Vol. XXIII

January, 1947

No. 1

THE

Pan -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

DUNCAN. SOME REMARKS ON THE INFLUENCE OF INSECTS ON

HUMAN WELFARE 1

RITCHER, DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF PLEOCOMA

HIRTICOLLIS VANDYKEI LINSLEY 11

MUESEBECK, TWO NEW SPECIES OF APANTELES FROM

CALIFORNIA 21

BARR, ENOCLERUS HUMERALIS (SCHAEFFER), A PRIMARY

HOMONYM 24

RINDGE, TYPES OF NEPTICULA BRAUNELLA JONES 25

TIMBERLAKE, TWO NEW BEES FROM ARIZONA 26

macswain and bohart, parasitism of bees by conopid flies 30

TUTHILL, NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS TRIOZOIDA 31

MANSFIELD AND TILDEN, AULICUS TERRESTRIS LINSLEY 34

KNOWLTON, A SMALL SAGE APHID 85

DETHLEFSEN, SOME COLEOPTERA TAKEN FROM WET PAINT 36

CHAMBERLIN, ON FOUR NEW AMERICAN CHILOPODS 87

MANSFIELD, NOTES ON HIPPOMELAS CALIFORNICUS (HORN) AND

CHRYSOBOTHRIS CYANELLA HORN 40

TILDEN, GLAUCOPSYCHE LYGDAMUS BEHRII IN AN ANT NEST 42

MANSFIELD, RANGE OF OEME GRACILIS LEC 43

GALINDO, ANOPHELES XELAJUENSIS DeLEON IN PANAMA 44

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, PROCEEDINGS 45

San Francisco, California

1947

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. C. Van Dyke E. G. Linsley, R. L. Usinger E. S. Ross

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FOURTH SERIES

VOLUME XXIV

Contributions Toward a Knowledge of the Insect Fauna of Lower California

1. Introductory Account, by A. E. Michelbacher and E. S. Ross. Pp. 1-20, pis. 1-3.

February, 1942 - $0.25

2. Coleoptera : Cerarabycidae, by E. Gorton Linsley. Pp. 21-96, pis. 4-5. Feb., 1942 75

3. Coleoptera: Buprestidae, by Edwin C. Van Dyke. Pp. 97-132, pis. 6-7. Mar., 1942 .35

4. Neuroptera: Myrmeleonidae, by Nathan Banks. Pp. 133-152, pi. 8. March, 1942 20

5. Symphyla, by A. E. Michelbacher. Pp. 153-160, pi. 9. March, 1942 15

6. Diptera : Culicidae, by Thomas H. G. Aitken. Pp. 161-170. June, 1942 20

7. Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, by Frank E. Blaisdell, Sr. Pp. 171-288, pis. 10, 11 1.50

Order from CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, SAN FRANCISCO 18, CALIFORNIA

• •

It BlMBlIiUiD

H woancw IJ

FUNGICIDES

SOIL and GRAIN

INSECTICIDES

FUMIGANTS

CHEMICAL

♦

INSECTICIDES

SPECIALTIES

♦

WEED KILLING

CHEMURGIC

PREPARATIONS

CORPORATION

GREAT WESTERN DIVISION

Giant Road

THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

RICHMOND, CALIF.

Seallle SAN FRANCISCO Los Angeles

Seal Beach e California

Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the postoffice at San

Francisco, California, under Act of August 24, 1912.

The P an - Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXIII, No. 1

January, 1947

SOME REMARKS ON THE INFLUENCE OF INSECTS ON

HUMAN WELFARE*

BY CARL D. DUNCAN

Professor of Entomology and Botany, San Jose State College

The ways in which insects affect human welfare are so numer-

ous and diverse that no approach to completeness of treatment

can be made in a brief paper. In the present instance, however,

completeness is not needed, nor in fact is even a comprehensive

sampling. A consideration of certain aspects of the subject will

suffice, for the object of the paper is to advance the thesis that the

time has come for entomologists to present to the public on whose

support the progress of entomological research almost entirely

depends a more balanced interpretation of insect and human

relations than that usually current.

The subject of insects and human welfare is not new and cer-

tain aspects of it have been developed at length in a great variety

of books, technical bulletins, magazine articles, newspaper stories

and even reports over the radio. The relationships that have been

most frequently stressed, perhaps naturally enough, have been

those in which insects appear as enemies of man. It is not my

desire to minimize the damage inflicted on man by those insects

which are agricultural or forest pests, transmitters of disease, or

are in other ways inimical to man’s well being. Such damages,

however, and the insects responsible for them, should be viewed

in proper perspective. In no other way can the real importance

of insects as a whole be understood correctly and evaluated

properly.

It has long been apparent to biologists, whenever insect and

human relations are viewed in their entirety, that the insect

species which are injurious or antagonistic to human welfare

actually constitute only a small proportion of the total of insect

♦Presidential address read before the Pacific Coast Entomological Society,

January 4, 1947.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

life and that the great majority of insects are either directly or

indirectly beneficial to man or enjoy a neutral status. Dr. Frank

Lutz (8) has estimated that not more than one-half of one per cent

of all the insects in the United States are actually pests. Calling

attention to Lutz’s estimate, Paul Knight (7) states that “those

who care to extend the argument can show that a far greater

percentage are of direct value, but that would prolong a question

that is scarceley debatable.” Nevertheless the beneficial aspects of

insect activities have not been brought clearly to the attention of

people generally.

It is still too common practice on the part of entomologists,

and in particular of economic entomologists, since they must

perforce focus their attention on destructive species, to ignore or

to minimize the numerous benefits conferred on man by insects.

For example, Graham, in “Principles of Forest Entomology,” (6)

recognizes the beneficial role of numerous forest insects, but dis-

misses them with a paragraph of brief consideration in the final

chapter. An occasional text, such as “Destructive and Useful

Insects,” by Metcalf and Flint (9) devotes a full chapter to the

benefits that man derives from insects, and a very few treat the

subject at more length, but in the majority of texts the treatment

is quite inadequate.

All too often, especially in articles designed for popular con-

sumption, we encounter extravagant statements and overdrawn

pictures concerning the so-called warfare between man and the

insects as if the two were engaged in a relentless struggle to the

death. The “insect menace” has become a catch phrase. To be

sure, most of these fantastic pictures are found in articles written

by persons lacking entomological training. Not a few, however,

have been prepared by entomologists who should know better

and nearly all are based on information and ideas that have been

supplied by entomologists. An unfortunate consequence of this

state of affairs is that many, if not most, laymen have developed

the belief that nearly all insects are injurious and should ruth-

lessly be exterminated.

A few decades ago excessive emphasis on the destructive

activities of insects perhaps was justified. The increasing number

of insect pests required that public attention be directed to these

enemies of agriculture. Without this emphasis it might not have

been possible to arouse the public sentiment and the legislative

TANUARY, 1947] DUNCAN— INSECTS AND HUMAN WELFARE

backing that were essential for the support of needed research on

pest control. At that time also a factual basis for an adequate

appreciation of the beneficial aspects of insect life had not yet

been sufficiently developed. For that matter, there is real need at

the present time for extensive and detailed exploration of the

beneficial activities of insects. In particular there is a need for

quantitative studies. The knowledge we now possess is mostly of

a qualitative nature.

The goal of an aroused public interest in the study of injurious

insects has long since largely been achieved and adequate support

for research in economic entomology usually is available. We

now urgently need to round out the picture, to educate the lay

public to a realization of the vast amount of good that is done

by insects as a whole, to the end that balanced judgment shall

determine the general attitude toward insect-human relations and

that all branches of entomological research shall be recognized

as meriting adequate support.

There is at present a measure of real danger that the lay

public, animated by the conviction that insects constitute an

enemy group, may attempt to carry the matter of insect control,

or rather, suppression, too far. For the first time in the history

of man’s conflict with insects the materials at his disposal make

the unwise dream of insect extermination seem possible of attain-

ment, at least in localized areas; or if this state of affairs has not

^'^et been attained, at least it seems to be not far away. If, there-

fore, man is to be spared costly experiences in which his actions

bring down upon him more harm than good, it is essential that

there be developed in the public mind an appreciation of the

beneficial activities of insects that will serve to balance the already

well developed appreciation of their injurious activities.

The economic entomologist has a special responsibility in this

connection because of his frequent contacts with a segment of

the public which has a special reason for distrust of insects.

Moreover, to ensure the proper development of economic ento-

mology in the years that lie ahead, it is essential that the economic

entomologist recognize and accept this responsibility as many of

them individually already have done. It is becoming increasingly

evident that the carrying out of proper measures for the control

of injurious insects is not simply a matter of applying a suffi-

ciently lethal insecticide. Rather it requires that each species

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. yXTTT, NO. 1

be regarded in the light of the entire complex ecological picture

of which it is a part and that control measures be selected accord-

ingly. It often happens that insects that are injurious under one

set of conditions or circumstances are of no consequence or are

beneficial under others. A correct appraisal of the economic

status of many an insect, therefore, can not be made by the

farmer but only by a well trained economic entomologist who

has a broad knowledge of general insect ecology. A great deal

of time and money is now wasted in so-called “insurance spray-

ing” which might be saved or better used in some other type of

control. The farmer should be educated to expect the economic

entomologist to have the broad type of training suggested above

and to look confidently to the economic entomologist for immedi-

ate advice and guidance in meeting his problems of pest control.

This desirable relationship cannot materialize so long as the

current point of view continues to prevail.

It may be that the danger that I have envisioned is more

apparent than real. Human affairs move with suflScient slowness

that the unwisdom of attempts at the wholesale extermination

of insects may he made sufficiently clear through repercussions

from early attempts that efforts in this direction will be aban-

doned and will be replaced by actions based on a saner phi-

losophy. Certainly the usage of DDT to date has revealed that

such powerful insecticides, valuable as they are, cannot be used

indiscriminately with impunity. Nevertheless much is to be

gained by a concerted program of public education that is aimed

at balanced enlightenment in place of the present program of

merely seeking support for more and ever more destruction of

insect life.

In the light of the reasoning thus far advanced it seems worth-

while to review certain of the interrelations between man and

insects in which the insects play a beneficial role.

As a general rule little attention is paid to the factors com

cerned in the control of the plant population of the earth and the

place that insects hold among these factors. Because of man’s

dependence on plants it is customary to label as injurious any

creature aside from man and his domestic animals that feeds on

plant life. Yet obviously this is not the case. An organism is

really injurious only when it becomes sufficiently abundant that

its activities are genuinely detrimental to the welfare of other

JANUARY, 1947] DUNCAN— INSECTS AND HUMAN WELFARE

organisms. This happens in the case of only a very small pro-

portion of insects. Moreover, it is possible for a plant as well as

an insect or other animal to get out of balance with the rest of

life; to become, in fact, a pest. A few plants in recent decades

have so far escaped from normal population controls as to

become veritable scourges, and so far, the only significant prog-

ress in bringing them back under control has been accomplished

through the use of insects that feed on them.

The most notable example is the prickly-pear cactus in Aus-

tralia which according to some authorities by 1935 occupied

some 60,000,000 acres of Australian soil to the extent that it

was practically worthless for agriculture. Cactus feeding insects

introduced from the Americas have brought the cactus under

control. Most of the work of control has been wrought by a

single species, the moth Cactohlastis cactorum, whose caterpillar

mines the joints of the cactus. Allan P. Dodd (4) says the intro-

duction of this insect between 1925 and 1927 “brought a complete

change in the outlook within a few years. Its progress has been

spectacular, its achievements border on the miraculous. Great

tracts of country, utterly useless on account of the dense growth

of the weed, have been brought into production. The prickly

pear territory has been transformed from a wilderness to a scene

of prosperous endeavor.”

Probably not many plants possess the qualifications for

becoming pests of the magnitude of the cactus but we have no

way of judging beforehand. There are other weed plants besides

cactus which, though perhaps less objectionable, have neverthe-

less become major pests in countries into which they have been

introduced. Such are lantana in Hawaii and Australia, blackberry

and gorse in New Zealand, and St. John’s Wort in California.

Success has been only partially attained to date in controlling

these weeds but the measure of success that has been attained has

been accomplished largely through the use of insects.

In the countries to which they are native these plants are

not pests. They fit normally into the flora of those regions in

mutual adjustment with other organisms. The factors that deter-

mine their normal population levels, as is true of plants every-

where, undoubtedly are several but among these are the insects

that feed upon them. Dr. Brues has pointed out in “Insect Diet-

ary” that insects are a major factor in determining population

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIII, NO. 1

levels in plant life. We perhaps cannot even guess accurately

what the consequences would he if insects were to he totally

removed from the realm of plant life hut we can be sure that

it would be some sort of chaos and that man would be numbered

among the victims of such a disastrous happening.

We are accustomed to looking upon insects that attack trees

as injurious and requiring control, and certainly often, though

not always, this view is the correct one. Yet it is equally certain

that the majority of insects to be found in a forest are not

detrimental to the forest and that many, if not the majority,

actually benefit the forest in one way or another. F. C. Craig-

head (2) in “An Annotated List of the Important North American

Forest Insects” lists less than 200 kinds of really destructive

species distributed over many families, yet W. J. Chamberlin (1)

records 575 species of bark and timber beetles in but two families.

The great majority of these are forest species but the great ma-

jority are not destructive.

Chamberlin (l.c.) says, “When Micrucis, Carphoborus, Pity-

ophthorus, Pityokteines, Lymantor, Hypothenemus, or any of the

other similar species attack the lower limbs of trees and kill them,

they are but hastening natural pruning which results in a clean

bole and a better grade of lumber.”

Doane, Van Dyke, Chamberlin, and Burke (3) say that “In

every heavily stocked young forest there are thousands of trees

that must die and pass out of the picture before the forest reaches

maturity Nature takes care of this need through

suppression of slower-growing trees; and at times insects and

disease may serve a useful purpose in removing trees from over-

crowded stands, thereby releasing the space to the surviving trees

which will then grow more rapidly and into better wood material.”

It is obvious, therefore, that without the beneficial services

of numerous forest insects our forests would never have attained

to their present magnificence, their productivity would be far less

than it now is, lumber would be inferior, they would be less

suitable as homes for valuable wild life and their esthetic and

recreational values would be far less than they now are. They

would, moreover, be filled with a tangled maze of dead branches

and small trees that would constitute a fire hazard far greater

than any now known, or what is more probable, they would be

swept by destructive fires of such extent and with such frequency

JANUARY 1947] DUNCAN— INSECTS AND HUMAN WELFARE

as never to attain the status of forest maturity as we now know it.

To consider another phase of the general problem, many

insects inhabit the soil, often in tremendous numbers. In one

case in Illinois their numbers were estimated at no less than 65

millions per acre. Some of the soil insects, namely wireworms,

white grubs, certain aphids and mealybugs, and a miscellany of

others, feed on the underground parts of plants, damaging them

more or less, and at times attain the status of pests. The majority,

on the other hand, make a definite, important, and perhaps

essential, contribution to the development of the soil itself and

to the maintenance of soil fertility.

Paul Knight (7) in this connection says, “(1) Soil organisms

cause a continual interchange of soil particles by bringing to

the surface particles of subsoil. The gradual enrichment of these

subsoil particles increases the thickness of the rich top layer.

(2) The burrows of soil organisms allow better drainage and

aeration. (3) The dead bodies of animals such as insects and

worms add a large amount of organic material to the earth.

(4) The excreta of insects compares favorably in fertilizing value

with the digestive wastes of other animals. Though the digestive

waste of one insect is infinitesimal, the aggregate mass of all insect

excreta probably exceeds that of the larger animals and is an im-

portant factor in soil fertility.”

W. M. Wheeler (10), referring specifically to the soil building

activities of ants says “Thus the ants act on the soil like the

earthworms, and this action is by no means inconsiderable,

although as yet no one has studied it in detail.”

In the discussion of both of the preceding two topics — forest

insects and soil inhabiting insects — mention has been made of

the effectiveness of insects as scavengers. Their value in this

connection can more easily be underestimated than overestimated

for they are second in importance only to the bacteria and fungi

as agents of decay.

We deplore decay whenever it affects any type of material or

product that we wish to preserve for a time. We deplore the

existence of Penicillium fungi that destroy a part of the oranges

or lemons that we buy in the markets, we strive to prevent the

growth of the several rot disease fungi that destroy the foundation

timbers of our homes and other buildings; we abhor the maggots

that swarm through the carcass of a dead animal or a mass of

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

garbage that has not been properly disposed of, but at the same

time we recognize the general usefulness of decay. We know

that decay is the necessary counterpart to life and without decay

life would soon become impossible on the earth.

Folsom and Wardlp(5) say that insects “As scavengers are of

inestimable benefit, consuming as they do in incalcuable quantity

all kinds of dead and decaying animal and vegetable matter.

This function of insects is most noticeable in the tropics, where

the ants, in particular, eradicate tons of decomposing matter that

man lazily neglects.”

The importance of decay and the necessity for it lies in the

fact that certain chemical elements, in particular nitrogen, phos-

phorus, and potassium, obtained from the soil by plants and

needed alike by plants and animals are present in usable form

only in relatively small amounts in most soils. The available

supply must be returned to the soil on the death of the organisms

living on or in the soil if life is to be continued in anything like

its normal luxuriance. Without the beneficial agency of the bac-

teria, fungi, insects, and other organisms of decay but especially

these three, developing plant life would gradually but surely

tie up in plant tissues almost all of the existing supply of critically

needed mineral elements.

For the purpose at hand it is unnecessary to develop in detail

additional aspects of the general topic. Simple mention or very

brief treatment of some of these will sujGSce. All, in one way or

another, are fairly well known to entomologists though not to

the general public, or at least not sufiSciently known.

The importance of insects as animal foods is apparent when

we realize that considerably more than half of the food supply of

common land birds, fresh water fishes, many reptiles, and

many small mammals consists of insects and without the insects

these animals would be unable to maintain themselves. It is

customary to consider such animals as constituting checks on

the increase of insects, and no doubt at times and perhaps con-

tinuously to a limited extent they do constitute such checks, but

there is much evidence to indicate that more often the vertebrates

in question, and in particular the birds, are merely living off of

the surplus of insect life and are not a significant factor in regu-

lating insect abundance.

The dependence of flowering plants on insects as pollen

JANUARY, 1947]

DUNCAN— INSECTS AND HUMAN WELFARE

carriers kas received wide attention. It is estimated that about

85% of flowering plants require insect pollination in whole or

in part. Metcalf and Flint (9) estimate that the annual yield

of agricultural crop plants in the U.S. that depend on pollen

transfer by insects has a value in excess of two billions of dollars.

In this field as in others, however, the picture that has commonly

been drawn is an unbalanced one. Most discussions of the subject

have been in terms of the honey bee and bumble bees. Admitting

the tremendous importance of these insects, it must yet be recog-

nized that there are thousands of species of plants for which

the honey bee and bumble have no meaning. Great numbers of

other insect species: solitary bees, flies, beetles, moths and butter-

flies, and even, occasionally, such small creatures as thrips, func-

tion as pollinators of these plants and in numerous instances

play an absolutely essential role. Without them a considerable

proportion of our garden flowers and shrubs could not exist,

nor could there be the wealth of color and variety in the wild

plants that clothe our valleys and hillsides in proper season.

Insects, therefore, make a contribution to the esthetic and recrea-

tional resources of man that is not inconsiderable.

Much of the vegetation that adds beauty to the desert areas of

the earth consists of insect pollinated plants. Such also is the

case with the chaparral and other growths that hold back tbe

run off on hillsides and gentler slopes over vast acreages and so

protect the lowlands from destructive floods.

In summation, it is perhaps impossible to visualize adequately

the totality of beneficial effects which insects exert directly or

indirectly on human welfare, but the benefits are incalculably

great. It is not too much to say that insects determine the char-

acter of man’s world to a far greater extent than he does himself

and that if they were suddenly to disapper completely the world

would be changed so extensively that it is extremely doubtful

that man would be able to maintain any sort of organized society

whatever.

I repeat, therefore, that the time has come for entomologists

generally, and for economic entomologists in particular, to pre-

sent to a public that is manifesting increasing interest in insect

life, a more rounded and better balanced picture of insect life.

It is time to appeal for interest and support on the basis of this

more complete picture and man’s place in it, recognizing that

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

all forms of life are interwoven in an integrated whole which

needs to be understood before it can safely be changed in any

radical manner, and that in arriving at this more intelligent basis

for orienting ourselves to the insects there is no place for cate-

gorical condemnation or praise. On the contrary, each species

or closely knit group deserves to be considered independently

and judged on its individual merits.

References

(1) Chamberlin, W. J. 1939. The Bark and Timber Beetles of

North America. Oregon State College Cooperative Associa-

tion, Corvallis, Oregon.

(2) Craighead, F. C. 1930. An Annotated List of the Important

North American Forest Insects. U. S. D. A. Miscellaneous

Publication No. 74.

(3) Doane, R. W., E. C. Van Dyke, W. J. Chamberlin, and H. El.

Burke. 1936. Forest Insects. McGraw-Hill Book Company.

(4) Dodd, Allan P. 1940. The Biological Campaign Against

Prickly Pears. Commonwealth Prickly-Pear Board. Bris-

bane, Queensland, Australia.

(5) Folsom, J. W. and K. A. Wardle. 1934. Entomology With

Special Reference to its Ecological Aspects. McGraw-Hill

Book Company.

(6) Graham, Samuel Alexander. 1939. Principles of Forest En-

tomology. McGraw-Hill Book Company.

(7) Knight, Paul. 1939. The Problems of Insect Study. 2nd ed.

Edwards Brothers.

(8) Lutz, F. E. 1931. In Defense of Insects. Scientific Monthly,

April, 1931.

(9) Metcalf, C. L. and W. P. Flint. 1928. Destructive and Useful

Insects. McGraw-Hill Book Company.

(10) Wheeler, William M. 1926. Ants. Their Structure Develop-

ment and Behavior. Columbia University Press.

JANUARY, 1947] RITCHER— LARVA OF PLEOCOMA

DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF PLEOCOMA

HIRTICOLLIS VANDYKEI LINSLEY

(Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)^

BY P. O. RITCHER

Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington

Much has been written about the adults of the peculiar genus

Pleocoma and their habits, but little has been published about

their larval stage. Osten-Sacken in 1874 described a Pleocoma

larva found deep in the earth by Mr. Behrens of San Francisco.

The only other reference to the morphology of larvae of the

genus is by Boving and Craighead (1930-31) in their key to

families and subfamilies of the Scarabaeoidea.

Early in 1946, while visiting at the University of California,

in Berkeley, the writer was shown 8 Pleocoma larvae collected

February 26 by R. F. Smith and J. W. MacSwain from a spot

near Patterson Pass where Pleocoma hirticollis vandykei Linsley

had been found abundant previously (Smith and Potts, 1945).

A second trip to the same spot, March 8, 1946, by Smith, Mac-

Swain, several of Linsley’s graduate students, and the writer,

yielded over 40 additional larvae. They were found from 1 to

3 inches deep in the pasture soil feeding on grass roots.

Besides the larva of Pleocoma hirticollis vandykei Linsley,

described in this paper, the larvae of Pleocoma australis Fall,

Pleocoma hadia Fall, Pleocoma fimbriata Le Conte and a larva

of an unknown species from Sacramento, California, have been

examined by the writer, through the courtesy of Dr. Linsley and

the U. S. National Museum. All of these agree in the following

essential characters: antenna 3 -segmented; epipharynx with

tormae not united mesally; haptomerum with a group of heli;

chaetoparia well -developed; plegmatia present; hypopharynx

without oncyli; terga of abdominal segments 3 to 7, inclusive,

with 4 dorsal annulets; spiracles with concavities of respiratory

plates facing ventrally; legs 4-segmented; mesothoracic and meta-

thoracic legs with stridulating organs; anal opening Y-shaped,

not surrounded by fleshy lobes.

^The investigation reported in this paper is in connection with a project of

the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published by permission of

the Director.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

Like the adults, Pleocoma larvae resemble geotrupids in sev-

eral important morphological features. Of all the Scarabaeidae,

only larvae of Pleocoma and those of geotrupids have 3 -seg-

mented antennae. Too, the stridulating organs found on the legs

of Pleocoma larvae are very similar to those of Geotrupes and

Odontaeus. In contrast, however, the epipharynx, the tergal an-

nulets of the abdominal segments, and the last abdominal segment

of Pleocoma are entirely different from homologous structures of

known geotrupid larvae and, in fact, resemble in many ways

structures characteristic of melolonthine larvae. Because of these

important differences, the writer would prefer placing the genus

Pleocoma in a subfamily close to, but distinct from, the Geotru-

pinae, as Leng (1920) has done, rather than class Pleocoma

with the geotrupids (Paulian, 1941).

Third-stage Larva of Pleocoma hirticollis vandykei Linsley

Description based upon a study of 9 third-stage larvae and a

cast skin of a larva found associated with a dead male in its

pupal cell. Male identified by Linsley.

Larva (Fig. 1) typically scarabaeiform with whitish body and

light yellow-brown head. Length of mature larva ranging from

about 45 to 50 mm.

Cranium (Fig. 4) narrower than prothorax. Surface shining

and generally smooth with a series of fine longitudinal striae on

each side of the epicranial suture (ES). Maximum width of

cranium ranging from 6.5 to 9 mm. with a mean of 8 mm.

Frontal sutures (FS) whitish and sinuate, forming less than a

right angle at their juncture with the epicranial suture. Frons

(F) bearing on each side an irregular, transverse row of 5 to 10

posterior frontal setae (PFS), one large seta (AA) in each an-

terior angle (rarely with an additional small seta), a single large

exterior frontal seta (EFS) (often with 1 or 2 small setae), and

a single large anterior frontal seta (AF) (plus 2 to 4 small setae) .

Epicranium (E) with 2 large dorsoepicranial setae on each side

of the epicranial suture. Ocelli absent.

