Vol. XXII

January, 1946

No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

KEEN, ENTOMOLOGY IN WESTERN PINE SILVICULTURE 1

PERRY, KEYS TO THE LARVAL AND ADULT MOSQUITOES OF

ESPIRITU SANTO WITH NOTES ON THEIR BIONOMICS 9

LINSLEY AND MacSWAIN, LONGEVITY OF TRICHODES AND

PELONIUM LARVAE 18

USINGER, NOTES ON CUBAN TRIATOMINAE 1 19

CHAMBERLIN, A NEW TEXAN LITHOBIUS 20

GILLOGLY, A NEW SPECIES OF NITIDULID BEETLE 22

WIND, SOME NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN SATYRIDAE 25

MILLER, APROPOS C. V. RILEY 28

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 31

COCKERELL: LOOKING FORWARD 40

San Francisco, California

1946

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

VOL XXII, No. 1

January, 1946

ENTOMOLOGY IN WESTERN PINE SILVICULTURE*

bY f. p. keen

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research

Administration, Bureau of Entomology and Plant

Quarantine

From the layman’s view all insects are pests and the only

function of entomologists is to find ways of exterminating or

controlling them. The emphasis has been on discovering new

insecticides, new sprays, new fumigants, new and more powerful

DDT’s to make this an insect-free world. But entomologists real-

ize that insects have an important function in Nature, that there

are many beneficial and useful forms, and that to destroy all

insects would be a great catastrophe. Even destructive forms fre-

quently have proved to be a blessing in disguise, as was so well

recognized in the South when a monument was erected to the

cotton boll weevil for having brought diversified agriculture and

hence a more sound agricultural economy.

In forest entomology we have gone through the stages of

collecting, describing, naming, and cataloging myriads of species

found under forest conditions. Thousands of species still remain

unnamed, for forest tree crops are unique in having a tremendous

insect fauna constantly associated with them. We cannot con-

ceive of growing forests insect free. Forests, in fact, are a fertile

hunting ground for the collector, and taxonomists still have

much work to do and re-do, for many forest-insect groups still

need classification and extensive revision after comprehensive

studies have been made of their biology, internal and external

morphology, distribution, and intergradation of species.

We have also gone through the stage of developing control

methods for the more destructive forms (6), including direct

control for bark beetles by felling, peeling, and burning (4) ;

penetrating oil sprays for bark and wood borers (22) , and air-

plane dusting and spraying for forest defoliators (5). All these

*Presidential address read before the Pacific Coast Entomological Society,

January 12 , 1946.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

direct control methods have their usefulness and limitations and,

while great progress has been made in this field during the past

forty years, many newer and better methods may still be evolved.

But to me the more interesting and constructive contribution

of entomologists to forestry is in the field of forest management

(3, 17) — the discovery of the role insects are playing in forest

ecology and how native forest insects are giving the clue to good

silviculture in many forest types. Through the ages insects of the

forest have been pruning, thinning, weeding, and felling — crude

silviculture perhaps, but yet managing to bring forests through

to the condition in which they were found when the early pio-

neers first viewed in awe the virgin forests covering our moun-

tain slopes. While the sluggard turns to the ant for his model of

industry, the forester turns to the bark beetle to learn how to

manage a forest.

A good example of this development is furnished by recent

studies of the western pine beetle ( Dendroctonus brevicomis

Lee.) and its role in the ponderosa pine forests of the Pacific

Coast States (2, 14) . This bark beetle is indigenous to ponder-

osa pine forests and undoubtedly has always been associated

with these trees. During the last 20 years it has killed an esti-

mated 27 billion board feet of timber in California, Oregon, and

Washington, according to Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar-

antine survey estimates, or enough timber to keep all the pine

mills in this region operating for 14 years at normal capacity.

In some places from 60 to 90 percent of the mature pine stand

has been destroyed.

Why this stupendous damage? And if this is the pattern of

this beetle’s behavior, why haven’t these forests been wiped out

long ago? For the past 25 years or more forest entomologists

have been seeking answers to these questions. Today we believe

the solution is in sight — not only a solution to means of con-

trolling this bark beetle, but the more important solution to the

problem of how best to manage ponderosa pine forests for their

maximum yield of timber on a sustained basis.

While considerable study was given to the biology, life history,

and habits of the western pine beetle prior to 1920 (1), research

on the problem was greatly intensified as a result of a serious

outbreak which began about 1918 in the Klamath Region of

southern Oregon and northern California. Forest owners became

alarmed at the heavy timber losses and obtained an appropria-

JANUARY, 1946]

KEEN— ENTOMOLOGY IN SILVICULTURE

tion of $150,000 from Congress to inaugurate control on federal

lands, while private owners agreed to make comparable expendi-

tures on private lands. After preliminary surveys covering 1,-

267,000 acres of infested ponderosa pine forests, in the spring

of 1922 was launched the largest western pine beetle control

project ever undertaken (7, 8) . As often happens, large-scale

control stimulated greater research, particularly on the reasons

for this outbreak, so that, in addition to suppression of the cur-

rent bark beetle epidemic, the underlying causes might also be

remedied, if possible.

Accordingly in 1922 a comprehensive study was begun of the

beetle population and all contributing factors — biological, cli-

matological, ecological and silvicultural. On the biological side

the effect of predators on beetle population was studied, partic-

ularly the role of the clerid Thanasimus lecontei (Wole.) (21).

Parasites were found to be of negligible importance. The effect

of high and low lethal temperatures was studied (15), and in

1924, 1932, 1933, and 1935 opportunities were offered for de-

termining how effective winter temperatures below zero (Fahren-

heit) were in killing beetle populations (12). A check of weather

records showed that annual precipitation had been deficient since

1917 and that although the trees being killed appeared normal

and healthy, they were probably suffering from drought. In 1 924,

therefore, a study was initiated to determine the effect of precipi-

tation on tree growth and the relation of growth decline to

western pine beetle epidemics. And here is where an entomologist

strayed into the tree growth-ring field, which unexpectedly

yielded results both interesting and valuable to the solution of

a problem in applied ecology (10).

The first striking thing noted from increment borings was that

everywhere through the pine forests of southeastern Oregon and

northeastern California the 1924 ring was exceedingly small as

related to the 1923 ring. Then it was noted that from 1900 to

1916 radial tree growth had been very favorable but that in 1917

a sudden drop in growth had occurred which corresponded to

the beginning of the precipitation deficiency. The following years

showed a sequence of small and larger rings which was similar

in all trees. Obviously tree rings were recording the total effect

of all climatic factors which influenced tree growth over wide

areas. The changes in ring widths were then watched with inter-

est and correlated with fluctuations in precipitation and beetle

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [y 0 L. XXII, NO. 1

population. From the small ring of 1924 growth improved

slightly up to a fairly large ring in 1928. The beetles went

through another epidemic cycle from 1923 to 1929. Then came

another series of drought years, even worse than the critical year

of 1924. Ring widths shrank to microscopic size, and beetle

populations zoomed to their highest peak in 1932, when 1,440

million board feet of ponder osa pine were killed in the virgin

forests of eastern Oregon.

Losses were so severe that the forest began to retreat from the

desert edges. It looked as though the climate might have changed

and that there might be no hope of ever growing forests again

at the lower elevations. If this was true, beetle control was hope-

less and the best the owners could do was to salvage what they

could of their remaining timber stands and let these areas revert

to desert.

Since tree rings were such obviously good indicators of wet

and dry years, it seemed worth while to see what they might have

to say about longtime trends. Was the climate getting drier?

Was tree growth continuously declining? Would bark beetles

continue to wipe out fringe stands? Was there no hope for pine

forestry? These were some of the questions for which answers

were sought through tree-ring analysis.

The investigation of tree rings proved to be more complicated

than at first appeared. Rings had to be measured from hundreds

of trees, from many localities. Allowances had to be made for

such factors as the normal decline in radial growth with increas-

ing age, the effect of variable tree thrift — dominant trees grow

much faster than intermediate or suppressed trees — the effect of

periodic fires, insect defoliators, and sudden release due to

windthrow of competing neighbors. Gradually the climatic pat-

tern of tree growth for the past 600 years unfolded, not in terms

of annual precipitation but of the combined effect of all climatic

factors. It was found that this region had gone through many

similar poor growth periods, but not of such great length and

intensity. The most nearly comparable previous drought had

occurred between 1839 and 1854, when the emigrants coming

over the Old Oregon Trail found Goose Lake, south of what is

now Lakeview, Oregon, completely dry and were able to drive

their wagons across its bed. Not until 1925 was Goose Lake dry

again, and then the old wagon tracks reappeared. But most im-

portant, the tree ring record showed that, while good and poor

JANUARY, 1946]

KEEN — ENTOMOLOGY IN SILVICULTURE

growth periods had waxed and waned, there had been no per-

ceptible change in average growth rate during the entire 600

years, and from analogy we could assume that wetter years would

come and that forests would again grow at the lower margin of

the pine belt. This prediction has already been fulfilled, for

since 1941 we have again entered a period of above-normal pre-

cipitation and tree growth, and at present the western pine beetle

population has shrunk to its lowest since survey records were

started in 1913.

This realization of the importance of drought and poor tree

growth to the long-cycle of epidemiology of the western pine

beetle also suggested that individual trees of poor growth were

probably more susceptible to attack than were those of vigorous

growth. Accordingly, studies were begun on the relation of

growth rate to selection by the western pine beetle (19), on

causes of attraction (20), and on the types of trees showing the

greatest, susceptibility (9). From this work was developed a tree

classification (11), based on the two primary factors of tree age

and vigor, which has become widely adopted by foresters as a

silvicultural tool for timber-cutting and management purposes.

A further development of rating individual tree health has been

found most useful in making sanitation-salvage cuttings of pon-

derosa pine stands as a beetle-control measure (23). In fact,

through sanitation-salvage cuttings, which consist of taking out

trees of highest beetle risk, we have succeeded in controlling

western pine beetle infestations much more effectively than by any

previously used direct method of destroying beetle populations

(13). Removing susceptible host trees has been more effective

in controlling outbreaks than removing the beetles (18), and is

also much less expensive.

A further development along this line of controlling beetles

through proper management of the host tree has been the rating

of ponderosa pine stands according to their degree of suscepti-

bility to western pine beetle attack (16). This has been done by

integrating the various factors of environmental pressure, as ex-

pressed by life zone, site, stand volume, and past losses, with

present stand conditions, as shown by growth rate and percent-

age of beetle-susceptible trees in their composition. Forests are

thus divided into five hazard zones from very low to very high,

indicating the intensity of expected loss during the next critical

climatic period. This zonation is highly valuable to timber

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

owners in determining the order or priority of their cutting pro-

gram and in avoiding future loss by taking action ahead of time.

