, lighter than the spot of

modified scales. This spot small, the outer scales olivaceous black, forming a

rather well-defined halfring (as portion of the postdiscal crenate line). The

modified scales broader than in O. adiegetum, the apex shorter and in many

scales divided up into long, narrow teeth. In both wings M' from cell near

angle.

The @ in coll. Joicey is blackish olive shaded with ecru-drab ; on underside

the pale apical line of forewing very prominent; spots outside the vitreous

marks dull ochraceous, vestigial on hindwing, three on forewing of which the

posterior one is the most conspicuous. Patch of modified scales elliptical, about

2-5 x 4 mm., cinnamomeous, edged with black all round, a few scattered black

scales in outer half of spot; the great majority of the modified scales divided

into a number of slender apical teeth. Above the patch a small pale ochraceous

spot bounded on distal side by a black lunule (portion of postdiscal line). Genital

sclerite as in the Tring specimen, except that the apical edge bears about halfway

to the sides a small tooth which is barely indicated in the Tring example. M!

of both wings from cell-angle.

Hab. Congo.

In Mus. Tring 1 9 (type) from Coquilhatville, Congo, at light on board the

President Urban, 8 to 9 p.m., October 16, 1905 (Wailbroeck), received in exchange

from the Royal Museum, Brussels.

In coll. Joicey 1 2 from Ituri River, halfway between Avakubi and Penghe,

Belgian Congo, May 1920 (T. A. Barnes).

4, Orthogonioptilum deletum spec. nov. (Pl. 2, fig. 9 3).

3. In colour similar to O. vestigiata, but more olivaceous isabella colour,

markings less distinct, except the two costal spots of the forewing belonging to

the antemedian and postdiscal lines. Forewing not quite so strongly falcate

as in O. vestigiata ; from antemedian costal spot backwards an ecru cloud, similar

shading in submarginal region ; pale and dark oblique apical streaks vestigial ;

two transparent dots and rudiment of a third; niches of postdiscal line not

differently coloured from rest of disc, or faintly russet. Hindwing with three

vitreous dots, of which only the posterior one is distinct in the specimen figured.

On underside the forewing shaded with dark ecru-drab from base to or

beyond apex of cell and to tornus ; apical oblique pale and dark streak visible

but not prominent ; subapical costal triangular area pale wood brown or fawn ;

hindwing except the darker termen the same tone, paler at abdominal margin.

Antenna with 17 or 18 segments quadripectinate and 11 or 12 non-pectinate.

Genitalia: Process of eighth tergite (VIII. t., text-fig. 127) much narrower

than in O, vestigiata and O. prox, ending with a long spiniform tooth ; middle

convex, lateral margin elevate, smooth, ending with a short tooth. Tenth

tergite (X. t., text-fig. 131) represented by two strongly chitinised sclerites which

are separated from one another by a wide median gap; each sclerite longer than

broad, roughly oblong, with the apex sinuate, the inner apical angle prolonged

Novitates ZoonocicAE XXIX. 1922. 315

as a spiniform process and the outer angle and outer edge obtusely dentate.

Penis-funnel (F) a large, transversely wrinkled, dorsally open half-cylinder

which is somewhat angulate in middle. Clasper (Cl) divided by an apical slit

into two lobes, both strongly chitinised, the ventral one the longer and narrower

of the two, concealing the broader and shorter dorsal lobe in a view from the

ventral side (if the claspers are closed), its apex black and rounded. ‘The

dorsal lobe pointed at apex, its inner surface concave (Dp, text-figs. 128, 129).

Length of forewing: 30 and

34 mm,

Hab. Bibianaha, 70 miles N.W.

of Dimkwa, Gold Coast, 700 ft.,

October and November 1910 (H. G. F.

Spurrell) ; 3 dg in Mus. Brit.

MOSS

5. Orthogonioptilum prox Karsch (1893)

(Pl. 2, figs. 8 gi, 12 9).

3. Orthogonioptilum prox Karsch, Berl. Ent.

Zeits. xxxvii. p. 502 footnote (1893, May)

(Malimba).

9. Carnegia geniculipennis Strand, ris, xxiv.

p. 185 (1910) (N.W. Camerun).

Prevalent tone of colour a warm

brown.

¢. Varying from mummy-brown

to dull hazel, the niches of the post-

discal line brightest, middle of fore-

wing above with darker shadowy

band or cloud, which widens costad

and narrows behind, underside of re

Fic, 124.—Orthogonioptilum prox 3; eighth ter-

hindwing sometimes clayish ochrace-

ous. In contour of wings and mark-

ings similar to O. vestigiata, the

termen of forewing a little less in-

curved, and the oblique apical streak

less distinct above and below. Both

wings with one to three small vitreous

gite, dorsal aspect.

Fic. 125.—Orthogonioptilum prox 3; clasper, inner

side.

Fic. 126.—Orthogonioptilum prox G; clasper,

inner side, view vertical on apical lobes,

Fic. 127.—Orthogonioptilum deletum g; eighth

tergite, dorsal aspect.

Fia. 128.—Orthogonioptilum deletum ¢ ;

inner side.

clasper,

dots. Antenna with 17 segments

quadripectinate and 12 to 15 non-

pectinate.

Genitalia: Eighth tergite (text-fig. 124) with a broad process which is

rounded-dilated before the apex, the apex itself pointed, the sides of the dilated

portion irregularly denticulate and the dorsal surface centrally studded with

bristles ; this leaf-like apical portion is continued proximad by a very long convex

strip of chitin, with parallel sides and extending to the base of the segment, the

sides of the segment being membranous, Clasper, in ventral aspect narrow

and apically curved inwards, but when detached or bent sideways and examined

from the inner side, the two portions which are present in all species of Ortho-

gonioptilum become visible; text-fig. 125 represents the clasper as seen when

Fia. 129,—Orthogonioptilum deletum 3; clasper,

inner side, view vertical on apical lobes.

316 Novirates ZootocioaE XXIX. 1922,

viewed vertically to the centre of the inner surface: the main distinction from

O. deletum is in the shape of the dorsal lobe (Dp) ; this lobe is smaller than in

O. deletum and ends with a much longer pointed process, of which the ventral

edge recurves apicad, while in O. deletum this edge continues basad ; compare

text-figs. 126 and 129, which represent views vertical to the apical lobes. Penis-

funnel (F) much smaller than in O. deletum. The tenth tergite (text-fig. 130) with

a small central hump (the true X. t. ?), and on each side, firmly attached to the

tenth sternite, a pyramidal process, very strongly chitinised, black, similar to

the process of O. deletum, but with the lateral dilatation barely indicated. These

processes can be examined from the upperside in both species when the scaling

of the eighth tergite is moistened and brushed sideways.

Q. The 9 described by Strand as geniculipennis and the one figured Pl. 2,

fig. 12, probably belong here. No spot of modified scales on underside of forewing.

Apical branches of pectinated segments of antenna rather short, all shorter than

the segments are long, longest proximal branches as long as only three segments.

General colouring cinnamon (Ridgway, Nomencl. Colours, iii. 20), proximal

and distal areas above somewhat shaded with grey, median area of forewing rather

deeper in tone, tawny-olive ; antemedian line and postdiscal one of forewing

commencing with a large dark brown costal spot bounded by greyish white scaling.

Forewing with a large vitreous ring open in front, and above it three small

spots, of which the second and third are separated by the cross-vein only ; M'

from cell.

Apical edge of genital sclerite (text-fig. 137) deeply sinuate in centre,

the sinus flanked on each side by a large triangular tooth. Aperture

proximal ; in front of the cavity in which the aperture is situated a prominent

transverse ridge ending each side with a large tubercle.

Early stages not known.

Hab. Gold Coast, Nigeria, Camerun.

In Mus. Tring 3 $¢ from the Gold Coast: Abossi (Dr. J. J. Wilson), and

Kumasi at light (Dr. Sander).

In Mus. Brit. 4 gg from Bibianaha, 70 miles N.W. of Dimkwa, Gold

Coast, 700 ft., November 1910 (H. G. F. Spurrell), and one 9 from Old Calabar.

In Mus, Berlin a ¢ and 2 99 from Camerun.

6. Orthogonioptilum monochromum Karsch (1893).

3. Orthogonioptilum monochromum Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeits, xxvii. p. 502. no, 18. tab. 20. fig.3 g

(1893, May) (Buea, Camerun).

3. Probably a deep and uniformly coloured specimen of O. prox, similar

in outward appearance to O. deletum. Genitalia similar to those of O. prox;

tip of eighth tergite armed with a spiniform tooth which is slightly longer than

in the eight specimens of prox I have examined ; upperside of the dentate median

process of this tergite setiferous, as in O. prox. The figure given by Karsch, L.c.,

is too olivaceous ; the type (unique) is of a warmer brown, with a very slight

olive tone. The markings are all very weak on account of the deep ground-colour,

Hab, Camerun.

One ¢ in Mus. Berlin.

NovitatEs ZoontocicAE XXIX. 1922, 317

7. Orthogonioptilum brunneum spec. nov. (Pl. 2, fig. 13 9).

©. In colouring and wing-contour very similar to O. prox-9<. Body and

wings olivaceous russet, a deeper and warmer brown than in proz-9. Forewing

on the outer side of the postdiscal line at costa and posteriorly shaded with

grey, likewise the median area and admarginal region of the hindwing, ante-

median line of forewing bordered with grey. Forewing with a vitreous ring

bearing a brown dot, in front of the ring three vitreous spots; hindwing with

an irregular vitreous halfring and above it a dot.—On underside, which is

tawny olive (Ridgway, Nomencl. of Colours, iii. no. 17), an oblique streak of

this colour from costal margin close to apex straight to R', bounded on distal

side by a broad stripe and on basal side by a less conspicuous one, both blackish ;

Fie. 130.—Orthogonioptilum prox G; genitalia, ventral aspect, claspers removed.

Fig. 131.—Orthogonioptilum deletum g ; genitalia, ventral aspect, claspers removed.

Fic, 132.—Orthogonioptilum chaliz 2; genital sclerite.

Fic. 133.—(a) Four white scales from apical area of forewing above of O. chalix 9 ;

(b) Three white scales from fringe of forewing above of O. chalix 9 ;

before tornus a small spot of modified scales, these scales moderately curved in

S-shape, nearly all sharply pointed, most of them dark hazel, a few blackish,

the spot ill-defined. No conspicuous bright spots in the niches of the postdiscal

line, the niches outside the transparent spots only slightly brighter than the

outer half of the wing. Postdiscal line of hindwing commencing with a rather

large transverse spot. White scales at apex of forewing, above, with short

teeth (text-fig. 133, c).

Antenna with 19 segments pectinate and 14 non-pectinate, the apical branches

of the pectinated segments very distinct, those of segments 6 to 12 as long

as or rather longer than a segment, longer than in prox-2; longest proximal

branches nearly as long as four segments, Angle formed in forewing by cross-

veins D‘ and D* less than 90°,

318 Noviratrs ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922.

Genital armature: The edge of the genital sclerite sharply dentate (text-fig.

135) ; aperture round, wall of cavity subcylindrical, lying much above the level

of the sides of the sclerite, somewhat uneven; edge of aperture fading away

anad into the two median teeth of the apical margin.

3. The ¢ figured Pl. 2, fig. 6 may belong here. It differs from O. prox-3

in the larger vitreous spots (cf. figs.) and in the eighth abdominal tergite bearing

a large truncate tubercle in middle a short distance from the dilated apical portion

of the process. The genitalia agree otherwise so well with those of O. prox that

I am inclined to regard the tubercle, which is not quite symmetrical in shape,

as a malformation, possibly due to a local disturbance in the chrysalis. The

specimen came with 4 gg of O. prox, which it resembles in colour.

Hab. Gold Coast.

In Mus. Brit. 1 9 from Takwa, Gold Coast (type); and a ¢ doubtfully

belonging here from Bibianaha, Gold Coast, 700 ft., October 1911 (H. G. F.

Spurrell).

8. Orthogonioptilum kahli Holland (1921).

6. Goodia kahli Holland, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washingt. xxiii. p. 99 (1921) (Efulen, Camerun).

3. Goodia (Orthogonioptilum) kahli id., l.c. tab. 7 (1921).

6. According to the figure and description published and a photograph

kindly supplied by the author, the specimen is similar to O. prox, but has the

transverse lines more pronounced, particularly the antemedian line; this line

broader also on hindwing than in O. proz.

9. AG in coll. Joicey, represented PI. 2, fig. 16, probably belongs here. In

colour and pattern, apart from the very different vitreous spots, it looks like a

small edition of O. adiegetum. Sepia colour, shaded with grey in parts, a large

grey cloud on forewing below costa outside the postdiscal line rather sharply

defined, triangular, accentuated at costal margin by a nearly white spot ; anterior

half of terminal area of forewing as dark sepia as centre of wing.

Vitreous marks enlarged: on forewing second and third separated from

each other and from the fourth by a vein only, fourth large, triangular, enclosing

a scaled dot, proximal side of spot somewhat rounded, the lower angle slightly

produced, a small vitreous spot in the cell-angle being confluent with the large

spot. In hindwing the three posterior spots merged together to form a large

irregular ring enclosing a scaled dot, above the ring and separated from it only

by the vein is placed the upper spot, which is traversed near its basal margin

by the second cross-vein.

On underside the black postdiscal line very prominent on the nearly uniform

sepia ground; pale oblique apical streak of forewing without distinct black

proximal border ; a slight tint of ochraceous between vitreous spots and post-

discal line on forewing, barely indicated on hindwing. Spot of modified scales

ochraceous, traversed near its outer margin by a black lunule (postdiscal line) ;

the scales broad, inclining distad, slightly bent in S-shape, narrowed apically,

but apex divided up into a number of teeth.

Antenna with 18 segments pectinate (tip broken off); the branches rather

stouter than usual, the apical branches quite short, though distinct (nearly as in

text-fig. 111). Cross-veins D' and D* of hindwing short (text-fig. 116), D*

Novirates ZooLocicar XXIX. 1922. 319

rectangularly elbowed, M'! from just beyond cell-angle. In forewing the angle

formed by D? and D* much larger than 90°.

Genital armature: Vaginal sclerite smooth, glossy, apical edge not very

sharp, neither sinuate nor dentate ; frontal margin of aperture raised as a trans-

verse smooth ridge, which is deeply sinuate in middle and slants down laterally ;

base of sclerite marginate, the elevate margin low in middle, but more raised

laterally (text-fig. 138).

Hab, Camerun.

Two gd in coll. Holland from Efulen, Camerun, May and October.

134.

Xy WS

DN. F&F i,

ANZ YN &

wise gy YS

WW SZ Za =x W

i SA VS

ZY Z WS

{Z SS WS

Fic. 134.,—Orthogonioptilum dollmani 2; genital sclerite.

Fic. 135.—Orthogonioptilum brunneum 2 ; genital sclerite.

Fic. 136.—Orthogonioptilum adustum 2 ; genital sclerite.

Fic. 137.—Orthogonioptilum prox 2; genital sclerite.

One 9 in coll. J. J. Joicey from Bitje, Ja River, Camerun, 2,000 ft., October

—November 1913, wet season (G. L, Bates).

9. Orthogonioptilum chalix spec. nov. (Pl. 2, fig. 5 9).

9. Only one imperfect specimen known tome. Not unlike the ? of O. incana,

but the remnant which is left of the antennae proves the species to have the

apical branches of the pectinated segments quite distinct. Upperside dull hazel,

underside vinaceous-cinnamon, the colouring probably not constant. Forewing

slightly shaded with grey above, both lines present, but not prominent, no

oblique apical line, but instead a shadowy, undulate, submarginal band from

costa towards tornus, termen clayish outside this band; three vitreous marks,

second divided by the cross-vein D*, third a halfring open on the distal side,

widened behind, entering lower cell-angle. Hindwing with two vitreous spots,

the upper one small, second large, sinuate on outer side; apical angle of wing

prominent ; postdiscal line distinct, but rather weak,

On underside the transparent spots as above, except that on the right forewing

320 Novirares ZooLocioaE XXIX. 1922:

the large spot is a complete ring enclosing an elongate scaled spot. Transverse

lines not prominent, their costal spot diffuse, on forewing some slight grey shading

along the line, particularly near costa. Spot of modified scales present, blackish

brown to the naked eye, but in reality dark hazel, darker proximally than distally,

the scales densely packed. The base and apex of a scale curved distad and the

central portion erect, but the S-shape not so strongly pronounced as in text-fig.

148, a and b (O. dollmani), apex acuminate and dentate (text-fig. 148 e, a scale

flattened).

The scales of the upper layer in both wings with longer teeth than in the

previous forms. For comparison we figure the white scales placed near apex

Fie. 138.—Orthogonioptilum kahli 9; genital sclerite.

Fie, 139.—Orthogonioptilum vestigiata 2; genital sclerite.

Fie. 140.—Orthogonioptilum incana 2; genital sclerite.

Fic. 141.—Orthogonioptilum incana 2; genital sclerite.

Fic. 142.—Orthogonioptilum incana 2; vitreous spots of forewing of type of ‘‘ servatia Weym.”

Fia. 143.—Orthogonioptilum incana 2; vitreous spots of hindwing of type of “ servatia

Weym.”

of forewing above (and in addition some scales of the terminal fringe) of the

present species (text-fig. 133) and the corresponding white scales of O. prox-.

In both wings M' from cell near angle; D' of hindwing as long as D®*, angle

of D* very obtuse (text-fig. 115); in forewing the angle formed by D* with

D> acute,

Genital armature: Apical edge of vaginal sclerite (text-fig. 132) slightly

sinuate in centre, feebly denticulate, in front of cavity at each side a conical

hump. Basal margin incurved centrally, excurved and upturned laterally, a

curved, obtusely denticulate, rough basal ridge being formed each side.

Hab. Dar Runga and Dar Kouti, Shari-Tchad Protectorate, Ironstone

Plateau, 2,000 ft., 22° E., 10° N. (Karl Kumm), 1 9 in Mus, Brit.

Novirates ZoonocicAn XXIX. 1922. 321

10, Orthogonioptilum vestigiata Holland (1893) (Pl. 2, fig. 4 9).

d+ Goodia vestigiata Holland, Ent. News, iv. p. 180. no, 20. tab. 9. fig. 1 (1893) (Ogové River)

Strand, Jris, xxiv. p. 188 (1910) (“‘ very probably an Orthogonioptilum ”’).

2. Ludia servatia Weymer, Iris, xxii. p. 14. no. 9 (1909) (Bipindi, Camerun ; in coll. Richelmann).

6. Upperside of body and wings wood brown shaded with ecru-drab, which

gives the insect a decided grey appearance. Collar paler than mesonotum, The

niches of the postdiscal line of the forewing, a patch in which the transparent

dots are placed on both wings, and the two or three niches outside these dots on

hindwing creamy buff on upperside and darker buff below. On underside the

costal edge of forewing for the greater part ferruginous; abdominal area of

forewing and base

of hindwing

slightly tinged

with pink; ter-

minal fringe of

hindwing dull fer-

ruginous or tawny.

Antenna with 17

segments quadri-

pectinate and 14

or 15 non-pecti-

nate.

Genitalia:

Eighth tergite ©

with a broad,

truncate, nhon- Fra, 144.—Orthogonioptilum vestigiata 3 ; eighth tergite, dorsal aspect.

dentate process, Fic. 145.—Orthogonioptilum vestigiata 3; genital, ventral aspect, claspers

< removed,

which bears @ Fic. 146.—Orthogonioptilum vestigiata 3 ; clasper, view vertical on centre.

median lobe fe, 147.—Orthogonioptilum vestigiata 3; clasper, view vertical on apical

slightly variable lobe. ay ees me

A Fic. 148.—(a) Scales of plume-spot (in situ) of O. dollmani9?; view

oa lengt h and vertical on plane of wing.

shape (text-fig. (b) Two such scales in lateral aspect (in sitw) of O. dollmani.

144), the upper (c) A scale pressed flat.

d) A corresponding scale from plume-spot of O. incana 2.

surface of the (

z 4 (e) A corresponding scale from plume-spot of O. chalix 9.

sclerite medianly

convex. Above the anus (An, text-fig. 145) the anal tergite represented by

two short, obtuse, stout, heavily chitinised sclerites, which are separated from

each other by a narrow and deep incision and are firmly joined to the sub-

circular low ridge which is homologous to the tenth sternite (X. st.). Clasper

(Cl) broad, apically divided by a deep slit into a hairy ventral lobe (Cl) and

a strongly chitinised, black, glossy, acuminate dorsal process (Dp); on the

inner surface of the clasper there is a broad sclerite, which is studded with

bristles proximally and terminates with a curved, somewhat spathulate process

(H, text-fig. 146, view vertical on centre of inner surface ; text-fig. 147, view

from innerside vertical on surface of apical lobes).

9. We think the 9 described as servatia by Weymer is the 9 of O. vestigiata :

General colouring ecru-drab to whitish grey. Apical branches of pectinated

322 4 Noviratrs Zoonocican XXIX. 1922.

“

segments of antenna quite short, nearly as in O. incana-2=. On underside of fore-

wing no spot of modified scales, and pale subapical line whitish. Vitreous spots

large, forming one large patch in forewing ; ef. sketches (text-figs. 142, 143) taken

from type of servatia. ‘The specimen is much worn,

A Q in coll, Joicey, in rather better state of preservation, probably also

belongs here (Pl. 2, fig. 4). Upperside fawn colour, 7.e. a warm brown shaded

with ecru-drab ; centre of forewing dull walnut-brown, antemedian line indistinct

(worn), placed in a faint ecru-drab band; postdiscal line thin and weak; no

distinct oblique apical streak ; terminal area slightly brownish below apical lobe,

with feeble traces of brown submarginal blotches farther back. A large vitreous

ring, enclosing a scaled spot, in front of the ring three vitreous spots (cf. Pl. 2,

fig. 4). On hindwing the postdiscal line more distal than in all the other large

species (with sub-quadripectinate antenna in 9), being in centre only a little

nearer to the large vitreous spot than to the terminal margin ; the niches of this

line very slightly brighter brown, as is also the case on the forewing. Two

vitreous spots, the posterior one large, sinuate on distal side, the other small,

obliquely above it. D* strongly oblique, angle of D* very obtuse (text-fig. 117) ;

in forewing the angle formed by D*? with D* somewhat less than 90°.

Underside drab (Ridgway, Nomencl. of Colowrs, ili. 18), shaded with fawn

colour along the postdiscal line. On forewing a clayish oblique apical streak

from costal margin to R*, with a faint dark border on distal side, terminal area

bounded by this streak and the postdiscal line dull vandyke brown (Ridgway,

lc. iii. 5); postdiscal line faint, slightly more prominent on hindwing, the costal

spot with which the line commences diffuse and obsolescent on both wings ; the

niches of the line tinted with ochraceous on forewing outside the large vitreous

ring only, with a trace of the same colour in the two cellules above it, on

hindwing a row of five diffuse but distinct ochraceous spots from R' to SM? and

a trace of a spot before R; postdiscal line of hindwing in front of R' 5 mm,

from vitreous spot and 7 mm. distant from fringe.

Antenna with 16 segments bipectinate and 13 non-pectinate in Mr. Joicey’s

specimen, the numbers being about 19 and 16 in the type of servatia; the

longest branches as long as two segments only, the apical branches in both

specimens very short (text-fig. 111), even shorter than in the 2 we have placed

with O. kahli.

Genital armature of type of servatia not visible except the apical margin of

the vaginal plate; this margin is centrally incurved and does not bear any

prominent teeth. In the specimen in coll. Joicey (text-fig. 139) the edge of the

sclerite is very sharp, rounded laterally, sinuate in centre, with a tooth flanking

the sinus on each side. Cavity extending to near base ; frontal margin of cavity

raised ; sides of sclerite uneven.

No spot of modified scales near tornus of forewing beneath.

Early stages not known.

Hab. Gold Coast ; Camerun ; Ogové River.

In Mus. Tring 3 gg from Prestea, 75 miles inland from Secondi, Gold Coast.

In coll, Holland a ¢ from the Ogové River.

In coll, Richelmann 1 9 from Bipindi, Camerun.

In coll. Joicey 1 2 from Bitje, Ja River, Camerun, October—November

1912 (G. L. Bates),

Novirates ZoonocicaAE XXIX. 1922, 323

11. Orthogonioptilum incana Sonthon. (1899) (Pl. 2, figs. 7 g, 109, 11 3).

9. Guillemeiaincana Sonthonnax, Ann. Labor. Bi. Soie, ix. p. 12 (Separ.). tab. 3. fig. 5 (1899) (M’Pala,

Tanganyika) ; id., Uchange, xvi. p. 31 (1900) ; id., Essai Classif. Lép. iv. p. 48. no. 2. tab. 26.

fig, 2 (1904).

9. Holocera pancratia Weymer, Iris, xvi. p. 232. no. 10. tab. 2. fig. 8 (1903) (Lindi).

3- Goodia septiguitata Weymer, l.c. xxii. p. 14. no. 8 (1909) (Ilonga, Usambara).

3. Orthogonioptilum septigutiata, Strand, ibid. xxiv. p. 188 (1910).

Q. Ludia (?) ineana, id., l.c. (1910) (“ incana probably a Ludia”’).

The smallest species known. ‘Tornus of forewing more oblique than in any

of the previous species, particularly in the 9. Tarsi ringed with black and ochre-

yellow. Colour of body and

wings very variable in both

sexes. 2 with spot of modi-

fied scales on underside of

forewing.

6. Clayish buff, vina-

ceous cinnamon, hazel, dark

liver-brown, or grey, some-

times with prominent vina-

ceous shading, underside

more uniform than upper.

Forewing with four vitreous

dots, of which 1, 2, and 4

are arranged in a line, spot

3 being more proximal and

often obsolescent. | Hind-

wing with three vitreous

dots in a triangle, the

proximal dot and sometimes

also the upper one obso-

lescent. Two lines as in the Fic. 149.—Orthogonioptilum incana $; genitalia, ventral

previous species, antemedian aspect. WW tiny,

3 Fic. 150.—Orthogonioptilum incana 3 ; apex of clasper, from

one often much reduced in etter

distinctness, sometimes both ye, 151.—Orthogonioptilum incana g ; clasper, inside, view

5 goniop

almost obliterated; as a aa es isa y En 1 ees

. Fic. 152.—Orthogonioptilum incana 3; clasper, inside, view

rule the lines of the fore- vertical on apical lobes.

wing bordered with greyish fre, 153.—Orthogonioptilum incana g ; penis-funnel (of three

white, the antemedian line specimens).

on the proximal side and

the postmedian one on the distal side, but this whitish scaling sometimes

absent.

Antenna quadripectinate to near tip, 21 or 22 segments pectinate, 8 to 11

simple.

9. Drab, wood brown, fawn, reddish chocolate or pinkish cinnamon rufous,

the basal and terminal areas shaded with whitish grey to a more or less great

extent, this whitish scaling condensed along the ante- and postmedian lines,

Forewing with three vitreous spots, the upper one smallest, the second penetrating

into upper cell-angle, usually incised on outer side, the third large, triangular,

entering lower cell-angle and enclosing a scaled dot, which is often connected with

324 Novitates Zootocicar XXIX. 192%

the disc, in which case the third spot has more or less the shape of a horse-shoe.—

On hindwing two vitreous spots, the upper small, sometimes absent, the second

an irregular halfring, of which the upper arm sometimes is a separate spot. For

neuration, cf, text-figs. 154, 155.

Antenna of 9 with shorter pectination than in any of the previous species,

bipectinate to segment 18, the last 11 or 12 segments simple ; the apical branches

of the pectinated segments usually scarcely indicated (text-fig. 113), sometimes

slightly more distinct (text-fig. 112). Spot of modified scales present on underside

of forewing near tornus large in all specimens we have seen, ochraceous, chestnut,

walnut, mummy-brown or brick-red, darkest distally, usually the dark scales

forming a well-defined crescent; the scales of the spot densely packed, less

pointed than in the previous forms, all or practi-

cally all dentate (text-fig. 148, d), in a dwarfed

(underfed) specimen these scales broader than

usual and less- erect.

Genitalia: g. Eighth tergite (VIII. t., text-

fig. 149) with a very broad, rounded, apical lobe,

of which the sides are sometimes curved in;

proximally to centre a median tubercle. Tenth

tergite a strongly chitinised, black, transverse

sclerite which bears a median lobe of variable

width and length and at the lateral angles a

sharp tooth, which is sometimes bifid ; the median

lobe is sinuate-bidentate in a specimen in the

British Museum labelled Natal Museum, Maritzburg,

and which possibly represents a geographical

form (shape of hindwing slightly different, Pl. 2.

fig. 7). Tenth sternite, as in the other species of

Orthogonioptilum, a low ridge. Clasper (Cl), in

ventral aspect (text-fig. 149) narrowing apicad,

with the apex curved inward. When viewed from

trie, Pilea Oeaeatmmaneilirn can: the anal or inner sides the clasper is seen to be

cana g; neuration of fore- divided into two sharply pointed apical lobes

Fic. EE ral bemonislats in- hex. Le0< 182): 3

Arent Pnacelicn roflancde Penis-funnel (F) peculiar, dorsally open, sides

wing. nearly flat and ventrally meeting in a carina, which

is excised before reaching the apical margin, an

apical hook of variable size being formed (text-fig. 153), sometimes the carina

slightly denticulate ; the hook longest in the above-mentioned specimen from

the Natal Museum. Penis-sheath broad, flattened. ©. Edge of genital sclerite

incurved in centre (text-figs. 140, 141), the sinus sometimes flanked by two short

rounded lobes or even by two sharp teeth; aperture (Ap) always basal, with

a low, submembranous ridge in front ; centre of sclerite elevate, a depression or

channel running from the aperture to the apical margin; the sides of this

channel raised at about one-third the way to the apex into a tubercle (Tb) of

variable size. :

Length of forewing: 3, 24 to 29 mm. ; 9, 25 to 43 mm.

Hab. West side of Lake Tanganyika to Usambara, southward to Salisbury,

Rhodesia, probably extending farther south and north-east.

Novirares ZootocicaE XXIX, 1922. 325

In Mus. Tring 1 g, 2 99 from Salisbury (J. O'Neil).

In Mus. Brit. a series of both sexes from Mt. Mlange, Nyasaland, March

and October, and Petauke, Kast Loangwa district, 2,400 ft., January (S. A. Neave);

Solwezi, Kashitu, and Mwenga, N.W. Rhodesia, August, September, November,

and December (H.C. Dollman). Also 1 ¢ labelled Natal Museum, Maritzburg.

In Mus. J. J. Joicey 3 99 from Shirwa, February (H. Barlow), and Mlanje,

Nyasaland.

In coll. Janse from Victoria Falls, January 1918.

The type of O. septiguttata in coll. Richelmann is a dark mouse-grey colour,

with the antemedian line of the forewing above very indistinct ; on forewing,

above, faint vestiges of two reddish patches, on hindwing of one ; tarsi, antenna,

and genitalia (as far as visible in the specimen) as in other incana-33.

Genus: Carnegia Holland (1896).—Typus: mirabilis.

Holocera ?, Aurivillius, 2nt. Tidskr. xvi. p. 120 (1895).

Carnegia Holland, Ent. News, vii. p. 138 (1896) (type: mirabilis).

Goodia, Aurivillius, l.c. xx. p. 247 (1899) (“‘ mirabilis” the Q of some species of Goodia).

Carnegia, Aurivillius, Arkiv Zool. ii. 4. p. 21 (1904) ; Strand, Jris, xxiv. p. 187 (1910) (partim).

g9. Differs from Orthogonioptilum in the hindwing of the g (as well as 9)

being produced inward into an anal lobe, and in the terminal margin of the 2

being bisinuate in the forewing and irregularly scalloped in the hindwing. In

g, moreover, vein SC? of hindwing more proximal than in the $3 of Orthogono-

ptilum.

Hab. West Africa,—One species.

1, Carnegia mirabilis Auriv. (1895).

9. Holocera? mirabilis Aurivillius, Ent. Tidskr. xvi. p. 120. no. 38 (1895) (Nyong River, Camerun.—

Mus, Hamburg).

9. Carnegia mirabilis Holland, Ent. News, vii. p. 138. p. 134. tab. 6 (1896) (Efulen, Camerun; 9,

neuration and pupa figured).

. Goodia impar Aurivillius, lc. xx. p. 246. no. 73. fig. 15 (1899) (Nyongwe River, Camerun; ¢ of

mirabilis ?—Mus. Hamburg).

3. Orthogonioptilum impar, Strand, Iris, xxiv. p. 188 (1910).

9. Carnegia mirabilis, Schultze, Arch. Naturg. xxx. A. 1. p. 162. no. 25c (1914) (Adamaua, ? ; larva ?).

g. There can hardly be any doubt that C. impar is the g of C. mirabilis.

Chocolate, sometimes brighter, sometimes darker, apical third of forewing

irregularly covered with grey scaling; antemedian and postdiscal lines each

bordered with a thin grey line both on the proximal and distal sides. On

underside the forewing with an ochraceous discocellular patch and a smaller

and paler costal subapical spot. Collar grey. The anal lobe of the hindwing

is more directed inward than in the figure given by Aurivillius,

On forewing 4 to 6, on hindwing 3 to 5 vitreous or semivitreous dots.

Antenna with 17 to 20 segments quadripectinate and 13 to 16 non-pectinate.

9. It is significant that, as in the 3, the upper vitreous spots of the forewing

are the largest (they are very much larger in ? than in 3), and that the grey

outer border of the antemedian line curves distad in middle, as in g. 'Termen

of forewing sinuate below apex and below R* and M!, Antenna with 19 segments

quadripectinate and 14 simple, apical branches of anterior (= inner side) only

one-fourth shorter than proximal branches,

326 Novirarrs Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922.

Genitalia: g. Of the Orthogonioptilum type. Eighth tergite (VIII. t.,

text-fig. 156) produced into a smooth, dorsally convex process which is rounded

at the apex. Eighth sternite with obtuse, short, broad, triangular median lobe.

Tenth tergite (X. t.) a transverse sclerite, which is broadly sinuate in middle

and bears at each side at the base a large denticulate tubercle which projects

from beneath the eighth tergite (cf. text-figs. 156, 157). Tenth sternite (X. st.)

a low ridge. ;

Clasper, viewed from ventral side, narrowed distad, dilated at apex, which

is subspathulate and bears a long spiniform tooth at the ventral margin, the

tooth pointing distad (text-fig. 158). On the inner surface (text-fig. 159) the

clasper is divided by a

longitudinal channel, which

starts from before the

centre and ends at the

apex, a second channel run-

ning along the ventral

margin from the. base of the

clasper to the base of the

apical tooth, Penis-funnel

(F) open dorsally, subcari-

nate ventrally, the apical

margin produced into a lobe

dorso-laterally. ©. Geni-

talia not examined,

Early stages: Schultze,

l.c., records a larva which

‘possibly belongs to this

species.” Similar to a

Ludia larva, much flatter.

Conspicuously emerald-

green; spines and long

hairs light green, A small

’

Fia, 156.—Carnegia mirabilis 3 ; eighth tergite, dorsal aspect.

Fie. 157.—Carnegia mirabilis 3; genitalia, ventral aspect,

claspers removed. number on Anona_ sene-

Fie. 158.—Carnegia mirabilis 3; apex of clasper, externo- galensis. Pupa figured by

lateral aspect. Holland, /.c., but structure

Fria. 159.—Carnegia mirabilis 3; clasper, from inner side. dees

a ee of cremaster not indicated

(with hooks as in Goodia,

or without as in Holocera and Ludia 2). Cocoon similar to that of Ludia.

Hab, West Africa: Sierra Leone to Gabun, probably farther south,

In Mus. Tring 3 gg from Sierra Leone (Major Bainbridge); Wassaw

district, 45 miles inland from Sekondi, Gold Coast.

In Mus. Brit. 1 g from between coast and Kumasi, Gold Coast (C. H.

McDowall).

In Mus. J. J. Joicey 1 ¢ from French Gabun.

In Mus, Hamburg 1 pair from Nyong River and Nyongwe River, Camerun,

In coll. Holland 1 9 from Efulen, Camerun.

In coll, Arnold Schultze 1 2 from Adamaua, Camerun,

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 327

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN GEOMETRIDAE.

By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.ES.

Susram. HEMITHEINAE.

1, Anisozyga diversifimbria sp. nov.

9, 28-31 mm. Near griseonotata Warr., but of a slightly more vivid green,

the white dorsal spots of mesothorax and abdomen larger.

Forewing with the red-brown costal edge on an average broader than in

griseonotata ; the purple-grey shades entirely wanting, except that a rather con-

spicuous hindmarginal white spot at the end of the postmedian is proximally and

distally grey-edged ; white terminal dots larger than in griseonotata ; fringe

strongly spotted with red-grey opposite the veins. Hindwing with corre-

sponding distinctions, except costally ; hindmarginal postmedian white spot

rather larger, only proximally with a slight grey edging.

Underside less noticeably dotted with white than in griseonotata, the bright

green costal part of forewing more extended and perhaps more vivid.

British New Guinea: Hydrographer Mountains, 2,500 feet, June 1918

(Eichhorn Bros.). 399 in coll. Tring Museum,

Recalls a small 9 of A. speciosa T. P. Luc., but belongs to the other structure-

group, with the discocellulars excessively oblique posteriorly and M' of the

hindwing widely separate from R'. The ¢ will probably prove similar, as in

the case of griseonotata.

2. Archichlora trygodes sp. nov.

3, 25 mm. Head and body predominantly pale flesh-colour, in parts (es-

pecially vertex and front of thorax) with a very pale vinaceous tinge ; face and

pectus in front redder; patagia and tegulae, together with subdorsal spots at

base of abdomen, green. Palpus minute. Tongue wanting.

Forewing narrower than in the viridimacula group, thinly scaled, recalling a

Trygodes ; M* just separate (almost connate); very pale vinaceous, in parts

(especially at base and costally) shaded with flesh-colour ; costal edge deeper

flesh-colour, spotted (especially in distal part) with greenish black-grey ; cell-

mark somewhat angular, deep flesh-colour ; a large, rather elongate green spot in

middle of cell, confluent in its proximal half with a larger posterior one, which

reaches hindmargin ; two green spots midway between DC and termen, the an-

terior terminating just behind R', the posterior commencing just before R*, narrow

in front, broader behind, not quite reaching M'; shadowy traces of a line

beyond, broadening posteriorly into a large diffuse ill-defined greyish tornal shade ;

all the green spots with some black scales at their edges ; terminal line brownish,

broadening irregularly into spots or dots between the veins; fringe with some

red-brown spots opposite the veins, stronger posteriorly, the tornal part (nearly

to M*) almost entirely red-brown. Hindwing with termen crenulate, the tooth

at R' long, the excision between this and R* deep; M' separate ; concolorous

328 Noyrratrs ZootoaicaE XXIX. 1922.

with forewings, the outer line more distinct, more proximal, almost the entire

area beyond (excepting three small terminal patches between SC* and R‘)

darkened with violet-grey ; the green mark in middle of cell less elongate than that

of forewing, the posterior one curving and running along abdominal margin almost

to the outer line ; no outer green spots.

Underside with the green markings shadowy ; outer line and shades stronger

and darker than above, but remaining subterminal throughout (though thick

posteriorly and on hindwing), only connected with termen by the darkening of

the veins,

Madagascar: Diego Suarez, July 2, 1917 (G. Melou). Type in coll. Tring

Museum,

Probably nearest to devoluta Walk., but very distinct, remarkably reminiscent

of a tiny Trygodes musivaria H.-Sch.

3. Archichlora engenes sp. nov.

3, 27-30 mm. Face dull black. Palpus minute ; blackish, beneath rufous.

Vertex and antenna pale rufous, irrorated (at base of antenna very thickly) with

black. Pectinations long. Thorax and base of abdomen above green; body

otherwise whitish brown with some admixture of ochreous ; abdomen above also

with some rufous shading and a very slight sprinkling of black-grey scales ;

only the first abdominal crest developed.

Wings formed about as in Bathycolpodes, hindwing with slight basal expan-

sion but with well-developed frenulum.

Forewing with SC' free, DC very deeply inbent, Ri just stalked, M’ separate ;

bright green, with costal margin as far as SC fleshy to rufescent, with black-grey

irroration ; antemedian line indicated by a very small pale spot on fold at one-

third and a slightly more distal one at hindmargin, both partially edged with black-

grey irroration; distal border irregularly pale (whitish buff with slight fleshy

tinge), about 2 mm. wide (but in three lobes, the middle one the smallest) between

apex and R', then very narrow, almost linear, expanding again behind M? into a

hindmargin patch at least 3 mm. long; this patch with some pale olive-brown

proximal and black-grey central shading ; a terminal line of blackish interneural

lunules, the anterior four short, well separated (that between apex and SC* almost

obsolete) ; fringe pale proximally, with dark mottling distally. Hindwing

with M' separate ; bright green, with costal margin pale ; distal border coloured

much as on forewing but with more copious dark irroration ; its anterior part

narrow at apex, widening to R*, separated from ground-colour by a thinly-scaled

white patch ; its tornal part very small, triangular, with apex of triangle on fold.

Underside whitish green ; costal area of forewing light ochreous brown, pale

border shadowy but containing conspicuous blackish-fuscous tornal patch and

terminal dots ; hindwing also with shadowy borders and conspicuous terminal

dots, but with a dark submarginal half-band from apex to radial fold instead of a

tornal blotch.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez, April 24, 1917 (G. Melou). Type in coll. Tring

Museum. Several other 3 3, April, May, and August,

Somewhat anomalous in structure, nearest to A. trygodes Prout (supra).

Much like a heavily pectinate Bathycolpodes; the coloration of the upperside

recalls B. subfasciata Warr., while the shape of the wings and the underside are

more as in B. anisotes Prout.

Novirates Zootoaicar XXIX. 1922. 329

4, Bathycolpodes melanceuthes sp. nov.

36, 24 mm. Head black, with a very narrow liver-coloured band between

the antennae. Palpus minute, beneath liver-coloured. Tongue very slight.

Antennal ciliation very short (scarcely one-half). Thorax and base of abdomen

above ochreous (probably discoloured from green), the rest of abdomen above

mostly black ; underside of body greyer.

Forewing with termen rather deeply excavated between SC® and R', very

strongly oblique posteriorly ; black, with a small green proximal patch from SC

to hindmargin, measuring nearly (at hindmargin more than) one-third of the wing-

length, but with its distal edge slightly concave in cell and more deeply between

base of M* and SM? Hindwing similar.

Underside less deep black, more brownish, the forewing with the costal

margin (at base narrowly, at apex broadly) and the hindmargin (irregularly) dull

rosy, a pale line at base of fringe in the excavation, scarcely continued posteriorly.

Cameroons: Bitje, Ja River, September. Type in coll, Deutsch, Ent. Museum,

received through A, Heyne ; paratypes in coll. Joicey.

Near semigrisea Warr. (Nov. Zoou. iv. 38), but with termen of forewing

rather more oblique posteriorly, the colouring black, not brown or drab (even on

the underside blacker), the costal margin beneath reddish, not ochreous. It is

very unlikely to be a local form, as semigrisea—described from the Congo—occurs

without geographical modification in Ashanti,

5. Perithalera oblongula sp. nov.

3, 27-28mm. General coloration and markings as in the genotype (oblong-

ata Warr., from West Africa), but differing in some structural and other details,

Forewing with termen rather less strongly ventricose, SC! arising from stalk

of SC**, SC? well away from SC!, R' just separate at origin from the subcostals ;

cell-dot smaller; the faint crenulate lines more noticeable than in Warren’s

type, the postmedian ending in a red dot on hindmargin. Hindwing with ter-

men less strongly ventricose than in oblongata, bent at R* but not noticeably at

R'; M' connate ; cell-dot very small ; postmedian as on forewing.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez, January 8 (type) and January 16, 1917 (G,.

Melou). In coll. Tring Museum.

The abdomen shows—especially in the paratype—a dark dorsal blotch on

the second and third somites.

6. Heterorachis trita sp. nov.

3, 20-22 mm. Face and palpus burnt carmine, sometimes more mixed with

black; palpus minute. Tongue very short and slender, Vertex whitish ;

occiput green, Antenna cream-colour ; pectinations rather long, Thorax and

abdomen nearly as in melanophragma Prout (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) i. 314),

abdomen less irrorated with black. Hindtibia not dilated,

Forewing with SC! anastomosing with C', R' not stalked, R* arising very near

R', M' not stalked ; French green ; costal margin cream-colour, tinged with red

proximally ; lines wanting ; cell-dot wanting or very faint ; termen marked as in

carpenteri Prout (Noy, Zoou, xxii, 321); fringe reddish, proximally with strong

black irroration..——Hindwing with termen bent: C anastomosing with SC at a

330 Novirares Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922.

point near base, rather rapidly diverging ; R: arising very near R', M' separate

(not remote) ; as forewing, except costal margin.

Underside much paler green, the forewing suffused with reddish, except

distally and posteriorly ; an indistinct, interrupted dark terminal line ; fringe

vaguely spotted.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez (G. Melou), April, July, and September 1917.

A long series in coll, Tring Museum,

7. Heterorachis tornata sp. nov.

dg, 15-18 mm; Q, 20-21 mm. Similar to the preceding but smaller, at least

in the g. Face more mixed with black. Vertex and base of antenna reddish.

Forewing with M' connate ; costal margin fleshy or reddish, with some black

irroration ; an appreciably darker green cell-dot ; border broadening behind

SM? into a small tornal blotch. Hindwing with M' connate or shortly stalked ;

cell-dot as on forewing ; border broadening slightly anteriorly.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez (G. Melou), May—September 1917. 5 3, 229,

in coll. Tring Museum.

8, Heterorachis (?) diphrontis sp. nov.

3g, 19-23 mm. Face deep red. Palpus minute, shortly rough-haired, deep

red. Tongue vestigial. Vertex and base of antenna red ; pectinations moderate,

Thorax above green. Abdomen buff, above strongly mixed with red; crests red.

Foreleg reddened above and on inner side,

Forewing decidedly narrower than in typical Heterorachis ; SC! anastomosing

with C, SC** usually long-stalked (variably), R' just separate, R*? from very near

R', M' separate ; bright green (rather less bluish than in despoliata Walk.) ; mark-

ings deep flesh-pink ; a moderate anterior border, more deeply coloured at costal

edge ; sometimes a small cell-spot ; an ample, irregular distal border, separated

from the ground-colour by a sinuous darker brown-red line ; width of border in

front of R* about 1 mm., then a little broader to M', behind which it widens

suddenly, so as to approach or sometimes even reach the base of M?; terminal

line and proximal part of fringe deeper flesh-colour. Hindwing not very broad,

termen rounded ; C shortly approximated to SC near base, SC* shortly stalked,

R* from near R', M' separate ; concolorous with forewing ; a patch of flesh-colour

on proximal part of abdominal margin, variable in size ; costal border widening

distally ; distal border broad anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly, its proximal edge

somewhat sinuous,

Underside dull ochreous, the forewing flushed with red at base of costa and

in a broad, ill-defined longitudinal shade behind middle.

9, 26-29 mm., the borders broader, that of the forewing in one example

confluent with an enlarged cell-spot.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez (G. Melou). A long series of 3 3 (variable in the

extent of the markings) and 22, in coll. Tring Museum,

Differs from typical Heterorachis in the obsolescent tongue and in some

details of venation; perhaps an independent development of the Hypocoela~

Bathycolpodes group,

Novirates ZootoaicaE XXIX. 1922. 331

9. Heterorachis (P) insueta sp. nov.

g, 21-24 mm. Face yellow-green. Palpus fully 1, second joint with

appressed scales, third joint short but distinct ; whitish buff above and at tip

red-brown. Tonguestrong. Vertex and base of antenna white ; shaft of antenna

rather broad, pectinations moderate, Thorax above dull green, beneath whitish.

Abdomen not appreciably crested ; pale. Hindtibia dilated, with hair-pencil.

Forewing with SC! anastomosing shortly with C, R' just separate, M' separate ;

not very densely scaled, dull pale blue-green, with close darker green irroration ;

costal edge narrowly pale buff; cell-dot black; lines not conspicuous, more

yellowish green; antemedian angled outward at folds, inward at M and SM? ;

postmedian wavy anteriorly, nearer to termen than to cell-dot, behind M*

incurved ; white vein-dots at distal edge of postmedian ; terminal line very

fine, blackish, interrupted; fringe duller, paler green, with a whitish line

at base. Hindwing with abdominal margin fairly long, termen slightly

waved, weakly bent at R'; C very shortly approximated to SC near base,

rapidly diverging, SC* connate or barely stalked, M'! well separate; ante-

median line wanting, the rest nearly as on forewing; a very slight additional

(greyish) cell-dot on DC.

Underside whitish green; forewing with costal area ochreous, cell-dot

blackish, interrupted terminal line grey ; hindwing almost unmarked.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez (G. Melou). 4 ¢ gin coll. Tring Museum, the type

dated September 10, 1917.

The only 2, dated June 24-26, 1917, is very remarkable in being pale purple,

with the irroration dark brownish purple, the green lines showing up more strongly

by contrast. It is unfortunately in poor condition, but it is hard to believe that

the change of colour is artificial, as it is no different from the normal changes in

the fugitive Hemitheine greens and is quite uniform. The palpus is scarcely

longer than in the 3, the pectinations short (the longest little over 1), the hindtibial

spurs rather approximated, SC! of the forewing free.

10, Diplodesma xanthochlora timida subsp. nov.

g, 15-16 mm. Very much smaller than x. zanthochlora Swinh., distal

margins with the excisions slightly shallower.

Forewing with basal patch more restricted.

smaller; band beyond postmedian less broad.

Underside with cell-spots and proximal dark shades wanting.

Portuguese Timor: Suai, December 1912 (E. Wahr). 3 3 in coll. Tring

Museum,

Perhaps a good species, At first glance it recalls celataria Walk., but the short

antennal ciliation, non-dilated hindtibia, non-anastomosis of SC* of forewing, and

deeply sinuate postmedian line reveal its true position.

Both wings with cell-spot

11, Lophostola atridisca cumatilis subsp. nov.

3, 29 mm.; 9, 36-39 mm, Bluer green than a. atridisca Warr., from

Natal, the cell-spots larger, white vein-dots more strongly developed, termen

in addition with white dots at vein-ends,

Madagascar: Ambinandrano, 50 km, W, of Mohanoro (G, K, Kestell-

332 Noviratrs Zoonocican XXIX. 1922.

Cornish), February 1913; type g, November 14, 1916, and August 3 (? year) ; 2 92

in coll, Tring Museum ; Tananarive, 1 2 in coll. Joicey.

Doloma gen. nov.

Face smooth. Palpus moderate, second joint shortly rough-scaled, third

joint in ¢ rather short but distinct (in 2 probably elongate). Tongue present.

Antenna in ¢ bipectinate to near apex, the last joints dentate and ciliate, Pectus

moderately hairy. Femora slightly hairy. Hindtibia in ¢ not dilated, with

two pairs of unequal spurs, Abdomen not crested. Frenulum wanting.

Forewing with costa slightly arched, apex acute, termen bowed, rather strongly

oblique posteriorly; cell about two-fifths. DC curved, strongly oblique posteriorly;

SC! from stalk of SC****, anastomosing with C, R! well separate, R* from close to

R’, occasionally connate, M' separate. Hindwing rather long, apex not sharp,

termen slightly prominent at R', feebly sinuate between R! and R°, strongly

angled at R‘, then nearly straight to tornus; DC as in forewing; C touching SC

at a point near base, rapidly diverging, SC* well stalked, R’ and M!’ as in forewing.

Type of the genus: D. leucocephala sp. nov.

12. Doloma leucocephala sp. nov.

3, 22-26 mm. Head and base of antenna white; palpus whitish, with a

red-brown band on upper and outer side of first and second joints. Thorax pale

green, paler beneath ; abdomen almost white. Legs mostly white.

Forewing pale apple-green, inclining to olive-yellow; costal edge cream-

colour ; cell-dot small or minute, red ; lines slightly deeper green ; antemedian

subobsolete, curved, rather near cell-dot ; postmedian obsolete at costa, strongly

excurved between radials, then straightish, posteriorly slightly less oblique than

termen ; at hindmargin sometimes marked with some red scales ; terminal line

dark red, slightly or scarcely interrupted at the veins; fringe white, strongly

spotted with red at the veins. Hindwing similar, without first line ; postmedian

bent, though rather less strongly than termen ; cell-dot generally rather larger.

Underside whitish green ; cell-dot generally indicated, at least on forewing,

but feeble ; terminal line and fringe-dots weaker than above.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez, April-June and September 1917 (G. Melou).

A good series in coll, Tring Museum.

Oneiliana gen. nov.

Face smooth. Palpus in ¢ short, upcurved (appressed to frons), second

joint with appressed scales, third joint very small; (in 9 ?). Tongue developed.

Antenna rather short, in g bipectinate to about two-thirds, in 2 almost simple.

Pectus and femora hairy. Hindtibia in 3 not dilated, in both sexes with all spurs.

Abdomen in 9 very robust, in both sexes with small (on posterior segments very

small) crests.

