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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. XXX., 1923.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

t^

H Jounial of Zooloo^

IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM.

r.

%.

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,

Db. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXX., 1923.

(WITH FOUR PLATES.)

Issued at the Zoological Museum, Thing.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON k VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1923.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXX. (1923).

A VES. pAOEa

1. On the Bii-ds of Cyrenaica. Ernst Hartekt ..... 1 — 32

2. On a second collection sent by Mr. George Forrest from N.W. Yunnan.

Lord Rothschild . . . . . . . . . 33—58

3. An Ornithological Autumn Journey to Algeria. Lord Rothschild and

Ernst Hartert . . . . . . . . . . 79 — 88

4. The hitherto known Birds of Marocco. Ernst Hartert and F. C. R. Jour-

DAIN 91-152

5. Review of the Bii-ds collected by Alcide d'Orbigny in South America. (Con-

tinuation.) C. E. Hellmayr 222—242

6. On a third collection of Birds made by Mr. George Forrest in N.W. Yunnan.

Lord Rothsohlld . 247—267

MAMMALIA

1. Short Notes on the Mammals of Cyrenaica. Ernst Haktert . . . 89 — 9U

LEPIDOPTERA

1. On the Comb-bearing Flap present on the Fourth Abdominal Segment in

the Males of certain Notodontidae. (PI. II, part.) Karl Jordan . 153 — 154

2. On a Sensory Organ found on the head of many Lepidoptera. (PI. II, jmrt.)

Karl Jordan .......... 155 — 158

3. On the Scent-organs in the Males of certain American Castniidae. Karl

Jordan 159—162

4. A Note on the Families of Moths in which R- =vein 5 of the forewing

arises from near the centre or from above the centre of the cell. Karl

Jordan 163—166

5. Four new Sphingidae discovered by T. R. Bell in North Kanara. Karl

Jordan 186—190

. 191—215

plagiata L.

. 243-246

. 268—269

6. New Geometridae in the Tring Museum. Louis B. Prout

7. On Anaitis effftrmata Guen. (1858), a species distinct from A

(1758). Karl Jordan ......

8. A new species of Hawkmoth from Borneo. K.abl Jordan

9. List of Butterflies figured in Plate IV. (PI. IV.) Karl Jordan . . 270

ORTHOPTERA

1. Records and Descriptions of Orthoptera from North-West Africa. (PI. I.)

B. P. UvAROv 59—78

COLEOPTERA

1. New Eastern Anthribidae. Karl Jordan 167 — 185

2. New Anthribidae from the Eastern Hemisphere. Karl Jordan . . 216—221

INDEX 271—284

V

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUSIE XXX.

I. Structure of Orthoptera.

II. — III. Structure of Lepidoptera.

IV. New Lepidoptera.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H 3ournal of Zoolotj^.

KDrrKD Bv

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.8., Ph.D.,

Dk. ERNST HARTERT. and Dr. K, MORDAN.

Vol. XXX.

No. L

Pages 1 — 190.

fssiED March 21st, 1923, at the; Zoological .Museum, Tiii.\<:.

PRINTED BV HAZRt.I,. WATSOS k VINEV. r,D., 'LONDON AND AVr.BSBDRY.

1923.

Vot,. XXX.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD. ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN

CONTENTS OF NO. I.

1. ON THE BIRDS OF t'YRENAK'A

EriiKt Hurtert

■2. ON A SECOND COLLECTION SENT BY MR.

GEORGE FORREST FROM N.W. YUNNAN Lord Rolhschild

3. RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF ORTHOP-

TERA PROM NORTH-WEST AFRICA. (PI. I.) B. P. Umnr .

4. AN ORNITHOLOGICAL AUTUMN .JOURNEY

TO ALGERIA

Lord Rothschild and

Ernst Hartert

r>. SHORT NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF

CYRENAICA Ernst Hartert .

(i. THE HITHERTO KNOWN BIRDS OF MA RO( CO Ernst Hartert, assisted

by F. C. R. Jourdain

7. ON THE COMB-BEARING FLAP PRESENT ON

THE FOURTH ABDOMINAL SEGMENT IN

THE MALES OF CERTAIN NOTODONTIDAE.

(PI. II. part.) Karl Jordan .

y. ON A SENSORY ORGAN FOUND ON THE

HEAD OF MANY LEPIDOPTERA. (PI. II, i>ait.) Karl-Jordan

9. ON THE SCENT-ORGANS IN THE MALES OF

CERTAIN AMERICAN CASTNIIDAE . . Karl Jordan

1(1. A NOTE ON THE FAMILIES OK .MOTHS IN

WHICH R^ (= VEIN 5) OF THE FOHEWING

ARISES FROM NEAR THE CENTRE OP. FROM

ABOVE THE CENTRE OF THE CELL . Karl Jordan

11. NEW EASTERN ANTHRIBIDAE

Karl Jordan

12. FOUR NEW SPH!N(!IDAE DISCOVERED BY

T. H. REI.L IN XoltTlI KANARA . . Karl Jordan

1—32

33—58

59—78

79—88

89—90

91—152

153—154

1.50— 15cS

159—162

lIKi— 16H

1(17—185

1m; 1 91 1

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. XXX. MARCH 1923. No. 1.

ON THE BIRDS OF CYRENAICA.

By ERNST HARTERT.

WHILE for many years the ornis of Egypt in the east of North Africa,

and of " Africa Minor," i.e. the Atlas region from Tunisia to Marocco,

in the west, has been more or less explored, and is — though still more or less

superficially — known, and while we also have a certain amount of knowledge

of the birds of Tripoli, until quite recently nothing had been known of the bird-

life of Cyrenaica or Barka and the Libyan Plateau, i.e. about roughly the vast

region between long. 20° and 29° E. Only in 1901 Dodson, Mr. Whitaker's

able collector, touched the utmost east of Cyrenaica, travelling from Bisher

along the coast to Benghasi, where he discovered one of the forms peculiar to

the country, the Galerida theklae cyrenaicae. In January 1920, Col. Meiiiertz-

hagen made a flying tri^J to Solium or Sellum, close to the political boundary

of Egypt and Cyrenaica, and to the Siwa oasis, by motor, and collected a few

birds. Quite recently Dr. Festa has made two exi>editions to Cyrenaica, from

April to May 1921, and again from November 1921 to June 1922. He also ac-

quired a little collection brought together near Benghasi by an army official in

1916, and Salvador! and Festa have published lists of the first and last collections,

which added another very distinct jjeouliar form : " Alectoris harbara callolaema "

— already named barbata by Reichenow from a cage-bird of unknown origin.

The results of his last collections made in 1921-22 are not yet known, but

from samples seen by me, it is evident that they wlU be very interesting and

add many species to the list. The Zoological Gardens at Giza near Cairo

have also received live specimens of the same Alectoris from Mersa Matruh,

between Solium and Alexandria !

Neither Gerhard Rohlfs (1868-69) nor Rosita Forbes (1920), who made the

difficult journey to Kufra (Kufara), or other older writers, have given us any

information about birds.

Considering this state of affairs and that neither in Tring nor in any other

collection outside Turin material from Cyrenaica existed. Lord Rothschild asked

me to visit this country and to make a collection of birds and lepidoptera, as

far as this could be done in the short space of about two months. I readily

agreed, after Lord Rothschild had obtained iiermission for me and Carl HUgert

to go to Cyrenaica and to collect, from the Italian Ambassador in London,

1

2 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

whose brother was Governor of Cyrenaica, but unfortunately died of influenza

there.

In order to pick up Hilgert I travelled via Germany and rested a day at

Ingelheim, where, on March 1 5th, I saw the first White Stork circling over the

Rhine. In Bonn I stopped a few hours, seeing my friends Koenig, Jordans,

and Geyr von Schweppenburg ; in Munich, Carl Hellmayr, who has now emigrated

to Chicago, saw me at the station. The journey through beautiful Tirol excited

keen longing to roam over those magnificent mountains, but our goal was farther

away ! In Bozen (" Bolsano ") Streseniann greeted me at the station for,

alas ! about 15 or 20 minutes. The long journey through Italy was beautiful,

but we were content to reach Naples, which we left on March 21st, arriving at

Benghasi on the 24th. We saw Capri in the glow of the setting sun, Catania

in pouring rain, Messina — still partially in ruins from the last earthquake — in

sunshine, Syracuse by night. In the harbour of Messina we saw a Gull which

was strange to us, and we are convinced it must have been Larus genei (gelastes

auct.). Otherwise no birds were observed except Larus argentatns cachinnans,

and on the 23rd Sylvia cantillans and Phylloscopus sibilatriz visited the ship.

Benghasi (the Berenice of the ancient Greeks) looks pleasant enough from the

roadway where large ships stop, about 2 km. from the little harbour : a breakwater,

a great extent of European houses, an old Turkish fort, palm-trees right and left

of the town on the flat shore. In rough weather landing is difficult and sometimes

impossible. There is a good and comfortable hotel, the " Albergo Italia," with

only one great drawback, viz. the uuiumerable mosquitoes of actually three species,

for which nets are not provided.

Benghasi is a comfortable and in the spring evidently healthy place, with

numerous cafes and large bazaars in which one can buy almost everything ;

the town is said to have now 40,000 inhabitants, including numerous Jews,

some of ancient origin, maybe partially descendants of those who came under

Ptolemy Soter and, during the reign of Trajan, massacred, it is said, 200,000 (?)

Romans and natives, others recent immigrants since the Italians conquered this

colony from the Turks in 1911 and 1912 ; needless to say, they form the majority

of the shop-owners. For an ornithologist it is disappointing. There is only one

place which one can easily reach by walking, i.e. the little peninsula of the " Giu-

liana," where one finds some bushes and shore- vegetation, as well as a few palm-

trees, and where the Italians first landed and have erected a large and striking

monument in memory of the faUen soldiers. There one can collect and observe

numerous small migrants and sparrows, and find some insects. Every other

excursion is more or less long and tedious : first, one has to pass through the town

with extended, straggling suburbs, then follow in every direction, except along

the iminteresting sandy shore without birdlife, wide, flat, salt-water lagoons,

where one sees in March and April swarms of Waders, chiefly Dunlins and small

Plovers. Beyond the tedious lagoons one comes across a belt of barbed-wire

entanglements, and after these, at last, one is in the open ! But the open country

during my visit was a disappointment : not like a garden full of flowers and bushes,

as described by Rohlfs in 1869, but a bare, Karst-like, stony, calcareous plain, with

patches of red soil and poor, thin fields of low barley, and generally very little wild

vegetation. No doubt in former times there must have been more of the latter ;

in the present state the ancients would hardly have described this place as the

gardens of the Hesperides ; for miles round the town every bit of green stuff

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 3

is gathered to feed goats, sheep and cattle, donkeys, mules and horses, and every

tree and bush is cut down for firewood. This plain, with a few oases of palm-

trees and gardens, is, however, inhabited by numerous Calandrella minor and

Galerida cristata, a few Stone Curlews, and now and then, but apparently not

regularly, some Cursors. The gardens and oases are uninteresting, only very

few birds nesting there, but migrants are numerous everywhere in the spring,

many resorting to the barbed-wire entanglements, where they find resting-places

and some vegetation and food.

To explore other parts of Cyrenaica is inconvenient, as the colony is very

young and no development took place during the war. Communication between

Benghasi and the other ports, Derna and Tobruk, is irregular, and mostly bad ;

there are so far not many good roads, accommodation can only be found in a few

places, the safety is often imcertain, and the authorities, though very kind gener-

ally, and especially in granting us readily permission to shoot everjrthing during

the close season, refused to grant us an excursion into the real desert south of the

plateau of Barka. Even to Msus they did not allow us to go, and at Sheleidima

we were not permitted to sleep, but were given an armed escort and had to go

back many miles to the fort of Soluk for the night, where we got a smaU room-

with one bedstead, one table, and one chair, inside the wu-e entanglements.

There is in Soluk a small garrison and some kind officers.

Soluk and Sheleidima are south of the plateau of Barka. The steppe plain

between the two places is mostly well covered with small plants, chiefly Salsola,

a stiff kind of grass, and pretty-flowering Statice pruinosa. From Sheleidmia

a dry river-bed extends into the semi-desert, with thick bushes of Zizyphus,

in which Grey Shrikes abound and Alectoris are not rare. Northwards are very

bare, stony hills, on which Galerida theklae cyrenaicae represents the Galerida

cristata festae of the plains. The more or less green steppe is frequented by

Bustards, Chlamydotis imdulata undulata, thirteen of which were once seen on

the wing together, Alaemon alaudipes, Cursorins, Stone Curlews, Oenanthe moesta,

and others. The steppe near Soluk is covered with small plants of Salsola,

Suaedea fruticosa, Beaumuria mucronata, Echmiopsilon and others.

Near Soluk birds are scarcer, but Crested Larks, Alaemon alaudipes, Calan-

drella minor, C'ursoriiis, are common enough. Stone heajjs are inhabited by Little

Owls, and here and there we found a pair of the beautiful Chersophilus duponti

margaritae. On the way back from Soluk a terrible southerly gale, " gebli,"

arose, covering us with red dust, which was often so thick that we had to

stop the automobile in order to see the road.

A trip by the short raUway from Benghasi to Er-Regima on the plateau

was not very fruitful, as the heights are only covered with grass and fields ;

but the plain near Benina and the source of the Lethe are better, there being

some low wUd vegetation and barley-fields ; Melanocorypha calandra and blue

butterflies abounded.

In a north-easterly direction from Benghasi, beginnmg about 25 km. from

the town, the plain of Driana Ls covered with numerous thick bushes of Rhus

oxyacantha, Pistacia lentiscus, Periploea laevigata, and a few Zizyphus, and there

the coveted peculiar form of the " Barbary partridge," Alectoris harhara barbata,

is not rare, thougli difficult to get in the spring ; hares are sometimes seen ; Sylvia

melanocephala nests ; Grey Shrikes, Little Owls, Ravens, and a few other birds

are met with. Further pursuing the road, which is under construction and often

4 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

very bad or non-existing — we travelled mostly in a big motor-lorry — one enters

a low plain, separated from the sea by a salt-lagoon ; this plain, some miles

before Tokra, was of great beauty in May, the large bushes of Limoniastrum

monopetalum, which abounds, being in the glory of their purple flowers, and

there were many butterflies, though very few species, beetles, hymenoptera,

flies, also neuroptera.

A few miles after Tokra the road — here already completed and quite good —

mounts the Djebel Achdar in serpentines, and affords beautiful views over the

coastal plain and the sea. The mountains here are somewhat sparsely covered

with trees of Juniperus phoenicea, some Arbutus, and quite a lot of small vege-

tation. We had hardly entered these woods when its principal inhabitant, the

Fringilla coelebs spodiogenys, was seen, and the orange-yeUow Gonepteryx cleopatra

palmala, a very distinct subspecies. After a long drive through these interesting

woods one gets down into the large plain of Merg, the Barce or Barka of the

Greeks and Romans, about 30 km. long and at least 10 to 12 wide. This is on

the plateau, a treeless plain with only small vegetation and extensive barley-fields,

in the middle of which lies the town of Merg, with a strong garrison of Abys-

*inians, from the Eritrea, protected by waU and ditches and by barbed-wire

entanglements. This vaUey is surrounded by hills on most sides, aU more or

less wooded with Juniperus and a few other trees. Parts of the plain near the

hUls are also wooded, and these woods had formerly a much greater extension,

as one can see by old trunks and other remains. In the winter a great portion

of this plain is under water and looks like a lake from the hills, whence Rohlfs

appears to have viewed it in 1868. This water is of course visited by numerous

shore- and water-birds, but it disappears entirely in the summer, and during

our visit there were barley-fields in place of the water, which were being cut

during the second half of May. There are, however, at Merg numerous wells,

mostly outside the town, one m the middle of the street near the main entrance.

In Merg we found shelter and food in the only so-caUed hotel, a rather dirty,

uncomfortable place, but there is also a restaurant where one can eat. The

wooded hills were of course our principal coUecting-grounds. They were very

beautiful, they afforded magnificent views, the air was fragrant and fresh, even

when it was rather hot in the plain, and there was an interesting fauna and flora.

Accordmg to all information I could get (among others from the chauffeurs of

the Government and Army, who know the country from one end to the other),

there are some few towering cyisress-trees farther east on the plateau of Barka,

but nothing that one could call a cypress forest. I have not seen any oaks or

pines. Dr. Festa, however, tells me, in litt , that he saw many large evergreen

oaks in the mountains near the Wadi Kuf and Wadi Gergeromma, about 80 km.

north-east of Merg ; he has thoroughly explored these oak-woods, but found no

Titmice, nor apparently any special forest birds ; doubtless his forthcoming

list of the birds he collected will give us full information. He has never seen

any Pinus, but Colonel Spatocco told him that he saw some thickets of pines,

probably Pinus halepensis, not far from the Wadi Latrun between Marsa-Susa

and Derna. In 1869 Gerhard Rohlfs also mentions having seen oaks in

great numbers, but the tall " thuyas " forming an " almost impenetrable

forest " west of the ancient town of Cyrene were doubtless large Juniperus

phoenicea, as explained long ago by Ascherson and Haimann. Earth's " Fichten "

and Beechey's " fir-trees " were doubtless all Pinus halepensis. Possibly the

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 5

drier climate of recent times and the continual destruction of trees by the Arabs

and Europeans may be instrumental for the almost total disappearance of

these trees, for they must have been much more numerous and extended in

olden times.'

From all information received, and after having seen Dr. Festa and his

last collections, I decided not to go to Derna and Cyrene. The gardens' of Derna,

where bananas and other fruits grow abundantly, m^t doubtless be very pretty,

but not interesting for an ornithologist, if compared with the juniper woods of

the Djebel Achdar, the steppe and desert south of the plateau of Barka, and

collecting in gardens is difficult and inconvenient, as one cannot enter them as a

rule and is always stopped by walls and fences.

As C3Tenaica lacks the high mountains of Algeria and Marocco, the Saharan

climate, flora, and fauna range right up to the coast in the west and east, and

only the plateau of Barka with its red soil, the " Barka-el-homra " of the Arabs,

is principally Mediterranean, though even that is to a small extent mingled with

Saharan elements.

Altogether the fauna, and especially the avifavma, is poor in comparison

with that of the western parts of North Africa, and the whole country may be

looked upon as a relic of former ages. Everywhere one is confronted with ruins

and graves ; in the rocks are excavated great sepulchres, often with fine piUars.

The once-famous town of Cyrene has dwindled down to an insignificant place,

chiefly visited for its ruins and antiquities. The old Greek and Roman roads

became mere bridle-paths ; only quite recently fine new roads are being built

by the Italians, and automobiles fly along where once the Roman legions marched

and where for many centuries camels, mules, and donkeys alone were seen. Thus

death and decay for centuries is evident everywhere, and it Ls to be hoped that

the Italians will succeed in making Cyrenaica again a flourishing colony, rich in

agriculture and produce. This is clearly their intention, but whether they wUl

succeed or not cannot be predicted. They are building fine roads and houses

in the towns, they have a bureau of agriculture in Benghasi with branches in

other towns, and strong garrisons of Italian and Abyssinian soldiers — the latter a

lot of stalwart, good-looking negroes who evidently like being soldiers — and

Arab irregulars or country police ; and the scientific exploration of the colony is not

neglected. There wiU, however, be great difficulties, the foremost one being

the question if the primitive and not over-successful culture of the soU can be

' Though one cannot take the writings of ancient writers too literally, there is no doubt that the

plateau of Barka, standing out like an island from the vast expanse of desert and semi-desert, and

separated entirely from all other wooded lands, must have been very different in olden times, showing

a chiefly Mediterranean or mixed flora, not a true Saharan one like Tripoli and the Libyan desert.

Cupresms eempervirens over 20 m. high (Rohlf's " 50 m." was probably an error) must have been

much more numerous, probably Pinus has existed and Quercus has been widely spread ; but in ancient

times Cyrene possessed a powerful fleet and invented a special type of ships, and the forests must

have given them the wood. More recently, about 1869, the attempts of Ali Rizan Pasha to colonise

and rebuild the half-sanded harbours demanded masses of wood. Ancient Romans and Greeks,

Turks and Arabs, only vinderstood cutting down, not replanting woods. Tlie Italians, the present

masters of Cyrenaica, must begin to stop the destruction of forests, but so far it seems to go on

unchecked, and masses of fine wood, apparently all juniper, is being heaped up at Benghasi, but

no new plantations are made. If the Italians hope to create once more the fertility and high culture

of old Cyrene, Teucheira, etc., which under Arab rule has fallen back into solitude and barbarity,

they must preserve the woods and build water-barrages, which have been frequent in the coimtry,

ruins being visible in numerous places, even in the plain of Merg, which is fairly fertile and has much

deep red soil.

6 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

improved so as to yield more regular and richer crops. To do this it will be

necessary to regulate the water-supply, to buUd dams and aquaeducts, etc. ;

but all this cannot succeed if the rainfall has really considerably duninished,

and if the layer of red soil on the rocky slopes has really to a great extent been

washed away by the torrential rains, in consequence of the destruction of the

woods and bushes. The climate is actually very good in the spring, being,

during my vLsit, nice and warm in the daytime, cool and even cold at night.

The gebli or south wuids are dreaded and very impleasant, as they bring sand

and dust, especially the red dust from the red soil, which pervades and tinges

everything. It is naturally hot in the summer, but can be cold in the winter,

when the desert has cooled down. Rain falls frequently and in great quantities

in the winter months, but apparently somewhat irregularly. In March the

rains diminish, but in March 1868 Rohlfs suffered greatly from rain and cold,

while in 1922 I did not see a drop of rain in Benghasi, nor felt one drop in AprU,

when it is always diminished, but not often quite absent. In May rain is not

observed, but in 1892 some did fall, and in 1922 we had terrific thunderstorms

and nearly two days of rain in Merg, preceded and followed by beautiful dry

weather.

The ornis and in fact the whole fauna is, as I said already, poorer than

that of Tunisia, Algeria, and Marocco. The desert of the south is apparently

as rich and as poor in birdlife as that south of Algeria and Timisia, but all we

know of it is the result of Dodson's journey along the coast from Bisher to Ben-

ghasi, and of Dr. Festa's hurried trip to Mechili, about 100 km. south of Derna,

almost m the real desert. Both these collectors have found the same desert

birds which occur in the northern parts of the western Sahara, though with a

few exceptions : no Ammomanes deserti appears to be known, no Crateropus

(Argya), no Merops persicus, neither Oenanthe Ivgens nor leucopyga and others,

though they may have been overlooked so far. The steppe and semi-desert

which I visited near Soluk and Sheleidima has also the same avifauna as that of

similar districts south of Algeria and Tunisia, some species, like the Houbara

Bustard, being far more numerous, probably because not yet so much persecuted,

on account of the absence of Euroi:)eans, who readily pay for the birds (in Algeria

mostly trapped at the nest !) and eggs. Strange is the absence of any form of

Ammomanes deserti, Calandrella brachydactyla (except on migration), Crateropus,

though one or the other of these might still be found somewhere, being, like all

desert birds, peculiar to special kinds of formation and vegetation of the desert

and steppe.

The chief interest attaches naturally to the wooded and agricultural districts

of the plateau of Barka, the altopiano of the Italians. This region is separated

from all other forests by wide desert belts in the west and east, and even Egypt

has no forests. One therefore would at once expect the inhabitants of these

woods to be different from those of all other forest regions. This is indeed the

fact to some extent, but as the number of forest birds in Cyrenaica is small,

there are not many peculiar forms restricted to it. Possibly the avifauna of

the juniper woods of Cyrenaica is also a relic of what it once has been. Only

a single species of Titmice (a form of Blue Tit), has been found, while three Tits

occur in Tunisia and westwards ; we found no Certhia, no Woodpeckers, no Jay (!),

no Regulus, no Pica, neither Coccothratisles nor Loxia, neither Chloris nor Serinus,

no Emberiza, neither Skylark nor Woodlark, no Phylloscopm nor Hippolais,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 7

no Cisticola, no Blackbirds nor Tardus viscivorus, and other birds which frequent

the woods of the Atlas regions.

We observed a good deal of bird migration, the prettiest instance being

the number of Red-footed Falcons in the plain of Merg.

The following is the literature on the birds of Cyrenaica :

1902. Whitakeb. — " On a Small Collection of Birds from Tripoli." In

Ibis, 1902, pp. 644-56.

The results of Edward Dodson's plucky journey from Tripoli to Murzuk

and thence in a north-easterly direction to the GuK of SyrtLs and skirting along

the coast of south-western Cyrenaica to Benghasi.

1916. Salvadgei and Festa. — " Alcune uccelli della Cirenaica, colla des-

crizione di una nuova specie del genere Caccabis." In Bolletino del Mus. Zool.

ed Anat. comp. R. Universitd Torino, xxxi. No. 714.

Enumeration of twelve species collected by an army official in Cyrenaica.

This collection was bought by Dr. Festa and presented to the Turin Museum.

The species are mostly common migrants. As new is described the finest and

most distinct of all Cyrenaican birds, the Barbary Partridge.

1921. Salvadoei and Festa. — " Missione zoologico del Dott. E. Festa in

Cirenaica. Uccelli." In Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. comp. Torino, xxxvi. No. 738.

The weU-known traveller and zoological collector Festa visited Cyrenaica

in April and May 1921, staymg at and near Benghasi, Coefia, about 20 km.

north-east of Benghasi, at Ghemmez and Sidi-Chelani, near Gheminez, and

collected 41 species, including some specimens and remains of birds received

from a Mr. Bosio.

Dr. Festa visited Cyrenaica agam from November 1921 to June 1922, and

the results of this prolonged stay will, we hope, soon be made known. I had

the pleasure of meeting hun in Merg, and saw some of his collection, a great part

of which had previously been sent to Italy. I only made mental notes on the

bu-ds I saw in his collection, which will soon be fuUy listed and described.

Hilgert and I stayed in the colony from March 25th to May 19th.

The species which have been proved to nest or of which we must suppose

that they are nesting in Cyrenaica are marked with an asterisk.

* 1. Corvus corax tingitanus Irby.

Hitherto no writer had mentioned Ravens as occurring in Cyrenaica. We

saw the first specimens about 25 km. north-east of Benghasi, and it is not rare

in all the mountainous districts. The form is C. c. tingitanus, as we knew it

must be, because Meinertzhagen shot it at Solium, while the Desert-Raven,

C. c. ruficollis {umhrinus auct.), is found at Siwa and doubtless in rocky ranges

in the desert south of Cyrenaica. We observed C. c. tingitamis from Tobruk

to Soluk and shot it.

2. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris L.

[Starlings do not nest in Cyrenaica, but S. vulgaris vulgaris visits it occasion-

ally in winter, as evidenced by a specimen mentioned by Salvadori & Festa

in 1916.]

8 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

3. Oriolus oriolus oriolus (L).

Occurs in spring in CjTenaica. Festa had seen it early in May near Benghasi,

and we have seen a male and obtained a female near Merg during the first half

of May.

* 4. Carduelis carduelis africana (Hart.).

We saw once some Goldfinches in the town of Merg, and came across several

old birds and a number of young ones in the juniper woods on the hiUs near

Merg. Early in May the young were flying about with full-grown wings. We

were unlucky with these birds, and got only one adult male, on May 6th. I

am, however, convinced that it is C. c. africana, the size of the biU and the colour

agreeing with our Algerian and other specimens, the wings measuring about

(rather worn !) 77 mm. When motoring back from Merg a flock passed over

the lorry. — Festa told me that he fomid Goldfinches near Derna, which was to

be expected, as it is chiefly a bird of garden land.

* 5. Carduelis cannabina mediterranea (Tschusi).

We only saw Linnets in the town of Merg and in the wire entanglements

around the place, and once heard their call on the hUls, where they were flying

overhead. We were only able to shoot one male and two females on May 15th

and 16th, another adult inale being lost in the barbed wire. As far as I can see

from this meagre material of very much worn specimens, they belong to the Medi-

terranean form, which I believe to range over South Europe from Spain to Dal-

matia {t3rpicat locality of mediterranea), and Greece, and over Africa Minor. This

form is very closely allied to C. cannabina cannabina of North and Middle Europe,

but is in corresponding plumage sliglitly paler, and the wing averages shorter.

Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2052. The bill is often larger than in C. c. cannabina,

but all this can only be seen in series. Doubtless these birds at Merg were " at

home " and nesting in the country. Dr. Festa shot Linnets in the groves of

date-palms near Benghasi, where we saw none in AprU. These birds may possibly

have been visitors from Europe.

* 6. Erythrospiza githaginea zedlitzi Neum.

[We did not come across Erythrospiza githaginea, but Festa submitted to

me a male which he had shot in the desert far south of Derna, which belongs to

the slightly difierent western form E. githaginea zedlitzi Neum.]

* 7. Fringilla coelebs spodiogenys Bp.

We found this Finch only in the juniper woods of the western plateau

of Barka, from the western slopes of the Djebel Achdar to the woods at the foot

of and on the hills east and south of Merg. Young with full-grown primaries

were shot on May Uth. A nest with two fresh eggs, evidently a second brood,

was found near Merg on a juniper tree. They are typical, like Chaffinch eggs

from Algeria, Marocco, and elsewhere, even in Europe perfectly similar eggs

might be found of Fringilla coelebs colebs. They measure 21 x 15 and 20-5 X

15-5 mm. As far as one can see from these much-worn skins they are typical

spodiogenys. It must be remembered that F. c. spodiogenys inhabits only

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 9

eastern Tunisia, while in the mountain forests of north-western Tunisia (Ain

Draham), F. c. africana is found. The wings of the Cyrenaica males measure

(worn !) about 90-95 mm.

* 8. Passer domesticus tingitanus Loche.

Sjiarrows are found wherever towns or vUlages exist. They are numerous

in the town and gardens of Benghasi, Merg, Gheminez, and at Soluk. In many

specimens, especiaUy when seen alive in the African'sun, the sides of the head

appear strikingly white, but in others they are more or less strongly suffused

with grey, thus not diEEering from a long series from Algeria and Marocco. The

wings of males measure 75 (two only) to 81 mm. Some specimens have extended

black spots on the crou n, others show hardly any or none, exactly as in Algeria.

The amount of chestnut in the nape varies much, and the pale patches on the

back also. In a male from Benghasi and stiU more in one from Merg chestnut

patches extend over a great part of the crown. The latter suggests hybridisation

with Passer hispaniolensis, which also nests at Merg, but it may be individual

variation.

* 9. Passer hispaniolensis hispaniolensis (Temm.).

The Spanish Sparrow was only met with at Merg. On May 3rd Hilgert

and I spotted its note, which is higher and somewhat more musical than that

of P. domesticus, in the enormous fig-tree in the garden before our window,

and shot a male. Afterwards it was only noticed several times in the town and

its immediate surroundings, on the barbed-wire entanglement. The specimens

are very worn and agree with those from other countries. The wings measure

78, 79, 81, the last much worn.

* 10. Emberiza calandra calandra L.

In the little native gardens near the Giuliana (Benghasi), two specimens seen

27.iii, another shot 17. iv. These birds were apparently not nesting there,

but two were seen and the female shot in the fields near Merg, 2 . v. These latter

were evidently " at home " and nesting somewhere near. The specimens do not

seem to differ from others of Europe, Algeria, Marocco. The supposed differences

of E. c. algeriensis Gornitz (Falco, xvii. No. 2, p. 1, 1921) are not confirmed by

our scries.

[It is very strange that no other species of Emberiza has been observed by

us in Cyrenaica, neither nesting nor on passage. On the north-west slope of

the Djebel Achdar we once saw a brown bird which might have been some

Emberiza, but a search at once and again on our return journey in the place

was without avail.]

* 11. Melanocorypha calandra calandra (L.)

Avoids the arid stony stretches, but abounds in the more fertile plains,

as for example along the little 32 km. long railway from Benghasi to Er-Regima,

especially near El-Benia, and on the plateau near Er-Regima, and is most abun-

dant in the plam of Merg, in the fields and thistles and other low plants. It

nests also near Soluk and Gheminez. On May 3rd Dr. Festa found young bu-ds

10 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

not yet half-size. They agree with my description, and the spots on lower throat

and jugulum are round and in rows. Nearly all our specimens are more or less

rufescent, but this is clearly due to the reddish soil and dust on which they live.

Wings, cJ 130-136, $ 116 to over 120 (much worn). The ? is much smaller,

not " etwas kletner," as said in Vog. pal Fauna, p. 209. The song of the Calandra

is sometimes overrated. It is a wonderful singer, its song is louder and more

flute-like than that of the Skylark, but it is constantly iiiterrupted by grating

notes, lacking somewhat the jubilant quality of that of the Skylark. It is

known to imitate other bird-songs beautifully, but evidently only some indi-

viduals do this, and in this it cannot compare with the Grey Shrikes, especially

in Africa.

* 12. Galerida cristata festae Hart.

Galerida cristata festae Hartert, Bull. B. 0. Club, xliii. p. 12 (1922 — Plateau and plains of Barka).

This long-bUled Crested Lark is more or less common in the plains at the

foot of the hUls to the seashore and on the slopes and plateau of Djebel Achdar,

at least as far as Ghemincz, TUimun, Soluk, and Sheleidima in the south. On

the plateau it is more found at the foot of the hUls or m open spaces in the woods,

not in the middle of cornfields , but where there is uncultivated land. In habits

it agrees with other forms of G. cristata, and it is often found together with

Calandrella minor. Salvadori and Festa called this form Gal. cristata arenicola,

but it is very different from the latter, being much shorter in the wing and darker,

more rufescent brown on the upperside and wings. It is nearest to G. c. brachyura

and G. c. zion, two very closely allied subspecies from Palestine, but it is browner

on upperside and wings, more rufescent, and its bUl is longer and often thicker.

WhUe the bill of the two Palestine races measures generally 19 to 21, and only

exceptionally reaches 22 mm., that of G. c. festae is 20 to 22-5, mostly 21 to 22 mm.

long. The wings of 15 males measure 105-109 (the latter not often), those of

11 females 98 (rarely)-102, once 103 mm.

Meinertzhagen (Ibis, 1921, p. 639) united vfithG.c. brachyura not only the birds

from lower Jordan Valley, Dead Sea, Sinai, Suez Canal, southern Palestine, BoroUos

beach in the northern Egyptian delta (where otherwise G. c. nigricans occurs),

and Alexandria, but also those from Solium, just east of the Cyrenaican boundary.

With this I agree, as there is no difference in colour and size, but it must be

noticed that the SoUum birds (Meinertzhagen collected a good series there)

have often thicker bUls, thus, one might say, showing an approach to G. c. festae.

A full clutch of four eggs was found on April 11th on the plateau near

Er-Regima on grassland and cultivated stretches by the side of a thistle-bush.

The eggs are rather jjale, white with pale olivaceous-brown spots, and a few grey

deeper-lying spots and patches. They measure 21-9 x 17, 22-9 X 17, 23 x 17,

and 23 x 17-2 mm. A nearly full-grown young was shot in the same place on

the same day. The real colour of this Lark is difficult to understand, as nearly

all specimens — and in fact all ground birds in Cyrenaica — are strongly tainted

by the red soil and fine dust of the country, but specimens shot on the whitish

sand dunes near the coast north of Benghasi and a young bird reveal the actual

coloration. No doubt the colour of Crested Larks and many other ground birds

is due to the prevailing coloration of the soil and has nothing to do with the

amount of rainfall, as pointed out by Meinertzhagen in Ibis, 1921.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. J.1

* 13. Galerida theklae cyrenaicae Whit.

Oalerida theklae cyrenaicae Whitaker, Ibis, 1902, p. 654 {Cyrenaica, viz. Bir-Tabilleh, Bisher, Sidi

Sweya). *

Hitherto only known from the coast of south-western Cyrenaica, and from

specimens collected by Meinertzhagen near Solium, just east of the boundary

of Eg3rpt and Cyrenaica. It must therefore occur in many other suitable places

in Cyrenaica, but neither has Festa found it, nor did we come across it anywhere

in the coastal plains or plateau, but on April 21st we found it common on the

bare hills near Sheleidima. When seeing these stony, sand-coloured hills

(not red as in th-' north !), their similarity to the hills near Biskra where a form

of O. theklae (hilgerti) is common, struck me at once. I therefore asked Hilgert

to explore the plains and river-bed south of the hills and went myself into the

hills, bare and uninviting though they looked. After a dreary walk of half

an hour I heard the note of a crested lark, which was evidently not that of

G. cristata festae, which was common in the plains, it being higher and somewhat

less loud. Ascending the hill from which it came, I soon saw a pair and shot it.

All specimens were of course in worn plumage, and there were young ones about,

as I handled one shot by a chauffeur, unfortunately with big shot and impossible

to skin.

These Larks kept entirely to the hills, on the foot of which, near the deserted

fortress, it met O. c. feae, and could there be seen in the same places, exactly

as G. c. hilgerti and G. c. arenicola near Biskra, which inhabit different places,

but meet at the foot of the hUls. Doubtless G. t. cyrenaicae will occur along the

southern slopes of the Cyrenaican plateau in many places.

The wings of our specimens measure : seven ^, 98-102-5 ; two $, 92, 95 ;

Meinertzhagen's specimens from Solium ^ 97-102, $ 91-96 mm. (a " male "

with a wing of 94 is doubtless wrongly sexed).

The winter plumage differs somewhat from the spring birds ; the upper-

side looks lighter, as the greyish edges to the feathers are more or less hiding

the dark centres ; on the chest the dark brown centres are more or less covered

by the white edges, therefore the blackish spots look as if they were less sharply

defined, more washed out. Similar differences are seen in all Larks.

The nearest subspecies is G. t. deichleri from the Tuneso-AIgerian Sahara,

but the latter is, as a rule, much lighter on the upperside, the dark centres

to the feathers being more sandy, not so dark, the wing is longer, the bill larger ;

the coloration of G. i. deichleri, however, varies very much, and a few specimens

which we collected south of Biskra differ very little from G. t. cyrenaicae in colour ;

our G. t. cyrenaicae hardly differ individually, which is unusual in G. theklae.

14. Calandrella brachydactyla brachydactyla (Leisl.).

We were rather astonished not to find any Calandrella brachydactyla breeding,

but several times during the last week of March and again on April 15th flocks

of Calandrella brachydactyla, as a rule rather shy, and obviously on migration

were observed. Specimens shot are very reddish, but they do not belong to

the paler C. br. herrnonensis ( = rubiginosa), which nests in N.W. Africa

(Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia).

12 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

* 15. Calandrella minor minor (Cab.).

This species, of which so far one skin without tail from Sidi Chelani, east

of Gheminez, was known (Festa leg.), is the commonest bird on the plains near

Benghasi, and is found all along the flat country south to Gheminez and thence

to Soluk, and north to Tokra. It is an inhabitant of the open stony districts

and fields, but is rare in or absent from the bush country. We found it rare on

the plateau near Er-Regima, and never came across it in the plain of Merg nor,

of course, in the junijier woods. On jMay 17th I caught a young bird which

could only fly a little in the coastal plain between Tokra and Benghasi. A young

just hatched from the egg was taken on AprU 28th. It had the inside of the mouth

flesh-colour, edges yellow, a striking black tip to both upper and under mandibles.

The down is long and plentiful, pale yellowish brown or sand-colour ; tarsi light.

A smgle fresh egg was taken at Soluk, 23. iv. 1922. The nest stood by the side

of a little Salsola bush, and was surrounded on the outside by pieces of caked

mud, recalling the stone-walls, or runs of OenantJie leucura, Rhamphoc^rrys , and

other birds. The egg is white and is covered with small pale brown spots and

very few pale greyish ones.

* 16. Chersophilus duponti margaritae (Koenig).

A female was shot by Dr. Festa at Mechili, about 100 km. south-west of Derna

in March 1922, and the nest with 3 eggs found. About a month later, April

22nd, we discovered it near Soluk, where a few pairs lived, and not far from

Tilimun, on April 24th. It inhabits plains rich in low scrub-vegetation and tus-

socks of grass, and the edges of fields. It is, as everywhere, mostly difficult

to detect, running on the ground in silence or with a soft, by no means loud

" tsiii," and soon disappearing in cover. Thus it may easily be overlooked during

hurried visits to certain places. On the other hand, it cannot pass unnoticed

in the spring, when singing, as its song is unlike any other ; it soars skywards

singing, singing, until it is almost and sometimes quite lost sight of, its song

still continuing, until it suddenly " falls " down to the ground. We have watched

it sometimes half an hour and nearly an hour before it descended ; it alights

on an open space, but if one wants to shoot it one must be quick, as it soon

runs into cover or ascends again into the air after a very short rest. With

regard to the song, we made the most unexpected observation. While both

Chersophilus duponti duponti on the plateau of Algeria and C. d. margaritae in

South Tunisia sing " tsii didla didla diii," the " tsii " being a high-pitched fine

introductory note only, not heard at a great distance, the specimens we heard

near Soluk and Tilimun sang entirely different, very clearly " dii-drii " or " dii-

dii-drii," or " diir-drii," often followed by a trilling " drrrrrrr." The two songs

are quite different, but there is no mistake about this fact, nor is the song of

the two subspecies different. Hilgert described the song of C. d. margaritae in

South Tunisia to me as " didla didla diii " year after year, and when at last,

in 1914, we came across C. d. duponti (see Novitates Zoologicae, 1915, pp. 72,

73), I found its song absolutely as he had described it (see above). On the other

hand, we heard three males singing in South Cyrenaica, and each sang exactly

like the other. We were very much astonished at this difference of song, which

I put down in my notebook on the spot. We had the song from Algeria well

in our memory, but when we first heard C. d. margaritae sing we thought it was

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 13

the song of another bird unknown to us, until looking through the glass we

found it was the bird we were particularly lookuig out for, because it had been

shot by Meinertzhagen fifteen miles west of Solium — therefore it was bound to

occur in southern Cyrenaica. It is thus the bird of the northern Sahara

from Tunisia to the northern Libyan desert ; in Tripolitania it Ls sure to occur,

but has not yet been found. About the distribution of Chersophilus in Algeria, cf .

NoviTATES ZooLOGiCAE, 1914, p. 73. Though difficult to collect on accomit

of its habits, Chersophilus is not really shy.

It is somewhat unfortunate that Koenig discovered C. d. margaritae as far

north as Gabes, as specimens from there and Gafsa and Feriana to Djebel Souenia

are not so red as others from farther south, i.e. from Medenme, Oued Nakhla,

and Tatahouine in S. Tunisia, from C3Tenaica and Solium. One is tempted

to recognise three forms, the darkest one from the plateaux of Algeria and Tunisia,

the intermediate typical margaritae from Gafsa to Gabes and Djebel Souenia,

and the reddest from Tatahouine, Oued NakUa, and Medinine to South Cyren-

aica (SoUuk, Tilimun, Mechili) and Solium. This Ls, however, not to be done,

because there is a good deal of variation, both in the northern form and in

margaritae. One of our Soluk specimens in fact agrees perfectly with one from

Gabes ; others bemg as beautifully reddish as those from Tatahouine, etc., and

as the very fine reddish one obbtained by Meinertzhagen west of Solium. (Cf.

also Whitaker, B. Tunisia, i , p. 245-50.)

It must also be repeated that the bill in males is longer than in C. d. duponti,

and this refers to specmiens from Gabes and Tatahouine, Soluk, and SoUum.

The wings of the Cyrenaica males measure 99 to 104, that of the one female

92 mm.

One thing must be added : these birds must have had young and were evi-

dently going to nest a second time ; the sexual organs were already reduced,

but they were singing incessantly, though only in the early morning, not a note

being heard after eight in the morning, nor did they sing near Soluk m the late

afternoon and evening.

* 17. Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes (Desf.).

The " Muka " of the Arabs was seen here and there between Sheleidima and

Soluk, and near Soluk. Specimens agree with Tunisian and Algerian ones.

The diSerence in size and spotting of the chest is very striking, but it is difficult

to understand that Tristram, who described the female as a different species,

did not notice that the large and small birds were sexes, as he must have been

able to observe the Muka frequently on his journey to El-Oued, Tuggurt, and

Biskra. Dr. Festa received a specimen shot near Benghasi m winter, but it is

doubtless not there in the spring, and must have been a stray bird.

18. Rhamphocorys clot-bey (Bp.).

[Dr. Festa shot a specimen near Mechili, about 100 km. south of Derna 1

As it ranges east to Egypt this is not very surprising, but it Ls of miportance to

have obtained the proof of the occurrence in South Cyrenaica, where it will be

found nesting.]

14 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

* 19. Eremophila alpestris bilopha (Temm.).

[Eremophila alpestris bilopha was obtained by Fcsta near Mechili, about

100 km. south-south-west from Derna. We were astonished not to find it

near Soluk and Sheleidima, where it seemed quite suitable for the species.]

* 20. Ammomanes phoenicura arenicolor (Sundev).

[A specimen of Ammomanes plioen. arenicolor was shot by Festa near

Mechili. It is strange that no form of Ammomanes deserti has so far been found

in Cyrenaica !]

21. Anthus trivialis trivialis (L.).

Was common in bushes near the shore at Benghasi from end of March

to April 17th, also several seen as late as AprU 21st.

22. Anthus pratensis (L.).

Several times observed near Benghasi end of March and early April.

23. Anthus campestris campestris (L.).

Observed on migration 1 . iv. near Benghasi, 8 . iv. in the plain of Driana,

11. iv. Er-Regima, on the plateau.

24. Motacilla fiava dombrowskii (Tschusi).

This was the commonest form of the Yellow WagtaU from March 27th

to AprU 3rd near Benghasi, when they were observed in flocks of 30 to 50 and

sometimes to about 200, mostly near the shore. Small flocks of either this or

M. flava flava were seen April 8th, 13th, and 25th, but the big ones had left their

familiar haunts before the middle of the month.

(M. /. dombrowskii has darker crown of the head, blacker ear-coverts, slightly

darker back ; it is strikmg when one compares a series from Rumania and Herze-

govina with breeding birds from Central Europe and South Sweden, i.e. true

flava, but sometimes specimens of the latter can hardly be distinguished and it

is*sometimes difficult to say to which form a single bird shot on migration or in

winter quarters in Africa may belong, though as a rule they can be easily separ-

ated. )

25. Motacilla flava flava L.

A male shot at Benghasi out of a small flock on April 26th is, in my opinion,

this form. A small flock seen the day before on the beach in the town of Ben-

ghasi appeared also to be 31. f. flava, very likely indeed it was the same flock,

out of which one was killed the next day.

26. Motacilla flava Jeldegg Michah.

From March 28th to April 2nd in small numbers near Benghasi, in flocks

of M. f. dombrowskii. On April 2nd two males easily recognisable among many

dombrowskii. On March 30th a small flock apparently all jeldegg. Dr. Festa

told me that near Derna in eastern Cyrenaica he had only seen M. j. fcldegg.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 15

One of our males has an indication of a yellow superciliary line — duU though

distinct above the lores, indicated by two yellow feathers behmd the eye. One

male has white chiia and line under sides of head like M. f. melanogrisea (rectius

kaleniczenkii, of. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2098). The females of M. f. feldegg have

no supercOiary line — it occurs only quite exceptionally !

27. Motacilla alba alba L.

Observed at close quarters March 27th and AprU 2nd. (Said to be common

earlier in the year.)

* 28. Parus caeruleus cyrenaieae Hart.

Parus caeruleus cyrenaicaeHaTteit, Bull. B. 0. Club, xlii. p. 1-tO (1922 — " Woods of the mountains

and plateau of north-western Cj'renaica, or Barka").

This form Ls nearest to the Parus caeruleus ultramarinus from Tunisia,

Algeria, and Marocco, but differs in the smaller white frontal patch, deeper blue

upperside, and shorter wings. Wings : three ^ ad. 57, 58, 60, four$ ad. 56-58 mm.

Our specunens being very worn, I cannot be certam, but it seems to me that in

fresh plumage the white tips to the longer ujjper wing-coverts must be larger,

and perhaps the breast brighter yellow. In P. c. ultramarimis the wings measure

(J 63-67, $ 61-64 mm. The young birds which we collected have the back

darker, more olivaceous, than an Algerian youngster, and the pale yellow semi-

circular band round the back of the crown is absent or very faintly indicated ;

perhaps this is also narrower in adults in fresh autumn plumage. We found this

Tit only in. the juniper woods on the hiUs and at the foot of the latter, both south

and west of Merg, and it was by no means common. On May 11th an adult

male began already moulting its quiUs. Parties of full-grown young were met

with on May 0th and 8th. In habits and notes exactly like P. c. ultramarinus,

a true " Blue Tit," but perhaps less tame.

No other Titmouse was found m Cyrenaica. This is perhaps showing that

the country has never been very thickly wooded, as every wooded country in

the palaearctic region has more than one species of Paridae. It may be that

with the partial disappearance of forests certain wood-birds disappeared, but

Titmice are often content with bushwood and gardens and woidd hardly have

become extinct. Should there be or have been other Tits, they would almost

certainly have been of a peculiar subspecies, as the Cyrenaica forests are widely

separated in every direction from other forest countries.

* 29. Lanius excubitoi dodsoni Whit.

Grey Shrikes were met with wherever zizyphus bushes were found, more

or less numerous. They were not rare m the Driana plain, but more frequent

in a zizyphus zone north-west of Soluk, and abounded in the river-vaUey near

Sheleidtma. Twice a pair was observed in the hUl woods near Merg. They

must be called L. e. dodsoni, being darker than L. e. elegans, and as a rule paler

on upperside and underneath than L. e. algeriensis. They are, however, much

nearer the latter, and m fact the two forms can only be distinguished it series

are compared. One male, Driana plain, 6.iv., is underneath as grey and above

as dark as L. e. algeriensis, the others from the same locality do not differ from

Soluk and Sheleidima specimens. Wings, eight cj 106-112, $ 105, 107 mm.

16 NOVITATES ZOOLOOIC.IE XXX. 1923.

Young birds had already left nests April 8th in the Driana plain, and 20tli

near Soluk. A clutch of 6 eggs, Driana, 8 . iv. Nest in large Rhus oxyacantha bush,

typical, laid out with sheeps wool and vegetable wool ; like many nests of L. e.

elegans, troublesome to reach, bemg deep inside the thornbush. The same day

clutches with young fully developed in eggs were found. Clutches of 4 and 5

eggs, hard set, but stUl good enough to be preserved, were found 2 1 . iv. near

Sheleidima ; same day a clutch of 7 too hard .set. Eggs measure : 24-7 x 20-5,

25 X 20, 25 X 20, 25 X 20-4, 24-5 X 20 ; 28 x 19-5, 27-5 X 20-2, 27-2 X 24-5,

27-2 X 19-5 ; 24-5 X 20-2, 26 X 19-7, 24 X 19, 25 X 19-6, 24 X 19-6 mm.

Stomachs contained beetles and fruit of Bhus.

(Whitaker, Ibis, 1902, p. 652, mentions L. excubitor elegans as having been

obtained in south-western Cyrenaica ; this may be quite correct, as it represents

L. e. algeriensis of North Algeria, North Tunisia, and Tangier in Marocco, and

N. e. dodsoni in the real Sahara.)

* 30. Lanius senator senator L.

The Red-headed Shrike is a very common breeder in Cyrenaica, wherever

it finds sufficient trees ; it nests in"gardens^and^oases near Benghasi, but more

V

L. s. niloticits. L. s. niloticus. L. s. senator. L. a. senator.

Egypt. Palestine. Italy. Ceete.

/

L, 8, senator.

Cykenaica.

numerous m the woods on the hills. Evidently some arc also passing through

on migration. Pne male has barely an indication of the white loral patches ;

this is rare, -but I have one quite without them from Macedonia, another

like the Benghasi one from Air. One of the males has a little white at the base

of the middle rectrices, but this is not rarely found m L. s. senator, not, however,

covermg the base for about 2 to4cm. entirely.as h\L. s. niloticus (Meincrtzhagen —

Ibis, 1921, p. 131 — erroneously referred the breeding bu'ds from Crete to L.

8. niloticus.) The accompanymg figures will .^liow the difference between true

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 17

niloticus from Egjrpt and true senator with a little white at base of central rectrices.

These latter varieties are, according to Stresemann, commoner in Macedonia

than in Central Europe. A pair from the Leontes valley in Coelesyxia has the

base of the middle rectrices 22 mm. white. L. s. senator also occurs on migration

in Palestine.

A number of nests were found in the juniper woods near Merg during the

second week of May, but they were all too hard set for preparation. On May

9th and 12th, however, fresh clutches of 3 and 5 were found, probably of pairs

whose first clutches had been destroyed. Some nests contained already young.

The nests were placed nearly all in Juniperus, generally from 6 to 10 ft. high,

sometimes higher, one in a Ceratonia siliqua, and contained more or less aromatic

smelling herbs. The song of these Slirikes was often very disturbing, as they

seemed to imitate Pycno?iotus (not found in Cyrenaica), sang like a Thrush, nearly

like Turdus viscivoriis, and hardly two males seemed to sing alike. The food

of the Red-headed Shrike consists mainly of beetles, OrtJwptera, Bombus, small

lizards, and we saw one eating the breast of a Sylvia cantillans which it had

pinned on a thorn of an Acacia.

31. Muscicapa striata striata (Pall.).

We observed the species, 21. iv., 22. iv., 27. iv., 28. iv., 15. v., 17. v., near

Soluk, Benghasi, and Merg. From April 27th to 29th they were very numerous

in Benghasi ! Festa mentions neighbourhood of Benghasi, Gheminez.

32. Muscicapa hypoleuoa hypoleuca (Pall.).

(M. atricapilla auct., but hypoleuca two years' priority.)

A number were observed near Benghasi, 14. iv. and 15. iv., but I saw, it I

remember right, only one quite black-backed male.

33. Muscicapa albicollis Temm.

A more frequent migrant than M. hypoleuca. Sjiecimens shot near Benghasi,

9.iv., 13. iv. (several observed), 14. iv., 17. iv. In 1921 Festa had also shot one,

but not 31. hypoleuca.

34. Phylloscopus bonelli orientalis (Brehm).

This was the commonest Phylloscopus in and near Benghasi. The first

was shot AprU 2nd, on the 3rd and 4th they were common. On the 15th one

was seen, 17th several, 27th one, on May 18th stiU one in the garden in Benghasi

in front of the Hotel Italia. In 1921 Festa had shot one at Gheminez, 29. iv.

Our specimens belong all to the eastern form, being slightly more greyish on the

upperside and larger : wings, (J 67, $ 65, 66, 67 mm. (Cf. Vog. jyal. Fauna, p.

2138.)

35. Fbylloscopus trochilus trochilus (L.).

We only shot one male, Benghasi, 26. iv., but Phylloscopi, which were this

species or co%6ita were observed at Merg 13. v., and two keeping in the barley (!)

14. V. These latter were, I think, collybita, another 15. v. They were, however,

by no means common.

2

18 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

36. Phylloscopus sibilatrix erlangeri Hart.

Cf. VdiJ. pal. Fauna, pp. 516, 2139.

Wood-warblers visited the steamer on March 23rd, between Sicily and

Benghasi. The next we saw (and shot) was April 13th, near Benghasi ; 3 were

seen May 1st near Benghasi. In 1921 Festa had shot one as late as May 24th

near Benghasi.

My specimen is brightly coloured, and would belong to the Mediterranean

subspecies, if that can be separated. It seems to me that all those obtained on

migration in spring are brightly coloured, and that they become duller in colour

during breeding-season — in North and Central Europe at least ! Salvadori

and Festa, however, also distinguish this subspecies !

37. Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus (L.).

We shot one Great Reed-warbler, which kept in some fig-trees near

Benghasi (Giuliana), on AprU 14th. Another was shot in the barbed wire

at Merg, May 15th, but lost.

38. Hippolais icterina (Vieill.).

[We never observed any kind of Hippolais, but Festa got one near Gheminez,

May 5th, 1921.]

* 39. Sylvia hortensis crassirostris Cretzschm.

The eastern form of the Orphean Warbler nests in small numbers on the

hUls and on the plain at the foot of the mountains near Merg. These birds were

very shy and we had to use the 12-bore guns to get a few specimens ; while in

Northern Algeria we found the western form more or less tame, in the gardens

of Algiers for example, so that one could shoot them with a stick. The song is,

in my opinion, less beautiful than that of the Blackcap, and resembles more

that of the Garden Warbler, but sometimes resembled that of Pycnonotus barbatus.

On May 9th young had already left a nest, though wings and tail were not yet

full grown. The iris of adults is ivory-white, that of the young brown !

We shot an adult male with testicles 11x5 mm., in fine fresh plumage, and

a slaty-grey — not black — crown, whOe other males and a female had brownish

black crowns and very worn plumage.

The species is new for Cyrenaica, and it is interesting to see that it is the

eastern form, the " Curruca jerdoni " of Blyth.

40. Sylvia borin (Bodd.).

[We did not come across this species, but Festa shot one near Benghasi

(Fuehat) on May 18th. No doubt on passage, notwithstanding the late date.

In North Algeria met with as late as May 19th quite common, but not nesting !