From these studies has come the realization that the native

bark beetles were practicing a primitive form of silviculture in

these pine stands (14), and that this system was well adapted to

the growth habits of this tree and could be used as the basis for

a more refined form of silviculture under man-controlled forest

management. In ponderosa pine the western pine beetle was

making periodic thinnings, not necessarily of the oldest and

largest trees, but a “cutting from below” of slow-growing co-

dominant, intermediate and suppressed trees and a thinning or

clear cutting of stagnating groups. This system of cutting tended

to release trees from stagnation, to make openings for regenera-

tion, to stimulate the growth of young trees, and finally to re-

move the old veterans of the forest when their span of life had

been run. The result was an uneven-aged forest composed of

even-aged groups. Moreover, the work of these beetles was de-

termining the natural rotation of ponderosa pine on different

sites, a long rotation on good sites and a much shorter rotation

on poor sites. With these clues, foresters are developing a silvi-

cultural system for ponderosa pine which takes into account its

natural habits and the part which the western pine beetle has

played in its management over the centuries.

These developments illustrate how forest management of one

timber type has been influenced by research in the related field of

forest entomology. Intensive study of its primary insect enemy

has not only gone a long way toward solving the entomological

problem, but has helped point the way to proper management of

ponderosa pine stands.

While we feel that this one problem has been largely solved,

there are many more important forest -insect problems awaiting

the same intensified research. The mountain pine beetle in lodge-

pole, white, and sugar pine stands; the Jeffrey pine beetle; Ips

beetles in various pines; the hemlock looper; and the pine but-

terfly are a few western forest insects in which recent studies have

indicated the existence of similar important silvicultural rela-

tionships. Since these insects are all native to the forests they

inhabit, we may expect that in each case the solving of the bio-

logical-ecological complex will provide not only new methods of

insect control through forest management, but new clues to the

proper silviculture of these forest types.

JANUARY, 1946]

KEEN — ENTOMOLOGY IN SILVICULTURE

Some people assume that entomology is a very narrow field

and that entomologists can hardly be counted upon to do more

than devise means of killing insect pests. As entomologists we

know that it is an exceedingly broad science concerned in one

way or another with nearly every human, animal, and plant

activity, and that even our most academic researches have mean-

ing in the ultimate solution of many highly important practical

problems. I have called attention today to a contribution that

entomology has made in the field of forestry. Many more oppor-

tunities still remain, not only in forestry but in nearly every

other natural -science field. The possibilities of service to man-

kind through entomology are far from exhausted, and we ento-

mologists still have much work to do.

Literature Cited

(1) Chamberlin, W. J.

1920. The western pine bark-beetle — A serious pest of

western yellow pine in Oregon. Oreg. Agr. Expt.

Sta., Sta. Bui. 172, 30 pp., illus.

(2) Craighead, F. C.

1925. The Dendroctonus problems. Jour. Forestry 23:340-

354.

(3)

1941. The influence of insects on the development of forest

protection and forest management. Smithsn. Inst.

Ann. Rpt. 1941:367-392, illus.

(4) , Miller, J. M., Evenden, J. C., and Keen, F. P.

1931. Control work against bark beetles in western forests

and an appraisal of its results. Jour. Forestry

29:1001-1018.

(5) Fracker, S. B., and Granovsky, A. A.

1927. The control of the hemlock spanworm by airplane

dusting. Jour. Econ. Ent. 20:287-295.

(6) Hopkins, A. D.

1909. Bark beetles of the genus Dendroctonus. U. S.

Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 83, pt. 1, 169 pp., illus.

(7) Keen, F. P.

1923. War on the pine beetle. Amer. Forestry 29:689-

694, illus.

( 8 )

1926. Pine beetle control in southern Oregon and northern

California. Timberman 27:178-182.

(9)

1936. Relative susceptibility of ponderosa pines to bark-

beetle attack. Jour. Forestry 34:919-927, illus.

( 10 )

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

1937. Climatic cycles in eastern Oregon as indicated by

tree rings. U. S. Monthly Weather Rev. 65:175-188.

(ID

1943. Ponderosa pine tree classes redefined. Jour. Fores-

try 41:249-253, illus.

(12) , and Furniss, R. L.

1937. Effects of subzero temperatures on populations of

western pine beetle. Jour. Econ. Ent. 30:482-504,

illus.

(13) , and Salman, K. A.

1942. Progress in pine beetle control through tree selec-

tion. Jour. Forestry 40:854-858.

(14) Miller, J. M.

1926. The western pine beetle control problem. Jour. For-

estry 24:897-910.

(15)

1931. High and low lethal temperatures for the western

pine beetle. Jour. Agr. Res. 43:303-321, illus.

(16) , Salman, K. A., and Johnson, P. C.

1941. Bark beetle hazards in the pine stands of north-

eastern California. U. S. Ent. and Plant Quar.,

Forest Insect Laboratory, Berkeley, Calif. 277 pp.

[Processed.]

(17) Munns, E. N. and P. Coville

1929. Silvicultural practice in the control of forest in-

sects. Trans. 4th Int. Congr. Entom., Aug., 1928.

2:333-341.

(18) Orr, Thos. J. Jr.

1942. Reducing pine beetle damage through partial cut-

ting. West Coast Lumberman 69:42-46, 79, illus.

(19) Person, H. L.

1928. Tree selection by the western pine beetle. Jour.

Forestry 26:564-578, illus.

( 20 )

1931. Theory in explanation of the selection of certain

trees by the western pine beetle. Jour. Forstry

29:696-699.

( 21 )

1940. The clerid Thanasirmis lecontei (Wole.) as a factor

in the control of the western pine beetle. Jour.

Forestry 38:390-396, illus.

(22) Salman, K. A.

1938. Recent experiments with penetrating oil sprays for

the control of bark beetles. Jour. Econ. Ent. 31:119-

123.

(23) and Bongberg, J. W.

1942. Logging high-risk trees to control insects in the pine

stands of northeastern California. Jour. Forestry

40:533-539.

JANUARY, 1946] PERRY— MOSQUITOES OP ESPIRITU SANTO

KEYS TO THE LARVAL AND ADULT MOSQUITOES OF

ESPIRITU SANTO (NEW HEBRIDES) WITH NOTES

ON THEIR BIONOMICS 1 *

BY LIEUT. WILLIAM J. PERRY H(S) USNR 3

Buxton, who spent four months in the New Hebrides, recorded

only thirteen species during the time of his visit. At this time,

even though collections were made during the dry season, indi-

cations were that a rich mosquito fauna would in all probability

never be found.

A total of eighteen species was collected during the time spent

by the author in the New Hebrides. Limited collections were

made from the islands of Efate, Malo, Eissi, Tutuba, Aore,

Malekula, and Tangoa.

These keys are based upon reared and collected material made

from Espiritu Santo (New Hebrides) during a year’s observa-

tions throughout the dry and wet seasons. The only anopheline

found was Anopheles farauti Lav. which was present on all the

islands of the group except Tutuba and Eissi. No attempt is made

in these keys to give specific characters for identification of this

species, for they are well covered elsewhere. All collections and

observations were restricted to the coastal areas and none is

available for elevations over 1000 feet.

Key to Fourth Instar Larvae

1. Air tube lacking; palmate hairs present on abdomen. Tribe

Anophelini Anopheles farauti Lav.

- Air tube present; abdomen without palmate hairs. Tribe

Culicini 2

2. Thorax and abdomen with rosettes of short, spine-like setae;

air tube with a series of single or double hair tufts dorsally.

Genus Tripter oides Tripteroides caledonica Edw.

- Not as above 3

3. Apical one-third of air tube much thinner and with saw-

tooth projections adapted for piercing the roots of aquatic

plants. Genus Mansonia Mansonia xanthogaster Edw.

- Air tube of cylindrical or normal shape 4

1 The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and are not to

be construed as reflecting the views of the Navy Department or the Naval Service

at large.

department of Tropical Medicine, Naval Medical School, Bethesda, Maryland.

JO THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXII, NO. 1

4. Air tube with several pairs of ventral hair tufts. Genus

Culex : 5

- Air tube with one pair of ventral hair tufts nearly centrally

placed. Genus Aedes, Uranotaenia ~:11

5. Air tube with 12 to 16 ventral hair tufts; upper and lower

head hairs single. (Siphon index 7:1) Culex femineus Edw.

- Air tube with 2 to 6 ventral hair tufts; upper and lower head

hairs double or multiple 6

6. A pair of large recurved spines at tip of air tube. (Siphon

index 6:1) Culex basicinctus Edw.

- No large recurved spines at tip of air tube 7

7. Upper and lower head hairs double and plumose; air tube

often with a dark band medially; four pairs of rather incon-

spicuous ventral hair tufts. (Siphon index 8:1 to 9:1)

Culex fraudatrix Theo.

- Upper and lower head hairs multiple and plumose; air tube

unbanded and with conspicuous ventral hair tufts 8

8. Air tube with 4 to 6 ventral hair tufts 9

- Air tube with 2 to 3 ventral hair tufts 10

9. Anal gills short and bulbous; one pair of subapical hair tufts

on air tube. (Siphon index 5:1) Culex jepsoni Theo.

- Anal gills long and tapered; no subapical hair tuft on air

tube. (Siphon index variable from 4.5:1 to 8:1)

Culex annulirostris Skuse

10. Air tube usually widest one-third distance from base; setae

on basal % of antennae slender and tapered. (Siphon index

3.5:1) Culex quinquefasciatus Say.

— Air tube tapered from base; setae on basal % of antennae

stout and blunt. (Siphon index 4:1) Culex pacificus Edw.

11. Air tube with apical one-third of pecten teeth more widely

spaced 12

— Air tube with pecten teeth rather evenly spaced throughout.. 13

12. Upper and lower head hairs multiple; lateral comb of about

12 scales; individual comb scales not strongly chitinized and

fringed around the upper half ....Aedes funereus omatus Theo.

— Upper and lower hairs single or double ; lateral comb of about

8 scales; individual comb scales pointed, heavily chitinized,

and fringed basally Aedes vexans Meig.

13. Scales of lateral comb in a patch and arranged irregularly..l4

■ — • Scales of lateral comb in a single row and arranged regularly

14. Pecten teeth 8-9 in number; comb scales rather heavily chit-

inized with about 25 scales arranged irregularly in three un-

even rows Aedes vigilax Skuse

— Pecten teeth 15-16 in number; comb scales rather lightly chit-

inized with about 50-60 scales arranged irregularly in a large

yellow patch Aedes raggyi S. & B.

JANUARY, 1946] PERRY— MOSQUITOES OF ESPIRITU SANTO

15. Chitinized thornlike process at the base of the ventrolateral

hair tuft on the metathorax large and conspicuous

Aedes aegypti Linn.

• — Chitinized thornlike process at the base of the ventrolateral

hair tuft on the metathorax small and rather inconspicuous.

16. Anal segment with sclerotic plate complete 17

— Anal segment with sclerotic plate incomplete

Aedes hebrideus Edw.

17. Individual scales of lateral comb strongly spined basally

Aedes pemotatiis F. & B.

