Vol. XIX

January, 1943

No. 1

THE

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Pan -Pacific Entomologist

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CONTENTS

ARMITAGE, RELATIONS OF HAWAIIAN INSECT FAUNA TO

CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE 1

MITCHELL, RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS IN MEGACHILID

SUBGENUS ARGYROPILE 12

VAN DYKE, NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF NORTH

AMERICAN CARABIDAE 17

POTTS, SYSTEMATIC NOTES CONCERNING AMERICAN

ACRAEINAE 31

OMAN, A NEW LEAFHOPPER FROM OCEANIA 33

PROCEEDINGS OF PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 35

JUNIOR library

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1943

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Vol. XIX, No. 1 6QQ January, 1943

POSSIBLE ECONOMIC RELATIONS OE THE HAWAIIAN

INSECT FAUNA TO CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE*

BY H. M. ARMITAGE

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine

State Department of Agric^dture, San Francisco, California

The insect fauna of the Hawaiian Islands, both native and

accumulated, is of direct interest and in some cases of serious

concern to mainland agriculture, particularly to California which

is the first mainland point of contact which grows commercially

in her warm interior valleys or along the coast many of the host

fruits or plants indigenous to the Islands.

Geographically as well as figuratively the Islands represent

the last stepping-stone across the Pacific between the far East

and the continental United States. For more than one hundred

and fifty years they have been the focal point of nearly all trade

routes travelled by surface ships moving to Pacific Coast ports

from that vast area of the old world which includes Japan,

Formosa, Eastern Asia, China, the Malay Peninsula, India, the

Philippines, Australia, New Zealand and Oceania. More recently

rapidly developing air transportation is closely following the

same channels. Carriers over these routes have been and will

continue to be the only means of transporting the myriad insect

species representing known and potential plant pests in those

areas to the Pacific Coast because natural spread is obviously

precluded by the extended intervening water barriers.

It is not surprising, therefore, that over the years, in spite

of quarantine safeguard measures which have been rigorously

enforced during the latter part of that period, there may have

accumulated in the Islands, as an addition to the local fauna an

assortment of species which have not previously found it possible

to complete the final and longer jump to the mainland.

Until very recently the 2,400 miles of water lying between

the Islands and the mainland has, as just stated, proven a very

effective barrier against natural spread. This natural safeguard

has been further augmented by the limited number of available

mainland ports of entry and the restriction of transportation due

* Presidential address read before the Pacific Coast Entomological Society on

December 5, 1942.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [-yQ^ xiX NO 1

to the long haul involved and to the small number of major

carrier lines. All of these factors have combined to make the

enforcement of prohibitory or restrictive plant quarantines

practical.

The picture, however, is rapidly changing under the impetus

of war conditions which are forcing advanced changes in trans-

portation methods and materially increasing the number of trans-

pacific contacts with and via the Hawaiian Islands.

Whereas yesterday the fastest passenger ships took four and

one-half days to traverse the distance between Honolulu and San

Francisco and the slower freighters from five to eight days, pas-

senger carrying planes with appreciable cargo space now make

the same trip in as little as nine hours. Whereas arrivals averaged

less than one a day they are rapidly approaching several daily.

In one recent month as many passengers arrived by air as were

carried by surface ships. And whereas ports of entry have been

limited to the few natural harbors available to surface ships,

air travel requirements have opened a wide vista of practical

landing fields, whether for land or sea planes, throughout the

entire length and breadth of the coastal area.

As already intimated the war situation itself has played an

important part in this changing picture, forcing changes through

necessity that might otherwise have taken a generation to develop.

It has been responsible for materially increasing the hazards of

introducing new pests through the medium of host fruits and

plants carried in cargo, ships stores and quarters and in crew

and passenger baggage. Ships and operating personnel have

been diverted into the Hawaiian theater which have never been

in those waters before and therefore are not familiar with the

potential pest problems peculiar to that area. Air movements

have made it possible to successfully transport field-ripened

fruits which represent the optimum in host carriers. As a result

more host plant material has been intercepted at coast ports and

landing fields, with a higher ratio showing infestation, than at

any time prior to December 7, 1941.

In view of this situation it seems worth-while to review some

of the known economic insects established in the Islands which

might, if introduced, prove equally important to California

agriculture and to call attention to some of the little-known

species which might become important if introduced into a new

habitat. We shall also consider the potentialties of the means

bv which they might be introduced. In the present instance such

a review is based on regulations directed against recognized pests

JANUARY, 1943] ARMIT AGE— HAWAIIAN INSECT FAUNA

as covered in Federal (1)** and State (2) quarantines and on

records of Hawaiian entomologists as reported in the Proceed-

ings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society (3) and in the

Annual Reports of the Hawaiian Agricultural Experiment Sta-

tion (4). These sources of information have been supplemented

by records covering an extensive list of insects (5) intercepted

during the past ten years during the inspection of cargo, ships

stores and quarters and passengers and crew baggage arriving

at San Francisco from Hawaii.

Meriting first consideration in such a review are those species

known to be seriously injurious to agriculture which are covered

by specific quarantines, heading which is obviously the Mediter-

ranean Fruit fly {Ceratitis capitata Wied.) common to a wide

range of fruits, vegetables and fleshy seeds in the Islands. Pos-

sibly this insect is more commonly thought of in California as

a potential pest of citrus because of the extensive publicity given

to its attack on grapefruit during its brief occurrence in Florida.

However, it offers promise of being a more serious pest of peaches

and other closely related fruits. Knowledge of the ecological

factors involved indicates that it could be of serious economic

importance on such hosts if introduced into the warmer interior

valleys or into the area along the coast from San Francisco soutli

to the Mexican border.

Because of its wide range of hosts, the opportunities for the

introduction of the Med-fly are probably greater than for any

other insect. Except for the understanding cooperation of the

carrier lines these hosts might be carried in quantity on every

arrival from Hawaii. Fortunately, one of the incentives which

has made many hosts attractive to the travelling public — their

novelty — has been removed by extensive commercial plantings of

similar fruits on the mainland. Also, some of the desire always

prompted by prohibitions has been nullified by permitting pre-

ferred host fruits to move under certified origin treatment. Ap-

proved treatments consist of exposure to a temperature of 35° F.

for fifteen days or 110° F. for eight hours or subjection to

fumigation using methyl bromide. Host fruits may also move as

frozen fruit at 20° F. Though any of these treatments is com-

pletely effective against all stages of the Med-fly, the effect on

the host from the commercial standpoint has been such that their

use seems to have proven practical only in the case of heat.

** Numbers in parentheses refer to bibliographic citations at the end of the

paper.

the pan-pacific entomologist [voL. XIX, NO. 1

However, there are many hosts not open to such treatments

which are entirely unsuspected by the average traveler. Out-

standing in this category is the fresh coffee berry. Its brilliant

coloring makes it attractive as a souvenir and its novelty prompts

tourists to attempt its propagation as an ornamental. Being a

preferred host of the Med-fly and seldom encountered uninfested,

it offers one of the most likely means of introduction. The fact

that the Med-fly has not become established here during the

thirty years which have elapsed since it first made its appearance

in the Islands speaks well for the safeguard measures which have

been carefully enforced during that period.

Deserving second consideration is the Melon fly (Daciis cucur-

hitae Coqiiillet) which is closely associated with the Med-fly in

the Islands. It also attacks a wide range of fruits but more par-

ticularly fleshy vegetables and their above-ground stems. Its

hosts include the balance of the fresh fruits and vegetables not

included in the host range of the Med-fly, though there is of

course some overlapping. Together these two insects could prove

serious over a wide range of California’s tremendous acreage of

deciduous and sub-tropical fruits and over her equally large

acreage of such vegetables as cucumbers, tomatoes, melons, thin-

skinned squash, green beans and others. Hosts of the Melon Fly

from Hawaii are most likely to be carried as ships stores and

find their way ashore in refuse unless prevented by adequate

inspections and other safeguard measures.

Considering other insects in their seeming order of importance,

the pink boll worm {Fectinophora gossypiella Saund.) is also

of outstanding importance. California’s ability to consistently

produce nearly twice as much cotton per acre, over her 500,000

acres, as the national average, is in part attributable to the

absence of any real major pests of that host in the state. The

pink boll worm is recognized as second to the Cotton boll weevil

as such a pest and is co m mon to cotton in the Islands. While

not grown extensively there, some is grown commercially. Cot-

ton bolls gathered as souvenirs and carried in passenger or crew

baggage or used as supplementary packing in mail packages,

particularly at Christmas time, as is not at all uncommon, are

invariablv found to carry larvae. In addition to attacking both

cultivated and wild cotton, the pink boll worm is also recorded

as attacking the seed of Thespesia populnea in Hawaii. This is

a small tree common to the Islands of the Pacific, belonging in

the Malvaceae and sometimes grown in moist warm places in

Southern California as an ornamental.

JANUARY, 1943] armitage^hawaiian insect fauna

In addition to the pink boll worm there are a number of poten-

tial pests reported as attacking the native wild cotton {Gossy-

pium tomentosum) in Hawaii which might possibly adapt them-

selves to cultivated cotton if introduced to the mainland. None

of these are included in Smith’s list of insects attacking cotton

in California (11). They include a weevil {Rhyncogonus simplex

Perkins) whose larvae inhabit the soil and whose adults feed on

the foliage; three species of plant bugs, Ithamar hawaiiensis

Kirkaldy, Nysius delectus White, and Nysius coenosolus Stab,

which are foliage feeders; a mealybug {Pseudococcus filamen-

tosus Ckll.) ; a fulgorid {Oliarus discrepans Giffard) ; a thrips

{Taeniothrips hawaiiensis Morgan) ; and the cotton blister mite

{Eriophyes gossypii Banks). The pineapple mealybug {Pseudo^

coccus hrevipes Ckll.), commonly infesting nearly all Hawaiian

pineapples received at mainland ports, is reported from cotton

in the Islands.

While sweet potato production is not as extensive in Califor-

nia as in many other states, it is singularly free from serious

insect pests and the acreage is sufficient to warrant an interest in

those pests which might be introduced from Hawaii. Among the

more important ( 11) are the larger sweet potato weevil {Cylas

formicarius Fabr.) an introduced species; the smaller sweet

potato weevil {Cryptorhynchus hatatae Waterhouse) which i-s

the common West Indian form and quite destructive at times,

and a third species {Euscepes postfasciatus Favim), the adults

and larvae of all of which bore into both the tubers and the

above-ground stems; the sweet potato stem borer {Omphisa

anastomosalis Giienee) , a pyralid introduced into the Islands

from China, whose common name describes its attack; the sweet

potato leaf roller {Phlyctaenia despecta Butler) which is indi-

genous and which seriously skeletonizes the foliage; the sweet

potato leaf miner [Bedellia orchidella Walsm.) ; and the sweet

potato thrips {Dendrothripoides impomeae Bagnall). The latter

is said not to be as injurious in the Islands as in other countries

where it is present and is given credit for being predaceous on

eggs of the sweet potato leaf miner. However, this complement of

insects attacking every part of the plant would represent rather

undesirable introductions into California and that possibility

should be of concern to any commercial grower of sweet potatoes

in the State. Fortunately a Federal quarantine prohibits the entry

of sweet potatoes of Hawaiain origin or any parts of the plant at

mainland ports. Possibility of introduction is, therefore, prac-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XIX, NO. 1

tically restricted to host material discarded as ship refuse against

which adequate safeguards are already established.

McKenzie (9) records ten pests of avocado in the Hawaiian

Islands, only one of which, the palm mealybug {Pseudococcus

nipae Mask.), he records as occurring in California. That spe-

cies is listed as a minor pest here. Included in those he lists as

occurring in the Islands are, of course, the Med-fly as previously

covered. Also included are the following: a coccid {Aspidiotus

perseamm Ckll.), an aleyrodid {Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby),

three scolytids {Crossotarsus externedentatus Favim, Hypothene-

nius eruditus Westw., and Xylehorus immaturus Blackb.), a tor-

tricid {Amorbia emigratella Busck) and a xyloryctid {Stenoma

catenifer Wlsm.). To this group might be added another scolytid

{Sinoxylon conigerum Gerst. ) which bores into and severs liv-

ing twigs, and another coccid {Fiorinia fiorirdae Targioni).

The latter has been found heavily infesting fruit from the Is-

lands on many occasions suggesting rather widespread distribu-

tion. Though present in California on palm, to a limited degree,

it has never been taken on avocado within the State. Possibly

the Hawaiian variety represents one of those strains within a

species which has adapted itself to a specific host which would

show the same preference if introduced to the mainland. It has

been observed as being equally affected by the effective heat

treatment under which Med-fly hosts are permitted to be brought

into the State, all stages including the eggs seeming to be com-

pletely killed.

Present in the Islands and of particular interest to citrus

growers are several species of coccids not found in California

orchards. Most prominent among these is the coffee scale {Coccus

viridis Green) . It is one of the soft scales and was first reported

from lemon in Fiji. (3) It is credited with destroying the coffee

industry in Ceylon twenty to twenty-five years ago, and is re-

ported as having a preference for orange second only to coffee.

It seems to be quite widespread in the Islands where it is more

or less of a general feeder. It might be introduced into main-

land orchards on any one of a number of ornamentals such as

gardenia, Panax, Plumeria, Fitchia and others. Its preference

for gardenia is responsible for State regulations prohibiting the

entry of flower leis from Hawaii when made from the flowers

of that host. This scale is reported as being a heavy smut pro-

ducer and difficult to control with oil emulsions. The other

coccids referred to include Parlatoria zizyphus (Lucas) and

Unaspis yanonensis (Kuw.) which are also common to citrus in

JANUARY, 1943] ARMITAGE— HAWAIIAN INSECT FAUNA

the Orient. The Japanese mealybug {Pseudococcus krauhniae

Kuwana), of which a very restricted infestation on orange in the

Ojai Valley in Ventura County was recorded some twenty-odd

years ago, has been repeatedly intercepted from the Islands at

Pacific Coast ports on Jasminum sp., gardenia and cacti. A white

fly (yJZeyrodes Kirk.) , (8) representing an introduced spe-

cies, occurs on citrus trees in and around the City of Honolulu.

In addition to the Melon fly, which is recorded as a serious

pest of green beans in the Islands, there are two other serious

pests of that host which, if introduced, could prove very costly

to the growers of all types of beans which represent one of Cali-

fornia’s most valuable dry farm crops, and also to growers of

green peas. One is a pyralid commonly known as the bean pod

borer {Maruca testulalis Geyer) (4) which is recorded as seri-

ously damaging both limas and string beans in the Islands as

well as green peas. Of more or less widespread distribution

throughout the tropic and sub-tropic zones, this species is con-

sidered to be of suflScient importance to be the subject of Federal

quarantines restricting the movement of its hosts from Puerto

Rico to the eastern seaboard. More recently it has been repeat-

edly intercepted in similar hosts entering the United States from

Mexico at Mexican border ports, though fortunately moving east

rather than into California. This species is sometimes responsible

for damage credited to a lycaenid {Cosmolyce boetica Linn.),

the second of the two serious pests referred to. This species is

commonly called the bean butterfly. Its larvae are a serious pest

of green beans, destroying the flowers as) well as attacking the

pods. Both of these species are commonly intercepted on the

so-called Mauna loa flower leis {Dioclea violacea) , one of the

most popular types worn or carried by passengers returning from

the Islands. For that reason such leis are prohibited entry into

California by State regulations (2) . Another insect species of

economic importance to beans in the Islands is a jassid {Empo-

ascasolana DeLong), which is credited with destroying plants on

occasion. The adults and nymphs feed on the under sides of the

leaves and are responsible for what is termed “hopper bum.” In

addition to beans it attacks lettuce, potato and celery among other

hosts. However, the number one pest of green beans in Ha-

waii is considered the Oriental rose beetle {Adoretus sinicus

Burm.)(4), a scarabiid whose larvae feed on the roots in the

soil and whose adults, when abundant, often completely skele-

tonize the leaves.

California has just completed the 1942 tomato season with a

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XIX, NO. 1

record of 781,000 tons canned — one-fourth of the total national

canned production. While several important insect pests of this

host already are present in the State, such as the tomato pin

worm, and corn earworm, and more recently the tomato russet

mite, there are several pests of tomato in the Islands which could

add considerably to the total damage from insect attack, if intro-

duced. Among those of major importance are the Med-fly and

the melon fly previously mentioned under other hosts. Of lesser

importance are the so-called Mexican leaf roller {Amorbia emi-

gratella Busck), which also attacks broccoli and potato and has

been included under potential pests of the avocado; and a gall

midge [Contarinia solani Riibsaamen), which is partly respon-

sible for the heavy blossom drop experienced in some districts.

There are a number of miscellaneous insect pests of green

vegetables present in the Islands in addition to the Melon fly or

to those just mentioned as attacking green beans and peas, any

one of which might prove of economic importance if established

in any part of the extensive truck crop acreage in California.

Among those of seeming importance are a tbrips {Taeniothrips

allioriuni Priesner) attacking onions. This was originally de-

scribed by Moulton as T. carteri but later corrected to alUorum

on comparison with specimens from Japan; Taeniothrips hawaii-

ensis (Morg. ), a general feeder in the Itelands' which is, reported

as damaging asparagus; and a plant bug (Nysius nemorivagus

White) recorded as attacking cucumbers and as causing silver

wilt to terminal shoots of Irish potato. Of the hosts mentioned,

asparagus and cucumbers have been offered for entry under the

heat treatment for Melon and Med-fly which seems to be effective

against many other insects. Potatoes and onions may be brought

in under Federal certified inspection though few, if any, of the

latter have been offered.

Ornamentals brought in as rooted plants, admissible only

without soil, but more often as cuttings, offer a more widespread

opportunity of introducing particularly new species of scale in-

sects and mealybugs, and, as propagative material for planting,

present a more certain means of their establishment if not inter-

cepted. A single handful of miscellaneous cuttings brought back

by a visitor to the Islands for planting in California merely “be-

cause they were pretty” when seen blooming in the Islands was

found to carry as many as seven species of scale insects not

known to occur in California. Any one of these species might

find a more preferred host of economic importance on the main-

land, or turn out to be a general feeder comparable to the olive

JANUARY, 1943] ARMITAGE— HAWAIIAN INSECT FAUNA

scale {Parlatoria oleae Colve) which has recently attained eco-

nomic importance in Central California. Among those which

might be introduced from Hawaii are Lepidosaphes tokionis

Kuwana on croton, orchids or strelitzia; Phenacaspis eugeniae

var sandwichensis (Full.) and Ripersia pnlmarum (Ehrh.) on

sprouted coconuts; Ceroplastes rubens (Mask.) and Lepidosaphes

uniloha (Kuwana) on Maiele; Lepidosaphes pallida (Green) on

juniper; Coccus acuminatus (Sign.), Coccus viridis (Green) and

Proto pulvinaria pyriformis (Ckll.) on gardenia; Plseudaonidia

clavigera (Ckll.), Pseudaonidia tesserata (deCharm), M organ-

ella longispinae (Morg.) and Aster olecanium pustulans (Ckll.)

on hibiscus; Pinnaspis huxi (Bouche) on strelitzia; Odonaspis

secreta (Ckll.) and Antonina hamhusae (Maskell) on bamboo;

Leucaspis cockerelli (Green) on cacti; Tylococcus gijfardi

(Ehrhorn) on pandanus; Aonidiella inornata (McKenzie) on

betel palm and pikake; and Pulvinaria psidii (Maskell) on Jas-

mimum spp. Among the mealybugs which might be introduced on

ornamentals are Pseudococcus filamentosus (Ckll.) on Areca sp.,

Pseudococcus virgatus (Ckll.) on betel palm and Pseudococcus

krauhniae (Kuwana) on Jasmium, gardenia or cacti. Undoubt-

edly, there are many other coccids which might he included but

those cited represent actual interceptions made at Pacific Coast

ports on the hosts given, which hosts were intended for planting

in various localities in California.

Our recent experience with the rapid spread of the gladiolus

thrips [Taeniothrips simplex Morr.) and the extensive damage

resulting from its attack on commercial, as well as private,

gladioli plantings should make us rather thrips conscious as far

as new additions to our already extensive State fauna is con-

cerned. From that standpoint there are several species present

in the Islands which might prove destructive if introduced and

established. Haplothrips gowdeyi (Frank.) has a high popula-

tion density and a wide range of hosts. It is normally a flower

feeder but often attacks the foliage. Taeniothrips hawaiiensis

(Morgan) is a general feeder on Leguminoseae and Convolvu-

laceae. In addition to cotton and asparagus, as previously men-

tioned, it also attacks alfalfa. Taeniothrips alliorium (Priesner)

has already been mentioned as attacking onions. Selenothrips

ruhrocinctus (Giard.) is reported as seriously damaging guava

and plum causing a silvering of foliage and a cracking of the

fruit. Thrips panicus (Moulton) is reported on rice.

Speaking of rice, which is an important crop in California,

one of the major insect pests of this host in Hawaii and in the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XIX, NO. 1

Orient from which it was introduced into Hawaii, is the rice

stem borer {Chilo simplex Butl.). Infestation in the Islands ia

heavy and the damage often severe. It also attacks corn, wheat

and sugar cane. Over-wintering larvae are eeasily carried in rice

straw which was generally used as packing for bananas up to

1928. At that time it was discontinued because of this insect,

being replaced with banana leaves. Rice straw is still used as

packing for fragile merchandise and must be carefully watched

for and removed when found.

Due to the Federal prohibition against soil associated with

plant material(l) there seems to he little danger of introducing

the Oriental rose beetle {Adoretus sinicu^ Burm.) or the Ori-

ental beetle {Anomala orientalis Waterhouse) common to the

Islands, whose larvae are normally found in that medium. Both

are Scarabaeids, the latter being somewhat similar in habits and

life history to the Japanese beetle {Popillia japonica Newm.).

Flower leis have long been looked on with suspicion as poten-

tial carriers of a wide range of insects either as hosts or as

transients (2) . The introduction hazards in this respect have

been greatly increased by overnight air transportation. During

a recent survey made by the author, forty-one species of insects,

over half of which are more or less of economic importance,

were taken on twelve different types of leis. In the final analysis

the so-called Mauna loa was prohibited as a host of the bean

pod borer (Maruca testidalis Geyer) and the bean butterfly

{Cosmolyce hoeticus L.), bougainvillea as a host of the bean

butterfly and gardenia as a host of the coffee scale {Coccus viri-

dis Green). The balance are being disregarded as not of suffi-

cient importance, or as not liable to introduction through the

means of such carriers.

While the foregoing list of economic or potentially economic

insect species which might be introduced into California from

Hawaii is far from complete, it is sufficiently comprehensive to

emphasize the importance of exercising adequate safeguard meas-

ures against such possibilities. In that respect they offer con-

siderable food for thought, particularly in view of the changing

conditions favorable to the transportation of their hosts as dis-

cussed in the opening paragraphs of this paper. While prohibit-

ing the entry of their hosts may have been effective up to now,

the development of effective means of disinfection supports the

present trend toward approved movement under supervised ori-

gin treatment. The latter approach merits serious consideration

from the standpoint of the gradually widening field of entry

JANUARY, 1943] ARMIT AGE— HAWAIIAN INSECT FAUNA

under air transportation which it will be increasingly difficult to

cover in the future by prompt inspections at destination.

Bibliography

(1) Federa,! Quarantine No. 13, Hawaiian Fruits and Vegetables.

Federal Quarantine No. 30, Sweet Potatoes.

Federal Quarantine No. 47, Cotton, Cottonseed and Cotton-

seed Products.

Federal Quarantine No. 60, Sand and Soil with Plants.

B.E.P.Q. No. 462, Restrictions affecting the Importation and

Interstate Movement of Frozen-pack Fruits.

B.E.P.Q. No. 481, The Shipment of Fruits and Vegetables

from Hawaii to the Mainland authorized under Supervised

Sterilization.

B.E.P.Q. No. 510, Amending Authorization of the Shipment

of Fruits and Vegetables from Hawaii to the Mainland to

include Fumigation with Methyl Bromide under Super-

vision.

(2) California M. Q. Circular No. 16, Flower Leis and Cut Flow-

ers from Hawaii .

California M. Q. Circular No. 40;, Hawaiian Vegetables Ap-

proved for Shipment to Mainland.

(3) Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, Vol-

ume VII, No. 1 (1928) to Volume IX, No. 2 (1942) in-

clusive.

(4) Hawaiian Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Reports,

1938-39-40. (Entomology included first time in 1938.)

(5) List of Intercepted Plant Pests, Bureau of Entomology and

Plant Quarantine, U. S. Department of Agriculture,

1932-42; inclusive.

(6) Essig, E. 0., “Insects of Western North America,” The Mac-

millan Co., New York (1926).

(7) Fullaway, David T., “Insects Attacking the Sweet Potato

in Hawaii,” Bulletin No. 22, Hawaii Agricultural Experi-

mental Station, T. H. (1911).

(8) Kirkaldy, G. W., “A Catalogue of the Hemipterous Family

Aleyrodidae and Aleyrodidae of Hawaii and Fiji,” Bulle-

tin No. 2, Division of Entomology, Board of Commission-

ers of Agriculture and Forestry, T. H. (1907).

(9) McKenzie, Howard L., “Biology and Control of Avocado In-

sects and Mites,” Bulletin No. 592, University of Califor-

nia (1935).

(10) Quayle, H. J., “The Mediterranean and other Fruit Flies,”

Circular No. 315, University of California (1929).

(11) Smith, Gordon L., “California Cotton Insects,” Bulletin No.

660, University of California (1942).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XIX, NO. 1

RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS IN THE MEGACHILID

SUBGENUS ARGYROPILE

(H3mienoptera, Megachilidae) ^

BY THEODORE B. MITCHELL

University of North Carolina, Raleigh

Four species of Megachile have been included in the sub-

genus Argyropile, parallela (the genotype), townsendiana,

nebraskana and sabinensis. Both parallela and toivnsendiana

are known in both sexes and the close affinity of the two has

been established, but the others are known only in the female

siex and their relationship to the first two species is not so

clearly evident. Recently two more species have been, discovered

which seem to be related to members of this group. However,

since the males of these also are not known, their inclusion in

the subgenus is open to question, just as with nebraskana and

sabinensis, and a positive opinion concerning their affinities will

not be justified until the males have been discovered. Descrip-

tions of these two species, as well as new locality records for the

other species of Argyropile follow. This group of species may

be separated from the other subgeneric groups by use of the

key to subgenera of Megachile (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. LIX, p.

306, 1934), and the subgeneric characters are given in Part VI

of the Revision of Megachile (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. LXIH, p. 46,

1937).

Megachile (Argyropile) parallela Smith

This species apparently has not been recorded previously

from the states in the following list of records.

Arkansas: 1 ?, Eureka Springs, Ouachita Mountains, Sep-

tember 4, 1939 (E. C. Van Dyke). Georgia: 1 $, Perry, August

12, 1939 (E. G. Wegenek). Iowa: 1$, Sioux City (C. W. Ains-

lie). Mexico: 1^, 1 2, Torreon, Chir., June 17, 1937 (Mead);

1 9 , Estrella District, Alamos, Sonora, October 2, 1933 (R. M.

and G. E. Bohart). Missouri: 1^,8 2, Branson, September 9-

17, 1937; 8 2, O'zark Lake, September 23-24, 1939l (both E. C.

Van Dyke). Oklahoma: 1 2, Strang, June 18, 1939; 1^,

Tahlequah, June 17, 1939 (Kaiser-Nailon) .

^ Research Contribution No. 16, published with the aid of the State College

Research Fund, Department of Zoology, North Carolina State College of Agri-

culture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina.

JANUARY, 1943]

MITCHELL^ARGYROPILE

Megachile (Argyropile) townsendiana Cockerell

Since this species, which was described from Arizona, has

been recorded previously from only one eastern locality, Miami,

Florida, the Florida and North Carolina records' in the follow-

ing list are of especial interest.

Arizona: 1 $, Continental, July 15, 1940 (E, E. Kenaga) ;

1 5,1$, Tombstone, August 13, 1940' (E. S. Ross). California:

1 5, Imperial County, June, 1912 (J. C. Bridwell). Florida:

1$, St. Augustine, October 12, 1929 (H. T. Fernald). New

Mexico: 1$, Santa Rosa, June 23, 1940 (E. E. Kenaga). North

Carolina: 25, mouth of Cape Fear River, July 25, 1941 (T. B.

Mitchell). Texas: 1 $, Austin, April 27, 1902; 1 $,, Galveston,

June, 1900 (both A. L. Melander) ; 1$, College Station, May

30, 1938; 15, El Paso, August 18, 1908 (F. C. Pratt).

Megachile (Argyropile) nebraskana Mitchell

Colorado: 1$, Hygene, July 11, 1936. Nebraska: 1$, Harri-

son, July 18, 1936 (J. Player). Wyoming: 12$, Wheatland,

July 14, 1937 (R. H. Beamer).

Megachile (Argyropile) sabinensis Mitchell

Arizona: 1$, 10 miles west of Bisbee, August 10, 1940; 1$,

Turner, August 9, 1940; 1$, 10 miles east of Douglas, August

11, 1940 (all E. S. Ross); 1 $, Texas Canyon, Chiricahua

Mountains, Cochise County, 5000-6000 feet, September 16, 1927

(J. A. Kusche). Texas: 1 $, Alpine, June 10, 1930 (E. G.

Linsley) ; 1 $, Sanderson, June 10, 1930 (J. 0. Martin); 1$,

Shefi&eld, June 14, 1940 (T. B. Mitchell) .

Megachile (Argyropile) asterae Mitchell, new species

This species is nearest to M. nebraskana and M. sabinensis.

The rather coarsely rugoso-punctate surface of the vertex and

mesonotum will readily serve to separate it from nebraskana,

while in sabinensis there is a minute median denticle on the

clypeal margin which is lacking in; asterae, and the puncturation

in general is finer and more definitely separated in sabinensis

than in this new species.

Female. Size: Length, 15 mm.; breadth of abdomen, 5 mm.;

anterior wing, 10 mm.

Structure: Face slightly broader than long, eyes parallel; clyp-

eal margin with a short incurved area medially, the rim of which

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XIX, NO. 1

is impunctate; mandible 4-dentate, a cutting edge between third

and fourth teeth; second joint of flagellum subequal to pedicel,

shorter than first joint; lateral ocelli very slightly nearer eyes

than to edge of vertex, the vertex broad and flat, its margin

nearly straight; cheeks broader than eyes; mid and hind meta-

tarsi equalling their tibiae in length and nearly so in width, the

anterior and posterior apical angles of mid- tarsal joints, produced,

but not spine-like as in parallela; apical margin of fourth and

fifth abdominal terga depressed, that of the third only laterally;

sixth tergum straight in profile, with a few basal erect hairs

visible at that angle; sixth sternum, largely bare over apical half,

the rim reflexed, thickened or “rolled” (as in nebraskana).

Puncturation : Shallow on clypeus, rather coarse and irregular

medially, becoming very fine, close and indistinct laterally and

above; supraclypeal area with a few relatively coarse close' punc-

tures, otherwise they are minute and densely crowded; very fine

and close on cheeks; more coarse and deep, but crowded over en-

tire vertex; crowded over entire thorax, rather coarse on meso-

notum medially and on pleura below, otherwise about asi fine as on

vertex; very fine and close on abdomen basally, becoming more

deep and distinct to fifth tergum, separated by more than their

width on apical portion of disc on this segment, fine and crowded

over entire sixth tergum.

Color: Black; tegulae and spurs ferruginous; wing nervures

black or piceous, the wing lightly infuscated, more so apically.

Pubescence: Whitish on head, thorax and legs, some dark hairs

intermixed on vertex and mesonotum, hairs covering outer surface

of mid metatarsi more yellowish; white on basal segment of ab-

domen and on basal portions of discs of second and third terga,

these with dark pubescence apically and fourth and fifth covered

with dark hairs, the sixth with some dark basal hairs laterally,

intermixed with whitish suberect hairs, the apical half covered

with pale tomentum, this becoming brownish at tip; segments 1-5

with entire white apical fasciae, these rather thin on first and

second segments; scopa white, with no dark hairs at all evident,

that on sixth sternum more brownish.

Type, female, No. 5233, California Academy of Sciences,

Ent., BCaibab Forest, Utah, September 21, 1938 (I. McCracken,

on blue Aster ) .

Megachile (Argyropile) rossi Mitchell, new species

The following characters will serve to distinguish this ap-

parently distinct form from M. parallela Smith, itsi nearest ally:

the sixth tergum is definitely concave in profile; the clypeal

margin lacks the median tubercle characteristic of parallela,

being represented by the merest trace; the clypeal punctures are

considerably finer than in parallela; and the apical posterior

JANUARY, 1943]

MITCHELLr— ARGYROPILE

angles of the mid tarsal segments are not produced as in

parallela, although the anterior apical angles are much elon-

gated. In other structural details, and in puncturation and

pubescence, little if any difference in comparison with parallela

can be detected. Positive proof that this is a distinct species,

rather than a marked variant of parallela, awaits the discoVery

of the male and the collection of a considerable series of females.

Female. Size: Length, 15 mm.; breadth of abdomen, 4.3 mm.;

anterior wing, 9.5 mm.

Structure: Face distinctly broader than long; eyes slightly con-

vergent below; median half of clypeal margin with a polished im-

punctate rim in the center of which is a bare trace of a denticle;

mandible 4-dentate, third tooth acute, about mid way between

inner and outer teeth; apical joint of antenna longer than the

others which are about equal to each other, the basal joint not

quite twice the length of the pedicel; lateral ocelli subequally

distant from eyes and edge of vertex, very slightly nearer to each

other; vertex rather flat, hind margin nearly straight; joints of

midi tarsi with anterior apical angles produced into slender finger-

like projections, the posterior angles very short; hind metatarsi

very broad and long, not quite twice the length of the remaining

joints combined; segments 2-4 of abdomen with ratheri deep trans-

verse basal grooves, apical margins of segments 3-5 deeply de-

pressed, that of segment 2 depressed only toward sides; sixth

tergum slightly but distinctly concave in profile, showing no erect

hairs ; apical bare rim of sixth sternum but very slightly reflexed.

Puncturation: Rather fine and sparse on the polished clypeus,

more close on the cheeks and upper face, becoming minute and

crowded on cheeks above, more coarse and distinctly separated on

vertex where the surface is tessellated; close and rather fine on

so'utellum and on mesonotum laterally, distinctly separated medi-

ally, the surface tessellated, the pleura more coarsely rugoso-

punctate; close and fine on abdomen basally, becoming more dis-

tinct apically, sparse and rather coarse toward the apical de-

pressed margin of segment 5, fine close and distinct on segment 6.

Color: Black; wings subhyaline; tegulae and wing nervures

ferruginous; spurs yellow.

Pubescence: Entirely white; short and thin on vertex and

mesonotum, very short on discs of segments 3-6 of abdomen,

longer and more dense at sides of face, on cheeks below, on pleura,

propodeum and basal segments of abdomen; scutello-mesothoracic

suture white fasciate, and a dense white fringe above tegulae;

abdominal segments white fasciate, but the more apical ones

obscured (due apparently to condition of the specimen), sixth

tergum largely covered with silvery appressed tomentum, becoming

brownish toward the tip; scopa white, with no dark hairs in

evidence.

600 OCEAN AVE., S. F.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XIX, NO 1

Type, female, No. 5234, California Academy of Sciences,

Ent., Tombstone, Arizona, August 13, 1940 (E. S. Ross.) . Para-

type: 1 female, 10 miles west! of Douglas, Arizona, August 11,

1940 (E. S. Ross).

The following key separates the females of all of the species

and varieties that have been placed in Argyropile up to this

time. One of these, flavihirsuta Mitchell, is Mexican, and has

not been found north of the Mexican border.

Key to Females of Argyropile

1. Sixth tergum distinctly concave in profile, covered with short,

dense, appressed tomentum 2

-. Sixth tergum straight in profile 3

2. Apical rim of sixth sternum reflexed sharply upward; clypeal

margin with a minute but distinct median denticle; punctures

of clypeus close and rather coarse townsendiana

-. Apical rim of sixth sternum not reflexed upward; median denti-

cle of clypeal margin reduced to the barest trace; punctures

of clypeus rather sparse, the surface shining. rossi

3. Clypeal margin with at least a slight median denticle 4

-. Clypeal margin with no trace of a median denticle 8

4. Inner angle of mandible incised, resulting in a 5-dentate con-

dition; pubescence entirely bright fulvous flavihirsuta

Mandible distinctly 4-dentate, the inner angle acute 5

5. Apical rim of sixth sternum reduced, sharply reflexed, not at

all protuberant; punctures of clypeus very close; pubescence

of sixth tergum subappressed, not densely tomentose

sabinemsis

-. Apical rim of sixth sternum protuberant; clypeus shining, the

punctures well separated; sixth tergum densely pale tomentose

medially and apically 6

6. Scopa on sixth sternum black parallela var. reta

-. Scopa entirely pale 7

7. Lateral ocelli slightly nearer edge of vertex than to eyes

parallela var. tulariana

-. Lateral ocelli equidistant from eyes and edge of vertex

parallela

8. Apical margin of clypeus straight medially, clypeal punctures

well separated, the surface shining; mesonotum tessellated,

with sparse and very minute punctures nehraskana

-. Clypeal margin incurved medially, the surface densely and

irregularly punctate, dull; vertex and dorsum of thorax very

densely punctate throughout asterae

JANUARY, 1943]

VAN DYKE— CAR ARID AE

NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF NORTH

AMERICAN CARABIDAE

BY EDWIN C. VAN DYKE

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

During the last few years, quite a number of species of Cara-

bidae have been received which have been found to be new.

These are now described and at the same time a few notes made

concerning others.

Calosoma lariversi Van Dyke, new species

Rather small, short, black, smooth and shining. Head: smooth,

at most with a few fine punctures and minute wrinkles, frontal

impressions well marked; eyes only moderately convex; mandibles

feebly striate and punctate; antennae with first five segments

glabrous, the following more or less smooth on upper and lower

faces, elsewhere finely pubescent. Prothorax relatively small,

three-fifths as long as broad and about two-fifths broader than

head, emarginate in front with anterior angles narrowly rounded,

front margined and with elevated beading which is sometimes

bleached or rufous, sides moderately arcuate in front, gradually

narrowing and oblique behind middle, side margin well beaded, hind

angles subangulate and extending backward to a moderate degree,

the base feebly emarginate and sometimes finely margined laterally;

disk slightly convex, almost smooth, with median longitudinal line

finely impressed, lateral sulcus gradually broader posteriorly and

rather coarsely punctured as is to a slight degree the area in front

of basal margin. Wingless, elytra cordiform, humeral angles broadly

rounded, sides moderately arcuate and gradually narrowing poste-

riorly to subacute apex, side margin narrow and well reflexed ; disk

quite convex and fairly smooth in front with striae finely and

obscurely impressed and finely punctured, the apical area and

declivity sometimes more coarsely sculptured, finely or even

coarsely scabrous or rugose. Length 13-15 mm., breadth 6-8 mm.

Males with first three tarsal segments on front feet broadly

dilated and papillose beneath.

Holotype, male, allotype, female (Nos. 5294 and 5295,

C. A. S., Ent.) and four paratypes, all collected in an isolated

locality near Lamoille, Nevada, June 25, 1941, by Mr. Ira La

Rivers. The paratypes will all be returned to Mr. La Rivers,

after whom I take great pleasure in naming this fine species.

The species superficially looks very much like smaller speci-

mens of Calosoma latipenne Horn because of its more or less

smooth and shining appearance. It is, however, quite distinct,

having eyes that are far less convex, not prominent as in lati-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XIX, NO. 1

penne; a prothorax that is proportionately smaller, with sides

almost straight and oblique behind, the hind angles subacute and

projecting well posteriorly, not broadly rounded and feebly pro-

jecting, the disk not broadly deplanate toward hind angles and

with the head quite smooth, not more or less coarsely punctured

and rugose as is generally the case in the other; and the elytra

without serrations at the humeral margin. It is really more

closely related to litxatiim Say, sharing with that species and its

variations the less convex eyes and less prominent hind pro-

thoracic angles. Its distribution also lends support to that rela-

tionship.

In this connection, I wish to state that our wingless, stubby

species of Calosoma do not belong at all in the Old World genus

Callisthenes. The latter are in general more powerfully con-

structed, with large heads, a large prothorax, robust legs and

with the outer segments of the antennae uniformly pubescent. I

believe that our species are derived entirely from American stock,

originating as offshoots from certain West American Calosoma.

Some of these may later have to be placed in new subgenera but

that should not be done until the entire group is carefully revised.

Calosoma zimmermanni tahoensis Van Dyke, new subspecies

Rather small and more or less gracefully formed, black, feebly

shining. Head rugose, punctate, with eyes moderately convex, not

hemispherical and projecting, frontal impressions distinct, an-

tennae with outer segments more or less smooth on upper and

lower faces. Prothorax rather small, 4.5-5 mm. wide, three-fifths

as long as broad, two-fifths broader than head, apex emarginate,

distinctly margined and with beading smooth, sides moderately

arcuate in front, straight or feebly sinuate posteriorly and con-

verging, side margin narrowly reflexed, hind angles sharply

rounded and distinctly projecting beyond the almost straight basal

margin; disk feebly convex, punctate, rugose, with median line

finely impressed and apex and base finely and distinctly margined.

Elytra elliptical, one-fourth longer than broad, humeral angles

broadly rounded, sides arcuate, side margin narrowly reflexed;

disk feebly convex, stria well defined and with intervals well ele-

vated and more or less regularly interrupted to form rows of

somewhat elongate tubercles. Length 13-14 mm., breadth 6-7 mm.

Males with first three tarsal segments of front feet broadly

dilated and papillose. Females generally larger than males.

Holotype, male, allotype, female (Nos. 5296 and 5297,

C. A. S., Ent. ) and numerous designated paratypes from a series

of forty-one specimens in the collection of the California Acad-

emy of Sciences. The holotype was collected by me high up on

JANUARY, 1943]

VAN DYKE— CARABIDAE

the slopes of Mt. Tallac, near Lake Tahoe, California, during

June, 1899. The allotype was also collected by me, but near

Fallen Leaf Lake, July 27, 1915. Most of the other specimens

were also collected in the Lake Tahoe region at the higher alti-

tudes such as the slopes of Mt. Tallac, Heather Lake, Glen Alpine

(Blaisdell, Van Dyke, Fenyes), Summit (Koebele), but other

specimens from high altitudes in other parts of the Sierra Nevada

mountains were also found to be of the typical pygmy type, e.g.,

one from Donahue Pass, Yosemite National Park (V. Duran),

two from Cow Creek, Tuolumne County (Van Dyke), and one

from Mammouth, Mono County (Ross).

This subspecies is a pygmy phase of zimmermani which is

only found at high altitudes in the middle Sierras. Most speci-

mens have been taken in the Lake Tahoe region. It closely re^

sembles in sculpture some of the more typical zimmermani from

farther north such as those of the Mount Shasta region. These

are of course larger and more robust, also have the head and

pronotum more coarsely sculptured, rugose-sinuose, and the

elytral tubercles more scale-like. The relatives found in the gold

belt or foothill region to the west of Lake Tahoe have an entirely

different type of sculpturing which places them as exaratus Csy.

while those found in the Great Basin to the east, as at Verdi,

Reno and Winnemucca, Nevada, are more definitely striate with

the intervals less interrupted, the monticola of Casey.

Nebria coloradensis Van Dyke, new species

Larg«, robust, black, the elytra metallic and of a deep violet

color, almost black, two spots on front, outer segments of antennae,

tarsi and median portion of body beneath somewhat rufous. Head

three-fourths breadth of prothorax, eyes moderately convex and

prominent, antennae long and delicate, extending beyond middle of

elytra, the frontal impressions flattening out laterally into feebly

rugose triangular areas. Prothorax slightly less than three-fourths

as long as broad, four-fifths as broad as elytra, apex feebly bi-

sinuate at middle and with anterior angles sharply rounded and

extending forward; sides broadly arcuate in front, sinuate poste-

riorly and straight and parallel to base, forming right-angled hind

angles, the reflexed margin fairly wide, of even width, and more

acutely elevated posteriorly, base feebly bi-emarginate ; disk mod-

erately convex and smooth, the median longitudinal line rather

finely and feebly impressed, anterior and posterior transverse im-

pressions rather deep, the anterior and basal areas punctate,

rugose. Scutellum smooth and arcuate posteriorly. Elytra elongate-

elliptical, about three times as long as prothorax and four-ninths

longer than broad, humeri not prominent, the humeral angles arcu-

ate, sides almost straight or very feebly arcuate and gradually

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XIX, NO. 1

diverging to posterior third, thence rounded to apex; the disk

slightly convex, flattened at middle, the striae finely and rather

deeply impressed and very finely, closely punctured, intervals def-

initely convex, narrowed and crowded near base, broader and flat-

ter behind, the third and seventh irregularly interrupted and

catenate behind, the ninth interrupted throughout, the lateral

margin finely reflexed. Legs long and delicate. Length 14 mm.,

breadth 5.5 mm.

Holotype, male (No. 5298, C. A. S., Ent.), a unique collected

by myself near the Twin Lakes, Lake County, Colorado, June

28, 1935.

This feebly metallic species belongs very near metallica Fisch.