At El-Golea in the Sahara shot on May 13th.]

41. Sylvia communis communis Lath.

Only a few times observed and collected : Benghasi April 5th and 2Gth,

Merg May 15th, either in small bushes and fig-trees, or in barbed wire. Evi-

dently on migration.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923. 19

42. Sylvia ruppeli Temm.

Passed through Cyrenaica in April. Specimens were observed and collected

in the low fig-trees and Retama bushes at the Giuliana near Benghasi, April 4th

and 9th, single adult males, and several April 17th. I did not hear them sing.

This is the westernmost locality for the species. Loche's statement that a pair

nested near MUana in Algeria is probably an error ; a specimen was evidently

not preserved, and the description of the eggs does not agree with those I

have seen.

* 43. Sylvia melanocephala melanocephala (Gm.).

A common breeder — though it does not figure in the list of birds collected

in 1921 by Festa ! — ia the plains covered with bush, in the Driana north of Ben-

ghasi, and in the woods near Merg, in the plain as well as on the mountains.

Young birds with full-grown wings May 4th near Merg. Quite a nmnber of

nests were found on the 9th, 10th, and 11th of May, some with small yoimg,

mostly with 3 or 4 eggs, all too hard set for preparation. They were mostly

in juniper trees, some on branches far from the trunk, one in Pistacia lentisciis.

They consisted entirely of dry fine grass and tiny stems of other small plants,

with seeds resembling those of dandelions, lined with finer material, but without

hair or feathers.

44. Sylvia cantillans albistriata (Brehm).

iSiibalpine Warblers were very common during last week in March in the

scrub near the shore near Benghasi and in the Driana district ; they even visited

the new garden in front of the Hotel Italia, and visited us on the steamer between

Syracuse and Benghasi, March 23rd. They were, however, evidently only on

passage, and do not nest in Cyrenaica, in our opinion. A male was one of the

first birds we obtained. Towards the middle of AprU they became rarer, and

none were seen AprU 17th, but they reappeared April 26th in numbers ; after

that we have not seen any. Belated specimens may, however, have passed, but

then we left Benghasi and worked in other places. The specimens we collected

belong all to albistriata ; though one or two of the females cannot easUy be

classified, the males are all quite distinctly of the eastern form.

* 45. Agrobates galactotes galactotes (Temm.).

The Rufous Warbler — typical western form — nests in small numbers in

the woods of juniper, lentiscus, etc., near Merg. We found them much more

shy than in Algeria and Tunisia. I was rather astonished not to see them in

the hedges of " prickly pear " {Opuntia) near Benghasi, surrounding some of the

gardens and little oases. Festa, however, told me that he had obtained speci-

mens of Agrobates, apparently on migration, near Benghasi and Derna.

46. Monticola saxatilis (L.).

One seen in the wire entanglements near Benghasi 14. iv, two in the plain

between Soluk and Benghasi, 20. iv., obviously on migration.

20 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923.

47. Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (L.).

The Wheatear was the commonest migrant near Benghasi from March 24th

to end of April, but specimens were getting scarce then, though a few were

observed as late as May 15th at Merg.

48. Oenanthe hispanica melanoleuca (Giild.).

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2162 !)

Single specimens observed in the neighbourhood of Benghasi, 29.iii., Sl.iii.,

several l.iv., 2.iv. Both black-throated and white- throated males collected.

Only a bird of passage in Western Cyrenaica ; none seen on the plateau near

Merg.

(In birds in the first spring, i.e. not quite a year old, the inner webs of pri-

maries and secondaries are usually pale dull brownish, in older birds nearly

quite black ; such first-year birds, recognisable by their more brownish quills,

are hardly distinguishable from Oe. h. hispanica if the throat is white.)

* 49. Oenanthe moesta (Lie lit.).

Five or six pairs were observed between Soluk and Sheleidima, evidently

having young. Already collected by Dodson in south-western Cyrenaica.

* 50. Oenanthe deserti homochroa (Tristr.).

[Collected by Dodson in south-westernmost Cyrenaica, and one damaged

$ was obtained by Festa near Gheminez, 1 .v. 1921.]

51. Saxicola rubetra spatzi (Erl.).

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, pp. 703, 2164.)

First seen Sl.iii., in small numbers here and there throughout April near

Benghasi, at Er-Regima on the plateau near Soluk, and near Gheminez 24. iv.,

also a few as late as May 12th, 13th, 15th near Merg. On April 26th quite

common near Benghasi. All these are pale, agreeing perfectly with S. r. spatzi.

On p. 2164 of my book I have thrown doubt on this pale race, but certainly all

western birds from Spain, Great Britain, to Germany, Sweden, Baltic Republics,

etc., are darker, more reddish than spatzi, which, however, appears to have a wide

distribution in the east.

52. Saxicola torquata rubicola (L).

A single male, probably of this form, observed at length 16. iv. on small

bushes at the edge of barley-fields ; we had only walking-stick guns and could

not get near enough to shoot it.

53. Fhoenicurus phoenicurus phoenicurus (L.).

From March 29th to April 26th frequently in small numbers in gardens

and bush near Benghasi, also on AprU 21st at Soluk.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 21

* 54. Luscinia megarhyncha megarhyncha Brehm.

The Nightingale nests in Cyrenaica, at least in the gardens of Benghasi

(Berka). We saw it already on 28.iii., and heard it singing for the first time

2.iv. No Nightingales were seen on the plateau near Merg or in the juniper

woods. I was told that it is common at Derna, so it seems to be entirely a

garden bird in Cyrenaica. One of our specimens has unusually rich buS under

tail-coverts, the other not. Similarly rich ones occur m England, Marocco,

Germany. No nest was seen, but from behaviour and statements by several

inhabitants there can be no doubt that these bu-ds breed in the country.

* 55. Troglodytes troglodytes juniperi Hart.

Troglodytes troglodytes juniperi Hartert, Bull. B. O. Club, xlii. p. 140 (1922 — "juniper woods on

mountains and plateau of north-wcBtern Cyrenaica, or Barka").

This Wren is nearest to T. t. kahylorum from Algeria and neighbouring coun-

tries, but differs in its longer bill and darker brown feet. When I described

it in June 1922, I had only one pair before me, the bulk of my collection arriving

later, and the series bears out my original diagnosis. On one label I had marked :

" Iris brown. Bill black horn-brown, base of lower flesh. Feet brown." In

Algerian skins I have marked on the labels : " Feet fleshy-brown, very light yel-

lowish brown, dirty brownish flesh." Riggenbach described the feet in Marocco

as " hellbraun." The series of nine Cyrenaican skins compared with fifteen

from Algeria and Marocco shows the darker, deep brown, sometimes almost

black feet at a glance. The bills of T. t. juniperi are in every specimen longer

than in every one of T. t. kabylorum. It may be added that the lower bill of

T. t. juniperi has nearly always a greater portion of the distal part blackish,

often about half of the bill, while m T. t. kabylorum, as a rule, only the tip, seldom

half of it, is dark, and sometimes the whole under-mandible is flesh-colour, as

marked on the labels. The bills of T. t. juniperi measure 15-5 to 16-3, in T. t.

kabylorum 13-5 to 15 mm. Moreover, the bill of juniperi is slenderer. Wings

of T. t. juniperi : 46-48, mostly 47 mm. All our .specimens are males.

We found the Wren not very rare, though by no means numerous in the

woods of Juniperus, Arbutus, and Lentiscus on the Djebel Achdar, especially

on the mountains south of Merg. One empty nest, built of dry leaves of Lentiscus,

was found ; eggs and young were not obtained. Festa also collected some speci-

mens which I saw. The song is rather varied, sometimes a beautiful whistling

tirrrr-titwi, more often like bi-bi (very fine), pitsiwi-pitsiwi (stronger), bit-bit,

and bitbitsiwi, bitsiwibit. They were mostly singmg in the juniper-trees, their

real home. It was never seen in gardens or bush woods without junipers. It

is a more strikingly distinct subspecies than T. t. kabylorum and koenigi.

* 56. Hirundo rustics rustica L.

From the tune of our arrival we found Swallows at home on thek breeding-

places in and near Benghasi, and they were evidently also breeding in houses

in Soluk, Gheminez, and Merg. Judging from the varying number we used to

see end March and early AprU, I must think that some were also passmg through

at that time. We only shot one, undoubtedly one that would have been nestmg,

at Benghasi. It is slightly reddish underneath, but not more so than many

22 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIX. 1923.

British specimens, and among the many we saw we did not notice one that was

more reddish than usual in spring in England and Germany, and some appeared

to he quite white. The wing of the male we collected measures only 122 mm.

57. Delichon urbica urbica (L.).

Rather to my surprise the House-martin is not nesting in western Cyrenaica.

Wherever we saw them they soon disappeared again, and no nests were seen,

though we looked out for them on all likely-lookmg buildings. The first we saw

were three specimens flying over the town of Benghasi, 13. iv. A single one in

the steppe east of Benghasi, 15. iv. Two Soluk, 23. iv. Near Merg, 3. v.,

small flock; 7. v., one single; 12. v. and 13. v., Merg, a few. Specimens shot

near Merg show that they belong to D. u. urbica.

58. Riparia riparia riparia (L.).

As far as we know, there is no breeding-place of Sand-martins in Cyrenaica,

but it is a frequent bird of passage. The first I saw were a couple near Benghasi,

5 . iv. None were observed after that imtil May 3rd, when I saw a single one at

Merg, and several 7. v., and more stUl 12. v. On May 13th there was at Merg

a larger flock, and again on the 14th a number were seen over the town of Merg.

They had disappeared the following day and only a single one was noticed on

the 16th.

The specimens agree perfectly with European specimens from England,

Germany, Sweden. The length of wing is variable, one male having a wing

of 100, the other of 109 mm. I do not think that juscocollaris (cf. Vog. pal.

Fauna, p. 2175) is a separable form. Festa obtained the Sand-martin at Gheminez

April 24th, 1921.

59. Apus pallidus brehmorum Hart.

" Pallid " Swifts were seen in smaller or greater numbers around the town

of Merg and in the hUls of Djebel Achdar from May 6th to May 12th, but they

disappeared on May 8th and after the 12th. Taking all facts into consideration,

I am of opinion that they do not nest in Western Cyrenaica, though Festa told

me he had seen them entering caves, where he was inclined to think they nested.

The specimens we collected are indistinguishable from the dark form hreh-

morum from the Canary Islands, Marocco, Madeira, etc., not in the least paler,

not in the least approaching A. p. pallidus (cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p, 2180). Speci-

mens from Biskra and Algerian Sahara, as well as those nesting in Air, are mostly

paler than typical brehmorum, but seldom as pale as darker specimens from Egypt

and Palestine, i.e. pallidus (Novitates Zoologicae, 1921, p. 111).

60. Apus apus apus (L.).

Among the paler birds, undoubtedly recognisable by its black colour, I saw

a single specimen at Merg on May 7th.

61. Apus melba (L.).

One seen at Benghasi, April 5th, another single one at Merg on May 7th,

flying with Apus pallidus. Two more seen May 11th. Festa obtained one at

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 23

Coefia near Benghasi, May 25th. Which subspecies I do not know, but presum-

ably A. m. melba.

62. Caprimulgus europaeus (L.).

A Nightjar of the europaeus type was seen at dusk in the evening of May

15th m the town of Merg.

63. Merops apiaster L.

Festa recorded a specimen from near Benghasi. April 8th I saw a small

flock high up over the bush of Driana, April 30th a few over Benghasi, May 8th

several were heard high over Merg. Nothing known of breeding colonies.

* 64. Upupa epops epops L.

A few seen near Benghasi during last days of March, at Soluk April 30th,

and two or three times near Merg in May. Probably nesting, but no absolute

proof. Festa had one at Gheminez, 6. v. 1921.

* 65. Alcedo atthis atthis (L.).

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2182.)

A Kingfisher was seen March 27th, flying close by along the salt-water lagoon

at Benghasi.

* 66. Athene noctua saharae (Kleinschm.).

Little Owls were found near El-Benia and Er-Regima, in the Driana plam,

near Soluk, Gheminez, and Sheleidima, as well as Merg and Djebel Achdar,

wherever stone-heaps, old walls, or sometunes rocks gave them shelter to nest,

and they are fond of bushes, being apparently rare in quite open country without

bushes or trees. On April 22nd we found a clutch of 4 hard-set eggs in a stone-

heap near Soluk. The eggs measure 33 X 26-5, 33 X 27-5, 32-5 x 27-2, 31-7 x

26-7 mm.

All the specimens we collected are most decidedly of the paler, very good

race, A. n. saharae (Kleinschm.), not the darker A. n. glaux, quoted by Salvador!

& Festa, 1921, and which I would have expected ; there is of course some varia-

tion, but not as much as in places in southern Algeria, and some specimens

are much more worn than others, some strongly soUed with red, others not.

In the stomachs I found beetles, locusts, and once a small lizard.

(We have not seen a sign of any other Owl.)

67. Asio flammeus flammeus (Pontopp.).

[One shot in Cyrenaica was acquired by Festa.]

* 68. Falco subbuteo jugurtha Hart. & Neum.

A beautiful adult ? was shot in the juniper woods at the foot of the hills

near Merg on May 5th, sitting on a low tree eating a Crested Lark. In the stomach

were found the remains of another Crested Lark. Iris brown. Bill horn-black,

bluish at base ; cere pale yellow. Feet lemon-yellow. Wing, 270 mm. This

24 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

is a very typical " jiigurtha" forehead and lores pale, back pale, belly and under

taU-coverts pale (the latter with some blackish shaft-lines and two spots), wing

long. Another Hobby, probably the ^J of the pair, was seen twice afterwards

in the woods near by where the $ was shot, and an empty nest on a juniper tree

might have been the nest that would have contained the eggs, if the § had not

been killed.

(Falco subbiiteo jugnrtha is, like all the named forms of the Hobby, not a

very distinct subspecies, but comparing our series with a large series of F. subbiiteo

subbuteo, the longer wings and paler upperside of the former are obvious. We

have now, besides the § from CjTenaicS, : two juv. in first year, N. Tunisia (no

dates), bought from Blanc ; $ second year, Lambese, Algeria, 8.vi.l903, Ernst

Fliickiger leg.; (J ad. Tilrhempt between Laghouat and Ghardaia, 13. iv. 1911,

Rothschild, Hartert & Hilgert leg.; ^ ad. between Laghouat and Tilrhempt,

11. iv. 1911, Rothschild, Hilgert & Hartert leg.; ^ ad. near Tanger, Marocco,

May 1899, H. Vaucher leg.; ad. Lagouat, S. Algeria, 21. iv. 1911, fresh skin

received from Madame Deport; 2 ad. near Lagouhat, June and July 1911,

bought from Madame Deport.)

69. Falco vespertinus vespertinus L.

Red-legged Falcons migrate through CjTenaica in great numbers. A male

was shot by Festa at Ghemuiez, April 30th, 1921. We saw a single old male

sitting on a telegraph wire about thirty miles south-east of Benghasi on April

20th. May 4th in the open plain near Merg, about 50 ; May 6th probably even

more ; May 9th about a dozen ; May 10th to 15th always some seen. A single

male near Tokra, May 17th. They were generally hunting over the plain for

locusts and beetles, often in lines, and not quite easy to approach. It was a

beautiful sight, so many of these graceful falcons day by day, and especially

the old blue-grey males with black underwings looked very fine. In the stomachs

I found nothing but orthoptera and coleoptera. About one-haK of all the

birds seemed to be in the second year, having partially juvenUe and partially

adult body plumage, but stOl juvenUe wings with wing-coverts and tails, though

sometimes (in two out of three males) middle rectrices already like adult ; in

one male the body plumage is almost entirely blue-grey, with only a few juvenile

feathers on breast and abdomen, but lower back and wing-coverts juvenile ;

in two others there are more juvenile than adult feathers on the imderside,

the blue-grey feathers mostly show black shaft-lines, and there are some pale

chestnut-reddish feathers ; this plumage is well described in Pract. Handb.

Brit. B., ii. p. 129, by Witherby. No feather is actually growing, it is thus evident

that the moult is arrested in May, i.e. during migration, but it commences again,

and tail and wings are completed in Jime to about October. While adult males

are very constant, females vary in the intensity of the colour of the underside,

especially on throat and breast, as weU as in the width and length of the dark

moustachial stripe.

(I take this opportunity to mention a specimen shot near Sarepta, S. Russia,

April 30th. It is in adult female's plumage, but has a large blue-grey patch on

the right side of the jugulum, blue-grey feathers on the right half of the crown

and on the right side of the nape and neck. It is marked $ by the collector

(the late RiickbeU), but it would have been interesting to examine the sexual

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 25

organs. The blue-grey feathers are uniform as in adult males, not striped or

in any way brownish as in young birds.)

70. Faico eleonorae Gene.

April 15th Hilgert and I distinctly recognised a specimen in striped plumage

near Benghasi in open stepjje, coming from an oasis. Though unable to shoot

it, we distinctly saw the long, pointed wings, whitish throat, and brown, striped

underside.

* 71. FaIco tinnunculus tinnunculus L.

Though by no means rare, it is, like other common birds, a " specie nuova

per la Cirenaica," as Salvadori and Festa would say. We saw a few specimens

now and then near Benghasi from March 27th to end of April; on April 1st more

than a dozen on the shore, battling with the southerly gale, apparently on migra-

tion. One seen at Soluk. Near Merg, during the first half of May, I saw one

or two almost every day, either on the plain or on the hill woods. They were

evidently " at home " there.

(We never saw any of the larger Falcons, but Festa has seen some form

of Peregrine, which was shot near Derna.)

72. FaIco naumanni naumanni Fleisch.

Observed on passage near Benghasi, 25 . iii.

* 73. Aquila chrysaetos occidentalis Olphe-Galliard.

Golden Eagles were seen over the river-bed near Sheleiduna 21.iv., and

a pair observed for some tiaie soaring over the plain of Merg, May 11th and 12th.

As Salvadori received A. c. occidentalis from Kussabat near Homs in Tripoli,

and these birds were evidently at home, I have no doubt that they also belonged

to this subspecies.

74. Hieraaetus fasciatus fasciatus (Vieill.).

Festa mentions a preserved specimen he saw in Benghasi, which had been

killed on the plateau of Barka.

* 75. Buteo ferox cirtensis (Lev.).

Distinctly seen over the Driana plain, 6.iv.

76. Circus macrourus (Gm.).

A by no means rare bird of passage, observed several times near Benghasi,

end of March and early in April. A female was caught alive in a trap by a

Maltese gardener, 26 . iii.

77. Circus pygargus (L.).

A wing was found near Benghasi, March 25th, of a specimen evidently

killed there not long ago. Harriers were often seen from March to about mid-

AprU, and among them seemed to be one or two pygargus, most specimens being

either macrourus or cijaneus.

26 • NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

78. Circus aeruginosus aeruginosas (L.).

The dead body of a Marsh-Harrier was found close to Benghasi, April 28th.

It had been Ij'ing there probably a week or longer. One was observed near

Merg, May 11th.

79. Milvus migrans (Bodd.).

May 12th, Hilgert and I observed on the hills near Merg a dark Kite of this

species, presumably 31. migrans migrans.

* 80. Circaetus gallicus (Gni.).

Not at all rare in Cyrenaica. We first saw a specimen flj'ing near Shelei-

dima, and in the neighbourhood of Merg we observed one or two nearly every day.

Festa had received several, and also an egg found near Merg. What was new

to me was to see Circaetus hovering over the ground like Kestrels. A pair was

displaying over the wood their wonderful flight, descending and ascending

for quite a time. When attacked by a pair of Ravens they made themselves

scarce. In the stomach of a male shot I found a frog.

* 81. Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (L,).

The Egyptian Vulture is common near Merg, where one can see it almost

every day coming to the outskirts of the town to feed. Single ones were also

seen in the plain of Driana. Is said to be common near Derna.

82, Ciconia ciconia ciconia (L.).

Storks pass through Cyrenaica in spring. Festa received specimens, one

caught at Fuehat, near Benghasi, in a famished condition. One was caught

near Merg early in May. I saw one near Benghasi, 31 . iii.

83. Ardea purpurea purpurea L.

On April 18th one was captured and shown to me alive by a doctor. He

said a number were flying over in the night and this one had struck a wire, so

that he could take it with his hands.

84, Ardeola ralloides (Scop.).

A specimen shot at Berka, a suburb of Benghasi, 19. iv. 1922, was presented

to me fresh in the flesh. I found the iris yellow with a narrow red outer ring.

The bird, an adult male, is still in winter plumage, but moult for the nuptial

garb is beginning on back and neck.

85. Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (L,).

Festa saw two specimens shot near Benghasi, second half of April. We

saw eight standing in the shallow sea-water lagoon at Benghasi, 16. iv. 1922.

86. Ixobrychus minutus minutus (L.).

I put up an adult male in the juniper woods near Merg, May 12th. The

specimen flew some distance and could not be found again.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 27

87. Botaurus stellaris stellaris (L.).

[Festa has seen a wing of a Bittern shot near Benghasi.]

88. Phoenicopterus ruber antiauorum Temm.

[Festa has seen the head and wing of one shot near Benghasi. (Regarding

nomenclature, see Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2221.)]

89. Pelecanus onocrotalus onocrotalus L.

[Festa has examined the head of a sjiecimen killed at Benghasi.]

90. Phalacrocorax graculus desmarestii (Payr.).

[A young bird shot in Cyrenaica was bought by Festa, 1916.]

* 91. Columba livia gaddi Sar. & Loudon.

We only shot two females at Sheleidima, on the rocks bordering the river-

valley, but Festa, who stayed in Cyrenaica from November to June, collected,

with the help of some officers, quite a series, which he kindly sent me for compari-

son. At first sight it was apparent to me that these birds were not true livia,

which I knew well from Algeria, being lighter and smaller. We saw a flock

near Merg, but through the stupidity of the man driving the dogcart failed to

procure any. We also saw two near Tokra, while we were catchmg butterflies.

Festa has specimens from Benghasi, Er-Reguna, Merg, Mechili, and Derna.

Comparing all these, together with skins from Rodos, Shiraz, Mesopotamia,

Damascus, Birejik on Upper Euphrates, Sea of Galilee, Crete, SoUum, Jericho,

Dead Sea, Sinai, Muscat, Menacha (Arabia Felix, Yemen), and near Aden, I

come to the conclusion that they all belong to one and the same race, i.e. the

nearest eastern form of our livia. I consider it impossible to separate palaestinae,

which are not constantly paler nor smaller than gaddi. The colour of the rump

varies so much, that the fact that nine specimens from southern Arabia have aU

grey backs is insignificant ; we find in Fayoum (Egypt) white-rumped and grey-

rumped schiniperi, grey-rumped and white-rumped palaestinae in the same locali-

ties, and among Festa's Cyrenaica specimens are two with grey rumps, though

by far the majority (also the two we shot at Sheleidima and the flock we saw

near Merg) had pure white rumps. In Ibis, 1922, p. 64, Meinertzhagen says that

he " hopes to show that it is incorrect " that I consider birds from S.W. Arabia

to be identical with palaestinae ; as, however, he does the contrary, at least he

calls south-west-Arabian birds palaestinae, this must be a misprint or slip, and

should read " correct " instead of " mcorrect." In fact, I must go further and

unite palaestinae with gaddi, while schiniperi is smaller and usually lighter, and

must be kept separate. Cf. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1922, pp. 65-8. I add to

Meinertzhagen's measurements :

Rodos, ? 221, 220.

Cyrenaica ' : Mechili, 221, $ 216, ? 218 ; Sheleiduna, ?$ (very vi'orn) 210,

210 ; Derna, 227, 230 ; Merg, ? 217 ; Benghasi, 215, 215 ; Er-Regima, 216 ;

Shiraz, $ 215 ; Akberabad, J 228 ; Shushter, ^ 221 ; Ardakan, ^ 240 mm.

I found the iris of these birds light red-brown ; bill dull black, cere white

but black at distal end ; feet dull raspberry-red.

' Many of Festa's specimens are unsexed.

28 NO\aTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

* 92. Streptopelia turtur arenicola (Hart).

The birds breeding in great numbers in tlie juniper woods of the plateau

and mountains near Merg must be united with the paler race, S. t. arenicola.

Wings, (J 172, $ 170, 164 mm. Durmg the last week of April flocks of Turtle-

doves passed through the neighbourhood of Benghasi ; they were much perse-

cuted, and would probably nearly all have been shot, if any intended to remain.

They were slightly darker and a little larger, the heads more blue-grey ; wings :

cJ 181, 179, 176, $ 176, 176 mm. These specimens were probably —

93. Streptopelia turtur turtur (L.)

on migration. It is easy to separate a series of <S. turtur from breeding-areas

in North Africa from a similar series from England, Germany, and Russia (cf.

Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1486). It is, however, sometimes quite difficult to name

properly single migrants from Africa, where both may occur, as S. t. arenicola

is also migratory. While in the woods near Merg, nest with eggs and even young

were found ; flocks of similar birds occurred also around the town ; while they

were common one day, they had disappeared next day, when I wanted to shoot

some.

During the first half of May nests were found about 6 to 8 ft. or more high

in juniper-trees near Merg, some fresh, others hard incubated, and small young

were found as early as May 11th. Eggs always two, measuring 33 X 22-5,

32-5 X 22-3 ; 32 x 24, 31-5 X 24 ; 30 x 23-2, 30 X 24 ; 30-5 X 22-5, 29-5 X

23-5 mm.

(* ? ) 94. Pterocles alchata caudacutus (Gm.).

On April 12th and 13th a large flock flew over Benghasi. The flock seemed

to come from the sea and to fly in an easterly direction.

(* ? ) 95. Pterocles senegallus (L.).

Probably common in the desert south of Barka. April 14th, 15th, and 16th

observed flying high over the steppe near Benghasi. Festa had a specimen

from the steppe east of Gehmtnez.

* 96. Burhinus oedicnemus saharae (Rchw.).

Breeds in smaD numbers on the stony plain near Benghasi, in the Driana

plain between Benghasi and Tokra, near Soluk and Sheleidima. Festa collected

it near Gheminez end of AprU. One female shot at Benghasi had evidently

already been laying, another had an egg inside, which is bluish-white with dark

brown and mauve spots and lines.

* 97. Cursorius gallicus gallicus (Gm.).

On the bare stony plain with some barley-fields close to Benghasi we heard

Cursors and saw them flying overhead on April 5th. In the same place we

found three, of which we shot two. The female had evidently laid one egg,

another, half-size, inside. Near Soluk and Sheleidima, and east of Gheminez,

where Festa discovered it in 1921, they were seen here and there in pairs or three

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 29

and four together. Specimens as in Algeria. Iris dark brown. Bill dull black.

Legs and feet milky white. A male shot near Soluk 23. iv. moulted its body

plumage, both on the back and underneath.

(* ?) 98. Charadrius dubius curonicus Gm.

Common on the salt lagoons. Possibly some remain to breed, but the species

became much less numerous towards May.

* 99. Charadrius alexandiinus alexandrinus L.

Common on the salt lagoons and seashore, but seemed to get much less

numerous towards May ; some doubtless remained to breed and were several

times seen on dry ground far from the sea, and even a pair near Soluk, probably

going to nest there.

100. Calidris alpina (L.).

{Tringa alpina and Erolia alpina auct. Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2212.)

Large flocks of Dunlins were seen on the salt lagoons round Benghasi,

end of March and April, but about mid-April the flocks became smaller, and the

species became rare towards May. As we did not shoot specimens, I cannot

say which subspecies.

101. Calidris minuta (Leisl.).

[Many other Waders visit Cyrenaica in winter, and Dr. Festa received

several not mentioned here, among them Calidris minuta {Erolia or Tringa minuta

auct.) shot at Merg in May.]

102. Philomachus pugnax (L).

Probably a common bird of passage. Two adult females visited Merg

and came for food to the neighbourhood of one of the numerous wells, where

cattle and camels were given water. The colour of the legs is evidently variable ;

one had them greenish lead-blue, the other yellowish-brown.

103. Crocethia alba (PaU,).

Several flocks were seen near Benghasi early in AprU, and an adult female

was shot at Merg May 16th.

104. Tringa tetanus totanus (L.)

Observed near Benghasi March 25th and April 9th.

105. Tringa nebularia (Gunn.).

Observed near Benghasi, March 25th.

106. Tringa ochropus L.

Near Merg early in May.

30 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

107. Tringa hypoieucos L.

Seen several times near Benghasi first half of April. Festa shot it as late

as May 11th.

(Of course many more Limicolae occur on passage, and I believe several more

have been collected by Dr. Festa during his long stay in Cyrenaica.)

108. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temm.).

May 17th a pair flying up and down a lagoon not far from Tokra and to

the bushes of tamarisks and Limoniastrum, evidently catching insects, probably

Neuroftera.

109. Larus argentatus cachinnans Pall.

Sometimes a few seen at and near Benghasi, but never many.

* 110. Chlamydotis undulata undulata (Jacq.).

Common in the plain near Sheleidima April 21st. Sometimes in pairs,

sometimes five or six, once thirteen got up together ! Two eggs of a clutch of

three were brought from " five hours south of Benghasi " to a gardener, Mr.

VeUa, who presented them to me. Festa saw one in May 1921 that was brought

to Gheminez by an Arab.

HI. Fulica atra L.

[Festa saw some that were captured by an Arab for sale at Benghasi in

April 1921. (Said to be common at times in winter.)]

112. Gallinula chloropus (L.).

Seen remains of specimens.

* 113. Alectoris barbara barbata (Rchw.).

Caccahis harhaia Reichenow, Orn. ilorialsher. 1896, p. 76 (specimen which had lived in the Cologne

Zoological Garden some time, where it had been brought together with some chukar from India) ;

id. Die Vogel, i. p. 287 (1913).

Caccabis callolaema Salvadori & Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, xxxi. No. 714, p. 2 (1916 — Cyrenaica) ;

Hartcrt, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1912 (1921).

Alectoris barlara barbata Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2215 (1922).

The Hadjel, as this " Barbary Partridge " is called by the Arabs in Cyrenaica,

like Alectoris barbara barbara and spatzi in Tunisia, Algeria, and Marocco, inhabits

Cyrenaica from the west to Merg, Sheleidima, MechUi, and Mersa Matruh, which

is politically Egjrpt, but obviously, like SoUum, zoogeographicaUy Cyrenaican.

The types were supposed to have been brought to Benghasi from south of that

town, but more likely had come from the north, the plain of Driana between

Tokra and Benghasi. Looking in vain for it near Benghasi, we came across

it for the first time m the Driana, in the plain covered with thick bushes of

Bhiis oxyacantha, Lentiscus, Periploea laevigata, and a few Zizyphus, where it

was not rare. We then found it in the bush country all along to Tokra, in the

NoviTATES Zooi.oaicAE XXX. 1923. 31

woods of the plateau towards Merg and higher up on the mountains, also in

the Zizyphus bushes near Sheleidinia, and Dr. Festa also saw a covey near Mechili,

where the fauna is that of the desert, Bhamphocorys, Eremophila, etc., being found

there. Festa did not shoot a specimen near MechUi, but we collected four

near Sheleidima, in a very open country, except for the Zizyphus bushes in the

river-beds ; at first sight they look paler than the series from Driana and the

Djebel Achdar, near Merg, but that is because they are more worn and more

faded, some fresh-growing feathers being as dark as in the more northern birds ;

the colour of the breast varies much, and one from Driana is quite as light there

as the lightest Sheleidima specimen.

This is the most strikingly different of the birds peculiar to Cjrrenaica. It

is better compared with A. b. spatzi than with the darker, more northern A. b.

barbara, and differs most obviously in the feathers of the sides and flanks having

much wider black bars, white the chestnut ends are quite narrow and paler,

often barely noticeable. The feathers of the throat and sides of the head are

dark bluish grey instead of pale grey or whitish, and these feathers are less rounded,

a little longer, more pointed, a little stiffer, with small buff tips. The collar

and sides of neck are pale chestnut, more bright cinnamon, but not dark chestnut,

and the light spots at their tips are pale grey instead of white. Top of head

much lighter. 'Bieaat a,s m A. b. spatzi. Bill and feet red. Bare skin round eye

orange-red to bright brick-red. Iris light brown. Wings, (J 168-175, $ 155-

165 mm. The specimens from the woods of junipers, lentiscus, and arbutus

near Merg, where the soil is reddest, are very much reddened, like Larks and

other ground birds.

Eggs like those oi A. b. barbara and spatzi were found m Ajjril, but aU I

saw were eaten by some animals, probably rodents. About May 15th Festa

caught some young, just from eggs. They are pale cream-colour, almost white,

top of head and neck pale brownish chestnut, back with rows of black and rufous

spots, wings with similar cross-bars ; underside uniform whitish cream.

Though by no means rare, they are not easy to collect in the spring, as it is

difficult to flush them without dogs. Generally, one must strike the bush with stick

or stone, or kick it, and then the birds get out on the other side of the often high

and large clumps of bushes, though in the early morning one sees them running

on the roads, picking up food. In the stomachs and croj^s I found plenty of the

hard little sweet berries of Rhus oxyacantha, little seeds, grass-seeds, and others,

bulbs like small onions, locusts, and beetles (mostly Curculionidae), near Merg

also a few juniper fruits. The alarm cry is the same as that of A. b. barbara

and spatzi, that of the male louder than that of the female. Though protected

in the spring by game-laws, they are even then often shot and their eggs taken,

they will therefore soon become scarcer along the newly-built main roads ; but

in the juniper woods farther away and down south they will not be persecuted

any more than of old by the Arabs, and will long remain common enough. Their

flesh has the same peculiar flavour of the Barbary Partridges in Algeria, and is

not to be compared with that of Perdix perdix. (It will be interesting to compare

a series of fresh birds from Mersa Matruh, but the specimens at hand, which died

in the Giza Zoological Gardens, do not show any reliable differences.) This

Partridge was already mentioned by Haimami in 1882 as a Red-legged Partridge,

larger than the Italian one, which is correct.

32 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

11-1. Coturnix coturnix coturnix (L.).

A few were seen 29.iii., but quite a number on 2G and 27. iv. They were

obviously on migration. Fe.sta saw one near Benghasi (Fuchat) on May 20th,

1921, but there is no proof of the nesting in Cyrenaica. If I understand right,

the Quail is the only bird mentioned in addition to the Partridge by the Italian

traveller Haimann.

115. Alauda arvensis intermedia Swinh.

One day I picked up on a field not far from Berka, a suburb of Benghasi,

the wing of a female of the Siberian Lark, generally called now A. arvensis ciner-

ascens Ehmcke, 1904. In the list of Alaudidae of the Chinese collection made by

Weigold, in " Zool. Ergebn. Stotzner Exped." in Ahhandl. u. Ber. Mus., Dresden,

XV. 1922, p. 19, I have explained that I consider Alauda intermedia Swinh. from

China (winter bird), dvlcivoz Brooks, N.W. India, and cinerea 1903, cinerascens

1904, to be one and the same form, which migrates in winter in the east to China,

in the west as far as Algeria, and which nests in Siberia from west to east.

This list shows that the ornis of Cyrenaica is mainly of the nature of Africa

Minor, i.e. Tunisia, Algeria, and Marocco, with a few peculiar forms, and a very

slight eastern element, viz. Columba livia gaddi, and of migrants Sylvia ruppeli

and the frequency of Falco vespertinus. The forms j)eculiar to the country are :

Galerida cristata festae, Galerida theklae cyrenaicae, Pants caerulevs cyrenaicae,

Troglodytes troglodytes juniperi, and Alecloris harbara harhata, all with their

nearest allies in Algeria-Tunisia, except G. cristata festae, which is somewhat

nearer to G. c. brachyura (Palestine to Egypt) than to the Algero-Tunisian G. c.

arenicola.

N0VITATE3 ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 33

ON A SECOND COLLECTION SENT BY MR. GEORGE FORREST

FROM N.W. YUNNAN

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S.

rp^HIS collection, though not quite so numerous in species as the first, is very

-L interesting, and the make of the majority of the skms is excellent. The

most striking feature of the collection is the fine series of " Pheasants " and also

the large woodpeckers.

* 1. Tetraophasis szechenyii Mad.

Tetraophasis szechenyii Madarasz, Zeitschr. f. ges. Orn. ii. p. 50. pi. ii. (1885) {" East Thibet ").

Forrest sent 2 (J (J, 1 $ of this very rare species. " Bill black- brown ; feet,

legs, and claws dark black-brown ; u?is pale yellow, naked space round eye

pink." 2 <JtJ Lichiang Range, November 1921, 12,000-14,000 ft., conifer forest

and alpme meadows ; 1 $ Mekong — Yangtze Divide, east of Atuntze, lat.

28° 28' N., long. 99° 6' E., 12,000 ft., September 11, 1921.

New to the Yunnan avifauna.

2. Ithaginis clarkei Rothsch.

Itkuginis clarkei Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xl. p. 67 (1920) (Lichiang Range, Yunnan).

George Forrest succeeded in getting 4 ^J^ and 1 ? on this journey in full

iinworn plumage at 11,000-13,000 ft. in conifer forests in November and December

1921. I thmk it will be of interest to give a fresh description of the unworn

plumage.

cj Above : Forehead black, crown of head and prolonged crest bluish-ash-

grey, somewhat washed with buff on crown, feathers much disintegrated ; cheeks

bare, broad band above eye black, feathers below bare portion of face black and

red ; ear-coverts prolonged, narrow, and pointed, liglit grey edged with fuscous

and more or less washed with pale carmme, neck hackles long and pointed

whitish-grey edged with bluish-grey. Back and rump bluish-ash-grey with

whitish shaft-stripe edged with sooty black, these shaft-stripes widen towards

the rump and get very wide on upper tail-coverts. Tail-feathers ash-grey edged

with crimson, gettmg paler towards tips. Primaries outer webs edged with

whitish-grey, rest of outer and inner webs dark grey, secondaries dark brownish-

grey edged all round with whitish-grey, the outer ones also washed towards the

tips with pale grey clouding shaft-stripes pale whitish-grey. Outer and lower

wing-coverts somewhat disintegrated apple-green.

Below : Throat and chin whitish to ash grey more or less strongly saturated

with orange, buff, and crimson ; breast ash-grey washed with dark buff shaft-

stripes very narrow whitish ; lower breast and abdomen grey, more or less strongly

saturated with apple-green and with in most ca.ses crimson breast spots. Under-

tail-coverts deep crimson with narrow whitish shaft-lines and whitish tips. Bill

black, cere scarlet, feet and legs scarlet. L-is orange-yellow, naked skin of

cheeks scarlet.

Wing 202-212 mm.

3

34 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX 1923.

$ Forehead cinnamon- brown ; crown, crest, and hind-neck bluish-ash-grey ;

rest of upper side brownish-grey vermiculated finely with fuscous. Tail dark

brown vermiculated with grey. Primaries fuscous brown tinged with grey.

Chin and throat cinnamon merguig into grey on neck ; rest of underside brown-

grey washed with cinnamon and finely vermiculated with dark fuscous. Under-

tail-coverts more tinged with ash-grey.

Bill black ; cere dull red.

4 cJ<?, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., November— December 1921,

conifer forest.

3. Tragopan temminckii (Gray).

Satyra temminckii Gray, in Hardwicke, 111. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 1. (1830-1832) (no locality given ; type

marked China in British M\iaeum).

There appears to be no appreciable difference between Central Chinese

examples and those from Yunnan and Biu-ma.

Bill black, upper mandible tipped horn-brown, lower flesh-pink ; legs and

feet greyish-flesh-colour, claws grey-brown ; iris orange- yellow ; wattles, horns,

and skin round eye bright blue.

2 ^^, 2 9 ? Lichiang Range, 13,000-14,000 ft., conifer forest and open

Alps, November 1921 ■,2^3 Mekong— Salwin Divide, lat. 28° 20' N., 12,000-

14,000 ft., September 23, 1921, conifer and cane forest.

4. Crossoptilon crossoptilon crossoptilon (Hodgs.).

Phaaianus crossoptilon Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Beyigal, vii. p. 864 (1838) (no exact locality).

Forrest only got one yoimg $ (marked (J), but this is interesting, as con-

firming my former conclusion that the dark tinge was abnormal. This example

is interesting as it exhibits feathers of three diflerent plumages, the grey and

brown freckled wing-feathers and brown-grey neck-feathers of the first plumage,

the greyish-white or pale lavender-grey of the second plumage, and the pure

white of the adult plumage.

1 ? juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide, 12,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N., September 3,

1921, pine forests.

5. Pucrasia meyeri Mad.

Pucrasia meyeri Madarasz, Ibis, 1886, p. 145 (Central Thibet !).

The fine series of this exceedingly rare species sent by Forrest is a most

welcome addition to our knowledge of a rather obscure form. Mr. Beebe puts

vieyeri down as a subspecies of xanthospila, but in view of the chestnut colouring

as opposed to blue-grey on the outside 14 tail-feathers I keep them as species ;

though Beebe considers some birds enumerated by Oustalet from Sechuen as

being almost intermediate, Mr. Stuart Baker considers it a good species.

Bill dull black ; feet dull dark grey, legs slightly paler ; iris pale yellow.

6 cJcJ, 3 $ $ Lichiang Range, 14,000-14,500 ft., open Alps, October— December

1921, lat. 27° 40' N.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXX. 1923. 35

6. Phasianus colchicus elegans Elliot.

Phasiamis elegans Elliot, Abnn. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vi. p. 312 (1870) (Sechuen).

The 2 (J J, 1$ sent by Forrest are in beautifully fresh plumage and therefore

the hindneck and interscapulium of the (J are deep chestnut, whereas in more

worn birds these parts are more golden chestnut.

The single Sechuen cJ (type of the species) in the British Museum differs

from Burmese and Yunnan examples in the lavender-blue edges of the rump-

feathers being wider and the black basal area of the neck-feathers is more extended,

but it is impossible to separate the latter as a race on the evidence of one Chinese

example only.

2 cJcJ, 1 $ Lichiang Range, December 1921, 8,000-11,000 ft., forests and

open meadows.

7. Syrmaticus humias burmanicus (Gates).

Galophasis hurtnanicus Oatos, Ibis, pp. 124-125 (1898) (Ruby Mines and S. Shan States).

The single ^ Forrest sent is undoubtedly h. burmanicus.

Bill greyish-black, tip yellow ; legs and feet greyish- black- brown ; iris

orange- brown.

1 S Yungping— Yangpi Divide, lat. 25° 35' N., 7,000-8,000 ft., dense mixed

forest, April 1921.

8. Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadb.).

Phasianus amherstiae Leadbeater, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. xvi. p. 129. pi. xv. (1828) (said to

be from mountains of Coohinohina).

Forrest has sent a magnificent series of this beautiful bird, of which wild

shot examples are very scarce in museums. The series consists of i adult males,

5 young males of the year, 4 adult females, 2 young females, and 2 chicks in

down.

(;J Bill " dark blue-grey, tip paler ; legs and feet dark steel-grey ; iris milky-

grey ; naked skin round eye pale greenish-blue."

$ Bill " dark blue-grey, tip paler ; feet pale brownish-grey; iris pale milky

yellow."

2 (J (J ad., 5 cJd" j«v., 4 ? $ ad. Lichiang Range, November 1921, 8,000-

11,000 ft., thickets and forests ; 1 ^J ad., 1 $ juv., 2 chicks in down, Mekong —

Salwin Divide, 7,000-9,000 ft., lat. 28° N., September 1921. 1 ^ ad., 1 ? juv.

Mekong Valley, 7,000-9,000 ft., lat. 28° N. (thickets and forest).

9. Scolopax lusticola rusticola Linn.

1 sex 1 Lichiang Range.

10. Tringa ocrophus Linn.

1 $ Mekong River.

11. Charadrius dubius dubius Scop.

1 cJ Teng Ghuan Valley.

36 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

12. Sphenuius sphenurus yunnanensis (La Touche).

Sphenocercus sphenurus yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. xlii. p. 13 (1921) (Lotukow).

In my former paper [Nov. Zool. xxviii. p. 18 (1921)] I did not venture

to separate the single $ sent by Forrest, though I stated that it appeared to be

darker green above and less yellow below. Mr. La Touche has, however, since

procured a cj and described it as above. Forrest has now sent 1 ^J and 3 $ $,

and I am able to describe the Green Pigeon of N.W. Yunnan in completion of

Mr. La Touche's diagnosis.

cJ ad. Above differs from S. sph. sphenurus in having the yellow edges to

the secondaries wider and more numerous. The abdomen is decidedly more

apple-green, less yellowish, and the throat is more green, less yellowish.

" Bill bright blue ; feet crimson ; iris pale blue."

$ Much more distinct. Above darker, more blackish-green. Below apple-

green, not saturated with yellow.

1<J, 1 ? Mekong Valley, 7,000-9,000 ft., lat. 28° N., June 1921, pme forest ;

2 9 $ Mekong— Salwin Divide, 9,000-11,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., July 1921.

13. Oenopopelia tranquebarica humilis (Temm.).

2 cJ cJ, 2 ? ? Tah Valley ; 2 ^^ Teng Chuan Valley.

14. Columba hodgsoni Vig.

1 (J Lichiang Range ; 1 $ juv. Mekong — Yangtze Divide.

15. Butorides striatus javanicus (Horsf.).

1 cJ Lichiang Range ; 1 ? Tali Valley.

16. Ardeola bacchus (Bp.).

1 (J Hsia Kuon Valley.

* 17. Buteo buteo japonicus (Temm. & Schleg.).

Falco hnleo japonicus Temminck & Schlcgel, in Siebald's Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 16. pis. vi. and

vi6 (1844-1845) (Japan).

1 ? Lichiang Range, 8,000-10,000 ft., open country, December 1921.

" Bill dark blue-grey ; cere dull yellow ; feet and legs orange-yellow, claws

black- brown ; u'is yellow."

This specimen is an example of the dark phase. New to Yunnan.

18. Falco tinnunculus interstinctus (McClell.).

Tintiunculus intersiinctus McClelland, P.Z.S. London, part vii. p. 154 (1840 — Assam).

Forrest sent a series in this collection and the younger examples show

instructive plumages.

2 (JcJ, 3 ?? ad., 1 (S juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide, 8,000-9,000 ft., lat,

28° 21' N., September 1921, pine and mixed forest ; 1 (J jun. Lichiang Range.

9,000-12,000 ft., December 1921.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 37

* 19. Accipiter affinis Gurney.

Accipiter virgatus subsp. affinis Gurney, List Diurn. Birds Prey,^^. 39 and 168-173 (1884) (Himalayas

[and Formosa]).

This is the first record for Yunnan.

1 (J Mekong Valley, 7,000-8,000 ft., lat 28° N., pine forests, September

1921.

" Bill blackish-grey, slate-grey below ; feet orange-yellow, claws greyish-

black ; iris orange-yellow."

20. Accipiter trivirgatus rufotinctus (McClell.).

Astur rufotinctus McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land, part vii. p. 153 (1840 — Aaaam).

The single (J sent by Forrest is very dark above and very large (wing 233 mm. ).

" Bill blue-grey ; cere yellow ; feet light orange ; iris orange."

1 (S' Mekong— Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., lat. 28° 10' N., September 1921.

» 21. Strix aluco harterti (La Touche).

Syrnium harterti La Touche, Bull B.O.C. xl. p. 50 (1919) (S.W. Hupeh).

In my article on the first collection [Nov. Zool. xxviii. p. 20. No. 38

(1921)] I called the adult $ and juvenile examples S. aluco nivicola Blyth with

a ?. The adult (J now sent agrees absolutely with Mr. La Touche's type of

harterti, also a ^, and only has a wing 4 mm. longer. Whether harterti, when

we can examine a series, will prove distinct from nivicola must be left for future

workers to determine, but undoubtedly for the present we must identify the

N.W. Yunnan birds as aluco harterti.

1 (J Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., December 1921.

* 22. Glaucidium cuculoides whitelyi (Blyth) ?.

Athene whitelyi Blyth, Ibis, (2) iii. p. 313 (1867) (Japan).

The single $ sent by Forrest is so much worn that it is difficult to identify ;

but it appears to have been much darker than any of the Tring series of whitelyi.

1 ? Yangtze Valley, 6,000-7,000 ft., lat. 27° 20' N., June 1921.

" Bill greenish- yellow, base blue-green ; feet and iris yellow."

New to Yunnan.

23. Cuculus canorus telephonus Heine.

1 <J juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

24. Cuculus sparverioides Vig.

1 cJ juv. Mekong Valley.

25. Cacomantis merulinus querulus Heine.

IcJ Mekong Valley.

38 NOVITATES ZoOLOOICAJt XXX. 1923.

26. Eudynamis honorata malayana Cab. & Heine.

Eudynamia malayana Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 52 (1852) (Sumatra).

Forrest sent 2 (JcJ, both of which have a wing measurement of 203 mm. = 8

in., whereas honorata honorata the wing is given as 194 mm. = 76 in. Therefore

I think the race malayana is worthy of being kept separate.

" Bill dull greenish- yellow, base dull green ; legs blackish-grey ; iris crimson."

1 (J Tali Valley, lat. 25° 40' N., 6,500 ft., thickets and forests. May 1921 ;

1 (J Mekong^Salwm Divide, September 1921, 8,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N.

27. Rhopodytes tristis (Less.).

Mdias tristis Lesson, TraiU d'Orn. p. 132 (1831) (? Sumatra).

Forrest sent 2 $ $ of this species, one being sexed c? Sal win VaUey, 3,000-

4,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., forests, April 1921. New for Yunnan.

" Bill dull green, base darker , naked skin of face crimson ; legs dull

blackish-grey ; iris dark crimson."

2S. Yynx torquilla japonica Bp.

1 ? Yangtze Valley.

* 29. Dryocopus martins khamensis (But.).

Picus khamensis Buturlin, Ann. Mas. Zool. Acad. Imp. St. Petersburg, xiii. p. 229 (1908) (eastern

slopes Thibet Plateau).

The character given by Buturlin of the much reduced feathering of the

tarsi is very clear in the 2 (J^J and 3 $ $ sent by Forrest. The culmen measure-

ment is not so clear though the dimensions are certainly less. This is undoubtedly

the most southerly record for any form of Dryocopus vuirtius.

2 (JcJ, 3 ?$ Mekong-^Salwin Divide, 10,000-12,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N.,

September 1921, mixed forest.

" BUI light blue-grey, becoming darker towards tip, which is black ; legs,

feet, and claws black ; iris cream- grey."

New for Yunnan.

* 30. Dryocopus forresti Rothsch.

Dryocopus Jorresti Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 9 (1922) (Mekong Valley).

This is a wonderful discovery.

There are a number of smaller forms from Burma, the Philippines, and

other localities somewhat allied to this bird, but they are all much smaller. In

size it equals D. richardsi Tristr. from the island of Tsuschima, but the ? has

the red occiput of the Biu-mese D. feddeni, whereas in richardsi the ? has the

whole head black. I am keeping it as a separate species as I am not yet clear

as to the relationsliip of the feddeni group, and the latter has occurred in Yunnan.

(J ad. Differs from richardsi in the darker scarlet, less orange-scarlet of the

crown and nape, in the less white on the concealed portions of the inner secondaries,

and in the almost complete absence of the narrow white edges of these secondaries.

It also differs from richardsi in the less extent of the black portion of the lower

upper tail-coverts. On the undersurface it apparently is more strongly tinged

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 39

■with cream-coloiir on the white portions. From jeddeni it differs in its much

larger size, longer white tips to the primaries, and much blacker chin and throat.

? ad. Differs from richardsi in the scarlet nape-band, in much less amount

of white on the concealed portions of the inner secondaries, in the complete

absence of the white edges to secondaries, and in the more creamy underside.

From feddeni it differs in its much larger size, larger white tips to the secondaries,

and much blacker chin and throat.

Culmen ^J 62 mm. ; wmg 253 mm. ; tarsus 40 mm.

? 50 mm. ; ,, 247 mm. ; ,, 35 mm.

" Bill black ; feet greyish- black ; iris pale green."

1 (J, 1 ? Mekong VaUey, lat. 28° N., 6,000 ft., August 1921, open forest

[Outram Bangs records Dryocopus feddeni from Yunnan (Malipa, Burmese Border)].

* 31. Dryobates obscurior Rothsch.

Dryo'jates ohscurior Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 10 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

The smgle $ sent by Forrest has an entirely black head ; a much heavier

banded breast, and a more triangular and pointed bill than D. p. scintilliceps.

1 $ Lichiang Range. New for Yunnan.

31 A. Dryobates pygmaeus omissus Rothsch.

Dryoiatea pygmaeua otnissus Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 10 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

This is the bird I formerly called D. p. .scintilliceps (Nov. Zool. 1921, p. 22).

32. Dryobates darjellensis (Blyth).

1 juv. ? Mekong Valley.

* 33. Picoides tridactylus funebris Verr.

Picoides fune'iris Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 33 (1870) (Mountains of Chinese Thibet).

Of this exceedingly rare species Forrest sent two fine <Jc?, the first to reach

England.

*' Bill blackish-grey above, steel-grey below ; feet and claws black ; iris dark

brown."

2 (J<J Mekong— Salwm Divide, 10,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N., mixed forest,

September 1921. New to the avifauna of Yunnan.

34. Pious canus sordidior (Rippon).

1 cJ, 1 ? ad., 1 (J, 1 ? juv.

Lichiang Range; 2 $$ juv. Mekong Valley; l^ juv. Mekong — Salwin

Divide.

35. Cyanops asiatica (Lath.).

1 cj Tali Valley (no red on sides of foreneck).

40 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

* 36. Ceryle lugubris guttulata Stejn.

Ceryle guttulata Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xv. pp. 294, 295 (1893) (India and China).

I believe this is a quite fresh record.

1 cj jim. Tung Chuan Valley, 7,000 ft., lat. 25° 56' N., May 1921, water-

courses.

" BiU black, base below and tip pale brown ; legs and feet blackish-grey ;

iris dark brown."

37. Coracias affinis McClell.

1 cj Tengyueh Valley.

38. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka Temm. & Schleg.

1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide.

* 39. Chaetura caudacuta nudipes Hodgs.

Chaetura nudipes Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, v. p. 779 (1836) (Nepal).

1 (J Mekong— Salwin Divide, 10,000-11,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., August 1921,

clifis.

" Bill and feet bLick ; iris dark brown." New for Yunnan.

* 40. CoUocalia fueiphaga brevirostris (McClell.).

Hirundo brevirostris McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. part vii. p. 155 (1840 — Assam).

1 ? juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., July 1921, cliffs

New for Yunnan.

41. Hirundo daurica nipalensis Hodgs.

Hirundo nipalensis Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, v. p. 780 (1837 — central region of Nepal).

1(J, 1? Tali Valley, 6,500 ft., lat. 25° 40' N., May 1921, human habitations ;

1(J Mekong— Yangtze Divide, 8,000-9,000 ft., lat. 27° N., June 1921. New for

Yunnan.

" Bill black ; legs and iris dark brown."

41a, Tesia cyaniventer Hodgs.

1 $ Salwm Valley.

42. Troglodytes troglodytes talifuensis (Sharpe).

2 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 cJ, 2 $ ? Mekong— Salwin Divide.

43. Prunella collaris ripponi Hart.

1 $ Lichiang Range ; 1 $ Jlekong— Salwin Divide.

44. Prunella strophiatus multistriatus (David).

^66, 1 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 $ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 41

45. Prunella immaculata (Hodgs.).

2 (J (J Lichiang Range ; 1 (^ ad., 1 cJ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

46. Enicurus sinensis Gould.

1 cJ ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 (J, 1 $ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

47. Phoenicurus schisticeps (Gray).

6 (J (J ad., 6 ? $ ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 ?, 2 ? Yangtze Valley ; 1 ? Mekong—

Salwin Divide.

48. Phoenicurus hodgsoni (Moore).

4 ? Yangtze Valley.

49. Phoenicurus auroreus leucopterus Blyth.

1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide.

50. Phoenicurus frontalis sinae Hart.

9(JcJad., 1 cjjuv., 2 $$ad., 1 ? Lichiang Valley ; 1 ^ad., 1 $juv. Mekong—

Salwin Divide ; 2 $ $ Yangtze Valley ; 1 $ Salwin Valley. (This further material

seems to show that Yunnan examples are somewhat intermediate between

/. frontalis and /. sinae.)

51. Chaimarrornis Juliginosa fuhginosa (Vig.).

1 J ad. Salwin Valley; 3 (J (J ad., 4? juv. Mekong — Salwm Divide, 1 (J ad.,

3 ? juv. Mekong Valley.

52. Chaimarrornis leucocephala (Vig.).

1 (J Salwin Valley.

* 53. Tarsiger indicus yunnanensis Rothsch.

Tarsiger indicus yunnanensis Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 10 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

c? Differs from T. i. indicus in having a less uniform underside, the throat

being much paler, and the rest of the underside much suffused with yellow, less

rust-coloured.

The white edging to lower edge of sides of face more distinct, and the under-

wing-coverts and axillaries more sulphur- yellow ; undertail-coverts greenish, less

rusty.