— Individual scales of lateral comb without any spines or any

fringe; upper and lower head hairs spike-like

Uranotaenia tibialis Taylor

Key to Adult Females

1. Palpi of female as long as proboscis, or nearly so; scutellum

evenly rounded; wings spotted with areas of dark scales;

palpi of male long and clubbed at tip. Tribe Anophelini

Anopheles farauti Lav.

- Palpi of female shorter than proboscis; scutellum with poste-

rior margin distinctly tri-lobed; wings unspotted; palpi of

male not clubbed at tip. Tribe Culicini. 2

2. Proboscis generally as long or longer than the body; dorsal

apical abdominal bands usually present; a light stripe across

the sides of the thorax marked with white scales, the darker

parts nearly bare Tripteroides caledonica Edw.

- Proboscis shorter than the body; no dorsal apical abdominal

bands; sides of thorax without such markings 3

3. Second marginal cell less than half as long as its petiole;

small species (Genus Uranotaenia )

Uranotaenia tibialis Taylor

- Second marginal cell normal, as long or longer than its

petiole „4

4. Postspiracular bristles absent 5

- Postspiracular bristles present. Genus Aedes 12

5. First hind tarsal segment shorter than tibia; large and bright

orange-yellow species Mansonia xanthogaster Edw.

- First hind tarsal segment as long as tibia; dull colored spe-

cies. Genus Culex 6

6. Proboscis and tarsi with distinct pale rings 7

— Proboscis and tarsi dark. (In Cidex paci ficus, the male only

has a narrow ill-defined pale ring on the proboscis) 9

7. Dorsal area of vertex golden-brown, black on either side; an-

terior half or more of mesonotum clothed with pale scales.

Culex basicinctus Edw.

- Dorsal area of vertex brown to gray-brown, with a lateral

triangular white patch 8

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ V OL. XXII, NO. 1

8. Fore tibia with a row of white spots in front; dorsal, basal,

abdominal bands generally produced in middle

Culex annulirostris Skuse

- Fore tibia without a row of white spots in front; dorsal,

basal, abdominal bands approximately equal in width, at least

on segments III and IV Culex jepsoni Theo.

9. Dorsal basal abdominal bands present 10

- Dorsal abdominal bands lacking (at least no complete bands

on the first three segments) 11

10. Mesonotum dark brown and with two lines of narrow, golden

brown scales forming a lyre; two pairs of black triangular-

shaped markings on lateral aspect of mesonotum

Culex pad ficus Edw.

— Mesonotum light brown, without such markings, uniformly

covered with narrow, curved, golden-brown scales; a patch of

broad, pale scales low down on either side of the head

Culex quinquefasciatus Say.

11. Basal lateral spots of abdominal segments somewhat rectang-

ular; palpi of male very short, no longer than in the females.

Culex femineus Edw.

— Basal lateral spots of abdominal segments very small; anten-

nae of male with modified hairs (scale-like) on segments 6

to 9 Culex fraudatrix Theo.

12. Strongly ornamented species (with prominent silver mark-

ings) 13

— Dark species with little ornamentation 15

13. Mesonotum with four silvery lines, the outer pair curved to

form a lyre-shaped marking Aedes aegypti Linn.

— Mesonotum with a narrow mid-dorsal silvery line and a

silvery lateral band 14

14. Dorsal abdominal bands on segments III to VII complete.

Aedes hebrideus Edw.

— Dorsal abdominal bands on segments III to VII broken medi-

ally Aedes pemotatus F. & B.

15. Dorsal abdominal bands lacking. Aedes daggyi S. & B.

— Dorsal abdominal bands present ...16

16. Dorsal abdominal bands median and in an inverted “U”-

shape Aedes funereus omatus Theo.

— Dorsal abdominal bands basal 17

17. Wings with at least some white (or yellowish-white) scales.

Aedes vigilax Skuse

— - Wings entirely dark scaled Aedes vexans Meigen.

Anopheles (Myzomyia) farauti Laveran

Larvae : Dry season breeding places for farauti in the New

Hebrides consist primarily of rivers, streams, springs, seepage

areas, ponds, taro gardens under water, swamps, and open wells

located near native plantations.

JANUARY, 1946] FERRY — MOSQUITOES OF ESPIRITU SANTO

During the rainy season, breeding may occur in almost all the

additional water collections which form. At this time larvae may

be found in all types of natural and man-made catchments, such

as ruts, foxholes, bases of uprooted trees, borrow pits, poorly

graded ditches, and in such places as hog wallows and occasion-

ally in coral pools above the high tide level. Larvae are rather

commonly discovered in such artificial containers as large tin

cans, empty gasoline and oil drums, watering troughs, tubs, and

occasionally in beached boats. The water in the above-mentioned

types of breeding places may be clear, turbid, somewhat stag-

nant, brackish, or pure rain water. In nearly all cases, breeding

in extensive water areas is associated with flotage or emergent

vegetation. However, in small confined places such as pools,

puddles, and road ruts larvae will commonly be found on the

open surface, without any surface obstructions.

Larvae are rarely collected in coconut halves, tree holes, or in

the axils of water-holding plants. Occasional ones have been

reported in small tin cans and in coconut halves which were

subject to flushing with rain water; however, this type of breed-

ing place is the exception rather than the rule. Larvae were

easily collected in swamps or pot holes that contained lodged

mats of floating duckweed {Lenina ) . When the plants were scat-

tered, a few were reported, but pools remained consistently free

of anophelines in heavily covered pond surfaces.

Adults: Readily attack man. Most important anopheline as a

vector of malaria and filariasis in the New Hebrides-Solomon

Islands. Diurnal resting places consist of native huts, darkened

quarters of military personnel, and tree buttresses in shaded

jungle areas.

Tripteroides (Mimeotomyia) caledonica Edw.

Larvae: These rather unusual looking larvae are found pri-

marily in tree holes, axils of pandanus trees, sago palms, and

banana-like plants. They are also found in coconut halves and

husks, bamboo stumps, and artificial containers such as tin cans,

sagging tent covers, tarpaulins, and wooden frames holding water.

The larvae have a woolly appearance due to numerous spine-

like setae on the thorax and abdomen. There is a marked varia-

tion in the length of the air tube and also in the chaetotaxy of

the abdomen of the larvae and pupae of this species.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

Adults : The adults have not been collected while biting man.

They are collected freely resting on tree trunks.

Mansonia (Coquillettidia) xanthogaster Edw.

Larvae : The larvae and pupae of this interesting genus have

a peculiarly adapted air tube modified for piercing the roots or

stems of aquatic plants.

On Espiritu Santo they are collected primarily from aquatic

plants in large permanent fresh water swamps. Mansonia larvae

and pupae have been collected in the field from several types of

aquatic plants, but have been recorded most abundantly attached

to the roots of the small clump-like Pandanus. In the laboratory

they have been observed attached to the slender stems of certain

floating plants such as duckweed ( Lemna ) and to the fleshy

roots of the white water lily ( Nymphaea ) .

Adults'. Adults rest primarily on vegetation near the immedi-

ate vicinity of their breeding sites. They are persistent and vicious

biters particularly near breeding areas. They bite during the

day and early morning hours.

Uranotaenia tibialis Taylor

Larvae: The aquatic forms are collected in grassy swamps,

densely shaded jungle swamps, the overflow of streams, and shal-

low pools formed along receding streams.

These larvae resemble anopheline larvae in their resting posi-

tions at the surface of the water. They are readily identified by

their long spike-like head hairs.

Adults : Adults rest on tree buttresses and overhanging stream

banks in the jungle. They are not known to bite man.

Culex (Mochthogenes) femineus Edw.

Larvae : The larvae of this species are most frequently found

in rock pools along the sides of streams. They have occasion-

ally been reported breeding in abandoned road ruts, open native

wells, and partially submerged oil drums. One report has been

made of its breeding in a tree hole. This is a fairly abundant

species where favorable larval habitats occur.

Adults : Adults are collected at will resting upon tree trunks

and moist overhanging banks. They are not known to bite man.

JANUARY, 1946] PERRY— MOSQUITOES OP ESPIRITU SANTO

CULEX (CULEX) BASICINCTUS EdW.

Larvae: This species is a rather rare mosquito in the New

Hebrides. The larvae are found in association with various types

of Spirogyra. They have been collected among algae along river

margins and in the ox-bows of rivers formed during the dry

season. The apico-dorsal hairs on the air tube are modified to

form stout recurved spines which are used in clinging to the

filamentous mats.

Adults: Adults have not been collected attempting to bite man.

Because of restricted breeding areas, adults are difficult to collect

in nature.

Culex (Lophoceratomyia) fraudatrix Theo.

Larvae: These larvae have been found in shaded areas in per-

manent swamps among the roots of trees, along shaded, grassy

stream margins, and occasionally in rocky pools and abandoned

road ruts. The air tube of the larva is very long (9:1) and the

ventral hair tufts are small and rather inconspicuous. Occasion-

ally a dark median band is present on the air tube.

Culex hilli buxtoni and Culex fraudatrix are now considered

to be synonymous.

Adults: Adults do not attack man readily. They are easily

collected in the vicinity of breeding areas resting on vegetation,

tree trunks, and overhanging protected stream banks.

Culex (Culex) jepsoni Theo.

Larvae: In the New Hebrides the larvae of this species are

found most characteristically in water collections in coral or

sand pockets formed above high tide level. Reports have been

made of its breeding in barrels and tin cans along beaches, in

rain puddles, and in brackish water ditches. This species is

characateristically coastal in distribution and where locations are

found favorable for breeding, the larvae are very numerous.

Australian records of Culex sitiens are considered to belong

to Culex jepsoni.

Adults: Adults have not been collected biting man.

Culex (Culex) annulirostris Skuse

Larvae: These common larvae are taken in sunny areas of

permanent swamps, road ruts, ditches, ponds, hog wallows, bases

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

of uprooted trees, and other natural catchments. They are seldom

taken in confined places like tin cans, tree holes, or coconut

shells. The length of the air tube varies from 4.5:1 to 8:1.

Usually larvae taken from swamps and ponds containing rela-

tively fresh water and abundant duckweed ( Lemna ) possess a

noticeably slender air tube with an index close to 8:1. Those

commonly collected in road ruts and other temporary ground

pools and catchments possess a short tube with a siphon index

of 4.5:1 to 6:1.

Adults : Adults attack man readily in the late afternoon and

evening, and occasionally in the shade during the day. This spe-

cies is the most common mosquito taken in routine night catches.

CULEX (CULEX) QUINQUEFASCIATUS SAY.

Larvae: This species is primarily a domestic mosquito. The

larvae are found in various artificial receptacles near plantation

homes and native huts. The larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus

and Culex pad ficus resemble each other very closely and are

often difficult to separate from one another.

Adults: Adults bite readily at night. They rest primarily in

quarters of military personnel and in native huts. In nature

large numbers have been collected resting in tall grass and other

emergent vegetation in the breeding area.

Culex (Culex) pacificus Edw.

Larvae: Larvae are primarily found breeding in tree holes and

cavities holding water. They are commonly collected in tin cans,

artificial containers, and ocacsionally in coconut shells and plant

axils. This is a rather abundant species.