It is, however, longer, proportionately narrower as regards head,

prothorax and elytra, the prothorax more gradually narrowed

behind, the elytra definitely elliptical, not square shouldered,

and the intervals as the result of the narrowed basal area nar-

rower, more convex and crowded together toward the base, the

striae also more evidently impressed. This species, though more

robust, also has somewhat the facies of purpurata Lee. but its

prothorax is larger and broader and the elytra more elliptical,

less narrowed and spatulate than in purpurata.

Nebria zioni Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, somewhat narrow, brown, head, prothorax, epipleurae

and often elytral suture more or' less rufous, antennae, palpi and

legs testaceous, the elytra generally with a feeble, metallic green

lustre. Head about one-third breadth of prothorax, eyes moder-

ately convex, antennae long and delicate, extending to miiddle of

elytra, the two rufous frontal spots generally coalescent or the

entire forehead rufous. Prothorax two-thirds as long as broad,

three-fourths as broad as elytra, apex feebly bi-emarginate, apical

angles sharply rounded and extending well forward, sides arcuate

in front, narrowing posteriorly, sinuate well in front of hind

angles and parallel to base forming prominent right-angled hind

angles, very acute at apex, base feebly bi-emarginate; disk convex,

anterior transverse impression feebly to well impressed, the poste-

rior transverse and basal impressions deep and more or less punc-

tured, the lateral margin rather wide, broader near hind angles

and with a narrow reflexed margin. Elytra elongate- elliptical, or

feebly spatulate, three times as long as prothorax, two-thirds as

broad as long; the disk slightly convex, stria deeply impressed and

very finely, closely punctured, the intervals entire and narrowed

and crowded toward base, broader posteriorly, several small punc-

tures in third interval and generally near third stria, the humeral

angles obliquely rounded, lateral margins narrowly reflexed. Legs

long and delicate. Length 10 mm., breadth 4 mm.

JANUARY, 1943]

VAN DYKE— CARABIDAE

Holotype, male, allotype, female (Nos. 5299 and 5300,

C. A. S., Ent.), and several designated paratypes from a series

of twenty-one specimens, nineteen collected in the canyon of Zion

National Park, Utah, by myself on May 29, 1935, and two col-

lected in the same area by Dr. A. M. Woodbury.

This species is very similar to Nebria eschscholtzi Men. and

probably derived from the same stock. It differs from it by being

generally narrower, the prothorax narrower, the sides sinuate

farther forward in front of the hind angles and the hind angles

themselves more prominent; and the elytra elliptical or feebly

spatulate, with the base much narrowed, the humeral area re-

duced, the elytral intervals much narrowed and crowded at base,

and the elytra themselves with a feeble yet definite metallic lustre.

The true wings are so much reduced or aborted that they are less

than half the length of those in normal eschscholtzi which them-

selves are considerably aborted and the result of this is indicated

in the basal area of the elytra which are very much narrowed as

compared with those in the other species.

Nebria eschscholtzi Men. is a species found commonly along

the streams flowing into the Pacific ocean from Alaska to south-

ern California hut except in the north where it follows the

branches of the Columbia and other streams inland, it does not

extend much east of the Cascades or Sierra Nevada mountains.

I have seen a typical specimen from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, a

remnant of the ancient Lake La Hontine, which formerly had an

outlet to the northwest, but I have seen no true eschscholtzi from

the southern part of the Great Basin. The ancestors of Nebria

zioTii were probably isolated and left as relicts as a result of the

gradual drying up of most of this inter-mountain region and their

physical degenerative processes accelerated.

Pasimachus velutinus Van Dyke, new species

Large, robust, black, the males shining, the females dull or

opaque and generally with a feeble violaceous tint to pronotum,

the elytra smooth or even, without sulci or striae. Head large,

front smooth or feebly wrinkled, especially forwards in females,

frontal impressions deep, eyes large but feebly convex, antennae

robust, extending beyond middle of prothorax, segments 2-4 not

carinate, feebly compressed toward base at most, labrum broadly

and feebly trilobed, conspicuously strigate, mandibles robust and

strigate. Prothorax robust, apex broadly emarginate, apical angles

subacute and slightly produced forwards, sides broadly arcuate

from apical angles to close to base, then narrowed and sinuate to

small, feebly everted, acute angles, the base broadly emarginate.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XIX, NO. 1

basal marginal line fine and deep; disk slightly convex, almost

smooth, median longitudinal line finely impressed, anterior trans-

verse impression in general poorly defined, posterior transverse

impression quite evident in the male, vague in females. Elytra

cordiform, humeral area broadly rounded, sides slightly arcuate

and narrowed and oblique to subacute apex, margins finely refiexed,

humeral carina very short but with a small tooth at its base on

the margin; disk evenly arched and smooth, the general surface as

also of head and pronotum minutely alutaceous under high power

of magnification, a double row of minute punctures can sometimes

be seen, surface shining in males and dull in females. Legs quite

robust, spine of middle tibiae slender and acute, hind tibiae of

males not densely pubescent on inner side and tarsi long and

slender. Beneath more or less smooth and shining. Length 35 mm.,

breadth, 13 mm.

Holotype, male, allotype, female (Nos. 5301 and 5302,

C. A. S., Ent.) and five female paratypes, the holotype collected

at Venedio, Sinaloa, Mexico, July 23, 1918, by J. August Kusche;

the allotype at the same locality, June 28, 1918, four paratypes

also collected at Venedio while the fifth was taken at San Bern-

ardino, Rio Mayo. Sonora, Mexico, July 15, 1935, by H. S.

Gentry.

This fine species might at first sight be confused with Pasima-

chus calif ornicus Chd. It is in general somewhat longer, the males

and females differ in appearance to a greater degree, and it has

the distinctive characters such as the non-carinate basal segments

of the antennae and the non-puhescent inner surface of the male

hind tibiae. I cannot find any other species listed from Mexico

other than californicus that at all resembles it and it differs

greatly from any of those found in our own country.

Dyschirius arizonicus Van Dyke, new species

Medium sized, narrow and elongate, entirely rufous to rufotesta-

ceous. Head smooth with an inverted V-shaped impression between

antennae, clypeus tridentate with median tooth prominent. Pro-

thorax globose, smooth and shining, median longitudinal line finely

impressed and anterior transverse impression distinct. Elytra

eljongate, base subtrans verse and with basal striae distinct, hu-

meral angles well rounded, all striae present and complete, well

impressed and finely punctured to posterior third, third interval

tripunctate. Anterior tibiae not dentate. Length 3 mm., breadth

1.26 mm.

Holotype (No. 5303, C. A. S., Ent.) and five paratypes col-

lected at Holbrook, Arizona, and coming to me from the C. W.

Leng collection.

JANUARY, 1943]

VAN DYKE— CARABIDAE

This rufous species, in size, color and general appearance,

looks very much like Dyschirius salivagans Lee. but the mar-

gined base of elytra and tripunctate elytral intervals separate it

widely. The well marked tridentate clypeus would place it very

close to Dyschirius tridentatus Lee.

Feronia (Feronina) humidula Van Dyke, new name

In January, 1926, I described a new species of Feronia as

Pterostichus pacificus (Pan-Pacif. Ent., II, No. 3, p. 114) . The

specific name, I find, is preoccupied by P. pacificus Poppius

(Acta. Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn., XXVIII, 1906, nr. 5, pp. 25, 184) .

I therefore take this opportunity to change the name of my

species to humidula Van Dyke. The generic name Pterostichus

Bon. will also have to be replaced by Feronia Latr. for, accord-

ing to H. E. Andrewes, an authority on the Carabidae, Bonelli

never properly published the description of the genus, merely

sending a leaflet with the description to a few friends. The spe-

cies of Poppius is in the subgenus Cryobius. I formerly placed

my species in that subgenus but I find upon reexamination and

with the help of additional specimens, that it does not belong

there but in the subgenus Feronina Csy. along with lanei Van

Dyke, described at the same time. As a result, I find that there

are three species in the subgenus and their distribution is inter-

esting in that it corresponds with the three relict tertiary faunas

of northern origin in North America: the Vancouveran, the Ida-

hoan and the Alleghaenian. I have defined these in various papers,

the first published in 1919 (Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., XII, pp. 1-12,

1919). The following synopsis will aid in the separation of the

members of the subgenus Feronina.

Synopsis of the Species of Feronina

Larger species, 11 mm. or over in length, black or dark casta-

neous (immature), elytra about twice as long as broad 2

Smaller species, 8-9 mm. long, piceous to black, legs quite

rufous, elytra barely a third longer than broad; eyes moder-

ately convex; sides of prothorax arcuate in front, sinuate be-

hind and straight and parallel for a short distance to the right-

angled hind angles, the basal impressions broad and deep and

more or less coarsely punctured; elytral intervals somewhat

flattened. Prosternum rounded and deflexed at apex, not mar-

gined. Grays Harbor, Wash, (type, Hoquim) and northern

Coast of Oregon, Cannon Beach and Columbia County

humidula Van Dyke

JUNIOR IV1USEU?<1 LiBR/lRY

600 OCEAN AVE., S. F.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XIX, NO. 1

2. Eyes not prominent, feebly convex; sides of prothorax arcuate

in front and straight or feebly sinuate and convergent to obtuse-

angled hind angles, basal impressions sharply linear and lunate,

without punctures ; elytral intervals more or less flattened.

Prosternum horizontal and margined at apex. Length 11-12

mm., breadth 3.4 mm. Mount Mitchell and Black Mts. of North

Carolina palmi Schaeffer

-. Eyes quite prominent and convex; sides of prothorax arcuate

in front, almost straight or very feebly sinuate and convergent

to obtuse hind angles, basal impressions sharply linear and

lunate in front, broadly and deeply expanded toward hind

angles behind; elytral intervals convex throughout. Proster-

num rounded and declivous behind, not margined. Length 12

mm., breadth 4-5 mm. Wawari, Wash., and adjacent parts of

Idaho lanei Van Dyke

These three species are all rare in collections. They all dwell

in very wet or boggy regions. Of humidida, I now have five

specimens including the type, all from the wet belt of coastal

Washington and Oregon, in the true Vancouveran faunal area.

This species is also the most distinct of the three. Of the second,

palmi, intermediate in size between the other two, I have twenty-

nine specimens, all collected by myself in the Black mountains

of North Carolina, in the heart of the truei Alleghanian faunal

area. This series also shows a great deal of variation as to the

shape of the prothorax. The much flattened eyes and horizontal

and margined prostemum will readily separate this species from

the others though it superficially very much resembles the fol-

lowing. Of this last species, lanei, I have only the type though I

have seen others. It is the largest of the three.

Feronia (Cryobius) blaisdelli Van Dyke, new species

Small, narrow and elongate, gracefully formed, black and

shining, antennae and legs rufous, in one specimen piceous. Head

about as broad as long, as wide as apex of prothorax, front smooth,

frontal grooves lunate and well impressed; mandibles prominent,

porrect; eyes moderately arcuate and prominent; antennae long

and delicate, extending beyond base of elytra. Prothorax as broad

as long, apex feebly emarginate, sides arcuate in front, narrowed

and sinuate at posterior fourth, thence straight and parallel to

acute right-angled hind angles ; disk with median longitudinal line

finely impressed, anterior transverse impression well defined, poste-

rior evident, basal impressions lunate, linear, extending forward

almost to middle, basal area somewhat rugose, hind angles broadly

and obliquely flattened and gradually elevated outwardly, without

well marked carinae, base feebly emarginate and without margin.

Elytra elongate-elliptical, two-fifths longer than head and pro-

thorax combined, humeral angles obliquely rounded, sides feebly

JANUARY, 1943]

VAN DYKE— CARABIDAE

arcuate at middle, broadly rounded and somewhat sinuate to apex;

disk slightly convex, more or less flattened at middle, stria finely

impressed, less well defined at sides and apex and finely soimewhat

obscurely punctured. Legs long and delicate. Prosternum with

broadly reflexed margin. Males with well dilated front tarsi.

Length 7.5 mm., breadth 2.75 mm.

Holotype, male, allotype, female (Nos. 5304 and 5305,

C. A. S., Ent) and three paratypes, all collected by Dr. F. E.

Blaisdell at Nome, Alaska, during July, 1900.

This graceful and distinct member of the subgenus Cryobius

is more like an elongated Trechus than like its relatives, though

some of the species like hudsonicus Lee. resemble it somewhat

but are far more robust in every regard. I have checked this

species against the descriptions of Sahlberg and Poppius but

cannot find any that would apply to it.

Evarthrus (Ferestria) taurus Van Dyke, new species

Rather small, short and robust, smooth and shining, black,

femora piceous and tibiae, tarsi, antennae, and generally much of

front part of head, especially clypeus, rufous. Head almost as

broad as long, front smooth, frontal impressions distinct; eyes

rather large, moderately convex; antennae robust, extending to

posterior fourth of prothorax; mandibles robust and striate,

terminal segment of labial palpi longer than preceding, the latter

generally with two setae. Prothorax somewhat lunate, over one-

fourth broader than long, front margin feebly emarginate, sides

broadly arcuate to behind middle, thence narrowed and convergent

to base, side margin absent and hind angles eliminated; disk

feebly convex and shining, median longitudinal line finely im-

pressed, anterior transverse impression sharply impressed, poste-

rior transverse impression generally obsolete, basal impressions

elongate-punctiform and deeply impressed. Elytra cordiform, hu-

meral angles well rounded, sides arcuate, narrowed posteriorlj?-,

oblique and slightly sinuate before apex, margin narrowly reflexed ;

disk convex, striae at most finely impressed though generally more

or less obsolete, the single dorsal puncture about at middle of third

interval close to second stria. Beneath quite smooth. Legs rather

robust, the male front tarsi feebly dilated. Prosternum sulcate

behind. Length 11 mm., breadth 4 mm.

Holotype, male, allotype, female (Nos. 5306 and 5307,

C. A. S., Ent) and fourteen paratypes, all colleeted by myself

near Punta Gorda, Florida, February 5-10, 1940. Besides these

I have before me three slightly smaller and narrower specimens,

two colleeted by me near Brooksville, Harnando County, Florida,

January 20-30, 1940, the third in the Fenyes collection of the

Aeademy, merely labeled “Fla., Bowditch.”

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XIX NO. 1

This bull-like species superficially resembles Evarthrus {Fere'

stria) morio (Dej.) especially the smaller specimens of the

former, but it can always be definitely separated by the absence

of the side margin to the prothorax which is so evident in morio.

It is also generally larger, the type series, and more powerfully

built.

Evarthrus (Ferestria) hernandensis Van Dyke, new species

Rather small, short, and robust like the previously described

species, smooth and shining, black, antennae, palpi and legs rufous.

Head 5 mm. narrower than long, front smooth, fronto-clypeal

suture fine, frontal impressions distinct; eyes rather large and

convex; antennae robust, extending to posterior fourth of pro-

thorax; mandibles robust, terminal segment of labial palpi longer

than preceding, the latter bisetose. Prothorax transverse, almost

twice as broad as long, front margin feebly emarginate, sides

arcuate to behind middle, thence obliquely convergent to obtuse

and somewhat rounded hind angles, side margin complete and

slightly reflexed; disk feebly convex and very shining, median

longitudinal line finely impressed, anterior transverse impression

vague, the posterior also vague, basal impressions short, linear,

moderately impressed. Elytra elongate, cor diform, humeral angles

well rounded, sides feebly arcuate, almost' straight at middle,

gradually narrowed behind and sinuate before apex, the side mar-

gin narrowly reflexed; disk convex with six deeply impressed,

finely punctured striae, obliterated toward apex, intervals quite

convex, the single elytral fovea slightly behind middle on third

interval. Beneath smooth and shining. Legs fairly robust, anterior

male tarsi feebly dilated as in the former species and its close

relatives. Prosternum sulcate behind. Length 11 mm., breadth

3.75 mm.

Holotype, male, and allotype, female (Nos. 5308 and 5309,

C. A. S., Ent.), collected by myself, near Brooksville, Hernando

County, Florida, January 20-30, 1940.

This species is in size and shape much like the preceding

species but is readily separated by possessing a margin to the

prothorax and having deeply striate elytra. It also somewhat

suggests the larger specimens of Feronia {Gastrosticta) tume-

scens (Lee.) because of its stocky form and deeply striate elytra.

Evarthrus (Anaferonia) constrictus ovipennis Le Conte

In the Biologia Centrali- American, H. W. Bates describes one

species of Evarthrus as constrictus and Csiki, in the Coleopter-

orum Catalogus, changes the name to ^‘^Batesellus” as the name

constrictus had been previously used by Say. Csiki placed the

species in the subgenus Cyclotrachelus where it no doubt be-

JANUARY, 1943]

VAN DYKE— CARABIDAE

longs. I have a series of seven specimens of another species,

from Mexico, collected at 9,300 feet, near El Salto, Durango, by

M. A. Embury. These specimens cannot be separated from speci-

mens of ovipennis Lee., collected in various places in the moun-

tains of New Mexico. It is, of course, nothing but a smooth

variety or subspecies at the most of the true constrictus Say now

placed in the subgenus Anaferonia.

In this connection, I wish to state that 1 believe all of the

Feronians in this country with a single dorsal elytral fovea should

be included in the single genus Evarthrus Lee. That would in-

clude Anaferonia Csy., Cycloirachelus Chd., Eumolops Csy. and

Ferestria Leng as subgenera. Megasteropus gigas Csy. is a syn-

onym of Eumolops heros (Say). The labial palpal characters are

not always reliable because they are variable, and the variations

in general shape upon which many of the so-called genera have

been founded are not fundamental, merely divergencies. Evar-

thrus, as first conceived by Le Conte, is a genus whose species

other than having the single elytral fovea, all have a common

facies which unites them. Its main center of distribution is in the

southeastern part of the United States and it is undoubtedly a

genus of American origin. It is a definite unit, even though at

times hard to properly define, and stands well apart from all

other Feronians in America. I also most certainly do not agree

with Csiki, the European cataloguer, in placing it as a subgenus

or series of subgenera under Pterostichus Bon. or more properly

Feronia Latr.

Amara (Cyrtonotus) durangensis Van Dyke, new species

Of moderate size, elongate, moderately convex, smooth and

shining, black to piceous or brown, antennae, palpi and legs lighter,

piceous to rufous. Head five-sevenths as wide as prothorax,

smooth, frontal impressions rather deep, eyes quite prominent,

antennae reaching behind base of prothorax. Prothorax about one-

fourth wider than long, base definitely wider than apex, apex

emarginate, margined toward sides, sides arcuate in front, sinuate

and narrowed slightly in front of base to right-angled hind angles,

base feebly arcuate; disk smooth with median longitudinal line

finely impressed, anterior transverse impression absent or vague

at the most and apical area without punctures, basal area gener-

ally with a limited number of punctures, mostly confined to basal

impressions which are well impressed, distinctly bifoveate, and

with a moderately acute carina as their outer boundary. Elytra

somewhat elliptical, more than three-sevenths longer than broad,

considerably narrowed basally, basal angles well rounded, sides

arcuate, broadly rounded and sinuate before apex; disk with striae

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XIX, NO. 1

complete, finely impressed and generally finely, vaguely punctured

though often impunctate. Middle tibiae with two well marked

spines. Length 11 mm., breadth 4 mmi.

Holotype, male, allotype, female (Nos. 5310 and 5311,

C. A. S., Ent.) and numerous designated paratypes from a series

of forty-four specimens in my collection, collected at Juan Man-

uel, El Salto, Durango, Mexico, alt. 9,300 feet, by M. A. Embury.

H. W. Bates, in the Biologia Centrali- Americana, mentions

two species of the subgenus Cyrtonotus as being found in Mexico:

putzeysi Bates and deparcus (Say). The former, of which I

have a specimen before me (Koebele Coll.), is much larger in

every regard, besides is distinctly punctured over the apical por-

tion of the pronotum, has the elytral striae distinctly punctured,

the intervals much broader and flatter and the elytra at base

somewhat square shouldered. Say states that deparcus has the

pronotum “deeply punctured” in front as well as behind and

that the elytral striae are obsolete before the tip, neither of which

conditions fits this species. This species also differs considerably

from any of the species found north of the Mexican boundary. A

striking feature of durangensis is not alone its general smooth-

ness and reduced punctuation, but its somewhat elliptical after-

body which is due to the evident atrophy of certain structures

near the base. As indicated in the description given above, there

is considerable variation among the specimens of the series

which I possess,

Agra aethiops Van Dyke, new species

Rather large, jet black and shining throughout. Head about

one-fourth longer than broad across eyes, postocular area feebly

narrowed and broadly rounded befo're constricted neck, front

smooth and shining, frontal impressions deeply impressed; anten-

nae reaching beyond base of elytra; eyes prominent. Prothorax

one-third longer than broad, narrowed and parallel-sided at apex,

feebly arcuate and gradually wider to posterior third, thence sinu-

ate and narrowed to base; disk feebly convex, smooth and shining,

median longitudinal line finely impressed, area on either side finely,

transversely wrinkled, a few small punctures in a row on sides and

marginal groove rather deep and somewhat coarsely, irregularly

punctured. Elytra less than twice as long as broad, humeral angles

prominent, base margined, sides sinuate, gradually wider to poste-

rior fourth, apex obliquely truncate with sutural angle acute and

an acute spine at outer angle; disk with all striae complete, well

impressed and finely, closely punctured, intervals at middle twice

as broad as striae, narrowed laterally, third, fifth and seventh

with a limited number of small foveate punctures generally along

their inner margin. Beneath smooth and shining, a few punctures

JANUARY, 1943]

VAN DYKE— CARABIDAE

on metaepi sterna and abdominal sclerites, feebly aciculate at sides

and near hind margins. Median lobe of prementum not greatly

prolonged and rounded apically. Legs long and slender, anterior

tarsi of males broadly dilated, 2-4 transverse, the fourth deeply

bilobed as usual. Length 22 mm., breadth 5.5 mm.

Holotype, male (No. 5312, C. A. S., Ent.) and four para-

types, all collected at Venedio, Sinaloa, Mexico, July 16-30,

1918, by J. August Kusche.

This species is apparently near Agra eiirypelma Bates but

differs by being entirely of an, inky black color, antennae and

legs included by having the postocular part of the head broadly

rounded, slightly narrowed posteriorly, not “gradatim angu-

stato” and the pronotum not grossly punctate. It does not appear

to agree with any of the other known species of the genus.

Stenomorphus rossi Van Dyke, new species

Very elongate, narrow, considerably flattened above, dark

rufous, legs rufotestaceous. Head narrow and long, 2.5 mm. broad,

3 mm. long, neck long, 1 mm., and cylindrical, eyes moderately

convex and prominent, antennae delicate, reaching to posterior

quarter of prothorax, upper surface of head smooth and shining

behind, sparsely punctured in front, especially on clypeus, labrum

finely punctured and alutaceous. Prothorax long and elliptical,

length 5.5 mm., breadth 2.5 mm. at apex, 3.5 mm. at middle and

2.25 mm. at base. Sides evenly arcuate from apex to posterior

third, thence narrowed and feebly sinuate to base; disk much

flattened, shining, median longitudinal line finely, not sharply im-

pressed, anterior transverse impression obliterated, basal impres-

sions well impressed. Elytra 8 mm. long, 4 mm. broad slightly

behind the transverse base, thence gradually narrowing to poste-

rior fourth and arcuate and feebly sinuate to apex; disk feebly

convex, somewhat less flattened than pronotum, striae well im-

pressed, intervals feebly flattened. Legs long and delicate.

Male. Front femora subangulate below near apex, middle

femora with distinct rectangular and acute tooth below near apex,

middle tibia feebly arcuate and densely pubescent from beyond

middle to apex on inner side, first segment of anterior tarsus feebly

dilated.

Female. Similar in general to male except slightly shorter and

with prothorax a bit broader proportionately at base. Length 16

mm, breadth 4 mm.

Holotype, male, and allotype, female (Nos. 5313 and 5314,

C. A. S., Ent.), collected near the railroad station at Chiricahua,

Arizona, August 11, 1940, by Dr. E. S. Ross.

This species is proportionately the most elongate and deli-

cately formed species; that we have in our fauna. At first glance

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XIX, NO. 1

it somewhat suggests manni Dari, from Haiti. Its small and long

head, especially long neck, and elongate-elliptical and much flat-

tened prothorax will readily separate it from any of our other

species. It is less robust than convexior\ Notm., californicus,

Men. or penicillatus Dari. Its middle tibiae are suggestive of

sinaloe Dari, as shown by Darlington’s plate (Pan-Pacif. Ent.,

XII, p. 42, 1936), but its prothorax is very different. The first

segment of front tarsus in the male is also much less dilated

than is the case in our other species.

Pseudomorpha parallela Van Dyke, new species

Rather small, narrow, elongate, subcylindrical, with parallel

sides, rufopiceous and alutaceous. Head more than two-thirds as

wide as prothorax, smooth, with a very few, minute punctures,

chiefly a row across vertex, preocular lobes not prominent. Pro-

thorax transverse, three-fifths as long as broad, as broad as elytra,

moderately convex, with a few minute punctures at sides, apex

bisinuate and finely margined, base transverse, sides straight and

parallel behind, forming a continuous line with sides of elytra,

arcuate and feebly convergent to apex in front, lateral margin

finely reflexed. Elytra 4 mm. long by 2.5 mm. wide, with straight

and parallel sides, finely margined, apex truncate, outer angles well

rounded, the sutural narrowly rounded, disk with seven rows of

coarse punctures, obsolete at base, each row with a limited number

of punctures and each bearing an erect fulvous hair. Third and

fourth ventrals with a small, transverse patch of short, golden pile

at middle. Length 6.5 mm., breadth 2.5 mm.

Holotype (No. 5315, C. A. S., Ent.), a unique male, collected

by Dr. F. E. Blaisdell at Warners, San Diego County, California,

July 13, 1925.

This small, cylindrical species, would run close to cylindrica

Csy. and angustata Horti in Notman’s Key (Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., Vol. 67, Art. 14, No. 2586, pp. 14-15), but it is consider-

ably smaller than either, finely alutaceous, not smooth, and dif-

ferent as regards the punctation.

JANUARY, 1943]

POTTS— ACRAEINAE

SYSTEMATIC NOTES CONCERNING AMERICAN

ACRAEINAE

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

BY ROBERT W. L. POTTS

University of California, Berkeley

All members of the subfamily Acraeinae have heretofore been

placed in a single genus, Actinote. Within this genus there is a

marked natural division into two well-defined groups. Dr. K.

Jordan (in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. ) and others have noted this,

but without according the groups a status above the section. It

now appears that they merit generic standing.

Actinote Hiibner, s. str.

Forewing- underneath between costal and subcostal veins not

entirely scaled, but bearing bristles, at least in distal portion.

Usually without a central row of bristles on disco-cellular fold of

hindwing. Lowland tropics.

Type species: Papilio (Heliconius) thalia Linnaeus.

Altinote Potts, new genus

Forewing underneath scaled between costal and subcostal veins

in distal portion, not normally bearing bristles; hindwing be-

neath always with a central row of bristles on disco-cellular

fold. Mountainous tropics.

Type species: Heliconius neleus Latreille.

In general Altinote may be distinguished from Actinote by

color pattern and distribution. Actinote contains only species

with patterns on both wings, being normally more or less trans-

parent and thinly scaled, yellowish or whitish in tone with dull

or rarely dark markings. Altinote normally show patterns on the

forewing or underside only, these being bright red, orange, yel-

low or white against a consistently dark ground often showing

irridescence, only a few species exhibiting any hindwing pat-

tern and only one becoming dull; all being rather densely

scaled. The Altinote are typically confined to the Andes and its

outriders, while the Actinote center in the Amazon basin and are

commonest near tidewater, although there is a considerable

overlapping.

Within the genus Altinote two sections, herewith raised to the

status of subgenera, may be recognized:

Subgenus Abananote Potts, n. subg.

Hind wing: underneath with long- scattered bristles between the

veins in the discal cell, above and below it, and usiually also on

disc.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XIX, NO. 1

Type species: Acraea abana Hewitson.

Subgenus Ajltinote, s. str.

Hindwing underneath without scattered bristles in the discal

cell, above it, or on disc; rarely with a few scattered bristles below

cell not on reduced postcubital vein.

Type species: Heliconius neleus Latreille.

The subgenus Ahananote contains the species radiata, erinome,

abana, hylonome and euryleuca. In general the pattern of these

is confined to the disco-apical portion of the forewing, occa-

sionally extended inwardly toward the base. The subgenus Alti-

note, containing the numerous remaining species, has the pattern

characteristically basal, often with an apical band in addition.

Underneath, the striping of Abanote is normally strong and even,

whereas in Altinote it is irregular, parti-colored, and in bands

or areas.

Altinote (Altinote) brownorum Potts, new species

Male black and red-orange, belonging to eresia-group. Fore-

wing with red-orange transverse band of elongate spots, nearly

straight; dark discal band much widened inwardly becoming tri-

angular, reaching almost to base posteriorly, leaving only basal

half of discal cell and subcostal cell colored, with colored basal

spot in costal cell and some color below discal cell. Hindwing with

curved color band mostly outside discal cell, halfmoon shaped

across disc, extending basally at inner and costal margins, distally

notched at veins and intervenal stripes ; red-orange at end of discal

cell fading to orange, yellow and finally whitish at both margins.

Underneath similar to eresia, except that forewing repeats dark

discal band reduced, a widel transverse colored band being formed,

narrowly margined white distally; ground darker, thus stripings

and limules, as well as white discal band of hindwing much more

prominent. Forewing, 24.0 mm.

Female very similar; ground color somewhat duller, red-orange

not so bright. Underneath a tendency to white in costo-basal por-

tion of dark area within white discal band. Forewing, 28.0 mm.

Holotype S and allotype 9 taken in copula, YuNGUlLLA,

1700 M, Ecuador, with 2 S paratypes, one from Yunguilla, one

from Rio Blanco, 1700 M, Ecuador, collected in May by E. Mar-

tin and Hazel Brown for whom the author wishes to express his

sincere admiration with this dedieation. In addition one 9 para-

type from Banos, 1800 M, Ecuador, also collected in May by

Clarke McIntyre. All in the author’s, collection.

Variation in the paratypes illustrates a tendency for the dis-

tinctive dark discal band of the fore wing to become larger, while

the color pattern of the hindwing tends toward reduction, and

may become partially obscured.

JAJVUARY, 1943 ]

OMAN— NEW LEAFHOPPER

A NEW LEAFHOPPER FROM OCEANIA

(Homoptera Cicadellidae)

BY P. W. OMAN

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine

United States Department of Agriculture

Washington, D. C.

The abundant material upon which the following description

isi based was received for determination from C. E. Pemberton

of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ As-

sociation and from Norman W. Frazier of the University of

California. Few insects are known to occur on Canton Island,

and this is said to be the only representative of the Cicadellidae

thus far established there. According to Dr. Pemberton the

species has also been collected in Fiji, but material from that

locality has not been available for examination.

Nesaloha Oman, new genus

Rather small, relatively robust leafhoppers resembling Delto-

cepkalus Burmeister in general appearance but forewing with

inner anteapical cell open basally and claval veins confluent on

disk of clavus.

Head slightly wider than pronotum, anterior margin rounded;

lateral margins of genae slightly sinuated; clypellug parallel-

sided; crown convex, but little longer medially than next the eye;

ocellus comparatively large, distant from the eye, about its own

diameter. Lateral margins of pronotum short. Forewing short,

barely reaching tip of abdomen, clavus with veins confluent on

disk and with a cross-vein to claval suture basad of juncture of

veins, inner anteapical cell open basally, central anteapical cell

constricted but not divided, appendix' comparatively large. Hind

wing with four apical cells. Aedeagus and ejaculatory duct of

male bifurcate.

Type of the genus: Nesaloha cantonis Oman, new species.

Nesaloha cantonis Olnan, new species

Length of male 2.5 mm., of female 3 mm. Ground color yellow-

ish white, intensity of markings extremely variable, ranging from

pale brownish yellow to fuscous. Color pattern as follows: facial

sutures, antennal pits, arcs on clypeus, a pair of large indefinite

spots on crown each with an anterior extension bordering an apical

white spot and a lateral extension behind the ocellus, a small spot

on posterior margin of crown near each eye; an arc of sub-basal

spots on pronotum; irregular and indefinite lines on disk of pro-

^|i|^ti]|^j^b^g^il^triangl^s, a pair of discal spots, and a quadrangle

600 OCEAN AVE., S.F,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XIX, NO 1

with base formed by transverse suture on scutellum. Forewing

usually with irregular brown lines in cells and along veins, espe^

cially distally. Thoracic venter usually brown. Abdominal tergites

usually brown to fuscous, abdominal sternites usually margined

with brown. Legs pale or lightly banded with brown.

Sternite VII of female about one and one-half times as long as

sternite VI, posterior margin slightly produced and rounded or

faintly sinuate and with a very shallow, flaring, median incision.

Male plates broad basally, tapering abruptly to form rather long,

slender, digitate extensions. Pygofer with a triangular sclerotized

process dorsally. Style, aedeagus, and connective as illustrated.

Fig. 1. A, Dorsal view of style, connective and aedeagus. B, Lat-

eral view of aedeagus.

Nymphs of the usual deltocephaloid type, apex of head sub-

angular; later stages with face brown or fuscous except laterally,

head, thorax, and abdomen rather heavily marked with brown and

occasionally partially or wholly suffused with red; early stages

without markings.

Holotype male, allotype female, and numerous paratypes

from Canton Island, August 1, 1940, collected from the foliage of

Boerhaavm diffusa L. by R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg. Other para-

types from the same locality collected from Boerhaavia tetranda

Forst., August 26, 1940, by R. Danner. Types} in the collection

of the U. S. National Museum, paratypes in the collection of

the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Asso-

ciation, the California Academy of Sciences, and the Bernice P.

Bishop Museum.

JANUARY, 1943 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

H. H. Keifer

V ice-President

H. M. Armitage

President

E. G. Linsley

Secretary

Proceedings

One Hundred and Seventy-second Meeting.

The one hundred and seventy- second meeting of the Pacific

Coast Entomological Society was held at 2 p.m, on January 24,

1942, in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy

of Sciences. President Armitage in the chair. The following mem-

bers were present: H. M. Armitage, E. G. Linsley, H. L. McKenS:ie,

E. R. Leach, E. S. Ross, A. E. Michelbacher, E. 0. Essig, W. W.

Sampson, H. P. Chandler, R. C. Miller, E. C. Zimmerman, C. D.

Duncan, E. C. Van Dyke. Visitors were present as follows: Gordon

F. Smith, B. Prendergast.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The membership committee proposed Mr. G. F. Smith, Mr. E.

Jones and Mr. T. Aarons for membership. They were duly elected.

The president then called for a report from the committee on

nomenclature. Dr. Linsley reported that the plan submitted by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society for the formation of an Ameri-

can Committee on Scientific Nomenclature in Entomology had been

accepted by the Entomological Society of America and the Ameri-

can Association of Economic Entomologists and that such a com-

mittee was now in the process of formation. Dr. Ross moved that

the Society’s committee on nomenclature (G. F. Ferris, chairman;

E. G. Linsley, R. L. Usinger) be made permanent in order that

it might co-operate with the national committee. The motion was

seconded and passed.

The president announced that the annual spring field trip was

near at hand and appointed a committee consisting of C. D. Dun-

can, A. E. Michelbacher, and R. F. Smith to determine the date

and place of the) trip and report to the Society at its next meeting.

Mr. E. C. Zimmerman, Entomologist of the Bishop Museum in

Honolulu, spoke of his recent sojourn on the mainland. He stated

that he had visited most of the museums and entomological insti-

tutions in the country in search of data for a forthcoming work

on the “Insects of Hawaii” as well as to study museum methods.

Dr. Ross exhibited a portion of the Riddel collection of Zerene

butterflies. Of particular interest were a gjmandromorph and un-

usually fine series of color variations in Z. ewrydice Bdv., commonly

known as the dog-face or flying pansy butterfly.

The President presented Mr. Howard L. McKenzie who gave

an illustrated talk on the “Biology, Systematics and Economic Im-

portance of some species of MatsucoccusJ'

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XIX, NO. 1

Mr. McKenzie stated that fourteen species of Matsucoccus have

been described to date, and of this number thirteen occur on vari-

ous species of Finns in the New World. Many yet remain to be

described.

Seasonal history records of several species of Matsucoccus in-

dicate that there is a motile adult female and a winged male

emerging in early spring from an over- wintering, intermediate,

or preadulti stage larva. After copulation the adult females either

settle on the stems, in needle fascicles, in deep bark crevices on

the main bole of mature trees, or under the bark scales on the

stems of twigs, where they secrete wax and lay eggs. The first

stage larvae transform during midsummer into an apodous, inter-

mediate, or preadult stage, in which no trace of legs or antennae

is evident. They overwinter in this stage and thus require a year

to complete their life cycle.

Field experiments have proven that the so-called “twig blight”

in various forests in Arizona and New Mexico is caused by the

margarodid, Matsucoccus vexillorum Morrison. The larvae of this

scale insect produce a necrotic condition on the stems of branches

which ultimately becomes infiltrated with resin. This resined lesion

is ref^ponsible for final death of the infested branch.

In California Matsucoccus bisetosus Morrison appears to play

a major role as a weakener of mature ponderosa and Jeffrey pine.

The larvae of this scale apparently prefer to settle in the axils of

twigs, altfhough many are also found under the bark scales on

the stems. Infestations in twig axils causes a necrosis, and finally

a resined condition of the cortical tissue. Girdling lesions are ulti-

mately produced and these appear to cause death to the twig.

After a discussion of Mr. McKenzie’s paper, the meeting was

adjourned. — E. G. LiNaa:jBY, Secretary.

One Hundred and Seventy-third Meeting.

The one hundred and seventy-third meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:15 p.m. on Saturday, Feb-

ruary 28, 1942, in the entomological laboratories of the California

Academy of Sciences. Professor G. F. Ferris in the chair. The

following members were present: G. F. Ferris, E'. G. Linsley, E. S.

Ross, W. W. Sampson, R. L. Usinger, E. C. Van Dyke, A. C. Smith,

J. W. Johnson, E. A. Smith, C. D. Michener, W. Y. Chong, C. B.

Eaton, D. DeLeon, A. P. McKinstry, E. R. Leach, R. C. Miller,

C. D. Duncan, J. W. Tilden. Visitors were present as follows:

J. R. Walker, John T. Medler, Mary H. Michener.

The membership committee proposed the name of Mr. John R.

Walker. He was duly elected to membership.

Upon the recommendation of the program committee it was

moved, seconded and passed that during the present emergency

our meeting frequency be limited to four regular meetings (Sep-

tember, November, January, and March) and one annual field

trip each year. The date of the 1942: field trip was set for April 26.

Dr. Van Dyke proposed the compiling of a list of classical col-

JANUARY, 1943 ] pacific COAST ENT. SOCIETY

lecting" localities on the Pacific Coast of North Amercia. Consider-

able discussion followed, all favorable to the sugg'estion.

Dr. Usinger exhibited specimens of the remarkable heterop-

terous family Termitaphididae, which are related to Aradidae but

have been confused with Homoptera. He mentioned that they are

listed as aphids in Patch’s host list of world aphididae. The present

examples were received from Adamson in Trinidad, where they

live with Heterotermes tenuis, the only known host out of approxi-

mately 150 species occurring on the island. Dr. Usinger also men-

tioned that he and Dr. Linsley had repeatedly found the aradid,

Mezira reducta Van D., in nests of Zootermopsis in California.

Dr. Ross exhibited a painting of H. H. Behr, former curator of

insects at the Academy (approx. 1867-1877).

Dr. DeLeon remarked that he was compiling a list of insects

attacking Sequoia. He mentioned that he had been unable to find

authentic records of V espamina sequoiae H. Edw.

Professor Ferris reviewed the recent movement for an Ameri-

can Commission on Scientific Nomenclature in Entomology. He

read the proposal of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society which

had been accepted by the Entomological Society of America and

the American Association of Economic Entomologists. He stated

that the commission had now been formed and would be ready

soon to receive questions. He commented that among the problems

which had been suggested by various system atists were the ques-

tions of priority in names of higher categories, primary and sec-

ondary homonyms, and misidentified genotypes. In connection with

the last problem he read a recent article by Riley (1941) on the

subject.

Dr. Miller discussed the subject of types: He stated that the

California Academy of Sciences now had 10,933 primary types, of

which 8,935 were holotypes, 3,5216 of insects. The types have re-

cently been moved to a safer place for the duration, can be moved

again if necessary at a moment’s notice. He emphasized the ad-

visability of depositing types in an institution, remarking that the

International Rules recommend that types be deposited in a mu-

seum and given a type number. — E. G. Linsley, Secretary.

One Hundred and Seventy-fourth Meeting.

The one hundred and seventy-fourth meeting of the Pacific

Coast Entomological Society was the annual field trip held at

Russelman Park, Contra Costa County, California, April 26, 1942.

The following members were present: H. M. Armitage, E. G. Lins-

ley, A. E. Michelbacher, W. F. Barr, J. W. Tilden, C. D. Duncan,

J. W. MacSwain, E. C. Van Dyke, T. F. Kelley, G. F. Smith, H. P.

Chandler, K. S. Hagen. Visitors were present as follows: Mrs.

A. E. Michelbacher, Mrs. E. G. Linsley, Mrs. C. D. Duncan, Mr.

Ellsworth Hagen, Mr. Donald de Coss, Mr. Jack Corbett, Mr.

Harold Madres, Miss Catherine Reed, Mr. W. E. Ferguson, Miss

Doris Dow, and Miss Maxine White.

The group assembled at the picnic grounds at 10 :00 a.m. and

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XIX, NO. 1

spent the day collecting" or visiting. Flowers were abundant and

collecting of Hymenoptera and Diptera was especially profitable. —

E. G. LinsIaEIY, Secretary.

One Hundred and Seventy-fifth Meeting.

The one hundred and seventy-fifth meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2 :30 p.m. on September 5, 1942,

in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of

Sciences. Vice-president Keifer in the chair. The following mem-

bers were present: H. H. Keifer, E. G. Linsley, R. W. L. Potts,

A. J. Walz, K. S. Hagen, G. F. Smith, E. C. Van Dyke, G. F. Ferris,

R. L. Usinger, R. C. Miller, P. A. Harvey. Visitors were present

as follows: C. E. Kennett, T. F. Evernden, C. Golden, B. E. Sagal,

D. L, Dow, P. Moorhead, W. R. Cobb, E. Goldsworthy, W. Allen,

W. F. Chamberlain, and B. Prendergast.

The membership committee proposed the name of Mr. Peter

Moorhead. He was duly elected.

The chairman announced that the next meeting would be de-

voted to the annual address of the retiring president and to the

election of officers for the coming year. He appointed a nominating

committee consisting of C. D. Duncan, P. C. Ting, and R. L.

Usinger, chairman.

The chairman called on Professor Ferris to report on the

progress of the American Commission for Scientific Nomenclature

in Entomology. Professor Ferris reported that 14 acceptances

had been received to invitations to serve on the Commission, that

public notices of the organization of the Commission had been sent

to Science and the various American entomological journals, and

that several problems had already been submitted for considera-

tion. He stated that probably the first question which would be

considered was that of primary and secondary homonyns.

Dr. Van Dyke reported on his recent trip through the‘ south-

western United States in the company of H. A. Scullen. He stated

that they had gone to northern Arizona in early June and although

collecting was moderately good around Prescott, that the region

in general was the driest it had been in 40' years. They proceeded

through New Mexico to the Davis Mountains, Texas, an isolated

uplift with good roads and an interesting fauna. This region had

first been fairly well collected by Wenzel, more recently by Knull.

Among the interesting captures was a long series of Flusiotus

woodi Horn, a brilliant scarab which flies at dusk and in the early

morning, resting during the day on foliage of walnut. From the

Davis Mountains they went to Alpine, then south to the Big Bend

Country and Chisos Mountains, returning through New Mexico to

southern Arizona. In the Chiricahua Mountains, large congrega-

tions of a meloid, Epicauta pcurdalis Lee., were found.

Mrs. Prendergast spoke of her work with Blissus mixtus Barber

which breeds in th© sand dune areas of San Francisco. She said

that in spite of difficulties in rearing she had now worked out the

various developmental stages.

JANUARY, 1943]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

Mr. Hagen mentioned recent collecting trips into southern Cali-

fornia. He particularly called attention to the success of night

beating in desert areas, suggesting that desert insects are active

at night in order to avoid birds. He stated that by this method he

had collected six new species of Coenonycha.

Dr. Linsley spoke of the work of the University of California

summer course in Entomology at Miami Forest Insect Station of

the Division of Forest Insects, Bureau of Entomology and Plant

Quarantine, near Fish Camp, Madera County, California. He

mentioned particularly finding the remains of hundreds of males

of Pleocoma hoppingi Fall in coyote feces under conditions sug-

gesting that this species has a spring rather than a fall flight

period. Of particular interest also was the finding of the phycitid

moth, Vitula serratilineella Rag., breeding in the nests of Xylocopa

orpifex Smith and X. calif omica Cresson along with the tenebri-

onid, Aphanotus brevicornis (iLec.), a species of Cryptophagus

and dermestids of the genera Attagenus and Trogoderma. All of

these belong to groups of insects which are household or stored

food products pests.

Mr. Moorhead spoke of the extermination of Ceanothus, impor-

tant for browsing cattle, in many parts of the Sierra Nevada

Mountains, by the oyster shell scale, Lepidosaphes vlmi (Linn.).

Dr. Linsley commented that the same insect had killed large areas

of Ceanothus, Salix, Populiis, and even Ribes in Madera County

and had practically exterminated a beautiful grove of aspen at

Miguel Meadows in Yosemite National Park. Dr. Usinger and .

