ERie M. FISHER

Vol. XXIV January, 1948 No. 1

THE

PAN -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

LEACH, BIOGRAPHY OF F. W. NUNENMACHER. 1

NUNENMACHER, STUDIES AMONG THE COCCINELLIDAE, 11 6

ESSIG, T. D. A. COCKERELL OBITUARY NOTICEl 8

ESSIG, MOUNTING APHIDS AND OTHER SMALL INSECTS 9

POTTS, THE SCARABAEID GENUS GEOTRUPES AND ITS TYPE 23

POTTS, PONERA TRIGONA VAR. OPACIOR FOREL 2G

FURMAN, SYNONYMY OF LIPONYSSUS PACIFICUS EWING 27

PRITCHARD, CLINODIPLOSIS PUCCINIAE, A NEW GALL MIDGE 29

TILDEN, AESTIVATION IN ARACHNIS PICTA PACKARD 31

THATCHER, NOTES ON XENORHIPIS OSBORNI KNULL 32

BIXBY, DISTRIBUTION OF SPHAERIDIUM LUNATUM FABR 33

DOUTT, DISTRIBUTION OF COPIDOSOMA KOEHLERI BLANCH 34

ECKERT, REVIEW OF SMITH’S SYNOPSIS OF U. S. ANTS 35

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, PROCEEDINGS 36

LIST OF MEMBERS 44

San Francisco, California

1948

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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VOLUME XXIV

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FREDERICK WILLIAM NUNENMACHER

The Pan -Pacific Entomologist

VoL XXIV, No. 1

January, 1948

BIOGRAPHY OF

FREDERICK WILLIAM NUNENMACHER

BY E. R. LEACH

Piedmont, California

In the death of Frederick William Nunenmacher at his home

in Piedmont, California, on April 29, 1946, the West lost a man

who might be called the. last of the old-time collectors, for like

Douglas, Coulter, and Nuttall of old he collected over a large part

of California on foot. Possessed of a strong and active body, an

inquisitive mind, and remarkable eyesight, he was the ideal field

collector and he pursued his hobby with a zeal and enthusiasm

that made him an outstanding and picturesque character. Born in

Oakland, California, March 28, 1870, when that city was but a

village, he grew up surrounded by nature at its best. Open fields,

oak groves, streams, bays, and marshes provided ideal homes for

all forms of wild life; birds, reptiles, and insects abounded. In his

boyhood he collected everything and became especially proficient

in the preparation of bird skins. He had little schooling and when

quite young began to help his father in his garden and nursery

business — a line of work he continued to the end of his life. He

thus lived out-of-doors and had amassed a large collection of mis-

cellaneous natural history specimens by early manhood. At this

time he had the good fortune to meet the eminent economic ento-

mologist, Albert Koebele, who in a short time convinced him that

he should concentrate on some small group in which he had a

special interest. Following this advice he began at once to limit

his collecting to Coleoptera, specializing on the Coccinellidae. In

later life he became a strong advocate of specialization and also

of the practice of keeping long series of each species instead of a

pair or, at most, a set of four as was the custom of most of the older

collectors. How well he succeeded in his own case is shown by the

Coccinellid collection that he left— probably the most complete in

America.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIV, NO. 1

His early collecting was done in the San Francisco Bay area

beginning in the 1880’s. The first long trip of which there is a

record was to Arizona in 1906 where he spent three months as

assistant to his friend, Koebele. Nogales was their headquarters

from which they scoured the country on foot for miles in all direc-

tions. While searching primarily for a parasite to prey on certain

Homoptera, all orders of insects were taken when found. In 1907

and 1908 he was engaged in the nursery business in connection with

a restaurant and hotel in Goldfield, Nevada. As may be imagined,

this was not a profitable business financially, but his residence

there proved very profitable entomologically.

While the Coccinellidae were his favorites in the laboratory,

in the field he preferred the Omus and sought them with great

energy and skill. The first date noted for taking this genus is 1892,

but it was not until 18 years later that he began his systematic

search for them — a search that was to influence most of his trips

for the next 35 years. In this enterprise he was encouraged and

assisted by Dr. Walther Horn, the well-known Cicindela specialist,

with whom he had long and friendly relations. It was in 1910

then that he began his Omus quest by proceeding to the northern

coast of California where he collected as he walked along the old

country roads (far different from the present paved highways)

from Eureka through Crescent City to Waldo, Oregon. In 1911 per-

haps the most strenuous and difficult trip of his entire career was

undertaken. Starting 50 miles south of Eureka he tramped along

the roads collecting as usual through Areata, Blue Lake, and Wil-

low Creek to Cottage Grove on the Klamath River. From here it

is 75 miles in an airline to Grant’s Pass, Oregon, through some of

the wildest and roughest mountains in either of the two states, and

that was the route he chose to take. Alone with his collecting equip-

ment on his back, he had only game trails to follow and was de-

pendent on the Indians and an occasional prospector for his food

and shelter. The distance actually walked between these two places

could not have been less than 100 very rough miles and the total

for the trip, 275. To appreciate the boldness of this venture, one

must see this rugged wilderness himself.

His next journey of importance was in 1913 when with his son

he took a horse and wagon and travelled up through Shasta and

Modoc counties as far as Lakeview, Oregon, and back by way of

Lassen and Plumas counties and Lake Tahoe — ^a productive trip

JANUARY, 1948J

LEACH— F. W. NUTNTENMACHER

of three months duration. The next season, 1914, with the same

companion and outfit, two months were spent in the region around

Yosemite Valley. On both these trips the wagon was only for

transporting their camp equipment. Almost the entire distance

was made on foot in order to collect along the way, the horse being

trained to follow. From 1910 when he began his intensive search

to the end of this trip in 1914, he had collected 23 species of Omus

described as new by Dr. Walther Horn and Col. Casey. In later

years seven more species of Omus collected by him were described

as new, four by himself. As the automobile came into use and good

highways were built, many short collecting trips to various parts

of this and adjoining states were taken, that in 1928 when a month

was spent in Arizona being the longest.

On all his trips he worked long and hard. His voice was the

first to be heard in the morning, “Come on, fellows — time to get

started,” and this always before daylight. As a result, he amassed

an enormous amount of material, mostly Coleoptera, all of which

had to be sorted, mounted, and classified at night and on Sun-

days as he carried on his nursery and garden work at all times.

In this material there were naturally many rare and interesting

species and a list prepared by him shows that various authors

described 195 species as new of which 20 bear the specific, or

varietal, name “nunenmacheri.” At various times he sold or other-

wise disposed of large parts of his collection. Even so he left

60,000 specimens of (dassified Coleoptera and a large amount of

unclassified material. The Coccinellidae, comprising 2100 species

and varieties and 15,000 specimens, was purchased in 1947 and

presented to the California Academy of Sciences while practically

all of the remainder is now in the Chicago Natural History Mu-

seum. Although he speiit much time in the study of his beetles,

especially Coccinellidae and Omus, his writings were rather mea-

ger, a few papers on these two groups and the description of a

new Zacotus being all his published work. A short account of his

experience in collecting Omus was left in manuscript.