$ Differs in paler throat and more yellow, less brownish colour of rest of

underside.

1 6 (Type) Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft,, November 13, 1921, thickets ;

1 ? Mekong— Salwm Divide, 11,000 ft,, lat, 28° 20' N., September 1921.

" Bill and feet black ; uris dark brown."

42 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923,

54. Tarsiger cyanurus (Pall.).

Moiacilla cyanurus Pallas, iJei.se Prov. Russ. lieich^. ii. p. 709 (1773) (Yciiissei).

The aduft (JjJ are easily distinguished from the forms of rufilatus, but the

$ $ are very much closer in appearance.

1 cjad., 3 cJcJjuv., 4 ? Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., October— December

1921.

55. Tarsiger rufilatus practicus (Bangs & Phill.).

1 (?, 2 ? $ ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 c? ad., 1 S i^^-, 1 (5. 2 ? ? juv. Mekong —

Salwin Divide ; 2 $ $ Mekong Valley.

56. Tarsiger chrysaeus Hodgs.

5 (^(^ ad., 1 (J juv., 1 $ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 1 ? Lichiang Range.

57. Copsychus saularis sanlaris (Linn.).

1 c? Tengyueh Valley.

58. Oreicola ferrea haringtoni Hart.

1 c? ad. Mekong Valley ; 1 (J, 1 $ ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide ;

2 <?(? ad. Salwin VaUey ; 4 ?$ ad. Tali Valley.

59. Saxicola torquata indica Blj^h.

Pratincola indica Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bewjal, xvi. p. 129 (1847) India).

In my paper on Forrest's first collection I recorded P. torquata przeivalakii

(Pleske), and correctly so. Ingram also recorded that form from Mengtz, but

on re-examining the specimen I find it is t. indica. We thus have both forms

in the breeding season from Yunnan, przeivalskii from the high mountains and

indica from the plains, but the pair now sent are winter birds and probably on

migration. I think therefore we have too little evidence to say whether either,

or both, or neither breed in Yunnan.

1 (J Mekong Valley, 8,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., September 1921 ; 1 $ ? Lichiang ^

Range, 10,000 ft., November 1921.

60. Myiophoneus eugeniae Hume.

2 (J (J ad., 1 tS juv. Mekong Valley ; 1 ? Salwiia Valley.

61. Monticola solitarius pandoo (Sykes).

1 cj ad., 4 ? juv. Mekong Valley ; 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range.

62. Monticola solitarius pandoo X Monticola pbilippensis.

1 (J Lichiang Range ; 1 (J Mekong Valley.

63. Tardus castaneus gouldi (Verr.).

13 c? (J, 5 $ 9 ad., 2 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 fledgeling Mekong — Salwin Divide.

(It appears more than likely that the breeding race in Yunnan is much

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 43

darker than Chinese examples and will require a new name, but till we can com-

pare breeding Kansu examples I do not dare to separate them.)

64. Turdus fuscatus Pall.

1 cJ ad., 2 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 $ ad. Salwin Valley.

(All Yunnan bii'ds have very little red on the wings.)

65. Turdus fuscatus X Turdus naumanni.

1 $, 1 ? Lichiang Range. These birds show mixture of red all over back

and tail, and black spots on breast.

fi'l Turdus auritus conquisitus Bangs.

Turdus auritus conquisitus Oulram Baag.s, Bull. Amer. 3Ius. Nat. Hist. xliv. art. xx. p. 591 (1921)

(Lichiang Range).

Bangs has separated this solely on the heavier spotted underside, and I

quote these two birds under his name, but they are not so heavily spotted as

the former specimens sent by Forrest.

2 (5' (J ad. Lichiang Range.

67. Turdus mollissimus Blyth.

1 (J ad., 2 (J (J, 1 9 juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 1 ? ad. Lichiang Range.

* 68. Turdus dauma dauma Lath.

Turdus dauma Latham, Iiid. Orn. i. p. 302 (1790) (India).

1 cj, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., December 1921. New for

Yunnan.

" Bill dark horn-brown, lower base yellowish ; legs and feet light brown ;

iris dark brown."

69. Pomatorhinus ruficollis stridulus Swinh.

4 <S<S ad., 1 ? ad., 2 ? Lichiang Range; 1 c? Tali Valley; 1 ? Mekong

Valley.

70. Pomatorhinus macclellandi odicus Bangs & Phill.

5 c?t?, 6 $ ?, 2 ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 2 cJ(J, 1 ? ad. Mekong Valley.

71, lanthooincla afltois oustaleti Hart.

11 cJcJ, 1 ?, 3 ? ad. Lichiang Range; 2 jj^, 1 $ ad., 1 juv. Mekong—

Salwin Divide. (The nestling differs only in having head and back uniform rich

brown.)

72. lanthooincla ellioti ellioti (Verr.).

13 c?(J, 7 9 ?, 7 ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 6 ^J J, 2 ? ? ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong—

Salwin Divide.

73. lanthooincla lanoeolata bonvaloti (Oust.).

2 (J (J, 2 $ $ Lichiang Range.

44 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

73a. lanthocincla lanceolata lanceolata (Verr.).

Pterorhinus lanceolalus Verreaux, N. Arch. Mux. vi. Bull. p. 36 (1871) (Mountains of Chinese

Thibet).

The low-coimtry birds belong to the smaller typical race.

1 (J Salwin Valley, 3,000-4,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N.

74. lanthocincla maxima (Verr.).

5 jjjj, 2 $ $, 2 ? Lichiang Range ; 2 (Jc?, 3 ? ? Mekong— Salwin Divide.

75. lanthocincla cineracea styani (Oust.).

Trochaiopteron styani Oustalet, Bull. 3Ius. Paris, p. 226 (1898) (Ta-Tsien-Lu).

1 J, 1 ? Mekong Valley, 6,000-7,000 ft., lat. 28° N., September 1921.

76. lanthocincla bieti Oust.

lanthocincla bieti Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 163 (1897) (Upper Mekong River).

This species has only hitherto been known from the type examples in the

Paris Museum, and the description differs somewhat from Forrest's birds, but I

believe I have correctly identified them.

1 c? Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., December 1921, forests and thickets.

(Bill horn-brown, lower mandible yellowish ; feet pale brown ; iris pale greyish-

yellow.) 1 (J, 1 ? Mekong— Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N., September

1921.

77. lanthocincla sannio (Swmh.).

2 (JcJ ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 c?, 1 ? ad. Tali Valley ; 2 ? ? ad. Mekong—

Salwin Divide.

Outram Bangs maintains that alhosuperciliaris Godw. Aust. is distinct

from sannio, but the very large series at Tring both from China and the Burmese

regions are absolutely identical.

78. Moupinia poecilotis sordidior Rothsch.

5 (J (J ad., 5 ? Lichiang Range.

78a. Schoeniparus genestieri (Oust.).

5 ? Lichiang Valley. (All these are considerably whiter below than any

from the typical localities.)

* 79. Schoeniparus intermedius (Rippon).

Schoeniparus intermedius Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xi. p. 11 (1900) (Bhamo).

The six birds Forrest sent from the Mekong — Salwin Divide which I have

placed here are apparently younger birds, but they may be only a stage of genestieri,

though they have the chin spotting of intermedius and do not agree with any of

our yotmg genestieri. In my former article I united genestieri and intermedius,

but I am now somewhat doubtful in view of the new material.

2 (J<^, 3 ? $, 1 ? Mekong— Salwin Divide, 8,000-10,000 ft., lat. 28° N., July-

August 1921. New to Yunnan.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 45

80. Froparus ruficapillus sordidior Ripp.

6 (J (J, 4 ? ?, 7 ? Lichiang Valley ; 5 ^^, 6 ? $ Mekong Valley and Mekong

— Salwin Divide.

81. Proparus striaticollis yunnanensis Rothsch.

Proparus striaticollis yunnanensis Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 11 (1922) (Mekong Valley).

Nearest to P, str. manipurensis Grant, and like that form has the lores

the same colour as the crown, not black as in P. str. striaticollis and P. str.

guttaticollis,

Differs in being larger and the flanks and rump more yellow, less tawny.

Wing 55 mm. ; in inanipurensis 49-51 mm.

1 ? Mekong Valley, 5,000-6,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., April 1921 ; 1 J Mekong—

Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., lat. 28° 5' N., September 1921. (This is recorded by

Ingram as S. striaticollis.)

82. Proparus vinipectus bieti Oust.

5 cJcJ, 4 ??, 6 1 ad. Lichiang Range; 3 ^i^, 1 ? ad. Mekong — Salwin

Divide.

83. Proparus swinhoei Verr.

1 (J Lichiang Range.

84. Lioptila desgodinsi (Da v. & Oust.).

6 c?(?, 3 ? ?, 10 ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 $ Mekong— Salwm Divide ; 1 $

Tali Valley.

85. Lioptila pulchella coeruleotincta Rothsch.

2 cJcJ Tali Valley.

86. Stachyridopsis ruficeps bhamoensis Har.

1 ? Lichiang Range ; 2 cj,^, 3 $ $, 2 ? Mekong— Salwin Divide.

87. Minla ignotincta Hodgs.

3 <Jc?, 1 ? ad. Salwin Valley.

87a. Siva strigula yunnanensis Rothsch.

12 i^(J, 9 ? ?, 10 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 <J, 1 ? N.W. flank of Lichiang Range.

(All this fine series collected in November and December have very yellow

backs, as they are in fresh plumage, and the postocular band is yellow.)

88. Pteruthius xanthochloris pallidus (David).

1 ? Mekong Valley ; 2 (J (J, 3 $ $ Mekong— Salwin Divide.

46 N0T1TATE3 ZooLoaicAE XXX. 1923.

89. Suya crinigera yunnanensis Har.

4 (J ad. Yangpi Valley, April 1921 ; 2 ? $ juv. Mekong Valley, September

192f. (This series, though most useful, does not yet clear up the seasonal changes.)

89a. Suya parvirostris La Touche.

Sui/a crinigera parnrostris La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. xlii. p. 53 (1'.121) (Shuitang S.E. Yunnan).

1 ? Mekong Valley, iat. 27° 30' N., September 1921, 7,000 ft., scrub grass.

The two striped birds sent by Forrest in the first collection belong to this

species also.*

90. Suya superciliaris Anderson.

3 cJcJ Tali VaUey.

91. Yuhina gularis griseotincta Rothsch.

12 S3, 10 ? ?, 5 ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 ^ Salwin Valley. (The whole

of the Lichiang series are much greyer on the head and have much less vinous

tint below than the five former examples, only the single Salwin (J agrees with

the type. However, the Lichiang series date from November — December,

whereas the Salwin examples date from April — May, so I dare not separate

them.)

92. Yuhina diademata ampelina Ripp.

1 (J, II ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 (J Salwin Valley ; 1 cJ, 2 $ $ Mekong —

Salwin Divide.

93. Yuhina nigrimentum intermedia Rothsch.

Yuhina nigrimenlum intermedia Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 11 (1922) (Mekong VaUey).

Intermediate between Y. n. nigrimentum and Y. n. pallida, differing from

the former by the greyer back and from the latter by the intermediate shade of

bufi on the abdomen and flanks. (Recorded by Ingram as Y. n. nigrimentum

fide Oustalet.)

1 (J ad. Mekong Valley, 9,000 ft., Iat. 28° N., August 1921 ; 2 <5'(?, 2 ? 2 ad.,

1 ? Mekong— Salwin Divide, 9,000-10,000 ft., Iat. 28° N., September 1921.

" Bill brown-black above, brownish-orange-red below ; feet pale brown ;

iris brown."

94. Yuhina occipitalis obscurior Rothsch.

6 (J cj, 5 ? ?, 11 ? ad. Lichiang Range j 2 cJJ, 1 $ Mekong— Salwin Divide.

95. Myzornis pyrrhoura Hodgs.

Myzornis pyrrhoura Hodgson, J. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 984 (1843) (Nepal).

This is the second record of this beautiful little bird for Yunnan, and the

farthest south-east it has been foimd.

2 c?(?, 2 ?? ad. Mekong— Salwin Divide, 11,000-12,000 ft., July 1921,

Iat, S8° 5' N., cliffs and alpine meadows.

" Bill black ; legs and feet olive-yellow ; ii'is brown."

* This bird will probably prove to bo Prlnia catharia Roichen.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 47

96. Alcippe nipalensis yuimanensis Har.

1 ^ ad. Salwin Valley.

97. Prinia inornata exter Thay. & Bangs.

1 ? ad. Teng Chuan Valley.

98. Pyctorhis sinensis (Gm.).

Parua sinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 1012 (1788) (China).

This is the first time it has been sent by Forrest, but we have at Tring a

series from Mengtz.

1 (J Salwin Valley, 3,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., April 1921.

99. Lusciniola thoracica (Blyth).

1 (J Lichiang Range ; 1 ^ Yangtze Valley ; 1 cj ju^- Mekong— Salwin

Divide.

100. Horeites flavoLivaceus intricatus Hart.

1 $ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

101. Horeites brunneiJrons (Hodgs.).

1 ? ad. Teng Chuan Valley ; ? 1 (J juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide.

102. Phylloscopus affinis (Tick.).

Motacilla ojjinis (error for afpnis) Tickell, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, ii. p. 576 (1833) (Jungles of Borab-

hiim and Dolbhum).

1 ? 1 Mekong— Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., lat. 28° N. ; 1 ? Mekong Valley,

7,000-8,000 ft. ; 1 ? Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., lat. 27° 40' N.

103. Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth).

1 (?, 1 ? Mekong Valley and Mekong— Salwin Divide.

104. Phylloscopus lugubris Blyth.

Phylloscopus lugubris Blyth, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 98 (1843) (Calcutta).

1 ? Mekong Valley, 7,000-8,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., September 1921.

* 105. Phylloscopus magnirostris Blyth.

Phylloscopus magnirostris Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, p. 966 (1843) (Calcutta).

2 ? ? Mekong Valley, 9,000-10,000 ft., lat. 28° and 27° 30' N., July— August

1921. New to Yunnan.

106. Phylloscopus maculipennis debilis (Thay. & Bangs).

1 tJ Mekong Valley ; 1 $ Mekong— Salwin Divide.

48 NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923.

107. Phylloscopus proregulus forresti Bothsch.

2 (J<J ad. Salwin Valley.

108. Phylloscopus pulcher Blyth.

Phylloscopus jmlcher Blyth, Jotirn. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. p. 592 (1845) (Nepal).

1 ? Lichiang Range, 9,000-12,000 ft., November 1921.

109. Phylloscopus humei praeniium Math. & Tredale.

Phylloscopus humei praemium Mathews and Tredale, Austral. Av. Jiec. iii. 2, p. 45 (1915) (nom nov.).

Motacilla superciliosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 975 (1788) (Russia).

The name M. superciliosa Gm. is preoccupied by M. superciliosa Bodd.

1 ? Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., November 1921.

110. Cryptolopha burkii tephrocephala (Anders.).

1 cj ad. Mekong Valley ; 1 (J ad. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

111. Cryptolopha ripponi (Sharpe).

Abrornis ripponi Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 11 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-shan).

2 cJcJ Mekong— Salwin Divide, 7,000-9,000 ft., lat. 27° 40' N., August

1921.

112. Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swains.).

1 (J, 2 ?? Sahvm Valley ; 1 (J, 4 ? $, 1 ? Mekong!— Salwin Divide ; 4 ? ?

Mekong Valley.

113. Chelidorynx hypoxantha (Blyth).

2 (JtJ ad. Salwin Valley; 2 <J^, 1 ? ad., 1 cJ, 1 ¥ juv. Mekong— Salwin

Divide.

114. Muscicapa melanops melanops Vig.

2 cJ cJ ad. Chutong Valley.

115, Muscicapa leucomelanura cerviniventris (Sharpe).

1 (J, 1 $ ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong — Salwm Divide ; 1 (J ad. Salwin Valley.

lie. Muscicapa parva albicilla (Pall).

2 cJcJ Salwin Valley.

117. Muscicapa stropbiata (Hodgs.).

1 cJ ad. Mekong Valley ; 1 S j"^-, 2 $ $ ad. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

118. Muscicapa blythi Rothsch.

1 (J ad. Salwin Valley.

NOVITATKS ZOOLOGIOAE XXX. 1923. 49

* 119. Muscicapa vivida oatesi (Salvad.).

Nillana oatesi Salvador!, Ann. Mils. Civ. Gen. (2). v. p. 514 (1887-188S) (Mooleyit, Burma).

This species is new to the avifauna of Yunnan. The plumages of the young

(J, $ adult, $ fere adult have not been described. (J juv. Above each feather

with large diamond-shaped rufous buff patch, tail blue, remiges black. Below

rufous buflE, feathers edged with black. $ ad. Head and nape ash-grey ; rest of

upperside grey, suffused with olive, rectrices rufous brown ; remiges black-brown

edged with olive ; chin buff, throat ohve-grey mixed with buff, with a whitish

patch at juncture with breast ; rest of undersm-face ash grey, whiter towards

crissum, washed with olive more strongly on breast ; crissum and under-tail-

coverts buff patched with olive, thighs brown. The younger $ is darker above

and has the whole underside miiform greyish-olive with a few pale buff dots

on chin.

1 iS ad., 1 <J juv., 1 $ fere ad. Mekong— Salwm Divide, lat. 28° 10' N.,

9,000 ft., August 1921 ; 1 ? ad. Mekong Valley, 0,000-7.000 ft., June 1921,

lat. 28° N. ; 2 ^^ ad. Mekong— Yangtze Divide, 10,000-11,000 ft., lat. 27° 12',

June 1921.

" Bill and feet black ; iris black-brown."

* 121. Muscicapa cinereiceps (Sharpe).

Muscicapa cinereiceps Sharpe, Ibis, p. 441 (1887).

Hemichelidon ferruginea Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 32 (184.5) (Nepal).

This is the first record for Yunnan.

1 c? ad. Salwm Valley, 3,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., April 1921 ; 2 c?c? juv.

Mekong Valley, 6,000-9,000 ft., lat. 28° 20'N., August^September 1921 ; 1 (J ad.

Mekong— Salwm Divide, 7,000-8,000 ft., lat. 28° N., August 1921.

" Bill dark brown, base lower mandible paler ; legs light brown ; iris dark

brown."

122. Muscicapa sapphira (Blyth).

Muscicapula sapphira Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 939 (1843) (Sikkim).

Anderson records one specimen of this beautiful species from Yunnan.

2 cJ(J Salwin Valley, 3,000-4,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., April 1921, thickets

by streams.

123. Rhipidura albicollis albicollis (Vieill.).

2 (JcJ, 3 ? ? ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide ; 1 cj juv. Mekong

Valley.

124. Pericrocotus roseus (Vieill).

1 (J ad., 1 cj juv., 1 $ ad. Salwm Valley.

124. Campephaga melanoptera (Rupp.).

1 c? Salwin Valley.

4

50 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

125. Microscelis leucocephalus (Gm.).

1 cJ, 2 ? $ ad. Mekong Valley ; 2 (J(J, 2 ? ? ad., 1 ? juv. Yangtze Valley.

12C. Microscelis concolor (Blyth).

1 $ Salwin Valley ; 1 $ Mekong — Sahviii Divide.

127. Microscelis perniger sinensis (La Touche).

Haringtonia perniger sitiensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. xlii. p. 53 (1921) (Hakow).

(J$ Differs from M. p. perniger in its larger size, longer and more slender

bill, and more distinct glossy edges to the head-feathers.

Wing (J 126-129 mm. ; $ 116-123 mm. p. continentalis .

„ ^ 118-121 mm. ; $ 111-115 mm. p. perniger.

1 c?, 1 ? Yangtze Valley, 5,000-7,000 ft., 27° N., June 1921 ; 3 (?(J, 2 ?$

(sexed c?c?) Mekong^Salwin Divide, 6,000-8,000 ft,, lat. 28° N., August 1921 ;

2 (J (J Mekong— Yangtze Divide, 6,000-8,000 ft,, June 1921, lat. 27° N,, mixed

forest.

" Bill orange, scarlet, light crimson ; feet crimson ; iris dark brown."

128, Spizixos canifrons Blyth,

2 $$ ad, 1 cJ juv, Yangtze Valley; 1 S ji'v, Salwin Valley; 1 <J ad,

Lichiang Range,

129. lole maclellandi similis Rothsch.

2 (J<J, 1 $ Salwin Valley.

130. Pycnonotus xanthorhous And.

1 cJ, 1 ? Tali Valley.

* 131. Molpastes nigripileus (Blyth).

Pycnonotus nigripileus Blyth, Jonrn. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi. p. 472 (1847-1848) (Tenasserim Provinces).

This species is new for Yunnan.

1 cJ Tali Valley, lat. 25° 40' N., 6,500 ft., May 1921.

132. Lanius schach teplironotus (Vig.).

1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide.

133. Conostoma aemodium Hodgs.

ConostorrM aemodium Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, x. p. 857. pi, (1841) (Nepal).

The single cJ sent by Forrest differs from Sikkim examples by being much

greyer, less brownish in the same way as my Paradoxorius unicolor obscurior

differs from ohscurior obscurior, but it would be too risky to separate the Yunnan

race on a single specimen,

1 (J Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft,, December 13, 1021.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 51

134. Faradoxornis unicolor saturatior Rothsch.

1 cJ, 2 $ ?, 1 ? ad. Lichiang Range.

135. Paradoxornis webbiana brunnea (And.).

1 (J, 2 ? ? Tali Valley.

* 136. Paradoxornis webbiana ricketti Rothsch.

Paradoxornis wehhiana ricketti llothscliild. Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 11 (1922).

{J ad. Nearest to tv. styani, but head and nape much darker chestnut and

the rest of tlie uppersurface much greyer, not so strongly washed with yellowish-

brown. Below throat and chest white, not suSused with vinaceous feathers

with longitudinal chestnut stripes reachmg on to two-thirds of the breast,

not stopping short at lower neck and much sharjser defined ; abdomen

much paler than m styani.

c? ? Yangtze Valley, 6,000-7,000 ft., lat. 27° 10' N., October 1921. (Type

9, No. 466, Forrest.) New to Yunnan.

137. Paradoxornis tulvifrons cyanophrys (Dav.).

1 (J Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 1 $ Lichiang Range.

138. Regulus regulus yunnanensis Ripp.

7 (JcJ, 1 $ Lichiang Range.

139. Aegithaliscus bonvaloti (Oust.).

9 cJ (J, 13 ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 ?, 1 ? N.W. flank of Lichiang Range ;

1 c?, 1 ¥ ad,, 1 $ juv. Mekong — Salwm Divide ; 1 c? Mekong Valley.

140. Aegithaliscus concinnus talifuensis Ripp.

Aegithaliscus talifuensis Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xiv. p. 18 (1903) (Gyi-dzin-Shan).

Stuart Baker has shown that erythrocephalus Vig. is not erythrocepJialus

Linn., and so the oldest name for the species becomes concinnus, and erythro-

cepftalus Vig. must be known as concinnus iredalei Baker. The new material

sent by Forrest, contrary to what I stated in my former article, seems to confirm

the status of taliiuensis as opposed to c. concinnus.

1 cJ, 1 ? Tali Range, 8,000-9,000 ft., lat 25° 40' N., May 1921 ; 1 ? Mekong

Valley; 2 (J (J, 1 $ Mekong— Salwin Divide.

141. Parus dichrous wellsi Baker.

2 (J<J, 2 9 $ ad., 1 cJ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 1 (J, 1 1 ad. Yangtze —

Mekong Divide ; 1 cj, 2 ? $, 3 ? Lichiang Range.

142. Parus rufonuchalis beavani (Jerd.).

1 cj ad., 1 9 juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 1 (J, 1 $, 1? Lichiang Range ;

1 (J Mekong Valley. .

52 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

143. Parus ater aemodius Hodgs.

Pariis aemodius Hodgson, Joiirn. As. Soc. Bengal, 13. ii. p. 943 (1844) (Nepal).

In my former article I recorded a very worn pair of a Parus ater form as

Parus ater subspecies ?, and suggested that it might prove to be distinct from

aemodius. Forrest unfortunately only sent a single cj this time, but it is in

beautifully fresh plumage and proves to be indistinguishable from a. aemodius.

1 (J Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., December 1921.

144. Parus major longipennis Rothsch.

Parus nuijor longipennis Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xhii. p. U (1922) (Lichiang Range).

Differs from P. major commixtus Swinh. in bcmg larger.

Wing (J 70 mm. (Bangs gives one 74 mm.), 5 67 mm. longipennis.

Wing (J 66 mm., $ 62 mm. commixtus.

3 (JcJ, 1 ?, 7 ? Lichiang Range.

145. Parus monticolus monticolus Vig.

1 (J Lichiang Range (named »?i. insperatus in error in former Ust).

146. Parus hypermelaena dejeani Oust.

1 cJ, 2 ? Lichiang Range.

* 147. Parus modestus saturatior (Rippon).

Sijlviparus saturatior Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xvi. p. 87 (1906) (Mount Victoria, Chin Hilia).

The specimen sent by Forrest is certainly this form, but I consider it not

very distinct.

1 $ Mekang— Salwin Divide, 7,000-12,000 ft., lat. 28° N., September 1921.

New to the Yunnan list.

148. Sitta europaea moutium La Touche.

2 <?c?, 1 ?> 6 1 Lichiang Range ; 1 ? Mekong Valley ; 1 $ Mekong— Salwin

Divide.

149. Sitta yunnanensis 0. -Grant.

1 (J Tali Range ; 1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 3 ? Lichiang Range.

150. Certhia himalayana yunnanensis Sharpe.

1 (J Lichiang Range.

151. Certhia {amiliaris khamensis Bianchi.

1 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 <?, 1 $ ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

152. Zosterops palpebrosa simplex Swinh.

2 cJcJ, 2 ? ? Salwin VaUey ; 1 cJ, 3 $ ?, 1 ? Mekong VaUey ; 4 ^^,1^ ad.,

2 ? juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 53

153. Dicaeum ignipectus ignipectus (Blyth).

1 (J, 2 ? $ ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide.

154. Dicaeum minuUum olivaceum AV^aid.

1 1 Mekong — Salwin Divide.

155. Pachyglossa melanozantha Blyth.

1 ? Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 2 ,^^ ad. Yangtze — ^Mekong Divide.

156. Aethopyga ignicauda Hodgs.

2 cJ(J, 1 9 Mekong— Salwin Divide.

157. Aethopyga dabryii (Verr.).

4 (J (;J Salwin Valley ; 4 (J cj, 1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide.

158. Arachnothera magna magna (Hodgs.).

Cinnyris magna Hodgson, Ind. Rev. p. 272 (1837) (Nepal).

Messrs. Phillips and Bangs record foiu- specimens from the plains {Loukouchai),

but so far no record appears to exist for the mountainous regions of Yunnan.

1 cJ Salwin Valley, 6,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., April 1921.

159. Anthus berezowskii yunnanensis Uch. & Kur.

1 (J Salwin Valley.

160. Anthus roseatus Blyth.

1 (J Mekong Valley ; 1 $ Salwin Valley.

161. Anthus spinoletta blakistoni Swinh.

Anthus blakistoni Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 90 (1863) (Banks of Yangtze River).

1 ? Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., December 8, 1921.

162. Oreocorys sylvanus (Hodgs.).

Heterura sylvana Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. p. 556 (1845) (Nepal).

1 (J Mekong Valley, 7,000 ft., lat. 28° N., June 1921.

163. Alauda arvensis japonica Temm. & Schleg.

^/«Mrfajnpo7M'caTeniminck& Sehlcgel, in Siebold, FaicnaJapon., Aves. p. 87. pi. Ivii. (1848) (Japan).

In my former article I quoted this species as Alauda gulgula coelivox Swinh.

Since then Dr. Hartert has worked out a series of larks collected by Dr. Weigold

in various parts of Chma. After comparing this very considerable material

with the collections of Mr. La Touche and the Tring and British Museums, he has

come to the conclusion that it is impossible to maintain Alauda gidgula as a

separate species from Alauda arvensis, and that the five or six subspecies hitherto

ascribed by himself and others to Alauda gulgula must be added to the eight or

g^ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

ten forms now grouped as subspecies under Alaiida arvensis. Whether further

material will reduce or increase the fifteen or sixteen recognised forms cannot

be judged now, but one thing appears certain, that the present form is arvensis

japonica, and from the dates of the examples of Forrest's two collections, viz.

March, June, October, and December, we may conclude that it is a non-migratory

resident.

1 cJ, 1 ? Lichiang Valley, 8,000-9,000 ft., December 1921 ; 1 <? Upper

Lichiang' Valley, 9,000-10,000 ft., lat. 27° 10' N., October 28, 1921.

164. Melophus melanicterus (Gm.).

1 (J juv., 1 ? Salwin Valley ; 1 (J ad. Tengyueh Valley.

165. Emberiza pusilla Pall.

1 cJ Tali Valley ; 1 cJ, 1 ? Tengyueh Valley.

160. Emberiza cia yunnanensis Sharpc.

3 (JcJ, 1 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 ? juv. ilekong— Salwin Divide ; 1 (J Mekong

VaUey.

167. Emberiza spodocephala melanops Blyth.

1 cJ Tali Range ; 3 (J(J Lichiang Range.

168. Passer rutilans intensior Rothsch.

Passer rutilans intensior Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 11 (1922) (Mekong Valley).

cj 5 Differs from rutilans cinnamomeiis in its smaller size, and from rutilans

dd)ilis Hart, m the much darker upperside. Unfortunately I identified this

bird in my former article (Nov. Zool. xxviii. p. 61) as assimilis Wald.,

which is identical with rutilans rutilans and due to wrong data of type specimen.

Ingram quoted this as cinnarnomeus.

1 (J Mekong Valley ; 1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide.

* 169. Montifringilla nemoricola nemoricola (Hodgs.).

Fringalauda nemoricola Hodgson, Asiat. Res. xix. p. 158 (1836) (Central and Northern Nepaul).

All the birds sent by Forrest have the wing from 2-5 mm. longer than

Sikkim birds, but I have not enough material to safely separate them.

6 sexed ? ? ! Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., November— December 1921.

This is new to the Yunnan list.

* 170. Fringilla montifringilla Linn.

Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 179 (1758) (Europe).

This is an addition to the Yunnan avifauna.

8 (J (J ad., 4 $$, 2 jj juv. Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., November-

December 1921.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXX. 1923. 55

171. Loxia curvirostra himalayensis Blyth.

Loxia himalayensis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiii. p. 952 (1844) (Nepal).

1 cJ, 1 ?ad., 1 ? juv. Liohiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., August— December

1921.

172. Propyrrhula subhimachala intensior Rothsch.

Propyrrhula suhhimachala intensior Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 12 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

Forrest sent this time 1 adult (^, 3 yoimger ^JcJ, 2 $ $, which enables me

to describe this as a new race. In my former article I already hinted at this.

cJ ad. Above more intensely and completely saturated with dark crimson.

Below more intensely crimson, especially on the chin and throat, and this colour

extends farther over the chest ; abdomen deeper and purer grey.

? Above less suffused with olive-green ; below the yellow is deeper.

1 (J ad., 3 (Jc? jun. and juv. Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., November

1921; 2 9 ? Mekong— Salwin Divide, lat. 28° 20' N., September 1921. Type

from Lichiang Range in Tring Museum.

173. Procarduelis rubescens saturatior Rothsch.

Procarduelis ruhescens saturatior Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 12 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

In my former article I did not venture to separate the Yunnan race on the

evidence only of the single (J sent by Forrest, but he has now sent a young (J

and $ which confirm the deeper coloration.

(J $ Differ from P. r. ruhescens in the much darker and deeper coloration

all over.

cJ Shweli — Salwin Divide, 1918; 1 (J juv., 1 $ ad. Lichiang Range, 11,000-

12,000 ft., November— December 1921. Type c? ad. Shweli— Salwin Divide,

May 1918, in Tring Museum.

174. Procarduelis nipalensis (Hodgs.).

2 cJ(J, 2 ? $ ad. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

175. Carpodacus vinaceus Verr.

1 $ (marked ,^) Mekong — Salwin Divide.

176. Carpodacus ripponi (Sharpe).

3 (?(?, 2 $ $ ad., 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range.

177. Carpodacus pulcherrimus pulcherrinius (Moore).

Propasser pulcherrimus Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 85 (1855) (Nepal).

4 c?c?, 7 ??, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 9,000-12,000 ft., November— December

1921, alpine meadows.

" Bill grey- brown ; feet and iris brown."

56 NoyiTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

178. Carpodaeus thura femininus Ripp.

6 c?c?> l-t ? ? fid-. 5 (S(S juv. Lichiang Range.

* 179. Carpodaeus trifasciahis Verr.

Carpodaeus trifasciatus Vcrreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 39 (1870) (Mountains of Chinese

Thibet).

This is quite new to the Yunnan avifauna.

2 cJcJ, 1 $ (marked 1) ad., 2 ^^ juv. Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft.,

December 1921.

* 180. Carpodaeus rubicilla rubicilloides Przev.

Carpodaeus rubicilloides Przevalsky, Mongoli Slrana Tangul, ii. p. 90. pi. xii. (1876) (Kansu).

This is also new for Yunnan.

2 $ ? (1 marked cj ?) Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., November 1921.

181. Carpodaeus erythrinus roseatus (Hodgs.).

1 (J juv. Lichiang Range.

182 and 183. Carpodaeus edwardsi edwardsi Verr.

Carpodaeus edwardsi Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 39 (1870) (Mountains of Chinese Thibet).

Both the birds sent by Forrest are somewhat abnormal ; the c? in $ plumage

is very large, having a wing 5 mm. longer than all but 1 (J measured, both Chinese

and Himalayan birds. The almost full-plumaged ^J is excessively dark and

almost warranted the resuscitation of saturatus Blanf. as a distinct subspecies,

but unfortunately the two only specimens equalling this bird in depth of colomr

come one from Nepal and one from Ta-Tsien-Lu, thus proving the difference to

be individual and not racial.

1 cj (in ? plumage) Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., November 1921 ;

1 cj Mekong— Salwui Divide, 13,000 ft., September 1921.

This species is new to the Yunnan avifauna.

184. Pyrrhula erythaca altera Ripp.

3 JcJ, 3 $? Lichiang Range ; 1 cJ, 1 ? Mekong— .Salwin Divide.

* 185. Uragus sibirieus lepidus Da v. & Oust.

Uragus lepidus David and Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 359. pi. xoviii. (1877) (Tsinling, Shensi).

This is quite new for Yimnan.

1 $ Mekong Valley, 7,000-8,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N., September 26, 1921.

186. Carduelis ambiguus (Oust.),

1 (J Lichiang Range.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 57

187. Perissospiza icteroides affinis (Blyth).

10 cJ(^, 3 9 $ Lichiang Range.

(This fine series of adult (Jc? appears to be darker yellow than typical affinis^

but my single Sikkim <J is insufficient for comparison.)

188. Mycerobas camipes (Hodgs.).

Coccolhrausles camipes Hudg.son, .4s. Res. xix. p. 151 (1836) (Nepal).

Ingram records this species on Colonel Rippon's authority.

4 (J(J, 2 $? juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide, 12,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N., Sep-

tember 1921 ; 1 $ad. east flank Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., lat. 27° 40' N.,

November 1921.

('■ Bill blackish-grey ; legs dull greyish- brown ; iris pale greyish- yeUow.")

189. Dicrurus leucophaeus nigrescens Gates.

Dicrurua nigrescens Oates, Birds Ind. i. p. 315. No. 329 (1SS9) (Rangoon, Tenasserim, etc.).

1 c? Lichiang Valley, 8,000-9,000 ft., December 1921 ; 1 ^ Tali Valley

6,500 ft., lat. 25° 40' N., May 1921.

(" BiU and feet black ; iris crimson.")

190. Spodiopsai nemoricola Jerd.

1 ? Tali Valley, May 1921.

190. Gracupica nigricoUis (Payk.).

2 Tengyueh Valley.

191. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Linn.).

2 $ $ Lichiang Range.

192. Garrulus bispecularis sinensis Swinh.

1 9, 1 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 <S Mekong — Yangtze Divide ; 1 $ Mekong

Valley.

193. Nucifraga caryocatactes yumianensis Ingr.

2 (J(J, 1 ?, 2 ? Lichiang Range ^ 2 (JcJ, 4 ? $, 1 cJ juv. Mekong— Salwm

Divide.

Bangs declares c. yumianensis to be the same as c. tnacella Thay. & Bangs,

but until I can compare a series from Hupeh with Yminan birds I shall keep

them distinct.

194. Urocissa erythrorhyncha erythrorhyncha (Gm.).

1 ?, 1 ? Lichiang Range; 2 (J^J ad. Mekong Valley; 1 <J juv. Mekong —

Salwm Divide.

58 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

195. Coloeus dauricus (Pall.).

Corvus dauricus Pallas, Reise Russ. R. iii. append, p. 694 (1776) (Baikal Region).

2 ^<J, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 8,000-11,000 ft., December 1921 ; 1 cJ, 1 $ east

flank of Lichiang Range, 8,000-9,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., November 1921.

The collection consists of 1,029 specimens of 198 species and subspecies

and 2 unidentifiable young birds. There are of these 60 not contained in Forrest's

former collection, of which 25 are new to the avifaima of Yunnan. This brings

the total number of species and subspecies, not including Mr. La Touchc's recent

descriptions, up to 526 recorded for Yunnan. Those marked with a * are new

to the Yimnanese list. The types of the new forms discovered by JVIr. Forrest

are nearly all Ln the British Museum, the rest at Tring.

NOTITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1023. 59

RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF ORTHOPTERA FROM NORTH-

WEST AFRICA.

By B. p. UVAROV.

(Plate I.)

THE present paper is based mainly on a collection of Orthoptera made

by Lord Rothschild and Dr. E. Hartert on their several expeditions to

different parts of Sahara, but I thought it convenient to include also a few records

from some other sources, particularly from a collection of Dr. Auguste Cros,

Mascara, Algeria, and from the British Museum collection. A considerable part

of the first-mentioned collection has been already worked out by I. Bohvar and

the results have been published in this magazine, ' but I cannot agree with all his

identifications after a study of the specimens named by him, because of the reasons

stated under corresponding species ; the species recorded by Bolivar under the

names, in my opinion, correct, are not mentioned by me. As regards the part of

the collection which came to me unnamed, I do not think it necessary to record

some more common, widely distributed, and well-known species, but I include all

those which are of interest on account of synonymy or distribution, besides those

which are new to science or insufficiently known. As may be seen from the paper,

there exists a good deal of confusion in systematics and synonymy even of some

very common species, and the collections studied presented good opportunities

for revising some cases of that kind. Several very interesting novelties described

in the paper give us a new proof that the fauna of Orthoptera of N.W. Africa is

still very inadequately known.

My most sincere thanks are due to Lord Rothschild and Dr. Hartert for giving

me the opportunity to study their interesting collection, and to Dr. A. Cros for

the collection from Mascara.

The types of new species described in the paper are in the British Museum.

The reiJort on the collection would not be half as complete without illustra-

tions, and I am most grateful to Lord Rothschild who provided for the same.

Fam. JfflAITTIDAE.

1. Iris oratoria (L.).

(Text- fig. 1 B.)

Batna, Algeria, 27 . viii . 1910 (British Museum) ; Azazga, Kabylie, 17 . ix . 1920

(Rothschild and Hartert).

The tj^ical locality for this species is Algiers, because Linne described it

from the specimens received by him from Brander, Swedish Consul at Algiers

from 1753 to 1765 (see Catal. of the Linnean Specimens, etc., by B. D. Jackson,

Suppl. to the Proc. Lin. Soc. of London for 125th Session, 1912-13, p. 10) ; this

fact should be kept in mind in case it would be found necessary to separate

' NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE, XX. 1913, pp. 603-15.

60

NoviTATEs ZooLoorrAE XXX. 1923.

the western Mediterranean form from the eastern one, whicli seems to he some-

what larger and more heavily marked on the wings ; for that latter the subspecific

name feiiestrata Brnlle may be used. I do not propose, however, this division

just now, as the material at my disposal is too scanty.

/. oratoria has been recorded by previous authors from many localities in

N.W. Africa, but mostly from the coastal regions, while records from Sahara are

likely to apply to the next species, which has not been recognised hitherto.

2. Iris deserti sp. n.

(Text-fig. 1 A ; Plate I, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.)

1913. Iris oratoria var. poli/stictica Bolivar I.e., p. 604, no. 3 {nee Fisch. Waldheim !).

$. Distinctly smaller than /. oratoria (L.). Head strongly transverse ; its

■width, including the eyes, subequal to the length of the metazona of pronotum.

Facial scutellum more than twice as broad as its maximal height ; its margins all

Fio. 1. — Male cerci of two species of Iris. A, /. deserti, sp. n., paratype.

B, /. oratoria (L.), from Batna, Algeria. X 40.

distinct, the upper one more raised than the lateral ones ; the angles scarcely

tuberculate ; the surface with two submedian tubercles just above the middle,

a low median carinula in the upper half and two subobUterate, closely approxi-

mate tubercles near the middle of the lower margin. Tubercles between the base

of antennae and the eyes very low, almost obliterate. Ocelli distinctly eUiptical ;

the middle one transverse ; the two lateral ones longer than broad. Vertex

distinctly concave, with deep sutvures, which are very distinct in the occiput, as

well. Pronohim about two and haH times as long as its maximal T\idth ; prozona

half of the length of metazona, distinctly narrowed anteriorly ; the coxal dUatation

very distinct and the metazona behind it is narrowed rather more suddenly than

in /. oratoria ; the median keel very feeble ; margins not at all denticulate.

Elytra somewhat less than half agam as long as the pronotum, subcoriaceous ;

their apex elliptical. Wings distinctly shorter than the eljiira, slightly longer

than broad. Supra-anal plate elliptical, distinctly longer than broad, with a feeble

median carinula. The armure and granulation of the front legs very much the

same as in /. oratoria.

General coloration very pale ochraceous ; the inner side of the first joint of

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 61

front tarsi, and the apices of spines of the front legs are brown. Wings pale

sulphurous, not transparent ; the anterior part somewhat brownish with hyaline

spots ; the hind part with but a small bluish-black spot surrounded externally

by the concentrically disposed small spots which are not coloured, but simply

hyalinous.

o (jjaratj^jc). The head still more distinctly transverse than in the female ;

the facial scutellum about three times as broad as its maximal height ; ocelli

strongly elliptical, their longer diameter about twice of the shorter one ; vertex

strongly concave. C'ercilong, 11-jointed, composed of elongate joints. Supra-anal

plate longer than broad. Elytra of the same texture as in /. oratoria, extending to

the apex of the abdomen. Coloration very pale ochraceous ; wings faintly

sulphurous ; their front margin faintly brownish, with small hyalinous spots ; the

typical bluish-black spot quite small ; the concentrical spots very small and

indistinct, mostly hji^alinous, or very faintly brownish.

? (type) (J<J (paratypes)

mm. mm.

Length of body 37 35-38

Width of the head with eyes ...... 6 5-6

Length of prozona ........ 3-5 3-3-5

,, ., metazona ........ 7 6-5-7

Width of the coxal dilatation of pronotum ... 4 3-3-5

,, ,, metazona in its middle . . . . .3 2-25-2-75

Length of elytra 14 24 5-30

„ wings 10-5 22-5-?

Width ,. „ 8-5 12-?

Maximal diameter of the spot on the wings . . . 3-5 3- ?

One female type and two male paratypes are from Ain Guettara, north of In

Salah, 12-14. iv. 1912 (Hartert and Hilg.) ; one male paratype from Ain Sefra,

South Oran, 1-18. v. 1913 (Rothschild and Hartert).

The specimens of Iris from Am Guettara (together with others from S. Oued

Mya, Algerian Sahara, which I have not seen) attracted the attention of Bolivar

by their very pale coloration with the typical pattern on the wings very imjjer-

fectly developed, and he referred them to the insect described by Fischer

Waldheim as Mantis polystictica, from "Dauria," which he regards as a mere

colour variety of the common /. oratoria. A closer exammation of those specimens

revealed, however, a fair number of piu'ely morphological differences between them

and the typical /. oratoria, which I believe to be quite sufficient for separating them

specifically. In describing this species I did not accept for it the name polystictica

F.W., as Bolivar does, because Fischer Waldheim does not mention in his

description nor figures the characters which are of real specific value, and his

species should remain as a doubtful s5monjTn of /. oratoria until the type, or at

least topotjqjes, may be studied ; in any case, there is not much probabihty in

the new Saharan sjsecies being the same as the Eastern Siberian one.

As regards the differences between /. deserti and /. oratoria, they are as

follows : the head in the new species is much more transverse, which is especially

noticeable in the shape of the facial scutellum (compare figs. 10 and 11 of the

plate) ; the ocelli are perfectly round in I. oratoria and distinctly elliptical in

I. deserti, which is especially well marked in the male ; vertex in /. oratoria is

almost flat, with indistinct sutures, while in /. deserti it is decidedly concave, with

62 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

the sutures deep ; tubercles between the bases of antennae and the eyes are well

developed in /. oratoria and obsolescent in /. deserti ; margins of the pronotum

in both sexes of /. deserti are unarmed, while they are very distinctly denticulate

in the female of I. oratoria ; supra-anal plate in both sexes of /. deserti is somewhat

more elongated than in /. oratoria ; male cerci in I. oratoria are 9-jointed, with

the joints transverse (compare figs. 1 a and b). The difference in the coloration

of the hind wings is obvious from the description and must not be ignored,

although the development of the typical pattern may be, to a certain extent,

hable to variations.*

One male of the new species from Ain Sefra differs from the rest by some-

what larger dimensions, which are given in the last column of the table of measure-

ments (the wings in it are not spread and therefore their measurements are not

given), and by distinctly greenish general coloration ; in its morphological

characters, however, it shows no difference from the specimens from tyisical

locality.

It is not impossible that some of the previous records of /. oratoria from

Sahara really belong to /. deserti, which seems to replace the Mediterranean

species in the desert.

3. Sphodromantis viridis (Forsk.).

Biskra, 30.x. 1920, 1 J.

4. Empusa egena (Charp.).

Hammam R'urha, 30. v. 1913 (Rothschild and Hartert).

5. Blepharopsis mendica (F.).

Ain Sefra, S. Oran, 1-18. v. 1913; Biskra (Rothschild and Hartert).

Kjauss (Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxi. 1902, p. 12 of sep. reprint)

suggested that this species should be called B. monstrosa (Forskal), but, apart from

the indication of Giglio-Tos {Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital, xlviii. 1916, p. 69) that the

priority of Forskal's name is doubtful, both his book and that by Fabricius

bearing the same date (1775), this name cannot be employed because Gryllus

tnonstrosus of Drury (III. E.vot. Entom., 1773) makes Gryllus vwnslrosvs of Forskal

not acceptable.

Fam. tettigoitiidas.

6. Tettigonia savignyi (Lucas).

Hammam R'uha, June 1913, 1 c? (Rothschild and Hartert).

7. Uromenus innocentii lobata (Sauss.).

Ain Sefra, S. Oran, l-lS.v.1913, 1 (J, 1 ?, and some larvae (Rothschild and

Hartert).

All the specimens show distinctly lobate lower margins of the pronotal lobes,

which is characteristic for the Oran subspecies (see Vosseler, Beitr. Faun. Biol.

Orlh. Alger. Tunes., p. 400).

• I am inclined to tliink that the variability of tlio wing-pattern in I. oratoria is rather

geographical than individual.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 63

8. Odontura algerica Br. Watt. (?).

Hammam R'irha, 30. v. 1913, 1 $ (Rothschild and Hartert).

I cannot be quite sure in my identification of the single female specimen.

Fam. acbididae.

9. Platypterna geniculata Bol.

1913. Platypterna geniculata I. Bolivar, I.e., p. 608, no. 9.

N. El-Golea, Alger. Sahara, 2 SS, 2 ?? (paratypes).

Not less than six species of this difficult genus have been described from

the Sahara, four of them in Bolivar's paper, and practically all founded on single

specimens. Out of the four species of Bolivar, I was able to examine the

paratypes of P. geniculata only, as all other types have been retained by that

author and are in the Madrid Museiun now. My study of P. geniculata makes me

to observe that the key to species given by BoHvar (I.e., p. 610) is very mis-

leading, as this species is included in the division of key with the fastigium

" medio baud carLnatum," while in the description of the species (p. 608) it is

said " caput supra subcarinulatum " (as it really is) ; foveolae of the vertex

are also described in the diagnosis as " elongatae, marginatae " while according

to the key they should " subrepletae " in this species and P. rothschildi, and

" elongatae, marginatae, laeves " in P. tibialis and P. intermedia. On the whole,

it seems to me that the key is far from being satisfactory, and the more so that

very little is known about the individual variability of the characters used in it.

The unnamed part of the Lord Rothschild collection contains another

species of Platypterna, from Ain Sefra, S. Oran, which does not quite agree with

all existing descriptions, but I abstain from describing one more new species

on a single specimen.

10. Chorthippus albolineatus (Lucas).

1849. Oedipoda alholineaia Lucas, Explur. Alger., iii. p. 38, no. 66 ; iv. pi. 4, fig. 6. Stenohothnis

pulvinatus auctor., nee Fisch. Waldh. 1846.

Mascara, v-vi.l922 (A. Cros).

I cannot agree with the authors who regarded the Algerian Chorthippus

as conspecific with the European Ch. pulvinatus F.W. The first to start this

confusion has been Brunner v. Wattenwyl (Prodromus Em-op. Orth., p. 124),

who obviously has not seen the Algerian s^secies, as he does not mention Algeria

amongst the localities whence he has seen Ch. pulvinatus, and he has sunk the

species of Lucas on the strength of its figure and not very lucid description.

It is quite inconceivable, on the other hand, that Finot {Ann. Soc. Enl. Fr., Ixiv.

1895, pp. 433-4) accepted this synonymy in spite of the differences of the Algerian

species from Ch. pulvinatus stated by himself quite correctly and clearly in a note

after the description (which latter, by the way, is evidently based not on the

Algerian insect, but simply taken, with some slight alterations, from his Faune

de la France, Insectes Orthopteres, pp. 125-6). All subsequent authors relied

upon Brunner's authority and never entered into criticism of the synonymy

established by him.

In fact, Ch. albolineatus is closely allied to Ch. pulvinatus, and I failed to

find any substantial difference between them in the venation, but the male

64 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

subgenital plate in the Algerian insect is of the .same type as in Ch. albomarginaius.

and not horizontally produced as it is in Ch. qmlvinatus ; this character is, of

course, of specific value. In its general habitus, Ch. alboUneatus is also more like

Ch. albomarginatus than Ch. pulvinatus. Dimensions of Ch. alboUneatus are as

follows :

Length of body ......

,, ,, pronotum .....

„ ,, elytra ......

,, ,, hind femora .....

The occurence of Ch. pulvinatus in Algeria and other parts of N.W. Africa

should be regarded as not yet proved, as all existing records are based on the

presumption that it is identical with Ch. alboUneatus and must apply to the

latter.

11. Eremogryllus hammadae Krauss.

Ain Sefra, South Oran, 1-18. v. 1913, 2 ?? (Rothschild and Hartert).

One of the specimens is reddish ochraceous, with irregular reddish-brown

spots and dots ; another is very pale ochraceous from above, with the sides

reddish ochraceous, and the lateral lobes of the pronotum with chocolate-brown

spots at the upper margin which reminds somewhat of the colour-form common

in some species oi Dociostaurus, described as var. castaneopicta Ivr. oiD. anatoUcus.

Previous records of this interesting insect are : Gafsa, Tunis ; El-Mreir ;

Ouargla to Ghardaia ; Oued Mzab to Oued Nsa (all in Algerian Sahara).

12. Notopleura rothschildi sp. n.

(Plate I, figs. 3, 4.)

cj (type). Antennae strongly flattened throughout, not longer than the

head and pronotum together. Head distinctly prominent above the pronotum ;

face strongly reclinate ; frontal ridge between the antennae strongly prominent

and in profile convex, below them perfectly straight ; near the ocellum feebly

impressed, below it flat, widened and disappearing towards the clypeus ; fastigium

of the vertex deeply impressed, almost twice as long as it is broad, elongato-

pentagonal, with the apex acute and lateral margins slightly convergent behind ;

fovcolae of the vertex elongato-trapezoidal, somewhat narrowed anteriorly, not

deeply impressed, punctured, with the margins obtuse. Pronotum as in N.

saharica Krauss. Elytra extending a little beyond the hind Imees ; mediastinal

area distinctly dilated near the base, reaching to the apical third ; scapular area

reaching almost to the apex of the elytron, strongly dilated in its apical third,

with sparse, oblique veinlets ; the first radial vein almost straight, in more than

the basal half thick, then suddenly attenuate, but thickened again near the apex

which is somewhat bent backwards ; the second radial vein thick throughout,

though distinctly irregular in the apical half, somewhat bent backwards ; inter-

radial area broad, regularly transversely reticulate, except in the apical part

which is divided by a false vein ; discoidal area distinctly broader than the

scapular area in its broadest part, with irregular, sparse, transverse reticulation ;

the false vein between the apical halves of the hind radial and the uhiar veins

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 65

distinctly and irregularly incrassate basally ; inter-ulnar area very narrow,

sparsely reticulated ; axillar vein free. Wvwjs slightly shorter than the elytra,

broad, with the principal veins incrassate. External genitalia as in N. saharica,

but the cerci shorter and thicker, and the subgenital plate more obtuse apically.

General coloration reddish brown. Face and lower halves of the lateral lobes

of pronotum ochraceous. Elytra with some brownish spots in the discoidal

area and in the apical half. Wings with the principal veins brownish. Hind

femora from above ochraceous with a triangular chocolate-brown spot in the

middle, and somewhat marmorated with white in the apical half ; the outer area

whitish, hind tibiae bluish.

$ (paratype). Antennae distinctly flattened throughout, sUghtly widened

basally. Frontal ridge sulcate throughout, reaching the clypeus. Elytra

reaching to the hind knees ; scapular area less dilated than in the male ; discoidal

area also moderately dilated, closed apically ; interulnar area almost as broad as

the discoidal, with an irregular false vein. Coloration of the same type as in the

male, but the lateral lobes of pronotum are blacldsh- brown in their upper parts.

6 (type). ? (paratype).

mm. mm.

Length of body . . . . . . . .11-5 18-5

,, „ pronotum ....... 2-5 3-75

„ „ elythra 9-5 13-5

„ „ hind femora ....... 7 11

Ain Sefra, South Oran, 1-18. v. 1913, 1 cJ, 1 ? (Rothschild and Hartert).

This is the third species of the curious genus Notopleura, two others being

known also from Sahara only. The new species is nearer to N . saharica Ki-auss

than to N ^ pygmaea Voss., which is the smallest of the three and strongly differs

from its relatives by the imperfectly developed lateral keels of the pronotum.

From N. saharica our species differs by the venation of the male elytra, and

especially by the strongly dilated scapular and discoidal fields ; the venation of

the female elytra is difficult to compare without .studying the specimens of

N. saharica, as ELrauss does not figure the female of his species.

It is obvious that further careful collecting of small grasshoppers of this

group in the Sahara should bring many more interesting discoveries.

13. Thalpomena coerulescens sp. n.

(Plate I, figs. 5, 6).

$. Somewhat smaller and distinctly more slender than Th. algeriana (Luc).

Antennae distinctly longer than the head and pronotum together ; the joints

of their apical half three times as long as broad. Face shghtly recUnate, with few

scattered punctures ; frontal ridge distinctly constricted at the fastigium,

gradually widened towards the ocellum, feebly constricted below it and slightly

widened towards the clypeus, which it does not reach by about one-third of the

distance between ocellum and clypeus ; its sm-face convex and coarsely punctured

near the fastigium, impressed with the margins callous and strongly raised below

the ocellum and down to the lower third where the margins disappear and the

surface of the ridge is scarcely more raised than that of the face ; lateral facial

keels regularly and not strongly arched, callous. Fastigium of the vertex scarcely

broader than the frontal ridge at its widest, strongly impressed, oval-shaped,

5

66 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923

open in front ; its margins distinctly raised, callous ; foveolae of the vertex

irregular, not impressed, rugosely punctured ; vertex just behind the fastigium

with a transverse impression ; occiput with an indistinct median carinula in its

fore part ; eyes comparatively larger and more projecting sideways than in

Th. algeriana, oval-shaped, quite as high as the subocular distance. Pronotum

more compressed laterally than in Th. algeriana ; the prozona almost half of

the metazona, feebly, but distinctly, convex, transversely gibbulose between

the sulci, which are all well developed ; metazona practically flat, indistinctly

subrugulose ; median keel distinctly raised between the front margin and

the first sulcus, obliterate between the sulci and sharp, linear in the metazona ;

lateral keels luideveloped, but the surface of the metazona forming distinct

rounded angles with the sides ; hind angle somewhat less than 90° ; lateral

lobes much higher than they are long, very indistinctly rugulose, with the

lower margin ascending, not sinuate. Mesopleurae and metapleurae scarcely

rugulose. Pectus and legs pilose. Elytra extending well beyond the hind

knees, hyalinous throughout ; discoidal vein well developed, sinuate, approxi-

mated apically to the radial vein but not touching it ; reticulation not very

dense even in the basal half, and regular in the apical third. Wings large

and broad ; principal veins distinctly incrassate. Hiiid femora moderately

widened, strongly pilose.