Clypeus (Fig. 4) trapezoidal with slightly concave lateral

margins; divided transversely into a large, rather heavily scler-

otized postclypeus (PSC) and a very small, membraneous pre-

clypeus (PC) . Postclypeus on each side with a transverse patch

JANUARY, 1947]

RITCHER— LARVA OF PLEOCOMA

of setae consisting of 3 large setae and several small setae, anter-

iorly with an irregular series of low longitudinal rugosities.

Labrum (L, Fig. 4) slightly wider than long, symmetrical and

apically trilobed. Surface bearing numerous long setae and, ex-

cept for the apical membraneous lobes, rather heavily sclerotized

and coarsely reticulate.

Fig. 1. Third-stage larva of Pleocoma hirticollis vandykei Lin-

sley. Left lateral view. lOX.

Antenna (A, Fig. 4) almost as long as cranium, fairly slender,

3- jointed, and borne on a cylindrical basal piece fused to the

epicranium. First segment as long as second and third segments

together; third segment very small, about one-third as long and

half as wide as second segment. First and second segments bear-

ing numerous setae. End of second antennal segment, below

juncture with apical segment, with a small oval sensory spot.

Apical segment without sensory spots ; apex with 2 to 4 olfactory

pegs.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

Mandibles (Figs. 2, 3, 6 and 7) shorter than cranium, ap-

proximately symmetrical, subtriangular in outline, each with a

strong, blade-like scissorial area (SA) and a rather small, molar

area (MO) . Scissorial area blackish with a slightly concave or

nearly straight cutting edge. Molar areas also blackish, those of

left and right mandibles similar in size but somewhat asym-

metrical. Molar area of right mandible (Fig. 6) with a trans-

verse apical lobe and a curved median lobe, the latter surround-

ing a small, longitudinal proximal lobe. At the base of each

molar area is a dense brush of setae or brustia (BR) . On the

dorsal surface of each mandible, laterad of each molar area, is

a patch of 27 to 30 setae, the dorsomolar setae (DMS) . Dorso-

exterior mandibular region and lateral face of mandible much

wrinkled, not separated by a scrobis. Lateral face with a single,

large, median seta. Ventral surface of each mandible transversely

wrinkled between the inner proximal part of the scissorial area

and the molar area. Laterad of the molar area and extending to

the vicinity of the small ventral mandibular process (VP) is a

large patch of 29 to 33 setae. The region mesad of the ventral

mandibular process bears a number of pores and sometimes 1 to

3 setae.

Maxilla (Figs. 5 and 8) consisting of a cardo, stipes, galea,

lacinia and a maxillary palpus. Cardo (CAR) subquadrate in

outline and extending from the base of the maxilla to the proxi-

mal edge of the stipes. Cardo divided longitudinally into 2

oblong sclerites, the dorsal one bearing a few scattered setae.

Stipes (ST) bounded posteriorly by the cardo and anteriorly by

the maxillary palpus and galea. Dorsally, along the inner edge

of the stipes, is a row of 10 to 16 conical, stridulating teeth (SD) .

Ventrally, the stipes bears a number of long needle- like setae;

and a narrow, transverse, irregular double row of similar setae

adjoins the maxillary palpus. Galea and lacinia distinctly sep-

arate but lying close together. Galea (G) with a single apical

uncus (UN) , bordered dorsally by 4 stout setae and ventrally

by 2 stout setae; remainder of surface with a sparse covering of

slender setae. Lacinia (LA), with a terminal uncus having 1 or

2 ventral tooth-like lobes. Inner edge of lacinia bearing 2 rows

of long stout setae, the dorsal row extending from the uncus to

the proximal margin of the lacinia. Dorsad and ventrad of the

rows of stout seta the lacinia is sparsely covered with slender

setae. Maxillary palpus 4-jointed, the first 3 joints bordered an-

JANUARY, 1947]

RITCHER— LARVA OF PLEOCOMA

PLEOCOMA HIRTICOLLIS VANDYKEI LINSLEY

Fig. 2. Left mandible, dorsal view. Fig. 3. Molar region of left

mandible, ental view. Fig. 4. Head, oephalic view. Fig. 5. Right

maxilla and labrum, ventral view. Fig. 6. Molar region of right

mandible, ental view. Fig. 7. Left mandible, ventral view.

Abbreviations : A — Antenna. AA — Seta of anterior frontal

angle. AF — Anterior frontal setae. BR — Brustia. CAR — Cardo.

DMS — Dorsomolar setae. E — Epicranium. EFS — Exterior frontal

setae. ES — Epicranial suture. F — Frons. FS — Frontal suture.

L — Labrum. LA — Lacinia. LP — Labial palpus. MO — Molar area.

MP — Maxillary palpus. PA — Preartis. PC^ — Preclypeus. PFS —

Posterior frontal setae. PMP — Postmentum. PRM — Prementum.

PSC — Postclypeus. PTA — Postartis. SA — Scissorial area. ST —

Stipes. VP — ^Ventral process.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIII, NO. 1

teriorly by a semi-circle of setae. Apical joint with a lateral,

sensorial groove and a number of distal, sensory pegs.

Labium (Figs. 5 and 9) composed ventrally of a subtrape-

zoidal postmentum (PMP), the subdivided prementum (PRMi

and PRM 2 ) and a pair of labial palpi (LP) . Postmentum bare

except for a few setae near each lateral margin. Proximal scler-

ite of prementum subquadrate in outline, wider than long, set

with a transverse row of setae interrupted mesally. Apical

sclerite of prementum set with numerous setae, of which the

largest are those adjacent to the bases of the labial palpi. Dorsal

surface of apical sclerite of prementum, called the glossa (GL),

with a dense covering of long slender setae, anteriorly and on

each side. Central posterior portion of glossa sparsely set with

short, stout, conical setae. Labial palpi 2-segmented.

Hypopharynoc Fig. 9, (HP) located posterior to the glossa and

dorsad of the proximal sclerite of the prementum. Hypopharynx,

on each side with a caudal sclerotized shoulder (LL) behind

which is the point of contact with the ventral process of the

adjacent mandible. Oncyli (the protruding, sclerotized hypo-

pharyngeal process or processes present in most scarab larvae)

absent.

Epipharynx (Fig. 12) symmetrical, slightly broader than long

with rounded lateral margins, trilobed apically. Apical lobe, or

corypha (CO) , set with coarse setae and bounded on each side

by a clithrum (CLI). Plegmatia present, each plegmatium (PL)

consisting of about 11 to 15 semi-circular, sclerotized plegmata,

each plegma surrounding the base of a coarse acanthoparial seta.

Proplegmatia absent. Chaetoparia (CPA) large, separated from

the acanthoparia by a narrow gymnoparia (GP). Each chaeto-

paria consisting of a dense patch of sharp setae not interspersed

with sensilla. Chaeta stoutest toward the pedium (PE). Hapto-

merum (H) bearing a rather sparsely set, semi-circular group of

9 to 12 large, stout heli (HE) . Anterior to the bases of most of

the heli is a single large sensillum. Tormae rather indistinct,

symmetrical, not branched, not meeting mesally. Haptolachus

(HL) incomplete, nesia absent. Caudomesad of the inner end of

the dexiotorma (DX) and the pternotorma (PTT) is a longitu-

dinal curved phoba (PH). The area laterad of each phoba has

20 to 30 crepidial punctures CP). Four macrosensilla (MS) are

found between the caudal ends of the phobae. Posterior to the

phobae is the curved, transverse crepis (CR).

JANUARY, 1947] RITCHER— LARVA OF PLEOCOMA

Fig. 8. Left maxilla, dorsal view. Fig. 9. Labium and hypo-

pharynx, dorsal view. Fig. 10. Distal portion of right, metathoracic

leg, ventral view. Fig. 11. Third abdominal segment, left lateral

view. Fig. 12. Epipharynx. Fig. 13. Right metathoracic leg, lat-

eral view.

Abbreviations: CAR — Cardo. CL — Claw. CLI — Clithrum. CO

— Corpyha. CP — Crepidial punctures. CPA — Chaetoparia. CR' —

Crepis. CX — Coxa. DX — Dexiotorma. EUS — Eusternum. FE —

Femur. FOS — Fossorial setae. G — Galea. GL — Glossa. GP —

Gymnoparia. H — Haptomerum. HE — Helus. HL — Haptolachus.

HP — Hypopharynx. LA — Lacinia. LL — Lateral lobe. LP — Labial

palpus. MP — Maxillary palpus. MS — Macrosensilla. PE — Pedium.

PEA — Pedal area. Ph — Phoba. PL — Plegma. PLL^ — Pleural lobe.

PRSC — Prescutum. PSCL — Postscutellum. PTT — Pternotorma.

S — Spiracle. SCL — Scutellum. SCU — Scutum. SD — Stridulating

teeth. SPA — Spiracular area. ST — Stipes. TR — Trochanter.

TT — Tibiotarsus. UN — Uncus.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIII, NO. 1

Legs (Figs. 1, 10 and 13) well developed with the prothor-

acic shorter than the mesothoracic pair and the mesothoracic

shorter than the metathoracic pair. Each leg 4- jointed, consisting

of a fairly long, stout subcylindrical coxa (CX), a slightly

shorter trochanter (TR), a short femur (FE) and a short tibi-

otarsus (TT) which bears a terminal claw (CL). Mesothoracic

and metathoracic legs with stridulating organs, these consisting

of a finely striated area on the posterior surface of the meso-

thoracic coxa and a V-shaped row of about 12 sclerotized teeth

(SD) , each tooth at the base of a seta, on the anterior surface of

the metathoracic trochanter. Anterior ventral surface of meso- and

metathoracic trochanters and ventral surface of meso- and meta-

thoracic femora densely set with stout spine-like setae (FOS, Fig.

13) undoubtedly useful in burrowing through the hard soil.

Claws simple, each consisting of a straw-colored base and a dark,

slender, sharp, distal portion. Base of each claw with 2 setae.

Prothoracic claws much longer than meso- and metathoracic

claws.

Body (Fig. 1) consisting of 3 thoracic and 10 abdominal seg-

ments. Prothorax with 2 dorsal areas each with a single trans-

verse row of slender setae. Mesothorax and metathorax each with

3 dorsal annulets, a prescutum, a scutum, and a scutellum.

Scutum of mesothorax with a transverse row of slender setae;

scutum of metathorax similarly clothed and, in addition, with an

irregular, transverse, single or double row of short stout setae

cephalad of the slender setae.

First and second abdominal segments each with 3 dorsal areas.

Prescuta of each with a transverse band of short stout setae; that

on the first abdominal segment 2 or 3 rows wide, that on second

abdominal segment about 5 or 6 rows wide. Scuta each with a

long transverse band of setae consisting anteriorly of about 5

irregular rows of short stout setae and posteriorly of a single

sparsely set row of fairly long slender setae. Scutellum of first

abdominal segment with a short sparsely set transverse patch of

short, stout setae on each side and a bare, middorsal area. Scutel-

lum of second abdominal segment with a long, narrow, transverse,

single or double row of short, stout setae. Abdominal segments

3 (Fig. 11) to 7 inclusive each with 4 dorsal annulets, a prescu-

tum, scutum, scutellum and postscutellum. Each prescutum bears

a transverse patch of about 5 to 7 irregular rows of short, stout

setae. Each scutum with a short, transverse, irregular, double

JANUARY, 1947] RITCHER— LARVA OF PLEOCOMA

row of short, stout setae. Each scutellum has a long transverse

hand of short, stout setae posterior to which is a single sparsely

set row of rather long slender setae. Each postscutellum (except

that of abdominal segment 7 which is bare) with a long, trans-

verse, irregular double or triple row of short, stout setae.

Dorsa of abdominal segments 8 and 9 not divided into distinct

annulets. Each dorsum anteriorly with scattered slender setae

and an occasional short, stout setae; posteriorly with a sparsely-

set transverse row of long slender setae cephalad of which are a

few scattered, short, stout setae. Dorsum of tenth abdominal seg-

ment with a transverse sinuate dorsal impressed line. Region

Fig. 14. Last abdominal segment, ventral view. Fig. 15. Last

abdominal segment, caudal view.

Abbreviations. ASL — Anal slit. C — Campus. LAL — Lower anal

lip. T — Teges. UAL — Upper anal lip.

between dorsal impressed line and anterior margin of abdominal

segment 10 set with scattered short, stout setae. Dorsal area be-

tween upper anal lip (UAL, Fig. 15) and dorsal impressed line

clothed with short, stout setae interspersed with long, slender

setae.

Thoracic shield, located on each side of prothorax, rather in-

conspicuous, straw-colored, roughly triangular in outline. Spir-

acle-hearing areas (SPA, Fig. 11) of abdominal segments 1 to 8

each with 5 to 9 setae. Pleural lobes (PLL) of abdominal seg-

ments 1 to 8 each with a patch of 8 to 16 setae. Eusterna (EUS)

of abdominal segments 1 to 7 each with a transverse row of 6 to

16 setae. Pedal areas (PEA) of same segments with 2 to 7 setae

on each side.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIII, NO. 1

Anal Slit (ASL, Fig. 15) Y-shaped, basal cleft short. Anus

bordered dor sally by the triangular upper anal lip (UAL) and

ventrally by the mesally cleft lower anal lip (LAL). Both anal

Ups covered with short, stout setae.

Raster (Figs. 14 and 15) consisting of a simple teges (T) in

the form of a narrow transverse band of 50 to 70 short, stout,

caudally directed setae, located cephalad of the lower anal lip.

Cephalad of the teges, especially toward each side, are several

long, slender setae. Anterior to these setae and the teges, the

venter of the tenth abdominal segment is bare (C, Fig. 14).

Spiracles (Figs. 1 and 11) consisting of 1 pair of thoracic

spiracles and 8 pairs of abdominal spiracles. Thoracic spiracles

considerably larger than the abdominal spiracles which are alike

in size. Respiratory plates of spiracles kidney-shaped, with their

concavities facing ventrally. Spiracles cribiform but “holes” of

respiratory plate rather opaque, not arranged in definite rows.

Bibliography

Boving, a. G. and F. C. Craighead. 1930-31. An illustrated syn-

opsis of the principal larval forms of the order Coleoptera. Ent.

Amer. 11 (N. S.) (1-4) :351 pages.

Gerstaeker, C. E. A. 1883. Ueber die stellung der Gattung Pleo-

coma Lee. in System der Lamellicornier. Ent. Zeitung (Stet-

tin) 44:436-450. (See Ent. Amer. 3:202-211 for English trans-

lation of the above paper made by J. B. Smith.)

Horn, G. H. 1883. Pleocoma Lee. Its systematic position and in-

dication of new species. Ent. Amer. 3:233-5.

Horn, G. H. 1888. Review of the species of Pleocoma with a dis-

cussion of its systematic position in the Scarabaeidae. Amer.

Ent. Soc. Trans. 15:1-18.

Leng, C. W. 1920. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, north

of Mexico. John D. Sherman, Jr., Mt. Vernon, N. Y,

OSTEN Sacken, R. 1874-76. Description of the larva of Pleocoma

Lee. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 5:84-87.

Paulian, R. 1941. La position systematique du genre Pleocoma

Le Conte. (Col. Scarabaeidae). Rev. Fran. d’^Ent. 8 (3) : 151-155.

Smith, R. F. and R. W. L. Potts. 1945. Biological notes on Pleo-

coma hirticollis vandykei Linsley (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).

Pan-Pac. Ent. 21 (3) :115-118.

MUESEBECK— APANTELES

TWO NEW SPECIES OF APANTELES FROM CALIFORNIA

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

BY C. F. W. MUESEBECK

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricultural

Research Administration, United States Department

of Agriculture

The following descriptions are presented at this time in order

to provide names for use in connection with biological studies

involving two new parasites.

Apanteles medicaginis Muesebeck, new species

Apanteles flaviconchae Riley^ was originally described from

Missouri and Connecticut and considered a possible parasite of

the armyworm since the cocoons had been found in clover fields

infested with that pest. It is now known to occur from Maine to

Texas as a parasite of Colias. Although so wide a host range is

unusual for a species of Apanteles, it appears that phalaenid

larvae are also successfully parasitized on occasion by flavicon-

chae, for there are what seems to be authentic records of rearings

from Plathypena scabra (F.), the green cloverworm. The prin-

cipal host, however, is the pierid Colias philodice philodice Latr.,

the so-called clouded sulphur, the larva of which is a common

and widespread clover pest. A. flaviconchae is a gregarious para-

site, some 20 or more individuals developing within a single

caterpillar.

Recently an Apanteles, parasitic on the alfalfa caterpillar,

Colias philodice eury theme Bdvl., has attracted attention in Cali-

fornia ; and several samples have been submitted to me for identi-

fication. This form agrees so closely with flaviconchae, except

for the paler hind femora of the female, that I have been inclined

to regard it as only a western race of flaviconchae. Dr. Ray F.

Smith, of the University of California, now has informed me,

however, that this parasite always develops singly in its host.

It would appear, therefore, that despite the similarity in struc-

ture and host relations the eastern and western populations are

distinct species. Accordingly, the California parasite of the

alfalfa caterpillar is here described as new.

^Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 4(2) :308, 1881.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIII, NO. 1

The only structural differences I have discovered between this

species and flaviconchae are quantitative and subtle. They are

not easily defined. In medicaginis the upper third of the face has

a more or less distinct, median, longitudinal, keel-like elevation,

of which there is only a faint suggestion in flaviconchae. The

malar space in medicaginis is slightly longer and the face a

little narrower than in flaviconchae, the face at its narrowest

point being narrower than the eye height. In flaviconchae the

punctures on the posterior half of the mesoscutum are separate

although close, whereas in medicaginis they tend to be confluent,

especially along the lines of the notaulices. The polished lateral

margins of the second tergite are usually complete in flaviconchae

and are continued upon the basal part of the third tergite, whereas

in medicaginis they are usually not complete and seem never to

extend upon the third tergite. Although these two species are not

always readily separated by these distinctions, the females may

normally be recognized at a glance. In flaviconchae the posterior

femora are black in both sexes, but in medicaginis those of the

female are reddish-yellow or, at the most, blackish along the

upper and lower edges.

Female. Length about 2.5 mm. Face smooth and shining; malar

space at least one and one-half times as long as clypeus. Pun(S

tures of mesonotum very small but sharp and close throughout, in

places confluent as noted above, scutellum convex with scattered

weak punctures, shining; propodeum rugose with a complete

median longitudinal carina and strong though incomplete costulae;

mesopleuron closely punctate on lower half and anteriorly, smooth

and polished above the longitudinal impression. Stigma barely

twice as long as broad; radius strongly inclined outwardly, longer

than intercubitus and joining it in a definite angle; nervellus

strongly oblique but nearly straight. Calcaria of hind tibia sub-

equal, slightly less than half as long as metatarsus.

Abdomen rather stout; plate of first tergite broadening api-

cally, finely rugulose; second tergite nearly three times as long

as broad, much shorter than third, closely rugulose with very

narrow lateral polished margins; suturiform articulation sharply

impressed, minutely pitted; third tergite usually with a little

indefinite sculpturing basally; hypopygium attaining apex of last

tergite; ovipositor sheath barely exserted.

Black; maxillary palpae yellowish except toward base; labial

palpae usually piceous, tegulae and radices black; stigma dark

brown, most of the veins pale; legs reddish yellow with all coxae

and trochanters, bases of fore and middle femora, apices of hind

femora and of hind tibiae, and the posterior tarsi, blackish.

JANUARY, 1947]

MUESEBECK— APANTELES

Male. Like the female but with black hind femora.

Type locality. Dos Palos, Merced County, California.

Type. United States National Museum No. 58213.

Described from 94 specimens from the type locality, reared

from Colias philodice eurytheme Bdvl. in August 1946, by Ray

F. Smith. In addition to the type series I have before me speci-

mens of this species from Berkeley, Tracy, Westley, Hemet, and

Sacramento, California, reared from C. philodice eurytheme or

collected in alfalfa fields.

Apanteles praesens Muesebeck, new species

This species, which was discovered by N. L. H. Krauss in

southern California as a parasite of the geometrid Anacamptodes

fragilaria (Grossb.), has been taken to Hawaii to combat that

pest, which recently became established there. It very closely

resembles A. caffreyi Mues., but may be distinguished by its more

strongly punctate head, conspicuously longer calcaria of hind

tibiae, and darker posterior legs.

Female. Length 2.5 mm. Head dull; face, vertex, and temples

closely punctate; ocellocular line less than twice the diameter of

an ocellus; temples receding; antenna a little longer than body.

Mesoscutum mat covered with closely placed but very shallow

punctures; scutellar furrow very fine, minutely pitted; scutellum

mat with scattered shallow punctures; propodeum smooth and shin-

ing laterally, weakly punctate medially; mesopleuron mat closely

punctate anteriorly, smooth posteriorly and above, the longitu-

dinal impression broad and shallow with some irregular, weak,

vertical wrinkles; metapleuron mat smooth, radius barely longer

than intercubitus ; hind coxa mat, mostly smooth, with an elongate

flattened area on outer upper edge at base; inner calcarium of

middle tibia slightly longer than metatarsus; inner calcarium of

hind tibia about three-fifths as long as metatarsus. Abdomen very

slender, compressed; plate of first tergite parallel-sided to apical

third, from where it narrows strongly to apex, entirely smooth and

polished, its width at apex less than half the length of second

tergite; plate of second tergite triangular, bounded laterally by

sharp oblique grooves, entirely smooth and polished; hypopygium

not attaining apex of abdomen; ovipositor sheath subexserted.

Black; wings hyaline; stigma dark brown, veins paler; all

coxae black; trochanters, femora, tibiae, and tarsi of fore and

middle legs entirely yellow; posterior femur reddish-yellow, apical

third blackish; posterior tibia yellow, blackish on apical two-

fifths; posterior tarsus blackish, pale at base.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

Male. In all essentials similar to female but with the middle

and hind legs darker; hind femur entirely black; hind tibia black

on apical half.

Type locality. Pasadena, California.

Type. United States National Museum No. 58214.

Described from the female type and three male paratypes

reared from Anacamptodes fragilaria (Grossb.) at the type local-

ity in October 1945, by N. L. H. Krauss; one female from Los

Angeles, California, and one from “Southern California,” both

reared from A. fragilaria in January 1946, by Mr. Krauss; and

nine males bred by Mr. Krauss in the laboratory at Honolulu,

Hawaii, January 1946, upon the same host.

ENOCLERUS HUMERALIS (SCHAEFFER), A PRIMARY

HOMONYM

(Coleoptera, Cleridae)

BY WILLIAM F. BARR

University of California, Berkeley

In 1823, Thomas Say, in the Journal of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, volume 3, page 192, described

a new species of Cleridae and gave to it the name Clerus humer-

alis. This species was later placed in the genus Hydnocera and

at the present time, correctly belongs in the genus Phyllobaenus.

Charles Schaeffer in 1905, apparently not aware of the previous

usage of the trivial name humeralis in the genus Clerus, described

a different species of Cleridae under this same name — Clerus

humeralis, in the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and

Sciences, volume 1, page 155. This species has since been placed

in the genus Enoclerus by some workers.

According to the International Rules of Zoological Nomen-

clature, Article 35, “A specific name is to be rejected as a homo-

nym when it has previously been used for some other species

or subspecies of the same genus.” Both Say’s species and Schaef-

fer’s species are now in different genera, but the important fact

is that both species when described, were placed in the genus

Clerus. Thus Clerus humeralis, as described by Schaeffer, is a

primary homonym and cannot stand. Therefore, Enoclerus schaef-

feri Barr, new name, is proposed by the writer to take the place

of Clerus humeralis Schaeffer (nec Say).

JANUARY, 1947]

RINDGE— NEPTICULA BRAUNELLA

DESIGNATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF

NEPTICULA BRAUNELLA JONES

(Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae)

FREDERICK H. RINDGE

University of California, Berkeley

W. W. Jones, in his paper, “The description and biology of

Nepticula hraunella new species (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), a

species of leaf miner on Pruimsf Hid folia Walp. and the variety

integrifolia Sarg.” (1933, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 6(4) :49-78),

did not designate the types nor give any data on the type series.

The material, upon which this paper and the above-mentioned

description were based, had been retained in the Jones collec-

tion until recently when it was turned over to Professor E. 0.

Essig of the Division of Entomology and Parasitology of the

University of California. This matter was called to the writer’s

attention by E. 0. Essig, and the following type designations

have been made.

Lectoholotype, male, Berkeley, Calif., Mar. 22, 1928 (W. W.

Jones), No. 5682, California Academy of Sciences, Entomology;

lectoallotype, female, Berkeley, Calif., April 3, 1928 (W. W.

Jones), No. 5683, California Academy of Sciences, Entomology.

Lectoparatypes, 105 specimens of both sexes, all from Berkeley,

Calif. (W. W. Jones), with the following range of dates: April

20-30, 1924; March 1-20, 1925; March 8-14, 1927; March 9-

April 15, 1928; April 2-20, 1929.

The lectoparatypes are to be distributed as follows: six each

to the American Museum of Natural History, British Museum of

Natural History, Canadian National Collection, Los Angeles

Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology, United States Na-

tional Museum, and collection of writer; the remainder to be

deposited in the collections of the University of California, Berke-

ley, and the California Academy of Sciences.

Attention is drawn to the fact that this species was not in-

cluded in the “Check List of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the

United States of America. Part H. Microlepidoptera” (J. Mc-

Dunnough, 1939. Mem. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2:1-171), and

should be added thereto.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

TWO NEW SPECIES OF BEES FROM ARIZONA

(Hymenoptera, Apoidea) ^

BY P. H. TIMBERLAKE^

University of California Citrus Experiment Station,

Riverside, California

The types of the new species here described are included in

the collection at the University of California Citrus Experiment

Station, Riverside.