While he took long trips alone and spent hours by himself in

his “bug shop,” he really was a very sociable person and enjoyed

company, especially that of fellow collectors. Beginners were al-

ways welcome. Not only did he help them generously, but seemed

able to imbue them with the intense enthusiasm that was his out-

standing characteristic. His home life was a happy one, and he

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 1

raised a family of six children, of whom four daughters and his

son survive. In addition to the cares of a family, conduct of his

business, and the building of an insect collection, he found time

to take part in many and varied activities. He was a charter mem-

ber of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, acted at times as

a deputy sheriff, was for many years a volunteer fireman, and

even served as a delegate to political conventions. He was also

skilled in the building trades and built the house in which he

lived almost entirely alone. He was brick mason, carpenter,

plumber, plasterer, painter, and most everyone else needed to

complete the job. For several years he was the city gardener of

Piedmont and superintended the planting of most of the trees that

now line its streets.

Such in short was the full, active, and useful life of Frederick

William Nunenmacher. Who of us has made better use of his time

and talent?

Entomological Bibliography of F. W. Nunenmacher

1. 1909. Two new species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) . Ent.

News, XX, pp. 161-162.

2. 1911. Studies amongst the Coccinellidae, No. 2 (Col.). Ent.

News, XXII, pp. 71-74.

3. 1912. The Stanford Expedition to Brazil, 1911. J. C. Branner,

Director. Studies amongst the Coccinellidae, No. 3. Psyche,

XIX, pp. 149-151.

4. 1912. Studies amongst the Coccinellidae, No. 4 (Col.). Ent.

News, XXIII, pp. 448-451.

5. 1913. Studies amongst the Coccinellidae, No. 5 (Col.). A new

and interesting species. Ent. News, XXIV, p. 76.

6. 1934. Studies amongst the Coccinellidae, No. 6 — New species.

Pan-Pac. Ent., X, pp. 17-21.

7. 1934. Studies among the Coccinellidae, No. 7 (Coleoptera).

Pan-Pac. Ent., X, pp. 113-114, fig.

8. 1937. Studies among the Coccinellidae, No. 8 (Coleoptera).

Pan-Pac. Ent., XIII, pp. 182-183.

9. 1940. Studies on the species of Omus, No. 1 (Coleoptera, Cic-

indelidae). Pan-Pac. Ent., XVI, pp. 143-144.

10. 1944. A new species of Zacotus (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Pan-

Pac. Ent., XX, p. 12.

11. 1944. Studies among the Coccinellidae, No. 9. (Coleoptera).

Pan-Pac. Ent., XX, pp. 144-146.

JANUARY, 1948]

LEACH— F. W. NUNENMACHER

12. 1946. StJudies among the Coccinellidae, No. 10 (Coleoptera) .

Pan-Pac. Ent., XXII, pp. 72-73.

13, 1948. Studies among the Coccinellidae, No. 11 (Coleoptera).

Pan-Pac. Ent., XXIV, pp. 6-8.

Names of Species and Varieties Proposed by

F. W. Nunenmacher

Cicindelidae -

Omus subcylindricus, 9:143. Omus vanlooi, 9:144.

Carabidae

Zacotus fredericki, 10:12.

Coccinellidae

Adalia nigromaculata, 6:20.

Agrabia sicardi, 4:448.

Agrabia sicardi var. complexa,

4:448.

Axion incompletus, 2 :71.

Brachyacantha blaisdelli, 1 :162.

Brachyacantha distincta, 13:8.

Brachyacantha lengi, 4:449.

Brachyacantha manni, 3:150.

Brachyacantha neglecta, 13:8.

Brumus blumi, 7 :114.

Coccinella bridwelli, 5:76.

Coccinella humboldtensis, 4:448.

Coccinella ampla var. rufa,

11:146.

Coccinella vandykei, 1:161.

Ceratomegilla cottlei, 6:20.

Delphastes argentinicus, 8:183.

Exoplectra brasiliensis, 3:151.

Hippodamia hoppingi, 6:21.

Hippodamia apicalis tricolor,

12:72.

Hyperaspidius bryanti, 13:7.

Hyperaspidius carri, 13:6.

Hyperaspidius coloradensis,

13:7.

Hyperaspidius horni, 6:19.

Hyperaspidius juniperus, 11:146.

Hyperaspidius mexicanus, 6:19.

Hyperaspidius rossi, 11:145.

Hyperaspidius shauli, 11:145.

Hyperaspidius subtropicus,

13:7.

Hyperaspis biornatus, 6:18.

Hyperaspis falli, 4:450.

Hyperaspis lateralis var. flam-

mula, 2:72.

Hyperaspis leachi, 6:19.

Hyperaspis idae, 4:450.

Hyperaspis ploribunda, 2 :74.

Hyperaspis wellmani, 2:72.

Hyperaspis wolcotti, 2:73.

Microweisea ovata, 6:20.

Psyllobora koebelei, 2 :71.

Scymnillus cochisiensis, 4:451.

Scymnus convexus, 8:182.

Scymnus maderi, new name for

S. quercus Nun., 8:183.

Scymnus quercus, 6:18.

Scymnus schuberti, 6:17.

Scymnus scotti, 6:17.

Stethorus ogloblini, 8:182.

Zenora tricolor, 11:144.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. XXIV, NO. 1

STUDIES mom the COCCINELLIDAE, no. 11

(Coleoptera)

BY F. W. NUNENMACHER

Piedmont, California

G. R. Crotch, in April, 1873, erected his genus Hyperaspidius

on the basis of the absence of an epileural fovea to receive the

posterior femur, and listed trimaculata Linn, as the first species.

Gorham (Biologia Centrali- Americana, page 204) says, in fact,

that the foveae are perfectly apparent. Maj. Casey in his revision

of the American Coccinellidae, page 130, says this is an aber-

rant genus of the present tribe, in having the elytral epipleurae

devoid of depressions for the posterior femur, and he too puts

trimaculata Linn, in that genus. On looking my two specimens

over I find they have a distinct but shallow fovea and on this

ground I am returning trimaculata to the genus Hyperaspis in

ray collection. Hyperaspis trivittata Ws. from Brazil has the

same pattern as trimaculata Linn, and could be taken for a

variety of it.

Hyperaspidius carri Nunenmacher, new species

Head of the male yellow, finely punctured; of the female black,

finely punctured, with a narrow lateral border yellow. Elytra yel-

low, suture black, gradually dilated to about the middle, then nar-

rowed to just before the apex ; and a broad black vitta commencing

on the callus and extending to about three-fourths the length of the

elytron where it curves inward. In the male it does not join the

suture but in the female it does. The margin bead is dark. Ventral

surface of male piceous, the legs and epipleura yellow; of female

black, the legs and epipleura yellow or darker. Length 2-2.5 mm.,

width 1-1.5 mm.

Holotype, male, allotype, female, and seven paratypes. Medi-

cine Hat, Alta., May 25, 1934, J. Carr collector. Seven para-

types, Cypress Hills, Alta., May 2, 1924, F. S. Carr collector.

Types and three paratypes in the author’s collection. Eleven

paratypes in the 0. Bryant collection. The specimens came to

me labeled vittigera Lee., and were kindly given to me by 0.

Bryant.

JANUARY, 1948] NUNENMACHER— COCCINELLIDAE

Hyperaspidius coloradensis Nunenmacher, new species

Oval, somewhat depressed. Head black, finely punctured. Thorax

black, sides very narrowly yellow, sparsely and finely punctured.

Elytra yellow; suture narrowly and the same width to the apex

black. A broad vitta covering the callus and extending nearly to

the apex, where it curves inward and narrows to a point that just

reaches the suture. This black vitta is twice the width of the yellow

ground color. Ventral surface black, legs and epipleura piceous.

Length 2 mm., width 1.5 mm,

Holotype female in the author’s collection. Col. — No other

data.