Forewing with costa slightly arched near apex, apex moderate, termen

nearly smooth, bowed, oblique; cell rather less than one-half, DC* incurved

anteriorly, oblique outward posteriorly, SC! from near end of cell, anastomosing

with C and sometimes with SC*, SC* stalked, arising before SC’, R' very shortly

stalked, M'! just separate, Hindwing with moderate basal expansion, frenulum

rather short in g, obsolete in 9, apex not very pronounced, termen scarcely sub-

—

Ce OO ep dain ge,

Seinadieiiatin diet, neni aad

Novirarrs Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 333

crenulate, strongly rounded in middle, very slightly bent at R* and scarcely

appreciably at R!, tornus about rectangular, abdominal margin relatively rather

long, cell nearly as in forewing, shortly approximated to SC near base, rapidly

diverging, SC* shortly stalked, M' connate or barely stalked.

Type of the genus: Oneiliana multifera sp. nov.

Unfortunately the 2, otherwise in beautiful condition, has lost the palpi—a

very useful character in the Hemitheinae ; but whether they prove long or short,

the species will fall into no known genus.

13. Oneiliana multifera sp. nov.

3, 23mm, ; 9, 33mm. Face reddish. Palpus reddish brown above, white

beneath. Vertex, postorbital rim, and base of antenna white; occiput very

narrowly rosy behind. Thorax above red-brown, mixed with rosy-purplish,

beneath white; abdomen above similarly coloured to thorax but somewhat

mixed with violet-whitish scales, beneath yellowish; crests blackish, with

whitish summit. Legs in part rosy, in part white; the hind nearly all white.

Forewing light ochreous-brown, with red-brown irroration and with ill-

defined reddish clouding in median area ; costal edge white, succeeded by a violet-

mixed subcostal streak; no definite lines; markings whitish violet, irrorated

with some rosy and some dark scales ; a rather large subbasal patch (on hind-

margin) ; a cell-spot ; an irregular chain of terminal markings, consisting of a

rather large patch between apex and R’ (tapering to a point at apex and indented

at SC*), two small (shallowly triangular) spots between R* and M? and a moder-

ately large, irregular patch from M' to tornus, proximally throwing out.an anterior

projecting across M'; an ill-defined streak of denser irroration near the proximal

edge of the last-named patch ; a rosy, black-mixed terminal line ; fringe white,

irrorated with rosy and cut by darker markings opposite the veins. Hindwing

similar; subbasal and discocellular spots whiter, the latter much narrower ;

terminal marks rather differently arranged, being narrow between apex and R',

rather large between the radials (in the ¢ slightly, in the 2 more deeply indented

proximally at R*), as in forewing between R* and M*, moderate at tornus, without

projection across M!; termen and fringe as on forewing.

Underside rosy whitish, with the markings of upperside faintly indicated ;

forewing with deeper rosy subcostal streak ; termen and fringes as above.

Rhodesia: Shamva, December 1920. Type din coll. Brit. Museum, allotype

9 in coll. L. B. Prout, both kindly presented by the Rev. Father O’Neil.

A very striking species.

Suspram. STERRHINAL.

14, Anisodes seposita sp. nov.

3 2, 36-42 mm. Face dull rufous, narrowly whitish below. Palpus in both

sexes long. Vertex and proximal part of antenna white. Abdomen dorsally

vinaceous rufous in anterior half, whitish in posterior. Hindleg of 3 not tufted,

with terminal spurs only. Both wings with termen slightly more crenulate than

in globaria Guen., about as in ordinata Walk. and flavidiscata Warr., termen of

forewing slightly more oblique anteriorly than in these latter species,

Forewing coloured and marked as in globaria, or on an average slightly less

Hindwing also similar to that of globaria, the cell-spot variable, in the

red,

334 Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX, 1922.

type formed of a tolerably large black orb (1-1-5 mm. diameter) with a small white

pupil, in aberrations of a less small yellow-tinged pupil surrounded successively

by slender black, broad white and slender black rings (as in flawidiscata).

Forewing beneath less red or pink than in globaria, the aberration otherwise

resembling that species on the underside, the type form in addition on each wing

with a small blackish, white-pupilled cell-spot.

Peru: Cushi, prov. Huanuco, 1,820-1,900 m. (W. Hoffmanns). A series in coll.

Tring Museum, including the type. Also from Huancabamba (near Cerro de

Pasco) and Carabaya and from Cation de Tolima (Colombia), Riobamba (Ecuador),

and Chulumani (Bolivia).

The conspicuously two-coloured abdomen above is distinctive. The only

other species of this group known to me with simple ¢ hindleg are globaria Guen.,

and ordinata Walk., the latter confined to Jamaica ; in flavidiscata the femur is

tufted, in sypharia Guen. (= fimbripedata Walk.) the whole tibia strongly fringed,

15, Anisodes spadix sp. nov.

3 2, 33-38 mm, Palpus in ¢ with third joint over one-half, in 9 about 1.

Antenna in & ciliate, the ciliation rather under one-half. Hindfemur and

tibia of ¢ densely clothed with (predominantly cinnamon-rufous) hair, the tibia

with terminal spurs only, Face and upperside of palpus and thorax coloured

nearly as wings, abdomen becoming more purple-grey posteriorly ; beneath

predominantly cream-colour, Vertex pale-mixed, Tegulae and base of antenna

deep purple-grey.

Forewing rather broad, termen curved, slightly waved, hardly more oblique

than in nodigera Butl. (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 334); areole moderate, SC°

variably stalked beyond it; rather variable in colour, cinnamon or vinaceous-

cinnamon, usually (perhaps always in fresh specimens, at least of the 3) suffi-

ciently strongly irrorated with chestnut to produce a tone of hazel ; costal margin

dark purplish grey, at the extreme edge more olive-grey ; markings dark olive-

grey, not very sharp; antemedian excurved before middle, incurved behind

middle, then oblique outward ; cell-mark elongate, open, but very narrow, nearly

as in some nodigera but without distinct blackish dots at its extremities ; median

and postmedian nearly as in nodigera, the former always well beyond cell-spot ;

a vague shade proximally to the (obsolescent) subterminal, slightly incurved be-

tween SC‘ and R*, where it is angulated outward and approaches termen, posteri-

orly more ill-defined and macular; terminal blotches of nodigera only faintly

indicated ; termen with blackish interneural dots; fringe with small blackish

basal dots at vein, distal half paler. Hindwing with termen crenulate, slightly

angled at R*, M' arising close to R*; concolorous with forewing and with similar

markings, but with a small white, very finely dark-edged cell-dot.

Underside vinaceous-cinnamon, the forewing (except hindmargin) and the

anterior part of the hindwing predominantly or almost entirely vinaceous, the

hindmargin of both wings cream-colour ; median, postmedian, and subterminal

shades faintly indicated in darker, duller vinaceous ; dots on termen and on fringe

rather weak, vinaceous,

Upper Amazons (S. M. Klages): Fonte Boa, June 1906 (type 3), May and

July 1906, July and August 1907; Santo Antonio do Javary, May and June 1907,

A short series in the coll, Tring Museum,

Novirates Zootocicam XXIX. 1922, 335

16, Anisodes suspiciens sp. noy.

32, 32-34 mm. Structure nearly as in the preceding, third joint of palpus

perhaps slightly shorter, antennal ciliation in 2 shorter (less than one-third) ;

forewing with termen slightly less oblique (as ina narrow-winged nodigera), slightly

more crenulate ; entire coloration paler. Lower part of face cream-colour. Vertex

cream or buff. The cinnamon and hazel parts replaced by cream-colour, buff,

or buff-yellow, with some dull vinaceous irroration, Tufts on hindfemur and base

of tibia cream-colour, on rest of tibia mixed with vinaceous,

Forewing with nearly the markings of spadix ; extreme costal edge similar,

costal margin otherwise vinaceous : markings vinaceous ; cell-mark with a dark

anterior dot ; subterminal shade less developed, less angled, marked with a pair

of dark dots or spots between the radials and feebler ones anteriorly and posteri-

orly. Hindwing with termen slightly less angled than in spadix, cell-dot with

a less fine black circumscription.

Underside paler (especially on hindwing) and more variegated than in spadix,

Upper Amazons (8. M. Klages): Fonte Boa, type and 13 others: Santo

Antonio do Javary, 299; taken together with preceding. In coll, Tring Museum,

17. Anisodes itinerans sp. nov.

32, 28mm. Smaller than multipunctata Warr. (Noy. Zoon, xi. 509), from

Peru, otherwise apparently indistinguishable except that the third joint of the

palpus is in both sexes shorter, especially in the 3. In 3 one-half second joint,

against fully two-thirds in multipwnctata ; in 2 barely longer than second joint,

whereas in multipunctata @ it is appreciably longer than second joint. Thus it

should be treated as a representative species rather than a race.

8.E. Brazil: Sao Paulo and Castro, Parana. Type from Sao Paulo in coll,

Tring Museum,

18, Anisodes (Perixera) orboculata sp. nov.

32, 39 and 35mm. Face reddish, Palpus in both sexes elongate, third

joint long ; deeper red on outer side, pale ochreous beneath. Vertex and base of

antenna white ; occiput reddish. Thorax and abdomen above concolorous with

wings ; abdomen in 3 above showing four indistinct dark dots on the anterior

segments, beneath whitish ochreous with rather brighter ochreous lateral hair-

pencils. Hindfemur in 3 with a purple-red curled tuft about as in dotilla Swinh.

(Tr. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1894, p. 179), the tibia not (as in that species) shortened,

Forewing rather less broad than in dotilla, termen equally crenulate, rather

more oblique ; areole present; deep fawn, with very fine dark-grey irroration

(rather less purplish than dotilla, more recalling some Neotropical species—

between globaria Guen. and flavidiscata Warr.) ; costal edge very narrowly

whitish ; antemedian line almost obsolete, suggested by faint dark vein-dots ;

cell-spot round and black, about 1 mm, in diameter, with a minute white pupil ;

postmedian about 3 mm. from termen, slightly sinuous, consisting of black vein-

dots ; termen with blackish interneural dots ; fringe with blackish basal dots at

veins, Hindwing with termen crenulate, but rather less deeply than in dotilla ;

as forewing, but with the cell-spot larger, nearly 2 mm.

Underside more fleshy-coloured, in the 3 with the hindwing paler, in the

336 Novirares Zoonocieam XXIX, 1922.

middle tinged with ochreous ; both sexes with well-developed postmedian dots

and very slight traces of cell-spot ; terminal line continuous, slender.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez (G. Melou), July 8, 1917 (type 3), and September

16, 1917 (2). In coll. Tring Museum.

Very distinct from any African Anisodes hitherto known, in facies recalling

the globaria group of South America.

19. Hamalia dognini sp. nov.

32, 26 mm. Extremely like the darkest specimens of grisescens Warr.

(Nov. Zoot. xii. 46), but with the hindtarsus rather shorter, its first joint (which

in both species is partly overlapped by the tibial pencil) considerably swollen.

Wings still darker, the violet reflections stronger, both wings with a stronger blue-

violet band between the subterminal shade and the terminal black lunules.

Forewing with the median shade broader and more diffuse than the corresponding

line of grisescens.

8. Peru: Chaquimayo, 2,500-3,000 ft., June-July 1910 (H. and C. Watkins),

type ¢ in coll. Dognin; Rio Huacamayo, Carabaya, 3,100 ft., June 1904 (G.

Ockenden), a pair in coll, Tring Museum.

20. Somatina figurata transfigurata subsp. nov.

Differs from f. figurata Warr. (1897) as follows :

Forewing with the shading in the terminal area weak or obsolete, cell-mark

broader, almost as broad as long, its margins with a heavier admixture of black

scales. Hindwing with the cell-mark punctuated with black anteriorly.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez (G. Melou). A series in coll. Tring Museum.

21. Scopula dimoera sp. nov.

39, 25-27 mm. Face deep brown. Palpus deep brown above, whitish

beneath. Vertex whitish. Antenna of ¢ furnished, to beyond the thirtieth

joint, with short pectinations, mostly about twice as long as diameter of shaft

and surmounted by fascicles of cilia of about their own length. Thorax and

abdomen pale ochreous-fleshy, the abdomen in the ¢ with a series of black sub-

dorsal spots, on segments 1, 2, 6, and 7 small, on 3, 4, and 5 large. Fore and

middle legs somewhat infuscated on upper and inner sides ; hind leg of ¢ long

and slender, with a pair of well-developed terminal spurs.

Forewing narrow, apex pointed, termen strongly oblique, little curved ; pale

ochreous fleshy, with fine black irroration ; antemedian line extremely oblique,

scarcely indicated except ina dash at hindmargin and a rather sharp black dot

on M close to M?; cell-dot black, well beyond middle of wing; median shade

broad, dark-grey mixed with red-brown, very oblique from about middle of hind-

margin to postmedian at R', anteriorly obsolete ; postmedian extremely fine,

subobsolete, but marked with sharp vein-dots, slightly less oblique than termen

posteriorly, more oblique anteriorly, thus angled at R'; subterminal defined by

faint or moderate greyish line on each side ; termen with black interneural dots,

which are sometimes faintly connected ; fringe slightly chequered. Hindwing

rather narrow, costal margin long, apex rounded-prominent, termen weakly bent

at R*, then straight to the prominent tornus; as forewing, but costal region

whiter, unmarked (except at apex), first line wanting, median and postmedian

straight.

Novirates ZooLocican XXIX. 1922. 337

Underside similar but more strongly irrorated, the proximal part of forewing

suffused or blurred, the costal margin of hindwing less white, the postmedian of

forewing sometimes traceable to costa (oblique inward from R').

8. India: Palni Hills (W. H. Campbell). Type ¢ and others in coll.

L. B. Prout; also in other collections.

The 2 2 seem to be more weakly marked.

Hampson (Fawn. Ind, Moths, iii. 435) evidently misidentified this (from the

Nilgiris) as defamataria Walk. ; the true defamataria is a synonym, or slight modi-

fication, of emissaria Walk., with the g antenna fasciculate but not pectinate.

The new species should form, together with anaitaria Walk. (which has also

pectinate-ciliate g antenna) a separate section, in sensu Hampsoniano, as they

have clearly nothing to do with the more fully pectinate section Induna Warr. I

prefer, however, to regard the difference from merely dentate-fasciculate antennae

as here of quite secondary importance (a similar phenomenon being provided by

the pectinate-ciliate sordida Warr. and the non-pectinate walkeri Butl.) and to

keep them in the section Lycauges with the closely similar emissaria Walk.,

donovani Dist., etc.

22. Scopula (Pylarge) neophyta sp. nov.

3, 21-23 mm. Face and palpus black. Vertex white. Antennal joints

triangularly projecting ; ciliation somewhat over 1. Collar brown. Thorax

and abdomen slender ; brownish white, with blackish irroration. Legs long and

slender, the hindtibial spurs moderately long, especially the inner one,

Forewing rather elongate, apex moderately acute, termen straightish, oblique ;

cell slightly over one-half ; white with a tinge of brown and with sparse blackish

irroration ; cell-dot black ; lines brown, mainly parallel with termen ; antemedian

vague and diffuse, but marked with blackish dots on the veins, nearer to median

line than to base; median line slightly incurved at costa, crossing the cell-

dot or touching its outer side; postmedian slightly incurved at costa

and very slightly between the radial and in submedian area, marked by coarse

black dots on the veins (weakest posteriorly) and accompanied distally by an

ill-defined brown band; subterminal line white, placed between vague brown

shades ; termen with sharp black interneural dots ; fringe irregularly dark-spotted

in centre opposite the veins. Hindwing not broad, rather elongate costally,

apex rounded, termen very slightly sinuous, not very strongly convex; SC®

almost connate ; white ; cell-dot black ; an ill-defined postmedian line of brown

or blackish vein-dots, the last a little nearer termen, somewhat strengthened

and confluent with one on abdominal margin; terminal dots as on forewing ;

fringe almost unmarked.

Forewing beneath more suffused, especially proximally; cell-dot and

markings beyond present. Hindwing white, with coarse brown irroration ;

cell-dot, terminal dots, and an ill-defined postmedian line present.

Colombia : Bogota, 2,800-3,200 m, (Fassl). 2 ¢ gin coll. Dognin.

More recalls some African species of the section (dapharia Swinh., fulvilinea

Warr., etc.) than anything Neotropical.

23. Scopula lathraea sp. nov.

3, 26 mm. Face black. Palpus black, with some light scales beneath.

Vertex yellow. Antennal shaft proximally ochre-yellow ; joints slightly pro-

338 Novirates Zooroqroan XXIX. 1922.

jecting, with fascicles of rather long cilia (probably nearly 2, but slightly damaged).

Thorax and abdomen above pale yellowish, beneath almost white. Hindtibia

about twice as long as femur, strongly dilated, with hair-pencil ; tarsus scarcely

over one-third, second joint half as long as first.

Forewing straw yellow, with a very few scattered blackish scales ; costal

edge narrowly deeper, more ochreous yellow; a slightly sinuous brown post-

median line (on some of the veins, particularly R* and R°, slightly thickened or

dentate outward) arising at hindmargin just beyond three-fifths, rather less oblique

than termen to near M®, then curved, becoming more oblique to R:%, fainter and

slightly excurved between R? and SC*, obsolete at costa ; no terminal line ; fringe

proximally rather deeper yellow than ground-colour, distally much deeper yellow,

almost orange, Hindwing with termen very bluntly bent at R*; as forewing

but with the postmedian line complete, very gently curved (much less bent than

termen), very feebly sinuate inward between R? and R*,

Underside whitish yellow, unmarked ; costal edge of forewing more ochreous ;

tips of fringes nearly as above.

Magunda Estate, Luchenza, Nyassa (IF, Nisbet). Type in coll. Tring Museum.

Near rectisecta Prout (Nov. Zoou, xxvii. 291) and other West African species

of the genus ; lighter yellow (less ochreous) than that species, with more bent

hindwing, differently formed postmedian line and slightly shorter hindtarsus.

From laevipennis Warr. (Nov. Zoou. iv. 52) it is at once distinguishable by the

much less dentate postmedian, as well as the absence of antemedian line and cell-

mark,

24. Scopula klaphecki sp. nov.

32, 23-24 mm. Very similar to caricaria Reutti, differing as follows :

Collar white. Forewing with costal margin on an average rather more

strongly grey-dusted ; cell-dot sharper and blacker ; lines generally distinct, the

postmedian perhaps more angled and placed less far from the termen ; subter-

minal less far from termen ; termen with well-developed black dots, especially in

anterior half. Hindwing with postmedian line more bent and farther from cell-

dot ; subterminal less far from termen ; termen as on forewing.

N. China: Tsingtau, Shantung, August 1-3, 1908 (L. Klapheck), type g and

allotype @ in coll. Tring Museum; Western Hills, Pekin, August 10-14, 1911

(F. S. Hughes), 4 ¢ g and 2 99 in coll. Brit. Museum.

Differs from leuraria Prout (Seitz Macrolep. iv. 69) in its smaller size and

much longer hindtarsus.

25. Scopula umbilicata peruviana subsp. nov.

2. Ground-colour darker than in w. wmbilicata Guen., decidedly tinged with

greyish fawn ; lines less firm, the postmedian of the forewing showing a tendency

to form thicker marks on the two distal curves, foreshadowing those developed in

the Old-World allies pulchellata Fab., misera Walk., etc. ; terminal line more

broken into dots or well-separated dashes,

W. Peru: Barranco, near Lima, April 2 (type), April 12 (3 29), May 7, 1913

(1 Q) in coll, Tring Museum, collected by H. O. Forbes; Callao, 1 3, 19 (J. J.

Walker) in coll. Brit. Museum.

I do not know uw. umbilicata from Peru, but as it occurs again in E. Bolivia it

ought to be found in E, Peru,

Novirates ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922. 339

26. Scopula hieronyma sp. nov.

32, 24-26 mm. Closely related to 8. plantagenaria Hulst (Ent. Amer. ii.

185), from Texas, possibly a local form. In general larger. Wings relatively

longer, with a more yellowish or ochreous tinge ; markings more sharply expressed,

dark costal spots of forewing enlarged, postmedian dark shades at radials and at

hindmargin well expressed, subterminal line broad, rather deeply inbent at radials,

here tending to become thickened.

Arizona: Jerome, June 1892 (KE. J. Oslar), type g and a @ in coll. Tring

Museum; Palmerlee, a 2 in coll. L, B. Prout ; also a ¢ from ‘‘ Arizona” (Oslar),

without more exact locality, in coll. Tring Museum.

Hulst united this with plantagenaria, but founded his description mainly on

the Texan insect. To my eye the two forms are very distinct.

27, Scopula stenoptera sp. nov.

g, 19 mm. Face and upperside of palpus black. Vertex white. Collar

light brownish. Antennal ciliation about 1. Thorax and abdomen whitish

grey, dorsally with some fine black irroration. Foreleg darkened on inner side

and (2? by accidental discoloration) on last three joints of tarsus. Hindtibia

somewhat elongate, dilated, with ochreous-whitish hair-pencil; tarsus about

one-third tibia.

Wings narrow for the genus, recalling in shape those of Lobocleta borunta

Schaus, but with the coloration of L. jamaicensis Warr. ; white, with moderately

dense blackish irroration ; a black cell-dot ; lines brownish grey, slightly thickened

and blackened at costa and hindmargin ; antemedian at one-third, obscure in

cell, marked with a minute black dash on M, incurved behind M, angled outward

on SM?; median shade feeble except at costa, angled outward (and with a slight

black distal dash) at R', then retracted, passing near the cell-dot, dentate outward

on the veins, again retracted on M?, posteriorly near and parallel with the ante-

median ; postmedian at five-sevenths, lunulate-dentate, chiefly marked by black

points on the veins, acutely projecting outward at R', incurved between the

radials, inbent at fold ; distal area with some dark shades, leaving free a lunulate

subterminal, which forms larger inward-projecting spots at fold and (especially)

between the radials, as in the marginepunctata group ; termen with strong, some-

what lunulate black dots; fringe brownish, with some irroration, especially in

the form of dots or dashes opposite the veins. Hindwing with termen subcren-

ulate, with a slight excision (shallower than in perfwmosa Warr., Nov, Zoou, xi, 512)

between the radials; antemedian line and the costal spots wanting; median

shade rather thin, feeble, incurved proximally to the cell-dot, dentate outward at

R'-M:, incurved posteriorly ; the rest nearly as in forewing, the fringe whiter.

Forewing beneath infuscated, except at abdominal margin, rather glossy,

the markings obliterated excepting the cell-dot. Hindwing whitish, the cell-

dot minute, the markings beyond very faintly suggested, the terminal dots

strong.

Ucayali, Peruvian Ai-azons (ex Staudinger, May 1905), type in coll, Dognin;

Callanga, Cuzco, Peru, 1,5 00m, ,1898 (O, Garlepp), a slightly whiter aberration, in

coll, Tring Museum.

340 NoviratEs Zootocican XXIX. 1922.

28, Euacidalia oriochares sp. nov.

6, 26-28 mm. Closely similar to L. rosea Warr., Nov. Zoou, iv. 444, from

Dutch and French Guiana, Larger, the costal margins, especially of the hindwing,

relatively more elongate. Less rosy, more irrorated with grey.

Forewing with SC* stalked (in rosea from the cell) ; the lines stronger, black-

grey, the median rather thick and diffuse, closer to the cell-dot, which is distinct,

black, and slightly elongate. Hindwing more suffused, the median line less

conspicuous, more narrowly and inconspicuously pale-edged distally.

Peru: La Merced, Chanchamayo, 1,000 m., type and another in coll. Tring

Museum, Also a $ from Colombia (Fassl) in coll. Dognin and a 2 from Caldera,

Panama, in coll. Brit. Museum, the latter misidentified by Druce (Biol. Centr.-Amer.

Lep. Het. ii. 146) as oroandes Druce, which is rather less elongate but has still

longer cell of forewing, stronger cell-dot, lines more proximally placed, postmedian

differently shaped, etc. As this Panama example is slightly intermediate in tone

towards rosea, it is just possible that oriochares should be regarded as a western

race of that species, in spite of the different venation.

29. Lobocleta griseolimbata (Warr. MS.) sp. nov.

32, 16-17 mm. Closely related to ossularia Hb.—Gey. and cocaria Schaus,

both wings somewhat narrower.

Forewing with the lines more feebly expressed, the median (as in the allies)

somewhat variable in position—in the type touching the cell-dot, in the allotype

rather more distal ; distal area for a breadth of nearly 1 mm. darkened with

blackish irroration. Hindwing with termen slightly sinuous, minutely

toothed at R*, the tooth itself, together with a spot proximally thereto free

from dark irroration, hence inconspicuous on the under-surface, but rendered

conspicuous on the upper by an enlargement of the black dot at base of fringe ;

markings similar to those of forewing.

Forewing beneath strongly infuscated, excepting posteriorly and in a narrow

pale band distally to the postmedian row of dots, Hindwing beneath whitish,

with scattered coarse irroration, especially at base ; the cell-dot well expressed, the

median and postmedian moderately, the dark terminal shade strong.

Costa Rica: La Uruca, near San José, 1,100 m., type ¢ in coll. Dognin ;

San Carlos, June 1899 (Underwood), allotype in coll. Tring Museum.

Neither specimen is in perfect condition, but the distinctive dark borders

and characteristic underside will render it easy S sarah sie

30. Ptychopoda ludovicaria (Culot).

Acidalia ludovicaria Culot, Noct. et Géom. Bur. (2) i. (livr. 48-50) 74, t. 11, £. 215 [1918], 2 (Geryville).

The species which, on account of the coloration and markings (especially the

unusually proximal position of the median line of the forewing and the post-

median of hindwing), I take to be the true ludovicaria of Culot, is represented in

the Tring Museum by 6 3 g and 3 9 from Bou Saada, April-May, one @ as dark

and almost as heavily marked as Culot’s type, the rest of a lighter clay-colour,

2 3 3 from Guelt-es-Stel, May 20 and 29, both rather densely irrorated, and a pair

from Tala Kana, Gr. Kabylie, September 30, both small, with whiter ground-

colour but with strong dark irroration and strong (in the 9 thick) dark rufescent

lines (confusingly similar to some aberrations of the following species),

aoa Rees

BGs te atm

Novirates Zootoatcan XXIX. 1922. 341

As Culot neither describes nor figures the venation, and both he and

Staudinger compared the type specimen with species of Glossotrophia and Scopula,

the determination is perhaps somewhat precarious, the more so as Culot’s beautiful

figure scarcely does full justice to the sinuosities in the termen of the hindwing

nor to the proximal curve of the postmedian of the forewing between M? and SM?,

but all else agrees so excellently that, pending more precise information, I think

it should be accepted. The ¢ hindtibia has two strong spurs, the tarsus is longer

than the tibia, SC’ of hindwing always long-stalked, though variably. The species

may be placed in the vicinity of asellaria H.-Sch.

31. Ptychopoda unicalcarata sp. nov.

32, 18-20 mm. Smaller than the preceding. Tongue apparently longer.

Hindtibia of $ with a single long terminal spur. Ground-colour more rufous,

markings generally weaker. Frenulum of ¢ black or blackish (in /udovicaria light

ochreous brown).

Forewing with the median line crossing, or outbent just distally to, the cell-

dot, posteriorly in general rather strongly incurved, sometimes almost obsolete ;

subterminal line ill-defined or almost obsolete. Hindwing with corresponding

distinctions.

Algeria: Bou Saada, May 18-27, 1911, May 12-14, 1912 (V. Faroult); 2 3 3

and 6 2 in coll. Tring Museum.

Worn specimens from Seksawa and Lalla Aziza, Morocco, from Ain Sefra, S.

Oran, and from Oued Nea, Nzab Country, seem, on account of the structure and

general tone, to be referable to the same species, though two of the females from

Ain Sefra are large and heavily marked.

32. Ptychopoda jonesi sp. nov.

6, 15-16 mm. Similar to guadrirubrata Warr. (Nov. Zoot, iv. 437), slightly

shorter winged. Face red, not black (in one example, however, somewhat mixed

with black). Vertex red, not yellow. Ground-colour deeper gold-yellow, all

the lines much thicker, brighter red. Hindwing beneath less whitish, more

strongly marked.

Castro, Parana (E. D. Jones), November 1897 (type 3) and November 1901,

in coll, Tring Museum ; 1 g, undated, in coll. E. D. Jones. Also a gin coll. Dognin

merely labelled ‘‘ Santa Cruz.”

Mr. Warren misidentified this as guadrirubrata, Mr. Jones as “‘flexilinea Warr.”

—a laps. cal. for flexivitta Warr. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xxx. 456) ; the latter,

however, is a close ally, if not synonym, of deportata Walk. (List Lep. Ins. Brit.

Mus. xxii. 673), differing structurally from Ptychopoda in the double areole

and the three-spurred 9 hindtibia.

33. Ptychopoda charitotes sp. nov.

39, 20-22 mm. Face deep red-brown to blackish. Antennal joints of 3

searcely projecting, ciliation fine, about 1. Hindtibia of 3 not very long, slightly

thickened, tarsus fully 1.

General aspect of persimilis Warr., Nov. Zoot, iii. 109.

Forewing with apex rather less produced ; more glossy, with the dark irrora-

tion slighter, but generally with more reddish suffusions ; antemedian lines faint

342 Novirates Zootoctcar XXIX, 1922,

or almost obsolete, reddish ; postmedian line straightish and sharply defined,

parallel with termen, nearly as in persimilis, but whereas in that species it shows

a very slight angle outward near costa and scarcely any curve inward at fold, in

charitotes it is quite straight anteriorly and more appreciably incurved about fold ;

distalshades more red-brown or purple-brown, of almost equal intensity throughout

posterior half of wing, marked close to the termen with the interrupted waved pale

subterminal, which becomes thicker and more distinct close to tornus ; additional

narrower proximal subterminal shading between the radials; terminal line

obsolescent ; dots on fringe generally minute. Hindwing with the lines more

reddish than in persimilis; the postmedian markedly farther from termen,

especially in the middle, where it does not make the strong outward curve of that

species ; terminal dots as on forewing.

Underside with corresponding distinctions in the postmedian line.

Assam: Khasia Hills, March, April, May, and October, 3 ¢ gf and 2 99 in

coll, Tring Museum (including the type), 1 gin coll. L. B. Prout.

34, Ptychopoda dura sp. nov.

3, 24-28 mm, Tongue developed. Antenna with minute processes, bearing

fascicles of long, very slender cilia, Hindtibia dilated, fringed above with rather

short, vertical hair-scales ; a very long pencil from femoro-tibial joint, reaching

nearly to the end of the rather long, slightly thickened and curved tarsus. Abdo-

men elongate. Head and body concolorous with wings, the face mostly overlaid

with black, the abdomen with some faint dark spots anteriorly. Wings strongly

elongate, rather thinly scaled, of the form and texture of latiferaria Walk. (List

Lep. Ins, xxiii. 787) or of Huacidalia oroandes Druce, rosea Warr., etc.

Forewing with cell very long, areole ample, SC' from well before its apex, SC’

and stalk of SC** from its apex, M® arising late, almost perpendicularly, then very

strongly curved; whitish brown, with a fleshy tinge, especially at base, along

costa, and distally; cell-dot obsolescent ; strong blackish costal spots before

one-third and beyond two-thirds, marking the beginning of the lines, and a

fainter costal shade between marking the beginning of the extremely faint median

shade, which is somewhat tinged with fleshy grey and approaches the postmedian ;

antemedian spot oblique outward, a little produced on C-SC, the line otherwise

only indicated by vein-dots, very slightly oblique inward; postmedian spot

slightly oblique inward, the succeeding line formed apparently as in the rosea

group of Huacidalia, but scarcely traceable to the acute angle on SC‘, then slightly

inbent at R* and very slightly incurved between M' and SM:, indicated chiefly by

dashes on the veins ; position of subterminal shown anteriorly by a pale space

between fleshy-grey shades, these shades strengthening and meeting posteriorly

so as to obliterate it ; termen with feeble dark dashes ; fringe slightly spotted.

Hindwing with termen slightly sinuous; C not quite anastomosing, rather

gradually diverging, SC: moderately stalked ; rather paler than forewing, except

at distal and abdominal margins ; lines marked at abdominal margin, postmedian

continuing as vein-dots half across wing ; subterminal complete, though vague,

between fleshy-grey shades ; terminal line and fringe as on forewing.

Underside rather more suffused, Forewing with base of costa darkened,

costal spots present, a sinuous, interrupted postmedian line, a grey proximal-

subterminal band ; spots on fringe stronger. Hindwing with costal spots, cell-

Noviratres Zoonoaicar XXIX. 1922. 343

dot and the markings beyond, postmedian series of vein-dots complete, somewhat

sinuous ; terminal line complete ; dots on fringe rather strong.

Brazil: Sa6 Paulo; typein coll. Dognin. Paraguay: Sapucay (W. Foster),

a large ¢ in coll. Tring Museum.

Very like a pale Huacidalia oroandes Druce, except in venation,

35. Ptychopoda amnesta sp. nov.

9,14-16mm. Face black. Palpus slender, black, beneath whitish. Vertex

impure white. Collar brown. Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Forecoxa with dark irroration, femur and tibia less strongly so.

Forewing not broad, termen smooth, strongly oblique, very gently curved ;

areole long, SC! from well before its apex, SC* from or close to its apex ; whitish,

with very fine brown irroration and a few scattered black scales ; the irroration

forms in particular an ill-defined basal shade, a rather broad and ill-defined median

fascia (anteriorly strongly excurved round cell-dot, in some specimens diffused

over it, posteriorly rather strongly incurved and deeply dentate) and shades prox-

imally and distally to the subterminal ; cell-dot black, minute; lines brown,

lunulate-dentate, with black dots on the veins; antemedian indistinct, nearly

parallel with median shade, more oblique inward at hindmargin ; postmedian

fine, oblique outward from two-thirds costa, acutely angulated at R', rather

deeply incurved between the radials, then incurved again (chiefly between M* and

SM), slightly angled outward at SM! ; subterminal line free of irroration, moderate

anteriorly, forming an outward curve between SC* and R?*, between R* and R:

forming a large inward-projecting spot which almost reaches the postmedian, at

fold a similar but smaller and more angular spot, between R* and M' slender and

very near termen; termen with large whitish spots at veins; fringe white,

chequered (except at extremities) with brown between the veins and with dark

brown basal spots at the vein-ends. Hindwing with termen waved ; basal

area pale ; the rest nearly as on forewing.

Forewing beneath with smoky suffusion throughout, except behind SM? ;

cell-dot present, sometimes also a faint row of postmedian vein-dots; a dark

terminal line ; fringe paler, distally white. Hindwing beneath less sharply

marked than above, but similar, the postmedian less incurved posteriorly ; ter-

minal line and fringe as on forewing beneath.

Cuba: Santiago, May and June 1902(W. Schaus), 8 99 in coll. L, B, Prout,

including the type; also 1 fg and 499 in coll. Brit. Museum, the g in poor con-

dition but admitting of the addition of the following structural characters :

3 antenna with the joints projecting, the fascicles of cilia long (fully 2) ;

hindtibia very short and slender (shorter than femur), tarsus rather long, slender.

36. Ptychopoda macouma concinna form. nov.

Haemalea concinna Dogn. ined. (in coll.).

3, 21-24 mm, In general larger than name-typical macouma Schaus (7'r.

Amer. Ent. Soc. xxvii. 258). Ground-colour less whitish—more strongly shaded

with grey and in places with brown, more recalling the coloration of elegantaria

H.-Sch, (Samml. Ausserewr, Schmett. i. f, 191); subterminal shade better devel-

oped, generally scarcely at all interrupted, particularly on the forewing, where

it forms an irregular brown, distally dark-mixed band,

344 Novrratrs Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

Bolivia: Charaplaya, 1,300 m., June 1901 (Simons), 11 ¢ 9 in coll. Tring

Museum, including the type, others in other collections; Santiago del Estero

(J. Steinbach), Peru: Pozuzo, Huanuco; La Union, Rio Huacamayo.

Seems seldom to occur with name-typical macowma, which is the only form

yet known from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Amazons, but which also occurs

in Peru(Palcazu and La Union) and Bolivia(Chimate, Salampioni, and Chulumani).

Possibly we have two extremely similar species mixed, but the Peruvian and

Bolivian forms of the two are not very sharply differentiated.

37. Ptychopoda invocata sp. nov.

3, 22-24 mm. Akin to elegantaria H.-Sch., the hindtibial tufts, as in that

species, reaching about to the end of the greatly abbreviated tarsus. Abdomen

with the dorsal whitish spots reduced in size, leaving the dark coloration prominent.

Both wings browner than in elegantaria, on account of the development of coarse

and rather copious dark irroration.

Forewing with the margins, as in elegantaria, somewhat shaded with viola-

ceous, the dark costal margin broader, the blackish cell-mark stronger, rather

elongate; antemedian line more equally developed throughout, less sinuous ;

postmedian forming an acute angle inward at fold, then markedly oblique

outward to hindmargin ; median also more angulated inward at fold than in most

elegantaria. Hindwing with corresponding distinctions.

S.E. Peru: La Oroya, Rio Inambari, 3,100 ft., October 1904, wet season

(type); Rio Huacamayo, Carabaya, 3,100 ft., June 1904, dry season ; both in

coll, Tring Museum, collected by G. Ockenden.

The only densely irrorated species in the group.

38. Ptychopoda pareupithex sp. nov.

Pareupithex ewpitheciata Warr., Nov. Zool. xiv. 222 (1907), indescr. (nec Guen.).

3, 18-21 mm. Face and palpus buff, strongly mixed with rufous; vertex

whitish buff. Antennal ciliation even, slightly over 1. Collar ochraceous buff,

or slightly rufous. Thorax and abdomen pale buff, the former scarcely, the latter

very strongly, mixed with chestnut; abdomen tufted beneath. Midtibia not

tufted. Hindleg strongly tufted, the tuft having a rufous tinge distally. Wing-

structure as given by Warren (loc. cit.).

Forewing pale cream-buff, with faintest tinge of olive ; some slight chestnut

shading at base and along costa ; a dark cell-dot at one-half ; a somewhat sinuous,

posteriorly widening, chestnut band just beyond, separated from a much paler

(more vinaceous) subterminal band by a thread of the ground-colour ; the bed of

hairs towards anal angle predominantly chestnut. Hindwing with cell-dot ;

chestnut band more proximal, rather broad, but in anterior half obsolescent ;

subterminal band irregular, in anterior half shadowy, posteriorly developing a

triangular chestnut patch which touches tornus.

Underside with markings similar, on forewing more indefinite, on hindwing

with the cell-dot very conspicuous ; pencil of forewing somewhat ochreous, tuft

of hindwing more chestnut, with one or two blackish spots.

S.E. Peru: La Oroya, Carabaya, 3,100 ft. (G. R. Ockenden), November-

December 1905, wet season (type and others), June and September 1904 ; in coll,

Tring Museum,

Noviratres ZootoaicaE XXIX. 1922. 345

One of the males bears Warren’s label, showing that he misidentified Guenée’s

Brazilian species. The non-stalking of SC* and R' of hindwing is no doubt—as

in the group Xenocentris—a 3 character and certainly does not show a derivation

from Scopula = Emmiltis.

39. Ptychopoda (Lobura) cellifimbria sp. nov.

3, 14-15 mm, Closely similar to suberinita Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)

xi, 353.

Forewing with the inner-marginal flap scarcely so long ; areole small ; beneath

long-haired in cell; on an average less reddish or purplish than in subcrinita,

the pale patch beyond DC less conspicuous and less anteriorly extended, Hind-

wing perhaps rather less elongate than in that species; beneath less covered

with hair, but with long costal fringe and abdominal-marginal tuft or pencil well

developed, the latter paler than the floccous rufous masses found in subcrinita.

2 paler and narrower winged, with the typical Ptychopoda structure ; not

unlike a small praetextaria Guen. 2, but with the band-like markings of distal area

much less developed.

Trinidad: Caparo, November 1905 (8. M. Klages), type and allotype ? in

coll, Tring Museum ; a damaged din coll. Deutsch. Ent. Museum,

Susram. LARENTIINAE.

40. Polynesia curtitibia sp. nov.

39, 21-24 mm. Similar to swnandava Walk. Face with the yellow trans-

verse band more broadly separated from the white fillet (as in truncapex Swinh.).

Palpus with third joint rather longer and slenderer. Hindcoxa of ¢ swollen at

base much as in truncapez, the hindtibia shortish and much swollen (in sunandava

slender, slightly longer than femur), Abdomen of ¢ dorsally darker than in

sunandava.

Forewing with costal margin rather less convex (straighter in middle) ; ground-

colour in ¢ rather lighter straw—yellow, with the markings darker drab (less

rufescent), the silvery scales less numerous; both sexes with the irregular and

interrupted lines of proximal area (as far as cell-dot) more strongly developed,

the cell-dot itself small and concise, the double postmedian row of spots much

thickened from costal margin to R*, confluent at the radials, the spot of the outer

row on R? produced distally. Hindwing with the markings at (or just beyond)

two-thirds abdominal margin stronger than in swnandava,

Assam: Khasia Hills, April 1894 (type g and a 9), September 1893 (a gy,

Cherrapunji), June 1894 (a 9), all in coll. Tring Museum.

41. Eois carnana aberrans (Warr., MS.) subsp. nov.

32. Less variegated than c. carnana Druce (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep, Het. ii.

115, t. 52, f. 10,11) , from Central America, the yellow markings paler and more

restricted, the shade beyond the postmedian on the forewing only expanding

into a spot at the radials, not again posteriorly. Hindwing with the dark median

line rather strong and nearly straight, the postmedian more strongly sinuous than

inc, carnana, ‘

346 Noviratrs Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922,

Brazil: Rio Janeiro (Edwin Wilson), type ¢ in coll. Brit. Museum ; Castro,

Parana, a series in coll, E. D. Jones, a worn 2 in coll. Tring Museum ; “‘ off Monte-

video ” [or rather, off S. Brazil], 28° 24’ S. lat., 46° 30’ W. long., November 26,

1911 (Dr. Charles Chilton), 4 gg, 5 QQ in coll. L. B, Prout (vide Entom, xlv.

204-5).

42, Kois lucivittata expurgata subsp. nov.

3, 25-28mm, Onanaverage larger than /. lucivittata Warr. (Novy. Zoot. xiv.

239), from Peru.

Forewing with the strong V-shaped subcostal projections on the proximal

lines, which in 1. lucivittata are generally highly developed, reduced to small

insignificant teeth ; the outer of the postcellular pair of lines wanting (4 speci-

mens) or rudimentary (1) ; terminal dashes wanting. Hindwing with the

outer of the post-cellular lines wanting ; terminal dashes wanting.

Colombia : Cafion de Tolima, 1,700 feet (A. H. Fassl), December 1909, 4 3 dg,

March 1910, 1 3, in coll. Tring Museum.

Both the forms of this “species ’’ may have to sink as races to carmenta

Druce, of which only the type, from Guatemala, is known to me ; this is smaller,

rounder winged, with the admarginal line and subapical mark wanting, etc.

43. Kois primularis sp. nov.

3 9, 26-28 mm. Similar to lucivittata Warr.

Forewing slightly less broad, with rather more oblique distal margin ; ground-

colour lighter, more primrose-yellow ; outer postcellular line irregularly developed,

forming a longitudinally produced dark spot between R'* and M!' (touching

the inner postcellular line) and a smaller dark spot between M' and M?; fifth line

(last but one) angulated inward subcostally and more markedly inbent between

the radials than in lucivittata ; terminal dashes reduced to dots or obsolete.

Hindwing with similar spots on the outer postcellular line, though generally

reduced ; the succeeding line corresponding to that of forewing ; terminal dots

generally strong, but less elongate than in lucivitiata.

Forewing beneath with the reddish markings much darker and duller, more

restricted (especially in distal area) to the costal part of the wing; a distinct

cell-spot developed.

Peru: Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco (E. Boettger), 4 3 g, including the

type ; Oconeque, Carabaya, 7,000 ft., July 1904, dry season (G. R. Ockenden),

13,19; Agualani, 9,000 ft., December 1905, wet season (G, R. Ockenden), 1 ° ;

all in coll, Tring Museum.

44, Eois camptographata sp. nov.

32, 20-26 mm. Similar in general aspect and coloration to isographata

Walk. (List Lep. Ins. xxvi. 1756), on which account—notwithstanding several

important differences—it has hitherto remained undetected. Q antenna

bipectinate with long branches (bringing it into the group Pseudasthena).

Forewing with the curved antemedian line from hindmargin throwing out

a broad tooth on SM’, the extremely oblique streak from base of hindmargin to

M (overlooked or obsolete in Walker’s type) replaced by a longer, less oblique one,

which continues along the cell-fold and meets the antemedian line on DC, the two

Noyirates Zoonocican XXIX. 1922. 347

thicker, darker (more purple-mixed) than the corresponding lines of isographata,

the area enclosed between them slightly vinaceous-cinnamon, the anterior end

of the antemedian subobsolete ; postmedian pair of lines nearer the termen than

in isographata, forming a very much stronger rounded projection at R**, anteriorly

somewhat divergent instead of coalescing, extremely oblique inward to midcosta,

the proximal one thickened anteriorly ; no streak across median area between

Rand R:, but instead a subcostal streak from apex, generally at least reaching the

postmedian lines ; subterminal line rather nearer to termen, especially anteriorly.

Hindwing with postmedian lines generally more divergent at abdominal

margin than in isographata.

Forewing beneath more strongly marked than in isographata, with a complete

or nearly complete costal streak.

E. Peru: Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco (Hoffmanns), the type and four

others. Also from §.E. Peru (La Oroya, etc.) and Bolivia (Charaplaya). All in

coll. Tring Museum. The Huancabamba specimens are on an average the largest.

45. Hois verisimilis sp. nov.

3, 21 mm. Indistinguishable from dissimilis Moore (Lep. Ceyl. iii. 450)

except in two structural characters, The g antenna, which in dissimilis is nearly

simple, with minute ciliation, bears short pectinations (scarcely longer than

diameter of shaft) surmounted by fascicles of cilia.

Forewing with the areole (which is present in all the dissimilis I have exam-

ined, though nearly always small, sometimes minute) entirely wanting. In both

species, though perhaps more markedly in verisimilis, R* arises well before the

middle of DC.

Sambawa: Tambora (W. Doherty), 6 ¢ 3 in coll. Tring Museum, the type

and three others taken in June 1896 at 2,500—4,000 feet, one in low country

April-May 1896, and one, without indication of altitude, in June 1896,

46. Eois memorata (Walk.).

Pomasia memorata Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxii. 657 (1861) (Moulmein).

Anisodes rapistriaria Swinh., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1890, p. 210, t. 7, £. 9 (Rangoon).

Pseudasthena memorata, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii. 450 (1887).

Psilocambogia memorata Hmpsn., Jil. Lep. Het. ix. 151 (1893).

I find that three Indian species are mixed under this name, Briefly they

may be distinguished as follows :

Antennal ciliation of 3 about as long as diameter of shaft —. 4 pal

Antennal ciliation of d extremely short :

Areole developed, face red-brown on upper half, yellow on lower,

wing-expanse 19-22 mm, . : : ae

Areole wanting, face uniformly bobreous sad ea wing-expanse

16-20 mm, . ; : aS

To facilitate the study, I first redescube No: i. afi is ee true memorata

Walk. = rapistriaria Swinh. (ephyrata Walk., wrongly sunk by Swinhoe, Cat. Lep.

Oxf. Mus. ii, 351, is a close ally of pallidula Warr., Noy. Zoot, ili. 383).

3. 21-26 mm, On an average larger than the two following, more reddish

than amydroscia, scarcely at all variable in tone, The 3 distinguishable at once

by the longer antennal ciliation, Face red-brown on upper half, yellow on lower,

348 Novirarrs Zootoaicar XXIX. 1922.

even more sharply bicoloured than in amydroscia. Abdomen dorsally red-brown,

with clear yellow, sharply defined spots.

Forewing with areole nearly always present, though often minute (in three

out of some three dozen examined, entirely wanting) ; the network of reddish

lines rather sharply and evenly developed, the group immediately beyond the

cell-dot usually accompanied by some greyish shading; radial and subtornal

dots of proximal subterminal line usually rather small and thin but sharp, looking

a little darker than those of amydroscia. Hindwing with the line immediately

beyond the cell-dot almost always sharply expressed, oftenest touching or even

absorbing the dot; very generally some grey shading developed between this

and the succeeding line.

Burmah (type), also from Ceylon, Travancore, Kulu, Sikkim (common),

Bhotan, Assam (common), 8, Java, Bali.

47. Eois amydroscia sp. nov.

52, 19-22 mm, (= No. 2 above). Face red-brown on upper half, yellow

on lower. Areole developed. General tone yellower (less rufous) than the pre-

ceding and following species, though rufescent aberrations do occur and may

become normal in the S.E, of its range, as the only Sunda Island examples before

me (Pulo Laut, 3; W. Java, 1) are of this tone. The group of lines beyond the

cell-dot not so often connected by grey shading as in the allies, the dark radial and

subtornal spots of the proximal subterminal line generally diffused, occasionally

obsolete, scarcely ever sharp. Dorsal pattern of abdomen (consisting of large

yellow spots on the more rufescent ground) rather feebly developed, often almost

obsolete.

Hainan (type in coll. Tring Museum), Sikkim to Malay Peninsula, Pulo Laut,

W. Java, in coll. Tring Museum.

48. Eois phaneroscia sp. nov.

39, 16-20 mm, (= No. 3 above). Face uniform red-brown. ¢ antennal

ciliation very short. Abdomen about as in amydroscia.

Forewing with areole wanting ; ground-colour generally as in memoraia or

slightly more reddish, but variable, sometimes with a decided tinge of vinaceous

pink, sometimes as ochreous as in normal amydroscia ; reddish lines in general

less sharply expressed than in the allies ; those immediately beyond the cell-dot

generally obscured or subobsolete, being replaced by a single dark-grey line

(rather less strongly oblique inward anteriorly than the corresponding line of

memorata and amydroscia) or more commonly by a shadowy grey band.——

Hindwing with similar distinctions.

Sikkim, Assam, Malay Peninsula, Java, Bali, Pulo Laut. Type ¢ from the

Khasia Hills, February 1894, in coll. Tring Museum.

May conceivably be a subspecies of sanguilineata Warr., Nov, Zoot. viii. 195,

49, ois planifimbria (Warr. MS.) sp. nov.

3 2, 16-20 mm. Face yellow, almost entirely overspread with red suffusions,

Palpus reddish on outer side. Vertex narrowly white between antennae, then

narrowly red or red-spotted; occiput predominantly yellow. Antenna of 3

————

Novitates ZooLocicar XXIX. 1922. 349

somewhat thickened proximally, somewhat lamellate, the ciliation extremely

short (about as in the two preceding species). Thorax and abdomen yellow,

paler beneath ; the thorax anteriorly mottled with red. Foreleg reddened on

inner side,

Forewing with small areole ; buff-yellow, the markings rosy ; a more purplish

costal streak or shade almost to apex, leaving the extreme costal edge yellow with

some dark spots ; some slight irroration at base ; antemedian line weak or almost

obsolete, waved and very slightly curved ; traces of an interrupted line commonly

appearing midway between this and cell-dot ; cell-dot small, mixed with black ;

postmedian line double, both elements fine, parallel, sometimes more or less

fused together, placed rather near the cell-dot, angulated outward at SC’, inbent

at fold; one or two lines (more or less interrupted, oftenest only developed

subcostally and between R' and M') in the succeeding area ; proximal subterminal

line diffuse, wavy, sometimes broken into spots, inbent at fold ; distal subterminal

generally finer and more feeble, usually connected with proximal by some shading

between R* and R' and between M! and M*; no terminal line ; fringe yellow.

Hindwing with termen somewhat waved, not noticeably bent at R'; R* and M!

separate ; proximal area with one or two fine rosy lines; cell-dot minute ;

markings beyond corresponding to those of forewing.

Forewing beneath predominantly rosy; becoming cream-colour at hind-

margin and with an admixture of cream-colour between cell and postmedian

and between postmedian and subterminal ; extreme costal edge partly yellow ;

extreme distal margin and fringe pale yellow. Hindwing beneath cream-colour,

with markings rosy ; a slight antemedian ; a broad, sinuate postmedian (touching

the cell-dot) ; a double, broad subterminal, partly confluent.

Solomon Islands: §. side of Choiseul, January 1904 (A. 8S. Meek), 4 J 3,

3 29, including the type ¢; Tulagi Island (Woodford), 19; Florida Island,

January 1901 (A. S. Meek), 7 gg, 829; Guadaleanar, April and May 1901 (A.

8. Meek), 4 ¢ 3; allin coll. Tring Museum.

Warren labelled the Tulagi specimen (which is in poor condition)

“ planifimbria,”’ but apparently afterwards decided to sink the species to

dissimilis Moore (!).

50. Acolutha flavipictaria sp. nov.

3, 20-22 mm. Closely like pictaria Moore (Lep. Coll. Atk. p. 267) except in

coloration. Both wings slightly broader.

Forewing with distal margin slightly less oblique ; costal area less variegated,

the grey being mottled almost throughout with shades of ochreous, the beginnings

of the lines only a little brighter ochreous, hence not conspicuous ; posterior half

of wing brighter yellow than in pictaria, not or scarcely at all mixed with white,

the continuation of the lines at hindmargin bright ochreous brownish, termen also

shaded with ochreous brownish, thus very different from that of pictaria, in

which it is white between two interrupted fuscescent lines.——Hindwing

predominantly yellow (in pictaria predominantly white) ; the markings similar to

those of pictaria.