Heriades (Neotrypetes) micheneri Timberlake, new species

In Michener’s table of Neotrypetes (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.,

31:517, 1938), the female runs to variolosa (Cresson) and dif-

fers in having a broad, very shallow emarginat^on in clypeal

margin, armed with five small denticles ; punctures of f rons

coarser than those of mesoscutum; and abdominal bands very

narrow and absent on the fifth tergite. The male runs to lea-

vitti Crawford in the same table, but differs in having the first

ventrite truncate at apex, hardly produced, and armed on its

disk with a large conical process that ends very bluntly, as seen

both from behind and from the side. The process, therefore, is

much like that of carinata Cresson, which belongs to a different

group.

Female. Black, the apex of last joint of tarsi and claws brown-

ish testaceous. Apex of mandibles, tegulae, and smooth inner sur-

face of legs more or less tinged with dark reddish. Mandibles not

broadened at apex, twice as long as wide, the two carinae on outer

surface parallel, but uniting close to the apex. Cutting edge of

mandible tridentate. Clypeal margin very broadly truncate, with

a slight broad median emargination armed with five small den-

ticles. Punctures of frons and vertex very coarse and close, with

those of face below antennae and of cheek much smaller. Punc-

tures of mesocutum, scutellum, and mesopleura coarse and close

but slightly smaller than those of frons. Punctures of abdomen

coarse and close, becoming coarser and shallow on tergite 3, where

they are nearly as coarse as those of thorax. Pubescence very fine,

short and inconspicuous, except for patches of white plumose hair

on sides of face, pronotum, area around tubercles and base of

wings, and on apical margin of scutellum and suture betweien

^Paper No. 564, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Biverside,

California.

^Associate Entomologist in the Experiment Station.

JANUARY, 1947] TIMBERLAKE — NEW BEES

meso- and metapleuron. Hair of legs short and scanty, except on

tarsi; that on inner side of hind tarsi long, abundant, and pale

fulvous. Apical hair-band on tergites 1 to 4 white and very nar-

row, except that the one on first tergite is considerably widened

on each side. These bands composed of small scalelike hairs, with

microscopic plumosity. Scopa white. Wings uniformly grayish

dusky, with dark fuscous nervures and stigma. Length, 5.25 mm.;

anterior wing, 3.5 mm.

Male. Similar to female in puncturation and pubescence. Front

femora, except behind, and front tibiae reddish ferruginous. Apical

joint of front tarsi entirely ferruginous. Anterior side of middle

femora dark reddish. Mandibles narrow and bidentate. Clypeal

margin simple. Face more narrowed than in female. Punctures

of head and thorax a little less coarse and dense. Punctures of

first two tergites as in the female; those of the third a little

coarser but not shallow as in the female. Femora strongly swol-

len (much more so than in variolosa and other species) . Front

tarsi short and broadened, the first joint about twice as long as

wide, the three middle joints very short and strongly bilobate

about as in bruneri Titus. Face between antennae and clypeus

covered with white plumose hair. Dense white hair also on an-

terior part of cheeks, especially the gular region, on the coxae,

the apical part of first ventrite, and disk of second ventrite. Front

tarsi with a white fringe behind, and hair on inner side of hind

tarsi whitish. Apical bands of white scalelike hairs on abdomen

present only on tergites 1 to 3, and not widened at sides of first

segment. Fifth ventrite (fig. 1) deeply and broadly emarginate

at apex, the emargination formed by a large triangular lobe on

each side, the tips of lobes acute and curved inward. A small

acuminate tooth on outer side of base of these lobes. Base of the

emargination armed with a transverse band of rather short, erect,

curved hairs, which are strongly capitate at apex, except a few

longer hairs at tips of the lateral teeth. Sixth ventrite as in allied

species, the triangular apical part having a patch of fine, long

hairs on each side. Length, about 5 nun. (or 6.5 mm. with, abdo-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

men extended to expose the ventral segments) ; anterior wing,

3.7 mm.

Described from a pair {holotype female and allotype) taken

on damp sand, Patagonia, Arizona, August 8, 1940 (Timber-

lake) .

Named for Charles D. Michener, who has given us an excel-

lent revision of North American Heriades.

Calliop sis squamifera Timberlake, new species

Allied to andreniformis Smith and rhodophila Cockerell, but

differs in the white face markings and very long slender middle

tarsi. It is probably closer to the little-known teucrii Cockerell,

the female of which has white markings, but differs from squami-

fera in larger size, piceous tegulae, and dusky wings.

Male. Black, the mandibles, except reddish tips, labrum, and

face below antennae, white. Supraclypeal and lateral marks ex-

tending above level of antennae almost exactly as in andreniformis.

Scape broadly in front, interrupted band on hind border of pro^

notum, and tubercles, yellowish white. Flagellum, a large quad-

rate area on middle of mesosternum, and legs lemon-yellow, the

tarsi being a little more brownish, and apical joint of hind pair

dusky. Flagellum dusky behind, the obscurity more pronounced on

basal joints and there extending further around the joints. Scape

behind and pedicel black. Narrow apical depression of tergites

testaceous brown. Tegulae pale testaceous with a white dot. Wings

nearly clear, the neuration pale testaceous brown. Large callus-

like areas on metanotum pale grayish-brown (described more in

detail below). Form more slender than in andreniformis. Head

broader than thorax, somewhat broader than long, with the inner

orbits of eyes slightly converging below. Clypeus not prominent

as in andreniformis. Legs slender, nearly as in rhodophila and

and/reniformis, except that the middle tarsi are extremely slender

and elongate. Recurrent nervures received at nearly equal dis-

tances from base and apex of second submarginal cell. Punctural-

tion similar to that of andreniformis, but the dark part of frons

with relatively coarser, shallow, and subconfluent punctures, meso-

scutum a little more sparsely punctured, and mesopleura nearly

impunctate. Pubescence white, nearly as in andreniformis, except

that the hairs of clypeus are less bristle-like. Length, 4 mm.;

anterior wing, 2.8 mm.

Holotype, a male, at flowers of Euphorbia, PiCACHO Pass,

Arizona, August 7, 1940 (Timberlake) . The type was taken

with a small series of Calliop sis {Perissander) anomoptera

Michener, at the type locality of the latter species.

JANUARY, 1947]

TIMBERLAKE— NEW BEES

The males of the typical group of Calliopsis (the male of

teucrii being unknown) may be distinguished by the following

key:

1. Face yellow; middle tarsus no more than twice as long as tibia;

callus-like areas of scutellum and metanotum black 2

- Face white; middle tarsus about thrice as long as tibia; callus-

like areas of scutellum and metanotum pale grayish-brown

squamifera

2. Legs and scapes yellow; clypeus convexly prominent in mid-

dle; callus-like areas of metanotum small and widely separated

andreniformis

- Scape black, or at most with a slender yellow line in front;

femora black, except at apex, and tibiae with a black patch

behind; callus-like areas of metanotum very large and con-

tiguous; clypeus less prominent rhodophila

The callus-like areas of scutellum and metanotum of the male

in the typical group of Calliopsis are reported here for the first

time, I believe. These areas in rhodophila and andreniformis

are opaque black and densely covered with extremely short,

moss-like pubescence. In the latter species the areas are compara-

tively small, those on scutellum being easily hidden by the wings,

as they occupy the depression between the disk of scutellum and

base of hind wings. Posterior border of areas on scutellum yel-

lowish white, with a little patch of whitish hair. Areas on meta-

notum cover all but the median fifth of the segment, the middle

part being subpulvinate and provided with long, erect hairs.

^ In rhodophila the areas on scutellum are large, so that the

exposed disk covers rather less than one-third of the total width

of segment, and as seen from in front or behind its surface is

slightly below that of the somewhat protuberant lateral areas.

The latter are pale testaceous or whitish on the hind border as in

andreniformis. The areas on metanotum are extremely large in

rhodophila, and subquadrate, extending about two-thirds of the

distance from base of metanotum to apex of propodeum. They

appear to extend far over the base of the propodeum, and are

contiguous except on the basal half, where there is a very narrow

line of the normal metanotum exposed and provided with a tuft

of long hair.

In squamifera the peculiar areas are pallid and covered with

fine, shingled, or overlapping scales. The areas on the scutellum

are small and restricted to the lateral impressed part of the

scutellar sclerite, as in andreniformis. On the metanotum they are

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

large and broadly oval, not quite meeting medially, with the con-

stricted hairy area at base in the form of an equilateral triangle.

They reach a little more than half way from base of metanotum

to apex of propodeum.

I have seen similar structures, but apparently glabrous, and

hence more callus-like, on the scutellum and metanotum of the

male of a small undescribed species of Nomadopsis from Texas.

SOME RECORDS OF PARASITISM OF SOLITARY BEES BY

CONOPID FLIES

BY J. W. MacSWAIN and G. E. BOHART

University of California, Berkeley

Conopid flies have been observed in the field to attempt ovi-

position in many species of bees including Apis mellifica L. In

addition, the considerable variation in size among the individuals

of a single species may also indicate a lack of host specificity.^

However, many records of successful parasitism will have to be

collected before a clear picture of the degree of host specificity

can be obtained. For this reason the following observations are

placed on record.

Three dead adults of Andrena vierechi Ckll., each with a

conopid puparium in its abdomen, were taken from burrows in

a small nesting site of this bee at Berkeley, California, on March

14, 1939. During the following spring, adults of Myopa rubida

Bigot emerged from two of the specimens. The same conopid

species' was observed striking Diandrena chalyhioides Viereck and

Andrena complexa Viereck on flowers of buttercup. Ranunculus

californicus Bentham, one mile west of Orinda Crossroads, Contra

Costa County, California, on April 11, 1946. When a series of

these two species of bees were taken into the laboratory and dis-

sected, two out of eight of the Diandrena chalyhioides had a

small dipterous larva attached to the outer wall of the foregut,

although twenty-five Andrena complexa contained neither eggs

nor larvae of the parasites.

One dead female of Panurginus melanocephalus Ckll., con-

taining a conopid puparium was taken from a burrow at Berke-

ley on March 16, 1939. Although the fly did not emerge from

the bee, upon dissection it was recognizable as a member of the

genus Zodion.

^Bohart, G. E., 1941. The oviposition of conopid flies upon smaller andrenid

bees. Pan-Pac. Ent., 17(2):96-96.

JANUARY, 1947]

TUTHILL— NEW TRIOZOIDA

NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS TRIOZOIDA

( Psyllidae, Homoptera) ^

BY LEONARD D. TUTHILL

University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho

The three species of Triozoida herein described bring to four

the total number assigned to this genus. Although quite distinct

from one another they form a very homogeneous group which is

readily distinguished from the other genera of Triozinae. The

principal distinguishing characters are the presence of more than

one spine on the lateral surface of the apex of the metatibia, the

shape of the vertex and genal processes. While the wing venation

is similar, it shows considerable variation between species.

Two of the species included have been received from Senor

S. C. Bruner of the Estacion Experimental Agronomica, Santiago

de las Vegas, Cuba. The third, from Panama, is in material

borrowed from the United States National Museum.

Triozoida media Tuthill, new species

Length to tip of folded wings, 3-3.5 mm.

Color: General color green to chocolate brown. More teneral

specimens green with legs, tip of antennae, vertex and thoracic

dorsum brownish. Fully matured males dark brown except basal

portion of antennae, meso-scutellum, thoracic venter, genitalia

green to yellow. Wings hyaline except area about furcation of M,

Cu and R and spot on margin of clavus embrowned.

Structure: Head narrower than thorax. Vertex minutely pubes-

cent, concave, smoothly rounded down to genae, medial suture

prominent. Lateral ocelli raised. Genae produced as blunt, widely

separated lobes, contiguous basally. Clypeus visible as third medial

lobe. Antennae arising far down on genae, slender, twice as long

as width of head. Eyes of moderate size, hemispherical. Thorax

well arched. Pronotum large, nearly vertical, not depressed below

vertex. Mesopleurites strongly developed. Forewings straight,

acutely angled, 2.8 times as long as wide; basal vein short, Rs

short, nearly straight to costa, not reaching furcation of media,

medial cell much larger than cubital, latter strongly flattened.

Head wings 0.6 as long as forewings. Metatibiae without basal

^Published with the approval of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station as

Research Paper No. 263.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

armature, 2 outer and 3 inner apical spines. Metacoxae raised

anteriorly.

Male proctiger produced caudad basally, tapered to narrow

apex. Forceps as long as proctiger, in lateral view parallel-sided,

somewhat curved caudad, tapering apically; in caudal view stout,

arched to black tips; in dorsal view apices concavely narrowed to

small, truncate, black tooth. Female genital segment 0.75 as long

as rest of abdomen, stout; dorsal valve with small, blunt styliform

apex; ventral valve slender, equalling dorsal, acute.

Holotype, male, allotype, female, 1 male and 4 female para-

types, all collected by J. Acuna in the Sierra de Anafe, Havana

Province, Cuba, February 24, 1946. They were found in the

tender leaves of Eugenia rocana Britton and Wilson enclosed by

the leaves which were folded lengthwise and somewhat mis-

shapened, forming a kind of pseudo gall.

Holotype, allotype and paratypes in author’s collection, para-

types in collection of the Estacion Experimental Agronomica,

Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba.

This handsome species resembles T . johnsonii but is readily

distinguished by the shorter radial sector and smaller cubital

cell of the forewing and the less bulging vertex.

Triozoida mutabilis Tuthill, new species

Length to tip of folded wings, 3-3.4 mm.

Color: General color rufous with legs, tip of antennae, vertex

and genal processes brown to black or general color greenish yel-

low with rufous areas on sclerites of thorax and abdomen, legs

and antennae darker, genal processes black. Wings hyaline, with-

out dark areas.

Stmcture : Head narrower than thorax, strongly deflexed. Ver-

tex excavate between eyes, strongly depressed discally, bulging

far over median ocellus, medial suture prominent. Lateral ocelli

strongly raised. Genae produced as widely separated, blunt cones,

concave on meso-cephalic surface, not touching basally. Clypeus

small, visible between genal processes. Antennae slender, 1.6 times

as long as width of head, arising far down on genae. Eyes large,

hemispherical. Thorax broad, rather flat. Pronotum small, verti-

cal, below caudal margin of vertex. Mesopleurites well developed.

Forewings broad, obtuse apically, 2.7 times as long as wide; basal

vein short, Rs long and somewhat sinuate, equalling or exceeding

M 2 , medial cell larger than cubital, latter somewhat flattened.

Hind wings 0.6 as long as forewings. Metatibiae with serrate

basal Carina, 2 outer and 3 inner apical spines. Metacoxae raised

anteriorly.

JANUARY, 1947]

TUTHILL— NEW TRIOZOIDA

Female genital segment 0.66 as long as rest of abdomen, stout;

dorsal valve blunt, slightly attenuate at apex; ventral valve

slender, acute, nearly equalling dorsal.

Holotype, female, MoA, Oriente Province, Cuba, April 13,

1945, one female paratype same locality, November 15, 1945.

Both specimens were collected by J. Acuna.

The two specimens at hand show marked difference in size and

coloration. The specimen which was collected in November is

smaller and of a nearly uniform rufous color. The differences are

similar to those encountered in specimens of the same species col-

lected in moist and arid regions elsewhere. While unfamiliar

with the climate of northeastern Cuba, I would conclude that the

November specimen developed during a hot, dry period.

This species resembles T. johnsonii but is readily distinguished

by the smaller size, broader and obtusely pointed wing and

shorter antennae.

Triozoida inconstans Tuthill, new species

Length to tip of folded wings, 2.5 mm.

Color: Head dark brown, shining. Antennae light basally,

darkening toward tip. Thorax chocolate brown dorsad, lighter

ventrad. Legs lighter, metatibiae almost white. Forewings dark

brown along basal vein and radius to costa. Abdomen brown

dorsad, nearly white ventrad. Female lighter, thorax yellowish.

Structure: Head small, narrower than thorax. Vertex smoothly

excavate between eyes, protruding anteriorly over median ocellus,

smoothly rounded to genae. Genae produced as short, blunt, widely

separated processes. Clypeus showing between genal processes as

a third similar lobe. Antennae about twice as long as width of

head. Eyes small, hemispherical. Thorax broad, rather flat. Pro-

notum strongly depressed but not below center of vertex. Meso-

scutum finely punctate. Forewings slender, 3 times as long as

wide, acutely angular; basal vein strongly raised, branching vari-

able, M and Cu often with distinct common petiole, Rs short,

nearly straight, reaching to or beyond furcation of media, medial

cell larger than cubital, latter somewhat flattened. Hind wings

0.6 as long as forewings, minutely setate. Metatibiae with several

small teeth basally, outer apical spines varying in size and num-

ber, usually 2, some specimens with 3 or 1, in addition several

small setae along margin, 3 or 2 inner spines. Metacoxae not

raised anteriorly.

Male proctiger produced caudad as blunt triangular lobe, with

prominent apical epiphysis. Forceps slightly shorter than proc-

tiger; in lateral view straight, narrow, tapered to sharp black

tips; in caudal view slender, strongly arched to apex, small black

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. YXTTTj NO. 1

tooth at tip. Female genital segment 0.6 as long as rest of abdo'-

men, straight; dorsal valve blunt; ventral valve nearly as long as

dors'al, sharp apically.

The number and size of the spines or setae on the apex of the

metatibiae is quite variable in this species. In several of the

specimens at hand there is a variation between the right and left

tibia.

Described from 5 males and 1 female collected at Ancon,

Canal Zone, Panama, June 26, 1919, by H. Dietz and I. Molino,

“on Guara.”

Holotype, male. No. 56964, United States National Museum,

allotype, female, and paratypes in United States National Mu-

seum, paratypes in author’s collection.

This handsome species resembles T. johnsonii but may be dis-

tinguished by its smaller size, coloration and wing venation,

especially the shorter, straight radial sector.

AN ADDITIONAL LOCALITY FOR AULICUS TERRESTRIS

LINSLEY

( Coleoptera, Cleridae)

BY G. S. MANSFIELD AND J. W. TILDEN

On May 26, 1940, a single specimen of Aulicus terrestris Lin-

sley was collected by the writers near Silver Creek Hills, Santa

Clara County, California, about twelve miles southeast of San

Jose. The insect was found resting on grass in a small meadow

in the foothills of Mt. Hamilton.

Although no specimens of the Lubber Grasshopper, Esselenia

vanduzeei Hebard, were taken at this time, a single specimen

was collected in the same area on April 13, 1941. The associa-

tion of these two insects has been shown by Linsley^.

This record is only eight or ten miles southwest of a previous

one from Mt. Hamilton, but is of interest because of the much

lower elevation. The point at which this collection was made is

between 1000 and 1500 feet high, whereas the elevation of Mt.

Hamilton is about 4200 feet

^Linsley, E. G., 1936. Studies in the Genus Aulicus Spinola. Univ. Calif. Publ.

Ent.. 6(9) :249-262.

JANUARY, 1947]

KNOWLTON— SAGE APHID

A SMALL SAGE APHID

BY GEORGE F. KNOWLTON

Utah State Agricultural College, Logan

The following report deals with an apparently undescribed

genus and species of sagebrush aphid. Distribution records for a

few species in the genus Microsiphum are also included.

Zyxaphis Knowlton, new genus

Size small; head with antennal tubercles undeveloped; anten-

nae six segmented (sometimes with tendency for antennals III

and IV to not fully separate) ; sensoria of antennae circular to

subcircular, not abundant; fore wings with the media twice

branched; hind wings with both media and cubitus present;

cornicles truncate, sub-cylindrical, not longer than thick; cauda

slightly developed, with numerous hairs and with some tendency

to be angular at apex; anal plate rounded; lateral tubercles on

abdomen prominent; reticulated areas on cuticula of abdomen.

Type, Zyxaphis utahensis Knowlton.

Zyxaphis utahensis Knowlton, new species

Alate vivipara: Size small, body 1.52 to 1.6 mm. long and .72 to

.8 wide across abdomen; ocular tubercles well developed; antennal

tubercles undeveloped; antennae .64, dusky to blackish and imbri-

cated beyond antennal II ; antennal III and IV with a tendency not

to fully divide (on 2 of the antennae) ; antennal III, .16 mm long

with 2 to 4 sensoria; IV, .112 to .15 with 0 to 1 sensorium; V, .128

to .132; VI, .093 plus .078, to .096 plus .08; restrum reaching sec-

ond coxae, tip acute, rostral IV + V, .14 mm. long; wing venation

normal, media twice branched; hind tibiae pale to dusky near apex,

.51 to .61 mm. long; hind tarsi .07 to .115; lateral portions of body

cuticle reticulated in some areas; lateral tubercles prominent;

cornicles .033, dusky, truncate, about as broad as long, short-

cylindrical in shape, imbricated; cauda short, dusky, broadly tri-

angular with blunt apex; abdominal tubercles well developed.

Collection: Taken on Artemisia tridentata at Mt. Carmel,

Utah, May 24, 1940, by G. F. Knowlton. Type in the collection

of the writer.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

Taxonomy: Zyxaphis utahensis differs conspicuously from Mi-

crosiphum acophorum S.-K. and other Microsiphum species oc-

curring in Utah in having the unguis of antennal VI shorter than

hase; cauda somewhat larger and with tendency to be angular

rather than rounded as in Cryptosiphum artemisiae Buckton, and

with prominent lateral tubercles.

Microsiphum acophorum S.-K. collected on Artemisia triden-

tata at Lakota, Bear Lake, Utah, July 29, 1945; Battle Mt., Ne-

vada, August 16, 1945; Elko, Nevada, July 1, 1939; Wells,

Nevada, August 20, 1943; Thousand Springs, Idaho, August 8,

1939.

M. artemisiae (Gillette) on Artemisia vulgaris and A. triden-

tata at Oak Creek Canyon, Utah, July 10, and Junction, Utah,

July 11, 1942; Snowwater Lake, Nevada, August 20, 1943; Wells,

Nevada, August 16, 1945; Craig, Montana, August 5, 1944;

Tumalo, Oregon, August 24, 1944 (Knowlton) ; also Blue Gulch

and Castleford, Idaho, September, 1932 (D. E. Fox).

M. oregonensis Wilson on Artemisia, Cornish, Utah, July 15,

1941.

NOTES ON SOME COLEOPTERA TAKEN FROM WET PAINT

On April 18 of this year I collected nearly 250 beetles from

a newly painted bridge at Ben Lomond, California, in the Santa

Cruz Mountains. Although the paint was nearly dry, many of

the insects were still alive. Among the thirty-five species col-

lected was the rather rare clerid, Thanasimus repandus Horn,

represented by twelve individuals; probably the greatest number

to be collected at one time. Four specimens were taken of another

noteworthy clerid, Thanasimus undatulus rubiventris Lee. Of

the twelve families represented, the Scolytidae had the largest

number of species (six) and individuals. Many other insects

were also trapped in the paint but were not collected. Ordinary

paint remover proved satisfactory in cleaning the specimens.

The attractiveness of paint to beetles was also cited by Essig

in Vol. XIX; p. 91, of this journal in some notes on Rosalia

funebris Mots. — E. S. Dethlefsen.

JANUARY, 1947] CHAMBERLIN-NEW CHILOPODS

ON FOUR NEW AMERICAN CHILOPODS

BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN

University of Utah, Salt Lake City

The new species here described were noted while identifying

several small collections submitted to me by Dr. A. M. Woodbury,

from Utah, P. W. Fattig, from Georgia, and Dr. J. M. Linsdale

from California. The types are retained at present in the author’s

collection.

SCHENDYLIDAE

The new species described below is the first of the genus to

become known from the western United States. It is essentially a

northern genus, being represented by two species from the north-

eastern states and by five in Alaska and northeastern Asia. Its

extension down the western mountains into the United States is

natural. The known species of the genus may be separated by

means of the following key.

Key to Species of Escaryus

1 .

2 .

6 .

Claw of anal legs as large as those of the penult pair ...2

Claw of anal legs small in comparison with those of other legs. .4

Last stemite as broad as long narrowed caudad; Anal coxae

with only 5 or 6 pores (Alaska) E. albus Cook

Last sternite narrow, relatively long, scarcely narrowed; coxal

pores more numerous (Northeastern United States) 3

Yellowish brown in color; 41 pairs of legs..E. urbicus (Meinert)

Waxy white; 49 pairs of legs E. liber Cook

Anal pores present 5

Anal pores absent 6

Pairs of legs 47; last ventral plate narrow, with sides nearly

parallel (Alaska) E. delus Chamberlin

Pairs of legs 43; last ventral plate broad, conspicuously nar-

rowed caudad (Utah) E. monticolens Chamberlin, n. sp.

Pairs of legs 33 (Alaska) E. paucipes Chamberlin

Pairs of legs 49-51 7

Syncoxite of first maxillae with long membranous lappets; lat-

eral teeth of labrum with long slender tips E. sibiricus Cook

Syncoxite of first maxillae without lappets; all teeth of labrum

short and stout E. japonicus Attems

Escaryus monticolens Chamberlin, new species

Apparently related to the Alaskan E. albus Cook. It differs in

general appearance in being yellow, with head and prehensors

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIII, NO. 1

darker, instead of being a waxy, translucent white. It differs in

the more numerous soxal pores these numbering about 18 on each

side instead of 5-6. Last ventral plate trapeziform, about equal

in length to the anterior width. Claws of the anal legs somewhat

smaller than those of the penult legs.

Cephalic plate broadest anteriorly, considerably overlapping the

basal plate the exposed portion of which is short. Clypeus wholly

lacking nonerelate fields. Labrum evenly and moderately incurved,

the teeth all stout and subconical, 15 in number. First maxillae

with palpi having well developed lappets. Coxosternum of second

maxillae with anterior border deeply notched at the middle, the

median area less sclerotized, membranous. Mandible with teeth

in three blocks; e.g., 3, 3, 4.

Anal pores present.

Number of pairs of legs, 43.

Length, 18 mm.

Locality. Utah : Mill Creek Canyon. One female dug up in

soil at an elevation of about 7,500 ft. A. M. Woodbury, collector.

Lithobiidae

Nadabius cherokeenus Chamberlin, new species

Dorsum brown or light chestnut. Legs proximally pale, but

with the fourth and fifth joints brown and the tarsus yellow.

Antennae brown.