Hyperaspidius bryanti Nunenmacher. new species

Head yellow, occiput black and very finely punctured. Thorax

yellow with the basal half black, notched in the center, the black not

reaching side margins. Very finely punctured. Elytra light yellow

with the suture narrowly and the same width to the apex, black. A

broad black vitta covering the callus to three-fourths the length of

the elytron where it curves inwards and outwards connecting with

the suture, and the margin the same width leaving a large oval

apical spot. Elytra punctured a little deeper than the thorax. Ven-

tral surface piceous. Epipleura and legs yellow. Length 1.5 mm.,

width 1 mm.

Holotype, male, in the author’s collection, St. Catalina Mts.,

Ariz., June, 1940, Bryant (Lot 23) collector. One paratype,

male, same data? Private label No. 263. No label in 0. Bryant’s

collection. I name this pretty species for its discoverer.

Hyperaspidius sub tropicus Nunenmacher, new species

Head of male yellow, very finely punctured; of female, black.

Thorax of male finely punctured yellow with the base broadly black,

anteriorly four lobed, and extending beyond the middle; of female,

black with narrow yellow sides. Elytra punctured a little coarser

than the thorax. Yellow suture narrowly black and a black vitta

commencing on the callus and extending to a little beyond two-

thirds the length of the elytron. Female the same. Ventral surface

piceous. Legs and epipleura yellow. All the yellow is a light straw

yellow. Length 2 mm., width 1.25 mm.

Holotype, male, and allotype, female, in the author’s collec-

tion from Mexico, October, 1907, A. Koebele collector. No other

data. Kindly given to me in 1898 under the name vittigera Lee.

by Mr. Koebele.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 1

Brachyacantha distincta Nunenmacher, new species

Head black, finely and closely punctured. Thorax black, a little

more clearly punctured, with broad yellow sides. Elytra black with

a large irregular oblong shaped spot that covers most of anterior

half of elytra. A large apical spot yellow, commencing at center of

base where it is a little wider than half the width of elytron and

extending parallel with the suture to a little beyond middle of length

of elytron where it expands and almost joins the suture, and ends

in a blunt point. Lateral margin starting at the base on inner side

of callus and expanding a little just as it frees the callus, then on

to about middle of length of elytron, ending in a rounded angle.

Punctures a little stronger than on thorax. Apical spot large, round,

leaving a narrow space as a suture. Apex and margin black. Ven-

tral surface and legs rufescent except epipleura, meso-, and meta-

stemum which are black. Length 4 mm., width 3 mm.

Holotype, female, in the author’s collection from CoRUMBA,

Matt. Grosso. No other data.

Brachyacantha neglecta Nunenmacher, new species

Head black, finely punctured. Trophi yellow. Thorax black, sides

narrowly yellow and punctured a little stronger. Elytra black with

a crude three-pointed star and two spots yellow. A small triangular

humeral spot. A broad crescent-shaped spot in middle of elytron

with rounded ends that do not reach the suture of the margin, leav-

ing a narrow space black. A brnnch about half the width from

center extending to the same side of scutellum forming star. Apical

spot large, about the same distance from suture. Apex and margin

punctured a little stronger. Ventral surface and legs black, tarsus

rufescent. Epipleura black, yellow at humeral and marginal spots.

Length 4 mm., width 3.25 mm.

Holotype, female, and one paratype, female, in author’s col-

lection from Etre. Rios. Argent. No other data.

OBITUARY NOTICE

Professor T. D. A. Cockerell died on the morning of January

26, 1948, at 430 Nutmeg Street, San Diego, California, at the age

of 81 years, 5 months. Entomologists all over the world will be

sorry to learn of his demise. He was working up to the very last

on his bees. A more extensive obituary notice will appear in an

early issue of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist. — E. 0. EssiC.

JANUARY, 1948]

ESSIG— MOUNTING APHIDS

MOUNTING APHIDS AND OTHER SMALL INSECTS ON

MICROSCOPIC SLIDES^

BY E. O. ESSIG ,

University of California, Berkeley

In order to systematically study many small insects such as

aphids, thrips, and coccids, it is necessary to prepare the specimens

so that they may be critically examined under high magnifications.

Although unmounted or temporarily mounted specimens may be

superficially investigated by means of a hand lens or a binocular

microscope, a properly prepared and mounted specimen is required

for the careful examination with a compound microscope necessary

for exact determination of species and for morphological study.

From earliest times, in the examination of these small insects, it

has been a common practice to mount them directly into any avail-

able medium on a glass slide and covered with a very thin glass

cover slip. Specimens so mounted may be preserved almost in-

definitely against the inroads of time, moisture, corrosion, fungi,

and predacious insects that so often destroy pinned and otherwise

exposed insects.

Since 1909 I have been studying plant lice of the family

Aphididae and have had occasion to examine many methods of

preparing these rather delicate, soft-bodied insects for study both

in America and in Europe and have also examined much mounted

material received from systematists from all parts of the world. I

do not know who first perfected the technique of the Canada balsam

mount, but the earliest slides of aphids that I have examined were

those prepared by Francis Walker which are in the British Museum

of Natural History and are now approximately 100 years old. Al-

though the balsam has darkened greatly, the specimens are still in

fair condition for study with a compound microscope. Other early

students of aphids mounted them on pins or on points and conse-

quently most of the specimens of species described before Walker’s

time have been lost. Thus the innumerable species described by

Linnaeus, Fabricius, Kaltenbach, Schrank, Koch, Geoffrey, De

'These recommendations and procedures are also applicable to Acarina and to

other small insects, including the Apterygota, Coccidae, Anoplura, Mallophaga,

Thysanoptera, etc.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [^VOL XXIV NO 1

Geer, and other contemporaries in Europe and those of Harris,

Fitch, Walsh, Rafinesque, Haldeman, Ashmead, and others in

America, have mostly disappeared and there are no specimens such

as types or cotypes left to guide their successors.

During recent years, most systematists have mounted aphids in

the accepted manner on glass slides directly into balsam or euparal.

Certain more exacting and careful workers have also cleared the

specimens by cold or hot treatment in a water solution of KOH or

NaOH followed by staining and preparatory to mounting in media.

Aphids are somewhat more difficult to clear than most other

small insects because of the embryos which should be removed from

the bodies of the females before a satisfactory transparent and

stained mount can be secured. The embryos, if not removed, may

completely fill the body cavity and obscure many of the important

details necessary for the correct determination of the species. Stain-

ing of the embryos within the bodies results in an opaque mass of

little use to the systematist. Staining may also obscure much of the

pigmentation so useful in classification.

In order to improve the technique in the preparation of more

satisfactory and permanent mounted specimens of aphids, a careful

study was begun at the British Museum of Natural History, London,

in the fall of 1936, and from there continued in Belgium, Holland,

Switzerland, Austria, Germany, France, and the United States up

to the present time. The results of the studies are also based upon

the experience of many aphidologists.

I. Preservation of Specimens for Permanence or for

Subsequent Mounting

1. Living or freshly collected specimens

The most easily prepared and satisfactory mounts are from

freshly collected living specimens. They may be removed from

the host plants and killed in 95 per cent ethyl alcohol. This solu-

tion also thoroughly wets the bodies and wings and prevents the

latter from sticking together, becoming misshapen, and from col-

lecting air bubbles. They are then transferred immediately to the

clearing solution.