Miss Sagal both commented further on the latter infestation,

tracing its history over a period of years.

Mr. Keifer spoke of the increasing importance of the grape leaf

skeletonizer, Harrisiana brillians B. & McD. Originally described

from Yuma, California, in 1910, it belongs to a Neotropical group

of about 46 species (7 in United States) all of which breed on

grape or its relatives (Vitaceae). Little is known of the extent

of the distribution of the species. It has been known in San Diego

County about two years.

Dr. Usinger stated that the mystery as to wheretthe black grass

bugs (Irbisia) breed may have been solved. He has found that

they apparently imbed their eggs in the stalks of Artemesia -vul-

garis, where they overwinter.

Professor Ferris stated that the first part of his Atlas of

Scale Insects, covering the family Diaspididae, was complete and

that he was now planning to undertake a study of the Pseudococ-

cidae. He stated thta he had approximately 175 specific names to

consider in the United States alone and about 75 generic names.

The meeting adjourned at 4:35 p.m. — E. G. Linsley, Secretary.

One Hundred and Seventy-sixth Meeting.

The one hundred and seventy-sixth meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2 :30 p.m. on December 5, 1942,

in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XIX, NO. 1

Sciences. President Armitage in the chair. The following mem-

bers were present: H. M. Armitage, E. G. Linsley, M. A. Stewart,

R. L. Usinger, T. Aarons, K. S. Hagen, E. 0. Essig, H. H. Keifer,

E. C. Van Dyke, W. W. Sampson, P. Moorhead, R. W. L. Potts.

Visitors were present as follows: Pedro Galindo, Ellsworth Hagen,

Lloyd Fowler, Loren Estabrook, and Alvesta Myers.

President Armitage issued a statement on the present status of

the Society, calling attention to the fact that of approximately one

hundred, active members, twenty-one were now known to be serv-

ing in the armed forces of the United States. A list of the men so

serving was read to the Society.

Dr. Van Dyke regretfully called the attention of the Society to

the death of R. W. Doane, a long-time member. It was moved,

seconded and passed that the secretary write a letter of condolence

to Mrs. Doane on behalf of the Society.

Dr. Usinger reported receiving a recent letter from Lieutenant

E. S. Ross, stationed in Texas, and exhibited the first few pages of

an Atlas of Mosquitoes which Ross is now preparing. Usinger also

exhibited specimens of Metrohates trux Bueno?, a relative of Halo-

bates, which lives in swift running streams. The specimens were

found in Putah Creek, near Davis, and constitute the first Cali-

fornia record for the genus.

Mr. Keifer called attention to the series of articles on problems

of Entomological Systematics in the most recent number of the

Journal of Economic Entomology. He interpreted the series of

articles and the amount of space devoted to them in the Journal,

as an indication of increased interest on the part of applied en-

tomologists in the problems of the systematist.

Mr. Keifer also' spoke of the recent discovery of the oriental

fruit moth, Graphtholitha molesta (Busck), in Orange County,

California. Mr. Armitage commented that this was a good ex-

ample of the role of the taxonomist in economic work and pointed

out how much relied upon proper identification in problems of this

type.

The nominating committee announced with regret the resigna-

tion of Mr. E. R. Leach who had served the Society as treasurer

for a long time and at great personal sacrifice. The following

names were proposed as officers for the coming year : H. H. Keifer,

president; M. A. Stewart, vice-president; E. G. Linsley, secretary;

R. C. Miller, treasurer; H. M. Armitage, member at large. Board

of Directors. They were unanimously elected.

Mr. Armitage then turned the gavel over to the new president,

Mr. Keifer. Mr. Keifer presented the new officers and then pre-

sided during the annual address of the retiring president entitled,

“Possible economic relations of the Hawaiian insect fauna to Cali-

fornia agriculture,” (seei p. 1). — E. G. Linsley, Secretary.

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Collectors who desire such material please communicate

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Vol. XIX

April, 1943

No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

VAN DYKE, NEW SPECIES OF WEST AMERICAN COLEOPTERA 41

MALKIN, ZUPHIUM AMERICANUM DEJ. IN OREGON 62

KNIGHT, FIVE NEW DICYPHUS AND ONE NEW CYRTOPELTIS 63

PRENDERGAST, OBSERVATIONS ON BLISSUS MIXTUS 69

USINGER, TYPES OF ARADIDAE 60

LEECH, BEROSUS EXILIS LECONTE A HEMIOSUS 61

FENDER, STUDIES IN THE CANTHARIDAE 63

PRATT, INSECT ENEMIES OF POLYPHYLLA CRINITA LEC 69

COMPERE, A NEW METAPHYCUS PARASITIC ON PSYLLIDS 71

MICHELBACHER, WINTER HOST OF TOMATO MITE 73

MALKIN, RECORDS OF OREGON CHRYSOMELIDAE 74

USINGER, NEW NAME FOR A NEW ZEALAND ARADID 74

LINSLEY AND MICHENER, COLEOPTERA FROM MT. LASSEN 76

BOOK REVIEWS 62 , 69

San Francisco, California

1943

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. C. Van Dyke E, G. Linsley R. C. Miller

Associate Editor Editor Treasurer

R. L. UsiNCER* G. F. Ferris E. S. Ross*

* On military leave

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society

Proceedings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic

and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up

to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and

distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XIX, No. 2

April, 1943

NEW SPECIES OF WEST AMERICAN COLEOPTERA

BY EDWIN C. VAN DYKE

Calif ornia Academy of Sciences

This paper contains the descriptions of a number of new

species of Coleoptera which have been acquired by the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences, during the last few years, together

with comments on other species.

Family Cleridae

Trichodes basalis Van Dyke, new species

Rather small and narrow; head, prothorax, base of elytra and

ICgis clothed with long, stiff hairs as usual in the genus, the poster-

rior portion of elytra with denser, shorter, semi-erect hairs, and

the abdomen sparsely clothed with more or less recumbent pile;

the greater part of head, prothorax and scutellum a metallic green,

the elytra yellow at base, with a moderately narrow, transverse

yellow bar at center, and oblique yellow stripes, diverging back-

wards and outwards and not quite meeting at suture, half way

between median transverse band and apex, elsewhere a deep blue,

the bluish patches in front and behind the median yellow bar

faintly rufous at their centers and the apical patch somewhat

rufous toward the apex, the front of head, antennae, legs and

underside of after-body rufo-castaneous. Head coarsely, not closely

punctured, clypeus smooth and shining, an inverted V-like im-

pression between eyes, eyes of moderate size and quite prominent,

the antennae with the usual triangular club and not quite twice

as long as broad. Prothorax but little longer than broad, broadest

in front, gradually narrower to posterior third, then constricted

before base; the disk shining, rather coarsely, not cribrately punc-

tured and with a small, smooth area in front of the scutellum.

Elytra two-fifths as broad as long, with sides straight and parallel

in front, feebly arcuate and narrowed toward the truncate apices;

the disk rather coarsely, closely punctured, the punctures ante-

riorly arranged in more or less approximate rows, more irregular

toward apex. Length, 8 mm.; breadth, 2 mm.

Male with antepenultimate ventral segment deeply emarginate

posteriorly, tho penultimate feebly emarginate and the apical

somewhat arcuate at apex.

Holotype male (No. 5327, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.), collected in

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[ VOL. XIX, NO. 2

Imperial County, California, in 1911, by J. C. Bridwell and

by him kindly presented to me.

This very distinctively marked species, both in sculpturing

and coloration, shows that it is more closely related to horni

Woll. and Chap, than to any of the ornatus group. From horni,

it is not only definitely separated by its color pattern but by

being much less coarsely punctured above, with more prominent

though smaller eyes, shorter antennal club and smaller size.

Family Elateridae

Subfamily Plastocerinae

Euthysanius wagneri Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subparallel, rufotestaceous, somewhat shining, head,

pronotum and ventral surface of entire thorax rather densely

clothed with long, silky, fulvous pile, elytra rather densely clothed

with shorter, semi-erect pile which, however, does not conceal the

sculpturing, and the ventral segments with sparser, finer and more

depressed pile. Head triangularly impressed in front, rather

coarsely, closely punctured, the clypeal margin more or less lobed

and slightly truncate at middle; eyes prominent, hemispherical;

antennae reaching hind angles of prothorax, outer segments pec-

tinate, the appendages long, about four times the length of the

segments and terminal appendage fully as long as preceding one.

Prothorax subcampanulate, length three-fourths breadth at mid-

dle and less than three-fifths width between apices of hind angles,

front margin very feebly arcuate, sides slightly arcuate in front

and oblique and divergent posteriorly to the long, sharp and widely

everted hind angles which are carinate within; disk moderately

convex, finely, not closely punctured, median line distinctly im-

pressed. Scutellum elongate, depressed at middle and somewhat

transverse behind. Elytra slightly less than three times as long

as broad, sides gradually narrowing posteriorly; the disk convex,

the striae well impressed and rather coarsely, closely punctured,

the intervals convex and finely, irregularly punctured. Beneath,

the propleurae rather coarsely, closely, punctured, prosternum

finely rather closely punctured and sulcate between the coxae,

ventral segments finely, rather densely punctured. Hind tibiae

somewhat sinuate. Length, 22 mm.; breadth, 5.5 mm.

Holotype male (No. 5328, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.) and two male

paratypes, collected at light, at MoRRO, San Luis Obispo County,

California, July 4, 1931, by Mr. Roy L. Wagner, and kindly

sent to me some years ago.

This species at first sight looks like a light colored lautus,

seeing that it is of similar size and proportions. It differs from

APRIL, 1943]

VAN DYKE— NEW COLEOPTERA

this by having a finer, less dense pronotal punctuation, and from

this as well as other species by having the basal angles of pro-

thorax widely separated, divergent and acute, the clypeus more

lobed in front, the forebody clothed with long, silky pile, and

the terminal appendage of the antennae as long as the preceding

appendages.

Aplastus piceus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, stout, piceous, sparsely clothed above and beneath

with short, closely appressed, gray pile. Head with triangular im-

pression in front, coarsely, densely punctured; eyes prominent;

antennae long, seventh segment reaching hind angles of prothorax,

second and third segments short, the third but little longer than

second, together about two-thirds length of fourth segment, seg-

ments 4-10 gradually wider from base to apex, the outer angle

extended as a cylindrical appendage which is fully one-half the

length of the segment, the eleventh segment long, and cylindrical,

slightly longer than the tenth and with a short appendage con-

tinuous with itself. Prothorax as long as broad, not including hind

angles, apex arcuate, sides almost straight and slightly divergent

to hind angles which are triangular, acute, carinated and gener-

ally continued straight backward and outward in line with the

sides though frequently slightly everted, lateral margin generally

well defined and complete though often obscure; disk rather coarsely,

closely punctured, the median longitudinal line as a rule well im-

pressed. Elytra three times as long as broad, sides almost straight,

gradually narrowing backwards, and arcuate to apex; the disk

with striae all distinctly impressed, the intervals feebly convex,

the general surface finely punctured and rugous. Beneath, pro-

thorax coarsely, closely punctured, the prosternum carinate in

front and sulcate between the coxae, the ventral segments rather

finely, discretely punctured. Length, 15 mm.; breadth, 4 mm.

Holotype male (No. 5329, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.), and numerous

designated paratypes from a series of forty-nine specimens, col-

lected by myself, in MoRONGO Valley, Riverside County, Cali-

fornia, from May 23-26, 1941.

This species of the semi- arid hills to the east of the San

Bernardino Range, is very similar in size and general appear-

ance to speratus Lee. which is to be found in the more humid

areas to the west of the mountains. The latter species is in gen-

eral more rufous and has the outer segments of the antennae

more definitely triangular and with the outer angle but little

produced while piceus has the segments more narrowed basally

and the outer angles extended in the form of an appendage. The

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

latter species also has the pronotum coarsely and closely punc-

tured.

Larger series of Aplastus speratus Lee. than I formerly had,

show that the lateral marginal line of the prothorax is well indi-

cated in the larger, better developed specimens, and that it is

only in the atypical or more poorly formed specimens! that it is

reduced. This would thus change the placement in my key

(Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., XX, 1932, pp. 459-460). Aplastus

piceus would have to he placed near it.

Subfamily Elaterinae

Adelocera mexicana Candeze

In 1932, Dr. H. C. Fall described specimens of this species

from Arizona as A. nohilis. This is an absolute synonym. While

in Europe in the same year, I carefully examined the Candeze

type in Brussels, also the specimen in the British Museum from

which the illustration for the Biologio-Centrali Americana, was

made. They were both from Mexico and both the same species

and in agreement with the specimens from Arizona as well as

Mexico that I have studied. If the specimen from Florida which

Fall and Horn considered the true mexicana is different, then it

is undescribed.

CONODERES BICARINATUS VaN DyKE

The specific name of this species, hicarinatus, is preoccupied

by a species from Turkestan, Conoderes (Heteroderes) hicari-

natus Reitter. I, therefore, now substitute the name duplicatus

Van Dyke, new name, for my species.

CoNODERus (Heteroderes) amplicollis (Gyllenhal)

The specimens of Conoderes from Alabama which I formerly

determined as the above, are really laurentii Guer. {attenuatus

Cand.), according to specimens in the British Museum. In the

Brussels Museum where much of the Candeze collection still is,

there is considerable confusion. Specimens of the above are

labelled amplicollis as well as laurentii.

Limonius cribriceps Van Dyke, new species

Rather short and robust, black, elytra and legs piceous, and

clothed wtih a short and sparse yet conspicuous gray pile. Head

flattened in front, coarsely, cribrately punctured, the clypeal front

margin transverse and feebly reflexed; eyes of moderate size; an-

APRIL, 1943]

VAN DYKE— NEW COLEOPTERA

tennae rather short, extending but slightly beyond hind angles of

prothorax, second and third antennal segments each about twice

as long as broad, subcylindrical, together somewhat longer than

fourth segment, 4-10 moderately serrate, gradually narrower, the

terminal segment fusiform. Prothorax about as long as broad,

apex feebly emarginate, base biemarginate, sides sinuate in front

of hind angles, arcuate and gradually narrowed to apex, hind

angles robust, projecting slightly backwards, truncate at apices

and finely carinate; disk with median longitudinal line well im-

pressed posteriorly, coarsely, deeply, rather closely punctured medi-

ally, approximately and cribrately at sides. Elytra fully 1 mm.

more than twice as long as broad, sides subparallel in front, feebly

arcuate posteriorly and gradually narrowed to apex; disk with

striae well impressed and rather coarsely punctured, the intervals

fiattened, irregularly punctured and very rugose. Beneath coarsely

and deeply punctured in front and less coarsely and densely on

anterior ventral segments, the last ventral very densely punctured.

Length, 10 mm.; breadth, 2.5 mm.

Holotype (No. 5230, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.), a unique, probably

a female, eollected by myself on the Greenhorn Mountains of

Tulare County, California, May 7, 1931.

In my synoptic table for Limonius, this species would come

just before confusus Lee. and plebejiis Say and following

kuschei Van Dyke. In size and general appearance, it suggests

clypeatus Mots, most but has a transverse clypeal margin. It is

most notable because of its very coarse punctuation.

Limonius arizonicus Van Dyke, new species

Narrow, elongate, castaneous, antennae, legs, underside and

epipleurae lighter, and sparsely clothed with short fulvous pile,

longer on metasternum. Head rather coarsely, densely punctured,

depressed at center in front, clypeus with sharply defined trans-

verse margin; antennae long, the ninth segment reaching apex of

hind angles of prothorax, second and third segments short though

each longer than broad and together slightly longer than fourth,

4-10 moderately serrate, gradually narrowed outwardly, eleventh

elongate-elliptical; eyes convex. Prothorax as long as broad at

hind angles, sides gradually narrowed and feebly arcuate forwards,

apex transverse, base bisinuate, hind angles rather short, slightly

divergent, truncate at apices and with a fine carina which diverges

forwards to a slight degree from the lateral margin; disk with-

out definitely impressed median longitudinal impression, coarsely,

approximately punctured at sides, more finely and sparsely punc-

tured at center. Elytra about 1 mm. more than twice as long as

broad and less than three times as long as prothorax, sides almost

parallel in front, gradually arcuate and narrowed posteriorly;

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 2

disk feebly convex with striae finely impressed and finely, closely

punctured, intervals flattened or feebly convex laterally and finely,

irregularly punctured and rugose. Beneath, moderately punctured

in front, the propleurae more coarsely and densely, the ventral

segments moderately punctured, the apical more densely so; the

prosternal sutures well separated in front and the/ prosternal lobe

well developed. Length, 10 mm.; breadth, 2.75 mm.

Holotype (No. 5331, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.) and seven paratypes,

all apparently males, collected in Bearfoot Park, alt. 8-9000

feet, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, the type, July 15, 1937,

the others July 9, 29, or 30, hy J. A. Kusche.

This species though a true Limomus, in size and general ap-

pearance, looks more like an Athous such as discrepans Reitt.

{discors Fall). In myi synoptic table, it would run close to con-

fusus Lee., to which it bears little resemblance. It is probably

somewhat related to rectangularis Fall.

Limonius discoideus Leg.

I am still quite positive that discoideus is but the female

of canus, occurring most commonly in the more northern areas

of distribution. I have a pair mounted on the same pin, taken

along Putah Creek, Solano County, California. The male is a

typical male canus and the female a true discoideus. The usual

female canus of the more southern areas of distribution is gen-

erally darker than typical discoideus. The latter is also not

restricted to the north and intermediate color phases are not un-

common. I have discoideus from Trinity County, Tehama County,

Humboldt County, Santa Cruz County, Monterey County, Cala-

veras County and Ventura County, California. Dr. Fall speaks

of specimens of canus found on the sand dunes of San Francisco

and Carmel and wondered whether it ranges farther north along

the coast. I have taken it at numerous places, on the sand dunes

along the coast from Redondo, California, to the State of Wash-

ington, as well as along numerous sandy washes of inland

streams from southern California to Washington. Dr. Fall was

not very familiar with field conditions in the more northern

parts of the Pacific Coast. He also speaks of the possibility of

discoideus being another species because certain males found

with them had longer antennae than certain males found farther

south. From my very long series, I find that the length of the

antennae varies in the males, some from the south having long

as well as short antennae while others from the north vary to

APRIL, 1943]

VAN DYKE— NEW COLEOPTERA

the same degree. Limonius canus Lee. is a species of wide dis-

tribution along the Pacific Coast, quite variable in many regards

yet having a more or less definite biological habitat, that is the

sandy wastes, whether of the seacoast sand dunes or the sandy

margins of the various inland streams.

Limonius infuscatus Motschulsky

This species is, perhaps, even more widely distributed on the

Pacific Coast than canus and more variable. Dr. Fall questioned

my figures. My smallest infuscatus are 8 mm. long and I have

many close to that figure. In fact the greater number of those

to be found in middle California, as along the Russian River,

presumably the type locality for Motschulsky ’s species (8.4 mm.

long vid. Fall) are moderately small specimens. The average

of the great majority is 10 or 11 mm. My excess figure was 14

mm. for pilosulus Caud. which I consider but a subspecies. I

have in fact one pilosulus 16 mm. long while my smallest pilosu-

lus is but 11 mm. long. Of vernalis Fall which I still consider

but the lighter, more southern phase, I have twenty specimens

before me, the smallest 8 mm., the largest 12 mm., average 10

mm. In my high school days, I collected them in quantities

along the Los Angeles River channel. This is the phase which

is common and widespread throughout the lowlands of southern

California. In the mountains as at Keen Camp, Riverside County,

the darker, more typical infuscatus is to be found. The average

of specimens to be found in northern California, Oregon and

Washington, is slightly greater than the Russian River speci-

mens. As to pilosulus Cand. {pilosus Lee.) which is rare in col-

lections, I will state that I have ten specimens before me, one of

which I have! carefully compared with the Le Conte type. It is

14 mm. long, larger than the type which is 10.5 mm., but it

agrees with it in every regard except size. I also have two others

of similar size and appearance. Five specimens are either 11 or

12 mm. long. Four of these are females like the largest speci-

mens but one is a male. This last, from Los Angeles, has the

antennae extending back tol the hind prothoracic angles and the

fourth and fifth segments are broadly triangular, not transverse

as in the largest female and several of the smaller ones. All of

the specimens have the same color and facies and I think are

undoubtedly the same thing. Only one of these is from southern

California, the male. The type was supposedly from Yuma. All

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 2

the others are from northern California: Sonoma County, Hum-

boldt County, Santa Cruz County, Contra Costa County and Oro-

ville. My largest specimen, 16 mm. long, is perhaps a different

species for it is almost hlack, dull without metallic lustre, very

hairy, and with the pronotum coarsely, densely punctured.

Ludius truculentus (Candeze)

This species, the type of which I examined in the Brussels

Museum, is not what I judged as such from the description.

Either my shastensis or hlaisdelli, prohahly the latter, is more

in agreement with the type of truculentus. Unfortunately I had

no specimens of either shastensis or hlaisdelli with me for pur-

poses of comparison when abroad and comparison would be ab-

solutely necessary to be certain of the determination. What I

took to be truculentus, is without a name, so will he described.

Ludius sierrae Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, robust, moderately convex, rufo-castaneous, generally

with a broad, black, longitudinal stripe down the center of the

pronotum, though this is often vague and sometimes absent, the

base of head also sometimes black and the prosternum and under-

side of entire after body morel or less piceous, and both upper and

lower surfaces clothed with a sparse, short, closely appressed

though quite evident pubescence. Head feebly convex, sometimes

with two shallow impressions between the eyes and densely closely

punctured, antenna piceous, extending several segments beyond hind

angles of prothorax in males and one or two in female, second seg-

ment short, slightly longer than broad, third almost twice as long

and but little shorter than fourth, 5-10 gradually shorter and nar-

rower and 4-10 all feebly serrate. Prothorax as broad as long, not

counting hind angles, sides arcuate from apex to base of hind

angles, hind angles prominent, acute, divergent, with sharply de-

fined carinae and fully 1.5 mm. long; disk broadly convex, slightly

deplanate laterally, with median longitudinal impression generally

vague, and finely, rather densely punctured, especially at sides,

and lateral margin very narrow. Elytra over twice as long as

broad and less than three times as long as prothorax, sides almost

straight and parallel at basal third, thence feebly arcuate and

gradually narrowed toward apex; the disk with striae finely but

well impressed and finely somewhat obscurely punctured, the inter-

vals broad, feebly convex and finely punctured and rugose. Be-

neath finely closely punctured, denser on prothorax. Length, 12-20

mm.; bxeadth, 4-6 mm.

Holotype male, allotype female (Nos. 5332 and 5333, Mus.

C. A. S. Ent.) and four paratypes, the first from Meadow Val-

APRIL, 1943]

VAN DYKE— NE(W COLEOPTERA

LEY, Plumas County, California, 3500-4000 feet alt., June 6,

1924; the second from Fallen Leaf Lake, near Lake Tahoe,

California, July 12, 1915; and the others from Quincy, Califor-

nia, July, 1922; Yosemite Valley, California, June 3, 1921;

and El Dorado County, California; all collected by myself.

There is also an additional specimen from Glen Alpine, near

Lake Tahoe, California, collected in July, in the Fenyes collec-

tion of the Academy.

This species which has long confused me, looks very much

like some of the bicolored specimens of volitans Esch. from

Alaska and the northern Cascade Mountains, but it is in general

more robust, with a shorter and broader prothorax, less sagit-

tate, smaller prothoracic hind angles, and above all with the

third antennal segment not quite as long as fourth whereas it is

always fully as long or longer in volitans. True! volitans are to

be found in the same general region as sierrae, the mid Sierra

Nevada Mountains.

Ludius cribrosus (Le Conte) and relatives

In my paper of 1932, I was too hasty in placing cribrosus,

maurus and colossus as phases of one species. They are, of

course related, the two first very closely so and often difl&cult to

separate. The male genitalia of these are so similar that they

cannot be relied upon for purposes of diagnosis. The antennae

of atypical smaller females, likewise, cannot be depended upon.

The two species are also to be found in the same regions. Typi-

cal cribrosus have the pronotal punctures generally deep and

well separated on the disk, the third segment of the antennae

almost as long as fourth and quite triangular, and are as a rule

more shining. Typical maurus Lee. are usually broader, flatter,

have the pronotal punctures close together, more approximate,

the third segment of the antennae more cylindrical, feebly tri-

angular, and as a rule shorter though many have it practically

as long as the fourth, and are duller in appearance. The male

genitalia of colossus Lee. are different from either of the others,

the lateral blades of the aedeagus narrower and knobbed apic-

ally; the antennae are more like those of maurus but have the

outer segments more transverse and broader basally; the pro-

notal punctation much like that of cribrosus ; and the elytra with

striae very finely, often obscurely impressed and the intervals

flat and rather densely punctured. It is the elytra in the smaller

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

specimens which are no larger than many maurus, which have

to be used to enable these to be definitely separated from maurus.

At first only very large female specimens of colossus were

known or at least recognized but more recently more specimens

have been found, including many smaller specimens and both

males and females, though the males are still quite rare. As

stated previously, I find that this species is restricted to the

southern Sierras.

LuDIUS NIGRICANS (FaLL)

A restudy has convinced me that the above species is a good

species not a subspecies of rotundicollis (Say) as I at first

thought and stated. In general it is larger. I have, however,

specimens that are no larger than average examples of rotundi-

collis and specimens of diversicolor Esch. which are fully as

large as minor sized specimens of nigricans. The pronotal punc-

tuation is variable and so unreliable as an index. In typical nigri-

cans, it is moderately coarse and dense, in other specimens fine

and less dense, approaching that of rotundicollis. The more re-

liable diagnostic characters are the somewhat flattened prono-

tum, rather broadly sinuate sides in front of the moderately

robust hind angles which may be either slightly or conspicuously

divergent, and the fairly wide side margin of the prothorax,

especially posteriorly. In rotundicollis, the pronotum is more

convex, with the sides narrowly and sharply sinuate just in front

of the short, acute and divergent hind angles, and the side margin

of the prothorax very fine and narrow throughout. I have a

ciolor phase of nigricans with broad red margins to the pro-

thorax, from Olympia, Washington.

Ludius rotundicollis (Say)

The typical phase of this according to Fall, and Say’s orig-

inal description which I neglected to consult at first, has a more

or less rufous pronotum, I would call it a dark cherry red. I

now have before me several specimens of this typical phase from

the Fenyes collection, as well as all black specimens, one from

the Pacific Coast, Olympia, Washington. The diversicolor of

Eschscholtz is not the same as rotundicollis, therefore not a syn-

onym as stated by Fall but a good subspecies as formerly stated

by me. In fact, I very much doubt whether Dr. Fall had ever

seen a true diversicolor. Outside of having a brilliant orange

pronotum, it has the elytra a more pronounced, shining black

and the fine, close punctuation of the elytral striae quite evident

APRIL, 1943]

VAN DYKE— NEW COLEOPTERA

whereas it is more or less obsolete in typical rotundicollis. This

subspecies is generally to be found in the middle, coastal region

of California and as far as I have found, breeds in the old rot-

ting wood in the holes of injured live oak trees. There is also

a color phase of this, characterized by having a longitudinal

black area of variable size down the middle of the pronotum.

This phase, so far, only has been found about Monterey Bay in

California.

Elater sturmii Germar

The type of the above-mentioned species is in the British

Museum and is a true Megapenthes.

Melanotus longulus Le Conte

In my previously-mentioned paper, I sunk M. oregonus Lee.

as a subspecies of the above. I was in error. M. oregonus Lee.

is a good species with different male genitalia. The other forms

which I included under longulus, belong as placed.

Family Melasidae

Hylus (Hypocoelus) robustus Van Dyke, new species

Form robust, moderately elong’ate; piceous, antennae, legs, gen-

erally the abdomen and sometimes the entire underside rufous;

sparsely clothed with fine, fulvous pile. Head convex, flattened in

front, sulcate between the antennae, clypeus narrowed at base,

transversely concave, the entire head coarsely, densely umbili-

cately punctured ; antennae with the seventh segment reaching

hind angles of prothorax, second segment small, transverse apic-

ally, segments three and four feebly triangular and twice as long

as broad, the following cylindrical and slightly more than twice

as long as broad, the terminal segment slig'htly longer than tenth

and acute at apex. Prothorax barely wider than long, apex feebly

lobed, sides arcuate from hind angles and gradually narrowed to

' apex, base broadly emarginate on either side and with a short

transverse area between; disk convex, with median longitudinal

line barely impressed near base, the surface coarsely umbilicately

punctured. Elytra finely striate, the strial punctures more or less

vague, the intervals flat and finely, irregularly and somewhat

densely punctured and finely rugose. Beneath, prosternum rather

coarsely, densely punctured. The abdomen more finely and less

densely punctured. Hind coxal plates triangular, gradually dilated

inwardly, the hind margin straight. Length, 8 mm.; breadth, 3 mm.

Male: terminal segment of antennae evidently but very little

longer than tenth; female, terminal segment of antennae equal to

tenth.

Holotype male, allotype female (Nos. 5334 and 5335, Mus.

C. A. S. Ent.) and three paratypes; the holotype male from near

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

Kaweah, Tulare County, California, August 11, 1939; the

allotype female, same locality, August 2, 1937; two paratypes,

same locality, August 11, 1939 and August 3, 1937; all collected

by F. T. Scott; the third paratype collected by A. T. McClay at

Palloch Pines, California, May 6, 1937.

This species as indicated by its name is very robust. In the

tables, it would. run close to frontosus (Say), but differs by

being larger and more robust with the head and pronotum very

coarsely, cribrately and umbilicately punctured and the head

much flattened in front. In one specimen, the one from Pollock

Pines, there is a small, rudimentary, longitudinal crista on the

front of head. The species is the fourth in the genus to be

described from North America: frontosus (Say) from eastern

Canada and adjacent areas of the United States; terminalis

(Lee.) from the same localities and on the Pacific Coast from

British Columbia, Washington and northern California; and

californicus (Van Dyke) and rohustus Van Dyke, both restricted

to California; thus, showing that northwestern North America

is the center of distribution for this continent.

ZUPHIUM AMERICANUM DEJ. IN OREGON

On April 29, 1942, a series of ten specimens of this tiny Cara-

bid was taken as Spencer’s Butte, 5 miles south of Eugene, in an

open meadow at the altitude of 900 feet.

The beetles were found clinging to an overturned stone in

somewhat Cucuid manner, but when disturbed by light they be-

came very active and rapidly descended to the ground where

some succeeded in hiding themselves under particles of soil and

escaped collector’s hand.

The state of Louisiana is cited in Leng’s catalogue as the

habitat of the species, but Dr. Hatch, who has kindly determined

the beetles, has informed me that there is in his collection a

specimen from Ann Harbor, Michigan. Apparently the distribu-

tion of the Zuphium americanum is quite extended^ although it is

rarely found in collections.

Out of the total ten, two specimens are placed in the collec-

tion of Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Fender of McMinnville, Oregon,

four in Dr. Hatch’s collection, and the remainder in my own. —

Borys Malkin.

^ Four examples from Kansas in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago,

have been examined since the above was written.

APRIL, 1943]

KNIGHT— MIRIDAE

FIVE NEW SPECIES OF DICYPHUS FROM WESTERN

NORTH AMERICA AND ONE NEW CYRTOPELTIS

(Hemiptera, Miridae)

BY HARRY H. KNIGHT

Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa

Dicyphus brachypterus Knight, new species

Male. Lengrth 2.55 mm., width .75 mm. Head: width .48 mm.,

vertex .23 mm.; black, shining, a pale lunule extending from

postero-dorsal angle of eye to near middle of vertex. Rostrum,

length 1.04 mm., extending to tips of middle coxae, pale yellowish,

apex fuscous. Antennae: segment I, length .26 mm., pale, fuscous

on base; II, .86 mm., cylindrical, pale, base and more broadly on

apex, blackish; III, 1.0 mm., pale, apical half fuscous; IV, .49 mm.,

fuscous. Pronotum: length .47 mm., width at base .60 mm.; calli

convex, posterior margins moderately impressed; basal margin of

disk concavely arcuate, basal angles moderately rounded, black,

shining, collar white. Scutellum slightly convex, transversely rugu-

lose, mesoscutum moderately exposed, black. Hemelytra abbrevi-

ated, reaching to middle of abdomen, membrane reduced, scarcely

extending beyond tip of cuneus, pale; pallid, subtranslucent, a

fuscous cloud covering tip of clavus and apical half of corium.

Body black, moderately shining, clothed with fine pale to yellowish

pubescence. Legs pale, base of coxae blackish, apical half of

femora slightly dusky, tibial knees and tips of tarsi fuscous.

Female. Length 3.11 mm., width .92 mm. Head: width .58 mm.,

vertex .321 mm. Antennae: segment I, length .26 mm.; II, .71 mm.,

less than one and one-half times the width of head; III, .82 mm.;

IV, .39 mm. Pronotum: length .57 mm. width at base .74 mm.

Hemelytra short, membrane extending slightly beyond tip of

cuneus, pallid, subtranslucent, a fuscous cloud covering apical half

of corium and apical one-fourth of clavus. Color very similar to

the male, but with a pale spot between calli and extending slightly

on pronotal disk.

Holotype: male, August 14, 1931, Mt. Rainier, Washington

(H. H. Knight) ; author’s collection. Allotype: same data as the

type. Paratypes: 2 males and 6 females, taken with the types on

Polemonium humile R. & S. This species was found on the same

plants with Macrotylus polemonii Kngt.

Dicyphus usingeri Knight, new species

Distinguished from allied species by the large size, green to

yellowish coloration, with first antennal segment black.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 2

Male. Length & mm., width 1.2 mm. Head, width .60 mm.,

vertex .32 mm.; frons strongly convex, tylus prominent; eyes

rather small, width .19 mm., height .28 mm.; yellowish green.

Rostrum, length 1.90 mm., reaching to middle of hind coxae, green-

ish yellow, apex blackish. Antennae: segment I, length .47 mm.,

blackish, apex and narrow base yellowish; II, 1.82 mm., slender,

slightly thicker apically, thickly clothed with suberect, fuscous

pubescence, yellowish, base and apex fuscous to black; III, 1.90' mm.,

slender, blackish; IV, .60 mm., blackish. Pronotum: length .65

mm., width at base .99 mm.; calli moderately convex, posterior

margins not deeply impressed, posterior half of disk rather flat,

basal margin straight; yellowish green, basal edge of disk infus-

cated. Scutellum moderately convex, greenish yellow, apex dusky;

mesoscutum moderately exposed. Hemelytra subtranslucent, pale

to yellowish, apex of corium with a small fuscous cloud; cuneus

clOar, tinged greenish, apex dark fuscous to blackish; membrane

nearly clear, venis pale fuscous. Dorsum clothed with suberect,

moderately close-set, dusky to fuscous pubescence. Ventral sur-

face yellowish to green, fading in old specimens. Legs greenish

yellow, tarsi and tibial knees fuscous to black; tibial spines black-

ish. Left genital clasper subtriangular on basal half, convex on

lateral aspect, apical half flattened, blade-like, directed vertically,

apex acuminate; right clasper not visible externally.

Female. Length 4.5 mm., width 1.17 mm. Head: width .58 mm.,

vertex .34 mm. Antennae: segment I, length .43 mm.; II, 1.43 mm.;

Ill, 1.34 mm.; IV, .56 mm. Very similar to the male in general

form, color and pubescence.

Holotype: male, June 20, 1926, Fresno, California (C. J.

Drake) ; author’s collection. Allotype', taken with the type.

Paratypes: female, taken with the types. California: 10 males

and 14 females, July 20, 1928, Oakland Rec. Camp, Tuolumne

County; 4 males and 14 females, July 23, 1932, nr. Camino,

El Dorado County (R. L. Usinger) . One male. May 21, 1930,

Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County; a male and a female, July

20, 1931, Coffee Creek, Trinity County (R. L. Usinger). Breeds

on Mountain Misery {Chamaebatia foliosa Benth.) according to

Dr. Usinger.

Dicyphus rivalis Knight, new species

Allied to usingeri but differs in having smaller eyes, the calli

more strongly convex, and first antennal segment greenish.

Female. Length 5.5 mm., width 1.5 mm. Head: width .64 mm.,

vertex .39 mm.; frons strongly convex, higher than base of head;

eyes small, width .173 mm., height .25 mm.; color greenish yellow.

Rostrum, length 2 mm., extending to middle of hind coxae, yellow-

APRIL, 1943]

KNIGHT— MIRIDAE

ish, apex fuscous. Antennae: segment I, length .50 mm., greenish

yellow, fuscous beneath on basal half; II, 1.73 mm., slender, cyl-

indrical, yellowish, blackish at base, infuscated just before apex;

thickly clothed with suberect, yellowish pubescence; III, 1.78 mm.,

yellowish, dusky to fuscous apically; IV, .64 mm., fuscous. Pro-

notum: length .78 mm., width at base 1.08 mm., calli strongly con-

vex, posterior margin moderately impressed ; posterior half of disk

moderately convex, basal margin moderately concavely arcuate,

posterior angles broadly rounded. Scutellum moderately convex,

mesocutum rather broadly exposed, both uniformly greenish yel-

low. Hemelytra subtranslucent, pale yellowish, tip of cuneus fus-

cous ; membrane nearly clear, veins greenish, infuscated at apex of

cells. Dorsum clothed with suberect, moderately close set, yellow-

ish pubescence. Ventral surface uniformly greenish yellow. Legs

greenish yellow, tibial knees black, tips of tarsi fuscous, tibial

spines yellowish,

Holotype: female, June 16, 1930, Forest Grove, Oregon (Joe

Schuh) ; author’s collection. Paratype: female, September 16,

Kaslo, British Columbia. California: female, July 28, 1931,

Coffee Creek, Trinity County (R. L. Usinger), on Ribes.

Dicyphus tinctus Knight, new species

Allied to rufescens Van D., but distinguished by the red pro-

notum and scutellum, cuneus clear without black apex, tibiae

and abdomen pallid.

Female. Length 4.33 mm., width 1.2 mm. Head; width .62 mm.,

vertex .35 mm,: fuscous to black, a pale spot above each eye on

vertex. Rostrum, length 1.47 mm., reaching to near apex of middle

coxae, pale, apex fuscous. Antennae: segment I, length .321 mm.,

pale to dusky; II, 1.05 mm., cylindrical, pale to dusky, fuscous at

base; III, 1.12 mm,, pale to dusky, apical one-third fuscous; IV,

.47 mm., pale to dusky. Pronotum: length .65 mm., width at base

.99 mm.; basal margin rather deeply and broadly concave, calli

rather strongly convex; color bright red, coxal cleft surrounded by

fuscous. Scutellum and mesonotum bright red, the latter rather

broadly exposed. Hemelytra pale translucent, apical half of clavus,

inner and apical margins of corium, bright red. Cuneus uniformly

clear, inner edge by smaller areole with a streak of red. Mem-

brane nearly clear, tinged with brownish, veins light fuscous.

Dorsum clothed with fine, rather short, suberect pale pubescence.

Venter pale, a series of dark spots on lateral margins; meso-

sternum, metapleura and ostiolar peritreme, dark fuscous to black.

Legs pale to yellowish, spot on base of front coxae, a series of

obsolete spots on anterior face of hind femora, and tips of tarsi,

fuscous.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 2

Holotype: female, August 10, 1932, Lodgepole Camp, Rainier

National Forest, Washington (A. R. Rolfs) ; author’s collection.

ParaZypes: 4 females, taken with! the types.

Dicyphus hesperus Knight, new species

Allied to discrepans Kngt., but the male differs in structure of

the left genital clasper; lateral aspect of clasper triangular in

outline and without a notch on dorsal margin near base; female

distinguished by the black first antennal segment.

Male. Length 3.55 mm,, width 1.03 mm. Head: width .52 mm.,

vertex .23 mm.; black, shining, vertex bordering eyes and dorsal

aspect of neck except median line, pallid. Rostrum, length 1.47

mm., extending beyond posterior coxae or to base of fourth ventral

segment, pale yellowish, apex fuscous. Antennae: segment I,

length .26 mm., reddish brown to black, shining, yellow pubescent;

II, .86 mm., yellowish, apical one-third dark reddish to black, basal

half more slender, pale yellowish pubescent; III, .52 mm., dark

fuscous, pale at base; IV, .34 mm., fuscous. Pronotum: length

.49 mm., width at base .82 mm.; collar flat, broad, sinuate above,

pale; calli convex, smooth, shining, basal margin delimited by an

impressed line; disk flaring upward over! mesonotum, basal margin

broadly, concavely arcuate, basal angles widely rounded; propleura

fuscous to black, calli brownish, disk dusky brown, median line

pale. Mesoscutum broadly exposed, fuscous, pale spot at each

side; scutellum pallid, broad median line reddish brown to black.

Dorsum clothed with yellowish to fuscous pubescence, with more

erect fuscous hairs on pronotum and scutellum. Hemelytra sub-

translucent, in part dusky brown, tinged with reddish along claval

suture, sometimes more broadly; spot on tip of embolium and one

on corium bordering cuneus, fuscous to black. Cuneus clear, apex

fuscous to blackish, often tinged reddish. Membrane clear, apical

half lightly infuscated, veins fuscous. Venter and thorax brownish

black. Legs pale to yellowish, coxae fuscous on base; femora with

a few fuscous dots arranged in rows, front femora with spots on

posterior aspect while hind femora have spots on front and poste-

rior aspects ; tibiae with yellowish hairs only, tips of tarsi fuscous.

Left genital clasper triangular as viewed from the side, without

notch above, apical half slender, apex flattened and curved; right

clasper apparently absent.

Female. Length 3.5 mm., width 1.0' mm. Head: width .56 mm.,

vertex .22 mm. Antennae: segment I, length .26. mm.; II, .73 mm.;

III, .58 mm.; IV, .30 mm. Very similar to the male in form and

coloration.

APRIL, 1943]

KNIGHT— MIRIDAE

Holotype: male, April 19, 1933, Moscow, Idaho (T. A. Brind-

ley) ; author’s collection. Allotype: same data as the type. Para-

types: 2 males and 3 females, taken with the types in mullein

{V erhascum) where this insect may hibernate. California: 2

males, and 2 females, July 4, Arbolado, on Stachys alhens; 2

males and 2 females, May 7, San Gabriel River; male and 3 fe-

males, May 16, 1935, Whittier, on V erhascum virgatum (E. L.

Paddock). One female, June 12, 1918, San Diego (C. L. Hubbs).

Two males and 2 females, June 1, 1940, Dark Canyon, Riverside

County (R. L. Usinger), “on thimbleberry” ; 2 males and 2 fe-

males, June 2, 1915, Mission Canyon, Santa Barbara (Harold

Morrison). Eight males and females, August 15, 1914, Ramona

(J. C. Bradley). Colorado: 2 females, July 16, 1898, Little

Beaver; female, June 18, 1901, Palmer Lake (E. D. Ball). Idaho:

5 females, Nov. 17, 1933, Boise (C. Wakeland). Six males and

females, May 23, 1936, Genesee (T. A. Brindley). Male and

female, April 22, male and female. May 30, 1933, Lewiston

(T. A. Brindley) . Five males and females, July 10, 1936, Lewis-

ton (F. B. Conn). Male, March 31, male and female, April 4,

male and female, April 18, 5 males and females, April 14, male

and female). May 7, female, Oct. 20, 1932-1938, Moscow (T. A.

Brindley). Five males and females. Mar. 17, 1934, Moscow

(H. G. Bergen). Seven males and females. Mar. 18, 1934, Mos-

cow (H, Shipman). Male, May 10, 1936, Moscow (R. E. Mil-

ler). Male July 10, male July 24, 2 females August 8, 1936

Moscow (B. F. Conn). Male May 17, male and female June

18, 1936, Moscow Mountain (T. A. Brindley). Nine males and

females, Aug. 4, 1936, Moscow Mountain (Shull and Coon).

Montana: Male, August 1, 1920, Missoula (A. A. Nichol).

North Dakota: female, Bottineau, Turtle Mountains (C. N.

Ainslie) . Oregon: female. May 27, 1930, Corvallis (H. A. Scul-

len) . Male, July 3, 1926, Le Grande (E. W. Davis). Utah:

female, June 13, 1940, Mt. Timpanogos, alt. 6,800 ft. (C. L.

Hayward). Washington: male and female, April 18, 1930,

Clarkston (H. Woods), on tomato. Two females, July 9, 1937^,

Dayton (R. E. Miller ) . Five males and females, Nov. 21, 11

males and females, Dec. 11, 1925, Toppenish (E. W. Davis).

Two males May 4, 1 male Aug. 29, 1 male Sept. 20, 1932,

Yakima (A. R. Rolfs).

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

Cyrtopeltis bakeri Knight, new species

Distinguished from allied species by the black prothorax,

short second antennal segment, and by the anteapical black spot

on cuneus.

Female. Length 3.7 mm., width 1.2 mm. Head: width .57 mm.,

vertex .28 mm.; rather short, eyes large (width .22 mm., height

.30 mm.), black, a triangular pale spot at top of eye on vertex.