The antennae composed of the usual 20 articles which are of

moderate length. Ocelli in 4 longitudinal series; thus, 1+5, 5, 4, 3.

Prosternal teeth 2 2; the median incision acute.

None of the dorsal plates produced.

Coxal pores, small and circular; 2, 3, 3, 3.

Ventral spines of first legs, 0, 0, 1, ^ 1 (2) ; dorsal, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1.

Ventral spines of penult legs, 0, 1, 3, 2, 1; dorsal, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0;

claws 2. Ventral spines of anal legs, 0,1, 3, 1,0; dorsal, 1,0, 2, 0,0;

claw single. Last two pairs of coxae laterally armed.

The anal legs of the male with the usual subdorsal crest at

distal end of the fifth joint, its form and relations as shown in the

accompanying figure. Length, 10 mm.

Locality. Georgia: Atlanta. A male taken February 17,

1946, by P. W. Fattig.

Distinguished from all other known species excepting N. ere-

mites in having the dorsal spines of the anal legs 1, 0, 2, 0, 0

and those of the penult 1, 0, 2, 1, 0.

It is separated from N. eremites chiefly on the basis of having

the last two pairs of coxae laterally armed, whereas they are

unarmed in eremites, and of having the ocelli in 4 series instead

of in 3.

JANUARY, 1947]

CHAMBERLIN— NEW CHILOPODS

Arebius sequens Chamberlin, new species

A species agreeing' with A. crenius and differing from A. dolius,

to which it runs in the key, in having the claw of the female

genital forceps distinctly tripartite, the lateral lobes smaller than

the median which, however, is short and relatively broad. The

basal spines of the genital forceps slender, subcylindrical but

narrowest at middle, the acuminate apex short. It differs from

crenius in having the dorsal spines of the 12th and 13th legs

1, 0, 3, 1, 1 instead of 1, 0, 3, 2, 2. It also differs in the more

numerous ocelli arranged in three series instead of in two; e.g.,

1 5, 4, 3.

Length, 10 mm.

Locality. California: Monterey County, Hastings Reser-

vation. A male and female taken June 10, 1943, by Dr. J. M.

Linsdale.

Nadabius cherokeenus Chamberlin, n. sp. Fifth segment of left

anal leg, subdorsal view.

Arebius petrovius Chamberlin, new species

In the author’s key this form runs out to A. diplonyx of the

Santa Barbara region. It is like that species in having two claws

on the anal leg, but the supplementary claw is very small instead

of being rather large and distinct. It is also like that species in

having the claw of the female genital forceps tripartite; the basal

spines, however, are acuminate from base instead of being cylin-

drical to an acuminate apical part.

The ventral spines of the penult legs are 0, 1, 3, 3, 1 instead

of 0, 1, 3, 3, 2, the dorsal being 1, 0, 3, 1, 1. Dorsal spines of

anal legs 1, 0, 3, 1, 0, the ventral 0, 1, 3, 3, 0. Last two pairs of

coxae laterally armed.

The ocelli are fewer and are in two series instead of in three;

e. g., 1+3, 2 or 3, 3.

Length, 7-7.5 mm., thus being smaller than A. diplonyx which

is 8 to 8.5 mm. long.

Locality. California: Monterey County, Finch Creek.

Four specimens under a rock, taken March 24, 1945, by Dr.

J. M. Linsdale.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

NOTES ON HIPPOMELAS CALIFORNICUS (HORN) AND

CHRYSOBOTHRIS CYANELLA HORN

(Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

BY GEORGE S. MANSFIELD

Atascadero, California

Hippomelas [Nanularia) calif ornicus (Horn) and Chryso^

hothris cyanella Horn have been taken by the author at Atasca-

dero, San Luis Obispo County, California, on a wild buckwheat,

Eriogonum nudum Dough These records represent a new locality

and considerably extend the range of both species. Further,

some additional notes on each species are presented.

Hippomelas (Nanularia) californicus Horn

Two specimens of this species were taken on the stem of wild

buckwheat on June 23, 1940, and thirteen additional specimens

were collected during July, 1946, at Atascadero. These speci-

mens average 9.5 mm. in length and range from 7.0 mm. to

10.8 mm. Although the color of this species is a deep reddish

brown, individuals in the field appear quite gray due to their

coating of white pile. Most of the specimens were taken within

six inches of the ground on the buckwheat stem. Several of those

taken late in July, 1946, were collected higher up, where they

were observed feeding on the outer layers of the stem.

This beetle is very rare in collections. Van Dyke (1942)

mentions three specimens in the collection of the California

Academy of Sciences. Subsequently the Academy has added

another specimen collected August 21, 1927, at Laguna, San

Diego County, California, from the collection of W. J. Chamber-

lin. Through the kindness of Prof. N. Banks, I have had an

opportunity to examine two additional specimens in the LeConte

Collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard

University. These are from “California” and were collected by

Horn. One is labeled “Type”, although Van Dyke (1942) states

that the species was described from a unique collected by Horn

and now in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.

Judging from the distribution of the collected specimens

(Calaveras, Santa Cruz, San Luis Obispo, and San Diego coun-

JANUARY, 1947]

MANSFIELD— BUPRESTIDAE

ties), it appears probable that this species is to be found through-

out cismontane California, ranging from elevations of 4000

feet (Laguna, San Diego Co.) to 1000 feet, or lower. Because

of its habit of moving to the opposite side of the stem from the

collector and its rather inconspicuous color and pattern, this

species is probably often over-looked. This buprestid was taken

in 1940 and 1946 in the same restricted stand of Eriogonum

nudum and observations of other stands of this plant in surround-

ing areas failed to produce more specimens.

Chrysobothris cyanella Horn

Thirteen specimens of this species were collected on the stems

of Eriogonum nudum at Atascadero during the period from May

28 to July 15, 1946. Other collectors have taken this species in

Oregon and California from the flowers of wild buckwheat. All

of the author’s collections were made from the stems of the

buckwheat, where the beetles were resting, and most of them

were taken before the plants came into bloom in July. The

average length of these specimens is 7.2 mm. and they range

from 5.8 mm. to 8.3 mm. The color ranges from a bright bluish

green to a violaceous blue. The individuals collected in July

were mostly blue, whereas those taken in May and June were all

bluish green.

Fisher (1942) states the distribution of this species to be

from Ashland, Oregon, south to Kings River and Bishop, Cali-

fornia, and mentions one record of Chamberlin’s from Pasadena.

The specimens in the California Academy of Sciences collection

range from Modoc and Humbolt counties to Kings River and

Bishop, and Tonopah, Nevada. The specimens from Atascadero

appear to be the first record of this species from the Coast Range

of California and from such a low elevation (1000 feet), with

the exception of the Pasadena record (which may have been

collected on a mountain near there.) Most of the specimens in

the Academy collection are from the Sierra Nevada Mountains at

elevations in excess of 5000 feet.

This species was taken on the same restricted stand of E.

nudum at Atascadero as the preceding species. Likewise, no

other collections were made in surrounding areas, although a

periodic search was made for them.

I am indebted to Dr. E. C. Van Dyke for the identification of

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIII, NO. 1

these two species of insects, and to Mrs. Roxana Ferris and Mr.

J. W. Tilden of Stanford University for determining the species

of buckwheat.

References

Van Dyke, E. C., 1942. Contributions toward a knowledge of the

Insect Fauna from Lower California. No. 3. Coleoptera; Bu-

prestidae. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., XXIV, 3, pp. 97-132.

Fisher, W. S., 1942. A Revision of the North American Species of

the Buprestid Beetles Belonging to the Tribe Chrysobothrini.

U. S. Dept, of Agric. Misc. Publ. No. 470.

AN OCCURRENCE OF THE PUPA OF GLAUCOPSYCHE

LYGDAMUS BEHRII (EDWARDS) IN AN ANT NEST

(Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)

BY J. W. TILDEN

Redwood City, California

February 14, 1942, a lycaenid pupa was taken from an ant

nest in Alum Rock Park, Santa Clara County, California. The

ant nest, in a log of Quercus agrifolia Nee, was partly under

loosened bark and partly in decayed wood. The lycaenid pupa

was surrounded by ant pupae and so situated as to preclude the

probability that its presence in the nest was accidental. A normal

male of G. lygdamus hehrii (Edw.) emerged from this pupa

on February 21, 1942.

F. X. Williams (1908) gives the food plant of behrvi as Lupi-

nus micranthus Dough, and obtained a pupa which emerged

when reared on this plant under laboratory conditions. Bowler

(1911) in recording the early stages of the typical form of

lygdamus, mentions that the larvae are attended by ants and that

cannibalism is common among the larvae. Many lycaenid larvae

have been shown to be attended by ants, the ants obtaining

secretions from special organs on the lycaenid larvae.

Balduf (1939) gives a full discussion and citation of litera-

ture concerning mymecophilous Lycaenidae. European workers

have found that the fourth and fifth stadia as well as the pupal

stage of certain species are passed in ant nests. The lycaenid

larvae are taken into the nests by the ants at the beginning of

JANUARY 1947] MANSFIELD'— OEME GRACILIS

the fourth stadium. They then cease phytophagous habits and

subsist during the last two stadia upon the pupae of their hosts.

The ants in return obtain the secretions of the lycaenids.

A survey of American literature indicates that this habit has

not been observed in American species. But the pupa mentioned

above either must have been transported to the ant nest as a

larva, or allowed to enter it unmolested. This suggests a phase

of myrmecophily in American Lycaenidae that so far is not

fully understood.

References

Balduf, W. P., 1939. The bionomics of entomophagous insects,

Part II. John S. Swift Co., Inc.

Bower, H. M., 1911. Early stages of Lycaena lygdamus Double-

day. Ent. News, 22:359-363.

COOLIDGE, K. R., 1923. The life history of Phaedrotes piasus Bdv.

Ent. News, 34:295-300.

Newcomer, E. J., 1911. The life history of two lycaenid butter-

flies. Canadian Entomologist, 43:83-88.

Newcomer, E. J., 1912. Some observations on the relationships of

ants and lycaenid caterpillars, and a description of the rela-

tional organs of the latter. Jour. New York Ent. Soc., 20:

31-36.

Williams, F. X., 1908. Life history of Lycaena antiacis with other

notes on other species. Ent. News, 19:476-483.

NORTHWARD RANGE EXTENSION OF OEME GRACILIS

LEG.

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

A specimen of Oeme gracilis Lee. was found dead beneath a

light on the Hale Ranch, about eight miles south of Atascadero,

San Luis Obispo County, California, on September 11, 1940.

This beetle is apparently rare in collections. There are ten

specimens in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences

from Los Angeles, Pasadena, and Poway, San Diego County,

California. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard,

there is LeConte’s type from Poway, and a specimen from Cata-

lina and two specimens from Ventura(?), in the Fall collection.

From these records it appears that the specimen from Atascadero

represents a new northern limit of this species. — George S.

Mansfield, Atascadero, California.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

ANOPHELES XELAJUENSIS DeLEON, A NEW ADDITION

TO THE KNOWN ANOPHELINE FAUNA OF PANAMA

BY PEDRO GALINDO

Campana Anti-Maldrica, Ministerio de Prevision Social

Panama, R. de P.

Anopheles xelajuensis DeLeon, was described in 1938 from

the high mountains of Guatemala. Vargas in 1942 reported the

species from southern Mexico and created the subgenus Russellia

with this species as the genotype. No other record of it appears

in the literature to the writer’s knowledge.

During May, 1946, while collecting in the Chiriqui Volcano

region, republic of Panama, Dr. G. B. Fairchild, of the Gorgas

Memorial Laboratory, and the writer were fortunate in collecting

six males and four females of an anopheline identified by the

writer as Anopheles xelajuensis DeLeon. The specimens were

taken while resting in hollow trees in the forest bordering Mr.

Louis Martinez’ farm, “Carinthia,” at an elevation of approxi-

mately 6,200 feet.

All the females collected agree rather closely with DeLeon’s

description of xelajuensis, except for the fact that the Panama-

nian specimens have the tip of the wing somewhat darker than

the guatemalan female figured by DeLeon. The terminalia of

the males from Panama appear to agree in every respect with

the published figures of the terminalia of xelajuensis.

Mr. W. H. W. Komp, U. S. Public Health Service, who con-

firmed the writer’s identification of this material, informs him

that Dr. T. H. G. Aitken collected larvae of xelajuensis some

years ago in the same general area, but did not rear them through

to the adult stage.

The finding of A. xelajuensis in Panama increases consider-

ably the known distribution of this species. Further intensive

collections in the highlands of Costa Rica and Nicaragua should

reveal its presence there, as it appears to have the same general

distribution of Anopheles parapunctipennis, another highland

species known from Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama.

The material on which this report is based has been deposited

in the following collections: U. S. National Museum, Washing-

ton, D. C. ; George Williams Hooper Foundation for Medical

Research, San Francisco, Calif.; Campana Anti-Mai arica, Pan-

ama, R. de P. ; Mr. W. H. W. Komp’s.

JANUARY, 1947] pacific COAST ENT. SOCIETY

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

E. G. Linsley

V ice-President

C. D. Duncan

President

E. S. Ross

Secretary

Proceedings

One Hundred and Eighty-ninth Meeting

The one hundred and eighty-ninth meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:30 p.m. on April 27, 1946, in

the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of Sci-

ences, San Francisco, President Duncan in the chair. The following

members were present: R. W. L. Potts, E. G. Linsley, K. E. Frick,

C. A. Fleschner, D. J. Raski, H. F. Madsen, J. W. Tilden, E. S.

Dethlefsen, P. Moorhead, E. L. Kessel, B. B. Kessel, W. W. Middle-

kauf, M. A. Stewart, E. C. Van Dyke, R. F. Smith, L. R. Gillogly,

G. F. Ferris, G. D. Grant, J. L. Gustafson, C. D. Duncan, A. E.

Michelbacher, E. 0. Essig, and E. S. Ross. Visitors were present

as follows: H. T. Reynolds, C. R. Madsen, H. I. Tilden, D. Giuliani,

R. Harlick, W. L. Lee, E. F. Quinnell, L. M. Henry, A. G. Apple-

garth, R. H. Swan, F. R. Marsh, S. Kennedy, W. H. Hart, L. W.

Swan, and B. D. Culver.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The membership committee proposed the following for member-

ship in the Society: Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Lorin R. Gillogly, B. Dwight

Culver, Ellsworth Hagen, Welton L. Lee, Winifred H. Hart, Harold

T. Reynolds and Karl S. Snyder. They were unanimously elected.

In response to President Duncan’s request for notes, observa-

tions, and exhibits of entomological interest, Dr. Michelbacher

called attention to his observation of an unusually large population

of pea weevils in a field of alfalfa and the almost complete absence

of eggs in spite of the great density of adults. Dr. Duncan

exhibited some well prepared life history specimen mounts for

classroom use, recently obtained from Germany.

The President then introduced E. S. Ross who spoke on some

of his entomological experiences in Texas, Niew Guinea, and the

Philippines while serving in the Army. During his assignment in

Texas as Entomologist for the Eighth Service Command Labora-

tory at San Antonio, he had many opportunities for general insect

collecting on olf-duty time. Noteworthy was a special investigation

of the arthopod fauna of Geomys burrows and nests made during

the winter of 1942. Specimens were obtained by direct excavation

to the nests and by use of molasses bait traps placed in the sub-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 1

surface runways. The many new and interesting species found, as

well as the interesting ecological data, indicate that similar investi-

gations of the burrows of other animals, especially desert rodents,

should be made wherever possible.

The speaker then told of his association with Dr. H. R. Roberts

of the Philadelphia Academy and their development of the “Mos-

quito Atlas” which lead to an assignment at the U.S. National

Museum where they completed parts dealing with the important

malaria vectors of the world. The advantages of the loose-leaf

“Atlas” type of publication with standardized treatment and illus-

trations was emphasized and it wasi urged that such technique be

applied more widely especially in economically important groups

of insects.

Later assignments, as Commanding Officer of the 38th Malaria

Survey Unit at New Orleans; Finschhafen and Maflfin Bay, New

Guinea; and on Leyte and Mindoro Islands of the Philippines,

provided ample opportunities for mosquito and general insect col-

lecting. Representation lots of specimens, as well as photographs

and drawings, were passed among the members and visitors to

illustrate the presentation.

Following a brief discussion, the meeting was adjourned. — E. S.

Ross, Secretary.

One Hundred and Ninetieth Meeting

The one hundred and ninetieth meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:30 p.m. on October 5, 1946,

in the entomological laboratories of the California Acadlemy of

Sciences, San Francisco, President Duncan in the chair. The fol-

lowing members were present: E. C. Van Dyke, G. F. Ferris, D. D.

Jensen, R. A. Flock, A. E. Michelbacher, E. A. Smith, A. C. Smith,

F. J. Driver, J, W. Tilden, R. L. Usinger, E, G. Linsley, E. O.

Essig, H. P. Chandler, E. S. Dethlefsen, W. W. Sampson, L. R.

Gillogly, W. C. Reeves, B. Brookman, 0. B. Cope, L. W. Saylor,

E. L. Kessel, F. E. Skinner, B. Dwight Culver, Karl D. Snyder,

R. C. Miller, P. D. Hurd, Jr., J. J. DuBois, K. S. Hagen, W. F.

Barr, E. A. Steinhaus, and E. S. Ross. Visitors were present as

follows: A. G. Applegarth, J. P. Harville, H. I. Tilden, L. M.

Henry, E. C. Winkler, J. R. Fisher, A. H. Storm, I. L. Eads, Clark

0. Eads, A. W. Larson, H. K. Townes, Raymond Thomas, J. E.

Lydon, F. B. Marsh, Mrs. K. D. Snyder, M. A. Qaiyum, M. Basheer,

T. 0. Thatcher, U. N. Lanham, E. G. Meyers, K. E. Hughes, B.

Prendergast, H, H. Pehrson, L. Dunn, and E. F. Quinnell.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The membership committee proposed the following for regular

membership in the Society: Edwin Quinnell, Miss La June Dunn,

Clark 0. Eads, and John Harville. Frank Skinner was proposed

for student membership. They were unanimously elected.

JANUARY, 1947]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

President Duncan then appointed a Nominating Committee com-

prising Dr. Middlekauf (Chairman), Dr. Kessel, and Dr. Usinger

to nominate candidates for the election of ofEcers at the Annual

Meeting.

Dr. E. C. Van Dyke was called upon to speak on the life and

work of the late Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, a Charter Member of the

Society. He was followed by Dr. E. S. Ross who spoke on the life

and work of the late Mr. F. E. Nunenmacher, also a Charter Mem-

ber. Biographies on these members will be published in forthcoming

issues of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

Dr. H. K. Townes, Division of Insect Identification, U.S.D.A.,

reported briefly on his recent insect survey of the formerly Jap-

anese mandate islands. His remarks were illustrated by a series

of photographs of insect damage and scenery.

Dr. D. D. Jensen, recently returned from Hawaii, mentioned

the trend toward diversity in Hawaiian agriculture and the result-

ant increase in entomological problems.

J. W. Tilden exhibited a collection of microlepidoptera reared

from the plants growing on the Stanford University campus. He

also reported on sugar beet leafhoppers migrating to tomatoes

which showed little resultant virus damage. Dr. Michelbacher

stated that this was probably due to the late infection but that a

loss in fruit size could probably be measured.

Following these notes and observations. President Duncan then

called on Dr. R. L. Usinger who presented the main paper of the

program entitled “The systematics and biology of the Triatominae.”

His presentation was illustrated by drawings, charts, and boxes

of specimens. His remarks were largely based upon his recent

paper on this subject which appeared in Public Health Bulletin

No. 288, 1944.

Following a lively discussion on Dr. Usinger’s paper, the meet-

ing was adjourned. — E. S. Ross, Secretary.

One Hundred and Ninety-first Meeting

The one hundred and ninety-first meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:30 P.M. on January 4, 1947,

in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of

Sciences, San Francisco, President Duncan in the chair. The fol-

lowing members were present: W. W. Middlekauff, E. C. Van Dyke,

R. L. Usinger, H. F. Madsen, W. H. Hart, K. E. Frick, D. D. Jen-

sen, E. 0. Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, R. C. Miller, G. F. Ferris,

0. B. Cope, H. P. Chandler, J. F. Gustafson, C. W. Grant, B. D.

Culver, F. E. Skinner, E. S. Dethlefsen, W. L. Lee, F. J. Driver,

E. A. Smith, J. P. Harville, R. A. Flock, R. W. L. Potts, G. E.

Bohart, E. G. Linsley, R. F. Smith, J. W. MacSwain, W. W. Samp-

son, K. S. Hagen, W. F. Barr, H. T. Reynolds, D. J. Raski, C. D.

Duncan, and E. S. Ross. Visitors were present as follows: W. A.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIII, NO. 1

Russell, Mrs. W. Hart, Mrs. F. M. Frick, R. L. Doutt, L. S. Miller,

L. M. Henry, P. H. Arnand, R. W. Coleman, D. Guiliani, A. W.

Larsen. W. H. Nutting, R. Van den Bosch, G. Markos, R. F. Port-

man, J. E. Ryus, D. P. Furman, and A. E. Pritchard.

The minutes of the previous meeting and the treasurer’s finan-

cial statement were read and approved.

The nominating committee proposed, and the Society elected, the

following Officers for 1947: E. L. Kessel, President; A. E. Michel-

bacher, Vice-President; E. S. Ross, Secretary; R. C. Miller, Treas-

urer: and G. F. Ferris, Member-at-large, Executive Committee.

The membership committee proposed the following for mem-

bership in the Society: T. 0. Thatcher, R. L. Doutt, A. E. Prit-

chard, A. Vv^. Larson, W. H. Nutting, and W. A. Russell. They

were unanimously elected.

As chairman of the nomenclature committee. Prof. Ferris read a

petition signed by members of the Committee on Zoological Nomen-

clature of the Smithsonian Institution which requests that the

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

give favorable consideration to Secretary Hemming’s proposal for

adequate financial support for the International Commission on

Zoological Nomenclature. Prof. Ferris then moved that the Society

endorse this petition. The motion was seconded and unanimously

passed.

President Duncan appointed R. W. L. Potts Chairman and

J. W. MaeSwain and W. F. Barr members of a committee to audit

the financial accounts of the Society.

The frequency of meetings was discussed and Dr. Usinger moved

that the number of meetings be increased to four Spring meetings

and two Fall meetings. The motion was carried unanimously.

In responsei to a call for notes and exhibits. Miss Henry spoke

on her study of the innervation of the heads of Annelida and

arthropods and its value in the interpretation of the segmentation

of the insect head. Her remarks were illustrated by a display of

her fine drawings.

Mr. Mas Swain reported on his success in collecting Protura in

the Berkeley Hills on rotting twigs deep in the litter under bay

trees {Umbelhilaria calif ornica).

Dr Ross called attention to his recent discovery of Dincupate

wrightii in palms southwest of El Mante, Tamaulipas, Mexico.

This spectacular beetle was at one time believed to be endemic to

California.

Because of Dr. Kessel’s absence. President Duncan turned the

meeting over to the newly elected Vice-President, Dr. Michel-

bacher, who introduced the new officers and presided during Dr.

Duncan’s retiring presidential address entitled “Insects and Hu-

man Welfare.” (This address is published in full in the present

issue of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist). After a brief discussion

of the paper, the meeting adjourned. — E. S. Ross, Secretary.

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Voi. xxm

April, 1947

No. 2

THE

PAN -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Acadeniy of Sciences

CONTENTS

VAN DYKE, FRANK ELLSWORTH BLAISDELL, SR 49

BARR, PARASITES OF COLEOPTERA 68

BLAISDELL, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY

TENEBRIONIDAE 69

PATE, PHILANTHINE WASPS 68

PERSONAL NOTE— H. B. LEECH 63

BOOKS AND WORLD RECOVERY.... 67

COCKERELL, A NEW BEE FROM THE MARSHALL ISLANDS.... 68

PERSONAL NOTE— E. G. LINSLEY 70

LANHAM, DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON ANDRENA 71

NYE, A SIMPLE METHOD OF MOUNTING APHIDS 78

SABROSKY, A NEW PTERODONTIA FROM NEW GUINEA 74

DbLONG and HERSHBERGER. NEW NORTH AMERICAN

LEAFHOPPERS 76

SUGDEN, WOODBURY AND GILLETTE, MIGRATIONS OF THE

PAINTED LADY BUTTERFLY 79

FRAZIER, BOOK REVIEW— CHECK LIST OF CICADELLIDAE 88

BARR AND HURD. NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF DASYMUTILLA 86

JOHANNSEN, INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY 90

ALEXANDER, UNDESRIBED TIPULIDAE FROM THE WESTERN

UNITED STATES, III 91

VAN DYKE. A WEEVIL NEWLY INTRODUCED INTO CALIFORNIA. 96

San Francisco, California

1947

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. C. Van Dyke E. G. Linsley, R. L. Usinger E. S. Ross

Associate Editor Editors Assistant Editor

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michele acher, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological

phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on

insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be ad-

dressed to the editors, 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4,

California. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of

address, requests for S3.mple copies, and all financial communications should be

addressed to the treasurer, R. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco 18, California

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $2.50 per year in advance. Price for single

copies, 75 cents. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist.”