2. Specimens preserved in liquids

(1) In alcohol. A solution of 70 to 95 per cent ethyl alcohol is

very satisfactory for temporary or permanent preservation of

JANUARY, 1948]

ESSIG— MOUNTING APHIDS

aphids. Specimens remaining in such concentrations for twenty or

more years may be satisfactorily cleared for mounting.

(2) In formalin. Specimens preserved for many years in this

fluid become hardened and are very much more difficult to clear

and mount than those preserved in alcohol. If first soaked for 48

hours or more or heated in water, they may yield satisfactory speci-

mens. Formalin is not recommended as a preservative for aphids.

(3) In lactic acid. A solution made up of 35 per cent lactic acid,

50 per cent alcohol, and 15 per cent water is a very satisfactory pre-

servative for a short period of time, not much over a month. This

preservative does act as a clearing medium but even so the embryos

should be removed before mounting if the specimens are to be

stained. A longer period in the preservative may cause the speci-

mens to distintegrate and to become very difficult or impossible to

mount.

3. Dried specimens

Aphids that have been dried may be treated in the same way as

alcoholic or fresh specimens. Aphids preserved on herbarium

specimens may be recovered if care is taken to remove the fragile

insects in their entirety. Thus dried bodies on herbarium specimens

preserved dry for over 100 years were successfully removed and

mounted. Frequently bottled alcohol specimens dry up because of

leakage around stoppers. Such specimens may be treated in the

regular manner and usually clear up perfectly, seldom requiring

the removal of body contents.

II. Clearing Specimens Preparatory to Permanent Mounting

ON Glass Microscopic Slides

There have been many methods proposed and used for mounting

aphids on slides. The experience, technique, and objective of an

aphid specialist has a great deal to do with the results obtained.

Since specially prepared specimens are so much better for study

than those simply dropped into a mounting medium, it is unneces-

sary to repeat the simple methods of the past.

Caustic Treatment (KOH or NaOH) . Many aphidologists prefer

to use these alkali chemicals for clearing aphids. It is the usual

practice to make up a stock solution of 5 or 10 per cent for use as

needed. It is now possible to procure gram pellets which are much

more satisfactory, as small quantities may be readily prepared by

adding a pellet or two as needed. All the difficulties occasioned by

stock bottles of these solutions are eliminated.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIV, NO. 1

There seems to be a growing preference for NaOH because it

does not appear to be so destructive as KOH to the pigments and

to the integument of these fragile insects. Both of these chemicals

are also very destructive to the delicate wings of aphids and often

render them unfit for mounting and study.

1. Cold Solution. The specimens are placed in a small con-

tainer; vial, watch crystal or slender dish — completely immersed

in a solution of the caustic clearing agent and put aside until the

desired transparency is secured. From a few days to a week or

even more time may be required. Specimens so treated frequently

become very pale or completely transparent and even destroyed if

left too long.

2. Hot Solution. By heating or boiling the specimens in the

caustic solution the process of clearing may be reduced to a few

seconds or minutes. Boiling is often quite injurious to the speci-

mens unless carefully done. For aphids it is not to be recommended

except for preserved species belonging to the dark forms of such

genera as Astegopteryx, Thoracaphis and Aleurodaphis.

3. Washing and staining.

( 1 ) . Removing body contents. When the specimens are suf-

ficiently cleared the embryos may be removed by using a suitable

teasing instrument (Fig. 1) constructed by heating, flattening, and

shaping a large steel needle point. Because of the delicacy of the

treated tissues of the specimens it is often difficult to squeeze and

tease out the embryos because the bodies collapse and prevent the

, “bellows action” that may operate to free the embryos from the

body. Males and immature females usually clear without the nec-

essity of removing the body contents.

In clearing, the wings often swell up like bags and are so fragile

that great care must be exercised to deflate them without destroying

'them completely.

(2) . Staining. After clearing, the specimens are removed to a

clean container with water, acetic acid, or a suitable stain. Ordi-

narily, basic fuchsin or magenta is satisfactory, but fast green or

other stains may be employed. NaOH-fuchsin may also be used,

whereby staining and clearing may be accomplished at the same

time. This step is followed by removal of the specimens to glacial

acetic acid.

(3) . Dehydrating. The third step is to remove any water and

excess acid and stain by transferring to 95 per cent alcohol.

JANUARY, 1948]

ESSIG— MOUNTING APHIDS

(4) . Destaining. If the specimens are stained too densely the

excess color may often be removed by transferring to water. Care

is taken to remove just the right amount of stain. The aphids are

then returned to alcohol. Ordinarily 95 per cent alcohol is adequate

for satisfactory dehydration.

(5) . Fixing and Clearing. The brilliance of the specimens is

often improved by transferring them from the alcohol to clove oil,

xylol, or a similar reagent. Ordinarily one may simply add a small

quantity of clove oil to the specimens already in alcohol. Small

globules of fat or soapy material may also be removed by the ad-

dition of a small amount of xylol.

Chloral Hydrate, Alcohol, Lactic Acid, Carbolic Acid, and

Water Clearing Mixture

A solution of these components appears to have originated among

aphidologists in Holland and has come to be generally used. The

formula and procedure are as follows:

(1) Place preserved or live specimens in 70 per cent alcohol and

heat over a boiling water bath for 10 to 15 minutes.

(2) . Transfer to a solution of 70 per cent lactic acid and sim-

ilarly heat for 15 to 20 minutes. (Small pale whitish or yellowish

species for only 10 minutes) .

(3) . Transfer to a mixture of a saturated solution of chloral

hydrate, to which a small amount of carbolic acid crystals are add-

ed, and heat over a hot water bath for only a few minutes or until

the color is greatly lessened or disappears.

( 4) . Remove the body contents — especially the embryos.

(5) . Mount directly into Berlese mixture, a modification of De

Fauer’s Fluid, or into a similar medium on the slide without wash-

ing or further treatment.

(6) . Heat lightly for 10 or 15 minutes to relax the specimens

but not to give rise to bubbles or air pockets under the cover slip.

( 7 ) . After a week or more, clean slide and ring with suitable

ringing compound discussed further on.

Chloral hydrate and lactic acid both have a tendency to destroy

aphid tissues very slowly and for that reason it is necessary to re-

move these chemicals by washing thoroughly and dehydrating in

95% alcohol followed by clearing in clove oil or similar oil before

mounting them in a more permanent medium such as balsam,

euparal and dammar.

THE PAmPACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIV, NO. 1

Lactic Acid, Alcohol, Carbolic Acid, and Water Clearing

Mixture

(1). Formulation. By far the simplest and most satisfactory

solution for clearing aphids is one prepared as follows:

Stock Solution

Lactic acid

...45 parts

Acetic acid

... 5 parts

Ethyl alcohol

...30 parts

Water saturated solution of phenol...

... 5 parts

Water

...15 parts

This formula may be modified somewhat by adding more lactic

acid or water to specimens long preserved in 80-95 per cent alcohol.

(2). Heating. Small stender dishes, 1^ inches in diameter, are

very suitable containers for handling the aphids during the clearing,

heating and staining processes. A good procedure is to empty the

aphids from the preservative directly into the dishes, draw off excess

alcohol with a pipette and add the clearing solution. Appropriate

labels may be attached to the covers. The covered dishes are then

put into petri dishes and placed in a constant temperature oven and

maintained at a temperature of approximately 120° F. or 49° C.