Rostrum, length 1.35 mm., extending to tips of middle coxae, pale,

apex blackish. Antennae: segment I, length .25 mm., black, narrow

apex pale; II, .69 mm., cylindrical, slightly more slender toward

base, clothed with fine yellowish pubescence, pale yellowish, base

blackish, apex fuscous; III, .68 mm., pale to dusky; IV, .38 mm.,

dusky. Pronotum: length .58 mm., width at base .95 mm.; black,

basal margin broadly, concavely sinuate, lateral margins slightly

sinuate, rounding over to the propleura ; calli very slightly convex,

margins not impressed, on a level with the broad basal half of disk;

collar flat to slightly convex. Dorsum clothed with short, suberect,

pale pubescence. Mesonotum moderately exposed, black, brownish

at each side; scutellum moderately convex, black. Hemelytra sub-

translucent in pale areas; clavus except basal angles, and inner

apical area of corium uniformly dark fuscous ; cuneus clear, apical

half with a central, triangular black spot which leaves the apex

broadly and narrow lateral margins clear. Membrane uniformly

pale fuscous, basal half darker, a small clear spot by apex of

cuneus. Thorax and venter black, legs yellowish, bases of coxae

and tips of tarsi blackish; pubescence yellowish, tibial spines

fuscous.

Male. Length 3.64 mm., width 1.04 mm. Head: wddth .56 mm.,

vertex .26 mm. Antennae: segment I, length .21 mm., fuscous,

apical half paler; II, .69 mm., fuscous, becoming pale on apical

half. Pronotum: length .54 mm., width at base .90 mm. Color and

pubescence very similar to that of female. Genital segment twisted

to the left side so that left genital clasper appears to arise on

median ventral line of segment; left clasper sickle-shaped, the

apex slightly broader and pointing to the left side; right clasper

minute or absent.

Holotype: female, September 10, 1931, Sunrise, alt. 6,380 ft.,

Mt. Rainier, Washington (Wm. W. Baker) ; author’s collection.

Allotype: male. May 5, 1935, Alsea Mountain, Oregon. Para-

types: Oregon: male, April 21, 1935, Tidewater (Joe Schuh).

Washington: female, July 9, 1930, “Wen. Mts.”; female, Aug.

31, 1930, Yakima; female, Aug. 15, 1932, Tampico (A. R. Rolfs).

British Columbia: 2 males and 1 female, Aug. 9, 1905, Downie

Creek, Selkirk Mts. (J. C. Bradley) .

APRIL, 1943]

PRENDERGAST— BLISSUS MIXTUS

OBSERVATIONS ON THE SAND DUNE CHINCH BUG

BLISSUS MIXTUS BARBER

(Lygaeidae Hemiptera)

BY BARBARA PRENDERGAST

California Academy of Sciences

According to early reports on the true chinch bug, Blissus

leucoptems Say, this notorious insect occurred scantily in the

Pacific States, although it has never been reported as destructive

west of the Rocky Mountains. Webster (“The Chinch Bug,”

U. S.D.A. Cir. no, 113, 1909) reports the chinch bug from the

coast and the central valleys of California, but no specimens

from the Sacramento or San Joaquin valleys are available in

western collections, and the experience of collectors would indi-

cate that Blissus is limited to sand dune areas along the coast, at

least in northern California.

In 1939, Barber clarified the taxonomic status of the various

forms of Blissus occurring in the United States. He described

the coastal California species as new (Proc. Ent. Soc, of Wash.,

V. 39, No. 4, 1937, p. 85), basing it upon a small series of

brachypterous specimens only.

Blissus rrdxtus Barber appears to be very abundant in the

sand dune areas along the Pacific Coast of the San Francisco

peninsula. Colonies were observed at weekly intervals during a

year’s time. The host plant is Ammophila arenarius (determined

by Alice Eastwood) , a beach grass which grows abundantly in

this vicinity. The grass was introduced by seed from Europe to

prevent the sand from shifting.

The bugs are gregarious, occurring in large numbers on par-

ticular plants, and appearing to skip other clumps of the same

grass entirely. They live near the roots and among the sheaths

of the stems and seem to occur' only on rather dry plants. It is

difficult to distinguish the bugs from debris and sand, especially

beneath the roots, since the adults are nearly identical in color

with damp sand. In addition, they have a tendency to feign

death when disturbed. It is only when they wriggle into activity

that they may be readily detected and captured. During ail

seasons of the year bugs were found abundantly.

It was interesting to note the presence of first instar nymphs

in the sand dunes early in January. Since the egg stage lasts

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 2

about a month under laboratory conditions, a field generation

must begin about the first of December.

Several attempts to culture the species in the laboratory

failed, although the technique described by Janes (Ann. Ent.

Soc. of Amer., v. 28, No. 1, pp. 109-120) for the true chinch

bug was followed. Colonies were established on the host plant

but not on wheat and barley, although cultures were maintained

on these plants long enough to indicate that the bugs are prob-

ably not of economic importance to them.

Couplating pairs were closely observed in vials. After an

interval of one month, a single egg was laid in each case. After

the lapse of another month, the eggs hatched. The first instar

nymphs were pale pinkish, changing to red. With each successive

moult the color became darker and more brownish, finally at-

taining the drab infuscation of the adult.

The most significant biological facts observed were: 1) that

the ratio of brachypterous to macropterous forms was about

equal; 2) that Blissus mixtus does not migrate, nor does it

hibernate during the winter months; 3) that there are three gen-

erations each year in contrast to the two generations so typical

of Blissus leucopterus Say.

In conclusion the writer suggests as a possible explanation

for the absence of a migration and hibernation period in the life

of Blissus mixtus, the ecological uniformity and an abundance

of the host plant in the area in which this species occurs. In

view of the fact that this period is not taken up by such a

process, production of an additional generation is probably

induced at this time.

TYPES OF APTEROUS ARADIDAE

Dr. Oscar Monte of the Institute Biologico de Sao Paulo,

Brazil, sent a valuable collection of Brazilian Aradidae for study

with the understanding that the types of new species would be

deposited in the collection of the Institute Biologico.

In my recent paper on apterous Aradidae (Pan-Pac. Ent. 17:

169-181, 1941) the types of Notoplocoris montei and Emydocoris

testudinatus were inadvertently given type numbers in the col-

lection of the California Academy of Sciences. These types have

now been returned to the Institute Biologico de Sao Paulo. —

R. L. USINGER.

APRIL, 1943]

LEECH— HYDROPHILIDAE

BEROSUS EXILIS LECONTE A HEMIOSUS^

(Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae)

BY HUGH B. LEECH

Vernon, British Columbia

An examination of specimens of Le Conte’s Berosus exilis

shows that the species belongs in the genus Hemiosus Sharp,

1882 (Biol. Centr.-Americana, Coleopt., 1 (2):84-85). Sharp

proposed Hemiosus for his H. maculatus from Guatemala, Pan-

ama and Mexico; since then at least four Brazilian species have

been added to the genus. Several of the characters which Sharp

relied upon to distinguish Hemiosus from Berosus are specific

rather than generic, but differences in the forms of the meso-

stemal protuberance and' the male genitalia are reliable.

In Berosus the mesosternal process varies in its degree of

prominence, but is always thin and blade-like, usually falcate

anteriorly (hooded in B. rugulosus Horn) ; the aedeagus and

parameres are in great part sheathed in a large trough-shaped

basal piece. In Hemiosus the mesosternal process broadens an-

teriorly from just in front of the mesocoxae, then narrows again

to a blunt point, and this broadened area is deeply excavated;

the aedeagus and parameres are only partially enclosed at the

foot by a small basal piece.

The rare Hemiosus exilis (Leconte) 1852, is 2.5-3 mm. long,

and has the pronotum largely metallic green, with the front and

side margins broadly and the base narrowly, pale. These dis-

tinctive characters have confused it with a small Berosus, previ-

ously unrecorded from north of Mexico. The two may be sepa-

rated as follows:

Mesosternal protuberance broadened anteriorly and deeply exca-

vated; form oblong oval; elytra pale yellowish- white with in-

distinct brown maculations, punctures of intervals much smaller

than those of striae; pronotum with large and small punctures

intermixed; emargination of fifth abdominal sternite with a

single tooth at middle Hemiosus exilis (Leconte)

Mesosternal protuberance thin, blade-like; form broadly oval;

elytra yellowish-brown, each elytron with distinct black spots:

one at humerus, one near suture just before middle and usually

one just behind middle, and one laterally just behind middle;

punctures of elytral intervals almost as large as those of

striae; pronotum without small punctures between the large

^ Contributioia No. 2196, Division, of Entomology, Science Service Department

of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontaria

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 2

ones; emargination of fifth sternite with two small teeth at

middle Berosus moerens Sharp

The type locality of H. exilis (Leconte) 1852, is the Gila

River at Pima, Arizona (see Leconte, 1855, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Philadelphia, 7:366) ; my specimens are from Phoenix, Arizona,

collected May 7, 1918, by J. Chester Bradley. B. moerens Sharp,

1882, was described as from Oaxaca, Mexico, and Guatemala; I

have examples from 1 mile north of Ft. Davis, Davis Mountains,

Texas, July 16, 1941 (B. E. White) , and have seen one from

the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, July (D. K. Duncan). It

also occurs in Lower California.

College Entomology

College Entomology. By E. 0. Essig. The Macmillan Company,

N. Y. vii -h 900', 308 figures. 1942. Price $5.00.

College Entomology sets forth in Professor Essig’s marvelously

detailed style the fundamental features of insects. The opening

chapters deal with the basic subjects, metamorphosis and anatomy.

A tabular arrangement and a key to the orders of insects follow.

These introduce the systematic section of the book, which consists

of thirty-three chapters. These chapters vary in length with the

size and importance of the various orders. Each order is treated

according toi a consistent plan including such noteworthy features

as the etymology and priority of ordinal names and a tabular ar-

rangement of ordinal characteristics. The latter are divided into

columns on external and internal characters and further segre-

gated into special features. Important families are characterized

and outstanding species occurring throughout the world are men-

tioned. Synoptic keys are provided for superfamilies and families.

Selected references are conveniently grouped at the end of each

chapter and general references are placed at the end of the book.

A characteristic feature of any Essig book is the exhaustive

index. A five-page “Index of Authors” and a sixty-three-page sub-

ject index, both arranged in three columns, carry on this feature

and are models of clarity and detail. Here, as elsewhere, it is

evident that author and publisher have cooperated closely in choice

of type faces to differentiate names of genera, speicies, and higher

groups. The frequent use of bold-face t3rpe is in keeping with the

thoroughly modern format and gives a clear and pleasing appear-

ance. One of the outstanding features of the book is the series of

entirely original anatomical illustrations. These, as a group, are

without equal in any other text book of general entomology known

to me.

College Entomology has already taken its place as a refresh-

ingly modern manual for the study of insects and as another of the

fine contributions of E. 0. Essig to Entomology. — R. L. Usinger.

APRIL, 1943]

FENDER— CANTHARIDAE

STUDIES IN THE CANTHARIDAE

(Coleoptera)

BY KENNETH FENDER

McMinnville, Oregon

In the course of revisional studies of the genera of the

Cantharidae, exclusive of the genus Cantharis, a number of new

species have come into my possession, a few of which are herein

described. It is hoped that these studies, along with those of

Mrs. Dorothy Fender and Mr. J. W. Green^ in the genus Cantha-

ris, will give a better understanding of this neglected group. To

facilitate comparisons with previous descriptions, I have tried to

follow the style and terminology of previous students of the

family.

Chauliognathus texanus Fender, new species

Yellow: tibiae, tarsi, apical fourth to half of femora and apical

third of elytra black; tibiae sometimes yellowish. Antennae pice-

ous to yellowish, basal segment piceous in all specimens examined;

third segment a little shorter than the fourth; the apex of each

segment with a ring of long fine hairs, setaceous in 'profundus',

scattered long hairs on the body of each segment. Head elongate

oval, shining, finely punctured ana sparsely pubescent. Thorax

opaque, wider than head; nearly as long as wide in the male;

wider in the female; sides evenly arcuate and shallowly reflexed;

disc usually with '•n elongate black spot on each side, sometimes

absent. Elytra slightly wider than thorax, parallel, moderately

punctate and sparsely pubescent. Terminal segments of abdomen

pale, with black markings in profundus and ineptus. Length, 13

to 17 mm.

Holotype, male, Davis Mountains, Texas, August 2, 1937;

allotype, female, Chisos Mountains, Texas, July 9, 1936;

three paratypes, same data as allotype; three other paratypes

from Davis Mountains, Texas, July 2, 1940; three paratypes

from Chisos Mountains, Texas, June 9, 1939. All these speci-

mens were collected by D. J. and J. N. Knull. With these I

associate six specimens from the Leng' Collection, no data. The

types will be deposited in the United States National Museum.

Paratypes are in the following collections,: California Academy

of Sciences (2) ; M. C. Z. (1) ; Knull (3) ; author’s collection

(3).

^ Green, J. W., Ent. Am. vol. XX (new series), no. 4, pp. 1B9-217, 1941.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 2

This species is near Ch. profundus Lee. and Ch. ineptus Horn

and is probably placed in some cpllections as profundus. It can

be easily separated from either of these species by the following

key:

Species with apical third of elytra black; third antennal segment

equal or nearly equal to fourth, {profundus group.)

A. Head black ineptus Horn

AA. Head pale.

B. Larger, 17 to 22 mm.; reddish orange, basal third or less of

femora pale; long hairs at apex of antennal segments setaceous

profundus Lee.

BB. Smaller, 13 to 17 mm.; yellowish, basal half or more of

femora pale; long hairs at apex of antennal segments fine and

silky texanus, n. sp.

Podabrus cascadensis Fender, new species

Black; head) in front of eyes and sides of prothorax rufotesta-

ceous. Head shining; feebly sparsely punctate in front, coarsely

punctate behind; slightly wider than the thorax. Eyes small and

inconspicuous. Antennae piceous with the exception of the basal

segment which is paler; long, reaching to the apical third of the

elytra in the male, slightly shorter in the female. Prothorax shin-

ing, finely sparsely punctate, more noticeably so just to the rear

of the convexities; subrectangular, anterior angles rounded, sides

arcuate to hind angles which are prominent; median line slightly

impressed, not eroded. Elytra shallowly rugulose basally becom-

ing more deeply so apically; pubescence pale cinereous. Front

tibiae curved and apically dilated in male, simple in female. Poste-

rior coxae of male with an apical process of yellowish hairs.

Tarsal claws armed with a long acute tooth causing them to ap-

pear broadly cleft. Length, 11 to 12 mm.

Holotype, male, allotype, female, and one paratype, July 1,

1941, Clackamas Lake, Oregon; two paratypes. Clear Lake,

Ore., same date; one paratype. Hood River Meadows, Ore.,

same date. Holotype and allotype in California Academy of

Sciences, paratypes in author’s collection.

The ungual characters place this species in Mr. Fall’s^ first

group. The small, not prominent eyes would place it with P.

latimanus (Mots.) and P. ambiguus Fall. It can be separated

from latimanus by the formation of the front tibiae, dilated in-

wardly into a thin plate in latimanus, apically dilated in casca-

densis', from ambiguus by its color, ground color yellow in

2 H. C. Fall, Ent. Am. Vol. VIII (new series). No. 2, pp. 65-103, 1928.

APRIL, 1943]

FENDEB^-CANTHARIDAE

amgihuus, black in cascadensis. In reality cascadensis is muoh

nearer P. f rater Lee. and should follow that species in arrange-

ment. In fraterdtie eyes are large and prominent; the clypeus is

pale basally and dark brunneous apically; the median line of the

prothorax is deeply impressed and the elytral costae are promi-

nent. In comparison, cascadensis has small, not prominent eyes,

the clypeus pale, the median line of the prothorax shallowly im-

pressed and the elytral costae feeble.

Podabrus brunneus Fender, new species

Brunneous; head, basal two segments of maxillary palpi, un-

der side of basal two segments of antennae and basal half of

femora rufo-brunneous ; prothorax rufo-brunneous with a large

hexagonal discal spot which is piceous. Head shining; finely,

sparsely punctate in front of antennae; coarsely, closely punctate

behind; as wide as thorax in the male, narrower than the thorax

in the female. Antennae narrowly annulated, moderately stout;

intermediate segments three times as long as wide; second seg-

ment four-fifths as long as third. Prothorax shining; finely,

sparsely punctate, coarsely so anteriorly; front angles rounded,

sides evenly arcuate to hind angles which are feebly prominent;

median line shallow, not eroded, extending only for the length of

the convexities. Elytra feebly rugose basally, becoming more evi-

dently rugose apically; each with two evident costae. Anterior

tibiae feebly bent and dilated apically. Hind coxae with an apical

process of long hairs. Tarsal claws armed with a long acute

tooth. Length: male, 15 mm.; female, 16 mm.

Holotype, male, and allotype, female, July 20, 1937, col-

lected by D. J. and J. N. Knull in the Huachuca Mountains,

Arizona. Holotype temporarily in the author’s collection, allo-

type in the Knull Collection.

This fine species would run, in Fall’s key, to F., diadema Fab.

in the first group; claws with acute tooth causing them to appear

broadly cleft. The protibiae of the males are too feebly bent and

apically dilated to be placed in that division occupied by ruga-

losus Lee., frater Lec., etc. Brunneus can easily be separated

from diadema by its large size and color; diadema, ground color

black, length 9 to 10 mm.

Podabrus danielsi Fender, new species

Black, luster dull; head in front of eyes, basal three segments

of antennae and sides of prothorax pale; apices of coxae, bases of

^rochanters, bases and apices of femora and tibiae narrowly pale.

Head finely punctate in front; scabrose punctate behind. Anten-

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

nae stout, second segment one-third longer than wide, three-

fourths as long as third; intermediate joints two and a half times

as long as wide. Thorax two-thirds as long as wide; slightly nar-

rower than head in male, as wide as head in female; front angles

obliquely subtruncate; sides a little sinuate and convergent to

hind angles which are prominent; surface finely, closely punctate,

becoming nearly rugose punctate anteriorly; convexities less

closely punctate; median impressed line deep and eroded. Elytra

finely, closely rugose basally, becoming more noticeably so apic-

ally; pubescense pale cinereous. Claws of male cleft in fro'nt feet;

anterior claws of middle and hind feet each with a short acute

tooth; posterior' clawsi of middle and hind feet cleft. Each of the

claws of the female with a short acute tooth. Length, 6.5 to 7 mm.

Holotype, male, allotype, female, and three paratypes, July

18, 1941, Breitenbush Lake, Mt. Hood Nat. Forest, Oregon,

collected by H. and F. Daniels for whom it is named. Holotype

and allotype in California Academy of Sciences ; one paratype in

the Daniels Collection; two paratypes in the author’s collection.

Danielsi is unique in the ungual characters of the males. It is

similar in shape and Coloration to P. lateralis Lee. and appears

to be near this species. It can at once be separated from any

other known species by the formation of the claws of the male.

Mr, Fall, in his key, separated the species into seven major groups

which are distinguished by the form of the tarsal claws. This

species adds another group to those known to Mr. Fall.

Malthodes oregonus Fender, new species

Male. Head black, wider than thorax; labrum, mandibles and

first two antennal segments pale testaceous, rest of antennae pice-

ous, as long as the body; segments two and three of equal length.

Thorax pale testaceous with a fuscous, discal spot which is some-

times divided by the shallow median excavation; rather coarsely

punctate; lateral margin sinuate, anterior angles deflexed. Elytra

brunneo-piceous, paler at tips. Protibiae and apex of profemora

pale; apex of femora and basal half of tibiae of middle and hind

legs pale. Length, 3 to 3.5 mm.

Male genital characters as viewed ventrally: sixth ventral

deeply emarginate, emargination not truncate at the bottom; sev-

enth ventral deeply notched, forks diverging at basal half of

furcation, becoming nearly parallel at tips (fig. 2) ; seventh vent-

ral sinuate in profile, the upper surface leveling off to form a

narrow triangle; last dorsal produced, arched over last ventral,

broadened and truncate at tip, strongly carinate ventrally (fig. 1).

Female. Coloration as in male; thorax wider than head; an-

tennae a little over one-half the length of the body. Length, 3 to

4 mm.

APRIL, 1943]

FENDER— CANTH ARID A E

Holotype, male, allotype, female, and 69 paratypes, Dayton,

Oregon, May 16, 1940, D. M. and K. M. Fender; eleven other

paratypes have been taken by us at McMinnville, Amity, Boyer

and Sand Lake, Ore., on dates ranging from April 7, to June 13.

Holotype, allotype and two paratypes in the California Academy

of Sciences. Paratypes as follows: U. S. N. M. (2) ; M. C. Z.

(2) ; Green (4) ; Frost (2) ; Oregon State College (2) ; Knull

(2) ; Malkin (2) ; the rest temporarily in the author’s collection.

Fig. 1. Lateral view of terminal abdominal segments of Mal-

thodes oregonus, n. sp. Fig. 2. Ventral view of terminal ventral

abdominal segments of M. oregonus, n. sp. Figs. 3 and 4. Same of

Malthodes humidus, n. sp. Figs. 5 and 6. Same of Malthodes

frosti, n. sp.

This species is near M. ohductus Fall but can be separated

from that species by its larger size, sinuate thoracic margin and

more divergent forks of the male seventh ventral.

Malthodes frosti Fender, new species

Male. Head black, antennae entirely piceous, as long as body;

second and third antennal segments about the same length, fourth

a little longer, intermediate segments four times as long as wide.

Thorax brunneous to rufo-testaceous, transverse, narrower than

head; lateral margins sinuate, quite widely margined. Elytra

piceous, reaching! to apical half of abdomen. Length, 3 to 3.5 mm.

Male genital characters as viewed ventrally : sixth ventral

narrowly deeply emarginate, emargination truncate at bottom;

seventh ventral elongate, deeply, broadly divided (fig. 6) ; sev-

enth ventral strongly sinuate in profile; sides of last dorsal pro-

jecting downward, thence backward and expanded into large ovate

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

lateral processes enclosing' the last ventral; terminus of last

dorsal with a short, narrow median keel projecting downward

(fig”. 5).

Female. Coloration as in male; thorax wider than head, lateral

margins divergent from basal angles for three-fourths of their

length, then strongly convergent to the anterior angles. Antennae

about one-half the length of the body. Length, 3.5 mm.

Holotype, male, allotype, female, and 21 paratypes, Bear

Springs, Wapinitia Cutoff, Oregon, June 6, 1939; eight para-

types, Elk Lake, Ore., July 9, 1939; two paratypes, McMin-

nville, Ore., May 23, 1938, and one paratype, McMinnville,

Ore., July 30, 1939; all collected by D. M. and K. M. Fender.

Holotype and allotype in the California Academy of Sciences.

Paratypes as follows: U. S. N. M. (2) ; M. C. Z. (2) ; Green (2) ;

Frost (2) ; Malkin (2) ; the rest in the author’s collection.

Malthodes humidus Fender, new species

Color piceous, seventh ventral and sixth dorsal abdominal seg-

ments pale. Eyes large ; antennae as long as body in male, shorter

in female; second antennal joint slightly shorter than third, third

slightly shorter than fourth, rest of segments nearly equal in

length. Thorax narrower than head in male, wider than head in

female; lateral margins convergent from the anterior angles,

slightly sinuate in female; lateral margins convergent from the

anterior angles, slightly sinuate, anterior angles deflexed. Length,

3 to 3.5 mm.

Male genital characters as follows : sixth ventral narrowly

deeply emarginate, emargination faintly truncate at the bottom;

seventh ventral slender, elongate, deeply, broadly divided at apex

(fig. 4). In profile: seventh ventral sinuate; sides of sixth dorsal

curved down and back into finger-like processes; terminus of

sixth dorsal with a ventrally and posteriorly directed median lobe

(fig. 3).

Holotype, male, allotype, female, and 14 paratypes, Boyer,

Oregon, May 28, 1940. The following paratypes all were taken

by Professor James A. Macnab at Boyer, Ore., (2) July 19,

1938, (1) July 23, 1934, (1) July 14, 1935, (1) June 28, 1936,

and (1) July 23, 1937.

Variation: In some specimens there is a rufo-testaceous spot

on each side of the thoracic disc; others have a noticeable

tubercle on each side of the disc.

This species keys out to M. tularensis Fall but can be dis-

tinguished from that species by its piceous coloi^; third anten-

APRIL, 1943]

PRATT— ENEMIES OF POLYPHYLLA

nal segment noticeably longer than second and the produced

downcurved side pieces of the sixth dorsal of the male. In tida-

rensis the thorax is yellowish, the third antennal segment is

scarcely longer than the second and the sixth dorsal is not

produced.

Malthodes frosti and M. humidus both run to the last couplet

in Mr. Fall’s study In this subhead Mr. Fall had already

placed M. tularensis and M. visceratus Fall. A revision of this

couplet might be appropriate to include the new species men-

tioned above.

Emargination of the sixth ventral truncate at bottom.

A. Seventh ventral sinuate in profile, less widely and deeply

forked.

B. Last dorsal not produced tularensis Fall

BB. Last dorsal produced, side pieces projecting downwards.

C. Last dorsal side pieces projecting downwards, forming fin-

gerlike processes humidus, n. p.

CC. Last dorsal side pieces projecting downwards and expand-

ing into large ovate lateral processes frosti, n. p.

AA. Seventh ventral apically bent, more widely and deeply forked

.visceratus Fall

INSECT ENEMIES OF THE SCARABAEID POLYPHYLLA

CRINITA LEG.

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

BY ROBERT Y. PRATT

Coupeville, Washington

In western Washington the Scarabaeid June beetle, Poly-

phylla crinita Lec.^, emerges from its pupal cell in the ground

from about the first half of July into August. On Whidbey Is-

land, State of Washington, the larvae of this beetle are present

in great numbers in well-drained medium and lighter sandy

soils; locally causing damage in commercial strawberry fields

and Dutch iris bulb plantings.

While collecting specimens of Poly phylla crinita on Whidbey

Island July II, 1939, I saw one of these beetlels flying pursued

by two robber flies, Stenopogon inqidnatus Loew. One of these

* H. C. Fall, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. Vol. XII, No. 1, pp. 31-42, 1919.

^ Accordincr to Essie, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and alone the

Pacific Coast the species of Polyphylla is Pi crinita Lee. See reference, B. O.

Essiff, Insects of Western North America, The Macmillan Company, p. 443. 1934.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

struck the beetle while flying, causing it to fall to the ground,

with the robber fly still attached.

The robber fly had bitten into the Polyphylla crinita in the

V at the base of the elytra just below the pronotum, and sucked

the body juices of the beetle for a total period of sixty-five min-

utes. It shifted position from time to time, but kept its mouth

parts in the beetle.

The beetle apparently died some time before the robber fly

finished, for it gradually weakened and became entirely motion-

less some time before the fly flew away. The robber fly was

noticeably distended at the time it finished.

Since then I have noticed a distended robber fly resting on a

grass stem above a dead Polyphylla crinita adult, and am con-

vinced that the robber fly Stenopogon inquinatus Loew. is a

regular predator on this species.

I have received an authentic record of several of the Carabid

beetle, Carabus {Archicarabus) taedatus Fab., attacking and

eating a Polyphylla crinita larva; while all were confined. This

occurred in 1939 on Whidbey Island. The specimens, over seven

Carabus taedatus and two Calosoma tepidum Lee., were confined

in a small glass jar of about one pint capacity, with a small

amount of earth in the bottom. When the large Polyphylla cri-

nita larva was placed in the jar it was attacked and eaten by

three or more beetles, while others ran around the jar, taking no

interest in the larva. There is a chance that the Calosoma tepi-

dum also attacked the larva, but one or more of the Carabus

taedatus definitely did. This is the Carabus [Archicarabus)

taedatus Fab. described from the State of Washington as the

subspecies vancouvericus Csiki or bicolor Walker^, but this spe-

cies is actually identical with the typical form Carabus [Archi-

carabus) taedatus Fab. and is not a subspecies.^

Although neither the robber fly Stenopogon inquinatus Loew.

nor the beetle Carabus taedatus Fab. are present, on Whidbey

Island at least, in sufficient numbers to control Polyphylla cri-

nita, I have presented this information in the hope that it may

add to the knowledge of these species and that it may encourage

research on whatever natural enemies of Polyphylla crinita exist.

^Leng, Charles W., Catalogue of North American Coleoptera, p. 44, 1920.

Also Ibidem, Second and Third Supplements, p. 10, section under Carabus, 1933.

® Pratt, Robert Y., Carabus taedatus Fabr. and its subspecies vajicouvericus

Csiki or bicaior Walker are identical. Pan-Pac. Ent., 16 :95, April, 1940.

APRIL, 1943]

COMPERE— METAPHYCUS

A NEW SPECIES OF METAPHYCUS PARASITIC ON

PSYLLIDS^

BY HAROLD COMPERE^

University of Cdlifomia Citrus Experiment Station,

Riverside, California

Metaphycus psyllidis, described below, is an encyrtid of more

than ordinary interest because it parasitizes the nymphs of the

tomato Paratrioza cocker elli (Sulc.). All other species

of Metaphycus have been reared from coccids, and for this rea-

son it has been generally assumed that all the species of the

genus were coccid-inhabiting parasites. The psyllid-inhabiting

species was discovered by Kenneth Sloop, Deputy Agricultural

Commissioner of Orange County, California, who noticed adult

Metaphycus on the leaves and stems of plants of chili pepper

[Capsicum sp.) in a field near Anaheim. Sloop’s interest in

this parasite was aroused because of its resemblance to Meta-

phycus helvolus (Comp.), a species recently introduced into

Orange County for the control of the black scale, Saissetia oleae

(Bern.) .

Sloop submitted specimens of the parasite to the Citrus Expe-

riment Station for identification, stating that the adult parasites

were abundant on pepper plants and that he was unable to find

coccids on these plants. On November 7, 1940, Sloop, S. E.

Flanders, and the writer began a search for the insect in which

the parasites were breeding. The pepper plants were found to

be free from coccids but they were lightly infested with the

psyllid Paratrioza cocker elli. A few of the psyllid nymphs were

inhabited by the larvae and pupae of a parasite; others were

empty shells containing parasite remains and having exit holes

from which the parasites had emerged. The psyllid nymphs con-

taining live pupae and larvae were isolated in a vial, and from

these the parasites were reared. The parasites reared from the

psyllids are indistinguishable from those captured as adults in

the field.

In Timberlake’s key to the species, Metaphycus psyllidis runs

best to M. flavus (How.). It is not in entire agreement with

^ Paper No. 480, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, River-

side, California.

- Associate in the Experiment Station.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

Timberlake’s redescription of M. flavus, however, and is clearly

different from the Peruvian and Sicilian specimens which Tim-

herlake identified as M. flavus when he redescrihed the species.

Metaphycus psyllidis belongs to a group of species in which

both the maxillary and the labial palpi are clearly three-

segmented. This character readily separates it from the great

majority of the described species. Only one species in which

the maxillary and labial palpi are three-segmented was known

to Mercet, namely, M. insidiosus (Mercet), and this he consid-

ered an anomalous species. Recently the writer described six

African species having three-segmented maxillary and labial

palpi. The psyllid-inhabiting species from California is differ-

ent from any of these.

Metaphycus psyllidis Compere, new species

Female. General color lemon yellow; the mesoscutum, axillae,

and scutellum slightly orange; body with black or brown mark-

ings as follows: center of pronotum and a faint dot on either

corner of the collar, apex of postnotal wing process and parts of

axillary sclerites, propodeum faintly on posterior aspect mesad of

spiracles, fifth and sixth tergites faintly. Antennae yellowish

white, with the basal half of club, first three or four funicle

joints, base of pedicel, and a longitudinal blotch on outer aspect of

scape, black or brown. Distal segments of the tarsi faintly dusky.

Fore wings hyaline, uniformly ciliated ; speculum interrupted below

by two rows of hairs.

Frontovertex one and one-half times as long as wide. Ocelli

in an equilateral triangle, or nearly so; posterior ocelli about once

their own diameter from the orbits and occipital margin. Scape

four and one-half times as long as wide, widest near the middle.

Pedicel twice as long as wide and almost as long as the first three

funical joints united. First funicle joint slightly wider than long;

the second subequal to the first, those that follow plainly increas-

ing in size; the sixth one and one-half times as wide as long. Club

two and one-half times as long as wide, about one and one-third

times as wide as the sixth funicle joint. Abdomen slightly shorter

than the thorax. Ovipositor not exserted beyond apex of abdomen.

Length, 1.1 mm.

Male. Structurally the males closely resemble the females, but

in color they have more extensive black or brown markings. Ap-

parently the coloration is quite variable, for the tag-mounted male

has the dorsum of the thorax extensively brown to blackish, in

contrast to the two slide-mounted specimens, which have the

dorsum of the thorax extensively orange yellow with limited,

sharply contrasting black markings. In detail, the two slide-

APRIL, 1943]

MICHELBACHER— TOMATO MITE

mounted males are marked with black of varying intensities, as

follows: occiput at sides of foramen; concealed part of pronotum

and a dot on either corner of collar; anterior concealed margin of

mesoscutum; scuto-axillary sutures and vertical margins of axil-

lae and scutellum; apical half of tegulae, knob of second axillary

sclerite, and apex of postnotal wing process; metanotum and pro-

podeum mesad of spircales; dorsum of abdomen, except widely

around margins. Tarsi of fore legs and apical tarsi of middle

and hind legs slightly dusky. Color of antennae is similar to that

of females.

In the tag-mounted specimen the head has collapsed, and in

the balsam-mounted specimens the heads are turned so that the

exact proportions of the head cannot be obtained. So far as can

be seen, the proportions and positions of the ocelli seem to be

similar to those of the female.

Length, 1.0 mm.

Described from five females and three males, holotype, allo-

type, and paratypes. Of these specimens, two females and one

male are on points; one female is cleared, stained, and mounted

in balsam on one slide; two females and two males are mounted

in balsam under one cover slip, the female and male in the

middle position being designated as the holotype and allotype,

respectively. The tag-mounted paratypes and the stained balsam-

mounted paratype were reared from psyllid nymphs isolated in

a vial ; the other specimens were collected on the leaves or stems

of the infested plants in Orange County, California, November 7,

1940. The types of the new species are to be deposited in the

United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.

PETUNIA, AN IMPORTANT WINTER HOST OF THE

TOMATO MITE

The tomato mite, Phyllocoptes destructor Keifer, a very de-

structive pest of tomatoes, has been observed over-wintering in

large numbers on petunia. Heavy infestations were observed in

the vicinity of Woodland, California, on April 29, 1943. In

some areas the population was so great that the base of the

stems and lower leaves of the plants had a characteristic bronzy

appearance resulting from the feeding of the mite. This obser-

vation indicates that petunia plantings may furnish an important

source of mites for infesting tomatoes both in the beds and in

the fields. — A. E. Michelbacher.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

SOME NEW RECORDS OF OREGON CHRYSOMELIDAE

A recent examination of the collections of Oregon State Col-

lege in Corvallis, Ore., and of the Forest Insect Station in Port-

land has revealed several species of Chrysomelidae not listed

hy Dr. Hatch in his catalogue^ of beetles of this family from

Oregon. A few species have also been added from author’s own

collection bringing the total of the new additions to ten, the list

of which is as follows:

15287. Saxinis saucia Lee. June 15, 1915, “On flowers of

Erigonum. (Port. Ins. Sta.)

15626. Paria canellaKah. Freewater October 8, 1914 (O.S.C. )

15626.d. P. canella quadriguttata Lee. Same data.

15633. a. Timarcha cerdo Stal. Dallas, June 7, 1932. “Feed-

ing on beans.” (O.S.C.)

15643. Leptinotarsa lineolata Stal. Ontario, July 20. (O.S.C.)

15703. Gastr oid ea cyanea Melsh. Talent, April 1, 1931. L.G.

Gentner det. (O.S.C.)

15752. a. Galerucella tuherculata punctipennis (Mann.) Eu-

gene, September 5 and 27, 1941; August 7, 1941; April 18,

1942 ; Spencer’s Butte, October 12, 1941 ; Scott Lake, August

17, 1941. all Malkin.)

15753. G. decora (Say). Rickreall, September 5, 1905.

(O.S.C.)

15754. G. xanthomelea (Schmk). Grants Pass, May 26, 1935,

Portland, September, 1934 (Port. Ins. Sta.) ; Eugene, August 22,

1941; June 10, 12, 1942, det. by B. E. White (Malkin).

— . Monoxia guttulata Lee. Klamath Falls, July 30, 1914.

21318. Longitarsus waterhousei Kutch. Albany, August 10,

1936, L. G. Gentner det. ( O.S.C.) — BoRYS Malkin.

A NEW NAME FOR A NEW ZEALAND ARADID

Chinamyersia Usinger, n. n. for Pseudaradus Myers and

China, 1928, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 1:388, not Pseudaradus

Burmeister, 1834, Revue Entom. 2(1) :19. This homonymy was

called to the attention of Mr. W. E. China who suggested {in

litt.) that I rename his genus, I take pleasure in naming it in

honor of W. E. China and J. G. Myers, both of whom have

contributed greatly to our knowledge of New Zealand Hemip-

tera. — R. L. Usinger.

^ Hatch, M. H. "A preliminary catalogue of the Chryaomelldae of Oregon.”

Pan-Pac. Ent., Vol. VIII, No. 3, pp. 102-108, 1932.

APRIL, 1943] LINSLEY and michener— coleoptera

OBSERVATIONS ON SOME COLEOPTERA FROM THE

VICINITY OF MT LASSEN, CALIFORNIA

BY E. G. LINSLEY AND C. D. MICHENER

University of California

The following observations and records were made in the Mt.

Lassen area of northern California between May 19 and June

22, 1941.

Carabidae

Pterosticus ater Le Conte, On three different occasions adults

of this species attacked and fed upon workers of Zootermopsis

nevadensis (Hagen), in logs or stumps of western yellow pine

{Pinus ponderosa) , immediately after exposure during collecting.

Hydrophilidae

Cymbiodyta imhellis Le Conte. The spring dispersal flight of

this hydrophilid in the vicinity of Manzanita Lake, Lassen Vol-

canic National Park, took place on May 21, coinciding with flights

of Dendroctonus valens Lee., Hylastes nigrinus Lee., and Spon-

dylis upiformis Mann. The flight began at 6:50 p.m. and lasted

until 7:10 p.m. The evening was warm and clear. During this

period the beetles swarmed by the thousands around dark-colored

automobiles in a manner suggestive of swarming bees. Light-

colored automobiles were ignored, as were tents and white

sheets which attracted Dendroctonus and Hylastes in large num-

bers, That the flight was widespread was indicated by the fact

that it was simultaneously observed at a point about three-

quarters of a mile away.

Dytiscidae

Agabus lutosus Le Conte. A few individuals of this species

were noted in the swarms of hydrophilids recorded above. On

the following night (May 22) there was a slightly larger flight

but the Agabus were never comparable in numbers to the hydro-

philid. By means of these flights, several temporary ponds

formed by melting snow, became densely populated with water

beetles. In these ponds the Agabus fed mostly on bibionid flies

which fell upon the surface. When disturbed they grasped the

PAN-PACIFIC EINTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

flies and carried them to the bottom of the pool. Several indi-

viduals were observed to feed simultaneously on a single fly.

Staphylinidae

Xenodusa montana Casey. This myrmicophile was found un-

der hark of western yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa) in nests of the

ant, Lasius niger subsp. neoniger Emery.

Lycidae

Plateros caLifornicus Van Dyke. This species appears to be

gregarious or semi-gregarious. Penultimate and ultimate stage

larvae as well as pupae were found grouped together under bark

of western yellow pine stumps near Viola, Shasta County, and

Old Station, Shasta County, on various dates in June.

Meloidae

Meloe opucus Le Conte. The primary larva of this species

may be briefly characterized as follows: Length 1% to 2 mm.

Color pale brown; head broadly rounded, second segment of an-

tennae about three times apical width, third segment arising from

middle, ocelli visible dorsally, mesad of lateral margin of head,

postero-lateral setae absent; pronotum about equally wide at

base and apex, thoracic terga devoid of long setae; femora very

robust; abdominal terga without long, dorsal setae, ninth tergum

with a pair of median terminal setae as long as abdomen, lateral

terminal setae as long as width of ninth tergum; sterna two to

eight with a transverse row of six setae, the most lateral seta on

each side longer, coarser, ventral extensions of terga with a long

coarse seta on each side placed in line with the sternal setae.

Twenty-nine primary larvae were found on twenty-two speci-

mens of Andrena representing three species. In all cases the

larvae were attached to the hairs of the sides of the propodeum

and in only one case were they found on a male bee. The latter

was a male of Andrena complexa Viereck in an area where the

females had not yet emerged. The larvae were taken as follows:

one each on five females of Andrena caerideonitens Ckll. collect-

ing pollen from Taraxacum vulgare at Viola, Shasta County,

California, on May 19, 1941, and one each on five females of

the same species four miles west of Viola on May 20, 1941 ; one

each on two females of Andrena sp. (near ribifloris V. & C.),

APRIL, 1943] LINSLEY and michener— coleoptera

collecting pollen from Ribes inerme at Viola, May 19, 1941

(only 100 feet from the patch of Taraxadum. visited by infested

Andrena caeruleonitens) four (three on one bee) found on two

females of Andrena complexa Vier. collecting pollen from

Ranunculus californicus, four miles west of Viola, May 20, 1941;

twelve (two on one bee, five on another) taken from eight

females of complexa, two miles west of Viola, May 20, 1941;

and one from a male of the same species at Big Spring, Shasta

County, May 23, 1911. In each of the above localities the same

flowers were visited by numerous other bees, flies, etc., but no

other insects were found bearing primary larvae of Meloe opacus.

Males of Andrena werd also abundant, but except for the single

specimen from Big Spring, no Meloe larvae were found on them.

Like many other species of Meloe the adults of opacus have

an early season. Two stragglers were found on May 20, a female,

two miles west of Viola, about 500 yards from the area where

infested specimens of Andrena complexa were collecting pollen,

and a male, four miles west of Viola at a point about 300 yards

from flowers visited by infested bees. The female was gravid but

apparently did not still have her full complement of eggs. The

eggs which she contained were of large size and for this reason,

in addition to those given above, we have associated these larvae

(rather than either of the following small species) with M.

opacus.

Meloe sp. a. Six primary larvae which appear to belong to

the genus Meloe were taken on a female of Andrena sp. (near

monogonoparia Vier.) nesting in a roadway in a Manzanita chute

at Manzanita Lake, Lassen Volcanic National Park, May 25, 1941.

The female was loaded with pollen from Arctostaphylos sp. and

the meloid larvae were clustered on the propodeum. The larvae

were about the same color as those of opacus but smaller (length

1 mm.) with the second antennal segment only about twice as long

as its apical width, the third segment arising at one side of the

apex of the second, and the pronotum widest at the apex. Also,

there are two or more additional pairs of setae on the ventral

extensions of the abdominal terga, the median apical setae of the

ninth segment are perceptibly shorter than the abdomen, and the

lateral terminal setae only two-thirds as long as the width of the

ninth tergum,

Meloe sp. b. Primary larvae of a third species were swept in

large numbers from flowers of Ranunculus ccdiforrdcus at

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

Shingletown, Shasta County, California, on June 2, 1941. These

are similar in size (length 1 mm.) to sp. a, but are more slender,

black instead of pale brown, and have the two median terminal

abdominal setae distinctly shorter than the abdomen and the lat-

eral terminal setae only about one-third as long as the width of

the ninth tergum. Although the flowers were being visited by

large numbers of bees (mostly Andrena complexa Viereck, but

also Panurginus, Halictus, etc.) several hundred samples were

examined without finding any that were bearing primary larvae.

On June 18, the locality was again visited. The larvae found

were even more abundant but still none were taken from bees.

In two small areas of ground about eight inches in diameter dense

concentrations of larvae were found with from ten to twenty-five

individuals lying among the stamens of each flower. Only open

flowers were occupied although unopened buds were frequently

higher on the plant. Occasional individuals were also found

scattered through the field, always lying on the filament of the

stamen facing the anther. The clustering of individuals in certain

areas suggests that the females may have placed their eggs in the

ground and the hatching larvae crawled up the plants. In the

two areas mentioned the ground at the base of the plants was

nearly saturated with moisture probably precluding its use as a

nesting site for bees. Higher, more suitable ground, however, was

within easy crawling distance for adult Meloe.

On June 21, 1941, a last visit was made to the locality. Pri-

mary larvae were still abundant but none were found on bees.

When larvae were placed in contact with a specimen of Andrena

complexa they made no attempt to take hold of the hair or climb

on to the body. Apparently, if this species is actually a bee para-

site, as its presence in flowers suggests, its host wasi not repre-

sented in the bees present through June 21st.

Pyrochroidae

I scholia calif ornica Van Dyke. This recently described species

was taken under bark of Douglas fir {P seudotsnga taxifolia) near

Manzanita Lake, Lassen Volcanic National Park.

Buprestidae

Acmaeodera variegata Le Conte and A. purshiae Fisher. These

two Great Basin species were taken at Hat Creek, Shasta County,

California, on June 1, 1941. The former was collected on various

APRIL, 1943] LINSLEY and michener— coleoptera

flowers, the latter beaten by A. Walz from Purshia. A. variagata

is widely distributed in the intermountain region and apparently

extends into California only as far as Trinity County in the

northern part of the State.

Ptinidae

Ptinus californicus Pic. An adult of this species was taken

from a cell series of Osmia lignaria (Say) in an old abandoned

burrow of a cerambycid in a log of western yellow pine {Pinus

ponderosa) near Manzanita Lake, Lassen Volcanic National Park.

SCARABAEIDAE

Odonteus obesus Le Conte. Several hundred pupae and a few

larvae of this species were excavated from the sandy soil of an

old road bed in the midst of a manzanita chute on June 6. One

adult female was found at this time. The pupal cells averaged

8x7x15 mm. and were found at a depth of from 3 to 6 inches

below the surface.