Adults: Adults apparently do not attack man.

Aedes (Aedes) funereus ornatus Theo.

Larvae: These larvae are found in temporary rain pools, road

ruts, hog wallows, and occasionally in ditches. They are often

found in association with larvae of Aedes vexans. It is not a

common larva considering how infrequently the adults are seen.

Adults: Adults attack man readily in jungle areas. This spe-

cies is one of the most vicious day biters.

Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans Meigen

Larvae: Larvae are usually collected in temporary rain pud-

JANUARY, 1946] PERRY— MOSQUITOES OP ESPIRITU SANTO

dies but are occasionally found in grassy swamps and drainage

ditches following rains.

Adults : Adults attack man readily in the vicinity of breeding

areas.

Aedes (Geoskusea)daggyi Stone and Bohart

Larvae: To date these larvae have been collected from crab

and lobster holes near fresh water swamps or in brackish water

near the ocean. This is a difficult larva to find and may be easily

overlooked due to its light appearance and habit of remaining

submerged for long periods of time. Occasional ones have been

collected from temporary ground pools, probably due mainly to

the flooding of crab and lobster holes during periods of heavy

rains. There appears to be a fresh and a salt water variety.

Daggyi is commonly taken in crab holes located near the ocean.

Adults: Adults are not known to bite man.

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti Linn.

Larvae: This well known domestic mosquito is usually found

in artificial containers near plantation homes and native villages.

It is very common in rain barrels, buckets, and most any kind of

artificial container. They have been recorded in large numbers

breeding in salvaged tire casings.

Adults: Adults attack man readily and are well known for

their bloodsucking habits. This species is the important vector

of dengue in the New Hebrides.

Aedes (Stegomyia) pernotatus F. & B.

Larvae: The larvae are occasionally found with hebrideus

breeding in water held in wooden frames or coconut husks, but

they are also found in tree holes and tree cavities. The larvae

are not as abundant as hebrideus which they closely resemble.

Adults: Adults were not collected biting man in nature. They

are reluctant to feed even under insectary conditions, although

occasional ones have been induced to take a human blood meal.

Aedes (Stegomyia) hebrideus Edw.

Larvae: This is a common larva found in tree holes, coconut

husks and shells, sagging tents and tarpulins, wooden frames,

rain barrels, and artificial containers of all types.

Adults: Adults attack man readily and are persistent biters

during the day.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) vigilax Skuse

Larvae: This is a salt and brackish marsh species. Larvae

were collected by the author on one occasion in 1944 on Espiritu

Santo from a salt water pool located above high tide level. This

one collection probably represented an introduction from Nou-

mea, New Caledonia, for it is not generally distributed in the

New Hebrides. This was the first positive record of its presence

in the New Hebrides.

Adults: Adults attack man readily during the day and are

vicious and annoying biters.

Bibliography

Buxton, P. A. and Hopkins, G. H. E., 1927. Researches in Poly-

nesia and Melanesia, 67-74.

Lee, D. J., and Woodhill, A. R., 1944' The Anopheline mosquitoes

of the Australasian Region.

Perry, W. J., 1945. Observations on the bionomics of the malaria

vector in the New Hebrides-Solomon Islands. (Manuscript.)

LONGEVITY OF TRICHODES AND PELONIUM LARVAE

Recently a number of clerid larvae were examined which had

been collected in 1940 and 1941 in connection with a study of

the life history of Trichodes ornatus Say 1 . One example, taken

as a fifth instar larva from the cells of Odynerus blandinus

Cresson on December 24, 1940, completed its development and

transformed to an adult between April and September, 1945,

after a larval life of at least five, and possibly six, years, the

period since 1940 having been spent without food. A second

larva, which last accepted food on June 30, 1941, transformed in

the same period after a larval life of four years. A third indi-

vidual is still alive after four years and seven months, having

spent the last four years and five months without food (in the

fourth, fifth, and sixth larval instars) . A larva from a nest of

Hoplitus productus (Cresson), previously reported 1 as Trichodes

ornatus, completed its development between April and Septem-

ber, 1945, and proved to be Pelomum fasciatum (Lee.) (det.

W. F. Barr). It had been collected on August 10, 1939, and had

accepted no food in the interim. — E. G. LlNSLEY and J. W.

MacSwain.

1 Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain, 1943. Observations on the life history of

Trichodes ornatus (Coleoptera, Cleridae), a larval predator in the nests of bees

and wasps. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 36 :589-601, 2 pis., 1 t. fig.

JANUARY, 1946]

USINGER— CUBAN TRIATOMINAE

NOTES ON CUBAN TRIATOMINAE

(Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

BY ROBERT L. USINGER

U. S. Public Health Service

During a recent visit to Cuba types and other specimens of

Triatominae were examined. My work was greatly facilitated by

the generous assistance of Dr. S. C. Bruner of the Estacion Ex-

perimental Agronomica at Santiago de las Vegas and Dr. J. M.

Osorio of the University of Havana. Thanks are also due to the

directors of the Instituto de Segunda Ensenanza de la Habana

for admitting me to the “Museo Gundlach.”-

Bolbodera scabrosa Valdes

The type, No. 385, in the Gundlach collection, is well pre-

served but the red color has faded to pale yellow and the heme-

lytra are broken apically.

Nesotriatoma flavida (Neiva)

A specimen, No. 88, is preserved in the sealed, glass covered

box in the Gundlach collection. It is labeled Rhodnius prolixus

Stal (presumably a Uhler determination) and is undoubtedly

the source of subsequent records of Rhodnius prolixus for Cuba.

The specimen is relatively large (approaching the type of

bruneri Usinger in this respect) with a short, equilateral pygi-

dium and with the first antennal segment reaching almost to

apex of clypeus.

At the suggestion of S. C. Bruner all available specimens of

Nesotriatoma Usinger were studied to determine limits of varia-

tion. Although no specimens were available from Western Cuba,

variations between bruneri and flavida were found in Dr. Brun-

er’s series of 9 specimens from Central and Eastern Cuba. The

size of eyes and degree of development of tibial fossae proved

to be valueless as diagnostic characters within this plastic group.

Two female specimens from the western part of Camaguey Prov-

ince (Majagua and Is. Turiguaro) had relatively short first an-

tennal segments and relatively long pygidia in contrast to seven

specimens from the vicinity of the city of Camaguey and from

Oriente Province.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXII, NO. 1

Ten specimens from the vicinity of Camaguey, all in the

University collection of Dr. Osorio, ranged in size from large

females like the type of bruneri to a male 22 mm. long which

resembles closely the type of flavida. Under the circumstances

N esotriatoma bruneri Usinger must be considered as a straight

synonym of N esotriatoma flavida (Neiva).

It is interesting to speculate on the probable native hosts of

these bugs on an island with such a depauperate mammalian

fauna as Cuba. The commonest group of native animals is the

rodent genus Capromys and Dr. Bruner (in litt.) states: “It ap-

pears to be more than a probability that the common short-tailed

hutia or jutia conga, Capromys pilorides (Pallas), is the native

host of N esotriatoma flavida. It seems likely that the smaller,

long-tailed, arboreal jutia andaroz of eastern Cuba, Capromys

melanuras Poey, may be a host of the Bolbodera.”

The genus Capromys is restricted to Cuba, the Isle of Pines

and adjacent keys whereas the closely related Geocapromys oc-

curs in the Behamas, Jamaica, and Little Swan Island. The Ven-

ezulan Procapromys extends the range of this group to the South

American mainland. The two genera of bugs under discussion

have been reported only from Cuba. Bolbodera, however, is re-

lated to Belminus, a genus which has been recorded from sloths

in Costa Rica. The endemic sloths of Cuba are now extinct but

Bolbodera may be a relic, surviving on other animals since the

death of its last original host.

A NEW TEXAN LITHOBIUS

(Chilopoda)

BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN

University of Utah , Salt Lake City

The new species of Lithobius here described is represented by a

single adult female in a small collection of myriopods taken in a

nest of Neotoma micropus by Maj. D. E. Hardy. The genus

Lithobius , as now restricted, is not a large one in its American

representation, so that the addition of another species is a matter

of interest. It may be placed with reference to the other known

North American species by means of the following key:

JANUARY, 1946]

CHAMBERLIN— LITHOBIUS

Key to American Species of Lithobius

a. None of the coxae laterally armed L. forficatus (Linne)

aa. Coxae of last three pairs of legs laterally armed,

b. Anal legs with the claw single.

c. Penult legs with the claw single.

d. Ventral spines of anal legs, 0, 1, 3, 3, 2; dorsal spines

of 13th legs, 1, 0, 3, 1, 1, L. atkinsoni (Bollman)

dd. Ventral spines of anal legs 0, 1, 3, 3, 1; dorsal spines

of 13th legs, 1, 0, 3, 2, 2 L. hardyi new species

cc. Penult legs with 3 claws L. celer Bollman

bb. Anal legs with two claws L. chumasanus Chamberlin

Lithobius hardyi Chamberlin, new species

Dorsum in the type uniform brown; antennae brown, lighter

distally; legs pale.

Antennae moderately long; the articles also moderately long

and 32-34 in number. Eyes elliptic, with ocelli in four series —

1+5, 7, 5, 5 (4).

Prosternal teeth 6+6, the median incision deep and narrow.

Ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates with posterior

angles produced.

Coxal pores circular, 6, 6, 6, 5.

Ventral spines of the first legs, 0, 0, 2, 3, 2; the dorsal, 0, 0, 3, 2, 1.

Ventral spines of the penult legs, 0, 1, 3, 3, 2, dorsal spines,

l, 0, 3, 1, 1; the claw unarmed. Ventral spines of the anal legs,

0, 1, 3, 3, 1, dorsal spines, 1, 0, 3, 1, 0; claw unarmed. Dorsal

spines of the thirteenth legs, 1, 0, 3, 2, 2. Last four pairs of coxae

dorsally armed, the last three also laterally armed.

Claw of the genital forceps tripartite; basal spines 2+2, long

and gradually acuminate.

Length, 20 mm.

Locality. Texas: Laguna Madre, 23 miles southeast of Har-

lingen. One female taken in the nest of Neotoma micropus Baird,

September 26, 1945, by D. E. Hardy.

This species is most closely related to L. atkinsoni Bollman,

known from Georgia and the Carolinas. It is a larger species

differing also, e.g., in. having the ventral spines of the first legs

0, 0, 2, 3, 2, as against 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, or 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, the dorsal

spines of the thirteenth legs 1, 0, 3, 2, 2, as against 1, 0, 3, 1, 1,

and the ventral spines of the anal legs, 0, 1, 3, 3, 1 as against

0, 1, 3, 3, 2.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

A NEW SPECIES OF NITIDULID BEETLE

BY L. R. GILLOGLY

State Department of Agriculture, Sacramento, California

Dried Fruit Beetles are of considerable importance in the proc-

essing and storage of certain California agricultural products.