Freshly collected specimens may be heated sufficiently in one

hour, whereas alcoholic specimens of long standing requii'e from

24 to 48 hours or even longer. There is considerable difference in

the relaxing and clearing of different species of aphids by this

process. The most difficult specimens to clear are certain dark

species of the genus Aphis which have long been in alcohol. The

proper amount of heating may be determined by the clear appear-

ance of the bodies and by actual testing of a few individuals. It

may often be necessary to return inadequately cleared specimens to

the oven for further heating. Injury by overheating has not been

noted. \

In developing this process the cleared specimens are removed

from the lactic acid solution, the body contents and especially its

embryos removed, transferred to 95 per cent alcohol, then to clove

oil and finally mounted in the desired medium.

Dried specimens, alcoholic females devoid of embryos, and

males, require no other treatment, but females which are full of

embryos or eggs require special attention to remove these from

JANUARY, 1948]

ESSIG— MOUNTING APHIDS

the bodies. To do this the aphids taken from the oven are trans-

ferred to the more accessible Syracuse watch crystals and the em-

bryos or eggs removed by special “teasers” under a binocular

microscope. These teasers (Fig. 1) are of various sizes designed

to just cover the entire body of the victim to be operated upon.

Pressure from above disrupts the body wall at different points —

usually along the sides — and the embryos are forced out by a care-

fully directed up and down bellows-like motion with just enough

pressure to remove the embryos and other body contents without

injuring or removing the legs, antennae, and wings. It is not al-

ways possible to secure absolutely perfect specimens from poorly

preserved material and from fragile or very delicate species, but

with care and patience very perfect and beautiful mounts may be

secured. Freshly collected specimens yield the most perfect mounts.

When spread, these deflated skins do not assume the exact body

contours of the living specimens but they permit the most discrim-

inate and painstaking study of all the body characters that are im-

portant in determining the identity of the species. The pigmenta-

tion, sculpturing, vestiture, and other characteristics are preserved

perfectly and can be reproduced by drawings and by micropho-

tography.

Cleared specimens appear to vary considerably as to their rigid-

ity following the various steps leading to their final immersion in

the mounting medium. If not properly dehydrated and hardened

during the last step, the antennae and legs often collapse when

transferred to the mounting medium. This shrinking is caused by

the sudden difference in the osmotic pressure between the lighter

body impregnating fluids and the heavier mounting medium. Clove

oil, xylol, and similar fixing solutions harden the tissues so that

this collapse may be lessened or prevented. Apparently the effects

of the preservative may be responsible for a hardening or softening

of the body and appendages. Or perhaps the fact that newly molted

specimens had not sufficiently hardened before they were collected

and treated may result in their collapse more readily than the older

and more mature individuals.

III. Mounting — General

Insect collections should be prepared for permanence. It has

already been noted that the ordinary methods of pin and point

mounting of such small and fragile insects as aphids are very tem-

porary and useless for collection and museum purposes.

the PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 1

Slide mounts are not always satisfactory over a long period of

time unless careful preparation and the most permanent types of

mounting media are employed. At the present time there is no way

of knowing what particular kinds and combinations of chemicals

will prove the most satisfactory for these purposes over a period

of hundreds of years. Perhaps we cannot expect such enduring

qualities of a medium that must be so easily manipulated and per-

fectly adapted to all the requirements of a satisfactory mount that

may be subjected to study by a high-powered microscope or the

even higher magnification of an electron microscope.

Cc&t'

negunao

Beykeleu.

Calif

June 12 , 1946

R" Odoms, Cofi

Feyiphg Ifus

negundinis

{Thoo)

(?(????

£s5/6 I34S

Fig. 1. Top. Glass microscope slide showing arrangement of

aphid specimens, the ringed cover slip and suitable method of label-

ing. Bottom. Needle point and angled “teasers” used for the re-

moval of the embryos and other body contents of the aphids. A large

assortment of sizes may be desirable. The handles may be as long

as needed. Natural size. (Drawing by Frieda Abernathy.)

(1). Canada Balsam has long been the most versatile mount-

ing medium for small insects. Its important qualities are: (1)

ease of manipulation; (2) ability to give up bubbles and air pock-

ets; (3) refractive qualities; its index of jefraction being 1.535;

JANUARY, 1948]

ESSIG— MOUNTING APHIDS

(4) stability and durability; and (5) cheapness and availability.

Some of the objectionable qualities are: (1) brittleness and tend-

ency to dry out and crystallize over a period of years : this condition

may often be temporarily corrected by adding xylol to the mount;

(2) tendency to discoloration. Clear white balsam mounts pre-

pared 20 to 30 years ago have become darker around the periphery

under the cover glass. This darkening is gradually extending in-

wardly — a condition which might have been prevented by ringing

with a suitable ringing compound. Unfortunately such of the old

ringing materials as Brunswick black and white lead compounds

proved to be quite unsatisfactory for such purposes.

(2). Euparal. This is a s)mthetic mounting medium com-

posed of camsal, eucalyptol, pyraldehyde, and sandarac, which was

first made available in the United States about 1927. It was ac-

cepted with some hesitation and much misgiving by most entomolo-

gists. Its cost was about eight times that of Canada balsam and

this prohibited its extensive use in teaching and general laboratory

work. Its durability has not yet been proven by actual use over a

long period of time. However, it was soon adopted by many dis-

criminating biologists and at the outbreak of the last great war in

1942, it had become a stable laboratory essential. Its importation

from England and from Germany, where it was commercially for-

mulated, was cut off during the war and the supply completely gave

out in most places. Just now it is being sent over to this country

from England and is being offered at the announced price of 23

dollars per pound. Only small deliveries have been forthcoming.

As a substitute I have been using a local “Wherle” Euparal mixture

which appears so far to be quite satisfactory. It has a tendency to

darken somewhat or turn greenish in bulk, but the thin layer under

a cover slip has remained colorless and clear over a period of four

years. It has a refractive index of 1.483. Euparal is also marketed

under the name Diaphane at $7.50 per pound.

Specimens may be transferred into Euparal directly from 95%

alcohol or from a mixture of 95% alcohol with a small amount of

xylol, oil of cloves, oil or Bergamot or other clearing agent. Like

Canada balsam, Euparal readily gives up air bubbles. It sets

quickly and apparently does not crystallize.

(3). Berlese Mounting Medium (A Modification of De

Fauer’s Fluid) . As now formulated, this appears to be a satis-

factory mounting solution. There are many modifications and

formulations in use and all of them apparently give satisfactory

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 1

results for those who have devised them. A good formula is as

follows :

Distilled water 20 cc.

Chloral hydrate 160 gr.

Gum arabic 15 gr.

Glucose syrup 10 cc.

Acetic acid 5 cc.

These ingredients may be formulated in the order listed over

a hot water bath or in an oven at 50° C or 123° F. The resulting

fluid should be filtered through a Buchner funnel and suction pump,

or through Whatman No. 5 filter paper, or clarified in a centrifuge.

It has a refraction index of about 1.461.

Specimens of aphids may be taken directly from water, alcohol

or 10% acetic acid in distilled water. It is also possible, and often,

advisable, to mount living specimens directly into the medium after

wetting them in alcohol to eliminate air bubbles.

After mounting, the slides may be heated for a short time over

a hot plate or in an oven at about 120° F. This treatment relaxes

and somewhat expands the specimens and promotes rapid clearing.

It also seals the cover glass. Care must be taken to prevent the

formation of bubbles.

After a period of two to four weeks the slide preparation should

be ringed with a suitable ringing compound, as listed further on.