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FOURTH SERIES

VOLUME XXIV

Contributions Toward a Knowledge of the Insect Fauna of Lower California

1. Introductory Account, by A. E. Michelbacher and E. S. Koas. Pp. 1-20, pis. 1-3.

February, 1942 $0.25

2. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, by E. Gorton Linsley. Pp. 21-96, pis. 4-5. Feb., 1942 75

3. Coleoptera: Buprestidae, by Edwin C. Van Dyke. Pp. 97-132, pis. 6-7. Mar., 1942 .35

4. Neuroptera: Myrmeleonidae, by Nathan Banks. Pp. 133-152, pi. 8. March, 1942 20

5. Symphyla, hy A. E. Michelhacher. Pp. 153-160, pi. 9. March, 1942 15

6. Diptera : Culicidae, by Thomas H. G. Aitken. Pp. 161-170. June, 1942 20

7. Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, by Frank E. Blaisdell, Sr. Pp. 171-288, pis. 10, 11_ 1,50

Order from CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, SAN FRANCISCO 18, CALIFORNIA

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■V

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXIII, No. 2

April, 194-7

THE BIOGRAPHY OF FRANK ELLSWORTH BLAISDELL, SR"

BY EDWIN C. VAN DYKE

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

Dr. Blaisdell was born March 13, 1862, in Pittsfield, New

Hampshire, the son of Solon Greenleaf Blaisdell and Anna

Greely (Clark) Blaisdell. Both parents were of old New England

ancestry. The father was a saddler and harness maker and dur-

ing the Civil War Jie served as a sergeant in the Twelfth New

Hampshire Volunteers. In 1870, the family, including three

children, moved to San Francisco where the father entered the

real estate business and later became an agent of the A. L. Ban-

croft Company, the well-known book dealers. In 1871, the three

children were attacked with scarlet fever. The two younger,

John and Elmer, died, but Frank survived though he was left

in a weakened condition which prompted his parents to move to

San Diego where the father opened a harness and saddlery store.

Frank attended the B and D Public Schools. In 1875, the elder

Blaisdell took up a ranch in Poway Valley, about 26 miles north-

east of San Diego, where he started an apiary and orchard and

planted a considerable acreage to ^rain. Here Frank grew up

into a strong and healthy young man. He attended the country

school and later took over most of the work of the ranch.

In 1886, he decided to study medicine, so the ranch was dis-

posed of, the father starting a nursery at Coronado and selling

the plants in San Diego. Frank secured a position in a store in

San, Diego and began reading medicine under the instruction of

Dr. P. C. Remondino and Dr. C. C. Valle. He also prepared

himself for the medical school examinations. To a considerable

extent. Dr. Blaisdell was a self-taught man. He never had a

modem high school or college education, but through diligent

study, whenever he could get the time, he made up for the de-

ficiency. In 1887, he entered Cooper Medical College, San Fran-

^ From a short autobiographical sketch of Frank Ellsworth Blaisdell, Sr.

the pan-pacific entomologist [voL. XXIII, NO. 2

cisco, and graduated November 12, 1889, with the degree of

Doctor of Medicine. He immediately returned to San Diego and

started to practice but with very poor success. Consequently, in

1892, he returned to San Francisco where he learned that there

was an opening in the mining town of Mokelumne Hill, Cala-

veras County. He left for the mountains and before long was

well established there. On February 18, 1894, he married Miss

Ella Katherine Peek and on March 31, 1896, his son and only

child, Frank Ellsworth Blaisdell, Jr,, was born.

In 1900, he accepted an offer to become an instructor in

Cooper Medical College, from an old classmate. Professor Albert

H. Taylor, who was head of the Department of Anatomy. Before

entering upon his duties at the College, however, because he felt

the need of a vacation, he accompanied his brothers-in-law to

Nome, Alaska, where they worked a claim on Dexter Creek dur-

ing the summer. Here the Doctor took advantage of the oppor-

tunity to collect and as a result made an extensive collection of

the plants, birds, and insects of the region. The bird skins and

plants were given to the California Academy of Sciences but,

unfortunately, all except a few plant types were destroyed at

the time of the San Francisco fire, in 1906. In September, he

returned to San Francisco from Alaska and started his work at

the medical school. He was first a demonstrator, later was made

Professor and head of the Department of Anatomy. During this

period, he made a trip to Johns Hopkins Medical School at Balti-

more, for some post graduate work, and while there utilized his

spare time for field work in entomology and visits to Washing-

ton to consult with Dr. E. A. Schwarz. In 1910, Cooper Medical

College affiliated with Stanford University, becoming the Stan-

ford Medical School. Dr. Blaisdell was then appointed Assistant

Professor of Applied Anatomy, later transferring to the Division

of Surgery as Professor of Surgery in charge of Surgical Path-

ology. This post he held until 1927 when he was retired at the

age of 65 years, as Professor Emeritus of Surgery.

The next year. Doctor and Mrs. Blaisdell visited the town of

his birth, Pittsfield, New Hampshire, and also New York, Wash-

ington, Philadelphia, Boston and Chicago in order to visit the

various museums centered there and the entomologists connected

with them. After returning home, the Doctor spent much of his

time at the rooms of the Department of Entomology of the Cali-

April, 1947]

FRANK ELLSWORTH BLAISDELL, SR.

fomia Academy of Sciences. His collection of Coleoptera, close

to two hundred thousand specimens, had been deeded to the

Academy in 1924, but he continued his entomolojsdcal work at

the Academy until failing health in 1945, compelled him to srive

up and move to Watsonville, California, in order to be near his

son. There he died on July 6, 1946. His wife, son, Dr. Frank

Ellsworth Blaisdell, Jr., and three grandchildren survive him.

Dr. Blaisdell was a first-class collector. Whenever he had the

opportunity, he made it a point to collect and in this way he

built up his large collection. He collected in many places but

the areas where he did his best work and which will always be

associated with his name are as follows: San Diego and the ranch

at Poway where his earliest field work was done; Mokelumne

Hill in Calaveras County where he practiced medicine many

years; the San Francisco Peninsula and the Bay Area generally

which was his home in later years; Nome, Alaska; Baltimore,

Maryland; and Pittsfield and Barnstead, New Hampshire. His

summer vacations were generally spent in regions which were

supposed to be good collecting places. As a result he visited a

great many different areas up and down the Pacific Coast.

In his early years, he was greatly aided and encouraged by

such good naturalist friends as 0. N. Sanford, Frank Stephens

and G. H. Field, residents of San Diego or neighboring commu-

nities. With Henry Ulke of Washington, he corresponded for

many years and he also received much aid from him. Later, he

corresponded extensively with Colonel T. L. Casey. In fact, he

was a correspondent for most of his life with leading Coleopter-

ists of the country such as Dr. E. A. Schwarz, Charles Liebeck,

Henry C. Fall, Frederick Blanchard, Charles Dury, H. F. Wick-

ham, W. S. Blatchley, Dr. A. Fenyes, H. C. Loding, Ralph Hop-

ping and others. In later life, when he became an authority in

his own right, he aided many a beginner by naming up his

specimens for him. This work was mutual, too, for in this way

and through extensive exchanging, he acquired many desirable

additions to his collection.

In evaluating Dr. Blaisdell and his work, we must recognize

first that he was an able naturalist. He was a good botanist, a

good ornithologist and in general, a keen observer. He early

acquired a working knowledge of San Diego plants and while at

Nome, Alaska, assembled a good collection of the plants of that

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

region which was presented to the California Academy of Sci-

ences. In ornithology, his first work was done with the birds

of San Diego County. He not only knew the birds of the region

but through close observation, proved to his satisfaction that his

Poway ranch was in the direct line of migration of the great

majority of the migration birds of that part of the state. He

also made dissections of many birds and detailed anatomical

drawings. Some of these are preserved and show that he had

first-class artistic abilities. In Alaska, he collected a series of

bird skins which, like the botanical specimens, were lost in the

San Francisco fire of 1906. It was in Entomology, however,

that his best work was done. At first, he collected specimens of

all orders of insects. His collection of miscellaneous insects was

given to the California Academy of Sciences before 1906 and in

consequence lost by fire. His main collection, that of the Coleop-

tera, was not given until 1924. Upon this, his major entomo-

logical work was based which continued from the time of his

early manhood until shortly before his death. Dr. Blaisdell was

primarily a morphologist and this influenced his systematic

work which was likely to accentuate such features as form and

ornamentation. In his papers he was able to present his views in

the most convincing way because of his expert drawings, especi-

ally those pertaining to structural details. In his best work, his

study and interpretation of details was excellent. His work on

the male genitalia of the Eleodini which he demonstrated was

of an entirely different type from that of the Old World Blapstini

with which it had been formerly associated, was a major contri-

bution. He was not much interested in theories nor did he care

to study exotic material to any great extent. A glance at his

bibliography will show that he studied in all families but later

in life he gave most of his attention to the Tenebrionidae and

Melyridae and in consequence became the outstanding authority

on these groups.

Dr. Blaisdell was a man of fine character and he had an at-

tractive personality. As a result, he had a host of friends and

was much respected. He was generous and loyal. He was par-

ticularly generous in the manner of giving both time and atten-

tion to beginners. To those of us who knew him best, he will

be greatly missed but we will also have the satisfaction of re-

membering that he lived a long life and a very productive one.

April, 1947]

PRANK ELLSWORTH BLAISDELL, SR.

Entomological Bibliography of F. E. Blaisdell, Sr.

1889.

1892.

1893.

1895.

1901.

1902.

10.

1906.

11.

1909.

12.

1910.

13.

1912.

14.

1913.

15.

1917.

16.

1917.

17.

1918.

18.

1918.

19.

1918.

•

1918.

21.

1918.

22.

1919.

The West American

San Diego

47-49.

Diego

Hints about killing Lepidoptera.

Scientist, VI, No. 42, p. 6.

Notes on the Cicindelidae observed in

County, California. Zoe, III, No. 1, pp.

Notes on the Tenebrionidae observed in San

County. Zoe, III, No. 2, pp. 102-108.

Notes on California Cistelidae. Zoe, III, No. 3, p. 252.

Notes on Histeridae observed in San Diego County.

Zoe, III, No. 4, pp. 337-339.

New California Coleoptera. Ent. News, VI, pp. 235-

238.

Pupa of Necrophilus hydrophiloides. Ent. News,

XII, pp. 263-264, pi. XI.

The frons in Bembidium with descriptions of new spe-

cies. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil., pp. 70-79, pi. III.

The three Californias. Ent. News, XIII, pp. 173-175.

Notes and descriptions of the larva of Culex vari-

palpus Coq. Ent. New, XVII, pp. 107-109, pi. III.

A monographic revision of the Coleoptera belonging

to the Tenebrionidae Eleodini inhabiting the United

States, Lower California, and adjacent islands.

Bull. 63, U. S. Nat. Mus., pp. I-XI, 1-524, pi. 1-13.

Studies in the Tenebrionid Tribe Eleodini-Order

Coleoptera. Ent. News, XXI, pp. 60-67.

Hibernation of Cicindela senilis (Coleop.). Ent. News,

XXIII, pp. 156-159.

Variations in the maculation of 011a abdominalis Say

(Coleop. Coccinellidae) . Ent. News, XXIV, pp. 385-

391, pi. XIII.

A new Omus (Coleop.). Ent. News, XXVIII, pp. 49-

55, pi. VI.

Studies in the Tenebrionid Tribe Eleodini, No. 2

(Coleop.). Ent. News, XXVIII, pp. 221-227.

Studies in the Tenebrionidae (Coleop.). Ent. News,

XXIX, pp. 7-14.

Studies in the Tenebrionid Tribe Eleodini, No. 3

(Coleop.). Ent. News, XXIX, pp. 162-169.

In Memoriam, Carl Fuchs, Born November 24, 1839 —

Died June 13, 1914. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc. VIII,

No. 2, pp. 27-34, pi. 2.

Synopsis of the Genus Tegrodera (Order Coleoptera;

Family Meloidae). Can. Ent. L, pp. 331-335.

Studies in the Tenebrionid Tribe Eleodini, No. 4

(Coleop.). Ent. News, XXIX, pp. 380-381.

Studies in Alaudes (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XLV, pp. 307-313.

THE PAN-pacific entomologist [vol. xxiii, no. 2

23. 1919.

24. 1921.

25. 1921.

26. 1921.

27. 1923.

28. 1923.

29. 1924.

30. 1924.

31. 1924.

32. 1924.

33. 1925.

84. 1925.

35. 1925.

36. 1925.

37. 1925.

38. 1925.

39. 1926.

40. 1926.

Synopsis and review of the species of Coelus (Coleop-

tera: Tenebrionidae). Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XLV,

pp. 315-334, pi. XXXII.

New species of Melyridae, Chrysomelidae and Tene-

brionidae (Coleoptera) from the Pacific Coast with

notes on other species. Stanford U. Publ., Biol.

Ser., I, No. 3, pp. 139-231.

Four new species of Melyridae (Coleoptera). Can.

Ent., LIII, pp. 15-19.

Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to

the Gulf of California in 1921. The Tenebrionidae.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc., 4th Ser., XII, pp. 201-288.

Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to

the Gulf of California in 1921. The Melyridae

(Lesser Flower Beetles). Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc., 4th

Ser., XII, pp. 409-421.

Two new species of Psephenus Hald., with note on

Narpus angustus Casey (Coleoptera). Ent. News,

XXIX, pp. 234-238.

Two new species of Melyridae from California and

one from British Columbia, including two new

genera. Can. Ent. XLI, pp. 1-5.

Studies in the Melyridae (Coleoptera) number two.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XLIX, pp. 315-337.

Studies in the Melyridae (Coleoptera) III. Pan-

Pac. Ent., I, pp. 15-21.

New melyrids from Southeastern California. Proc.

Cal. Acad. Sc., 4th Ser., XIII, pp. 249-259.

Studies in the Melyridae (Coleoptera) Number Four.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., L., pp. 313-318.

A new species of Dasytes from California. (Melyri-

dae: Coleoptera). Pan-Pac. Ent. I, No. 4, pp. 184-

185.

Expedition to Guadalupe Island, Mexico, in 1922.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc., 4th Ser., XIV, pp. 321-343.

Studies in the Tenebrionidae, No. 2. (Coleoptera)

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc., 4th Ser., XIV, pp. 369-390.

Revised check-list of the species of Eleodes inhabit-

ing America, North of Mexico, including Lower

California and adjacent islands. Pan-Pac. Ent.

II, pp. 77-80.

Thomas Lincoln Casey. Pan-Pac. Ent., II, No. 2,

pp. 90-91.

Studies in the Melyridae, No. V (Coleoptera) Can.

Ent., LVIII, pp. 8-13.

A new Melanastus from Texas (Coleoptera: Elater-

idae*). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 28, No. 1, pp. 22-23.

• This is an error ; it should be Tenebrionidae.

April, 1D47] FRANK Ellsworth blaisdell, sr.

41. 1927.

42. 1927.

43. 1927.

44. 1928.

45. 1928.

46. 1929.

47. 1929.

48. 1929.

49. 1929.

50. 1930.

51. 1930.

52. 1931.

53. 1931.

54. 1931.

55. 1931.

56. 1931.

57. 1932.

58. 1932.

Miscellaneous studies in the Coleoptera No. 2. Pan-

Pac. Ent., Ill, No. 4, pp. 163-186.

A blind beetle excavated from an Egyptian city’s

ruins dating between 117 and 235 A.D. Proc. Ent.

Soc. Wash., 29, No. 5, pp. 121-125, pi. 6.

Studies in the Melyridae, No. 6. Pan-Pac. Ent., IV,

No. 2, pp. 49-53.

Two new species of Coelocnemis (Coleoptera: Tene-

brionidae). Pan-Pac. Ent. IV, No. 4, pp. 163-165.

Studies in the Melyridae, No. 7. Pan-Pac. Ent.. V,

No. 1, pp. 35-42.

A revision of the beetles of the Tenebrionidae Tribe

Usechini, with descriptions of a new genus and new

species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 2790, 75, Arti-

cle 19, pp. 1-14, pi. 1.

Revised synopsis of the species of Eleodes belonging

two new species (Coleoptera). Pan-Pac. Ent., V,

No. 4, pp. 163-166.

to the Subgenus Metablapylis with description of

Miscellaneous studies in the Coleoptera, Number

Three. Pan-Pac. Ent., VI, No. 1, pp. 21-25.

Miscellaneous studies in the Coleoptera, Number

Three**. Pan-Pac. Ent., VI, No. 2, pp. 57-62.

Revision of the genus and species of Dinacoma with

description of new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaei-

dae). Pan-Pac. Ent., VI, No. 4, pp. 171-177.

Studies in the Melyridae, Number Eight. Pan-Pac.

Ent., VII, No. 1, pp. 17-19.

Revision of the Endomychid Tribe Liesthini with

description of a new genus and a new species

(Coleoptera). Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., LVI, pp. 375-

390, pi. XV.

A new species of Zopherodes from Central California

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Pan-Pac. Ent., VII,

No. 3, pp. 111-114.

Studies in the Tenebrionidae, Number Three (Coleop-

tera). Pan-Pac. Ent., VIII, No. 1, pp. 41-46.

Studies in the Melyridae, Number Nine (Coleoptera).

Can. Ent., LXIII, p. 178.

Two new species of Eleodes from Utah (Coleoptera:

Tenebrionidae). Pan-Pac. Ent., VIII, No. 2, pp.

74-78.

Studies in the Melyridae (Coleoptera). Number Ten.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., LVII, pp. 325-331, pi. XXIX.

Studies in the Tenebrionidae Tribe Scaurini, a mono-

graphic revision of Eulabes (Coleoptera). Trans.

Am. Ent. Soc., LVIII, pp. 35-101, pis. I-VI.

** This should be Number Four.

the pan-pacific entomologist [voL. XXIII, NO. 2

59. 1932. A new species of Phaleria from the Gulf Coast of

Alabama (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) . Ent. News,

XLIII, pp. 116-118.

60. 1933. A new species of Helops from Guadalupe Island

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Pan-Pac. Ent., IX,

No. 2, pp. 88-90.

61. 1933. Studies in the Tenebrionidae, No. Three. A mono-

graphic revision of the species of Centronopus in-

habiting America north of Mexico (Coleoptera:

Tenebrionidae). Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., LIX, pp.

191-228, pis. X-XI.

62. 1933. Note regarding Euschides cressoni Blais. Pan-Pac.

Ent., IX, No. 4, pp. 152-153.

63. 1934. A new species of Vectura from Southern California

(Coleoptera: Melyridae). Pan-Pac. Ent., X, No. 2,

pp. 71-73.

64. 1934. A new species of Hoppingiana from British Colum-

bia (Coleoptera: Melyridae). Can. Ent., LXVI,

pp. 150-152.

65. 1934. Studies in the genus Corticeus Pillar and Mitter-

pacher (Syn. Hypophloeus Fabricius) (Coleoptera:

Tenebrionidae). Ent. News, XLV, pp. 187-191.

66. 1934. Note concerning Apsena barbarae Blaisdell. (Coleop-

tera: Tenebrionidae). Pan-Pac. Ent., X, No. 3,

p. 110.

67. 1934. Studies in the genus Auchmobius (Coleoptera: Tene-

brionidae). Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., LX, pp. 223-

264, pis. XVI-XVIII.

68. 1934. Rare North American Coleoptera. Trans. Am. Ent.

Soc., LX, pp. 317-326, pi. XXI.

69. 1935. Two new species of Eleodes from the Pacific Coast

Region (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Can. Ent.,

LXVII, pp. 28-31.

70. 1935. Facts determined by rearing species of Coniontis

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Ent. News, XLVI,

No. 5, pp. 119-123.

71. 1935. A new Triorophid from Death Valley, California

(Coleoptera. Tenebrionidae). Pan-Pac. Ent., XI,

No. 3, pp. 125-128.

72. 1935. New species of Eleodes from Mexico in the British

Museum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Stylops, 4,

pt. 7, pp. 15-160.

73. 1936. Facts concerning the rearing of Tenebrionidae.

(Coleoptera). Ent. News, XLVII, pp. 39-42.

74. 1936. Studies in the Tenebrionid Tribe Triorophini. A

monographic revision of the species belonging to

the genus Stibia (Coleoptera). Trans. Am. Ent.

Soc., LXII, pp. 57-105, pis. III-V.

April, 1947]

FRANK ELLSWORTH BLAISDELL, SR.

75. 1936. Two new species of Notoxus (Coleoptera: Anthici-

dae). Can. Ent., LXVIII, pp. 144-148.

76. 1936. Two new species of Euschides (Coleoptera: Tene-

brionidae). Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., LXII, pp. 223-

230.

77. 1936. Notes on Eleodes letcheri and rileyi. Pan-Pac. Ent.,

XII, p. 183.

78. 1936. Studies in the Melyridae, No. 11 (Coleoptera). Pan-

Pac. Ent., XII, No., 4,, pp. 184-190.

79. 1937. A third new species of Centronopus from California

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) . Pan-Pac. Ent., XIII,

pp. 95-96.

80. 1937. Miscellaneous studies in the Coleoptera, No. 5 (Tene-

brionidae and Melyridae) . Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.,

LXIII, pp. 127-145.

81. 1937. A new species of Cryptophag’us associated with

ants (Coleoptera: Cryptophag'idae) . Ent. News,

XLVIII, pp. 158-160.

82. 1938. A new species of Sitona from San Migruel Island

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) . Pan-Pac. Ent., XIV,

No. 1, pp. 31-33.

83. 1938. A g'eneric synopsis a,nd greneric revision of the Tribe

Dasytini of North America North of Panama

(Coleoptera: Melyridae). Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.,

LXIV, pp. 1-31, pis. I-II.

84. 1938. A new species of Listrus from the Sequoia National

Park, California (Coleoptera: Melyridae). Pan-

Pac. Ent., XIV, No. 4, pp. 165-167.

85. 1939. A study of the species of Hispinae belonging’ to the

genus Stenopodius with descriptions of new spe-

cies (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) . Trans. Am.

Ent. Soc., LXIV, pp. 421-447, pis. XVII-XIX.

86. 1939. A new species of Coelus Eschscholtz (Coleoptera:

Tenebrionidae). Ent. News, L, pp. 16-18.

87. 1939. Studies in the relationships of the subfamilies and

tribes of the Tenebrionidae based on the primary

genital characters, also descriptions of new species

(Coleoptera). Trans. Am, Ent. Soc., LXV, pp. 43-

60, pis. IV-V.

88. 1940. A new species of Helodes from Marin Coun’ty, Cali-

fornia (Coleoptera: Dascillidae) . Ent. News, LI,

pp. 190-191.

89. 1940. A new species of Listrus from Cajon Pass, California

(Coleoptera: Melyridae). Can. Ent. LXXII, pp.

212-213.

90. 1941. A monographic study of the species belonging to the

Melyrid genus Trichochoides (Coleoptera). Trans.

Am. Ent. Soc., LXVI, pp. 283-306, pi. IX.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

91. 1941.

92. 1941.

93. 1941.

94. 1941.

95. 1942.

96. 1942.

97. 1943.

98. 1945.

99. 1947.

Studies in the Melyridae, No. 12 (Coleoptera) . Trans.

Am. Ent. Soc., LXVI, pp. 319-324.

A species of Eleodes from Northeastern Arizona.

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) . Pan-Pac. Ent., XVII,

pp. 37-39.

A new species of Coniontis from Nevada. (Coleop-

tera: Tenebrionidae). Ent. News, LII, pp. 131-133.

A new species of Eleodes from Oregon belonging to

the subgenus Blaphlis (Coleoptera: Tenebrioni-

dae). Pan-Pac. Ent., XVII, pp. 156-159.

Ralph Hopping, 1868-1941. Pan-Pac. Ent., XVIII,

No. 1, pp. 1-3, pi.

Miscellaneous studies in the Coleoptera, No. 6 (Mely-

ridae and Tenebrionidae). Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.,

LXVIII, pp. 129-149.

Contributions toward a knowledge of the insect

fauna of Lower California, No. 7. Coleoptera:

Tenebrionidae. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc., 4th Ser., XXIV,

No. 7, pp. 171-288, pis. 10-11.

Synoptic review of the known species of Cryptoglossa

Solier, with description of a new subspecies (Cole-

optera: Tenebrionidae). Pan-Pac. Ent., XXI, No.

1, pp. 23-29.

A new genus and species of the coleopterous family

Tenebrionidae. Pan-Pac. Ent., XXIII, No. 2, pp.

59-62.

PARASITES OF TWO SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA

ASSOCIATED WITH MONTEREY CYPRESS

In December of 1945 a large diseased Monterey Cypress

{Cupressus macrocarpa) on the campus of the University of

California at Berkeley was cut down. Upon examination of the

trunk and limbs of this tree, rather large populations of adults

and larvae of the scolytid, Phloesinus cupressi Hopkins, and

larvae of the cerambycid, Atimia maritima Linsley, were found

under the bark. Adults and pupae of the cerambycid were in

pupal cells in the wood.

Several of the limbs were taken into the laboratory and in a

few days, specimens of a braconid wasp, Dendrosoter integer

Muesebeck, (det. C. F. W. Muesebeck) and an ichneumonid wasp,

Xorides insularis (Cresson) (det. H. K. Townes) had emerged

through the bark. Upon closer examination, it was discovered

that D. integer had parasitized larvae of P. cupressi and X. insu-

lari& had parasitized larvae of A. maritima. — W. F. Barr, Uni-

versity of California, Berkeley.

April, 1947]

BL.AISDELL — A NEW TENEBRIONID

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF THE COLEOPTEROUS

FAMILY TENEBRIONIDAE

BY FRANK E. BLAISDELL, SR.

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California

Lariversius Blaisdell, new genus^

Labrum transverse, apex slightly sinuate at middle, deflexed in

apical third and densely, strongly punctate; each puncture with a

moderately long fulvous seta; angle of deflection slightly raised,

behind which the surface is narrowly impunctate and smooth,

thence to base densely punctate, punctures small.

Epi stoma quite deeply and arcuately emarginate between the

rounded lateral lobes, margin of lobes slightly reflexed and rather

prominent, surface rather densely punctate, the latter slightly

coarse, central part of surface slightly convex.

Mentum rather short, transverse and somewhat oblong, ligula

and labial palpi exposed, capable of entire retraction; apex mod-

erately arcuate. Last segment of maxillary palpi somewhat tri-

angular, sensitive surface slightly oblique and oval. Last segment

of labial palpi smaller and subtriangulo-oval.

Sides of head somewhat explanate over the antennal insertions

and apical margin.