Coloration ochraceous-brown. Face greyish, with darker marmoration.

Head with dull blackish dots on the occiput, and with postocular bands of the same

colour. Pronotum marmorated indistinctly with dull blac*kish colour. Elytra

with the basal quarter darker than the rest, and with a faint suggestion of a

darker submedian fascia. Wings verj' faintly coerulescent, almost hyaUne, with

the veins dark. Hind femora with two oblique blackish fasciae externally more

pronounced on the upper area than on the median one ; the inner side black with

a narrow pale fascia just behind the middle, and another broader one before the

knee ; the lower inner sulcus black except a broad pale preapical fascia. Hind

tibiae pale (discoloured ?), with the very base black, and with two indistinct

darker fasciae. o

mm.

Length of body 21-5

„ „ pronotum

,, „ elytra .

„ ,, hind femora

Width „ „

4-5

22 (? the tips broken off).

9-5

3-5

Ain Sefra, South Oran, 1-18. v. 1913, 1 ? (Rothschild and Hartert).

This new species differs from the only other Algerian known in so many

important characters that it may be necessary to separate it generically. In

fact, some of its characters do not agree with the original diagnosis of the genus

(lack of lateral keels on the pronotum, not coriaceous elytra, wings without a

band, etc.), but the whole complex of genera related to Thalpometia (Thalpomena,

Fortuiiata, Wernerella) is as yet very insufficiently studied and their interrelations

being very poorly understood, it would be inadvisable to describe one more genus

of uncertain relationship.

Th. coerulescens has, of course, nothing to do with Th. algeriana var. coerulei-

pennis Fin., as that latter form differs from the typical one only in the coloration

of wings, but not in the morphological characters.

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAK XXX. 1923. 67

14. Sphingonotus rubescens (Walk.).

{Plate I, figs. 1, 2).

1870. Oedipoda rubescens Walker, Zoologist, (2) v. p. 2301, no. 38.

1884. Sphingonotus coerulans var. aegyptiaca Saussure, Prodromus Oedipod., p. 200, no. 3a.

1910. Sphingonotus rubescens Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orlh., iii. p. 274, no. 12 {syn. excl. ! ^).

1913. II Sphingonotus coerulans Bolivar, I.e., p. 612, no. 17.

Ain-Sefra, S. Oran, 1-18. v. 13.

Saussure, who did not get an opportunity of studying sufficiently long series

of specimens of what he called Sphingonotus coerulans, came to the conclusion

that this is a very widely distributed and highly variable species, and he has

given names to some most striking " varieties " without considering the taxonomic

value of their characters. All other authors followed him in calling any Sphingo-

notus with the hind wings coerulescent or hyaline as S. coerulans, but H. Krauss

and especially I. Vosseler in their studies of North African representatives of

the genus have definitely found that there exist quite a number of species in this

group, easily separated from each other by a number of sufficiently constant

morphological characters ; Vosseler has shown even that some colour characters,

particularly the pattern of the elytra, are also very constant, if sometimes rather

minute. Nevertheless, most authors still do not pay any attention to mor-

phological characters and go in the identification of species of Sphingonotus

exclusively by the coloration of the hind wings and particularly by the shape and

grade of development of the dark band on the latter, which is, in fact, the most

unreliable and individually variable character. As a result, almost all existing

records of S. coerulans outside of Europe require a most careful revision which

will undoubtedly result in great and badly wanted improvements in the

systematics of species confused under that name, as well as in a much better

understanding of their distribution.

As regards S. rubescens, it has been alv/ays misidentified as S. coerulans L.,

but it differs from that European species in a number of important and quite

constant characters. Thus the median carina on the vertex is in rubescens

usually much more developed, prozona of the pronotum comparatively shorter,

its metazona more rounded behind, elytra and wings comparatively much longer

than in coerulans ; still more important and absolutely reliable character may be

found in the reticulation of the discoidal field : in coerulans the discoidal vein is

straight and almost parallel to the radial vein, the hind discoidal area

being irregularly reticulated, while in rubescens that vein is distinctly curved,

strongly approaching apically to the radial vein, leaving a broad hind discoidal

area reticulated by subparallel transverse veinlets forming fairly regular trans-

versely elongate cells ; this type of reticulation is very like that in S. savignyi

Sauss., though considerably less regular. The coloration of rubescens is character-

ised by the tendency of dark bands of the el3rtra to split up into small

quadrangular spots which often are very irregularly scattered ; wings are

mostly perfectly hyaUnous with the principal veins distinctly incrassate and

blackish, as are also the veinlets in the marginal zone occupying almost half of

the wings.

1 I do not seo any reason to include var. candidus Costa from Sardinia amongst the sjTionyras

of rubescens as Kirby does.

68 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

The dimensions of S. rubescens are as follows :

Type?' <?cJ $?

mm. mm. mm.

Length of body 31 19-23 27-32

„ „ pronotum ....... 5 3'5-4-5 5-6

„ „ elytra 32-5 21-5-28 29-33

„ winga 30 19-5-26 28-32

Width „ „ 16-5 10-14-5 17-18-5

Length of hind femora 13 8-5-11 11-5-13

The range of distribution of S. rubescens, of course, cannot yet be defined in

all its details ; I have seen it (in the British Museum collection) from the following

localities : Wady Gehnah (tjqje) ; Sandy Plains, Mt. Sinai ; Athens, Greece ;

Amman, Transjordania ; Enseli, N. Persia ; Abadeh, Persia ; Muscat, Arabia ;

Himza and Doyen, N. Kashmir ; Libyan Desert ; Tenerifle ; Canaries ; Gr.

Piton, Salvage Islands.

There is no doubt that many of the records of S. coerulans from the desert

parts of N. Africa must be referred to S. rubescens ; thus Vosseler {Zool. Jahrb.,

xvi. p. 372) describes his specimens of " S. coerulans " from a number of localities

in Algeria and Tunis so that he obviously had rubescens before him ; on the

other hand, the specimen figiu-ed by him, which is from Sousse, Tunis, is a t}rpical

coerulans. Krauss (Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wie7>, 1902, p. 242) also records

undoubtedly rubescens under the name coerulans from Biskra, Salahin, Ouargla,

and Oued Nsa in Sahara. All specimens from the Tring Museum identified

by Bolivar {I.e.) as coerulans are also typical rubescens.

It seems, from all these records, that S. rubescens replaces coerulans in the

whole Eremian subregion, and the areas of both species partly overlap each other ;

thus they occur together in Greece and in EnzeU, N. Persia ; in the latter locality,

however, coerulans is much more common than rubescens. I do not know any

specimens of typical coerulans from the Eremian subregion, and believe that all

previous records apply either to rubescens or to some other species with hyalinous

wings. This may lead to the suggestion that rubescens is but a desert subspecies

of coerulans, and not a distinct species, but I leave this question open until more

is known about the group.

15. Sphingonotus octofasciatus (Serv.).

1839. Oedifola octofasciata Serville, Ins. OrtJi., p. 278, no. 10.

1870 ? Oedipoda oljscurata Walker, Zoologist, (2) v. p. 2300, no. 37.

1884. Sphingonotus kittaryi Saussure, Prodr. Oedip.. pp. 197, 207, no. 17.

1888. Sphingonotus octofasciatus Saussure, Addit. ad Prodr. Oedip., pp. 76, 79, no. 1 (sijnon. excl. !)

1910. Sphingonotus octofasciatus Kirby Syn. Cat. Orlh., iii. p. 272, no. 3.

1913. Sphingonotus octofasciatus Bolivar, I.e., p. 612, no. 18.

Oued Nsa (Ghardaia to Guerrara), 3-5. vi. 1912; Hammam-cs-Salahin,

Algeria (B.M.) ; Gafsa, Tunis (B.M.).

Saussure in 1884 quite correctly separated two species of Sphingonotus witli

red wings, one with the prozona of pronotum cristate which he rightly referred

to S. zinini Kitt., and another, without a raised carina in the prozona, described

' Walker says in his description (I.e.) that the type is a male, but mistakes of tliis kind are

unfortunately quite usual in his writings.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 69

by him under the name of S. kitiaryi. Four years later, however, in " Addita-

menta " he made a simply astonishing muddle in the group, while he sank zinini

as a synonym of octofasciatus Serv. (of which he then studied the type), including

the latter in his revised key in the section with the prozona cristate. In reality,

however, Serville's species has the prozona not cristate ' ; and, therefore, it is

identical not with zinini Kitt., but with kittaryi Sauss. S'ph. suschkini Adelung

described in 1906 {Mater, ad cognit. faunae et florae Boss., vii.), is identical with

zinini Kitt., and both names are mere synonyms of Sph. salinus Pall, (see below,

under Oedipoda miniata Pall.).

S. octofasciatus seems to be more widely distributed all over Eremian sub-

region, while S. salinus is known from the Kirghiz Steppes only, where the former

does not occur.

16. Hyalorhipis calcarata (Voss.).

1902. Leptopternis calcarata Vosseler, Zoolog. Jahrh., xvi. p. 382, no. 50, pi. 18, figs. 9a, 9b, 10.

1913. II //yatorAipis can&scens Bolivar, i.e., p. 611, no. 14.

N. of EI-Golea, 18. v. 1913.

I cannot agree with Bolivar's identification of this species, as the specimens

named by him as H. canescens Sauss. agree much better with the detailed

description and excellent figures by Vosseler than with the rather incomplete

diagnosis by Saussure (Prodr. Oedip., p. 89 ; Mitt. Schweiz. Entom. Ges., viii.

p. 94). The only difference of the specimens before me from Vosseler's

description is in the dimensions, which are as follows :

According to Vosseler. In our specimens.

Length of body ....

„ ,, pronotum

,, „ elytra ....

,, ,, hind femora .

It is easy to see that the difference is in the general size only, our specimens

being somewhat larger than Vosseler's types, and not in proportion ; this

difference may be either due to geographical variation (Vosseler's types were from

Bou-Saada, i.e. much more to the north than our specimens), or simply to

individual variability, which is as yet very insufficiently known, as Vosseler had

only three specimens before him and I have seen five.

It is not impossible, of course, that calcarata is only a western subspecies of

canescens, originally described from Egypt and known also from Sinai, but it

cannot be stated until both species are better known.

17. Oedaleus decorus (Germ.).

1826. Acrydium decorum Germar, Fauna Insect. Europ., fasc. xii. pi. 17.

\\Oedaleus nigrofasciatus auctorum, nee De Geer, 1773 (!).

Although this species is not represented in the collection studied, it has

been recorded from many locaHties in Algeria, Tunis, and Morocco, and I included

it in the paper in order to establish its correct name. In fact, De Geer, in his

' According to Mr. N. Ikonnikon, who studied the type in Paris Museum and kindly permitted

me to publish the above considerations, forming an abstract from his manuscript on Oedipodidae

in Faune de la Russie.

70 NOVTTATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923.

description of Acrydium nigrofasciaium (Mem. Ins., iii. p. 493, no. 9), says that

it is from the Cape of Good Hope, and he mentions even Gryllus doctista flavus

of Linne as a synonym,' All subsequent authors could not separate the South-

African species from the very closely related Mediterranean one, and called them

them either flavus or, most often, nigrojasciatus. Quite recently, however, I have

shown (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. ix. 1922, p. 102, no. 2) that the South-

African species is distinct from the Mediterranean one, but unfortunately I,

like most other Orthopterists, did not take the trouble to look up the original

description by De Geer, and therefore called the South African species 0. gracilis

Sauss. It is quite obvious that in separating those two species we must apply

the name nigrojasciatus De Geer to the Cape species and not to the Palearctic

one, for which the next available name, viz. Oedaleus decorus Germ., should be

used. In case it will be found necessary to split up 0. decorus into subspecies

(and there is no doubt that it varies considerably according to locality), it must

be borne in mind that Germar described it from " Podolia australis."

IS. Oedipoda coeiulescens coerulescens (L.).

Mascara, vi.l922 (Dr. A. Cros).

The tjrpical European blue-winged race of this common species seems to

be almost entirely replaced in N.W. Africa by the subsp. svlfurescens (see below) ;

doubtless records of subsp. coeridescens are from Ceuta (Bolivar, 3Iem,. Sac. Esp.

Hist. Nat., viii. 1914, p. 189) and from several localities in Tripoli and Barka

(Werner, Zoolog. Jahrh., Syst., xxvii. 1909, p. 112). From Mascara I have seen

four specimens only and three of them have got the wings pale greenish blue,

i.e. of a shade somewliat intermediate between both subspecies, which is only

what one would expect in the transitory zone ; one male is blue-winged, though

the blue colour is distinctly paler than in European specimens. Further detailed'

study of long series of specimens from different localities in N.W. Africa should

give very interesting results with regard to the distribution of both subspecies.

19. Oedipoda coerulescens sulfurescens (Sauss.).

Azazga, Kabylie, 17. ix. 1920 (Rothschild and Hartert) ; Bone, 6.ix.l896

(British Museum).

20. Oedipoda miniata (Pall., 7iec auctor. !).

1771. Gryllus rainfo(i« Pallas, Rel^e durch versch. Prov., etc., p. 467, no. 49.

1790. II Gryllus salinus Gmelin, Linne, Sysl. Natur., i. (4), p. 2083, no. 182.

1820. II Acrydium salinum Fischer Waldh., Enlom. Imp. Ross., i. p. 39, no. 3, Orth. pi. 1, fig. 3.

1833. II Acrydium germanicum Costa, Monogr. Acrid. Podism. Regni Napoli, p. 32.

1836. II Acriditim germanicum Costa, Fauna Regni Napoli, Orth., p. 17.

1839. Oedipoda graliosa Scrville. Ins. Orth., p. 727, no. 9.

1846. II Oedipoda germanica Fischer Waldh., Noiw. Mini. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, viii. (Orth. Imp.

Ross.), p. 278 (parlim !), pi. xxii. fig. 7.

1848. II Oedipoda salina Eversmann, Addit. ad Fisch. Waldh. Orth. Ross., p. 9, no. 4.

1849. Oedipoda mauritanica Lucas, Explor. Alger., Zool, iii. p. 32, no. 55, Orth. pi. 4, figs. 2, 2a.

1852. II Oedipoda salina Siebold, Stett. Ent. Ztg., xiii. p. 27.

1853. Oedipoda gratio.sa Fieber, Lotos, iii. p. 124, no. 9.

1853. Oedipoda fasciata var. C. Fischer, Orth. Europ., p. 413.

' This is not correct according to Stal, who examined the Linnean types {Rec. Orth., p. 126).

KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 71

1882. Oedipoda gratiosa Brunner Watt., Prodr. Eur. Orth., pp. 159, 164.

1884. Oedipoda gratiosa Saussure, Prodr. Oedip., pp. 148, 152, no. 6.

1895. Oedipoda gratiosa Finot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France. Ixiv. pp. 442, 444.

1898. Oedipoda gratiosa Bolivar, Ann. Sci. Porto, v. pp. 73, 74 (sep. copy).

1902. II Oedipoda salina Jacobson, Priam, i Lozhnoset. Ross. Imp., pp. 189, 261.

1922. II Oedipoda salina Chopard, Faune de France, Orth., pp. 134, 164.

Merg, Cyrenaica, v. 1922 (E. Hartert).

The history of the synonymy of this species is extremely instructive, showing,

as it does, how utterly misunderstood and misapplied some specific names given

by old writers are.

Pallas lias described two red-winged Acridids from the steppes along the river

" Yaikum " (which is now called Ural) — Gryllus miniatus (for the quotation see

above) and Gryllus saliniis (I.e., ii. p. 727, no. 78).

As the fauna of Orthoptera of the steppes along the river Ural is known at

present better than that of many other parts of Russia and even of the Western

Europe,' there can be no difficulty in identifying both Pallasian species. In

fact, there are only three red-winged species known from that region (apart from

Celes variabilis described from Pallas himself, and from Calliptamus italicus

which he undoubtedly knew and which has not got a fascia on the wings),

Oedipoda gratiosa Serv., Sphingonotus zinini Kitt., and Pyrgodera armata F.W.

The latter, being a rather rare insect, remained unknown to Pallas ; if he knew it,

he would not fail to describe its quite unusually high crest of the pronotum.

Thus, only two species remain to be compared with the Pallasian insects, and

there is not the slightest doubt as to which is which. In fact, Oryllus miniatus

of Pallas is described by that author as being of the same size, shape, and colour

as Gryllus coerulescens, but differing in more distinctly maculated elytra and in

the coloration of the hind wings, which he described very unfortunately (and

not quite correctly) as " miniaceae " instead of " roseae " ; anyhow, this insect

cannot be anything else than Oedipoda gratiosa Serv., since 0. gennanicxi Latr.,

which has been regarded by the most authors as a synonjon of miniata, is a

Western Eiu'opean species which does not and cannot occur at Ural, being

wholly unknown from Russia in Europe. As regards Gryllus salinus of

Pallas, which has been also grossly misunderstood by some later wTiters who

identified it either with Bryodema tuberculata F. (Fischer Waldheim) or with

Oedipoda gratiosa Serv. (Eversmann, Siebold, Jacobson, ^ Chopard), its description

agrees in all its details with Sphingonotus zinini Kitt. (for synonymies of this

species see under Sph. octojasciatus Serv.), and even its habitat (" locis aridissimis

salisque ") is exactly the same as I have observed myself for the latter species

(I.e., p. 16). Both Pallasian names ought to be, therefore, restored in their

original sense, although it involves some very substantial changes in the present

incorrect nomenclature.^

The area of distribution of O. ininiata comprises the whole Eremian subregion,

' Owing to the investigations by Pallas, Eversmann, Kittary, and niyself (see my list of the

fauna in Horae Soc. Entom. Boss., xxxix. 1910, pp. 359-90).

' This author made the mistake only in the main part of his book {p. 261), but in the appendix

(p. 929) he corrected it in saying that salina Pall, is identical either with Sphingonotus octojasciatus or

with 5. zinini ; this correction has been overlooked by all other ^Titers.

* I take this opportunity to restore another Pallasian species, Gryllus tibialis (I.e., 2, p. 728,

no. 78c), which is undoubtedly identical with Acridium gibbosum F.W. 1839 = Cyphoporus maculatus

F.W. 1846 = Derocorys fumeipennis Adelung, 1906 (Uvarov, I.e., p. 377), and should be called

Derocorys tibialis Pall, {nee Fieb. 1853 !).

72 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

extending even somewhat beyond it — in Spain, S. France, Italy, Greece, Mace-

donia, S.E. Russia ; in the extreme north-west of its area O. miniaia comes into

contact with 0. germanica, but always maintains its distinctive characters, which

shows that they are quite independent species. Inhabiting such a vast area,

O. miniata varies considerably according to locality and may be split up into

several geographical races, differing principally in the shade of the coloration of

hindwings and in the shape and width of their fascia, but it is not advisable

to do so without a comparative study of long series of specimens from different

locahties.

21. Oedipoda fuscocincta Lucas.

Bone, 31.viii.lS96, 1 ? (Brit. Museum).

Pronotum and head in this specimen are somewhat more rugose than they

should be in the typical form ; there is also a very short and irregular radial

branch of the black band of wings ; the disc of wings is of a bright sulphur- yellow

coloration.

Var. coelestina n.

One female in the British Museum collection, from Cyrene in Cyrenaica,

1,700, ft. 22.x. 1910 (Dr. A. F. S. Sladden), is provisionally referred to this species,

but it differs from the typical form in so many important characters that I

consider it necessary to describe it imder the indifferent name of a variety

until its true relationship to the typical form may be established after a study

of additional materials.

Size and general appearance of the typical form, but the head and pronotum

much more rugose. Face strongly rugose ; frontal ridge with the margins dis-

tinctly raised and reaching the clypeus, strongly constricted below the ocellum ;

its sm-face strongly punctured, bifoveolate just below the fastigium. Fastigium

distinctly rugulose and punctured, scarcely marginated, as long as broad ;

temporal foveolae rotundato-triangulare, their bottom rugulose. Vertex and

occiput rugulose. Pronotum shorter and broader than in the typical form ; its

surface strongly and densely rugulose ; median keel feebly raised, though more

so in the prozona ; metazona less than twice as long as the prozona, with the

hind angle 90° ; lateral lobes rugose. Elytra with the dark fasciae strongly

marked but irregularly defined, with nvunerous and dense small dark spots,

especially in the apical third. Wings with the disc of intense blue ; black fascia

as in the tj^ical form, but not reaching the inner margin and with a quite short

radial branch divided in two ; apex hyaline with the veinlets brownish. In

other respects quite similar to the typical form.

?

mm.

Length of body ....... 32

„ ,, pronotum ...... 7

„ ,, elytra ....... 30

,, ,, hind femora . . . . .16

It is not impossible that this beautiful insect has something to do with

Oedipoda miniata (= germanica) var. coerulea described by Saussure (Prodr.

Oedip., p. 150) from an unknown locality, but it differs from that in the coarsely

rugose head and pronotum, which are described by Saussure as being sculptured

in coerulea exactly as in germanica.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 73

22. Tmethis cisti harterti subsji. n.

$. Not large, but robustly built. Fastigium of the vertex broader than u.sual,

feebly impressed. Pronotum very thick, distinctly depressed ; its prozona but

feebly compressed and scarcely constricted, with the median keel thick, tectif orm,

distinctly, but not deeply, interrupted by the sulci ; the typical sulcus not deep ,

metazona distinctly broader than it is long, broadly roimded. Elytra only one-

half again as long as the pronotum, extending to the apex of the fifth tergite and

not reaching the hind knees by one-third of the length of femora. Hind femora

with the upper carina strongly dilated, irregularly denticulate, excised in the

apical third (as in Oedipoda) ; the lower carina also strongly dilated, broadly

undulated.

Sculpturation of the exposed parts mostly granulose ; metazona with some

sharp lamellar, but low, carinulae ; one transverse lameUiform rounded carinula

at the end of the basal third of the superno-median area of hind femora, and two

more just beyond the preapical incision of the latter.

General coloration uniformly reddish-ochraceous ; antennae pale ; metazona

narrowly marginated ^-ith pale yellow ; elytra with a scarcely perceptible dark

pattern ; wings with the base and anal part faintly bluish ; their fascia in the

shape of two small brown spots in the two first sectors ; the two apical lobes

hyalme with the veins and veinlets brown ; hind femora with the inside

violaceous in the basal haK, red in the rest, with a pale yellow preapical ring ;

hind tibiae inwardly sanguineous, outwardly reddish ochraceous with brownish

dots ; their spines red, brown-tipped,

(J (paratype) differs from the female by somewhat more compressed pro-

notum, with the metazona more triangular ; by the presence of pale yellow

callous ridges on its prozona, along the upper margins of the lateral lobes ; by the

elytra extending a little beyond the hind knees ; and by the wings faintly rosescent

in the hind third, with the fascia fully developed, but not sharply defined.

? (type) S (paratype)

mm. mm.

Length of body 42 28

,, ,, pronotum ...... 13 9

„ elytra 19 21

„ „ hind femora ...... 20 15

Type and paratype taken at Merg (Merdj in some atlases), Cyrenaica, May

1922, by Dr. E. Hartert, after whom the subspecies is named.

Vosseler (Zool. Jahrb., xvi. 1902, pp. 384-7) has shown that T. cisti gives

a great number of different forms in various parts of its vast area of distribution,

some of them obviously geographical. Of course, only a study of very long

series of specimens may help to distinguish more constant geographical races

from individual aberrations or topographical adaptive forms {morphae), but I

feel justified in regarding the strikingly aberrant form described above as a sub-

species, peculiar to the coastal region of C3Tenaica ; the form from Bir bou

Rekbah, at the eastern Tunisian coast described by Vosseler (I.e., p. 386; pi. 3,

fig. 1) seems to represent a transition from the long-winged, heavily marked

forms of Algeria to the new Cyrenaican subspecies.

74 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

23. Pyrgomorpha conica (01.).

1902. II Pyrgomorpha cognata Vosseler, Zoolog. Jahrh., xvi. p. 388 [ad parlim ? nee Krausa !).

Biskra, iv.1908 (Rothschild); Ghardaia, 16. iv. 1911'; Ain Sefra, South

Oran, 1-18. v. 1913 (Rothschild and Hartert).

Since Acrydium conicum of Olivier has been described from the south of

France, it is obvious that the species of Pyrgomorpha from S.W. Europe should

be regarded as that to which the name may only be apphed ; this species has

been redescribed and figured so many times that it is simply astonishing that a

careful systematist like Vosseler should make such a mistake in identification

of his material as he did. In fact, the South- European Pyrgomorpha conica

has got a very distinctly sinuated lower margin of pronotal lobes — exactly as

Vosseler figured in what he called P. cognata (I.e., p. 388), while his figure on

the preceding page which is supposed by him to represent P. grylloides Latr.

(= conica 01.) belongs to a species quite distinct from the real conica and which

is described below.

As regards P. cognata of Krauss, originally described from Senegal, its descrip-

tion is far too insufficient to make its separation from conica easy and beyond any

doubt. Some of the specimens from Sahara are more slender than those from

Southern Europe and their antennae are also somewhat longer, but I hesitate

to identify them as cognata, until the type of the latter species is redescribed in

more details. I am inclined to think that the meagre descriptions of cognata

caused a good many mi.stakes to be made by different authors, and I regard all

records of this species (except, of course, the original one) as doubtful.

24. Pyrgomorpha vosseleri, sp. n.

(Text-fig. 2.)

1902. II Pyrgomorpha grylloides Vosseler, Zoolog. Jahrh., xvi. p. 387, fig. [nee Latr. !).

$. About the same size as P. conica 01., but less slender. Antennae not

reaching the hind margin of the pronotum, triangular in the basal half, rounded

in the rest. Face less reclinate as in P. conica, scarcely

rugulose. Fastigium of the vertex, seen in profile,

somewhat shorter than the length of an eye ; seen from

above it is shorter and more elliptical in front than in

P. conica, not strongly and irregularly transversely

rugulose, with a distinct median cannula running right

across the occiput. Eyes almost twice as long as they

are high. Lateral facial keels feebly sinuate, not much

raised. A broad granulated fascia runs obliquely from

the eye to the lower margin of tlie pronotum. Pronotum

thick, not strongly rugulose ; median keel linear, di.stinct

Fio. 2 -Pyrgomorpha vos- throughout ; lateral keels in the prozona practicaUy

selert, sp. n., ^ (type). o >

Stemiun. x 6. straight, slightly divergent backwards ; in the metazona

they are more distant from each other and almost

obliterate ; hind margin of the pronotum rounded ; lateral lobes with the lower

margin practically straight and the hind angle obliquely truncate (see figure by

Vosseler, I.e., p. 387). Mesosternal interspace about half again as broad as it is

long. Elytra extending a little beyond the hind knees.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 75

General coloration green with the granulosa post-ociilar fascia and the lower

margin of the pronotal lobes (which is also slightly granulose) pale. Antennae

brownish. Abdomen with black spots on each tergite. Wings rose.

? (type). <J (paratype).

mm. mm.

Length of body 28-5 17-5

„ ,, antennae ....... 6 6

,, „ pronotum ....... 6 3-75

„ „ elytra 22 13-5

„ „ hind femora ...... 13 9

The type is from Hammam R'Lrha, 30. v. 1913 (Rothschild and Hartert) ;

the paratypes are from the same locality — 3 $ $ and 1 ^J — and as follows ; Saida,

Oran, 1 $, 22. v. 1913 (Rothschild and Hartert); Mascara, Algeria, 4 cjc? (A.

Cros) ; Medeah, Algeria, 1 cJ, 1 $ (British Museum).

The new species is easily separated from P. conica by the shape of lateral lobes

of the pronotum, as well as by its lateral keels being practically straight in the

prozona, while they are distinctly incurved in P. conica, as well as by the strongly

transverse mesosternal interspace which in P. conica is almost as broad as it is

long. The carinula on the vertex and occiput, as well as the lateral keels on

the metazona of pronotum, are not constant and may be either well developed or

almost obliterate ; it must be noticed that these characters are not constant in

P. conica as well. The coloration of the new species is liable to variations of the

same kind as in P. conica and in other species of the genus, and both green and

grey (or brown) forms are represented, though of the latter I know three males

only, the rest of the paratypes belonging to the green form.

As regards the distribution of this species, the following locaUties given

by Vosseler {I.e., p. 387) may be added to those recorded above : Perregaux,

Hammam bou Hadjar, Er Rachel, Rio Salado, Saida, Ain Sefra, Medeah. There

is no doubt that many of the other records of P. conica must be also referred to

P. vosseleri, but it is impossible to decide which ones.

I have much pleasure in naming this well-marked new species after Dr.

J. Vosseler, whose work on the Orthoptera of Algeria and Tunisia is a model of

systematical and ecological study.

25. Dericorys albidula (Serv.).

1839. Dericorys albidula Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 639, no. 1.

1889. Derocorysles curvipes Redtenbacher, Wien. Ent. Ztg., viii. p. 29.

1913. Dericorys albidula I. Bolivar, Novit. Zool., xx. p. 613.

Sands of El-Arich, S.W. of Touggourt, 8-9. vi. 1912, 1 ? (Hartert).

D. albidula is undoubtedly synonymous with D. ciirvi-pes, as the characters

indicated by Bolivar {I.e.) as separating them are obviously of no value. The

species is distributed from Transcaspia and Persian Gulf (Fao ; British Museum),

through Sinai (Krauss, in Verh. Natur. Ver. Karlsruhe, xxi. pp. 32-4, figs. 3, 4)

and Egypt (Serville's type) right across the Sahara.

26. Thisoecetrus littoralis charpentieri (Stal).

1873. Pezotettix {Buprepocnemis) charpentieri StSl, Rec. Orth., i. p. 75, no. 3.

1876. Euprepocnemis charpeniierii St&l, Bih. Sven. Akad., iv. 5, p. 15, no. 4.

Tunis (Stockholm Museum ; the types of Stal).

Owing to the kindness of Prof. Y. Sjostedt I have been able to study the actual

76 N0VITATE3 ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

types of Stal's species, with the result that I beHeve it to represent a well-

defined Tunisian subspecies of Th. littoralis Ramb. which occurs in its typical form

in the S.E. of Spain. At the same time it is obvious that Stal's insect is different

subspecifically from the Algerian representatives of the species which have been

incorrectly called by I. Bohvar (Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1908, p. 328) Th.

charpeiitieri {nee Stal !). In fact, the true charpentieri St. from Tunis > has got

a much narrower vertex and still more irregular lateral keels of the pronotum

than the insect described under that name by Bolivar ; the disc of the prozona

in the true cJiarpentieri is distinctly punctured, while it is perfectly smooth both in

the tjrpical littoralis and in the insect described by Bolivar, which latter must

receive a new name.

27. Thisoecetrus littoralis bolivari, subsp. n.

1908. II TUsoiulrus charpenteri I. Bolivar, Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., p. 328 {nee Stal, 1873 !)■

Biskra, hills north of the town, 22. ii. 1895, 1 c?, 1 9 (A. E. Eaton: British

Museum).

To this subspecies must be. probably, referred most of the existing records

of Th. littoralis from Algeria. I. Bolivar {I.e.) has been inclined to include in it

also the representatives of the species from Egypt and Persia, but it seems

that a careful study of series of this species from the eastern Mediterranean

countries will make it necessary to separate several more subspecies.

I do not give a description of the new subspecies, because it has been very

fittingly characterised by Bohvar, and its principal distinctive features are also

quite obvious from tlie key to the subspecies of Th. littoralis given below.

Dimensions of the types are as follows :

o (type) ? (paratype)

ram. mm.

Length of body 28 35

„ „ pronotum ....... 5-5 7

„ „ elytra 23 28

„ „ hind femora ...... 15 18-5

28. Thisoecetrus littoralis harterti Bol.

1913. Thisoicetrus harterti I. Bolivar, Novit. Zoolog., xx. p. 614, no. 28.

Biskra, 4 ?? (Rothschild and Hartert).

The original tjrpe of Bolivar's description - is before me, and three more

females are exactly like it. It is very strange that Bolivar did not compare it with

what he called charpentieri, i.e. my bolivari, but with the Spanish littoralis ; still

more incomprehensible is that he should say that the latter has been many

times recorded from Algeria, while he himself stated positively in 1908 (I.e.) that

littoralis does not occur in Algeria and all records must be referred to his

" charpentieri."

' Prof. Sjostedt has sent rae one male and one female both from Tunis ; only the female bears

the original label by Stal, but it cannot be considered the holotype of the species, because Stal's

description is based on a male ; I have, therefore, selected the male specimen studied by me as the

holotype.

2 It is a female, as indicated in description, and not a male, as it is stated, obviously by a

misprint, in the table of measurements.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 77

I believe that the subspecies harterti is peculiar to the Sahara, which is evi-

denced by its very pale general coloration. The fact that this subspecies and

bolivari are both known from Biskra may be explained by the geographical position

of Biskra on the very dividing line between the mountainous and hilly Algeria

populated by bolivari and the desert where it is replaced by harterti. Indeed,

the types of bolivari have been taken by Blr. Eaton on the hills north of Biskra,

while those of harterti, though not bearing a detailed label, near the town and

southwards from it.

29. Thisoecetrus littoralis minuta Uvar.

1921. Thisoicetrus littoralis var. minuta Uvarov, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 123, no. la.

I am inclined now to regard this minute form as a distinct subspecies, known

so far only from Bone, Algeria.

The four subspecies of Th. littoralis known to me from N.W. Africa and

S. Spain may be separated by the following key :

1 (8). Distance between the eyes at least haK again as broad as the distance

between the first and the second pronotal sulci. Prozona of the pronotum

smooth ; the lateral keels straight, or practically so, gradually divergent

backwards.

2 (3). Distance between the eyes twice as broad as the distance between

the first and the second sulci. General form more slender ; elytra extending

distinctly beyond the hind knees. Hind femora elongated, slender. Hind tibiae

with 15-17 external and 12-14 internal spines. — S. Spain.

1. littoralis (Ramb.)

3 (2). Distance between the eyes about half again as broad as the distance

between first and the second sulci of pronotum. General form less slender ;

elytra just reaching the hind knees or scarcely longer. Hind femora thick

and short. Hind tibiae with 12-14 external and 11-13 internal spines.

4 (7). Hind tibiae in the apical half red or reddish all over. General

coloration not faded. Hind femora with the transverse fasciae more developed.

Small and middle-sized insects.

5 (6). Very small ((J 16 mm. ; $ 27 mm.). Coloration vivid. Elytra just

reaching the hind knees. — Bone, Algeria.

2. minuta Uv.

6 (5). Of middle size (cJ 28 mm. ; $ 35 mm.). Coloration somewhat less

vivid. Elytra extending a little beyond the hind knees. — Biskra, Algeria.

3. bolivari subsp. n.

7 (4). Hind tibiae pale, only the mner side near the apex somewhat reddish.

General coloration very pale. Hind femora with but narrow dark Hnear spots

along the upper carina of the externomedian area. Size large (? 50 mm.). —

Sahara.

4. harterti Bol.

8 (1). Distance between the eys not or scarcely broader than the distance

between the first and second sulci of the pronotum. Prozona of the pronotum

distinctly punctured ; the lateral keels very irregular, strongly punctured,

subparallel and distinctly convex before the first sulcus, distinctly displaced

nearer to the middle and parallel between the first and the second sulci, divergent

between the second and the thu'd sulci. — Tunis.

5. charpentieri (St.).

78 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

30. Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) ph. flaviventris (Burm.).

1838. Acridium flavit-entre Burmeister, Handb. Eniom., p. 631.

1922. Schistocerca gregaria ph. flaviventris Uvarov, Bull. Entom. Res., xir. (in print).

Ain Guettara, north of In Salah, 12-14. iv. 1912 (Hartert and Hilg.), 1 ?.

The only specimen of this common migratory locust of Algeria proved to

be of an extraordinary interest, as it belongs not to the ordinary swarming phase '

of the species, but to the single-living ph. flaviventris (Burm.). A full description

of this phase is given by me in a special paper (I.e.) dealing with some migratory

locusts.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE

1. Sphingonotus rubescens (Walk.), male from Ain Sefra. X 6.

2. Sphingonotus rubescens (Walk.), male from Ain Sefra. X 3.

3. Notopleura rothschildi sp. n., male. X 4.

4. Notopleura rothschildi sp. n., female. X 4.

5. 6. Thalpomena coerulescens sp. n., female. X 6.

7, 8, 9, Iris deserti sp. n., female. X 4.

10. Iris deserti sp. n., male. X 4.

11. Iris oratoria (L.), male from Batna, Algeria. X 4.

XOVITATES ZOOLOGIC.E, Vol. XXX , 1923.

PI. I.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. • 79

AN ORNITHOLOGICAL AUTUMN JOURNEY TO ALGERIA.

By lord ROTHSCHILD and ERNST HARTERT.

A S all skinsfrom Algeria in the Tring Museum, and infact nearly all in European

-^Tli- collections, are from the late winter and spring months, we decided in

1920 to make an autumn excursion to Algeria, so as to get at least all the com-

moner birds in autumn plumage. We arrived at Alger on September 3rd. It

was still very hot, but the Swifts had already left. In the neighbourhood of

Alger it was very dry and dusty, and we soon left for the hills of the Kabylie.

Our first stay was at Tizi-Ouzou, but as good collecting grounds were mostly

rather far we proceeded from there, after a short stay, to Azazga, 425 m. high

above the valley of the River Sebaou and a few minutes from the vast forest of

Bu-Hini, which stretches almost unbroken to and beyond the village of Yacouren.

These forests consist chiefly of Cork-oaks, other oaks, here and there Pi7ius hale-

pensis, and various other trees. There is at Azazga an important cork industry,

and at Yacouren the roots of the tree-heather are largely collected and the " pipes

de bruyere," in Enghsh called " brier-pipes," cut m the raw, to be completed in

factories and by house industry in the Jura Mountains. In Azazga our friend,

Paul Saby, whom Hartert had met in Djelfa in May 1914, and who discovered

Numida sahyi in Marocco, was stationed as inspecteur des Forets et des Eaux

and we had his company on most of our excursions from Azazga. The woods

near Azazga were at this time very dry, no butterflies were flying and very few

moths, but they were rich in birds. Telephonus senegallus cucullatus was not

rare in thick wood near Azazga and, to our astonishment, at this season, was often

pourmg forth its beautiful, rich, flute-like notes. The forests are the home of

Turdus viscivorus deichleri, Parus ater ledouci, Parus caeruhus ultramarinus,

Parus major excelsus, Robins, Creepers, and Wrens, of three Woodpeckers (Dryo-

bates major numidus, D. minor ledouci, and Picus vaillantii), Jays, Wood Owls,

Golden Eagles and other birds. To our disgust (as we wanted fuU-plumaged

birds in fresh autumn plumage for comparison) most of the birds were still in

moult.

From Azazga we returned to Alger, whence we proceeded to Biskra, and on

our return journey stayed some days at our beloved picturesque El-Kantara.

Migration was in full swing at Azazga, where Redstarts, Wheatears and others

were common, but the oasis of Biskra was still more full of migrants. In Biskra

it was hot but dry, and therefore pleasant to us. Durmg the last week of October

rain set in in many places ui Algeria, and the temperature cooled down. When we

arrived again at Alger a perfectly terrific downpour received us. We left Alger on

October 30th for Port Vendres, a very picturesque small town near the Spanish

frontier. While we started in fine weather from Alger, in the night a gale set in

and our not too large ship danced in a more than pleasant manner. A few hours

before Port Vendres we saw several large water-spouts running, as it seemed,

along the shore, where they did much damage, as we learnt afterwards, and one

of the largest sailing vessels afloat foundered in the early morning at the Cap de

80 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Creus. Port Vendres looked very dishevelled from the gale and torrential rains

that had swept it, fallen trees lying about on the square and iii gardens. The

snow-covered Pic de Canigou and other mountains of the PjTenees afforded

beautiful views just outside the town.

We were accompanied on this trip by Mr. Fred Young, the caretaker of the

Tring Museum, as taxidermist.

It did not seem necessary to mention every kind of birds collected or observed,

so we only refer to those that were of some interest to ornithologists generally,

either with regard to locality, moult, or habits.

Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (L.).

Only seen near El-Kantara, where it is always common. A o shot 23.x.

in beautiful fresh plumage differs from birds shot March to May in being more

piu-plish, not in the least greenish or bronzy, as in all spring specimens.

(It wUl no doubt become necessary after all to divide the Chough into sub-

species, on account of the length of the wing. Irish and British specimens have

the shortest wings, but we have not enough topotypical Swiss birds to define

this well. Algerian, Maroccan, and Tunisian specimens have longer wings, but

do not seem to differ enough from Central Asiatic birds from Turkestan and

Sikkim, to Yunnan and Szetchwan.)

Garrulus glandarius cervicalis Bp.

Not rare in the forests between Yacouren and Azazga. Still moulting

September 19th.

Carduelis earduelis africanus (Hart.).

Generally common in Algeria from the north coast to Biskra, but seemed to

be especially numerous in September near Tizi-Ouzou, both young and adults

being in full moult.

Fringilla coelebs aJricana Levaill.

Common in the woods near Alger, Azazga and Yacouren, m fuU moult in

second half of September. A male shot at El-Kantara 23.x. had only just

completed moult. It differs like other Chaffinches from specimens in spring by

having brown tips to feathers of head and neck and back.

Emberiza cirlus L.

Several times in the Kabylie, near Azazga and Yacouren. Still moulting

16 . and 19. ix.

Emberiza striolata sahari Lev.

During October very common in gardens and date groves at and near Biskra,

many still in moult during first half of the month. An aberration (male) has

the head pure white with some blackish centred feathers, car-coverts white

throat and crop very whitish, and some white feathers on the rump and in the

wing. The iris was dark rufous brown, bill wax- yellow, upper mandible brownish,

feet light wax-yellow. When the wide white edges to the feathers of head and

neck wear off in the breeding season the black centres stand out more and appear

to be more numerous, which is of course not the case.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 81

Rhamphocorys clot-bey (Bp).

On October 5th a single cJ was shot m the sanddunes near Biskra and a

flock encountered on the fields between the dunes and the oasis. On October

20th and 21st they were common and in flocks near Biskra. The autumn speci-

mens have a bluish-grey " bloom " which disappears in spring, so that then the

upperside looks more vinaceous, and as the white edges to the feathers wear off,

the black spots on the underside become larger in appearance. The wings of

males measxu'e 124-131, generally 126-128, of females 118-123 mm. As a rule

the bills of females are also smaller, but they vary much. There is no difference

in the colour of the upperside, but the black patches on the underside are smaller.

The stomachs in October contained seeds and sand, m one case bones of a small

lizard, and in another some green stuff, evidently young green shoots. The

iris is brown (dark coffee-brown, greyish-brown, brown), bill very light brown,

lower with yellow tinge, m spring whitish-blue or bluish-white with horn-black

or dark grey tips. The feet are at all seasons milky (sometimes dirty) white.

Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes (Desf.).

As usual not rare among the dunes near Biskra and towards Sidi-Okba. No

appreciable difference from spring specimens, except that in the latter the black

spots on upper chest are more conspicuous, when the white edges of the feathers

wear off. Often pairs kept together and twice we heard a male singing and

displaying !

Galerida cristata arenicola Tristr.

Common about Biskra, especially in the plain of El-Outaya and in the

Movdema, etc., and at the foot of the mountains meeting (?. theklae hilgerti, which,

however, replaced it on the hills. Autumn specimens are slightly browner and

have a slightly more greyish tinge, but when the greyish edges to the feathers

of the upperside wear off, in the spring, the upperside becomes a little more

yellowish sandy and paler. Moult had finished in October.

Galerida theklae hilgerti R. & H.

Common on the bare hills near Biskra and EH-Kantara. Varies a good deal

individually, like most theklae forms. On October 10th we shot close to Biskra,

on the range of stony hills, a female which is darker than any other we had, and

closely approaches G. t. harierti, but is less brown. There is no appreciable differ-

ence between autumn and spring specimens, the wearing off the edges of the

feathers not altering their coloration. The moult had oxily just finished in some

specimens in October, but some had evidently moulted some time.

Galerida theklae harterti Erl.

A few were seen near Tizi Ouzou and on open gromid near the River Sebaou

near Azazga. About haK of the specimens were still moulting during second

half of September. The specimens do not differ much from spring examples,

but the unworn greyish edges to the feathers of the back make them appear

more grey, and they look cleaner, not tinged by the blackish or dark rufous-

brown soil as in spring.

6

82 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Of all the Crested Larks we obtained far more females than males, of the

latter m each case only a few. In the spring the opposite has been the case,

probably because very often one is attracted by the song of the males at that

season, while they did not sing in the autumn.

Galerida theklae deichleri Erl.

This pale sand-coloiu'ed form, which in the breeding season in Western Algeria

is restricted to the rolling low sand stretches, especially where there are some

flat stones, though never occurring among the high dunes without vegetation,

roams more about in the autumn, and we encountered it tliree times, twice on

the stony ground north of the Col de Sfa, in the area of G. theklae hilgerti, and

close by in that of G. cristata arenicola, once among the sanddimes, where other-

wise only G. c. arenicola is found. We knew already from Witherby, who had

shot a specimen in winter near Biskra, that it occurred there occasionally out

of the breeding season. Autumn specimens do not differ in appearance from

worn spring specimens.

Ammomanes deserti algeriensis Sharpe.

Common in October, as it is in spring, near Biskra and El-Kantara. Autumn

birds differ from worn spring specimens in being more vinaceous, of a somewhat

warmer tinge, and the upperside is generally considerably more greyish-vinaceous.

From the end of September (at least) they were right through their moult, though

a male shot 15.x. has the outer primaries still in moult.

Anthus trivialis trivialis (L.).

Quite common on passage near Azazga and Yacouren during second half

of September, a few seen Biskra end of September and early October.

Anthus campestris campestris (L.).

Several on fields between Alger and Rouiba, 13. ix. Outer primaries

moulting.

Motacilla alba alba L.

A few seen late October on the river near El-Kantara.

Motacilla cinerea cinerea Tunst.

One clearly seen by both of us in the river bed near El-Kantara 23.x. Rare

in Algeria, by us only once seen in West Algeria.

Motacilla flava.

Flocks of Yellow Wagtails were seen during second half of October on

inundated places close to Biskra.

Panis caeruleus ultramarinus Bp.

Common near Alger, Tizi-Ouzou, and Azazga. Also not rare in the gardens

of Biskra and El-Kantara, and sometimes seen far a^^ay from trees in the desert

NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 83

among small plants. In moult at Alger, Tizi-Ouzou and Azazga throughout

September, but in October through the moult at Biskra and El-Kantara, except

a bird of the year, which had not quite completed moult 23.x.

Parus ater ledouci Malh.

Not at all common in the mixed woods near Yacouren and Azazga and

moulting second half of September. The yellow of the underside, unlike the

rather constant yellow of P. caerul. uUramarinus, fades very noticeably in the skin,

bemg quite brilliant in the fresh shot bird. This fleeting character of the yellow

on the underside is still more obvious in P. ater hibernicus. The upperside in

autumn is pale olivaceous green and fades to grey witli a faint, sometimes hardly

perceptible, tinge of green, only the rump remaining greenish.

Parus major excelsus Buvry.

Common near Azazga, full moult second half of September.

Lanius excubitor elegans Swains.

A few were seen on Zizyphus and Tamarisk bushes near Biskra, also in date-

palm groves. A male of the year 17.x. is nearly through the moult, but the

lores are still whitish. The fresh autumn feathers on the upperside are very

light ; evidently the upperside gets darker grey in the spring, but there is a

certain amount of variation in this.

Lanius senator senator L.

Common in bush near Tizi-Ouzou and Azazga. In middle of September

plumage old and worn, but some fresh feathers aheady in wings (inner primaries,

secondaries, some coverts). Young bhd shot same time (IS.ix.) still in first

barred plumage.

Telophorus (Harpolestes or Tsehagra) senegalus cucuUatus (Temm.).

This bird is very local and mostly rare, only in the coastal range of mountains

and coastal plains of Algeria, Tunisia, Marocco. We found it in flocks in the

bush- wood and outskirts of forest near Azazga on and about September 18th.

They were quite noisy, often emitting their loud, full flute-like notes, and this

had attracted Mr. Saby's attention, who first told us of their occurrence. The

specimens moulted their body plumage, and mostly also the tails, the quills being

already fresh plumage. They should nest near Azazga, but IVIi-. Saby did not

notice them at all in spring, nor in fact after September.

Pycnonotus barbatus barbatus (Desf.).

A few near Azazga, but not common. In full moult, body-plumage, tail,

and wings, 18.ix.

Muscicapa striata striata (Pall.).

Common ui the gardens of Alger first week in September, not rare Azazga

middle September, and common at Biskra 30. ix. and to about 20.x. At Biskra

undoubtedly on passage, and jn'obably also at Alger and Azazga, though the

Spotted Flycatcher nests in Algeria in various places.

84 NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Phylloscopus trochilus trochilns (L.).

Phylloscopi were not rarely seen at Azazga during second half of September

and at Biskra early in October. The few specimens procured were trochilus.

Sylvia melanocephala melanoccphala (Gm.).

In Alger 9.ix. almost entirely through the moult. Near Tizi-Ouzou, where it

was specially common in woods and scrub in low-lying districts, still in moult

on head, body, tail, in middle of September. Plumage as in spring.

Sylvia conspicillata conspicillata (Temm.).

Common near Biskra from 29. ix. to 17.x. (and probably still later and

throughout winter). Some had still old rectrices, some were moulting, also parts

of body-plumage. In fresh autumn plumage the ashy-grey crown is hidden by

the sandy-brown edges to the feathers.

Sylvia nana deserti (Loche).

A single specimen on the sanddunes between Biskra and Oumash 5 . x.

Moult on primaries and body-plumage. Fresh autumn plumage warmer, more

reddish than in breeding season !

[We never noticed any Hippolais in September and October. They must

probably have been departed already.]

Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (L.).

Alger 9 . ix. through the moult, only outer primaries not fully grovsTi. Upper-

side m fresh autumn plumage darker, browner than in spring.

Agrobates galactotes galactotes (Temm.).

Must be an early migrant, as we did not see any specimens, except one near

Biskra early in October.

[Song-thrushes, which are so common in winter in northern Algeria, had

not yet arrived when we were in the Kabylie in September. They are supposed

to arrive late in October. Mistle-thrushes were seen in small numbers in the

forests near Azazga and Yacouren. Blackbirds were seen near Yacouren, Azazga,

and Biskra, but were shy, as usual in Algeria. A male from Yacouren 17. ix. is

in full moult from first juvenile to adult plumage, a male Biskra 14.x. has black

first body- plumage, still moulting, tail in full moult, wings still juvenile and

measuring only 122 mm., though it should be Turdus tnerula mauretanicus, from

the locaUty.]

Monticola solitarius solitarius (L.).

A $ in full fresh plumage Biskra 7.x. Common El-Kantara, 24 and 25.x.,

fresh plumage.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 85

Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (L.).

Common in the plains from Alger to Tizi - Ouzou and near Azazga and

Yacouren during second haK of September and around Biskra throughout

October. A few were stdl moulting body-feathers in September.

October 19th we shot a female at Beni Mora near Biskra, which from its

distinctly lighter, more sandy upperside we consider to belong to 0. o. seebohmi.

So far we have no indication where this bird winters, but it cannot remain

through the winter in the liigh altitudes where it nests and must be migratory to

some extent. (It is astonishing how numerous 0. o. oenanthe is in autumn and

spring on passage, from Marocco to Egypt.)

Oenanthe hispanica hispanica (L.).

A few between Alger and Tizi- Ouzou middle September, not rare at Biskra

throughout October, but all males shot and clearly observed were first autumn's

birds, except one Biskra 21.x.

Oenanthe lugens halophila (Tristr.).

The western form of this Chat is evidently one of the most sedentary birds,

as we found it all aromid Biskra in exactly the same places, where we formerly

came across it in winter and in the breeding season. The fresh autumn males

(they had completed their moult) do not differ in appearance from spring speci-

mens, except that the white edges to the primaries and tips of the quills are very

conspicuous, whUe they wear off entirely, or almost so, in the breeding season.

The females of the western subspecies are quite ditierent from the males, while in

the eastern form they are almost exactly Uke the males. In the western form,

halophila, the throat is white with a more or less pronounced grey wash, but not

unfrequently, in fact almost as often, it is dull black with whitish patches or

whitish wash, and sometimes, though rarely, it is a black as in the males ; such

black-tliroated females we shot at Biskra, February 21st, 1908, and October 1st,

1920, and we have one from Fliickiger, shot 31.xii.l902. In the October speci-

men the back is also more blackish than usual, yet it is at once recognisable by

the chiefly grey-brown back and shorter wing, apart from the examination of

the sexual organs, which was made by Hartert and Young. The amomit of

black on the throat has evidently nothing to do with age. Birds in the first

autumn and second spring are at once recognisable by their brownish quills.

Oenanthe leucura syenitica (Heugl.).

This is equally sedentary as 0. lugens halophila and 0. moesta, for we foimd

both in exactly the same places where they nest. It was remarkable that

0. moesta was frequently pouring forth its most peculiar rolling song in the

middle of October, while the other Chats did not sing.

Saxicola rubetra rubetra (L.).

Not rare near Tizi- Ouzou and once near Yacom-en middle of September.

Beautiful fresh plumage. Two were shot, one typical S. r. rubetra, the other

lighter, apparently^*?, r. spatzi !

8g NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Diplootocus moussieri (Olphe-Galliard).

Never noticed in the Kabylie. Only twice near Biskra, 8.x. and 21.x.

Evidently the majority of specimens were still in their breeding area in the Atlas

(chiefly the southern range). Autumn males have wide brownish-grey edges to

the feathers of the upperside, which in spring, when the edges are worn off, is

quite black ; also the feathers of the underside have white tips which disappear

in spring.

Erithacus rubecula witherbyi Hart.

In small numbers near Tizi-Ouzou and in the forest of Yacouren (Kabylie)

second half September, in full moult of body-plumage. Undoubtedly the resident

Algerian race.

Phoenicurus phoenicurus phoenicurus (L.).

Very common in the Kabylie second half September and at Biskra in

October. A specimen (<^) from Biskra and another from Azazga resemble

P. p. algeriensis in the length of the sixth primary, but P. p. algerieiisis requires

confirmation by skins from breeding places !

Phoenicurus ochruros gibraltariensis (Gm.).

A beautiful male in finest full autumn plumage Biskra 21.x.

Luscinia megarhyncha megarhyncha Brehm.

Twice first half of October near Biskra.

Cisticola cisticola cisticola (Temm.).

A specimen BLskra 16.x. in full moult. (About nomenclature see Vog. pal.

Fauna, p. 2151.)

Delichon urbica meridionalis (Hart.).

A few seen Alger first week September. At Tizi-Ouzou, where gi'eat numbers

nested on the hotel, they came every night to sleep in the nests. They also sat

m long rows on the telegraph wires between Tizi-Ouzou and Azazga. The

moult seems to be very irregular. Young birds shot 16. ix. were not moulting,

but of old burds one had a new wing, another an old worn one, whUe two showed

some few fresh or moulting secondaries m the otherwise old wing. (Swallows

were seen in small numbers throughout October at Biskra.)

Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hart.

A $ shot by Monsieur Saby's son at Yacouren 19.ix.l920 is all we saw of

Goatsuckers on our autumn journey. It shows some moult of body-plumage.

The rectrices are old, except the lateral on the left side (only), which are new.

Merops apiaster L.

Flocks of Bee-eaters were several times seen early in September over the

gardens of Mustapha Superieur, the beautiful suburb of Alger, and Mr. Paul Saby

shot one near Azazga 16. ix.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 87

(We looked in vaiii for Merops persicus chrysocercus south of Biskra ; they

had evidently left for the south already in first week of October.)

Alcedo atthis atthis (L.).

Kingfishers are generally rare in Algeria. One was seen close to Mustapha

Superieur, September 3rd, flying along the waterless bed of a stream. Hartert

shot a male in the bed of the River Sebaou, near Azazga, at a pool of water, one

was frequently seen on the river near Biskra, another in the town of Biskra in

October. The male shot 21.ix. near Azazga moulted body- plumage above and

below and rectrices. In its stomach were small frogs, though small fishes were

seen in the water.

Dryobates major numidus (Malh.).

Common in the big forests near Azazga and Yacouren and in full moult

(body and wings) during second half of September.

Dryobates minor ledouci (Malh).

Inhabits the forests of Azazga and Yacoiu-en, but is not numerous. We

only once saw a pair near Yacouren, but could not shoot them. llr. Paul Saby

sent a pair of wings of a specimen he shot in the little town of Azazga 9.x., and

two males mjected with formaline, which were skinned in Tring by Fred. Young ;

they were shot in the woods 4. v. and 10. iv. These birds are very much like

Italian Lesser Woodpeckers (D. m. huturlini Hart.), but the back seems to be

less white and the bars on the wings are slightly smaller ; the feathers of the fore-

head are darker, more blackish at their bases. Bills 16-8, 17, wings 86-5, 87,

88 mm.