Forewing beneath as in pictaria ; hindwing with an indistinct dark subter-

minal line, or at the least with a dark subapical shade; in strongly marked

specimens the beginning of a second, rather more proximally placed line appears

at abdominal margin (in pictaria the hindwing beneath is pure white throughout).

350 Noviratrs Zootogican XXIX. 1922.

Khasia Hills, December 1893, February and March 1894, 10 3 ¢ in coll.

Tring Museum.

I do not think this can be a form of pictaria, but even if it be it well deserves

naming ; there is an absolutely sharp demarcation in the two Khasia series.

51. Acolutha subrotunda sp. nov.

3 Q, 23-24 mm.

Forewing with apex more rounded than in any other Acolutha except flavi-

pictaria ; coloration similar to that of flavipictaria but paler, more mixed with

white in middle ; cell-dot minute ; the double postmedian line rather more regular,

less thickened at radials and posteriorly, less interrupted between ; subterminal

lines feeble, coloured nearly as in flavipictaria, but separated by a white line as in

pictaria. Hindwing rounder than in any other species of the genus, the distal

margin being more feebly and regularly subcrenulate, the strong excision between

R' and R: being replaced by a pair of very feeble excisions, leaving a tooth at Re

almost as strong as that at R'!; only at R' a rather stronger tooth ; predominantly

pale yellow, the brownish markings weak ; white bands in proximal part.

Underside similar to that of weakly marked pictaria but with the dark costal

shade less posteriorly produced near termen,.

Lesser Sunda Islands: Sambawa, September 1891 (W. Doherty), type 3

and a @ in coll. Tring Museum, ex coll. H. J. Elwes; 8S. Flores, October 1896,

dry season (Everett), a smaller, perhaps paler (but rather worn) 3 in the same

collection.

52, Xanthorhoé politula sp. nov.

9°,36mm. Face without developed cone of scales. Palpus moderately long,

heavily scaled. Antenna subserrate. Head and body brown.

Forewing rather broad, termen crenulate, very gently curved, rather strongly

oblique ; brown, somewhat as in Camptogramma stellata Guen. but more glossy,

and with more purplish or vinous hue, more recalling the monastica group (from

New Guinea) or even approaching the Indian Paracomucha chalybearia Moore ;

basal patch traversed by ill-defined lines, its boundary rather straight, at about

one-fourth ; median band rather broad, at costa occupying the middle third,

at hindmargin more than one-third (nearer to tornus than to base), with the

limiting lines and some costal spots the darkest, but containing also a second

antemedian line and two highly crenulate postmedian ones, the proximal of

them angulated inwards subcostally ; the true antemedian fairly direct, but more

sinuous than subbasal ; the postmedian much broadened in anterior half, indented

at the veins, the indentations filled in with white dots, the normal projection at

the radials and inward bends at R? and to M? present but weak ; pale band beyond

postmedian not very conspicuous, its distal boundary-line only strong anteriorly ;

a subterminal costal patch, a weaker one about the radials and an oblique shade

from M? to near tornus proximally to the subterminal; the rest of the distal

shades slight ; terminal line blackish, interrupted by small pale dots at the veins

and slightly weakened at middle of interspaces; fringe weakly mottled.

Hindwing with termen crenulate ; greyer than forewing, almost unmarked except

at abdominal margin and especially in tornal region ; terminal line and fringe as

on forewing.

Both wings beneath, but especially the forewing, rather weakly marked ;

Novitates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 351

cell-dots present, that of the hindwing the larger ; some pale wavy lines, more

or less broken into whitish dots, only the postmedian distinct on the forewing ;

terminal line and fringe nearly as above.

Panama: Volcano de Chiriqui, 5,000—9,000 ft. (Watson), type in coll. Tring

Museum.

The British Museum collection possesses a ¢ from Boguete, Chirigui ; antenna

rather long, with rather long pectinations, the last eleven joints merely serrate

and ciliate. Possibly a form of veraria Warr. (Proc. U.S. Museum, xxxiv. 102)

from Mexico, only known to me from the description and an unpublished

drawing of Warren’s ; but the latter has a differently shaped median band and

the figure shows the forewing more elongate.

53. Xanthorhoé exorista sp. nov.

Xanthorhoé saturata Janse, Check-List S. Afr. Lep. Het. p. 100 (1917) (nec Guen.).

3 &. Very similar to the well-known saturata Guen, (Spec. Gén. Lép. x. 269)

of India, the sexual dimorphism parallel. More variegated both above and

beneath, the band of forewing above very variable in colour, redder or blacker,

but not of the dirty grey-brown of satwrata, the postmedian line at costa (at least

on underside) less incurved, its median projections generally stronger, subbasal

band better defined; both wings (especially beneath) with dark subterminal

shading better developed, beneath commonly forming almost continuous bands ;

underside less mixed with whitish.

South and Central Africa: Natal (the type ¢ from Durban, in coll. Tring

Museum, bred by G. F. Leigh, October 1902) and general from the Cape to

Tanganyika, also from Nyassaland and Uganda.

This common species has never until recently been studied critically. In

the British Museum the ¢ ¢ have been placed with saturata and the 29 mis-

identified with Lpirrhoé submaculata Warr. (Nov. Zoo. ix. 515); while at Tring

Mr. Warren curiously mistook it for the very different spatiosata Walk. Increasing

familiarity with its distinctive facies led me gradually to doubt its identity with

its Indian ally, and at last I submitted the 3 genitalia to my kind friends Rev.

C. R. N. Burrows and F. N. Pierce, who find my suspicions confirmed, The apex

of the valve is not bifurcate, whereas it is markedly so in satwrata ; saccus less

narrowed than in that species ; cornuti less numerous (in salwrata forming two

patches) ; calcar perhaps less delicate.

54, Ortholitha propinguata superlata subsp. nov.

dg, 43-44 mm.; 9, 46 mm. Larger and relatively broader-winged than

p. propinguata Koll, Both wings with a decided tinge of brown, the medium

band of the forewing less darkened than in the other races, giving altogether a

more uniform appearance to the insect.

N. Luzan, 5,000-6,000 ft. (Whitehead), 3 3 3, 1 9, in coll. Tring Museum,

Cidaria propinguata Koll., Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. 488 (1848), not identified by

Hampson and others, is the oldest name for the collective species which has

passed as niphonica Butl. (1878). Besides the one here described, there seem to

be at least three separable races: p. propinguata Koll. (N.W. India to Sikkim),

p. niphonica Butl. (Japan), and p. suavata Christ. (i. Siberia) ; ignotata Ster.

352 NoviraTEes ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

(Tibet), conjecturally referred here by me in Seitz (Macrolep. iv. 165), is now

_ known to me from two examples in the Tring Museum and proves to be a race of

latifusata Walk.

55, Lampropteryx neélys sp. nov.

32, 28-382 mm. Closely similar to minna Butl. (Tr. Hnt. Soc. Lond. 1881, p.

424) from Japan and EH, Siberia. Antenna of § without the rudimentary pectina-

tions of that species, scarcely even so dentate as in suffwmata Schiff. ; the fascicles

of cilia scarcely as long as diameter of shaft. Face blacker, the pale irroration

being quite sparse.

Forewing at least as strongly glossy as in minna, the markings almost identical,

but darker (coloured as in dark argentilineata Moore) ; white lines even slenderer ;

antemedian rather more direct (not at all oblique inward anteriorly) ; postmedian

in general more distally placed, median band always broad, Hindwing rather

darker than in minna, with markings still more obsolete.

Underside likewise a little darker than in minna, the pale parts warmer in

tone; postmedian of hindwing more vertical at costa (not or scarcely oblique

inward).

N. India, apparently not uncommon, especially in the Khasia Hills; type

from that locality in coll. Tring Museum, paratypes in coll. Brit. Museum, coll,

Joicey, coll. Prout.

Has hitherto been confused with minna.

56, Lampropteryx synthetica sp. nov.

39, 32-34 mm. Antenna of ¢ with pectinations almost as well developed

as in minna. Termen of forewing more oblique, nearly as in siderifera Moore

(Lep. Coll. Atk. p. 276), to which it is also akin in the strong development of lateral

pencils on the last segments of the abdomen (section Paralophia). Head and body

nearly as light as in minna, the abdomen with dark dorsal spots as in that species.

Forewing a trifle less glossy than in minna ; the dark markings slightly less

brown ; cell-mark enlarged ; antemedian slightly more distally placed, its tooth

on fold rather longer ; median band narrower posteriorly. Hindwing with

DC strongly biangulate ; abdominal fringe in 3 strong, in part tinged with

ochreous ; ground-colour nearly as dark as in neélys Prout, cell-dot stronger.

Underside much as in neélys, but more uniform purple-grey (less brown-

mixed).

Formosa: Arizan, August 1908, 1 g and 1 9, July 1908, 19; in coll. Tring

Museum.

57. Lampropteryx producta sp. nov.

3 9, 33-38 mm. Extremely like the preceding and agreeing in most points

of structure. Antenna of ¢ dentate-fasciculate, slightly more strongly than in

suffumata Schiff., but without the pectinations of synthetica. Wings still more

elongate, shaped as in siderifera Moore.

Forewing with median band nearly as broad and dark as in neélys, the

proximal indentations (at both folds) strong, the distal indentation on M® also

deep ; termen and fringe rather strongly marked. Hindwing as in synthetica

or rather more strongly marked.

Novirates Zoonogicar XXIX. 1922. 353

Underside more variegated with whitish than in synthetica, intermediate

towards that of minna. Hindwing with postmedian rather more zigzag than in

the allies, dark spots or wedges proximal to the white subterminal dots generally

well developed.

W. China: Pu-tsu-fang, 9,820 ft., June and July 1890 (native collector),

type and others; Pu-tsu-fu; Che-tou. Described from a series in coll. Tring

Museum, but I have also seen many in the Leech collection, where it was

misidentified as suffumata Schiff.

58. Perizoma illimitata sp. nov.

3, 24-26mm. Near cinereolimitata Th.-Mieg (Le Nat. 1892, p. 235). Rather

smaller.

Forewing slightly narrower, with margins slightly more curved ; cell rather

longer (nearly one-half); duller fuscous, less glossy ; subterminal line less pure

white, less closely approaching termen, its course, though similar, distinguishable

by being sharply angulated inward on R' and more slightly on M! and M?®, bi-

lunulate outward between ; terminal area not appreciably paler than ground-

colour ; fringe more strongly chequered than in cinereolimitata. Hindwing

narrower than in that species, with costal margin relatively longer.

S.E. Peru: Agualani, Carabaya, 9,000 ft. (G. R. Ockenden), August 1905

(type) and August 1904, both in coll. Tring Museum,

59. Perizoma vacillans tolimensis subsp. nov.

3. Both wings with the ground-colour whiter than in v. vacillans Warr.

(Nov. Zoou. xii. 327, Bolivia).

Forewing almost without dark shading in the outer area proximally to the

subterminal in cellules 2 and 3. Hindwing above and beneath more feebly

marked than in v, vacillans, but with the cell-dot at least as large and prominent.

Colombia: Paramo del Tolima, 4,200 m., January 1910 (A. H. Fassl), 6 3g

in coll, Tring Museum.

60. Perizoma cyrtozona sp. nov.

3, 32-34 mm. Face slightly rough-scaled. Palpus almost 2, moderately

rough-scaled. Antenna almost simple. Metathoracic crest slight. Abdomen

rather slender, smooth, Head and body concolorous with wings, the face and

palpus darkened.

Forewing moderately broad, costal margin gently curved (straightish in

middle), termen moderately oblique, little curved ; DC curved, strongly oblique

posteriorly, R' connate or just separate, M' widely separate; rather glossy

whitish, from costal margin to SC and on most of the veins more buff ; markings

brown; basal patch moderately strong, distally darker, 2 or 5 mm. wide, limited

by a nearly straight but slightly dentate white line with a stronger tooth behind

SM*; succeeding area traversed by close but indefinite lines of irroration ; median

band 5 or 6 mm. wide at costa, 1 mm. at hindmargin, limited by white lines and

enclosing a large oblique pale patch from costa to near R*; cell-dot fairly large,

at proximal edge of this patch ; antemedian line from costa at nearly one-third,

354 Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

acutely angulated outward behind cell-fold (reaching the plane of the cell-dot),

posteriorly convex baseward; postmedian forming a strong outward curve

between costa and M*, then nearly vertical to hindmargin, somewhat lunulate-

dentate throughout, the indentations (on the veins) all slight except on the

medians ; two succeeding lines, best defined anteriorly ; distal area dark-clouded,

especially in anterior half ; subterminal deeply dentate, filled in proximally with

three or four blackish triangles anteriorly and with feeble indications of smaller

ones posteriorly ; terminal line blackish, finely cut by the veins and more or less

interrupted midway between; fringe somewhat mottled and with dark spots

opposite the veins. Hindwing with termen slightly waved, prominent at SC?;

pale brownish grey, slightly browner distally than proximally ; cell-dot small ;

an ill-defined lunulate-dentate brown postmedian line; terminal line weak ;

dots on fringe rather strong.

Underside glossy brownish. Forewing as far as the postmedian darker,

with some pale costal irroration or strigulation ; cell-dot present; postmedian

rather strong in anterior half ; subterminal indicated in anterior half, with strong

proximal clouding and traces of the dark triangles; termen and fringe nearly as

above. Hindwing with cell-dot, a strong and thick postmedian line (rather

more proximal than above) and ill-developed subterminal line, with some proximal

shading (generally strongest towards abdominal margin).

Colombia: Monte Tolima, 3,800 m., February 1910 (A. H. Fassl), 4 gg in

coll, Tring Museum.

Like the related species (rostrinota Dogn., Hét. Nouv. Amer. Sud, xxii. 11,

camptogrammaria Warr., Nov. Zoou, xiv, 229, etc.), as well as the two just

described, this has probably no close relationship with the typical Perizoma

of Europe.

61. Lithostege scoliogramma sp. nov.

9,27 mm. Face protuberant, blackish fuscous. Palpus about 2, stout;

blackish fuscous. Vertex mixed with whitish. Thorax above fuscous, beneath

(with coxae) white-mixed. Abdomen pale brown, whiter beneath. Legs pale

brownish, the foreleg somewhat darkened on inner side ; foretibial claw rather

long, the second (outer) one vestigial.

Forewing rather broad, costa strongly arched, termen gently curved, tornus

moderate ; violet-grey, with brownish fuscous irroration ; a small brown patch

just outside cell, a black mark at DC‘; lines fine, black ; subbasal at 1°5 or less,

scarcely bent ; antemedian from beyond two-fifths costa to well beyond middle of

hindmargin, strongly angled inward in cell and outward on M at base of M*, then

slightly sinuous to hindmargin; slightly pale-edged proximally, especially at

costa ; faint traces of a broader line 1 or 2 mm. proximally to it, subparallel but

with the outward angle less deep; postmedian at about two-thirds, slightly

lunulate-dentate (the teeth pointing inward on the veins), very feebly incurved

between the radials and in submedian area, finely pale-edged distally, especially at

costa ; a dark cell-dot and (crossing it) traces of a median shade in middle of cen-

tral area, giving place in its narrow posterior part to some longitudinal lines con-

necting antemedian with postmedian, an oblique one in front of SM® particularly

noticeable ; traces of a subparallel line beyond the postmedian ; a pale, irregu-

larly lunulate-dentate subterminal line from costa near apex to tornus, slightly

NoviratEes ZootogicaAE XXIX. 1922. 355

incurved between the radials ; terminal line blackish, interrupted at the veins ;

fringe rather duller, weakly marked. Hindwing not extremely small, the veins

not much curved ; uniform glossy pale grey.

Underside glossy brown-grey, unmarked, except for a whitish postmedian

costal spot on forewing.

Misiones, Argentina, July (per A. Heyne), type in coll. Deutsch. Ent. Museum.

Larger and broader winged than tzaddi Prout (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1910,

p. 236), much more uniform, the lines different, the palpus longer. Almost a

Chesias by the shape of the forewing, only with the tornus too pronounced.

62. Lithostege biermis sp. nov.

3, 32mm. Palpus moderate. Antenna rather stout, lamellate, pubescent.

Foretibia with both the claws highly developed, though the inner, as usual, is

much the longer. Head and body fuscous.

Forewing not broad, costa straightish, apex moderately pointed; greyish

fuscous, slightly glossy, but less so than in Chesias ; proximal area, as far as the

median band, more or less strongly irrorated with ochreous-brown; veins in

distal area largely ochreous-brown, especially on the space just beyond the

median band, where, moreover, they are marked with two rows of dark fuscous

dots ; median band darkest at its borders, where it is somewhat blackish-marked

on the veins; at costa 5mm. in width, its proximal edge from costa to cell oblique

outward, its distal edge from R! oblique inward, its posterior part consequently

quite narrow (on M only reaching between the bases of M' and M?) ; subterminal

pale line strongly dentate; termen partly pale-mixed; terminal line slight,

interrupted. Hindwing rather glossy, nearly uniform greyish-fuscous.

Underside glossy fuscous, feebly marked. Forewing with the postmedian

arising from a distinct dark costal dot ; the costal margin distally paler, tinged

with ochreous ; a slender, interrupted terminal line. Hindwing with indications

of a rather thick, curved postmedian line little beyond the middle.

Morocco: Casablanca, 1911. Type in coll. L. B. Prout, kindly presented by

Monsieur P. Dognin.

Another link between Chesias and Lithostege, having the general coloration

of the former, from which it differs in the less arched costa and the tibial claws.

Supram. GEOMETRINAE.

63. Mauna perquisita sp. nov.

9, 38-40 mm, Face dull reddish purple, with some greyer shading below.

Palpus a little redder, at base beneath with some pale ochreous hairs. Vertex

dull purplish ; occiput olive-grey. Thorax above dull purple, with the ‘“‘ tegulae ”’

mixed ochreous and rufous ; beneath whitish, shaded in places with ochreous and

roseate, Abdomen light ochreous-brown, Legs light ochreous-brown, mixed with

roseate, the middle and hind femora and proximal part of hindtibia whitish on

one side,

Forewing not very narrow, apex minutely produced, termen faintly waved ;

glossy, very variegated, the markings not sharply defined ; prevailing tone dull

grey-purple (formed of a blend of red-brown, pale violet, and sparser black scales),

more ferruginous at base of costa, at apex, in posterior half of median area and

23*

356 Novitates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

towards tornus; costal edge mostly brighter (more tawny), especially towards

apex ; ill-defined pale violaceous shades at costa proximally to postmedian line

and at mid-termen ; still fainter pale shades (with more of a tinge of olivaceous

buff) in posterior half on each side of median area (in the paratype lighter and

much more strongly developed) ; median line black, obscure, obsolescent posteri-

orly, oblique outward from costa at about one-fourth or rather beyond, joining

a longitudinal shade across the median area behind M*; postmedian from

just beyond three-fourths costa, slightly incurved in posterior half, formed

of a small but distinct blackish spot at costa and weaker dots or teeth on

the veins (chiefly defined by the pale shading which accompanies it distally) ;

no terminal line; fringe purple-grey. Hindwing white, with a moderately

broad, dull purple border, which is mostly about 4 mm. broad (but not quite

sharply defined proximally), narrowing at tornus; fainter purplish shading

costally ; fringe whitish grey, tipped with white.

Both wings beneath more nearly as hindwing above, but with the white more

broadly suffused with purplish anteriorly, border of forewing rather narrower and

duller, costal margin of forewing bright yellow ochre with some minute purplish

dots proximally and a larger one representing the postmedian.

Rhodesia: Shamva, December 19, 1917, type in coll. Brit. Museum ; Salis-

bury, January 12, 1920, paratype in coll. L. B. Prout ; both kindly presented by

Rey. Father J. O'Neil.

A true Mauna, the forewing beneath being clothed—as in the type species,

fiia Cram. (= acuminata Walk., scelestaria Feld.)—with long, longitudinally

appressed hair at the base of the costa and in the whole of the cell. This develop-

ment is lacking in ardescens Prout and electa Prout, which perhaps require generic

separation.

64, Euexia percnopus aora subsp. nov.

3, 35-36 mm, Differs from p. percnopus Prout (Nov. Zoo. xxii. 379) chiefly

in shape and in its smaller size.

Forewing slightly narrowed, with costal margin faintly sinuous, termen

appearing prominent at R*, the posterior half being SUDCORCRye: Hindwing

with termen very slightly bent in middle.

In colouring extremely variable, vinaceous cinnamon (type), drab or deep

fawn-colour, the purplish admixture in the distal area and the olivaceous in the

median equally inconstant.

Rhodesia: Shamva, December 1920, 3 gg submitted by Rev. Father J.

O'Neil, type in coll. Brit. Museum, paratypes in coll. J. O’Neil et coll. L. B. Prout.

Here belongs also the specimen from Tanganyika Territory (‘‘ German East

Africa ”’) mentioned in the original description of percnopus. Its wing-margins

being a little damaged, I did not notice its difference in shape and could not

erect a race on a single example on account merely of smaller size.

65. Xylopteryx o’neili sp. nov.

3, 40mm. Head cream-white, with strong black irroration. Palpus white,

the second joint on outer side and beneath black, the third (which is longer than

in typical Xylopteryx and exposed) black at base beneath. Occiput black.

Antenna irregularly spotted, black and white ; the fascicles of cilia moderate,

Novitates ZooLtocicaAE XXIX. 1922, 357

slender. Thorax above predominantly black, patagia and pectus white ; meta-

thoracic crest deep black. Abdomen white, dorsally almost entirely clouded with

purple-grey ; dorsal crests undeveloped ; anal end deep black, with spreading

tufts of white hair. Legs white, the femora dotted, the tibiae and tarsi ringed

with black; hindtibia not dilated.

Forewing with termen almost smooth ; clouded over with purple-grey or

red-grey, traversed by numerous excessively fine, interrupted black lines, the

white ground-colour only showing in slight irroration, in costal and hindmarginal

spots and dots (especially a triangular one at base of hindmargin), in irregular

distal edging to the subbasal and antemedian lines, and especially in parts of the

terminal area; markings broad, deep black; subbasal line thickest at costa

(where it reaches base), oblique outward; antemedian from just beyond one-

fourth costa, angled outward in cell, inward before fold, then oblique outward to

hindmargin at 5 mm. ; postmedian only conspicuous at costa and hindmargin,

deeply excurved between the radials but mostly lost in a broad black band which

reaches the subterminal ; broad diffuse blackish median clouding from hindmargin

to M, then running out behind M® to join the postmedian ; subterminal white,

slender, deeply dentate in middle, straightish anteriorly and posteriorly ; distal

area partly ochreous-brown mixed with white, crossed by an ill-defined black

patch at R® and a second between the medians, the intervening spot (R*-M')

predominantly white ; terminal interneural dots large, black, accompanied on the

white fringe by black or grey shading. Hindwing with termen very feebly

crenulate; white, suffused (except costally) with light purple-grey; a black,

proximally somewhat diffused, distally dentate, submarginal band of 2-3 mm.

width, narrowing to tornus ; a dot just proximal to it behind SM’.

Forewing beneath white, suffused (except in distal area) with light bluish

grey, which becomes darker and more strigulate in median area behind M and M? ;

costa dotted with black except in distal area ; antemedian and postmedian lines

present, finer and weaker than above; submarginal black band and its distal

branch between the radials strong. Hindwing white, here and there (at costal

margin more strongly) irrorated with black; submarginal black band strong.

S. Rhodesia: Salisbury, July 6, 1920 (Rev. Father J. O’Neil). Type in coll.

Brit. Museum, kindly presented by the captor.

A striking species, agreeing structurally (except in third joint of palpus)

with the genotype (protearia Guen.), but with the distal margins even more regular

than in arcuata Walk., which it also more recalls in the white, dark-bordered

hindwing and undersurface, but which has strong abdominal crests and DC! and

DC‘ of both wings shorter.

66. Gonodontis breviata sp. nov.

3g, 31 mm. Face cinnamon, Palpus formed about as in Crocallis boisduva-

laria H. Lue.; mostly black-mixed, leaving only the tip conspicuously pale.

Tongue slight. Vertex brown, the hair not forming a projecting tuft between the

antennae ; occiput paler. Thorax with slight anterior and posterior crests ;

wood-brown, above mixed with redder brown ; abdomen mostly paler, brightest

at anal end, above with very feeble dark spots. Legs irregularly spotted, the first

two pairs predominantly dark, the posterior pale.

Forewing with costal margin shorter than typical, apex not produced, termen

358 Novitatrs Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

even less oblique than in C. boisduvalaria, the crenulations moderately strong and

the bend at R* appreciable ; cinnamon, mixed, as far as postmedian line, with

Mars brown and with some black irroration; antemedian line blackish, pale-

edged proximally but not very sharp, oblique outward and sinuous from two-

sevenths costa to near middle of hindmargin ; cell-mark a black ring ; postmedian

black, slightly pale-edged distally, from costa at 2-3 mm. from apex to hindmargin

close to tornus, slightly oblique inward to near R*, gently excurved between this

and M® and again at SM®; terminal interneural black dots slight or in part

obsolescent ; fringe in part slightly more reddish than distal area. Hindwing

only moderately elongate apically ; ochreous whitish, becoming more fawn-

coloured distally ; black irroration only appreciable distally, nowhere heavy, unless

along distal half of abdominal margin ; no cell-spot ; an incomplete dark, some-

what macular postmedian line starting in a thicker spot on abdominal margin at

tornus, straight but oblique to R*, then incurved but almost obsolete ; terminal

dots subobsolete.

Underside light brown, the forewing, except costally and apically, whiter, the

hindwing and costal region of forewing irrorated with black; a black cell-spot

(not annular) on forewing and a weaker one on hindwing ; both wings with a post-

median line of strong black vein-dots, on the forewing fairly straight, on the hind-

wing straighter than termen, thus ending close to tornus.

Kenya Colony: Kibwezi (W. Feather), October 26, 1917 (type 3), November

4, 1918, a9 slightly larger and still broader winged, both in coll. Tring Museum.

Two larger, but otherwise identical, ¢ g from Nairobi, March 29, 1911

(I. J. Anderson), are in coll, Brit. Museum,

67. Gonodontis xera sp. nov,

2, 32 mm, Head and thorax very pale wood-brown, pectus and abdomen

whiter. Akin to aemoniaria Swinh. (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 527), much

smaller; palpus shorter (little over 1) and with rather shorter hair; tongue

weaker ; antennal serrations longer (nearly 1).

Forewing: termen with the sinus between the teeth at R' and R* rather

deeper than in aemoniaria ; R* from rather before middle of DC ; paler, the mark-

ings, excepting the blackish cell-spot (beneath larger and blacker than above) and

terminal interneural dots or dashes, very weak, the postmedian apparently less

acute at R' than in aemoniaria, the subapical costal spot obsolescent. Hindwing

white, above unmarked, beneath with a small grey cell-spot and very weak

postmedian dots ; termen with a few interneural dots anteriorly.

Kenya Colony: Kibwezi (W. Feather), November 22, 1916 (type), May 8,

1917, and December 22, 1918 (two other 2 9), all in coll. Tring Museum.

68. Chogada oligodranes sp. nov.

39, 34-37 mm. Like acaciaria Bdv. but smaller and with the ground-colour

light brown (slightly tinged with ochreous) instead of white, the brown bands

proximally to the antemedian and distally to the postmedian consequently less

conspicuous,

Forewing with SC'* sometimes (1 3, 1 9) very shortly stalked instead of arising

separately ; antemedian and postmedian lines mostly only very finely dentate

NovitatEes Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 359

(except costally), in general more approximated than in acaciaria, median line as

variable as in that species. Hindwing with median line generally stronger and

straighter, sometimes more proximally placed ; postmedian formed nearly as on

forewing, in general less strongly bent in middle than in acaciaria.

Underside greyer and much more uniform in tone than in acaciaria, the cell-

spots well darkened, the postmedian moderately (at least on forewing), the sub-

terminal and terminal dark shades, on the other hand, obsolescent or quite

inconspicuous,

Orange Free State: Thaba’nchu, January 1915 (G. Edelsten), 6 3 g, 19, in

coll. L. B. Prout. ‘

Variable ; the female and one of the males have the central area of forewing

and proximal part of hindwing heavily suffused with black-grey, especially on

posterior part of forewing and anterior part of hindwing, this in large measure

parallel to acaciaria ab. fumata Warr. It is just possible that oligodranes is an

extremely well differentiated form of that remarkably variable species.

69. Hyostomodes featheri sp. nov.

32, 21-24 mm, Head and body light brown, in places with an ochreous

admixture ; some blackish-fuscous irroration, strongest on head and legs; antenna

dotted with blackish, in ¢ rather stout, serrate, the ciliation slightly over 1,

Forewing shorter and broader than in the type species and with termen more

regularly curved (nearly of the shape of Tephrina cinerascens Butl.); SC™

coincident, commonly connected (occasionally anastomosing at a point) with

C and connected with SC*'; pale fawn-colour, mottled with cinnamon and with

some scattered black irroration; the veins (except anteriorly to SC*) conspicu-

ously pale (cream-buff) ; antemedian line rather broad, ill-defined, at two-sevenths,

whitish buff, excurved anteriorly, nearly vertical (slightly incurved) posteriorly,

accompanied distally by a row of black spots; cell-mark long-oval, black, usually

pale-centred; median shade cinnamon, usually more or less mixed with black; post-

median rather broad, whitish buff, from costa before two-thirds to hindmargin

beyond two-thirds, sinuous (oblique outward from costa, gently incurved between

the radials and very gently in posterior half) ; accompanied proximally, from

costa to M?, by conspicuous black spots, which are separated only by the light

veins ; some black irroration or strigulation between the postmedian and the

(almost obsolete) subterminal, also not continued behind M*; terminal line

scarcely darkened ; a fine yellowish line at base of fringe. Hindwing relatively

rather ample, the termen (except for the weak sinus in middle) a little smoother

than in the type species ; less mottled with cinnamon than forewing ; cell-spot

smaller, not annular; antemedian wanting ; postmedian less sinuous than on

forewing, without the black spots; no strigulation beyond; termen and fringe

as on forewing.

Underside duller, more densely and evenly irrorated with grey and blackish,

the veins remaining clearer; antemedian line wanting; both wings with cell-

spot and pale postmedian line, the latter accompanied distally by a very slight,

but nearly complete, dark shade ; terminal line (of interneural dark spots) better

expressed than above ; fringe as above.

Kenya Colony: Kibwezi, November 23, 1917 (1 3, 2 29), November 4-29,

360 Novirates Zoonocican XXIX, 1922,

1918 (1 g, 1499), April 4-8, 1919 (929). In coll. Tring Museum, collected

by W. Feather.

An elegant and very distinct little species. Both the males are somewhat

worn.

70. Hyostomodes zelota sp. nov.

32, 22-25 mm. Head ochreous-brown, with darker admixture; face

ochreous-brown. Palpus 14, stout, heavily scaled; ochreous-brown. Vertex

darker, Antenna of 3 pectinate, with short branches (14 to 2). Thorax light

ochreous-brown, anteriorly dark purple-grey and with a band of the same

colour across the patagia. Abdomen light ochreous-brown, with indistinct

darker spots or belts dorsally and with paired black dorsal dots at the ends of

the first few segments.

Forewing shaped nearly as in the preceding species ; buff, in proximal half

irregularly spotted or mottled with fuscous, in distal half with scattered atoms of

the same ; costal margin proximally dotted with blackish ; a blackish subcostal

dot close to base ; antemedian line at little beyond one-fourth, nearly straight and

erect, ochreous, almost entirely overlaid with blackish irroration, which thickens

into dots on SC and at hindmargin ; cell-dot black, moderately large; a thick

median line (or narrow shade), anteriorly excurved just outside cell-dot, between

M' and SM? gently incurved, mostly fuscous, but forming blackish spots at costa

and hindmargin and with a ferruginous mark at base of R*-M'; postmedian

just beyond two-thirds, nearly parallel with median, fine, ochreous, marked

with black costally and more feebly at hindmargin and bearing a pair of

subconfluent black spots between R* and M!'; an illdefined, somewhat

interrupted shade shortly beyond, bearing a pair of strong spots opposite

those of the postmedian; termen with somewhat elongate, sharply blackish

interneural spots ; fringe very feebly mottled. Hindwing with termen nearly

smooth, only slightly more bent at R* than in a T'ephrina and less rounded in front

of the bend; slightly paler (at least proximally) than forewing, less strongly

mottled ; median line (or shade) strong, incurved anteriorly (well proximal to

cell-dot) ; cell-dot moderately large ; postmedian obsolescent, but with a small

blackish spot between R' and M'; the shade beyond well developed, straighter

than termen forming spots at costa near apex and behind M? close to tornus ;

termen and fringe as on forewing.

Underside pale buff, with costal area (especially of forewing) brighter ; fore-

wing with fuscous proximal mottlings but without antemedian line ; all the other

markings of upperside reproduced in fuscous, more macular than above,

Kenya Colony: Kibwezi (W. Feather), December 12, 1916 (type 3), April

21, 1919(1 3); March, April, and November 1917, May, November, and December

1918, April and May 1919 (929). In coll, Tring Museum.

Evidently variable ; the second ¢ has all the markings darker and heavier

and the distal area tinged with fawn-colour; only one 2 resembles the jj in

ground-colour, all the rest are more or less strongly tinged on the upperside with

fawn-colour,

71. Milocera divorsa sp. nov.

39, 25-28 mm, Nearly akin to diffusata Warr. (Nov. Zoot, ix. 528, as

Azata). Face mixed with black. Upperside of palpus black at ends of second

and third joints, Pectination of 3 less long ? (apparently scarcely 1, but damaged),

Novitates ZooLocicar XXIX. 1922. 361

Forewing with costa more markedly arched; colour appearing darker,

especially in the g, in which the light ochreous-brown colour is almost covered

with dark irroration, mostly laid on in innumerable transverse striations (in 9

the irroration more scattered, yet coarse and strong) ; cell-dot and lines fairly

distinct, antemedian strongly excurved, postmedian rather oblique outward from

two-thirds hindmargin, about middle of wing beginning to curve so as to become

gradually more oblique, about SC‘ (near the apex) acutely angled and retracted,

becoming indistinct; a rather distinct dark grey shade (thick line) running

obliquely from tornus so as almost to meet the postmedian about R*, then recurved

so as to run parallel with it but becoming indistinct ; terminal area outside this

curved shade mostly paler, conspicuously so in middle and on undersurface ;

termen with rather strong, slightly elongate black interneural dots; a fine

pale line at base of fringe. Hindwing with termen in ¢ considerably more

convex than in diffusata, rather full in middle; cell-dot more proximal than on

forewing ; postmedian about central, straight ; succeeding grey shade strongly

sinuous, arising from abdominal margin near tornus, rather deeply incurved

between the radials; outer pale shading stronger proximally than distally; a

rather dark apical shade.

Underside similar, rather lighter.

Cameroons: Bitye, Ja River. ¢ type in coll. Deutsch. Ent. Mus., para-

type in coll. Joicey ; 9 allotype in coll. L. B. Prout.

Milocera Swinh., with the coincident SC arising from stalk of SC** and anas-

tomosing shortly (or connected) with C, embraces provisionally the type (horaria

Swinh., Tr. Hnt. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 522), arcifera Hmpsn, (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.

1910, p. 469), diffusata Warr, and the new species. The two last-named have less

falcate forewing, less long cells, M' of both wings arising nearer R*. In the 9 of

divorsa the base of SC™ is obsolete, leaving it to arise out of C.

72. Melinoéssa horni sp. nov.

dg, 44-45 mm. Head, body, and legs yellow, beneath mostly white. Face

with a broad irregular transverse red-brown band below middle, from which a

streak projects upwards on either side, almost meeting some dots at upper edge.

Second joint of palpus with some red-brown admixture on outer side, at least at

extremity ; third joint mostly black-grey. Vertex mixed with black-grey, a few

red-brown hairs between this and the yellow occiput. Thorax in front with the

usual dark anterior band.

Forewing shaped and marked nearly as croesaria H.—Sch.* ( = sodaliata Walk.,

costalis Walk.) ; lighter yellow, the reddish admixture being restricted to compara-

tively sparse, though well distributed, dots and strigulae ; a very small dark cell-

dot, in place of the large white-pupilled ocellus of croesaria ; the red-brown lines

rather distinct, not mixed with grey; the postmedian posteriorly vertical or

slightly oblique inward; subterminal silvery dots small, the one behind R* not

or scarcely larger than the others. Hindwing with termen between SC* and M?*

much less convex than in croesaria, recalling the shape of stellata Butl. ; cell-dot

* Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure (Samml. Aussereur. Schmett. i. fig. 370), if accurately drawn, repre-

sents a rare aberration with the postmedian line rather more proximally placed, its angle at R* not

reaching the silvery subterminal spot.

362 Novirates Zootogicar XXITX. 1922.

almost or quite obsolete ; postmedian line almost straight, from costa a little

beyond middle to abdominal margin at nearly two-thirds ; subterminal as on

forewing.

Underside also yellower than in croesaria, the hindwing little whiter than the

forewing ; distal dark shades narrower, farther from termen ; no differentiated

whitish patch at midtermen ; line of upperside reproduced.

Cameroons: Bitje, Ja River, in October ; type in coll. Deutsch, Ent. Mus, ;

paratype (damaged) in coll. Joicey.

croesaria. Bitje, October-November 1912, in coll. Joicey et coll. Tring Museum ;

Sierra Leone (D. Cator), in coll. Brit. Museum ; Nigeria: Warri, April 1897 (Dr.

Roth), in coll, Tring Museum.

Dedicated to Dr. Walther Horn, the director of the Deutsch. Ent. Mus.,

to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of working out some of its Geometrid

material and retaining the duplicates.

73. Melinogssa midas sp. nov.

3, 46-48 mm. Larger than croesaria H.-Sch. Lighter ochreous, the reddish

irroration and strigulae being rather less bright and much less dense.

Forewing with the lines rather well developed; subterminal silvery spots

smaller, the longest one (behind R‘) narrower (more lunular or comma-shaped)

than in croesaria, the rest very small, but with a firmer, more continuous (though

very fine) dark line distally. Hindwing with cell-dot almost obsolete ; post-

median line more distinct (at least anteriorly) than in croesaria, more weakly

angled in the middle ; subterminal corresponding to that of forewing, reaching

abdominal margin at tornus (in croesaria just proximally to tornus).

Both wings beneath with the dark submarginal shades much narrower than

in croesaria.

Cameroons ; Bitje, Ja River, 2,000 ft., November 1907, wet season, type 3

in coll. L. B. Prout ; also two other ¢ g, undated,

74, Zamarada dorsiplaga sp. nov.

9,30mm. Face and upperside of palpus spotted with black. Vertex and

thorax above pale lilac-grey, slightly dotted with black. Abdomen above with

the ground-colour pale grey, but with a large black patch occupying the greater

part of the second, third, and fourth somites, leaving free the slight mediodorsal

crests ; fifth, sixth, and seventh somites narrowly belted with black posteriorly.

Body beneath pale.

Wings superficially recalling a large secutaria Guen., but with the hyaline

part and its dark-grey irroration slightly more olive-tinted.

Forewing with cell-spot less large, with only a few pale scales in its centre,

the median shade arising from a stronger black costal spot, very strongly bent

outward anteriorly (running along vein R'), thus nearer to the postmedian from

R' to hindmargin, somewhat thickened and blackened at hindmargin, the post-

median black line more dentate, with a shallower sinus between R* and M®, the

distal area more narrowly and less brightly shaded with brown proximally to

the subterminal, the black triangular markings (and a sinuous mark between M'

and hindmargin) proximal to the subterminal on the other hand strong.——

Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 363

Hindwing with the cell-dot rather stronger than in secutaria, median shade thicker

and more black-mixed, postmedian line and markings beyond nearly as on fore-

wing, but with the sinuous black mark towards tornus mostly obsolete.

Underside more uniformly dark bordered than in typical secutaria.

S. Rhodesia: Salisbury, August 1, 1918 (Rev. J. O'Neil). Type in coll.

Brit. Museum, presented by the captor.

75, Zamarada densisparsa sp. nov.

3g, 24 mm.; 9, 30-32 mm. Head and body pale brownish-grey or violet-

grey, above with some dark irroration (rather dense on abdomen except at

the incisions) and with some slight ochreous shades in places. Hindtibia in g

somewhat dilated.

Wings of the same texture as in the other species, very pale brownish with a

somewhat olivaceous hue and sprinkled with fine but dense violet-grey irroration

and strigulation.

Forewing with costal margin ochreous, heavily spotted with lustrous violet-

grey ; cell-dot small; a narrow violet-grey distal border, measuring only 13 or

2 mm. at its broadest parts, somewhat sinuous-edged proximally (but not or only

feebly dentate), the posterior sinus long (commencing about R*) but very shallow.

Hindwing with similar cell-dot and distal border.

Underside with the ochreous costa less spotted, the cell-dots obsolescent, the

distal borders darker grey,

S. Rhodesia: Salisbury, July 24, 1918, type ¢ in coll. Brit. Museum, other

specimens in coll. L. B. Prout, coll. A. J. T. Janse, and coll. J. O’Neil, all collected

by Father O’Neil.

Distinguished from narrow-bordered aclea Prout by the coloration and

irroration. :

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

British Ornithologists’ Union and Wollaston Expeditions in

the Snow Mountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea

WITH TWO COLOURED PLATES

By tHe Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Pr:

(LORD ROTHSCHILD)

PRICE: £1 5s. (less 20° to Booksellers).

A REVISION OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAMILY

SPHINGIDAE

By tHE Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Pu. D.,

AND

KARL JORDAN, M.A.L., Pu.D.

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‘| NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,

Fa<* 8

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EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Pu.D.,

Dr. ERNST HARTERT, anp Dr K. JORDAN.

Vou. XXIX.

No. 2.

Paces 365—420.

Issurp Ocroser 257TH, 1922, av tue ZooLoaicat Museum, Trine,

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINKY, Lp., LONDON AND AYLESBURY,

1922,

_ Von. XXIX.

——NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAR

t EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. II,

TYPES OF BIRDS IN THE TRING MUSEUM

B. Typrs mn Tar Generat Contection —Con- sea

tinued d F : ; CGAL SB UE Cnrterh as wear eh Ye 365-412

birt ON THE EMERALD AND GOLDEN CUCKOOS HS Sey ih

as OF AFRICA. Leah ; . |. D. A. Bannerman. 418-420 |

~ ry = <0 I

LRA ~

SRAL IS

NOWITATES ZOOLOGICARE.

Vol. XXIX. OCTOBER 1922. No. 2.

TYPES OF BIRDS IN THE TRING MUSEUM.

By ERNST HARTERT, Px.D.

B. Types in the General Collection.*

TROGLODYTIDAE (continued).

879. Henicorhina leucophrys venezuelensis Hellm. = Henicorhina leucophrys

venezuelensis.

Henicorhina leucophrys venezuelensis Hellmayr, Journ. f. Orn. 1903, p. 530 (“ Habitat in montibus

Venezuelae septentrionalis circum Tucuyé et Caripé’’).

Type: Near Mt. Bucarito, Tucuyo, Venezuela, Oct.-Nov. 1893. Albert

Mocquerys leg.

880. Microcerculus caurensis Berl. & Hart. = Microcerculus caurensis.

Microcerculus caurensis Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix, p. 5 (1902—Nicare, Caura River, tribu-

tary of Orinoco).

Type: 9, Nicare, Caura R., 18.1.1901. E. André leg. Perhaps sub-

species of M. bambla.

881. Microcerculus marginatus occidentalis Hellm. = Microc. marg.

occidentalis. :

Microcerculus marginatus occidentalis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii, p. 354 (1906—N.W. Ecuador).

Type: dad., Lita, N.W. Ecuador, 3,000 feet, 4.x.1899, Miketta & Fleming

leg. No. 210.

882. Orthnocichla subulata advena Hart. = Orthnocichla subulata_advena.

Orthnocichla subulata advena Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1906, p. 298 (Babber, S.W. Islands).

Type: 3, Tepa, Babber L, 6.ix.1905. Collected by Heinrich Kihn’s

hunters. No. 6858.

883. Orthnocichla everetti Hart. = Orthnocichla everetti..

Orthnocichla everetti Hartert, Nov. Zool. iv. p. 170 (1897—South Flores),

Type: 3, South Flores, Nov. 1896, Collected by Alfred Everett’s natives.

* Continued from Novirares Zoonoarcan, 1920, p. 505. See Novrrares Zootoaicar, 1918,

pp. 4-63, 1919, pp. 124-178, and 1920, pp. 425-506.

366 : Novirares ZoonoctcarE XXIX. 1922.

884. Orthnocichla whiteheadi Sharpe = Orthnocichla whiteheadi.

Orthnocichla whiteheadi Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 478 (Kina-Balu, Borneo).

Type: 3, Kina Balu, 4,000 feet, 14. iii. 1888. John Whitehead leg. No. 2207.

885. Pnoepyga everetti Rothsch. = Pnoepyga rufa everetti.

Pnoepyga everetti Rothschild, Nov. Zool. iv. p. 168 (1897—South Flores).

Type: 3, South Flores, 3,500 feet, November 1896. Alfred Everett leg.

PYCNONOTIDAE.

886. Chloropsis flavocincta Sharpe = Chloropsis flavocincia.

Chloropsis flavocincta Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 445 (Kina Balu).

Type: gad., Kina Balu, N. Borneo, 4,000 feet, 24.11.1887. John Whitehead

leg. No. 1003.

ft 887. Chloropsis kinabaluensis Sharpe = Chloropsis flavocincta.

Chloropsis kinabaluensis Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 445, but after flavocincta (Kina Balu).

Type: (9) ad., Kina Balu. John Whitehead leg. No. 1005.

Whitehead (cf. Explor, Mt. Kina Balu, p. 219) has proved that C. kina-

baluensis is the female of flavocincta.

888. Chloropsis viridis viriditectus = C. v. viriditectus.

Chloropsis viridis viriditectus Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 212 (1902—Borneo).

Type: 3g, Baram, Borneo. Alfred Everett leg.

889. Chloropsis viridis parvirostris Hart. = C. v. parvirostris.

Chloropsis viridis parvirostris Hartert, Orn. Monatsber. 1898, p. 93 (Nias).

Type: gad., Gunung Limbu, Nias. Raap leg. No. 473.

890. Hypsipetes amaurotis magnirostris = Microscelis amaurotis magnirostris,

Hypsipetes amaurotis magnirostris Hartert, Bull. BO. Clu), xv. p. 46 (1905—“ Volcano Islands,

south of Bonin’’),

Type: g?, 8S. Dionisio, Volcano Is., 24° N. by 141° E., 16.v.1904.

891. Hypsipetes amaurotis ogawae Hart. = Microscelis amaurotis ogawae.

Hypsipetes amaurotis ogawae Hartert, Vég. pal. Fauna, p- 465 (1907—Amami Island, northern

Riu-Kiu group).

Type: g ad., Amami-Oshima, 13.xii.1904. Collected by Alan Owston’s

hunters. No. 192.

892. Hypsipetes amaurotis stejnegeri Hart. = Microscelis amaurotis stejnegeri,

Hypsipetes amaurotis stejnegeri Hartert, Vég. pal. Fauna, p. 464 (1907—Ishigaki and Iriomote Islands,

southern Riu-Kiu group).

Type: ¢ ad., Ishigaki Island, 26.v.1904, Collected by Alan Owston’s

Japanese hunters. No. 174,

(The generic name Hypsipetes must be replaced by Microscelis, not because

of the slight structural differences, but because Hypsipetes is anticipated by

be A ahi ntingy 9 a york

halt? ite

Novirares Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 367

Ypsipetes, which is the same word and spelt alike in Greek, only aspirated

and not aspirated. Similar cases are Henicurus and Enicurus, Eniconetta and

Heniconetta.)

893. Hemixus connectens Sharpe = Hemixus connectens.

Hemixus connectens Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 446 (Kina Balu, Borneo).

Type: ¢ ad., Kina Balu, 4,000 feet, 14.ii.1887. John Whitehead leg.

No. 963.

+ 894. Iole striaticeps Sharpe = Jole palawanensis (Tweedd.).

Tole striaticeps Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 200 (Palawan).

Type: 9, Taguso, Palawan, 1.vii.1887. John Whitehead leg. No. 1474.

I consider Jole striaticeps the very worn state of Iole palawanensis. The

pale shaft-lines of the feathers of the head are due to wear, the upper side and

tail are very much faded. The 3, also shot at Taguso on 1. vii. . 1887, has a few

fresh feathers on the back, and they are of the same colour as feathers of pala-

wanensis, shot end July, August, and February. JI. palawanensis has been

found by every collector on Palawan, where it is common, i.e. Everett, Platen,

Steere, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, while “ siriaticeps ” was only

met with once by Whitehead. On the collector’s * label the type of striaticeps was

called “ Criniger palawanensis” by Whitehead, and another specimen of the

latter was first called Criniger palawanensis, then Jole striaticeps (apparently in

Sharpe’s handwriting), then again C. palawanensis.

This species is not a typical Criniger, and agrees structurally with Jole olivacea,

the type of the genus Jole. I see no reason to call it Trichophorus palawanensis,

as Oberholser (1905) and Macgregor have done.

895. Criniger Haynaldi Blas. = Jole everetti haynaldi.

Criniger Haynaldi Blasius, Journ. f. Orn. 1890, p. 143 (“ Sulu-Inseln Baye

Type: 2 ad., Jolo, Sulu Islands, 23.v. 1887. Dr. Platen leg. (Exchanged

from the late Ad. Nehrkorn.) Coll. Nehrkorn No, 3032.

896. Iole philippensis saturatior Hart. = [ole gularis saturatior.

Tole philippensis saturatior Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxvi. p. 58 (1916—Mindanao).

Type: g ad., Davao, Mindanao, January 1903, Walter Goodfellow leg.

No. 116.

897. Iole holti binghami Hart. = Jole maclellandi binghami.

Tole holti binghami Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1902, p. 558 (Southern Shan States).

Type: g ad., Loi-San-Pa in the Mong Kong state, southern Shan States,

5,500 feet, 29.xii.1899, C. T. Bingham leg.

(About the nomenclature of these birds see Novirares Zoouoarcag, 1921,

p. 51.)

* These labels were, however, written and tied on in England; the actual original labels were

little tickets with a number and sex mark only, and are mostly not preserved. ‘This detestable,

though convenient way of labelling is now fortunately not practised by many collectors,

368 Novirates Zoontocicam XXIX. 1922.

898. Tole tickelli peracensis Hart. & Butl. = Jole maclellandi peracensis.

Tole tickelli peracensis Hartert & Butler, Nov. Zool. 1898, p. 506 (Gunong Ijau in Perak, Malay

Peninsula).

Type: ¢ ad., Gunong Ijau, 4,500 feet, March 1898. A. L. Butler leg.

No. 30.

899. Criniger barbatus ansorgeanus Hart. = Criniger barbatus ansorgeanus.

Criniger barbatus ansorgeanus Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xix. p. 97 (1907—‘‘ Delta. of River Niger,

Degama, Oguta”’).

Type: gad., Degama, 12.v.1902. W. J. Ansorge leg. No. 427.

900. Criniger gularis balicus Stres. = Criniger gularis balicus..

Criniger gularis balicus Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xx, p. 358 (1913—Bali).

Type: dad., Gitgit, Bali, 2.2.1911. Erwin Stresemann leg. No. 222.

901. Criniger affinis harterti Stres. = Thapsinillas affinis harterti.

Criniger affinis harterti Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xix, p. 342 (1912—Peling Island between Sula and

Celebes).

Type: Adult, Peling Island, May—August 1895. From Cursham’s native

hunters.

902. Criniger lucasi Hart. = Thapsinillas chloris lucas.

Criniger lucasi Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1903, p. 13 (Obi Major).

Type: ¢ ad., Obi Major Island, Moluccas, September 1897. William

Doherty leg. No. 938.

(Though differing by its yellow lores and larger size, the Obi form can hardly

be anything but a subspecies of chloris.)

903. Xenocichla flavicollis soror Neum. = Atimastillas flavicollis soror.

Xenocichla flavicollis soror Neumann, Orn, Monatsber. 1914, p. 9 (“ Ng’ Goumie Fluss,” i.e. Ngounie

River, Ogowe).

Type: @ (not fully ad. ?), Komadekke, Ngounie River, 23.xi.1907 (not

23.xii.). W. J. Ansorge leg.

(Reichenow, Journ. f. Orn. 1918, p. 95, says that soror is the same as flavigula

Cab., but it differs from the latter as described by Neumann. On the other

hand, I agree with Neumann that pallidigula Sharpe is not separable from

flavigula.

The genera of these Pycnonotidae are very little understood. As I cannot

at present go in for a detailed study of these birds, I adopt Oberholser’s genus

Atimastillas. Oberholser carefully reviewed these genera, but I shall finally

doubtless not recognise all his genera, though at present I am unable to say how

many should be suppressed.)

+ 904. Xenocichla harterti Rchw. = Criniger simplex.

Xenocichla harterti Reichenow, Nov. Zool. 1895, p. 60 (‘‘ Siidliche Teile von Sierra Leone und Liberia”’).

Type: gad., Robertsport, Liberia, 12.vi.1891. Jackson Demery leg. No. 15.