Valgus californicus Horn. Adults of V. californicus were

found in several localities in Shasta County in the nests of Zoo-

termopsis nevadensis (Hagen).

Atlas of Scale Insects

Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. By G. F. Ferris.

Stanford Univeristy Press. Photolith. 8%xll inches. SI-1 to

SIV-448, 1937-1942. Price, unbound, Ser. I, $6.75; II, $7.75;

III, $6.75; IV, $5.75. Bound volumes $1.00’ extra. Separate

folders, $0.06.

This is, in effect a monograph of the Diaspidid scale insects

of North and Central America and the West Indies. Considering

the importance of this group of insects as pests of agricultural

crops and considering the masterful and comprehensive treatment,

it is the most important monograph on North American insects to

appear in recent years.

Illustrations are given for 345 of the 350' described species of

Diaspididae of North America with 28 genera, 2i new names for

old genera, and 118 new species. It is estimated that this repre-

sents only one-third of the actual number of species occurring in

the area. At the rate of one plate per day, a pace that no other

entomological artist of my acquaintance could maintain, this rep-

resents an epic in original monographic work.

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 2

The format has been variously received by a critical public.

Each species account is treated as a distinct four-page unit or

separate publication, complete with title page, scientific name,

synonyms, hosts and distribution, habit, recognition characters,

and notes. All essential characters are illustrated according to a

standard system, the separate figures being strictly comparable

throughout. Absence of literature citations to genera, species and

their synonyms is the only shortcoming. Repetition of title page, the

numerous blank pages, and the arrangement into four series with

separate dates of publication and, in some cases separate binding,

are not serious objections and were inherent in the nobly conceived

original plan. Specialists in the scale insects will carry out the

original plan, binding the separate folios in systematic order,

although no such final arrangement has been provided by the

author. Librarians and book collectors will prefer the four series

as bound and issued in 1937, 1938, 1941, and 1942: respectively.

Bibliographers will complain loudly when they attempt to cite the

number of pages and number of figures, only to find that these

are not numbered consecutively. In his “epilogue” the author

states that in future series, if any, the “loose leaf” form will be

abandoned.

By far the most important single section is SIV-4‘46, “Classifi-

cation and keys to the groups.” Of these 70 pages, the first 21 are

devoted to general systematics of the Diaspididae and the re-

mainder of the section contains complete keys to all forms.

The story of this Atlas is in a sense the story of systematic

entomology. Conceived in pure scientific zeal, born in a strictly aca-

demic atmosphere completely free from administrative pressure,

nurtured at great physical and financial sacrifice, this flower of

systematic entomology bloomed in the sunshine of great popular

acclaim. Then, despite the continued industry and enthusiasm of

the originator, the flower faded for lack of support. It is all the

more ironical when one considers that this is perhaps the most

important single group of pests of agricultural crops. To quote

the last lines of the epilogue, “If the world wants this Atlas of the

Scale Insects of North America completed the world must find

some( way td pay for it.” — ^R. L. Usinger.

REVISTA DE ENTOMOLOGIA

An International Review of Entomology

An illustrated magazine published four times a year by THOMAZ

BORGMEIER, O.F.M., devoted to entomology, mainly of the neo-

tropical fauna.

The volumes already published since 1931 comprise thousands of

pages and contain articles by leading entomologists such as F. W.

Edwards, W. Horn, E. Lindner, J. W. S. Macfie, E. Martini, A. da Costa

Lima, F. Silvestri, C. Menozzi, A. Reichensperger, F. Santschi, J. D.

Hood, etc., with a bibliography of the current literature (economic

and non-economic) of the neotropical fauna.

Annual subscription $4.00 U. S. ($5.00 U. S. through booksellers).

All payments are in advance. The back volumes are still on sale;

price of each volume 4 U. S. dollars; through booksellers 5 U. S.

dollars.

Subscriptions should be sent to the Editor: Thomaz Borgmeier,

O.F.M., Convento 3. Antonio, Largo da Carioca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

ARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA

A large collection of Arctic Lepidoptera, especially Erebia,

Oeneis, and Noctuidae, has been accumulated.

Collectors who desire such material please communicate

with me as follows: R. J. Fitch, Lloydminster. Saskatchewan,

Canaaa.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

An illustrated magazine, published monthly — except August and

September — devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list

of the titles of the current Literature on American Entomology, articles

by the leading authorities in the United States and Canada. It is a nec<

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able information for economic and systematic students.

Annual subscription price $3.00. Foreign (except Canadian $3.15)

subscriptions $3.30. Single copies 35 cents. Address

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS,

1900 Race Street, PhUadelphia, Pa.

Vol. XIX

July, 1943

No. 3

THE

Pan. Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

MAZZOTTI, TRIATOMA PHYLLOSOMA USINGERI 81

POTTS, HABITS OF AMBLYCHEILA CYLINDRIFORMIS SAY 85

ROSS. NEW LOWER CALIFORNIA MOSQUITO RECORDS 86

GALINDO AND KELLEY. CULEX (CULEX) THRIAMBUS DYAR 87

ESSIG, THE CALIFORNIA-LAUREL BORER 91

POTTS, HIBERNATION OF SCAPHINOTUS COLORADENSIS 92

STEYSKAL, OLD WORLD SEPSIDAE IN NORTH AMERICA 93

MICHENER, SEX ANOMALIES IN THE GENUS ASHMEADIELLA 96

VAN DYKE, ADDITIONAL NEW SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA 101

MALKIN, TWO NEW COCCINELLIDAE FROM OREGON 109

DE BACH, EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON REPRODUCTION

IN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA 112

HOPPING, OBSERVATIONS ON BRACHYSOMIDA CORPULENTA 119

San Francisco, California

1943

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

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Proceedings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic

and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up

to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and

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Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

VOL. XIX, No. 3

July, 1943

TRIATOMA PHYLLOSOMA USINGERI, A NEW SUBSPECIES

OF TRIATOMA FROM MEXICO^

BY LUIS MAZZOTTI

Laboratory of Helminthology

Institute of Health and Tro'pical Diseases, Mexico D. F.

In an earlier work (Mazzotti and Osorio, 1942), based princi-

pally upon several crossing experiments, we proposed that the

Mexican triatomas, Triatoma pallidipennis (Stal),), Triatoma

picturata Usinger, and Triatoma mazzottii Usinger, be considered

as subspecies of Triatoma phyllosoma (Burmeister) . The new

combinations would be as follows: Triatoma phyllosoma pallidi-

pennis, Triatoma phyllosoma picturata, and Triatoma phyllo-

soma mazzottii.

In studying specimens of triatomas collected inAutlan, Jalisco,

the place where we (Mazzotti, 1940) had indicated the presence

of two different species, we found that the specimens which had

been identified as picturata are similar structurally to those

identified as pallidipennis.

According to the key and distribution given by Usinger (1941)

the specimens from Jalisco and Colima that have the greater

part of the corium whitish correspond to the species pallidipen-

nis and those that have the greater part of thei corium black, to

the species picturata.

From the examination of numerous specimens and from the

results of new crossing experiments it appears that picturata of

Autlan, Jalisco (Figure 1) and pallidipennis of Autlan, Jalisco

(Figure 2) are two variations of the new subspecies described

below.

Triatoma phyllosoma usingeri, new subspecies

A large, predominantly black subspecies with scant pilosity on

the pronotum.

Length of head, excluding neck region, more than double the

greatest width at level of eyes. Anteocular portion four times as

long as postocular portion. Tylus longer than half the anteocular

* Translated by Dr. Iver Nelson of the University of California, Davis, Cali-

fornia. ,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

leng-th, fusiform, and enlarg^ed on its posterior third. Eyes, seen

from above, a little more than half as wide as interocular space,

13:: 22. Ocelli prominent, each ocellus situated at the anterior end

of an oblique elevation. Antennae inserted at middle of anteocular

region; the first segment slightly surpassing apex of head; pro-

portion of segments 15:45:40:35. Rostrum with short, fine hairs;

curved inward} at its basal and middle segments and straight at

apical segment; proportion of segments 20:33:12.

Pronotum wider than long, 65:: 50; its length slightly less than

that of head, excluding neck region. Antero-lateral tubercles coni-

cal, apically obtuse, projecting outward and forward. Anterior

inner tubercles smaller, located near mid-line and near anterior

margin. Posterior external tubercles near lateral margin small.

Posterior lobe of pronotum with obsolescent wrinkles, inner and

outer carinae reduced. Scutellum scarcely broader than long, its

posterior prolongation cylindrical-conical in form and rounded at

apex.

Hemelytra long, reaching anterior end of last abdominal seg-

ment. Connexivum broad and semitransparent at the markings.

Under surface covered with short hairs, longer toward front of

thorax.

Color black, except on the following regions : neck which has an

ochraceous transverse margin; corium which is entirely whitish

except for black apical portion and black membranous half of

clavus; connexivum except for pale ochraceous markings which

correspond in size and position on dorsal and ventral sides.

Size: male, length 31 mm., maximum width (pronotum) 6.5

mm., maximum width (abdomen) 14 mm.; female, length 32 mm.,

maximum width (pronotum) 7 mm., maximum width (abdomen)

15 mm.

Holotype, male, allotype, female, and six paratypes, in the

collection of the Institute of Health and Tropical Diseases, col-

lected hy the author in Autlan, Jalisco, with the kind collabo-

ration of Dr. L. E. Villasenor.

Additional specimens are at hand from Purificacion, Jalisco,

and from Colima, Col.

Two paratypes are deposited in the U. S. National Museum,

two in the Institute Oswaldo Cruz, and two in the California

Academy of Sciences.

In several of the paratypes the corium is mostly black with a

whitish< area basally and a smaller white area subapically, this

last being absent in some specimens. A regular proportion of

the specimens havef ochraceous on the postero-lateral angles of

the pronotum.

JULY, 1943]

MAZZOTTI— TRIATOMA

This subspecies is dedicated to Dr. R. L. Usinger in recogni-

tion of his valuable studies on American triatomas.

Observations. This subspecies is differentiated from Triatoma

phyllosoma pallidipennis in that the latter has abundant long

hairs on the pronotum; usingeri has scant hairs on the pronotum

and varies in color, the pronotum being entirely black or with

ochraceous markings on the posterior angles and the corium

also varying in distribution,! and size of markings. Pallidipennis

does not exhibit these variations in coloration.

It will be recalled that Stal (1872) , in describing pallidipen-

nis, did not give the exact locality of origin of the specimen or

specimens on which he based his description, merely stating that

the species came from Mexico. Nevertheless, the fact that he

mentioned pilosity and black color as principal characters seems

to justify our conclusions that specimens from the State of Guer-

rero and adjacent regions be considered as typical.

Structurally usingeri is similar to picturata but it is differ-

entiated biologically as indicated by the experiments presented

below. Likewise the variations in coloration are different in

these subspecies and the pale color of usingeri is whitd slightly

tinged with yellow whereas the pale color of picturata is dis-

tinctly orange. The subapical pale spots of the corium of the

dark form of usingeri are smaller than the corresponding spots

in picturata.

Crossing experiments. The crossing experiments were con-

ducted using the same methods explained in our previous article.

According to the former experiments (Mazzotti and Osorio,

1942) the crossing of pallidipennis (collected in Guerrero and

adjacent states) and picturata (from Nayarit) produced, among

other examples, some specimens which have the appearance of

both subspecies (Figure 3) and which should be designated as

T. phyllosoma pallidipennis x T. phyllosoma picturata or the

reverse when the male of the pair of parents is picturata.

These mixed specimens also have been obtained in crossing

experiments with specimens from Autlan. To facilitate the pres-

entation we shall designate these mixed examples as pxp. In

table I “picturata” and “pallidipennis” from Autlan are the

forms of usingeri which resemble picturata and pallidipennis

respectively.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

TABLE I

Crossing Experiments between subspecies of Triatoma phyltosoma.

NUMBER

SUBSPECIES CROSSED

RESULTS

Experiment

$ pallidipennis from

Among other specimens

Apatzingan, Gro.

$ “picturata” from

are several pxp.

Autlan, Jal.

Experiment

$ “pallidipenns” from

Among other specimens

Autlan, Jal.

are several pxp.

$ picturata from

Trapiche, Nay.

Experiment

$ “pallidipennis” from

There are no pxp speci-

Autlan, Jal.

mens among the de-

$ “picturata” from

scendants.

Autlan, Jal.

Experiment

$ picturata from

Among other specimens

Trapiche, Nay.

$ “picturata” from

are several pxp.

Autlan, Jal.

Results. The result of experiment 1 suggests that the ^‘pic-

turata’ specimens from Autlan, Jalisco, behave like picturata

from Trapiche, Nay., since in being crossed with pallidipennis

of Guerrero, they produced pxp individuals. Experiment 2, in its

turn, suggests that “pallidipennis” of Autlan behaves like palli-

dipennis from the state of Guerrero, since on being crossed with

picturata of Nayarit, it produces pxp specimens.

From these two separate experiments it might be concluded

that the two subspecies, pallidipennis and picturata, occur side

by side in Autlan, Jalisco.

Nevertheless, experiment No. 3 modifies the above conclusion

because the crossing of “pallidipennis” and picturata^’ of Aut-

lan does not produce pxp specimens and furthermore such speci-

mens have not been found in repeated collections from Autlan,

notwithstanding the fact that these two supposed species occur

together in nature.

Finally, experiment No. 4 shows that “picturata” from Autlan

is different biologically from picturata of Nayarit because

crosses between these two result in pxp specimens similar to

those obtained in crosses between pallidipennis of Guerrero and

picturata of Nayarit.

Although we have made no crossing experiments between pal-

lidipennis of Guerrero and “pallidipennis” of Autlan, it is pos-

JULY, 1943]

MA ZZOTTI— TRIATOMA

sible to differentiate one from other by soma structural details

and by the variations in coloration, exhibited by “ pallidipenriis”

of Autlan but not seen in pallidipennis of Guerrero.

In resume the subspecies usingeri ( = ^^pallidipennis” and

“pictnrata” of Autlan) exhibits two extreme variations which

mix with pallidipennis and pictnrata” This subspecies is dif-

ferentiated from the true pallidipennis by structural characters

and is separated from the true pictnrata by color and biologi-

cal characters, the crosses with this last subspecies producing

pxp specimens which are not found in the offspring of crosses

between the two variations of usingeri. Crosses between the two

variations of usingeri result in offspring which, look like the

parents.

References

Mazzotti, L. 1940. Triatomideos de Mexico y su infeccion natural

por Trypanosoma cruzi. Medicina Rev. Mex. XX, No. 358:95

110 .

Mazzotti, L. and M. T. Osorio. 1942. Cruzamientos experimentales

entre varias especies de triatomas. Medicina Rev. Mex. XXII,

No. 412:215-220.

StM, C. 1872. Enumeratio Hemipterorum. 2 Kongl. Svenska Vet.-

Akad. Handl. 10, No. 4:110-111.

Usinger, R. L. 1941. Notes and descriptions of Neotropical Tria-

tominae. Pan-Pac. Ent., 17 : 49-58.

Habits of Amblycheila cylindriformis Say

A colony of these was located near the Denver Municipal

Airport, Colorado. The species hides during the day in yucca

qlumps, the greatest emergence being about the time of the first

real dark. By circling the clumps with a flashlight they were

taken in considerable numbers. A prairie dog colony is found

nearby, but in this instance at least, specimens were rarely found

around dog holes, the yucca being much the preferred habitat.

While cylindriformis is carnivorous it may also consume some

vegetable matter. Individuals were commonest when the yucca

blooms are falling, and were frequently discovered carefully

shredding the dried petals. It appeared they were consuming a

portion of this material, although this could not be exactly de-

termined since the flashlight usually interrupted their activity.

Incidentally, the shredding process is noisy and specimens were

often located by sound at quite a distance. — ^Robert W. L. Potts.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

NEW AND ADDITIONAL LOWER CALIFORNIA MOSQUITO

RECORDS

(Diptera, Culicidae)

BY EDWARD S. ROSS

California Academy of Sciences

The following additional records of Lower California mos-

quitoes are based on material collected by G. E. Bohart and the

writer during the 1941 California Academy of Sciences Expedi-

tion to Lower California. The three new records: Aedes varipal-

pus, PsoTophoTa discolor, and Psorophora signipennis, bring the

nmnber of species known from the peninsula to twelve.^

(1) Anopheles {Anopheles) p. pseudo punctipennis Theobald.

Agua Caliente (Cape Region), Oct. 18, 1941, female, at light.

(2) Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorynchus (Wiedemann). Coy-

ote Cove, Concepcion Bay, October 1, 1941, one female at light.

(3) Aedes (Finlaya) varipalpus (Coquillett) . La Laguna,

Sierra Laguna (Cape Region) , October 14, 1941, females, biting.

This species was collected in a pine-oak forest at 6,200 feet

elevation, a locality characterized by its Upper Sonoran biota

isolated by several hundred miles of desert from comparable

environments in the San Pedro Martir Mountains of the north.

(4) Aedes (Kompia) purpureipes Aitken. Three miles south

of La Paz, October 7, 1941, two females, at light.

(5) Psorophora {Grahhamia) discolor (Coquillett). Cani-

pole. Sierra Giganta, October 2, 1941, three males at light.

(6) Psorophora {Grahhamia) signipennis (Coquillett). Cani-

pole, October 2, 1941, a pair, at light; 15 miles south of San

Domingo, Magdalena Plain, October 4, 1941, one female, at

light; 3 miles S. of La Paz, October 7, 1941, female, at light.

The genus Psorophora is here recorded from the peninsula for

the first time. Both species were collected in localities which had

experienced recent rains. Species of the genus appear to be rarer

and seldom collected in the southwestern desert regions because

their normal breeding places, temporary ground puddles, often

dry up too quickly following the sporadic rains to permit com-

plete development.

^ Aitken, T. H. G., 1942. Contributions toward a knowledge of the insect fauna

of Lower California, No. 6, Diptera: Culicidae. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4)

24:161-170.

JULY, 1943]

GALINDO AND KELLEY— CULEX

CULEX iCULEX) THRIAMBUS DYAR A NEW MOSQUITO

RECORD FOR CALIFORNIA

(Diptera, Ciilicidae)

BY PEDRO GALINDO AND THOMAS F. KELLEY

University of California,, Berkeley

Cidex thriambus was described by Dyar in 1921 from adults

and larvae collected at Kerrville, Texas. A year later, however,

he stated: “The species {thriambus) is close to stigmatosoma

and may be an eastern race of it.” Finally in view of the simi-

larity of the male terminalia of the two forms, thriambus was

placed by its describer (1928) as a synonym of Culex stigma-

tosoma Dyar, but in a discussion of the latter species he added:

“The Texas form thriambus has the) hairs single on the air-tube

of the larva, and is presumably entitled to subspecific rank.”

Aitken (1940) reported several records of Culex restuans

Theobald (as territans Walker) from California, but stated that

females and larvae from this state differ in several respects from

typical eastern restuans. On the other hand, males, females and

larval skins collected by one of us (P.G.) in southern California

agree well with descriptions of C. restuans, except for the pres-

ence of very narrow tarsal rings, which, according to Dr. Alan

Stone {in litt.), are also present in a good number of eastern

specimens of this species. Suspecting that Aitken (loc. cit.) had

a mixture of two species, the authors reexamined his material

and found only two females of C. restuans (Riverside, Calif.,

W. C. Reeves coll.) the rest being all C. thriambus Dyar, a mos-

quito previously imknown outside of Texas.

Culex (Culex) thriambus Dyar

Culex {Culex) thriambus Dyar, 1921, Ins. Ins. Mens., 9:33. Dyar,

1922, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 62:22.

Culex (Culex) stigmatosoma var. thriambus, Edwards, 1932, Gen.

Insect. Fasc. 194:206.

Culex (Culex) stigmatosoma, Dyar, 1928 (partim), Mosq. of the

Amer., p. 368. Aitken, 1942 (partim),, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,

24:169.

Culex stigmatosoma, Matheson, 1929 (partim). Handbook Mosq.

No. Amer., p. 176.

Culex territans, Aitken, 1940 (nec. Walker), Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.,

42:146.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

Notes on California Material. Female. As described by

Dyar. The white patch on the underside of the proboscis is seen

to extend around the sides in some specimens, hut a complete

ring is never formed. The extent and color of the pale rings on

the hind tarsi vary; specimens from Riverside and Orange

Counties have very narrow and brownish rings similar to those

present in C. restuans, while specimens from Kern County show

rather broad whitish rings and the fifth tarsal joint is occasion-

ally entirely white as in C. tarsalis Coquillett. The markings on

the venter are as described by Dyar for Texas specimens, and

appear to be rather constant.

Male terminalia. As stated by Dyar {loc. cit.) the male ter-

minalia of thriambus is very similar to that of stigmatosoma;

there are, however, some constant differences which justify the

separation of these two mosquitoes as distinct species. The sub-

apical lobe of the basistyle is rounded in stigmatosoma and there

is a long seta between the three rods and the leaf-like appendage;

in thriambus, on the other hand, the subapioal lobe is conically

produced, and the seta between the three rods and the leaf -like

appendage is absent. Dr. Alan Stone, who has examined Dyar’s

types of C. thriambus and other specimens of this species col-

lected by Lt. E. S. Ross in Texas, informs us that male specimens

in this material also lack the long seta between the rods and the

leaf.

Larva. The larva of C. thriambus undoubtedly offers the best

characters for the separation of the species. The air-tube is long;

in 38 specimens examined the average siphonal index was 6.2;

in the same number of stigmatosoma larvae measured the average

siphonal index was only 5.0. The tufts on the air-tube are re-

duced to single hairs in thriambus, although some specimens col-

lected in the Kern River Canyon show one and, rarely two, 2-

haired tufts; in stigmatosoma the tufts on the tube are always

multiple. The lateral abdominal hairs of segments III to VI

also differ in these two species, being triple in stigmatosoma and

double in thriambus.

Dr. Alan Stone kindly compared some of our larvae with

Ross’ material from Texas and found them identical.

Discussion of the Species. Culex thriambus Dyar has often

been confused in California with Culex restuans Theobald, due

to the reduction of the siphonal tufts of the larva to single hairs,

JULY, 1943]

GALINDO AND KELLEY— CULEX

and to the unhanded proboscis of the female. The species is,

however, a closer relative of C. stigmatosoma Dyar as evidenced

by male terminalia characters. Dyar’s opinion that thriamhus

represents an eastern race of stigmatosoma is no longer accept-

able, since both forms occur in California where they may be

separated with certainty on larval, adult, and male terminalia

characters. In view of these facts the writers feel justified in

elevating thriamhus to specific rank again.

Following are the known records of C. thriamhus in Califor-

nia: Marysville, Butte County, (U. S. Pub. Health Service), Oc-

tober, 1942; San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo County, (Aitken,

Reeves, Dommes), July 31, 1940; Nipannawasee, Madera County,

(T. H. G. Aitken), (No date); Kaweah River, Tulare County,

(T. H. G. Aitken), May 11, 1939; Bakersfield, Kern County,

(F. L. Hayes), February 7, 1941; Kem River Canyon, Kem

County, (Galindo, Kelley, Aarons), August 1, 1942; San Juan

River, Orange County, (P. Galindo), September 2, 1942; Santa

Rosa Summit (elev. 5,000 ft.). Riverside County, (P. Galindo),

September 4, 1942.

Key to California Species of Culex with Ringed Tarsi

1 .

2 .

1 .

Females

Proboscis ringed with white, tarsal rings broad 2

Proboscis with a white patch underneath, not completely

ringed; tarsal rings usually narrow 8

With a white line on outside of femora and tibiae; a V-shaped

dark marking on venter of! each abdominal segment tarsalis

Without white line on outside of femora and tibiae; an oval

dark spot on venter of each abdominal segjnent.... stigmatosoma

Tarsal rings brownish and very narrow, venter of abdominal

segments II to VI white basally, black apically restuans

Tarsal rings usually white, variable in size; venter of abdom-

inal segments II to VI with triangular dark markings

thriamhus

Larvae

Air-tube with several single hairs, and at most a single pair

of 3-haired tufts 2

Air-tube with several pairs of multiple hair-tufts 3

Antennae evenly tapered, antennal tufts at or near the middle

of antennae; lateral abdominal hairs of segments IV and V

single; subdorsal hairs of these segments also single.... restuans

Antennae not evenly tapered, antennal tufts distinctly beyond

the middle of antennae; lateral abdominal hairs of segments

IV and V double; subdorsal hairs of these segments 3- or 4-

branched thriamhus

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

3. Air-tube evenly tapered; all tufts of tube in a line, basal tuft

beyond the pecten tarsalis

Air-tube not evenly tapered; penultimate tuft moved laterad

out of line, basal tuft within the pecten stigmatosoma

Male Terminalia

1. Leaf of subapical lobe of basistyle modified, club-like; outer

spines of paraprocts blunt and broad tarsalis

Leaf of subapical lobe of basistyle normal; outer spines of

paraprocts pointed 2

2. Subapical lobe of basistyle with three rods, a leaf and a

seta ^...thriambus

Subapical lobe of basistyle with three rods, a long* seta, a leaf

and a seta 3

3. Lobes of the ninth tergite well developed, mound-like. Lateral

plate of the phallosome with a curved, spine-like inner arm

and a short and blunt outer* arm; some small denticles between

the two processes restuans

Lobes of the ninth tergite rudimentary, represented by rows

of long hairs ; lateral plate of the phallosome with an erect and

pointed inner arm with a slight knob at about the middle; outer

arm rounded at tip, with serrated inner border, four hooks on

the dorsal aspect and a long, club-like arm from the base.

stigmatosoma

References

Aitken, T. H. G. 1940. On Aedes nigromaculis (Ludlow), Aedes

increpitus Dyar and Culex territans Walker from California.

Proc. Ent. Soc. W^sih., 42:146.

Aitken, T. H. G. 1942. Contributions toward a knowledge of the

insect fauna of Lower California. Part VI. Diptera, Culici-

dae. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 24:168.

Dyar, H. G. 1921. Eing-legged Culex in Texas. Ins. Ins. Mens.,

9:32-34.

Dyar, H. G. 1922. The Mosquitoes of the United States. U. S.

Nat. Mus. Proc., 62:22-23.

Dyar, H. G. 1928. The Mosquitoes of the Americas. Carnegie Inst.

Wash. Pub. 387 pp. 368-369.

Edwards, F. W. 1932. Diptera, Fam. Culicidae. Wystman’s Genera

Insectorum Fasc. 194 p. 206.

Freeborn, S. B. 1926. The Mosquitoes of California. Univ. of Calif.

Pub., Tech. Bui., 3:438-442.

Matheson, R. 1929. Handbook of the Mosquitoes of North America.

Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, p. 176.

JITLY, 1943]

ESSIG— CALIFORNIA-LAUREL BORER

THE CALIFORNIA-LAUREL BORER, ROSALIA

FUNEBRIS MOTS.

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

BY E. O. ESSIG

University of California, Berkeley

A few days ago I received about 150 specimens of this rather

rare and beautiful beetle from F. H. Wymore who collected them

in and about a commercial paint shop at Ukiah, California,

during the summer of 1939. This is no doubt the most remark-

able feat in the collection of this beetle ever noted and the cir-

cumstances involved are worthy of recording. For this purpose

Mr. Wymore has kindly furnished the following information

which I am pleased to quote with slig'ht changes.

“I am sorry I have no definite data at hand relative to just

when the beetles were collected. However, as near as I can rec-

ollect they were taken during a hot spell the latter part of July

and the first part of August, 1939. This idea correlates with

temperature records for the period of July 20 to August 6 in-

clusive. During the six days from July 20-25 inclusive the tem-

perature averaged 104.83° F. with a range of 101° F. to 108° F.

Then again from July 31 to August 6 (7 days) the average

temperature was 101.57° F. with a range of 100° F. to 106° F.

The five days between the hotter periods had an average of 94.4°

F. with a range of 92° F. to 97° F. The minimum temperature

during this period of 18 days averaged 53.05° F. with a range

of 48° F. to 58° F.

“The principal flight of the beetles, of course, was in the heat

of the day with a few active about the lights during the warmer

evenings. In regard to the beetles showing preferences to ma-

terials in the paint shop there was a decided concentration of

them in the comer of the shop where the paint vapors were

most noticeable and the odor of amylacetate was strongest. In

this environment the beetles scampered about in a rather excited

manner and copulation was quite common. Once the beetles

moved 25-50 feet beyond the area of concentrated paint vapors

(which were very strong during this hot period) they became

quiet and remained in a given location for periodls of a few

minutes to one or two hours depending upon the temperature

and concentration of the light in the spot in which they came

to rest. In some instances the beetles missed the paint shop

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

entirely, as they flew in, and alighted on buildings across the

street and even halfway down the block,

“As to where these beetles emerged from, your guess is as

good as mine. I thought at first they might be coming from a

stump pile, consisting of several cords of stumps of various

kinds of trees for fireplace use directly across the street from

the paint shop. I made several observations about the stumps

at various times of the day but was never able to find a single

beetle in this environment.

“I had never before seen so many of these more or less rare

beetles in all my entomological experiences and have observed

only an occasional beetle in this locality since that year.” (Ukiah,

California, March 10, 1943.)

Ukiah is located in the Russian River Valley in the midst of

the Coast Range Mountains. In this region there are dense and

extensive growths of all the known host plants of this beetle

including the California laurel, U mhellularia calif ornica Nutt.,

Oregon ash, Fraxinus oregona Nutt., coast live oak, Quercus

agrifolia Nee., California black oak, Quercus kelloggii Newb.,

the arroyo willow, Salix lasiolepis Benth., and the rarer low-

land fir, Abies grandis Lindl.

This beetle has always been considered a prize by amateur

and experienced collectors alike, and large series are rare in

collections. I well remember my first specimen — a large female

resting with legs and antennae extended on the green moss-

covered trunk of a large California laurel tree at Camp Grant

near Dyerville, Humboldt County, California, in 1907. Since

then I have taken only one other living specimen.

Hibernation of Scaphinotus coloradensis Van Dyke

I have several times discovered this species hibernating in

moderately damp regions along stream beds near the eastern

foothills of the Colorado Rockies. One February, along the Platte

River near Littleton, nine specimens were found in two rotten

cottonwood logs. These had deteriorated to the soft stage, and in

one or two cases the cychrids had worked themselves some six or

eight inches into the punky material. Only one or two specimens

were ever located during their more active summer period. —

Robert W. L. Potts.

JULY, 1943]

STEYSKAL— SEPSIDAB

OLD WORLD SEPSIDAE IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH A

KEY TO THE AMERICAN GENERA

(Diptera)

BY GEORGE STEYSKAL

Detroit, Michigan

Sepsis simplex Goetghebuer and Bastin

Sepsis simplex Goetg-hebuer and Bastin, 1925, Bull, et Ann. Soc.

ent. Belg-., 65:128, 132, pi. 1, f. 7.

(S. simplex Frey, 1925, Notulae Ent., 5:71-75, f. 9.

A male specimen captured on Isle Royale, Michigan, August

3-7, 1936, by Cujrtis W. Sabrosky, was found to agree well with

Fig. 1. Decachaetophora aeneipes De Meijere, left

profile of hypopygium and anterior view of right fore

femur and tibia of male.

the original description of S. simplex and with Frey’s figure of

the male hypopygium. The species was described from Belgium

and was stated by Frey to occur throughout Finland.

Decachaetophora aeneipes De Meijere

Sepsis aeneipes De Meijere, 1913, Ann. Mus. Nat. HuUgt., 11:119.

Decachaetophora aeneipes Duda, 1925, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien,

39:27, 40 (Decachaetophora keyed and described); 1926, 1. c.,

40:45, pi. 5, f. 54 (species described and figured).

Two male Sepsidae of a species found abundant on Iris plants

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

in a garden in the vicinity of White Swan, Washington (south-

east of Yakima) , on October 8, 1941, were kindly submitted by

D. Elmo Hardy to the writer for determination. The specimens,

in good condition, agree very well with De Meijere’s and Duda’s

descriptions. Duda’s figure of the fore leg of the male agrees

well with our specimens, but inasmuch as no figure of the male

hypopygium has been published figures of both a fore leg and

the hypopygium of one of our male specimens is here given to

facilitate recognition of the species and a check of its identity

with Oriental material. Duda states that the scutellum is twice

as long as broad, but this must be erroneous, the reverse being

intended. The species has been recorded from Formosa, Japan

and northern India.

Enicita annulipes Meigen

Sepsis annulipes Meigen, 1826, Syst. Beschr., 5:292.

Enicita annulipes Johnson, 1925, Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist., 7:266.

E. annulipes Duda, 1925, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 39:70, 142,

pi. 1, ff. 3, 4b.

E. elegamtipes Ouellet, 1940, Le Naturaliste Canadien, 67:225-

228, f. 1 (new synonym). ,

Comparison of paratype material of E. elegantipes kindly fur-

nished by Prof. Ouellet with the detailed description and figures

of Duda leaves no doubt concerning the synonymy with this

European species. Johnson has recorded E. annulipes from Fort

Kent, Maine.

For the convenience of students who may have difl&culty in

gaining access to the literature of the Sepsidae the following key

to the American genera is given. The rather narrow generic

limits of Duda are largely followed and some of the genera in-

cluded may prove untenable. Palaeosepsis has been rejected by

Malloch and Curran, but the distinction has proven useful for

the separation of neotropical material.

Key to the American Genera of Sepsidae

1. First and second basal cells united

Saltella R.-D. (Pandora Hal.)

[One species. S', scutellaris Fallen, in North America.]

First and second basal cells separated 2

2. Postocular and mesopleural bristles lacking (Themira group). .3

At least mesopleural bristles always present : 6

JULY, 1943 ]

STEYSKAL— SEPSroAE

3. Humeral bristle long and strong Themira Rob.-Desv.

Humeral bristle lacking ^ 4

4. Occiput in profile shallowly rounded, front and occipital tan-

gents crossing at a very obtuse angle ; thorax dully shining 5

Occiput swollen; frontal and occipital tangents crossing at

almost a right angle; thoracic dorsum shining black, sometimes

more or less lightly brown pruinose Enicomira Duda

[One species, E. minor Haliday.]

5. Abdomen shorter than wings; sternopleura entirely pruinose;

fifth abdominal tergite of male with strong marginal bristles.

Enicita Westwood

Abdomen longer than the short, narrow wings; sternopleura

shining black; fifth tergite of male without strong marginal

bristles Cheligaster Macquart

[One species, C. leachi Mg. (Europe).]

6. One strong orbital bristle on each side; abdomen of both sexes

without macrochaetae 7

Orbital bristle minute or absent; humeral bristle present 9

7. Humeral bristle lacking; vibrissae duplicate; abdomen not con-

stricted laterally between second and third segments

Decachaetophora Duda.

[One species, D. aeneipes De Meijere.]

Humeral bristle present 8

8. Only one pair of strong dorsocentral bristles and one pair O'f

strong vibrissae; abdomen without constriction between second

and third segments Meroplius Rondani

[One species, M. stercorarius Rob.-Desv.]

Three pairs each of strong dorsocentrals and vibrissae; ab-

domen constricted between second and third segments

Meropliosepsis Duda

[One species,, M. sexsetosa Duda (Costa Rica).]

9. Fore femur of both sexes not emarginate, with or without

bristles in rows 10

Fore femur of male more or less cut out below 11

10. Second longitudinal vein with a large, oval black spot at end;

venter and mid and hind femora of male with long, thick hairs

Sepsidimorpha Frey

[One North American species, S- secunda Melander and Spuler.]

Second longitudinal vein not spotted at end

Nemopoda Rob.-Desv.

[One recognized North American species, N. cylindrica, Fabr.]

11. Abdomen of both sexes without distinct macrochaetae, although

sometimes with somewhat longer and stronger hairs on the

hind margins of the tergites and strong anal bristles; end of

second longitudinal vein not spotted; sternopleura pruinose

only on upper border Palaeosepsis Duda.

Abdomen of the male, often the female also, with distinct mac-

rochaetae; end of second longitudinal vein with a dark spot;

sternopleura entirely pruinose Sepsis Fallen.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

SEX ANOMALIES IN THE GENUS ASHMEADIELLA

(HYMENOPTERA) WITH NOTES ON THE HOMOLOGIES

BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE GENITAL APPENDAGES

BY CHARLES D. MICHENER

American Museum of Natural History, New York City

Comparable sex anomalies of two different species of the genus

Ashmeadiella [A. {Ashmeadiella) opuntiae (Cockerell) and A.

{Chilosima) rhodognatha Cockerell] were collected in the desert

portion of Riverside County, California, during the spring of

1936. Both individuals are bilaterally symeterical and present a

blending of male and female characteristics, with, in addition,

certain features common to both intersexes but not found in

normal specimens of either sex. The two anomalous individuals

are primarily female although the mandibles are of a modified

malel type and the claws are cleft as in males. The sixth abdomi-

nal terga show at least suggestions of the dentation found in

normal males (figs. 5 and 10). The clypeus of each is abnorm-

ally produced, with its anterior margin thickened and crenulate

(figs. 2 and 8), in a manner different from normal individuals

of either sex. Furthermore, the mandibles are shorter than in

either sex and have a large rounded, somewhat irregular thick-

ening or tubercle, not found in either sex, on their outer surfaces

immediately hasad of the teeth. It is an interesting suggestion

that these two similarly anomalous specimens collected in the

same area at virtually the same time may have been the result

of comparable environmental conditions of some sort.

More complete descriptions of the characteristics which vary

intersexually are given below. Unfortunately, from the stand-

point of an examination of internal organs, both specimens were

pinned and dried before their anomalous features were observed.

Ashmeadiella rhodognatha Cockerell

Facial pubescence as dense as in female; antennae twelve-

segmented as in female; clypeus more strongly produced than

in either sex, its apical margin thickened, irregularly ujidulate;

mandibles tridentate, strongly thickened just before teeth, shorter

than those of normal male; mesocutum rather coarsely punctate

as in female; tarsal claws cleft, as in male; sixth tergum (mor-

phological seventh) with posterior margin strongly bilobed medi-

JULY, 1943 ]

MICHENER— SEX ANOMALIES

ally and with a small lobe at either side (thus intermediate be-

tween male and female); abdominal sterna without scopa, the

fourth (morphological fifth) with three small lobes along its

posterior margin, which is entire in normal specimens of both

sexes; sterna beyond the sixth absent, as in female. The pecu-

liar seventh and eighth terga and genitalia are discussed below.

Five miles west of Indio, Riverside County, California, April

10, 1936, on flowers of Prosopis chilensis, collected by the author.

Ashmeadiella opuntiae (Cockerell)

Similar to normal female, antennae being twelve-segmented;

clypeus more strongly produced and more broadly truncate than

in either sex, its apical margin thickened and irregularly undu-

late; mandibles slightly shorter than in normal male, thickened

and tuberculate just before teeth, apices bidentate, inner tooth

small; tarsal claws cleft, as in male; sixth (morphological

seventh) tergum similar to that of female but with four feeble

lobes, suggesting the characteristic teeth of the male; sternal

scopa present, somewhat sparse; sting and associated organs as

in female.

Cathedral City, Riveride County, California, April 9, 1936,

on Echinocactus cylindraceus, collected by Dr. E. G. Linsley to

whom I am indebted for the opportunity to study this specimen.

As may be seen from these descriptions, the specimen of

opuntiae closely approaches the normal female, while that of

rhodognatha falls near the midpoint between the two sexes. It

may be supposed that each intersex developed as one sex for a

part of its life, after which it developed as the opposite sex.

A study of the genital structures of the intersexual individual

of rhodognatha, in which these parts are involved in the anom-

aly, is highly interesting and possibly significant in establishing

the homologies of these parts. Since many other structures of the

insect present a condition intermediate between that of the male

and that of the female, it may be assumed that the genital struc-

tures, being different from those of the normal female, also ap-

proach the condition found in the male.

A superficial examination indicates that this supposition is

correct As will be seen from a study of figures 11 and 12, the

eighth (counting the propodeum as first) tergum is larger and its

parts more closely approximate in the intersex than in a normal

female, while the ninth tergum is smaller than in the normal

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XIX, NO. 3

female. Both of these are modifications in the direction of male-

ness. In the intersex the first valvifers are much reduced in size,

Explanation of Figures

1. Lower portion of face of Ashmeadiella rhodognatha Cockerell,

female. 2, Same, intersex. 3, Same, male.

4. Apex of seventh tergum of Ashmeadiella rhodognatha Cock-

erell, female. 5, Same, intersex. 6, Same, male.

7. Lower portion of face of Ashmeadiella opuntiae (Cockerell),

female. 8, Same, intersex. 9, Same, male.

10. Apex of seventh tergum of Ashmeadiella opuntiaei (Cocker-

ell), inter sex.

11. Sting and associated structures (omitted on right side) of

Ashmeadiella, female.

JULY, 1943]

MICHENER— SEX ANOMALIES

and instead of actually articulating with the ninth tergum and

second valvifers, their angles merely approach the points of

articulation on these sclerites and are separated from them by

small membranous intervals. Furthermore, the first valvulae are

blunt and loosely curled anteriorly, not forming stylets in the

sting. If these reductions are in the direction of the male, it may

be assumed that the first valvifers and valvulae disappear in the

male, and it is true that no homologues of these structures are

present in that sex, the eighth abdominal segment, as in other

male Pterygota, being devoid of appendages. The second valvi-

fers of the intersex lack the usual posterior processes and articu-

late with the second valvulae directly at their posterior inner

angles. The third valvulae are immovably fused at the extreme

anterior ends of the second valvifers, although in the female

they are articulated subapically. The second valvulae are fused

and swollen basally, somewhat as in the female, but are slightly

separated at the apices.

The appenadges of the ninth abdominal segment, that is, the

second valvifers with the second and third valvulae, in this inter-

sexual individual bear a strong resemblance to the genital arma-

ture of the male (figure 14) . If this resemblance indicates

homology (and from the standpoint of position with regard to

adjacent sclerites there is no reason to believe that it does not),

tjhe basal ring (cardo) must represent the fused basal parts of

the coxopodites (second valvifers) of the ninth abdominal seg-

ment. The claspers or lateral portions of the male genital arma-

ture, two-segmented in most Hymenoptera but fused into un-

12. Eighth and ninth terga and appendages of eighth and ninth

segments (omitted on right side) of Ashoneadiella rhodognatha

Cockerell, intersex.

13. Eighth tergum of Ashmeadiella, male.

14. Genitalia of Ashmeadiella, male, ventral view, apex upward

to correspond to positions of genital appendages of female

and intersex.

15. Ninth tergum of Ashmeadiella, male.

8, eighth hemitergite; 9, ninth hemitergite; Ivf., first valvifer;

Iva., first valvula; 2vf., second valvifer; 2va., second valvulae;

g5., gonostylus; gc., gonocardo; p., penis valve. Abdominal seg-

ments are numbered with the propodeum as one, the first meta-

somal segment as two.

100

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

jointed organs in the Megachilidae, represent the remainders of

the second valvifers and the third valvulae; the third valvnlae of

the female are thus the homologues of the styli (or parameres

of Snodgrass, 1941, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 99(14) :1 8) of the

male genitalia. Furthermore the penis valves or sclerotizations

of the median part of the male genitalia may be homologous to

the second valvulae of the female. Thus, in contrast to recent

opinions (Snodgrass, 1935, Principles of insect morphology,

ix -|- 667 pp., 319 figs., McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1941, Smithson-

ian Misc. Coll., 99(14) :l-86, 6 figs., 33 pis.) all these sclerotic

organs would be regarded as periphallic and appendicular in

origin, and the membranous intromittent organ itself is the only

phallic structure in the male genitalia of the Hymenoptera.

Popov (1935, Rev. Ent. U.R.S.S., p. 162) figures the genitalia

of a specimen of Andrena in which all the female structures were

present and in addition the male genital structures of the right

side of the body. This suggests that the entire male genital

aramture is phallic in origin since the appendage of the right

side of the ninth abdominal segment could hardly produce both

male and female structures complete. However, too much weight

should not bq placed on such an asymeterical monstrosity, and

indeed Popov (1937, Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., pp. 487-498) in

another paper gives figures of a gynandromorphic Halictus

which suggests the same homologies between male and female

genital structures as are indicated by the intersexual Ashmediella.