Picus vaillantii (Malh.).

Not very rare in the forests of Azazga and Yacouren. Badly in moult

17. ix., body-plumage, wings, and tail.

Yynx torguilla torquilla L.

A $ Biskra 14.x., no moult.

(We did not see Yynjc t. manretanica Rothsch., which seems to be a migrant.)

[No Rollers, Coracias garrulus, were observed. They had evidently already

left northern Algeria by the middle of September, as they are most likely not

imcommon near Azazga and Yacouren.]

Buho (P bubo) ascalaphus Sav.

When passing through the little town of Alma we inspected a small collection

of stuffed birds belonging to the Rev. Father Frohliger. In it we saw a Bubo

ascalaphus shot near Azazga about 1909, which the owner kindly let us have

later on. It is rather pale, but, allowing for about ten years' fadmg, it may still

pas? for the northern form, though not one of the darkest specimens. Cf. Vog.

pal. Fauna, p. 2194, second and third notes.

88 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Strix aluco mauritanica (With).

In the evenings early in September the hooting of this owl could be heard in

the bedrooms in the Hotel Alexandra in Alger, and a c?, its plumage wet from

the heavy dew, was shot in the morning of September 15th m a thick wood near

Tizi-Ouzou, Kabylie. It agrees entirely with other specimens from Algeria

(Djebel Taya, Batna) and North Marocco.

Tringa ochropus L.

Small flocks in River Sebaou near Azazga 21 .ix. An adult $ showed some

moult on body-plumage.

Alectoris barbara barbara (Bonn.).

Numerous in the ravines and bush near Azazga. Birds of the year still

moulting 21.ix. Autumn feathers are a little darker than in spring.

Alectoris barbara spatzi (Rchw.).

A $ shot 24.x. at El-Kantara still moults some body-feathers. Fresh

autumn feathers darker than ui spring.

Coturnis coturnix coturnix (L.).

Only seen a few end September near Tizi-Ouzou.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 89

SHORT NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF CYEENAICA.

By ERNST HARTERT.

DURING the short time of my stay, less than two months, in Cyrenaica I

concentrated myself on birds and butterflies, and was unable to make

a useful collection of mammals ; nevertheless, the following short notes may be

of some interest.

I am not aware that there is any information about large mammals, at least

not in modern times. Lions and leopards, not long ago common in Algeria,

do not seem to have existed, nor do I know of the occurrence of wild pigs and

of the Arui or Barbary sheep, Ovis lervia, or any of the larger species of Oazella.

Wild pigs are, however, said by Haimann to exist in the mountains. The common

gazelle, Gazella dorcas, is not rare in the south, as, for example, near Sheleidima.

I saw several tame gazelles in Benghasi, and mutilated skins for sale. Hyaena

hyaena occurs in the mountains, as, for example, according to information,

within a day's march from Merg, and Festa has a young specimen. Of Cynaihirus

guttatus Festa saw a live specimen from Cyrenaica in Benghasi. Jackals (Canis

anthus teste Festa) are common, especially near Merg, where HUgert shot a fine

specimen. Festa mentions two foxes — one he identified as Vulpes aegyptiaca

(which is a subspecies of V . vulpes), from Cjrrene, another he described as Vulpes

cyrenaica, from Ghemtnez and the environs of Benghasi. Genetta afra and

Zorilla libyca are mentioned by Festa. There are several bats, and more wOl

doubtless be found, if not already in Festa's hands.

Hares are not rare m the bush-covered plain between Benghasi and Tokra,

as well as in the woods near Merg : they are Lepus barcaevs Ghigi ; while Festa

identified a specimen from Sidi GhUani east of Gheminez as Lepus whitakeri,

and discovered a third form, not yet described, near Mechili (in litt.).

A feature of many places on the plateau, especially near Er-Regima and

Merg, is the presence of innumerable mole-hiUs, sometimes almost touching each

other and covering the whole ground. These are the work of Spalax aegyptiacus

Nehring. This form was for the first time described from a specimen from

Ramleh, near Alexandria in Lower Egypt, in the Berlin Museum, while Letourneux

and Anderson had discovered it near Meryut, seven or eight mUes west of

Alexandria. Its stronghold is apparently Barka, from where it extends east to

the neighbourhood of Alexandria and Ramleh. As is well known, Spalax lacks the

external eye. This actual blindness of the little beast is well known to the

Arabs, who call it abu-ama, or bu-amian, i.e. the " father of the blind." They

have the stupid superstition that when they handle it they become blind them-

selves, and refuse to touch a specimen in any way. In the Maynmalia of Egypt,

by Anderson and de Winton, it is stated, from native information, that the

animal is said never to appear on the surface ; but this is not quite correct, at

least not without exception. The entomologist Geo. Kriiger saw and caught

one near Merg, and I saw one for a moment above ground in the early morning,

90 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

also near Merg, but it disappeared at once, and digging in tlie rather hard red

soO was impossible without a strong instrument.

In the mountain woods lives a fine wild cat, Felis Ubyca cyrenarum Ghigi,

of which we procured a specimen near Merg.

A dormouse, Eliomys cyrenaicus Festa, very similar to and evidently a

subspecies of E. lerotinus, has been described from Gheminez, but it lives also in

the gardens of Benghasi, where I found a damaged, dried-up specimen.

The house-mouse is common in houses and in the gardens of Benghasi

(Berka) ; Festa calls it 3Iiis 7nusculus gentilis. Other rodents of the genera

Dipodillus, Meriones, and Jaculns are not rare, and doubtless the recent collec-

tions made by Festa will considerably add to the number of Cyrenaica species.

The porcupine occurs, but is said to be very rare.

Domestic animals flourish in Cyrenaica. Horses and donkeys abound, but

mules are very seldom seen. Cattle are numerous but small, goats and sheep

are seen everywhere ; of the latter I saw only the fat-taQed kind, often with

enormous tails. Since the terrible famine in 1892 the number of domestic

animals has enormously diminished. Camels are of course the means of transport

in the Sahara, but in Cyrenaica proper one does not usually sec great numbers.

The camels I saw were, however, rather fine, strong animals, for load-camels,

but I saw no mehara or riding-camels.

It is obvious that the mammals of Cyrenaica have comparatively more

peculiar forms — as it ought to be, considering that mammals are much less

mobile than the birds — and that they are less pronounced of western affinities :

Spalax is not found in Africa Minor, and the affinities of most of the other

mammals are as much Egyptian as Algero-Tunisian ; but we hope that Dr. Festa

will teach us much more about these interesting questions when he has worked

out his new material, the result of about seven or eight months in Cyrenaica.

The following is the meagre literature of Cyrenaican Mammals :

E. Festa, "Mammiferi, Missione Zoologica in Cirenaica," in Bollettino Musei

di Zool. ed. Anatomi a conip. Torino, xxxvi.. No. 740. (20 species.)

Ghigi, Memorie R. Accademia Sc. Instit. Bologrut, ser. vii., vol. vii., 1919-20.

Zavattari, Atti Soc. Natural. Mathemath., Modena, ser. v., vol. vii., 1922.

Cornaha gave a list of animals collected by Haimann in Haimann's Cirenaica,

1882. I have not seen this book.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1323. 91

THE HITHERTO KNOWN BIRDS OF MAROCCO

By ERNST HARTERT, assisted by F. C. R. JOURDAIN

SO far large parts of Marocco remain unexplored ornithologically : the whole

eastern portion is unknown, except that Saby told us, that Comatibis

eremita nested in a colony not far from Mahiridja in north-eastern Marocco. The

RLf Mountains are unknown, except for some peeps into the hills near Tetuan

by several Englishmen and by Vaucher. In the Middle Atlas Lynes collected

most successfully aboul Azrou ; the country around Tanger is fairly well

known ; observations and collections have been made in various places on

and near the west coast, notably near Rabat and inland at Meknes, near

Mazagan and on the Oum-er-Rbia ; around Mogador ; in the districts of

Rehamna, Haha, Chiadma, inland to Marrakesh (chiefly Riggenbach), and in

the south-western High Atlas by Dodson (as far east as Glaoui), Meade-

Waldo and Riggenbach, but the greater parts of that great mountain range is

still unknown. Boudarel collected as far south as Agadir, but very super-

ficially, as far as birds are concerned. Not a feather is known from south of

the Great Atlas. The richest collections known are those in the Tring

Museum made by F. W. Riggenbach in western Marocco and in the south-

western Atlas.

A list of all the literature on Maroccan birds by Jourdain and Hartert will

follow after the end of this article, which we trust will be a useful basis for

futiu:e workers, as it shows what is hitherto known m Marocco. The species

which are known to breed, or of which we must suppose that they undoubtedly

nest in the country, are marked with an *.

* 1. Corvus corax tingitanus Irby.

Widely distributed and common from Tanger (typical locality) to Mazagan,

Larache and Mogador, on the Oum-er-Rbia, and found in the Atlas Mountains

(Fenzou, Tamarouth). Breeds in large numbers in the forest of Mamora. Nests

on trees and rocks, according to opportunity.

[Corvus corone is recorded by Drake, but probably in error.]

2. Coloeus monedula subsp. ?

Drake and Munn saw Jackdaws commonly near Tetuan, the latter in

May. We have two skins in the preparation of Olcese, and labelled " Marocco,"

dates and sexes, as usual with Olcese's skins, not marked. As Jackdaws have

not been seen near Tanger, they are probably from Tetuan, all Olcese's

skins being from the wider neighbourhood of Tanger, not necessarily close to

Tanger. The two birds are evidently summer specimens, being very worn ; it

is therefore impossible to say with certainty to which subspecies they belong,

but they are apparently not cirtensis, which inhabits the gorge of Constantino

in Algeria. A colony is said to exist in a natural rock arch 60 km. east of

Marrakesh (W. B. Harris).

92 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

* 3. Pica pica mauritanica Malh.

An extremely local species, but not rare in certain suitable places near

Mazagan and Mogador (Adamna, Achassin), Rabat, Forest of Mamora and

Marrakesh. Menegaux received it from Agadir. Breeds, according to Jourdain,

in colonies. Typical locality : Oran in north-west Algeria.

* 4. Garrulus glandarius oenops Whit.

LjTies found this form not uncommon and nesting in the woods near Azrou

in the Middle Atlas. His specimens agree with those collected by Riggenbach

and those taken by myself and HUgert near Djelfa in Algeria, unless their wings

are a little longer ! Riggenbach collected 16 skins in the forests of the western

High Atlas near Fenzou, Temerui, Tisi-Taletukiar (1,500 m.) and Tamarouth

(6,000-7,000 ft.).

This form of Jay was first described as Garrulus minor by Verreaux, from the

woods near Djelfa, but the name minor being preoccupied we must call it oenops,

a name given by Whitaker to examples from Tilula and Enzel in the Great Atlas

south of Marrakesh.

* 5. Garrulus glandarius whitakeri Hart.

So far only known in Marocco from the neighbourhood of Tanger, where

it nests, but it must occur in suitable places in the Rif, as we found it in

north-western Algeria, not far from Tlemcen. (Not recorded from Forest of

Mamora).

* 6. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (L.) (subsp. ?).

Probably in all suitable rock-districts of Marocco ; Tetuan, Djebel Mousa,

near Azrou in the Middle Atlas, and sent by Riggenbach from Tamarouth, south-

western Great Atlas, 6,000-7,000 ft.; wmgs from Tamarouth: ^ 300, 310,

$ 280 mm. Nesting.

7. Pyrrhocorax graculus (L.).

Irby saw a bird at Apes Hill, northern Marocco, m 1877, of which he " thought

he could distinguish the yellow bill." We have two skins in the unmistakable

preparation of Olcese, supposed to come from Tanger. It is not known that

Olcese ever had birds from anywhere else. As this species occurs in Spain, it

might easUy visit Marocco at times or it might live near Jetuan.

* 8. Sturnus unicolor Temm.

Riggenbach collected specimens at Mazagan, on Cape Blanco, and Chiadma,

hinterland of Mogador. It nests on the precipitous cliffs of Cape Blanco. Widely

spread, but somewhat local, from Tanger to Mogador and Agadir. Lynes found

it common near Azrou, Dodson collected it at Fez, Mequinez, Marrakesh. The

bill is blackish in autumn, yellow in the breeding season ; in Jlarocco they begin

to get yellow as early as January, and sometimes end of December, and after

the breeding season in July, or even end of June, they begin to become black again.

Whitaker's note in Bull. B.O. Club, vii. p. xvii. 1897, is somewhat misleading, but

the description in his " Birds of Tunisia " is quite correct. It breeds (Jourdain)

in buildings in towns and in trees. Also in Forest of Mamora.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 93

9. Stuinus vulgaris vulgaris L.

A winter visitor only, extending its migrations {at least) as far as Mogador,

where Escalera and Ratto collected specimens.

* 10. Oriolus oriolus oriolus (L.).

The Oriole nests in the woods of Marocco, as Meade-Waldo found it " swarm-

ing " in the Great Atlas, and saw " full-grown young " in mid-July. Not rare

in Forest of Mamora, but Lynes did not notice it in the Middle Atlas ; it is

therefore probably local, as in Algeria.

* 11. Coccothraustes coccothraustes buvryi Cab.

[Favier records two Hawfinches from Tanger, where, according to Meade-

Waldo, Olcese also received specimens — but it is possible that these Tanger

specimens were visitors from Europe, which occur, exceptionally at least, near

Alger and Tunis.]

Lynes found C. c. buvryi breeding and common in the Middle Atlas near

Azrou, Meade- Waldo saw it once Sould Jedid. Riggenbach did not come across

it in the southern Atlas.

* 12. Chloris chloris aurantiiventris (Cab.).

We have trade-skins collected by Olcese, from Tanger, Dodson collected a

few in "North and South Marocco." Jourdain found it breeding in gardens

at Rabat, Kenitrea, etc. It is common in the orange-woods of the Mehuila

on the Oum-er-Rbia, where it breeds, and Riggenbach sent also a few from

Mogador. Meade-Waldo does not mention Greenfinches, and Lynes found

them absent from Azrou in the Middle Atlas. A bkd of plantations and gardens,

less in forests.

[Carduelis linaria is recorded by Drake as seen once !]

* 13. Carduelis carduelis afrieana (Hart.).

Seems to be common everywhere in Marocco, nesting in the mountains up

to 6,000 ft.

14. CardueHs spinus (L).

Irregular visitor in winter and early spring, but sometimes numerous near

Tanger (H. Vaucher). Common ui early sprmg 1892 near Tanger (Meade- Waldo).

* 15. Carduelis cannabina mediterranea (Tschusi).

Nesting, mentioned in all lists from Tanger to Mogador.

\Carduelis cannabina cannabiiia may occur as winter visitor, as it does in

Algeria. ]

* 16. Serinus canaria serinus (L,).

Evidently nestmg almost everywhere in gardens and woods, ui the Great

Atlas as high as the limit of trees, near Azrou to 5,000-6,000 ft. and as far south

as Ida (Boudarel).

94 NOVITATES ZooLoaicAE XXX. 1923.

* 17. Erythrospiza githaginea subsp. ?

Riggenbach sent a very worn adult cJ from Tizi in the Great Atlas, shot

ll.vi.l904. Its bill is rather larger, about as in the Canary Islands form, wing

apparently not over 85 mm., thus smaller than zedlitzi usually is. It would be

interesting to have a series of measurable specimens, as it appears almost as if

it was amantium or a form between the latter and zedlitzi. That the .species has

so far remained unknown to Marocco is, because it is a desert bird and the country

south of the Atlas in Marocco is entirely miexplored.

* 18. Rhodopecbys sanguinea aliena Whitaker.

On May 28th Dodson met with this representative of the Asian Eh. s. saii-

guinea, 5,000 ft. high at Glaoui in the Great Atlas, south-east of Marrakesh,

and shot 1 <^ and 2 $ $. The discovery of this bird was the most interesting one

that could be made, but its presence in Africa Minor was recorded already in 1867,

when Loche, under the name Rhodopechys phoenicoptera, described it from a skin

which Buvry had brought from " the Tunisian frontier," and another " in very

bad condition " from the neighbourhood of Zaatcha. Loche was a trustworthy

naturalist, and these statements cannot be doubted. But Buvry's specimens

(with the exception of a few duplicates in the Brehm collection) are in the Berlin

Museum, and Stresemann and I have failed to find there a Rhodopechys from

Algeria. Zaatcha is an oasis at the foot of the southern or Saharan Atlas range,

about 36 km. west of Biskra. It is a small place now, and in 1849 was razed to

the gromid by the French for a rising against their rule, after it had held out

against an army for fifty-two days, and the fight for Zaatcha was one of the

bloodiest in the Algerian wars.

Here near Zaatcha are only low hills, which Rothschild, Hilgert and I searched

in vain in 1909, and we doubt whether Rhodopechys lives there, but it might well

exist on the higher mountains of the southern Atlas range, which are almost

imknown to ornithologists — practically only the Djebel IMahmel is explored,

where Dixon and Elwes, Koenig, Hilgert and myself, and Flijckiger collected,

and the latter visited also the Djebel Chelia and Ahmar-Khaddou. I also made

two trips to the Dj. Mekter i>ear Ain-Sefra — but all these were short excursions,

so that the highest regions of the southern Atlas may still be called almost im-

explored ! As Rhodopechys is a mountam bird, it may still mhabit certain places

in Algeria !

19. Loxia curvirostra (subsp. ?).

We have no knowledge of the occurrence of Crossbills in Marocco, except

that Favier mentions havmg picked up a specimen in a dying state in 1855 near

Tanger. (Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, sec. ed., p. 106, 1895.)

* 20. Fringilla coelebs africana Lev.

Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 127. This Chaffinch is common from the Middle

Atlas to Mogador and the Great Atlas (Imintanout, Tamarouth, Imizen, Fenzou).

It is probably also this form which nests near Rabat.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXX. 1923. 95

* 21. Fringilla coelebs koenigi Rothsch. & Hart.

Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 128. Only known from the neighbourhood of Tanger,

but probably found in the Rif , which is unexplored.

22. Fringilla coelebs coelebs L.

Said by Vaucher to nest in Tanger, but thLs requires confirmation, though

the European Chaffinch is a winter visitor to North Marocco (S. Reid, Meade-

Waldo), generally scarce, sometimes numerous.

23. Fringilla montifringilla L.

Has occurred near Tanger m 1845, accordmg to Favier.

* 24. Petronia petronia barbara ErI.

Irby says common in sierras and rocky ground, nesting in May in holes of

rocks. Jourdain fomid it fakly common on rocky ground south of Tanger.

Lynes did not find it common near Azrou and obtained only 1 ^J, Dodson sent

5 (J $ from Glaoui, Great Atlas. Riggenbach never came across it, so it must

be local. I have examined no specimens, but suppose the Maroccan form will be

barbara.

* 25. Passer domesiicus tingitanus Loche.

The Maiu'etanian House Sparrow is common in towais and villages from

Tanger to Mogador. Hybridisation with P. hispaniolensis is apparently rare

(unlike Algeria), but there can hardly be any doubt that Klemschmidt's Passer

ahasver from Marrakesh is a hybrid, and so is a male shot at Mogador 12. iv. 1904

by Riggenbach. The crown is chestnut with a few grey edges (not the brownish

ones of the autumn plumage), the sides are unstriped, and the rump is grey

without black, as in domesticus.

It is remarkable that hybrids are so rare elsewhere and so common in Algeria

(and Tunisia), but Meinertzhagen shot an obvious hybrid (between P. domesticus

hiblicus and P. hispaniolensis transcaspicus) at Beisan in the Upper Jordan

Valley (see Ibis, 1921, p. 630 !).

* 26. Passer hispaniolensis hispaniolensis (Temm.).

Also very locally distributed over Marocco, from Tanger to Mogador, but

absent from many places. Common in the MehuiJa and elsewhere near Mazagan.

* 27. Emberiza calandra calandra L.

A common bird in the plauis and rolling corn lands, but evidently local

and not ascendmg momitains to any great height : dependent on agriculture i

Numerous near Tanger, Rabat, near Mazagan (Sidi Bouarfi, Rahamna, south-east

of Mazagan, nesting in the Mehuila), but breedmg as far as Shtida in Mtonga,

south-east of Mogador, where Riggenbach shot a quite young bh-d 21. v. 1904.

* 28. Emberiza cirlus L.

Common near Tanger ; Lynes found it rare m the plains and lower forests of

the Middle Atlas ; Whitaker ; Marrakesh and Ras-el-Am m summer ; Meade-

96 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Waldo : common throughout the Atlas region as high as about 5,000 ft. Riggen-

bach sent it from the Mehuila on the Oum-er-Rbia, several places about

Mazagan and Mogador, and from Seksawa in the Great Atlas.

* 29. Emberiza cia africana le Roi.

Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2073. Lynes saw it twice at the base of the Middle

Atlas. Whitaker received it from Zarakten and Tilula. Riggenbach found it

breeding at Dacharat, Tizi Orcus, Fenzou and Tamarouth in the south-western

Great Atlas. Irby saw it near Tanger, but Favier did not know it.

* 30. Emberiza hortulana L.

According to Favier common near Tanger on passage, and also nesting ;

Messrs. Vaucher say it is a winter bird there. Riggenbach shot it 20. iv. 1903

at Rehamna, south-east of Mazagan, 28.x. 1900 at Mazagan, and collected 3 ?$

at Seksawa and Emsassen in the south-western Great Atlas in May and June.

* 31. Emberiza striolata sahari Levaill.

This species is found as far north as Marrakesh, where it nests. It does not,

apparently, breed in Mazagan, but is of rare appearance there — Riggenbach shot

a $ 30. xi. 1902. It breeds commonly in Mogador, Shtida (Mtorga), and Imint-

anout in the westernmost Atlas. Meade-Waldo found it locally common in the

Atlas. Menegaux mentions it from Agadir.

Maroccan specimens are rather richly colom-ed, but can be matched by Al-

gerian and Tunisian ones, and this bird varies a good deal in depth of coloration.

32. Emberiza sehoeniclus schoeniclus (L.).

Favier said he had met with it in December near Tanger, and Reid records

it as common at Lake Masharalhadden. I have not seen his specimens, but

there is a female in the British Museum shot by Olcese near Tanger which

belongs to this form.

33. Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (L.).

" One was picked up dead at Cape Spartel," Drake, His, 1867, p. 427, no

year, no date. Irby (B. Gibraltar, p. Ill) saw the skin in Olcese's possession and

says it was a female in fine plumage.

* 34. Melanocorypha calandra calandra (L.).

Abundant near Tanger. Whitaker mentions it from the Sebu river, Hawara,

Ouled Aloo, and DukaUer. Meade- Waldo did not notice it nesting south of the

Oum-er-Rbia, though abundantly locally north of the latter. Riggenbach only

sent it from the plams near and south-east of Mazagan : Zauia Sidi-Abbes-ben-

Omar, Ouled Farsh, Aounat, Rehamna. It is a bird of agricultural districts.

* 35. Calandrella brachydactyla hermonensis Tristr.

Riggenbach sent specimens from Ouled Farsh (doubtless breeding), Aounat

and Djebel Cheddar near Mazagan, and a worn male from Shtida (Mtonga),

south-east of Mogador. Whitaker received it from Uled Aloo, Mequinez, Oued

Enger and Dukalier, but not farther south. (See Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2078 !)

NoviT.Vi'ES ZooLOGiC'AE XXX. 192:!. 9'?

* 36. Calandi'ella brachydactyla brachydactyla (Leisler).

Short-toed Larks are common passing through on migration and also nest-

ing in the Tanger Peninsula. Specimens sold by Olcese were C. b. brachydactyla,

not herinonensis (= rubiginosa Fromholz). Like all Olcese's birds they were not

dated, and we cannot say whether they were breeding birds or migrants, but it is

probable that hermonensis does not range so far north, and that migrants and

residents from Tanger and Tetuan are G. b. brachydactyla.

* 37. Calandrella minor minor (Cab.).

Riggenbach has never sent a specimen of this species. Meade- Waldo found

it common on the semi-deserts north of the Atlas, and came across it locally

throughout the country south of the Oum-er-Rbia. Whitaker received it from

Mazagan and fom' other localities farther south. Messrs. Vaucher (Rev. Frang.

d'Orn., iv. p. 109. no. 01) say that it nests near Tanger, but is this not an error for

brachydactyla, which they do not mention ?

[Aninionianes deserti algeriensis is bound to occur south of the Atlas, but

those regions are unknowii. Ammomanes phoenicurus arenicolor also doubtless

occm-s, since we have specimens of this or an allied subspecies from the Rio de Oro !]

* 38. Galerida cristata kleinschmidti Erl.

Only known from the northern Penmsula, i.e. near Tanger, but some of

Whitaker's birds from northern parts of Marocco may belong to it. Cf. Ibis,

1898, p. G02.

* 39. Galerida cristata riggenbachi Hart.

This is the long-billed Crested Lark of the middle parts of Marocco. Casa-

blanca, base and lower altitudes of Middle Atlas, Mazagan to interior, south to

Mogador. Also a very worn skin from Shtida (Mtouga) appears to belong to

this race. According to Whitaker (B. of Tunisia, i. p. 255) there would be another

race, near G. c. macrorhyncha, in the more southern districts, but our Mogador

one is typical riggenbachi, and the Mtouga one, though rather pale for the latter,

is much too rufescent for macrorhyncha and arenicola.

* -10. Galerida theklae erlangeri Hart.

Fomid near Tanger and at Schaf-el-Akab and El Horush not far from Tanger.

* 41. Galerida theklae ruficolor Whit.

Middle and southern Marocco, from Mazagan, the Oum-er-Rbia and Cape

Blanco north to ]\Iogador, Ida, and Seksawa at the foot of the Great Atlas. Must

extend over great parts of Marocco, as it was fomid by Lord Rothschild and me

on the plain of Lalla Marnia, near the Maroccan boundary, in north-west Algeria.

* 42. Lullula arborea (? harterli Hilgert).

Woodlarks occur near Tanger on passage in March (Favier), Capt. Savile

Reid obtained some near Larache in winter. Jourdain and Congreve found them

7

98 KOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 192S.

fairly common in the Foret de Mamora and breeding. Lynes found them

abundant in the mountains above Azrou, but his specimens are too much worn

to make siu-e about the subspecies. Meade-Waldo observe:! Woodlarks fairly

common in the Great Atlas, breeding in July. Riggenbach never sent a specimen.

* 43. Alauda arvensis L.

Winter visitor near Tanger and Schaf-el-Akab. Lynes found Skylarks

breeding abundantly near Azrou, but specimens so much worn that subspecies

imcertain. Meade- Waldo and Riggenbach did not come across any. Jourdain

says he heard its song between Casablanca and Rabat and near the Bou-

reg-reg, but no specimens were taken. Menegaux mentions " Alauda arvensis

harlerii " (1 $ ad. !) from Fcdhala, l.iii. 1912.

[Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes was taken by Riggenbach at the Rio de Oro

and is certain to occui' south of the Atlas, in the southernmost quite imexplored

regions of Marocco.]

* 44. Eremophila alpsstris atlas Whit.

Discovered by Dodson at Glaoui, about 5,000 ft., found by Meade-Waldo

on Tizi Gourza, up to about 10,500 ft., in the Great Atlas, and common above

Azrou by Lynes. (Probably local above forest on most grass-covered plateaux.)

[Eremophila alpestris bilopha is bound to occur in the deserts south of

the Atlas, as it — or a closely allied form — is found at Rio de Oro. Drake's note

that it occurs near Rabat and Casablanca is not credible.]

* 45. Anthus campestris campestris (L,).

Recorded as a migrant at Tanger, but not very common, in the plains, but

Lynes found it nesting in the plateau of the Middle Atlas ; Whitaker quotes it

from Central Marocco and Zarakten. Riggenbach sent only one single young

male from Mazagan, shot 4 . x . 1 90 1 .

46. Anthus trivialis trivialis (L ).

Passes through on migration in spring and autumn, from Tanger to Mogador

and Seksawa in the south-western Atlas.

47. Anthus pratensis (L.).

Migrant and winter visitor throughout winter months, but so far only

specimens as far south as Mazagan.

48. Anthus cervinus (Pall.).

Two adult males collected by Riggenbach at Mazagan, 26. i. 1903, and Moga-

dor, 11 .iv. 1904, both red-throated, are the only records for Marocco. Not very

rare during winter and on spring passage in Algeria and Tunisia.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 99

49. Antlius spinoletta petrosus (Mont.).

{Anthus spinoletta ohscurus auct.)

A skin of ^. s. petrosus from Olcese, shot near Tanger (no date, but m winter

plumage), is in the Dresser collection in JIanchester. It has been mentioned

by Dresser and Irby, and through the kindness of Drs. Tattersall and Coward,

I have been able to compare it. Favicr stated that this subspecies could always

be seen in winter on the shore near Tanger, where, however, A. s. spinoletta might

also 0CCIU-.

50. Motacilla flava rayi (Bp.).

Two adult males were collected by Riggenbach at Sidi-Bousid, an hour

south-west of Mazagaii, 1 8 . iii . 1 900. Whitaker received both sexes from Mazagan,

April, Irby mentions it from Tanger.

51. Motacilla flava iberiae Hart.

Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2097, 1921. We have the followmg specimens of this

race : 2 fine cJ(J ad. Tanger, Olcese coU., like nearly all Olcese's birds, no dates !

(J ad. Mazagan (Sidi-Bousid), 18. iii. 1900, Riggenbach coll. 2 ^J^ ad. Mazagan,

17. iv. 1901, Riggenbach coll. 2 c?c? ad. Rehamna, between Mazagan and Marra-

kesh, 20. V. 1903, 23. v. 1903, Riggenbach coll. Probably common during both

migration periods, as all Yellow Wagtails nesting in the Iberian Peninsula are

likely to pass through Marocco or Algeria. The white superciliary line which

distinguislies this subspecies is obvious in all in front and behind the eye, except

in the two from the Rehamna, in which it is only distuict behind the eye ; such

variations from the rule, however, occm- ; in Italy and north-east to the Herze-

govina and Bosnia nearly all specimens lack the white superciliary line entirely,

while in a few it is indicated or obvious behind the ej^e, and in one, shot near

Florence in April 1917, it is continuous as in iberiae ! Another question is whether

this form nests in Marocco, as it does near Lac Fetzara m Algeria, and whether

specimens nesting in north-west Africa differ from M. f. cinereocapilla and

iberiae ! (Cf. Vog. pal. Fautia, p. 2098.) Lozano mentions specimens from Moga-

dor shot in August and September.

[Motacilla flava Ihiuibergi Billb. recorded by Irby as passmg through Gibraltar,

therefore doubtless occurrmg in Marocco as a migrant, but no definite record.]

52. Motacilla flava flava L.

2 (? cJ Tanger, 20 . iv . 1 888. Olcese coO.

4 (^9 neighbourhood of Mazagan, 30. ix. 1902, 30.x. 1902, 12. xi. 1902,

18. iii. 1900. F. W. Riggenbach coll.

Whitaker received males from Casa Blanca, Mazagan, Karia-el-Habessi, and

Isseremont " between March and May." Common from February 20th till

April 20th, according to Irby.

* 53. Motacilla cinerea cinerea Tunst.

A winter visitor at least to North Marocco, but also nesting in the Middle

and Great Atlas, and probably in all suitable localities, on mountain streams,

waterfalls, etc. Riggenbach collected it only near Mogador, in November, and

Ain-Moussa in the Atlas, 22. iv. 1905.

100 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

54. Motacilla alba yarrellii Gould.

According to Favier rare near Tangur, but probably common enough during

migration. Irby obtained one, Dodson foui- during a stay of barely fom- weeks

near Tanger, and we liave a beautiful adult .spring ^J from there, bought from

Olcese. Riggenbach sent two specimens from Mazagan, 2.ii.l903, 30.x. 1900.

55. Motacilla alba alba L.

Passes through and winters in Marocco, from Tanger to Mazagan — received

from Riggenbach from 29tli September to 10th February — and we have an adult

male from Seksawa, on the slopes of the Great Atlas, 19.iii.l905, with the tail-

feathers in moult. Favier records it from Tanger from September to March.

* 56. Motacilla alba subpersonata Meade- Waldo.

Discovered by Meade- Waldo at Zrarna on the Oum-er-Rbia. Riggenbach

collected it on the same river from the Mehuila to Rehamna "32 hours south-east

of Mazagan." Lozano (Mem. R. Soc. esp. Hist, luit., viii. p. 81, 1911) mentions

a pair collected by Escalera not far from Mogador. It must be very rare and local

there, as Riggenbach during about two years never came across it, and not even

observed it anywhere except on the Oum-er-Rbia, and sent all specimens which

he collected to Tring, nor, he assures me, is it found on the Oued Kseb.

* 57. Certhia brachydactyla mauritanica With.

Specimens from Marocco do not seem to differ from Algerian ones, but it

must be admitted that only worn spring and summer bu'ds have been examined.

Irby mentions only a single specimen shot near Tanger. Lynes found it

common near Azrou, and Riggenbach sent skins from Temeroui, Tamarouth,

and Azur Melloul in the south-western Great Atlas.

Apparently absent from the Foret de Mamora (Jourdain). They are, in

Algeria and Marocco, chiefly inhabitants of oak-woods, cork-oaka, Quercus ilex,

and others, but in the oases of El-Kantara they live in the gardens of fruit-trees

and date-palms !

(?*) 58. Tichodroma muraria (L,).

In Rev. FranQ. iVOrn., Alfred Vaucher says that his brother Henri observed

the Wall-creeper during his expedition of 1892, and that it nests there and is

resident ! Alfred Vaucher kindly wrote to me that his late brother, in 1892,

made an expedition, unless he is mistaken in May, to the mountains near Tetuan

forming the westernmost part of the RLf. As Henri Vaucher was a reliable

observer and knew this species well from his native mountains of Switzerland,

the observation — though not proved by specimens — cannot be doubted, but that

it is resident can, of course, only be a suggestion, and probably that it nested was

only a conclusion from the date when observed. From these almost miknown

mountams Alfred Vaucher writes that he received Pynhocorax pyrrhocoraz,

Accentor coUaris (!), Cinclus, Monticola saxatilis, and Turdus torquatus ! ! Unfor-

tunately specimens are not available.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. lOl

* 59. Sitta europaea atlas Lyiios.

Cf. Ibis, 1920, p. 292. This Nuthatch is nearest to S. e. hispaniansis, but

different again, having a slenderer bill. It was discovered by Lynes near Azrou,

where it is not rare. According to Reid {Ibis, 1885, p. 243), Olcese obtained

5 or 6 Nuthatches from the " montanas " or low hills near Tanger ; probably

they belonged also to S. e. atlas. Neither Drake nor Irby observed the species

there.

* 60. Parus major excelsus Buvi-y.

" Extremely scarce " near Tanger, according to Favier, but Meade- Waldo

saw " plenty " there in February, presumably of this subspecies, which nests

and extends from Marocco to Tunisia. Fairly common in the Foret de Mamora

(Joiu'dain). Common in the orange-woods of the Mehuila on the Oum-er-Rbia

near Mazagan, not rare near Mogador, in the Rehamna, and at Seksawa and

Tamarouth in the western Great Atlas. Lynes found it common in the lower

and middle forest of the Middle Atlas, rare in the upper, and Meade- Waldo did

not see many above the limit of the olive.

(The note in Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2108, is misleading, as the outer aspect of

the wing is blue in European and other Great Tits as well. It is true, however,

that the wing looks as a rule darker blue in excelsus, the edges of the secondaries

lack the green tinge, and the light bar is not greenish-white or yellow, but white !

I cannot admit that mountain specimens run larger than Maroccan plain birds

as Lynes suggested.)

In Seksawa young (J shot as early as 22.iii. 1905.

* 61. Parus caeruleus ultramarinus Bp.

Appears to be common all over Marocco as far as trees grow in sufficient

numbers ; Tanger, Mazagan, Middle Atlas near Azrou, forest of Mamora, Oum-er-

Rbia, Marrakesh, Great Atlas (Fenzou, Seksawa, Tamarouth), Rehamna— but

not mentioned or received from Mogador.

Maroccan specimens agree with Tunisian and Algerian ones and vary in-

dividually, but not according to localities.

* 62. Parus ater atlas Meade- Waldo.

Discovered by Mr. Meade- Waldo in the Great Atlas, where it abounds in the

moister woods, chiefly between 6,000 and 7,000 ft , " ascending as high as the

limit of trees or scrub." Riggcnbach collected a fine series near Tamarouth,

6,000-7,000 ft., and Temeroui in the western Greaf Atlas, and Lynes found it

abundant from about 5,100-6,000 ft., and also below these elevations. The

nests were all found in the gromid. Riggenbach found the iris deej) brown, feet

mouse-grey, bill black. Wings : (J 67-69, $ 64-66 mm.

* 63. Regulus ignieapillus ignicapillus (Temm.).

L3mes {Ibis, 1920, p. 293) found the Firecrest common in the lower, middle,

and upper forests of the Middle Atlas, near Azrou, where they breed and are

doubtless resident. There seems to be no other information of the occurrence in

Marocco.

102 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

* 64. Lanius excubitor algeriensis Less.

The dark grey Slirike Ls only known, in JIarocco, from the neighbouihood of

Larache, Tanger, Tetuan, where it is evidently not rare. The distribution is

peculiar. It is evidentlj' a form of the coastal region, being known from Tanger,

Oran, Blidah, Alger, Lake Fezzara, and northernmost Tunisia (near Tunis town).

* 65. Lanius excubitor dodsoni AVhitaker.

This is the common Shrike of the neighbom'hood of Mazagan, Rehamna,

JIarrakesh, Mtouga and Blogador. The grey Shrikes from the low hills of Bataille

and Dar-bel-Hamri in the environs of Rabat, observed by Joiu-dain, may belong

to this form. Blost likelj' this form is widely spread all over middle Marocco, for

we have collected it at Lalla BLirnia in Algeria, near the Maroccan boundary, and

even 28 km. north-east of Tlemcen, where it was common. It occurs also in the

middle parts of Algeria and Tmiisia, between the coimtries inhabited by L. e.

algeriensis (north) and L. e. eleyans (south of the Atlas). L. e. dodsoni is inter-

mediate between the two latter forms in coloiu' as well, but nearer algeriensis,

m fact some single specimens are somewhat difficult to distmguish. Wings of

dodsoni 106-112, exceptionally 105 and 113 mm., therefore the same as algerien-

sis, but as a rule smaller than clegans.

This form does not ascend the mountams to any great elevation, but Meade-

Waldo says he saw it up to 3,500 ft.

* 66. Lanius senator senator L.

The red-headed Shrike appears to be common in all suitable localities in the

places explored, but it is scarce in extensive forests and does not range high up

in the mountams. It nests near Tanger, is common in the gardens of Rabat,

and not rare near Mazagan, Mogador, m the Rehamna, south-east of Mogador

and as far south as Ida, Lynes found it common in the '" brushwood " near

Ito, but only saw it twice at Azrou. Riggenbach came across it only twice in

the Atlas, once at Ichserrtalet, on April 1st, 1906, probably on the lower slopes,

where he shot an adult male, and once at Seksawa, 27. iv. 1906. Meade-

Waldo noticed it "migrating south over the momitains in July," a very early

date for the southward migration.

* 67. Harpolestes (Telophonus) senegalus cucullatus (Temm.).

(About the generic name see Nov. Zool., 1920, p. 449.)

This bu:d is not rare in the neighbourhood of Tanger, especially, according

to Irby, about a day's journey south. Near Rabat, Joiu-dain (Rev. FratiQ. d'Orn.

1921, p. 130) suggests that it might occur with Lanius excubitor (dodsoni). Ho

and Congreve think they saw it, and certam jDlaces are suitable. As this species

is such a striking bird, especially in the spring, when it must be singing its very

loud whistling song, and as it has no connection in life with Lanius, this must

rcmam doubtful, and rcmams a mere suggestion. On the other hand, it probably

occiurs in many places along the coast of Marocco, since it inhabits again the

neighbourhood of Mogador. Riggenbach shot a male at Adamna near Mogador,

another at Tagouidert, south of the Oued Kseb, and Dodson at Ras-el-Ai'n in

the Haha country, south of the same river. Dodson shot it also at Marrakesh

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 103

city ill May. This latter place is the most inland locality known. Otherwise it

is only known from the coastal region of northern Tunisia and northern Algeria.

Being a closely allied subspecies of H. s. senegalus, it doubtless originally spread

north along the coast and never crossed the Sahara mland, thus following the

" high-road " of bird migration, as Lynes calls that coast, to which I have

several times called attention.

* 68. Pycnonotus barbatus barbatus (Desf.).

The " Bulbul " occiu-s locally in suitable spots (gardens, etc.) from Tanger

to Mequmez (" Meknes "), Rabat, Marrakesh, Fez, the orange-woods of the

Mchuila near Mazagan, Ouled Farsh, south-east of Mazagan, Mogador, Seksawa

in the Atlas. Meade-Waldo says it " abormds everywhere throughout the Atlas

region, and ascends to at least 7,000'ft. in the moist woods." Generally it is

not abundant " everywhere " in the momitams, but is rather local ; it is fond of

hills, but chiefly an inhabitant of gardens, scrub and trees, not of extensive

forests, except on the outskirts. Dodson obtained it at Ras-el-Ain, in the Haha

country south of Mogador.

* 69. Museicapa striata striata (Pall.).

The Spotted Flycatcher passes through on migration and breeds from

Tanger to Mogador, and in the western Atlas Mountains at Imintanout and

Seksawa, also at Azrou. It is intcrestmg that the Spotted Flycatcher of the Atlas

regions does not differ from the Eiu-opean race, while distmguishable forms

are found on Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearic Isles.

* 70. Museicapa hypoleuca speculigera Bp.

Lynes fomid this distinct form commonly nesting in the lower and middle

forests in the " Moyen Atlas," in the neighbourhood of Azrou. Whitaker sug-

gested that it also nests in the southern or Great Atlas, but this remains so far

uncertain, as he did not distinguish the two subspecies. Doubtless all Pied Fly-

catchers breeding in Marocco must belong to speculigera, but specimens shot m

May need not be nestmg, but may be belated migrants, like those shot by Riggen-

bach at Aiii-Moussa by the end of April. The latter collector did not come across

this species later in the southern Atlas, nor does Meade- Waldo mention it.

71. Museicapa hypoleuca hypoleuca Pall.

(Museicapa atricapilla)

Numerous passage migrant. Specimens e'xamined from Tanger, the neigh-

bourhood of Mazagan, Rehamna south-east of Mazagan, and Ain-Moussa in the

south-western Atlas.

72. Phylloscopus collybita coUybita (Vieill.).

Common migrant and winter visitor, not breeding. Specimens from Tanger,

neighbourhood of Mazagan, Seksawa in south-western Great Atlas. Lozano

mentions two specimens shot in October near Mogador.

104 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

73. Phylloscopus trocbilus trochilus (L.).

Also a common migrant, passing through in August and September, and

no doubt later. If Favier says " November," and quotes no other month,

this is misleading, as surely September is the pruieipal month of the autumn

passage. Irby said : '• There is no doubt, although I did not find a nest, that

this species breeds near Tangier." As there is no proof of this species breeding

in Africa, I do not accept this statement ; late l)irds, however, are sometimes

observed. Lynes shot an adult ? " in beautiful fresli plumage " (speaking against

its breeding !) near Azrou in the Middle Atlas. Riggenbach shot two females at

Immtanout in the south-western Great Atlas, on ]\Iay 12th, and a male at Dellai'n

Diruchan in south-west Marocco. Near Mazagan it is chiefly common in

September.

* 74. Phylloscopus bonelli bonelli (Vieill.).

This is the only Phylloscopus of which the nesting in Marocco has been

proved. It is found on migration near Tanger and doubtless nests m north

Marocco. Not noticed in the Foret de Mamora, but Lynes foimd it abmidant in

the forests of the Middle Atlas, where it nests late, the young being seen abroad

not till near July. Meade-Waldo says it is the most common wood-inhal)iting

Warbler in the high moister woods of the northern slopes of the Great Atlas-

Riggenbach collected skins near Ibrehan, 1,500 m. high, in the southern Great

Atlas, and on the Djebel Schorr in Rehamna, south-east of Mazagan, on May

11th, 1903. Everywhere more a hill-bii'd than hi the plains, where it does not

seem to nest.

75. Phylloscopus sibilatrix (erlangeri) (Bechst.).

The Wood- Wren evidently does not nest in Marocco, nor anywhere else in

Africa. Loche talks as if it nested in Algeria and describes its nest and eggs,

but this does not prove that he actually had found it nesting in the country,

because, to make his book more couijjlete, he often described nests and eggs of

birds which he supposed to nest in Algeria. Neither Koenig, Whitaker or

Erlanger found the nest in Tunisia, though Erlanger believed that it nested in

the " oasis of Gafsa," which it most certainly does not. AVhen I saw, heard, and

shot this bird in the orange- woods of the Mehuila, near Mazagan, on the Oum-er-

Rbia, I noticed that it did not utter its " shivering " or " whu-ring song," but

only a short note of piping sounds ; a similar observation was made by Meade-

Waldo, who, at the meeting of the Brit. Orn. Club in May 1902, told us that he

met the \\'ood-Wren " frequently " in the ulterior of Slarocco, and that they

never had the familiar whirring song as m Europe, but in the notes on Marocco

in Ibis, 1903, he omitted to make mention of this species. Witherby made

the same observation in Algeria, Ogilvie-Grant in Madeira. Erlanger named

Tunisian birds (the type, unfortunately, an obvious albinistic, or rather yellowish,

aberration !) flavescens, and this name being preoccupied, I called the supposed

southern subspecies erlangeri {Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 516), type Marocco. Now,

however, I doubt the distinctness of this form, because the brighter, more

yellowish throat and upperside seem to be due to season, these colours be-

coming duller when the birds breed, and it is certain that the different notes are

— as in Phyll. bonelli — merely a "seasonal modification," as Whitaker calls it

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXX. 1923. 105

If erlangeri should be different, it could only be the south European race, not an

African one. *

Generally Phyll. sihilalrix is not numerous in Marocco. We have only vague

statements tliat it has been observed at Tanger l)y Irby (while Favier did not see

it), and by Meade- Waldo that he saw and heard it in Marocco, and the two

beautiful males which I shot in the Mehuila, where a few others were seen, are

the only Maroccan specimens I know of. Riggenbach never obtained a sjicci-

mcn, though he was on the look-out for it in the Mehuila. That specimens have

been seen rather late in Africa, as for example a $ I shot at Ain-Oussera in

middle Algeria, is no proof of their nesting, such late birds occurring among

many species.

* 70 Cettia cetti cetti (Temm.).

Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2141. Probably found in most suitable places,

i.e. in thick undergrowth, especially among brambles near water, and often among

reeds on dry ground. Favier mentions it from Tanger, but his idea, that it is

there a passage migrant, is perhaps erroneous as it is rather a sedentary bird.

This is also explained by Irby, who found it not rare in spring near Tanger.

JoiU'dain observed it in the neighbourhood of Rabat, Mamora and Mequincz.

I found it not rare in the Mehuila near Mazagan, and took eggs early in April.

This is the only place where Riggenbach collected specimens for us. Lozano,

however, found it near iMogador, and Dodson sent specimens to Whitaker from

Fez, Marrakesh and Ras-el-Ain, in latitude 31° N., in the Haha country south of

Mogador. Neither Lynes nor Meade-Waldo makes mention of Cettia.

11. Liocustella naevia naevia (Bodd.).

Occurs in northern Marocco in winter, and Vaucher [Revue FranQ. d'Orn.

iv. p. Ill) records it as nesting and not rare m the marshes of C'harf-la-Kab and

Boucharem. The vast marshes of the Lower Sebou region requu-c further in-

vestigation, and it is there where L. luscinioides might be expected. Riggenbach

never obtained any kind of Locustella.

78. Locustella luscinioides (Savi).

Drake (Ibis, 1867, p. 427) makes the vague statement that Savi's Warbler is

" rare " in Marocco. That it should occiu- is probable, as it nests in Spain and

was found in Algeria more than half a centm-y ago (though not since, because

nobody visited the place where Salvin found it) by Salvin and Loche, and is

probably nestmg there now. Nevertheless that vague statement of Drake can

hardly be accepted as evidence !

* 79. Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus (L.).

According to Alfred Vaucher very numerous in the great swamps of the

" Charf-la-Kab " and Boucharem. It occm's, accordmg to Irby, near Tanger.

Riggenbach, not having collected in the great swamps, never came across it, nor

most of the other reed- birds.

1{)6 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

(? *) 80. Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Herm.).

(.1. streperus)

Hardly aiij' information from Marocco. Favier and Irby have not observed

it near Tanger, but Whitaker received two shot at Marakesh, in May. (The species

probably nests in suitable places and passes through on migration.)

* 81. Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (L.).

Accordmg to Favier occurs on passage near Tanger. We have three speci-

mens shot at Diabet near Mogador, on August 4th and 5th, by Riggenbach, and

Lozano mentions others from August 17th and 21st from Mogador. (It i.s quite

possible that it also breeds, as it seems to do in Tunisia and Algeria.)

82. Acrocephalus aquaticus (Gm.).

Drake says he shot it in March, and Lozano mentions a § shot near Mogador

on September 1st.

* 83. Hippolais polyglotta (Vieill.).

While there appears to be no record of H. icterina, this species is recorded by

most writers. It nests near Tanger, m the IMiddle Atlas (Lynes), in the Great

Atlas (Djebel Tatifirt, 4,000 ft., Imintanut, Della'in-Diruihan near Mogador, in

the Rehamna, and doubtless in many other places. Dodson obtained it at

Ras-el-Ain in Haha, south of Mogador. Like other species of the genus it is

migratory.

* 84. Hippolais pallida opaca Cab.

Apparently a common breeder from Tanger, Rabat, Mequinez (Meknes), the

neighbourhood of Mazagan, and the Rehamna south-east of Mazagan, to Marra-

kesh, Mogador, and Ras-el-Ain in the Haha country south of Mogador. In the

higher portions of the Atlas it has not been observed, neither by Lynes in the

Middle Atlas near Azrou, nor in the Great Atlas, except a male shot by Riggen-

bach at Seksawa, on April 7th. jMigratory, collected by Riggenbach in whiter

at Thies, western Senegal Colony.

{i *) 85, Sylvia hortensis hortensis (Gm.).

{S. orphea orphea auct. antiqu.)

Like a number of other species, only recorded as a migrant m spring and

autumn by Favier, but probably nesting from Tanger to the Rehamna south-east

of Mazagan, and perhaps even to Ras-el-Ain in the Haha country, where Dodson

shot it in June. A number doubtless also pass through on migration from

Spain, but the winter-quarters were not really known, until Buchanan collected

specimens in Zinder and southern Air, from which we may conclude that some

winter in Hausaland.

86, Sylvia borin (Bodd.).

(S. hortensis auct. antiqu.)

Passes through, but apparently not in great numbers. Lozano mentions a

smgle male shot in September near Mogador, Riggenbach sent a pau- he collected

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 192.'!. 107

at Seksawa, south-west Great Atlas, April 20th and 26th, 1906. Favier men-

tions it as a migrant near Tanger, where it also nests, according to Irby. I con-

cluded— as I am now convinced, erroneously — from specimens shot about middle

May in Algeria, that it nested there, and apparently the statements of its nesting

in Tunisia are also merely due to late birds having been collected m May. Irby's

observation requires confirmation. Vaucher does not mention the species,

Whitaker had specimens from Marrakesh shot in May. (Irby made also very

defuiite statements as to the breeding near Gibraltar, but his observations are

not confirmed by Jourdam, Congrcve, Stenhouse, and others.)

* 87. Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (L.).

Both resident and migratory in Marocco, though very few definite observa-

tions as to nesting have been made known, in fact only from Tanger, Meknes,

Azrou, and the Mehuila near Mazagan.

* 88. Sylvia communis communis Latli.

Both migrant and summer visitor. Favier, as m other cases, talks as of a

migrant only near Tanger, but doubtless in error, and it nests according to

Vaucher. Lynes fomid it common and breeding in various altitudes in the

IMiddle Atlas near Azrou. Meade- Waldo, who must have often observed it,

apiiarently forgot to mention it. Lozano enumerates sjsecimens shot near Moga-

dor from August 10th to September 0th. Riggenbach foimd it common on migra-

tion near Mazagan in September, and shot it in April, also at Fenzou in the

south-western Great Atlas, in April, but did not prove its nestmg anywhere.

Also near Rabat and in Marrakesh only migrants observed.

* 89. Sylvia melanocephala melanocephala (Gm.).

A common bird m scrub comitry and at the edge of forests, and nestmg from

Tanger and Rabat to Mazagan, the Rehamna, and Mogador. It does not,

apparently, range high in the mountains, for Lynes says it is absent at Azrou, and

Riggenbach only shot one male at Ichserrtalet in the Atlas on April 1st, which is

too early for breeding. Boudard shot it at Agadir.

* 90. Sylvia cantillans inornata Tschusi.

The north-west African form of tlie Subalpine Warbler nests near Tanger

(Vaucher), near Azrou in the Middle Atlas (Lynes), and in the Great Atlas up to

considerable elevations, 3,000-7,000 ft. according to Meade- Waldo. Riggenbach

collected males at Fenzou and Temeroui in the Great Atlas m the middle of April,

and two females, apparently of this form, at Sidi Moussanear Mazagan, 15. ix. 1901.

{S. cantillans cantillans might occiu' on migration.)

* 91. Sylvia conspicillata conspicillata Temm.

Evidently resident in suitable places from Tanger to Ras-el-Ain south of

Mogador, but not in high elevations. Lynes observed only a single male near

Azrou, Meade- Waldo does not mention it as observed in the Atlas, Riggenbach

sent one adult cJ from Tiza, south-western Atlas, 10. iv. 1906. Dodson shot it

at Ras-el-Ain in June.

108 No^^TATES Zoologicae XXX. 1923'

* 02. Sylvia deserticola maroccana Hart.

Like Sylvia deserticola deserticola in Algeria apparently onl}- found in the

southern Atlas and on the High Plateau, but not in the northern moimtain

Ranges. Bleade- Waldo said that it " abounded in the cistus and broom scrub,

above the fore.st, up to 9,000 ft.," in the Great Atlas, but he collected only one

female at Tsaiuitz Entsagautz, 4.vii.l901. Riggenbach shot one male at Sek-

sawa, 27 . iii . 190C. No other specimens arc so far available.

* 93. Sylvia undata toni Hart.

Nests near Tanger and is perhaps restricted to the northernmost hills, as

already at Azrou it seems to be absent, Lynes not observing a specimen there.

* 94. Agrobates galactotes galactotes (Temm.).

Nesting from Tanger to Mogador, the Great Atlas, and evidently Ras-el-Ain,

where shot in June. These bkds are migratory, and had akeady left Algeria

dm-ing the second half of September 1920.

* 95. Cisticola juncidis cisticola (Temm.).

(The nomenclatiu-e of the North African and Em-opean forms of Cisticola

has had to suffer several changes. In Vog. pal. Fauna, p. Oil, I called the form

from Africa Minor Cisticola cisticola arquata, having been led, by the scarcity of

South Em-opean .skins examined, to believe that one and the same form inhabited

Spain and Italy, and recognismg that the North African one differed from that

of Italy. Witherby, however, first recognised that Spanish birds agreed with

those from North Africa and differed from Italian ones ; he therefore named

the latter C. cisticola harterti. Stresemann (Journ. f. Orn., 1922, p. 129) now

discovered an older name, "Sylvia juncidis" Rafinesque 1810, for the Italian

subspecies, so that the following forms must be recognised : Cisticola juncidis

juncidis (Rafin.) : southern France and Italy to Asia Minor, synonym C. c.

harterti. Cisticola juncidis cisticola (Temm.) : Spain, Portugal, Balearic Isles,

north-west Africa, synonyms C. c. arquata (Miill.), C. c. vi'iuritanica Whith., C. c.

jordansi Tratz.).

Resident in north and south Marocco : Tanger, Casablanca, Kenitrea,

forest of Mamora, Mazagan, Mogador. Favier's notes about migration of Cisticola

require confirmation.

* 90. Crateropus Julvus fulvus (Dcsfont.).

A rare bird in the plains between IMarrakesh and Mogador, near Marrakesh,

and in the Rehamna. These open plams appear to have a very desert-like

aspect, and the numerous bushes of Zizyphus seem to have attracted the Crateropus

which in Algeria is a bird of the desert, south of the Atlas.

97. Tardus pilaris L.

Like other northern birds (Siskins for example) the Fieldfare usually winters

in Central and South Europe, but occasionally crosses the Mediterranean and

has been observed in " moderate numbers " in Tunisia, Algeria, and was ob-

served in " abundance " by Meade- Waldo near Tanger in the spring of 1892.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 192^. 109

* 98. Turdus viscivorus deichleri Eil.