The type specimen, like many others from Liberia, had been in spirits, and it is

now admitted that the supposed differences were due to the effect of the spirits,

Novirates ZootocicAE XXIX. 1922. 369

905. Bleda syndactyla ogowensis Naum. = Bleda syndactyla ogowensis,

Bleda syndactyla ogowensis Neumann, Orn. Monatsher. 1914, p- 9 (Ogowe River, Gaboon).

Type: 3 ad., Umpokosa, Lake Ogemwe, near Ogowe River, 9.vi.1907.

W. J. Ansorge leg. No. 312.

906, Bleda exima ugandae Som. = Bleda eximia ugandae.

Bleda exima ugandae van Someren, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxvy. p. 116 (1915—Mabira Forest, Uganda).

Type: jad., Mabira Forest, Uganda, 17.1.1914. Dr. V. G. L. van Someren

leg. No. 13.

907. Chlorocichla indicator chlorosaturata Som. = Chlorocichla indicator

chlorosaturata.

Chlorocichla indicator chlorosaturata van Someren, Bull, B.O. Club, xxxv. p. 127 (1915—Uganda

forests).

Type: g ad., Kyetume forest, Chagwe, Uganda, 7.xii.1914. Dr. V. G. L.

van Someren leg.

(Genus Baeopogon in Oberholser’s arrangement.)

908. Xenocichla orientalis Hartl. = Pyrrhurus scandens orientalis.

Xenocichla orientalis Hartlaub, Journ. f. Orn. 1883, p. 425 (Tomaja).

Type: Qad., Tomaja, 4.xi.1882. Emin Pasha leg. No. 222.

(Though much smaller than P. scandens scandens, clearly a subspecies of the

latter.)

909. Phyllastrephus graueri Neum. = Phyllastrephus grauerit.

Phyllastrephus graueri Neumann, Bull. B.O. Club, xxiii. p. 13 (Country west of Lake Albert

Edward ”’).

Type: 3, Forest 90 kilometres west of Lake Albert Edward, 5.ii. 1908,

Rudolf Grauer leg.

910. Phyllastrephus icterinus sethsmithi Hart. & Neum. = Ph. ict. sethsmitht.

Phyllastrephus icterinus sethsmithi Hartert & Neumann, Orn. Monatsver. 1910, p. 81 (Budongo Forest,

Unyoro).

Type: 3, Budongo Forest, 20.ii.1907. L. M. Seth-Smith leg.

911. Chlorocichla gracilirostris chagwensis Som. = Stelgidillas gracilirostris

chaqwensis.

Chlorocichla gracilirostris chagwensis van Someren, Bull. B.O. Clu, xxxv. p. 127 (1915—“ Uganda

Forests ”’).

Type: dg ad., Nazigo Hill, Chagwe Province, 20.x.1914. Dr. V. G. L.

van Someren leg.

912. Andropadus gracilis extremus subsp. nov.

Subspeciei A. gracilis gracilis dictae persimilis, sed epigastrio virescentiore, gula grisescentiore

haud difficile distingendus.

Type: gad., near Mattra, near Sherbro, Jong River, Sierra Leone, 8.x. 1912,

H. Kelsall leg, No, 783,

370 Novirares ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922.

Three adult males from Sierra Leone in the Tring Museum and other specimens

in the British Museum differ from a series from Kamerun, Gabun, and the Lower

Congo, which I look upon as typical A. gracilis (type N. Angola) in having the

abdomen brighter and more greenish, the throat in contrast more greyish. Wings

70, 72, 72 mm.

A series from the Lower Niger (Ansorge leg.) appear to be the same race,

though some approach A. gracilis gracilis,

913. Andropadus ugandae Som. = Andropadus gracilis ugandae.

Andropadus ugandae van Someren, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxv. p. 127 (1915—Uganda).

Type: gad. Mabira Forest, 7.i1.1914 (not 20.iv.!). V. G. L. van

Someren leg.

914. Andropadus ansorgei Hart. = Andropadus ansorget.

Andropadus ansorgei Hartert, Bull. B.O, Club, xxi. p. 10 (Dgama and Gregani, southern Nigeria).

Type: 3, Degama, Southern Nigeria, 19.v. (not 19.x) 1902. W. J. Ansorge

leg. No. 468.

This species has nothing to do with A. gracilis. Bannerman’s note in Rev,

Zool. Afr. ix. p. 405, refers to my A. g. extremus !

+915. Andropadus gracilirostris liberiensis Rchw. = Stelgidillas gracilirostris

gracilirostris.

Andropadus gracilirostris liberiensis Reichenow, Nov. Zool. 1895, p. 160 (Liberia).

Type: Adult, Grand Cape Mount, Liberia, 26.1.1893. Demery leg. From

spirits !/

916. Charitillas kavirondensis Som. = Andropadus kavirondensis.

Charitillas kavirondensis van Someren, Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 95 (“ Elgon and North Kavirondo to

Nandi”’).

Type: ¢g ad. Kakamega Road, 9.ii.1917. H. J. Allen Turner leg.

Meinertzhagen Coll.

917. Pycnonotus barbatus schoanus = Pycnonotus barbatus schoanus.

Pycnonotus barbatus schoanus Neumann, Orn. Monatsber. 1905, p. 77 (‘‘ Hochgebirge Abyssiniens,

Schoas und Siid-Aethiopiens ”’).

Type: 6d, Kilbe, province of Kollu, Shoa, 7.x.1900. Oscar Neumaun leg.

No, 173.

918. Pycnonotus sinensis formosae Hart. = Pycnonotus sinensis formosae.

Pycnonotus sinensis formosae Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1910, p. 230 (Formosa).

Type: 3, Taipeh, Formosa, October 1896. Collected by Owston’s Japanese

hunters,

919, Pycnonotus prillwitzi Hart. = Pycnonotus simplex prillwitzi.

Pycnonotus prillwitzi Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1902, p. 561 (Java).

Type: Ad., Karangbolong, 8. Java, April-May 1901. Ernst Prillwitz leg.

(In 1902 I thought we did not know enough about these birds, and described

Noyirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 371

the Java form under a binomial, but I am now convinced that it is a subspecies

of simplex.)

920. Oreostictes leucops Sharpe = Oreostictes leucops.

Oreostictes leucops Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 388, pl. ix, fig. 1 (Kina Balu, Borneo).

Type: ¢ ad., Kina Balu, 8,000 feet, 7.ii.1888, John Whitehead leg.

No. 1963.

CAMPOPHAGIDAE.

921. Artamides guillemardi Salvad. = Coracina personata guillemardi.

Artamides guillemardi Salvadori, Ibis, 1886, p. 154 (Sulu Islands).

Type: (3), Lapac Island, Sulu Islands, 18.v.1883. H. Guillemard leg.

(I do not see how we can avoid to look upon C. guillemardi as a subspecies

of personata. Hellmayr, Avif. Timor, p. 37, does not mention guillemardi, but

says that doubtless floris and personatus are subspecies of personata. I am

afraid this can be doubted, the snow-white (instead of slate-coloured) under

tail-coverts and belly being a rather striking character. If, however, this is

accepted, then these two forms form an evident connecting link with atriceps,

so that all would be forms of atriceps, which was described on the same page as

personata, but beforeit. I think it is safer at present to treat atriceps and personata

as distinct species, also floris (and alfredianus) as a third.)

922. Graucalus normani Sharpe = Coracina (? personata) normani.

Graucalus normani Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 438 (Kina Balu).

Types: 99, Kina Balu, Borneo, 3.iii, 10.ii.1887, John Whitehead leg.

Nos. 1055, 952.

(It is doubtful if this form can be looked upon as a subspecies of personata.

A critical review of the genus is required, in order to group all forms into species

and subspecies.)

_ 923, Graucalus fortis alfredianus Hart. = Coracina fortis alfrediana.

Graucalus fortis alfrediana Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1898, p. 458 (Alor).

Type: 3, Alor Island, May 1897, Alfred Everett leg.

924, Coracina welchmani kulambangrae R. & H. = Coracina welchmani

kulambangrae.

Coracina welchmani kulambangrae Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxiii. p. 289 (1916—Kulambangra

Solomon Islands).

Type: gad., Kulambangra, 25.ii.1901. A. 8S. Meek. Coll. No. 2796.

(These large forms, welchmani and kulambangrae, might also be subspecies

of personata, and require further consideration.)

925. Graucalus bungurensis Hart. = Coracina sumatrensis bungurensis.

Graucalus bungurensis Hartert, Nov, Zool. 1894, p. 477 (Bunguran, Natuna Islands),

Types: 3, Bunguran, October 1893, Alfred Everett leg,

372 Novirates ZoonogicAn XXIX. 1922.

926. Graucalus crissalis Salvad. = Coracina sumatrensis crissalis.

Graucalus crissalis Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xxxiv. p. 592 (1894—Si Oban Island, west of

Sumatra).

Types: G9, Si Oban, 26.iv.1894. Modigliani leg.

Both specimens are marked in the author’s handwriting: “ Graucalus

crissalis Salvad. Typus!” They are specimens A and D of Salvadori’s list,

who marked all skins as ‘“‘ Typus.”” They are thus cotypes, or paratypes accord-

ing to modern nomenclature.

927, Graucalus vordermani Hart. = Coracina sumatrensis vordermani.

Graucalus vordermani Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 32 (1901—Kangean Island).

Type: 3g, Kangean Island, September 1901. Ernst Prillwitz leg.

928. Graucalus sumatrensis difficilis Hart. = Coracina swmatrensis difficilis.

Graucalus sumatrensis difficilis Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1895, p. 470 (Balabac).

Type: gad., Balabac Island, 25.xii.1893. Alfred Everett leg.

929. Graucalus papuensis ingens R. & H. = Coracina papuensis ingens.

Graucalus papuensis ingens Rothschild & Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxiii. p. 107 (1914—Manus,

Admiralty Island).

Type: gad., Manus, 9.ix.1913. A. 8S. Meek Coll. No. 6012.

930. Coracina papuensis meekiana R. & H. = Coracina papuensis meekiana.

Coracina papuensis meekiana Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xix. p. 201 (1912—Kumusi River,

north-eastern British New Guinea).

Type: 3, Kumusi River, 17.vi.1907. A. S. Meek Coll. No. 3209.

931. Graucalus hypoleucus louisiadensis Hart. = Coracina papuensis

lowisiadensis.

Graucalus hypoleucus louisiadensis Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. p. 524 (1898—Louisiades Islands, Sudest

Island).

Type: ¢ ad., Sudest Island, 5.iv.1898. A. S. Meek Coll. No, 1668.

932. Coracina papuensis perpallida R. & H. = Coracina papuensis perpallida.

Coracina papuensis perpallida Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxiii. p. 290 (1916—Bougainville,

Choiseul, Isabel and Florida, Solomon Islands)

Type: “2” ad., Bougainville Island, 6.v.1904, A.S. Meek Coll. No, A 1739.

933. Coracina novaehollandiae kuehni Hart. = Coracina novaehollandiae

kuehni.

Coracina novaehollandiae kuehni Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxvi, p. 65 (1916—Little Key Islands).

Type: ¢ (not?!) ad., Tual, Little Key, 1.x.1897. Heinr, Kiihn leg.

934. Graucalus macei larvivorus Hart. = Coracina macei larvivora.

Graucalus macei larvivorus Hartert, Nov. Zool, xvii. p. 227 (1910—Hainan).

Type: 3g, Mt. Wuchi, Hainan, 21.iii.1903, Katsumata leg.

od .

Novitatrs ZoonoaicAE XXIX. 1922. 373

935. Coracina graueri Neum. = Coracina graueri.

Coracina graueri Neumann, Bull. B.O. Club, xxiii. p. 11 (1908—* forest 90 km. west of Lake

Albert Edward ”’).

Type: ¢ (not 2), forest west of Lake Albert Edward, 14.ii.1908. Rudolf

Grauer leg. No. 2042.

936. Graucalus pusillus ombriosus R. & H. = Coracina pusilla ombriosa.

Graucalus pusillus ombriosus Rothschild & Hartert, Now. Zool. 1905, p. 264 (western central group

of Solomon Islands, New Georgia, Rendova, Gizo, Kulambangra).

Type: gad., Gizo, 31.x.1913. A. S. Meek Coll. No. A 695.

937. Edoliisoma melas meeki = EHdoliisoma melas meeki.

Edoliisoma melas meeki Rothschild & Hartert, x. p. 207 (1903—‘ British New Guinea and Fly

River ’’).

Type: 9, Milne Bay, south-eastern New Guinea, 11.iv.1899, A. S. Meek

leg. No, 2458.

I cannot agree with Ogilvie-Grant’s remarks on p. 121 of the Jubilee Volume

of the Ibis, No. 2, 1915, who states that meeki cannot be separated from EH, m.

melas, as the whole series of females from British New Guinea is pale.

A female from the Sattelberg, collected by C. Wahnes, 11.xii.1905, seems

also to belong to meeki.

938. Edoliisoma melas tommasonis R. & H. = Edolisoma melas tommasonis.

Edoliisoma melas tommasonis Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. x. p. 206 (1903—Jobi Island).

Type: 2 ad., Ansus, Jobi Island, in the Geelvink Bay, 12.xi.1883. Powell

leg. No. J 965.

939, Edoliisoma montana minus R. & H. = Hdolisoma montanum minus.

Edoliisoma montana minus Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xiv. p. 464 (1907—British New Guinea),

Type: ¢ ad., Bihagi, head of Mambare River, north side of the Owen

Stanley Mts., 29.iii.1906. A.S. Meek Coll. No. A 2672.

(Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, Jubilee Suppl. ii. p. 127, ‘‘ prefers ” not to acknowledge

this subspecies, but in our now very fine series is not one that reaches the usual

average size of H. m, montanum, which has wings of 135-141°5 mm., while the

south-eastern males are often under 130, and run up to 132, according to Ogilvie-

Grant in one case to 134, H. m. minus is therefore a good subspecies, though its

“« difference is merely a matter of size” as Grant said.)

940. Edoliisoma schisticeps vittatum R. & H. = Hdolisoma schisticeps vittatum.

Edoliisoma schisticeps vittatum Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxi. p. 5 (1914—Fergusson and

Goodenough Islands, D’Entrecasteaux group).

Type: 9 ad., Goodenough Island, 11.v.1913. A. 8S. Meek Coll. No. 5683.

941, Edoliisoma meyeri sharpei R. & H. = Hdolisoma incertum sharpei.

Ldoliisoma meyeri sharpest Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. x. p. 209 (1903—“ North coast of Dutch

New Guinea ’’).

Type: dg ad., northern coast of Dutch New Guinea east of the Huon Gulf,

1900, collected by J. M. Dumas.

374 Novirates ZoonocicAE XXIX. 1922.

(Lord Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxvi. p. 58, declared that “‘ the type

of EH. meyeri sharpei and the specimens from South New Guinea are nothing

more nor less than the adult males of Zdoliisoma incertum.” We have now seven

adult and one juvenile male from the Lower Snow Mts, and the Hydrographer

Range, W. of Dyke Acland Bay, S.E. New Guinea, and also seven females from

the Snow Mts., Aroa River, and Hydrographer Range. The 9 has only blackish

lores, but no black ear-coverts or throat, and the under wing-coverts and axillaries

are barred grey and white, instead of uniform slaty-grey. I agree that meyeri,

sharpet, and incertum are subspecies, and as incertwm is an older name, our form

must be called #. incertwm sharpei. As the type of incertum is from Jobi, and

Meyer, Abh. naturw. Ges. Isis, 1884, p. 29, states a number of differences between

his Jobi type and a specimen from Andai—which I compared with our New

Guinea examples, and which agrees absolutely with the females—we cannot at

present conclude that incertwm and sharpei are ‘‘ identical,” but we may treat

them as subspecies.)

942. Edolisoma mindanense sula Hart. = Hdolisoma mindanense sula.

Edolisoma mindanense sula Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxviii. p. 28 (published January 1918—

“Sula Besi and Sula Mangoli Islands’’).

Type: 9 ad., Sula Besi, October 1897. William Doherty leg.

943. Edoliosoma emancipata Hart. = Edolisoma emancipata.

Edoliosoma emancipata Hartert, Nov. Zool. iii. p. 170 (1896—Djampea Island).

Types: g9, Djampea, between Flores and Celebes, December 1895. Alfred

Everett leg.

944, Edolisoma morio pererratum Hart. = Hdolisoma morio pererratum.

Edolisoma morio pererratum Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxviii. p. 28 (published January 1918—

Tukang-Besi Islands, Tomi and Kalidupa).

Type: 3, Tomia Island, Tukang-Besi group, S8.E. of Celebes, 23.xii.1901.

Heinrich Kiihn leg. No. 4408.

945. Edolisoma obiense pelingi Hart. = Hdolisoma obiense pelingi.

Edolisoma obiense pelingi Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxviii. p. 27 (published January 1918—“ islands

of Peling and Banggai between East Celebes and the Sula Islands ”’).

Type: @ad., Peling, summer 1895, Cursham leg.

946, Edoliosoma amboinense tagulanum Hart. = Hdolisoma tagulanwm.

Edoliosoma amboinense tagulanum Hartert, Nov. Zool. vy. p. 524 (1898—Sudest or Tagula Island,

8.E. of New Guinea).

Type: gad., Sudest Island, 20.iv.1898. A. S. Meek leg. No. 1767.

(This form is probably a subspecies of Z. amboinense or incertum, but it

requires a full study of all forms of the genus to group this, emancipata, and

other forms finally, and in order to avoid uncertain experiments and changes,

it will be best to use binomials for the present for this and other forms.)

——— = To -——.

Novirares ZootocicaAE XXIX. 1922. 375

947. Edoliosoma rostratum Hart. = Hdolisoma rostratum.

Edoliosoma rostratum Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, viii. p. xx (1898—Rossel Island, Louisiade group).

Type: g ad., Rossel Island, 26.i.1898. A. 8S. Meek leg. No. 1296.

948, Edolisoma amboinense rooki R. & H. = Hdolisoma amboinense rookt.

Edolisoma amboinense rooki Rothschild & Hartert, Bull. B.O, Club, xxxiii. p. 107 (1914—Rook

Island, west of New Britain).

Type: ¢g ad., Rook Island, 26.vii.1913. Eichhorn Bros. leg. No. 5831

of the A. S. Meek collections,

949, Edolisoma amboinense admiralitatis R. & H. = Edolisoma amboinense

admiralitatis.

Edolisoma amboinense admiralitatis Rothschild & Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxiii. p. 108 (1914—

“* Admiralty Islands’).

Type: ¢ ad., Manus, Admiralty Islands, 5.ix.1913, Eichhorn Bros. leg.

No. 5962 of the A. S. Meek collections,

950. Edoliisoma erythropygium saturatius R. & H. = Hdolisoma erythr. saturatius.

Edoliisoma erythropygium saturatius Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 582 (1902—* Ysabel,

Kulambangra and Shcrtland Islands’).

Type: @ ad., Isabel Island, Solomon Islands, 20.vi.1901. Albert S. Meek

leg. No. 3350.

951. Edoliosoma dohertyi Hart. = Hdolisoma doherty.

Edoliosoma dohertyi Hartert, Nov. Zool. iii. p. 584 (1896—Sumba Island).

Type: gad., Sumba, February 1896. William Doherty leg.

952. Chlamydochaera jefferyi Sharpe = Chlamydochaera jefferyi.

Chlamydochaera jefferyi Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 439, pl. xiii. (Mt, Kina Balu, Borneo).

Type: dg ad. Kina Balu, 3,000 feet, 7.iii.1887. John Whitehead leg.

No. 1078.

+ 953. Campephaga rothschildi Neum. = Campephaga phoenicea aberr.

Campephaga rothschildi Neumann, Journ. f. Orn. 1907, p. 594 (‘‘Gmezo im Bovana Land,

24.v.1905’’).

Type: 3g, Gmezo, 24.v.1905. Maurice de Rothschild leg.

(There can be no doubt that C. rothschildi is not a species, but an aberrant

specimen of the yellow-shouldered variety [‘‘ xanthornoides”’| of Campephaga

phoenicea, with yellow outer primary coverts. Not only the colour of the

shoulder-patch, but also the extent of the red or yellow colour varies, and in this

case the latter colour has extended over the outer primary coverts.)

954. Pericrocotus marchesae Guill. = Pericrocotus marchesae.

Pericrocotus marchesae Guillemard, Proc. Zool, Soc. London, 1885, p. 259, pl. xviii, fig. 1 (Maimbun,

Sulu Island, 15.v.1883).

Type or cotype: g, Maimbun, 15.v.1883. Cruise of the Marchesa. Powell

leg.

376 Noyiratrs ZoonoaicaAE XXIX. 1922.

(“ Only two examples of this beautiful new species were obtained, and no

others were observed during the Marchesa’s visit to the Archipelago.” Since

then it has been collected by Platen, Bourns & Worcester, and Bartsch.)

955. Pericrocotus cinereigula Sharpe = Pericrocotus montanus cinereigula.

Pericrocotus cinereigula Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 192 (Kina Balu).

Type: 3, Kina Balu, Borneo, 3,000 feet, 16.ii.1887. John Whitehead leg.

No. 973.

(P. m. cinereigula was described by Sharpe from an aberrant male, while

typical specimens were united with P. montanus, described from Sumatra by

Salvadori. Thus really cinereigula is not better than wrayi and croceus, which

were both named by Sharpe from aberrant montanus from the Malay Peninsula.

But, while I cannot separate Malay Peninsula and Sumatra specimens (cf.

Robinson, Journ. Fed. Mal. States Mus. ii. p. 78, 1907), those from Borneo are

not quite the same, all the males having entirely black central rectrices, while

in P. m. montanus from the mountains of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula they

show more or less red; the Bornean form therefore becomes P. m. cinereigula,

although originally named under an erroneous impression.)

956, Lalage karu keyensis R. & H. = Lalage karu keyensis.

Lalage karu keyensis Rothschild & Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxvii. p. 17 (1917—Key Islands).

Typ2: 9, Tual, Little Key Island, 14.ix.1897, Heinrich Kiihn leg. No. 67.

957. Lalage karu obscurior R. & H. = Lalage karw obscurior.

Lalage karu obscurior Rothschild & Hartert, Bull, B.O, Club, xxxvii. p. 16 (1917—‘‘ Fergusson and

Goodenough Islands’).

Type: 9, Fergusson Island, 20.ix.1894, A. S, Meek leg.

958. Lalage karu pallescens R. & H. = Lalage karw pallescens.

Lalage karu pallescens Rothschild & Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxvii. p. 17 (January 1917—* St.

Aignan and Sudest Islands in the Lousiade group”).

Type: dg ad., Sudest Island, 26.ii1.1916. A. S. Meek Coll. No. 7269.

959. Lalage sharpei Rothsch. = Lalage sharpei.

Lalage sharpei Rothschild, Bull, B.O. Club, x. p. xl. (1900—Upolu, Samoa),

Type: 3, Apia, Upolu, Samoa, 13.iii.1895. OC. M. Woodford leg.

HIRUNDINIDAE.

960. Hirundo urbica meridionalis Hart. = Delichon urbica meridionalis.

Hirundo urbica meridionalis Hartert, Vég. pal. Fauna, i. p. 809 (1910—Algeria).

Type: gad., Hammam P’rhira, N. Algeria, 8.v.1908. Walter Rothschild &

E. Hartert leg. No. 337.

961. Hirundo urbica nigrimentalis Hart. = Delichon urbica nigrimentalis.

Hirundo urbica nigrimentalis Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, i. p. 810 (1910 —* Fokien im siidwestlichen

China”’),

Type: gad., Kuatun, hills of N.W. Fokien, 30.iv.1897. J. D. La Touche

leg.

Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 377

962. Cotile pembertoni Hart. = Riparia paludicola pembertont.

Cotile pembertoni Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 76 (1902—‘ Angola, ad flumen Cuanza ”’).

Type: dg ad., Dondo, Cuanza River, Angola, 8.vi.1901. Hubert C. Pem-

berton leg.

+ 963. Riparia paludicola dohertyi Hart. = Riparia paludicola ducis.

Riparia ducis Reichenow, Orn. Monatsber. 1908, p. 81 (Ruanda).

Riparia paludicola dohertyi Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxv. p. 95 (1910— British East Africa ”’).

Type: 3, Kikuyu Escarpment (not Mau Escarpment !), 8,000 feet, September

1900. W. Doherty leg.

(I have compared the type of R. ducis Reichenow and find that it must be

the same as my dohertyi, as suggested by Reichenow, Journ. f. Orn, 1918, p. 76.

The original examples from Escarpment, Kikuyu Mts. (not Mau !), are smaller,

but specimens collected by van Someren at Nairobi, Kisumu, Nakuru, have

partially longer wings, up to 104 mm., while the left wing of the type of ducis

is barely 106 mm., which is hardly a difference worth considering.)

964, Riparia obsoleta buchanani Hart. = Riparia obsoleta buchanana.

Riparia obsoleta buchanani Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxviii. p. 112 (1921—Asben Mts.).

_ Type: ¢ ad., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 27.v.1920. A. Buchanan leg.

No, 643.

965. Hirundo rothschildi Neum. = Hirundo lucida rothschildi.

Hirundo rothschildi Neumann, Orn. Monatsber. 1904, p. 143 (Kaffa).

Type: gad., Schubba in West Kaffa, South Aethiopia, 11.iv.1901. Oscar

Neumann leg.

(This form requires confirmation, The rufous colour on the forehead and

throat is, in my opinion, not different from that of some lucida, collected by

Ansorge at Cachen and Gunnal in Portuguese Guinea, and the more purple colour

of the upperside appears to be the only difference.)

966. Hirundo albigularis microptera Hart. = Hirwndo albigularis microptera.

Hirundo albigularis microptera Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xiv. p. 73 (1904—Angola).

Type: gad., Ambaca, Angola, 18.v.1903. W. J. Ansorge leg. No. 168.

967, Psalidoprocne holomelaena massaica Neum. = Psalidoprocne holomelaena

MASsSaica,

Psalidoprocne holomelaena massaica Neumann, Orn. Monatsber. 1904, p. 144 (“ Gebirge von Ost-

Afrika ”’).

Type: g ad., Escarpment, Kikuyu Mts., Brit. E. Africa, December 1900.

William Doherty leg.

968, Psalidoprocne orientalis oleaginea Neum. = Psalidoprocne orientalis oleaginea.

Psalidoprocne orientalis oleaginea Neumann, Orn. Monatsber. 1904, p. 144 (Kaffa).

Type: gf ad., Schubba in West Kaffa, 11.iv.1901, O, Neumann leg

No, 1081,

378 Novirates ZooLtocicaE XXIX. 1922.

XENICIDAE.

969. Traversia lyalli Rothsch. = Traversia lyalli.

Traversia lyalli Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, iv. p. x. (December 1894—“‘ Stephen’s Island, New

Zealand ”’).

Type: gad., Stephen Island in Cook Strait between North and South Islands

of New Zealand, 1894, caught by the lighthouse keeper’s cat, bought from Henry

Travers,

PITTIDAE.

970. Pitta concinna everetti Hart. = Pitta elegans everetti.

Pitta concinna everetti Hartert, Nov, Zool. v. p. 459 (1898—Alor).

Type: ¢ ad., Island of Alor (between Flores and Wetter), April 1897.

Alfred Everett leg.

(There can, in my opinion, be no doubt that P. concinna, everetti, maria,

vigorsi, and virginalis are all subspecies of Pitta elegans [irena auct !], the question

only being if they could not all be subspecies of the Indian brachyura /)

971. Pitta maria Hart. = Pitta elegans maria.

Pitta maria Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, v. p. 47 (1896—Sumba Island).

Type: Adult, hills of Sumba, back at Melola, February 1896, given to

William Doherty by Mejuffrouw Marie de Korte.

972. Pitta virginalis Hart. = Pitta elegans virginalis.

Pitta virginalis or Pitta irena virginalis Hartert, Nov. Zool. iii. p. 174 (1896—Djampea).

Type: gad., Djampea, December 1895. Alfred Everett leg.

973. Pitta anerythra Rothsch. = Pitta anerythra anerythra.

Pitta anerythra Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 22 (1901—Isabel Island, Solomon Islands).

Type: gad., Isabel Island, 4.vii.1901. Albert S. Meek leg. No. 349,

(Figure NoviraTes ZOOLOGICA, ix.)

974, Pitta anerythra pallida Rothsch. = Pitta anerythra pallida.

Pitta anerythra pallida Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, xv. p. 7 (November 1904—Bougainville Island,

Solomon Islands).

Type: ¢ ad., Bougainville Island, 26.iv.1904, Albert 8, Meek leg. No.

1664,

975. Pitta mackloti aruensis Rothsch. & Hart. = Pitta mackloti aruensis.

Pitta mackloti aruensis Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii. p. 63 (1901—Aru Islands).

Type: gad., Wokan, Aru Islands, 4.x.1900. Heinrich Kiihn leg, No, 254,

976, Pitta kuehni Rothsch. = Pitta mackloti kuehni.

Pitta kuehni Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, x. p. iii. (1899—“ Key Islands and Koer”’),

Type: dg ad., Kilsoein, Koer Islands, 26.vi.1899. Heinrich Kiihn leg.

No. 1190.

Novirates ZoonoaicaAE XXIX. 1922. 379

977. Pitta mackloti oblita Rothsch. & H. = Pitta mackloti oblita.

Pitta mackloti oblita Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xix. p. 197 (1912—Aroa River).

Type: gad., Avera, Aroa River, Owen Stanley Mts., 23.ii.1903. Albert

S. Meek leg. No. A 279.

978. Pitta meeki Rothsch. = Pitta mackloti meeki.

Pitta meeki Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Clu), viii. p. vi. (1898—Rossel Island).

Type: ¢gad., Rossel Island, Louisiade group, 2.ii.1898. A. S. Meek leg.

No. 1357.

(I have recognized these interesting forms as subspecies of mackloti, which

they undoubtedly are, but an intricate study of the genus may lead to looking

upon them all as forms of Pitta erythrogastra, which appears to be the oldest

name of this group.)

979. Pitta dohertyi Rothsch. = Pitta dohertyi.

Pitta dohertyi Rothschild, Bull. B.O, Club, vii. p. xxxiii. (1898—Sula Mangoli).

Type: gad., Sula Mangoli, October 1897. William Doherty leg.

+ 980. Pitta atricapilla rothschildi Parrot = Pitta atricapilla atricapilla.

Pitta atricapilla rothschildi Parrot, Abhandl. k. Bayer. Akad. ii. Kl., xxiv. i. p. 223 (1907—Marin-

duque Island, Philippines).

Type: ¢ Marinduque, May 19th, 1888, J. B. Steere leg.

Parrot gave the name rothschildi to the one specimen he saw from Marinduque,

in case this should be a new form. The differences, however, are merely indi-

vidual. The extent of white on the primaries varies in this species and is much

less in another specimen from Marinduque. The bluish colour of the underside

is also seen in birds from other islands and apparently due to exposure to the

light. In size the type of rothschildi is not larger than birds from other islands ;

the red of the under tail-coverts is not strikingly different.

981. Pitta schneideri Hart. = Pitta schneideri.

Pitta schneideri Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxv. p. 9 (1909—“ Mt. Si Bajak, Battak Mountains, Upper

Deli, Northwest Sumatra’’).

Type: Adult (male, but not sexed originally), Si Bajak. Gustav Schneider

leg.

982. Pitta superba R. & H. = Pitta superba.

Pitta superba Rothschild & Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxiii. p. 106 (1914—Manus, Admiralty Islands).

Type: g ad., Manus, 13.x.1913. Eichhorn Bros. leg. A. 8. Meek Coll.

No. 6250,

(Figure Novirares ZooLoGica®, xxi.)

983. Mellopitta gigantea Rothsch. = Mellopilta gigantea,

Mellopitta gigantea Rothschild, Orn. Monatsber. 1899, p. 137 (“ Mt. Maori,” west of Humboldt

Bay, north coast of New Guinea),

Type: “3” (2), ‘Mt. Maori,” 3,000 feet, January 1899. J. M. Dumas leg.

(Cf. Novirarrs ZOOLOGICAL, xx, p. 491.)

380 Novrrates Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922.

COTINGIDAE.

984, Pachyrhamphus peruanus Hart. & Goodson = Pachyrhamphus peruanus.

Pachyrhamphus peruanus Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 410 (1917—Chanchamayo, Cuzco,

§.E. Peru, 1,500 m.).

e: 9, Chanchamayo, Peru, January 1905. C, O. Schunke leg.

985. Lathria unirufus castaneotinctus Hart. = Lathria unirufa castaneotincta.

Lathria unirufus castaneotinctus Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1902, p. 610 (Cachavé, Rio Durango, N.W.

Ecuador),

Type: ‘‘9,” Rio Durango, N.W. Ecuador, 17.v.1901. Miketta & Flemming

leg. No. 23.

986. Aulia tertia Hart. = Laniocera rufescens tertia.

Aulia tertia Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1902, p. 609 (Bulan, in N.W. Ecuador).

‘ype: 3, Bulan, 17.xi.1900. Miketta & Flemming leg. No. 92.

987. Lipangus holerythrus rosenbergi Hart. = Lipangus holerythrus rosenbergi.

Lipangus holerythrus rosenbergi Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xvi, p. 12 (1905—Rio Dagua, W. Colombia).

Type: 3, Rio Dagua, 1.vi.1895. W. F. Rosenberg leg.

988. Attila braziliensis parambae Hart. = Attila braziliensis parambae.

Attila braziliensis parambae Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xi. p. 39 (1900—Paramba, N. Ecuador).

Type: gad., Paramba, N. Ecuador, 3,500 feet, 22.iii.1899. G. Flemming

leg. No. 222.

(Cf. also Novrrarrs Zoonoaicas, ix. p. 610; Chapman, Distr. Bird-life

Colombia, p. 495.)

PIPRIDAE.

989. Chloropipo holochlora litae Hellm. = Chloropipo holochlora litae.

Chloropipo holochlora litae Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 325 (1906—Lita in N.W. Ecuador).

Type: gad., Lita, 22.ix.1899. G. Flemming leg. No. 143.

990. Masius chrysopterus bellus Hart. & Hellm. = Masius chrysopterus bellus.

Masius chrysopterus bellus Hartert & Hellmayr, Orn. Monatsber, 1903, p. 35 (“‘ Cauca-Tal in

Colombia’),

Type: dg ad., Rio Lima, Cauca valley, Colombia, 4,000 feet, 19. viii. 1898,

J. H. Batty leg. No. 5599.

991. Pipra aureola calamae Hellm. = Pipra aureola calamae.

Pipra aureola calamae Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xvii. p. 303 (1910—Rio Madeira).

Type: 3g ad., Calama, Rio Madeira, 23.viii.1907. W. Hoffmanns leg.

No, 445.

992. Pipra mentalis minor Hart, = Pipra mentalis minor.

Pipra mentalis minor Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. p. 489 (1898—Cachavé, N.W. Ecuador).

Type: gad., Cachavé, 7.1.1897, W. F. H. Rosenberg leg. No, 207.

Novirates Zootocicam XXIX. 1922. 381

993. Pipra exquisita Hellm. = Pipra exquisita exquisita.

Pipra exquisita Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xv. p. 56 (1905—“ Chuchurras, Central Peru’’).

Type: g ad., Chuchurras, July 1904. 320m. W. Hoffmanns leg.

994. Pipra hoffmannsi Hellm. = Pipra hoffmannsi.

Pipra hoffmannsi Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiv. p. 49 (1907—Jeffé, Rio Solimoes, Brazil).

Type: dg ad., Jeffé, 7.vi.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg, No. 769,

995. Corapipo leucorrhoa altera Hellm. = Corapipo leucorrhoa altera.

Corapipo leucorrhoa altera Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xvi. p. 84 (1906— Costa Rica and Chiriqui”’).

Type: ¢ Carrillo, Costa Rica, 13.x.1898, C. F. Underwood leg. No.

1098.

996. Chiroxiphia pareola atlantica Dalmas = Chiroxiphia pareola atlantica.

Chiroxiphia pareola atlantica Dalmas, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, xiii. p. 139 (1900—Tobago).

Type: gad., Tobago, 9.xii.1898. André leg.

997. Chiromachaeris manacus trinitatis Hart. = Manacus manacus trinitatis,

Chiromachaeris manacus trinitatis Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxix. p. 63 (1912—Trinidad),

Type: dg ad., Chaguaramas, Trinidad, 6.i1.1903. E. André leg.

998. Sapayoa aenigma Hart. = Sapayoa aenigma.

Sapoyoa aenigma Hartert, Nov. Zool. x. p. 117 (1903—Rio Sapayo, N.W. Ecuador).

Type of genus and species names: g ad., Rio Sapayo, 2.xi.1901. Miketta &

Flemming leg. No. 141.

999. Heteropelma rosenbergi Hart. = Schifforms turdinus rosenbergi.

Heteropelma rosenbergi Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. p. 489 (1898—Cachavé, N.W. Ecuador).

Type: jg ad., Cachavé, 20.i1.1897. W. F. H. Rosenberg leg. No. 237,

TYRANNIDAE.

1000. Agriornis livida fortis Berl. = Agriornis livida fortis.

Agriornis livida fortis Berlepsch, Proc, Fourth Intern. Orn, Congress, p. 352 (1907—Chubut, Valle del

Lago Blanco, Patagonia),

Type: 3g, Chubut, 27.vii.1900. Julius Koslowsky leg.

+ 1001. Knipolegus aterrimus ockendeni Hart. = Knipolegus aterrimus

anthracinus.*

Knipolegus aterrimus ockendeni Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxiii. p. 11 (1908—Carabaya, Peru).

Type: 9 ad., Carabaya, 4. vii.1904, 7,000 feet. G. Ockenden leg. No. 768,

* That this form must be called Knipolegus aterrimus anthracinus (Heine) will be fully explained

later on by Hellmayr in Noyirares Zoo.oarca®, in a further instalment on the birds collected by

Alcide d’Orbigny.

382 Noyrrates Zoonocicar ;XXIX, 1922.

1002. Rhynchocyelus sulphurescens pallescens Hart. & Goodson = Rhynchocyclus

sulph. pallescens.

Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens pallescens Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 414 (1917—Santa

Cruz and Province Sara, Bolivia).

Type: Adult, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 21.viii.1889, Gustav Garlepp leg.

No. 197.

1003. Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens cherriei Hart. & Goods. = Rhynch, sulph.

cherriei.

Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens cherriei Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 414 (1917—“* Cayenne,

Surinam, British Guiana, Caura River, and Maipures on the Orinoco ’”’).

Type: g Cayenne, 2.xii.1902. Geo. K. Cherrie & B. T. Gault leg. No.

1001.

+ 1004, Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens berlepschi Hart. & Goods, = Rhynchocyclus

sulphur. exortivus.

Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens berlepschi Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 415 (1917—* Northern

Venezuela (Cumana, Puerto Cabella and Trinidad).

Type: gad., Caparo, Trinidad, 9.iv.1902. E, André leg.

Hellmayr writes to me as follows :

“A series from Santa Marta, received through Chapman, proves the birds

from N. Venezuela (Caribbean coast), Trinidad, and Sta, Marta to belong to one

and the same form, the oldest name of which is exortivus Bangs. The specimens

from Colombia in the Tring Museum formerly labelled R. s. exortivus by myself

are, however, R. sulph. asemus Bangs. My wrong identification evidently misled

you to redescribe exortivus as berlepscht.”

+ 1005, Rhynchocyclus megacephala flavotectus Hart. = Rhynchocyclus

cinereiceps marginatus.

Rhynchocyclus megacephala flavotectus Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 608 (1902—S. Javier and Paramba).

Type: 9, S. Javier, N.W. Ecuador, 60 feet, 25.vii.1900. G. Flemming leg.

No, 893.

Chapman, Distrib. Bird-life Colombia, p. 436, suggested that flavotectus is

the same as marginatus Lawr. from Panama, This is quite correct.

Hellmayr writes to me as follows :

“Through the kindness of F. M. Chapman I have been able to compare the

type of R. marginatus Lawr. with the type of flavotectus, and found them practically

identical.

“TI was quite wrong in referring flavotectus (= marginatus) as a subspecies

to R. cinereiceps. The latter is the northern representative of the sulphwrescens

group. . marginatus, however, in some localities lives side by side with races

of R. sulphurescens, and is specifically different. Its nearest relations are with

R. poliocephalus sclateri (megacephala auct. nec Swainson !), as had been recognized

with his usual acumen by our late friend Berlepsch. The specimens from Guaya-

quil and Esmeraldas in W. Ecuador, mentioned by Chapman as being probably

referable to flavotectus, turned out to belong to R. sulphurescens aequatorialis

Berl. & Tacz.!”

—s

Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922, 383

1006. Todirostrum fumifrons penardi Hellm. = T'odirostrum fumifrons

penardi,

Todirostrum fumifrons penardi Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xv. p. 90 (1905—near Paramaribo,

Surinam).

Type: gad., near Paramaribo, 19.iii.1905. Chunkoo leg. No. 8 56.

1007. Taeniotriccus andrei Berl. & Hart. = Taeniotriccus andrei.

Taeniotriccus andrei, gen. nov. et spec. nov., Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 38 (1902—* La

Pricion ad flumen Caura dictum ”’).

Type: “3,” La Pricion, Caura River, Orinoco region, 18.ii.1901. E.

André leg.

1008. Idioptilon rothschildi Berl. = Jdioptilon rothschildi.

Idioptilon rothschildi Berlepsch, Proc. IV. Intern. Orn. Congr., p. 356 (1907—gen. nov. et spec.

nova, Rio Approuague, Cayenne).

Type: 6, Ipourin, Rio Approuague, Cayenne, 8.i1.1903. Geo, K. Cherrie

leg. No, 18057.

1009, Habrura pectoralis brevipennis Berl. & Hart. = Habrura pectoralis

brevipennis.

Habrura pectoralis brevipennis Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 40 (1902—‘ Habitat in

Venezuela: Orinoco et in Brit. Guiana: Roraima’’).

Type: gd, Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, 26.iv.1898. Geo. K. Cherrie

and Stella M. Cherrie leg. No. 10835.

1010, Leptotriccus flaviventris Hart. = Leptotriccus flaviventris.

Leptotriccus flaviventris Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, vii. p. v. (1897—Merida, Venezuela).

Type: ad., Merida, iv.1894, A. Mocquerys leg. No. 200.

1011, Cyanotis rubrigastra alticola Berl. & Stolam. = Cyanotis rubrigastra alticola.

Cyanotis rubrigastra alticola Berlepsch & Stolamann, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 361 (‘‘ Hab.

in Peruvia centrali alta ”’).

“Type”: 9 ad., Incapirca, Junin, Peru, 26.v.1890. J. Kalinowski leg.

No. 585.

(This specimen is marked “ typus ” by Stolzmann and one of the specimens

mentioned, We would call it ‘‘ cotype,” as no single type was mentioned, and

Stolzmann probably labelled all eight specimens “‘ typus,” more antiquo.)

1012, Mionectes oleagineus pallidiventris Hellm. = Mionectes oleagineus

pallidiventris.

Mionectes oleagineus pallidiventris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 22 (1906—State of Cumana, Vene-

zuela),

Type: dg ad,, Rincon de San Antonio, State of Cumana, Venezuela,

14.iii1.1898, Caracciolo leg. No, 859.

384 Novirates Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922.

1013, Leptopogon superciliaris venezuelensis Hart. & Goodson = Leptopogon

superciliaris venezuelensis.

Leptopogon superciliaris venezuelensis Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 413 (Cumana, Caripé,

Cumbre de Valencia, N. Venezuela).

Type: g ad., Cumbre de Valencia, inland of Pto. Cabello, 14.i.1910.

8. M. Klages leg.

1014, Capsiempis flaveola magnirostris Hart. = Capsiempis flaveola

magnirostris,

Capsiempis flaveola magnirostris Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. p. 487 (1898—Chimbo, N.W. Ecuador).

Type: dg ad., Chimbo, 1,000 feet, 1.ix.1897. W. F. H. Rosenberg leg.

No. 825.

+ 1015. Phyllomyias venezuelensis Hart. = Xanthomyias urichi.

Phyllomyias venezuelensis Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xi. p. 39 (1900—State of Cumana, Venezuela).

Xanthomyias urichi Chapman, Bull. Amer, Mus, Nat. Hist. xii. p. 155 (1899—Quebrada Seca,

Venezuela).

Type: Qad., Forest of los Palmales, State of Cumana,25.ii.1898. Caracciolo

leg. No, 557.

(Chapman’s name has some months priority.)

1016, Elainia gaimardii trinitatis Hart. & Goods. = Hlainia gaimardi trinitatis.

ELlainia gaimardii trinitatis Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 411 (1917—Trinidad).

Type: dg, Caparo, Trinidad, 20.iv.1902. KE. André leg.

1017, Myiozetetes cayanensis hellmayri Hart. & Goods. = Myiozetetes cayanensis

hellmayri.

Myiozetetes cayanensis hellmayri Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 412 (1917—“ West Ecuador,

Canca valley in Colombia, and in Bogota collections ”’),

Type: gad., Cachavé, W. Ecuador, 10.xi.1896. W. F. H. Rosenberg leg.

No. 19.

1018, Pitangus sulphuratus trinitatis Hellm. = Pitangus sulphuratus trimtatis.

Pitangus sulphuratus trinitatis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 24 (1906—Trinidad),

Type: 9 ad., Caparo, Trinidad, 16.iv.1902. E. André leg.

1019, Hirundinea bellicosa pallidior Hart. & Goods. = Hirundinea bellicosa

pallidior.

Hirundinea bellicosa pallidior Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 411 (1917—Tucuman, Salta

and Catamarca).

Type: gad., Salta, Cachi, Argentina, 2,500 m., 5.iv.1905,. José Steinbach

leg. No. 49.

1020, Myiobius litae Hart. = Myiobius litae.

Myiobius litae Hartert, Bull. B.O, Club, xi. p. 40 (1900—Lita, N.W. Ecuador).

Type: g, Lita, 11.ix.1899. G. Flemming leg. No. 103.

Novitates Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922, 385

+ 1021. Pyrocephalus intercedens Ridgw. = Pyrocephalus nanus nanus.

Pyrocephalus intercedens Ridgway, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus. xvii. p.366 ; xix. p. 575 (1894—Indefatigable

Island, Galapagos Island).

Type (marked and red-labelled as such by Ridgway): g ad., Indefatigable

Island, 5.viii.1891. Dr. G. Baur leg. No. 418.

(As we have said, Noviratres ZooLocicak, 1899, p. 173, this form was

described from supposed differences in the colour of the female; therefore, logically,

the 9 should have been made the type of the name intercedens.)

1022. Empidochanes fuscatus fumosus Berl. = Hmpidochanes fuscatus fuwmosus.

Empidochanes fuscatus fumosus Berlepsch, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 129 (1908—“ Cayenne ’’).

Type: 3, Cayenne, Approuague, 19.xii.1902. G. K. Cherrie leg. No. 12773.

1023. Mitrephanes berlepschi Hart. = Mitrephanes berlepschi.

Mitrephanes berlepschi Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 608 (1902—“ Bultn, Ecuadoria septentr., alt.

160 ped.’’)

Type: 9, Bulin, 10.xii.1900. G. Flemming leg. No, 275.

(This very distinct form—as far as I know not recorded since 1902—is

probably a subspecies of M. olivaceus.)

+ 1024, Blacicus brachytarsus guianarum Hart. & Goods. = Blacicus

brachytarsus surinamensis.

Blacicus brachytarsus guianarum Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 411 (1917—‘“ Cayenne and

Surinam ”’).

Contopus brachytarsus surinamensis Penard, Vogels van Guyana, ii. p. 259 (1910—Surinam).

Type: go ad., near Paramaribo, Surinam, 6.ix.1900. B. Chunkoo leg.

(Ex Coll. Penard.)

(IL agree with Oberholser and Berlepsch that Myiochanes should not be

separated from Blacicus.)

1025. Serpophaga parambae Hellm. = Hlainia cinerea parambae.

Serpophaga parambae Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Clu), xiv. p. 54 (1904—Paramba, N.W. Ecuador).

Elainia cinerea parambae id., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, vol. ii. p. 1132 (Paramba, Névita and

Noanamu in W. Colombia).

Type: 4, Paramba, 23.vii.1899. R. Miketta leg. No. 473.

({ can find no mention of this form in Chapman’s Distrib. of Bird-life in

Colombia.)

1026, Myiarchus brevipennis Hart. = Myiarchus tyrannulus brevipennis.

Myiarchus brevipennis Hartert, Bull. B.O. Clu, i. p. xii. (1892—“ Islands of Aruba, Curagao, and

Bonaire ’’).

Type: dg ad., near Savonet, Curacao, 16.vi.1892. Ernst & Cl. Hartert leg.

No, 74.

1027, Myiarchus tyrannulus santaeluciae Hellm. & Seil. = Myiarchus tyrannulus

santaeluciae.

Myiarchus tyrannulus santae-luciae Hellmayr & Seilern, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern. xii. p. 201 (1915—

Santa-Lucia, W. Indies).

Type: 3, Santa Lucia Island, 24.xi,1900. §. Branch leg. No. 10,

386 Novirates ZooLocicAE XXIX. 1922,

1028. Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Hart. & Goods. = Tyrannus

melancholicus occidentalis.

Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Hartert & Goodson , Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 412 (1917—“ San Blas,

Tepic, N.W. Mexico”’). 4

Type: gad., San Blas, 20.iv.1897. (Bought from American dealer.)

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE.

1029. Leptasthenura aegithaloides berlepschi Hart. = Leptasthenura

aegithaloides berlepschi.

Leptasthenura aegithaloides berlepschi Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvi. p. 210 (1909—Salta and Jujuy, N.W.

Bolivia).

Type: g ad., Augusto Pericheli, Jujuy, 2,550 m., November 1905. L.

Dinelli leg.

1030. Synallaxis simoni Hellm. = Synallaxis simoni.

Synallaxis simoni Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xix. p. 54 (1907—Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, Brazil, one

specimen).

Type: “9 fere ad.,” Rio Araguaya, 550 m., August 1906, G. A, Baer leg.

No. 2370.

1031, Synallaxis omissa Hart. = Synallaxis rutilans omissa.

Synallaxis omissa Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xi. p. 71 (1901—Para, Brazil).

Type: Para, 19.vii.1897. J. B. Steere leg.

(Cf. Novirates ZooLocicak, 1907, p. 15.)

1032. Synallaxis rutilans amazonica Hellm. = Synallaxis rutilans amazonica.

Synallaxis rutilans amazonica Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiv. p. 13 (1907—‘* N. Brazil, Lower Amazons:

Santarem. N.E. Peru: Xeberos, Chamicuros, Chyavetas, Yurimaguas’’).

Type: djad., Itaituba, Santarem, 22.i1.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg. No. 481.

1033. Synallaxis unirufa meridana Hart. & Goods. = Synallawis unirufa

meridana.

Synallaxis wnirufa meridana Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 498 (1917—* Andes of Merida,

Escorial, 3,000 m., Walle 2,165 m.).

Type: gad., Escorial, 15.v.1903. Salomon Bricefio Gabaldon & Sons leg.

1034, Synallaxis terrestris bolivari Hart. = Synallawis terrestris bolivart.

Synallaxis terrestris bolivart Hartert, Bull. B.O. Clu), xxxvii. p. 31 (1917—* Silla de Caracas and

Cumbre de Valencia in Northern Venezuela, 23 32’).

Type: Silla de Caracas, 17.i.1917. 8. M. Klages leg. No. 2090.

1035, Synallaxis maximiliani argentina Hellm. = Welanopareia maximiliant

argentina.*

Synallaxis maximiliani argentina Hellmayr, Bull. B.O, Club, xix, p. 74 (1907—* Argentine Republic :

Tucuman to the Chaco’).

Type: g ad., Norco, Tucuman, 1,200 m., 6.viii.1904, L, Dinelli Coll.

No, 3244.

* Is a member of the family Formicariidae, and belongs to the very distinet genus Melano-

pareia, Hellmayr, in litt,

Novirates ZoonocicAE XXIX. 1922, 387

1036, Siptornis steinbachi Hart. = Siptornis steinbachi.

Siptornis steinbachi Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvi. p. 213 (1909—* Cachi, province de Salta ’’).

Type (unique) : 9, Cachi, 2,500 mi., 17.iv.1905. José Steinbach leg. No. 45.

1037. Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii meridae Hart. & Goods. = Pseudocolaptes

boissonneautit meridae.

Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii meridae Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 499 (1917—Andes

of Merida, Venezuela).

Type: 9 ad., Valle de Merida, 16.ii.1888. Salomon Bricefio Gabaldon leg.

(Cf. Archiv. f. Naturg. Ixxviii. Heft 5, p. 98!)

+ 1038. Pseudocolaptes boissonneaui flavescens Berl. & Stolam. = Pseudocolaptes

boissonneautir auritus.

Pseudocolaptes boissonneaui flavescens Berlepsch & Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 374

(“ Hab, in Peruvia centrali (Maraynioc) et septentrionali (Cutervo) et in Bolivia ’’).—Terra

typica: Maraynioc !

Type (rather cotype, but marked ‘“‘ typus”’ by Stolzmann, see No, 1011!) :

6, Maraynioc, central Peru, 1.viii.1892. J. Kalinowski leg. No. 1652.