Aside from lowering the quality by their presence in the products

they cause much spoilage by carrying molds and ferments from

infected to sound products. The beetles most frequently found

in drying or rotting fruit belong to the genera Carpophilus and

Haptoncus. Until recently we have known of only one species of

the latter genus in our California fauna, namely H. luteolus

(Erich.) . This species is widely distributed through the principal

agricultural regions of California. During the last two years

I have been finding darker colored specimens, referable to

Haptoncus, in decaying and mummied oranges. These represent

a previously undescribed species, and the purpose of this article

is to give this species a name. The new species is known only

from coastal southern California.

Haptoncus californicus Gillogly, new species

Oval, slightly oblong, shining, sparsely pubescent, uniformly

rufo-piceous except for black eyes. Head moderately coarsely

punctate. Prothorax with width to length as 2 to 1, sides feebly

arcuate, narrowing anteriorly, hind angles rectangular, hind mar-

gin bisinuate, sides densely coarsely punctate becoming sparsely

punctate on disc. Elytra with length slightly less than width

conjointly, narrowed posteriorly, apices obliquely truncate, sur-

face more coarsely and sparsely punctate than prothorax. Ab-

domen, dorsum of penultimate segment with a deeply impressed,

semi-circular, transverse line on each side, giving appearance of

spine at middle. Middle tibiae simple in both sexes. Posterior

tibiae of male suddenly dilated, distal half twice as wide as apical

portion, a distinct, slightly prominent, obtuse angle formed at mid-

point. Labrum truncate, feebly emarginate, chitinized portion

broadly U-shaped. Mandibles toothed, blunt. Maxillae; lacinia,

oblong, somewhat rounded at tip; palpus, first segment minute,

second segment large its outside outline strongly arcuate, third

segment large, sides slightly arcuate, fourth segment elongate,

conical, truncate, sides very slightly arcuate. Length, 2.2 mm.

JANUARY, 1946] GILLOGL.Y HAPTONCUS 23

Explanation of Plate

Haptoncus calif omicus: l.c labrum; 3.c antenna — not significantly

different from that of H. luteolus ; 4.c prothorax; 6.c maxilla;

7.c mandible; lO.c pygidium and penultimate dorsal segment;

ll.c elytra; 13.c posterior tibia of male.

Haptoncus luteolus: 2.1 labrum; 5.1 prothorax; 8.1 mandible;

9.1 maxilla; 12.1 elytra; 14.1 posterior tibia of male.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

Adults easily separated from H. luteolus by their dark color.

Sometimes taken with H. luteolus in decaying oranges, but usu-

ally found in the mummied fruit. Specimens were collected from

December to April in southern California (Pasadena, San Marino,

Anaheim, Orange, Irvine, San Dimas, La Habra) . All specimens

were collected by the author.

Holotype and allotype from San Marino, California, March

11, 1942, placed in the California Academy. Paratypes: Califor-

nia Academy of Sciences, California State Department of Agri-

culture, Los Angeles County Museum, American Museum of

Natural History, U. S. National Museum, Museum of Compara-

tive Zoology Harvard University, and in the author’s collection.

COMPARATIVE TABLE

Haptoncus calif ornicus

Haptoncus luteolus

Shape :

oblong oval

same

Color:

rufo-piceous

testaceous

Punctation : coarse, sparse

same

Prothorax

: width to length as 2 to 1

1.9 to 1

posterior margin bisinuate

sinuate

Elytra

apices obliquely truncate

squarely truncate

Abdomen:

penultimate segment trans-

versely impressed

simple

Hind tibia

of male:

: dilated

same

prominently angled at mid-

point

evenly arcuate

Labrum,:

truncate

rounded

feebly emarginate

bilob ed

chitinized portion broadly

V-shaped

U-shaped

Mandibles

: bluntly toothed

teeth sharp

Maxillae :

lacinia oblong, somewhat rounded at tip

oblong tip truncate

palpus first segment minute

small

second segment large, outside

outline strongly arcuate

outline sinuate

third segment large, sides slight-

ly arcuate

same

fourth segment elongate, coni-

cal, truncate, sides very slight-

shorter, sides more

ly arcuate

strongly arcuate

JANUARY, 1946]

WIND— SATYRIDAE

SOME NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN SATYRIDAE

(Lepidoptera)

BY ROBERT G. WIND

Berkeley, California

In the Big Bend country of southwestern Texas lies a region

which has been but little worked by Lepidopterists. In the heart

of this region are the Chisos Mountains, an interesting semi-desert

range of isolated peaks. I heard that two friends, Mr. Arthur

Smith and Mr. Edgar Smith were driving through this area dur-

ing the summer of 1941. They kindly consented to stop in the

Chisos for a few days to do some collecting.

Now that the material they collected has been mounted and

studied, it appears that several species of Satyridae have devel-

oped distinct races in the Chisos Range.

Minois meadii (Edwards)

Erebia meadii Edwards, 1872, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 4:70.

(Originally found near Bailey’s Ranch, 45 miles from Denver,

Colorado. Specimens in my collection range from the Dakotas to

New Mexico, and the range possibly extends into Texas.)

Cercyonis damei Barnes & Benjamin, 1926, Bull. So. Calif.

Acad. Sci., 25:90. (From Grand Canyon, Arizona. This appears

to be a subspecies of meadii, and not a full species as described.)

Minois meadii melania Wind, new subspecies

Male : forewing dark brown with two small ocelli, placed as is

usual in the group. The apical ocellus larger- and with a small

white pupil. The lower ocellus small with no pupil. Surrounding

each ocellus is a narrow russett halo, not diffused as in meadii.

Hindwing dark brown with a small, white-pupilled ocellus in the

lower median interspace. Underside of forewing as in meadii,

but with lower ocellus smaller than apical. Russett coloring wide-

spread in contrast to upper surface. Hindwing beneath as in

meadii except that there are two apical ocelli. Female: forewing

light brown with two equally large white-pupilled ocelli; russet

coloring spread almost entirely over the wing, entering the cell.

Hindwing light brown with a well-defined white-pupilled anal

ocelli. Underside with russet coloring reaching almost to base in

forewings, and hindwings with all usual ocelli sharply defined and

in addition two> well-formed, white-pupilled apical ocelli.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

Holotype male from Marfa Alpine, Texas, July 17, 1941,

and allotype female from Chisos Mountains, Texas, July 19,

1941, in the collection of the author. Two male and three female

paratypes from Marfa Alpine and one male and one female para-

type from Chisos Mountains, same dates, all collected by Arthur

and Edgar Smith. One pair deposited in the California Academy

of Sciences, one pair in the Canadian National Collection, one

female in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, one female in

the U. S. National Museum, and one pair in the collection of

Arthur and Edgar Smith.

Male melania differs from meadii in the following particulars:

much darker than meadii, with russet coloring restricted above

yet more pronounced beneath. None of my meadii show apical

ocelli on the hindwing beneath, while all melania have two apical

ocelli. Female malania differs in its larger size, lighter coloring,

and heavier russet suffusion as well as in the more pronounced

ocelli and the addition of the two apical ocelli of the hindwing

beneath.

Megisto rubricata smithorum Wind, new subspecies

Differs from rubricata (Edwards) in the distribution of the

rust colored areas of the fore and hindwings. In typical rubricata

from, Arizona the rust colored area of the forewing barely reaches

to the cell, while in smithorum this rust area enters the cell and

covers nearly half of the cell space. The hindwings show just the

opposite characteristic: the rust area of rubricata being of equal

size to that on the forewings, while in smithorum this color has

become almost obsolete, especially in the male. M. smithorum also

has larger ocelli than rubricata, and all the markings beneath are

more sharply defined.

Holotype male, Marfa Alpine, Texas, July 17, 1941, and

allotype female, Chisos Mountains, Texas, July 18, 1941, in the

collection of the author. Four male and three female paratypes

from Marfa Alpine and two male and three female paratypes

from Chisos Mountains, same dates, all collected by Arthur and

Edgar Smith. One pair deposited in the California Academy of

Sciences, one pair in the Canadian National Collection, one pair

in the U. S. National Museum, one pair in the Museum of Com-

parative Zoology, one pair in the collection of Arthur and Edgar

Smith, and one pair in the collection of the author.

I take pleasure in naming this subspecies in honor of its col-

lectors, Messrs. Arthur and Edgar Smith.

JANUARY, 1946]

WIND— SATYEIDAE

Neonympha henshawi (Edwards)

Euptychia henshawi Edwards, 1876, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,

5:205. (First taken by H. W. Henshaw on the Wheeler expedition

and recorded from Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado.)

Neonympha henshawi texana Wind, new subspecies

This new subspecies differs from henshawi in a number of

particulars. As only males are available, the following observa-

tions relate to that sex only.

Consistently smaller than henshawi. Above, the color is much

darker and the sexual scale patch on the forewing is heavier. This

scale patch is far more conspicuous than in henshawi as it is out-

lined by russet scales. The two black spots on the margin of the

hind wing are not as prominent as in henshawi. Underneath the

difference is remarkable in that the colorings are enriched to such

an extent as to give a tropical appearance to the insect. The

ground color of both wings is a rosy russet instead of a yellow

russet as in henshawi. The forewing is crossed by two wavy red

lines enclosing the median area, and by a third submarginal line.

The two median lines extend across, the hindwing where they are

wider and darker. These lines are much heavier and more richly

colored than in henshawi. The oval patch on the middle of the hind

margin is enlarged and of a beautiful silvery-gray color. The

silver lunules along the margin of the hindwing are heavier and

more brilliant than in henshawi.

Holotype male from Marfa Alpine, Texas, July 17, 1941, in

the collection of the author. Three male paratypes, with similar

data, all collected by Arthur and Edgar Smith. One male de-

posited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences,

one in the Canadian National Collection and one in the collection

of Arthur and Edgar Smith.

It is hoped that female specimens may soon be obtained for

description, although it is likely that they are much like the male.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

APROPOS C. V. RILEY

BY DAVID MILLER

Assistant Director, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand

When searching for data in the preparation of “A History of

New Zealand Entomology,” I came across the following episode

regarding C. V. Riley. It seems that this has not been recorded

before. In view of the interest to United States entomologists, I

present it here; thus it will reach a much wider range of readers

than if issued merely in the historical work under preparation.

In the seventies and eighties of last century the farming com-

munity of New Zealand awoke to the fact that many insect aliens

were playing havoc with crops. One finds many references to this

state of affairs, which during the early nineties culminated in a

combined effort by the farming community throughout the coun-

try to secure government action in the appointment of a fully

qualified entomologist. There were many prominent New Zealand

amateurs at that time — W. M. Maskell, C. M. Wakefield, R. Allan

Wight, all of whom took an interest in entomological problems —

but no professionals.

What led to the subject of this present memoir was that I

came across a statement to the effect that the government of that

period was negotiating with a prominent entomologist in order

to secure his services. Further than this I could find nothing

until I unearthed, from the old archives of the New Zealand De-

partment of Agriculture, a file which showed that this prominent

entomologist was none other than C. V. Riley; and I must here

express my indebtedness to the Director General of Agriculture

(Mr. M. J. Fawcett) for giving me access to this and other records

of historical importance.