These same homologies have also been strongly supported by

comparative studies of the structures of other insects which will

be reported upon in another paper. They are summarized thus :

FEMALE

first valvifer

first valvula (gonapophysis)

second valvifer

second valvula (gonapophysis)

third valvula or gonostylus

MAJLE

absent

cardo and gonocoxite (or basal

segment of outer clasper)

penis valve?

gonostylus (or distal segment

of outer clasper)

JULY, 1943 ]

VAN DYKE— NEW COLEOPTEKA

101

ADDITIONAL NEW SPECIES OF WEST AMERICAN

COLEOPTERA

BY EDWIN C. VAN DYKE

California Academy of Sciences

Family Buprestidae

Acmaeodera linsleyi Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subcylindrical, of moderate size; bronzed, the head,

pronotum and underside with a greenish tinge, the elytra a bit

brownish; head and pronotum somewhat densely clothed with fine,

long, fulvous pile, elytra less dense but similarly clothed and the

underside moderately clothed with gray, more or less inclined

pubescence ; the prothorax generally immaculate though often with

a small, yellow spot at the sides behind the middle, the elytra with

yellow markings of a somewhat stable type as follows: a small

spot at the side below the humeral umbone ; an oblique band behind

the umbone, reaching the third interval where generally expanded

both in front and behind and outwardly reaching the margin and

continued backwards for a short distance; a second and broad

transverse or slightly oblique patch at the middle, reaching from

the margin to about the third or fourth interval; a narrower

oblique bar between the above and the apex, touching the margin

but not the suture, and generally a small spot on the margin in

front of it which is sometimes united with it; and a subapical

lunate spot, often united along the margin with the preceding or

sometimes interrupted. Head coarsely, approximately punctured,

feebly longitudinally impressed at middle and transversely im-

pressed at base of clypeus; the antennae reaching middle of pro-

thorax, segments 5-11 serrate. Prothorax almost twice as broad as

long, somewhat wider than elytra, apical margin biemarginate, the

median lobe quite evident, sides arcuate or subangulate, the mar-

gin narrow, not reflexed and scarcely visible posteriorly, as seen

from above, the base transverse; the disk rather coarsely, closely,

often approximately punctured, the median longitudinal impres-

sion well marked and the oblique impressions within the hind

angles also’ quite evident. El 3 rtra about twice as long as broad,

sides almost parallel or feebly sinuate from base to behind the

middle, thence narrowed to apex; the disk with triangular depres-

sion at middle of base, the humeral umbone quite prominent, a

small impression just within, the striae shallowly impressed and

moderately coarsely, rather deeply and closely punctured, intervals

flattened at center, feebly convex at sides and the third sometimes

elevated and carinated at base. Beneath, coarsely, densely punc-

tured in front, more finely, less denslely punctured on ventral

plates. Prostemum broadly, feebly, sinuate on anterior margin.

102

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

Last ventral with thin somewhat transverse ventral plate. Length,

6.5-9 mm.; breadth, 2.5-3. 5 mm.; average, 8 mm. long by 3 mm.

wide.

Holotype (No. 5336, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.) and numerous desig-

nated paratypes from a series of over one hundred specimens,

collected by E. G. Linsley, E. S. Ross and other at PiNON Flat,

San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County, California, on

variousi days during May, 1939.

This species belongs in the Acmaeodera sinuatae group, al-

though the sinuation of the anterior margin of the prosternum is

feeble. According to Fall’s key, this species would run close to

convicta Fall but it bears no close resemblance to that or any

other member of that group except possibly some specimens of

hephurni Lee. It is in general more cylindrical, has the pro-

thorax always slightly broader than elytra, and the elytral mark-

ings, more sharply outlined, generally somewhat transverse, and

suggesting to a certain degree the markings of flavostica Horn.

Most of the specimens were collected from the blossoms of the

salmon colored Sphaeralcea fendleri var. calif ornica Parish. It

is apparently quite local in distribution.

Acmaeodera moronga Van Dyke, new species

Moderately long, robust, cuneiform, of medium size; bronzed

and shining, thei elytra black or bluish-black; head, and pronotum

somewhat densely clothed with fine, long pile, that of the head in

great part gray, that of the pronotum fulvous as is also the much

sparser erect pile of the elytra, the underside clothed with long

gray, much inclined pile, denser at the sides; the prothorax with

a lateral yellow patch extending from near the base generally to

about the middle, the elytra with the yellow markings about as

follows : a narrow yellow marginal line extending from base almost

to the median yellow bar, in a few cases not reaching base, a

narrow oblique bar behind the humeral umbone, generally con-

nected with the marginal line and expanded inwards, a broad

median band, oblique or even arcuate forwards, sometimes united

with the anterior band and often with the terminal portion sepa-

rated as a spot, a short almost transverse bar between median

and subapical bar, often broken or even bifurcated at the margin,

and the subapical lunate marking, often broken up into two or

three spots. Head moderately, coarsely, closely punctured, rather

deeply, longitudinally impressed at middle, often with a smooth

area at bottom of groove, transversely impressed at base of clypeus ;

the antennae about reaching middle of prothorax, segments 5-11

broadly serrate. Prothorax over twice as broad as long, broadest

JULY, 1943]

VAN DYKE— NEW COLEOPTERA

103

at base, apical margin biemarginate, sides arcuate, gradually nar-

rowed apically, the margin narrow and not visible posteriorly

from above; the disk rather coarsely and densely punctured, ap-

proximate at sides, the median longitudinal impression well

marked, deeply and triangularly impressed at base, and the ob-

lique impressions within hind angles quite evident. Elytra twice

as long as broad, sides feebly sinuate before the middle, gradually

narrowed from base to posterior third, thence more acutely con-

vergent to apex; the disk with a well-marked triangular depres-

sion at middle of base, the humeral umbone prominent, a slight

groove at inner side, the striae moderately impressed, rather

coarsely, not closely punctured fully their own width apart except

near suture and in basal triangle, intervals somewhat flattened

inwardly, convex at sides, and minutely, irregularly punctured, the

third somewhat elevated and carinated near base. Beneath, rather

coarsely, closely punctured in front, finely and sparsely on poste-

rior ventral plates. Prosternum broadly sinuate in front. Last

ventral plate with a broad yet feebly developed ventral plate.

Length, 10 mm.; breadth, 4 mm.; several specimens but 8 mm long.

Holotype (No. 5337, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.) and five paratypes

collected by myself in Moronga Valley, Riverside County,

California, May 24, 1941, and various other dates close to that

period.

This species, according to the key, would follow serena Fall,

which it does not at all resemble. It has the general markings of

flavostica Horn even to a greater degree than linsleyi, but differs

by having the elytra black or bluish-black, by being less acumi-

nate, less coarsely and more discretely punctured, with the pu-

bescence sparser, as well as by having a^ different type of pro-

stemal margin. From some specimens of hephurni Lee., it dif-

fers by being stockier, less elongate, by the coloration of elytra

and less concentration of yellow toward the base.

Family Scarabaeidae

Polyphylla peninsularis Van Dyke, new species

Rather short and stocky, brown, the prothorax generally quite

rufous, the palpi, antennae and legs rufous, the head and prono-

tum clothed with long, silky, erect, light brown pile; the elytra

with the usual sutural, two discal and submarginal white stripes

formed by the densely placed white scales, the stripes narrowing

posteriorly, with irregular margins and often somewhat inter-

rupted, the humeral stripe a short line at most, and the areas be-

tween the stripes peppered with short, light yellowish scales. Head

with rather coarse and shallow punctures; clypeus with reflexed

104

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

margins, the sides straight and parallel or slightly diverging for-

wards, the front margin transverse or very feebly biemarginate at

most and with outer angles hardly rounded; the antennae with a

club that is about 6 mm long, 2 man longer than head, the outer

lamellae decidedly curved and distally averaging 1.5 mm, in width;

the terminal segment of labial palpi at least three times as long

as broad. Prothorax convex as usual, apical margin emarginate,

the sides subangulate, the lateral margin entire or feebly crenu-

late posteriorly at most, the hind margin broadly lobed; the disk

coarsely, shallowly, irregularly punctured, with the usual three

scaly vittae, the median complete, the two lateral incomplete in

front, the rest of the surface with scattered scales and the long,

erect hair, generally longer and denser in front. Elytra over one-

third longer than wide, with the surface irregularly, shallowly

punctured, rugose and somewhat shining where not covered with

scales, the apices broadly rounded and the sutural angles quite

obtuse. Pygidium parabolic in shape, with narrow, reflexed mar-

gins and rather densely clothed with short, yellowish hair and

white scales that are about twice as long as broad. Foretibiae

bidentate in the male, the female not seen. Length, 23 mm.;

breadth, 11 mm.

Holotype male (No. 5338, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.) and seven

paratype males, collected at La Grulla, 7000 feet alt., in the

San Pedro Martir Mountains of Baja California, June 19,

1923, by J. R. Slevin.

This rather small and interesting Polyphylla belongs in the

group characterized by the long pile on the pronotum. Accord-

ing to Casey’s key (Mem. Coleopt., V, 1914, pp. 322-353), this

species would run close to diffracta Casey {fuscula Fall), which

is of about the same size and general appearance but differs

from dif^TCbcta by being a bit broader, by having the silky pile

of the head and pronotum much denser, longer and finer, by

having the last labial palpal segment, a bit narrower, the outer

angles of the clypeus less acutely angulate, the antennal club

about 1 mm. longer, the lateral margins of the prothorax behind

not conspicuously crenulate as they are in diffracta, the sutural

angles of the elytra obtuse, not sharply right angled, the pile of

the legs long and silky, not rather short and stiff, and the pygi-

dium less acute and angulate. This species appears to be even

more closely related to the recently described harhata Cazier,

which is somewhat shorter, with the long pile of the pronotum

as dense behind as anteriorly, with the clypeus more expanded

in front and its angles more rounded, and the scales of both

elytra and pygidium longer and narrower, more hair-like.

JULY, 1943]

VAN DYKE— NEW COLEOPTERA

105

Thyce aurata Van Dyke, new species

Short and robust, rufous, the scutellum and elytra densely

clothed with small, golden brown scales, the head and pronotum

also with numerous scales of similar nature and in addition orna-

mented with rather long erect pile. Head rather finely, closely

punctured; clypeus expanded in front, with reflexed margins,

transverse apical margin and narrowly rounded outer angles; the

antennae with club about as long as funicle and the terminal seg-

ment of labial palpi, as long as antennal club, elliptical in shape

and with a deep sulcus on upper face running the entire length

yet somewhat more widely expanded basally. Prothorax convex,

apex emarginate, sides subangulate with margin feebly crenulate

posteriorly, the base broadly arcuate; disk finely, closely punc-

tured and with median longitudinal impression feeble. Elytra over

one-fourth longer than broad, with the surface finely, closely punc-

tured like the pronotum, and the sutural angles right angled.

Pygidium with lateral margins slightly reflexed in front, the sur-

face! finely closely punctured and densely clothed with scales that

are somewhat longer and narrower than those of the elytra. Be-

neath the forebody densely clothed with long, light brown pile, the

abdomen rather finely punctured and quite well covered with

scales which are quite similar to those of the pygidium. First

tibiae with the middle and apical teeth well developed, the basal

a broad tubercle; the middle tibiae with two short yet well-marked

spines on the outer face. Each tarsal claw with a small, erect

tooth near its base. Length, 20 mm.; breadth, 9 mm.

Holotype male (No. 5339, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.) and one male

paratype, collected at San Diego, California, by Dr. F. E.

Blaisdell. Associated with these two specimens is a large female,

also collected by Dr. Blaisdell which I presume is the female of

this species. It is 24 mm. long by 11 mm. broad, almost naked

above, the head, pronotum and scutellum sparsely clothed with

suberect, fulvous pile, the elytra with only a few minute fulvous

scales scattered over the elytral declivity and carried over onto

the pygidium. The head is densely, cribately punctured, with a

prominent frontal tubercle, the clypeus quite similar to that of

the male but with the margins more reflexed and the outer angles

more rounded; the antennal club hardly two-thirds as long as

the male club and the last labial palpal segment narrow and

about half the length of that of the male. The pronotum is

densely, coarsely punctured, with a small, smooth area at center

and the side margins behind strongly crenulated. Beneath, the

forebody, rather densely clothed with long, fulvous pile, the

abdomen quite smooth and sparsely peppered with very small.

106

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

hair-like, yellowish scales. Front tibiae distinctly tridentate, the

middle tibiae with a pronounced tubercle at middle and a small

spine above, on outer face.

This species in Casey’s key would run somewhat near fossiger

Csy. but it is much shorter, has an entirely different type of

vestiture and is quite different structurally in many regards.

What I take to be the female is also much more like the female

of hlaisdelli Csy. than that of fossiger Csy. The subspecies

ochreata Csy. of fossiger approaches aurata as regards the color

but the scales are less dense and of a different type.

Thyce cinerea Van Dyke, new species

Rather small, reddish brown, the head and pronotum darker,

also densely clothed with long, erect, silky, very light yellowish

gray pile, and addition with a covering of closely applied long,

white, hairlike scales, rather dense on the head, sparser on the

pronotum where most evident as a broken, median longitudinal

vitta, and dispersed patch at the sides; the scutellum densely

clothed with somewhat larger white scales and the elytra clothed

with white, hairlike scales, somewhat like those of the head and

pronotum, which though closely applied are not approximate, thus

do not conceal the surface of the elytra. Head rather coarsely,

densely punctured; clypeus moderately expanded in front, with

margins well reflexed, the front margin broadly emarginate and

the outer angles well rounded; the antennae with club about as

long as funicle, and the terminal segment of labial palpi but

slightly shorter, somewhat elliptical in shape and with a deep,

rather wide groove on the upper side running the entire length.

Prothorax convex, apex feebly biemargainate, sides arcuate or

feebly subangulate, the outer angle broadly rounded, the margin

strongly crenulate behind, the base with prominent median lobe;

disk with moderately coarse, rather closely placed variolate punc-

tures, without defined median impression. Elytra over one-fourth

longer than broad, the surface rather finely, closely punctured,

the apex feebly truncate and the sutural angles right angled.

Pygidium subangulate, with narrow, feebly reflexed margins, and

punctured and clothed like the elytra. Beneath, the forebody

densely clothed with the long, silky, light yellowish gray pile, the

abdomen rather densely, finely punctured and moderately closely

covered wtih long, hairlike white scales. Front tibiae with the

upper tooth very obtuse and low, the middle and terminal, acute

and promnient ; the middle tibiae with the spines very small, barely

indicated. Tarsal claws with basal tooth small and acute. Length,

19 mm.; breadth, 9 mm.

Holotype male (No. 5340, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.), a unique col-

JULY, 1943]

VAN DYKE— NEW COLEOPTERA

107

lected at Balboa, California, in July by Dr. Harold Bryant and

by him kindly presented to me.

This rather small species because of its silvery gray color

stands well apart from its fellows. It is evidently a sand dune

species like pistoria and others, but these are more robust in

every regard and clothed with fulvous or yellowish scales and

pile.

Thyce clypeata Van Dyke, new species

Of moderate size, robust, brown or reddish-brown, the head and

pronotum clothed with fine, erect, rather long fulvous pile and in

addition with closely appressed, elongate, yellowish scales, dense

on the head, less dense on the pronotum, though rather concentrated

in the form of a median longitudinal vitta and a broader, less

sharply defined vitta on either side, the scutellum densely clothed

with somewhat broader white scales, and the elytra rather uni-

formly, moderately closely clothed with small, elongate, very light

fulvous scales, the vestiture thus only slightly concealing the sur-

face beneath. Head rather closely punctured; clypeus expanded in

front, the sides notched or sinuate in front of the lateral angles,

the anterior margin feebly emarginate at middle, the margins well

reflexed and the anterior angles though blunt, decidedly angulate;

the antennae with club fully as long as the funicle, the last labial

palpal segment two-thirds as long as antennal club, rather wide

and with a moderately wide and deep groove extending the entire

length along the upper surface. Prothorax convex, apex feebly

biemarginate, sides subangulate, feebly crenulated behind, the

base broadly subangulately lobed; the disk rather coarsely, densely

punctured, the median longitudinal impression shallow but evi-

dent. Elytra less than a third longer than broad, the surface

finely, closely punctured, the apex broadly rounded, subtruncate,

with sutural angles slightly obtuse. Pygidium subangulate, with

feebly reflexed margins, finely, closely, punctured, and moderately

densely clothed with narrow, very light colored hairlike scales,

much narrower and longer than those of elytra. Beneath, the

forebody densely clothed with long, fine, light grayish yellow pile,

the abdomen rather finely, densely punctured and clothed with

closely adherent long, white hairlike scales. Front tibiae tri-

dentate, the upper tooth broad yet prominent; the middle and

hind tibiae both with two well-marked spines on outer margin;

middle tarsi longer tahn tibiae. Tarsal claws each with an acute

and prominent tooth near base. Length, 23 mm.; breadth, 11 mm.

Holotype male (No. 5341, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.) and two para-

type males, collected near Petaluma, California, by E. C. John-

ston. Two of the specimens are alike and normal, the third has

the fore tibiae with the spines all much reduced, the outer mar-

gin merely sinuate.

108

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

Superficially this northern species looks more like some of

the southern species as for instance fossiger, which it super-

ficially simulates though is larger and more robust, than it re-

sembles species like harfordi or others from the north. Its most

distinctive character is its clypeus, with lateral margin sinuate

before apex and the angles more prominently angulated as a

result.

Family Curculionidae

Pandeleteius viridissimus Van Dyke, new species

Of rather large size for the genus, black, antennae and tarsi

rufous, the entire upper and under surface covered with brilliant,

circular, green scales. Head medianly sulcate in front, beak short,

1 mm. long, triangularly emarginate at apex, eyes moderately

convex, antennae about reaching middle of prothorax, with a fine,

sparse pubescence, first segment of funicle stout, almost as long

as the second and third segments combined. Prothorax about one-

fifth broader than long, apex and base transverse, sides broadly

rounded at middle, sinuate in front and behind; disk feebly con-

vex, with well defined anterior and posterior submarginal impres-

sions, and; with a few fine obliquely placed hairs as on the head.

Elytra transverse at base, sides almost straight, gradually wider

to posterior third then rounded to somewhat projecting and acute

apex; disk moderately convex, somewhat bulbous laterally behind,

the striae complete and finely impressed, the intervals flat and

with a single row of fine short and sparse, upright hairs, most

evident on the posterior declivity. Beneath with abdomen finely,

sparsely pilose and with first ventral suture moderately arcuate at

middle. Anterior femora enlarged, fusiform, the tibiae long and

strongly donate within. Length, 9 mm. ; breadth, 4 mm.

Holotype (No. 5342, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.) and one paratype,

collected by myself on the western slope of Montezuma Pass,

Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, August 19, 1940. They were

apparently feeding on the foliage of Calliandra eriophylla

Benth., an accacia-like plant wth pink flowers.

This brilliant green species, of rather large size, should be

readily separated from its more somber relatives. Some of the

scales are apt to be rubbed off, exposing the black epidermis

and thus giving the insects the appearance of being peppered.

JULY, 1943]

MALKIN— NEW COCCINELLIDAE

109

TWO NEW COCCINELIDAE FROM OREGON^

( Coleoptera)

BY BORYS MALKIN

Eugene, Oregon

In the preparation of a check list of Oregon Coccinellidae the

writer discovered a species each of Scymnus and Hyperaspis ap-

parently unknown, the descriptions of which are given below:

Scymnus fenderi Malkin, new species

Oblong oval; black. Head reddish toward the clypeal apex,

shining; punctures distinct similar to those on thorax, more closely

set toward the eyes. Front and part of clypeus slightly convex.

Thorax strongly converging and arcuate in apical half, narrower

at the base than elytra; black with sides triangularly yellow. The

yellow area covers nearly one-fifth of the apex on each side. Hind

angles black. Thoracic punctures as in cav/rvrw^ distinct, sparse,

but denser and smaller toward the sides, especially in apical por-

tion. Elytra longer than wide, entirely black. Elytral punctures

irregular, very closely set, more shallow toward the sides, espe-

cially in apical portion. Undersurface black. Legs bright reddish-

yellow, with femora darker in basal half. Labrum and palpi

reddish-piceous. Prosternum margined. Prosternal ridges not very

strong, distinct, converging in the front. Metasternum coarsely

and densely punctured, almost as deeply as elytra, but punctures

sparser and more shallow toward the middle where they become

transverse. The middle of the metasternum deeply impressed,

with a small tubercle on each side of the impression. Epipleura

and side pieces of metasternum so closely punctured as to appear

tuberculate. The side pieces narrow, sharply pointed, more than

three times wider at base than in the front. Prosternal plates

reaching the lateral margins of the metastemal episterna, and

occupying seven-tenths of the prosternum. First segment of the

abdomen flattened between the abdominal plates, with denser punc-

tures toward the front of the flat area. Second segment strongly

convex in thei middle, the following segments less convex. Second

and third segments with a deep, curved impressions on sides.

Segments four and five with smaller shallow impressions in some

distance from lateral margins. Abdominal plates incomplete, reg-

ularly curved, four-fifths as long as the segment. Pubescence on

the dorsal side thick, yellow recumbent. Length: 2.5 mm.; width,

1.8 mm.

^ This paper was prepared at the University of Oregon.

110

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 3

Holotype, female from Camas Valley, on Roseburg-Coquille

Highway, Douglas County, Oregon, June 15, 1936; in author’s

collection. This specimen was collected by Mr. K. Fender after

whom it is named.

This species runs to caurinus in Casey’s key, from which it can

be easily distinguished by the unusually coarse elytral punctures,

coarser punctulation of the abdominal segments and presence

of the impressions on the lateral portion of those segments.

Fig. 1. Hyperaspis obscura Malkin, male holotype.

Hyper aspis obscura Malkin, new species

Elongate oval; strongly converging; black; highly polished.

Lateral margin of thorax yellow. The vittae broad in front, sinu-

ate from the inside at the apical portion, gradually narrowing

toward the base where they occupy thei angles only. Elytra, each

with two spots. The anterior spot located along the middle of the

lateral angle, almost one-fifth as long as elytron. The posterior

spot smaller andi somewhat indefinite, located in the apical portion

of the elytra, not touching the margin. Head black in male, yellow

in female; densely and minutely but distinctly punctured. Thorax

JULY, 1943]

MALKIN— NEW COCCINELLIDAE

111

as long as wide, with very distinct punctures more closely set

toward the sides. Elytra slightly longer than wide, their punctures

strong and large although less dense than those on thorax.

Interstices very minutely alutaceous. Ventral surfaces closely

punctured but punctulation less pronounced than on dorsal side.

First two abdominal segments with highly polished median area,

and short, sparse, delicate pubescence. Legs ; femora reddish-

piceous, tibia and tarsi dark reddish testaceous. Length, 2.3 mm.;

width, 1.7 mm.

Holotype, male (No. 5292, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.), and allo-

type, female (No. 5293), both collected by Mr. Centner at Lake

OF THE Woods, Klamath County, Oregon, June 11, 1939. A

male paratype with the same data in author’s collection.^

This species belongs to the undulata group in Dobzhansky’s

recent revision of the genus, but closer specific afl&nities cannot

be established with certainty until a larger series is available.

The extent of the anterior elytral spot varies within the series.

In the female it is only half as long as in the male holotype, and

four-fifths as long in the male paratype. The female is slightly

larger than either male. Otherwise the specimens show very little

variation.

Acknowledgments: The writer is indebted to Mr. and Mrs.

Kenneth Fender of McMinnville, Oregon, and Mr. L. G. Centner

of Medford, Oregon, for the loan of material used in present

study. To Miss Edith A. Onthank, a University of Oregon student,

for the drawing af Hyperaspis obscura and to Dr. L. S. Cress-

man of the Anthropology Department for the permission to use

his excellent Leitz-Wetzlar microscope.

^ A female specimen has come to my attention since the present paper yras

submitted for publication. It was collected by Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Fender at

Diamond Lake, Lincoln County, OreKon, in the Cascade Mountains, on June 7

1941. The elytral pattern is intermediate between the type material described

above. 1 have designated this specimen as a metatype and it is deposited in the

Fender collection.

112

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[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

THE EFFECT OF LOW STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON

REPRODUCTION IN CERTAIN PARASITIC

HYMENOPTERA

BY PAUL DE BACH

University of California,

Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside

In population studies involving the rearing of Musca domes-

tica L. and its pupal parasites, Mormoniella vitripennis (Walker)

and Muscidifurax raptor Gir., it was found necessary at times to

resort to storage by refrigeration in order to synchronize para-

site emergence with host production. Storage of adult parasites

at low temperatures has, for many years, been practiced by

those engaged in biological-control work, both for long-distance

shipping of parasites and for proper timing of parasite emer-

gence and liberation. It appears, however, that an adequate

general study of the effect of cold storage on insects has never

been made, and, as a result, the utility of the method has not

been fully realized, especially as regards storage of parasites for

any length of time. The fact that results are sometimes adverse

has doubtless inhibited investigational work. It is to be hoped

that future work will clear up many of the present problems in

this important field.

The chief value of cold storage should lie in the introduction

phase of biological-control work rather than in mass production,

since the former is concerned with any means of establishing the

species, while the latter is more concerned with maximum repro-

duction after establishment, in order to accomplish complete dis-

tribution over the infested area at as early a date as possible.

Emphasis should be placed on the fact that in introduction work

the percentage mortality or sex-ratio reverses are relatively un-

important so long as sufficient numbers of parasites are sent

initially to insure even a few for breeding stock.

Cold Storage of Adult Parasites. — In the present studies,

the cold-storage method was found to be quite successful. Para-

sites were held first as adults, by storage at 4.4° C. Adults of

Mormoniella and Muscidifurax, whose life expectancy in the

laboratory is one to two weeks, live as long as five months at

this temperature if they are removed at intervals of 3 or 4 days

for feeding, although mortality is fairly high after such a long

JULY 1943] BACH— TEMPERATURE AND REPRODUCTION ^3

period. The fecundity of the surviving adults does not appear

to be impaired, and the sex ratio of the progeny is favorable.

Adults of Mormoniella vitripennis and Muscidifurax raptor sur-

vived five months; adults of Pachycrepoideus duhius Ash. and

Microbracon sp., four months.

Results of tests with Mormoniella adults serve to confirm the

observations noted above. Four hundred and thirty-three Mor-

moniella reared at 27.5° C. were refrigerated at 4.4° C. from

June 6, 1939, to July 13, 1939, or for a total of 37 days. At

intervals during this time they were removed from refrigeration

and fed honey. The initial age of the paarsites was from 3 to 5

days after emergence. After 37 davs of refrigeration, 105 adults

remained alive. (Mortality could undoubtedly be decreased by

more uniform feeding periods than were used.) These 105 adults

were removed from refrigeration and put with housefly pup aria

in which they were observed to oviposit. From these puparia 289

adults emerged, two-thirds of which were females and one-third

males,^ These data indicate that neither spermatoza nor ova are

materially affected by refrigeration of the adult.

The principle of cold storage of insect parasites is, of course,

to lower the rate of metabolism so that longevity is increased.

This phenomenon is well known, but the exact effects are not

well understood. According to Wigglesworth (1939, p. 344),

“In insects exposed to low temperatures, the R. Q. may fall

to a very low figure . . . The low temperature seems to cause

some disturbance in metabolism, the nature of which is not

known. The values at the low temperature are too low to be ex-

plained by an exclusive oxidation of fat, and too prolonged to be

explained by the increased solubility of gases in the tissue fluids.”

Even though the process of cold storage is logically sound,

certain complicating factors enter, so that a greater or less

amount of mortality occurs, as previously pointed out. Wiggles-

worth (1939, p. 364) says:

“ [Many insects] accustomed to warm surroundings . . . soon die

even at temperatures well above freezing-point. The cause of death

is not understood. It is often attributed to the accumulation of

toxic products which at normal temperatures would be eliminated

. . . This type of effect by cold is sometimes termed the ‘quantity

factor’ because it must act for some time before it causes death,”

' Mormoniella exhibits arrhenotokous parthenogenesis.

114

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VQL. XIX, NO. 3

The mortality obtained in the present study was undoubtedly

due to several factors which would be very difficult to analyze

separately. Freezing is, of course, a direct cause of mortality but

is not to be considered here, since freezing temperatures were

not used in these experiments. It should be pointed out, how-

ever, that some insects can actually withstand freezing without

adverse effects. One possible cause of mortality — one readily

thought of — is starvation. Even though parasites are held at a low

temperature, a certain amount of metabolism occurs; and, unless

the energy lost is regained by periodical feedings and subsequent

assimilation of food, death by starvation may result. This is sup-

ported by the repeated observation that periodical removal from

storage to permit feeding on honey greatly reduced mortality.

A further cause of mortality, sometimes not readily associated

with cold storage, may be dessication. Because of the continued

removal of moisture in the form of ice, the air in an electric

refrigerator of the coil type, such as that used in the present

experiments, is very dry. Various authors have shown that low

humidity may be a cause of death by means of desiccation. At

low temperatures, loss of moisture by the insect would occur

very slowly, but this is a factor to be considered, unless para-

sites are stored in tightly corked vials instead of in those having

the usual cotton plug. Van Steenburgh (1934) states that larval

parasite mortality during cold storage appears to be due to desic-

cation of the host egg. And according to Lund (1934, p. 335-36) ,

“ , . , the mortality of the parasites and unparasitized host

eggs generally decrease regularly with an increase in humidity

at all temperatures — the mortality apparently varying more with

humidity than with temperature.”

Since the experiments involving cold storage of adult Mor-

moniella and Muscidifurax indicated distinct possibilites for this

method of shipping refrigerated parasites, it was thought desira-

ble to run tests on storage of their immature stages at low tem-

peratures in order to ascertain whether or not any adverse effects

of low storage temperatures on these stages might be evidenced.

As a consequence, experiments were designed to test the effect

of cold storage on immature stages of the two parasites, Mor-

moniella and Muscidifurax.

Cold Storage of Immature Stages. — A common procedure in

biological-control work, as is well known, has been that of ship-

JULY, 1943]

DE BACH— TEMPERATURE AND REPRODUCTION

115

ping parasites in the larval or pupal stage in eold storage. Sev-

eral authors have pointed out recently, however, that low storage

temperatures may affect the fecundity of adult parasites thus

exposed in their immature stages.

Van Steenburgh’s (1934) most satisfactory results with Tricho-

gramma pupae in host eggs stored 75 days at 35° to 45° F.

showed little mortality but about 50 per cent reduction in

fecundity.

Schread and Garman (1934) concluded that

‘‘Tricho gramma species reared in grain moth eggs are affected

by refrigeration in the following ways, (a) At temperatures

below 47° F. mortality is gradual and increases with the length

of exposure. There is some survival with refrigeration extended

to 72 days, but the percentage is so small that it is worthless for

production purposes, (b) The sex ratio is upset when tempera-

tures below 47° F, are employed, the change being more evident

in the generation following than in the generation emerging from

refrigerated eggs, (c) Wing deformity is directly proportional

to length of refrigeration and indicates a general weakening of

the indivduals.”

Under the most adverse conditions tabulated by Schread and

Garman (1934), that is, after storage for 39 days at 37° F. and

60 percent relative humidity, the emerging generation exhibited

a 1:1 sex ratio, showing that even under such conditions loss of

the breeding stock would not result. In an earlier paper, these

workers (Schread and Garman 1933) give as the extreme figure a

male preponderance of 23:1 in the first generation removed from

adults that were subjected to storage at 38° F, and 60 percent

relative humidity for 60 days in the pupal stage.

Hanna (1935) found that larvae of the parasite Euchalcidia

caryobori Hanna were not affected when stored at 16° C. (60°

F, -)- ) for as long as 55 days, as shown by normal fecundity and

sex ratio of the adults. The preponderance of male progeny from

similarly treated pupae, however, indicates an adverse effect in

the form of partial or complete sterilization. Male pupae are

much more affected than are female. Low storage temperatures

cause the retardation of spermatogenesis in the male and possible

retardation of the growth of the eggs or ovarian malformation in

the female. Flanders (1938) discusses and summarizes the effect

of cold storage on the reproduction of parasitic Hymenoptera.

116

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 3

While the aforenamed authors clearly show a reduction in

fecundity of adults or a male-predominant sex ratio in certain

cases where immature stages of a parasite were subjected to pro-

longed cold storage, in none of the cases mentioned would this

have resulted in loss of the parasite species in introduction, had

any quantity of individuals been shipped in storage in both late

larval and pupa stages.

The present experiment involved the subjection of full-grown

larva of Mormoniella to each of the following temperatures:

0-2°, 6°, 10°, 15°, and 23° C. Those held at 23° emerged in 9

days; those held at 15° emerged in 28 days; the remainder did

Table 1. —Progeny of five groups of SO Mormoniella female parasites which were

subjected to storage at different temperatures during the lai*val stage, then removed

and allowed to emerge, mate, and to oviposit, under uniform conditions, among 200

housefly puparla.

Group

Storage

Number of Hosts

Number of Adult Parasites

Produced'*’

Temperature,

in Degrees C«

Ferioa

In Days

Stung

Froducing

Adult Parasites

Male

Female

Total

0-2

120

264

238

502

111

234

290

524

117

177

284

28^

^ Mormoniella Is a gregarious parasite; as many as 15 may mature In one host.

Adults emerged during storage.

not emerge after being held 31 days, although those at 1()° devel-

oped into pupae. The larvae held at 0-2° and at 6° showed no

outward change. The fact that Mormoniella larvae matured and

emerged when stored at 23° and 15° and pupated while stored

at 10° indicates that the process involved at these three tempera-

tures is nothing more than a slowing down of metabolism, and

that development will proceed through to emergence at any tem-

perature above the threshold of development if storage is sufl&-

ciently prolonged.

After being held at the different temperatures for the time in-

dicated, the parasite larvae were removed, and the adults were al-

lowed to emerge. Three days later, after feeding and mating had

taken place. 50 females of each group were removed and placed

with 200 housefly puparia in a quart jar, Oviposition occurred

readily, and the parasite progeny matured and emerged in the

usual time. These progeny were then counted, and the sex of each

was determined. The results of these counts are shown in Table 1.

These data, contrary to what might have been expected from

JULY, 1943]

DE BACH— TEMPERATURE AND REPRODUCTION

117

previous work, indicate that the lower the temperature to which

mature larvae of Mormoniella are subjected, the greater is the

fecundity of the resulting adults. In the present experiments

the number of hosts “stung” was considered to be the best

measure of fecundity, since an egg was usually deposited when

the host was stung. The number of adult parasites that emerged

was somewhat variable, partly because of the factor of super-

parasitization. As a general practice, Mormoniella was reared

ait 27.5° C. in the laboratory. Under such conditions the total

progeny approached the numbers obtained at 0-2° and 6° in

Table 2.— Progeny of three groups of 50 Muacldlfurajc female parasites which

were subjected to storage at a temperature of 4.4'-' C. during Immature stages, then

removed and allowed to emerge, mate, and to oviposit among 200 housefly puparla.

Group

Stage

Tea ted

Period of

Storage

at 4.4° C.

In Daya

Number

of Hoata

Stung

Number of Adult Parasltea

Produced

Male

Female

Toial

Iiarval

200

Larval

200

108

Pupal

200

Control

200

^ Pourteen-day Ufa cycle at 27.5° C.

Table 1. The reason for the low number of progeny obtained,

from those parasites reared at 15° and 23° is not at all clear, but

this was possibly due to their remaining in cold storage for a

short time after emergence. These data are of a preliminary nature

and must be supplemented in order to determine the exact sig-

nificance of the effects that have been noted. At least they show

plainly that storage at such low temperatures is not harmful so

far as reproduction is concerned.

The sex of the progeny of Mormoniella adults subjected to

different temperatures in their full-grown larval stage, indicates

no marked relation between temperature variations and sex ratio,

although the data in Table 1 show a slight preponderance of

males at 0-2° C. This could be interpreted as indicating that

when stored as larvae at a temperature below freezing, males

may be affected. The sex ratio for the entire group is 1.13

females to 1.00 male. On the other hand, the sex of adults which

have been subjected to lowl temperatures in the immature stages

is about 2.66 females to 1.00 male. Indications are that this may

be the effect of differential mortality on the male larvae and

pupae.

Experiments similar to those described above were conducted

113 the pan-pacific entomologist [vol. XIX, NO. 3

with Muscidifurax raptor, but at only one temperature (4.4° C.).

Since pupae had not been used in the previous experiments,

they were included here. The results of the tests are given in

Table 2. From the data in this table it is evident that even sub-

jection of Muscidifurax pupae to prolonged low temperature

does not result in the production of sterile adult males (as has

been demonstrated for some ^ecies), since close to a 1:1 sex

ratio was obtained.^

There does not appear to be any appreciable difference be-

tween experiments and control, either in reproductive capacity

or in sex ratio of the progeny, although there are not suflicient

data at hand to he evaluated statistically.

Summary and Conclusions. — Mature larvae and pupae of

the pteromalid parasites Mormoniella and Muscidifurax spp.

were subjected to storage for periods of 25 to 31 days at tem-

peratures ranging from 0° C. to 23° C. ; they were then removed,

and the adults were allowed to emerge at a temperature of

27.5° C. Fecundity appeared to be highest in those adults whose

immature stages had been subjected to the lowest temperatures.

Apparently, immature male parasites were not sterilized at the

low temperatures used in these studies, since the succeeding gen-

eration exhibited a normal sex ratio. The data obtained show

no consistent effect of temperature upon the sex ratio.

Adult Mormoniella^ Muscidifurax, Pachycrepoideus, and Mi-

crobracon, when given periodic feedings, may be held at low

temperatures for periods of one to several months without

material effect upon their reproductive processes, although mor-

tality increases with length of storage.

In conclusion, it may be stated that, while in certain cases

cold storage may, to some degree, affect sex ratios or fecundity,

importation of parasites by the cold-storage method, either as

adults or as immature stages, may well be feasible and may

even be the most satisfactory method of shipment, especially

when slow transportation over long distances is necessary. This

would at least be the case with the parasites used in the present

studies; and, if one may judge by the data of other authors, the

method might be applied to many species for introductory pur-

poses. Individual studies, however, will probably be desirable

for each species concerned.

* Muscidifurax like Mormoniella, exhibits arrhenotokous parthenogenesis.

JULY, 1943]

HOPPING — BRACHYSOMIDA CORPULENTA

119

Literature C!ited

Flanders, S. E. 1938. The effect of cold storage on the reproduc-

tion of parasitic Hymenopetra. Jour. Econ. Ent., 31(5) :633-4.

Hanna, A. D. 1935. Fertility and toleration of low temperature in

Euchalcidia caryhori Hanna ( Hymenoptera, Chalcidinae) .

Bui. Ent. Res., 26:315-22.

Lund, H. O. 1934. Some temperature and humidity relations of

two races of Trichogram/ma minutiom Riley (Hym. Chalcidi-

dae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 27:324-40.

Schread, J. C. and P. Garman. 1933. Studies on parasites of the

Oriental fruit moth. I. Trichogramma. Connecticut Agr.

Exp. Sta., Bui. 353:687-756.

Schread, J. C. and P. Garman. 1934. Some effects of refrigeration

on the biology of Trichogramma in artificial breeding. Jour.

N. Y. Ent. Soc., 42:263-83.

Van Steenburgh, W. EL 1934. Tnchogramma minutum Riley as a

parasite of the Oriental fruit moth {Laspeyresia molesta

Busck.) in Ontario. Canad. Jour. Res., 10 (3) :287-314.

Wigglesworth, V. B. 1939. The principles of insect physiology.

434 p. 316 figs. E. P. Dutton and Company, New York.

OBSERVATIONS ON BRACHYSOMIDA CORPULENTA CSY.

( Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae) ^

GEO. R. HOPPING

Vernon, British Columbia

Brachysomida corpulenta Csy. was described from a single

female from the Levette collection, the type locality given only

as California.^ In the Hopping collection, two females were

discovered which agree closely with the original description of

B. corpulenta. Mr. W. S. Fisher at the U. S. National Museum

has kindly compared both specimens with the type in the Casey

collection and they agree except in minor detail.

The species is easily recognized by three longitudinal, slightly

raised lines on each elytron. These lines are nearly devoid of ves^-

titure and have only a few scattered punctures. The two females

before me are dark brown. The type is uniformly brownish-

black and the elytra have a slight purplish tinge which seems to

be lacking in my specimens. They may not have been fully hard-

ened when they were collected. They were taken by Ralph Hop-

ping at Kaweah, Tulare County, California, over thirty years ago.

^ Contribution No. 2247, from the Division of Entomology, Science Service, De-

partment of Agriculture, Ottawa.

2 Casey, Col. T. L., Memoirs on the Coleoptera 4 :224, 1913.

120

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTtDMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 3

Several years before my father died, he received from Dr.

E. G. Linsley, a single specimen of Brachysomida which is un-

doubtedly the male of B. corpulenta. Since the male apparently

has not been known before, the following description is given.

Lengrth 8.5 mm., breadth across humeri 3.3 mm.; entirely

black, faintly shining. Head with front very short, about half

the length of the clypeus, densely punctate, the punctures not uni-

form in size; basal two-thirds of clypeus punctate, remainder

nearly glabrous; fronto-clypeal suture deeply impressed; coronal

suture moderately impressed between the antennae, fading out

posteriorly between the eyes; moderately coarsely and densely

punctate behind the antennae, the punctures not uniform; anten-

nae stout, about two-thirds the body length, the scape equal in

length to the second and third segments combined; the second seg-

ment a little broader than long, half the length of the third, basal

three or four segments with conspicuous gray hairs; remainder of

antennae with short appressed fine pubescence; entire head with

long gray hairs. Pronotum with base broader than apex, lateral

angles placed before the middle; apex margined rather feebly,

strongly margined behind, densely and coarsely punctate, the

punctures irregular in size; on the disc a few small areas where

punctures are more widely separated, and a glabrous, feebly im-

pressed, rather broad, longitudinal line on basal half, not attain-

ing hind margin. The entire thorax has long, fine gray hairs.

Elytra strongly tapered from humeri to apices, each elytron with

three broad slightly raised longitudinal lines on which the coarse

punctures are scattered; the line nearest the suture reaches back

only two-thirds the distance from base to apex, the second and

third not quite attaining the apex; spaces between these lines

densely and coarsely punctate, the punctures becoming finer to-

ward the apices; silvery vestiture confined mainly to spaces be-

tween the raised lines; lateral elytral margins with a well-defined,

smooth bead, the sutural bead of each elytron well defined poste-

riorly, becoming feeble toward the scutellum ; elytral apices

rounded to suture with a faint suggestion of truncature; ventral

surface more finely, moderately sparsely punctate, more densely

so on the mesepisternum and finely strigate on the posterior lat-

eral portion of the metasternum; last ventral abdominal segment

with posterior margin broadly and evenly rounded with a faint

suggestion of a minute notch at middle, but this last may not be

a constant character.

The male differs from the female mainly in the much more

strongly tapered elytra, the entirely black color, and the more

strongly developed raised lines of the elytra.

The specimen was taken by Dr. E. G. Linsley at Lebec, Tejon

Pass, Calif.; elevation 4000 feet, May 11, 1928. It has been re-

turned to Dr. Linsley at the University of California, Berkeley.

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VOL. XIX October, 1943 No. 4

THE

Pan -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

PATE, THREE NEW OXYBELUS FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 121

ROSS, NEARCTIC SAWFLIES OF THE GENUS RHOGOGASTER 129

LANGE, ALTERNATE HOST FOR THECABIUS POPULI-MONILIS 133

WOLCOTT, THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPLEURA 134

USINGER, A TAXONOMIC NOTE ON ARADUS DEPICTUS 138

COOLEY & KOHLS, IXODES CALIFORNICUS BANKS, IXODES

PACIFICUS N. SP.. AND IXODES CONEPATI N. SP 139

ESSIG— SUMAC-GALL APHID IN ARIZONA 147

JAMES, THE GENUS CULICOIDES IN NORTHERN COLORADO 148

CHANDLER, A NEW GENUS OR HALIPLIDAE FROM CALIFORNIA.—. 154

COCKERELL, NOMENCLATURE 158

LINSLEY, HABITS OP MELECTA SIERRAE 160

TITLE PAGE, TABLE OF CONTENTS AND INDEX FOR VOLUME XIX.

San Francisco, California

1943

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

VOL. XIX, No. 4

October, 1943

THREE NEW OXYBELUS FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

(Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)

BY V. S. L. PATE

Coo'nell University

The descriptions of the following three species of Oxybelus

from southern California are presented here in order that they

may be available in connection with other investigations.

Oxybelus cocopa^ Pate, new species

The superficial habitus of coco pa is very similar to that of

the following Mojave Desert form pitanta, from which, how-

ever, it may be readily distinguished by the yellow clypeus and

antennae, the heavy silvery vestiture, the non-foveolate mesonotal-

scutellar suture, the straight non-fomicate femoral keel, the

rounded squamal lobe, the obsolescent lateral propodeal carinae,

and the different conformation of the clypeal lobe.

Type. $ ; In desert on Thompson Ranch, Imperiai. County,

California. June 4, 1911. (J. C. Bri dwell; visiting flowers of

Pilostyles Thurheri.) [United States National Museum.]

Male. 4 mm. long. Black; the following citrinous; palpi, man-

dibles except red apices, clypeus, antennae, pronotum dorsally to

and including tubercles, tegulae and axillary sclerites, scutellum

anteriorly, postscutellum, fore and middle femora beneath, hind

femora apically, all tibiae and tarsi entirely, and first five ab-

dominal tergites with a narrow linear preapical fascia. Fulvous:

femora exclusive of yellow maculation, and last abdominal seg-

ment. First two abdominal segments ferruginous. Squamae and

mucro pellucid subhyaline. Wings clear hyaline, irridescent; veins

and stigma light fulvous.

Head fulgid; suborbicular in anterior aspect; clypeus and front

with dense appressed, silvery sericeous pile; vertex with similar

decumbent pubescence; temples with a thinner but similar vesti-

ture. Front gently convex except for flattened area below behind

scapes, with fine close puncturation, width at distal end of scapes

one-half the vertical eye length; vertex with puncturation some-

what coarser and more separated than that of front; ocelli in a

very low triangle, the ocellocular line one-fourth the postocular

^ After the Cocopa, a tribe of the Ynman Indians.

122

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 4

distance; temples vertically striatopunctate ; temporal carinae ab-

sent but occipital carina rather well developed and slig'htly flanged.