(NoviratEs ZOOLOGICAE, xxiv. pp. 499, 500, 1917, Arthur Goodson and I

have explained that we do not believe that P. b. flavescens is identical with auritus,

as Hellmayr & Seilern, Archiv. f. Naturg. Ixxviii. Heft 5, p. 99, supposed, but that

further researches were necessary. These have now been made. Hellmayr

has examined the type of auritus Tschudi, which settles the matter. Cf. Verhandl.

Orn. Ges. Bayern, xiv. Heft 1, p. 130, 1919.)

1039, Thripophaga berlepschi Hellm. = Thripophaga berlepschi.

Thripophaga berlepschi Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xii. p. 503 (1905—Leimabamba, N. Peru).

Type: 3g, Leimabamba, N. Peru, 10,000 feet, 13.vii.1894. .O, T, Baron leg.

1040, Automolus sclateri paraensis Hart. = Automolus infuscatus paraensis.

Automolus sclateri paraensis Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 61 (1902—Para, E. Brazil).

Type: 3, Bemavides, Para, 24.vii.1879. J. B. Steere leg.

1041. Automolus pallidigularis albidior Hart. = Automolus pallidigularis albidior.

Automolus pallidigularis albidior Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii. p. 369 (1901—N.W. Ecuador).

Type: “9,” S. Javier, N.W. Ecuador, 60 feet, 13.vii.1900. G. Flemming

leg. No. 829.

(Chapman, Distrib. Bird-life in Colombia, p. 410, suggests that this form is

“an apparently invalid form,’ but, comparing our five skins with ten from

Central America, the white throats of the former appear to be clearly different

from the yellowish ones of A. p. pallidigularis.)

1042, Automolus cinnamomeigula Hellm. = Automolus cinnamomeigula.

Automolus cinnamomeigula Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Clu), xv. p. 55 (1905—trade-skin found in a large

consignment of skins of Bogoté make, therefore no exact locality. Has since been found by the

collectors of the American Museum of Natural History at La Morelia, Rio Bodaquera, Caqueta,

Colombia, Chapman, in his admirable work on the Bird-life in Colom‘ia, p. 411, “ proposes ””

La Morelia as the typical locality ; I cannot agree to this, as it is arbitrary, there being no indi-

388 Novirates ZoonoaicaAn XXIX, 1922.

cation that the type came exactly from La Morelia, which is surely not the only place where

this species occurs. If a species from an unknown place is divided into various geographical

forms, and no type-specimens exists to show which of these subspecies it is, the Gordian knot

must be cut and we must restrict the first name to some locality or area, but otherwise the

arbitrary practice of proposing an exact “ typical locality ” cannot be accepted, unless there

is some indication that the type was obtained there. Thus the “ make” of trade-skins can

decide that a species came from the province of Rio, from Guatemala, or Colombia (Bogota

collections !), but not that it came from a certain town or village).

Type: Trade-skin (evidently adult) from a Bogota collection, purchased

from Mantou in Paris.

1043, Automolus nigricauda Hart. = Automolus nigricauda nigricauda.

Automolus nigricauda Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, vii. p. 30 (1898—Cachabé, N. Ecuador).

Type: gad., Cachabé, 10.xi.1896. W. F. H. Rosenberg leg. No. 18.

(Unique specimen, but later on two specimens were sent from Paramba

and Rio Sapayo by Flemming and Miketta, while a subspecies, A. nigricauda

saturatus, has been described by Chapman from the tropical zone in the lower

Atrato Valley, and ranges northwards to eastern Panama, according to Chapman,

p. 410.)

1044, Xenops genibarbis ridgwayi Hart. & Goods. = Xenops genibarbis ridgwayt.

Xenops genibarbis ridgwayi Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 417 (1917—* Costa Rica, Panama,

and the little islands of Iguaros, Sevilla, Almijas, and Medidor”’).

Type: 3, Tocoumé, Panama, 7.iii.1899. E. André leg.

1045, Sclerurus mexicanus obscurior Hart. = Sclerwrus mexicanus obscurior.

Sclerurus mexicanus obscurior Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii. p. 370 (1901—Lita in N.W. Ecuador).

Type: 9, Lita, 3,000 feet, 20.x.1899. Miketta & Flemming leg. No, 453.

(Cf. Chapman, Distr. Bird-life Colombia, p. 415.)

1046, Glyphorhynchus cuneatus simillimus Hart. & Goods. = Glyphorhynchus

cuneatus simillimus.

Glyphorhynchus cuneatus simillimus Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 419 (1917—* Cayenne,

Orinoco Valley, British Guiana, and Surinam ’’).

Type: 3, Ipousin, Approuague River, Cayenne, 6.i.1903. Geo, K. Cherrie

leg. No. 13020.

1047. Deconychura secunda Hellm. = Deconychura secunda.

Deconychura secunda Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xiv. p. 51 (1904—Rio Napo, Ecuador).

Type: ‘9,’ Coca, Rio Napo, E. Ecuador, June 1899. Goodfellow &

Hamilton leg.

1048, Xiphorhynchus nanus demonstratus Hart. & Goods. = Xiphorhynchus

nanus demonstratus.

Xiphorhynchus nanus demonstratus Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 419 (1917—* North-

western Venezuela from Tocuyo to Puerto Cabello”).

Type: gad., San Esteban valley near Puerto Cabello, 11.xi.1909. 8, M,

Klages leg. No, 2823,

NoviratEs ZoonocicAE XXIX. 1922. 389

1049. Hylexetastes uniformis Hellm. = Hylexetastes wniformis,

Hylexetastes uniformis Hellmayr, Rev. Frang. Orn. i. p. 100 (1909—Calama, Rio Madeira, Brazil,

also Borba).

Type: ¢ vix ad., Calama, 25.vii.1907. W. Hoffmanns leg. No. 271.

(See also NoviratEs ZOOLOGICAE, 1910, p. 329.)

1050. Xiphocolaptes orenocensis Berl. & Hart. = Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus

orenocensis.

Xiphocolaptes orenocensis Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 65 (1902—Nericagua and Munduapo,

Orinoco).

Type: dg, Nericagua, 12.iv.1899. Geo. K. and Stella Cherrie leg. No.

12484.

(Though my mentor and master in South American ornithology and I

described this rare form as a species, I have now no doubt that it should be

regarded as a subspecies of X. promeropirhynchus and procerus, and it appears

indeed to be nearer the latter, though different in several details, and much

larger.)

1051. Picolaptes albolineatus littoralis Hart. & Goods. = Picolaptes lineaticeps

littoralis.

Picolaptes albolineatus littoralis Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 417 (1917—“ Coastal region

of North Venezuela ”’).

Type: 3g ad., Quebrada Secca, State of Cumana, Venezuela, 9.ii.1898.

Caracciolo leg. No. 143.

(There seems to me no doubt now that albolineatus and littoralis, and others,

are subspecies of P. lineaticeps.)

f 1052. Dendrornis consobrinus Dalmas = Xiphorhynchus susurrans

SUSUTTANS.

Dendrornis consobrinus Dalmas, Mém. Soc. zool. France, xiii. p. 140 (1900—Trinidad).

Dendrocolaptes susurrans Jardine, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1847, p. 81 (Tobago).

Type: Trinidad, 20.i1.1897. Ex Coll. Dalmas.

(L agree with Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. 1906, pp. 29, 30, that specimens from

Trinidad and Tobago cannot be separated.)

1053. Dendrornis jardinei Dalmas = Xiphorhynchus susurrans jardinet.

Dendrornis jardinei Dalmas, Mém. Soc, zool. France, xiii. p. 140 (1900—Cumana, northern Vene-

zuela).

Type: adult, Cumana, 1897. E. André leg. (Ex coll. Dalmas.)

(The validity of this form is confirmed by our series, though the differences

are slight. See also NoviratEs ZooLoGIcaE#, 1906, p. 30.)

1054, Dendrocolaptes validus seilerni Hart. & Goods. = Dendrocolaptes validus

seilerni,

Dendrocolaptes validus seilerni Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 416 (1917—San Esteban

near Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, and Cumbre de Valencia).

Type: 3, Cumbre Chiquito, near San Esteban, 19.xi.1909. 8, M. Klages

leg. No, 2803.

(Cf. Archiv f. Naturg. 1912, 5. Heft, p, 118 !)

390 Novirates ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922,

1055. Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi Hellm. = Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi.

Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi Hellmayr, Bull. B.O, Club, xxiii. p. 66 (Calama and Allianca, Rio Madeira,

Brazil).

Type: gad., Calama, 29. vi. 1907. W. Hoffmanns leg. No. 128.

(Cf. also NovrratEs Zootoercax, 1910, p. 335. It seems to me that this is

also a subspecies of D. validus *)

FORMICARIIDAE.

1056, Cymbilanius lineatus intermedius Hart. & Goods. = Cymbilanius lineatus

intermedius.

Cymbilanius lineatus intermedius Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 495 (1917—Rio Madeira,

Santarem, and Teffé in Brazil, Yquitos and province of Huanaco in Peru).

Type: 9, Humaytha, Rio Madeira, 31.vii.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg. No.

1023.

1057, Thamnophilus paraguayensis Hellm. = Thamnophilus caerulescens

paraguayensis. q

Thamnophilus paraguayensis Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Clu), xiv. p. 53 (1904—Rio Apa, Paraguay).

Type: 3, Colonia Risso, Rio Apa, mid October 1893. A. Borelli leg.

No. 198.

(T. paraguayensis is connected by sticturus with ambiguus, both of which

are subspecies of caerulescens.)

+ 1058, Thamnophilus bernardi baroni Hart. & Goods. = Thamnophilus bernardi

cajamarcae.

Thamnophilus bernardi baroni Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 498 (December 1917—North-

west Peru, Trujillo and Yonan R.).

Type: g ad., Yonan River, 3,000 feet, north-east of Trujillo, 15.vi.1894.

O. T. Baron leg.

Hypolophus bernardi cajamarcae Hellm., Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, xiii. 2,

p. 188, was published in September 1917, and has thus two months priority

over baroni !

1059. Thamnophilus doliatus tobagoensis Hart. & Goods. = Thamnophilus

doliatus tobagoensis.

Thamnophilus doliatus tobagoensis Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 497 (1917—Tobago

Island).

Type: gad., Plymouth, Tobago, 23.iv.1903. Pasea leg, (one of André’s

collectors.)

1060, Thamnophilus punctatus interpositus Hart. & Goods. = Thamnophilus

; punctatus interpositus.

Thamnophilus punctatus interpositus Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 496 (1917—Bogota

collections, Colombia).

Type: 3 ad., trade-skin found in a Bogota collection, exchanged from the

late Ad. Nehrkorn.

(Thamnophilus punctatus atrinucha is apparently also found in Bogota

collections. It is widely spread over the tropical zone af Colombia, but Chapman

Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922. 391

states that American collectors did not take it in the Cauca valley, It is well

known that often two subspecies were found in Bogota collections, since the

Indians who collected those birds went into many parts of Colombia.)

f 1061. Thamnophilus bricenoi Hart. = Thamnophilus nigrescens.

Thamnophilus bricenoi Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. p. 220, pl. iv (1898—Andes of Venezuela).

Thamnophilus nigrescens Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N.Y. viii. p. 469 (1867—Merida).

Type: dg ad., Sabanetas de Estanques, Andes of Merida, 800 m., 7.iv.1897.

Salomon Briceilo Gabaldon leg.

1062. Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae Hellm. = Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae.

Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae Hellmayr, Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. math. phys. Kl. xxvi. 2, p. 92

(November 1912—Para district, N.E. Brazil).

Type: 3, Prata, near Para, 14.x.1905, 45m. W. Hoffmanns leg. No. 15.

1063. Dysithamnus affinis andrei Hellm, = Dysithamnus mentalis andrei.

Dysithamnus affinis andrei Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 31 (1906—Trinidad).

Type: 9 ad., Caparo, Trinidad, 12.iv.1902. E. André leg.

1064. Dysithamnus schistaceus heterogynus Hellm. = Dysithamnus schistaceus

heterogynus.

Dysithamnus schistaceus heterogynus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiv. p. 61 (1907—Teffé, Brazilian Amazons),

Type: Qad., Teffé, 12. vii.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg. No. 812.

1065. Dysithamnus tucuyensis Hart. = Dysithamnus plumbeus tucuyensis.

Dysithamnus tucuyensis Hartert, Nov. Zool. i. p. 674, pl. xv (1894—“ Hills of Bucarito, Jucuyo,

N. Venezuela ’’).

Type: ¢ med., hills near Bucarito, Tucuyo, October-November 1893.

Albert Mocquerys leg. No, 145.

(First described from a single specimen, not adult, but an adult male was

sent later on by the same collector from a place which he called ‘‘ El Guacharo,”

and there was already long ago a not quite adult male in the British Museum,

collected by Goering. Recently S. M. Klages sent a fine series to Miinchen and

Tring from the Cumbre de Valencia, above San Esteban, inland from Puerto

Cabello. Cf. Hellmayr & Seilern, Archiv f. Naturg. lxxviii. 5. Heft, p. 122, 1912.)

1066. Dysithamnus flemmingi Hart. = Dysithamnus puncticeps flemmingi.

Dysithamnus flemmingi Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xi. p. 38 (1900—“ Rio Verde, Cachyjacu, Lita,

and Cachavé in North Ecuador ’’).

Type: g, Rio Verde, N.W. Ecuador, 6.xii.1899. G. Flemming leg. No. 711.

1067. Dysithamnus aroyae Hellm. = Dysithamnus aroyae.

Dysithamnus aroyae Hellmayr, Bull. B.O, Club, xiv. p. 52 (1904—La Aroya, Inambari Valley, Marca-

pata district, S.E. Peru, 3,000 ft.).

Type: g, La Aroya, 22.iv.1901, G. Ockenden leg. No. 95.

392 Novirates Zoorocicar XXIX. 1922. ;

1068. Thamnomanes caesius hoffmannsi Hellm. = Thamnomanes caesius

hoffmannsi.

Thamnomanes caesius hoffmannsi Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xvi. p. 53 (1906—Para, Brazil).

Type: 3, Prata, Para, 45 m., 15.xi.1905. W. Hoffmanns leg. No, 148.

(See also Novirarrs ZooLocicax, 1906, p. 367; 1907, p. 65.)

1069. Thamnomanes caesius persimilis Hellm. = Thamnomanes caesius

persimilis.

Thamnomanes caesius persimilis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiv. pp. 64, 65 (1907—“ Environs of Teffé,

on the south bank of the Rio Solimées, Brazil ’’).

Type: gad., Teffé, 21.v.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg. No. 674.

1070. Myrmotherula cherriei Berl. & Hart. = Myrmotherula cherriet.

Myrmotherula cherriet Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 72 (1902—‘ Ad flumen Orinoco dictum

et in Cayenne. Typus Perico”’)..

Type: ¢g ad., Perico, Rio Orinoco, 20.xi.1898. Geo. K. & Stella M.

Cherrie leg. No. 11292.

1071, Myrmotherula viduata Hart. = Myrmotherula fulviventris viduata.

Myrmotherula viduata Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. p. 492 (1898—Cachavé, N.W. Ecuador).

Type: 9, Cachavé, 500 feet, 5.1.1897. W. F. H. Rosenberg leg. No. 203.

(There is no doubt that viduata is a subspecies of M. fulviventris, as first

explained by Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, p. 1162. Chapman,

Distr, Bird-life Colombia, p. 374, unites viduata with fulviventris, from com-

parison of his specimens from the western parts of Colombia with Panama skins,

I do not accept this for the moment, as viduata is separable from a series of Costa

Rica birds, which are supposed to be the same as Panama ones, but the question

requires further investigation.)

1072. Myrmotherula ornata hoffmannsi Hellm. = Myrmotherula ornata

hoffmannsi.

Myrmotherula ornata hoffmannsi Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xvi. p. 84 (1906—“ Itaituba, near

Santarem, Lower Amazons ”’).

Type: 9, Itaituba, 31.i1.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg. No. 521.

(The ¢ differs indeed very little from that of MW. ornata ornata, while the 2 is

strikingly different.)

1073. Myrmotherula cinereiventris pallida Berl. & Hart. = Myrm. cinereiv.

pallida.

Myrmotherula cinereiventris pallida Borlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 74 (1902—“ Ad flumen

Orinoco dictum, in Peruvia or., Ecuadoria or.’’).

Type: gad., Nericagua on the River Orinoco, 27.iii,1899. Geo. K, &

Stella M. Cherrie leg. No. 12271.

Novirares Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922. 393

1074, Formicivora orenocensis Hellm. = Formicivora grisea orenocensis.

Formicivora orenocensis Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Clu), xiv, p. 54 (1904—‘“ Orinoco and Caura Rivers

in Venezuela ’’),

Type: 3 ad., Altagracia, Orinoco, 5.xi.1897. Geo. K. Cherrie leg. No.

8472.

(While I quite agree that Hellmayr is undoubtedly right that this form is

obviously different from F’, intermedia, with which Berlepsch and I had identified

it, it is certainly a subspecies of F. grisea, together with intermedia, tobagensis,

and others. Hellmayr, in litt., now agrees with my opinion.)

1075. Formicivora tobagensis Dalmas = Formicivora grisea tobagensis,

Formicivora tobagensis Dalmas, Mém. Soc. zool. France, xiii, p. 141 (1900—Island of Tobago).

Type: 9, Tobago, 26.xi.1898.

1076, Formicivora melanogaster bahiae Hellm. = Formicivora melanogaster

bahiae.

Formicivora melanogaster bahiae Hellmayr, Bull. B.O, Club, xxiii. p. 65 (1909—Bahia).

Type: gad., Lamarao, Bahia, 300 m., 28.vi.1903. A. Robert leg. No.

1681,

1077. Formicivora consobrina microsticta Berl. = Formicivora quixensis micro-

sticta.

Formicivora consobrina microsticta Berlepsch, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 157 (1908—Cayenne),

Type: 3g ad., Approuague, Cayenne, 16.xii.1902. Geo. K. Cherrie leg.

No. 12736.

(F. consobrina, boucardi, microsticta, and other black Formicivorae are all

subspecies of Th. quixensis Cornalia.)

1078. Rhamphocaenus melanurus amazonum Hellm, = Rhamphocaenus

melanurus amazonum,

Rhamphocaenus melanurus amazonum Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiv, p. 66 (1907—Teffé, Rio Solimées,

Brazil, and Peruvian Amazons).

Type: 3, Teffé, 20.vii.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg. No. 863.

1079, Cercomacra sclateri Hellm. = Cercomacra sclateri.

Cercomacra sclateri Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xii. p. 288 (1905—N.E. Peru, W. and N. Brazil).

Type: ‘ 3,” Chyavetas, E. Peru, 16.vii.1866, HE. Bartlett leg. No, 1588.

1080, Cercomacra rosenbergi Hart. = Cercomacra rosenbergi,

Cercomacra rosenbergi Hartert, Bull, B.O. Club, vii. p. 29 (1898—Cachavé, N. Ecuador).

Type: 3 ad., Cachavé, 500 feet, 2.xii.1896. W. F. H. Rosenberg leg,

No, 137,

(Described from a single 3, and I am not aware that it has been recorded

since.)

394 NoviratEs ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922

1081. Pyriglena berlepschi Hart. = Cercomacra berlepschi.

Cercomacra berlepschi Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xvii. p. xxix (1898—Cachavé, N.W. Ecuador).

Type: 3, Cachavé, 500 feeté, 21.1.1897. W. F. H. Rosenberg leg. No. 244.

+ 1082. Thamnophilus cachabiensis Hart. = Cercomacra berlepschi.

Thamnophilus cachabiensis Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xvii. p. xxix (1898—Cachavé, N.W. Ecuador).

Type: 2 ad., Cachavé, 21.i.1897, W. F. H. Rosenberg leg. No. 248.

(Cf. Novirares ZooLocicak, 1902, p. 612; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool, 1911, ii.

p. 1167; Chapman, Distr, Bird-life Colombia, p. 381.)

1083, Gymnopithys bicolor daguae Hellm. = Gymnopithys bicolor daguae.

Gymnopithys bicolor daguae Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xvi. p. 83 (1906—near Buenaventura, valley

of the Dagua River).

Type: 3, El Paillon, near Buenaventura, 9.v.1899 E. André leg. No. 9599.

(Hellmayr calls my attention to the fact that the generic name Gymnopithys

was proposed in valid form by Bonaparte in 1857, i.e. two years earlier than

Anoplops Cab. & Heine, 1859. Gymnopithys Bp. 1854 was a nomen nudum.)

1084, Anoplops hoffmannsi Hellm. = Gymnopithys hoffmannsi.

Anoplops hoffmannsi Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xix. p. 52 (1907—“ Borba on the right bank of the

Rio Madeira, Brazil’’).

Type: gad., Borba, 29.xi.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg. No, 1417.

(NoviratTEs ZooLocicakz, 1907, Plate III, Figs. 2, 3.)

1085. Sclateria naevia trinitatis Hart. & Goods. = Sclateria naevia trinitatis.

Sclateria naevia trinitatis Hartert & Goodson, Nov. Zool. xxiv. p. 499 (1917—Trinidad).

Type: 3, Caparo, Trinidad, 10.iv.1902. E. André leg.

(This form is very close to S. n. naevia, and Hellmayr, in litt., considers it

inseparable, but I cannot agree.)

1086. Sclateria schistacea caurensis Hellm. = Sclateria schistacea caurensis.

Sclateria schistacea caurensis Hellmayr, Bull. B.O, Club, xix. p. 9 (1906—Valley of the Caura River,

Venezuela). c

Type: gad., Mt, Juragua, Caura district, March 1898, EK. André leg. No.

601. (Ex. Coll. Dalmas.)

(Hellmayr, in litt., calls my attention to the exact locality mentioned in

André’s book, and that Todd, in 1913, redescribed this form as Myrmeciza

schistacea !)

1087, Sclateria schistacea humaythae Hellm. = Sclateria schistacea humaythae.

Sclateria schistacea humaythae Hellmayr, Bull, B.O. Club, xix. p. 51 (1907—Humaytha, on the left

bank of the Rio Madeira, Brazil).

Type: 9 ad., Humaytha, 9.viii.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg. No, 1067,

J _

Novitatres Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922. 395

1088, Myrmelastes luctuosus araguayae Hellm. = Myrmelastes luctuosus

araquayae.

Myrmelastes luctuosus araguayae Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv. p. 68 (1908—Rio Araguaya, Goyaz,

Brazil).

Type: gf ad., Rio Araguaya, 556 m., Goyaz, viii.1906. G. A. Baer leg.

No. 2399.

1089. Myrmelastes exsul maculifer Hellm. = Myrmelastes exsul muculifer.

Myrmelastes exsul maculifer Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 340, 342 (1906—Western Ecuador and

Western Colombia).

Type: gad., Paramba, N.W. Ecuador, 3,500 feet, 22.v.1899. R. Miketta

leg. No. 414.

1090. Myrmeciza swainsoni griseipectus Berl. & Hart. = Myrmeciza swainsom

grisetpectus,

Myrmeciza swainsoni griseipectus Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 76 (1902—‘ Hab. in regione

fluminum Orinoco et Caura dictorum et in Guiana Britannica’).

Type: gj ad., Caicara, 17.iii.1898. Geo, K. & Stella M. Cherrie leg. No.

10507,

1091, Hypoenemis vidua Hellm. = Hypocnemis poecilinota vidua.

Hypocnemis vidua Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xii. p. 290 (1905—near Para).

Type: @ ad., Igarapé-Assu, Pard, 50 m., 22.ii.1904. A. Robert leg. No.

1990.

(Cf. NovrratEs ZooLocicaL, 1906, pp. 370-372.)

1092. Hypocnemis myotherina ochrolaema Hellm. = Hypocnemis myotherina

ochrolaema.

Hypocnemis myotherina ochrolaema Hellmayr, Bull. B.O, Club, xvi. p. 109 (1906—“ Itaituba, near

Santarem, Lower Amazons, Brazil ’’).

Type: 9 ad., Itaituba, 31.i1.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg. No. 520.

1093. Hypocnemis myotherina sororia Hellm. = Hypocnemis myotherina sororia.

Hypocnemis myotherina sororia Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xvii. p. 358 (1910—Calama on the Rio Madeira

and Rio Machados, Brazil). .

Type: gad., Calama, 3.vii.1907. W. Hoffmanns leg. No, 158.

1094. Phlegopsis borbae Hellm. = Phlegopsis borbae.

Phiegopsis borbae Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xix, p. 53 (1907—Borba, Lower Rio Madeira).

Type: gimm., Borba, 29.xi.1906, W. Hoffmanns leg. No, 1421,

(Described from a single immature bird, and, as far as I am aware, never

obtained since.)

1095, Formicarius analis destructus Hart. = Formicarius mgricapillus

destructus.

Formicarius analis destructus Hartert, Nov. Zool. v. p. 493 (1898—Paramba, N.W. Ecuador).

Type: fg ad., Paramba, 3,500 feet, 24.iv.1897. W. F. H. Rosenberg leg.

No. 377,

(Described from a single damaged and moulting male, but afterwards obtained

by Miketta and Flemming, also by Palmer near Novité in Western Colombia,

396 Novirares ZoonocicAE XXIX. 1922.

and at San José. Cf. Chapman, Distr. Bird-life Colombia, p. 389, who

concludes that Formic. nigricapillus and destructus, ‘‘ form a small and distinct

group, distinguished mainly by its jet black head” and tail markings, so that

destructus would become Formic. nigricapillus destructus. Cf. also Ridgway.)

1096, Chamaeza turdina chionogaster Hellm. = Chamaeza ruficauda chionogaster.

Chamaeza turdina chionogaster Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xvi. p. 91 (1906—‘‘ El Guacharo near

Caripé, N. Venezuela’).

Type: 3, El Guacharo, i.1894. Albert Mocquerys leg. No. 281.

(Described from a single specimen, but a series has recently been collected

by S. M. Klages on the Cumbre de Valencia inland of Puerto Cabello.)

1097. Pittasoma rufopileatum Hart. = Pittasoma rufopileatum.

Pittasoma rufopileatum Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii. p. 370 (1901—Bulun, Salidero, Rio Bogota, N.W.

Ecuador).

Type: ¢ ad. (erroneously marked 9), Bulan, N.W. Ecuador, 160 feet,

31.xii.1900. Miketta & Flemming leg. No. 307.

(While this species is only known from N.W. Ecuador, P. rosenbergi Hellm.,

occurs on the headwaters of the San Juan, P. harterti Chapm. at Barbacoas, Narino,

in Colombia, and P. michleri in Eastern Panama and on the Lower Atrato, Cf.

Plate VIII, Novitates Zoologicae, 1902; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, ii.

p. 1176; Chapman, Colombia, pp. 392-894.)

1098. Grallaria parambae Rothsch. = Grallaria haplonota parambae.

Grallaria parambae Rothschild, Bull. B.O, Club, xi. p. 36 (1900—Paramba, N. Ecuador).

Type: “9,” Paramba, N. Ecuador, 3,500 feet, 3.x.1898. G. Flemming

leg. No. 205.

(Described from a single 9, and, as far as I know, not yet recorded again.

I think it is correct to treat this distinct form as a subspecies of haplonota, with

which it agrees in its main characters, but the bill is a little larger, more powerful,

the underside deeper coloured, more rufous, the throat hardly paler than the

rest of the underside, the crown more rufous.)

1099. Grallaricula cumanensis Hart. = Grallaricula nana cumanensis.

Grallaricula cumanensis Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xi. p. 37 (1900—‘‘ Los Palmales and Rincon de

San Antonio, Cumané, Venezuela ’’).

Type: gad., Forest of Los Palmales, State of Cumana, 17.ii.1898, Carac-

ciolo coll., No, 379.

CONOPOPHAGIDAE.

1100. Conopophaga roberti Hellm. = Conopophaga roberti.

Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club., xv. p. 54 (1905—near Pard, Brazil).

Type: ¢ ad., Igarapé-Assu, near Pard, 4.iv.1904. A. Robert leg. No.

2032,

(Described from a single male, but afterwards Dr. Snethlage gave a descrip-

tion of the 9, and W. Hoffmanns collected 9 fg and 592 near Para. Cf. Snethlage,

Orn, Monatsber, 1906, p. 9; Hellmayr, Novitates Zoologicae, 13, 1906, p. 373.)

Noviratrs ZootocicaAr XXIX. 1922. 397

EURYLAEMIDAE.

1101. Calyptomena whiteheadi Sharpe = Calyptomena whiteheadi.

Calyptomena whiteheadi Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 558 (“‘ Hab. in monte Kina Balu

dicto, in Borneo septentrionali’’).

Type: dg ad. Kina Balu, 3,000 feet, 25.ii.1887. John Whitehead leg.

No. 1019.

(Fig. Ibis, 1888, Plate V.)

1102. Parisoma dalhousiae borneensis Hart. = Parisoma dalhousiae borneensis.

Parisoma dalhousiae borneensis Hartert, Genera Avium, pt. i, Eurylaemidae, pp. 6, 7 (1904—‘* Moun-

tains of N,W. Borneo ”’).*

(This form is very much like P.d.dalhousiae and psittacinus, but the differences

stated by me, though very slight, can be seen on comparison without difficulty.)

1103. Serilophus lunatus polionotus Rothsch. = Serilophus lwnatus polionotus.

Serilophus lunatus polionotus Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, xiv. p. 7 (1903—Mt. Wuchi, Hainan).

g ad., Mt. Wuchi, 22.iii.1903. Katsumata leg. No. 176a.

1104. Serilophus rothschildi Hart. & Butl. = Serilophus lwnatus rothschildi.

Serilophus rothschildi Hartert & Butler, Bull B.O. Club, vii. p. 1(1898—“* Gunong Tjau, Perak, Malay

Peninsula’).

Type: jg ad., Gunong Ijau, February 1898. A. L. Butler leg.

1105. Corydon sumatranus brunnescens Hart. = Corydon sumatranus

brunnescens.

Corydon sumatranus brunnescens Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxvii, p. 4 (1916—Borneo).

Type: gad., Baram, Borneo, September 1891. Alfred Everett leg.

CYPSELTI.

1106, Hemiprocne longipennis harterti Stres. = Hemiprocne longipennis harterti.t

Hemiprocne longipennis harterti Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xx. p. 339 (1913—“ Burma, Tenasserim,

Malakka, Bunguran, Borneo, Bangka, Sumatra. Typus Sumatra”).

Type: 9, Batu Sankahan, 1,800 feet, Deli, Sumatra, January 1889. _ Ernst

Hartert leg.

1107. Macropteryx comata major Hart. = Hemiprocne comata major.

Macropteryx comata major Hartert, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 473 (1895—Philippine Islands).

Type: gad., Luzon. G. A. Baer leg.

(This subspecies only differs in size, but the difference is constant and

striking.)

* The first part of the Genera Avium appeared in 1904, and was unnecessarily marked

“Specimen part,’ whatever that may have meant. Another edition, spoilt by misprints on pages

5 and 8, was brought out in 1905 by the Publisher and Editor, Mr. P. Wytsman, without consulting

the author. It is regrettable that the useful Genera Avium are not continued; twenty-six parts

only, mostly very thin and of easy families, appeared from 1904 to 1914,

+ From Oberholser, Proc, Biol. Soc, Washington, xix. p, 68, 1906, I accept the use of the name

Hemiprocne Nitzsch, 1829, instead of Macropteryx Swains. 1832. The anatomical paper of Nitszch,

“ Observ. Av. Arter. Carot. Com., 1829”’ (I quote from Oberholser !) is unknown to me; Nitzsch’s

Hemiprocne was a mixture, but Oberholser’s restriction may be accepted.

398 Novirates ZoonocicaAr XXIX. 1922.

1108, Macropteryx mystacea woodfordiana Hart. = Hemiprocne mystacea

woodfordiana.

Macropteryx mystacea woodfordiana Hartert, Nov. Zool. iii. p. 19 (1896—Guadalcanar).

Type: gad., Guadalcanar, Solomon Islands, 24.vi.1887. C. Woodford leg.

(Differs in size and colour of the underside, and has since been found by

Meek on most other islands of the Solomons group.)

1109. Hemiprocne mystacea confirmata Stres. = Hemiprocne mystacea confirmata.

Hemiprocne mystacea confirmata Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xxi. p. 110 (1914—“ Seran, Ambon, Haruku,

Buru, Batjan, Obi, Halmahera, Ternate, Morotai, Aru’).

Type: gad., Amahei, Ceram, 30.iv.1911. Erwin Stresemannleg. No. 531.

(Differs only in size, and many specimens “ overlap.” According to Strese-

mann’s measures, t.c. p. 111, the New Guinea form has wings of 225-243, the

Moluccan one of 210-232 mm. In 1896 I had already called attention to the

generally smaller size of the Moluccan form, which has been confirmed by Strese-

mann’s and other recent collections.)

1110. Collocalia gigas Hart. & Butl. = Collocalia gigas.

Collocalia gigas Hartert & Butler, Bull. B.O. Club, xi. p. 65 (1901—‘ Interior of Selangore ”’).

Type: Qad., Selangore, Malay Peninsula. A. L, Butler leg.

1111. Collocalia fuciphaga micans Stres. = Collocalia fuciphaga micans.

Collocalia fuciphaga micans Stresemann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, xii. p. 6 (1914—“ Sumba, Savu,

Timor, Celebes ”’).

Type: gad., Savu, August 1896. Alfred Everett leg.

1112. Collocalia fuciphaga moluccarum Stres. = Collocalia fuciphaga

moluccarum,

Collocalia fuctphaga moluccarum Stresemann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, xii. p. 7 (1914—*‘ Kei- und

Siidost-Inseln, Banda, Ambon, Morotai’’).

Type: Qad., Banda, 29.xii.1895. Cayley Webster leg.

1113. Collocalia fuciphaga hirundinacea Stres. = Collocalia fuciphaga hirundinacea

Collocalia fuciphaga hirundinacea Stresemann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, xii. p. 7 (1914—‘“‘ (Westliches)

Neu-Guinea ”’).

Type: 6d, Upper Setekwa River, lower Snow Mountains, New Guinea,

28.vii.1910. A.S. Meek Coll, No. 4438.

1114. Collocalia lowi palawanensis Stres. = Collocalia lowi palawanensis.

Collocalia lowi palawanensis Stresemann, Verh. Orn, Ges. Bayern, xii, p- 10 (1914—Palawan).

Type: dg ad., Puerto-Princesa, Palawan, 30.vi.1887. Platen leg.

1115. Collocalia francica assimilis Stres. = Collocalia francica assimilis,

Collocalia francica assimilis Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xix. p. 350 (1912—Fiji Islands).

Type: Fiji Islands. Sir Walter Buller Coll.

Novirates ZoonocicaAE XXIX. 1922. 399

1116. Collocalia francica reichenowi Stres. = Collocalia francica reichenow.

Collocalia francica reichenowi Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xix. p. 350 (1912—“ Salomons-Inseln, Neu-

Mecklenburg, Neu-Pommern; 8.0. Neuguinea ?”’).

Type: @ ad., Guadalcanar, Solomon Islands, 9.v.1901. A. 5. Meek leg.

No. 3117.

1117. Collocalia esculenta stresemanni Rothsch. & Hart. = Collocalia esculenta

stresemannt.

Collocalia esculenta stresemanni Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxi. p. 293 (1914—Manus, Ad-

miralty Islands).

Type: ¢ ad., Manus, 13.ix.1913, A. 8. Meek’s collectors (Eichhorns).

No. 6051.

(Described from a single specimen, but its differences are so obvious that

we considered ourselves quite justified in separating it.)

1118, Chaetura zonaris pallidifrons Hart. = Chaetura zonaris pallidifrons.

Chaetura zonaris pallidifrons Hartert, Ibis, 1896, p. 368 (Jamaica).

Type: g ad., Ferry River, St. Catherine, Jamaica, 19.ii.1896. C. B.

Taylor leg.

(Seems to inhabit only Jamaica and Cuba with the Isle of Pines, while the

Haytian form has been named melanotis by Peters, 1916. The genus “ Strepto-

procne”’ is unnecessary.)

1119, Chaetura andrei Berl. & Hart. = Chaetura andrei andrei.

Chactura andrei Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 91 (1902—‘ Hab. Orinoco centr., Cumana aa)

Type: ¢ ad., Caicara, 21.iii.1898. Geo. K. and Stella M. Cherrie leg.

No. 10534.

1120, Chaetura andrei meridionalis Hellm. = Chaetura andrei meridionalis.

Chaetura andrei meridionalis Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xix. p. 63 (1907—Argentina, South Brazil).

Type: dg ad., Province de Santiago, Argentina, 580 m., 2.ii.1906, Dinelli

leg. No. 3976.

1121. Chaetura chapmani Hellm. = Chaetura chapmani chapmani.

Chaetura chapmani Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xix. p. 62 (1907—Trinidad and Cayenne).

Type: ¢ ad., Caparo, Trinidad, 27.iii.1894, Frank M. Chapman leg.

No. 60645.

1122. Chaetura cinereiventris phaeopygos Hellm. = Chaetura cinereiventris

phaeopygos.

Chaetura cinereiventris phacopygos Hellmayr, Bull. B,O. Club. xvi. p. 83 (1906—Carrillo, Costa Rica).

Type: 9, Carrillo, Costa Rica, 11.x.1898, C. F. Underwood leg. No,

1198.

400 Novitates Zootogican XXIX. 1922.

¢ 1123. Chaetura sabini ogowensis Neum. = Chaetura sabini ogowensis.

Chaetura sabini ogowensis Neumann, Bull. B.O. Club, xxi. p- 69 (1908—*“ Ogowe and Aruwimi Rivers

Loango and Fernando Po’’).

Type: ¢ ad., Ntungo (Lake Onange), Ogowe River, Gabun, 17.vii.1907.

W. J. Ansorge leg. No. 524.

(The author examined not less than 19 specimens, but was only able to

compare it with one, the type, from the typical locality, which does not differ,

except by being much larger. This character, however, is probably not constant,

as a specimen from Sierra Leone now in the British Museum has wings of only

127 mm.)

1124, Chaetura thomensis Hart. = Chaetura thomensis.

Chaetura thomensis Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, x. p. liii. (1900—Island of San Thomé, W. Africa).

Type: Ad., Pedroma, San Thomé, November 1899, Albert Mocquerys leg.

(Figured in Novirarzs Zoonoaican, 1901. No less than nine specimens

of this very distinct species are now in the Tring Museum.)

1125, Chaetura ussheri benguellensis Neum. = Chaetwra ussheri benguellensis.

Chaetura ussheri benguellensis Neumann, Bull. B.O. Club, xxi. p. 57 (1908—Benguella).

Type: gad., Blasbalk Fontein, 26.xi.1905. W. J. Ansorge leg. No. 611.

(Another specimen was obtained at Cassualalla in northern Angola, 30. vi. 1908,

by the same collector. It agrees with the type in having a much narrower white

rump band, interrupted from the white abdominal band by a brown stripe ;

these birds would thus agree with Chaetwra ussheri stictilaema, but Neumann

saysitis paler. More material of the very rare C, u. stictilaema and of benguellensis

is desired, to confirm the differences of these forms.)

1126, Chaetura ussheri sharpei Neum. = Chaetura ussheri sharpei.

Chaetura usshert sharpei Neumann, Bull. B.O. Club, xxi. p. 57 (1908—* South Camaroon ”’).

Type: ¢ ad., Efulen, South Cameroons, 15.vii.1905 (not 15.iv.1902).

G. L. Bates leg. No. 919.

(Of this very distinct form we have now eight skins, and there is a series

in the British Museum.)

1127. Micropus willsi Hart. = Apus melba willsi.

Micropus willsi Hartert, Nov. Zool. iii. p. 231 (1896—E. Imerina, E. Madagascar).

Type: adult, E. Imerina, 1.ii.1896. Rev. Wills leg.

(Described from a single specimen. It differs from Apus melba africana by

its much smaller size, not only shorter wings and tail, but narrower remiges and

rectrices, smaller bill and feet! This can hardly mean anything else than a local

species, or rather subspecies of Apus melba. Since 1896 it has not been redis-

covered, but Madagascar, notwithstanding the great amount of excellent work

which has been done there, is not so thoroughly and exhaustively explored that

this may seem incredible. It must also be mentioned that no other Apus melba

has ever been obtained there !)

Novrrates ZoonocicAE XXIX. 1922. 401

1128. Apus apus Brehmorum Hart. = Apus murinus brehmorum.

Apus apus Brehmorum Hartert, “ Naumann, Naturgesch. d. Vogel Mittelewropas”’ (sic—generally

quoted as “‘ New Ed. of Naumann”), iv. p. 233 (1901—“ Siidspanien, Madeira, Kanaren ”’).

Type: ¢ ad., Funchal, Madeira, 7.vii.1892. E Museo Seminar. Funchal.

Padre Schmitz leg.

(There is no doubt that Apus apus and murinus breed side by side in Spain

and north-western Africa, and therefore I treat them nomenclatorially as two

different species, but the forms of murinus are not yet finally understood. Cf.

Novirates ZooLocicax, 1921, pp. 110, 111.)

1129, Apus unicolor alexandri Hart. = Apus wnicolor alexandrv.

Apus unicolor alexandri Hartert, Nov. Zool. viii. p. 328 (1901—St. Nicholas, Cape Verd Islands).

Type: dad., St. Nicholas, 8.xi.1897. Boyd Alexander leg.

(Breeds on the Cape Verd Islands.)

1130, Apus andecolus dinellii Hart. = Apus andecolus dinellit.

Apus andecolus dinellit Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxiii. p. 43 (1908—Jujuy and Mendoza, Argentine

Republic).

Type: dad., Angosta Perchela, Jujuy, 2,550 m., 3.xi. 1905. L. Dinelli leg.

+ 1131, Apus nakuruensis van Someren = Apus apus shelleyt (*).

Apus nakuruensis van Someren, Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 58 (1919—Nakuru, Brit. East Africa).

Type: gad., Nakuru, 14.v.1917. Dr. V. G. L. van Someren leg.

(I have no doubt, judging from the specimens available, that Dr. van Someren

is in error, believing that both ‘ shelleyi”’ and “ nakuruensis? nest on the same

cliffs near Nakuru! All the birds which nest there belong to what we called

“ shelleyi,’ which, however, was described from Abyssinia, and before we can

decide whether East African and Abyssinian birds are alike, a series from Abyssinia

should be compared with our East African birds, Cf, also Meinertzhagen, Ibis,

1922, p. 39.)

CAPRIMULGIDAE.

2 1132, Caprimulgus keniensis van Som, = Caprimulgus fraenatus keniensis (%).

Caprimulgus keniensis van Someren, Bull. B.O. Club, x1. p. 25 (1919—Mt. Kenia).

Type: dg ad.,, “ 1st camp north of Kenia, April 1919.” A. B. Percival leg.

(The alleged ‘‘ more numerous ” and larger spots on the wing-coverts are

mot different from several other true fraenatus, but the bird is darker on the

upperside and chest ; the shafts have a white line in front of the white patches,

within which it is partially black. This coloration of the shafts is exceptional,

but may possibly be an aberrant character. Otherwise the form might be a

subspecies of fraenatus, but it was rash to describe it.)

+1133. Caprimulgus nubicus taruensis van Someren = Caprim. torridus.

Caprimulgus nubicus taruensis van Someren, Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 25 (1919—“ Taru Desert to

E. Kilimanjaro”).

Caprimulgus torridus Phillips, Bull. B.O. Club, viii. p. 23 (1898—Howd plateau, Somaliland).

Type: gad., Tsavo, 17.i,1918, Van Someren leg.

402 Novitates Zootocicak XXIX. 1922.

1134, Caprimulgus rosenbergi Hart. = Caprimulgus rosenbergi.

Caprimulgus rosenbergi Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, v. p. 10 (1895— Rio Dagua, W. Colombia).

Type: Qad., Rio Dagua, 2.iv.1895. F. W. Rosenberg leg.

(Originally described from a single 2, but afterwards Rosenberg shot another

female, and his correspondents Miketta and Flemming collected several more.

More recently, according to Chapman, Richardson obtained two at Barbacos in

S.W. Colombia, Chapman placed this species in the genus “ Antrostomus,”

which I united with Caprimulgus. From this genus-splitters might differ, but

then rosenbergi cannot be put in Antrostomus. If the latter is separated, the

reasons are, I suppose, the apparently more pointed head, pointed feathers of

the head, very strong, straight rictal bristles, pointed wing, and rounded tail.

C. rosenbergi, however, has a more rounded forehead, weak, bent bristles, much

more rounded wing, almost straight tail. The coloration is also quite different

from typical Antrostomus.)

1135, Caprimulgus apatelius Neum, = Caprimulqus fossei apatelius.

Caprimulgus apatelius Neumann, Orn. Monatsber. 1904, p. 143 (‘‘ Vom Hauasch bis zum Kilima-

Ndscharo ”’).

Type: gad., Galana-River, near Lake Abaya, 30.xii.1900. Oscar Neumann

leg. No. 529.

(I think we must consider apatelius to be a subspecies of C. fossei; but see

Van Someren.antea p. 86 !)

1136. Caprimulgus eximius simplicior Hart. = Caprimulgus eximius simplicior.

Caprimulgus eximius simplicior Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxviii. p. 109 (1921—Zinder and Damergu,

between Kano and Air).

Type: gad., Zinder, 26.i.1920. Angus Buchanan leg. No. 244.

1137. Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hart. = Caprimulgus ewropacus

meridionalis.

Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hartert, Ibis, 1896, p. 370 (N.W. Africa—Algeria—and South

Europe).

Type: gad., Mt. Parnassus, Greece, 10.vii.1895. Strimeneas Bros. leg.

1138. Caprimulgus macrurus meeki R. & H. = Caprimulgus macrurus meeki.

Caprimulgus macrurus meeki Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxv. p. 321 (1918—Sudest Island).

Type: gad., Sudest Island, Louisiade group, 4.v.1916. Hichhorn Bros.

leg. A.S. Meek Coll. No. 7397.

1139. Caprimulgus macrurus oberholseri R. & H. = Caprimulgus macrurus

oberholseri.

Caprimulgus macrurus oberholseri Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxv. p. 322 (1918—Lombok and

Sumbawa).

;

Type: gad., Lombok Island, 1500 feet, June 1896. Alfred Everett leg.

1140. Caprimulgus macrurus kuehni R. & H. = Caprimulgus macrurus kuehni.

Caprimulgus macrurus kuehni Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxv. p. 322 (1918—Key Islands).

Type: gad., Tual, Little Key Island, 10,v,1898, H.Kihn leg. No. 761.

Novirates ZoontocicaE XXIX. 1922. 403

114], Caprimulgus macrurus albolaxatus R. & H. = Caprimulgus macrurus

albolaxatus.

Caprimulgus macrurus albolaxatus Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxv. pp. 323, 324 (1918—New

Britain, Dampier, and Volcano Islands).

Type: ¢ ad., Voleano Island, 27.xi.1913, Eichhorn Bros. leg. A. S.

Meek Coll. No. 6296.

TROCHILI.

(Since my review of the T'rochili of 1900 our knowledge of these most beautiful

little birds has of course also advanced and two complete lists of Humming Birds

have appeared: OC. B. Cory, Cat. B. Americas, part ii, No. 1, Trochili, 1918;

and E. Simon, Hist. Nat. des Trochilidae, Synopsis et Catalogue, 1921. The last

is, of course, the most up-to-date work and the best book on Humming Birds

ever published. While Cory adopted my system (the artificial, faulty arrangement

adopted by Salvin in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus., cf. Journ. f. Orn. 1900, pp. 350, 351,

355, did not find favour with any specialist), Simon followed his own of 1897,

with some alterations; that system of Simons of 1897 was undoubtedly the

best natural system of T'rochilidae, beginning with the apparently less specialised

and ending with the most specialised forms. This system I adopted, finding,

however, some alterations necessary, which in Simon’s opinion were no improve-

ments. About this, however, there may be different opinions, and I may repeat

that in consequence of the great similarity in the anatomy of all Trochilidae, as

far as we know (the anatomy of very few species having been studied), a linear

arrangement must be to some extent arbitrary. For convenience—the Tring

collections having just been re-arranged according to Cory’s list, as I had no

idea that Simon’s work was to be expected—lI have followed my arrangement,

though in some points Simon’s would be preferable. I do not, however, approve

of the increased number of genera introduced by Simon. While Salvin (1892)

used 127, Boucard (1892-1895) 156, Simon (1897) 124, and I (1900) only 118

genera, Simon now (1921) has as many as 189! My prediction that the number

of 118 genera would still be more reduced has therefore not been prophetic, but

in most cases the additional genera are not a progress, though in a few instances

I may have “lumped ” too much, on the other hand in one or two not enough!

Many of the—in my opinion—unnecessary genera appear to be based on characters

only developed in adult males. Not many more new species of T'rochilidae are

now likely to be discovered, but notwithstanding the wonderful work done by

American collectors in Colombia, that wonderful country * is not yet absolutely

explored, as a number of Humming Birds found in the Bogota collections of

trade-skins have not yet been rediscovered, so that their exact habitat—some-

where in Colombia—is still unknown.)

1142. Phaéthornis baroni Hart. = Phoethornis swperciliosa baroni.

Phaéthornis baroni Hartert, Ibis, 1897, p. 426 (W. Ecuador).

Type: adult, Naranjal, near Rio Pescado, W. Ecuador, May. O. T.

Baron leg.

(Also Esmeraldas, W. Ecuador, and other specimens found in Quito trade

collections.)

* Seo Chapman, Distr, Bird-life Colombia, 1917,

404 Novitates ZooLtocicAE XXIX. 1922.

1143. Phaéthornis mexicanus Hart. = Phoethornis longirostris mexicanus.

Phaéthornis mexicanus Hartert, Ibis, 1897, p. 425 (Chilpancingo and Jalisco in Mexico).

Type: adult, dos Arroyos, Chilpancingo, Guerrara, Mexico. O. T. Baron leg.

1144. Phoethornis affinis ochraceiventris Hellm. = Phoethornis bolivianus

ochraceiventris.

Phoethornis affinis ochraceiventris Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xix. p. 54 (February 1907—Humaytha,

left bank of Rio Madeira, Brazil).

Type: adult, Humaytha, 23.viii.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg. No, 1147.

(Hellmayr, Novirates ZooLoeicak, 1907, p. 393, corrected his mistake in

adopting the name “affinis.” Simon, Trochil. pp. 12, 254, makes this form a

subspecies of bolivianus, and I adopt this course.)

1145. Phoethornis rupurumii amazonicus Hellm. = Phoethornis rupurumii

amazonicus,

Phoethornis rupurumii amazonicus Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xvi. p. 82 (1906—Itaituba and Uracuri-

tuba near Santarem, Lower Amazons River).

Type: 9, Itaituba, near Santarem, 19. 1.1906. W. Hoffmannsleg. No. 468.

(Of Trochilus squalidus Natterer = Phoethornis squalidus we have one of

the cotypes from Ypanema, exchanged from the Vienna Museum.)

1146. Phaéthornis stuarti Hart. = Phoethornis stuarti.

Phaéthornis stuarti Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, vi. p. 39 (1897—Salinas, Beni River, eastern Bolivia).

Type: Salinas, Beni River, July 1895. A. Maxwell Stuart leg.

t 1147. Hutoxeres baroni H. & Cl. Hart. = Hutoveres aquila heterura,

HLutoxeres baroni Ernst & Claudia Hartert, Nov. Zool. i. p. 54 and fig. (1894—W. Ecuador).

Type: Qad., Rio Pescado, near Naranjal, W. Ecuador. O. T. Baron leg.

(The extent of the white tips to the rectrices varies and specimens with

more or less white occur in the same places. 2. baroni cannot any longer be

considered a species nor a subspecies of #. aquila.)

1148, Phaéthornis berlepschi E. & Cl. Hart. = Phoethornis syrmatophorus

berlepschi.

Phaéthornis berlepschi Ernst & Claudia Hartert, Nov. Zool. i. p. 56 (1894 —Rio Pescado, western

Ecuador).

Type: gad., Rio Pescado, W. Ecuador, January. O. T. Baron leg.

(Simon, Hellmayr, Cory, Chapman, and others are of opinion that we re-

named Gould’s syrmatophorus. I would very much like to agree with my brother

ornithologists, but must, to my regret, be of the opposite opinion. In P. s.

berlepschi the rump is like the back and only the upper tail-coverts are ferruginous,

while in Gould’s description it is said that “rump and upper tail-coverts ” are

rufous, and the figure in the Humming Birds, i, besides the rufous rump, has the

deeper ferruginous colour of the East Ecuadorian form, I therefore think that

the above-named authorities are wrong, and that our nomenclature of 1894 should

be adopted, except that the two forms are of course subspecies of one species.)

Novirares ZoonocicaE XXIX. 1922. 405

1149. Aphantochroa cuvieri saturatior Hart. = Phaeochroa cuvierii saturatior

Aphantochroa cuviert saturatior Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xii. p. 33 (December 1901—Coiba Island,

Bay of Panama).

Type: 3 Coiba Island, 3.v.1901. H. Batty leg.

(I agree that it is better to separate the genera Phaeochroa, with Ph. cuviert

and subspecies and roberti, and Aphantochroa, sole species cirrhochloris and

subspecies, because of their slightly different bills and the more rounded tail of

the former. On the other hand, while somewhat agreeing with Eugéne Simon

that ‘‘ Les affinités des Aphantochroa sont obscures,” I am not prepared to

remove them far away from Phaeochroa, but would prefer to place them close

together.)

1150. Leucippus baeri Simon = Leucippus baeri.

Leucippus baeri Simon, Ornis, ix. p. 202 (1901—Tumbez, N.E. Peru).