Occasionally nests near Tanger (Irby), and was noted in the forest of Mamora

(Jourdain), common in the Middle Atlas near Azrou, and in the High Atlas

(Fenzou, Tamarouth, Metloss — Riggenbach). (Favier's note that they pass

through Tanger on passage with the Song-thrushes requires confirmation !)

99. Turdus philomelos philomelos Brehm.

Unlike T. pilaris and musicus L. a regular winter visitor to Marocco, having

been collected from Tanger to the neighbom'hood of Mogador and Seksawa in the

south-western Great Atlas from end October to end of March, the latest date

recorded being April 2nd. All specimens sent by Riggenbach agree well with

T. p. philomelos, not with T. p. clarkei.

100. Turdus musicus L.

{Turdus iliacus auct.)

Also, like the Fieldfare, an exceptional visitor, observed by Favier, Olcese

and Meade- Waldo near Tanger.

101. Turdus torquatus.

Our knowledge of Ring Ouzels in Marocco is very imsatisfactory. Favier

says that he met with them in small flights on passage near Tanger, in spring and

autumn. Alfred Vaucher of Geneve mforms me that his late brother Henri shot

three or four Ring Ouzels on the high mountains near Tetuan. Unfortunately

these were sold (before 1900) to a dealer, and cannot now be traced. As they were

apparently obtained m May, they may have belonged to the race nesting in small

numbers in northern Algeria ; this is a form of T. t. alpestris, but perhaps not

typical. No material at hand to clear up this form !

* 102. Turdus merula algirus (Mad.).

I have only examined two Tanger specimens, both being algirus. Perhaps

restricted to the Rif and neighbourhood of Tanger.

* 103. Turdus merula mauritanicus Hart.

Common m the southern Atlas range, Rehamna, Mogador and Mazagan,

foimd by Dodson as far south as Ras-el-Ain. According to Lynes the Blackbirds

of the neighbourhood of Azrou also belong to this race, and m that case Jourdain

would probably be right in calling those from the neighbourhood of Rabat

inauritanicus.

* 104. Monticola saxatilis (L.).

Observed near Tanger, accordmg to Favier on passage, but probably nesting

on mountains of Rif. Nest.s, according to H. Vaucher, in middle Marocco, but

not observed by Lynes. Meade- Waldo says: " Not numerous, but breeding in

all suitable places up to a great elevation, in Atlas. I saw it at an altitude of

10,500 feet." Riggenbach did not observe it.

110 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

* 105. Monticola solitarius solitarius (L.)

Evidently nesting from north to south : Tanger, Timoudint, Azrou, Re-

hamna. Great Atlas. There will doubtless be some migration, as there is in Algeria,

where these birds are commonly seen in villages in the northern Sahara in winter.

106. Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (L.).

A bird of passage in autumn and spring : Tanger, Mazagan, Djebel Chedar

Rehamna, Seksawa (Atlas), Mogador.

107. Oenanthe oenanthe leucorhoa (Gm.).

The large Greenland (and Iceland) form of the Wheatear, which was first

named from a Senegal specimen, seems to pass along the west coast of Marocco

in fair numbers as it winters in Senegambia, and Riggenbach shot half a dozen

near Mazagan in October 1900 and 1901.

* 108. Oenanthe oenanthe seebohmi (Dixon).

Tliis blaclv-throated form, until 1898 only known from the Djebel Mahmel in

Algeria (later found by Fliickiger also on C'helia and Montagne nue), was collected

by Dodson on the Great Maroccan Atlas near Tilula and Zarakten, bj' Riggenbach

on the Azur Meloul near Seksawa ; Lynes found it abundant on the plateau

above Azrou.

[In the unexplored desert-land south of the Atlas Oenanthe deserti homochroa

must occur, as it is common everywhere south of the Atlas, and Dalmas shot it

at the Bale de Levrier, Cape Blanco south.]

* 109. Oenanthe hispanica liispanica (L).

A common breeder in suitable locahties from Tanger to the Rehamna and

the Great Atlas, also south to Ras-el-Ain, where it was collected by Dodson in

June. A migi-ant, not remainmg in winter ; doubtless Spanish specimens also

pass through Marocco on passage.

(There are still ornithologists who express their opinion that the " Black-

eared " and " Black-tlu-oated " Wheatears are different species. It seems to

me that they have not read what has been written on the subject and that it is

hopeless to try to convince them of the truth.)

* 110. Oenanthe leucurus syenitica (Heugl.).

Lynes found it not rare below the forest m the Middle Atlas near Azrou.

Riggenbach collected a small series in the Rehamna in May, and on Djebel Tiza

and near Emsassen in the Atlas. It must be local there, as Meade- Waldo only

mentions having seen it on migration, on Djebel Bourzegan, which cannot be

correct as these bhds are not migratory. Favier says it occurs near Tanger ; if

this is the case, it remains to be seen whether specimens from Tanger belong to the

North African form or are stray ones from South Spain, where Oe. leucurus leucurus

is faiily common,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1933. Ill

* 111. Saxicola torquata rubicola (L.).

(Pratincola rubicola auct.)

Resident and in places common : Tanger, Rabat, Mazagan, Oum-er-Rbia,

Shtida, Aounat .south-south-east of Mazagan, Rehamna, Mogador, Atlas. Rig-

genbach sent it from Seksawa and Imintanout in spring ; it appears, however,

not to ascend high in the mountains. It was not found in the Great Atlas by

Dodson ; Meade- Waldo found it absent in the hills ; Lynes did not come across it

in the Middle Atlas.

112. Saxicola rubetra rubetra (L.).

Migrant from Tanger to Mogador. Riggenbach collected specimens at

Mazagan in September, one cJ in the Rehamna, 7. v. 1903. All specimens

examined are typical iS. r. rubetra. (Joiu-dain saw a pair in the forest of Mamora

end April.)

* 113. Phoenicurus phoenicurus algeriensis (Klemschm.).

Lynes found this form abundantl3' breeding in the lower, middle, and upper

-forest of the Middle Atlas near Azrou. His specimens showed the racial characters

in the shape of the wing quite clear ; this seems to be the only difference, the

colour differences not being constant. An adult male, Mazagan, 15. ix, and a

female, Mazagan, 17. ix, have also clearly the wing formula of this subspecies ;

on the same days typical phoenicurus were also collected, but this is not too

strange, as the Atlas Mountain race is also migratory. In the Great Atlas it has

not been found, so far, but will certainly occur. It is very local m Algeria.

114. Phoenicurus phoenicurus phoenicurus (L.).

Common bird of passage : Tanger, Rabat, El Horush, Mazagan (very numer-

ous second half September and first half October), Mogador, from where recorded

by Lozano as early as 3. vii (!), unless it is a specimen of Ph. ph. algeriensis, which,

however, is surely restricted to the mountains.

115. Phoenicurus ochraros gibraltariensis (Gm.).

Whiter-bu:d. Common at Tanger, but very little information elsewhere.

Meade- Waldo says he saw it " at the highest elevations in the Atlas " ; Menegaux

reports a specimen from Fedhala. Riggenbach sent ^ $ from Mazagan (Novem-

ber), and a (J from the Mehuila inland of Mazagan (February). It has been

queried whether it nests in Marocco, but there is no reason to suppose that this is

the case.

* 116. Diplootocus moussieri (Olphe-Galliard).

Generally only nesting on mountains, and more in the south. Apparently

only of irregular appearance in the immediate neighboitthood of Tanger ; though

by no means a migrant, descends in winter from its mountain-homes and is

seen in places where it does not breed. Lynes found it common near Azrou,

Middle Atlas, in spring and summer ; Meade- Waldo records it from the Great

Atlas from 3,500-9,000 ft. ; Whitaker received it (May and June) from Amsmiz,

Enzel, Zarakten, Tilula, Glaoui, Ras-el-Ain, and Ecru ; it evidently nests also

112 NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXX. 1923.

on the hills near Mogador, from where Lozano received young in July. Riggen-

bacli collected it in the Atlas at Fenzou and Temeroui, also at Ibrehan (S.v),

DeUain Diruihan (31. v), Emsassen (10. iv), and on Djebel Chedar, 16 hours

south-south-east of Mazagan (27. ii). It is common near Mogador in whiter and

at Agadir in April.

* 117. Luscinia megarhyncha megarhyncha Brehm.

(North-west African Nightingales are like Central European ones. In colour

there is no difference, the size is the same ! The wings of 14 males measure 80-

86-5, of 8 females 80-82 mm. From this we cannot conclude that they are

smaller than European ones. It is true that in Europe (iu the Tring Museum

chiefly specimens from Italy and Cyprus) the wings are sometimes, but not often,

longer, ranging up to 8'J mm., but we cannot possibly know that in oiu: small

series from JMarocco and Algeria we have reached the maximum measiu-e ; more-

over in Europe females have sometimes wmgs of 78 mm. only, which is perhaps

the mmimum, which is also not reached in our African specimens.)

Common and nesting m suitable localities from Tanger to the Mehuila in

the Oum-er-Rbia, Jleknes, ilarrakesh, and probably the Great Atlas, though

the dates on Riggenbach's labels are not conclusive, and there is no proof yet of

nests found in the Great Atlas ; common in the Middle Atlas.

118. Luscinia svecica cyanecula (WoK).

The White-spotted Bluethroat is known as a somewhat scarce migrant near

Tanger and evidently passes the winter in Marocco, not bemg known from the

Senegal or other parts of West Africa. Riggenbach shot it on Djebel Chedar

in April, at Mazagan in October and November, and once January 28th.

* 119. Erithacus rubecula atlas Lynes.

Erithacus rubecula atlas Lynes, Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 32 (Azrou) ; Ibis,

1920. p. 296.

Lj'nes found the Robin breeding commonly near Azrou, Middle Atlas. This

form appears to differ in liaving the upper surface more olivaceous, almost with

a greenish tmge (" olive-green " is too strong !), but as only very worn summer

specimens were collected, this form requires confirmation by fresh examples !

The bill is somewhat long. (Probably nesting in other suitable places in the

northern Atlas ranges — Rif ! — and Meade- Waldo says : " Common in the moister

woods on the north slopes," viz. of the Atlas.) Birds supposed to nest near

Tanger may belong to this form.

120. Erithacus rubecula rubecula (L.).

What are api^arently all — or at least mostly — E. r. rubecula pass tlirough

northern Marocco on migration and winter in the country. Riggenbach sent it

from Mazagan (September, October), Mehuila uiland of Mazagan (March),

Djebel Chedar (February), and Seksawa m the Great Atlas (20.iii. 1905).

121. Prunella coUaris (? subsp.).

Alfred Vaucher says, in litt., that his late brother Henri shot several speci-

mens of the Alpine Accentor m the Rif Mountains close to Tetuan, and that these

NoviTATEs ZooLOGicAs XXX. 192:3. 113

were sold to Schliiter in Halle, not long before 1900. The present manager of

the firm of Schliiter and Massen has not been able to find out what happened to

these skins.

122. Prunella modularis (? subsp.).

Irby (p. 49) says that he has seen specimens of the Hedge Sparrow from the

African side of the Straits of Gibraltar. That is all that is known about the

occurrence in Marocco.

* 123. Troglodytes troglodytes kabylorum Hart.

Wrens — apparently all of this race — nest commonly near Tanger. Joiu'daiii

found it breeding in Meknes. Whitaker received a male from Fez. Lynes

found it common and, of course, nesting in the woods of the Middle Atlas near

Azrou. Meade-Waldo found it " common enough in one tract of moist forest "

in the Great Atlas, and " obtained only a single specimen after much persever-

ance " — perhaps not having small firearms or small charges for such small birds.

Riggenbach sent two adult females, one from Fenzou in the Great Atlas, 12. iv,

one from Tamarouth, 5.vi. Both are rather heavily barred on the sides, and

Lynes says that " specimens from high altitudes appear to be more barred below."

* 124. Cinclus cinclus minor Tristr.

Evidently very local in the higher mountains, as it is in Algeria. Henii

Vaucher found it not rare " in the mountains " diuring his trip of 1902, when

he visited the mountains near Tetuan — so it was presumably there where he saw

it, and we may look out for Dijjpers in the Rif, when it is accessible.

Meade- Waldo saw a number of Dippers on a branch of the upper waters of the

Oued Amsmiz runnmg down from the east of Tizi Gourza. He saw them up to

an altitude of about 9,000 ft., and caught a nearly full-fledged young bird. To

tell us to which subspecies Maroccan Dippers (or at least those of the Great Atlas)

belong we have two males and one female collected by Riggenbach near Tamarouth

in the Atlas, early in June. The slightly longer bill and brighter rufous chest

seem to separate them from C. c. aqualicus, to which they are nearest, and I

consider them to be the same as the Algerian C. c. minor. Ljaies found it absent

from the part of the Middle Atlas which he explored.

The distribution of the Dippers in south-west Em-ope is most peculiar. While

a quite distinct form inhabits the Pyrenees, Witherby collected Dippers in the

Cantabrian mountains which appear to be inseparable from C. c. cinclv..s of

Scandinavia (!), and the few specimens I have examined from South Spain are

neither the latter, nor pyrenaicus, but seem to be exactly like C. c. aquaticus !

More material may prove them to belong to minor, which is very close to aquaticus.

C. c. minor was originally described quite wrongly : Tristram said it differed only

in size, probably comparing his smgle (!) small female with a male (or several

males) of the Central Eiu-opean form, while he overlooked the rather slight dis-

tinguishing features.

* 125. Hirundo rustica

(The Swallows nesting in Marocco and Algeria average, as far as measured,

smaller than Europeaii, and especially eastern ones, where the largest measure-

8

114 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 192".

ment-s are commoner than in Europe ; the long wings of Turkestan specimens —

males mostly over 127 — are, however, also found in Em'ope, where even 130 mm.,

but only as an exceptional outside length, occurs ; in Algeria and Marocco wings

of 127 mm. are apparently rare, and even in males they are generally only 121-124

mm. long. As, however, these measures vary very much, and only four

undoubted breeding adults from Marocco and seven from Algeria have been

measured by me, I do not feel justified in naming the form from Africa Minor.

Such cases, where birds differ only in average longer wings, are always disputable ;

it is most desirable to call attention to them and to fully investigate them, but

they shoidd not be named, unless a large series has been compared. The gist of

science is not merely to give names to forms, and this should be avoided if doubts

exist.)

Swallows pass through Marocco in autumn and spring, but they also nest m

(apparently all) towns and many villages from Tanger to jNIogador and Ras-el-

Ain. Lynes found it common near Azrou, but neither Meade-A\'aldo nor Riggen-

bach mentions it from the Great Atlas ; this may be an oversight, as it will

most likely prove not to be absent from the townis of the Great Atlas, and probably

ranges even south of the Great Atlas to Tarudant and the Sus country.

Swallows are migratory in Africa Minor, as they are in Em'ope and western

Asia.

* 126. Hirundo daurica rulula Temm.

Meade- Waldo observed several pairs nestmg at Rabat, and it nests in Jlarra-

kesh, in the Great Atlas region, and at Ras-el-Ain. Riggenbach sent a male

from Djebel Tiza, 25.iii, and a pair from " Rhiat de Shishawa," 16. vi. 1904.

* 127. Delichon urbica.

House Martins (probably D. urbica meridionalis) arc said to nest frequently

near Tanger by Favier, while according to Vaucher they are only birds of passage

during the two seasons. Jourdain saw specimens near Rabat on April 21st.

Whitaker received one shot at Tilula, 24. v. Drake has only a casual note that

it occm's near Tanger, but gives no details. It is peculiar that we have no more

information about the Martin in Marocco, as it nests in very great numbers in

Algeria and Tunisia. Riggenbach has not sent a single specimen.

128. Riparia riparia riparia (L).

Definite observations of nesting in Marocco are wanting, though Irby says

that he " had no doubt " that they were nesting near Ras-el-Doiu'a in northern

Marocco.

Riggenbach shot an adult male on the Oum-er-Rbia, " 32 hours south-east

of Mazagan," on May I'Jtli, 1903, which he saw in company with Riparia paludicola

inauritanica, which nests there.

*129. Riparia paludicola mam-itanica (Meade-Waldo).

(This is a most interesting member of the IMaroccan avifauna, as it is really

a tropical element in the country. In fact it is very closely allied to B. p. minor

from Nubia and the Egyptian Sudan, while the other forms of R. pahulicola

inhabit tropical Africa.)

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923. 115

Meade- Waldo discovered this little Sand Martin on the Oum-er-Rbia, where

it is common. Riggenbach also found it in the Mehuila, five hours from Mazagan,

on the Oum-er-Rbia, in February and May, though during my brief stay there in

April 1901 I did not see any. He found it nesting as early as February, and by

the end of May it was common farther up the river, about thu'ty-two hours' riding

from Mazagan. On June ICth old birds in full moult — including wmgs and tail

— were not rare near Shishawa, uiland of Mogador. That is all the mformation

we have about this Martin.

130. Riparia rupestris rupestris (Scop.).

There does not seem to be any definite statement that Crag Martins breed in

Marocco, but tliey possibly do, tliough Lynes did not fuid them m the Middle

Atlas ! According to Favier and Vaucher it is numerous at Tanger on migra-

tion, and it doubtless winters in Marocco. Riggenbach shot specimens eight

hours' journey south-east of Mazagan on February 11th, near Mogador November

14th, and one at Emsassen in the Great Atlas on April 10th.

'•' 131. Apus melba tuneti Tschusi.

Information about the Alpme Swift in Marocco is not very plentiful. It

migrates tlu-ough Tanger (March-May and August-October) and nests there,

as well as in great numbers at Meknez, in buildings, also evidently on the plateau

near Azrou, in the Middle Atlas. Riggenbach only sent one adult $ shot on

May 27th in the Mtouga, south-east of Mogador, judging from the date probably

breeding there.

(P. 834 of Vog. d. pal. Fauna I united " Apus melba tuneti " with A. m. melba,

but I agree now that a paler, less brownish, race, breeding from eastern Algeria

and Tunisia to Palestine and Persia (but not in Somaliland !), must be separated.

Not all Alpine Swifts shot in Africa Minor, however, belong to A. m. tuneti; in

fact, specimens shot by us and Hilgert near Biskra and in the Sahara south of

Bislira in March are all true dark A. in. melba, and so is one shot in May at Gafsa

in Tunisia by Hilgert. Tlie specimen from the Mtouga is pale enough to belong

to A. in. tuneti, though not quite so gre}'ish as some other N. African breeding

specimens ; it is, however, probable that all Alpine Swifts nesting in Marocco

belong to tuneti, while those passing through may be A. m. melba. It mu.st be

repeated that the winter quarters of the specimens passing through Africa Minor

are not yet known !)

* 132. Apus apus apus (L.).

Black Swifts pass through on migration at Tanger, and according to Favier

many breed there. Lynes also states that they nest in the plains near the Middle

Atlas and stray to the mountains in summer, and Joiwdain observed them at

Rabat and forest of Mamora. I saw dark Swifts on migration south of Mazagan,

in April. It is remarkable that Riggenbach never sent us a specimen.

* 133. Apus pallidas brehmorum (Hart.).

Evidently nesting throughout Marocco from Tanger to the Haha country

south of Mogador (young, wings half grown, from nest, Mogador, 4.vii.l905),

Il6 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

but Meade-Waldo's sweeping statement " breeding everywlicre " is too optimistic,

at least Lynes did not find it in the Middle Atlas. Riggenbach sent skins from

Azemour, Mazagan and neighbourhood, Cape Blanco, and Mogador. Specimens

from Marocco exactly like those from Canary Islands.

* 134. Apus affinis galilejeiisis (Antin.)

The only definite localities I know of in Marocco are Mazagan and Marrakesh,

where they nest in quantities under archways of houses and walls. They have

been observed neither at Tanger nor at Mogador, nor in the High Atlas. Riggen-

bach sent a series from Mazagan, where they appear early in April and leave

in the autumn. Tliese buds agree entii-ely with specimens from Algeria, Tunisia,

and Palestine, and are paler than A. a. affinis. Wiiitaker must accidentally

have had very pale summer birds from Tunisia, when he found them paler than

Maroccan (cf. Ibis, 1898, p. 607) ones, and he was in error when he believed the

latter to be typical A. a. affinis, which is a tropical form.

135. Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus L.

Nightjars pass through Tanger on migration, and of these no doubt a certain

number are typical C. e. europaeus. A male shot near Tanger by Olcese, wing

198 mm., is C. e. europaeus.

* 130. Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hart.

Lynes found the southern form of our Nightjar breeding at moderate eleva-

tions near Azrou in the Middle Atlas, where they arrived about May 9th. Meade-

Waldo says " breeding throughout the Atlas up to a great elevation." Riggen-

bach sent an adult male from Tamarouth in the south-western Great Atlas, shot

7.vi.l904, a dark specimen, but typical meridionalis, wing 181 mm.

(C. e. meridionalis can always be recognised by its smaller size. Far more

than half the specimens (Memertzhagen says 60 per cent.) of this form are much

paler than C. e. europaeus ; such pale specimens occur also among C. e. europaeus,

but are much rarer ; Meinertzhagen says about 30 per cent, are as pale as

meridionalis, in any case the preponderance of pale specimens in meridionalis is

striking when the series in the Tring Museum is laid out.)

* 137. Caprimulgus ruficoUis ruficoUis Temm.

This form of the red-necked Nightjar, the same as the one found in Spain,

is common near Tanger both on passage and nesting. Jourdain observed it in

the gardens of Chellia and in the forest not far from Kenitrea. Riggenbach sent

a dark typical C r. ruficoUis from Cape Blanco and another from Imintanout in the

south-western Great Atlas, shot 13. v. He also sent a male from the Rehamna,

south-east of Mazagan, and a female from Djebcl Chedar between Mazagan and

Rehamna, both shot in April. These two specimens are paler than true rufcollis,

but too dark, especially on wings and underside, for deserlorum, which inliabits

Algeria and Tunisia ; both are, however, birds of the-year before, still having some

juvenile rectrices, and are moulting (tail, body) ! Whitaker received a specimen

from Marrakesh, and the Tring Museum has a specimen from the H. H. Slater

collection, labelled " Wazan, Marocco, 12. vi. 1887."

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 117

* 138. Merops apiaster L.

Passes through the district of Tanger in great numbers and nests as well.

Evidently nests in suitable places in all parts of Marocco, though Lynes says it

is absent from the neighbourhood of Azrou, Middle Atlas. Escalera collected it

July 10th near Mogador, Riggenbach May 19th and 2Cth in Mtouga with eggs in

nest, Dodson as far south as Ras-el-Ain in Haha south of Mogador, at Fez, and

Marrakesh. Meade- Waldo says he saw it in July " frequenting the highest

mountains " and " migrating south " at night. At Tanger the migration begins

again by the end of July ; the latest date when noticed at Gibraltar was August

18th. We have, however, seen flocks at Alger during first week of September

and September 16th near Azazga.

* 139. Upupa epops epops L.

A common bird in Marocco from Tanger to Ras-el-Ain in Haha, south of

Mogador, both on passage and breeding.

* 140. Coracias garrulus garrulus L.

Occurs both on passage and breeding from Tanger, Rabat (very common).

Forest of Mamora, Middle Atlas, Meknez, Marrakesh, to Mogador and the southern

High Atlas, nesting in holes of trees as well, but chiefly in old walls, ruined build-

ings, city walls, and other holes. Particularly numerous at Meknez and Marra-

kesh. Meade- Waldo says he found it breeding up to 6,000 ft.

[Ceryle rudis rudis (L.), sub nomine Alcedo rudis, is said by Carstensen,

Naumannia, ii, 1. Heft, p. 77, 1852, to have occurred on the Tetuan River ! There

is also a statement of its occurrence in Algeria ! Unless the specimen is found

in some museum, this must remain doubtful, but it is not possible to leave such

a definite statement unmentioned.]

* 141. Alcedo atthis atthis (L.).

Probably occurring sparingly on waters all over Marocco, where there is

opportunity to nest, though Lynes quotes it as " absent " near Azrou in the

Middle Atlas. Favier says it is found near Tanger from August to March, but

not numerous, though more abundant near Rabat. We have specimens from

Tanger from Olcese,- Riggenbach sent a series from Mazagan,Mehuila,and Mogador

(Oued Mogador, Oued Kseb). Whitaker mentions only a specimen from " Wed

Enger." Meade-Waldo says : " Very common and breeding on the Wad

Nyfys."

The wings of Maroccan specimens measure 74-77, once 78, once (Tanger)

79-5 mm. This form differs from A. a. ispida only in the slightly shorter wing,

slenderer, usually more pointed and sometimes longer bill, and on an average

paler underside, though this is not a constant character.

Favier's statement that Kingfishers are only found near Tanger from August

to March must be erroneous. Kingfishers nest in Marocco, and are not migra-

tory.

118 NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XXX. 1923.

* 142. Picus vaillantu (Malh.).

Evidently resident in most, if not all, wooded mountain di.'^tricts of Marocco.

Rare near Tanger, " but common near Tetuan and in the province of Angera,

especially among the short stunted trees which grow in the valleys about Jebel

Mu.sa " (Trby). Abundant in the lower, middle and upper forest about Azrou

in Middle Atlas (Lynes). " Very common in the mountains. I used to see it

far up on the mountain-sides above the limit of trees " (Meade- Waldo). Riggcn-

bach found it at Fenzou and Ibrehan (1,500 m.) in the High Atlas ; in the latter

place fresh eggs 3 . v.

* 143. Dryobates major mauritanus (Brehm).

Favier said : " Resident and common in the vicinity of Tanger, being found

only in large woods." To this Irby adds that he did not find it " common "

near Tanger, and that there are no " large woods " near that town, but that it

is plentiful about Tetuan. Evidently Favier, as in other cases, meant by

" vicinity of Tanger " a rather ^\ide area. This woodpecker, however, cannot

be rare somewhere not very far from Tanger, as there are a good many specimens

in collections from Favier and Olcese. Vaucher mentions it from Larache. It

is common in the forest of Mamora (Meade-Waldo, Ljmes, Jourdain). Lynes

found it " abundant " in the lower, middle, and upper forest near Azrou, Middle

Atlas. Meade- Waldo says it is " very common throughout the Atlas." It is

strange, in the face of this statement, that neither Dodson nor Riggenbach have

sent specimens from the Great Atlas, nor is it known from the neighbourhood

of Mogador and in the Haha country.

[The Lesser Woodpecker is not yet known to occur in Marocco.]

144. Jjmx toiquilla torquilla L.

A bird of passage near Tanger, its return passage beginning in August, and

occasionally seen in winter. Probably found in many places, tliough Riggenbach

sent only one shot near Mazagan 28. ix. 1901. Whitaker received it only from

North Marocco, but Escalera collected specimens near Mogador in August and

September, and one l.vii. !

[No Jynx is known to nest in Marocco ; Lynes did not observe it in the

Middle Atlas. Should it be found somewhere breeding, it would probably be

J. t. manretanica Rothsch.]

* 145. Cuculus canorus bangsi Obcrh.

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2191.)

This Cuckoo evidently propagates — probably in many places — in Marocco.

It occurs near Tanger and Jourdain heard it (probably this form) a few times in

the forest of Mamora. Lynes only once heard a Cuckoo (May 9th) near Azrou.

Neither Wliitaker nor Meade-Waldo mentions the species. Riggenbach sent five

skins from Mtouga (16. v.), and Seksawa, Azur Meloull, and Fenzou in the Great

Atlas (May, one 22.iii.). Escalera collected a " very young " ^ near Mogador,

9 . viii. , which was apparently hatched there. That is all the information we have

NOVITATES ZOOLOGK-AE XXX. 1923. 119

about C. c. bangsi. Payton heard Cuckoos at Mogador, but there is no informa-

tion about the subspecie.s.

[C'ucidus canorus canorus probably occurs on passage, but we have no proof

of it yet.]

* 146. Clamator glandarius (L.).

Occurs near Tanger, though apparently not very common. Henri Vaucher

says it " nests," and he shot one as late as January. What Favier says about

its migrations, i.e. that they pass over to Europe in January, February, and

March, and retm-n in June, July, August and September, is obscure, and cannot

be correct. The species is evidently migratory in southern Europe, arriving

early in March or end of February, and departing again early in autumn. It is

said to have been seen (in a flock !) in January near the Lake of Masharalhaddar in

N. Marocco {Ibis, 1885, p. 247). It is found commonly in the forest of Mamora

(Meade-Waldo), but Joiu'dain saw only one or two there at the end of April.

Lynes and Whitaker do not mention it in then- ILsts, nor does Meade-Waldo

mention its occurrence in the High Atlas. Riggenbach shot it December I2th

" eight hours S.S.E. from Mazagan," on Djebel-Chedar (Aounat) February 26th,

near Mogador 25. vi. and 6.xii. Probably in the nesting season it is found only

where Magpies nest, on the nests of which it depends obviously in Marocco,

though there is not yet any proof of its laying in the country !

* 147. Bubo (bubo) ascalaphus Sav.

(The question whether ascalaphus is rightly considered to be a subspecies of

B. bubo is not yet satisfactorily settled.)

Probably this owl or an allied race occurs in the unexjjlored parts of Marocco

south of the Atlas. The only proof of its occurrence in the north is a specimen of

the dark form killed at Cape Tres Forcas (Ras-Ouark) just north of Melilla, in the

Spanish Territory, which we bought from Schl liter about 15 years ago. Riggen-

bach sent two females which he shot at " Cherarda " and " Kanafa," south-east

of Mogador, 4.iii. and 16.xi. 1906. Both these are very dark .specimens, like the

one from the Rif country. The stomach of one contained parts of birds and

dung-beetles.

* 148. Otus scops scops (L.).

Evidently in all wooded districts from Tanger to the Great Atlas. Lynes

only observed and shot it once near Kenitrea. Riggenbach sent specimens

from Boulaban and Seksawa in the Great Atlas. Neither Riggenbach nor

Escalera found it near Mogador. It is migratory, though occasionally a few

remain in winter, even in Spain.

* 149. Asio otus otus (L.).

Olcese obtained one in the hills near Tanger in the summer of 1884, where it

also occurs according to Meade-Waldo. Dodson shot a female at Ain-Embark,

two days north of Fez, and Bondarel a female at Mogador. Lynes found a nest

near Kenitrea !

120 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

(?*) loO. Asio flainmeus flammeus (Pontopp.).

{Asia accipitrinus et hrachyotus auct.)

Evidently on passage through Marocco, but the only real evidence before

us is the observation at Tanger and two sldns sent by Riggenbach from Mogador

7.xi and 28. xi. According to Favier and Vaucher (Rev. FratiQ. cVOrn., iv, p. 107)

nesting near Tanger, but these observations should be confirmed, as the species

apparently does not breed in Spain south of the Pyrenees.

(There is — Irb}', B. Gibraltar, 2nd ed., p. 139 — a wild story of Favier of the

interbreeding of this species with Asio capensis tingitanus. This story is, as

Irby puts it, " difficult to believe," and I do not accept it, though it is strange what

Favier could have meant by these birds with a " half yellow " iris.)

* 151. Asio capensis tingitanus (Loehe).

Evidently quite a common bird locally : near Tanger, Fedliala, and Rabat,

where it seems to be resident. Riggenbach sent an adult male from Ouled

Far.sh, " eight and a half hours S.E. of Mazagan," 16. ii. 1902. First mentioned

as nesting near Tanger — as well as A. flammeus — by Carstensen in Naumannia,

1852!

* 152. Athene nochia glaux (Sav.).

Common in suitable parts of Marocco from Tanger to Mogador. Localities :

Tanger, near Fez, Forest of Mamora, Rabat, Azrou, Mazagan and neighbourhood,

Azemur, Mtouga, Rehamna, jMogador, Marrakesh, Tameshlot, Asendo in the

Atlas. Meade-Waldo says " not common above 3,500 ft.," nor did Lynes find it

at higher elevations, but only in the lower regions of the Middle Atlas. (Irby's

statement that the Little Owl of Tanger was " undoubtedly C. noctua " and not

glaux is erroneous.)

* 153. Tyto alba alba (Scop.).

Barn-Owls are common in the neighbourhood of Tanger. Meade-Waldo

said : " As elsewhere in Morocco, tliis species abounded tliroughout the foot-hills

of the Atlas." Besides from Tanger (Favier, Olcese, H. Vaucher), we have

specimens from the neighbourhood of Mazagan and the orange-woods of the

Mehuila on the Oum-er-Rbia, and from Sliiadma, east of Mogador, where

Escalera also collected specimens. They breed, of cour.'se, in Marocco and must

be more or less resident, and not migratory, though Alfred Vaucher (who, strange

to say, queries its nesting in Marocco) talks of its being commonest diu-ing the

period of their migrations. About the coloration of Maroccan specimens see

Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1035, to which may be added that a sldn from Favier, from

the neighbourhood of Tanger, is so dark, that it might pass for one from Germany,

i.e. T. a. guttata, while others from there are as snowy white underneath as British

specimens.

* 154. Strix aluco mauritanica (With.).

Evidently only recorded proofs from northern Marocco. Near Tanger,

Favier, Olcese, and Henri Vaucher collected specimens. Meade-Waldo quite

correctly stated (cf. Irby, Gibraltar, p. 141) that the specimens were very grey and

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1023. 121

large — the reason being that they were not S. aluco aliico L. but S. a. mauritanica.

The statement of their migrations to and from Europe by Favier is very doubt-

ful. Lynes twice saw owls near Azrou, which he took to be S. aluco, and they

must have been of this subspecies. Jourdain and Congreve found tlii.s owl

breeding in the Forest of Mamora and obtained eggs on April 23rd.

155. Falco peregrinus calidus Lath.

Riggenbach shot an adult male in moult in the Haha Province south of

Mogador on November 20th, 1905, which I consider to belong to this subspecies,

which inhabits Siberia and extends its migrations south to the Sunda Islands

and even (rarely) to New Guinea, but also westwards to Central and South Europe,

Egypt, and Tunisia. The white on the sides of the head is spotted with blackish

and extends up to about 1 cm. from the eye, the moustacliial stripe is in the

middle nearly 1 cm. wide ; the lower back and rump is much lighter than usual

in adult (^ F. -p. peregrinus, though the bars of the underside are rather close and

not very narrow, the underside thus being darker than usual in F. p. calidus.

The wing measures about 315 mm., but this measurement is not quite exact, as

the tip is slightly worn and the tliree outer feathers are old, the other remiges

freshly moulted.

(F. p. calidus, the eastern form of the Peregrine, differs distinctly from F. p.

peregrinus if a series is compared. It differs as follows : The white on the sides

of the head extends up close to the eyes, though often about 1 cm. remains black

under the eye, and often the white is spotted with black ; consequently there

appears a longer, and often narrower, moustachial stripe, though the latter does

not extend further down on the sides of the throat. The underside has a whiter

ground-colour and is usually less barred, the crop mostly unspotted, the middle

of the abdomen as a rule not barred across, but with semi-cordate spots ; under

wing-coverts usually whiter. Lower back, scapulars, and upper wing-coverts

lighter grey in freshly moulted birds, though even this is not always constant !

Though all these characters vary, the sum of them enables us to distinguish the

two forms in nearly every case. I admit that the Maroccan bird is not an over-

typical calidus, but the amount of white on the sides of the head, the fairly white

ground-colour of the luiderside, and light lower back and abdomen induce me

to consider it to belong to F . p. calidus. It mu.st also be considered that the

latter is a mighty wanderer (the real " Peregrine ") which migrates from its

boreal regions in winter south to India and the Malayan Islands, and westwards

to Europe and the Mediterranean, while the European Peregrines are not migrants,

though in winter they stray about for food. I do not see that the name calidus

must be rejected. The description of the male agrees fairly well, though the upper

side of an adult bird is not " blackish brown," but we learn from Jerdon that the

description was made from an Indian drawing, and in very worn plumage, before

the moult, which takes place in winter (in the European race in summer and

autumn), the colour gets rather brown — the Maroccan bird is in full moult and

has among the fresh grey and black feathers of the back and wing-coverts some

old ones (not juvenile ones !) which are brown ! Latham described the " bhyri "

(spelt " behree ") of Indian falconers a name used in Latham's time and now !)

Riggenbach informed us that the Arab Chiefs knew and distinguished this

Falcon from the others, i.e. Falco hiarmicus erlangeri and Falco peregrimis pele-

122 NoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. lt)23.

grinoides found in Marocco. This is quite natural, as it is larger than the latter

and probablj' more powerful and dashing than the former — but if that is the case,

viz. that the Arabs knew it, it must occur oftener in Marocco ! In fact Peregrines

different from F. p. jielegrinoides and brool-ei are said to occur in winter near

Tanger — -and in southern Spain. Thej' may be large specimens of hrookei, calidus,

or even peregrinns, which seems to nest in the PjTenees and might in winter

straggle over Spain, though not being real migrants.

* 156. Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides Tenim.

Nests in Middle and South Marocco, on the Oum-cr-Rbia, Rehamna, near

Mogador, on Djebcl Tizn, and in the Haha country south of Mogador. Not rare,

but obviously less numerous than F. biarm. erlaiigcri. Specimens have also been

shot in North IMarocco, somewhere in the neighbourhood of Tanger, but the form

which nests there is evidently F. pcregrimis hrookei.

* 157. Falco peregrinus brookei Sharpe.

Nests in the Northern Peninsula of Marocco, about Tanger and Cape Spartel.

Beautifully figured in Irby's Orn. Straits Gibraltar, 2nd ed.

* 158. Falco biarmicus erlangeri Kleinschm.

This Falcon nests near Tanger and is resident in suitable districts all over

Marocco. Jleade-Waldo says he " saw it on many occasions in the plains," and

Lynes did not shoot specimens near Azrou, but Riggenbach sent it also, with

eggs (SO.iii.) and young about two-thirds grown (28. iv.) from the Djebel Tiza

in the south-western Great Atlas. It also nests in Shiadma, Rehamna, near

Mogador, and in the Haha country south of Mogador, where it is particularly

numerous, for example on the Oued Titsi. The moult of adults begins after the

breeding season and lasts until Scjjtember or October (ef. Nov. Zool., 1915, p. 179).

(It is strange that the Falcons of this group were so little understood ; apart

from their being mixed up by some authors with the totally different F. p. pele-

grinoides, they were generally called feldeggi by British authors, who did not

take the trouble to obtain skins of the real feldeggi, so that this remained unknown

to them. Sharpe, Handlist, i, p. 274, 1899, mixed up feldeggi and erlangeri,

which are so obviously different. In the Cat. of Eggs, Brit. Ahis., ii, pp. 299,

378, are enumerated 13 clutches of eggs as those of feldeggi, of which not a single

one can possibly be of that form, as already stated by Reiser — fancy Volga,

Tanger, Egypt, Fashoda ! Dresser, Eggs B. Europe, 1910, figured true eggs from

Bulgaria, and gave the distribution almost correctly.)

* 159. Falco eleonorae Gene.

Nests in great numbers on the island near Mogador and on the cliffs of the

Haha province south of Mogador. (There are no proofs of its occurrence in North-

ern Marocco, nor on Cape Blanco, but as the species breeds in the Mediterranean

it is not unlikely to occur north of Mogador, at least as a straggler.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 123

* 160. Falco subbuteo jugurtha Hart. & Neinn.

Nests near Tanger and in the Middle Atlas, in the Middle and Lower Forests

near Azrou. Meade-Waldo says " found breeding in the Atlas in July," without

further details. Jourdain and Congreve observed it in the Forest of Maniora.

[If Favier's statement that Hobbies are crossing from Tanger to Europe and

return in autumn is correct, these birds would probably be F. s. subbuteo, but

there is so far no proof that I know of.]

161. Falco columbarius aesalon Tunst.

Raid and Favier quote the Merlin as a winter visitor to North Marocco.

162. Falco vespertinus vespertinus L.

Evidently only an irregular bird of passage near Tanger (and doubtless in

other parts of Marocco, but there is no evidence), observed by Irby, Favier, and

Olcese. Their appearance is connected with that of swarms of locusts, but these

birds find enough Orthoptera even when locusts are not swarming.

* 163. Falco naumanni naumanni Fleisch.

Nests in Northern and Middle Marocco, being abundant in suitable localities,

where old buildings, walls, ruins, towers give them opportunity for hatching their

eggs, but seem to be absent from mountains and are not known nesting south of

Mazagan, though they probably occur. Migrant even in North Africa, and doubt-

less passing through the whole of Marocco, even if not nesting in its southern

parts. Nest always more or less socially.

* 164. Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus L.

The Kestrel is common and nests all over Marocco in suitable places. Ac-

cording to Favier (who, however, declares of every bird that it migrates to and

from Spain ! ) and Vaucher there is also a strong migration observed in North

Marocco. Vaucher also says that the resident birds are " tres foncees d'un roux

vif," which appears to be erroneous ; nor are they paler as has been suggested : .

the brighter, darker, and paler coloration being due to the individual variation

and age of plumage.

[Falco cherrug cherrug Gray.

The London Zoological dealer Castang, who used to import birds from

Mogador, had a specimen which he said he had received from there, and which

was sold to Lord Lilford. As Arrigoni had received a specimen from Tunisia,

as it has occurred several times in Italy, and, according to Loche, once in

Algeria, it is not an impossibility that it strays to Blogador, but considering how

live birds are mixed up by dealers the occurrence in Marocco requires further

confirmation.]

* 165. Aquila chrysaetos occidentalis Olphe-Gall.

Nests in the mountains, from the northern Peninsula, in the Forest of

Mamora, near Azrou, in the south-western Great Atlas, and in the Haha country.

124 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Riggenbach sent a fine adult male from Tizi Orcus, 1,200 m., shot on April 3rd,

and one from Djebel Hadid, shot August 31st. The former had in stomach and

gizzard remains of 2 Alectoris and 1 Rock-Dove. As the Arab name Riggenbach

quotes " Emta." This name may be a local or Berber name ; in Algeria, Tunisia,

and Egypt, Eagles are called Ogab or Ne.ssr (Nissr), the latter name in Algeria

being generally applied to Gyi>s fulvus.

* IG6. Aciuila heliaca adalberti Brchm.

Nests near Tanger, or at least in the northern peninsula of Marocco, accord-

ing to Irby, Favier, and Vaucher, who caught a parent bird on two eggs, which

are in his collection. Meade-Waldo {Ibis, 1903, p. 197) saw it in the great plain-

swamps of the " Wad-li-kous," the Ouad Lekkous of the French maps, south of

Larache.

* 167. Aquila rapax belisarius (Lev.).

Favier says it occurs near Tanger, and this statement has often been re-

peated, and recently Vaucher made more definite statements, saying it nests

there. There seems to be no other information except that Lilford got three live

specimens from the dealer Castang in Leadenhall Market, " said to be from

Mogador." Recently, however, Riggenbach sent tlu-ee adult specimens from

Rehamna and the Haha country south of Mogador. About the value of the

subspecies belisarius I cannot add anything to what I said in Vog. d. pal. Fauna,

p. 1096. It is interesting, however (though cage-birds do not afford proof of

plumages !), that the Tunisian specimen obtained by the late Carlo von Erlanger

in 1897 is still in excellent health in Ingelheim, where I saw it as late as August

1922, and has not changed its pale plumage.

* 168. Hieraaetus fasciatus (Vieill.).

Breeds from North Marocco to the Haha country south of Mogador and the

Kigh Atlas, where Riggenbach shot adults and took downy young on Jlarch 26th

at Assmert Agadk. Meade-Waldo records two pairs as noted in the Forest of

JMamora (1902). Vaucher took eggs at Larache and Boudarel obtained young

from nest near Mogador in 1912.

* 169. Hieraaetus pennatus (Gm.).

Also nesting from North Marocco (Tanger district) to south-west High Atlas,

where Riggenbach shot a female and took its clutch of 2 eggs on Djebel Tiza,

30. iv. 1906.

* 170. Buteo ferox cirtensis (Lev.).

Breeding and resident from Tanger to the south-west High Atlas (Djebel

Tiza, young in down taken 27. iv.), Mogador and the Haha province. Jourdain

and Congreve took eggs in the Forest of Mamora, April 23rd.

171. Buteo buteo.

Irby (and Favier) observed Buzzards which they called " Buteo vulgaris "

crossing the Straits of Gibraltar, and the former savs that they are abundant

NOVITATES ZOOI.OGICAE XXX. 1923. 125

on the Spanish side from November to the end of February. I have never

examined a common Buzzard from North Africa ; they are evidently rare there ;

the statement of Mr. Blanc that he had received 2 or 3 from Tunisia must remain

doubtful as it is not probable that Blanc can tell a dark-coloured juvenile cirtensis

from biiteo. The birds that visit Marocco in winter are probably B. buteo hiiteo,

but the Buzzards nesting in Spain require study !

* 172. Circus aeruginosus harterti Zedl.

This southern subspecies of C. aeruginosus nests in Marocco from the north

(Tanger, Rabat) to the Rehamna, south-east of Mazagan, and it also winters in

Marocco. Naturally it is confined, in the spring, to swamps and borders of

lakes or rivers, and therefore local. A young bird shot by Riggenbach near

Mogador 15.x. We have 13 adult and one young bird sent by Riggenbach,

also 1 $ from Tanger (Olcese) ; all belong to G. ae. harterti.

[According to Favier, Marsh Harriers occur on passage to and from Spain.

These birds might be C. ae. aeruginosus, but the status of the Spanish race is not

yet settled ; my suggestion that it belongs to C. ae. harterti requii-es confirmation.]

173. Circus cyaneus cyaneus (L.).

We have never received a specimen from Marocco, but according to Favier

it occurs rarely — doubtless in winter — near Tanger.

174. Circus macrourus (Gm.).

One specimen from the neighbourhood of Tanger is in the Norwich Museum,

and Favier states that it occurs there on passage. It is probably of regular

occurrence in Marocco, as it is not rare in Algeria in whiter and on migration.

* 175. Circus pygargus (L.).

Nests in North Marocco according to Irby, Favier, and Vaucher. Irby says,

" near Lixus in Marocco we found, at the end of April, a regular colony. There

must have been 15 or 20 pair on a marsh acro.ss the river." Doubtless, as stated

by Favier, also on passage. Jourdain and Congreve found half a dozen pairs

breeding near Rabat, also nesting near Kenitrea. Riggenbach sent a young

bird shot in September in Haha, South Marocco.

* 176. Accipiter gentilis.

Nests in North Marocco (Favier, Irby, Drake, Jourdain). Unfortunately

no skins available, so it remains an open question whether this is A. g. gentilis

or a different subspecies ! Eggs in Jourdain's collection are very small !

* 177. Accipiter nisus punicus Erl.

This closely allied subspecies is slightly paler on the upperside and slightly

larger than A. n. nisus. Resident near Tanger and elsewhere in North Marocco,

to Azrou (Middle Atlas). Observed in Forest of Mamora, 27th April. Probably

also nesting in the orange woods of the Mehuila on the Oum-er-Rbia, inland of

Mazagan, from where Riggenbach sent us adult males and females in February

12G NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

and March. Riggeubacli also sent a fine adult male from Seksawa in South-

West Marocco, shot 2.iv. 1905.

* 17S. Melierax canorus metabates Heugl.

Ibis, 1869, p. 153, Drake mentioned a specimen which he had shot near

Mogador. It is not a stray bird in South Marocco, but apparently a not very rare

breeder in South- West Marocco : Riggenbach sent adult and young specimens

from the Haha province and Shiadma north-west of Mogador. Specimens agree

with others from Abyssinia, Senegambia, Nigeria. This is one of the few interest-

ing tropical birds which have extended their range into the palaearctic zone

north of the Sahara.

* 179. Milvus milvus.

Red Kites occur in winter in North Marocco and nest, according to Favier,

Vaucher, and Lynes, who found a nest near Azrou, the two young sitting outside

the nest, 20. vi. Meade-Waldo records them also from the Great Atlas. Un-

fortunately I have not been able to examine a specimen from North-West Africa,

but Loche said that Algerian specimens were smaller than European ones, which

may be true or only an impression from memory. Jourdain saw Red Kites

daily near Kenitrea. I saw some on the cliffs of Cape Blanco in April, which

may have been still on passage. Riggenbach never sent us a specimen.

* ISO. Milvus migrans migrans (Bodd.).

Nest in the whole of Marocco from Tanger to the Haha province south of

Jlogador. Great numbers also pass through the country on migration, chiefly

in March and in September and October. This species is migratory even in

North Africa. Boudarel shot it at Agadir.

* 181. Elanus eaeruleus caeruleus (Desf.).

Said to be rare in the early spring and in autumn near Tanger, but common

near Larache, where it breeds. Vaucher says that it is rather common in " the

whole of Marocco," meaning of course where he has been. He took a clutch of

5 eggs. Olcese sold a lot of specimens from the neighbourhood of Tanger, appar-

ently all spring birds. Riggenbach never came across it in the district of Mazagan

or in the interior, but sent two adults, shot in March, from the neighbourhood of

Mogador. Fu-st stated to breed in Naumannia, ii, 1, p. 76, 1852, and already

mentioned by Bcauclerk in 1828.

[Carstensen, Naumannia, ii, 1, p. 76, 1852, says that " Nauclerus jurcatus "

occurred near Tanger once in 14 years ! The statement is so definite, that one

miist mention it, but possibly the Senegalese Nauclerus riocoiiri was meant, not

the American Elanoides forficatus or furcatus ? ?]

182. Pernis apivorus apivorus (L.).

Passes through North Marocco on migration, both in spring and autumn.

(Meade-Waldo records this species seen in pine forest in the Great Atlas in June !)

NoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 127

* 183. Circaetus gallicus (Gm.).

Generally distributed. Nesting near Tanger, Larache, Foret de Mamora,

Middle Atlas, near Mazagan, Shiadma and Adanuia near Mogador. July 25tli

Riggenbach still found young with wings only 27 and 34 cm. long in a nest at

Adamna. Migratory, generally supposed to be absent or very rare in winter,

but Vaucher says it is " sedentaire et aussi bote d'liiver," which may be a generali-

sation of a few facts. As a rule not high mountain birds, but Meade- Waldo says

" nests up to 7,000 ft."

* 184: Pandiou haliaetus haliaetus (L.).

Recorded from North Marocco, where it nests in small numbers, while it is

very common in the winter. " Sarcelle " observed it near Mogador.

* 185. Gypaetus barbatus barbatus (L.).

Nests on the mountain ranges : Middle Atlas (Lynes), Djebel Tiza {Riggen-

bach, March, a young in the second year). No doubt many more localities could

be added, if more of the Atlas ranges were explored.

* 186. Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (L.).

Observed in suitable places, where they can nest on rocks, from Tanger to

the southern Atlas. (After vi.siting Andalusia in Spain the scarcity of Vultures

over a great part of Marocco struck Mr. Jourdain.)

* 187. Gyps Julvus fulvus (Habl.).

Nesting in North Marocco, and apparently widely spread, but little in-

formation. Apj)ears to be scarce except near mountains.

* 188. Aegypius monachus (L.).

Evidently not at all common, and only observed in North Marocco by

Favier. " Quite a number of eggs were sent from a place roughly about 70 km.

from Tanger, to dealers in Germany, taken from nests on trees. I have examined

several of these eggs " (Jourdain, in litt.).

* 189. Ciconia ciconia ciconia (L.).

Nests in nearly all towns in great numbers on buildings and on trees, and

being protected are very tame. How far south they breed could not be ascer-

tained. Many pass also through on migration. Over 50 jiairs were observed

in one part of the town of Meknes (Mequinez) alone by Jourdain. Mentioned

by Beauclerk in 1828.

190. Ciconia nigra (L.).

Regular migrant near Tanger, teste Favier. Also observed there in October

by Irby, and five seen in January near Tetuan by Verner.

(?*) 191. Platalea leucorodia leucorodia L.

Reported by Favier from North Marocco, quantities seen near Larache in

April by Irby. Whether nesting in Marocco not yet ascertained, but the

*-'*' NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

swamps of that country are not thoroughly explored. Payton observed it near

Mogador.

* 192. Plegadis ialcinellus falcinellus (L.).

Nests in North Marocco and probably other suitable localities in Middle and

South Marocco, and passes through on migration. Specimens collected from

Tanger south to Mogador, where it must nest somewhere near b_y, as Riggenbach

sent a very young bird from the Sultan's garden, obtained 12. ix.

(Mr. Jourdain calls my attention to Irby's statement that the eggs he saw

from Marocco were " pale bluish-green," which they are not, and which sugo-esta

that the eggs he got were not Ibis' eggs, but some Heron's.)

* 193. Comatibis eremita (L.).

The Bald-headed, Ibis is said to have been obtained once near Tanger by

Favier. Mr. Paul Saby sent us a specimen from North-East Marocco, not far

from Mehiridja, and he found a breeding colony east of Taza. It nests, or anyhow

■iised to nest, near Dar-ben-Arousi, north of Rabat and on the Sale cliffs, where it

is not seen now ; it nests on the Cape Blanco north, in the Middle Atlas, where

Lynes found it common at base and plateau, breeding on cliffs. It also nests

on the Oum-er-Rbia, near Mogador, and on Cape Tafetneh in the Haha country

south of Mogador. Meade-Waldo says he did not see it in the mountains, " but

it does occur there," and he saw flocks in several places in the plains. (Alfred

Vaucher says that his specimens from Rabat had the naked sijace on the neck

more extended than in specimens from Syria. This is, however, not the case,

and he {probably compared badly prepared specimens or young from Syria.)

* 194. Ardea cinerea cinerea L.

Known to occur from Tanger to Mogador (Riggenbach, 14. ii. 1904). Nests

in the north and probably in other parts of the country, but not known how far

south.

* 195. Ardea purpurea purpurea L.

Common and resident in swampy districts from the north to Mogador, but

no definite statements about nesting-places. (Jourdain and Congreve saw nests

of some large Heron in the reeds of the Laguna de Melidia near Kenitrea, which

probably were Purple Heron's.)

196. Egretta alba alba (L.).

J. J. Walker, Trans. Entom. Soc, London, 1890, p. 367, mentions that

just north of Cape Negro, north of Tetuan, he saw " once or twice the majestic

white heron, Ardea alba L., a very rare bird in these parts." Though Walker

was an entomologist, his few notes on birds are most correct, and the expression

" majestic " could only have been referring to E. a. alba, not to any other white

heron of Marocco. " Once or twice " is, however, an abominable figure of speech

in a scientific article, and surely an observer should remember if he saw the

" majestic " bird once or twice. Irby saw one on the lakes of Ras-el-Doura in

North Marocco in April 26th. There seems to be no other record for Marocco,

and we have no specimens.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. l29

* 197. Egretta garzetta garzetta (L.).

Nests in North Marocco, not far from Tanger, and occurs all over the country

in suitable swamps, south to the neighbourhood of Mazagan (September, Decem-

ber) and Mogador (November).

* 198. Bubulcus ibis ibis (L.).

The Buff -backed Heron nests from North Marocco to the Mogador district.

Meade-Waldo found on a low rocky island in the sea, between Fedahla and Rabat,

an " enormous colony," " absolutely covering the whole island," amounting

to thousands ; many were still building their nests on May 28th ; on April 1st

of the following year, 1902, the breeding-place was still quite deserted.

Many nest in the city of Marrakesh. First mentioned by Beauclerk in 1828.

* 199. Ardeola ralloides (Scop.).

In North Marocco nesting and common, but no information from other parts

of Marocco.

* 200. Nycticorax nycticoras nycticoras (L.).

Common in North Marocco, where Vaucher found it a common breeder.

Riggenbaeh sent it from the Mehuila on the Oum-er-Rbia, IS.iii. No doiibt

found (and probably nesting) farther south, but no records.

(?*) 201. Ixobrychus minutus minutus (L.).

No information except that of Favier, who says that it is a rare bird near

Tanger, arriving and passing on north in April, and returning during August to

winter farther south. (No doubt nests in ]Marocco, but there appears to be no

proof.)

* 202. Botaurus stellaris stellaris (L.).

A common bird in North Marocco in winter, according to Favier, but also

nests there, at least as far south as Rabat (Irby).

203. Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum Temm.

Flamingoes are numerous in suitable salt-lagoons from Tanger to Mogador,

but apparently they do not nest in Marocco.

204. ? Cygnus eygnus (L.).

Swans are sometimes seen in numbers passing over Tanger, but rarely remain

in the vicinity (Favier). As no specimens are available it is impossible to say

whether these are C. cygnxts or olor.

205. Anser anser (L.).

Greylags are numerous near Tanger, arriving during November and Decem-

ber, but evidently none remain to breed.

206. Anser Jabalis Sabalis (Lath.).

As common as Greylag near Tanger, on passage, according to Favier.

9

130 NuVlTATi:S ZOOLOCKAE XXX. 1923.

207. Branta leucopsis (Bechst.).

"Sarcelle" (Payton), Field, 1891, i, p. 289, records two seen 3.xi.l887,

near Mogador.

208. Branta bernicla bernicla (L.).

" Sarcelle " (Payton) states, Field, 1891, i, p. 289? that he obtained it near

Mogador 2.ii.l891.

209. Tadorna tadorna (L.).

Irregular in appearance near Tanger, between November and February

(Favier).