The following is the sequence of events regarding Riley as I

found them recorded. On 28th July, 1894, the Secretary of Ag-

riculture (the late John D. Ritchie) recommended that Riley

should be communicated with in order to seek his assistance in

securing a thoroughly good man for the position of Government

Entomologist in New Zealand, since the need was “becoming

every year more necessary.” Eventually, on August 3rd, a re-

quest was sent to Riley asking him to suggest someone, prefer-

ably a man trained under Riley himself.

Writing from the United States National Museum, Washing-

JANUARY, 1946]

MILLER — C. V. RILEY

ton, Riley replied on 5th November, 1894, stating that he had

received the communication upon his return from a recent trip

to Europe, and that he was mortified concerning his absence

having caused delay in replying. Regarding the subject of the

communication, he pointed out that he would have been better

able to answer the enquiry had a specific sum been mentioned as

the salary offered; and that he could not call to mind anyone,

deserving recommendation, who was free, so that more enduce-

ment would be required to secure the services of a good man.

“In other words, it is largely a question of salary.”

Continuing, he presumed that the New Zealand authorities

were aware that he had felt constrained, the previous June, to

resign from his own position of Government Entomologist to the

United States Department of Agriculture. Being free, therefore,

he stated that he might be induced to come to New Zealand him-

self under certain circumstances ; in view of this he asked whether

the New Zealand Government would consider inviting him, and,

if so, what the salary limit would be.

On 19th February, 1895, the New Zealand Government re-

plied to Riley’s memorandum of November 5th, and offered him

a salary of £300 per annum(!) plus 12/- per day allowance

when travelling on entomological work in New Zealand. Reply-

ing to this offer on 21st June, Riley acknowledged having re-

ceived the communication whilst in California, and that he had

just returned from a trip to Europe where he had purposefully

interested himself in matters other than entomology owing to ill

health. He then stated that if the salary offered were raised to

£600 per annum he would agree to accept the position for a year,

and that the 12/- per day field allowance would be acceptable.

On 5th November the New Zealand Secretary of Agriculture

recommended to his Government that £500 be offered, though he,

himself, expected that Riley would not accept less than £600.

However, this offer was never despatched. On November 12th

the Secretary noted on his documents that he had read a cable

item in the newspapers announcing Riley’s death. And so the

matter closed!

Though death put a period to Riley’s coming to New Zealand,

this country had derived considerable benefit through his assist-

ance. One of the outstanding figures (though an amateur) in

New Zealand applied entomology during the eighties and nine-

ties was R. Allan N^ight of Paeroa, who corresponded with Riley

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

and secured valuable advice from him on the identity and con-

trol of many alien insects plaguing the farmers in this country.

Furthermore, Wight played a prominent part in assisting Riley

to secure Novius cardinalis in New Zealand for shipment to Cali-

fornia, and had accompanied Koebele in his search for the lady-

bird during his sojourn here.

Not unmindful of Wight’s activities, and, overlooking the gen-

erous aid Riley, himself, had already extended to New Zealand,

the latter yet felt constrained “to return the favours received from

Australia and New Zealand by sending some of the natural

enemies of the codlin-moth, and from last accounts, though

jeopardized by the action of the custom’s-house authorities, the

experiment promised success so far as species of Raphidia from

California is concerned.” And, further, he also endeavoured ”to

introduce some of the parasites which attack the Hessian-fly in

Europe and which do not occur in this country” (i.e. the United

States) .

In conclusion. One cannot help but dwell on the developments

that would have taken place here with Riley’s guidance. I feel

that one year would not have contented him once he set foot in

this land. It is certain that Riley’s untimely death was most

unfortunate for us, and there can be no doubt but that a first rate

entomological service would have been built up by him. As it

turned out, it was not until February, 1916, 21 years after the

abortive negotiations with Riley had taken place, that there was

any definite action by the New Zealand Government to appoint a

full-time entomologist to the Department of Agriculture. This

was when I was engaged to undertake a special investigation; an

appointment that later became that of Government Entomologist.

Thus our entomological service belatedly emerged as a unit in

applied research.

Recalling the uphill climb in the early days of my first ap-

pointment, when one had to depend on one’s own resources, it is

a simple matter to realize what it would have meant had the

opportunity been available for a sound entomological training

under a man of Riley’s attainments. And finally, from this per-

sonal thought emerges another, to-wit: had Riley been in New

Zealand it is most likely that he would have been the means of

advising my father against refusing the late Dr. S. W. Williston’s

invitation to me in 1907 to study under his aegis in the United

States.

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

F. P. Keen, President

C. D. Duncan, Vice-President

E. G. Linsley, Secretary

R. C. Miller, Treasurer

Proceedings

One Hundred and Eighty-fifth Meeting

The one hundred and eighty-fifth meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on March 17, 1945, in

the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of Sci-

ences, San Francisco. The following members were present: R. C.

Miller, E. G. Linsley, A. E. Michaelbacher, E. 0. Essig, E. C. Van

Dyke, P. Moorhead, R. W. L. Potts, M. W. Allen, and R. F. Smith.

Visitors were present as follows: H. L. Mason, 0. G. Bacon, and

J. E. Ryus.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The chairman called for notes and observations from members.

R. F. Smith reported the capture of 20 or more adult Colias eury-

theme flying in Tesla Canyon in March. This observation was of

special interest as an indication that the species overwinters in

the foothill areas. He also called attention to the capture of a

Proturan in Marsh Creek Canyon, Contra Costa County, Calif.

Dr. Miller then presented Prof. H. L. Mason, curator of the

University of California Herbarium, who addressed the Society

upon the “Nature and Causes of Floristic Zones”, a summary of

which follows:

The tendency of the vegetation of any particular area, large or

small, to assume certain characteristics by which it might be de-

scribed and become known has lead to many theories of attempted

explanation. We hear of so-called climatic zones and their vegeta-

tion, of life zones, of vegetation zones, edaphic areas, and a com-

plete hierarchy of communities and associations of plants aimed to

express graduated values of environmental factors or relation-

ships of one sort or another. More recently we have seen special

definitions of floras and their component elements aimed at his-

torical concepts of floristic evolution. Many of these explanations

assume climatic boundaries. It may be of interest to discuss some

of these problems to determine, if possible, if there may not be

some dynamic foundations for their existence.

One of the major causes of the diversity of vegetation on the

earth is climate. We are all aware of the limitation climate places

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

on the type of crops any area can produce. We likewise sense,

even if we cannot define precisely, the role of climate in the occur-

rence of some of the major floristic areas within the experience

of each of us. There is the desert with its special climate and

flora, the fog belt and its redwood forest, the fog desert and its

flora, the fog tundra and its lichen flora, the rain forests and any

number of other vegetation types that are commonly associated

with climatic conditions. For purposes of defining such areas and

studying their causes our attention is naturally directed to their

boundaries. What are the climatic limits of the flora and are the

boundaries reasonably sharp? Can they be defined as boundaries?

Before we attempt to consider these questions, let us briefly re-

view a floristic situation with which all of you are more or less

familiar. That is the zonation of vegetation of the Sierra Nevada.

The Sierra Nevada have provided a classical example of the

horizontal banding of vegetation. These bands are most frequently

spoken of as life zones and comparisons have been drawn between

these and zones of latitude with the intended object of drawing

parallels of a climatic nature as causes of the zonation. To most

people it seems obvious that the cause of this zonation must be

climatic just as the causes of the desert, the rain forest and the

tundra are climatic. But just to give you something to think about,

let me ask: What about the boundaries? Are they climatic? How

about this rather abrupt change from the Upper Sonoran Digger

pine — blue oak forest to the Transition yellow pine — sugar pine

forest? Does that represent a climatic break? The boundary be-

tween higher zones? Timber line? Between the Sierran forest and

the Great Basin sage brush? Are these all climatic boundaries

between vegetation zones that owe their existence to climate If

so, what is the nature of a climatic boundary? Obviously, I am

asking more questions than I can answer.

The meterologist will tell you that any aspect of climate is

represented spatially by a gradient. Ideally, climate between the

equator and the poles is a gradient in which there are no climatic

zones in the sense that they have boundaries. The tropics of Cancer

and Capricorn, the Arctic and Antarctic circles, are all boundaries

of solar phenomena that are not necessarily related to climate.

They do not set off climatic areas. The moisture-temperatus fea-

tures of the Sierra Nevada are represented by a gradient from

one place to another and at no point can one say here is a climatic

boundary. Yet we have vegetation zones in the Sierra Nevada that

conform to altitude and the only environmental variables that we

have in the Sierra Nevada that consistently fluctuate with altitude

are those associated with climatic factors.

Climate is the interaction of insolation and the surface features

of a rotating earth and its atmosphere. Insolation is reasonably

constant so that in any given area its chief fluctuation is due to

movement of the earth in the ecliptic and we have as a result a

JANUARY, 1946]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

seasonal progression of insolation. Within the seasons there is also

a diurnal progression. The features of this progresion are rela-

tively uniform as is exemplified by the characteristic climatic fea-

tures of the seasons and of night and day. Likewise, the rotation

of the earth is constant. The other two factors are very variable

in so far as their effect on climate is concerned and the precise

nature of the atmosphere climatically is the direct result of the

other three. The surface features of the earth, however, play a very

important part in variation in climate from one place to another

as well as in its local constancy. The presence of large bodies of

water, extensive land areas, mountain ranges, all play a part in

the pattern of climate over the earth and hence serve to control,

in a sense, the vegetation of these areas. When we cross the Sierra

Nevada, we suddenly leave a heavy coniferous forest and enter a

region of bleak sagebrush. In order to witness this, we go up over

a mountain range. This self same mountain range is alike the

cause of the climatic condition that enables the dense forest to

grow on its slopes and prevents it from occupying the area of the

sagebrush.

In a region like Yosemite, we witness, in a short horizontal

distance of about 4000 feet of vertical distance from the valley

floor to Glacier Point, a climatic and floristic difference that on the

normal slope of the Sierra Nevada is separated by about thirty to

forty miles. Here, then, is perhaps one of the first clues that we

have as to the nature of a climatic boundary. Between the valley

floor and Glacier Point there is a sharply defined climatic bound-

ary. On a map it may be drawn as a line. In nature it is the

steepening of the climatic gradient to the degree that horizontal

distances are, in effect, telescoped. This, it seems to me, is pre-

cisely the nature of the boundary that circumscribes many of our

vegetation zones, such as the redwood forest and the steep gradient

of humidity, probably deserts and rain forests and many others.

They are all to be related to topographic features that sharply

interfere with the normal climatic gradient.