Cotype: ad., Grao de Tumbez. G. A. Baer leg.

(We have three skins, all three marked ‘“‘ type”? by the late G. A. Baer.

In the original description no specimen has been designated as the type, so

evidently all, i.e. the three we have and the two in Mons. Simon’s collection,

should be looked upon as cotypes.)

(‘‘ Doleromyia”” and Leucippus should in my opinion not be separated, as

they differ only in colour !)

1151. Agyrtria leucogaster bahiae Hart. = Agyrtria leucogaster bahiae.

Agyrtria leucogaster bahiae Hartert, Orn. Monatsber. 1899, p. 140 (ex Berlepsch MS.—Bahia).

Type: a Bahia trade-skin of the typical Bahia preparation.

(Attention must be called to a stupid mistake in the original description !

There the Cayenne form, which is smaller and has a less dark tail, generally less

green on the middle rectrices, is described as the Bahia race! The error is, how-

ever, put right in Tverreich, 9. Lief., p. 43, 1900.)

1152. Agyrtria fluviatilis laeta Hart. = Agyrtria fluviatilis laeta.

Agyrtria fluviatilis laeta Hartert, Journ. f. Orn. 1900, p. 360 (Nauta in N.E. Peru).

Type: 3, Nauta, Peru. J. Hauxwell leg. (Purchased from H. Whitely,

sen.)

1153. Saucerottea erythronotos caurensis Berl. & Hart. = Saucerottia tobaci

caurensis.

Saucerottea erythronotos caurensis Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1902, p. 84 (“ In regione orientali

fluminis Orinoco dicti medii: Suapure ad fl. Caura dictum, Ciudad Bolivar’’),

Type: 3, Mts. west of Suapure, 10.v.1900. 8S. M. Klages leg.

1154. Hylocharis ruficollis maxwelli Hart. = Hylocharis ruficollis maxwelli.

Hylocharis ruficollis maxwelli Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1898, p. 519 (Reyes, Rio Beni, eastern Bolivia).

Type: ad., Reyes, Rio Beni, August 1895. A, Maxwell Stuart leg.

(According to Simon, 1912, Jhering, and Heilmayr in litt., this form inhabits

also Matto Grasso and Minas Geraes. In 1921 Simon does not recognise this

subspecies, but it is quite well founded.)

406 Novirates ZootocicaE XXIX. 1922.

2 + 1155. Chrysuronia oenone intermedia Hart.=— ? Chrysuronia oenone

josephinae.

Chrysuronia oenone intermedia Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1898, p. 519 (“ Upper Amazons’).

Type: d ad., “Peru,” apparently from Pebas, Upper Amazons. Pur-

chased from H. Whitely. ;

(On the Upper Amazons in Peru specimens are found with a blue chin, while

CG. oenone oenone has the whole throat blue, C. oenone josephinae no blue on chin

and throat. Simon is, perhapsrightly, of opinion that the difference of intermedia

is individual rather than limited geographically, but this question requires

further investigation.)

1156. Chlorostilbon caribaeus nanus Berl. & Hart. = Chlorostilbon caribaeus nanus

Chiorostilbon caribaeus nanus Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1902, p. 86 (“ In regione media fluminis

Orinoco, Caicara, Altagracia, etc.”’).

Type: gad., Caicara, 19.ii.1898, Geo. K. and Stella M. Cherrie leg.

No. 10157.

(I fail to understand the treatment of this group by Simon in 1921. He

places C. c. nanus as a synonym of C. daphne subfurcata Berl. and redescribes,

on p. 63, the Orinoco subspecies as a form of caribaeus under the name of Prasitis

caribaea orinocensis, from Ciudad Bolivar and 8, Fernando de Apure. He thus

recognises two species occurring together in the basin of the Orinoco, P. caribaea —

(orinocensis) and P. daphne (subfurcata). If this was as Simon believes, Berlepsch

would have redescribed his subfurcatus as nanus; that is, however, not the

case; Berlepsch had his subfurcatus and our nanus before him and I had topo-

typical specimens of the former for comparison, and the two are quite distinct,

subfurcatus having a much less emarginated, almost square tail and a more blue

throat, than nanus. I would not without hesitation place subfurcatus and nanus

as subspecies of one species, and probably would unite five or six forms as sub-

species of one species, the oldest name of which I cannot at present decide. If

Simon is right, that two species inhabit the Orinoco valley, then one of them is

not known to me, in any case the bird which Berlepsch and I described as a sub-

species of caribaeus is the same bird which Simon redescribed as orinocensis in

1921. Simon on p. 63 united his and Dalmas’ lessoni with caribaea; on p. 291,

however, he says that he was in error, and that it must be separated. I have

purposely united the two, i.e. the form from Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire (true

caribaeus), and the one from the Venezuelan littoral, and the islands of Margarita

and Trinidad (lessoni), and if they should after all be separable they are certainly

“tres légérement ” different, as evidenced by the wavering of an authority like

Simon himself.)

f 1157. Agyrtria tenebrosa Hart. = Thalurania lerchi.

Agyrtria tenebrosa Hartert,‘ Bull. B.O. Club, x, p. 15 (1899—from a specimen of the usual Bogota

preparation).

Type: A Bogota trade skin.

(While there is no doubt that I redescribed—and in a wrong genus too—

the species known as Thalurania or Timolia lerchi Mulsant & Verreaux, Ann.

Soc. Lyon, 1872, p. 108, also from a Bogota skin, I cannot admit that it is separable

from the genus Thalurania. Both in Brabourne & Chubb’s List of the B. of 8,

Novirares ZoonoaicaAE XXIX. 1922. 407

America and in Chapman’s admirable Distrib. Bird-life Colombia this species is

left out! Chapman left several undoubtedly Colombian species unmentioned,

if only known from Bogota skins. It would, however, have been most useful to

call attention to them !)

1158. Thalurania furcata fissilis Berl. & Hart. = Thalurania furcata fissilis.

Thalurania furcata fissilis Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 87 (1902—‘“ In regione fluminis

Caura dicti”’).

Type: j.ad., Suapure, Caura River, Venezuela, 15.xii.1899, S, M. Klages leg.

(Simon, Hist. Nat. des Trochilidae, p. 303, 1921, calls this form Thalurania

refulgens forficata. I cannot agree to this. First of all, if subspecies are recog-

nised, refulgens cannot be anything but a subspecies of Th. furcata, and the name

forficata cannot be used for the form from the Caura River. It is true that I had

overlooked it, or at least omitted to quote it in the Tierreich, Lief. 9, but it is

somewhat experimental to accept it at all. Berlepsch had examined the type

of Th. forficata and believed it to be the Cayenne form. That the locality Para

is wrong is beyond doubt. In any case most certainly Heine had no specimens

from the Caura River; he might possibly have had one from British Guiana,

though in 1860 skins from there were very rare, but I doubt that the British

Guiana bird is quite the same as the Caura one ; as Berlepsch and I said in 1902,

“the bills of fissilis are mostly longer ” than in birds from British Guiana. In

fact they are rather stronger, stouter ; the wings measure as follows :

Caura River: ggad.: 53, 54, 54, 55, 55, 56, 56 mm.

British Guiana: gdad.: 52, 53, 53, 53, 54, 55, 55, 56 mm.

There is therefore no constant difference in the wings, nor is there one in colour.

Nevertheless it is doubtful if the two forms can be united, and it is not wise

to replace the name fissilis by forficata ; the type of the latter is in the Heine

Museum.)

1159. Thalurania balzani Simon = Thalurania eriphile balzani.

Thalurania balzani Simon, Nov. Zool. iii. p. 259 (1896—Yungas in Bolivia).

Cotype (mentioned l.c.): gad., Yungas. Dr. Balzan leg.

1160. Thalurania eriphile baeri Hellm. = Thalurania eriphile baeri.

Thalurania eriphile baeri Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xxi. p. 27 (1907—Goyaz, Brazil).

Type: ¢ ad., State of Goyaz, 650 m., April 1906. No. 2073 Baer Coll.

G. A. Baer leg.

I quite agree with Hellmayr that this is a subspecies of eriphile, though

Simon treats it as a species. I go even further and consider balzani a subspecies

of eriphile, as the presence of the few glittering feathers on the forehead—moreover,

as they are not strongly glittering, but more glossy —does not seem to me a specific

character in a geographically representative form. Doubtless several other

forms of Thalurania hitherto looked upon as species must be subspecifically related

to others, but I cannot at present discuss them all, especially as the distribution

of some of them is not in all cases sufficiently known.

1161. Thalurania simoni Hellm = Thalurania simoni.

Thalurania simoni Hellmayr, Bull. B.O. Club, xix. p. 8 (1906—Teffé on the Rio Solimoes, Brazil).

Type: gad., Teffé, 19.v.1906. W. Hoffmanns leg. No, 664,

408 Noviratrs Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922.

1162. Thalurania furcata orenocensis Hellm. = Thalurania furcata orenocensis.

Thalurania furcata orenocensis Hellmayr, Anzeiger Orn. Ges. Bayern, i. No. 4, p. 32 (1921—‘ Oberer

Orinoko ”’).

Type: gf ad., Nericagua, Upper Orinoco, Venezuala, 13.iv.1899. Geo. K. &

Stella M. Cherrie leg. No, 12515.

(I think tschudii should also be looked upon as a subspecies of furcata !)

1163. Chalybura intermedia E. & C. Hartert = Chalybura intermedia.

Chalybura intermedia Ernst & Claudia Hartert, Nov. Zool. i. p. 44 (1894—Western Ecuador).

Type: dg ad., between Pogia and Santa Rosa on the road from Guayaquil

to Loja in S.W. Ecuador. O. T. Baron leg.

(L cannot see any advantage in splitting up the genus Chalybura into Chaly-

bura and Chlorurisca [comprising C. intermedia, melanorrhoa, isaurae, and

urochrysea), the characters—shorter or longer under tail-coverts and more or less

defined white patch on side of abdomen—heing trifling.)

f 1164. Aithurus taylori Rothsch. = Aithurus polytmus.

Aithurus taylori Rothschild, Bull. Orn. Clu, iii. p. xlvii (1894—District of St. Andrew, Jamaica).

Type: dad., St. Andrew, Jamaica, 24.iii.1894. C. B. Taylor leg.

(There can be no doubt that the specimens with golden-red patch on throat

from St. Andrew are only aberrant, in fact some almost look as if they were

artificially produced, but C. B. Taylor was a creditable man. It is strange that

the black-billed A. scitulus, of which Mr. J. E. Sherlock sent us a number from

Portland, Jamaica, was not discovered before 1900 !

+ 1165. Eriocnemis evelinae E. & Cl. Hart. = Hriocnemis vestita vestita juv.

Eriocnemis evelinae Ernst & Claudia Hartert, Nov. Zool. i. p. 59 (1894—Rio Pastassa, E. Ecuador).

Type: 2 juv., Rio Pastassa. O. T. Baron leg.

There is no doubt that this bird is a young ZL. vestita, but whether the

“typical ” #. v. vestitae or smaragdinipectus, is impossible to say ; if, however,

the former inhabits #. Heuador, it would be that form.

I agree with Simon that the names of ‘‘ Races” employed by Lesson in

VEcho du Monde savant, 1843—mostly in vernacular—were not introduced as

genera, and that the name ‘‘ Vestipedes ”’ has erroneously been used by American

authors as a substitute for Hriocnemis.

+ 1166. Eriocnemis berlepschi Hart. = Hriocnemis vestiia vestita aberr.

Eriocnemis berlepschi Hartert, Nov. Zool. iv. p. 531 (1897—found in a Bogota collection, therefore

Colombia).

Type: dg, found in a Bogota collection of trade skins.

I quite agree with Mr. Simon, that this peculiar specimen, in colour so

much resembling H. nigrivestis, is a melanistic aberration of H. vestita. Such

melanistic varieties were not very seldom found in Bogota collections, and I

have erred in good company (Elliot, Salvin, and others), and even in provisional

agreement with the late Count Berlepsch, in describing such melanisms as sup-

posed new forms. Monsieur Simon has a specimen intermediate between a typical

vestita and my berlepschi.

Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922. 409

1167, Eriocnemis mosquera bogotensis Hart. = Hriocnemis mosquera

bogotensis.

Eriocnemis mosquera bogotensis Hartert, Nov. Zool. iv. p. 531 (1897—Colombia).

Type: ¢gad., from a Bogota collection, bought in London.

1168. Eriocnemis derbyi longirostris Hart. = Hriocnemis derbyi longirostris.

Eriocnemis derbyi longirostris Hartert, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 69 (1895—Bogota collections).

Type: g ad., found in a Bogota collection. (Cf. Simon, Hist. Nat. des

Trochilidae, p. 371, 1921.)

f 1169. Spathura underwoodi bricenoi Hart. = Ocreatus wnderwoodi discifer.

Steganurus discifer Heine, Journ. f. Orn. 1863, p. 210 (Merida, Venezuela, ex Mus. Hein. iii. p. 66).

Spathura underwoodi bricenoi Hartert, Nov. Zool. vi. p. 72 (1899—Merida, Venezuela).

Type: @ ad., Andes of Merida, 2,500 m., 12.i1.1897. Salomon Bricefio

Gabaldon & Sons leg.

The Merida form is well separable from the Colombian one, but when

describing it I had overlooked Heine’s earlier name discifer.

{ 1170. Heliangelus dubius Hart. = Heliangelus clarissae aberr.

Heliangelus dubius Hartert, Nov. Zool. iv. p. 532 (1897—found in a Bogota collection).

Type: 3, Bogota collection, bought in London.

I have little doubt now that Simon correctly places my name dubius in

the list of synonyms of H. clarissae, but the throat is dark glittering violet-blue,

not rosy-red with a purplish tinge. Therefore H. dubius can hardly be called

a melanism of clarissae ; the different shape of the glittering throat patch is, I

am now convinced, due to incomplete moult.

+ 1171. Heliangelus simoni Boucard = Heliangelus barrali aberr.

Heliangelus simonit Boucard, Humming Bird, ii. p. 76 (1892—Colombia).

Cotype: dg ad., found in a Bogota collection by Boucard. Bought from

Boucard. Marked in Boucard’s handwriting : ‘‘ Heliotrypha simoni n.sp. typical

specimen. H. Bird, ii. p. 76. Colombia.” A similarly marked cotype was sold

to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, ef. Cory, Cat. B. Americas,

ii. 1, p. 266,

I have no doubt that H. speciosa Salv. (of which simoni is absolutely a

synonym) is nothing but an aberration of H. barrali, from which it only differs

in having the throat-patch green instead of glittering silvery leaden or greenish

lead-grey, especially since two of our specimens are quite intermediate |

(In Chapman’s wonderful work on the Distrib. Bird-life Colombia no

mention is made of these birds, because his collections did not contain them.

As, however, exact localities of H. barrali were known, and thus Mr, Chapman

left out over 60 remarkable Humming Birds known to have come from Colombia,

his list gives an insufficient impression of the richness of the Colombian avifauna),

410 Novitates Zootoctcar XXIX. 1922.

2? +1172. Heliangelus claudia Hart. = ? Heliangelus clarissae aberr.

Heliangelus claudia Hartert, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 484 (1895—** Colombia”). (See also Nov. Zool. 1897,

p- 532.)

Type: 3, found in a Bogota collection by Monsieur Gounelle, of Paris.

I am now inclined to think that H. claudia (not ‘‘ Claudiae”” as quoted by

Simon) is a melanistic variety of H. clarissae ; the uniform black upperside and

tail, with faint purplish gloss, and the blackish, glossless abdomen, suggest

melanism, and the colour of the throat, which is dark violet-blue instead of

glittering rosy-red (as in clarisswe) may also be due to melanism. It is, however,

peculiar, if Simon (p. 367 of his book) says of H. dubius that it is “‘ Mélanisme,”

and of claudia ‘‘ peut-étre un premier degré de Mélanisme (?).’’ Certainly the

other way round would be more correct, Of this melanistic form we have now

2 g and 1 apparent 2, which is like the ¢ on the upperside, while the throat is

dull black with whitish edges to the feathers.

(I am convinced that H. violicollis, Salv., is an aberrant H. strophianus—in

fact this is sure to be the case, if my dubius is only clarissae.)

1173. Metallura theresiae Simon = Metallura theresiae.

Metallura theresiae Simon, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 181 (1902—Tayabamba, province of Pataz in Peru).

Cotype: ad., Tayabamha, 2,500 m., January 1901. G. A. Baer leg.

1174, Metallura atrigularis Salv. = Metallura atrigularis.

Metallura atriguaris Salvin, Bull. B.O. Club, i. p. xlix. (1893—“ Hills near Sigsig, not far from

Cuenca, Ecuador, alt. 12,000 feet ’’).

Type: ¢ fere ad., hills near Sigsig, 12,000 feet. O. T. Baron leg.

1175. Metallura baroni Salv. = Metallura baroni.

Metallura baroni Salvin, Bull. B.O. Club, i, p. xlix. (1893—“ Hills near Cuenca, alt. 12,000 feet ”).

Type: gd ad., Mts. near Cuenca, 12,000 feet. O. T. Baron leg.

1176, Metallura smaragdinicollis septentrionalis Hart. = Metallura

tyrianthina septentrionalis.

Metallura smaragdinicollis septentrionalis Hartert, Nov. Zool. vi. p. 73 (1899—North Peru: Caja-

bamba, Cajamarca, Huamachuco, Levanto, Celendin).

Type: g, Huamachuco, 10,400 feet, March 1894. 0. T. Baron leg.

My WM. s. septentrionalis (not “ meridionalis ’’ as quoted by Simon, p. 381 !)

is in my opinion certainly different from the specimens collected in Peru by

Whitely in 1873, having longer wings and darker coloration, If Boucard and

Simon (J.c.) are right in separating the latter from Bolivian examples, then there

seem to be three forms.

There can be no doubt that Met. smaragdinicollis is a subspecies of M,

tyrianthina.

1177. Chalcostigma purpureicauda Hart. = Metallura purpureicauda.

Chalcostigma purpureicauda Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vii. p. 28 (1898—Colombia).

Type: 3, found in a Bogota collection in London,

T follow Monsieur Simon in placing this peculiar species, which seems to be

unique in the Tring Museum, in the genus Metallwra, but if this is done I cannot

see how Chalcostigma and Selatopogon Sim. can be separated from Jetallura.

Novirates Zoorocrcar XXIX. 1922. 411

I do not think that Simon’s suggestion that Zodalia thawmasta Oberh. is a

synonym of C. purpureicauda can be correct. Granted that the type of the

latter is not fully adult, how could its wing measure 71 mm. and that of Z.

thaumasta only 62, while the tail measures 77 and that of purpureicauda only

55mm. The tail is certainly full grown and there is evidently no intermediate

stage of any Humming Bird with a longer wing and shorter tail than in adult

birds.

The type is undoubtedly a Bogota skin and must have been collected in

some part of Colombia. Bogota collectors never went beyond the boundaries

of Colombia, as shown by the species which occurred in these collections, with

which, however, Chapman and other modern ornithologists are not familiar,

though they were of great importance before the systematic exploration of

Colombia by the American Museum of Natural History, as almost the only

source whence we in Europe learned anything about the Colombian avifauna,

and because out of these collections—without exact locality, dates, and all

other notes as they were—the majority of species known from Colombia were

described. In fact, we know for certain that most of these collections were

made on the savanna of Bogoté, but the collectors also entered the Magdalena

and Cauca valleys, and descended into the eastern plains of the Rio Meta and

probably other rivers. The type of Zodalia thawmasta came from the slopes of

the Volcano Cotopaxi in Ecuador, and if that bird is (as Goodfellow was told

and believed) confined to the one valley of Chillo near the Cotopaxi, Colombian

collectors could not have shot it, for if they had been to the Cotopaxi the collec-

tion in which the type of M. purpureicauda was found would have contained

many other Ecuadorian forms, which was not the case. This is of course not a

proof, but another reason for which I doubt if Zodalia thawmasta can be the

same as Metallura purpureicauda, but why I do not accept it is the discrepancy

in the descriptions, and not the theory of the restricted area of Z. thawmasta,

which may be correct or incorrect.

1178. Chalcostigma ruficeps aureofastigatum Hart. = Metallura ruficeps

aureofastigatum.

Chalcostigma ruficeps aureofastigatum Hartert, Nov. Zool. vi. p. 74 (1899—Loja, E. Ecuador).

Type: gad., Loja. O. T. Baron leg.

1179. Cyanolesbia berlepschi Hart. = Cyanolesbia kingi berlepschi.

Cyanolesbia berlepschi Hartert, Bull. Orn. Club, viii. p. 16 (1898—State of Cumana, N.E. Vene-

zuela).

Types: gQ ad., Forest of Los Palmales, State of Cumana, 25.11.1898.

Caracciolo leg. for André. No, 542.

I think all forms of the genus Cyanolesbia (or Lesbia according to Simon)

should be looked upon as subspecies of C. kingi (which name must be used instead

of cyanura, the latter being preoccupied), as it seems that only one occurs in

any given locality.

Tam amused at the remark of Chapman, Distrib. Bird-life Colombia, p. 307,

that I treated CO. caudata as a subspecies of C. kingi, though among a hundred

adult males not one showed “ even an indication of a blue spot on the throat,”

412 Novirates Zoonocicar XXIX. 1922.

Does Dr. Chapman not know my views of subspecies, and that the fact whether

intergradation exists or not is an impossible criterion to prove that a form is a

subspecies or a species ? Whether intergradation ewists or not cannot be known,

unless enormous series from exact localities are at hand, and it entirely depends

on the material available whether such cases are known or not. In the case of

C. caudata it is interesting to know that I now have received a male from Merida

from Bricefio, which actually has several blue feathers on the throat. According

to Chapman, I should not have treated caudata as a subspecies of kingi, but

now I suppose I am entitled to do so!

1180. Psalidoprymna juliae Hart. = Psalidoprymna victoriae juliae.

Psalidoprymna juliae Hartert (ex Lesbia juliae Berl. & Stolzm., nomen nudum !), Nov. Zool. vi.

* p. 75 (1899—“ Northern Peru ”’).

Type: ¢ ad., Cajabamba, N. Peru, 9,000 feet, January 1894. O. T.

Baron leg.

Though the differences from P. victoriae victoriae and aequatorialis are very

striking, I believe that it is most reasonable to treat P. juliae as a subspecies of

P. victoriae.

+ 1181. Heliomaster veraguensis Boucard = Anthoscenus longirostris stuartae.

Heliomaster veraguensis Boucard, Gen. Humming B. p. 304 (1895—Veragua).

Cotype: gad., Veragua, Arcé leg. (Marked “ type” by Boucard.)

The throats of Boucard’s three males appear to be stained or the colour

altered in some other way. They belong to stwartae if that subspecies is

recognised, and it is certainly different from typical longirostris, which does

not occur in Colombia.

1182. Lophornis verreauxi klagesi Berl. & Hart. = Lophornis verreauaxi klagesi.

Lophornis verreauxi klagesi Berlepsch & Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. p. 89 (1902—‘ In regione fluminis

Caura: Suapure, La Pricion’’).

Type: gf ad., Suapure, Caura River, affluent of Orinoco, 1.i.1900. S. M.

Klages leg.

(The genus Lophornis might easily be split up into several genera from male

characters, but I do not approve of this. As in other families of Birds, among

mammals and insects, extreme splitting of genera does not in any way advance

our knowledge, but makes study more difficult, besides adding to nomenclatorial

alterations and difficulties. )

Novirates Zootocioam XXIX, 1922. 413

ON THE EMERALD AND GOLDEN CUCKOOS OF AFRICA

By DAVID A. BANNERMAN, M.B.E., B.A., M.B.0.U.

eee following article is written in the hope that it may help to settle the

- vexed questions associated with the African Emerald and Golden Cuckoos

and to straighten out the confusion into which they have fallen.

I. NOMENCLATURE.

Tn almost every paper in which reference is made to either the white-bellied

Didric Cuckoo or to the yellow-breasted Emerald Cuckoo, their specific names

have—with one notable exception—been sadly confused. The exception was

the paper by Mr. Claude Grant, when, in the Jbis, 1915, pp. 417-19 he attempted

to place the nomenclature of these two cuckoos on a sound footing. That Mr.

Grant succeeded has been generally acknowledged by those systematic workers

who have taken the trouble to check his work. The matter, we vainly hoped,

was cleared up satisfactorily, at any rate as regards the specific names to be

employed.

Mr. Grant showed that the white-bellied Didric (or Golden) Cuckoo must

bear the name Chrysococcyx,caprius Bodd., and that the yellow-bellied Emerald

Cuckoo should bear the name Chrysococcyx cupreus Shaw. His reasons are given

in detail in the [bis (loc.cit.). Grant showed that the name “ cupreus”’ of Boddaert

(which had been commonly used by authors until 1915 to designate the white-

bellied Didrie (or Golden) Cuckoo) was non-existent, and that Cuculus auratus

Gmel. (1788) which had also been used for the white-bellied Didric (or Golden)

Cuckoo was antedated by C. caprius Bodd. (1783). Moreover, this name auratus

is preoccupied by Linné (1758) for the American Flicker, and cannot therefore

be used for any cuckoo whatever !

Grant further showed that the name Chrysococcyx smaragdineus Swainson

(1837) (commonly used by authors until 1915 to designate the yellow-bellied

Emerald Cuckoo) was antedated by Cuculus cupreus of Shaw (1792). It must

therefore sink into the synonymy of C. cupreus Shaw.

So far, so good! Unfortunately Messrs. Sclater and Praed in their “ Birds

of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan” (Ibis, 1919, pp. 644-5) confused the names again,

inadvertently writing (p. 644) C. caprius Bodd. when they meant C. cupreus of

Shaw, and C. auratus Gmel. when they intended C. caprius of Boddaert. They

discovered their mistake, but not until their article had appeared in print and

the harm was done. In an appendix to their paper (Ibis, 1920, p. 853) they make

their correction and clearly set out in a little table the Latin and English names of

the two species over which the confusion has existed. This I reproduce here, as

it is important to bear it in mind, and as it appeared in an Appendix it probably

passed unnoticed by many.

414 Novirates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922,

Cuckoo with yellow underparts. Cuckoo with white underparts.

English :

Emerald Cuckoo. Golden Cuckoo.

Copper Cuckoo.

Didrie Cuckoo.

Latin :

Cuculus cupreus, Shaw, Mus. Cuculus caprius Boddaert, Tabl.

Lever., 1792, p. 157. Pl. enlum., 1783, p. 40.

Cuculus smaragdineus, Swains., Cuculus auratus Gmelin, Syst.

Birds of West Africa, ii, 1837, Nat., i., pt. 1, 1788, p. 421.

ayy LU)

Chrysococcyx intermedius Hartl.,

Syst. Orn. West Africas, 1857,

p. 191.

These authors (Sclater and Praed) note that “‘if it is preferred to regard

C. caprius Bodd. as a misprint for C. cupreus, then Shaw’s name is invalid and

disappears, and the Emerald Cuckoo becomes CO. smaragdineus Swains.”

Personally I do not think we can accept this suggestion. I suggest an

alternative here.

In the last number of the Novitates Zoologicae, vol. xxix. 1922, p. 52,

Dr. V. G. L. van Someren has opened up the question again by naming the

South African yellow-breasted Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx auratus sharpet, thus

making confusion worse confounded, and goes on to explain in his text that C.

auratus auratus Gmelin = C. smaragdineus and C. cwpreus Shaw.” This, of course,

is incorrect. Has Dr. van Someren ever looked at Gmelin’s original description of

C. auratus ? Tf so he would have seen that the bird there described has the under-

parts white—* subtus albo.” Moreover, Gmelin gives a reference to the “* Coucou

vert du cap de bonne esperance, Buffon, Pi. enlum., n. 657,’ and there is a good

figure of the white-bellied Didric (or Golden) Cuckoo, Chrysococcyx caprius of

Boddaert. C. auratus Gmelin has nothing whatever to do with the yellow-bellied

Emerald Cuckoo (and never had!). It is, as has already been pointed out, a

synonym of the white-bellied bird C. caprius Bodd. !

Van Someren worked at the Tring Museum, and could easily have verified

these references (which were all given by Claude Grant) before reducing the

nomenclature of these birds to almost inextricable chaos, and actually making

his yellow-bellied Emerald Cuckoo a subspecies of the white-breasted Didric

Cuckoo !

I have for long considered it advisable to separate generically these two

cuckoos, and had Reichenow’s proposed genus—WMetallococcyx—for the yellow-

bellied Emerald Cuckoo been valid, I should have made use of it. As long ago as

1912, I discussed this matter in the [bis (p. 246), and then wrote: “‘ Dr. Reichenow

has introduced a new generic name, Metallococcyx, for this species [referring to

the yellow-bellied Emerald Cuckoo—then known as Chrysococcyx smaragdineus

Swains. ], Orn. Monatsb., 1896, p. 54. However, careful investigation shows that

C. smaragdineus is absolutely the type of Boie’s genus Chrysococcyx. Boie (Isis,

1826, p. 977) proposed Chrysococcyx for Cuculus cupreus Latham. By monotypy,

therefore, this must be accepted absolutely as the type. In the Cat. Birds Brit.

Novirates ZOOLoGIcAE XXIX. 1922. 415

Mus., xix. p. 280, the type of Chrysococcyx is given as C. cupreus ; but in this case

C. cupreus of Boddaert is intended [a name since shown by C. Grant to be non-

existent]. But Latham’s C. cupreus (Suppl. Index. Ornithol., ii. 1802, p. xxix.),

is the same as Shaw’s C. cwpreus (Mus, Lever., 1792, p. 157), which is the bird

named C. smaragdineus by Swainson (Birds W. Afr., ii. 1837, p. 191) and not

Boddaert’s species. . . . C. cwpreus of Latham, and subsequently of Shaw, un-

doubtedly refers to the Emerald Cuckoo which was named C. smaragdineus by

Swainson.”

The genus Chrysococcyx Boie must therefore be retained for the yellow-

bellied Emerald Cuckoo and the species must be called

Chrysococcyx cupreus (Shaw).

It is therefore the white-bellied Didric (or Golden) Cuckoo for which a new

genus must be found. There are two generic names which have been applied

to the African Golden Cuckoos—Chalcites Lesson (Traité d’Orn., 1831, p. 152)

and Lampromorpha Vigors (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1831, p. 92).

The whole matter has been dealt with very carefully by Mr. G. M. Mathews

in the Austr. Av. Rec., vol. i. pp. 4-7, and I am glad to find that Mr. Mathews—

who has traced the history of the generic names which have been applied to the

“Shining Cuckoos” of Africa—reaches the same conclusions which I did,

working independently, before his article came to my notice.

Mathews (/.c.) rejected the genus Chalcites, basing his rejection of the name on

Article 2 of the Code, but later in his Birds of Australia, vol. vii. p. 348, he accepts

Lesson’s genus for the Bronze Cuckoos of Australia with Chalcites basilis as type

of the genus.

We are left, then, with Lampromorpha Vigors. The type of this genus is, by

monotypy, L. chalcopepla ; the description given of this bird, which was obtained

at Algoa Bay, leaves no doubt that it applies to the white-bellied Didric (or

Golden) Cuckoo. This genus must be accepted, and the species will therefore

be known as

Lampromorpha caprius (Bodd.).

The described races of this bird will be discussed hereafter. I would also

include in this genus Cuculus klaasi Steph. and Chrysococcyx flavigularis Shelley.

Il. GroGgrapnicaL Races.

There seems to be almost as much divergence of opinion about the races of

these birds as there is about their nomenclature—though with more excuse.

We will take the white-breasted Didric (or Golden) Cuckoo first : The point

was first raised by Dr. Hartert, who in Nov. Zool., xxviii. 1921, p. 100 contends

that the Didric Cuckoo from North-West Africa (Senegal, Sierra Leone, etc.) can be

easily distinguished from the South African bird (Cape Colony, Transvaal, ete.)

on account of its smaller size. Hartert would call the Didric Cuckoo from North

West Africa Chrysococcyx caprius chrysochlorus Heine (Mus. Hein., iv, 1862, p. 11:

Sennar errore, probably Senegal) and gives measurements in support of his

claim. In the Bulletin of the B.O.C., xlii. 1922, p. 119, Mr. W. L. Sclater discusses

416 NoviratEs ZooLoGicAn XXIX. 1922.

this race and gives a series of measurements to prove that Dr. Hartert had

hardly sufficient grounds on which to separate two forms of the Didric Cuckoo.

Independently of this I had myself examined and measured the large series of

skins in the British Museum collection with the following result :

N.W. Africa (Upper Guinea) F : . of 106-18, 2 114-15.

S. Africa : : : ¢ 109-19, 9 111-22.

So that I must uphold Mr. Sclater’s opinion and reject Dr. Hartert’s race. It is

curious that the British Museum series should contradict the Tring series, and

only emphasises the advisability of consulting both these collections, whenever

possible.

I will deal now with the races of the yellow-bellied Emerald Cuckoo :

I first raised the question of two distinct races in the Jbis, 1912, pp. 244-7.

I pointed out that there were two forms of the Emerald Cuckoo in Africa. At that

time I adopted Swainson’s name smaragdineus for the northern race with the much

longer tail, and usually yellow undertail-coverts, sometimes pure yellow, some-

times banded with green. I gave tail measurements of specimens from the Gold

Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Abyssinia as being typical examples of what

we now call Chrysococcyx cupreus (Shaw).

For the Southern bird, which is distinguished by its much shorter tail and

less-graduated rectrices, as well as by having the undertail-coverts white (never

yellow in true 8. African examples), I adopted Hartlaub’s Chrysococcyx intermedius

(Orn. W. Afr., 1857, p. 191) which is founded on Verreaux’s description of

C. smaragdineus (part), Rev. Mag. Zool., 1851, p. 260. I pointed out that

Verreaux was the first to notice the fact that there were two races, as he remarks

(l.c.) “‘ La seule différence qui existe entre cet oiseau du Gabon et celui du Sénégal

consiste dans la longueur de la queue, qui est plus courte dans le premier,” 7.e. the

Gaboon bird. Verreaux’s remarks are quoted by Hartlaub and on this was

founded the name intermedius.

Swainson in his original description of smaragdineus (type loc. : Gambia)

mentions that the undertail-coverts in the Gambian bird are yellow and un-

spotted, while in the Cape form they are white with two green bands on each

feather. ;

I believed then and stated that C. intermedius “ will probably be found to

migrate on the east coast as far as Uganda, although many more data are neces-

sary before its exact range can be determined.” I accepted Hartlaub’s name for

the 8. African bird, because the description referred to a shorter-tailed bird than

C. smaragdinius auctorum and because the Gaboon specimens in the British

Museum had green and white undertail-coverts like the 8. African bird. Van

Someren shows that this latter character is not constant.

In the Novitates Zoologicae, xxix, p. 52, Dr. van Someren rightly criticises

me for appljing Hartlaub’s name to the South African cuckoo ; although, as I

have shown, the description of intermedius is founded on Verreaux’s description

of the Gaboon bird, when he clearly mentions the short tail. The relative length

of the tail I now believe to-be a more important character than the colour of the

undertail-coverts. Van Someren’s article is so involved and contains so many

misstatements, that it is almost impossible to make out what he means. If I

have misinterpreted his remarks, I have not done so intentionally.

NovitaTes ZooLocican XXIX. 1922. 417

Van Someren starts off by saying: “ Both Bannerman and Grant agree that

there are two distinct species [of the Emerald Cuckoo].”” We never agreed to

anything of the kind, we used trinomials for the South African race to imply

that we considered it but a subspecies, as the two forms were not then known to

breed in the same area. He then notes that his series and the Tring series show

that birds which are resident and breeding in British East Africa possess the

characters of both the races we recognised and adds: “ if Bannerman and Grant

were correct, we should have a species and a subspecies inhabiting and breeding

in the same districts!” Then having told us that “ C. auratus auratus = C,

smaragdineus and C. cwpreus Shaw ’’—which is just what it does not [!]—we read

that “the South African birds differ from northern specimens in the way Banaer-

man mentioned on p. 245 of Jbis, 1912.” Dr. van Somere: then names the South

African bird (omitting to mention any type locality other than South Africa ! )

Chrysococcyx auratus sharpei, and gives the ranges of both birds in Hast Africa as:

C. a. sharpei : Mawakota, West Elgon, and Soronko River in Uganda.

C. a. auratus : Nairobi, Kyambu, and Kisumu in British East Africa.

This, Dr, Hartert tells me, is perhaps an editorial or printer’s error, the MS.

being not clear in this case, and it seems that all the Uganda and East African

birds were meant by Dr. van Someren to be his “‘ C. a. auratus.”

But what about the birds mentioned by van Someren as having the char-

acters of both forms and which he states are resident and breeding in British

East Africa? Only one race is mentioned by him (when giving the local

ranges of the two forms—the typical bird and sharpei) from B.E.A. If

Dr. van Someren believes that two forms do occur and breed side by side,

why does he not treat them both as species 2

Out of this muddle we are faced with two alternatives: either to lump all

the yellow-bellied Emerald Cuckoos under one name, or to accept three races,

I have now before me a large series of this cuckoo, including twenty birds

from Gaboon (the Tring Museum series) which I have never examined before,

and I agree with van Someren that the Gaboon birds—the type locality of inter-

medius Hartl.—are distinguishable from the South African birds by their longer

tails, and by the females being more heavily barred on the undersurface, but I

also maintain that they are equally separable from Upper Guinea birds by their

shorter tails—in other words, that they constitute an intermediate race. More-

over, I believe that these Gaboon birds extend across Africa eastwards into Uganda

and Kenya Colony; that the colour of the undertail-coverts is an unreliable

character, as pointed out by van Someren, I now admit—the twenty skins from

Gaboon prove this, but it is curious that in all our series from South Africa not one

bird has the yellow undertail-feathers so commonly found in birds from the

Guinea coast !

As I am now separating these races on the length of the tail, I give the follow-

ing measurements, which speak for themselves :

C. cwpreus cwpreus.

Upper Guinea, Gambia to 8. Nigeria (16 skins): tail, 101-31;

average, 112-3.

Abyssinia (7 skins); tail, 99-136; average, 117-2.

418 Noviratres Zootocicar XXIX. 1922.

C. cupreus intermedius.

Cameroon, Princes Isl., St. Thomas Isl. (7 skins): tail, 89-105 ;

average, 97:1.

Gaboon (17 skins): tail, 90-107; average, 97.

Uganda, Kenya Col., Belgian Congo (24 skins) : tail, 86-120 ; average,

100.

C. cupreus sharpei.

South Africa, S. Angola, Transvaal, Natal (15 skins) : tail, 86-98;

average, 91.

The great variation in the tail measurement of Uganda and Kenya Colony

birds is perhaps an argument in favour of ‘‘ lumping ”’ all these Emerald Cuckoos

under one name, but I do not consider that the evidence before me warrants this.

Dr. van Someren, in Nov. Zool., xxix. 1922, p. 53, says: ‘‘I name the South

African bird Chrysococcyx auratus sharpei subsp. nov. (type in the Tring Museum).”’

No type locality other than South Africa, which may include anywhere south

of the Zambesi, is given, and no type is specified by number, date, or collector’s

name.

Though not stated so in print, Dr. Hartert informs me that a male from the

Ifafa River, Natal, has been marked as the type.

Il. SUMMARY.

The various forms and their synonymy will be as follows :

Grnus—LAMPROMORPHA.

Lampromorpha caprius.—The white-bellied Didric (or Golden) Cuckoo.

Cuculus caprius Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. enlum., 1783, p. 40. Founded on Pl. 657 of D’Aubenton. Type

loc.: Cape of Good Hope.

SYNONYMS :

Cuculus auratus Gmelin (1788—Cape of Good Hope). Founded on

Pl. 657 of D’Aubenton.

Lampromorpha chalcopepla (Vigors—Algoa Bay).

Chrysococcyx chrysochlorus Heine (1862—Sennar, subst. Senegal

(Hartert)).

REFERENCES TO RECENT LITERATURE.

Chrysococeyx cupreus (Bodd.) Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. xix. 1891, p. 285.

Chrysococcyx cupreus (Bodd.) Reichenow, Végel Afrikas, vol. ii. 1902, p. 94.

Chrysococcyx cupreus (Bodd.) Bannerman, [bis, 1912, p. 243.

Chrysococcyx caprius Bodd., C. Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 417.

Chrysococcyx auratus Gm., Sclater and Praed (in error), bis, 1919, p. 645.

Chrysococcyx caprius Bodd., Sclater and Praed (correction), Zbis, 1920, p. 853.

Chrysococcyx caprius chrysochlorus Heine, Hartert, Nov. Zool., vol. xxviii. 1921, p. 100.

Chrysococcyx caprius Sclater, Bull. B.O.C., vol. xlii. 1922, p. 118.

Chrysococcyx caprius Bodd., van Someren, Nov. Zool., vol. xxix. 1922, p. 53.

Range.—The whole of the Ethiopian Region from Senegal, the Sudan, and

Abyssinia, south to Cape Colony. Represented in the British Museum from

almost every political district in this Region.

I would include in this genus two other species :

Novitates Zootocicar XXIX. 1922. 419

Lampromorpha klaasi.—Klaas’s Golden Cuckoo.

Cuculus klaasi Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. ix. 1815, p. 128. Type loc.: Cape Colony (ex

Levaillant).

Chrysococcyx klaasi Steph. of author’s.

Chrysococcyx klassi Steph. (errore), van Someren, Nov. Zool., vol. xxix. 1922, p. 53.

This species, though fairly consistently placed in the genus Chrysococcyx

and never so far as I know under the present genus, has been more fortunate as

regards its specific name, which, as far as modern authors are concerned, has not

been changed, apart from the misspelling of the name by van Someren !

For its English name most authors have called it Klaas’s or the Golden

Cuckoo. There is certainly no excuse for calling it the white-breasted Emerald

Cuckoo as van Someren has done (Joc. cit.) —a most confusing name.

Lampromorpha flavigularis.—The yellow-throated Golden Cuckoo.

Chrysococcyx flavigularis Shelley, P.Z.S. 1879, p. 679, pl. 50. Type locality: Elmina, Gold Coast.

Chrysococcyx flavigularis Shell., Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. xix. 1891, p. 282; Reichenow,

Vogel Afrikas, ii. 1902, p. 100; Sharpe, Ibis, 1907, p. 437; Bates, Ibis, 1911, p. 502;

Bannerman, Ibis, 1921, p. 96,

GrmNUS—CHRYSOCOCCYX.

Chrysococcyx cupreus cupreus.—The long-tailed, yellow-bellied Emerald Cuckoo,

Cucuilus cupreus Shaw, Mus. Lever. 1792, p. 157. Type loc.: Unknown (Gambia, cf. C. Grant, Ibis,

1915, p. 419).

SYNONYMS :

Chalcites smaragdineus Swains (18837—Gambia).

Cuculus splendidus Gray (1847—Gambia), founded on Cuculus cwpreus

Shaw.

REFERENCES TO RECENT LITERATURE.

Chrysococeyx smaragdineus (Swains.), Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. xix. 1891, p. 280 (part).

Metallococcyx smaragdineus (Swains.), Reichenow, Vog. Afr. vol. ii. 1902, p. 101 (part).

Chrysococcyx smaragdineus (Swains.), Bannerman, Ibis, 1912, p. 244.

Chrysococcyx cupreus (Shaw), C. Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 418.

Chrysococcyx caprius (Bodd.), Sclater and Praed (errore), Zbis, 1919, p. 644.

Chrysococcyx cupreus (Shaw), Sclater and Praed (correction), Ibis, 1920, p. 853.

Ohrysococcyx auratus auratus Gm., van Someren (errore), Nov. Zool. vol. xxix. 1922, p. 52.

Range.—Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gold Coast, 8. Nigeria, Abyssinia,

? Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,

Distinguishing Characters. —Tail longer (101--136 mm.) rectrices more gradu-

ated, undertail-coverts either white or yellow banded with green, sometimes pure

yellow ; belly darker yellow in freshly killed examples,

420 = Novirares ZooLocioaE XXIX. 1922

Chrysococcyx cupreus intermedius.—The intermediate yellow-bellied Emerald

Cuckoo.

Chrysococcyx intermedius Hartl., Syst. Orn. W. Afr. 1857, p.191. (Founded on Verreaux’s descrip-

tion of C. smaragdineus (part), Rev. Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 260). Type loc.: Gaboon.

Chrysococcyx smaragdineus (Sw.), Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. xix. 1891, p. 280 (part).

Metallococcyx smaragdineus (Sw.), Reichw., Vég., Afr., vol. ii. 1902, p. 101 (part).

Chrysococcyx smaragdineus intermedius Hartl., Bannerman, Ibis, 1912, p. 244 (part).

Chrysococcyx cupreus intermedius Hartl., C. Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 418 (part).

Range.—Cameroon, Gaboon, St. Thomas Island, Princes Island, Belgian

Congo, Uganda, Kenya Colony.

Distinguishing Characters.—Similar to C. cwpreus cupreus but tail shorter

(97-100 mm.), intermediate between the typical and the Cape form. Females

heavily banded on underparts.

Chrysococcyx cupreus sharpei.The short-tailed, yellow-bellied Emerald

Cuckoo.

Chrysococcyx auratus sharpeit, van Someren, Nov. Zool., vol. xxix. 1922, p. 53, “South Africa”

[Ifafa River, Natal].

REFERENCES TO RECENT LITERATURE.

Chrysococcyx smaragdineus (Swains.), Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. xix. 1891, p. 280 (part).

Metallococcyz smaragdineus (Swains.), Reichenow, Vég. Afr., vol. ii. 1902, p. 101 (part).

Chrysococcyx smaragdineus intermedius Hartl., Bannerman, Ibis, 1912, p. 244.

Chrysococcyx cupreus intermedius Hartl., C. Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 418.

Chrysococcyx auratus sharpei, van Someren, Nov. Zool., vol. xxix. 1922, p. 53.

Range.—Zambesi district, “8. Africa,” Natal, Transvaal, Southern Angola,

Distinguishing Characters.—Tail very short, 86-98 mm. and more rounded,

undertail-coverts white barred with green, never pure yellow. Yellow belly

paler. Van Someren, Nov. Zool., xxix. p. 52, gives in addition characters for the

females of his C. a. sharpei.

GODS SG ie GON nC e Soa

Ree Re ee

SOS 00) Ga OU i

bo b to

Bes

Ce el cel ed eel oe oe

GRO SS (ROT Fe 8 GF SAU Sa OU HRT Ste RS

EXPLANATION OF PLATES I AND II (Lep.).

Puate I,

PAGE

EQdaa, OT ino PtenG, OTINO PENG G ..5 ke alerols «ie cists sical eles sie solute 285

2 y 1 aN Te RRR gh oe ORE Met 285

Fe COLL cie 8 tO O bibs he ea Ser Ge Ord Ae Coa cdi tro Hic Ge 285

Se GOTAGLU Dace wlensle oh cnsks 5 Moy oh olenetarareneratctctonter cs earvatey siatek detest veate 282

Fa LOEDEE D » a taiersRencpater ac sreds ols MUG TA SN ee 275

FROLO CONG TS HODESLEN SIR ON, Voxercxsretarene wena ttare aie eaten eee ee 261

Ships ANGUICLE NUOUCE GU Wicyva ere icles la See ee eer ee 260

WL UL LOBBTUATUING he arora ate ai ofene ate as eeouele shenuloetee Closes tenia eae aS 270

5 @ MON GULCITUBSR Dio teects ish sxcneis aietoi's SToras sie oles aioe ere Steeeds 275

Be pt OUSCUN GA DONG omens coe haiar eyo eievovel aust ener e Ge ceeneveve teks heaton Pee tetete 287

SMT) ho er IG ER OIG Skt Rome SO OIe cin Des cp 268

ay delegorg wer delegor gues gy. sis cracveveiers tafe) ofa ciate step cine ee ete 281

" . = Ee eee EA RMT Sentra ced ete St 282

wee GOULD A Sid stain bist wlcied ates atrial mnvattebeesians eke anes es ere SRT ee 282

EV OLOC ED AGOTNENSIS: O-, csais: hacae leran as alo ie Levers Sone a ciegerel Merene avene renee 261

TAMAG TESINANNAY waicrelots side el wa cpeishoafe eee cat oir were eT 270

Fy) LODSCUP AB POTA Oiee ae cus. clei sna ais aioe sia; ves crate she cuseheapecl he hee 287

A Steen 7127) es are Ace EL Moe Ne SE OSD TEO Oe 288

PP COTULED' Ors aR Nn ete 8 stale Nae hares eR eae eee GRePe ae aeRO 268

3 RONSale Langanythae. Ooo... scyevers whore « vccse or eesaicv shale Sysisintnnst vowel 279

3a.» CLEGOTOULT VETUBIC D's “sa stdraierete sia ieveieTore ola atmy steels cher mlerst se aera 282

EF OLOCET GAG OMENSUSH Grain orcs tctaVehelers alc. she! ores enone a Vater eee dace) eR 261

Prats II.

%5 PE OE SL RARE rich ee Mole bir. 313

ie CCA ROE ORO ROOD EEA SD OOS oc 311

= PORUIGUALA: Oo Da oie Sala Keno Sree anele ta eee raree oleae 321

Be OP UMNBUI LG citaiaraird avs acral apenerantes¥age soteherecet char 318

5 UCD IU (Oesitzs ts ana hice the tie ate yeu alin tavekonae oe aue ten cue one 323

an VR ROVE ROR HORT O TOON Te COD OOD aT Ton SeIEC 315

55 CELT Mt RAR ROSIN CEE LCoS oe co 314

be PBI Dis LIES Natock (ola Rusts ee RN ter Neots e Mer erayaes 323

a3 530 OEE eet ukiersks anomreaunre 323

; YE ONE BTR ES CGE ce MOO OIE MOH Ak. 315

ne GHUNNEUNO OF es rvckegee are ere ee ae oe ae 317

PS DUST Deo crate clthelons AcOH eee ara eas ese 313

é PARRY de ie es fo ge mn tmtae A ny: Fa ory 313

eS ROMEO Sore Rare ern ahha hee RTS aia tees Cote ta oeee 318

x ASH MUSED

kn L

(* Zee) *

S fe ae”

™~ SYRar pet?

Np See

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXIX, 1922,

XXIX,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL.

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

British Ornithologists’ Union and Wollaston Expeditions in

the Snow Mountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea

WITH TWO COLOURED PLATES

By tHE Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Pu.D,

(LORD ROTHSCHILD)

) PRICE: £1 5s. (less 20% to Booksellers).

A REVISION OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAMILY

SPHINGIDAE

By tHE Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Pu.D.,

AND

KARL JORDAN, M.A.L., PH.D.

PRICE: £5 (less 207 to Booksellers).

exxxv and 972 pages, with 67 Plates.

Annual Subscription to “ Novitates Zoologicae,” £1 5s,

Price of completed Volumes, £1 10s. Volume XXV. and following issues, £1 158,

(Commission for Booksellers on completed volumes only.)

f p

Communications, etc., may be addressed to

THE EDITORS OF “NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,”

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Subscribers should give notice of the non-arrival of any numbers immediately upon receipt

of the succeeding part, otherwise the missing numbers cannot be replaced free.

PRINTED. BY HAZELL, WATSON AND VINEY, LD., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICA

A Fournal of Zoology.

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Pu.D.,

ee ant)

+ Dr. ERNST HARTERT, any Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vote EX.

No. 3.

fe neon Paces 421—448.

Issurp JANUARY 1923, av tue ZooLoaican Museum, Trine,

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, Lo, LONDON AND AYLESBURY,

1923.

TITLE PAGE, CONTENTS,

abayensis (Hyphanturegus), 139.

abdimi (Abdimia), 11.

Abdimia, 11.

abdominalis (Kremomela), 224.

aberrans (Hois), 345.

abessinica (Camaroptera), 227.

abingoni (Campothera), 63.

abyssinica (Hirundo), 91, 93.

abyssinicus (Bucorvus), 74.

— (Dendropicos), 68.

— (Falco), 43.

— (Hyphantornis), 141.

— (Lioptilus), 245.

abyssinus (Coracias), 74.

Accipiter, 40, 41.

acelatus (Astur), 40.

Acidalia, 340.

Acolutha, 349, 350.

Acrocephalus, 231, 232.

Acryllium, 25.

acuta (Dafila), 6.

adansoni (Excalfactoria), 32.

adiegetum (Orthogonioptilum), 311.

admiralitatis (Edoliisoma), 375.

adsimilis (Dicrurus), 125.

adustum (Orthogonioptilum), 313.

advena (Orthnocichla), 365.

aegithaloides (Leptasthenura), 386.

aegyptiacus (Chenalopex), 7.

aeneigularis (Nectarinia), 193.

aenigma (Sapayoa), 381.

aequatorialis (Apalis), 222.

— (Apus), 88, 89.

— (Callene), 241.

— (Cinnyris), 199.

— (Cisticola), 210.

— (Lybius), 55.

— (Megabias), 98.

aereus (Ceuthmochares), 50.

aeruginosus (Circus), 39,

aethiopica (Amblyospiza), 144,

— (Hirundo), 90, 92.

— (Threskiornis), 8.

aethiopicus (Eurystomus), 74,

— (Laniarius), 117, 118,

afer (Eurystomus), 74,

— (Nilaus), 110,

INDEX.

afer (Turtur), 36.

affinis (Apalis), 221.

— (Apus), 88, 89.

— (Burhinus), 17.