* 210. Casarca ferruginea (Pall.).

Resident and migratory from Tanger to Mogador (Payton, Riggenbach),

but few dates and localities on record. Evidently breeding in Bliddle Atlas

(Lynes).

* 211. Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha L.

Common in winter and also nesting in the Tanger district, according to Favier,

though Vaucher quotes it only as numerous winter visitor. Payton shot it near

Mogador. Jourdain observed it on the lagoon of Mehdia (Mahediya) near Kenitrea

(Kenitra), 25th April.

212. Anas crecca crecca L.

Common winter visitor in North Marocco. Payton shot it near Mogador.

213. Anas querquedula L.

Common winter visitor in North Marocco and near Mazagan. Seen on the

lagoon of Mehdia as late as 25th April (Jourdain).

214. Anas strepera L.

According to Favier a scarce and irregular winter visitor near Tanger.

215. Anas penelope L.

According to Favier the most abundant duck near Tanger in the winter

months. Riggenbach shot it near Mogador in November, where Payton ob-

served it in great flocks in 1881.

216. Anas acuta acuta L.

Plenty in the vicinity of Tanger in \^inter. Dodson shot it at Hawara ;

Payton, Escalera, and Riggenbach, near Mogador.

* 217. Anas angustirostris Menetr.

Common and breeding on larger waters in North Marocco. No information

from the south.

218. Spatula clypeata (L.).

Sometimes in winter common near Tanger, according to Favier, but Vaucher

considers it to be a rare visitor. Payton recorded it from Mogador, where

Riggenbach collected specimens in November.

N0VITATE3 ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. l3l

219. Netta rufina (Pall.).

Favier says he obtained one in 1835, and another in 1849, near Tanger.

220. Nyroca Jerina Jerina (L.).

Common in winter on lakes near Tetuan and near Tanger. (No records of

nesting.) Payton shot it near Mogador.

* 231. Nyroca nyroca nyroca (Giild.).

Said to be most abundant in North Marocco, and nesting. Irby saw many

hundreds at the lakes of Ras-el-Doura, being even then in flocks. According to

Favier they disappear " for a time in winter," and breed in June and July —

probably, however, also in May. Riggenbach shot a female near Mogador on

November 1st. Whitaker records specimens shot by Dodson near Casablanca and

Azimur.

222. Nyroca fuligula (L.).

Very common some years in North Marocco (Tanger, Esmir) in winter.

Riggenbach shot a male at Mogador 9 . xi.

223. Nyroca marila marila (L.).

Though not actually obtained in Marocco, Irby says that it is of rare occurrence

in the Straits of Gibraltar. " Sarcelle " (Payton) quotes it as occurring near

Mogador, but there is, of coiurse, no proof of tliis statement.

224. Bucephala clangula clangula (L.).

No proof of occurrence in Marocco, but Irby states that " they rarely occur

about the Straits of Gibraltar in winter," and Payton records it from Mogador !

As it has been found (exceptionally) on the Azores, there is no reason to doubt

this statement.

[Oidemia fusca fusca (L.).

Quoted by Payton as occurring near Mogador, but there appears to be no

proof, and Payton was not an ornithologist.]

225. Oidemia nigra nigra (L.).

In some seasons very common at sea and according to Vaucher on swamps

near Tanger. Sometimes common at sea near Mazagan (Meade- Waldo beginning

of August ! Riggenbach). Mogador in winter and a $ shot 11 .vi. 1905 ! (Boudarel,

Riggenbach).

* 226. Oxyura leucocephala (Scop.).

Common and nesting in North JIarocco, also in winter (Tanger : Favier,

Olcese, Vaucher ; Kenitrea : Jom'dain).

227. Mergus merganser merganser L.

Near Tanger October 1862 (Favier), another found dead on the shore in

winter 1869-70 by Irby.

In2 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

228. MergTis serrator L.

Not actually obtained in Marocco, but according to Irby in some winters in

considerable numbers in the Straits of Gibraltar, therefore bound to occur some-

times on the Maroccan shore.

229. Mergus albellus L.

According to Irbj- occurring in the Straits of Gibraltar in some winters, but

no specimen known from Marocco.

* 230. Phalacrocorax carbo maroccanus Hart.

This form, which is somewhat intermediate between lucidus and carbo, but

much nearer to the former, nests on the west coast of Marocco, on Cape Blanco

(north) south of Mazagan, near Mogador — and probabl}' other suitable localities.

[Probably the Cormorants which, according to Favier, visit North Marocco

in winter, belong to another subspecies, possibly P. carbo carbo ! I have, however,

not examined any specimens.]

* 231. Phalacrocorax graculus riggenbachi subsp. nov.

PhalcLcrocorax graculus subsp., Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1395.

BOl as short as in P. g. graculus, but feet with more or less yellow, as in

desmarestii — other differences see I.e.

Type of P. g. riggenbachi: $ ad. Cape Blanco north, 5. v. 1902. F. W.

Riggenbach leg.

I have hitherto hesitated to separate this form, because I have not seen an

adult male in full plumage ; as it seems that I shall never get one, unless I fetch

it myself, I venture to separate this form, as it is undoubtedly neither P. g.

graculus nor des7narestii. All specimens collected by Riggenbach, and one kindly

sent me for comparison by Mr. Vaucher, agree.

This form inhabits the west coast of Marocco, where it nests on Cape Blanco

north, and on the rocks and islets near Mogador, and doubtless other places.

Probably the Shags which occur near Tanger partly aLso belong to this form, but

232. Phalacrocorax graculus desmarestii (PajT.)

occurs sometimes near Tanger. As there are breeding-places on the Balearic

Isles, and possibly nearer, this is not astonishing ; how far north and south P. g.

riggenbachi extends cannot at present be ascertained.

233. Sula bassana bassana (L.).

Great numbers of Ganncts winter on the coasts of Marocco from Tanger to

Mogador. They seem to be rather common about Mazagan, where I saw them

still in numbers first week of April.

234. Hydrobates pelagicus (L.).

According to Irby frequently seen skimming about the Straits of Gibraltar.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 133

235. Oceanodrouia leucorrhoa leucorrhoa (Vieill.).

Nine recorded from the Straits of Gibraltar near Tanger, and an adult

male shot by Riggenbach at Mazagan 5.xi. 1902.

236. PufBnus puffinus mauretanicus Lowe.

The western form of the " yelkouan " is common in the Straits of Gibraltar

in autumn ; according to Favier often picked up dead on the sea-shore.

237. PuflSmius kuhlii kuhlii (Boie).

Abundant in the Straits of Gibraltar and often picked up dead on the

shore (Irby).

[Monsiem- H. Vaucher states that an Albatross, which he calls Diomedea

exulans, was captured on the west coast of Marocco in 1885. He "kindly sent

me for inspection and presented to the Ti'ing Museum the skull of this specimen,

but I find that its beak agrees with that of D. epomorpha Less., the D. regia of

authors, only luiown from the East Australian and New Zealand seas. Alba-

trosses have occurred in many out-of-the-way places, so that nothing is impossible,

but the occurrence on the Maroccan coast is most unexpected.]

* 238. Podiceps cristatas cristatus (L.).

Common and breeding on lakes in North Marocco. At the lakes of Ras-el-

Dom'a, at the end of April, Irby says the number of these Grebes was perfectly

marvellous. They were iia pairs, but had not yet commenced laying. It is

doubtless found on other waters in Marocco, but there is no information. Riggen-

bach shot a female near Mazagan 26. i. 1902.

* 239. Podiceps griseigena griseigena (Bodd.).

Favier said it was not rare in North Marocco, and bred there. Irby saw many

on the lakes of Ral-el-Doura, and saw birds so young " that they must have

been bred in the country."

240. Podiceps auritus (L.).

Irby saw a specimen obtained in the Straits of Gibraltar in October 1867.

* 241. Podiceps nigricoUis nigricollis Brehm.

Evidently common at all seasons in North Marocco and nesting there. No

records from the south, except a $ shot by Riggenbach near Mogador 6 . xii . 1904.

* 242. Podiceps ruficoUis ruficollis (Pall.).

Resident and on passage in North Marocco, very common on the lakes at

Ras-el-Doura. Lynes found it in June on a lake on the plateau of the Middle

Atlas. Riggenbach collected specimens near Mogador in November.

243. Colymbus stellatus Pontopp.

Common in the Straits of Gibraltar in winter (Irby). Lozano mentions a

specimen obtained by Escalera near Mogador !

134 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923,

244. Colynibus arcticus arcticus L.

Occasionally seen in winter in the Strait.s of Gibraltar (Irby).

245. Colymbus immer Briinn.

Occasionally seen in winter in the Straits of Gibraltar (Irby).

* 246. Columba livia livia Gm.

As elsewhere in North Africa, common in suitable localities from Tanger to

Mogador. " Countless numbers," according to Payton. The " Columba oenas "

mentioned as collected at Mogador by Lozano is most probablj' C. livia.

Dodson also collected C. I. livia at Amsmiz and Isseremont in the south-

western Atlas. Boudarel shot it as far south as Nknafa and Ida-on-Guelloul in

the Haha province.

* 247. Columba oenas oenas L.

Evidently occurs in winter and nests in North Marocco, ISIiddle Atlas near

Azrou, and in the forests of the Great Atlas, where Meade- Waldo says it is " locally

common."

* 248. Columba palumbus excelsa (Bp.).

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1478.)

Evidently all specimens nesting in Marocco belong to this deeply coloured

subspecies, which is, however, not a very distinct one. It is numerous between

Tanger and Tetuan, in the IMiddle Atlas, near Kenitrea, etc., and in the woods

of the south-weistern Great Atlas (Meade-Waldo, Jourdain, Riggenbach).

* 249. Streptopelia turtur arenicola (Hart.).

Migrant, but nesting in suitable localities all over Marocco, as far as explored.

Boudarel shot it as far south as Ida-on-Guelloul in the Haha country.

The specimens which have been seen to cross the Straits of Gibraltar are

probably S. t. turtur, but all examples which I examined are paler than European

breeding birds.

[Irby, Orn. Straits Gibraltar, 2nd ed., p. 235, says that according to Mr.

Drake " Turtur senegalensis, the Egyptian Turtle-Dove " is common in the

southern part of Marocco. This appears to be an error, at least we cannot find

where Drake said this. In Ibis, 1869, pp. 151, 153, he said that he saw

two " Turtur risorius, Barbary Dove," in a cage, and was told that they were

taken from a nest in the palm -groves of Marrakesh, but that he never saw any

wild. Probably they were domestic Doves, and there is certainly no indication

that they were S. senegalensis phoenicophila ; probably this occurs in the palm-

groves south of the Great Atlas, but not in the parts of Marocco which have

hitherto been explored.]

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 135

* 250. Pterocles orientalis (L.).

(Pterocles arenarius auct.)

Common and nesting in plains of central and southern Marocco : Casablanca,

Rehamna, Mtouga, south-east of Mogador, Mogador, even on the lower slopes

of the Atla's. First mentioned by Beauclerk in 1828.

* 251. Pterocles alchata caudacutus (Gm.).

Said to be common near Casablanca (Favier), and known to breed there, on

several places in the plains (Meade-Waldo), and near Mogador (Vaucher).

[There is no record of Pterocles senegallus nor of coronatus in Marocco, but

both will most probably occur .south of the Atlas.]

* 252. Burhinus oedicnemus saharae (Rchw.).

Evidently common in s\iitable plains from Tanger to Mtouga, south-east of

Mogador, and of coiu"se nesting. I have not examined a series from Tanger, but

all specimens I have examined from Mazagan to Mtouga are B. oe. saharae, but the

flocks that, according to Favier and Irby, cross the Straits of Gibraltar, would

probably be

Burhinus oedicnemus oedicnemus.

(South European Thick-knees (Stone Curlews) require further study. I should

like to examine a series from Spain. A specimen from Corsica looks like saharae.)

* 253. Cursorius gallicus gallicus (Gm.).

Appears usually in the summer (after the breeding season) near Tanger ;

Meade-Waldo says, " seen in small numbers throughout the plains," meaning

probablj' in sandy stretches only. Vaucher and Riggenbach shot specimens near

Mogador, and the latter found it common in spring on the plateau of Mtouga,

south-east of Mogador. Dodson found it near Ras-el-Ain in Haha, south of

Mogador, and at Nzela-Swinia.

* 254. Glareola pratincola pratincola (L.).

Common in suitable places and breeding from North Marocco to Mogador

(Escalera, Riggenbach). According to Favier and Vaucher many pass to and

from Spain in the respective seasons.

255. Charadrius biaticula hiaticula L.

Common on the shores and inland by rivers from August to April, from

Tanger to Mogador. Breeding not ascertained. A specimen shot by Riggenbach

in Mtouga 20. v. 1904 is in winter plumage !

* 256. Charadrius dubius curonicus Gm.

Common on inland waters and breeding. Specimens examined from Tanger

and Mogador. According to Meade-Waldo, " nesting in suitable places through-

out the country and up to a considerable elevation in the Atlas,"

136 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

* 2.57. Charadrius alexandiinus alexandrinus L.

Common on migration and nesting. Recorded from North Marocco and

Mogador, " El Mousourier " and " Skera Dukomphil " (Dod.son).

258. Charadrius morinelltis L.

According to Favier found near Tanger sparingly on its annual passage.

(Favier's idea that they travel in company with Cursorius gallicus is absurd.

Evidently he incidentally met them in the same places and together, from which

he concluded that they " travel together ").

259. Charadrius apricarius L.

According to Favier " abundant around Tanger in large flocks," from October

to March. Jourdain saw it on the Bou-Reg-Reg in April and on May 5th. This

is confirmed by Reid, Drake, and Vaucher, and Payton mentions Golden Plover

from Mogador. (No specimens examined, therefore not possible to say if C. a.

apricarius or oreophilus.)

260. Squatarola squatarola squatarola (L.).

Near Tanger in winter, and evidently all along the west coast in suitable

places. Riggenbach shot it near Mazagan i!i December, Payton mentions it

from Mogador, Jourdain saw it on the Bou-Reg-Reg May 5th.

(?*) 261. VaneUus vaneUus (L.).

Common in winter in North Marocco. Payton mentions it from Mogador.

Said to breed by Irby near the Ras-el-Doura, about 80 miles south of Tanger ;

this requires confirmation, but is pcssible, as the Peewit nests in southern Spain.

262. Arenaria interpres interpres (L.).

Evidently common on the west coast, being found near Tanger, Mazagan

(as late as 2. v., and a young biid as early as 29.viii.), and Mogador.

263. Calidris ferruginea (Briinn.).

(Ciurlew Sandpiper.)

Doubtless more or less common on migration on the coasts of Marocco, but

records only from Tanger (Favier, Olcese, Vaucher), Azemur (Whitaker), and

Mogador (Menegaux, Lozano).

264. Calidris alpina alpina (L.)

and

265. Calidris alpina schinzii (Brehm).

Dunlins are common on passage and in winter in the neighbourhood of

Tanger and near Mazagan and Mogador. Among the specimens from Tanger

(without dates (!) ex Olcese) are both C. a. alpina and schinzii. In Vog. pal.

Fauna, p. 1574, 1 did not separate these two European forms, after due considera-

tion, but since then Mr. Schioler has studied them and brought together beautiful

series from their breeding places, shot in breeding season ; of these he sent me

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 137

fine series for comparison, and I agreg that the two forms must be separated :

C. a. alpina larger and in nuptial plumage brighter (Sweden, etc.), and C. a.

schinzii smaller and in nuptial plumage darker (coa.sts of Germany, Denmark,

Holland, and apparently Scotland). Other forms require no discussion here, but

I hope to discuss them elsewhere.

266. Calidris minuta (Leisl.).

Irby says it is found near Tanger from autumn to sjjring, and on tlie 26th

of April he " fell in with vast flocks at Meshree-el-Haddar, in company with Dun-

lins and Ringed Plovers." Whitaker received it from Rabat, and Lozano from

Mogador.

267. Calidiis temminckii (Leisl.).

Common in winter near Tanger (Irby). No other records, but doubtless

occurring elsewhere.

268. Calidris canutus canutus (L.).

The only notice we have of the occurrence in North Marocco is that of Favier,

who said that it passes near Tanger in June. Payton mentions its occurrence

near Mogador. (Riggenbach shot it on the " Rio de Oro.")

269. Calidris maritima maritima (Briinn.).

Uncommon in autumn and spring near Tanger (Irby).

270. Philomachus pugnax (L.).

No record except from Tanger : " Near Tanger on migration, crossing to

Europe during March, returning in July, August, and September " (Favier).

271. Crocethia alba (Pall.).

(Calidris arenaria auct., Sanderling.)

Abundant near Tanger on migration, large flocks, observed by Irby early

in April between Tetuan and Ceuta. Mentioned from Mogador by Payton,

Lozano (Escalera coll.), and Menegaux (Boudarel coll.).

272. Tringa erythropus (Pall.).

According to Favier near Tanger in September and October. Riggenbach

sent it from Mogador, shot in November.

(?*) 273. Tringa totanus totanus (L.)

and

274. Tringa totanus robusta (Schioler).

Redshanks are numerous near Tanger on passage, and some remain to breed

there, according to Favier ! Though this requires confirmation, there is no reason

why it should not be correct, as they nest in quantities in South Spain. Jourdain

and Congreve saw some near Kenitrea as late as April, 25tli. Irby found them

at the lakes of Ras-el-Doura towards the end of April, when they " were evidently

beginning to nest," but he did not prove this either. Riggenbach sent it from

13S NOVITATEB ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Mazagan, Paj-ton and Lozano quote it |rom Mogador. Our specimen.s from

Tanger and Mazagan are T. t. totanus, while one from Tanger (Olcese coll., no

date as usual) is T. I. robusta, the Iceland form, which probably occurs oftener

in Marocco.

275. Tringa nebularia (Gunn.).

(Totaling glottis auct., Greenshank.)

On passage northwards in IMarch, April, and May, and returning about

October, near Tanger (Favier, Irby). Drake mentions it from Rabat. Paj-ton

observed and shot it near Mogador.

276. Tringa ochropus L.

Not rare in winter and on migration near Tanger. Meade- Waldo saw one

at Marrakesh on June 13th.

277. Tringa glareola L.

Though not mentioned by Favier, appears to be commoner in winter and

on pas.sage than T. ochropus. Irby saw " plenty " towards the end of April

at the lakes of Ras-el-Doura and other swamps in North Marocco. Drake men-

tions it from Larache, Whitaker from Meskra Eroomla (April), Lozano from

Mogador (August 23rd).

278. Tringa hypoleucos L.

Very common in winter and on passage in autumn and spring : Tanger,

Kenitrea, Rabat, Skera-Dukomphil, Larache, on lakes and rivers, Mazagan,

Mogador.

279. Phalaropus fulicarius (L.).

Drake, Favier, and Irby mention specimens shot near Tanger.

280. Phalaropus lobatus (L.).

Vaucher received a specimen shot on the " petite plage " at Tanger. (Cor-

respondence with Mr. Vaucher has proved beyond doubt that he obtained this

species, not the larger one.)

* 281. Himantopus himantopus himantopus (L.).

A very common bird, and nesting in suitable places. Localities : south of

Tanger, Tanger, Meshree-el-Haddar, Larache, Rabat, Mazagan, Mogador.

(?*) 282. Recurvirostra avosetta avosetta L.

Recorded from Tanger (Favier, Vaucher) and Mogador (Lozano). Nesting

suspected, but no proof.

283. Limosa limosa limosa (L.).

The Black-tailed Godwit occurs on pas.sage near Tanger " in abundant

flocks " (Favier). Escalera collected 4 near Mogador in August. (Favier's idea

that this species breeds near Tanger cannot be credited !)

NOVITATES ZOOI.OOICAE XXX. 1923. 139

284. Limosa lapponica lapponica (L.).

The Bar-tailed Godwit is also common at times in North Marocco. Rig-

genbach collected specimens near Mazagan in November. Payton recorded it

several times from Mogador.

285. Numenius arquata arquata (L.).

A winter visitor in North Jlarocco, September to end of April : Tanger,

Larache, Bou-Reg-Reg May 5th ! Mogador (Paj'ton, Lozano). (The idea of

" a Spaniard who resided in Larache " that the Curlew nests there cannot be

credited !)

286. Numenius phaeopus phaeopus (L.).

Regular migrant near Tanger, but according to Favier not staying through-

out the winter. Riggenbach collected specimens near Mazagan, Escalera near

Mogador, where Payton also recorded it.

287. Numenius tenuirostris Vieill.

Savile Reid found this species abundant in the Larache valley and at Meshree-

el-Haddar, in December 1884 or January 1885. They were in flocks from twenty

to a hundred. Several sjjecimens were obtained.

288. Scolopax rusticola rusticola Ij.

Occurs from November to March near Tanger, in small numbers, and is

mentioned from Mogador by Payton.

289. Capella gallinago gallinago (L.).

Very numerous in North Marocco in suitable places from October to

February and March, known to occur as far south as Mogador.

290. Capella media (Lath.).

Three records from Tanger (2 Drake, 1 Favier), 1 Mogador (Payton).

291. Lymnocryptes minimus (Briinn).

{Lymnocryptes gallinula auct.).

Arriving near Tanger about November and being fahly common till

February. Probably occurring on all swampy ground. Quoted from Mogador

by Payton.

292. Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus L.

Not very rare near Tanger on passage, and observed near Mogador bj'

Payton. Whitaker mentions one from Skera-Dukomphil. (Favier says it nests

near Tanger, but this cannot be credited ; the eggs which he sold as Oyster-

catcher's were Oedicnemus eggs — Irby.) D'Aubusson observed a flock at the

mouth of the Oued Mellah, north of Casablanca, where waders were frequent.

140 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

293. Hydrochelidon nigra nigra (L.).

Common enough on migration near Tanger on passage, retm-ning rather

late in spring, i.e. April and May. No observation of nesting, though nesting

commonly in South Spain. Sarcelle (Payton) says he saw hundreds near

Mogador early in May !

294. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temm.).

One shot at Sharf-el-Akab near Tanger in Jlay 1869 (Irby). Several seen

and one shot at Mogador in May (Payton).

* 295. Hydrochehdon leucopareia leucopareia (Temm.).

Said by Favier to be rare near Tanger, but Olcese sold a number being shot

there, in winter plumage. Nest in " immense numbers " at the lakes of Ras-el-

Doura between Larache and Rabat, in " vast colonies." Riggenbach and Es-

calera collected specimens near Mogador in August.

* 296. Gelochelidon nilotica nilotica (Gm.').

By the end of April Irby found this species " in great numbers about the

lakes of Ras-el-Doura." He was told by the natives that they nested there

" a little later on in the season," which would be quite correct. No information

from southern Marocco.

297. Hydroprogne tschegrava tschegrava (Lep.).

Favier obtained one near Tanger in February 1844, Irby observed one in

the winter of L869.

298. Sterna bengalensis arabica (Math.).

Occurs in the Straits of Gibraltar and is sometimes very common in spring

and autumn, near Tanger and Larache.

(?*) 299. Sterna maxima albididorsalis Hart.

Irby mentions one obtamed in the Straits of Gibraltar by Favier, and two

from Tanger, December 1SS2, in J. J. Dalglcish's collection. Olcese collected

a number of specimens near Tanger in September 1888. They will doubtless

occur in other places along the west coast of Marocco, as they must breed on the

coasts of West Africa (and possibly in Marocco), having been collected at the Rio

de Oro in June and Cape Blanco south (21° lat.) in May.

300. Sterna sandvicensis sandvicensis Lath.

" Near Tanger abundant in flocks from November to February " (Favier).

" Very numerous at the mouth of the river, Larache, during April " (Irby). We

have specimens in winter and summer plumage from Tanger, collected by Olcese.

Riggenbach shot a specimen near Mazagan in November. Vaucher says it occurs

along the coast, and he received specimens in June.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 141

301. Sterna hirundo hirundo L.

According to Favier occurring in " large flights " near Tanger on migration.

Riggenbach shot a young bird near Mazagan in November. Lozano quotes it

from Mogador.

302. Sterna paradisaea Briinn.

Irby obtained this Tern in winter j^Iumage in the Straits of Gibraltar. The

Tring Museum has a specimen of the year from Olcese, labelled Tanger 21.viii.

1888 ; it was of course labelled " Sterna hirundo."

* 303. Sterna albifrons albifrons Pall.

Passing through on pa.ssage and nesting not far from Tanger (Favier). Nest-

ing in great numbers on the lake of Boucharem near Larache (Vaucher). In

August and September common near JIazagan ; also middle of May in the Mehuila

on the Oum-er-Rbia east of Mazagan, therefore probably nesting not far off.

304. Larus marinus L.

Found in small numbers, mostly young bu'ds, in the Straits of Gibraltar from

January to March.

305. Laius argentatus argentatus Pontojjp.

Said by Favier to be common dm-ing winter near Tanger ; but did he know

these Gulls perfectly ?

* 306. Larus argentatus atlantis D wight.

This is the form of " Herring-Gull " which replaces L. a. argentatus, except

in winter, on the coasts of Marocco, at all season.s. Riggenbach found it breeding

on an island at Mogador.

(?*) 307. Larus fuscus affinis Reinh.

Said to be common, especially in winter, on the coast and, according to

Irby, " some few pairs remain to nest on the rocks of the African shore, laying

about the end of AiJril." These statements, however, require confirmation.

Specimens examined from Tanger, Mazagan, Cape Blanco.

308. Larus canus canus h.

According to Irby common in some winters in the Straits of Gibraltar. No

Maroccan specimen examined.

309. Larus hyperboreus Gunn.

The Glaucous Gull was once obtained near Tanger in immature plumage by

Favier (Irby, p. 301).

{Larus audoninii Payr. was found by Lilford on the island of Alboran and

occurs on the Spanish coast opposite Marocco ; it will therefore probably some-

times visit the Maroccan shore.]

142 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

310. Larus genei Breme.

(Lams gelastes Keys. & Bias.)

Favier recorded a specimen obtained by him near Tanger in 1852. It

must necessarily occur more often, as it breeds in southern Spain and has been

found at Cape Blanco south (Baie de Levi-ier), and is said to occur on the Senegal.

"" 311. Larus minutus Pall.

Favier obtained one near Tanger in February 1854, and Irby saw some there,

though irregularly, and in small numbers, in winter. According to Payton, at -

Mogador.

312. Larus ridibundus ridibundus L.

Said to be the commonest Gull near Tanger from November to March. Rig-

genbach and Boudarel found it common near Mazagan and Mogador from

November to March. Lozano (p. 105) mentions two females shot at Mogador

6.viii.

313. Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (L).

Common in winter on the north coast of Marocco, but there are no dates

from South Marocco.

314. Stercorarius skua skua (Briinn.).

Favier recorded a specimen obtained near Tanger in December 1852. (Ac-

cording to Irby it occurs regularly, though not commonly, during winter in the

Straits of Gibraltar.)

315. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.).

Favier recorded a specimen obtained near Tanger as far back as November

1845.

310. Stercorarius parasiticus (L.).

P>ichardson's Skua {S. crepidatus auct.) is mentioned by Favier as having

been shot near Tanger in 1844. According to Irby it is not rare in winter.

317. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill.

Recorded by Favier as twice obtained near Tanger, in 1846 and in October

1858.

318. Alca torda L.

Occurs near Tanger in winter, and has been obtained as far south as

Mazagan (Boudarel).

319. Uria troille troille (L.).

Occasionally seen in the Straits of Gibraltar in small numbers in winter

(Irby).

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 923. 143

320. Fratercula arctica grabas (Brehm) (1).

Puffins occur near Tanger from November to March, and even, according

to Favier, to April and May. I am not sure to which subspecies they belong,

but apparently they are grabae or the still doubtful meridionalis (cf. Vog. pal.

Fauna, pp. 1794-6).

* 321. Otis tarda tarda L,

Visits, from southern Spain, where it nests, the neighbourhood of Tanger

and Tetuan, where it also nests, according to Vaucher, who obtained the eggs.

Jourdain was assured that it breeds in the cornfields as far as Mequinez. How

far southwards this species occurs, cannot yet be ascertained.

* 322. Otis tetrax tetrax L.

According to Favier there is migration from and to Spain in autumn and

spring, near Tanger, but " great numbers are resident during the nesting-season."

Irby found the Little Bu.stard common in North Marocco on all open low culti-

vated land. According to Meade-Waldo it " abounded in all the open spaces

on the outskii-ts of the forest of Mamora." Riggenbach sent specimens from near

Mazagan and from Ouled-Farsh (Ouled Fahs), not far from Mazagan. Lj'nes

found it breeding in the plains at the foot of the Middle Atlas. Jourdain met

with it near Mequinez (Meknes).

* 323. Choriotis arabs (L.).

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, pp. 1806, 1807, 2222.)

Forest of Mamora (Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1905, pj). 162, 163), near Rabat

(Thery in litt., and eggs sent by Thery), Casablanca (Drake), south to Mogador,

Ouled Bouziri, Meclira Chair, on the Oum-er-Rbia, at Beni-Aser, KebUa-Amar

(Vaucher). Also in East Marocco, between Taourirt and Taza (Saby, in litt.).

324. Chlamydotis undulata undulata (Jacq.).

Irby (p. 260) saw one specimen which had been obtained near Tanger in

August — and he adds " further south it is stated to be frequently met with."

If Irby said he saw the bnd killed near Tanger, there can be no doubt about the

fact, but near Tanger it was about as much out of its range as the .specimens

met with at Malaga, Sevilla, or Italy. The hearsay that it was frequently met

with further south is probably erroneous, as nobody has 3'et met with it in

Marocco, though south of the Atlas it is sure to occur.

325. Megalornis grus grus (L.).

Not uncommonly observed near Tanger in winter. Meade-Waldo saw

flocks on the plain south of the Oum-er-Rbia on June 9th ; this date is so late

that one cannot help suspecting they might have been A. virgo.

(?*) 326. Anthropoides virgo (L.).

Of rare occurrence near Tanger ; according to Favier, " passing northwards

without making any stay, during March, April, and May." These statements

144 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX 1923.

require confirmation, as the species nests in April and May, and it is quite possible

that it dooi? so in Maroceo, as it does (or did) in Spain and Algeria.

327. Rallus aquaticus aquaticus L.

According to Favier on passage near Tanger. (There is no record, but it is

quite possible that the Water Rail nests in Maroceo.) Payton recorded it from

Mogador.

328. Porzana porzana (L.).

Common near Tanger during passage. (No record of nesting, but quite

possibly may nest.) Riggenbach obtained it near Mogador in November.

* 329. Porzana pusilla intermedia (Herm.).

Favier only met with " Baillon's Crake " once, in 1857. Irby obtained two

near Tanger in the spring of 1877, and suggests it may be common. Vaucher

says it is nesting and resident, in the great swamps of Boucharem.

[Porzana parva (Scop.) is not yet recorded from Maroceo, but very likely

will be found if the swamps are fully explored ; the sportsman and travelling

collector with little time does not get much chance to come across these quiet,

more or less nocturnal birds.]

330. Crex crex (L.).

According to Favier on passage and occasionally in winter near Tanger.

* 331. Gallinula chloropus chloropus (L.).

Both on passage and nesting in North Maroceo. Whitaker received a young

bird from Marrakesh in May. Payton records it from Mogador. Riggenbach

collected specimens in Adamna south of Mogador.

* 332. Porphyrio caeruleus (Vandelli).

Commonly nesting in North Maroceo, in larger swamps, and according to

Favier also on passage, but Favier was evidently very easily convinced tliat

birds were on migration. Vaucher says these bii'ds are resident. Olcese obtained

it near Tetuan on May 22nd.

333. Porphyrio alleni Thomps.

On December 26th, 1902, Riggenbach shot an adult female at Ouled-Aissa

61 hours south-west of Mazagan. That is the only record for Maroceo, but there

may be swamps in southern Maroceo where this bird is more or less resident ;

it is, however, remarkable that in December 1902 a specimen was also obtained

near Bizerta, in Tunisia, and yet another near Catania, Sicilj', on December

4th, where it is said one was also seen in January 1903 I (cf. Vdg. pal. Fauna,

p. 1850).

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923. 145

* 334. Fulica atra atra L.

Commonly breeding and on passage : Tanger, Tetuan, Azemur, Oum-ei-

Rbia, Mogador.

* 335. Fulica cristata Gm.

Also common in North Marocco, about Tanger {though not mentioned by

Vauchcr), and esijecially nesting in great numbers on the lakes of Ras-el-Doura

between Larache and Rabat (Irby).

* 336. Turnix sylvatica sylvatica (Desf.).

Quite common near Tanger, and nesting. Also nesting near Mazagan and

Cape Blanco north, as well as Mogador. Specially found among palmetto

(Chamaerops humilis).

* 337. Alectoris barbara barbara (Bonn.).

Appears to be more or less common and resident in all suitable districts :

Tanger, Larache, foot-hills of Middle Atlas, Mazagan, Oum-er-Rbia, Rehamna,

Oued Djedida, Mogador, Ouled Farsh, southern or Great Atlas ( Seksawa), Haha

country south of Mogador as far as Ras-el-Ain at least, also North-East Marocco.

First mentioned by Beauclerk, 1828. (South of the Atlas A. barbara spatzi or

maybe another allied form is to be expected.)

* 338. Francolinus bicalcaratus ayesha Hart.

First mentioned by Car.stensen, Naimiannia, ii, 1852, as occurring in Marocco

as " Perdix francolinus (im Innern !)." The next mention is by Drake, Ibis, 1869,

p. 150, who " saw two birds alive in the possession of Mr. Smith, the English

Vice-Consul, which were evidently some kind of Francolin," etc. Under its

correct specific name it appears to have been recorded first by Reid, Ibis, 1885,

p. 251, who mentioned specimens sent alive from Mogador and Casablanca ! It is

also said to occur near Rabat, from where Meade-Waldo received live specimens.

Extraordinary as it seems to be, no collector has ever come across this Francolin

in Marocco, all specimens known being birds that died in captivity in Marocco

or England. When I was camping on the Lower Oum-er-Rbia, two Spaniards,

who were camping near by, told me they had shot two Francolins, and promised

to send them to me — instead of which came the sad news that they had already

been plucked by the cook ! In spite of all entreaties Riggenbach never succeeded

in obtainhig a Francolin in Marocco, and in fact he told me there was no such

bird, the name being applied to the Lesser Bustard, Otis tetrax. In this he was

evidently wrongly informed, as quite a number of specimens were sent some

thu'ty years ago and before and afterwards from Mogador to Castang in Leaden-

hall JIarket and probably other dealers ; nevertheless the bird must be very local

and rare, or some of the collectors, especially Riggenbach, should have come

across it. Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1926.

* 339. Coturnix coturnix coturnix (L.).

Quails are common on migration, in winter, and nesting in northern Marocco,

southwards to the Plateau of the Middle Atlas near Azrou and the Valley of

Tigriga, near Mazagan and Marrakesh, and probably further south.

10

146 Xo\lTATES ZoOLOGirAE XXX. 1923.

* 340. Numida sabyi Hart.

Meade-Waldo was presented with living examples of a Guinea-fowl said

to be from Zair (Zaer), and he heard their cries repeatedly in or near the forest

of Mamora, but he did not compare the specimen.s. The first actually to send a

specimen was Paul Saby, wlio had shot it near Oulme.s, and who informed me that

it was only found between the rivers Bou-Reg-Reg and Sebou ; Zaer is just west

of the Bou-Reg-Reg. This is evidently the Guinea-fowl which the Romans

nearly 2,000 years ago used to get from Numidia from traders of Carthage, and

it must formerly have been widelj' spread in Africa Minor. Cf. Bull. B.O. Club,

xxix. p. 86 ; Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2006.

[Struthio camelus camelus

There is no trustworthy information about the occurrence of Ostriches in

Marocco, but the probability is great that there used to be some south of the

Atlas, and that they are no longer found there. In Proc. Zool. Soc. London, i.

p. 145, is a letter from Mr. Drummond Hay, then British consul at Tanger, stating

that the Sultan of Marocco presented to the King of England four Ostriches,

" which have since been graciou.sly presented by His Majesty to the Zoological

Society." It is said that " they were obtained in a region of the Desert called

Hamadah, situated about eight or ten da3's journey from Tafileht in the direction

to which the Moussehnin address their prayers." Hammada (Hamadah) is, of

course, the name of the stony desert anywhere from Marocco to Arabia, and

8 or 10 days' journey eastwards from Tafileht would bring a native party probably

to the Hammada-el-Hadj-Rahmoun, which in 1831 might have been looked upon

as Maroccan territory, but has long since been annexed by France. It is quite

possible that Ostriches lived there at that time.]

(The statements of occurrences of birds near Tanger may be to some extent

facts of the past, and no longer hold good. Alfred Vauchcr informs me that the

best localities in the neighbourhood of Tanger, Charf-la-Kab (also spelt Schaf-el-

Akab or Shaf-el-Karb) and Boucharen (Boucharem), are only memoirs of the

past, the fine oak forests which covered them no longer existing ! They have

been destroyed by the charcoal-burners and the carelessness and improvidence

of the Maroccan government. Therefore a number of species which formerly

nested there commonly will not be found in the vicinity of Tanger ; also the

immediate surroundings of the- town have changed a good deal, as the population

has increased and the town spread out considerably, but the numerous tine gar-

dens are still inhabited by many passerine bu'ds which are partial to garden land.

Visitors of Tanger must bear this in mind, and must not expect all the species

which have been observed there, according to the above list, which, however,

will all be found in Marocco, if one goes farther afield.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXX. 192S. 147

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE BIRDS OF MAROCCO.

By F. C. R. Jottrdain and E. Haetest.

{A Book not seen by either of us is marked with an asterisk.)

1828. G. Beauclerk, a Journey to Morocco in 1826. London, 8vo, p. 356,

with 8 plates. (German translation Jena 1829.)

Although no ornithologist, the writer makes a few references to bu'ds on

pp. 66, 210, 211, 292, and a few others. The Black Curlews seen south of

Larache are evidently Comatihis ; while a large-horned Owl, standing 2 J ft. high,

is mentioned in some brief notes on the Birds of Marocco. No birds are

represented on the plates.

1831. G. W. H. Drummond Hay, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. i. p. 145 ; letter

stating that four young Ostriches were presented who had come from

eight or ten days' journey east of Tafileht (see under Striithio camelus).

1840. G. W. H. Drummond Hay, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. viii, pp. 133-5 ;

list of 53 species collected and observed near Tanger. Many misprints

or slips in the names.

The collection was presented to the Zoological Society, but seems to have

disappeared. They were the first skins from Marocco that reached Europe of

which there is any record.

1852. Carstensen, stud, medic, Verzeichniss der in der Umgegend von Tanger

und im nordlichen Fez vorkommenden Vogel. Naumannia, u. Heft 1,

pp. 76-9, 1852.

A list of 242 species, the breeding ones, 140, being printed in wider type.

In this list are many species never before recorded from Marocco, and generally

with correct statements about their nesting in the country or not. No collection

is known in any museum containing birds collected by Carstensen, and there

can be no doubt that his list is made from Favier's MS. notes. On p. 76 Carsten-

sen says that the " Nauclerus jurcatus " was obtained only once in 14 years I

Now Favier died in 1867 " after a residence of about 31 years at Tanger." Thus

in 1851 he would have been there about 14 years, and a student of medicine, as

Carstensen called himself, could not have been all that time in Tanger ! The wrong

identifications, such as " Vultur Kolbii " for Gyps fulvus, Accipiter gabar, Thalassi-

droma buhreri, and others, were doubtless later on corrected or eliminated by

Favier, or by Irby, who published Favier's notes in his book on the Birds of the

Straits of Gibraltar — see 1875 and 1895 !

■'■1859. Fernando Amor, Recuerdos de un viaje a Marruccos. Sevilla. 214

pages.

Said to contain some ornithological notes.

1859. In Ibis, i, 1859, p. 474, ScLATER states that the Zoological Society in

London had received from Mogador two live " Buteo tachardus or

African Buzzard." This was of course our B. ferox cirtensis.

14S KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

1864. In Newton's Ootheca Wolleyana, pt. i, pp. 1-3, are given some notes on

eggs by Wolley, who visited Favier in 1845, " wlio dealt in monkeys,

and who also skinned boars' heads, jackals, ichneumons, and other

trophies of the Consul's shooting parties. He showed me a quantity

of birds' skins, well preserved. . . ." Follow descriptions of eggs of

Neophron percnoptents, which at that time — 1845 — were almost un-

known and believed to be wliite, unspotted.

1867. C. F. Tyrwhitt Drake, Notes on the Birds of Tangier and Ea.stern

Marocco. Ibis, 1867, pp. 421-30.

142 species enumerated with short notes about localities, nesting, and time

when met with. Why Tanger and Tetuan — the only places where Drake col-

lected, as he specially says that it was impossible to penetrate east of Tetuan —

was called " Eastern Marocco," is a mystery.

1867. P. L. ScLATEB, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 315, mentions a specimen

of Larus argenMiis atlantis (sub nomine " Lariis fuscescens ") living

in the Zool. Gardens, " out of a vessel coming from Mogador."

1868. Thomas Waite, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, p. 567, describes the island

of Mogador, on which Falco eleonorae lives, two of which he presented

to the Zool. iSoc. collection.

1869. C. F. Tyrwhitt Drake, Further Notes on the Bh-ds of Morocco. In

Ibis, 1869, pp. 147-54.

Twenty-seven species added to the list in /few, 1867, mostly from the west

coast down to Mazagan, Marrakesh, and Mogador.

1872. L. H. Irby, letter adding to Saunders' list of the Birds of Southern

Spain. Mentioned " Cypselus pallidus " and stated that he once saw

Par us crislatus near Larache, a statement which must be erroneous and

which is not repeated in Irby's book.

1874. H. Irby, notice of an apparently undescribed species of Corvus from

Tanger.

Description and drawing of head of Corvus tingitanus.

1874. P. L. ScLATER, note on the " Yellow-legged Herring Gull " from Mogador

and elsewhere, correcting his former nomenclature of 1867, and saying

it should be called Larus leucophaeus.

1875. L. H. Irby, The Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar.

This, and still more the second edition (see 1895 !), is the most important

and absolutely reliable source of knowledge on the birds of Marocco, as it treats

not only of Gibraltar but also of the opposite coast. The notes on Maroccan

birds are " in a great measure culled from the MS. of the late M. F. Favier."

Favier was a dealer who lived about 31 years in Tanger, and was succeeded by

Olcese. Both men would have collected much better and labelled their speci-

mens better if anyone had instructed them ! (see 1864).

1878. " Saecelle " (C. A. Payton), Natural History Notes from Mogador,

Field, 1878, February 23rd, p. 215.

These and all the other notes by " Sarcelle " are pleasantly written descrip-

tions of shooting and fishing excursions near Mogador. Many birds are mentioned,

mostly only under their English names ; the author was evidently well acquainted

NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923. 149

with Game Birds and Waterfowl, but did not know Bii-ds of Prey and small

birds. His notes are here only quoted if they contain anything of ornithological

interest.

1879. C. A. Payton (" Sarcblle "), 3Ioss from a Rolling Slone, or Moorish

Wanderings and Rambling Reminiscences. London, 1879. 506 pages,

containing the above notes from the Field, etc.

1880. " Saecelle " (Payton), Sporting Notes from Mogador, Field, 1880, ii.

pp. 406, 945.

1881. " Sarcelle " (Payton), A Wild Goose Chase in Chiadma, Field, 1881,

i, p. 830, June.

1881. " Saecelle " (Payton), The Shooting Season at Mogador, Field, 1881,

ii, p. 80, July.

1882. " Sarcelle " (Payton), Wild-Fowling in Morocco, Field, 1882, i, p.

464, April ; ii, p. 470, September.

1884. " Saecelle " (Payton), Shooting near Mogador, Field, 1884, i, p. 838.

1884. J. J. Dalgleish, Occurrence of the Royal Tern (Sterna regia Gambel)

at Tangiers in Marocco.

Two specimens of Sterna maxima shot out of a flock of 30 at Tanger.

1885. "Saecelle" (Payton), A Spring Ramble in Morocco, Field, 1885, i,

p. 658, May.

1885. S. G. Reid, Winter Notes from Marocco, Ihis, 1885, pp. 241-55.

118 species mentioned from N. Marocco, mostly Tanger.

1887. R. Jannasch, Die Deutsche Handelsexpedition, 1886.

The mouth of the Oued Chebika, Oued Draa, Oued Noun, and Mogador were

visited. Contains a few unimportant notes on birds seen on pp. 31, 32. Sifi

said to be northernmost place where Emheriza striolata sahari nests.

1889. H. ScHALOW, Journ. f. Orn., 1889, pp. 331-3. Corrects some errors in

Diederich's article on the distribution of the genus C'orvus.

(It is now well known that tingitanus represents corax in N. Africa, and,

according to modern views, we must treat it as a subspecies of the corax group.)

1890. J. J. Walker, Notes on Lepidoptera from the region of the Straits of

Gibraltar, Trans. Entom. Soc. London, 1890. On p. 367 some notes

on birds, Egretta alba, both sj). of Fulica, and others.

1891. C. A. Payton, Ibis, 1891, p. 296. Records having shot a Branta bernicla

and observed B. lencopsis.

1892. " Saecelle " (Payton), Notes from Mogador, Field, 1892, p. 810, May.

(Partially quoted Ibis, 1892, p. 471.)

1893. W. Rothschild & E. Haeteet, Die Formen von Fringilla spodiogenys

in Nordafrika, Orn. Monatsber. i. p. 97.

Description of " Fringilla spodiogenys koenigi " from N. Marocco. (Corrected

diagnosis, Orn. Monatsber. 1894, p. 75.)

1895. L. H. Irby, The Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar, second edition.

The most important source of information about Maroccan birds (see 1875).

150 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

1895. E. Harteet, Ueber die nordafrikanischen Garrulus-Aiten, Orn. Monalsher.

iii. pp. 169-72.

Cliiefly discussing the North Maroccan Jay, which is erroneously believed

to be " Garrulus minor." The ideas about species and subspecies are viewed

differently now — after 28 years !

1S96. R. Blasius, Oriiitholog. Leuchtthurm-Beobachtungen aus der Strasse

von Gibraltar, Ornis, viii. pp. 339-40.

A few notes by Ph. Gumpert from the lighthouse at Cape Spartel.

1S',)6. A. Kricheldoeff, Ueber neu eingetroffene oologische Sendungen,

Zeitschr. /. Oologie, vi. p. 6.

Description of some eggs from North Marocco.

1897. P. W. MuNN, Ornithological Notes from Marocco, Ibis, 1897, pp. 51-8.

Describes a trip from Tanger to Tetuan and Ceuta. List of 43 observed

species.

1897. J. I. S. Whitakee, Bull. B.O. Club, vii. pp. xvii, xviii.

Notes on colour of bills of Sturnus unicolor. The conclusions, however, are

not quite correct. The fact is that the bill begins to get yellow about February

(sometimes end of January), and remains yellow during the breeding season,

becoming blackish again soon after the latter, in July or June. Description of

" Garrulus oenops " and " Rhodopechys aliena " from Marocco.

1898. Id., tom. cit., p. xlvii.

Description of " Otocorys atlas " from Glaoui (not Glani) in the Great Atlas.

1898. Id., On a Collection of Birds from Marocco, Ibis, 1898, pp. 592-610,

pi, xiii.

One of the mo.st important articles on the birds of Marocco, being the results

of Edward Dodson's expedition from Tanger to Fez, Marrakesh, Ajusmiz, Enzel,

Zarakten, Tilula, and Glaoui in the Great Atlas, as well as to the Haha country,

south to Ras-el-Ain. List of 134 species and subspecies.

1901. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo, Descriptions of three New Birds from Marocco.

" Parus atlas, Moiacilla subpersonata, Cotile mauritanica."

1902. E. Hartert, Reise nach Marokko, und einige kurze Notizen iiber die

Vogel der Gegend um Mazagan im mittleren IMarokko. In : Aus den

Wanderjahren eines Naturforschers, pp. 293-303, 305-22.

(Also published in Novitates Zoologicae, ix. 1902, July.)

Journey to Mazagan, to the Oum-er-Rbia, and Cape Blanco north. Notes

on 83 species collected and observed. Turdus tnerula mauritanicus and Galerida

cristata riggenbachi described.

1903. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo, Bird-Notes from Morocco and the Great Atlas,

Ibis, 1903, pp. 196-214, pi. vi.

Notes on a journey through Marocco to the Great Atlas. Eighty-five birds

mentioned as observed and partially collected. An important addition to the

knowledge of the avifauna of Marocco. ■*

1904. 0. Kleinschmidt, Einiges iiber Spatzen, Orn. Monatsber. 1904, p. 7.

Description of " Passer almsver " from Marrakesh, collected by Floericke,

who collected near Tanger and Casablanca and Mazagan, and from there to

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 151

Marrakesh. His collections were not extensive and no list of the species collected

has been published.

190.5. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo, A Trip to the Forest of Marmora, Morocco,

Ibis, 1905, pp. 161-4.

Notes on the forest of Marmora (Mamora), north-east of Rabat and Sale,

and its birds.

1905. VV. R0TH.SCHILD, Exhibition of Eggs of Coinatihis eremita from near

Mogador, Brll. B.O. Club, xvi. p. 15.

1906. Herm. Schalow, Beitrage zu einer ornithologischen Bibliographie des

Atlas Gebietos, Journ. f. Orn., 1906, pp. 100-43.

An almost entirely complete list of ornithological literature of Marocco,

Algeria, Tunisia, and Tripolitania.

1911. L. LozANO, Contribucion al cstudio de las aves de Mogador, Memorias

de la Real Soc. Espamla de Hist. Nat., viii. No. 2, pp. 63~10S.

List of 96 species collected by Martinez de la Escalera in 1905 near Mogador.

1913. A. Menegaux, Oiseaux recueillis dans le sud-ouest du Maroc, par M. A.

Boudarel, de la mission de Mme. C. du Gast., Rev. FranQ. d'Orn., vol iii.,

pp. 33-8.

The results of a trip as far south as Ida and Agadir. Unfortunately the

shortness of the time and probably collecting many other things besides birds

prevented the collector making more extensive bii-d collections, Agadir being

the southerumo.st place where attempts to collect have been made. Only 47

species were collected.

1915. Henri et Alfred Vaucheb, Liste des Oiseaux observes au Maroc de

1884 a 1914, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., vol. iv. pp. 94-6, 107-11, 134-77.

This list is compiled by Alfred Vaucher, from the notes and collections of his

late brother Henri, and from his own observations and collection of birds and

eggs from Marocco. The notes refer mostly to the birds from N. Marocco, where

both brothers resided, in Tanger. 177 species are mentioned, but several quite

common ones have accidentally been omitted. Mr. Vaucher kindly supplied,

in litt., some valuable explanations and information for which we are much

obliged.

1915. M. D'AtTBTJSSON, Au Maroc : Les Oiseaux du Bled, Bull. Soc. Nat.

d'Acclimatation, 1915, pp. 263-73, 289-309.

A popular description of journeys near Casablanca and via the Chaouia

country and Settat to Marrakesh. Only common birds were observed, and their

names are generally old-fashioned and sometimes wrong. The " Martinet a

croupion blanc " was of course not " Cypselus cafer " but affinis ! " Laiiius

meridionalis " is of course either algeriensis or dodsoni, etc.

1916. A. Vaucher, Note sur la faune ornithologique du Maroc, Rev. FrariQ.

d'Orn., iv. p. 225.

On eggs of four species.

1919. Lynes, Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 32.

Description of Sitta europcea atlas and Erithacus rubecvla atlas.

152 NOVITATES ZOOLOGKAE XXX. 1923.

1919. E. Habtert, BitU. B.O. Club, xxxix. pp. OS, 69, 85-7.

Description of Saby's wonderful discovery of a different Guinea-fowl in-

habiting Marocco— not feral ! The fact that wild Guinea-fowls were found in

parts of Marocco was known to Meade-Waldo, but he supposed they were

Numida galeata Pall, {meleagris auct. !).

1920. Lynes, Ornithology of the Maroccan " Middle-Atlas," Ibis, 1920, pp.

260-301, pis. iii-xii.

Important contribution to the ornithology of the Middle Atlas, of which

nothing was known. A Nuthatch was discovered, a new Robin described,

Oenanthe oenanthe seebohmi, Parus ater atlas, Eremophila alpestris atlas, and other

rare birds common. Plates, maps, and views.

1920. F. C. R. JoiJRDAiN, Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 154, 1920. De.scription of

eggs and nesting-place of Strix aluco niauritanica from Marocco.

1921. F. C. R. JOTJRDAIN, Les Oiseaux de la foret de Mamara et des environs

de Rabat, Rev. Franq. (VOrn., xiii. pp. 128-33, 149-53.

The author, accompamed by W. M. Congreve, visited C'asablanca, Rabat,

Kenitrea, and the forest of Mamara (Marmora, Mamora). Birds were observed

only and eggs collected. 101 species mentioned.

[Whitakek, The Birds oj Tunisia. 1905, andHARTERT, Die Vogel der paldarkt.

Fauna, 1903-22, contain many statements on the occurrence and descriptions of

birds of Marocco. P. 1 698 of the latter work is described Sterna maxima albidi-

dorsalis from Marocco. Cf. also, among others, p. 1395, p. 1222 (Comnlibis),

p. 991 [Asio), p. 2005 (Numida sabyi).]

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. I53

ON THE COMB-BEARING FLAP PRESENT ON THE FOURTH

ABDOMINAL SEGMENT IN THE MALES OF CERTAIN

NOTODONTIDAE.

By Dr. KARL JORDAN.

(PI. II, figs. 9-13.) > ^^^^ ^Jo^^J-

TN the majority of Noiodontidae the fourth abdominal segment is normal in

-L build like the adjacent segments. A large number of species, however,

have that segment modified in the ,^ (not in the $). The modification consists

in an enlargement of the dorsal margin of the sternite, a flap being formed which

projects upwards. The Notodontids being very hairy, this peculiar organ,

though conspicuous in many species, evidently has escaped notice ; at least I

do not find it mentioned by any of the authors who have dealt with the

family extensively.

In most cases the organ becomes at once visible when the scaling is moistened

with benzine, and in the larger species, such as Hapigia, is easily discovered on

account of the upward direction of the hairs which cover the flap. Our diagrams

(PI. II, figs. 9-13) illustrate to some degree the variation in the size and position

of the flap, but are by no means exhaustive. The armature of the flap consists

of bristles and black or brown spines, which are arranged in a bunch at the apex

in the case of short flaps, or in a row or in rows at the hind margin in the case

of long flaps. Sometimes the spines stand ten deep along the margin (fig. 13).

The tips of the spines are usually sharp and either curved towards the body, or

upwards, or upwards and frontad. As a rule the spines lie so close together as

to present a smooth outward surface. They are modified hairs (as are the

abdominal spines found in the Sphingidae and some Castniidae), there being a

gradation from hairs to bristles to spines.

The flap, or cteniophore as we may call it, is movable. Where the cteniojDhore

is very short, as in figs. 9 and 12, it can only slightly be moved in conjunction

with the whole sternite. But in tlie species where it has become very narrow at

the base, being shifted close to the anterior margin of the segment (figs. 10, 11, 13),

the narrowness of the connection with the main body of the sternite and the

flexibility of the chitin at the narrowest point admit of a considerable independent

movement away from the bod}', the cteniophore being able to assume a more or

less horizontal position nearly at right angles to the body.

The cteniophore partly covers a cavity situated in the pleurum of the

fourth segment and often extending into the third segment. An examination

of this cavity from outside and from inside the abdomen (of the dry specimens

at our disposal) leaves hardly any doubt in our minds that a large gland opens

in the cavity.

If the classification of the Notodontids as it stands at present is correct, the

organ in question is distributed quite irregularly in the family, occurring in

species of Salluca, Trichomoplata, Heterocampa, Psorocampa, Hapigia, some

154 NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XXX. 1023.

Oriental Phalera (not in European Phaleia), and a host of others, but is most

frequent in American forms.

What is the function of this cteniophore ? In tiie absence of observations

on live specimens we must be content with drawing our opinion from the build

of the organ. A comparison of species with and without cteniophore gives us

some evidence of the meaning of the structure. The following points arc of

importance :

1. The majority of the Notodontids with cteniophore liave (in the JjJ)

some modification in the scaling of the- underside of the hindwing or in the scaling

and neuration. Where in a Notodontid J there is a deviation from the normal

distad direction of the scaUng, i.e. where the hairs and upper layer of scaling is

partly (or almost totally) directed transversely or where tufts and patches of

erect scaling occur on the underside of the hindwing, there we are certain to find

also the abdominal cteniophore.

2. There are species whicli liave a cteniophore, but, no modified scaling on

the underside of the hindwing.

3. The tibiae of the Notodontids with and without cteniophore are very

hairy, the hindtibia in particular bearing a dense clothing of long hairs, many

of which are fairly stiff, recalling the radiating hairs of scent-organs.