Eyes short and transverse, scarcely convex and somewhat

sunken, not in the least prominent, except when viewed from above,

partly emarginated by sides of the front; superior lobe of each

slightly larger and rounded, thence to a point behind the antennal

insertion narrower; temporal margin moderately prominent, the

surface of the eyes directed forward and outward at narrowest

part opposite side of front, about 3 facets wide, the latter slightly

convex.

Antennae short, basal segment rather stout and only slightly

visible from above; segments 2 to 8 inclusive cylindrical, short,

third slightly the longest; 9, 10 and 11, dilated and transverse,

forming a moderately wide club; eleventh segment more rounded

at apex.

Pronotum not margined at apex, except just within the apical

angles; lateral margins very finely and Irregularly margined.

Sides of prothorax densely punctate and ciliate. Intercoxal process

^ Named a,fter Mr. Ira LaRivers of Reno, Nevada, who furnished the material

upon which this paper is based.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Fi^re 1. Lariversius tibialis Blaisdell, new genus and species.

April, 1947]

BLAISDELL — A NEW TENEBKIONID

arcuate and not in the least prominent posteriorly. Procoxae

without trochantine, Metastemum and mesosternum broad between

the coxae; mesocoxae with a small trochantine, metacoxae ovate.

Side pieces small and poorly defined.

Protibiae ciliate with long yellowish cilia beneath, also along

posterior and inferior margins, also for the mesotibiae.

Genotype: Lariversius tibialis Blaisdell, new species.

Lariversius tibialis Blaisdell, new species

Form oblong-oval, a little more than twice as long as wide,

moderately convex; color piceous to moderately rufous. Luster

shining to somewhat alutaceous. Sides of prothorax rather densely

invested with rather long yellow pubescence, alsO' sides of elytra;

surface of sterna with scattered, short setiform hairs.

Head moderate in size, about twice as wide as long before the

post-ocular line, and about equally wide across the eyes and sides

over the antennal insertions. Sides of head somewhat explanate

over the antennal insertions and apical margin; sides feebly arcu-

ate and slightly convergent anteriorly, feebly emarginate at the

feebly oblique epistomal sutures, thence arcuate to the lateral

epistomal lobes. Submentum transverse with sides rounded, feebly

bilobed in front and with a median longitudinal impression be-

neath. Epistoma transverse, quite deeply and somewhat emargi-

nate apically between the arcuately prominent lateral lobes; mar-

gins of the latter slightly reflexed, the surface slightly concave

and rather densely and finely punctulate. Epistomal sutures

rather feeble, more or less to obsolete centrally and feebly oblique

to the small lateral emargination. Frons feebly convex centrally

and laterally before the eyes, rather sparsely punctate, the punc-

tures moderately small, vertex more or less impunctate and smooth.

Antennae relatively short, moderate in stoutness, six-sevenths as

long as width of pronotal apex,, segments closely articulated; first

segment invisible beneath the explanate side of the frons, segments

two to the eighth short and annular, segments nine and ten slightly

wider and transverse, the eleventh oval, the three forming a club.

Eyes short, transverse, scarcely convex, not in the least promi-

nent, except when viewed from above, partly emarginated by the

frontal process; superior lobe of each slightly larger and rounded

thence narrower to a point behind the antennal insertion, temporal

angle moderately prominent. Surface of the eyes directed for-

ward and outward at narrowest part in line of the sides of the

front and there about three facets in length.

Pronotum slightly oval, about one- third as wide as width at

middle or equal to the length, broadly and not deeply emarginate

between the rather small, slightly prominent and obtuse apical

angles, margin not beaded at apex, except at the angles; side

THE pan-pacific ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

marg’in broadly and continuously — including base — arcuate from

side to side, very feebly beaded. Disk not prominent laterally,

moderately and evenly convex, surface smooth, very sparsely

punctulate, punctures a little larger against the margins, especi-

ally at the apical angles.

Prothoracic sides convex and flush with the discal margin,

rather densely punctate, each puncture finely muricate and with

a rather long yellowish hair. Intercoxal process of the prosternum

arcuate between the coxae, terminating in a short blunt point.

Procoxae without trochanter.

Elytra slightly longer than wide, as viewed from above, viewed

more obliquely one-seventh longer than wide, one-sixth wider than

pronotum. Base not margined. Widest about one-fourth from

base. Form suboval, sides broadly arcuate in basal two-thirds,

thence more convergent in apical third, apex obtuse. Disk moder-

ately convex, laterally broadly declivous and indexed to the epi-

pleurae, apically obliquely declivous to the apex. Surface quite

densely muricately punctate viewed from above irregularly punc-

tate, viewed obliquely lengthwise series are somewhat evident;

laterally and apically each puncture has a short seta.

First abdominal segment equal in length to the combined length

of the second and third segments, the intercoxal part transverse

and angulate; combined length of third and fourth segments quite

equal to that of the fifth; fourth shortest and two- thirds as long

as third. Length (anterior pronotal margin to sutural apex) 9

mm., breadth 5.4 mm.

Holotype: (No. 5213, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : Col-

lected in sand dunes near Pyramid Lake, Nevada, August 16,

1941, by Ira La Rivers.

Paratypes: Eighty-five specimens from type locality collected

on above date as well as on August 24 and September 1, 1941,

by Ira La Rivers. These are deposited in the La Rivers Collec-

tion, California Academy of Sciences, U. S. National Museum,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, American Museum

of Natural History, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard

University, and the British Museum of Natural History.

Personal Note

Hugh B. Leech of the Forest Insect Laboratory, Vernon, B. C.,

has accepted a position in the Department of Entomology of the

California Academy of Sciences. Mr. Leech will assist with gen-

eral curatorial work and will carry on his research on aquatic

and other Coleoptera.

PATE— PHILANTHINE WASPS

April, 1047]

ON THE GENERA OF PHILANTHINE WASPS, WITH THE

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM ARIZONA

(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

BY V. S. L. PATE

Ithaca, New York

The Philanthine wasps are a small compact group of genera

with representatives in all the major zoogeographic regions of

the world save the Australian Realm^. Four genera occur in the

New World: Philanthus Fabricius, Tr achy pus Klug, Aphilan-

thops Patton, and the Miocene fossil genus Prophilanthus Cock-

erell. All the extant Old World forms are referable to the

nominate genus Philanthus^. For a fossil species discovered in

the Oligocene beds on the Isle of Wight, England, Cockerell

erected the genus Philoponites. In addition, Giner Mari has

recently described Philoponoides^ for a new species, Philopono-

ides tricolor, which he captured in 1939 in northern Rio de Oro.

Giner states this genus is intermediate between Philanthus and

Philoponidea, and since the latter is a Cercerine genus, Philo^

ponoides may eventually prove to be referable to that tribe.

The following table will serve to differentiate the genera of

Philanthine wasps.

Key to the Genera

1. Fossil forms 2

Extant forms 3

2. Oligocene forms; (Isle of Wight, Yngland) ....Philoponites Ckl.

Miocene forms; (Florissant, Colorado) Prophilanthus Ckl.

3. Abdomen with first segment very slender, elongate and peti-

olate, two to three times as long as wide at apex and separated

there by a distinct constriction from remainder of abdomen.

Fore wing with marginal cell not appendiculate at apex. Eyes

with inner orbits emarginate or distinctly angulate and more

or less convergent toward vertex. (Neotropical, melittotherous

forms) Tr achy pus Klug

Abdomen with first segment broadly sessile with second seg-

ment, or if separated from second by a constriction then not

appreciably longer than broad at apex. (Holarctic and Orien-

tal forms) 4

’Frederick Smith described a Philanthus (Trachypus) notaulus [1861, Joury.

Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool., VI, p. 57] from Australia, but I believe this species is

either referable to another genus, or perhaps had an incorrect locality label.

’’Eos,* XX, pp. 372-375, (1945).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

4. Eyes with inner orbits entire, straight or convex, and parallel,

never strongly convergent toward vertex. Fore wing with

marginal cell distinctly appendiculate at apex, (Nearctic, myr-

mecotherousi forms) Aphilanthops Patton

Subgenera of Aphilanthops:

a. Postscutellum with a large, distinct, backward projecting

laminate flange which more or less overhangs an excavation

in the upper anteriolateral corner of propodeum. Females

with both pygidium and hypopygium large, subquadrate, and

concave Clypeadon Patton

aa. Postscutellum with lateral flange absent or very poorly de-

veloped and anteriolateral comer of propodeum without a

marked depression. Females with pygidium and hypopygium

simple, normal, trigonal, flat, not so modified

Aphilanthops sensu stricto

Eyes with inner orbits distinctly angulate medially and gener-

ally convergent toward vertex. Fore wing with marginal cell not

appendiculate at apex. (Holarctic and Oriental, melittotherous

forms) Philanthus Fabricius

Philoponites Cockerell, 1916, contains only one species: Philo^

ponites clarus which Cockerell described from the Oligocene

beds at Gurnet Bay, Isle of Wight, England.

Pro philanthus Cockerell, 1906, is likewise a monotypic fossil

group. Its sole species, Prophilanthus destructus Cockerell, was

discovered in the Miocene shales at Florissant, Colorado.

Philanthus Fabricius, 1790 (of which Simblephilus Panzer,

1801, Symblephilus Panzer, 1806, Cheilopogonus Westwood,

1834, Anthophilus Dahlbom, 1844, Chilopogon Kohl, 1897,

Epiphilanthus Ashmead, 1899, P seudanthophilus Ashmead, 1899,

Oclocletes Banks, 1913, and Ococletes Mickel, 1918, are syno-

nyms) is the largest and most widely distributed genus in the

tribe. The genus is best developed in the Holarctic Region, but

there are a considerable number of species known from the

Ethiopian Region. The Oriental Philanthus fauna is apparently

an attenuation of that in the Palaearctic Region, for thirteen

species have been described from India, one from Assam, and

three from Tenasserim. Van der Vecht reports only one species

from Java^, and the genus has probably reached the limits of

its distribution here in Sundaland. The genus is apparently

wholly absent from the Australian Realm. In North America,

Philanthus is represented by thirty-one species and subspecies.

®Ent. Med. Ned-Indie, V, p. 84, (1939),

April, 1947]

PATE — PHILANTIIINE WASPS

according to Strandtmann who has recently presented a review

of the genus^. The species of Philanthus are terricolous fossorial

forms which provision their nests with various genera of bees

such as Andrena, Halictus, and Calliopsis; some species prey

more or less exclusively upon the honey bee, Apis mellifera.

Hamm and Richards^, and Berland® have given digests of the

biology of the European species; and the Peckhams^, the Raus®,

and Reinhard'^ have presented entertaining accounts of the North

American forms.

Trachypus Klug, 1810 (of which Simblephilus Dahlbom, 1844

and Philanthocephalus Cameron, 1890 are synonyms) is con-

fined to the Neotropical Region and is the only generic repre-

sentative of the Philanthine wasps in that region. Various Old

World species have at one or another time been referred to

Trachypus but such forms have always eventually proved to be

merely species of Philanthus. Like Philanthus, the species of

Trachypus nest in the ground and provision their burrows with

bees.’^”

Aphilanthops Patton is a small endemic North American

genus, peculiar and confined to the Nearctic Region. On the

basis of structure, particularly that of the females, two distinct

groups are easily recognizable : these may be accorded subgeneric

status and are differentiated in the foregoing key on a preceding

page. The species of Aphilanthops are fossorial myrmecotherous

forms; one species, A. frigida (Smith), apparently restricts its

attention largely if not wholly to queen ants.’^’^ Only one species,

Aphilanthops (Aphilanthops) frigida (Smith), occurs in the

eastern United States. The remaining ten forms recognized by

Dunning in his monograph of the genus^^ are confined largely

to western North America. To these may now be added the fol-

lowing distinctive Arizona species.

^Ohio State Univ., Abstr. Doct. Dis., no. 46, p. 51, (1945).

“Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1930, pp. 95-131.

“Faune de France, X, pp. 44-47, (1925).

■^Wisconsin Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. no. 2, (Sci. Ser. 1), pp. 117-124,

(1898). V. et.: Wasps, Social and Solitary, pp, 154-167, (1905).

®Wasp Studies Afield, pp. 109-117, (1918).

®Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst., 1922, pp. 363-376. Vl et. : The Witchery of

Wasps, pp. 92-140, (1929).

“C/. : Janvier, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (10), XI, pp. 144-151, (1928).

^C/u Wheeler; Joum. Animal Behavior, III, pp. 374-387, (1913) ; or Foibles

of Insects and Men, pp. 71-82, (1928).

^Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXV, pp. 19-26, (1898).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Aphilanthops (Clypeadon) phoenix Pate, new species

This larg;e and handsome Arizona species is readily distin-

guished from all other forms of Clypeadon by its bituberculate

clypeus, polite ocellar and post-ocellar calli, and striking livery.

Type . — 9 ; Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. Eleva-

tion, 1100 feet. July 7. [Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-

delphia, Type no. 10600.]

Female. Length 13 mm. Black; the following citrinous: a

small spot at base of mandibles; clypeus laterally on each side

with a spot; scapes except base and apex; pronotum dorsally,

pronotal tubercles; tegulae and axillary sclerites; axillae; anterior

half of scutellum; postscutellum ; a small spot dorsolaterally on

each side of propodeum; abdomen with a large ovate spot later-

ally on each side; all tibiae with a longitudinal stripe on outer

broad fasciae almost covering them except second which is nar-

rowly interrupted medially; third stemite with a small spot later-

ally on each side of first tergite, the second to fifth tergites with

faces. Castaneous: mandibles except piceous apices; clypeal flange;

base and apex of scape, pedicel and first flagellar article; last

abdominal segment and all sternites.

Head broader than high in anterior aspect. Front and clypeus

with a moderately heavy vestiture of rather long appressed silvery

hair; vertex more sparsely clad; temples with a tnin clothing of

long shaggy, silvery hair. Front with moderate, distinct, rather

close punctures; rather strongly tumid between and above anten-

nal sockets: inter antennal line almost three-fourths (0.73) the

antennocular distance; front very broad, the upper interocular dis-

tance almost one and a half (1.485) times the vertical eye length,

the lower interocular distance almost one and seven-tenths (1.693)

the vertical eye length. Vertex punctate like front; ocelli in a

subequilateral triangle, the postocellar line three-fifths the ocel-

locular distance, posterior ocelli with a large, crescentic, gla-

brous, impunctate, polite callus along their inner margins; medio-

posteriorly with a large, lenticular, glabrous, impunctate, polite

callus; posteriolateral angles of head tumid, and more sparsely

punctate than remainder of vertex and temples which are mod-

erately finely punctate. Antennae with scapes short, obterete,

one-third the vertical eye length; pedicel subglobose, one-third

the length of scape and one-fourth the length of first flagellar

article; flagellum not clavate but tapering somewhat toward

apex, the first segment elongate, twice the length of second

segment which is equal in length to the third and following

segments, penult segment five-sixths the length of last article

which is equal in length to the second segment. Clypeus flat, punc-

tate like front, with a broad and very shallow vertical furrow be-

tween the median and lateral lobes, disc of median lobe with a

April, 1947]

PATE — PHILANTHINE WASPS

pair of large acute tubercles medially, thd apical margin flanged,

entire, edentate.

Thorax and propodeum with a moderate vestiture of decumbent

silvery hair. Mesonotum with rather coarse and close punctura-

tion; axillae impunctate; scutellum flat, impunctate discally, bi-

sected by a fine impressed line; postscutellum tumid, almost im-

punctate. Mesopleura coarsely punctate, closely and rugosely so

on prepectus, dorsally and posteriorly, but with punctures sepa-

rated below; metapleura subnitidous. Propodeum rather closely,

rugosely punctate throughout; trigonal area of dorsal face bisected

on posterior half by a shallow, transversely striate groove, ending

in a polite, impunctate prominence posteriorly.

Middle and hind legs with tibiae and tarsi strongly spinose.

Abdomen with a moderate vestiture of decumbent silvery hair;

weakly constricted between first and second tergites. Tergites and

sternites with separated rather coarse punctures. Pygidium sub-

quadrate, strongly concave; the disc subfulgid and subgranulate;

apical margin bisinuate; the lateral margins with a small, acute

subapical tooth. Hypopygium elongate subrectangular, strongly

concave; the disc polite, impunctate; lateral edges strongly raised

and thickened; apical margin subquadrately excised medially.

This distinctive southwestern species is known only from the

unique female described above.

BOOKS AND WORLD RECOVERY

The desperate and continued need for American publications

to serve as tools of physical and intellectual reconstruction abroad

has been vividly apparent by appeals from scholars in many

lands. The American Book Center for War Devastated Libraries

has been urged to continue meeting this need at least through

1947. The Book Center is therefore making a renewed appeal

for American books and periodicals — for technical and scholarly

hooks and periodicals in all fields and particularly for publica-

tions of the past ten years.

The generous support which has been given to the Book Center

has made it possible to ship more than 700,000 volumes abroad

in the past year. It is hoped to double this amount before the

Book Center closes. The books and periodicals which your per-

sonal or institutional library can spare are urgently needed and

will help in the reconstruction which must preface world under-

standing and peace.

Ship your contributions to the American Book Center, c/o

The Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C., freight prepaid,

or write to the Center for further information.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

A NEW BEE FROM THE MARSHALL ISLANDS

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL

Boulder, Colorado

Dr. Maurice James has kindly submitted to me a small series

of bees from the islands of the Pacific, belonging to the Colorado

State College at Fort Collins. These include eleven female speci-

mens of a small Megachile from the Marshall Islands, which has

the following characters:

Megachile loiensis Cockerell, new species

Female. Length about 12 mm.; black, with short broad ab-

domen; mandibles broad, without well developed teeth; clypeus

densely punctured, mainly dull, but shining at middle of margin,

and in middle of upper part; supraclypeal area with the disc

polished and impunctate; antennae black; head and thorax with

short white hair, dense at sides of face, no dark hair on thorax

above; an interrupted band of white hair in suture between

mesonotum and scutellum; mesonotum and scutellum dull; scutel-

lum swollen in middle, but not conspicuously so; tegulae black;

wings rather dilute fuliginous; legs black, femora with white hair

beneath; hind tibiae with a conspicuous pale fringe in front; hair

on inner side of hind tarsi entirely black; hindl basitarsi large and

broad; abdomen cordiform, shining above, the tergites with nar-

row hair-bands, which are dull whitish, more or less reddish,

especially at sides; ventral scopa bright red, black on last sternite;

tufts of hair at sides of first tergite entirely pale.

Marshall Islands : Loi Island (type locality) , Jan.-Feb. 1945,

many specimens; one from Bwaja I. These islands are in the

Kwajalein Atoll. All collected by H. S. Wallace.

This runs in my table to M. diligens Smith, from the Hawaiian

Is., and at first I supposed it to be that species. There is a series

of closely related species in the Pacific Islands, and these may

be distinguished from M. loiensis as follows:

M. diligens Smith. (Hawaiian Islands). Female. The two

apical teeth of the mandibles acute; hair on tarsi beneath reddish

brown; claws ferruginous, tipped with black (black in M. loien-

sis) ; wings subhyaline; abdominal bands distinctly red.

April, 1Q47]

COCKERELL — MARSHALL ISLAND BEES

M. hedleyi Rainbow. (Funafuti) . Female. Tergites fringed

with short black hairs; under side of tibiae and tarsi ferru-

ginous. Miss Cheesman (1936) treats this as a subspecies of

M. diligens, and says the lateral tufts on first tergite are dark,

with light hairs on outer side. The wings are dark fuscous.

M. buxtoni Perkins and Cheesman. (New Hebrides). Females

very hard to separate from M. hedleyi, but the lateral tufts on

first tergite light. Males more easily separated, and nesting

habits distinct. This is treated as a subspecies of M. diligens.

M. dounei Ckll. (Tahiti). Described from the male. Black

hairs on disc of mesonotum and middle of pleura; hair on inner

side of hind tarsi copper red.

M. vavauensis Ckll. (Vavau, Tonga Is.). Described from the

male. Scutellum and disc of mesonotum with long black hairs;

bands on tergites only present at sides, very bright red.

M. calens Ckll. (New Hebrides) . Much black hair on scutel-

lum. Miss Cheesman (1936) treats M. calens and M. vavau-

ensis as synonyms of M. hedleyi, but this is not correct.

M. woodfordi Ckll. (Solomon Is.). Female. Hair of face and

vertex black; hair of mesonotum and scutellum black; hair of

tarsi bright fox-red.

Miss Cheesman states that M. hedleyi, which she reports from

the New Hebrides, nests in dry logs on coral beaches. It is easy

to imagine that occasionally such logs would be washed into the

seas, and might very rarely reach some other island with its bees

alive. Thus the islands might have been colonized, but under

conditions of isolation the populations have become appreciably

different. I have treated these different forms as species, but

Miss Cheesman has regarded them as subspecies of M. diligens.

Among the other bees submitted to me by Professor James,

there are a few which deserve mention.

Megachile finschi Friese*

Female. About 15 mm. long; tergites 3 to 5 with dense red

hair; ventral scopa black. One female from Gusika, New Guinea,

August, 1944 (W. L. Howe). Friese described this (1911) from

one female taken at Finschhafen, which is practically the same

locality. Apparently the Gusika specimen is the second known.

* I was much pleased, a few days ago, to receive a postcard from Dr. Friese,

who is still at his home in Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Kirchenstr.) .

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Crocisa caeruleifrons W. F. Kirby

Morotai Is., Moluccas, May 10, 1944 (Jack Jones). Described

from Timor Laut, about 700 miles to the south. I have examined

the type.

Crocisa novaehollandiae Lepeletier

Two specimens of Crocisa from Gusika, New Guinea, 1944

(W. L. Howe) have been in alcohol and their bright colors are

spoiled, but they must be referred to Crocisa novaehollandiae

Lepeletier, which, in spite of its name, was never taken in

Australia.

Anthophora spp.

A very fine female Anthophora from Gusika (Howe) seems to

be new, as the hair on outer side of hind tibiae is entirely light

red, and the broad tegumentary bands of abdomen (on tergites

1-4) are beautiful light emerald green. The hair of the thorax

above is dense and light red. The clypeus has a reversed light

T-mark, and the supraclypeal mark is strongly angulate above.

This is one of the forms which would be classed by authors as

varieties or races of A. zonata L., but I think it is a distinct

species. I do not give it a name, as Mr. T. Rayment wrote an

elaborate paper on the Anthophora species of Australia and the

Oriental Region, which he sent to Buitenzorg, Java, to be pub-

lished. Soon after it reached Java the Japanese took over the

island, but Mr. Rayment was informed that they published it,

though at the time of writing he had not been able to procure a

copy.

There is a second, smaller Anthophora from Gusika, with

clear white hair on outer side of hind tibia. It is in very poor

condition. In my key it runs to A. zonata L. [pulchra Smith) .

Personal Note

Dr. E. G. Linsley of the University of California will spend

the year 1947-48 on sabbatical leave with headquarters at the

American Museum of Natural History in New York. Dr. Linsley

leaves on June 16 and will study at various universities on the

way east. His year of study will be devoted to completion of a

monograph of North American Cerambycidae.

April, 1947]

LANHAM — AND RENA

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OF ANDRENA

FROM CALIFORNIA

(Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

BY U. N. LANHAM

University of California, Berkeley

Described below are the previously undescribed sexes of two

species of Andrena. Neallotypes are deposited in the California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Andrena dinognatha Timberlake

Andrena {Micrandrena) dinognatha Timberlake, 1938, Pan-Pacific

Entom., 14:26, male.

Female. Integument black; pubescence light fulvous, except

face and cheeks with hair all black, vertex with hair mixed light

and dark, pleura with hairs mostly blackish, dorsal fringe of pro-

podeal corbiculum with mixed light and dark hairs, and tibial

scopa dark fulvous with a few blackish hairs above. Head wider

than thorax; flagellum brownish toward tip, first segment slightly

longer along outer margin than two following together; fovea

narrow, occupying less than half the distance between eye and

antennae, extending downward as far as lower margin of anten-

nal insertions; clypeus impunctate, so strongly reticulate as to

appear granular, process of labrum short, broadly triangular,

narrowly rounded at tip. Mesonotum< strongly reticulate, very

weakly, rather sparsely punctured, clothed with rather sparse,

long pubescence; metanotum reticulate, impunctate; propodeal tri-

angle finely sculptured, poorly defined; propodeal corbiculum mod-

erately v^ell developed, with compound hairs throughout its face;

wings moderately darkened at tips, second submarginal cell square,

receiving recurrent nervure well beyond middle, basal nervure

meeting nervulus; middle and hind basitarsi rather slender; tibial

scopa with hairs of outer face simple, those of posterior and an-

terior margins compound; floccus of trochanter nearly perfect,

fairly well developed. Tergites strongly reticulate, somewhat shin-

ing, impunctate; first two tergites sparsely clothed with long,

erect hairs, the remainder with sparse, inconspicuous short hairs;

no apical hair bands ; caudal fimbria blackish-brown. Length about

9 mm.; anterior wing 7 mm.

Neallotype female (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent., No. 5716) : Davis,

California, March 6, 1940, G. E. Bohart; dug from same nest

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

as a male dinognatha. Two additional females, same locality

and date, one taken in copulation with male.

The other two females of the series differ from the neallotype

by having the recurrent nervure meeting the second submarginal

cell only slightly beyond the middle.

The characters of the female indicate that this species cannot

be placed in the subgenus Micrandrena. It is very near A. ani-

sochlora Ckll., differing by the pure black tergites, the weak

punctures of the mesonotum (impunctate in anisochlora) and

by the dark hairs of the pleura. It may be distinguished from a

series of non-metallic, medium-sized Andrena which also have

long erect hairs on the first one or two tergites, represented by

species such as A. ribifloris Ckll. and A. harveyi Vier., by the

pointed process of the labrum (more or less bilobed in these

latter species) . A. macrocephala Ckll. differs by its larger size,

dense notal pubescence, and rudimentary propodeal corbiculum;

the male of macrocephala, although resembling dinognatha in

having a wide head and yellow clypeus, does not have the

clypeus produced into lateral lobes and has the tip of the eighth

sternite narrowly pointed (deeply emarginate in dinognatha).