— (Colius), 69.

— (Corvinella), 124,

— (Corvus), 125.

— (Criniger), 368.

— (Dryoscopus), 120.

— (Dysithamnus), 391.

— (Emberiza), 173.

— (Phoethornis), 404,

— (Pogoniulus), 60.

— (Poliospiza), 169.

— (Thapsinillas), 368.

— (Tyto), 46.

afra (Cryptorhina), 126.

— (Pytelia), 162.

africana (Buphaga), 127.

— (Chizaerhis), 49.

— (Coturnix), 32.

— (Mirafra), 175.

— (Upupa), 81.

africanus (Bubo), 45.

— (Phalacrocorax), 5.

— (Phyllopezus), 20.

— (Pseudogyps), 39.

— (Rhinoptilus), 13.

— (Sarkidiornis), 7.

Afrotis, 33.

Agapornis, 48.

agomensis (Holocera), 261.

Agriornis, 381.

aguimp (Motacilla), 182.

Agyrtria, 405, 406.

Aidemosyne, 153, 154.

Aithurus, 408, 409.

akeleyi (Alethe), 244.

akleyorum (Oreoibis), 8.

alba (Crocethia), 19.

— (Egretta), 9.

— (Motacilla), 182.

— (Platalea), 8.

— (Tyto), 46.

albicans (Dendropicos), 68.

albicauda (EIminia), 102,

— (Lybius), 55.

421

422

albicauda (Mirafra), 178.

albiceps (Psalidoprocne), 92, 93.

albicollis (Corvus), 126.

— (Merops), 81.

albidior (Automolus), 387.

albifrons (Amblyospiza), 144.

— (Poliospiza), 169.

albigularis (Hirundo), 377.

— (Phyllastrephus), 186.

— (Smithornis), 99.

albinotata (Oenanthe), 242.

albinucha (Columba), 34.

albipectus (Malacocinela), 245.

albirostris (Textor), 133.

albiventris (Cinnyris), 197.

— (Haleyon), 76,

— (Parus), 205.

— (Trochocereus), 103.

albolaxatus (Caprimulgus), 403.

albolineatus (Picolaptes), 389.

albonotatus (Trochocereus), 103.

Alcedo, 79.

Alethe, 244,

alexanderi (Amadina), 146.

— (Andropadus), 187.

alexandri (Apus), 401.

alfrediana (Coracina), 371.

alfredianus (Graucalus), 371.

alinae (Cinnyris), 200.

alleni (Cisticola), 212.

— (Porphyrio), 23.

— (Pterocles), 24.

— (Xanthophilus), 140.

alloysii (Bycanistes), 75.

alopex (Mirafra), 177.

aloysii (Barbatula), 58.

alpina (Calidris), 19.

— (Cryptolopha), 97.

Alseonax, 95, 96.

altera (Corapipo), 381.

alticola (Cyanotis), 383.

altumi (Bradypterus), 229.

— (Francolinus), 28.

Amadina, 146.

Amauresthes, 154.

amauropteryx * (Hypochera), 158.

amaurotis (Hypsipetes), 366.

amauroura (Melocichla), 206.

amazonica (Synallaxis), 386.

amazonicus (Phaéthornis), 404.

amazonum (Rhamphocaenus), 393.

ambigua (Cisticola), 215.

ambiguus (Laniarius), 118.

Amblyospiza, 144, 145.

amboinense (Edoliisoma), 374.

ameliae (Macronyx), 179.

amethystinus (Lamprocolius), 131.

* Misprinted Amaumopteryz.

amnesta (Ptychopoda), 343.

amydroscia (Hois), 348.

Amydrus, 132.

analis (Formicarius), 395.

Anaplectes, 135, 136.

Anas, 6.

Anastomus, 11.

anceps (Buteo), 42.

andaryae (Chlorophoneus), 114.

andecolus (Apus), 401.

anderssoni (Machaerhamphus), 42.

andrei (Chaetura), 399.

— (Dysithamnus), 391.

— (Taeniotriccus), 383.

Andropadus, 187, 369, 370.

anerythra (Pitta), 378.

angolensis (Cinnyris), 196.

— (Dryoscopus), 119.

— (Hirundo), 90.

— (Pitta), 73.

— (Poliospiza), 169.

anguitimens (Eurocephalus), 108.

angulata (Gallinula), 23.

— (Holocera), 259.

angusticauda (Cisticola), 209.

Anisodes, 333-336.

Anisozyga, 327.

Anomalospiza, 147.

anomyna (Oena), 36.

Anoplops, 394.

ansorgeanus (lole), 368.

ansorgei (Alseonax), 95.

— (Andropadus), 370.

— (Calamocichla), 231.

— (Indicator), 54.

— (Nesocharis), 156.

— (Pyromelana), 149.

— (Tricholaema), 56,

Anthoscenus, 412.

Anthoscopus, 203, 204,

anthracinus (Knipolegus), 381.

Anthreptes, 201-203.

Anthus, 179-181.

aora (Euexia), 356.

Apalis, 220-222.

Apaloderma, 72.

apatelius (Caprimulgus), 402.

Aphantochroa, 405.

apiaster (Merops), 81.

apicalis (Schoenicola), 229.

apivorus (Pernis), 42.

apora (Ludia), 287.

approximans (Malaconotus), 121.

Apus, 87-89, 400, 401.

apus (Apus), 87, 88, 401.

Aquila, 41.

aquila (Eutoxeres), 404.

araguayae (Myrmelastes), 395.

archeri (Cossypha), 240,

Archichlora, 327, 328,

arcticincta (Hirundo), 90.

Ardea, 9.

ardens (Penthetria), 151.

Ardeola, 9, 10.

ardeola (Dromas), 17.

ardesiaca (Melanophoyx), 9.

Ardetta, 10.

Arenaria, 19.

argentina (Synallaxis), 386.

arguta (Ludia), 272, 274.

Argya, 235.

Arizelocichla, 187, 188.

armatus (Hoplopterus), 16.

armenus (Harpolestes), 111.

arnaudi (Pseudonigrita), 145,

aroyae (Dysithamnus), 391,

arquata (Cichladusa), 236.

arquatrix (Columba), 34.

arquatus (Numenius), 18.

Artamides, 371.

arthuri (Falco), 44.

Artomyias, 97.

aruensis (Pitta), 378.

arundinaceus (Acrocephalus), 231.

asiaticus (Charadrius), 13.

Asio, 45.

assimilis (Collocalia), 398.

astrild (Estrilda), 166.

Astur, 40.

ater (Melaenornis), 93.

aterrimus (Knipolegus), 381.

— (Scoptelus), 83.

Atimastillas, 184, 368.

atlantica (Chiroxiphia), 381,

atra (Cinnyris), 199.

atrialatus (Megabias), 98.

atricapilla (Butorides), 10.

— (Estrilda), 164.

— (Pitta), 379.

— (Sylvia), 233.

atricauda (Melocichla), 205.

atriceps (Lioptilus), 244,

atricollis (Ortygospiza), 155.

atridisca (Lophostola), 331.

atrifrons (Charadrius), 13.

atrigularis (Metallura), 410,

atrocoerulea (Hirundo), 92, 93.

Attila, 380.

augur (Buteo), 42.

Aulia, 380.

aurantiigula (Macronyx), 179.

aurantius (Hyphanturgus), 139.

auratus (Chrysococcyx), 52, 53.

— (Cuculus), 413.

— (Oriolus), 126.

aureofastigatum (Chaleostigma), 411.

aureoflavus (Xanthophilus), 140,

aureola (Pipra), 380.

auritus (Pseudocolaptes), 387.

australis (Harpolestes), 110, 111.

Automolus, 387, 388.

avosetta (Recurvirostra), 18.

axillaris (Anthreptes), 203.

— (Saxicola), 246.

— (Urobrachya), 150.

aylmeri (Argya), 235.

ayresi (Hieraaetus), 41.

badia (Halcyon), 78.

badiceps (HEremomela), 224.

badius (Accipiter), 40. ;

Baeopogon, 186,

baeri (Leucippus), 405.

— (Thalurania), 407.

baeticatus (Acrocephalus), 232.

bahiae (Agyrtria), 405.

— (Formicivora), 393.

bairdi (Prinia), 219,

Balaeniceps, 10.

Balearica, 8.

balicus (Criniger), 368.

balzani (Thalurania), 407.

bambusicola (Turdus), 238.

bannermani (Scopus), 10,

baraka (Turdus), 238.

barakae (Campothera), 65.

— (Malacocincla), 245.

— (Parus), 204.

— (Sylvietta), 225.

Barbatula, 58, 59.

barbatus (Iole), 368.

— (Pycnonotus), 370.

— (Serinus), 171.

barbozae (Hyliota), 100.

baringoensis (Numida), 25.

baroni (Eutoxeres), 404.

— (Metallura), 410.

— (Phaéthornis), 403.

— (Thamnophilus), 390.

barrali (Heliangelus), 409.

bartteloti (Cossypha), 239.

Bathmocercus, 245,

Bathycolpodes, 329.

Batis, 100, 101.

baucis (Pentholaea), 243.

bayeri (Zosterops), 191.

Baza, 43.

beema (Motacilla), 183.

belli (Pytelia), 162.

bellicosa (Hirundinea), 384.

bellus (Masius), 380.

bengalus (Uraeginthus), 160.

benghalensis (Rostratula), 20.

benguellensis (Chaetura), 400,

424

benguellensis (Francolinus), 29.

bergeri (Laniarius), 117

bergii (Sterna), 5.

berlepschi (Cercomacra), 394.

— (Colius), 69.

— (Cyanolesbia), 411.

— (Eriocnemis), 408.

— (Leptasthenura), 386.

— (Mitrephanes), 385.

— (Phaéthornis), 404.

— (Pyriglena), 394.

— (Rhynchocyclus), 382.

— (Thripophaga), 387.

bernardi (‘Thamnophilus), 390.

biarmicus (Falco), 43.

Bias, 98, 99.

bicolor (Gymnopithys), 394.

— (Speculipastor), 128.

bidentatus (Lybius), 55.

biermis (Lithostege), 355.

bifasciatus (Cinnyris), 196.

bilineata (Barbatula), 59.

binghami (Tole), 367.

binotata (Apalis), 221.

bivittatus (Trochocercus), 103.

Blacicus, 385.

blanchoti (Malaconotus), 121.

blayneyi (Anthus), 180.

Bleda, 183, 369.

blicki (Cinnyris), 198.

blundeli (Anaplectes), 136.

boeagei (Dryoscopus), 119.

bogotensis (Eriocnemis), 409.

béhmi (Parisoma), 205.

— (Trachyphonus), 61.

boissonneautii (Pseudocolaptes), 387.

bojeri (Xanthophilus), 140.

bolivari (Synallaxis), 386.

bolivianus (Phaethornis), 404.

bollei (Irrisor), 32.

Bolocera, 254.

bonapartei (Gymnobucco), 57.

borbae (Phlegopsis), 395.

borealis (Cryptospiza), 156.

borin (Sylvia), 233.

borneensis (Parisoma), 597.

Botaurus, 10.

bouvieri (Cinnyris), 197.

brachyptera (Gallinula), 23.

brachypterus (Bradypterus), 230.

brachyrhynchus (Mesophoys), 9.

— (Oriolus), 126.

brachytarsus (Blacicus), 385.

— (Contopus), 385.

brachyura (Sylvietta), 225.

Bradornis, 94, 95.

bradshawi (Cinnyris), 196.

Bradypterus, 229, 230, 231,

braziliensis (Attila), 380.

brehmorum (Apus), 401.

breviata (Gonodontis), 357.

brevicauda (Alseonax), 95.

brevicaudata (Camaroptera), 227.

brevicera (Treron), 33.

brevipennis (Habrura), 383.

— (Myiarchus), 385.

bricenoi (Spathura), 409.

— (Thamnophilus), 391.

brunnea (Nyroca), 6.

brunneiceps (Erythropygia), 237.

— (Schoenicola), 229.

brunneigularus (Uraeginthus), 160.

brunnescens (Cisticola), 208.

— (Corydon), 397.

brunneum (Orthogonioptilum), 317.

Bubo, 44, 45.

Bubulcus, 9.

buccinator (Bycanistes), 75.

Bucconodon, 58.

buchanani (Riparia), 377.

— (Serinus), 170.

Bucorvus, 74.

budongoensis (Campothera), 64.

— (Haleyon), 78.

— (Otyphantes), 137.

— (Smithornis), 99, 100.

bullocki (Melittophagus), 80.

bullockoides (Melittophagus), 80.

bungurensis (Coracina), 371.

— (Graucalus), 371.

Buphaga, 127.

Burhinus, 17.

Butastur, 42.

Buteo, 42.

— (Buteo), 42.

butleri (Anomalospiza), 147.

Butorides, 10.

buxtoni (Crateropus), 234.

Bycanistes, 75.

cabanisi (Emberiza), 173.

— (Lanius), 123.

— (Phyllastrephus), 185.

— (Pseudonigrita), 145.

— (Rhinopomastus), 83.

cachabiensis (Thamnophilus), 394.

caerulescens (Thamnophilus), 390.

caesia (Coracina), 105.

caesius (Thamnomanes), 392.

cafer (Bucorvus), 74.

— (Coecystes), 51.

caffer (Apus), 89.

caffra (Cossypha), 239.

— (Turtur), 36.

cafra (Neotis), 32.

cailliauti (Campothera), 64.

cajamarcae (Thamnophilus), 390.

calamae (Pipra), 380.

Calamocichla, 231.

calamoherpe (Cisticola), 209.

Calamonastes, 228.

Calandrella, 178.

Calidris, 19.

Callene, 241.

calurus (Trichophorus), 183.

ealva (Treron), 33.

Calyptomena, 397.

Camaroptera, 227, 228.

camarunensis (Smithornis), 99.

camburni (Xanthophilus), 140.

camelus (Struthio), 3, 4

Campephaga, 106-108, 375.

campestris (Anthus), 180.

— (Motacilla), 182.

Campothera, 62-65.

camptographata (Hois), 346.

canescens (EHremomela), 223.

caniceps (Odontospiza), 153.

canicollis (Otis), 33.

canorus (Cuculus), 51.

— (Melierax), 39.

cantans (Aidemosyne), 153, 154.

— (Cisticola), 211.

cantillans (Mirafra), 178.

canutus (Calidris), 19.

capensis (Anas), 6.

— (Asio), 45.

— (Bubo), 44

— (Burhinus), 17.

— (Corvus), 125.

— (Coturnix), 32.

—- (Microparra), 20.

— (Motacilla), 182.

— (Nyroca), 6.

— (Oena), 36.

— (Podiceps), 4.

— (Smithornis), 99.

— (Tyto), 46.

capicola (Streptopelia), 36.

capistrata (Nesocharis), 156.

capistratus (Serinus), 172.

Japrimulgus, 83-86, 401-403.

caprius (Chrysococcyx), 53, 413, 414.

— (Lampromorpha), 415, 418.

Capsiempis, 384.

carbo (Phalacrocorax), 5.

cardinalis (Quelea), 146,

caribaeus (Chlorostilbon), 406.

carlo (Falco), 44.

carnana (Bois), 345,

Carnegia, 325, 326.

caroli (Campothera), 64.

carruthersi (Alethe), 244.

425

carruthersi (Cisticola), 214.

carunculatus (Perissornis), 128.

castanea (Alethe), 244.

— (Deaphorophyia), 102.

castaneiceps (Laniarius), 118.

— (Xanthophilus), 140.

castaneotinetus (Lathria), 380.

castanops (Xyphanturgus), 139.

catharoxanthus (Malaconotus), 121.

cathemagmenus (Rhodophoneus), 116.

caudatus (Coracias), 73.

— (Lanius), 123.

caurensis (Microcerculus), 365.

— (Saucerottea), 405.

— (Sclateria), 394.

cayanensis (Myiozetetes), 354.

ecllifimbria (Lobura), 345.

— (Ptychopoda), 345.

centralis (Bradypterus), 230.

— (Dendropicos), 68.

— (Estrilda), 165.

— (Gymnoschizorhis), 49.

— (Haleyon), 77.

— (Malimbus), 135.

— (Mesopicos), 66.

— (Nectarinia), 193.

— (Pogoniulus), 60.

— (Pyrenestes), 145.

— (Quelea), 147.

— (Sarothrura), 23.

— (Turdus), 238.

Centropus, 50.

Cereococeyx, 52.

Cercomacra, 393, 394.

Cercomela, 242.

cerviniventris (Phyllastrephus), 184, 185.

cervinus (Anthus), 181.

Ceryle, 79.

Ceuthmochares, 50.

chidensis (Caprimulgus), 85.

Chaetura, 399.

chagwensis (Chlorocichla), 369.

— (Stelgidillas), 188.

chaleomelag (Cinnyris), 195.

chaleopterus (Rhinoptilus), 13.

chaleospilos (Turtur), 36.

Chaleostigma, 410, 411.

chalcurus (Lamprocolius), 131.

chalix (Orthogonioptilum), 319.

chalybeus (Lamprocolius), 130.

Chalybura, 408.

Chamaeza, 396.

changamwensis (Bias), 98, 99.

— (Cinnyris), 201.

— (Pyromelana), 148.

chapmani (Chaetura), 399.

Charadrius, 13-15.

Charitillas, 188, 370.

426

charitotes (Ptychopoda), 341.

charmosyna (Estrilda), 165.

chelicuti (Halcyon), 76.

Chenalopex, 7.

cherriei (Myrmotherula), 392.

— (Rhynchocyclus), 382.

chionogaster (Chamaeza), 396.

Chiromachaeris, 381.

Chiroxiphia, 381.

Chizaerhis, 49.

Chlamydochaera, 375.

chloris (Nicator), 114.

— (Thapsinillas), 368.

Chlorocichla, 186, 369.

chloronota (Nectarinia), 194.

— (Sylvietta), 225.

Chloropeta, 97, 98.

Chlorophoneus, 114-116.

Chloropipo, 380.

Chloropsis, 366.

chloropterus (Lamprocolius), 131.

chloropus (Gallinula), 23.

chloropygius (Cinnyris), 198.

chlorosaturata (Baeopogon), 186.

— (Chlorocichla), 369.

Chlorostilbon, 406.

chloroticus (Mesopicos), 67.

Chogada, 358.

christyi (Hirundo), 92,

Chrysococeyx, 52, 53, 413-420.

chrysogaster (Chlorophoneus), 114.

chrysopterus (Masius), 380.

chrysostictus (Laniarius), 119.

Chrysuronia, 406.

chubbi (Cisticola), 216,

— (Hypargus), 162.

Cichladusa, 236.

Ciconia, 10, 11.

ciconia (Ciconia), 10.

cincta (Riparia), 90, 92.

cinctus (Rhinoptilus), 13.

cinerascens (Bubo), 45.

cinerea (Alseonax), 95.

— (Ardea), 9.

— (Calandrella), 178.

— (Elainia), 385.

— (Euprinodes), 222.

— (Motacilla), 182.

— (Terekia), 18.

cinereiceps (Gymnobucco), 57.

— (Rhynchocyclus), 382.

cinereigula (Pericrocotus), 376.

cinereiventris (Chaetura), 399.

— (Myrmotherula), 392.

cinereola (Alseonax), 96.

— (Cisticola), 211.

cinereus (Circaetus), 41.

— (Crateropus), 234,

cinnamomeigula (Automolus), 387.

cinnamomeus (Acrocephalus), 232.

— (Anthus), 180.

— (Bradypterus), 230.

Cinnamopteryx, 133, 146.

Cinnyris, 195-201.

Circaetus, 41.

Circus, 39.

cirrhocephalus (Larus), 5.

Cisticola, 207-217.

cisticola (Cisticola), 208.

citrinelloides (Spinus), 172.

citriniceps (Eremomela), 223.

clamosus (Crateropus), 234.

— (Cuculus), 51.

clara (Motacilla), 182.

clarissae (Heliangelus), 409.

clarus (Caprimulgus), 86.

claudia (Heliangelus), 410.

clericalis (Pentholaea), 243.

climacurus (Scotornis), 87.

clypeata (Spatula), 7.

coccineus (Pyrenestes), 145.

Coccopygia, 158.

Coccystes, 51.

coerulescens (Alseonax), 96.

— (Rallus), 21.

coeruleus (Elanus), 42.

— (Turacus), 49.

Colius, 69-72.

Coliuspasser, 150, 151.

collaris (Anthreptes), 202, 203

— (Apalis), 220.

— (Lanius), 122.

Collocalia, 398, 399.

collurio (Lanius), 124.

Columba, 34.

Colymbus, 4.

comata (Hemiprocne), 397.

— (Macropteryx), 397.

comitatus (Pedilorhynchus), 96,

communis (Sylvia), 233.

concinna (Haemalea), 343.

— (Pitta), 378.

— (Ptychopoda), 343.

concinnata (Prionops), 108.

concolor (Penthetria), 151.

confirmata (Hemiprocne), 398.

congica (Lagonosticta), 163.

congicus (Erythrocercus), 102.

connectens (Hemixus), 367.

Conopophaga, 396.

conradsi (Coliuspasser), 150.

consobrina (Barbatula), 58.

— (Formicivora), 393.

consobrinus (Dendrornis), 389.

Contopus, 385.

cooki (Laniarius), 118,

coqui (Francolinus), 30.

Coracias, 73, 74-

Coracina, 105, 371-373.

coracinus (Dicrurus), 125.

Corapipo, 381.

cordofanicus (Passer), 167.

coronata (Numida), Zoe

coronatus (Spizaetus), 41.

— (StephanibyX), 15.

corruscus (Lamprocolius), 129.

corticea (Ludia), 268.

corvina (Corvinella), 124,

Corvinella, 124.

Corvultur, 126.

Corvus, 125, 126.

Corydon, 397.

Corythaeola, 45.

Corythaixoides, 49.

Corythornis, 79.

cosensi (Lynx), 62.

Cosmopsarus,-132.

Cossypha, 239-241.

Cotile, 377.

Coturnix, 32.

coturnix (Coturnix), 32.

cranchi (Pternistes), 26.

erassirostris (Corvultur), 126.

_— (Hemiparra), 15.

— (Malimbus), 135.

— (Pyromelana), 150.

Crateropus, 233, 234.

crawfurdi (Eremomela), 225.

Crecopsis, 21.

Crex, 21.

crex (Crex), 21.

Criniger, 367, 368.

crissalis (Coracina), 372.

—_ (Graucalus), 372.

— (Turacus), 49.

cristata (Corythaeola), 48.

— (Fulica), 23.

— (Galerida), Lid:

— (Guttera), 26.

— (Prionops), 109.

cristatus (Bycanistes), 75.

— (Colymbus), 4.

_ (Corythornis), 719.

— (Lanius), 124.

— (Prionops), 109.

crocatus (Hyphanturgus), 139.

Crocethia, 19.

croceus (Macronyx), 179.

cruentus (Rhodophoneus), 116.

crumeniferus (Leptoptilus), 11.

cryptoleuca (Myrmecocichla), 242.

—_ (Platystira), 101.

Cryptolopha, 97.

Cryptorhina, 126.

Cryptospiza, 155, 156.

cubla (Dryoscopus), 120.

cucullata (Pogonocichla), 243,

cucullatus (Hyphantornis), 141.

— (Spermestes), 154.

Cuculus, 51, 52, 413-415.

cumanensis (Grallaricula), 396.

cumatilis (Lophostola), Sols

cuneatus (Glyphorhynchus), 388.

cupreus (Chrysococeys), 53, 420.

— (Cinnyris), 197.

curonicus (Charadrius), 14.

Cursorius, 12.

curtitibia (Polynesia), 345.

euvieri (Aphantochroa), 405.

— (Falco), 43.

curvirostris (Andropadus), 187.

cyanea (Platystira), 102.

cyanocampter (Cossypha), 239.

cyanocephalus (Uraeginthus), 161.

cyanolaema (Cinnyris), 200.

Cyanolesbia, 411.

cyanoleuca (Halcyon), 78.

cyanomelas (Rhinopomastus), (83.

_— (‘Trochocereus), 103.

cyanostictus (Melittophagus), 80.

Cyanotis, 383.

Oymbilanius, 390.

cyrtozona (Perizoma), 353.

Dafila, 6.

daguae (Gymnopithys), 394.

dalhousiae (Parisoma), 397.

damarensis (Irrisor), 82.

d’arnaudi (Trachyphonus), 60.

dartmouthi (Nectarinia), 193.

decipiens (Streptopelia), 37.

deckeni (Eurocephalus), 108.

— (Lophoceros), 76.

Deconychura, 388.

decoratus (Pterocles), 24.

degener (Laniarius), 117.

delalandei (Treron), 34.

delamerei (Dioptrornis), 151.

— (Estrilda), 165.

_ (Pseudalaemon), 178.

delegorguei (Coturnix), 32

— (Ludia), 278.

— (Saturnia), 279.

deletum (Orthogonioptilum), 314.

Delichon, 92, 376.

demonstratus (Xiphorhynehus), 388.

Dendrocolaptes, 389, 390.

Dendroeygna, 7.

Dendropicos, 67, 68.

Dendrornis, 389.

densisparsa (Zamarada), 363.

427

428

dentata (Henucha), 275.

— (Ludia), 275-285.

denti (Apalis), 221.

— (Sylvietta), 225.

derbyi (Eriocnemis), 409.

desertorum (Buteo), 42.

destructus (Formicarius), 395.

dewitzi (Vegetia), 290.

diabolica (Nigrita), 157.

diademata (Pyromelana), 149.

— (Tricholaema), 57.

Diaphorophyia, 102.

Dicrocercus, 80.

Dicrurus, 125.

difficilis (Coracina), 372.

— (Graucalus), 372,

dilutior (Sylvietta), 225.

dimidiatus (Hyphantornis), 145.

dimoera (Scopula), 336.

dinellii (Apus), 401.

dinemelli (Dinemellia), 134.

Dinemellia, 134.

Dioptrornis, 94, 151.

diphrontis (Heterorachis), 330.

Diplodesma, 331.

discifer (Ocreatus), 409.

— (Steganurus), 409.

Dissoura, 11.

distinguenda (Sylvietta), 226.

divaricatus (Dicrurus), 125.

diversifimbria (Anisozyga), 327.

divorsa (Milocera), 360.

docilis (Palaeornis), 48.

dodsoni (Pyenonotus), 190.

dognini (Hamalia), 336,

dohertyi (Chlorophoneus), 116.

— (Edoliisoma), 375.

— (Harpolestes), 110.

— (Mirafra), 175.

— (Nigrita), 157.

— (Pitta), 379.

— (Riparia), 89, 92, 377.

doliatus (Thamnophilus), 390.

dollmani (Orthogonioptilum), 313.

Doloma, 332.

donaldsoni (Caprimulgus), '85.

— (Cosmopsarus). 132.

— (Plocepasser), 134.

— (Serinus), 170.

dorsalis (Lanius), 122.

dorsiplaga (Zamarada), 362.

dorsostriata (Ortygospiza), 155.

dorsostriatus (Serinus), 170.

Drepanoplectes, 151.

Drepanorhynchus, 194,

Dromas, 17.

Drymocichla, 223.

Dryodromas, 219, 220,

Dryoscopus, 119, 120.

dubius (Charadrius), 14.

— (Heliangelus), 409.

ducalis (Vegetia), 291.

duchaillui (Barbatula), 58.

ducis (Riparia), 89, 377.

dufresnayi (Coccopygia), 158.

dura (Ptychopoda), 342,

Dysithamnus, 391.

ecaudatus (Helotarsus), 42.

edithae (Corvus), 126.

Edoliisoma, 373-376.

edoloides (Melaenornis), 93.

efulensis (Campothera), 65.

egregia (Crecopsis), 21.

Egretta, 9.

elachior (Anthreptes), 202,

elaeica (Hippolais), 232.

Elainia, 384, 385.

Elanus, 42.

electra (Streptopelia), 36.

elegans (Eremomela), 223.

— (Pitta), 378.

— (Sarothrura), 23.

elgeyuensis (Chlorophoneus), 115.

elgonensis (Amydrus), 133.

— (Anthreptes), 202.

— (Bradypterus), 230.

— (Dicrurus), 125.

— (Eremomela), 223.

— (Francolinus), 29.

— (Linurgus), 156.

— (Pogonocichla), 243.

— (Poliospiza), 168.

— (Trachylaemus), 61.

— (Zosterops), 191.

elizabethae (Sarothrura), 21.

ellioti (Mesopicos), 66.

Elminia, 102.

emancipata (Edoliisoma), 374.

Emberiza, 173.

emiliae (Dysithamnus), 391.

emini (Argya), 235.

— (Baza), 43.

— (Cisticola), 217.

— (Crateropus), 234.

— (Glareola), 12.

— (Harpolestes), 110.

— (Hirundo), 92, 93.

— (Otyphantes), 137.

— (Prodotiscus), 54.

—- (Pseudonigrita), 146.

— (Pytelia), 162.

— (Salpornis), 203.

— (Secoptelus), 83.

— (Sorella), 166.

——

emini (Tchitrea), 105.

— (Trachyphonus), 61.

— (Turacus), 49.

Eminia, 228, 229.

Empidochanes, 385.

Empidornis, 93.

enchora (Pseudonigrita), 145.

engenes (Archichlora), 328.

Eois, 345-348.

episcopus (Dissoura), 11.

epops (Upupa), 81.

epulatus (Pedilorhynchus), 96.

eques (Coliuspasser), 151.

Eremomela, 223-225.

Eremopteryx, 174.

Eriocnemis, 408.

eriphile (Thalurania), 407.

Erismatura, 7.

erlangeri (Eurocephalus), 108.

— (Hagedashia), 8.

— (Laniarius), 116.

— (Nilaus), 110.

ernesti (Pinarochroa), 245.

erythacus (Psittacus), 46.

erythreae (Nilaus), 110.

erythrocephalus (Trachyphonus), 60.

erythrocerea (Nectarinia), 194.

Erythrocereus, 102.

Erythrocnus, 10.

erythrogaster (Laniarius), 119.

erythrogenys (Anaplectes), 136.

erythronota (Hstrilda), 165.

erythronotos (Saucerottea). 405.

erythrophthalma (Nyroca), 6.

erythrops (Cisticola), 217.

erythroptera (Heliolais), 218.

erythropygia, 236, 237.

erythropygium (Edoliisoma), 375.

erythrorhyncha (Buphaga), 127.

— (Poecilonetta), 7.

erythrorhynchus (Irrisor), 82.

— (Lophoceros), 76.

esculenta (Collocalia), 399.

estrilda, 164, 166.

Euacidalia, 340.

Euexia, 356.

eugenia (Stelgidocichla), 189.

Juprinodes, 222.

Jurillas, 189.

Eurocephalus, 108.

europaeus (Caprimulgus), 83, 84, 402.

eurydesmus (Pogonocichla), 243.

Eurystomus, 74.

Eutoxeres, 404.

evelinae (Eriocnemis), 408.

everetti (Iole), 367.

— (Orthnocichla), 365.

— (Pitta), 378.

everetti (Pnoepyga), 366.

Excalfactoria, 32.

excubitorius (Lanius), 123.

exilis (Indicator), 54.

eximia (Bleda), 183, 369.

— (Ludia), 277.

eximius (Caprimulgus), 402.

exorista (Xanthorhoe), 351.

exortivus (Rhynchocyelus), 382.

expurgata (Eois), 346.

exquisita (Pipra), 381.

exsul (Myrmelastes), 395.

extremus (Andropadus), 369.

falcinellus (Plegadis), 8.

Falco, 43, 44.

falkensteini (Cinnyris), 198.

familiaris (Oenanthe), 241.

famosa (Nectarinia), 195.

fasciata (Amadina), 146.

fasciatus (Lophoceros), 75.

fasciinucha (Falco), 43.

fasciiventris (Parus), 205.

fayi (Pyenonotus), 189.

featheri (Hyostomodes), 359.

feldegg (Motacilla), 182.

femininus (Bias), 98.

— (Hyphantornis), 141.

femoralis (Pholidauges), 129.

ferreti (Tchitrea), 105.

ferruginea (Calidris), 19.

— (Cisticola), 209.

festiva (Ludia), 279.

figurata (Somatina), 336.

fischeri (Barbatula), 59.

— (Centropus), 50.

—- (Cinnyris), 201.

— (Cisticola), 210.

—- (Dioptrornis), 94.

— (Eurocephalus), 108.

— (Hyphantornis), 143.

— (Linura), 152.

— (Mirafra), 176, 177.

— (Phyllastrephus), 185.

— (Spreo), 128.

— (Sylvietta), 226.

—- (Turdus), 238.

fissilis (Thalurania), 407.

flammiceps (Pyromelana), 148.

flava (Motacilla), 182, 183.

flaveola (Capsiempis), 384.

flavescens (Pseudocolaptes), 387.

flavicans (Macrosphenus), 229.

flavicollis (Atimastillas), 184, 368.

— (Xenocichla), 368.

flavicrissalis (Eremomela), 224,

flavida (Apalis), 222.

429

450

flavigaster (Hyliota), 100.

flavigula (Atimastillas), 184.

flavigularis (Lampromorpha), 419.

flavilateralis (Zosterops), 192.

flavipes (Pedilorhynchus), 96.

flavipictaria (Acolutha), 349.

flavirostris (Lophoceros), 75.

flavisquamata (Barbatula), 58.

flaviventris (Chlorocichla), 186.

— (Emberiza), 173.

— (Eremomela), 224.

— (Leptotriccus), 383.

— (Serinus), 171.

flavivertex (Perinus), 172.

flavocincta (Apalis), 221.

— (Chloropsis), 366.

flavostriatus (Phyllastrephus), 185.

flavotectus (Rhynchocyclus), 382.

flecki (Centropus), 50.

flemmingi (Dysithamnus), 391.

florentiae (Ptilopachus), 32.

fluviatilis (Agyrtria), 405

— (Locustella), 233.

forbesi (Emberiza), 173.

Formicarius, 395.

Formicivora, 393.

formosae (Pycnonotus), 370.

fortis (Agriornis), 381.

— (Coracina), 371.

— (Graucalus), 371.

fossei (Caprimulgus), 85, 86, 408.

fraenatus (Caprimulgus), 84, 401.

francica (Collocalia), 398, 399.

Francolinus, 27-31.

fraseri (Stizorhina), 98.

— (Turturoena), 36.

Fraseria, 120.

frenatus (Melittophagus), 80.

fricki (Andropadus), 187.

— (Parus), 204.

— (Phyllastrephus), 184.

— (Zosterops), 192.

friedrichseni (Pyromelana), 149.

fringillinus (Parus), 204.

fringilloides (Amauresthes), 154,

frontalis (Eremopteryx), 174.

— (Spinus), 172.

— (Sporopipes), 135.

fuciphaga (Collocalia), 398.

fugax (Dicrurus), 125.

Fulica, 23.

fuliginosa (Artomyias), 97.

fuligula (Nyroca), 6.

— (Riparia), 90, 92.

fiilleborni (Campothera), 64.

— (Glareola), 11.

fulva (Dendrocygna), 7.

fulvescens (Malacocincla), 245,

fumifrons (Todirostrum), 383.

fumosus (Empidochanes), 385.

funebrea (Streptopelia), 38.

funebris (Laniarius), 117.

funerea (Hypochera), 157.

funereus (Parus), 205.

furcata (Thalurania), 407, 408.

fuscatus (Empidochanes), 385.

fuscescens (Dendropicos), 68.

fuscicapillus (Poicephalus), 46.

fuscicaudata (Cercomela), 242.

fuscocollaris (Riparia), 89.

fusconota (Nigrita), 157.

fuscus (Larus), 4.

— (Ptilopachus), 32.

gabar (Melierax), 39.

gabonensis (Cuculus), 52.

gaimardii (Elainia), 384.

Galerida, 179.

Gallinago, 20.

gallinago (Gallinago). 20.

Gallinula, 23.

gallinula (Limnocryptes), 20.

gambensis (Plectropterus), 8.

gambiensis (Dryoscopus), 120.

— (Serpentarius), 38.

garguess (Cinnyris), 198.

— (Cossypha), 239.

garrulus (Coracias), 73.

garzetta (Egretta), 9.

gedgei (Francolinus), 29.

Gelochelidon, 5.

geloensis (Lophoceros), 75.

genibarbis (Xenops), 388.

geoffroyi (Charadrius), 13.

gibbericeps (Balearica), 8.

gigantea (Mellopitta), 379.

gigas (Collocalia), 398.

gindiana (Afrotis), 33.

glandarius (Coccystes), 51.

Glareola, 11, 12.

glareola (Tringa), 19.

Glaucidium, 46.

Glyphorhynchus, 388.

goertae (Mesopicos), 66.

golandi (Hyphantornis), 143.

goliath (Ardea), 9.

golzi (Apalis), 222.

gongonensis (Passer), 168.

goniata (Ludia), 280, 282,

Gonodontis, 357, 358.

Goodia, 291-305.

goodsoni (Anthus), 181.

gordoni (Hirundo), 91-93.

gouldi (Anthus), 181.

gracilirostris (Andropadus), 370.

gracilirostris (Chlorocichla), 369.

— (Stelgidillas), 188, 369, 370.

gracilis (Andropadus), 369, 370.

— (Charitillas), 188.

— (Rhinoptilus), 13.

Grallaria, 396.

Grallaricula, 396.

Granatina, 158, 160.

granti (Francolinus), 30.

— (Irrisor), 82.

— (Treron), 34.

Graucalus, 371-373.

graueri (Coracina), 373.

— (Hyphantornis), 141.

— (Phyllastrephus), 186, 369.

greyi (Poeptera), 133.

grilli (Centropus), 50.

grimmia (Vegetia), 290.

grisea (Formicivora), 393.

griseigula (Camaroptera), 228.

griseigularis (Alseonax), 95.

— (Pytelia), 162.

griseipectus (Myrmeciza), 395.

griseiventris (Parus), 205.

griseldis (Acrocephalus), 231.

griseoflava (Eremomela), 224.

griseogularis (Colius), 72.

griseolimbata (Lobocleta), 340.

griseopyga (Hirundo), 90.

grisescens (Crateropus), 234.

griseus (Bradornis), 94, 95.

— (Passer), 167, 168.

guianarum (Blacicus), 385.

guillemardi (Artamides), 371.

— (Coracina), 371.

guinea (Columba), 34.

gularis (Ardea), 9.

— (Criniger), 368.

— (Cuculus), 51.

— (Eurystomus), 74.

— (Iole), 367.

— (Nicator), 114.

gulielmi (Poicephalus), 46.

giintheri (Alcedo), 79.

gurneyi (Turdus), 238.

guttata (Cichladusa), 236.

guttatus (Ixonotus), 184.

guttera, 26,

Guttifer (Pogonocichla), 244.

gutturalis (Cinnyris), 199.

— (Irania), 239.

— (Pterocles), 24.

Gymnobucco, 57.

Gymnopithys, 394.

Gymnoschizorhis, 49.

habessinicus (Cinnyris), 197,

Habrura, 383.

Haemalea, 343.

haematocephala (Cisticola), 213.

hagedash (Hagedashia), 8.

Hagedashia, 8.

Halcyon, 76, 78.

Hamalia, 336.

hamatus (Dryoscopus), 120.

hansali (Henucha), 278.

— (Ludia), 276-279.

haplonota (Grallaria), 396.

Haplopelia, 35.

Harpolestes, 110-113.

harrisoni (Cisticola), 215,

harterti (Criniger), 368.

— (Hemiprocne), 397.

— (Mirafra), 175.

— (Thapsinillas), 368.

— (Turturoena), 34.

— (Xenocichla), 368.

hartingi (Rhinoptilus), 13.

hartlaubi (Campephaga), 106.

— (Coliuspasser), 150.

— (Dendropicos), 68.

— (Erythropygia), 237.

— (Otis), 32.

— (Turacus), 48, 49.

hausburgi (Campothera), 65.

haussarum (Anthreptes), 201.

hawkeri (Cinnyris), 195.

— (Granatina), 159.

haynaldi (Criniger), 367.

— (Iole), 367.

Hedydipna, 194.

Heliangelus, 409, 410.

Heliolais, 218.

Heliomaster, 412.

helleri (Pogonocichla), 244.

hellmayri (Myiozetetes), 384.

Helotarsus, 42.

helvetica (Squatarola), 13.

Hemiparra, 15.

Hemiprocne, 396, 397.

Hemixus, 367.

hemprichi (Larus), 4.

— (Lophoceros), 75.

Henicorhina, 365.

Henucha, 254, 275.

herberti (Campothera), 64.

heterogynus (Dysithamnus), 391.

Heteropelma, 381.

heterophrys (Cisticola), 212.

Heterorachis, 329-331.

Heterotrogon, 72, 73.

heterura (Eutoxeres), 404.

heuglini (Cossypha), 240.

— (Dicrocerecus), 80.

— (Hyphantornis), 142,

431

432

heuglini (Oenanthe), 241.

hiaticula (Charadrius), 14.

Hieraaetus, 41.

hierax (Goodia), 301.

hieronyma (Scopula), 339.

hildebrandti (Francolinus), 28.

— (Lagonosticta), 163.

— (Spreo), 128.

— (Urobrachya), 150.

hilgerti (Nilaus), 110.

— (Poliospiza), 170.

— (Rhodophoneus), 116.

Himantopus, 18.

himantopus (Himantopus), 18.

hindei (Cisticola), 207.

— (Crateropus), 233.

Hippolais, 232.

hirsutum (Tricholaema), 56.

hirundinacea (Collocalia), 398.

Hirundinea, 384.

hirundineus (Dicrocercus), 80.

Hirundo, 90-93, 376, 377.

hoffmannsi (Anoplops), 394.

— (Dendrocolaptes), 390.

— (Gymnopithys), 394.

— (Pipra), 381.

— (Thamnomanes), 392.

holerythrus (Lipangus), 380.

Holocera, 247, 248, 254, 257.

holochlora (Chloropipo), 380.

holochlorus (Erythrocercus), 102.

— (Kurillas), 189.

holomelaena (Psalidoproene), 92, 377.

holomelas (Laniarius), 116.

holti (Iole), 367.

homopterus (Poliohierax), 44.

Hoplopterus, 16.

horni (Melinoéssa), 361.

horus (Apus), 88, 89.

hubbardi (Francolinus), 30.

humaythae (Sclateria), 394.

humboldti (Pternistes), 27.

humeralis (Coliuspasser), 150.

— (Lanius), 122.

hunteri (Cinnyris), 199.

— (Cisticola), 215.

hyacinthina (Haleyon), 77.

hybrida (Hirundo), 91.

Hydrochelidon, 5.

Hylexetastes, 389.

Hylia, 229.

Hyliota, 100.

Hylocharis, 405

Hyostomodes, 359, 360.

Hypargus, 162.

hypermetra (Mirafra), 175.

Hyphantornis, 141-143.

Hyphanturgus, 138, 139,

Hypochera, 157, 158.

hypocherina (Vidua), 152.

hypochlorus (Eminia), 229.

— (Phyllastrephus), 185.

hypochroa (Hstrilda), 165.

Hypoenemis, 395.

hypoleucos (Crateropus), 234.

— (Tringa), 19.

hypoléucus (Graucalus), 372.

hypopyrrus (Malaconotus), 121.

hypospodia (Pinarochroa), 243.

hypostictus (Spinus), 172.

hypoxantha (Chloricichla), 186.

— (Cisticola), 209.

Hypsipetes, 366.

ianthogaster (Granatina), 158.

ibis (Bubulcus), 9.

— (Tantalus), 11.

icterinus (Phyllastrephus), 185, 369.

icterorhynchus (Francolinus), 28.

icterus (Serinus), 171, 172.

idae (Ardeola), 10.

Idioptilon, 383.

idius (Nectarinia), 193.

ignea (Campephaga), 106.

igneiventris (Cinnyris), 198.

illimitata (Perizoma), 353.

imberbis (Anomalospiza), 147.

immaculata (Cisticola), 216.

immutabilis (Prinia), 218.

inaestimata (Cinnyris), 199.

incana (Drymocichla), 223.

— (Orthogonioptilum), 322.

incerta (Turturoena), 35.

incertum (Edoliisoma), 373.

Indicator, 53, 54.

indicator (Baeopogon), 186.

— (Chlorocichla), 369.

— (Indicator), 53.

infulata (Alseonax), 96.

infuscatus (Automolus), 387.

— (Colymbus), 4.

— (Pternistes), 26.

ingens (Graucalus), 372.

— (Lyngipicus), 69.

inornatus (Caprimulgus), 84.

— (Stephanibyx), 15.

insignis (Parus), 204.

— (Phormoplectes), 136.

— (Prodotiscus), 54.

insueta (Heteorachis), 331.

insularis (Andropadus), 187.

intensa (Cossypha), 239.

intensus (Pogonocichla), 243.

intercedens (Cossypha), 241.

— (Lanius), 123.

intercedens (Mirafra), 177, 178.

— (Pyrocephalus), 385.

— (Pyromelana), 149.

intermedia (Chalybura), 408.

— (Chrysuronia), 406.

— (Cossypha), 240.

— (Ludia), 288.

— (Prinia), 219.

— (Prionops), 108, 109.

— (Quelea), 147.

— (Stizorhina), 98.

intermedius (Centropus), 50.

— (Ceuthmochares), 50.

— (Chlorophoneus), 115.

— (Chrysococcyx), 414, 420.

— (Cymbilanius), 390.

— (Gymnobucco), 57.

— (Hyphantornis), 141.

—— (Mesophoyx), 9.

— (Sigmodus), 109.

— (Textor), 134.

— (Thripias), 67.

interpositus (Malaconotus), 121.

— (Thamnophilus), 390.

interpres (Arenaria), 19.

interscapularis (Cinnamopteryx), 144.

invocata (Ptychopoda), 344.

iolaema (Cossypha), 239.

Tole, 367, 368.

Trania, 239.

irena (Pitta), 378.

Irrisor, 82.

irroratus (Lybius), 56.

isabellina (Oenanthe), 242.

— (Sylvietta), 226.

isabellinus (Lanius), 124.

Ispidina, 79.

itinerans (Anisodes), 335,

ituriensis (Barbatula), 59.

Ixonotus, 184.

Tyngipicus, 68, 69.

Iynx, 61, 62.

jacksoni (Apalis), 220.

— (Barbatula), 59.

— (Bathmocereus), 245.

— (Calamocichla), 231.

— (Cryptospiza), 156.

— (Cuculus), 51.

—~ (Drepanoplectes), 151.

—— (Dryoscopus), 119.

— (Francolinus), 28.

— (Haplopelia), 35.

~~ (Hyphantornis), 142.

— (Irrisor), 82.

— (Lophoceros), 76.

— (Malacocincla), 246.

jacksoni (Mirafra), 174.

— (Nectarinia), 192.

— (Parisoma), 206.

— (Platystira), 101.

— (Sylvietta), 226.

— (Zosterops), 191.

jacobinus (Coccystes), 51.

jamesi (Harpolestes), 113.

jamesoni (Diaphorophyia), 102.

— (Lagonosticta), 164.

jardinei (Dendrornis), 389.

— (Xiphorhynchus), 389.

jefferyi (Chlamydochaera), 375.

johnstoni (Nectarinia), 193.

jonesi (Ptychopoda), 341.

jubaensis (Anaplectes), 135.

juliae (Psalidoprymna), 412.

kagerensis (Andropadus), 187.

kahli (Orthogonioptilum), 318.

kakamegae (Arizelocichla), 187.

— (Cinnyris), 196.

kapitensis (Cisticola), 212.

— (Pseudonigrita), 146.

karamojae (Euprinodes), 222.

karamojoensis (Hedydipna), 194.

karu (Lalage), 376.

Kaupifalco, 40.

kavirondensis (Andropadus), 370.

— (Charitillas), 188, 370.

— (Cisticola), 214.

— (Empidornis), 93.

— (Heliolais), 218.

— (Mirafra), 177.

— (Sitagra), 140.

keniana (Argya), 235.

keniensis (Caprimulgus), 84, 401.

— (Cinnyris), 198.

— (Estrilda), 164.

— (Phyllastrephus), 185.

— (Pogonocichla), 243.

— (Sylvietta), 225.

— (Turdus), 238.

kenricki (Poeoptera), 133.

kenya (Chloropeta), 98.

kersteni (Symplectes), 136.

keyensis (Lalage), 376.

kibaliensis (Trochocercus), 104.

kikuyensis (Colius), 70.

kikuyuensis (Alethe), 244.

— (Alseonax), 96.

— (Arizelocichla), 188.

— (Cinnyris), 199.

— (Crateropus), 234.

— (Francolinus), 29.

— (Lagonosticta), 164.

— (Oriolus), 127.

433

434

kikuyuensis (Spinus), 172.

— (Zosterops), 191.

kilimensis (Bucconodon), 58.

— (Cisticola), 215.

— (Coccopygia), 158.

— (Haplopelia), 35.

— (Lioptilus), 245.

— (Nectarinia), 192.

— (Poliospiza), 169.

— (Turdus), 238.

kinabaluensis (Chloropsis), 366.

kingi (Cyanolesbia), 411.

kirki (Cinnyris), 196.

— (Pytelia), 161.

kismayensis (Harpolestes), 113.

— (Laniarius), 118.

kisumui (Hyphantornis), 141.

kittenbergeri (Apus), 88.

kivuensis (Halcyon), 77,

— (Harpolestes), 110.

— (Malacocincla), 246.

kiwanukae (Estrilda), 165.

klagesi (Lophornis), 412.

klapbecki (Scopula), 338.

klassi (Chrysococcyx), 53.

Knipolegus, 381.

koenigi (Mesopicos), 66.

kori (Otis), 33,

krameri (Palaeornis), 48.

kuehni (Caprimulgus), 402.

— (Coracina), 372.

— (Pitta), 378

kulambangrae (Coracina), 371.

kuntzei (Goodia), 303.

lacrymosa (Tricholaema), 56.

lacteus (Bubo), 44.

Jacuum (Parus), 205.

laeta (Agyrtria), 405.

— (Cryptolopha), 97.

— (Ludia), 288.

laetior (Oriolus), 126.

laetissima (Chlorocichla), 186.

lafresnayi (Dendropicos), 67, 68.

lafresnayii (Melittophagus), 79.

Lagonosticta, 163, 164.

Lalage, 376.

lamelligerus (Anastomus), 11.

Lamprocolius, 129-131.

Lampromorpha, 415, 418, 419.

Lampropteryx, 351.

Lamprotornis, 131.

languida (Hippolais), 232.

Laniarius, 116-119.

Laniocera, 380.

Lanius, 122-124,

Larus, 4, 5.

larvata (Haplopelia), 35.

larvatus (Oriolus), 126, 127.

larvivora (Coracina), 372.

lateralis (Cisticola), 216.

— (Lobivanellus), 17.

lathami (Francolinus), 31.

lathraea (Scopula), 337.

Lathria, 380.

laticauda (Penthetria), 151.

latifrons (Sarciophorus), 16.

latirostris (Stelgidocichla), 189,

lavandulae (Cisticola), 208.

leopoldi (Gymnoschizorhis), 49.

lepida (Eminia), 228, 229.

lepidus (Dendropicos), 67.

Leptasthenura, 386.

Leptopogon, 384,

Leptoptilus, 11.

leptorhyncha (Calamocichla), 231.

Leptotriceus, 383.

lerchi (Thalurania), 406.

Leucippus, 405.

leucocephala (Doloma), 332.

— (Halcyon), 76, 77.

leucocephalus (Colius), 71.

— (Lybius), 55.

leucogaster (Agyrtria), 405,

— (Chizaerhis), 49.

— (Cinnyris), 197.

— (Corythaixoides), 49.

— (Lybius), 56.

— (Pholidauges), 129.

leucolaema (Tigrisoma), 10.

leucolaima (Barbatula), 58.

— (Phyllastrephus), 186.

leucolophus (Turacus), 49.

leucomela (Oenanthe), 242.

leucomelas (Parus), 204.

leucomystax (Viridibucco), 59.

leuconota (Pyromelana), 148.

leuconotus (Thalassornis), 7.

leucopareia (Hremopteryx), 174.

— (Hydrochelidon), 5.

leucophrys (Anthus), 181.

— (Henicorhina), 365.

— (Sylvietta), 225. «

leucopogon (Prinia), 219.

leucops (Oreostictes), 371.

leucopsis (Sylvietta), 225, 226.

leucoptera (Erythropygia), 236, 237.

— (Hemiparra), 15.

— (Hydrochelidon), 5.

leucopygius (Poliospiza), 170.

leucorhynchus (Laniarius), 116,

leucorodia (Platalea), 8.

leucorrhoa (Corapipo), 381.

leucoscepus (Pternistes), 26.

leucotis (Bueconodon), 58.

leucotis (Eremopteryx), 174.

— (Otus), 45.

levaillanti (Francolinus), 29.

liberiensis (Andropadus), 370.

libonyanus (Turdus), 239.

limbobrunnea (Ludia), 284.

Limnocorax, 21.

Limnocryptes, 20.

lineaticeps (Picolaptes), 389.

lineatus (Cymbilanius), 390.

Linura, 152.

Linurgus, 156.

Lioptilus, 244, 245,

Lipangus, 380.

litae (Chloropipo), 380.

— (Myiobius), 384.

Lithostege, 355.

littoralis (Batis), 101.

— (Harpolestes), 111.