Antenna with scapesi obterete, three-tenths the vertical eye length;

pedicel obterete, one and a third as long as first flagellar article;

flagellum short, thick, finely puberulent, first segment one and a

half the length of second, ultimate article terete, twice the length

of penult segment; interantennal distance five-sixths the an ten-

ocular line. Clypeus with median length one-fifth the vertical eye

length; flat laterally to gently tumid discally; median lobe gently

rounded out, the apex with a depressed, glabrous, nitidous flange

which is obscurely quinquecrenulate marginally. Mandibles fal-

cate; inner margins with a low obtuse dentiform angle on basal

third.

Thorax with a vestiture of appressed, glistening silvery pubes-

cence throughout. Pronotum very short, transverse, linear; dorsal

face sharply carinate anteriorly to and including tubercles ; lateral

angles obtuse. Mesonotum gently arched, with rather close, coarse

punctures; posterior margin foveate; axillae immarginate later-

ally; scutellum transversely subsemicircular, gently tumid, with

scattered coarse punctures, bisecting carinule weak to obsoles-

cent, lateral margins with wide pellucid flanges; postscutellum

transversely sublunate, one-half length of scutellum, rugose, bi-

sected by a carinule; squamae subequal in length to scutellum,

transverse-obliquely carinulate, apices acute, inner (posterior)

margins with a small rounded convex lobe which does not extend

as far caudad as apices. Mucro subequal in length to scutellum,

concave above, width at base one-third the length, divergent grad-

ually to apex, the width of which is one-half the length, and with

a broad shallow V-shaped excision there, the latero-apical teeth

rounded. Mesopleura with coarse punctures obscured by heavy

vestiture; prepectus margined anteriorly; episternal suture weakly

impressed and foveolate; hypersternauli and sternostirae not evi-

dent; metapleura glabrous, horizontally costulate. Propodeum ful-

gid, with rather close coarse punctures throughout; dorsal face

with appressed silvery sericeous pile, otherwise glabrous; posterior

face with discal areole strongly margined, broadly cuneate, con-

cave and nitidous within, closed by an acute angle above, long-

stalked ventrally, lateral surfaces coarsely striatopunctate; lat-

eral carinae well developed along dorsal face but weak to obsoles-

cent along posterior face and simple not forked below; lateral

faces horizontally striatopunctate.

Legs: fore metatarsi with four slender, elongate! spines. Mid-

dle and hind tibiae with several rows of slender, elongate, testa-

ceous spines on outer faces; the latter also weakly serrate there;

longer hind tibial calcar three-fourths the length of hind meta-

tarsi. Hind femora with a short, weak, straight keel above at apex.

Abdomen with a thin vestiture of decumbent silvery pubes-

cence; constricted between segments, the first five with pellucid,

OCT., 1943]

PATE— OXYBELUS

123

testaceous flanges apically. Tergites with rather coarse close

puncturation throughout; chromatorachides moderately developed

on first six and with their caudal margins weakly serrate; third

to sixth inclusive with long slender latero-apical spines; penult

tergite without evident dorsolateral carinules. Pygidium elongate

subrectangular, width at base one-half the length, tapering to

truncate apex, the width of which is one-third the length, the disc

coarsely punctate. Sternites perfulgid; more sparsely punctate

than tergites; each with a transverse submedian welt; hypopygium

emarginate at apex.

Female. Unknown.

Paratype. A topotypic male specimen, bearing the same data

as the type, agrees with the latter in all structural details but has

the scutellum entirely yellow and only the first abdominal seg-

ment fasciate.

Oxybelus pitanta^ Pate, new species

The present Mojave Desert form is closely related to abdomi-

nale from which it may be distinguished by the markedly dif-

ferent conformation of the clypeus, the absence of temporal

carinae, the narrow subhastate discal areole of the posterior

propodeal face, the truncate inner squamal lobes, and the nar-

rower mucro.

Type. $ ; Cronise, San Bernardino County, California.

July 9, 1938. (P. H. Timberlake; on Chilopsis linearis [Desert

Willow].)

Male. 5 mm. long. Black; the following stramineous: mandibles

except red apices, pronotal tubercles, fore and middle tibiae with

a narrow stripe on outer faces, hind tibiae basally at knees, and

first four abdominal tergites with a very narrow preapical fascia

briefly interrupted medially. Fulvous: antennae entirely, trophi.

Badeous: apex of clypeal lobe, legs distad of trochanters (hind

tibiae brunnescent on outer faces), tegulae and axillary sclerites;

pronotum dorsally between lateral angles obscurely sordid badeous.

Ferruginous: first two and last two abdominal segments. Pel-

lucid dilute testaceous : squamae, mucro, and apical flanges of

first few abdominal tergites. Tibial calcaria testaceous. Middle

and hind tarsi brunnescent. Wings clear hyaline, iridescent; veins

and stigma dark badeous.

Head suborbicular in anterior aspect; clypeus and front with

a moderately heavy vestiture of appressed silvery sericeous pile;

^ Pitanta : The Chemehuevi name for the Serrano Indians who lived north of

the San Bernardino Mountains, in the Mojave Desert.

124

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 4

vertex and temples with a similar but thinner pubescence, that of

vertex suberect. Front with moderately coarse, subcontig'uous

setigerous punctures throughout; width at distal end of scapes

five-ninths the vertical eye length; fiat below to weakly and angu-

larly tumid above in lateral aspect; bisected by an impression

running ventrad from median ocellus. Vertex fulgid, with punc-

tures somewhat coarser and more separated anteriorly than on

front, bceoming rather coarsely striatopunctate posteriorly; ocelli

in a curved line, the ocellocular line one-fourth the postocellar

distance; temples with vertical striatopuncturation ; temporal cari-

nae weak to absent; post-temporal region sparsely punctured

above, subnitidous below; occiptal carina strong, nitidous behind

and below this. Antennal scapes obterete, one-third the vertical

eye length; pedicel obterete, subequal in length to first flagellar

article; flagellum simple, finely puberulent, second segment three-

fourths length of first, last article simple, terete, twice length

of penult segment; interantennal line seven-eighths the anten-

nocular distance. Clypeus with median lobe one-third the verti-

cal eye length; finely punctate throughout; flat laterally to gently

tumid discally, medially with a low elongate subnitidous tubercle;

median lobe with width subequal to median clypeal length, apically

with a sunken, concave glabrous, nitidous bevel, the dorsal edge

not completely margined but medially and laterally with a mar-

ginate dentoid angle, apical margin gently rounded out, bluntly

angular medially, laterad of lobe with a small, inconspicuous tooth

on each side. Mandibles slender, falcate; inner margins with a low

obtuse dentoid angulation on basal third.

Thorax more or less fulgid; dorsum and pleura with a moder-

ate vestiture of appressed silvery pubescence, and with moderately

coarse, close punctures throughout. Pronotum short, transverse;

flat dorsally, anteriorly with a high, erect, arched, laminate carina,

notched medially, mucronate at lateral angles, from which descends

a vertical carinule, and continuous onto tubercles. Mesonotum

simple; mesonotal-scutellar suture impressed, foveolate; scutellum

transversely subrectangular, gently tumid, coarsely punctate, bi-

sected by a low carinule, lateral margins with broad pellucid

flanges; postscutellum one-half length of scutellum; squamae large,

broad, flat, subequal in length to scutellum, transversely-obliquely

carinulate, apex subacute, inner (posterior) margins with a lobe

subtruncate just before apex. Mucro subequal in length to scutel-

lum; flaring from base (width there one-third the length) to apex

(width there two-thirds the length) which is roundly excised, the

lateroapical angles broadly rounded; concave above, with no trace

of carinules or rugulae within. Mesopleura with prepectus sharply

margined anteriorly; episternal suture impressed, foveolate; hy-

persternauli moderately impressed; sternostirae trisinuate, mod-

erately developed, running obliquely forward and beneath to the

sharply margined anterior edge of mesosternum; metapleura glab-

OCT., 1943]

PATE— OXYBELUS

125

rous, fulgid, with parallel, horizontal costulae. Propodeum fulgid;

dorsal face with a very thin vestiture of short suberect light hair,

otherwise glabrous; with moderate puncturation throughout;

dorsal face traversed on each side by oblique, subparallel, some-

what irregular rugulae; posterior face on disc with a large, deep,

sharply margined, narrow subobhastate areole, trigonally acute

and closed above, glabrous, nitidous, perfulgid within, long-

stalked ventrally, laterad of which surface is traversed by hori-

zontal, subparallel, somewhat irregular rugulae; lateral carinae

well developed for entire length, erect and sublaminate dorsally,

and simple but with a faint indication of a fork ventrally below;

lateral faces with arcuate subparallel rugulae.

Legs : fore metatarsi simple, with four small spinules. Middle

and hind tibiae with several rows of long testaceous spines on

outer faces; longer hind tibial calcar slender, acuminate, seven-

eighths the length of hind metatarsi; hind femora with a fornicate

keel above at apex.

Abdomen fulgid; moderately constricted between the segments;

with a thin vestiture of short decumbent hair, the tergites some-

what silvery fasciate caudally. Tergites with moderately coarse

puncturation throughout; first bisected by a weak impression; first

three with chromatorachides, that of third weak, of first two

moderately well developed and weakly serrate caudally; third to

sixth inclusive with large strong latero-apical spines; penult

without evident dorsolateral carinules apically; pygidium subrec-

tangular, slightly longer than wide at base, tapering to apex, the

width there one-half the basal width, disc coarsely punctate, apex

subtruncate. Sternites subfulgid, more sparsely punctate than ter-

gites, second to sixth with a transverse preapical welt.

Female. Unknown.

Paratypes. Two topotypical males, bearing the same data as

the type except that one was taken at flowers of Asclepias erosa,

agree with the type in all essential features of livery and struc-

tural detail.

Oxybelus puente^ Pate, new species

The weakly margined, edentate upper edge of the clypeal

bevel, the subtrigonal discal areole of the posterior propodeal

face, and the more weakly angulate front differentiate puente

from its nearest relative fossor Rohwer and Cockerell, of which

umhrosus Mickel is the male.

Type. $ ; Riverside, California. July 9, 1933. (P. H. Tim-

berlake; taken in copula, flying over sand.)

* After the Puente Hilla between Whittier and Riverside, California.

126

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

Male. 5 mm. long-. Black; the following deep stramineous: man-

dibles except red apices, scape anteriorly and annulate at base and

apex, pedicel, pronotum dorsally to and including tubercles, scutel-

lum with a small spot at each anterior lateral corner, inner mar-

gins of squamae, fore femora apically and beneath, middle and

hind femora narrowly annulate at apex, all tibiae on outer faces,

fore tarsi entirely, middle and hind metatarsi, axillary sclerites,

and first abdominal tergite with a narrow transverse preapical line

on each side. Abdomen bright ferruginous. Apex of clypeal lobe

castaneous. Flagellum with first few segment brunneous, becom-

ing bright fulvous apically. Middle and hind tarsi beyond first

segment sordid fulvous. Pellucid dilute testaceous: tegulae,

squamae, apical two-thirds of mucro. Wings clear hyaline, irri-

descent; veins and stigma badeous.

Head suborbicular in anterior aspect; clypeus and front with a

moderate vestiture of appressed silvery pile; vertex and temples

with similar but thinner pubescence, that of vertex suberect. Front

with rather coarse, subcontiguous punctures throughout except be-

low behind antennal scapes; width at distal end of scapes two-thirds

the vertical eye length; fiatly concave below behind scapes to

transversely subangularly tumid a little above them, bisected by

a fine impression running ventrad from median ocellus. Vertex

fulgid, anteriorly with punctures somewhat coarser than front, be-

coming punctatostriate posteriorly; ocelli in a very low broad

triangle, inner margins of hind ocelli with a glabrous, nitidous,

subtuber culate welt, ocellocular line one-fourth the postocellar dis-

tance; temples vertically striatopunctate ; temporal carinae en-

tirely absent. Antennal scapes obterete, one-third the vertical eye

length; pedicel obterete, four-thirds the length of first flagellar

article; flagellum finely puberulent, inconspicuously incrassate dis-

tad, first two segments subequal in length, last article simple,

terete, twice the length of penult segment; interantennal line

seven-tenths the antennocular distance. Clypeus with median

length one-fourth the vertical eye length; flat laterally to tumid

discally, bisected by a weak arched keel; median lobe with apical

width five-thirds the median clypeal length, apically with a nar-

row, transverse, linear, concave, glabrous nitidous bevel, sub-

marginate above, apical margin shallowly bisinuate, weakly angu-

late medially and sharply so laterally and in addition with a

rounded emargination laterad of which is a strong mucronate

tooth. Mandibles falcate; inner margins at basal third with a

weak obtuse dentiform angle.

Thorax fulgid; dorsuim with a rather sparse clothing of decli-

vous aeneous hair; pleura with a more noticeable vestiture of

appressed silvery pubescence. Pronotum short; dorsal face flat,

anteriorly with a moderate, cristate carina distinctly interrupted

at lateral angles. Mesonotum perfulgid, with large close punc-

tures, disc wtih a broad shallow longitudinal concavity, coarsely

OCT., 1943]

PATE— OXYBELUS

127

foveolate posteriorly; scutellum transversely subrectangular, flatly

tumid, coarsely punctate, bisected by a low carinule, lateral mar-

gins with pellucid laminate flanges; postscutellum transversely

rugose, three-sevenths (.43) the length of scutellum; squamae

large, subequal in length to scutellum, transversely carinulate,

apices acute, inner (posterior) margins with a lobe subtruncate a

little before apices. Mucro one and four-tenths the length of scutel-

lum; flaring from base (width one- third the length of mucro) to

apex (width two-thirds length of mucro) which is deeply excised

(depth of excision one-fourth the length of mucro), the latero-

apical angles rounded, concave above and crossed one-fourth way

from base by a transverse carina. Mesopleura with moderately

coarse, close punctures throughout; prepectus sharply margined

anteriorly; episternal suture impressed, foveolate; hypersternauli

weak; sternostirae moderate, bisinuate, running obliquely forward

and beneath to the sharply margined anterior edge of mesosternum.

Metapleura glabrous, perfulgid, with parallel, horizontal costulae.

Propodeum perfulgid; with a very thin and inconspicuous vesti-

ture of puberulent hair; dorsal face traversed laterally by oblique,

subparallel, somewhat irregular rugulae between which surf ace is

finely punctate; posterior face discally with a sharply marginate,

deep concave, narrow subcampanulate areole which is closed and

finely, irregularly areolate above, glabrous, nitidous within, long-

stalked ventrally, laterad of which surface is traversed by sub-

horizontal, subparallel, irregular rugulae between which surface is

finely punctate; lateral carinae strong throughout, sublaminate

above, widely and strongly forked ventrally below; lateral faces

traversed by subparallel, somewhat irregular fine rugulae.

Legs: fore metatarsi with three short stiff spines. Middle and

hind tibiae with several rows of declinate testaceous spines on

outer faces; longer hind tibial calcar slender, acuminate, about

three-fourths (.76) the length of hind metatarsi; hind femora with

a short, sharp, subfornicatd keel above at apex.

Abdomen fulgid; very slightly constricted between segments;

with a very thin vestiture of short decumbent silvery hair. Ter-

gites with moderately coarse, separated punctures throughout;

first bisected by a moderate impression; first two with moderate,

welt-like chromatorachides ; fourth to six inclusive with large

strong latero-apical spines; penult without dorsolateral carinules

apically; pygidium subquadrate, slightly broader than long, taper-

ing slightly from base to apex where the width is subequal to the

length, disc very coarsely punctate, apex subtruncate. Sternites

more finely punctate and more heavily pubescent than tergites;

second to fourth with a transverse pre-apical welt; sixth and

seventh with caudal margins deeply angularly excised.

Allotype. 2 ; Topotypical. Same data as type.

128

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 4

Female. 5 mm. long’. Agrees wtih the male (type) except in

the following features;

Livery much the same but antennae largely light brunneous;

abdominal dorsum bisected by a broad light fuscous streak.

Vestiture similar but clypeus, front, temples and mesopleura

with heavy sericeous pile; pygidium with appressed ferruginous

setulae.

Head with width of front at distal end of scapes eight-tenths

the vertical eye length. Antennal scapes about four-tenths (.39)

the vertical eye length; pedicel two and a half times length of first

flagellar article which is two-thirds length of second ; interantennal

distance five-eighths the antennocular distance. Clypeus with

median length about one-fourth (.242) the vertical eye length; flat

laterally to very gently tumid discally, medially with an elongate,

subcompressed tubercle; median lobe with apical width about twice

the median clypeal length, apically with a narrow, transverse,

deflexed, nitidous, glabrous bevel, immarginate above, apical mar-

gin bisinuate medially and thus obscurely tridentate, the latero-

apical angles in addition with a large strong tooth.

Thorax in general the same as male.

Legs; fore metatarsi with five spines. Middle and hind tibiae

strongly spinose on outer faces.

Abdomen perfulgid; with punctures more separated on tergites.

Pygidium flat, trigonal, one and a fifth times as long as broad at

base, apex broadly rounded, disc with coarse, close, setigerous

punctures.

Paratypes. California; Riverside; July 9, 1933; (P. H. Tim-

berlake; flying over sand); 2 29; May 25, 1928; (P. H.

Timberlake; on Erigonum fasciculatum [California Buck-

wheat]) : 2 S ; August 29, 1926; (P. H. Timberlake; on Poly-

gonum lapathi folium, 1^ ; September 20-24, 1931; (P. H. Tim-

berlake; on Baccharvs viminea [Mulefat] : 2 $ ; September 30,

1934; (P. H. Timberlake; on Baccharis emoryi [Waterwillow] ) ;

2 S ; October 9, 1929; (P. H. Timberlake; on EHogonum gra-

cile) : 19. Whittier, Los Angeles County; August 11, 1920;

(P. H. Timberlake; on Foeniculum vulgare [Fennel]); 3^.

Claremont, Los Angeles County; (C. F. Baker); 1 19.

CusHENBURY SPRINGS, San Bernardino CouNTY; September 1,

1936; (P. H. Timberlake; on Lepidospartum squamatum [Scale-

Broom] ) : 1 ^ .

The paratypes agree with the typical pair in all essential

details. The males taken at Riverside, September 20-24, 1931,

are smaller, melanic specimens, as is also the male from Cushen-

bury Springs. A number have a distinct fuscous streak down the

back of the abdomen.

OCT., 1943 ]

ROSS— RHOGOGASTER

129

THE NEARCTIC SAWFLIES OF THE GENUS RHOGOGASTER

(Hymenoptera)

BY HERBERT H. ROSS

Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois

In North America, the sawfly genus Rhogogaster Konow is

primarily a western genus, being represented most abundantly in

the Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia to California.

The genus comprises a group of four medium sized species which

are uniformly green with black markings on the dorsum and legs.

Fifteen names have been proposed for the nearctic members of

the genus ; three of these belong to other genera and some of the

remainder must be reduced to syonymy. Color patterns on head,

pleurae, and abdomeln vary considerably in shape and extent of

the black areas, and are of only limited use for identification.

Characters of the genitalia, especially the saws, have reliable

identification characters.

Our species fall into two natural groups: one, with flat head

and shorter eyes, includes lateraria (Cresson) and addenda (Cres-

son) ; the other, with slightly rounder head and longer eyes, in-

cludes calif ornica (Norton) and the holarctic viridis (Linnaeus).

The generic synonymy and definition has been given by Ross

( 1937 : 104 )*.

Key to Nearctic Species

1. Apical sternite cleft with a sheath, fig. 6, females 2

Apical sternite not divided along meson, males 5

2. Pectus green or straw-color 3

Pectus black 4

3. Lancet with ventral lobes close together, spurette in a depres-

sion and not projecting above it, fig. 9 calif ornica

Lancet with ventral lobes further apart, spurette projecting

above level of depression, fig. 8 viridis

4. Lancet with spurettes arising from depression at base of ven-

tral lobes, fig. 10; abdominal tergites with dorsal area black,

latero-ventral portion almost entirely green addenda

Lancet with spurettes arising from ventral lobe above depres-

sion, fig. 11; abdominal tergites more banded in appearance,

the dorsal black area of each tergite continuing as a band

down the latero-ventral portion lateraria

5. Costa and stigma entirely green or whitish.... 6

Costa and apex of stigma dark brown or black 7

* Illinois Biological Monographs 15 :1-17S ; '1937.

130

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

6. Head of penis valves more or less rectangular, fig. 2..califomica

Head of penis valves hatchet-shaped, fig. 1 viridis

7. Mesopleurae and pectus separated by a broad black stripe

which extends to, or almost to, the posterior margin of the

pectus; praeputial processes no longer than width at apex,

fig. 4 later aria

Mesopleurae and pectus without a separating dark band or this

band irregular and extending only midway across sclerite;

praeputial processes longer than width at apex, fig. ^....addenda

RhoGOGASTER VIRIDIS (LiNNAEUS)

Tenthredo viridis Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 10th ed. : 557, 1758.

Rhogogaster ruga MacGillivray, Can. Ent. 60:160; 1923. $. New

synonymy.

Rhogogaster respectus MacGillivray, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 31:165;

1923. $ . New synonymy.

This species has the habitus of some species of Tenthredo,

being robust, about 10 mm. long, bright green in life with black

markings on dorsum of head and thorax, and with the dorsum of

the abdomen black. The sheath, fig. 6, is round at apex compared

to the more pointed sheath of californica, figs. 7A and B; this

difference, however, is not sufficiently marked to be useful for

diagnosis. The male frequently has the black on the abdomen

reduced to narrow, transverse bars.

The species occurs throughout the Rocky Mountain region

from Alaska to California, but apparently extends east only as

far as Manitoba; it is recorded from many localities in northern

Europe and Asia. Available data indicate a flight range from

mid-May to mid-July.

Distribution Records . — ^Alaska: Eagle, Katmai, Skagway.

Alberta: Edmonton, Fawcett, Gull Lake, High Prairie, Waba-

mum, Waterton, Wetaskewin. British Columbia: Great Divide.

California: Carville, Lassen National Park, Meadow Valley,

Nash Mine. Manitoba: Birtle, Husavick. Montana: Lake Mc-

Donald, Glacier National Park. Yukon: Hootalinqua.

Rhogogaster californica (Norton)

Tenthredo calif ornicus Norton, Ent. Soc. Phil. Proc. 1:198; 1862. $.

Tenthredopsis evansii Harrington, Can. Ent. 21:98; 1889. $. New

synonymy.

Tenthredo ripula MacGillivray, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 31:109; 1923.

$ . New synonymy.

This resembles viridis in external characteristics but is dis-

OCT., 1943]

ROSS— RHOGOGASTER

131

tinguished in both sexes by differences in genitalia. Its distribu-

tion embraces not only the western portion of North America but

also a band across the northern part of the continent extending

Parts of Rhogogaster, Figs. 1-3, penis valves. Figs. 4-5, prae-

putial lobes. Figs. 6-7, sheaths. Figs. 8-11, ventral margin of saws,

sp — spurette.

to the Atlantic coast. It has essentially the same seasonal timing

as viridis, from May to mid-July.

Distribution Records . — Alberta: Banff, Beaver Lodge, Faw-

cett, Gull Lake, Rodner, Waterton. California: Hopland, Lake

132

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

Tahoe, Lassen, Modoc County, Plumas County, Sequoia National

Park, Sonoma County, Trinity County, Truckee, Tulare County,

Yosemite Valley, Colorado: Longs Peak Inn. Idaho: Worley.

Manitoba: Aweme, Birtle, Michigan: Douglas Lake, Montana:

Drummond, Florence, Gallatin County. New York: Karner,

Ontario: Sudbury. Oregon: Corvallis, Eagle Ridge. Utah;

LaSal Mountains, Washington: North Yakima, Yukon: White-

horse.

Rhogogaster lateraria (Cresson)

Tenthredo lateraria Cresson, Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 8:23; 1880. 2 .

Tenthredo retosta MacGillivray, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 31:109; 1923.

$ . New synonymy.

This species is smaller and with much more solid and extensive

black areas than the preceding two, the abdomen appearing

banded. The head is markedly flattened dorsad and wider than

high. The species is restricted to the Rocky Mountain region and

has not been taken north of Salmon Arm, B. C. It is a spring

form, first collection date being March 21, atCorte Madero Creek,

California, latest being July 22, at an elevation of 6,000 feet in

the Blue Mountains in Oregon.

Distribution Records . — Alberta: Waterton. British Colum-

bia: Okanagan Falls, Salmon Arm, Vernon. California: Corte

Madero Creek, Lake Tahoe, Muir Woods, South Anselmo. Idaho:

Juliaetta, Moscow, Worley. Oregon: Corvallis, Eagle Ridge,

Wallowa Lake. Washington: Wawawai.

Rhogogaster addenda (Cresson)

Tenthredo addenda Cresson, Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 8:23; 1880. 2.

Tenthredo vittatipes Cresson, Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 8:24; 1880.

$ . New synonymy.

Rhogogaster tmncatus Rohwer, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 43:211;

1912. 2 . New' synonymy.

Rhogogaster pitohatus Rohwer, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 43:211; 1912.

2 . New synonymy.

Slightly smaller than lateraria but almost identical with it in

color and general structure. The females are readily distin-

guished by saw characters; the males are very similar and fre-

quently difficult to differentiate except by characters mentioned

in the key. The species range is very similar to that of lateraria

but records indicate a seasonal timing two or three weeks later.

OCT., 1943]

LANGE— THECABIUS

133

Distribution Records . — ^British Columbia: Agassiz, Cultus

Lake, Nanaimo. California: Alameda, Cisco, Fallen Leaf Lake,

Giant Forest, Gold Lake, Lake Tahoe, Martinez, Nash Mine, Santa

Cruz Mountains. Colorado: Manitou. Idaho: Juliaetta, Mt.

Moscow. Montana: Bonner. Nevada: Reno. Oregon: Corvallis,

Mt. Hood. Washington: Blue Mountains, Dayton, Easton, Elhi

Hill, Garden, Olympia, Spokane, Wawawai.

Species transferred to other genera

Rhogogaster sayi 'R,o\m&r=Ma,cro'phya rapae (L.) New synonymy.

Rhogogaster reliqua MacGillivray = Tenthredo olivacea L. New

synonymy.

Rhogogaster respersus MacGillivray = Tenthredo olivacea L. New

synonymy.

An Alternate Host Record for the Aphid, Thecabius

popuLi-MONiLis (Riley)

On October 25, 1942, along the banks of the Arroyo Seco

River in Monterey County, California, the author found apterous

forms of Thecabius po puli-monilis (Riley) on the roots of willow

{Salix sp.).

This aphid forms bead-like pseudogalls on the upper side of

the leaves of Populus spp. in central and southern California,

and as far as the author is aware, there are no records of the

migration of this aphid to the roots of any plant.

On May 12, 1942, at Gonzales, which is not far from the

Arroyo Seco locality, first to third instar aphids of this species

were found in bead-like galls on cottonwood. The galls per-

sisted, and by August no living aphids in the galls were found.

At Arroyo Seco, the apterous aphids were exposed on the

small, fibrous roots by turning over rocks just above water line.

They were covered by a white, waxy material. This aphid pre-

ferred a habitat where leaves collected under the rocks; this ap-

parently afforded them more protection.

Some of the aphids had wing pads, and winged forms emerged

in the laboratory and were later determined as this species by

Professor E. O. Essig of the University of California. — ^W. H.

Lange, Jr.

134

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 4

NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF

ORTHOPLEURA SPIN.

(Coleoptera, Cleridae)

BY A. B. WOLCOTT

Dovmers Grove, Illinois

The writer trusts that the following notes and key may prove

to be of some aid to students of our beetle fauna. The occurrence

of a supposedly new species enables the author to include its

description. All the known species with the exception of three

(0. purpurea Gohr., O. ichnoides Chevr., and 0. suturalis Chevr.,)

are before the writer at this time. The characters used in the key

for these three species are derived from their original descriptions.

The presence of a more or less distinct, post-median elytral

pale fleck is a matter of no moment, as it may, or may not occur

in individuals of the same species. The punctation of the elytra is

rarely of any importance as a diagnostic character due to the fact

that it is so nearly identical in the different species, that it could

better be considered as of generic value, hence these features are

given but little consideration in the following accounts.

Orthopleura cyanipennis Chapin

Orthopleura cyanipennis Chapin, Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., 22:52.

1920.

A paratype of this fine and beautiful Mexican species is strik-

ingly similar in size, color and form to Tenerus higouius Lewis,

a Formosan insect, but the resemblance, remarkable as it is, is

merely superficial. Cyanipenjiis is a slender species with head,

prothorax and legs bright red, the elytra steel blue. Length (in

specimen at hand) 7.6 mm.

Orthopleura hintoni Wolcott, new species

Allied to 0. cyanipennis Chapin, but more robust. Head, pro-

thorax, base of antennae, body beneath and legs red. Head rather

coarsely punctured, the occiput finely hut distinctly rugulose. An-

tennae with scape and next two or three segments red, the balance

of the segments of the funicle light piceous, shining, clava dark

piceous. Sides of prothorax straight, pronotum quadrate, rather

coarsely punctured, sides densely punctured, all punctures well

separated, at middle of base a large smooth tubercle prolonged

OCT., 1943]

WOLCOTT— ORTHOPLEURA

135

anteriorly as a smooth, feeble costa to beyond the middle of the disk,

the tubercle and costa with a few rather coarse, scattered punc-

tures. Head and thorax rather densely clothed with long reddish

hairs. Elytra blue, basal three-fifths rather coarsely and moder-

ately densely punctured, basal portion scabrous in small areas, in

other small places there is a tendency for the punctures to become

seriate; apical two-fifths finely and densely punctured, these fine

punctures also intermixed with the coarse punctures of basal por-

tion. Pubescence erect, moderately dense and fine, black. Scutel-

lum obscurely red. Legs red, distinctly punctured and pubescent.

Length, 9.6 mm.

Holotype, a female in the collection of the author, Mazatlan,

(West Coast) Mexico, collected by Dr. H. E. Hinton, August 4,

1932, to whom this fine species is dedicated.

This species is so closely allied to 0. cyanipennis Chapin, that

it is only after long consideration that the writer has ventured to

characterize it. The more robust form, the coarser puncturing

and the presence of feeble costa are the characters depended

upon for the recognition of this species.

Orthopleura quadraticollis Spinola

Orthopleura quadraticollis Spinola, Mon. Cler. pi. XXXII, fig. 4,

1844.

In 1910 (Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., Vol. VH, no.

10, p. 393), the writer called attention to this species and gave

some descriptive notes drawn from the figure given by Spinola.

Due to the fact that Spinola lost his descriptive notes he figured

but did not describe this species and he failed to mention the

locality or country from which his specimen was derived. How-

ever, the figure is very good, and should serve to identify the

species. Sometime ago the writer received from Drs. H. E. Hin-

ton and R. L. Usinger a fine male specimen of this species col-

lected at Bejucos, Temescaltepec, Mexico, July 4, 1937. This

specimen agrees in all respects with the cited figure by Spinola,

and affords an opportunity to describe it in detail and thus make

it better known.

General color deep rich red; form elongate, subcylindrical,

rather robust; elytra moderately convex, conjointly rounded at

apex, sutural angles obtusely rounded, dorsum subopaque. Head

dark rufous becoming very dark (nearly black), on occiput; pubes-

cence short, rather dense, yellow, darker on occiput. Antennae

136

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

with scape and funicle red, sparsely clothed with short flavous

hairs, clava consisting of three enlarged segments, dark piceous,

inner angles of the first and second segments of clava produced

into flattened rami, which are obtusely rounded at their apices,

three enlarged segments of clava together longer than two-thirds

total length of antenna. Prothorax dark rich red, as broad as long,

quadrate, sides parallel, pronotum dark rich rufous, clothed with

long, dense golden yellow sericeous recumbent hairs, median longi-

tudinal vitta extending from base to apical margin, nude, exposing

the in tegumental ground color, wide at base, which has neither a

tubercle nor a costa present, disk with fine, dense, feebly impressed

punctures. Scutellum obscurely rufous. Elytra wider at base than

prothorax, wider posteriorly, sides feebly, broadly rounded to apex,

which is conjointly obtusely rounded, sutural angles obtusely

rounded, color piceous, suture, lateral and apical margins narrowly

yellowish-red, pubescence concolorous with the surface from which

it arises, short, fine and rather sparse. Metasternum dark red,

sparsely feebly punctured, at sides densely punctured. Abdomen

shining, dark piceous, apical segment reddish, coarsely, sparsely

and feebly punctate, sides with a few long yellow hairs. Legs red,

rather densely coarsely punctured rather densely clothed with long

hairs, tarsi of all legs fuscous, tibiae of middle fuscous, tibiae of

front and hind legs fuscous at apex.

Length (in present specimen), 10 mm.

0. quadraticollis Chevr., and 0. lepida Klug are the only

members of the genus, as far as known to the writer, in which

the suture and lateral margins are margined with a pale color.

0. lepida is a small species (4.5 mm. long) of Cuba, and bears

but little resemblance to Spinola’s species. Chevr olat (Rev. Mag.

Zodl., 1874, p. 329) described under 0. damicornis F. a supposed

variety which he designated as “Var. D.” from Cuba, it is iden-

tical with lepida.

In occasional specimens of 0. binotata Gorham the elytra may

be margined in a similar manner to quadraticollis, but may be

readily distinguished by the maculations of the pronotum. 0.

suturalis Chevrolat, blue-black, with the suture and elytral apices

broadly reddish has a dark pronotum. 0. cyanipennis Chapin

and 0. hintoni Wolcott, are the only species in which the elytra

are of a distinct blue color. 0. punctatissima Chevr., and 0. texana

Bland, are closely allied species, in the former the antennae are

black, piceous at base, head clothed with rather dense gray pubes-

cence; the latter has the head clothed with short golden-yellow

hairs, the antenna with the scape and funicle dark rufous with

yellow hairs, clava black. 0. teneroides Gorham has the sides of

OCT., 1943]

WOLCOTT— ORTHOPLEURA

137

the prothorax broadly, feebly rounded, the punctation of the

very black elytra is much coarser than in any of the other known

species. The pronotum with rather long, dense, sericeous golden

yellow pilosity at each side middle of disk. 0. damicornis Fab.,

has the head black, clothed with black hairs, the pronotum red

with the sides and base narrowly margined with black, and the

elytra feebly shining.

These notes and the key which follows should facilitate iden-

tification of the several species.

Key to the American species of Orthopleura Spinola

1. Pubescence of pronotum evenly distributed- 2

Pubescence of pronotum so distributed as to form vittae.. 3

2. Pronotum dark piceous 4

Pronotum wholly or in part red —5

5. Elytra wholly red 6

Elytra distinctly blue 7

Elytra black or blue-black 8

Elytra piceous 9

4. Elytra with suture broadly and apex, pitchy red —

- siituralis Chevr.

Elytra uniformly piceous guadeloiipensis n, sp.

7. Pronotum with feeble tubercle and costa. hintoni n. sp.

Pronotum with tubercle and costa wanting.. ..cyanipennis Chpn,

8. Elytra blue-black, elytral margins pale yellowish-red...

lepida Klug

Elytra black, very coarsely punctured teneroides Gorh.

Elytra black, rather finely punctured. damicornis Fab,

9. Funicle red, head clothed with golden-yellow hairs

texana Bland.

Funicle black, head clothed with gray hairs.

jounctatissima Chevr.

6. Thorax red, sides and three vittae, black... ...jourpurea Gorh.

3. Thorax red, elytra piceous, suture and lateral margins yel-

low 10

10. Pronotum with a narrow nude median vitta dark red

quadraticollis Spin.

Pronotum with distinct spots and vittae of integumented color

' 11

11. Pronotum with two large ovate dark spots at base

binotata Gorh.

Pronotum with sides and two linear vittae, black

ichnoides Chevr.

138

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

Appendix

Orthopleura guadeloupensis Wolcott, new species

Piceous, thinly clothed with fine, short brown pubescence. An-

tennae with scape and following segment red, infuscate, balance

of funicle dark piceous, clava finely clothed with short, gray pubes-

cence, clava formed as in 0. quadraticollis Spinola, but very pale

piceous, nearly rufous, finely pubescent. Pronotum piceous, densely,

sparsely and coarsely punctate. Elytra dark reddish piceous,

punctured as usual in this genus, at apex densely clothed with

flavo-cinereous pubesence. Abdomen rufous, densely rather coarsely

punctate, the segments each with their posterior margins dark

piceous, fifth segment elongate trapezoidal semi-circularly emargi-

nate at apex, sixth ventral segment short, obtusely rounded at

apex. Metasternum dark piceous, punctate. Legs piceous red,

densely and rather coarsely punctured. Length, 5.7 mm.

Holotype, a male in the collection of the writer, Guadeloupe.

(Staudinger) .

A Taxonomic Note on Aradus depictus Van Duzee

This species was synonymized with concinnus Bergroth by me

(Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 29:495, 1936) because no mention was

made of distinctive characters in the original description, the

characters mentioned by Parshley (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 47 :

47-50, 1921) were variable in the series of specimens before me,

and the ranges of the two forms overlapped. Dr. Parshley {in

lift.) has since called my attention to constant structural differ-

ences in the antennfie which serve to distinguish the two species.

In concinnus the antennae are relatively short and the second

segment is slightly shorter than the interocular space and evenly

narrowed to just before the base. In depictus the antennae are

longer, the second segment being longer than the interocular

space, rather evenly thickened on its apical two-thirds, and

abruptly narrowed at basal third. The third segment is less than

half as long as second in concinnus and more than half as long as

second in depictus. In concinnus the second segment is usually

annulate with white at middle and at apex whereas it is entirely

brown in depictus. The scutellum is relatively broader in con-

cinnus . — R. L. UsiNGER.

OCT., 1943]

COOLEY & KOHLS— IXODES

139

IXODES CALIFORNICUS BANKS, 1904, IXODES PACIFICUS

N. SP., AND IXODES CONEPATI N. SP.

( Acarina : Ixodidae ) *

BY R. A. COOLEY, Senior Entomologist, and glenn m. kohls,

Associate Entomologist, United States Public Health Service.

Ixodes californicus Banks

This tick was described by Banks (1904, Proc. California

Academy Sciences, 3d Ser., ZooL, Vol. Ill, No. 13, p. 369, Plate

XLI, Fig. 57) from “several specimens” found on a bird, “Toxo-

stoma crissalis,” at Claremont, California (Baker). The author

apparently believed the specimens to be females for he states,

“Length 2 4 mm.”

Through the kindness of Dr. Joseph C. Baequaert we have had

an opportunity to examine the type material from the Museum

of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. It was found that

the lot contains 5 nymphs. Because of the absence of females,

an attempt was made to locate further type material in the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences, but without success. Through Dr.

Bequeart we have learned that Mr. Banks now considers it very

likely that he saw only nymphs when he described californicus

and that all of the specimens were in fact nymphs. Banks’ de-

scription and figures of the nymphs made in 1904 are entirely

adequate for the recognition of the specimens. These nymphs are

specifically different from those of the tick which has been gener-

ally accepted as californicus. They suggest /. hrunneus Koch,

1844, the nymph of which has never been adequately described

and figured. Whether californicus will eventually fall as a syn-

onym of hrunneaus can be determined only when nymphs of

hrunneus are available for study.

Banks in 1908 (A Revision of the Ixodoidea, or Ticks of the

United States, Bureau of Entomology, Technical Series, No. 15,

p. 24) redescribed Ixodes californicus Banks on the basis of a

male and female from specimens taken in Claremont, Santa

Clara County, Santa Cruz Mountains, and Redwood Creek, Hum-

boldt County, all of California, and the hosts given are gray fox

and black-tailed deer. His redescriptions and figures were ade-

* Contribution from the Rocky Mountain Laboratory (Hamilton, Montana) of

the Division of Infectious Diseases of the National Institute of Health.

140

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL.XIX, NO. 4

quate for the recognition of the common Ixodes of the Pacific

Coast and the name californicus has since been erroneously used

for this tick, which is now described as Ixodes pad ficus n. sp.

Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, new species

Female

Body. Capitulum, scutum and legs brown-black. Unfed, body

nearly elliptical. Scutum reaching about half the length. Post-

scutal areas with numerous long hairs. Lateral folds distinct, nar-

ro-tv. Length, from scapulae to posterior margin, 2.64 mm.; width,

1.14 mm. Fully fed specimens are a little wider and swollen behind

and may reach 9.0 mm. in length.

Capitulum. Length, from posterior corners to tip of hypostome,

0.84 mm.; width of basis just posterior to the palpi, 0.45 mm. Basis

with an even, convex curvature on top, lateral margins abrupt,

converging posteriorly. Posterior margin a concave line, salient;

cornua absent. Porose areas oval or sub-triangular, separated by

less than the length of one. Surface smooth, shagreened, shining.

Palpi long, bluntly rounded apically; lateral margins nearly

straight, median margins curved. Article 2 longer than 3. Com-

bined length of 2 and 3, 0.6 mm. Surface of palpi faintly sha-

greened, punctate and with a few hairs which are short except for

two or three long ones near the base on the median side. In ventral

view the basis is evenly curved, broadly rounded and salient be-

hind ; transverse sutural line visible. Auriculae mild as short ridges.

Palpi flattened medially. Article one with the inner plate visible

as a triangular point.

Hypostome. Long, rounded apically. Denticles 3/3 for most of

the length but 4/4 in the distal portion; more visible in specimens

mounted in balsam. Lateral denticles longest and pointed; median

flies with the denticles progressively smaller and rounded. Length

about 0.54 mm.

Scutum. Slightly longer than wide, widest at about the middle.

Posterior border broadly rounded. Scapulae pointed, moderate in

length. Sizes from 1.26 mm. x 1.14 mm. to 1.44 mm. x 1.36 mm.

Lateral carinae never distinct but traceable in some specimens.

Cervical grooves usually visible only in reflected light as long,

shallow depressions which are first convergent, then divergent and

terminate before reaching the postero-lateral border. Surface sha-

greened throughout. Punctations fine and numerous. Hairs long

and large, confined usually to longitudinal bands in the median and

the lateral areas. Hairs on the scutum very similar to those on the

postscutal area but usually a little longer.

Legs. Smooth and shagreened. Tarsi long, tapering, and with

subapical humps very small on I, absent on all others. Ventral

hairs on legs long and spinelike. Haller's organ on I distant from

OCT., 1943]

COOLEY & KOHLS— IXODES

141

the distal end. Length of tarsus I, 0.84 mm.; metatarsus, 0.50 mm.

Length of tarsus IV, 0.82 mm.; metatarsus, 0.54 mm.

Coxae. Smooth, mildly convex, with very long hairs and with

posterior edges salient. Internal spur on I long, tapering and

pointed; absent on II, III and IV, but on II III there are salient

corners. External spurs short on all coxae.

Figure 1. Female Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls. A. Capi-

tulum and scutum, dorsal. B. Capitulum and coxae, ventral.

C. Hypostome. D. Spiracular plate. E. Tarsus and metatarsus of

leg I. F. Tarsus and metatarsus of leg IV. G. Shape, replete

specimen.

142

THE PAN-PACIFIG ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 4

Spiracular plate. Suboval, with the longer axis transverse and

with the nearly level surface well elevated over the body surface.

Goblets moderate in number and size. Size about 0.3 mm. x 0.27

mm.

Sexual opening. Placed between coxae IV.

Figure 2. Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls. A. Male capitu-

lum and body, dorsal. B. Male capitulum and coxae, ventral.

C. Male spiracular plate. D. Male hypostome. E. Male tarsus and

metatarsus of leg I. F. Male tarsus and metatarsus of leg IV.

G. Nymph, capitulum and scutum, dorsal. H. Nymph, capitulum

and coxae, ventral. I. Nymph hypostome. J. Nymph, spiracular

plate. K. Nymph, tarsus and metatarsus of leg I. L. Nymph,

tarsus and metatarsus of leg IV.

OCT., 1943]

COOLEY & KOHLS— IXODES

143

Male

Body. Oval, a little wider behind. Leng-th, from scapulae to pos-

terior border, 2.19 mm.; width, 1.32 mm.

Capitulum. Basis flattened (mildly convex) edges salient at the

sides and behind; lateral borders convergent behind. Cornua ab-

sent. Surface punctate. Palpi broad, rounded apically, and with

article 2 depressed dorsally. Article 1 simple. Hairs short except-

ing about three on the median side of article 2. In ventral view

the basis is short and with a salient point behind. Auriculae

present as lateral ridges. Palpi flattened medially and with the

ventral edge in line with a mild tooth on inner plate of article 1.

Scutum. Length 2.04 mm.; width, 1.02 mm. Surface about

equally convex on both ends. Pseudoscutum usually not visible but

if visible then broadly rounded behind. Scapulae long, bluntly

pointed and round on top. Hairs numerous and long, similar to

those on the lateral folds; each hair arising from a depression

which directs the supine hair backward. Punctations numerous,

fine. The surface in general faintly shagreened.

Hypostome. Large and with large lateral denticles, those near

the base larger, directed posteriorly and well raised above the

surface of hypostome. The small median denticles as diagonal

crenulations. Length about 0.33 mm.

Ventral plates. Median plate three times as long as the anal

plate. Pregenital plate not clearly defined. Punctations on all

plates numerous and fine, shallow. Hairs on all plates fine and

numerous.

Legs. Essentially as in the female but with metatarsus on leg I

relatively much shorter.

Coxae. Essentially as in the female but the internal spur on

coxa I is shorter.

Spiracular plate. Oval with the longer axis longitudinal. Macula

a little ececntric on the antero- ventral side. Length, 0.268 mm.;

width, 0.221 mm.