But does this explain the position of the boundaries of the

banded vegetation of the west slope of the Sierra Nevada? If it

does, I can see no topographic feature or other obstruction to the

normal climatic gradient that would account for it. I will not go

so far as certain eastern ecologists and argue that the banding of

vegetation is an illusion brought about by biotic factors involved

in the distribution of the dominant species. Competition is called in

to account for the boundary between the main forest species of the

so-called zones. My reason for turning this argument down is that

I think I can put my finger on the precise cause of the boundary

of the Transition and Upper Sonoran zone, but as yet I do not

know how it operates. It is the line of persistence of winter snow.

I think if this feature were studied across the continent it would

be found to be a vegetation boundary of great significance. I think

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

it is a major feature in the boundary of the Pinyon- juniper and

the sagebrush. A technical point might be raised as to whether

this in its effect on the plant is edaphic or climatic. That problem

will have to wait until we know what its effect is.

As to the boundaries of the higher zones, they are quite puz-

zling. I have wondered to what extent the historical factor has

entered the problem. The main transition belt is below the zone of

heavy glaciation. There was not the complete revolution of the

edaphic habitat as characterized the higher zones. The upper

limit of the transition zone conforms in many places with lower

limit of often recurring glaciation. There is evidence that this

flora is much older than the higher floras, certainly its terrain was

available for population for a much longer time.

I doubt if there is a boundary between the so-called Canadian

and Hudsonian, but timberline is another matter. It is a problem

around which a great many minds have milled with no satisfac-

tory results. Above timber line on many mountains, but not in the

Sierra Nevada, is another boundary that is very definite. It again

is related to snow. It is the boundary of perpetual snow in other

than the protected places and is the so-called niveal zone.

After the presentation of Dr. Mason’s paper, an extended dis-

cussion followed, participated in by most of the members present.

The meeting adjourned at 4:10 p.m. — E. G. Linsley, Secretary.

One Hundred and Eighty-sixth Meeting

The one hundred and eighty -sixth meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:30 P.M., on June 16, 1945, in

the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of Sci-

ences, San Francisco. Dr. R. C. Miller in the chair. The follow-

ing members were present: R. C. Miller, E. G. Linsley, E. A. Stein-

haus, J. W. MacSwain, A. E. Michelbacher, E. C. Van Dyke, and

P. Moorhead. Visitors were present as follows: Dr. S. E. Flanders,

Dr. R. Goldschmidt, Mr. M. W. Allen, Miss J. Fayette, Mr. 0. G.

Bacon, Mr. C. H. Martin, Mr. L. Brown, and Mrs. B. Prendergast.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The membership committee proposed Dr. C. M. Herman and Mr.

C. H. Martin for membership in the Society. They were unani-

mously elected.

Dr. Miller announced the death of Mr. P. C. Grassman, killed

in action on December 4, 1944.

Dr. Van Dyke reported the whereabouts and current activities

of various members of the Society in the armed forces.

Mr. MacSwain reported that he had spent two months during

the late spring in New Mexico, where he had given special atten-

tion to the rearing of meloid beetles. He reported particular suc-

cess in obtaining oviposition under laboratory conditions when the

adults were provided with an adequate daily supply of their native

food plants.

JANUARY, 1946]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

Dr. Miller then presented Dr. Stanley Flanders of the Citrus

Experiment Station, Riverside, California, who addressed the So-

ciety on “Environmental Determination of Sex in Hymenoptera”,

a summary of which follows:

The effectiveness of the parasitic insect in biological control

work is determined largely by the searching capacity of the female

population, since it is the female that carries the following genera-

tions. Consequently, the fact that the Hymenoptera possess a

unique mechanism for determining the sex of the individual in-

creases the capacity of parasitic forms to control their hosts. Any

condition which determines the sex ratio of a population does so

by determining the sex of the individual except in cases when the

ratio is determined by the differential mortality of the sexes. The

production of females in lieu of males is favored by any factor

which insures the continuance of reproduction. In the field the

factors of environmental resistance which insure the continuance

of reproduction by preventing over-population of an area tend to

cause female predominance. In the insectary production of para-

sitic Hymenoptera, on the contrary, where searching is unneces-

sary and environmental resistance is low, precautions must be

taken to prevent loss of female production through excessive male

production.

In species that reproduce uniparentally such as Habrolepis

rouxi the sex of the individual is determined very early in its

ontogeny, prior to the reduction divisions, apparently as a nutri-

tional effect of the environment on the doubling or lack of doubling

of the inherent diploid constitution of chromosome material.

In species that reproduce biparentally such as Coccophagus

ochraceous the sex of the individual is determined at the time of

egg deposition. If unfertilized the egg remains haploid and is

therefore a uniparental male; if fertilized the egg become diploid

and therefore a biparental female. The densities of populations

may determine the sex of individuals by influencing the time of

mating, the amount of sperm available for fertilization, the rate

of oviposition or the preferential nature of the oviposition site.

The fact that in the social Hymenoptera the formation of castes

is limited to the female sex indicates that the determination of

castes is associated with one or more of the factors influencing the

fertilization of the eggs.

Biologically the position of the Hymenoptera in relation to other

animals is most clear when animals are segregated according to

the types of sexual individuals composing each species. These

individuals are (1) those that are obligatorily biparental, (2) those

that are obligatorily uniparental, and (3) those that are faculta-

tively uniparental and biparental.

Group A: Includes species in which all individuals, male and

female, are obligatorily biparental: mammals, birds, and house

flies.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ V OL. XXII, NO. 1

Group B: Includes species in which all individuals, male and

female, are either obligatorily biparental or obligatorily uni-

parental: aphis and thrips.

Group C: Includes species in which all individuals are obliga-

torily uniparental: black scale and vegetable weevil. Males, if they

occur, are nonfunctional.

Group D: Includes species in which most individuals either are

facultatively biparental females or uniparental males : red spider,

whitefly, honey bee, and various parasitic Hymenoptera.

In group C we have the uniparental red scale parasite Habro-

lepis rouxi in which the sex of the individual can be changed by

modifying the food of the parent. By proper manipulation of host

and host plant, females can be obtained that produce all male off-

spring which under other circumstances would have produced all

female offspring. Mating in this species never occurs.

A change in the sex of individuals commonly occurs in the spe-

cies in groups B and D through the effect of changes in population

densities.

Aphis and thrips may produce females uniparentally for gen-

erations and then switch to the uniparental production of males

as well as females. These individuals mate and produce biparental

progeny (usually all females). The switch from non-mating fe-

males to males and females capable of mating is probably brought

about by some chemical factor associated with crowding of the

population.

Following a discussion of Dr. Flander’s paper, the meeting ad-

journed. — E. G. Linsley, Secretary.

One Hundred and Eighty-seventh Meeting

The one hundred and eighty-seventh meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2: 00 p.m. on September 22, 1945,

in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of Sci-

ences, San Francisco. The following members were present: C. D.

Duncan, E. G. Linsley, E. L. Kessel, W. F. Barr, E. C. Van Dyke,

M. A. Stewart, R. C. Miller, J. F. Lamiman, J. W. MacSwain, Ray

F. Smith, and M. W. Allen. Visitors were present as follows : Nuri

Malih, G. L. Smith, S. Kennedy, R. Schuster, B. Adelson, and B. P.

Prendergast.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The chairman called for notes, observations, or exhibits from

members.

Prof. Ferris exhibited drawings of mealybugs from his project

on mealybugs of North America, as part of his general series en-

titled “Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America.” He stated

that there were now somewhere between 200 and 250 species avail-

able for study, each of which would be drawn in detail. He em-

phasized the necessity for good preparations and pointed out that

drawings should be regarded as maps, and should include every

JANUARY, 1946] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

hair, pore, or mark on the body. Prof. Ferris discussed the use of

certain-labor saving devices which he had found helpful but stated

that even when these were utilized, two days were required for

each drawing. He stated that up to the present point in his work,

a generic classification was not yet evident. He also commented

that although mealybugs can be classified by morphological means,

biological evidence indicates the necessity of further division in

many cases.

Dr. Duncan exhibited a piece of horn which had been badly

damaged by Dermestes. He also reported the fact that he had

been bitten upon occasion by ladybird beetles, in particular Cocci-

nela calif or nica and C. transfer so guttata.

The chairman then presented Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, an Honored

Member of the Society and Honorary Curator, Department of

Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, who addressed the

Society on “The Entomological Collection of the California Acad-

emy of Sciences.” A summary of Dr. Van Dyke’s address follows:

The present entomological collection practically dates from the

time of the San Francisco earthquake and fire, April, 1906, for at

that time all collections were destroyed, including the large and

valuable H. H. Behr collection of Lepidoptera and the smaller

general collections of insects, chiefly prominent because of the

serial collections of Lower California insects collected on the ear-

lier expeditions to Lower California. The only specimens saved

from the catastrophe were about twelve boxes of types, which

were removed and stored temporarily at Fort Mason.

As soon after the fire as possible, the Academy rented tempo-

rary quarters in the wholesale district of the city, and began the

work of building anew. The Galapagos Expedition was at sea at

the time but it returned soon after. The entomological material

collected by F. X. Williams was thus the nucleus of our new col-

lection. Within a short time, the Academy began to receive many

small but valuable collections such as that of : J. G. Grundel, Lepi-

doptera, in 1908; the W. G. Wright collection, 1910, the basis for

his publication, “The Butterflies of the West Coast,” as well as the

unsold volumes of his work; the F. X. Williams, 1916, E. J. New-

comer, 1917, collections of Lepidoptera and the Entomological De-

partment of the University of California, in 1918, deposited the

residue of the R. H. Stretch collection of Lepidoptera. For several

years before the fire and until after I entered the University, I

acted as curator and Mr. Charles Fuchs, as preparator.

In 1916 Mr. E. P. Van Duzee became curator. The growth of

the collection was soon accelerated by the donation of several large

collections such as the E. C. Van Dyke collection of Coleoptera,

1924; the E. P. Van Duzee collection of Hemiptera, 1925; the

F. E. Blaisdell collection of Coleoptera, 1925; the Albert Koebele

collection of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, 1926; and several

smaller collections; The H. M. Holbrook collection of showy

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

exotic butterflies, 1924; the L. S. Slevin collection, 1927, the

C. L. Fox collection, 1928, and J. 0. Martin collection, 1928.

From that time on valuable additions became more frequent. In

Lepidoptera we received the collection of E. A. Dodge, Sphingidae

from Preston Clark, the collections of Graham Heid, Wm. Hovan-

itz, Tom Craig, and Mr. Huguenin, besides many fine specimens

from Father Guedet, Dr. Wm. Barnes, and others. In Coleoptera,

the larger acquisitions were the Dr. Albert Fenyes collection,

those of E. Gorton Linsley, J. Linsley Gressitt, F. C. Hadden, Dr.

Killeen, H. M. Armitage and others. In the Hemiptera we have

received considerable material from W. M. Giffard and the Wymore

collection of Cicadidae. In the Hymenoptera, our main gifts were

from C. L. Fox, Dr. Isabel McCracken and Mr. Weld and through

the purchase of the M. C. Van Duzee collection. In the Diptera, we

also received valuable additions from the last-mentioned collection,

also from Professor Doane, E. A. Dodge and others. Others who

contributed greatly to the upbuilding of all orders were Dr. E. S.