Andrena (Plat andrena) orthocarpi Cockerell

Andrena {Platandrena) orthocarpi Cockerell, 1936, Pan-Pacific

Entom., 12:147, female.

Male. Similar to female, except for the usual sexual differences

and with tergites almost entirely lacking the apical hair bands of

the female. Pubescence light grayish, except for black hairs on

head at sides of face, about bases of antennae and on upper

cheeks. Cheeks narrow, only slightly broader than eyes, widest

near upper end of eyes, rounded behind; flagellum with first seg-

ment slightly shorter along outer margin than second, middle seg-

ments slightly longer than wide; mandibles short. Ground sculp-

ture of integument strongly reticulate, but somewhat shining, as

in female. Length about 7 mm.; anterior wing 6 mm.

Neallotype male (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent. No. 5717) : Collected

in copulation with female, 1 mile west of Orinda Crossroads,

Contra Costa County, California, March 19, 1947, on Ra-

nunculus californicus Benth., by J. W. MacSwain. Also 3 males,

4 females at Berkeley, California, March 11, 1947, on Ranun-

culus (J. W. MacSwain) . None of these females carried pollen.

The male differs from the other Platandrena of similar size.

April, 1947]

NYE — MOUNTING APHIDS

A. nasoTiii Rob., and A. pensilis Timb,, by the black hairs of the

head (all pubescence of head light in these two species), and

also from nasonii by having the parapenial lobes of the genital

capsule very slightly, rather than strongly, produced. From the

larger A. {Platandrena) angustitarsata Vier. (about 9 mm.) it

differs by the more shining mesonotum and tergites, and by the

peculiar basal plate of the eighth sternite, which is widest at the

proximal one-third in orthocarpi and widest at the distal one-

third in angustitarsata.

A SIMPLE METHOD OF MOUNTING APHIDS

BY WILLIAM P. NYE

Utah State Agricultural College, Logan

Recent favorable comments have been received from Pro-

fessors E. 0. Essig and M. A. Palmer, and others, on aphid

mounts made for Dr. G. F. Knowlton. In addition, several re-

quests have been received for information concerning the mount-

ing technique used. This has prompted the presentation of the

following information:

Fresh specimens, or more commonly those preserved in 70-75

percent alcohol, are immersed directly in a 10 percent solution

of KOH (or NaOH) in Syracuse watch glasses and placed in

a warming oven, or the aphids may be contained in evaporating

dishes and boiled over a flame or hot plate. The specin;ens soon

become relaxed and are cleared to the desired degree. A medicine

dropper or a fine pipette, is used to drain off the liquid each

time from the Syracuse glass, and to replace it with the reagent

which follows each time in processes of clearing and premount-

ing. This procedure prevents injury which otherwise may result

from moving specimens from one dish to another. Following

KOH solution, transfer is made to 10 per cent acetic acid in

which the KOH solution is teased or pressed out. The speci-

mens then are flooded with fresh glacial acetic acid for 10

minutes. While in this solution the aphids may be stained, if

desired, by adding acid fuchsin or alcohol fast green or other

stain. Next the specimens are covered with a very thin and fluid

mixture of Canada balsam and carboxyl ol (pure carbolic acid,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

crystals, 1 part; xylol, 3 parts by volume; and suflEcient Canada

balsam to make a thin and fluid mixture) for 10 minutes. The

premounting treatment prevents shrinking and the formation

of empty spaces or bubbles in the legs, antennae, and other parts

of the aphid body. The dilute premounting mixture appears to

facilitate the rapid infiltration of balsam in all parts of each

aphid specimen, before it is placed into the mounting medium.

Apparently the lack of balsam infiltration is an important cause

of shrinking and other defects. Transfer specimens into Canada

balsam. The number per slide will depend on the size of the

aphids, number of specimens and forms present, and size of the

cover glass used; usually from one to five or six specimens.

The mounting medium should be of such consistency as not to

spread out too freely on the glass slip when the specimens are

arranged in it immediately before laying down the cover glass.

A NEW PTERODONTIA FROM NEW GUINEA

(Diptera, Acroceratidae)

BY CURTIS W. SABROSKY

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricultural

Research Administration, United States Department

of Agriculture

A strikingly distinct, undescrihed species of Pterodonda Gray

was recently sent me for determination by Dr. Edward S. Ross.

This is believed to be the first record of the genus from the

islands of the South Pacific, though several species are known

from Australia and southern Asia. The present species is unique

in its possession of unusually long squamae, as well as in the

contrast of entirely shining black body and pale yellow legs.

Pterodontia longisquama Sabrosky, new species

Male. Body entirely black, thickly covered with unusually long,

erect, black hair, of which the longest (on the second to fourth

segments of the abdomen) are equal to the combined length of

the two proximal segments of a hind tarsus. Genitalia pale yel-

low with yellow hairs.

Coxae and trochanters black to brownish, the rest of the legs

entirely bright pale yellow, only the distal tarsal segment, the

pulvilli, and the claws light brown, the latter black-tipped. The

April, 1047]

SABROSKY— PTERODONTIA

legs are covered with bright yellow hair, heightening the con-

trast with the thorax.

Wings brown, apically somewhat paler, the veins deep yellow

to brownish. Venation like that of P. Tnellii 'Erichson and P. flavipes

Gray, except the anal vein does not quite reach the margin of the

wing, the anal cell open; the costa is only slightly bent forward at

Fig. 1. Pterodontim longisquam<L Sabrosky, n. sp.

the costal tooth. Squamae dark brown, covered with dark hair,

each squama elongate, nearly half as long as a wing, and flared

upward along the outer margin so as to project above the level of

the wing. Halteres with black knob and yellow stalk.

Length of body, 5 mm.; of wing, 6 mm.; of squama, 2.9 mm.

Holotype, male, Finschhafen, New Guinea, April 10, 1944

(E. S. Ross) . Type in the collection of the California Academy

of Sciences.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

A NEW GENUS (CRASSANA), NEW SUBGENUS (MACRA-

SANA) AND NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN

LEAFHOPPERS

( Homoptera-Cicadellidae )

BY DWIGHT M. DeLONG AND RUTH V. HERSHBERGER

Ohio State University

Several years ago Dr. Ball described a species of North Ameri-

can leafhopper from the southwestern United States which he

named Eutettix goniana. Collections made in Mexico since 1939

have revealed this as a common and widespread species. A study

of this species has indicated it does not belong to Eutettix,

although closely related. Hepner* in a recent monograph of

Eutettix has also stated that it does not belong in this genus.

Another species taken only at Chilpancingo, Gro. resembles

goniana, but superficially.

The head structure is quite different and the genital structures

of the male are entirely different. It is apparently undescribed*

As a result of these studies it has been decided to erect the genus

Crassana to include goniana and a subgenus Macrasana to include

the new species which is described here as marginella.

Crassana DeLong and Hershberger, new genus

Related to Eutettix. The vertex is sloping, then rounding to

front forming a rather thick rounded marginal area. The vertex

is parallel margined and is broad and short, more than three times

as broad between eyes at base as median length. The venation is

simple. The clypeus is narrower at base than at apex.

Genotype: Eutettix goniana Ball.

Crassana goniana (Ball)

Eutettix goniana Ball, Florida Entomologist, 15:1, 1931.

This is a wedge-shaped species with a broad head and a

marginal black stripe. Length 5-5.5 mm.

The vertex is broad, short, almost parallel margined, more than

three times as wide between eyes at base as median length.

Color: Vertex yellowish with a narrow black transverse band

* Hepner, L. W. Univ. of Kansas Sci. Bull. 28:(pt. II, No. 13), 253-293, 1942.

April, 1047] DeLONG and nERSHBERGER — LEAPHOPPERS

just above margin extending between ocelli. Pronotum yellowish

to brown, disc usually darker. Scutellum yellowish. Elytra yel-

lowish subhyaline, veins pale, inconspicuous, claval area infuscated.

Face pale with faint arcs and a pale brown line just beneath

margin.

Genitalia : Female last ventral segment broadly excavated with

a median produced spatulate process at middle which extends be-

yond the posterior margin of segment. Male plates long, tapered

to acutely pointed apices. Aedeagus rather short and broad in

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

lateral view with a dorsally projecting process. The apex is

narrowed to a blunt tip.

This species was described from specimens collected at Pata-

gonia, Arizona. It has been found abundantly in Mexico and

specimens are at hand from the following localities: Coyuca-

Catalan, Gro., August 24, 1930 (M. F. 1771), El Mante, Tamaul.,

October 26, 1930 (M. F. 1775), Cuautla, Mor., August 27, 1937

(M. F. 6247), Pandancuarco, Gro., August 28, 1930 (M. F.

1785), Atencingo, Puebla, July 19, 1930 (M. F. 1703), Zir-

andaro, Gro., August 29, 1930 (M. F. 1786) , Los Mochis, Sina-

loa, May 16, 1930 (M. F. 1645) by Dampf; Iguala, Gro., Sep-

tember 11, 1939, and October 22, 1941, Tuxpan, Mich., October

5, 1941, by Plummer, Good, Caldwell and DeLong; Mexico City,

September 9, 1936, and September 16, 1936, by Stone; Valles,

S. L. P., August 28, 1939, by DeLong.

Macrasana DeLong and Hershberger, new subgenus

Related to Cy'assarva but with the vertex bluntly angled with

the front so as to form a definite margin. The vertex is short and

broad, about three times as wide as long, almost parallel margined.

Venation simple. Face short and broad.

Genotype: Macrasana marginella n. sp.

Crassana (Macrasana) marginella DeL. and H., new species

Resembling goniana superficially but with vertex angled with

front, vertex more produced at middle, marginal line heavier and

extending to eyes and with distinct male genital structures. Length,

male 4.5 mm.

Vertex short and broad, a little longer at middle than next to

the eyes, almost three times as wide between eyes at base as

median length.

Color: Golden brown, vertex with a rather heavy black trans-

verse marginal line just above margin extending from eye to eye.

The pronotum has the disc and posterior portion dark brown,

smoky. Scutellum golden brown. Elytra brownish subhyaline,

apex of clavus darker. Face dark brown with a white band on

margin and a paler area at base of clypeus.

Genitalia: Male plates long, tapered to narrow blunt apices.

Styles with narrow apical portions. Aedeagus in lateral view rather

long, about uniform in thickness throughout except the dorsal pro-

jection at base which is long and narrow. The aedeagus proper

extends dorsally and caudally.

Holotype male collected at Chilpancingo, Gro., October 25,

1941, by Good and DeLong.

April, 1947]

STJGDEN ET AE — BUTTERFLY MIGRATIONS

NOTES ON MIGRATIONS OF THE PAINTED LADY

BUTTERFLY IN 1945

BY JOHN W. SUGDEN*, ANGUS M. WOODBURY AND CLYDE GILLETTE

University of Utah, Salt Lake City

After an absence of four years, emigrational flights of the

Painted Lady Butterfly, Vanessa cardui (L) , again appeared in

Utah. Previous such dispersal flights were reported in 1924,

1930, 1931 and 1935 by Sugden (Pan-Pac. Ent., 13:109-110) and

in 1941 by Woodbury, Sugden and Gillette (Pan-Pac. Ent., 18:

165-176) . Available information was summarized by Williams

(Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 31:219-223).

The reappearance in Utah was heralded by a similar move-

ment along the Pacific coast. On March 28, 1945, C. H. Abbott,

University of Redlands, reported to Woodbury that a migra-

tion of the butterflies had been in progress in California since

March 12th. He states, “The migration is west to Hermosa Beach

and north to the middle of the Mohave Desert, in both instances

beyond the extent of the 1941 migration.” If the 1945 movement

in California was more extensive than in 1941, it was in contrast

with the movement in Utah where it was only a fraction of the

previous one.

The principal flight at Salt Lake City and vicinity occurred on

April 22, 1945, although vanguards probably arrived two or

three days earlier. Gillette noted two butterflies on April 19 and

20, but saw no flight in force until April 22. Ellis R. Wilson

informed C. W. Lockerbie that the largest concentration of but-

terflies occurred on his farm near Centerville in Davis County,

north of Salt Lake City, on April 21 and 22, when he noted but-

terflies concentrated around his apricot trees which were in

bloom, an average of about 10 butterflies per tree.

Several observers noted them in Salt Lake City on April 22.

Gillette noted on that date that on a north-south line, thirty paces

long, repeated counts gave an average of 23 butterflies per min-

ute passing the site. They were flying approximately northeast

and varied from a few degrees east of north to a few degrees

south of east. Those flying south or west would usually change

the direction after a short time to the general north-east direc-

* Deceased.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

tion. The butterflies were flying fast, singly as a rule but occa-

sionally up to five in a group, and some would stop in the open

fieldsi or alight on the moist ground. The flight lasted all after-

noon and diminished as evening approached. After April 23, he

observed, the flight in Salt Lake City seemed to have dispersed.

On April 22, Ashby D. Boyle reported that there was a flight

in the northern part of the city and that the butterflies were

crossing Eighth Avenue, an east-west street, in a northern flight.

David P. Sugden reported that they were numerous in the west-

ern part of the city and that they were coming from the south.

Sugden found many in his garden,i on April 22, alighting on

the moist, exposed ground and on some of the plants, feeding,

taking water or resting in the sun’s rays especially on the sunny

side of the garden house. The flight in the garden was erratic,

without definite flight pattern but usually the butterflies went

oyer the north fence when they left.

Sugden and Woodbury made observations over the eastern

part of the city, then along a route south on State Street to

Murray, east along 56th South to Holliday and back to Salt Lake

bordering the foothills. From 5 to 10 were seen per block while

travelling in, a car over most of the route. The flight was not as

direct as with previous flights and was generally toward the

north and the northeast. In Murray and east of Holliday the

majority that were flying steadily were going toward the east or

slightly southeast but others were flying in other directions and

many were fluttering about or feeding.

In the early morning of the next day, Woodbury found butter-

flies resting among the shrubbery in a gulley on the University

of Utah campus. A few were resting on foliage, some were on

flowers but others were selecting spots on the ground where the

sun was shining directly upon it between the vegetation. Such

spots appeared to be slightly warmer than surrounding areas and

the butterflies alighting in such spots usually spread out the

wings so that the outside was close to the ground and the inside

was exposed to the direct rays of the sun. This seemed to be a

“warming-up” process. They left during the day.

On April 22, C. W. Lockerbie observed the butterflies on the

road from about 3 miles west of Brigham City to the Bear River

Marshes, 20 miles west of the city. He counted from 5 to 10 per

mile, flying against a strong north wind. This is the most north-

April, 1947]

SXJGDEN ET A.L — BUTTERFLY MIGRATIONS

erly record available and the only one in Boxelder County. It

is not to be supposed that the flight stopped here, however. It

probably continued on at least into southern Idaho.

During the following weeks, butterflies were observed in sev-

eral other places in Utah, as well as occasional scattered indi-

viduals from Salt Lake City. In response to a request for data

by Woodbury in the newspapers, the butterflies were reported

during the week of April 25 at the Japanese Relocation Camp

at Topaz, Millard County. M. J. Madsen (in letter) stated that

on April 28 the butterflies were noted, flying in a northerly direc-

tion all the way from Nephi to St. George. The next day on the

return trip, they were noted near Richfield in Sevier County and

northward.

On April 29, Lockerbie observed the butterflies at Payson,

Utah County, and vicinity. Just before sun up, he flushed two

or three from sage and rabbit brush about every ten or fifteen

feet. They seemed to be resting overnight on the brush near the

ground. On the old Payson-Spanish Fork road through open

greesewood and salt grass country, forty-one were counted in a

mile and most were feeding where dandelions were plentiful or

flying north with the wind. At Lincoln Beach, Utah County, as

many as ten per area of twenty square feet were feeding on a

small yellowish white bloom. He also found them common in

the bottoms of Spanish Fork Canyon and observed them from

Jordan to Riverton, Salt Lake County, in groups up to five

fluttering about each other.

Madsen noted them again, on May 5, along U. S. Highway 40

from the vicinity of Strawberry east to Vernal where they were

crossing the highway flying north. Gillette noted the butterflies

at several places in Zion National Park, from May 29 to June 3.

These insects were definitely not in migrational flight, had torn

and battered wings, had a weak flight and would fly only short

distances. They were probably resting after a flight.

DISCUSSION

The flight of the Painted Lady Butterfly in Utah in 1945 was

much less extensive than that of 1941. The extreme dates of ob-

servation of the butterflies extended from April 19 to June 3,

1945, but the numbers observed and reported were very meager

compared with the flight four years earlier.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIII, NO. 2

The main flight which seems to have reached Salt Lake City

on April 22, probably represented the greatest intensity of the

movement in Utah but minor flights which were not observed at

Salt Lake City seem to have occurred through western Utah

within the next week or two thereafter.

It seems probable that weather conditions affect the timing of

flights. The next few days following April 22 were stormy and

rainy in the Salt Lake Valley and the intensity of the flight

rapidly diminished following the initial outburst. A drop in

temperature accompanied by precipitation has been noted to

nearly stop the movement.

Comparing the flights reported in past years at Salt Lake City,

it appears that the height of the movement has varied in time

about 6 weeks, from March 30 to May 8, as follows: April 13,

1924; March 30, 1930; May 3, 1931; May 7-8, 1935; May 8,

1941, and April 22, 1945.

During the migrations, the butterflies tend to feed upon almost

any flower that is in bloom. At the time they appeared in Salt

Lake City, about April 22, the first bloom of the dandelion was

in progress and the flowers were available to the butterflies in

roadsides, lawns and widespread extensive fields. Some orchards

were also in bloom, especially apricots and cherries. As the

season progressed, there was a change in bloom with the unfold-

ing of new blossoms and withering of old ones, but they seem to

have been sufiicient to sustain, at least part of the migrant popu-

lations. The part that low food supply might play in decimation

of the flying hordes has not been ascertained.

In 1941, it was noted that the migrants left a new generation

to grow on all the thistles observed in many places in the Salt

Lake region. When the first migrants appeared in 1945, none of

the thistles were beyond the early rosette stage; some were just

putting out the first leaves and none had begun the stalk. Ap-

parently the thistles were not far enough advanced for oviposi-

tion and although Sugden examined many of the areas that had

borne large numbers of caterpillars on the thistles in 1941, none

were found at any time in 1945 although flights had passed over

the areas.

The explanation appears to lie in the fact that the caterpillars

in past years had been borne on the leaves of the stalk and not

oil the rosette, the leaves of which wither and die after the stalk

April, 1947] SUGDEN et al — butterfly migrations

becomes established. Feeding of the larvae on the rosette at that

early stage of development might hinder or prevent proper es-

tablishment of the stalk and result in failure to develop enough

food for the larvae.

Report of the writers (op. cit., p. 174) on the 1941 flights

indicated a characteristic pattern of movement during migration,

in which the butterflies became more active during the warm

parts of warm days and slowed down and stopped at night and

on some cold days. Additional information is now available con-

cerning the resting at night and on cold days. All three of the

writers as well as Lockerbie observed them independently where

they had been resting overnight. In addition, A. D. Boyle (field

notes) “flushed” the butterflies all the day of April 21, 1935,

near Vernon, Benmore and Lookout Pass in Tooele County.

There was “no sun, a fairly stiff, cold wind and Painted Ladies

were flushed all day, even when it was sprinkling slightly. J. L.

Mullen reports much the same experience west of Utah Lake and

at Alpine,” Utah County.

The additional information accumulated from the 1945 migra-

tion tends to confirm the idea that these emigrations result from

overcrowded areas of southern United States or Mexico; that

they afford a means by which the surplus population may relieve

congestion by dispersal flights; and in some cases provide a

means of developing additional generations. The new genera-

tions, however, probably do not survive the severe winters of this

area and since eggs are not laid until spring, there are no adults

left to propagate and hence disappear. They persist farther south

where adults can survive the winters.

REVIEW: CHECK LIST OF THE CICADELLIDAE

Check List of the Cicadellidae (Homoptera) of America, North

of Mexico, by Dwight M. De Long and Dorothy J. Knull. Gradu-

ate School Studies. Biological Science Series No. 1. The Ohio

State University Press, Columbus, Ohio. Pages V + 102. 1946.

$1.50.

In 1937 De Long and Caldwell published a check list of the

North American Cicadellidae which contained 145 genera and

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

over 1800 species. This was the first time the species of the group

had been brought together since the publication of the Van Duzee

catalogue in 1917 which contained some 69 genera and 700

species of leafhoppers with complete synonymy. According to

the authors’ statement in the Introduction, the present check list

is a revision of the list as published in 1937 and contains 175

genera and 2276 species, varieties and subspecies occurring north

of Mexico. Species which occur only in Mexico are omitted.

The publication is divided into 4 parts:

I. Introduction. A discussion of purpose, content and arrange-

ment. (2 pages)

II. Check List. A preliminary arrangement of subfamilies and

genera occupies the first two and a fraction pages followed by

the listing of the species. The authors have attempted to arrange

the subfamilies and genera to show their phylogenetic relation-

ships. The species are listed under each genus in alphabetical

oirder. In the author’s own words, “. . . synonymy of the Van

Duzee catalogue has not been repeated, but recent synonymy

has been indicated as far as possible ...” References to the

original descriptions are given for the species, genera and sub-

families. The genotype is cited according to its original designa-

tion. The original genus under which a species was described is

placed in parenthesis after the citation in case the species has been

placed in another genus. 79 pages.

III. Key lists of Publications. Publications are cited by num-

ber in the Check List and the title to which each number refers is

given in this Key List of 137 publications.

Suggested Generic Papers on North American Cicadellidae.

This is a list of many of the more important recent generic papers

for the convenience of readers who wish to refer to a generic

treatment. 10 pages.

IV. Index to Genera. 6 pages.

The publication is of convenient size, 6 by 9 inches, with

easily read type, but poorly bound with heavy paper. Drs. De

Long and Knull have provided a serviceable, up-to-date check

list which should be a great convenience not only to specialists

in the group but also to others who are less familiar with the

cicadellids. — Norman W. Frasier.

April, 1947]

BARR AND HURD — DASYMUTILLA

NOTES ON THE DASYMUTILLA OF THE PALO VERDE

VALLEY, CALIFORNIA

WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES

(Hymenoptera, Mutillidae)

BY WILLIAM F. BARR AND PAUL D. HURD, JR.

University of California, Berkeley

The Palo Verde Valley, a narrow strip of river bottom about

thirty miles long lying adjacent to the Colorado River in eastern

Riverside County, California, is bounded by mountains and a

mesa to the north, south and west, and by the Colorado River to

the east. It has a considerable acreage of cultivated areas al-

though the greater portion of the valley consists of mesquite,

tamarisk and arrow-weed thickets. Thus the valley offers a splen-

did opportunity for collecting a varied population of Dasymw-

tilla in large numbers.

During the writers’ investigations of alfalfa problems in this

valley in the summer of 1946 they acquired a collection of

Dasymutilla that consists of nine species, one of which is de-

scribed as new.

Collections were also made by E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain,

and R. F. Smith during the summers of 1945 and 1946 and the

writers wish to thank these individuals for the use of their

material and data.

All localities and dates of capture for each species have been

listed since they may prove to be of assistance to future workers

in correlating males and females which have been described as

separate species.

Dasymutilla eminentia Mickel

Dasymutilla eminentia Mickel, 1928, U. S. Nat. Museum Bull.,

143:79.

The capture of six specimens establishes the record of this

species for the first time in California. It was taken at the fol-

lowing localities in the Palo Verde Valley: Blythe, 1 2, June 22,

1946 (Barr); July 14, 1945 (MacSwain); 1 $,19, Au-

gust 9, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) ; 1 2 , August 20, 1946 (Hurd) .

Ripley, 1 $ , August 28, 1946 (Hurd) .

One male was taken while sweeping alfalfa.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Dasymutilla atricauda Mickel

Dasymutilla atricauda Mickel, 1936, Pan-Pac. Ent., 12(2) :92.

This species was described from Blythe by Mickel, additional

specimens are now recorded from the type locality as follows:

Blythe, 1 2, June 25, 1945 (Linsley) ; 1 2, August 9, 1946

(Barr) ; 2 2 2 , August 13, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) .

Dasymutilla magna (Cresson)

Mutilla magna Cresson, 1865, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 4:385.

This well-known species was found to be rather common

throughout the valley. One male was taken while sweeping

alfalfa at Blythe on July 19, 1946. Previously the only Cali-

fornia record of this species was from Brawley, Imperial County.

New California records are as follows: Seven miles north of

Blythe, 1 $ , July 23, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) . Blythe, 1 2 , June

22, 1945 (Linsley) ; 2 2 2, June 22, 1946 (Barr) ; 1 2, June 23,

1945 (Linsley) ; 1 2, June 25, 1945 (Linsley) ; 1 5,1 2, July

11, 1946 (Barr) ; 1 2, July 13, 1946 (Barr) ; 1 2, July 14, 1946

(MacSwain) ; 1 5, July 19, 1946 (Barr); 1 2, July 21, 1946

(Hurd and Smith) ; 1 2, July 26, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) ; 1 2,

August 3, 1946 (Hurd) ; 1 5 , August 7, 1946 (Barr) ; 1 2 ,

August 9, 1946 (Barr). Ripley, 1 2, July 24, 1946 (Barr and

Hurd) .

Dasymutilla magnifica Mickel

Dasymutilla magnifica Mickel, 1928, U. S. Nat. Museum Bull.,

143:234.

Three females of this beautiful species were taken at the fol-

lowing localities: eight miles north of Blythe, June 26, 1946

(Barr) and Palo Verde, August 22, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) ,

August 27, 1946 (Barr) .

In one of the specimens from Palo Verde, the dorsal abdomi-

nal vestiture is quite worn and short and is of an orange color

instead of red ; however, it may be readily identified by the char-

acters as given in Mickel’s key.

Dasymutilla satanas Mickel

Dasymutilla satanas Mickel, 1928, U. S. Nat. Museum Bull., 143:

239.