Sexual opening. At the level of coxae III.

Nymph

Capitulum. Basis broad with the posterior edge salient and

nearly straight. Cornua definite, small, divergent, slightly eleva-

ted over the level of the posterior margin and often with the eleva-

tion extending forward. Surface impunctate, shagreened. Palpi

long, laterally straight, medially curved. Article 1 simple in dorsal

view. Hairs few. In ventral view basis is long, waisted at the

middle, broadly rounded and salient behind. Auriculae as mild

lateral extensions. Article 1 of the palpus with a faint ventral

tooth.

Hypostome. Rounded apically. Denticles first 3/3 and then 2/2

with the lateral teeth pointed and larger, the medians rounded and

progressively smaller to the median line. Length about 0.19 mm.

144

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 4

Scutum. Sub-circular, slightly wider than long. Scapulae short

and rounded. Lateral carinae faint, nearly straight. Cervical

grooves distinct, first convergent and then divergent, fading out

before reaching the postero-lateral margins. Surface shagreened.

Punctations few and small. Hairs few and small.

Legs. Essentially as in the male and female. Metatarsus on

leg I about half as long as the tarsus.

Coxae. Essentially as in the male.

Spiracular plate. Sub-circular with the longer axis transverse.

Porose central. Goblets few and scattered. Length, 0.134 mm.,

width, 0.115 mm.

Holotyype (female), allotype (male) and paratypes all from

A. P. 8096, a lot of 5 females and 6 males collected from vege-

tation, Monterey County, California, March 16, 1932. Also 8

paratype nymphs, A. P. 20022, from Vancouver, B. C., reared

by Mr. J. D. Gregson.

Holotype and allotype, paratypes of adults and paratype

nymphs are deposited in the collections of the Rocky Mountain

Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana. Paratype adults and nymphs

are placed in the United States National Museum, Washington,

D. C. ; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Mass.; Division of Entomology and Parasitology,

University of California, Berkeley, California.

The nymphs of pad ficus may be readily distinguished from

those of californicus by several characters including their very

small, ridge-like auriculae. In californicus they are large, tri-

angular, and protrude laterally.

The adults of pad ficus differ from those of I. scapularis Say,

1821, in several respects. The absence of cornua in the pacificus

female and the much smaller spiracular plates in the male will

serve to separate the two species. Furthermore, pacificus is

known only from coastal regionls of British Columbia and

Western United States as far south as San Diego, California. It

undoubtedly extends south into Lower California. Scapularis,

however, is widely distributed in much of the Southeastern

United States and it has also been reported from near Tampico,

Mexico.

Ixodes conepati Cooley and Kohls, new species

Female

Described from holotype (unengorged) and one paratype (a

little engorged) .

OCT., 1943]

COOLEY & KOHLS— IXODES

145

Bodqf. Color well sclerotized parts brown-black. Leng’th (tips

of scapulae to posterior extremity), 4.05 mm.; width, 2.25 mm.

Oval, widest at about the middle. Color, yellow-brown. Scutum

reaching' about half the length. Postscutal area smooth, striate,

and with numerous hairs which are similar to those on the mar-

ginal folds.

Capitulum. Length (cornua to tip of hypostome), 0.9 mm.;

width of basis (dorsum back of palpi), 0.66 mm. Sides either

curved or straight and slightly convergent behind. Cornua distinct,

moderately rounded, and at about the same level as the salient

posterior margin. Porose areas large, depressed and well sepa-

rated. Surface smooth, shining, and faintly shagreened. Inner

plate of palpal article 1 visible as a small button. Article 2 longer

than 3; combined length, 0.95 mm.; greatest width, 0.21 mm. Lat-

erally straight, medially curved; widest across article 2. Hairs

few and small. In ventral view basis is broad, slightly convex,

broadly rounded and salient behind. Auriculae absent. Transverse

sutural line visible. Palpi flattened medially. Inner plate on article

1 visible as a small sub-oval plate.

Hypostome. Long with sides nearly parallel, apex rounded.

Denticles 3/3 for about the terminal one-third, then 2/2 to the

base. Denticles progressively smaller from the laterals to the

median line. Length about 0.51 mm.

Scutum. Length, 1.8 mm.; width, 1.68 mm. A little longer than

wide, widest in front of the middle; rounded behind. Scapulae

long, thin and pointed. Lateral carinae distinct and curved, start-

ing at the scapulae and nearly reaching the postero-lateral mar-

gins; more precipitous on the median than on the lateral sides.

Cervical grooves shallow, indefinite, first convergent then diver-

gent, and reaching posteriorly to opposite the termini of the cari-

nae. Punctations numerous, moderate in size. Surface faintly

shagreened, shining. Hairs very few and short (negligible).

Legs. Long and small. All tarsi terminating abruptly with sub-

apical dorsal humps only moderate. Ventral hairs more numerous

and coarser on leg IV than on I. Length of tarsis I, 0.75 mm.;

metatarsus, 0.61 mm. Length of tarsus IV, 0.75 mm,.; metatarsus,

0.72 mm.

Coxae. Coxae II, III, and IV mildly convex; salient on the

posterior margins. Internal spur on I long, thin, and pointed;

absent on all others. External spurs on all coxae short, rounded,

and all about equal. A few hairs on all coxae.

Spiracular plate. Large, nearly circular, with the slightly

longer axis transverse. Surface a little elevated over that of the

body, faintly convex. Goblets numerous and large. Size 0.37 mm.

by 0.35 mm.

Sexual opening. Situated between coxae III.

The specimen included as a paratype, differs from the holotype

in having the palpi shorter (articles 2 and 3, 0.69 mm.), in hav-

146

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

Figure 3. Female Ixodes conepati Cooley and Kohls. A. Capitu-

lum and scutum, dorsal. B. Capitulum and coxae, ventral. C. Spir-

acular plate. D. Hypostome. E. Tarsus and metatarsus of leg I.

F. Tarsus and metatarsus of leg IV.

OCT., 1943]

ESSIG— SUMAC-GALL APHID

147

ing the posterior marg'in of the basis a little depressed below the

level of the cornua, and in having- the scutum wider than long

(length 1.71 mm., width 1.8 mm.). Closely related species have

similar variations. The hypostome is lacking in the paratype.

Male unknown.

Holotype. Female, A. P. 17256, from a cave near New

Braunfels, Texas, September 13, 1940. Cave was evidently

frequented by various animals.

Paratype. Female, A. P. 18440, from Conepatus sp., Brew-

ster County, Texas, March, 1940.

Holotype deposited in the collections of the Rocky Mountain

Laboratory. Paratype deposited in the United States National

Museum.

The species is closely related to marmotae Cooley and Kohls,

1938, and cookei Packard, 1869. From marmotae it differs in

lacking auriculae entirely and from both in being larger, in

having longer legs and relatively longer palpi and hypostome.

7. conepati is known only from southern Texas, cookei only from

Eastern States, and marmotae only from Western States.

Sumac-gall Aphid, Melaphis rhois (Fitch), in Arizona

This very interesting aphid was collected in Cave Creek Can-

yon, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, August 22, 1943, on smooth,

scarlet, or red sumac, Rhus glabra L., by Dr. Wyatt W. Jones.

He described the galls as follows: “I was somewhat surprised to

see very large, sac-like galls on reddish leaves and to find hun-

dreds of small winged aphids within. The galls were apparently

always within one-half inch of the base of the leaflet and very

close to the mid-vein, but not attached to it. In genleral the galls

are bladder-shaped, but more or less irregular. Some were

larger in diameter than three-fourths of an inch.”

This is primarily an eastern species and I have been able to

find printed reports of its occurrence in New York (Fitch, 1886),

Illinois (Walsh, 1866), Minnesota (Oestlund, 1887), New Jersey

(Smith, 1890), Iowa (Osburn, 1892) Ohio (Cook, 1904, by Jack-

son, 1908), Kansas (Sanborn, 1906), Connecticut (Patch, 1923),

North Carolina (Brimley, 1938). I also have mounted specime'-ij

from Ottawa, Canada (Ross, 1916), South Carolina (Nettles,

1933), and Pennsylvania (Pepper, 1938). — E. 0. EssiG.

148

THE PAN-PACIFIO ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

THE GENUS CULICOIDES IN NORTHERN COLORADO

(Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)

BY MAURICE T. JAMES

Colorado State College, Ft. Collins, Colorado

During the summer of 1942, about 5000 specimens of Culi-

coides were taken in a light trap operated by Prof. Miriam A.

Palmer on the campus of Colorado State College. This material,

together with a few specimens obtained from other sources, sup-

plied the material on which this paper is based. Ten determined

species were taken in the Ft. Collins light trap; an eleventh is

added from the Denver Mountain Parks Area.

I am indebted to Miss Palmer for the illustrations of the

male genitalia.

CULICOIDES HIEROGLYPHICUS MaLLOCH

This was by far the most abundant species in the Ft. Collins

light trap, being represented by 2430 specimens. May 19 to Sep-

tember 16. It remained important throughout the season and

during August and early September accounted for more than

half the light trap catch. Also taken at Evergreen, Colorado,

July 25, 1942 (James) 2 2 2.

The male genitalia show some variation. Some specimens are

as in the illustration in Root and Hoffman; in others, the sub-

median projections of the ninth sternite are much shorter and

the foot-like apex of the claspers is less pronounced.

CULICOIDES OBSOLETUS MeIGEN

Light trap. Ft. Collins, 659 specimens. May 22 to September

18; unimportant, however, until about July 1, after which time

it ran second in importance to hierogljphicus.

CuLICOlDES VARIIPENNIS COQUILLETT

Light trap. Ft. Collins, 63 specimens. May 25 to August 31.

Never present in great numbers in any catch.

CuLICOIDES STELLIFER CoQUlLLETT

Light trap. Ft. Collins, 198 specimens, June 29 to Sept. 12.

Unimportant except during the period from July 6 to August 2.

Also taken at Evergreen, Colorado, July 25, 1942 (James) 2 2 2.

OCT., 1943]

JAMES— CULICOIDES

149

CULICOIDES BAUERI HoFFMAN

Light trap, Ft Collins, 112 specimens, June 3 to August 5.

Never of much importance; most abundant from June 15 to

July 19.

CULICOIDES CREPUSCULARIS MaLLOCH

Light trap. Ft. Collins, 481 specimens. May 16 to September

14. The first species to appear in the spring, it remained of

approximately equal importance throughout the summer. Also

taken at Evergreen, July 25, 1942 (James) 3$.

CuLicoiDEs haematopotus Malloch

Light trap. Ft. Collins, 299 specimens. May 23 to September

14. Like crepuscularis, it remained of approximately equal im-

portance throughout the summer, except for the tendency to show

peaks of abundance in early July and early September.

CULICOIDES COCKERELLI CoQUILLETT

Light trap. Ft. Collins, 7 specimens, June 3 to August 1. All

specimens evidently are the same species, yet the coloration and

pattern on the mesonotum varies considerably. In Root and

Hoffman’s key, some specimens may trace to luteovenus, but the

wing pattern is quite different in the two species.

The male genitalia are in general quite similar to those of C.

luteovenus; they agree with Root and Hoffman’s illustration in

the general structures of the ninth tergite, the side pieces and the

claspers. The seta-like hairs of the side pieces, however, instead

of forming a dense patch, spread over the entire inner surface.

The aedoeagus is similar in structure, except that its chitinous

supports unite in the middle. The harpes are similar except that

their bases are a little more slender and the apices are somewhat

recurved.

Culicoides stonei James, new species

Female. Head yellowish-brown. Eyes narrowly separated. An-

tennae yellowish-brown; last five segments subequal, fusiform;

basal ones bead-like; ratio of length of last five combined to that

of basal eight combined about 10:10. Palpi brown; third segment

considerably inflated. Thorax yellowish-brown, its pollen uni-

formly yellowish-brown, without evident markings; pleura yellow-

ish; legs yellow. Wings without light or dark spots; macrotrichia

150

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

rather uniformly distributed. Abdomen yellow. Liength, 1-1.5 mm.

Male. Coloration as in female. Antennal plume yellow. Api-

colateral processes of ninth termite very large, inner process of

side piece much smaller than the dorsal, claspers gently bent and

slender beyond middle, harpes slender, simple, and pointed api-

cally, rather stout and bent over themselves basally.

Holotype, male, allotype female, and paratopotypes, 6 males

and 16 females. Ft. Collins, Colorado, June 17 to August 31,

1942, at light (M. A. Palmer) .

In Root and Hoffman’s key, this species traces to C. uriicoloT.

In the key to male terminalia, it runs to couplet 9, but the tip of

Figure 1. Culicoides stonei James, male genitalia, x 300.

the aedoeagus is rounded instead of being either pointed or

truncate. 1 take pleasure in naming the species after Doctor

Alan Stone, who compared a female specimen and a sketch of

the terminalia with C. melleus and C. anicolor, and decided that

it was distinct from both those species.

Culicoides simulans R. & H.

Evergreen, Colorado, July 25, 1942 (James), 22$, 15.

The one male available shows slight variations in the genitalia

from the Root & Hoffman figure, in that the harpes end in a single

curve outward instead of an S-shaped curve, and the aed c>e.agus is

rounded at the apex. These variations, however, are probably

not of specific value.

OCT., 1943]

JAMES— CULICOIDES

151

Culicoides palmerae James, new species

Female. Head uniformly brown. Eyes narrowly separated. An-

tennae light brown; last five segments of flagellum subequal, fusi-

form; light basal one small, bead-like, ratio of combined length

of last five to combined length of first eight 19:15. Palpi dark

brown; second segment four times, third twice, as long as wide,

third definitely swollen and with a sensory pit near apex; ratio of

length of second, third, fourth, and fifth segments about 4: 5:1:1.

Proboscis black.

Mesonotum brown; a very narrow median longitudinal stripe

on the anterior half darker; indistinctly defined areas behind

sensory pits more or less reddish brown ; submedian spots on poste-

rior half and prescutellar area dark. Legs brown; hind tibia with

a light basal annulus. Wings brown, with two distinct light spots.

152

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

one at the cross-vein and one in cell Rs beyond apex of cell R 3 ; also

light spots which are usually large but more or less indistinct at

apices of Rs, Mi, M 2 , Cui, and anal cells, and near middle of wing.

Abdomen yellowish-brown to almost black. Spermathecae 2 , oval,

about 50 by 75, base of duct very narrowly chitinized, rudimentary

spermetheca present. Length, 1-1.5 mm.

Male. Coloration as in female. Antennal plume light brown,

darker apically. Wings somewhat more slender than in female,

and with markings less distinct. Genitalia very large, one-fourth

length of abdomen, and of a very characteristic type. Ninth ter-

gite extremely convex, notched at apex, and with exceptionally

large, somewhat truncated apicolateral processes; claspers sharply

bent at basal fourth, the inner angle being distinctly an acute one

(about 60°) ; claspers slender beyond bend; aedoeagus and harpes

also characteristic.

Holotype, male, allotype, female, and about 500 paratypes,

male and female. Ft. Collins, Colorado, June 2 to August 26,

1942, at light (M. A. Palmer) .

The thoracic pattern is indistinct; therefore, in Root and

Hoffman’s key (Amer. Jour. Hygiene, 25:152-154, 1937) this

species should be placed in the second half of couplet 10, where

it will trace best to simidans Root & Hoffman. In the key to

male genitalia, it fits the first alternative of couplet 1, but may

immediately be separated from all species treated there by the

large, blunt apicolateral processes of the ninth tergite, as well as

by the form of the claspers. The relationship among Nearctic

species is probably closest to simidans, though, to follow Root

and Hoffman’s grouping based on genital characters, palmerae

is deserving of a separate group rank.

Light trap. Ft. Collins, 581 specimens (not all types), June 2

to August 26. Most important from June 10 to July 21, during

which time it was at least as abundant as C. hieroglyphicus.

DISCUSSION

Seasonal abundance at Ft. Collins in 1942, as indicated by

the light trap, is shown in Fig. 3. The graph is based on esti-

mated weekly totals, the estimate being made by totaling the

weekly catch, multiplying by seven, and dividing by the number

of daily samples. For example, if the light trap were operated

five nights of a given week, the total of the five samples was

multiplied by seven-fifths.

Three types of graphs are represented. In three species, ere-

OCT., 1943]

JAMES— CULICOIDES

153

puscularis, varUpennis, and haematopotus, the size of the catch

remains fairly constant throughout the season. Three other

species, palmerae, stellifer, and haueri, have a definite season of

abundance, and outside of this season occur as stragglers, if at

obsoletus

stellifer

stonei

pdimerae

coc herein

baueri

hieroglyphicus

haemat opot us

varupennis

Xio

Figure 3. Seasonal abundance, by weeks of Culicoides species

taken by light trap, Ft. Collins, Colorado, May 18 to September 18.

all. A third type, represented by obsoletus and hieroglyphicus,

is a combination of the first two; the species occur throughout

the season, but attain a definite peak of abundance in the late

summer, Cockerelli and stonei are too scarce to place in a defi-

nite type, though they seem to belong to the second one.

154

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

A NEW GENUS OF HALIPLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM

CALIFORNIA

BY HARRY P. CHANDLER

University of California, Berkeley

Apteraliplus Chandler, new genus

Size small, 1. 8-2.4 mm.; spindle-shaped, widest point at poste-

rior two-fifths; hump-backed when viewed from side; highest point

behind middle. Head with eyes small, prominent; antennae eleven

segmented, two basal segments as long as wide; terminal segment

of palpi m^uch smaller than penultimate. Pronotum with basal

portion transversely flattened; with a short, broad, punctured,

basal depression on each side; sides roundly and evenly conver-

gent; anterior margin transversely arcuate. Elytra conjointly de-

pressed at base; not truncate at apex; each with ten regular rows

of small weakly impressed, unpigmented punctures; with a row of

very small setigerous punctures between the eighth and ninth

striae; epipleura weakly differentiated, ending just before the last

ventral segment of the abdomen. Metathoracic wings greatly re-

duced, scale like. Prosternum shallowly abruptly declivous along

the median portion of the anterior margin; arcuately rounded

from side to side; posterior process gently raised above the base,

constricted between the coxae, convex, roundly truncate at apex,

sides not margined. Suture between the episternum and epime’ron

obliterated. Episternum of the metathorax separating the meta-

sternum from the epipleura. Anterior process of the metasternum

elevated above base. Suture between metasternum and antecoxal

piece obliterated. Hind coxae conjointly semi-circular, faintly

punctured. Abdomen with three anterior sternites united, with

sutures obliterated; three posterior sternites exposed; last sternite

large, triangular; tip very strongly and closely punctured, mar-

gined with short setae. Legs with swimming hairs on outer poste-

rior edge of the tarsi and the front and middle tibia; a setigerous

striole on the inner distal half of the posterior tibia.

This genus is proposed for the single species described as

Brychius parvulus Roberts^^, from a single specimen taken by

Baker from San Mateo County, California. The species was not

again recognized until two specimens were collected by T. Aarons

from Lake Lagmiitas on the Stanford University Campus, Palo

Alto, California, which were determined by Dr. Van Dyke.

Shortly afterward the author discovered one unidentified speci-

^ Roberts, C. H. 191S. Critical notes on the species of Haliplidae of America

North of Mexico with descriptions of new species. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 21 :94-96.

OCT., 1943]

CHANDLER— HALIPLIDAE

155

Apteraliplus parvulus Roberts (Haliplidae)

Fig. 1. Clypeus; Fig. 2. Labium; Fig. 3. Left paramere; Fig.

4. Right paramere; Fig. 5. Aedoeagus; Fig. 6. Wing region of

female; Fig. 7. Side view of male with elytra removed (Note the

greatly reduced wing). Abbreviations: ac . — antecoxal piece;

em. — epimeron; ep. — episternum; m. — mentum; ms. — mesoster-

num; mi. — metasternum; ps. — prosternum; sm. — submentum.

156

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

men in the University of California collection, labeled Palo Alto,

V-20-22, S, E. Flanders. On January 2, 1942, the author visited

the locality in which Aarons had collected and secured a good

series upon which this study is based. They were found abun-

dantly in small pools. Lake Lagunitas is a reservoir which is

dry during the late summer and fall months. With the coming

of the winter rains this reservoir rapidly fills. This species was

found in small shallow pools at the shallow end of the reservoir.

These pools were located in a boggy region caused by the recent

rains and seepage from a canal above, and had not yet con-

nected in any way with the reservoir. It was estimated that the

reservoir would reach and cover this section about two weeks

after the collections were made. As three of the four known

records are from Palo Alto, and as the border of San Mateo

County (the type locality) is less than one mile distant from the

above-mentioned reservoir, it appears that this species may have

an extremely limited distribution. Its lack of wings makes im-

possible the usual method of Haliplid dispersal. The drainage

system in which it is located is very short, extending a distance

of less than 15 miles from the Coast range eastward to the south

end of San Francisco Bay, As the swimming hairs of the legs are

well developed and the adults are observed to swim quite well for

a Haliplid, it appears that the species is adapted to still water

and any dispersal in the drainage basin would be only in a down

stream direction. There is a possibility that the eggs might be

dispersed in mud on the feet of birds as is thought to be the

case in various other fresh water animals. This would be less

probable if the dry season is passed in the pupal stage which is

most likely the case,

Roberts placed this species in the genus Brychius without

giving any specific reasons. The shape of the pronotum has been

used extensively to define the genus Brychius in keys and in this

Pespect the flattened base of the pronotum and the weakly con-

vergent sides do suggest Brychius. However, other characters

show it to be much more closely related to some of the other

Haliplids. Its nearest affinities, in so far as the author’s knowl-

edge of the family goes, is with the subgenus Liaphlus (genus

Haliplus) from which it is amply separated for generic ranking.

Carr^ in his paper on North American species of Brychius,

* Carr, F. S. New apeeiea of the srenus Brychius. Can. Ent., 60 :26.

OCT., 1943]

CHANDLER— HALIPLIDAE

157

quotes Mr. Barber who studied the type as follows, “Its convex

pronotum, with sides strongly arcuate and convergent, and with

the basal impressions at lateral fourth deep but short without

trace of the sinuate carina which in elevatus and hornii extends

from the base at lateral sixth to apical fourth, together with the

gibbous apically acuminate elytra and the much narrower and

anteriorly not prominent prostemum, seem to me to be good

enough characters for generic segregation.”

The males may be separated from the females by the usual

thickened protarsi; their smaller size and the narrower, more

rounded apex of the prosternal process. The metathoracic wings

of the male are almost entirely reduced, being doubtfully repre-

sented by an imbeded bristle like sclerite (Fig. 7). In the female

they are represented by a scale like appendage, bearing a number

of short setae on the lower half.

Key to the Genera of Haliplidae

1 Pronotum with sides of basal two-thirds nearly parallel, some-

times slightly sinuate, anterior margins strongly rounded, base

with two longitudinal striae extending forward for more than

half the length of the pronotum; epipleura broadly extending

almost to the tip of the elytra, which are never truncate; meta-

sternum reaching the epipleura; last abdominal segment usu-

ally acuminatly produced with a median longitudinal groove;

form elongate; poor swimmers, usually found creeping along

the bottoms of running streams, occasionally in lakes..., Sr

- Pronotum with sides widest at base and convergent anteriorly,

with or without basal striae; epipleura evenly narrowed, usu-

ally ending near the base of the last ventral segment, never

reaching the apex; episternum completely separating the meta-

sternum from the epipleura; last abdominal segment without

longitudinal groove; free swimming, usually found in still or

slow-moving water 2

2. Ultimate segment of palpi as large as penultimate labrum

and clypeus small, width less than half the greatest diameter

of the eyes; hind coxal plates margined, large, only the last

sternite completely exposed; elytra with fine sutural striae;

form broad and convex; general distribution in the warmer

parts of the world Peltodytes

- Ultimate segment of palpi much smaller than penultimate; hind

coxal plates not margined; last three sternites exposed; labrum

broad, width more than half the diameter of the eyes, emargi-

nate anteriorly; elytra without fine sutural stria 3

3. Prosternum evenly rounded from side to side, process raised

above base, narrowly constricted between coxae, apex roundly

158

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XIX, NO. 4

truncate ; tip of last abdominal sternite very closely and

strongly punctate; wings reduced; suture between metasternum

and antecoxal piece obliterated; size small (1.5-2. 5 mm.) ; spin-

dle-shaped; humpbacked. Known only from central California

coastal region Apteraliplus

- Medial portion of the prosternum and prosternal process form-

ing a plateau-like elevation which is at least in part angularly

separated from the lateral extensions of the prosternum, apex

of posterior process squarely truncate; suture between the

metasternum and antecoxal piece not obliterated; size large to

small; general distribution in the cooler parts of the world.

Haliplus

NOMENCLATURE

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL

Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California

Nomenclature is not to be despised. It is a part of language,

it is a means wRereby we record and arrange our ideas. In' by-

gone times, the human mind was aware of only a very small

part of its environment, but science has enlarged our vision

enormously, so that what we, collectively, know, can only be

known in small part by any one individual. Most of our knowl-

edge would be lost, were it not recorded in language, by means

of names, by nomenclature.

There is one limitation to any system of rules, imposed by the

methods of science. No committee or group may make a rule

which asserts that which is false. Thus, it was recently shown that

a certain author had proposed a generic name, without indicating

any species. His specimens are preserved, and we now know

whot he had. Later on another author described a species under

what was presumed to be the same generic name, using, however,

a different spelling. This species is not congeneric with that of

the first author. Now it is alleged that the species of the second

author must be the type of the genus of the first author, although

the latter never saw it and actually had a different genus. This

is manifestly absurd, and the way out of the difl&culty is to ignore

the name proposed by the first author, since he included no

named species, and take up the name of the second author, with

its type described by him.

More difl&cult is the problem of the generic name proposed

OCT., 1943]

COCKERELL— NOMENCLATURE

159

with the mention of a described species, but actually, so far as

the author was concerned, based on another species, perhaps not

congeneric. In such a case we must consider that the generic

name was founded on an aggregate, regarded by the author as

one species, but actually consisting of more than one. We should

naturally refer the name to the species cited, but sometimes it

happens that the author misunderstood that species, and based

his genus on characters only possessed by some other specie,

which he wrongly regarded as the same. If this species, in the

possession of the author, had not been named or described, we

have this dilemma: either the generic name must be considered

as founded on the cited species, or else on a species which had

not been described, in which case the name would have no valid

basis. Sometimes the above facts could not be ascertained from

a study of the published records. It seems very desirable to rule

that in general unpublished information should not be used to

describe questions of nomenclature, when it disagrees with what

has been published. For example, a certain author described a

“species” which actually consisted of two. Another writer took

one of these as representing the species, but on looking, at a much

later date, at the original specimens, the type label was found

on the other species. Which then is the type of the species?

Perhaps the worst confusion arises from the interpretation by

some authorsi of the rule concerning secondary homonyms. The

matter came to a head in this form. Numerous species had been

described in several related genera, and these genera were ac-

cepted by all except a certain French author, who threw them

all together, with the result of finding a number of apparent

homonyms, which had (it was held) to be renamed. Now cer-

tain authors claim that the saying “once a homonym always a

homonym” legalizes this action, and compels us to use the sub-

stitute names. This in spite of the fact that, as I learned from

Dr. K. Jordan, the whole of the International commission was

opposed to such an interpretation, with the exception of Dr.

Stiles. It amounts to saying that if a name has been falsely held

to be a homonym, it becomes invalid, the whole matter being

dominated by someone’s mistake. This is surely absurd, and

leads to a lot of unnecessary changes in names.

When an author has not designated holotypes, what is our duty

in the case? For instance a German author, who described many

hundreds of species, labelled all the specimens “type,” and it

160

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XIX, NO. 4

was well known that the series were frequently composites. An-

other German author proposed that he and I should go over the

whole collection, and designate holotypes. Circumstances pre-

vented this, but supposing we had done as proposed, should we

have been at liberty to pick out a specimen at random from each

series and label it holotype? Or should we have carefully read

every word of each description, striving to ascertain, if possible,

what it was the author actually described? The latter method

seems more reasonable but some large and important collections

have been type-labelled by the former, and the results are gener-

ally considered binding except as occasionally happens, when

the holotype label is found on a specimen from a locality not

represented in the original collection which the author used, or

on a sex not known to the original author.

Notes on the Habits of Melecta sierrae Linsley

In May, 1942, the writer had the opportunity to make a few

fragmentary observations on the habits of Melecta sierrae Linsley

in the vicinity of Miami Ranger Station, Mariposa County, Cali-

fornia. In this area it is a parasite of Emphoropsis cinerea

Smith, subsp. nov. On May 12, an unemerged female was re-

moved from a 1941 Emphoropsis cell series along with both

sexes of the host. During the next ten days, Melecta were en-

countered freq^uently visiting flowers of manzanita {Arctostaph-

ylos sp.) along with Emphoropsis, the females of which were

collecting pollen. Females were also seen to enter Emphoropsis

burrows on several occasions, always during the absence of the

host. Emphoropsis appears to be only semi-gregarious, many of

the burrows being solitary. They were most commonly encoun-

tered in banks but several were found in flat ground. The en-

trance is not protected by a turret.

Melecta sierrae flies much more slowly than its host. The

females spend most of the day flying about in search for bur-

rows of Emphoropsis, occasionally visiting manzanita flowers for

nectar. At night and during periods of cold or wet weather the

females remain in resting burrows excavated in the talus at the

base of the banks in which the host bees are nesting. Several

females may occupy the same burrow and will frequently share

it with male Emphoropsis and occasionally with Tetralonia sp. —

E. Gorton Linsley.

OCT.,’ 1943]

INDEX TO VOLUME XIX*

161

Abananote abana, 31, 32.

Acarina, 73, 139.

Acmaeodera linsleyi, 101.

moronga, 102.

purshiae, 78.

variegata, 78.

Acraea abana, 32.

Acraeinae, 31.

Actinote, 31.

Adelocera mexicana, 44.

nobilis, 44.

Adoretus sinicus, 7.

Aedes purpureipes, 86.

taeniorhynchus, 86.

varipalpis, 86.

Agabus lutosus, 75.

Agra aethiops, 28.

eurypelma, 29.

Altinote (A.) brownarum, 32.

neleus, 31, 32.

Amara (Cyrtonotus) deparcus, 28.

durangensis, 27.

putzeysi, 28.

Amblycheila cylindriformis, 85.

Anaferonia, 27.

Andrena caeruleonitens, 76.

complexa, 76.

sp., 76.

Anopheles p. pseudopuncti-

pennis, 86.

Aphanotus brevicomis, 39.

Aphididae, 133, 147.

Aplastus piceus, 43.

speratus, 44.

Apteraliplus parvulus, 154.

Aradidae 60, 74, 138.

Aradus concinnus, 138.

depictus, 138.

Argyropile (see Megachile)

Armitage, H. M., Hawaiian In-

sects, 1.

Ashmeadiella opuntiae, 97.

rhodognatha, 96.

Attagenus, 39.

Atlas of Scale Insects, review, 79.

Berosus exilis, 61.

moerens, 62.

Blissus mixtus, 38, 59.

Brachysomida corpulenta, 119.

Brychius parvulus, 154.

Callisthenes, 18.

Calosoma lariversi, 17.

latipenne, 17.

luxatum, 18.

tepidum, 70.

z. exaratus, 19.

z. monticola, 19.

z. tahoensis, 18.

Cantharidae, 13.

Carabidae, 17, 92.

Carabus taedatus, 70.

Ceratitis capitata, 3.

Cerambycidae, 91, 119.

Ceratopogonidae, 148.

Chandler, H. P., Haliplidae, 154.

Chauliognathus ineptus, 64.

profundus, 64.

texanus, 61.

Cheligaster, 95.

Chinamyersia, 74.

Chrysomelidae, 74.

Cleridae, 134.

Coccus viridis, 6.

Cockerell, T.D.A., Nomencla-

ture, 158.

Coenonycha, 39.

Coleoptera, 17, 41, 52, 61, 63, 69,

74, 75, 85, 91, 92, 101, 109,

119, 134, 154.

College Entomology, review, 62.

Compere, H., Metaphycus, 71.

Conoderes attenuatus, 44.

bicarinatus, 44.

duplicatus, 44.

laurentii, 44.

Cooley, R. A., Ixodes, 139.

Cosmolyce boetica, 7.

Culex restuans, 87, 89, 90.

stigmatosoma, 88, 89, 90.

tarsalis, 89, 90.

territans, 87.

thriambus, 87, 89, 90.

Culicidae, 86, 87.

Culicoides baeuri, 149.

cockerelli, 149.

crepuscularis, 149.

haematopotus, 149.

hieroglyphicus, 148.

obsoletus, 148.

palmer ae, 151.

simulans, 150.

stellifer, 148.

stonei, 149.

variipennis, 148.

Cyclotrachelus, 27.

Cymbiodyta imbellis, 75.

Cyrtopeltis bakeri, 58.

Dacus curcurbitae, 4.

Decachaetophora aeneipes, 93,

95. .

Dendrothripoides ipomeae, 5.

Dicyphus brachypterus, 53.

hesperus, 56.

rivalis, 54.

tinctus, 55.

usingeri, 53.

* New names in bold face tyi)e, synonyms in italics.

162

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

Diptera, 86, 87, 93.

Dyschirius arizonicus, 22.

E later stwrmii, 51.

Emphoropsis cinerea, 160.

Emydocoris testudinatus, 60.

Enicita annulipes, 94, 95.

Enicomicra, 95.

Epicauta pardalis, 38.

Eriophyidae, 73.

Essig, E .0., Laurel borer, 91.

Sumac-gall aphid, 147.

Eumolops heros, 27.

Euthysanius wagneri, 42.

Evarthrus (AnaferoniaJ, 27.

c. ovipennis, 26.

Evarthrus (Ferestria) morio,

26.

herandensis, 26

taurus, 25.

Fender, K., Cantharidae, 63.

Feronia (Cryobius) blaisdelli, 24.

Feronia (Feronina) humidula, 23.

pacificus, 23.

Ferris, G. F., Nomenclature,

37, 38.

Fiorinia fioriniae, 6.

Galerucella decora, 74.

tuberculata punctipennis, 74.

xanthomelaena, 74.

Galindo, Culex thriambus, 87.

Gastroidea cyanea, 74.

Genital appendages, homologies

96.

Graptholitha molesta, 40.

Hagen, K. S., night collecting,

39.

Haliplus, 158.

Harrisiana brillians, 39.

Hawaiian insect fauna, 1.

Heliconius neleus, 31.

Hemiosus exilis, 61.

Hemiptera, 53, 59, 81, 138.

Heterotermes tenuis, 37.

Hydrophilidae, 61.

Hylus (Hypocoelus) frontosus,

52.

californicus, 52.

robustus, 52.

terminalis, 52.

Hymenoptera, 12, 71, 96, 112,

121, 129.

Hyperaspis obscura, 110.

Irbisia, 39.

Ischalia calif ornica, 78.

Ithamar hawaiiensis, 5.

Ixodes californicus, 139.

conepati, 144.

pacifcus, 140.

James, M. T., Culicoides, 148.

Keifer, H. H., Graphtholitha, 40.

Harrisiana brillians, 39.

Kelley, T. F., Culex thriambus,

Knight, H. H., Miridae, 53.

Kohls, G. M., Ixodes, 139.

Lange, W. H., Jr., Aphid host,

133.

Lasius niger neoniger, 76.

Leech, H. B., Hydrophilidae, 61.

Lepidosaphes ulmi, 39.

Leptinotarsa lineolata, 74.

Limonius arizonicus, 45.

canus, 46.

cribriceps, 44.

discoideus, 46.

infuscatus, 47.

i. pilosulus, 47.

i. vernalis, 47.

Linsley, E. G., collecting notes,

39.

Lassen Coleoptera, 75.

Melecta sierrae, 160.

Nomenclature, 35.

Longitarsus waterhousei, 74.

Ludius colossus, 49.

cribrosus, 49.

diversicolor, 50.

maurus, 49.

nigricans, 50.

rotundicollis, 50.

sierrae, 48.

truculentus, 48.

Lygaeidae, 59.

Macrophya rapae, 133.

Malkin, B., Chrysomelidae, 74.

Coccinellidae, 109.

Zuphium americanum, 52.

Malthodes frosti, 67.

humidus, 68.

oregonus, 66.

tularensis, 69.

visceratus, 69.

Maruca testulalis, 7.

Matsucoccus bisetosus, 36.

vexillorum, 36.

Mazzotti, L., Triatoma, 81.

McKenzie, H. L., Matsucoccus,

35.

Megachile (Argyropile) , 12.

asterae, 13, 16.

flavihirsuta, 16.

nebraskana, 13, 16.

parallela, 12, 16.

p. reta, 16.

p. tulariana, 16.

rossi, 14, 16.

sabinensis, 13, 16.

townsendiana, 13, 16.

INDEX

163

OCT., 1943]

Megachilidae, 12.

Megapenthes sturmii, 51.

Megasteropus gigas, 27.

Melanotus longulus, 51.

oregonus, 51.

Melaphis rhois, 147.

Melecta sierrae, 160.

Meloe opacus, 76.

spp., 77.

Meropliosepsis, 95.

Meroplius, 95.

Metaphycus psyllidis, 72,

Metrobates trux, 40.

Mezira reducta, 37.

Michelbacher, A. E., tomato

mite, 73.

Michener, C. D., Lassen Coleop-

tera, 75.

Ashmeadiella, Sex anomalies,

96.

Microbracon sp., 113.

Miller, R. C., Types, 37,

Miridae, 53.

Mitchell, T. B., Megachilidae, 12,

Monoxia guttulata, 74,

Moorhead, P., Oystershell

scale, 39.

Mormoniella vitripennis, 112.

Muscidifurax raptor, 112.

Nebria coloradensis, 19.

eschscholtzi, 21.

metallica, 20.

zioni, 20.

Nemopoda, 95.

Nesaloha cantonis, 33.

Nomenclature, 35, 37, 38, 158.

Notoplocoris montei, 60.

Nysius delectus, 5.

coenosolus, 5.

Odonteus obesus, 79.

Oman, P. W., Cicadellidae, 33.

Orthopleura binotata, 137,

cyanipennis, 134,

guadeloupensis, 138.

hintoni, 134.

ichnoides, 137.

lepida, 137.

punctatissima, 137.

purpurea, 137.

quadraticollis, 135.

suturalis, 137.

teneroides, 137.

texana, 137.

Osmia lignaria, 79.

Oxybelus cocopa, 121.

pitanta, 123.

puente, 125.

Pachycrepoideus dubius, 113.

Palaeosepsis, 95.

Pandcletius viridissimus, 108.

Papilio (Heliconius) thalia, 31.

Paria canella, 74.

c. quadriguttata, 74.

Pasimachus californicus, 22.

velutinus, 21.

Pate, V. S. L., Oxybelus, 121.

Pectinophora gossypiella, 4.

Peltodytes, 157.

Phyllocoptes destructor, 73.

Plateros californicus, 76.

Pleocoma hoppingi, 39.

Plusiotus woodi, 38.

Podabrus brunneus, 65.

cascadensis, 64.

danielsi, 65,

Polyphylla crinita, 69.

diffracta, 104,

peninsularis, 103.

Potts, R. W. L., Acraeinae, 31,

Ambycheila cylindriformis, 85.

Scaphinotus coloradensis, 92.

Pratt, R, Y., Polyphylla, 69.

Prendergast, B., Blissus, 38, 59.

Pseudaradus, 74.

Pseudococcus brevipes, 5,

Pseudomorpha pairallela, 30.

Psorophora discolor, 86,

signatipennis, 86.

Pterostichus ater, 75,

pacificus (see Feronia).

Ptinus californicus, 79,

Rhogogaster addenda, 132,

californica, 130.

lateraria, 132.

reliqua, 133.

resperus, 133,

sayi, 133.

viridis, 130.

Rhyncogonus simplex, 5.

Rosalia funebris, 91,

Ross, E. S., Culicidae, 86.

Ross, H. H., Sawflies, 129.

Saltella, 94.

Saxinus saucia, 74,

Scaphinotus coloradensis, 92.

Scarabaeidae, 69.

Scymnus fenderi, 109,

Sepsidae, 93.

Sepsidimorpha, 95.

Sepsis, 95.

simplex, 93.

Sex anomalies, 96.

Sphecidae, 121.

164

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[vOL. XIX, NO. 4

Stenomorphus rossi, 29.

Stenopogon inquinatus, 69.

Steyskal, G., Sepsidae, 93.

Temperature, low.

Effect on reproduction, 112.

Tenthredo olivacea, 133.

Termitaphididae, 37.

Tetralonia sp., 160.

Thecabius populi-monilis, 133.

Themira, 95.

Thyce aurata, 105.

cinerea, 106.

clypeata, 107.

Timarcha cerdo, 74.

Trichodes basalis, 41.

horni, 42.

Triatoma phyllosoma usingeri,

81.

p. pallidipennis, 83.

p. picturata, 83.

Usinger, R. L., Aradidae, 60,

74, 138.

Book notices, 62, 79.

Irbisia, 39.

Metrobates trux, 40.

Termitaphididae, 37.

Valgus calif ornicus, 79.

Van Dyke, E. C., Carabidae, 17.

Coleoptera, 41, 101.

Collecting in S. W., 38.

Vespamima sequoiae, 37.

Vitula serratilineella, 39.

Wolcott, A. B., Cleridae, 134.

Xenodusa montana, 76.

Xylocopa californica, 39.

orpifcix, 39.

Zerene eurydice, 35.

Zimmerman, E. C., 35.

Zootermopsis, 37.

nevadensis, 75, 79.

Zupbium americanum, 52.

THE

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

VOLUME NINETEEN

1943

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. LINSLEY, Editor

E. C. VAN DYKE, Associate Editor

G. F. FERRIS, E. S. ROSS, R. L. USINGER

R. C. MILLER, Treasurer

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

E. O. Essig, Chairman

1943 1944 1945

C. D. Dnncan G. F. Ferris M. A. Stewart

H. H. Keifer E. O. Essig F. E. Blaisdell

San Francisco, California

1943

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIX

Armitage, H. M.

Possible economic relations of the Hawaiian insect fauna

to California agriculture 1

Chandler, H. P.

A new genus of Haliplidae from California 154

Cockerell, T. D. A.

Nomenclature 158

Compere, H.

A new species of Metaphycus parasitic on psyllids 71

Cooley, R. A. and G. M. Kohls

Ixodes californicus Banks, 1904, Ixodes pacificus n. sp.

and Ixodes conepati n. sp 139

DeBach, P,

The effect of low storage temperature on reproduction in

certain parasitic Hymenoptera 112

Essig, E. O.

The California-laurel borer, Rosalia funebris Mots 91

Sumac-gall aphid, Melaphis rhois (Fitch), in Arizona 147

Fender, K.

Studies in the Cantharidae 63

Galindo, P. and T. F. Kelley

Culex (Culex) thriambus Dyar, a new mosquito record

for California 87

Hopping, G. R.

Observations on Brachysomida corpulenta Csy 119

James, M. T.

The genus Culicoides in northern Colorado 148

Knight, H. H.

Five new species of Dicyphus from Western North Amer-

ica and one new Cyrtopeltis 53

Lange, W. H,, Jr.

An alternate host record for the aphid, Thecabius populi-

monilis (Riley) , 133

Leech, H. B,

Berosus exilis LeConte, a Hemiosus 61

Linsley, E, G.

Notes on the habits of Melecta sierrae Linsley 160

Linsley, E. G. and C. D. Michener

Observations on some Coleoptera from the vicinity of Mt,

Lassen, California 75

Ill

Malkin, B.

Zuphium americanum Dej, in Oregon 52

Some new records of Oregon Chrysomelidae 74

Two new Coccinellidae from Oregon 109

Mazzotti, L.

Triatoma phyllosoma usingeri, a new subspecies of Tria-

toma from Mexico 81

Michelbacher, A. E.

Petunia, an important winter host of the tomato mite 73

Michener, C. D.

Sex anomalies in the genus Ashmeadiella with notes on

the homologies between male and female genital ap-

pendages 96

Mitchell, T. B.

Records and descriptions in the megachilid subgenus

Argyropile 12

Oman, P.

A new leaf hopper from Oceania 33

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

Proceedings for 1942 35

Pate, V. S. L.

Three new Oxybelus from Southern California 121

Potts, R. W. L.

Systematic notes concerning American Acraeinae. 31

Habits of Amblycheila cylindriformis Say 85

Hibernation of Scaphinotus coloradensis Van Dyke 92

Pratt, R. Y.

Insect enemies of the scarabaeid Polyphylla crinita Lee... 69

Prendergast, B.

Observations on the sand dune chinch bug, Blissus mixtus

Barber 59

Ross, E. S.

New and additional lower California mosquito records.... 86

Ross, H. H.

The Nearctic sawflies of the genus Rhogogaster 129

Steyskal, G.

Old World Sepsidae in North America with a key to the

American genera 93

Usinger, R. L.

Types of apterous Aradidae. 60

Book notice: College Entomology 62

A new name for a New Zealand aradid 74

Book notice: Atlas of Scale Insects 79

A taxonomic note on Aradus depictus Van Duzee 138

Van Dyke, E. C.

New species and subspecies of North American Carabidae 17

New species of West American Coleoptera 41

Additional new species of West American Coleoptera 101

Wolcott, A. B.

Notes on the North American species of Orthopleura Spin. 134

MAILING DATES FOR 1943 NUMBERS

No. 1, March 22, 1943.

No. 2, May 22, 1943.

No. 3, July 31, 1943.

No. 4, October 30, 1943.

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