(4) . Dammar. This is a resin derived from Australian conifers

formerly of the genus Dammara (now Agathis). Refined to a

colorless mounting medium, it has the excellent qualities of bal-

sam and Euparal for which it is a satisfactory substitute. It has an

index of 1.520 and appears to remain perfectly clear under the

cover slip although it may cloud some in bulk. Specimens are

prepared as for mounting in balsam or Euparal.

( 5) . Polyvinyl Alcohol. This is a relatively new mounting

medium recently developed. The methods of formulation vary

considerably which indicates that exact proportions of the vari-

ous ingredients are not too important.

The recommendations for preparing the mounting medium

with polyvinyl alcohol grade RH-349-N by the manufacturers, E.

I. DuPont de Nemours & Company, Inc., are as follows:

A. — PVA Stock Solution:

To 80 cc of distilled water add PVA in small amounts until

the mixture has the consistency of a thick syrup and attains a

JANUARY, 1948]

ESSIG— MOUNTING APHIDS

volume of approximately 100 cc. Heat in a water or steam bath

until homogeneous and milky in appearance. Allow -to cool. Reheat

to produce a clear mixture. Cool. Strain through fine copper gauze.

(Some investigators recommend filtering the hot solution through

4 or 5 layers of filter paper.)

B. — PVA Stock Mounting Medium:

PVA Stock solution 56 cc.

Phenol crystals 22 grms.

Lactic acid (C.P.) 22 cc.

Picric acid (for staining) 1 grain.

Mount specimens into PVA directly from 95 per cent alcohol

or from water in the regular manner, being careful to eliminate

as many bubbles as possible. This will require some practice and

experience. Fresh or preserved aphids may be wet in alcohol and

then immersed in water and mounted directly into PVA without

clearing or removing the embryos or body contents, but these

specimens are not nearly as satisfactory for microscopic study as

those properly cleared and stained.

» After several days or weeks the excess PVA may be removed

with a damp cloth and the slides ringed in the ordinary manner.

( 6 ) . Clarite and similar synthetic compounds :

The new plastic material, Clarite, makes a very good mounting

medium for aphids and other insects. The specimens, after clear-

ing in a proper solution and dehydrating in alcohol, may be trans-

ferred to xylol, toluene, or clove oil and thence directly into cla-

rite. It is very important to have just the right consistency of the

medium for eliminating bubbles. A 60 per cent solution of clarite

in toluene, by weight, appears to give the most satisfactory results

for aphids. The solution may be thinned with toluene, 1° C or 2°

C grades. It is nearly water white and has a refractive index of

1.544 and a melting point of 145° to 150° C. „

IV. Cover Slips

Circular cover slips are preferable to squares because they

can be ringed with a cement that protects the mounting medium

from desiccation, discoloration and possible crystallization. If

temporary mounts only are desired, there is no need to go to the

additional trouble of attempting to use permanent mounting media

or for ringing the slides. But for collections, and especially for

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 1

types of all kinds, it is most desirable to produce as permanent

mounts as possible. For such mounts, ringing the cover slips to

seal the mounting medium may be an important factor. (Fig. 1.)

The ringing may be repeated from time to time, every 10 or 20

years if required.

V. Ringing Compounds

Slide ringing has been practiced for many years by botanists,

plant pathologists, nematologists, and a few entomologists. Bruns-

wick Black or alphabet varnish, Japan gold size, zinc white, and

other materials were used, but without very satisfactory results.

Materials that are now available and very much better for

ringing are :

(1) . Murrayite. An English product used mostly for sealing

jars and vials containing specimens preserved in alcohol. It is a

clear light brown compound soluble in xylol and similar solvents

that is easily applied, quick-drying, and thoroughly satisfactory

for ringing slides.

(2) . Thorne ringing compound. This new material was evolved

by Gerald Thorne, nematologist. Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S.

Department of Agriculture, in 1935 for ringing cover slips for

nematodes mounted in a glycerine medium. The formulation is :

Nitrocellulose solution 2 parts

A. D. M-IOO (a polymerized linseed

oil product used in the paint trade) I part

Thinners — Butyl acetate or acetone

The material is transparent and may be colored to suit the

user. A small amount of an oil soluble red pigment is used by the

originator and others. Its sale is at present somewhat restricted

but it will no doubt be made readily available in the near future.

It is a very valuable addition to ringing compounds and is appar-

ently suitable for many purposes. It is very satisfactory and quite

inexpensive.

VI. Labels and Labeling

The proper mounting of small and minute insects on glass mi-

croscopic slides is one of the most permanent methods for the

preservation of insects. Therefore, great care should be taken to

insure equal permanence of the essential data that should accom-

pany the specimens.

JANUARY, 1948]

ESSIG— MOUNTING APHIDS

This data may be scratched on by a diamond, but the results

are not altogether satisfactory because it is difficult to scratch the

letters distinctly and the finished inscriptions are trying to read.

Gummed paper labels prepared commercially are generally

used. Unfortunately in most labels neither the paper nor the ad*

hesive have lasting qualities. Labels of slides prepared ten or

twenty years ago are now in bad shape. They may have so de-

teriorated as to be either falling to pieces or so discolored as to be

illegible. The adhesive may also have disintegrated. The ink often

used was frequently not permanent and may have faded. The labels

of slides prepared in 1909-1920, and even later, have recently

been specially treated to prevent further disintegration. Most

labels are carelessly and poorly applied with only portions prop-

erly and entirely stuck to the glass slides. Handling has caused

the edges to roll up and tear off and eventually the writing has

become so defaced as to be unsightly and illegible.

For permanency, slide labels should be made of thin linen or

rag paper gummed with the best adhesive. A large series of labels

may be outlined on a sheet of paper from which a permanent zinc

block may be made. Any good job printer is able to furnish the

label paper stock, have it gummed, and do the printing. Such

sheets of labels are handily stored, easily cut, and suitable to write

on with permanent India ink.

To apply labels to slides. Labels should be applied one at each

end of the slide. They may be handled by forceps, dipping a single

one wholly in water and applying it directly to the slide. A clean

blotter beneath the slide and another to press down the label and

to absorb the excess moisture around the edges aids in the pro-

cess. With only a small amount of care the labels are soon placed

squarely and tightly to the slide. With the blank labels in place it

is very easy to center the specimens when mounting. The right-

hand label is for the name of the insect and the left-hand one is

for the name of the host plant, the locality, date and name of col-

lector. This label is permanent, whereas the right-hand label may

be changed with the scientific name of the insect.

VII. Mounting — Finished Slide

One or more properly cleared specimens are placed in the me-

dium on the slide and after each specimen is carefully spread, with

all the appendages properly arranged, the cover slip is applied

as nearly horizontally as possible and carefully directed over the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIV, NO. 1

specimens. The slides are placed in flat trays for drying. Labeling

may be done with a croquill pen and India ink.

After the medium is thoroughly dry — 2 to 4 weeks — the over-

flow may be removed around the edges of the cover slip with a

safety razor blade or scalpel and the slide is then ready for ringing.

( 1 ) . Ringing. Ringing is accomplished by the use of a ringing

table available from scientific supply houses. A No. “0” sable hair

brush is most desirable for applying the ringing compound.

(2) . Protecting the labels. The written labels may be protected

from wear and weathering by applying two coats of dammar or

other varnish.

This treatment also fastens the labels permanently to the slides

and prevents wear, tear, and smearing. Old labels that have begun

to darken and decay may be saved by varnishing.

References

Doetschman, W. H. 1944. Some suggestions in microtechnique

particularly useful in microentomology and parasitology. Trans.