Dasymutilla mimida Mickel, 1928, U. S. Nat. Museum Bull., 143:

255; 1936, Pan-Pac. Ent., 12(2):94. New synonymy.

The male and female of this species were described by Mickel

April, 1947]

BARR AND HURD — DASYMUTILLA

in 1928 as separate species. In early August it was the writers’

fortune to collect a copulating pair of the male {inimula) and

the female {satanas) thereby establishing the correct status of

the species as indicated in the synonymy above. The writers had

suspected that such would be the case since the above males

and females were the most commonly encountered Dasymutilla

during the past summer.

The males were found to be common in the cultivated parts

of the valley and were frequently captured in the alfalfa fields.

The females, as in the case of the males, were most commonly

observed in the cultivated areas of the valley, but were appar-

ently restricted to the roads and roadside situations.

Mickel in 1936 records ten males from Blythe, additional lo-

calities and records from the Palo Verde Valley are: seven miles

north of Blythe, 5 S $, 3 9 2, July 23, 1946 (Barr and Hurd).

Blythe, 1 $, June 22, 1946 (Barr) ; 1 , July 11, 1946 (Barr) ;

3^ $ July 11, 1946 (Barr) ;3 $ S, July 13, 1946 (Barr) ; 2

$ $ ,1 9, July 14, 1945 (MacSwain) ; 1 9, July 19, 1946 (Barr) ;

3 ^ , 1 9, July 21, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) \ , July 26, 1946

(Barr and Hurd) 2 $ $ , July 27, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) ; 1 ,

1 9, August 1, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) ; 1 ^,7 9 9, August 3,

1946 (Barr and Hurd); 1 9, August 4, 1946 (Barr); 3 9 9,

August 5, 1945 (MacSwain and Smith) ; 2 S August 6, 1946

(Barr) ; 1 , August 7, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) ; 1 9, August 9,

1946 (Hurd) ; 1 iJ, August 17, 1946 (Hurd) ; 4 9 9, August 19,

1946 (MacSwain); 2 , 1 9, August 20, 1946 (Barr and

Hurd) ; 1 9 , August 22, 1946 (Barr) . Ripley, 1 9 , June 25,

1946 (Barr) ; 1 1 9, July 2, 1946 (Barr) ; 1 2 9 9, July

14, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) ; 1 , 1 9, August 12, 1946 (Barr

and Hurd) ; 7 $ $ ^ \ 9, August 16, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) ;

3 9 9, August 28, 1946 (Barr and Hurd). Palo Verde, 19,

August 20, 1946 (Barr) .

Dasymutilla gloriosa (Saussure)

Mutilla gloriosa Saussure, 1867, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (4) 7:359.

This distinctive xerophilic species was uncommonly encoun-

tered during the summers of 1945 and 1946. It appeared most

abundantly toward the end of this past summer.

The Palo Verde Valley records include: seven miles north of

Blythe, 1 9 , July 23, 1946 (Barr) . Blythe, 1 9 , June 24, 1945

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

(Linsley) ; 1 9 , July 21, 1946 (Barr). Ripley, 1 9 , August 19,

1946 (Barr) ; 2 9 9 , August 28, 1946 (Hurd). Palo Verde, 1

9 , August 10, 1946 (MacSwain) .

Dasymutilla heliophila (Cockerell)

Sphaerophthalma heliophila Cockerell, 1900, Entomologist, 33:65.

This species was not taken by the writers, its occurrence in

the Palo Verde Valley is based on the record of MickeP of speci-

mens taken at Blythe.

Dasymutilla arenivaga Mickel

Dasymutilla arenivaga Mickel, 1928, U. S. Nat. Museum Bull.,

143:278.

Arenivaga was quite commonly collected throughout the Palo

Verde Valley at the following localities: seven miles north of

Blythe, 1 9 , July 23, 1946 (Barr and Hurd). Blythe, 1 9 , June

24, 1945 (Linsley) ; 19 , June 25, 1945 (Linsley) ; 1 9 , July 13,

1946 (Barr) ; 2 9 9 , August 3, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) ; 1 9,

August 4, 1946 (Hurd) ; 1 9 , August 5, 1945 (Smith and Mac-

Swain) ; 2 9 9 , August 9, 1946 (Barr and Hurd); 1 9 , Au-

gust 20, 1946 (MacSwain); 1 9 , August 22, 1946 (Barr); 4

9 9 , August 27, 1946 (Barr and Hurd) ; 1 9 , August 28, 1946

(Barr). Ripley, 1 9 , August 14, 1946 (Barr); 2 9 9 , August

28, 1946 (Hurd). Palo Verde, 1 9 , August 27, 1946 (Hurd);

1 9 , August 31, 1946 (MacSwain).

Dasymutilla paranoctuma Barr and Hurd, new species

Female. Length 9 mm. Dark mahogany red, eyes enlarged;

vertex, dorsum of thorax and second abdominal tergite rather

sparsely clothed with erect and recumbent, rather long, ashy-

white pubescence; frontal area of head clothed with recumbent

sienna pubescence; abdominal segments 3-5 densely clothed with

erect, burnt umber pubescence; remainder of insect clothed as

abdominal segments 3-5, but pubescence sparser.

Head very dark mahogany red, mandibles weakly unidentate,

acuminate at apex, basal half dark mahogany red, apical half

black, clothed exteriorly with a few, short burnt umber hairs;

clypeus bidentate medially on apical surface, clothed with a thick

fringe of rather short burnt umber hairs; antennae dark mahog-

any red, scape clothed with numerous, minute burnt umber hairs,

^ C. E. Mickel, 1936, Pan-Pac. Ent., 12(2) :94.

April, 1947]

BARR AND HURD — DASYMUTILLA

first segment of flagellum slightly shorter than twice its own

width at apex; antennal scrobes distinctly carinate above, the

Carina extending nearly to the inner eye margin; eyes prominent,

unusually large, the distance between the posterior margin of the

eye and the postero-lateral angles of the head not greater than

one-half diameter of eye; front and vertex with rather large,

confluent shallov/ punctures; gena sparsely punctured with small

non-confluent punctures; frontal area of head densely clothed with

recumbent sienna pubescence; vertex sparsely clothed with a few,

ashy- white recumbent hairs. Thorax dark mahogany red, slightly

broader than long; dorsum sculptured with quite large, shallow

confluent punctures, sparsely clothed with erect and recumbent

ashy- white pubescence; scutellar scale evident; propleuron with

large irregular punctures, clothed with a few, short, erect burnt

umber hairs; anterior half of mesopleuron nearly glabrous, bounded

caudally by a dorso- ventral fringe of very long burnt umber hairs;

posterior half of mesopleuron with coarse, irregular and some-

what scattered punctures; dorsal surface, sides, and posterior

surface of propodeum sculptured with rather large confluent punc-

tures, dorsal surface clothed rather sparsely with mostly erect,

rather long ashy-white hairs, some of which are tinged with yel-

low; legs dark mahogany red, clothed with erect burnt umber

hairs. Abdomen dark mahogany red, first tergite glabrous except

at apical and lateral margins where bordered by a row of small,

confluent circular punctures, apex clothed with transverse row of

short, erect sienna hairs, sides sparsely clothed with a few, erect

rather long hairs ; second tergite densely sculptured with confluent

punctures, sparsely clothed with erect and recumbent ashy-white

hairs, except at apex and sides where glabrous; tergites 3-5

densely clothed at bases with erect burnt umber pubescence; sec-

ond sternite sculptured with rather small non-confluent punctures

which are more or less transversely arranged, sparsely clothed

with a few, short burnt umber hairs; remaining sternites simi-

larly clothed as the corresponding tergites; pygidium distinctly

longitudinally rugose.

Holotype, 9, (No. 5619, California Academy of Sciences, En-

tomology) from Blythe, Riverside County, California, July

6, 1946, collected by W. F. Barr. One paratype, 9, from San

Felipe Creek, Imperial County, California, June 17, 1940,

collected by R. G, Dahl.

D. paranocturna is known only from two female specimens

and structurally appears to be most closely related to D. noc-

turna Mickel and runs to that species in Mickel’s key^. It differs

from nocturna by possessing shorter, ashy-white and burnt umber

^Mickel, C. E., 1936, New species and records of nearctic mutillid wasps of

the genus DasymvtUlw. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 29 : 29-35.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

pubescence on the dorsal surfaces instead of the long, contrasting

black and white pubescence. Paranocturna further differs in that

the coloration of the integument is distinctly reddish, not tending

toward black as does nocturna.

The paratype of this species is somewhat larger than the holo-

type, measuring 14 mm. in length.

Dasymutilla megalopthalma Mickel

Dasymutilla megalopthalma Mickel, 1928, U. S. Nat. Museum Bull.,

143:282; 1936, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 29(1) :60.

Megalopthalma was not commonly encountered in either year.

In 1945, E. G. Linsley collected a male at Blythe on June 24

and R. F. Smith and J. W. MacSwain collected another male on

August 5 at the same locality.

The writers collected but two males, one of which was taken

in an alfalfa field at Blythe on August 7, the other was collected

at Ripley on August 14.

International Congress of Entomology

The eighth International Congress of Entomology will be held

in Stockholm, Sweden, August 9-15, 1948. The fact that all steam-

ship sailings are currently booked to capacity for months in ad-

vance makes it seem necessary for those expecting to attend the

congress in 1948 to arrange for passage as early as possible.

Steamship companies have not issued sailing lists for 1948, but

expect to do so in the early fall. A number of lines have listed

sailings for the present season, among them, the Cunard, French,

Belgian, Swedish, Norwegian, Gdynia (Polish), Holland- American,

etc., the first mentioned expecting soon to have two new steamers

in service. It is understood that the Thirteenth International Con-

gress of Zoology will be held in Paris some time in July, 1948, and

it is hoped that all entomologists going to Stockholm will plan to

attend the Zoological Congress also' in order that the interests of

the entomologists may be fully represented before the more com-

prehensive body. Should a sufficient number of individuals indi-

cate that they expect to sail about mid June, it may be feasible to

engage passage on the same steamer. Early information as to the

probable number of participants is especially desired in order that

the housing committee in Stockholm may make the necessary ar-

rangements. The undersigned, as member of the executive com-

mittee, would appreciate it if he be kept informed as early as

possible as to plans of those expecting to attend the sessions. —

0. A. JoHANNSEN, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

April, 1047]

ALEXANDER— TIPULirvAE

UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF TIPULIDAE FROM THE

WESTERN UNITED STATES

(Diptera)

PART III

BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER

Massachusetts State College, Amherst

The preceding part under this title was published in the Pan-

Pacific Entomologist, 21 :91-97 ; 1945. At this time I am describ-

ing three new species of the genus Tipula from the San Bern-

ardino Mountains, California. In July, 1946, Mrs. Alexander

and I spent three days camping at East Barton Flats, on the

East Fork of the Santa Ana River, at a general altitude of about

6250-6300 feet. This was close to the mountain cabins of the

Melander and Sperry families, of Riverside, California, and we

enjoyed and profited greatly by this visit with our good friends.

On one occasion, Noel Crickmer, Melander, Sperry and I col-

lected up the slopes of Sugarloaf Mountain, to the Little Cienaga,

altitude about 7400 feet. During the remainder of the summer

and fall, to the first snows about mid-October, the Sperrys con-

tinued to collect Tipulidae, chiefly at the lanterns operated at the

Sperry Cabin. I am vastly indebted to all my friends above in-

dicated for their many kindnesses, including the large series of

Tipulidae that has been presented to me.

Tipula (Trichotipula) subapache Alexander, new species

Allied to apache; g'eneral coloration of thorax gray, the prae-

scutum with a central paler gray stripe, the posterior sclerites of

the notum with a yellow central line; antennae black, the scape

chiefly yellow; femora brownish yellow, the tips narrowly black-

ened; wings with a strong blackish tinge, cell Sc and the stigma

darker brown; obliterative areas conspicuous; macrotrichia in

outer ends of cells Rs and Mi; abdomen brownish black, the basal

tergal rings narrowly yellow; male hypopygium with the notch of

the tergite V-shaped, provided with long cylindrical blackened

spines; outer dististyle nearly twice as long as broad, with long

black setae; inner dististyle with its main body nearly parallel-

sided, the beak short and stout, slightly upturned; outer basal lobe

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

larg’e and conspicuous, flattened, exceeding’ one-half the length of

main body of style.

Male. Length about 12.5-13 mm.; wing 11-11.5 mm.; antenna

about 4 mm.

Female. Length about 14-15 mm.; wing 14-15 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head black, more chestnut brown basally

above; nasus elongate, black; palpi black. Antenna with scape

obscure yellow, narrowly darkened at apex; pedicel brownish

black, flagellum black; flagellar segments very gently incised.

Head above yellow, the sides of the posterior vertex and the genae

infuscated, pruinose.

Pronotum yellow, with a dark spot on either side of the midline.

Mesonotal praescutum with a broad light gray central stripe that

is more or less divided by a capillary darkened median vitta;

lateral stripes narrow, more brownish gray, remainder of praescu-

tum brownish black; posterior sclerites of notum black, more or

less pruinose, with a continuous yellow stripe, broader and more

testaceous yellow on scutellum, very narrow on the mediotergite;

scutal lobes with the gray areas more or less distinctly ringed

with black. Pleura with the propleura and mesepisternum more

blackened, pruinose, the mesepimeron, meron and pleurotergite

paler. Halteres with the stem blackened, its base and the apex

of knob yellow. Legs with the coxae blackened, pruinose; tro-

chanters brownish yellow; femora obscure brownish yellow, the

tips narrowly blackened; tibiae and tarsi obscure brownish yellow,

the outer tarsal segments passing into black. Wings with a strong

blackish tinge, cell Sc and the stigma darker brown; pale areas

before and beyond stigma and as a disconnected band at cord, the

latter crossing the base of cell 1st Mz; further pale longitudinal

streaks in several of the cells, especially on either side of vein M

and as a V-shaped area in cell 1st A; less evident pale streaks in

some of the outer cells; veins brown. Macrotrichia in outer ends

of cells Rs and Mi. Venation: Sci persistent; Rs arcuated, shorter

than m-cu; m longer than petiole of cell Mi.

Abdominal tergites brownish black, at least on sides, in cases

paler brown medially, the basal rings narrowly but conspicuously

light yellow; basal sternites more uniformly brownish yellow, the

outer segments, with the hypopygium, more infuscated. Oviposi-

tor with both cerci and hypovalvae compressed-flattened, their tips

obtusely rounded. Male hypopygium having the posterior border

of the ninth tergite with a deep V-shaped notch that is provided

with several long cylindrical blackened spines with blunt tips; at

ends of the obtuse lobes with a small group of more conical spines.

Outer dististyle moderately broad, the length nearly twice the

breadth, provided with long black setae, the longest on outer

margin fully as long as the width of the style. Inner dististyle

with the main body nearly parallel-sided, the beak short and stout,

slightly upturned; outer basal lobe large and conspicuous, flat-

April, 1047]

ALEXANDER— TIPULIDAE

tened, exceeding: one-half the leng’th of main body of style. Phal-

losome more or less rolled into an open tube.

Habitat. California (San Bernardino County),

Holotype, $ , East Barton Flats, San Bernardino Moun-

tains, altitude 6300 feet, September 22, 1946 (John and Grace

Sperry). Allotopotype, $, with the type. Paratopotypes, 11 ^

August 19, September 27, 1946.

This fly is closest to Tipula (Trichotipula) apache Alexander,

of northern New Mexico, differing in details of coloration and

in the structure of the male hypopygium, especially the tergite

and both dististyles, particularly the large outer basal lobe of

the inner style. The rather numerous California species of Tri-

chotipula have been revised recently by the writer (Bull. So.

California Acad. Sci., 45:1-16; 1946).

Tipula (Oreomyza) graciae Alexander, new species

Belong’s to the marmorata (fragilis) group; general coloration

gray, the praescutum with four brownish gray stripes; femora

brownish yellow, the tips broadly and conspicuously blackened;

wings whitish subhyaline, with a pale grayish brown marbled pat-

tern, especially pale in the costal and apical portions heavier in

the medial and anal cells; abdomen brown the lateral and caudal

borders of segments yellow; male hypopygium wffh the tergite

having a low V-shaped notch, the outer angles only slightly pro-

duced; outer dististyle with the upper margin at base blackened

but very obtuse; inner dististyle with the apex blackened, rela-

tively stout, simple; eighth sternite with the caudal border pro-

duced into a low median lobe that bears about a score of long

black setae,

Male. Length about 12-13 mm.; wing 13-15.5 mm.; antenna

about 2. 5-2. 7 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head dark brown, heavily pruinose, es-

pecially above; nasus distinct; palpi black. Antennae short, scape

and pedicel yellow, flagellum black; flagellar segments simple, a

little longer than the verticils. Head gray, with indications of a

delicate darker line on the low vertical tubercle,

Pronotum gray, the scutellum light yellow. Mesonotum gray,

the praescutum with four brownish gray stripes, the intermediate

pair more pruinose on anterior portions; lateral margin below the

humeri blackened; posterior sclerites of notum light gray, each

scutal lobe with two separate brownish gray areas; a delicate

broken central dark vitta on scutellum and mediotergite. Pleura

gray, with darker gray areas, most evident on the ventral sterno-

pleurite and meron; dorsopleural region yellow. Hal teres yellow.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

knobs dark brown. Leg's with the coxae gray pruinose; trochan-

ters brownish yellow; femora obscure yellow basally, more dark-

ened outwardly, the tips broadly and conspicuously blackened;

tibiae brownish yellow, the tips more narrowly infuscated; tarsi

brownish yellow, passing into black; claws (male) toothed. Wings

whitish subhyaline, with a pale grayish brown marbled pattern,

distributed about as in other members of the group, especially pale

in the costal and apical portions of wing, heavier in the medial

and anal cells, especially 1st A', stigma paler brown; veins brown.

Venation: Rs about one-half to three-fourths longer than m-cu;

basal section of Rm short to very short; Ma-n very short to punc-

tiform.

Abdomen brown, the lateral and caudal borders of the tergites

yellow, the latter more distinct and becoming more extensive on

the outer segments; sternites generally similar, the bases of the

eighth and ninth sternites extensively blackened. Male hypopy-

gium having the ninth tergite with a low V-shaped notch on

caudal margin, the outer angles only slightly produced, not spi-

nous; margin of notch with a few small spinous points and setae.

Outer dististyle flattened, the upper margin at base blackened but

very obtuse, not at all toothed; surface of style with coarse black

setae. Inner dististyle heavily blackened at apex and along mar-

gins; apex relatively stout, simple; outer basal lobe a low cushion,

set with several erect stout black setae, the basal portion with a

small blackened lobule that is provided with microscopic blackened

setulae. Eighth sternite moderately sheathing, the caudal border

produced into a low inconspicuous median lobe that bears about

a score of long black setae, the marginal setae of the remainder

of sternite similarly long but yellow; center of disk glabrous.

Habitat. California (San Bernardino County).

Holotype, S , 1000 Springs Meadows, San Gorgonio Trail,

San Bernardino Mountains, altitude 7700 feet, September 21,

1946 (John L. Sperry). Paratopotypes, 10 $ $, altitude 7500-

7700 feet, September 20-21, 1946 (John and Grace Sperry and

Noel Crickmer) .

This very distinct fly is named for Mrs. John L. Sperry (Grace

Herreshoff Sperry) , of Riverside, California, who specializes on

a study of the Lepidoptera. The Sperrys have camped and col-

lected in hundreds of places in the West and many entomologists

are greatly indebted to them for invaluable insect materials in

many orders. The discovery of a member of this group of Tipula

so far to the south was very surprising. The only other species

at present known from Western North America are Tipula

(Oreomyza) fragilina Alexander, Alaska to Colorado, along the

April, 1947]

ALEXANDER — TIPULIDAE

Rocky Mountains, and T. (0.) phoroctenia Alexander, from

British Columbia, eastward to Maine, in the Canadian Zone. All

three species are on the wing in the autumn. The species are

well distinguished among themselves by hypopygial characters,

particularly the dististyles and eighth sternite.

Tipula (Lunatipula) dido Alexander, new species

Mesonotum chiefly gray, the praescutum with four entire red-

dish brown stripes, the intermediate pair narrow; antennae rela-

tively short, basal three segments yellow, remainder of flagellum

black; flagellar segments only moderately incised; femora yellow,

weakly darkened at tips; wings with a weak brownish tinge, the

obliterative area before cord conspicuous; abdomen, including hy-

popygium, dull yellow, scarcely patterned; ninth tergite almost

divided medially by pale membrane, the lower outer angle of each

lobe produced into a stout blackened spine; inner dististyle with

beak long and slender, widely separated from the small lower

beak; posterior crest of style produced into a triangular point;

phallosome consisting of four rods in pairs of two each; eighth

sternite sheathing, each outer angle with a strong fasciculate

bristle; a broad median plate that suddenly narrows into a stout

fingerlike lobe, the whole outer portion with a fringe of unusually

long setae.

Mole. Length about 15-17 mm.; wing 15-15.5 mm.; antenna

about 3.5-4 mm.

Female. Length about 18 mm.; wing 17 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head yellow; nasus stout; palpi ob-

scure brownish yellow, the outer half of terminal segment black-

ened. Antennae relatively short; basal three segments yellow, re-

mainder of flagellum black; flagellar segments only moderately

incised, a trifle shorter than the longest verticils. Head yellow,

sparsely pruinose, especially on the scarcely developed vertical

tubercle and the posterior orbits.

Pronotum brownish yellow. Mesonotum chiefly gray, the prae-

scutum with four entire reddish brown stripes, the intermediate

pair narrow; posterior sclerites of notum more heavily pruinose.

Pleura yellow, sparsely pruinose; dorsopleural membrane clear

yellow. Halteres with stem dusky, pale at base, knob more dark-

ened. Legs wth the coxae and trochanters yellow; femora brown-

ish yellow, narrowly and weakly darkened at tips; tibiae and basi-

tarsi yellowish brown, the remainder of tarsi passing into black;

claws (male) toothed. Wings with a weak brownish tinge, heavier

in the prearcular and costal fields; stigma small, darker brown;

a diffuse brown cloud over m-cii; obliterative area before cord con-

spicuous, extending to the basal third of cell M^‘, nO' post-stigmal

brightening; veins brown. Venation: Rs arcuated to weakly angu-

lated at origin, nearly twice 7n<-cu; R 1+2 preserved; m and petiole

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIII, NO. 2

of cell Ml subequal in leng’tb; M3+4 subequal to or a trifle long’er

than the basal section of M1+2.

Abdomen dull yellow, scarcely patterned. Ovipositor with the

cerci long’ and relatively slender, only gently upcurved to the sub-

acute tips. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite relatively

small, divided medially by pale membrane; lower outer angles

produced caudad and ventrad into stout blackened spines; poste-

rior border mesad of these spines less heavily blackened. Ninth

sternite with its appendage long and curved, more or less flat^

tened. Basistyle entire, unarmed. Outer dististyle with outer half

dilated into a weak spatula. Inner dististyle with the beak long

and slender, widely separated from the small more blackened

lower beak by a large oval notch; dorsal crest low, slightly cor-

rugated, setae small; posterior crest produced into a triangular

point, the entire region with numerous coarse reddish setae; outer

basal lobe elongate-triangular in outline, the posterior portion

fringed with long coarse reddish setae. Phallosome conspicuous,

consisting of four sclerotized toothed rods, arranged in pairs of

two each. Eighth sternite distinctive, sheathing, with a semi-

detached lobe at each outer angle, this tipped with a single strong

fasciculate bristle; a broad median plate that suddenly narrows

at apex into a stout fingerlike lobe, the whole outer portion, in-

cluding the lobe, with a fringe of unusually long setae that appear

as a flattened brush directed caudad.

Habitat. California (San Bernardino County).

Holotype, $ , East Barton Flats, San Bernardino Moun-

tains, altitude 6300 feet, August 17, 1946 (John and Grace

Sperry). Allotopotype, 2 , at light, July 16, 1946. (Sperry and

Alexander). Paratopotypes, 2 $ $, with the allotype.

This fly appears to belong to the unicincta group but is not

typical and its exact relationships are in doubt. Some points of

similarity with species such as Tipula {Lunatipula) mormon

Alexander seem to be indicated.

A European Weevil Newly Introduced Into the San

Francisco Bay Region

While collecting in the outskirts of Mill Valley, Marin County,

on April 4, 1947, D. Giuliani, one of our younger entomologists,

noticed numerous specimens of Barypithes pallucida Boh., crawl-

ing up the curbing along the roadside.

This European weevil has long been esetablished in the East-

ern part of our country but this is, I believe, the first time that it

has been noticed on the Pacific Coast. — Edwin C. Van Dyke.

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Vol. XXIII

July, 1947

No. 3

THE

PAN -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

ESSIG— A NEW APHID ON PENSTEMON 97

CHAMBERLIN, A NEW MYRMECOPHILOUS MILLIPED 101

BAILEY, THE GENUS ERYTHROTHRIPS 103

De long, a new genus and species of MEXICAN LEAFHOPPER ... 110

CHERMOCK AND FRECHIN, A NEW SPEYERIA Ill

REES. THE LARVAE OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN NOVIINI 113

STALLINGS AND TURNER, A NEW SUBSPECIES OF BUTTERFLY 119

RAY. STUDIES ON NORTH AMERICAN MORDELLIDAE 121

HURD, biology OF AGENIOIDEUS HUMILIS 132

GILLOGLY, A SENSILLUM IN CARPOPHILUS AND HAPTONCUS 134

KNOWLTON, A NEW HOLLYHOCK APHID 137

USINGER, NATIVE HOSTS OF THE MEXICAN CHICKEN BUG 140

TUTHILL, NEW PSYLLIDS FROM COSTA RICA 141

OBITUARY, SOL FELTY LIGHT 144

San Francisco, California

1947

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. C. Van Dyke E. C. Linsley, R. L. Usincer E. S. Ross