4. It is almost certain that a gland is present beneath the cteniophore.

5. In many cases the costal vein of the hindwing, on the underside, bears,

at or near the point where it touches the subcostal, a blunt spur projecting well

above the surface of the wing ; in some other species there is a wart or tubercle

at the costal margin.

Considering these points in connection with the movability of the abdomen,

legs, and cteniophore, we come to the conclusion that the hindtibia and hindwing

are rubbed across the cteniophore in order to receive the scent produced by the

gland, the spines penetrating in between the hairs (combing them) and thus

communicating the essence more effectively to the covering of these organs than

would be the case if the tibia and wing were moved across the unarmed opening

of the gland. Whatever the proceeding may be in detail, so much seems to be

certain that the cteniophore is a special jj-apparatus developed in connection

with a scent-organ.

3> £A Ji^U^ -2^ /•" /-^^'

NOVITATES ZoOLOCilCAE XXX. 1923. 155

ON A SENSORY ORGAN FOUND ON THE HEAD OF MANY

LEPIDOPTERA.

By Dr. KARL JORDAN.

(With PL II, figs. 1-8.)

IN certain fainUies of Lepidoptera there is behind the antenna near the eye

an area of very varying extent which more or less contrasts with the scaUng

surrounding it or adjacent to it, and is studded with thin bristles. The organ

appears in two chief types, exemplified by figs. 1 (Sematura) and 2 (Micronia).

In fig. 1 the organ consists of a rounded, non-scaled, swelling beariif^ numerous

bristles radiating in all directions. Fig. 2 represents a type in which the bristle-

bearing area is extended transversely and covered with small scales, the scales

standing upright and being so arranged as to form cylinders or funnels from

which protrude the bristles. Though the extremes of the two types look very

different, there does not seem to be any fundamental difference, for both types

.are found in the same families, and intergradations occur. The non-scaled

patch is often (always ? ) covered with minute cilia in between the bristles. The

organ is the same in the sexes. It is absent from a large number of families of

Heterocera and always present in many other families, while in a few families

certain genera or subfamilies possess the organ and others are without it. On

account of this somewhat sporadic distribution — sporadic at least in Heterocera

— and the great diversity in its development in some of the families, the organ

is of importance for diagnostic purposes (especially in the case of aberrant forms).

It is found in all Rhopalocera and Grypocera and in the following Heterocera :

Sematuridae Zygaenidae (but not in Charideidae)

Uraniidae Heterogynidae

Epiplemidae (and Epicopeia) Megalopygidae (and Somabrachys)

Geometridae Tortricidae

Callidulidae (and Pterothysanns) Pyralidae (absent in many).

Among Butterflies the organ is most prominent in the Lycaenids and Ery-

cinids. In both these families the occiput bears a transverse crest or screen which

is highest mesally, leaning forward and forming a sort of tunnel. The sensory

organ extends through this tunnel from side to side, usually being more or less

interrupted in the middle (PI. II, fig. 5, Amhlypodia). The crest is much lower

in some forms than in others. Laterally the setiferous organ lies immediately

behind the antenna. The scaling along the centre of the frons in Lycaenids is

rougher or more depressed than at the sides.

In Pieridae (PL II, fig. 4) the organ is often inconspicuous, if similarly scaled

as the surroundings. It is longitudinal, extending close to the antennal groove

and being anteriorly rather broader than posteriorly, as a rule. Behind it, or

medianly, there is often a tuft or crest of hairs leaning forward, recalling the

transverse crest of the Lycaenids and Erycinids.

Most Nymphalidae (s.l.) have the organ likewise elongate (PL II, fig. 3),

J56 NOVITATHS ZOOLOQICAE XXX, 1923.

but more distant from the aiitemia and eye than in Pieridae. In many instances

it is reduced to a small roundish patch (f.i. in Biassolis. some Satyrinac). The

bristles are frequently short and weak. In species with a very hairy head the

organ is often difficult to trace.

As in Pierids the setiferous spot (or chaotosema) of the Papilionidac is densely

covered with small erect scales, which often form collars around the bristles.

The spot is elongate, being broadest in front.

In the Hesperiidae or Grypoccm the sensory organ is of [)articular interest.

The family falls into two sections according to this organ, in one section the

head bearing a setiferous patch on the occiput, rounded or transverse {Istnene

and allies), and the other section having in addition a similar patch in front of

the antenna, i.e. four patches in all (PL II, fig. 6, view obliquely from the side).

The head of Hesperids has a transverse crest at the hind edge and another behind

and betwecii the antennae ; the scaling in between these crests is more or less

.smooth, as in Lycaenids and Erycinids. In the majority of the Skippers the

frons bears anteriorly a third crest, and in between this crest and the antennae

there is the additional pair of patches of radiating bristles. I have not found

this pair anywhere else but in the Skippers.

In the Geometridac, Tortricidae, and Megalopi/gidae the patch is always small,

but while it is as a rule plainly visible in a dorsal view in the former two families,

it is concealed from above in Megalopygidae (and Somahrachys). In these moths

the long haii-s of the head form immediately behind the antenna a pocket which

opens laterally. The sensory patch lies in this pocket. In Somahrachys the patch

is much reduced, also in som3 wingbss female? of Geomelridae.

The chaetophorous organ or chaetosema is most prominently developed in

the Semaliiridae (PI. II, fig. 1), being definite in shape and bearing particularly

long and strong bristles.

The Uraniidae and Epiplemidae (inclusive of Epicopeia) exhibit a great

variety in the size of the patch, many species having quite a small patch without

scaling, while in others there is a scaled belt from eye to eye (PI. II, fig. 2), more

or less interrupted in the centre, many intergradations occurring between the

lateral patch and the transverse belt.

In the Callidulidae (inclusive of Pterothysanus) the patch is very distinct,

usually scaled and transverse, often bounded posteriorly by a crest of scaling ;

the bristles frequently arc long.

The greatest diversity in the development of the organ in any one family

obtains in the Zygaenidae. The African group of genera which I separated in

1907 as Pompustoiinae chiefly on account of the absence of the upper submedian

vein SM' ( = lo), and wliich Hamp=ion in 1918 lias raised to the rank of a family

under the name of Charideidae — Pomposlola being synonymous with Charidea —

is entirely devoid of the organ in question. In all the other Zygaenidae the

chaetophorous area or spot is present and generally large or at least conspicuous,

the hairy genus Paeiidopsyche with the organ concealed in the hair being an

exception. We find a series of stages from a small round spot with radiating

bristles to a complete scaled belt with short bristles protruding from cylinders

formed by the scaling. The belt is usually divided in tlic centre by a longitudinal

groove, and as a rule is sharply defined, extending halfway down the sides behind

the eyes in many Chnlcosiinae. Behind the belt the scaling forms a crest or screen

leaning forward (PI. II, fig. 7). It is most interesting to note that such a crest

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 157

has to a more or less extent developed in all the Lepidoptera in which the

setiferous organ has a transverse direction.

The Toriricidae, as far as I have compared them, possess a distinct, though

small, chaetosema ; there may be exceptions, albeit I have not come across any.

The Pyralidae, on the other hand, are divided into two groups as regards the

chaetosema, many genera being characterised by the possession of the organ,

and many others being devoid of it. Looking at this portion of the head onlj',

the Pyrals fall into four sections : (1) with chaetosema and ocellus, (2) with

chaetosema and without ocellus, (3) without chaetosema and with ocellus, and

(4) without both chaetosema and ocellus. I mention this merely in order to

draw attention to the existence of such a combination of characters, positive and

negative (H — (-, H , 1-, ), which may be of some help in defining genera

or higher categories.

The Heterogijnidae, which stand between the Zygaenids and Psychids, have

a chaetosema distant from the eye as well as antenna, and quite distinct in spite

of the head bearing a vestiture of long scattered hairs. The head is like that of

a Psychid, except for the presence of the chaetosema, which is absent from the

Psychidae.

As the organ varies in some families from being very large to being quite

small, and as it is absent in one portion of Pyralidae and present in the other

portion, we must expect to find families in which the chaetosema has been lost

more or less completely, remnants having persisted, and families in which only

rudiments of the organ have as yet appeared. The chaetosema having been

known to me for a number of years I have frequently taken the opportunity

offered at the Tring Museum of testing large numbers of species, with an entirely

negative result in the case of Hypsidae, Lymaniriidae, Syntomidae, Arctiidae,

Noctuidae (and Agaristidae), Notodontidae and Dioplidae, Sphingidae, Brah-

maeidae, Bomhycidae, Perophoridae, Eupterotidae, Saturniidae, Lasiocampidae^

Limacodidae and Chrysopolomidae, Psychidae, Thyrididae, Castniidae, Cossidae

and allies, Pterophoridae, Charideidae, Aegeriidae, and Tineidae, as well as the

Jugatae.

We find, however, in the Drepanidae and Cymatophoridae traces of the organ,

at any rate in some of the species, there being at some distance behind the antenna

bristles among the hair-scaling which may be homologous with the organ de-

scribed above. In some Lenwniidae we observe similar indications of a chaeto-

sema, all very indefinite.

In the genus Hepialus occur very minute j)apillae on each side of tlie

occiput, sometimes one papilla being larger than all the others. Wliether these

papillae are in a remote way homologous with the chaetosema is doubtful to us.

We have called the chaetosema a sensory organ for two reasons.* First,

its position on the head, its difference from the ordinary vestiture of the head,

the minute cilia between the bristles, and the connection of the chaetosema with

the brain, render it highly probable that it is an organ for some kind of percep-

tion. Second, it is similar to an organ obtaining in Lasincninpidne on the labial

palpus. In this family the palpus bears on the ventral or on the lateral surface

a spot of varying size which contrasts with the rest of the palpus in being bare

except for a largish number of dispersed bristles and hair-scales more or less

radiating. Sometimes the patch occupies the larger proportion of the outer

* Dr. H. Eltringliani is going to study the liistology of tlie organ.

158 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAX XXX. 1923.

surface of the first segment. This organ being in that place can hardly be looked

upon as anything else but a sensory organ. Its persistence throughout the

family is very remarkable. It is absent from the Endromidae, nor has it been

met with anywhere else outside the Lasiocampids.

What special sensation these palpal and caputal organs are adapted to per-

ceive we do not know. Insects possibly have less sense than the higher mammals,

but probably more senses.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIC.E, Vol. XXX., 1923.

PI. II.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 159

ON THE SCENT-ORGANS IN THE MALES OF CERTAIN

AMERICAN CASTNIIDAE.

By De. KARL JORDAN.

(With 7 text-figures.)

AMONG the American Castniidae there is a group of species which closely

resemble Danaine and Heliconiine butterflies of the same districts.

The mimetic species I have in mind are typified by Castnia limis Cram. (1779),

C. zagraea Feld. (1874), C. cycna Westw. (1877), C. melessus Druce (1890), and

C. pellonia Druce (1890). In these species and their near allies the hindwing

bears hairs on the upperside at and near the base, the subcostal SC= (= vein 7) and

the radial R' (= vein 6) of the hindv/ing are on a long stalk, from which projects

the short spur representing the cross vein D-, the tibiae are without spines and

the anal tergite of the (J is bipartite, as is also the manubrium (= saccus) of the

ninth sternite. The mimetic species which have these somatics in common fall

into two sections chiefly characterised by some remarkable secondary sexual

characters of the males.

Section 1

In this section the portion of the scaling of the pronotum which is light-

coloured is buff or pale yellowish, being about as pale as the subterminal mark-

ings of the wings ; the four spots in the centre of the mesonotum and the two

at its apex are more or less distinctly separate, the abdomen has no pale yellowish

dorsal median line, and the black stripe which extends on the underside of the

hindwing from the base distad does not bear a pale central streak. The (J (J

have no external abdominal scent-organ, the hindtibia and first hindtarsal seg-

ment are not covered with long soft scaling on the inside, and the paronychium

of the midtarsus is much enlarged.

We give a somewhat diagrammatical figure of the paronychium of C. liuuti

(text-fig. 1). The lobes of the paronychium are covered on the underside, and

fringed along the margin, with long hair's which, in the cabinet specimens, are

caked together iti bunches. After having been cleaned with benzine, these hairs

are more or less separated, the paronychium appearing almost wooll}\ This

enlarged paronychium is found only in the midtarsus of the cJ. It occurs, in a

slightly different form, outside the mimetic species under consideration in C.

cronida H. S. (1854), not in C. cronis Cram. (1777), botli of which have spinose

tibiae and are also otherwise differently built from C. linus ; it is likewise found

in the (J (J of C. huebner Godt. (1830) and C. gramivora Schaus (1896), which are

very similar to one another, closely agreeing in structure and pattern, and in a

few other species. The function of the enlarged paronychium is obscure. It

is a problem which probably will be solved together with the meaning of another

peculiarity of the midleg of many Castniids, namely the great width of the first

midtarsal segment which obtains in the males of all the species we have mentioned

and some others, this segment being often as wide or wider than the tibia. As

160

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 192S.

t!ie Castniids are supposed to copulate in the air, it is possible that the midleg

is used for clasping the abdomen of the female, presumably at the base, and

requires special strength for that purpose.

As species belonging to this section of mimics I mention C. linoides Strand

(1913), C. carilla Schaus (1911), C. salvina Westw. (1877), C. daguana Preiss

(1899), C. juanita Preiss (1899), C. personata Walk. (186-1), in which the fourth

and fifth subcostals of the forewing are long-stalked, the areole is alwaj's open,

the spurs of the mid- and hindtibiae are very short, the abdomen above is black

irrorated with tawny or creamj' scales and beneath cream-coloured with a black

streak, and C. zagraea (Feld. 1874) and C. Hints Cram. (1779), in which the

subcostals SC and SC arise from the areole or are short-stalked, the areole is

Fig. 1.

usually closed, the spurs of the mid- and hindtibiae are longer than in the previous

species, the abdomen has above and beneath a broad median stripe which narrows

at the base, and the forewing bears a large black patch proximally to tornus.

Section 2.

The light-coloured scales of the pronotum are tawny or reddish orange, the

median spots of the mesonotum are merged together into a transverse band, there

is no distinct spot at the apex of the mesonotum, but the metanotum is light-

coloured in the middle, and the black longitudinal stripe on the underside of the

hindwing bears a light-coloiu-ed, more or less central, streak or spot ; in most

species the abdomen has a distinct pale dorsal median line. The (j"o ''•re dis-

tinguished by a very large abdominal scent-organ, and by the hindtibia and first

hindtarsal segment being covered on the inner surface by long, soft, pale scaling ;

the paronychium of the midtarsus is not enlarged.

NOVITATE'3 ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

161

This section comprises the majority of the tawny and black mimics, for

instance C. cyctia Westw. (1877), C. melessus Druce (1890), C. michaeli Preiss

(1899), C. cratina Westw. (1877), and C. garlejipi Preiss (1899), in which the sub-

margmal series of spots of the forewing is complete, C. truxilla Westw. (1877),

C. pellonia Druce (1890), C. ecuadoria Westw. (1877), and C. huckleyi Druce

(1882), in which the upper three submarginal spots are absent on the forewing

and there is a rounded black spot at the upper cell-angle of the forewing, and

C. mars Druce (1882), C. tarapotensis Preiss (1899), C. simulans Boisd. (1875),

and C. cononia Westw. (1877), in which the upper three submarginal spots of the

forewing are likewise absent and the same wing bears a black band at the upper

cell-angle. Many other forms have been described, but I have no specimens

before me.

In spite of its large size the scent-organ of these Castniids does not seem to

Figs. 2-7.

liave been noticed by the authors who described the species. The two proximal

abdominal sternites are covered on the sides by a dense mass of erect hairs which

are widened at the apex and end with a large number of very thin, but rather

stiff, filaments (text-figs. 2-7). The areas covered by these hairs are well defined.

The hairs are hollow and evidently serve as outlets for the liquid produced by

glands presumably lying in the abdomen. The ventral surface of these two

sternites and the whole of the next four sternites — more rarely three, as in

C. cycna, also in C. hahneli Preiss (1899), which is probably a form of C. simulans

Boisd. (1875) — look bare of scaling. They are plastered over with a thick layer

of a mud-lilie substance, huffish or blackish in colour, which is undoubtedly the

product of scent-glands. The exudation is also present on the proximal

sternites in the patches of trumpet-hairs, which sometimes stand in this mud up

to their necks. If the exfluvia are examined under the microscope, the mud

apjjears to be composed of densely packed, angular columns, like a liquid matter

would look when hardened (text-fig. 5). After treatment with a solvent, the

remains consist of a large mass of small hollow warts each crowned with

11

162 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

innumerable excessively thin hairs, which are very long under the microscope, but

in reality are minute, forming on the sternitcs in question a downy covering on

which the exudations of the gland-s settle (text-fig. C). The down is also present

among the trumpet-hairs. Some species, f.i. C. mars Druce (1882), have in

addition fairly numerous long fluffy hairs on the first two sternites ventrally to

the patches of trumpet-hairs and on the sides of the third sternite ( = st. of foiu'th

segment). The apparatus by which the products of the glands are distributed

over the sternites is furnished bj' the hindleg. The scaling on the inner surface

of the hindtibia and first hindtarsal segment is long and soft, most of the scales

resembling slender blades of grass with the tips cut off, the scaling being trans-

formed into a brush (text-fig. 7). As this brush, when the leg is fully stretched

backward, does not reach farther than the fifth abdominal segment, whereas the

product of the glands settles also on the sixth abdominal segment or even the

seventh, we must regard the fluffy covering of the sternites to be an absorbent

which sucks up the liquid like blotting-paper, the hard glossy scaling of the last

one, or two, sternites remaining free of the coating of the previous segments.

There is no trace of this scent-organ in the preceding section of mimetic

Castniidac, but we find outside the mimics a similar organ in the males of

C. cochrus Fabr. (1787) and its near allies C. garbei Foett. (1903) and C. comhinata

Strand (1913). In C. cochrus and C. comhinata the first two abdominal sternites,

the merum of the hindcoxa and a lateral patch on the third sternite — distinct

in C. comhinata and less developed in C. cochrus — and in C. garbei the same

sclerites and the entire third sternite are covered with hair. On closer examina-

tion the covering is found to consist of very long scales which are deeply slit,

being divided into stiff hair-like processes. In between this long and rather hard

scaling there is the same down as in Section 2 of the mimics, usually covered

with a white mass, the product of the scent-glands. The fourth and following

sternites are scaled in the normal way and not plastered over as in the above

mimics. In C. cochrus and allies again the hindtibia and first hindtarsal segment

are converted into a brush, their inner surface being covered with short erect,

rather stiff, hair-like scaling, which is pale as in the mimetic CastniicLs with

scent-organ.

A brush of a different kind obtains in C. cacica H. S. (1854) and C. angusta

Druce (1907), but not in C. papilionaris Walk. (1864). In both sexes of these

species, not only in the males as in the preceding cases, it is again the hindleg

which has developed a brush. This brush, however, is neither situated on the

inner surface nor is it the hindtibia which forms its main portion. Here the dorsal

and ventral bristles of the first hindtarsal segment are very much prolonged and

end with a long thin filament, the bristles standing several deep and being

slightly inclined towards the abdomen. The brush is continued to the last

segment of the tarsus, but is not well developed on the distal segments ; there

are also some bristles between the two pairs of spurs on the hindtibia, and the

midtibia likewise has an indication of a brush. The object of this brush is

unknown to me. There is evidently no scent-organ, and if there were one, its

presence in the male would not explain why the brush is so strongly developed

in the female as well. The scaling on the inner surface of the hindtarsus is short

and smooth in the two species.

('. papilionaris, which is devoid of the brush, has larger paronychia with

much longer fringes, possibly as a compensation.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 1C3

A NOTE ON THE FAMILIES OF MOTHS IN WHICH R^ (= VEIN 5)

OF THE FOREWING ARISES FROM NEAR THE CENTRE OR

FROM ABOVE THE CENTRE OF THE CELL.

By Dr. KARL JORDAN.

(With Plate III.)

ry^HE pursuit of our researches on Saturnioideae renders it necessary for tis

-L to assign a definite place to the genera Oxytenis, Asthenidia, and allies,

which have variously been classified as Saturnians, Uraniids, Bombycids, and

even Geometrids.

According to the neuration and gcncrcd build their affinity is with the

families in- which R' (= vein 5) of the forewing (usually also on the hindwing)

arises from near the centre of the cell-apex or from well above the centre. How-

ever, the central position of R- is an ancestral character and must not be regarded

as proving, by itself, a close relationsliiij between any of the various families in

which the vein is found in this position. And as a recognition character it is also

not so reliable throughout as to warrant the large divisions based on it in Hamp-

son's key, published in Nov. ZooL. XXV. p. 389 (1918). In some families (f.i.

Dioptidae and Drepanidae) the central position of R- is no more than a difference

between genera or species. But it is nevertheless a convenient family distinction

if not insisted on too rigidly.

The upper submedian vein SM' (= Ic) is a vein the presence and absence of

which must also be interpreted v/ith caution, and the same applies to SM' ( = la),

in both the fore- and the hindwing. In the families in question SM' is usually

absent or represented by a more or less distinct fold, but there are species among

the Perophoridae and Bombycidae in which it is almost fully developed, and others

in which it is a distinct tubular veift only distally, while the majority of the

species have a thin fold in its place, which in most cases flattens out and dis-

appears_ when the wing is moistened with benzine, with intergradations.

As the key we have drawn up for our own guidance may be of some use to

other Lepidopterists, we publish it here as a preliminary contribution towards a

fuller characterisation of the " Macro " families with vein R' more or less central

in the forewing.

In the modern classification of Lepidoptera the development of the frenulum

plays an important part, the presence or absence of this organ being extensively

seized upon in the drawing up of keys to the families. We also employ this organ

in the characterisation of some families, but in a rather different sense, which

requires explanation.

Tlie frenulum consists of two parts : (1) the incrassate base of the costal

margin of the hindwing, from which emanate (2) the bristles (in the ^ usually

fused together into one bristle). The bristles are often reduced and frequently

altogether absent. But even in extreme cases tlie incrassation of the costal

margin remains distinct (PI. Ill, fig. 10), and the organ cannot be regarded as

entirely absent. All such moths are considered by us as possessing a frenulum.

164 NoviTATEs ZooLOGic.ij: XXX. 1923.

In most families in which the frenulum normally is reduced, there occur also

species with fully developed frenulum, and vice versa. On the other hand, in

those families under consideration which are trul3' without a frenulum the base

of the costal margin of the hindwing is thin, not incrassate, and somewhat ex-

panded (PI. Ill, fig. 11), as already explamed by Comstock {The Wings of Insects,

1918, p. 331).

We distinguish the families mainly by structures in the metathorax and

proximal abdominal segments. These distinctions * nearly always hold good

when the differences (often numerous) by which the normal types of the families

are generally easy to recognise break down. We will deal with the families in

question in six sections :

I. Head with a sensory organ (chaetosema, cf. p. 155) behind the antenna

consisting (externally) of thin radiating bristles, which are either arranged in a

patch placed on a more or less elevated hump, or protrude from the short scaling.

Sometimes this organ is quite small (in some Geonietridae), sometimes it is very

strongly developed (in Sematuridae, for instance).

1. Geonietridae. — Basal abdominal sternite (PI. Ill, fig. 1) with a large, well-

defined, tympanal cavity on the ventral side of the first stigma. SC* of forewing

always stalked with SC. Frenulum present. C of hindwing curved down at

extreme base, costally at the bent with a hump or spur directed towards the

frenulum ; M of hindwing free from base, soon after base contiguous with or

approximated to C for some distance. Tympanum absent in some apterous $$.

2. Sematuridae. — Postantennal sense-organ strongly developed. No tym-

panal organ at base of abdomen, no lateral cavity beneath second segment. SC

stalked with SC. Frenulum present. In hindwing C strongly curved down to

base, elbowed, the area between C and frenulum more or less swollen ; M at first

remote from C, soon approximated to it at one point and here touching it or

connected with it by a bar (= SC'). — I place here Apoprogones Hamps. (1903),

from South Africa, as representing a separate subfamily differing from the

American genera in the eye being naked, the tibiae non-spinose, and other minor

detaUs. •

3. Uraniidae. — Postantennal sensory organ usually strongly developed.

Males (PI. Ill, fig. 6) with a large lateral cavity under the second abdominal

segment opening behind ; females (PI. Ill, fig. 7) with a tympanal organ in the

basal sternite ventrally to the first stigma, recalling the corresponding organ of

the Geonietridae ; it consists of a glossy drum, shaped somewliat like a Dutch

cheese, with the concave surface, which is directed towards the thorax, bearing

a tympanum ; the metejjimerum opposite this organ more or less hollowed out,

sometimes much inflated. Frenulum absent except its vestigial base. SC of

forewing always remote from the other subcostals, stalked with R' or originating

with it from the upper cell-angle ; a short spur (= SM') projects from M near

base, in the small and delicate species often scarcely traceable. In hindwing

C curved down at extreme base, C and M contiguous from base for a short

distance, then diverging strongly. Eye naked, but sometimes with short hairs

[Chrysiridia).

4. Epiplemidae. — Like the Uraniidae, but with frenulum, bristles of frenu-

lum often reduced or absent, but basal incrassation of costal margin of hindwing

* Forbes, " On the Tympanum of certain Lepidoptera," in Psyche, xxiii. p. M'i (l'J16).

NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 165

alway.s present. No subbasal spur from M of forewing. No precostal vein on

hindwing. Abdominal organ in (^ and $ as in Uraniidae, in some forms absent

(f.i. Chatamla, Amana ; in Psychostrophia the ^ has below the first abdominal

stigma a large scent-tuft, which, if not spread out, lies concealed under a longi-

tudinal fold). — ^Includes Epicopeia.

II. Postantennal sensory organ absent or vestigial. Both sexes with large

cavity (PL III, figs. 8 and 9) under the fie.st abdominal pleurum opening behind

(as in cJ of Uraniidae, in which the cavity is under the second segment) the

first stigma on the lateral surface of the convex pleurum (in both sexes of

Uraniidae it is placed in the constriction between abdomen and thorax). Below

first plem-um and towards thorax a fairly large glossy vesicle externally without

opening and without tympanum, the vesicle divided into two unequal compart-

ments, and projecting forward ; the posterior portion (= merum) of the hind-

coxa being correspondingly caved in, very narrow in a lateral aspect, mem-

braneous at the epimerum. Frenulum present. In hindwing C bent down

towards SO- beyond upper cell-angle. Tarsal claw with tooth.

5. CymatopJwridae and 6. Drepanidae. — There does not appear to be any

difference between these two families which holds good throughout the series of

species. In most Drepanids R^ of the forewing (== vein 5) arises from near the

lower cell-angle, but there are also species in which it arises as in Cymatophoridae

from the centre or from above the centre, f.i. in some species of Euchera : E. javana

Auriv. (1894), E. ociferaria Walk. (1860), .E. pitmani Moore (1886). — Cimelia and

Epicimelia have neither cavity nor vesicle at base of abdomen, but agree otherwise

well with the Cymatophoridae.

III. No postantennal sensory organ. No abdominal tympanal cavity, but

the metathorax (PI. Ill, figs. 2-5) bears in front of the rather strongly chitinised

longitudinal groove bounding the first abdominal tergite laterally, a tympanum

which covers a cavity lyuig withm the metathorax ; externally (in dorsal aspect)

the metascutum has a transverse depression from the metascutellum towards the

wing-base, and behind this depression, and posteriorly bounded by the chord

which connects the posterior margin of the wing-base with the metascutellum,

there is a vesicular sclerite (third pteralium), separated from the metascutum by

a suture, this vesicle sometimes strongly prominent, sometimes less conspicuous,

but always present. On the metasternite, below the before-mentioned chord,

and either on the posterior surface of the metepimerum or on its lateral surface,

there is either a cavity, usually deep, or a depression or tympanum-lilce membrane,

more or less on a level with the first abdominal stigma. Frenulum present.

C of hindwing remote from SC=, not bent down beyond upper cell-angle ; tarsal

claw usually with tooth, often minutely serrate.

7. Dioptidae (PI. Ill, figs. 2 and 3).— Palpus upturned over the face. First

abdominal stigma not in a definite hollow. — ^Jlimetic species, in appearance very

unlilie the Notodontids.

8. Notodontidae (PL III, figs. 4 and 5). — End-segment of palpus more or less

porrect. First abdominal stigma in a definite hollow or pocket, which is often

deep (and in many cases recalls the tympanal cavity of the Noctuoidean

families). — Includes Thaumetopoea.

166 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

V. No sensory organ of radiating bristles behind the antenna. No tym-

panal cavity at base of abdomen. G of hindwing not bent down towards SC*

beyond upper cell-angle. Frenulum present, but its bristles often lost. Tarsal

claw, as in V and VI, always without tooth, but frequently serrated.

9. Perophoridae. — Branches of antenna scaled in both sexes. C and SC of

hindwing anastomosing close to the base, basal portion of C excised and sharply

edged opposite the condylus of M.

10. Bombycidae. — Branches of antenna not scaled. Last subcostal of

forewing (PI. Ill, figs. 12 and 13) more or less down-curved, or at least the distance

between it and R' larger at the base of SC' than at termen. — Here belong also

Apatehdes and allies, which used to be considered Notodontids.

11. Eupterotidae. — Branches of anterma not scaled. Last subcostal not

curved down, the distance between it and R' smaller at the base of SC° than

at termen. — Evidently restricted to the Old World. There is an almost complete

connection between the Eupterotids and Lemoniids.

V. Like IV, but frenulum truly absent, the basal costal margin of the hind-

wing not being thickened. Superfamily SaUmiioideae.

As we have begun to monograph this superfamily, we abstain from entering

here upon a division into families.

VI. Like IV, frenulum present, but its bristles often missing. C of hind-

wing approximated to SC- bej^ond upper cell-angle.

12. Lemoniidae. — Cross-vein D' of forewing longer than D- and angulate, R'

from well above this angle, at the most one subcostal free from cell of forewing.

Foretibia with a heavy apical claw. — This family is very close to the Eupterotidae ;

in some of the African Eupterotids the foretibia is short and armed with a claw,

and C of hindwing runs close above the cell to near its apex before curving forward.

13. Brahmaeidae. — As before, but foretibia at the most with short spines. — •

Includes Spiramiopsis.

14. Sphingidae. — D' of forewing sliSrter than D-, not angulate, R= from

below centre, two subcostals free from cell of forewing.

The genera Oxytenis, Asthenidia, and some others agree with the Saturnioideae,

and must be classified with them.

The distinction given above between the Bombi/cidae and Eupterotidae is

very slight in some species, but as it is corroborated by differences obtaining in

the wing-bases and the thorax, we consider the two families distinct. As we

shall have an occasion to describe and illustrate the differences in another place,

we only mention here that in the Eupterotids there is along the distal side of the

base of the frenulum a transverse tubular swelling, which is replaced in the

Bombycids by a dorsally convex and ventral concave fold (not tubular), and that

the posterior dorsal angle of the merum of the midcoxa extends further dorsad

than the anterior angle in Bombycidae (as also in Sphingidae, Brahmaeidae,

Lemoniidae), while in Eupterotidae, Saturnioideae, and Perophoridae) the posterior

angle remains below, or at the level of, the anterior angle if the body is in a hori-

zontal position.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

no,

L Ourapteryx sambucaria L. (1758), lateral aspect.

mss = mesoscutellum ; mts = metascutum ; mtsl = metascutellum ;

ch = chord ; est = episternum and epm = epimerum of metasternite ;

cox = coxum and mer = merum of hindcoxa ; at' and at' = first and

second abdominal terga ; ap' = first pleurum ; cav = tympanal cavity ;

ast'- = basal sternum = sternum of second segment.

2. Josia aurijiua Walk. (1864), dorsal aspect.

As before ; ves = vesicle of metatergite ; cav = cavity in metepi-

merum.

3. Josia auriflua Walk. (186-4), lateral aspect.

4. Stauropus fagi L. (1758), dorsal aspect.

5. Stauropus fagi L. (1758), lateral aspect.

6. Cyphura destrigata Kirsch (1877), ^, lateral aspect.

cav = cavity of second abdominal segment.

7. Cyphura destrigata Kirsch (1877), ?, lateral aspect.

dr = drum in basal abdominal sternum.

8. Thyatira hatis L. (1758), lateral aspect.

cav = cavity in first abdmoinal segment ; dr = drum in basal

abdominal sternum.

9. Thyatira hatis L. (1758), frontal surface of abdomen.

at' = first abdominal tergum ; ap' = first pleurum with tympanum ;

dr = drum.

10. Perophora melsheimeri Harris (1841), base of hindwing, underside.

Fr = incrassate base of costal margin (remnant of frenulum) ; C =

costal ; st« = subcostal ; M = median ; SM', SM-, SM' = first, second, and

third submedian veins.

11. Asthenidia podaliriaria Westw. (1841), base of hindwing, underside.

PC = precostal vein.

12. Andraca bipunctata Walk. (1865), subcostals and upper radials of forewing.

13. Bombyx mori L. (1758) ; subcostals and upper radials of forewing.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIC.E. Vol. XXX., 1923.

PI. III.

rr,.«:.tr^ c^f <^tj-

Jcj u,e.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX 1923. 167

NEW EASTERN ANTHRIBIDAE.

By Dr. KARL JORDAN.

1 . Phloeopemoa acuticornis continentalis subsp. nov.

cJ9. Proboscis thicker than in the Malayan form, its dorsal siu-face more

curved in a lateral aspect ; thorax a little wider posteriorly ; elytra less coarsely

seriate-punctate ; black markings of upperside rather larger.

Hah. Assam (type from the Khasia Hills), Burma, Tonkin, Annam.

2. Sintor rhabdotus sjiec. nov.

(J$. Rufescenti-brunneus, supra ochraceo-luteo tomentosus, brunneo vit-

tatus, subtus pube grisea obtectus, rostro supra fossa mediana postice angustata

instructo, pygidio apice acuminato, submucronato ; antennis pedibusque ex

maxima parte rufis.

Long. (cap. excl.*) 6-7 mm., lat. 2-7 mm.

Hah. Perak (W. Doherty), ex coll. van de Poll, 2^^, 1? ; a $, likewise

in Mus. Tring, labelled " Malacca."

Mouth-parts with the exception of the mandibles rufous ; shaft of antenna

and the legs dull rufous ; body rufescent brown, deasely pubescent clayish

ochraceous above and grey beneath. The sides of the rostrum, a double stripe

on the head, four stripes on the pronotum, and two on each elytrum blackish

brown, the two dorsal pronotal stripes being broader than the median clayish

stripe and narrower than the dorsal lateral clayish ones. The stripes of the

elytra are continuations of the pronotal ones, the dorsal stripe being somewhat

irregular and bearing some clay Lrrorations, the lateral one being limbal, occupying

the margin and one intersjiace and being interrupted behind the shoulder, where

it is widened into a spot ; suture brown posteriorly. Scutellum clayish grey.

The median groove of the rostrum deep, posteriorly narrowed, extending a little

on to the frons, and continued almost to the apex of the rostrum, the ridge

bordering the groove on each side distant from the eye ; the apical lateral edge

of the rostrum not merged together with the dorsal edge of the antennal groove.

The frons convex centrally.

Prothorax slightly broader than long. Pygidium rounded, a little shorter

than broad, ending with a short projection.

3. Blabirhinus obliquus spec. nov.

cj. Niger, supra tomento fulvo-ocliraceo, subtus griseo obtectus, antenrus

pedibusque rufescentibus, elytris duabus fasciis valde obliquis angustis obsole-

scentibus dorsalibus nigro-brunneis notatis ; rostro late impresso carina mediana

instructo, pronoti carina dorsali in medio angulata, carinula dorsali completa.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4-8 mm., lat. 2-4 mm.

* In all cases the length is measured in a straight line from the anterior margin of the pronotum

to the apex of the pygidium,

168 No\nTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Bdh. Bangucy I., north of Borneo (J. Water.«tradt), ex coll. van de Poll. 1 ^.

The rostrum thick and apically very slightly widened, broadly impressed

abdve, the impression being bounded on each side by a subcariniform ridge, the

two ridges converge towards the middle posteriorly, the impression narrowing

perceptibly towards the frons ; a strong central carina extends from the apex

to the base, just entering on to the frons. Antennae rufescent, probably rufous

in live specimens, segment 9 a little longer than 8, 10 proximally very strongly

rounded, apically truncate-emarginate, broader than long, 11 a little longer

than broad.

Prothorax almost twice as wide before the base than at the apex, sides

beneath black, on upperside at the base two indistinct brownish streaks, one at

the angle, slightly outlined in grey, the other half-way to the centre ; both the

dorsal transverse carina and carinula angulate in the middle and both complete,

the carinula (between transverse carina and basal margin) not being obsolete

centrally as is usually the case in this genus.

Elytra convex basally, depressed above the shoulders, rounded-declivous in

lateral aspect, flattened together posteriorly, almost gradually narrowed from

base, tawny-ochraceous, a faint, interruiated, oblique, brown line dorsally to the

basi-humeral depression, followed by faint brown dots in the alternate interspaces,

a more distinct brown line from about the middle of the third interspace obliquely

backwards to near outer margin, ninth and tenth interspaces indistinctly dotted

with brown ; basal and lateral margins, above and behind the brownish shoulder-

angle, slightly grey. Legs rufous and like the underside of the body pubescent

grey, tibiae with three brownish rings or spots.

Near Sintor vethi Jord. (1912), from Java, but in the latter the rostrum is

distinctly dilated at the apex, the pronotum is less \fidened posteriorly, the

dorsal carina of the pronotum is not distinctly angulated in the centre, the

carinula is incomplete, the elytra are parallel from the base to the middle, and

bear a broad subbasal transverse brown fascia.

4. Blabirhinus plumbeus spec. nov.

?. Niger, omnino pube grisea tectus, subcoerulescens, setis brevibus nigris

in punctis nigris sitis adspersus abdomine excepto ; rostro late depresso bicarinato.

Long. (cap. excl.) 5 mm., lat. 2-5 mm.

Hab. Perak, Malay Peninsula (W. Doherty), 1 9 ex coll. van de Poll.

Black, uniformly clothed with a grey pubescence, the insect appearing bluish

grey on account of the black background ; with the exception of the abdomen

the body is densely irrorated with numerous black punctures, each bearing a

short black bristle. The rostrum, its apex excepted, is broadly impressed, the

impression being bounded by a sharply marked carina, which terminates at the

frontal edge of the eye, the two carinae being slightly divergent posteriorly ;

the non-impressed apical portion is subcarinate in the centre and carinate above

the antennal groove. Club of antenna black, broad, the segments broader than

long, 10 being about twice as broad as long.

Prothorax shorter than broad, convex ; carina extending to the middle of the

sides, dorsally its central half slightly concave, while towards the sides the carina

is somewhat convex ; dorsal carinula complete, lateral carinula distinct, but

anteriorly abbreviated. Scutellum twice as broad as long. Elytra evenly

NoviTATES ZooLoaiciE XXX. 1923. 169

convex, widest at the base, finely striate, basal margin curved forward near

scutellum.

The derm of the underside faintly rufescent in places, femora likewise

ruf ascent.

Eupanteos gen. nov.

(^. Rostrum supra 3-carinatuin, margine antennarum acetabulorum etiam

in forma carinae oculos versus continuato. Antennae breves, crassae, articulo

3'° secundo paululo longiore, S'^-S" hirsutis. clava crassa, leviter complanata,

inter segmenta constricta, 11° ovato ; acetabula sulciformia, oblique in longi-

tudinem posita. Elytra basi truncata. Tarsorum articulus i"* brevis, secundo

paulo longior.

Genotypus : E. ornatus.

Near Eusinior Jord. (1904) ; rostrum shorter, dorso-lateral carina joining the

raised frontal margin of the eye ; shaft of antenna shorter, segments 3 to 8

-hirsute, club densely ciliated, not more hairy below than above. Last abdominal

segment of ^ with a half-circular apical impression.

We know two species only, both ferruginous scarlet.

5. Eupanteos ornatus spec. nov.

(J. Ferrugineo-coccinus, infra parum griseo pubescens. Antenna nigra,

articulis 1° et 2° et 3'° basi rufis, 10" et 11° pallidissimis pube griseo-alba

dense obtectis. Rostrum cum capite fiavo-luteo bivittatvim, capite fortiter

rugato-carinulato, vitta media eodem colore. Pronotum nigro-quadi'imaculatum

maculis parvis luteo-griseis notatum. Elytra ante medium fortiter dcpres.sa,

in depressione macula nigra suturali signata, macula dorsali postmediana et

duabus limbalibus etiam nigris. Infra latus prosterni et genua et femorum

bases nigrescentes.

Long. (cap. excl.) 5-7 mm., lat. 2-7 mm.

Hah. Richmond R., N.S. Wales, 1 cj ex coll. French.

Pronotum about ^-^ broader than long, not quite twice as broad at the

carina as at the apex, with a widely interrupted thin median stripe and at each

side of it in middle a small spot luteous grey, further sidewards before and behind

this spot a larger, distinct, rounded black spot, further laterad a curved spot

near apex and a smaller one at carina luteous grey, inconspicuous ; carina black,

distant from base, slightly interrupted in middle, quite gradually rounded later-

ally, extending but little forward at the sides ; dorsum finely punctate, sides with

dispersed large punctures and before middle a little swollen.

Scutellum ovate. Elytra widest at base, strongly impressed transversely

behind the subbasal swelling, the impression curving forward laterally, extending

to base above shoulder, but here less deep than further back, apical third strongly

convex-declivous ; punctate-striate, the punctures large and deep, each with a

short erect bristle (most of them broken in our specimen) ; a sutural spot in ante-

median depression, a median dorsal spot from 2nd stripe sidewards, another

oljliquely behind it at side, and a more rounded lateral one before middle in a

depression all black ; from the dorsal spot backwards a pale low crest of erect

pubescence, at sides tliree greyish spots and a fourth before the apex. Pygidium

rounded.

170 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Abdomen with greyish lateral spots, sides of prosternum, knees, and base of

femora blackish. Tooth of claw in anterior and middle tarsi subapical.

Third segment of antenna (cJ) half as long again as broad at apex, 7 and 8

slightly broader than long, 9 as long as broad, broadest at apex, which is truncate,

10 shorter than 9, slightly transverse, 11a little longer than broad, widest near

base, half as long again as 9, both 10 and 1 1 cream colour.

6. Eupanteos doddi spec. nov.

Praecedenti similis, maculis nigris fere nullis, pronoto multo fortius inae-

quali, elytris ante medium levins depressis, pilis erectis adspersis.

Hah. Queensland : Kuranda, i. 1904 (F. P. Dodd), 1 ?, type ; in D. Ent. Mus.

1 cj. 2 ?$ from the same place.

A little smaller than the previous species. Entirely red, the black spots

faintly indicated on the elytra, absent from the pronotum, the most distinct

spot being the antemedian limbal one of the elytra ; pronotum with a faint

trace of a grey median streak and of two lateral spots. The chief differences

are structural : the sides of the disc of the pronotum are more strongly

elevate and the oblique impression in front of these swellings is deeper than

in E. ornatus ; the antemedian depression of the elytra, on the contrary, is

less deep, the subbasal swelling less elevate, and the posterior portion of the

elytra is more gradually slanting. Antenna a little slenderer, 3rd segment over

twice as long as broad.

7. Litocerus didymus spec. nov.

cJ. Statura et colore L. khasiano simillimus. Niger, supra albo-maculatus,

subtus albo-griseo-pubescens ; pronoto inter apicem et carinam decem-maculato,

post carinam maculis tribus notato, carina lateral! obliqua recta, angulo valde

rotundato ; elytris maculis ut in L. khasiano fere dispositis, macula scutellari

transversa majore.

Hab. Toli-Toli, North Celebes, Nov.-Dec. 1895 (H. Fruhstorfer) ; 1 ^.

Black, the derm rufescent under the spots of white pubescence. The spots of

the pronotum and elytra occupy less space than the black ground. The prothorax

is more strongly rounded at the sides than in L. khasianus, agreeing in the shape

of the outline better with L. sticticus Jord. (1904), from Tonkin and Formosa.

The pronotum has a slightly uneven surface, the transverse antemedian sulcus

is indistinct, the punctures are a little less distinct than in L. khasianus and

sticticus, the dorsal carina is angulate in the centre, the lateral angle of the carina

less rounded than in L. sticticus, but more so than in L. khasianus, the lateral

carina being almost straight in a lateral aspect ; two median markings, one being

subapical, the other short, triangular, placed in front of the carina and forming

one spot with the antescutellar dot, four spots on each side, of which one is

elliptical, slightly transverse, placed at the end of the discal sulcus, the second and

third ones behind the other, subapical and subbasal respectively, and the fourth

placed at the lateral carina and somewhat resembling a swimming bird. The

basal sutural spot of the elytra is the largest of all, it is transverse, occupying the

scutellar and first interspaces and part of the second, being moreover continued

laterad at the basal margin half-way to shoulder ; on suture an elongate-elliptical

spot before middle and a smaller spot behind middle, a round one on subbasal

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX, 1923. 171

callosity, an irregular ovate spot above shoulder, a rather large and very

conspicuous median spot, subquadrangular, from second row of punctures to

fifth interspace, and about 13 additional, smaller spots on each elytrum, of which

five are placed on the apical declivity (1, 2, 2).

The white ring of the tibia conspicuous on the upperside, its width about

equallmg the distance from the base ; tarsi with sparse white pubescence at

the apex of the first segment and along the centre of the second.

8. Litocerus effatus spec. nov.

c?. L. philippineiisi Jord. (1895) similis, antennis pedibusque minus rufes-

centibus, maculis centralibus pronoti in formam crucis dispositis separatis, elytris

nigris maculis luteis dispersis notatis.

Hab. Balabac (type) and South Palawan ; 2 cJcJ.

Antenna dark brown, the first two segments and the base of the third paler,

but not so pale as in L. philippinensis. The six spots on the disc of the pronotum

are all separated, in the Palawan e.xample also the lateral luteus pubescence is

broken up into spots.

Elytra with the luteous spots isolated, excepting the humeral spot, which is

connected with a basal sutural spot by means c^ short basal longitudinal lines ;

behind the basal callosity a transverse, subluniform, spot, on the suture an ellipti-

cal spot before the middle, a small subrectangular one behind the middle, between

these two spots, but more laterally, the largest spot of all, subrotundate, expanding

between the second and fifth lines of punctures, slightly encroaching upon the

second and sixth interspaces ; on apical declivity two spots at suture and two

at lateral margin, with a longitudinal dash between (but a little forward) the

first lateral and the first sutural spots, at or near the lateral margin ; moreover,

a spot behind shoulder, a double one before and a single one behind middle, on

disc a few dashes.

Legs rufescent brown, .segments 2 to 4 of tarsi as dark brown as first segment.

9. Litocerus plagiatus doximus subsp. nov.

Q. Pronoto vitta mediana grisea quam vitta fusca multo angustiore,

lateribus late griseo-pubescontibus ; elytris area luteo-grisea post medium ad

limbum extensa, macula subapicali fusca magna.

Hab. Toh-Toli, North Celebes, Nov.-Dec. 1895 (H. Fruhstorfer) ; 1 ^.

The light-coloured pubescence grey, with hardly a trace of yellow ; antennae

and legs darker rufous than in L. plagiatus plagiatus Jord. (1895), from the

Philippines ; the grey median stripe of the pronotum about as wide as tlie

antcscutellar spot, constricted at the carina, about half as wide as the dark brown

stripes, which are straight ; the sides grey, a brown median spot joined to the

brown dorsal stripe. The grey sutural area of the elytra, as in L. p. plagiatus,

extended from base to apex, invaded from the sides by a large brown-black area,

which is irregularly triangular, almost reaches to the sutural line of punctures

and encloses a rather large grey limbal spot and a minute dot situated behind

this spot ; before apex a large, somewhat reniform, brown-black spot, reaching

the sutural stripe and enclosing a small grey sublimbal spot and two minute

dashes ; between the two brown-black limbal patches the grey sutural area

172 NOVIT.VTES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

extends to the lateral margin as a narrow uninterrupted oblique band. On

nniler.side two brown spot^^ on the metasternum and a row of spots on the

abdomen, all lateral.

10. Litocerus plagiatus semnus subsp. nov.

$. Pronoto vitta mediana grisea recta quam macula antescutellaris parum

angustiore, maculis lateralibus parvis ; elytris areae suturalis lobo postmediano

angusto brevi ; pedibus fere nigris, tarsorum segmento 2° haud rufo.

Hub. Palawan (W. Doherty) ; 1 ^.

The sides of the pronotum and elytra arc black and show only traces of

markings, being somewhat soiled and abraded. The median stripe of the pro-

notum is slightly broader than in L. plagiatus do.vimus. The postmedian projec-

tion of the sutural area is narrow and reaches only to the sixth interspace.

11. Litocerus zosterius spec. nov.

cj. Speciei L. histrio Gylh. (1833) dictae valde affinis, antennarum articulo

primo breviore, quarto et sequentibus minus clavatis, fronte latiorc, elytris fascia

lata sinuata transversa nigra diversus.

Hab. Perak (W. Doherty) ; 1 <J.

Frons as broad at the narrowest point as the apex of the third antennal

segment. Antenna slenderer than in L. histrio, segment 1 shorter, 3 somewhat

longer, 3 to 7 apically less widened, and more compressed, also more extended

rufous.

Pronotum less distincth- punctate, greyish luteous, with a brown stripe

half-way between centre and sides, this stripe broadened at apex, between it and

centre an elongate brown spot reaching neither carina nor transverse sulcus,

another brown spot between lateral carina and apex ; angle of carina a little less

rounded than in L. histrio.

Elytra the same colour as the pronotum, with some black-brown small

spots and very short lines behind the base and on the apical declivity, in middle

a broad black transverse band from side to side, sharply defined dorsally as far

as the sixth stripe, anteriorly sinuate once, in third interspace, posteriorly twice,

broadest laterally, but here bearing some greyish luteous spots. In L. histrio

the black band is broader, antemedian, and much more iiTegular.

12. Phaulimia dissensa spec. nov.

o?. Ph. schaumi simillina ; elytris sine macula subapicali nigro-velutina,

margine lato apicali cum toto pygidio luteo-griseo tomcntoso.

Hah. Sladura district, South India ; a small series.

The apical border of the elytra is sharply defined and ends laterally about

on a level with the middle of the lateral margin of the second abdominal segment.

The large velvety black basal sutural patch of the elytra varies slightly in size

and, as in Ph. schaumi, has a narrow luteous grey border.

13. Xylinades vicinus spec. nov.

cJ?. X. nodicorni Web. (1801) simillimus ; pronoto fortius granulato-

rugoso, abdomine maculis rotundatis nigris lateralibus. tibiis absque macula

mediana nigra, maris segmento anali ventrali intorno diver.so distinguendus.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 173

Hah. Borneo (type from Brunei), Sumatra, Perak.

Wc have no specimen from Java, all our Javan examples of this type of

Xylinadcs belonging to X. nodicornis (= ivestermanni Fahrs. 1839), which occurs

also in Borneo, Sumatra, and Malacca.

The abdominal spots of X. vicintts are more or less rounded and completely

brownish black ; in X. nodicornis they are either rings with a grey centre, or

sickle-shaped, or are reduced to longitudinal dashes. The tibiae of X. nodicornis

always have a black median sjiot or half-ring, which is absent from X. vicinus.

The (nearly) smooth apical area of the pronotum is larger in X. nodicornis than

in X. vicimis, and on the whole the third segment of the antenna is slightly

longer. The most important evidence that X. vicinus is independent of X.

nodicornis is furnished by the internal anal sternite. The two lobes of this sternite

are broad, narrowing from the middle to the apex, while in X. vicinus they are

strongly narrowed from base to apex, curved, and pointed, resembling a tarsal

claw to some extent, but are flattened.

14. Phloeobius stenus spec, no v.

(J. P. alternantis structura, sed multo angustior, oculis crassioribus magis

remotis, pronoti carina laterali magis promineute, elytris ad suturam depressis,

processu mesosternali angustiore distinctus. Pronotum lateribus atque elytra

area suturali ante plagam apicalem griseam optime definitam ad latera usque

dilatata nigrescentibus.

Long. 8-5-11 mm.

Hah. Shanghai, 3 (^^J.

As in P. alternans Wied. (1819), the frons with 2 distinct carinae, the under-

side of the head without a groove-like transverse depression from eye to eye,

the labiophore not being sharply separated from the throat. The lateral carina of

the prothorax much more prominent anteriorly (i.e. in middle of side) than in

P. alternans, the sides of the prothorax from this angle forward gradually rounded-

narrowed, without an apical projecting angle. Rostrum and head yellowish

grey, this colour continued as a sort of median band to base of pronotum, sides

of pronotum brownish, slightly relieved with luteous spots. ScnteUum white.

Eljrtra nearly twice as long as broad, much narrower than in P. alternans, sub-

basal swelling less distinct, sutiual interspace more distinctly depressed from

base to apex, sutural area much spotted mtli blackish, rather strongly contrast-

ing with the lateral area, which is not spotted with blackish, but with greyish

white in the alternate interspace*, the dark area continued laterad in front of the

grey apical patch.

Prosternum not quite so long in front of the coxae as in P. alternans, with

transverse groove. Mesosternal process narrower than the coxa. Tarsi as much

dilated as in P. alternans. Pygidium barely one-third broader than long.

15. Fioenia poecila .spec. nov.

cJ$. Brunneo-nigra, supra luteo-pubescens, brunneo-maculata, albo-griseo-

subtessellata, scutello albo-griseo, subtus omnino albo-gri,sea. Pronoti carina

dorsalis basalis, carina lateralis fere ad apicem extensa. Pygidium tarn longum

quam latum, apice truncato (cJ) vel rotundato ($). Tibia postica {^) curvata,

apice producto penicillo instructo, tarso postico longo.

174 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Long. 5-8 mm.

Hah. Borneo : Doesonlanden (Wahnes), 1 ^, type ; " Borneo," 1 (J, 1 $.

Head longitudinally plicate, with a slightly more prominent median carina

on frons, anteriorly a tran-sverse non-plicate space separating frons from rostrum.

Laterally the dorsal surface of rostrum rugate, medianly punctate. Pubescence

of head and ro.strum shaded with grey, not very dense, the brown ground shining

tlirough in middle of head, where there is an indication of a whitish spot. An-

tennal segment 3 half as long again as 4, also longer than 2, 8 somewhat broader

than 7. Pronotum rugate-granulate, smooth at apex imder the pubescence, across

disc a transverse row of three large spots, a smaller spot further towards side, two

dorsally at apex and four dorsally before carina, and indications of spots laterally,

all variable and sometimes more or less connected with one another, in middle of

apex an indication of a grej-ish white line, vestigial greyish white spots on disc

and sides, all very indefinite ; dorsal carina basal, lateral carina extending for-

ward to near apex, but not reaching apical margin. Scutellum transverse.

Elytra rather strongly punctate-striate ; a round shoulder-spot, another on

subbasal callosity, an antemedian spot between third and fifth or sixth stripe

and joined to the corresponding spot of the other elytrum by some smaller, more

or less confluent, spots, a largish spot on apical declivity half-way between suture

and outer margin, a lateral spot before middle and a number of smaller spots

brown, behind tlie larger brown spots indications of greyish white ones. Pygi-

dium as long as broad, in ^ truncate and slightly cmarginate, in $ more strongly

narrowed and the rounded apex somewhat turned up.

Underside without spots, excepting a lateral one on last sternite. In J the

metasternum and abdomen strongly depressed, with silky hairs in the depression,

last sternite impressed, the impression somewhat rounded anteriorly, deepest

apically, the margin of the segment excised, with a distinct angle on each side

of the sinus. Hindtibia of (J also modified, slightly curved, convex ventrally,

the apex ventrally produced and acuminate, with a minute brush close to the tip,

the tarsus inserted on dorsal (hollow) side of the process. First hindtarsal seg-

ment in cj one-half and in $ one-fifth longer than claw-segment ; hindtarsal

claw without tooth in (J.

10. Pioenia pulchrina spec. nov.

$. P. poecilae simillima, maculis multo melius circumscriptis, magis

numerosis, pygidio semicirculari.

Long. 6-7 mm.

Hab. Borneo : Sarawak, Matang Road, July 1914, type, and December

1920, from the Sarawak Museum.

Broader than P. poccila. Pronotum with fifteen dark brown spots in tlrree

transverse rows : 4 behind apical margin, 7 in middle, of which the second from

the side is shifted backwards, and 4 before carina, behind or between the spots

indications of white markings, white median line more distinct, interrupted by

the brown middle spot. Elytra more finely striated than in P. poecila, the alter-

nate interspaces spotted with dark brown and white, two dorsal subbasal spots

and a shoulder spot on each elytrum, a sutural spot in middle and a subsutural

one at some distance from apex larger, the last spot connected across suture with

the spot of the other elytrum. Pygidium half as broad again at base as long,

No\aTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 175

semicircular, i.e. much shorter than in the $ of P. poccila, at each side of

centre a brownish spot.

Second tarsal segment, tips of tibiae, and a lateral spot on anal stornite