Am. Micros. Soc., 63(2) : 175-178.

Eltringham, H. 1930. Histological methods for entomologists.

Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 96-104.

Gater, B. a. R. 1929. An improved method of mounting mosquito

larvae. Bui. Ent. Res., 19:367-368.

Groat, R. A. 1939. Two new mounting media superior to Canada

balsam and gum dammar. Anatomical Rec., 74:1-6.

Hershberger, Ruth V. 1946. Differential stains for insect tissues.

Ohio Jour. Sci., 46 :152-162.

Imms, a. D. 1929. Some methods of technique applicable to ento-

mology. Bui. Ent. Res., 20:165-171.

Jones, Bryn. 1946. Impregnating polyvinal alcohol with picric

acid for the simultaneous staining and permanent mounting of

Acarina. Proc. Royal Ent. Soc. London, 21, pts. 10-12:85-86.

Lee, a. Bolles. 1921. Microtomists’ Vade-Mecum. Ed. 10, Blaki-

ston, Philadelphia.

Nye., W. P. 1947. A simple method of mounting aphids. Pan-Pac.

Ent., 23:73-74.

Smart, J. 1943. Mounting microscope slides. In Insects of Medical

Importance. British Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 263-265.

Swan, D. C. 1936. Berlese’s fluid: remarks upon its preparation

and use as a mounting medium. Bui. Ent. Res., 27:389-391.

Thorne, Gerald. 1935. A new slide-ringing material. Proc. Hel-

minthological Soc., 2:98.

JANUARY, 1948]

POTTS— GEOTRUPES

THE SCARABAEID GENUS GEOTRUPES AND ITS TYPE

(Coleoptera)

BY ROBERT W. L. POTTS

California State Department of Agriculture^

San Francisco

In checking early references to Geotrupes for a proposed gen-

eral paper on the genus it quickly appeared that the present use

of the name is questionable. Important references and the facts

are as follows, along with my personal interpretations and con-

clusions :

1796. Latreille (Free. Car. gen. Ins., p. 6) proposed the generic

name Geotrupes as new, with the following description : “Anten-

nes de onze articles. Levre superieure avancee. Mandibules

fortes. Levre inferieure a deux divisions alongees. C. H, Chap-

eron rhomboidal, Ecusson. Jambes anterieures dentelees.” There

were no species names, descriptions, nor bibliographic references

to species included with this description.

1798. Fabricius (Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. A, pp. 7-22) under the name

Geotrupes gave a description of the genus that doss not at all

parallel that of Latreille, and listed 63 species, most of which

are now placed in the Dynastinae, with only 5 belonging in the

present Geotrupinae, one of these being dispar. Elsewhere (pp.

2, 23-24) species are listed under the name Scarabae^ts which

are now considered to be Geotrupes.

1801, Fabricius (Syst. Eleuth., pp. 2-26) adds further species to

both Geotrupes and Scarabaeus, still preserving his concept of

the two genera.

1802. * Latreille (Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. ed. 1802) lists two species

under the name Geotmipes, in order, stercorarius and vernalis.

1804, Latreille (Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., 10:142-147) lists dispar,

typhoeus, mobilicomis, stercorarius, sylvaticus, and vernalis in

the genus Geotrupes. In his introduction to the genus he says:

“J’avois pose les bases de ce genre dans mon ouvrage intitule

(Precis des caracteres generiques des Insectes), ou, pour parler

plus vrais, je n’^avois fait que donner un denomination a la sec-

onde coup des scarabees d’Olivier, car ce naturaliste avait expose

tons les caracteres de ce genre avant moi. Fabricius, en adoptant

ce travail, a fait malheureusement une transposition de noms;

mes scarabees sont devenus des geotrupes, et mes geotrupes, des

*I have not personally checked this reference, but accept it on the authority of

Arrow (personal letter) ,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL, XXIV, NO. 1

scarabees, Ce changement n’etant pas fonde, on me permettre

de n’y avoir pas egard.”*

There is no question of responsibility for the name Geotrupes,

as Opinion 46 of the International Code states, “If an author

clearly shows that the name he proposed is to be applied in a

generic sense . . . the name in question becomes available under

the Code . . . although he may have failed to name the species,”

While Latreille did so fail, he clearly indicated that the name was

new, and that it was to be applied in a generic sense.

We are next faced with the problem of the genotype, since

Latreille forfeited his first opportunity to state what species be-

longed in his new genus.

Opinion 46 also states, “In numerous instances authors have

proposed new genera, but have failed to mention by name any

species ...” These cases are then divided into several general

categories, of which the 5th group is clearly the one applicable to

the present case : “ ( 5) and there are instances in which an author

has described a genus, clearly giving generic characters, but . . ,

from the original publication it is not clear how many species

(none of which he mentioned by name) were included in the

genus. Each new genus therefore, contains all of the species of the

world which come in that category in the tables; ... if at the sec-

ond, third, or tenth publication one or more species are men-

tioned, those are the only species which become available as type,

and if only one were mentioned this would be the type. In other

words, in genera belonging to the fifth category, the first species

published as member or members of the genus are the only species

available as type.”

Fabricius, in 1798, was the second to use the name Geotrupes^

and under ordinary circumstances, would be considered the “first

reviewer.” However, it may be argued that his is an altogether

different genus, since his description does not coincide with that

of Latreille. Nevertheless, among the heterogeneous mixture of

species he included there is one, dispar, which fits Latreille’s de-

scription with the questionable exception that a clypeal horn

obscures the basically rhomboidal nature of the clypeus. Ignore

the horn and this character, too, checks perfectly. Indeed, Latreille

*A free translation runs: “I have proposed the basis for this genus in my work

entitled Precis des caracteres generiques des Insectes, or, to be more precise, I have

only given a name to the second group of scarabs of Olivier, since this naturalist has

pointed out all the characters of the genus before me. Fabricius, iij adopting this

work, has unhappily made a transposition of names ; my scarabs are become his

geotrupids, and my geotrupids his scarabs. This change is without foundation, per-

mitting me to entirely ignore it.”

JANUARY, 1948 ]

POTTS— GEOTRUPES

himself heads his 1804 list with dispar. Jekel, in his 1865(1866)

monograph of Geotrupes names dispar as the genotype of the sub-

genus Ceratophyus, a subgenus now usually accorded the status

of a genus.* Arrow, in reviewing the Fabricius list at my request

says, “ . . . the nearest to Geotrupes in the true sense is dispar,

now called Ceratophyus’^

However, let us first consider the two alternative suggestions

that can be made: (1) that Fabricius’ use of Geotrupes and Scaror

baeus, as suggested by Latreille, was a transposition, a lapsus

calami. In consequence, his names should be straightened out, and

one of his species under Scarahaeus, since they will fit Latreille’s

description, must become the genotype, and stercorarius is not

among the seven species there listed. So this, too, would require a

change. It seems to me that a lapsus calami is highly improbable.

Fabricius cites both Geotrupes and Scarahaeus in two different

places in 1798 and reuses them both, in the same sense, in 1801.

An inadvertent error should undoubtedly have been noticed when

so often repeated.

Or, (2), Fabricius published his 1798 Geotrupes without

knowledge of Latreille’s use of the name, intending it as a new

genus. In such a case the name would fall as a homonym, and he

has been anticipated in his restriction of the genus Scarahaeus.