— (Hyphantornis), 142.

— (Picolaptes), 389.

— (Uraeginthus), 160.

livida (Agriornis), 381.

livingstonii (Oenanthe), 242.

Lobivanellus, 17.

Lobocleta, 340.

Lobura, 345.

Locustella, 233.

loitanus (Sporopipes), 135.

lonbergi (Phyllastrephus), 185.

longicauda (Elminia), 102.

longipennis (Columba), 34.

— (Hemiproecne), 397.

— (Macrodypteryx), 87.

— (Pitta), 73.

longirostris (Anthoscenus), 412.

— (Anthus), 180.

— (Eriocnemis), 409.

— (Harpolestes), 113.

— (Phaethornis), 404.

longmari (Anthreptes), 201.

longonotensis (Mirafra), 178.

Lophoaetus, 41.

Lophoceros, 75, 76.

Lophogyps, 38.

Lophornis, 412.

Lophostola, 331.

loringi (Melittophagus), 80.

— (Sylvietta), 226.

louisiadensis (Coracina), 372.

— (Graucalus), 372.

lovati (Otis), 33.

loveridgei (Serinus), 171.

lowi (Collocalia), 398.

lucani (Hieraaetus), 41.

lucasi (Criniger), 368.

— (Thapsinillas), 368.

lucida (Hirundo), 377.

lucidipectus (Nectarinia), 193.

luciphila (Ludia), 275.

lucivittata (Hois), 346.

luctuosus (Myrmelastes), 395.

Ludia, 247, 248, 251-287.

ludovicaria (Acidalia), 340.

— (Ptychopoda), 340.

ludwigi (Dicrurus), 125.

lugens (Alseonax), 95.

— (Streptopelia), 38.

lugubris (Cisticola), 213.

— (Dicrurus), 125.

— (Melaenornis), 93.

— (Phalacrocorax), 5.

— (Stephanibyx), 15.

liihderi (Laniarius), 118.

lumbo (Cinnyris), 197.

lunata (Goodia), 301.

lunatus (Serilophus), 397.

Luscinia, 239.

luscinia (Luscinia), 239.

luteola (Sitagra), 139, 140.

lyalli (Traversia), 378.

Lybius, 55, 56.

mabirae (Cuculus), 52.

maccalli (Erythrocercus), 102.

maccoa (Erismatura), 7.

macei (Coracina), 372.

Machaerhamphus, 42.

Machetes, 18.

mackenziana (Cryptolopha), 97.

mackinnoni (Lanius), 123.

mackloti (Pitta), 378.

maclellandi (Iole), 367, 368.

macmillani (Anomalospiza), 147,

macouma (Ptychopoda), 343.

macrocercus (Coliuspasser), 150.

Macrodypteryx, 87.

Macronyx, 179.

Macropteryx, 397, 398.

macrorhyncha (Sylvietta), 226.

macrorhynchus (Bradypterus), 231,

Macrosphenus, 229.

macrospilotus (Hypargus), 162.

macrourus (Circus), 39.

— (Colius), 71, 72.

macrurus (Caprimulgus), 402, 403.

— (Coliuspasser), 150.

maculicollis (Serinus), 171.

maculifer (Myrmelastes), 395.

maculipennis (Otis), 32.

maculosus (Bubo), 45.

madagascariensis (Porphyrio), 23.

madaraszi (Eremopteryx), 174.

— (Serinus), 172,

magnirostris (Capsiempis), 384.

436

magnirostris (Hypsipetes), 366.

mahali (Plocepasser), 135.

major (Hemiprocne), 397.

— (Laniarius), 117.

— (Macropteryx), 397.

— (Merops), 81.

Malacocincla, 245, 246.

Malaconotus, 121.

malherbi (Campothera), 64.

malimbicus (Haleyon), 78.

— (Malimbus), 135.

Malimbus, 135.

Manacus, 381.

manacus (Chiromachaeris), 381.

— (Manacus), 381.

mandana (Harpolestes), 113.

mandanus (Lamprocolius), 130,

mandensis (Dendropicos), 67.

maranensis (Francolinus), 27.

marchesae (Pericrocotus), 375.

marginata (Cisticola), 213.

— (Mirafra), 178.

marginatus (Charadrius), 14.

— (Microcerculus), 365.

— (Rhynchoeycelus), 382.

maria (Pitta), 378.

mariquensis (Cinnyris), 195.

martini (Campephaga), 107.

marwitzi (Irrisor), 82.

— (Pyromelana), 149.

Masius, 380.

massaica (Chloropeta), 97.

— (Estrilda), 166,

— (Mirafra), 174.

— (Petronia), 168.

— (Psalidoprocne), 92, 377.

— (Tricholaema), 57.

— (Zosterops), 192.

massaicus (Dendropicos), 68.

— (Lamprocolius), 130.

— (Nilaus), 110.

— (Poicephalus), 46.

— (Struthio), 3.

matschiei (Poicephalus), 47.

mauensis (Cisticola), 207.

— (Cossypha), 239.

Mauna, 355.

mauritii (Lanius), 122,

maxima (Ceryle), 79.

maximiliani (Melanopareia), 386.

— (Synallaxis), 386.

maxwelli (Hylocharis), 405.

mechowi (Cercococcyx), 52.

media (Gallinago), 20.

— (Sterna), 5.

— (Urobrachya), 150.

medianus (Smithornis), 99, 100.

mediocris (Cinnyris), 198.

medius (Turacus), 49.

meeki (Caprimulgus), 402.

— (Edoliisoma), 373.

— (Pitta), 379.

meekiana (Graucalus), 372.

Megabias, 98.

megacephala (Rhynchocyelus), 382,

megarhyncha (Luscinia), 239.

meiffreni (Ortyxelus), 24

meinertzhageni (Smithornis), 99, 100.

Melaenornis, 93.

melanauchen (Eremopteryx), 174.

melanceuthes (Bathycolpodes), 329.

melancholicus (Tyrannus), 386.

melanocephala (Ardea), 9.

— (Tricholaema), 56.

melanocrissa (Hirundo), 92, 93.

melanogaster (Formicivora), 393.

— (Lagonosticta), 163.

— (Lamprocolius), 129.

— (Nectarinia), 193.

— (Otis), 33.

— (Pternistes), 27.

melanoleucus (Astur), 40.

— (Lophoceros), 75.

melanonota (Cossypha), 240.

Melanopareia, 386.

Melanophoyx, 9.

melanops (Crateropus), 234.

— (Prinia), 219.

melanoptera (Alseonax), 95.

— (Prionops), 108.

melanopterus (Lybius), 55.

— (Stephanibyx), 15.

Melanopteryx, 143.

melanorhynchus (Plocepasser), 135.

melanotis (Anaplectes), 136.

melanotus (Sarkidiornis), 7.

melanoxanthus (Hyphanturgus), 138.

melanura (Tchitrea), 104.

melanurus (Rhamphocaenus), 393.

melas (Edoliisoma), 373.

melba (Apus), 400.

— (Pytelia), 161.

Melierax, 39.

melindae (Anthus), 179.

Melinoéssa, 361, 362.

Melittophagus, 79, 80.

Mellopitta, 379.

Melocichla, 206.

memorata (Hois), 347.

mentalis (Argya), 235.

— (Dysithamnus), 391.

— (Melocichla), 206.

— (Pipra), 380.

— (Symplectes), 136.

meridana (Synallaxis), 386.

meridionalis (Aidemosyne), 153.

meridionalis (Caprimulgus), 83, 402.

— (Chaetura), 399.

— (Delichon), 376.

— (Hirundo), 376.

— (Melittophagus), 80.

Merops, 81.

meruensis (Chlorocichla), 186.

— (Mirafra), 178.

Mesophoyx, 9.

Mesopicos, 66, 67.

metabates (Melierax), 39.

metallica (Hedydipna), 194.

Metallura, 410, 411.

mexicanus (Phaéthornis), 404.

— (Sclerurus), 388.

meyeri (Edoliisoma), 373.

— (Poicephalus), 47.

micans (Collocalia), 398.

Microcerculus, 365.

Microparra, 20.

microptera (Hirundo), 377.

Micropus, 400.

microrhynchus (Cinnyris), 196.

— (Pseudospermestes), 154.

microscelis (Dissoura), 11.

microsticta (Formicivora), 393.

micrus (Pycnonotus), 189, 190.

midas (Melinoéssa), 362.

migrans (Milvus), 42.

Milocera, 360.

Milvus, 42.

mindanense (Edoliisoma), 374.

minima (Coccopygia), 158.

— (Limnocryptes), 20.

— (Sylvietta), 226

minor (Batis), 100, 101.

— (Charitillas), 188.

— (Corvus), 125.

— (Falco), 43.

— (Harpolestes), 110.

— (Indicator), 53.

— (Lanius), 124.

— (Nilaus), 110.

— (Phoenicopterus), 11.

— (Pipra), 380.

— (Pycnonotus), 189.

— (Riparia), 89.

— (Stephanibyx), 15.

— (Streptopelia), 38.

minullus (Accipiter), 41.

minus (Edoliisoma), 373.

— (Heterotrogon), 73.

minuta (Ardetta), 10.

— (Calidris), 19.

— (Malacocincla), 245.

minutus (Harpolestes), 113.

Mionectes, 383.

mirabilis (Carnegia), 325, 326.

437

Mirafra, 174-178.

mistacea (Prinia), 218, 219.

mitrata (Numida), 25.

Mitrephanes, 385.

modestus (Chlorophoneus), 114,

— (Dicrurus), 125.

molitor (Batis), 100.

moluccarum (Collocalia), 398.

molybdophanes (Struthio), 4.

mombasae (Chlorocichla), 186.

mombassica (Campothera), 63.

mombassicus (Colius), 70.

monachus (Centropus), 50.

— (Necrosyrtes), 38.

mongolus (Charadrius), 13.

monochromum (Orthogonioptilum), 316.

monogrammicus (Kaupifalco), 40.

montana (Amblyospiza), 145.

— (Edoliisoma), 373.

— (Granatina), 159.

montanum (Edoliisoma), 373.

montanus (Amydrus), 132.

— (Onychognathus), 132.

— (Pericrocotus), 376.

monteiri (Hirundo), 91.

— (Hypargus), 162.

— (Malaconotus), 121.

Monticola, 241.

morio (Edoliisoma), 374.

— (Onychognathus), 132.

mosambica (Pytelia), 161.

mosambicus (Passer), 167.

mosambiquus (Caprimulgus), 86.

mosquera (Eriocnemis), 409.

Motacilla, 182, 183.

mozambicus (Harpolestes), 112.

mpangae (Cinnamopteryx), 144.

mufumbiri (Laniarius), 118.

miilleri (Cisticola), 209.

— (Melittophagus), 80.

— (Ortygospiza), 155.

multifera (Oneiliana), 333.

miinzneri (Campephaga), 107.

murinus (Alseonax), 96.

—- (Apus), 88.

— (Bradornis), 94.

Muscicapa, 95.

musculus (Anthoscopus), 204.

musicus (Bias), 98, 99.

Musophaga, 48.

Mycteria, 11.

Myiarchus, 385.

Myiobius, 384.

Myioceyx, 79.

Myiozetetes, 384.

myochrous (Tachornis), 89.

myotherina (Hypocnemis), 395.

Myrmeciza, 395.

438

Myrmecocichla, 242.

Myrmelastes, 395.

Myrmotherula, 392.

mystacea (Hemiprocne), 398.

— (Macropteryx), 398.

naevia (Coracias), 73.

— (Sclateria), 394.

nahani (Francolinus), 31.

nakuruensis (Apus), 87, 401.

— (Cisticola), 207.

namaquus (Thripias), 67.

nana (Grallaricula), 396.

— (Turnix), 24.

nandensis (Dryoscopus), 119.

— (Symplectes), 136.

nanus (Chlorostilbon), 406.

— (Pyrocephalus), 385.

— (Xiphorhynchus), 388.

narina (Apaloderma), 92.

narokensis (Indicator), 54.

nasutus (Lophoceros), 76.

natalensis (Caprimulgus), 85.

— (Chloropeta), 98.

— (Cisticola), 211, 212.

— (Cossypha), 239.

naumanni (Falco), 44.

ndussumensis (‘Trichophorus), 183.

neavei (Poicephalus), 47.

nebularia (Tringa), 18.

Necrosyrtes, 38.

Nectarinia, 192-195.

nectarinoides (Nectarinia), 194.

neélys (Lampropteryx), 352.

neglecta (Cinnyris), 200.

neglectus (Eurystomus), 74.

Neocossyphus, 237.

Neophron, 38.

neophyta (Pylarge), 337.

— (Scopula), 337.

Neotis, 32.

Nesocharis, 156.

neumanni (Anthreptes), 202.

— (Apalis), 222.

— (Cisticola), 216.

— (Hirundo), 92, 93.

— (Lophoceros), 75.

— (Muscicapa), 95.

niansae (Apus), 88.

niassensis (Uraeginthus), 161.

nicholsoni (Anthus), 180.

niger (Limnocorax), 21.

— (Melierax), 39.

— (Parus), 204.

— (Textor), 133.

nigerrimus (Laniarius), 116.

— (Melanopteryx), 143.

nigra (Campephaga), 106-108.

— (Ciconia), 11.

— (Myrmecocichla), 242.

nigrescens (Euprinodes), 222.

— (Thamnophilus), 391.

nigricapillus (Formicarius), 395.

nigricauda (Automolus), 388.

— (Chlorophoneus), 115.

nigriceps (Apalis), 220.

— (Arizelocichla), 187.

— (Hyphantornis), 141.

— (Spermestes), 154.

nigricinereus (Parus), 205.

nigricollis (Hyphanturgus), 138, 139.

— (Podiceps), 4.

nigrifrons (Chlorophoneus), 115.

— (Pyromelana), 148.

nigrimentalis (Delichon), 376.

— (Hirundo), 376.

nigrimentum (Estrilda), 165.

nigripennis (Gallinago), 20.

— (Oriolus), 127.

nigriscapularis (Caprimulgus), 84.

Nigrita, 157.

nigriventris (Pyromelana), 149.

nigromitratus (Trochocercus), 104.

nigronotata (Urobrachya), 150.

Nilaus, 110.

nilotica (Calamocichla), 231.

— (Gelochelidon), 5.

— (Hagedashia), 8.

— (Holocera), 260.

niloticus (Irrisor), 82.

— (Lanius), 124.

nisoria (Sylvia), 233.

nitens (Trochocercus), 103.

nitidula (Hypargus), 162.

niveoguttatus (Hypargus), 162.

nivescens (Anthus), 179.

nonnula (Estrilda), 164.

nordmanni (Glareola), 12.

normani (Coracina), 371.

— (Graucalus), 371.

notatus (Oriolus), 126.

novaehollandiae (Coracina), 372.

nubica (Campothera), 62, 63.

nubicus (Caprimulgus), 85, 401.

— (Merops), 81.

nubilata (Goodia), 291.

nuchalis (Cisticola), 214.

— (Glareola), 12.

Numenius, 18.

Numida, 25.

nyansae (Batis), 100, 101.

— (Campothera), 64.

— (Coccopygia), 158.

— (Dryoscopus), 120.

— (Estrilda), 166,

nyansae (Platystira), 102.

— (Poicephalus), 47.

— (Textor), 134.

nyanzae (Astur), 40.

— (Barbatula), 58.

— (Cisticola), 213.

nyassana (Ludia), 275.

Nycticorax, 10.

nycticorax (Nycticorax), 10.

Nyrocea, 6.

oberholseri (Caprimulgus), 402.

obiense (Edoliisoma), 374.

oblita (Pitta), 379.

oblongula (Perithalera), 329.

obscura (Cinnyris), 200.

— (Ludia), 286, 287.

— (Porzana), 21.

— (Prinia), 219.

obscurior (Lalage), 376.

— (Sclerurus), 388.

obscurus (Rhinoptilus), 13.

obsoleta (Riparia), 377.

obsoletus (Iyngipicus), 68.

occidentalis (Cossypha), 240.

— (Microcerculus), 365.

— (Tyrannus), 386.

occipitalis (Eremomela), 223.

— (Lophoaetus), 41.

— (Lophogyps), 38.

ochraceiventris (Phaéthornis), 404.

ochrolaema (Hypocnemis), 395.

ochropus (Tringa), 19.

ockendeni (Knipolegus), 381.

ocreata (Fraseria), 120.

Ocreatus, 409.

ocularis (Cryptospiza), 156.

— (Glareola), 12.

— (Hyphanturgus), 139.

Odontospiza, 153.

oedicnemus (Burhinus), 17.

Oena, 36.

Oenanthe, 242.

oenanthe (Oenanthe), 242.

oenochroa (Lagonosticta), 163,

oenone (Chrysuronia), 406.

ogawae (Hypsipetes), 366.

ogilviei (Halcyon), 77, 78.

ogowensis (Chaetura), 400.

— (Bleda), 369.

oleaginea (Psalidoprocne), 377.

oleagineus (Mionectes), 383.

oligodranes (Chogada), 358.

olivacea (Pogonocichla), 244.

olivaceogriseus (Phyllastrephus), 185.

olivaceum (Bucconodon), 58.

olivaceus (Turdus), 238.

29*

olivascens (Pterocles), 24.

olivetorum (Hippolais), 232.

ombriosa (Coracina), 373.

ombriosus (Graucalus), 373.

omissa (Synallaxis), 386.

omoensis (Oenanthe), 241.

— (Pachyphantes), 144.

— (Prionops), 109.

— (Zosterops), 192. -

o’neili (Xylopteryx), 356.

Oneiliana, 332.

onocrotalus (Pelecanus), 5.

Onychognathus, 132.

orboculata (Anisodes), 335.

— (Perixera), 335.

orenocensis (Formicivora), 393.

— (Thalurania), 408.

— (Xiphocolaptes), 389.

oreobates (Melittophagus), 79.

Oreoibis, 8.

oreophila (Cisticola), 214.

oreophilus (Buteo), 42,

Oreostides, 371.

orientale (Parisoma), 206.

orientalis (Anthreptes), 201.

— (Emberiza), 173.

— (Halcyon), 76.

— (Harpolestes), 111, 112.

— (Hypochera), 158.

— (Melocichla), 206.

— (Pogonocichla), 243.

— (Prosphorocichla), 184.

— (Psalidoprocne), 377.

— (Pyrrhurus), 369.

— (Serpentarius), 38.

— (Treron), 33.

— (Xenocichla), 369,

orinoptena (Ludia), 283.

oriochares (Euacidalia), 340,

Oriolus, 126, 127,

oriolus (Oriolus), 126.

ornata (Myrmotherula), 392.

orphogaster (Cinnyris), 198.

Orthnocichla, 365, 366.

Orthogonioptilum, 307-323.

Ortholitha, 351.

Ortygospiza, 155.

Ortyxelus, 24.

osiris (Cinnyris), 195.

ostrinus (Pyrenestes), 145,

Otis, 32, 33,

Otus, 45.

Otyphantes, 137.

ovampensis (Accipiter), 41.

oxytela (Goodia), 299,

Pachyphantes, 144.

Pachyrhamphus, 389.

439

440

pachyrhynchus (Cisticola), 211.

— (Pachyphantes), 144.

Palaeornis, 48.

palawanensis (Collocalia), 398.

pallescens (Lalage), 376.

— (Rhynchocyclus), 382.

pallida (Campothera), 63.

— (Hippolais), 232.

— (Myrmotherula), 392.

— (Pitta), 378.

— (Stelgidocichla), 189.

pallidiceps (Scoptelus), 83.

pallidifrons (Chaetura), 399.

pallidigula (Atimastillas), 184.

— (Batis), 101.

pallidigularis (Automolus), 387.

pallidior (Estrilda), 165.

— (Hirundinea), 384.

pallidirostris (Lophoceros), 75.

pallidiventris (Bias), 98, 99.

— (Halcyon), 77, 78.

— (Mionectes), 383.

— (Parus), 205.

pallidus (Charadrius), 14.

— (Bradornis), 95.

— (Pyenonotus), 190.

palmquisti (Caprimulgus), 85.

paludicola (Hstrilda), 165.

— (Riparia), 89, 92, 377.

palustris (Acrocephalus), 232.

pammelaina (Melaenornis), 93.

papuensis (Graucalus), 372.

paradisea (Steganura), 152.

paraensis (Automolus), 387,

paraguayensis (Thamnophilus), 390.

parambae (Attila), 380.

— (Elainia), 385.

— (Grallaria), 396.

— (Serpophaga), 385.

parasitus (Milvus), 42.

pareola (Chiroxiphia), 381.

pareupithex (Ptychopoda), 344.

Parisoma, 205, 206.

Parisomus,* 397.

Parus, 204, 205.

parva (Calamocichla), 231.

parvirostris (Chloropsis), 366.

parvus (Tachornis), 89.

Passer, 166, 167, 168.

pauper (Phyllastrephus), 184,

payesi (Ardetta), 10.

pectoralis (Cireaetus), 41.

— (Coracina), 105.

— (Habrura), 383.

Pedilorhynchus, 96.

pekinensis (Apus), 88.

Pelecanus, 5.

* Erroneously Parisoma!

pelingi (Edoliisoma), 374.

pelios (Turdus), 238.

peltata (Platystira), 101.

pelzelni (Sitagra), 139.

pembertoni (Cotile), 377.

— (Riparia), 377.

penardi (Todirostrum), 383.

Penthetria, 151.

peracensis (Iole), 368.

percivali (Oriolus), 127.

— (Pytelia), 161.

— (Stelgidillas), 188.

perenopterus (Neophron), 38.

perenopus (Eurexia), 356.

peregrinus (Falco), 43.

pererratum (Edoliisoma), 374.

Pericrocotus, 375, 376.

Perissornis, 128

Perithalera, 329,

Perixera, 335.

Perizoma, 353.

perkeo (Batis), 101.

perlatum (Glaucidium), 46.

permista (Streptopelia), 37.

Pernis, 42.

perpallida (Coracina), 372.

perquisita (Mauna), 355

persicus (Merops), 81.

persimilis (Thamnomanes), 392.

personata (Apalis), 221.

— (Coracina), 371.

personatus (Agapornis), 48.

— (Gymnoschizorhis), 49.

peruanus (Pachyrhamphus), 380,

peruviana (Scopula), 338.

pestis (Lamprocolius), 131.

petersi (Podica), 23.

petiti (Campephaga), 106-108.

Petronia, 168.

phaeocephalus (Pycnonotus), 189.

phaeopus (Numenius), 18.

phaeopygos (Chaetura), 399.

Phaéthornis, 403, 404.

Phalacrocorax, 5.

phaneroscia (Hois), 348.

philippensis (ole), 367.

Phlegopsis, 395.

phoenicea (Campephaga), 106, 375.

phoenicoptera (Pytelia), 162.

Phoenicopterus, 11.

phoenicuroides (Lanius), 124,

Pholidauges, 129.

Phormoplectes, 136.

Phyllastrephus, 184-186, 369.

Phyllolais, 223.

Phyllomyias, 384.

Phyllopezus, 20.

Phylloscop us, 233,

piaggiae (Turdus), 238.

Picolaptes, 389.

picta (Ispidina), 79.

pietipennis (Cisticola), 217.

pileata (Camaroptera), 228.

— (Oenanthe), 242.

Pinarochroa, 243.

Pipra, 380, 381.

Pitangus, 384.

Pitta, 73, 378, 379.

Pittasoma, 396.

placidus (Phyllastrephus), 185.

planifimbria (Hois), 348.

Platalea, 8.

platura (Hedydipna), 194.

Platystira, 101-102.

plebeius (Crateropus), 234.

Plectropterus, 8.

Plegadis, 8.

pleschanka (Oenanthe), 242.

Plocepasser, 134, 135.

plumbeum (Parisoma), 206.

plumbeus (Dysithamnus), 391.

Pnoepyga, 366.

Podica, 23, 24.

Podiceps, 4.

poecilinota (Hypocnemis), 395.

poecilolaemus (Dendropicos), 67.

Poecilonetta, 7.

poecilosterna (Mirafra), 174.

poensis (Oampothera), 65.

Poeptera, 133.

Pogoniulus, 60.

Pogonocichla, 243, 244.

Poicephalus, 46, 47.

polia (Estrilda), 165.

poliocephala (Alethe), 244.

— (Prionops), 108.

poliocephalus (Caprimulgus), 85,

— (Malaconotus), 121.

poliogenys (Spermospiza), 145.

Poliohierax, 44.

poliolophus (Prionops), 109.

polionotus (Serilophus), 397.

poliopleura (Emberiza), 173.

poliopterus (Melierax), 39.

Poliospiza, 168, 169, 170.

poliothorax (Alethe), 244.

politula (Xanthorhoé), 350.

polius (Turdus), 238.

Polyboroides, 39.

Polynesia, 345,

polytmus (Aithurus), 408.

Porphyrio, 23.

porphyrolaema (Apalis), 221.

Porzana, 21.

porzana (Porzana), 21.

praepectoralis (Neocossyphus), 237,

441

prasina (Hylia), 229.

pratincola (Glareola), 11, 12.

prenticei (Halcyon), 78.

prillwitzi (Pycnonotus), 370.

primularis (Eois), 346.

princeps (Lanius), 123.

pringlei (Dryoscopus), 120.

Prinia, 218, 219.

prinioides (Cisticola), 215.

Prionops, 108, 109.

Prodotiscus, 54,

producta (Lampropteryx), 352.

progne (Dioptrornis), 151.

promeropirhynchus (Xiphocolaptes), 389,

propinguata (Ortholitha), 351.

Prosphorocichla, 184.

prox (Orthogonioptilum), 315.

Psalidoproene, 92, 93.

Psalidoprymna, 412,

Pseudalaemon, 178.

pseudobarbatus (Serinus), 172.

Pseudocolaptes, 387.

Pseudogyps, 39.

Pseudoludia, 247, 248, 262.

Pseudonigrita, 145, 146.

Pseudospermestes, 154.

Psittacus, 46.

Pternistes, 26, 27.

Pterocles, 24.

Ptilopachus, 32.

ptilorhyncha (Numida), 25,

Ptychopoda, 340-345.

pucherani (Guttera), 26.

puella (Batis), 100, 101.

— (Hirundo), 91.

pugnax (Machetes), 18.

pulchella (Nectarinia), 193.

— (Phyllolais), 223.

pulcher (Colius), 71, 72.

pulchra (Apalis), 220.

— (Camaroptera), 227.

— (Sarothrura), 23.

pullarius (Agapornis), 48.

pumilus (Alseonax), 96.

— (Bradornis), 94, 95.

punctata (Anas), 6.

punctatus (Thamnophilus), 390.

puncticeps (Dysithamnus), 391.

pupillata (Ludia), 283.

pura (Coracina), 105,

— (Metallura), 410.

purpurascens (Hypochera), 157.

— (Parus), 205.

purpuratus (Trachylaemus), 61.

purpurea (Ardea), 9.

purpureicauda (Chaleostigma), 410.

purpureiceps (Lamprocolius), 130.

purpureiventris (Nectarinia), 193,

442

purpureus (Lamprocolius), 131.

purpuropterus (Lamprotornis), 131.

pusilla (Coracina), 373.

— (Porzana), 21.

pusillus (Graucalus), 373.

— (Melittophagus), 80.

— (Pogoniulus), 60.

Pycnonotus, 189, 190, 370.

pygmaeus (Indicator), 54.

Pylarge, 337.

Pyrenestes, 145.

pyrgita (Petronia), 168.

Pyriglena, 394.

Pyrocephalus, 385.

Pyromelana, 148-150.

pyrrhopterus (Malacocincla), 246.

Pyrrhurus, 369.

Pytelia, 161, 162.

quadricolor (Chlorophoneus), 115.

quadrivirgata (Erythropygia), 236.

Quelea, 146, 147,

Querquedula, 6.

querquedula (Querquedula), 6.

quiscalina (Campephaga), 107.

quixensis (Formicivora), 393,

radcliffei (Tricholaema), 56,

ragazzi (Cinnyris), 200.

raineyi (Nectarinia), 195.

ralloides (Ardeola), 9.

Rallus, 21.

ranivorus (Circus), 39.

rapax (Aquila), 41.

rayi (Motacilla), 182, 183,

rayneyi (Turdus), 238.

Recurvirostra, 18.

regius (Cinnyris), 199.

— (Cosmopsarus), 132.

regulorum (Balearica), 8.

regulus (Prodotiscus), 54.

reichenowi (Apus), 88.

— (Cinnyris), 198, 199.

— (Cisticola), 210.

— (Collocalia), 399.

— (Cryptospiza), 156.

— (Drepanorhynchus), 194,

— (Dryodromas), 219.

— (Harpolestes), 113.

— (Numida), 25.

— (Oriolus), 127.

— (Otyphantes), 137.

— (Poliospiza), 169, 170.

— (Prinia), 219.

— (Prodotiseus), 54.

— (Sarothrura), 23.

— (Streptopelia), 37.

— (Trochocerecus), 103,

rendalli (Anomalospiza), 147.

— (Numida), 25.

retzii (Sigmodus), 109.

revoili (Melittophagus), 79.

rex (Balaeniceps), 10.

— (Hyphanturgus), 139.

Rhamphocaenus, 393,

Rhinopomastus, 83.

Rhinoptilus, 13.

rhipidura (Corvus), 125.

rhodeogaster (Mesopicos), 66.

rhodesiensis (Holocera), 261.

rhodopareia (Lagonosticta), 163.

Rhodophoneus, 116.

rhodopyga (Hstrilda), 165.

Rhynchocyclus, 382.

richardi (Anthus), 180.

ridgwayi (Xenops), 388.

riggenbachi (Accipiter), 40.

Riparia, 89, 92, 377.

riparia (Riparia), 89.

roberti (Conopophaga), 396.

robusta (Cisticola), 214.

roceatii (Anthoscopus), 203.

roehli (Apus), 87.

rolleti (Oriolus), 127.

rooki (Edoliisoma), 375.

roosevelti (Granatina), 159.

roseicrissa (Estrilda), 165.

rosenbergi (Caprimulgus), 402.

— (Cercomacra), 393.

— (Heteropelma), 381.

— (Lipangus), 380.

— (Schiffornis), 381.

roseus (Phoenicopterus), 11.

rossae (Musophaga), 48.

Rostratula, 20.

rostratum (Edoliisoma), 375.

rothschildi (Anthoscopus), 203.

— (Campephaga), 106, 375.

— (Granatina), 159.

— (Hirundo), 377.

— (Idioptilon), 383.

— (Laniarius), 117.

— (Pitta), 379.

— (Pyromelana), 148.

— (Serilophus), 397.

rovuma (Francolinus), 31.

ruberrima (Lagonosticta), 164.

rubetra (Saxicola), 246.

rubiceps (Anaplectes), 135.

rubiginosa (Argya), 235.

rubiginosus (Chlorophoneus), 114.

— (Hyphantornis), 143.

rubricollis (Malimbus), 135.

rubrigastra (Cyanotis), 383.

rudis (Ceryle), 79.

rudolfi (Chlorophoneus), 114,

rudolfi (Pinarochroa), 243.

ruehae (Tricholaema), 56.

rueppelli (Eurocephalus), 108.

rufa (Cisticola), 209.

— (Sarothrura), 21.

rufescens (Laniocera), 380.

— (Pelecanus), 5.

ruficauda (Chamaeza). 396.

— (Erythropygia), 237.

ruficeps (Chalcostigma), 4\1.

— (Laniarius), 118.

— (Myioceyx), 79.

ruficollis (Corvus), 125.

— (Falco), 43.

— (Hylocharis), 405.

— (Iynx), 62.

— (Podiceps), 4-

rufidorsalis (Dryodromas), 219.

rufifrons (Dryodromas), 219.

rufigula (Pyromelana), 149.

— (Riparia), 90, 92.

rufigularis (Apalis), 221.

rufipennis (Butastur), 42.

— (Cichladusa), 236.

rufiventer (Buteo), 42.

rufiventris (Accipiter), 41.

— (Erythroenus), 10.

— (Poicephalus), 46.

rufobuccalis (Eurystomus), 74.

rufocinetus (Lioptilus), 245.

— (Passer), 166.

rufocinerea (Monticola), 241,

rufocinnamomea (Mirafra), 176.

rufolateralis (Smithornis), 99, 100.

rufoniger (Cinnamopteryx), 144,

rufopileatum (Pittasoma), 396.

rufulus (Anthus), 180.

rufus (Bathmocercus), 245.

— (Neocossyphus), 237.

rupicoloides (Falco), 44,

rupurumil (Phaéthornis), 404.

ruspolii (Dinemellia), 134.

russa (Ludia), 275.

rustica (Hirundo), 90.

rutilans (Synallaxis), 386.

ruwenzori (Mesopicos), 66.

— (Pogonocichla), 243.

ruwenzorii (Apalis), 220.

sabini (Chaetura), 400.

salimae (Dryoscopus), 120.

Salpornis, 203.

salvadorii (Bradypterus), 230.

— (Cryptospiza), 155.

— (Treron), 33.

sanguinirostris (Quelea), 146, 147.

santacluciae (Myiarchus), 385.

Sapayoa, 331.

Sarciophorus, 16.

Sarkidiornis, 7.

Sarothrura, 21, 22, 23.

saturata (Argya), 235.

—_— (Stelgidocichla), 189.

saturatior (Aphantochroa), 405.

— (Calandrella), 178.

— (Cossypha), 241.

— (Emberiza), 173.

— (Tole), 367.

— (Pterocles), 24.

saturatius (Edoliisoma), 375.

saturatus (Poicephalus), 47,

Saturnia, 254, 275, 279.

Saucerottea, 405.

saxatilis (Monticola), 241.

Saxicola, 246.

scandens (Pyrrhurus), 369.

scapulatus (Corvus), 126.

schalowi (Oenanthe), 242.

_— (Rhinopomastus), 83.

Schiffornis, 381.

schillingsi (Cisticola), 211.

— (Mirafra), 178.

— (Xanthophilus), 140.

schistacea (Melaenornis), 93.

— (Nigrita), 157.

— (Sclateria), 394.

schistaceus (Dysithamnus), Sols

schisticeps (Edoliisoma), 373.

schlegeli (Hypargus), 162.

schneideri (Pitta), 379.

schoanus (Malaconotus), 121.

—_— (Pycnonotus), 370.

— (Uraeginthus), 160

Schoenicola, 229.

schoenobaenus (Acrocephalus), 232.

schoénsis (Thripias), 67.

schubotzi (Apus), 88.

— (Francolinus), 31.

schiitti (Francolinus), 27.

scioanus (Textor), 134.

scirpaceus (Acrocephalus), 232.

sclateri (Automolus), 387.

—_ (Cereomacra), 393.

— (Turtur), 36.

Sclateria, 394.

Sclerurus, 388.

scolopacea (Barbatula), 58.

scops (Otus), 45.

Scoptelus, 83.

Scopula, 336-339.

Scopus, 10.

scotops (Eremomela), 223.

Scotornis, 87.

scriptoricauda (Campothera), 63.

scutatus (Spermestes), 154,

443

444

secunda (Deconychura), 388.

seilerni (Dendrocolaptes), 389.

semicaecrulea (Halcyon), 77.

semifasciata (Cisticola), 210.

semipartitus (Empidornis), 93.

semirufa (Cossypha), 241,

— (Hirundo), 91.

semitorquata (Alcedo), 79.

— (Streptopelia), 37, 38.

semitorquatus (Poliohierax), 44.

senator (Lanius), 124.

senegalensis (Burhinus), 17.

— (Centropus), 50.

— (Cinnyris), 199.

— (Halcyon), 78.

— (Hirundo), 91, 93.

— (Mycteria), 11.

— (Otis), 33.

— (Podica), 24.

— (Pterocles), 24.

— (Streptopelia), 36.

senegalla (Lagonosticta), 164.

senegaloides (Halcyon), 78.

senegalus (Harpolestes), 111, 112.

— (Lobivanellus), 17.

senex (Lybius), 55.

sentosa (Goodia), 297,

sephaena (Francolinus), 30.

seposita (Anisodes), 333.

septentrionalis (Metallura), 410.

serena (Vidua), 153.

Serilophus, 397.

Serinus, 170-172.

Serpentarius, 38.

serpentarius (Serpentarius), 38.

Serpophaga, 385.

seth-smithi (Guttera), 26.

— (Pedilorhynchus), 96.

— (Phyllastrephus), 185, 369.

sharpei (Anthoscopus), 203.

— (Chaetura), 400.

— (Chrysococcyx), 53, 420,

— (Coracias), 73.

— (Crateropus), 234.

— (Edoliisoma), 373.

— (Lalage), 376.

— (Macronyx), 179.

— (Pholidauges), 129.

— (Phyllastrephus), 184.

— (Serinus), 171.

— (Smithornis), 100.

— (Turturoena), 34.

shelleyi (Apus), 87, 401.

— (Atimastillas), 184,

— (Cryptospiza), 156.

— (Onychognathus), 132.

— (Passer), 167.

— (Serinus), 171.

shelleyi (Spreo), 128.

— (Streptopelia), 37.

shephardi (Cinnyris), 195.

Sigmodus, 109.

signata (Eremopteryx), 174.

similis (Chloropeta), 98.

simillimus (Glyphorhynchus), 388.

simoni (Heliangelus), 409.

— (Synallaxis), 386.

— (Thalurania), 407.

simplex (Calamonastes), 228,

— (Criniger), 368.

— (Haplopelia), 35.

— (Poicephalus), 46.

— (Pycnonotus), 370.

— (Viridibucco), 59.

simplicior (Caprimulgus), 402,

simplicissima (Cisticola), 209.

sinensis (Pyenonotus), 370,

Siptornis, 387.

Sitagra, 139, 140.

smaragdineus (Chrysococcyx), 413.

smaragdinicollis (Metallura), 410.

smilax (Holocera), 255.

smithi (Dryodromas), 220.

— (Goodia), 305.

— (Lanius), 122.

smithii (Hirundo), 90, 93.

Smithornis, 99, 100,

solitarius (Cuculus), 52.

somalensis (Cursorius), 12,

— (Upupa), 81.

somalica (Prinia), 219.

— (Streptopelia), 36, 37.

— (Turtur), 36.

somalicus (Lanius), 122.

somaliensis (Andropadus), 187.

— (Galerida), 179.

— (Irrisor), 82.

— (Lagonosticta), 164,

— (Otis), 33.

Somatina, 336.

somereni (Cossypha), 240.

— (Poliospiza), 169.

— (Sarothrura), 22.

sordida (Pinarochroa), 243.

Sorella, 166.

soror (Atimastillas), 368.

— (Batis), 101.

— (Coliuspasser), 150.

— (Xenocichla), 368.

sororia (Hypocnemis), 395.

soudanensis (Pytelia), 162.

spadix (Anisodes), 334.

sparsa (Anas), 6.

sparsimguttata (Nigrita), 157.

Spathura, 409.

Spatula, 7,

speciosus (Hoplopterus), 16.

Speculipastor, 128.

spekei (Hyphantornis), 142.

Spermestes, 154.

Spermospiza, 145.

sphenurus (Accipiter), 40.

spinosus (Hoplopterus), 16.

Spinus, 172.

Spizaetus, 41.

splendidus (Lamprocolius), 131.

spodocephalus (Mesopicos), 66.

Sporopipes, 135.

Spreo, 128.

squamatus (Francolinus), 27.

squamulatus (Crateropus), 234,

Squatarola, 13.

stagnatilis (Tringa), 18.

starki (Malaconotus), 121.

Steganura, 152.

Steganurug, 409.

steinbachi (Siptornis), 387.

stejnegeri (Hypsipetes), 366.

Stelgidillas, 188, 369, 370.

Stelgidocichla, 189.

stellaris (Botaurus), 10.

stellata (Barbatula), 58.

stenoptera (Scopula), 339,

Stephanibyx, 15.

stephanophurus (Hyphanturgus), 138,

Sterna, 5.

stigmatophorus (Spermestes), 154.

stigmatothorax (Tricholaema), 56.

Stizorhina, 98.

storeyi (Chloropeta), 97.

strangei (Cisticola), 211.

strepitans (Phyllastrephus), 184.

Streptopelia, 36, 37, 38.

streptophorus (Francolinus), 29.

stresemanni (Collocalia), 399.

streubeli (Apus), 88, 89.

striata (Muscicapa), 95.

striaticeps (Lole), 367.

striatipectus (Poliospiza), 168.

striatus (Colius), 69, 70.

striifacies (Arizelocichla), 187.

striolata (Poliospiza), 168, 169.

Struthio, 3, 4.

struthiunculus (Otis), 33.

stuartae (Anthoscenus), 412.

stuarti (Phaéthornis), 404.

stuhlmanni (Otyphantes), 137,

— (Pedilorhynchus), 96.

— (Poeoptera), 133.

— (Zosterops), 192.

sturmi (Ardetta), 10.

suahelica (Batis), 100, 101.

— (Campothera), 63,

— (Cisticola), 213.

445

suahelica (Guttera), 26

— (Penthetria), 151.

— (Riparia), 90.

— (Tchitrea), 105.

suahelicus (Bradornis), 94.

— (Chlorophoneus), 114.

— (Cinnyris), 195,

— (Coracias), 73.

— (Dryoscopus), 120.

— (Eurystomus), 74.

— (Hyphanturgus), 139.

— (Lophoceros), 75.

— (Passer), 167.

suavis (Pseudoludia), 263.

subalaris (Andropadus), 187.

— (Bradornis), 95.

subbuteo (Falco), 43.

subeylindricus (Bycanistes), 75.

subflava (Estrilda), 166.

sublacteus (Laniarius), 118.

subquadratus (Bycanistes), 75.

subrotunda (Acolutha), 350.

subrufipennis (Thamnolaea), 243.

subsulphurea (Barbatula), 59

subulata (Orthnocichla), 365.

succosus (Phyllastrephus), 185.

sukensis (Hyphantornis), 142.

sula (Edoliisoma), 374.

sulphuratus (Pitangus), 384.

— (Serinus), 171.

sulphureopectus (Chlorophoneus), 114,

sulphurescens (Rhynchocyclus), 382.

sumatranus (Corydon), 397.

sumatrensis (Coracina), 371, 372.

— (Graucalus), 372.

superba (Pitta), 379.

superbus (Cinnyris), 197.

— (Spreo), 128.

superciliaris (Camaroptera), 227.

— (Leptopogon), 384.

superciliosa (Phaéthornis), 403.

superciliosus (Centropus), 50,

— (Merops), 81.

— (Pachyphantes), 144.

— (Plocepasser), 135.

— (Sarciophorus), 16.

superlata (Ortholitha), 351.

surinamensis (Blacicus), 385.

— (Contopus), 385.

suspiciens (Anisodes), 335.

susurrans (Xiphorhynchus), 389.

swainsoni (Myrmeciza), 395.

sycobius (Lamprocolius), 131.

sylvaticus (Pterocles), 24.

— (Turnix), 24,

Sylvia, 233.

Sylvietta, 225-226.

Symplectes, 136,

446

Synallaxis, 386.

syndactyla (Bleda), 183, 369.

syngena (Ludia), 285.

synthetica (Lampropteryx), 352.

syrmatophorus (Phaéthornis), 404.

Syrnium, 45.

tacazze (Nectarinia), 192, 193

tachiro (Astur), 40.

Tachornis, 89.

taeniolaema (Campothera), 65, 66.

Taeniotriccus, 383.

tagulanum (Edoliisoma), 374.

tahapisi (Emberiza), ep

tana (Cisticola), 215.

tanganyicae (Cinnyris), 197.

tanganyikae (Ludia), 277, 279.

Tantalus, 11.

taruensis (Anthoscopus), 204.

— (Batis), 100.

— (Bradornis), 94.

— (Caprimulgus), 85, 401,

— (Lagonosticta), 164.

— (Serinus), 171.

tavetensis (Aidemosyne), 154.

— (Sylvietta), 225.

taylori (Aithurus), 408.

Tchitrea, 104, 105.

tectus (Sarciophorus), 16.

teitensis (Anthreptes), 203.

— (Cisticola), 217.

— (Indicator), 53.

— (Penthetria), 151.

— (Pyenonotus), 190.

temmincki (Cursorius), 12.

tenebrosa (Agyrtria), 406.

tenebrosus (Astur), 40.

tenella (Prinia), 219.

tenellus (Tmetothylacus), 182.

tenuirostris (Cinnamopteryx), 133.

tephrolaema (Anthreptes), 202.

— (Arizelocichla), 188.

tephronotus (Turdus), 239.

Terekia, 18.

teresita (Elminia), 102.

terrestris (Cisticola), 207, 208.

— (Synallaxis), 386.

tertia (Aulia), 380.

— (Laniocera), 380.

tessmanni (Ludia), 270,

Textor, 133, 134.

Thalassornis, 7.

Thalurania, 406-408.

Thamnolaea, 243.

Thamnomanes, 392,

Thamnophilus, 390, 391, 394.

Thapsinillas, 368.

theresiae (Metallura), 410.

thia (Goodia), 302.

thomensis (Chaetura), 400.

thomsoni (Erythrocercus), 102.

Threskiornis, 8.

Thripias, 67.

Thripophaga, 387.

thruppi (Parus), 204.

thunbergi (Motacilla), 182.

tickelli (Iole), 368.

Tigrisoma, 10.

tinniens (Cisticola), 214.

tinnunculus (Falco), 44.

Tmetothylacus, 182.

tobaci (Saucerottea), 405.

tobagensis (Formicivora), 393.

tobagoensis (Thamnophilus), 390.

Todirostrum, 383.

tolimensis (Perizoma), 353.

tommasonis (Hdoliisoma), 373.

tornata (Heterorachis), 330.

toroensis (Camaroptera), 227.

<— (Dioptrornis), 94.

— (Trochocercus), 104,

torquatus (Lybius), 56.

— (Saxicola), 246.

— (Urolestes), 114.

torquilla (Iynx), 61.

torrida (Mirafra), 176.

torridus (Caprimulgus), 401,

totanus (Tringa), 18.

Trachylaemus, 61.

Trachyphonus, 60.

transfigurata (Somatina), 336.

Traversia, 378.

Treron, 33, 34.

Tricholaema, 56.

Trichophorus, 183.

tricollaris (Charadrius), 15,

tricolor (Pyenonotus), 189, 190.

— (Sigmodus), 109.

tridactylus (Lybius), 56.

trimaculata (Caprimulgus), 84,

Tringa, 18, 19.

trinitatis (Chiromachaeris), 381,

— (Elainia), 384,

— (Manacus), 381.

— (Pitangus), 384.

— (Sclateria), 394.

tristigma (Caprimulgus), 84.

trita (Heterorachis), 329.

trivialis (Anthus), 181.

trochilus (Phylloscopus), 233.

Trochocereus, 103, 104.

troglodytes (Cisticola), 209.

tropica (Streptopelia), 36,

tropicalis (Accipiter), 41.

— (Melaenornis), 93,

tropicalis (Mirafra), 175.

tropicus (Penthetria), 151.

trygodes (Archichlora), 327.

tsavoensis (Cinnyris), 196.

tucuyensis (Dysithamnus), 391.

tundrae (Charadrius), 14.

Turacus, 48, 49.

turdina (Chamaeza), 396.

turdinus (Schiffornis), 381.

Turdus, 238, 239.

turkana (Cercomela), 242.

— (Dryodromas), 220.

turkanae (Cinnyris), 197.

turneri (Anthus), 181.

— (Colius), 71.

— (Eremomela), 224.

Turnix, 24.

Turtur, 36.

Turturoena, 34, 35.

Tympanistria, 36.

tympanistria (Tympanistria), 36,

typicus (Polyboroides), 39.

tyrannulus (Myiarchus), 385.

Tyrannus, 386.

tyrianthina (Metallura), 410,

Tyto, 46.

ugandae (Agapornis), 48.

— (Andropadus), 370.

— (Anthreptes), 203.

— (Barbatula), 58.

— (Bleda), 183, 369.

— (Camaroptera), 227.

— (Charitillas), 188.

— (Cisticola), 208.

— (Granatina), 159.

— (Halcyon), 77.

— (Lybius), 56.

— (Macrosphenus), 229.

— (Malacocincla), 245.

— (Melaenornis), 93.

— (Myioceyx), 79.

— (Ortygospiza), 155.

— (Otus), 45.

— (Passer), 167.

— (Phyllastrephus), 186.

— (Poliospiza), 168.

— (Prinia), 219.

— (Turacus), 49.

— (Uraeginthus), 160.

ugandensis (Cisticola), 216.

— (Colius), 70.

— (Dicrurus), 125.

— (Hypargus), 162.

uhehensis (Numida), 25.

ukambensis (Erythropygia), 237.

ultramarina (Hypochera), 168.

447

uluensis (Francolinus), 29.

— (Hyphantornis), 142.

umbilicata (Scopula), 338.

umbretta (Scopus), 10.

umbriniceps (Chloropeta), 97.

umbrinus (Corvus), 125.

umbriventer (Lagonosticta), 163.

underwoodi (Ocreatus), 409.

— (Spathura), 409.

undosus (Calamonastes), 228.

undulata (Anas), 6.

unicalcarata (Ptychopoda), 341.

unicincta (Columba), 34.

unicolor (Amblyospiza), 144.

— (Apus), 401.

— (Cosmopsarus), 132.

uniformis (Hylexetastes), 389.

unirufa (Synallaxis), 386.

unirufus (Lathria), 380.

unisplendens (Nectarinia), 193.

unwini (Caprimulgus), 84.

Upupa, 81.

Uraeginthus, 160, 161.

uraguess (Anthreptes), 203.

urbica (Delichon), 92, 376.

urichi (Xanthomyias), 384.

Urobrachya, 150.

Urolestes, 114.

uropygialis (Cisticola), 208.

— (Lanius), 122.

— (Pogoniulus), 60.

usambiro (Trachyphonus), 61.

ussheri (Chaetura), 400.

vacillans (Hyphanturgus), 139.

— (Perizoma), 353.

validus (Dendrocolaptes), 389.

variegatus (Indicator), 53.

— (Melittophagus), 80.

varius (Charadrius), 14.

Vegetia, 288, 290.

venezuelensis (Henicorhina), 365.

— (Leptopogon), 384.

— (Phyllomyias), 384.

venustus (Charadrius), 14.

— (Cinnyris), 198.

veraguensis (Heliomaster), 412.

verisimilis (Eois), 347.

vermiculatus (Burhinus), 17.

verreauxi (Baza), 43.

— (Cinnyris), 201.

— (Lophornis), 412.

— (Pholidauges), 129.

— (Steganura), 152.

verticalis (Cinnyris), 200.

— (Cossypha), 240.

vestigiata (Orthogonioptilum), 321.

448

vestita (Eriocnemis), 408.

vetusta (Ludia), 282.

vexillarius (Macrodypteryx), 87.

victoriae (Psalidoprymna), 412.

Vidua, 152, 153.

vidua (Hypocnemis), 395.

— (Motacilla), 182.

viduata (Dendrocygna), 7.

— (Myrmotherula), 392.

vinaceigularis (Prionops), 108, 109.

virens (Hurillas), 189.

— (Sylvietta), 225.

virescens (Poicephalus), 47.

virginalis (Pitta), 378.

Viridibucco, 59.

viridis (Chloropsis), 366.

— (Tchitrea), 104.

viridisplendens (Cinnyris), 200.

viriditectus (Chloropsis), 366.

vitellinus (Hyphantornis), 142.

vittatum (Edoliisoma), 373.

— (Heterotrogon), 72, 73.

vivax (Trochocercus), 103.

vordermani (Coracina), 372.

— (Graucalus), 372.

vulpina (Erythropygia), 236.

— (Stizorhina), 98.

vulpinus (Buteo), 42.

vulturinum (Acryllium), 25.

wahlbergi (Hieraaetus), 41.

wakefieldi (Treron), 33.

walleri (Amydrus), 132, 133.

wambuguensis (Cisticola), 216.

welchmani (Coracina), 371.

wellsi (Cercococeyx), 52.

— (Motacilla), 182.

weynsi (Hyphantornis), 143.

whiteheadi (Calyptomena), 397.

— (Orthnocichla), 366.

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whytii (Sylvietta), 226.

willsi (Apus), 400.

wintoni (Macronyx), 179.

woodfordi (Syrnium), 45.

woodfordiana (Macropteryx), 398.

woosnami (Alethe), 244.

— (Bleda), 183.

xanthochlora (Diplodesma), 331.

xantholophus (Mesopicos), 67.

xanthomelas (Pyromelana), 149.

Xanthomyias, 384.

Xanthophilus, 140, 141.

xanthops (Xanthophilus), 140, 141.

Xanthorhoé, 350, 351.

xanthornoides (Campephaga), 106.

Xenocichla, 368, 369.

Xenops, 388.

xera (Gonodontis), 358.

Xiphocolaptes, 389.

Xiphorhynchus, 388, 389.

Xylopteryx, 356.

yalensis (Corythaeola), 48.

— (Melittophagus), 80.

— (Zosterops), 191.

yokanae (Bradypterus), 230.

Zamarada, 362, 363.

zanzibarica (Urobrachya), 150.

zedlitzi (Trachyphonus), 61.

zelota (Hyostomodes), 360.

zenkeri (Macrosphenus), 229.

— (Smithornis), 100.

zombae (Mirafra), 176.

zonaris (Chaetura), 399.

zonura (Chizaerhis), 49.

Zosterops, 191, 192.

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