Ross, Mr. Huguenin and so forth.

Our collection as it is today comprises well over a million and a

half specimens. The richest parts are the North American and

Oriental portions and the largest number of specimens are in the

Coleoptera. The Coleoptera collection is in fact one of the finest

in the country. The families which are outstanding because of

their completeness, particularly as regards North American and

Oriental forms, are the following: Carabidae, Dytiscidae, Sta-

phylinidae because of the Fenyes Aleocharinae, a fairly good col-

lection of Coccinellidae, the Elateridae, Buprestidae, Tenebrioni-

dae, Melyridae, Histeridae, Cerambycidae and Rhincophora.

The Hemiptera collection is also one of the good collections in

the country and the other orders will in time show to better ad-

vantage when we receive a sufficient number of cases to enable the

material which we have on hand to be properly assembled and

systematically arranged.

To back up our collection and make it more available for study

purposes, we also have a first class library which is growing rap-

idly. The Academy is, therefore, becoming one of the outstanding

institutions in the country for entomological research.

Following Dr. Van Dyke’s address, there was considerable dis-

cussion. Dr. Miller, as Director of the Academy, stated that much

thought was being given to the future of the Entomology Depart-

ment, and expressed appreciation to Dr. Van Dyke for the services

which he had rendered in the past, and especially during the criti-

cal war years.

The meeting adjourned at 4 p.m. — E. G. Linsley, Secretary.

One Hundred and Eighty-eighth Meeting

The one hundred and eighty-eighth meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:30 p.m. on January 12, 1946,

JANUARY, 1946]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of

Sciences, San Francisco. President Keen in the chair. The follow-

ing 1 members were present: F. P. Keen, E. G. Linsley, G. F. Ferris,

J. B. Steinweden, B. Walker, P. C. Ting, P. Moorhead, A. E.

Michelbacher, E. 0. Essig, C. D. Duncan, F. J. Driver, H. P.

Chandler, E. L. Kessel, W. F. Barr, J. W. Tilden, A. R. Mead,

W. H. Lange, J. F. Lamiman, E. C. Van Dyke, R. W. L. Potts,

K. E. Frick, H. F. Madsen, M. W. Allen, E. A. Steinhaus, J. W.

MacSwain, R. F. Smith, and R. C. Miller. Visitors were present as

follows: N. F. Hardman, W. W. Middlekauff, E. S. Dethlefsen,

H. H. Welsh, W. E. Ferguson, E. Dietrich, D. Stewart, H. J.

Jensen, C. Stojanovich, C. D. Grant, J. F. Gustafson, J. M. Coarsey,

G. Marino, H. Tilden, M. B. Piazza, S. R. Piazza, P. D. Hurd, Jr.,

F. M. Frick, K. S. Snyder, Mr. and Mrs. A. Troxel.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The membership committee proposed the following for mem-

bership in the Society: N. F. Hardman, Chester Stojanovich, Sal-

vador R. Piazza, William E. Ferguson, Woodrow W. Middlekauff,

Hartwell H. Welsh, C. Donald Grant, Joel F. Gustafson. They

were unanimously elected.

The nominating committee proposed, and the Society elected, the

following officers for 1946 : C. D. Duncan, President ; E. G. Linsley,

Vice-President; E. S. Ross, Secretary; R. C. Miller, Treasurer,

and R. W. L. Potts, Member-at-Large, Executive Committee.

The retiring President then turned over the gavel to the new

President, Dr. Duncan.

Prof. Ferris discussed labor-saving devices in entomological

drawing. He pointed out that the lithoprint process had made

illustration profitable from the standpoint of cost, and exhibited

specimen pages from Microentomology which utilizes the process.

He also showed transparent sheets covered with stipple which can

be used to save time in the preparation of certain types of illus-

trations. He concluded his remarks on entomological drawing with

emphasis on the necessity for labelling all illustrations in full and

avoiding abbreviations.

Dr. Duncan exhibited a flaw in a sheet of paper which had obvi-

ously been caused by a polystoechodid which had been crushed

during the manufacturing process. He suggested that such flaws

may possibly be rather generally caused by insects.

Dr. Duncan then presented Mr. F. P. Keen, retiring President,

who addressed the Society on “Entomology in Western Pine

Silviculture” (see p. 1.). After a lively and interesting discussion

of Mr. Keen’s paper, the meeting adjourned. — E. G. Linsley,

Secretary.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXII, NO. 1

LOOKING FORWARD

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL

Boulder, Colorado

It is generally agreed that the postwar world should be dis-

tinguished by progress, by many developments of many kinds

intended to make life more worthwhile. It is an appropriate- time

for those who have projects in mind to set them forth, with the

idea that although they may seem of minor importance in rela-

tion to the whole country, they may have their value as parts of

a plan which must be made up of many parts. I will accordingly

discuss two projects which are just now in my mind.

Zoology of the Pacific Coast States

I should like to see begun a work on the zoology of the Pacific

Coast region after the manner of The Fauna of British India

which has long been in course of publication. Such a work

would be of the greatest value and I do not see any reasons

against it. The volumes would be issued as they could be pre-

pared and as funds were available for publication. Extinct as

well as living species, and the fauna of the sea, should be in-

cluded. It would be many years before the work could approach

completion, and it would never be finished since as in the case

of The Fauna of British India, the earlier volumes would have

to appear in revised editions. To those who will say that the

funds cannot be found for such a project it may be replied that

as a matter of fact California can very well afford to finance the

initial volumes, and as the work would be a standard one it

would be taken by all the larger libraries, and all institutions

where they did zoological work.

Laboratories Around the World

Many years ago, after visiting Siberia and other countries, I

thought it might eventually be possible to establish a chain of

laboratories or field stations all around the world, provided with

the necessary books and apparatus, and open to all properly

qualified students. A graduate student in zoology might then

spend a few months in each place, getting acquainted with the

local naturalists and studying the fauna, or such parts of it as

specially interested him. Surely such an experience would be of

the greatest value, and would often result in international friend-

ships and cooperation.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. C. Van Dyke E. G. Linsley, R. L. Usinger E. S. Ross

Associate Editor Editors Assistant Editor

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society

Proceedings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic

and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up

to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and

distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should

be addressed to the editors, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of Califor-

nia, Berkeley 4, California. All communications regarding non-receipt

of numbers, changes of address, requests for sample copies, and all

financial communications should be addressed to the treasurer, R. C.

Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions $2.50 per year in advance. Price

for single copies 75 cents. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Ento-

mologist.”

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FOURTH SERIES

VOLUME XXIV

Contributions Toward a Knowledge of the Insect Fauna of Lower California

1. Introductory Account, by A. E. Michelbacher and E. S. Ross. Pp. 1-20,

pis. 1-3. February, 1942 $0.26

2. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, by E. Gorton LinBley. Pp. 21-96, pis. 4-6.

February, 1942 76

3. Coleoptera: Buprestidae, by Edwin C. Van Dyke. Pp. 97-132, pis. 6-7.

March, 1942 „ 36

4. Neuroptera : Myrmeleonidae, by Nathan Banks. Pp. 133-162, pi. 8. March,

1942 „ .20

6. Symphyla, by A. E. Michelbacher. Pp. 163-160, pi. 9. March, 1942 16

6. Diptera: Culicidae, by Thomas H. G. Aitken. Pp. 161-170. June, 1942 .20

7. Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, by Frank E. Blaisdell, Sr. Pp. 171-288, pis.

10, 11 1.60

Order from

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“XL ELECTRIC Dusting Sulphur

“MULTICRON" Gashouse Mixture

FRUIT CURING

“ANCHOR” Sublimed Velvet Flowers of

Sulphur

DRY WETTABLE SULPHURS

"ALFA” Dry Wettable Sulphur

“MERMAID" Colloidal Gas Sulphur

SOIL SULPHURS

"CRESCO 99'/2%” Soil Sulphur

"TORO” Agricultural Compound

“FRUIT” Soil Sulphur

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"GOLDEN ROCK” Refined Lump

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"REFINED RUBBERMAKERS” Sulphur

"TIRE” Commercial Rubbermakers

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"CRYSTEX” Insoluble Sulphur

Insecticides and Fungicides

NICOTINE DUST

“NICO DUST” in various strengths to con-

trol Aphis, Thrips, Cucumber Beetles, Leaf-

Hoppers and similar insects

ROTENONE

“DEROCIDE” in various strengths to con-

trol Pea Weevil, Pea Aphid and numerous

sucking insects.

CRYOLITE

"CRYODUST” in various strengths for the

control of chewing insects

COPPER DUSTS

"COPOX-DUST” recommended as a prevent-

ative of Mildew Blight on melons, celery,

potatoes, pears

ARSEN ICALS

CALCIUM-ARSENATE DUST Mixtures for

the control of chewing insects

PYRETHRUM

PYRETHRUM DUST recommended for the

control of Celery Leaf Tier, Diabrotica

Beetle and similar insects

POISON BATES

“ENS-ZEM” for Cut Worms, Army Worms

TARTAR EMETIC

"TARTOX” recommended for the control of

Thrips and Snails on citrus

STAUFFER KNAPSACK DUSTER

DDT — Sulphur Mixtures

DDT Insecticides — For Dusting or Spraying

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LOS ANGELES 23

Vol. XXII

April, 1946

No. 2

THE

Pan -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

RAY, STUDIES ON NORTH AMERICAN MORDELLIDAE, II 41

ALEXANDER, TANYDERIDAE OF THE AUSTRALASIAN REGION 51

FRICK, A NEW RECORD FOR AULICUS TERRESTRIS LINSLEY 55

MOULTON, NEW THRIPS FROM HAITI AND TURKESTAN 56

MOULTON, TWO NEW THRIPS FROM NORTH AMERICA 59

TILDEN, SCHIZOPUS IN MONTEREY COUNTY, CALIFORNIA 60

LINSLEY, PRELIMINARY KEY TO SPECIES OF PLEOCOMA 61

FENDER, SOME NEW OREGON BEETLES 66

PATE, A MINUTE ON DICHELONYX HARRIS, 1827 68

CHAMBERLIN, A NEW SCHENDYLOID CHILOPOD FROM CALIFORNIA 69

F. W. NUNENMACHER 70

DETHLEFSEN, A NEW SPECEIS OF BOLITOBIUS 71

NUNENMACHER, STUDIES AMONG THE COCCINELLIDAE, No. 10 72

HAGEN, CEUTHORHYNHUS ASSIMILIS IN CALIFORNIA 73

BLEVINS, NOTES ON ZERENE EURYDICE MASUMBROSUS 74

KNOWLTON, SOME APHID HOST NOTES 75

HATCH, NOTES ON EUROPEAN COLEOPTERA IN WASHINGTON 77

San Francisco, California

1946

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. C. Van Dyke E. G. Linsley, R. L. Usincer E. S. Ross

Associate Editor Editors Assistant Editor

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michel baches, Advertising