Consequently the Geotrupes of Latreille is unaffected and the

second publication of the genus, under the Code, is in 1802, and

Latreille was within the Code in his selection of stercorarius as his

genotype in 1810. While this is a simple, and possible solution, it

also seems highly improbable even though our present use of

stercorarius as the type tacitly implies that this explanation has

been followed ever since Latreille’s 1804 and 1810 publications.

However, Fabricius did not indicate that his use of Geotrupes was

new nor did he indicate a typical species as he occasionally did

with his new genera, and as he did with other valid new genera in

the same publications. While personal opinions in such a case as

this are probably valueless, I cannot believe that Fabricius worked

in ignorance of Latreille any more than Latreille worked in ignor-

ance of Fabricius. Furthermore, the burden of proof should be to

the effect that Fabricius intended his name as new and I can find

no such proof whatever.

And finally, both these alternatives hinge upon our ability to

interpret the intent of a worker long dead, who never explained

*That dispar has been used as a genotype does not eliminate it from considera-

tion. See Article 62 of the Code, which specifically applies to this point.

the pan-pacific entomologist [voL. XXIV, no. 1

his intentions in this case. The only pertinent information we have,

from Latreille’s 1804 publication, must be considered as both

prejudiced and ambiguous since it presumes a lapsus calami, but

treats as though a homonym had been created.

If neither of these alternatives is acceptable, and I believe they

are not, then the citation of an acceptable species, dispar, in the

1798 publication of Geotrupes must stand. This species becomes

the genotype by monotypy, and Latreille’s 1810 selection of

stercorarius is irrelevant.

Therefore Ceratophyus must fall as a synonym of Geotrupes,

and that genus, or subgenus, of which stercorarius is the type is

left nameless.

While this maintains the subfamily Geotrupinae in its present

sense it does considerable violence to our concept of Geotrupes, a

concept based on stercorarius as the type, a concept which has now

held for almost a hundred and fifty years, a concept which is

clearly the same as that originally held by Olivier and given a

generic name by Latreille.

Since it appears impossible to maintain our century and a half

old concept of Geotrupes under the Rules, I am submitting the

matter to the International Commission, with the recommendation

that, under their plenary powers the rules be set aside in the case

of Geotrupes, and that stercorarius be declared its official type.

Should the Commission rule against this petition, then will be

ample time to propose a new name for the genus, or subgenus of

which stercorarius is the type.

NEW RECORDS OF PONERA TRIGONA var. OPACIOR

FOREL

( Hym enoptera : Formicidae )

Since this primitive ant has been recorded previously from

only two California localities, the following collections are of con-

siderable interest: found in moist soil, Sigmund Stern Grove, San

Francisco, February 25, 1946, Potts and Ting colls. (8 workers in

the author’s collection) ; Sacramento, October 16, 1941, Bachman

coll. (3 winged females, in the collection of the State Department

of Agriculture) ; Pinon Flat, San Jacinto Mountains, May 27, 1939,

Ross coll. (2 workers, in the University of California collection) .

In connection with the previous records, from Bakersfield and

Weed, it would appear that this ponerine species is widely distrib-

uted if not common within California. — Robert W. L. Potts.

JANUARY, 1948]

FURMAN— LIPONYSSUS

LIPONYSSUS PACIFICUS EWING, A SYNONYM OF

LIPONYSSUS SYLVIARUM (CANESTRINI AND

FANZAGO)

(Acarina: Dermanyssidae)

BY DEANE P. FURMAN

University of California

A study of series of specimens of Liponyssus sylviarum (Cn.

and Fanzago) taken from various species of birds in California,

has revealed variations within series ranging from typical to de-

cidedly atypical specimens.

Since certain of the more atypical specimens seemed to ap-

proach very closely the description of Liponyssus pad ficus

Ewing, specimens were sent for verification to Dr. E. W. Baker

at the U. S. National Museum. He stated that two of the most

atypical specimens collected from a Brewers blackbird, agreed

upon comparison with the types of Liponyssus pad ficus. Appre-

ciation is expressed to the virology section of the Hooper Founda-

tion for Medical Research for the loan of avian mites during this

study.

Comparison of pacificus with sylviarum

The anal plate of L. padficus, as illustrated by Ewing (1922),

has a truncate posterior margin. In the type series of this species

as well as in many specimens of L. sylviarum examined, the termi-

nal portion of the anal plate is abruptly folded under, and only upon

careful observation is it possible to ascertain that the plate actually

has a tapering, rather acutely rounded posterior margin.

The position of the paired anal setae of L. sylviarum varies. Us-

ually they are behind the level of the middle of the anus, but on some

they may occur at the mid level or even anterior to the mid level of

the anus.

Typically, females of L. sylviarum have a sternal plate bearing

two pairs of setae, with a third pair located just off the plate and

postero-lateral to it. This arrangement is not constant, however, for

the poster o-lateral corners of the plate may approach and in some

cases appear to include the third pair of setae. In the type series of

L. padficus the lateral branches of the sternal plate are cut off either

at or slightly before the third pair of setae and do' not extend be-

tween the coxae as illustrated by Ewing (1922). Furthermore, the

anterior pair of setae of the types may be on the edge of the plate

or slightly behind it, agreeing with the variations found in L.

sylviarum.

the PAN-PACIFIC entomologist [voL. XXIV, NO. 1

The peritreme extends anteriorly a variable distance in L. sylvi-

arum, ranging" from the level of the second coxae to a point anterior

to the posterior margin of the first coxae.

It appears thus that the original description of L. pacificus as

differentiated from L. sylviarum is based on a combination of vari-

able characters and artifacts in the tj^e series, and therefore it is

considered a synonym of L. sylviarum.

A number of specimens collected from a chipmunk {Eutamias

alpinus Merriam) were reported by G. Auguston (1941) as L. pacifi-

cus. These specimens definitely are different from the type series

of Liponyssus pacificus.

Fig. 1. Chelicera of Liponyssus sylviarum, {Ganestrim and Fanzago)

In connection with the current study of L. sylviarum, details of

the cheliceral structure were observed, which so far as I am aware

have not been reported previously. As shown by the accompanying

figure, the movable arm is divided for part of its length into two

processes, or phalanges. Proper orientation is necessary to observe

this structure to best advantage, but it is visible even on poorly

mounted specimens if examined carefully under an oil immersion

lens.

The fixed arm of the chelicera is slightly longer than the movable

arm and possesses a slightly flared tip which is set at a right angle

to the axis of the arm.

It is possible that the cheliceral structure of Liponyssus syl-

viarum warrants its removal from the genus Liponyssus. My ob-

servations have not revealed a similar morphology in other species

of the genus. Pending more extensive investigation, however, it is

best to retain the species in its present status.

Literature Cited

Auguston, G. F. 1941. Ectoparasite-host records from the Sierran

region of east central California. Bulletin So. Calif. Acad.

Sciences. 40 (3) :147-157.

Ewing, H. E. 1922. The dermanyssid mites of North America.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 62(2459) :l-26.

JANUARY, 1948] PRITCHARD— A NEW GALL MIDGE

CLINODIPLOSIS PUCCINI AE, A NEW GALL MIDGE

FEEDING ON A RUST

(Diptera: Itonididae)

BY A. EARL PRITCHARD

University of California, Berkeley

A number of species of gall midges have been assigned to the

genus Clinodiplosis Kieffer. The larvae of most of these have been

regarded as inquilines, inasmuch as they are commonly found in

association with gall midges, gall wasps, or stem-mining caterpil-

lars. Species which are currently placed in closely related genera

are principally fungus feeders or predators in the larval state. Of

the four species of Clinodiplosis known from North America, one

has been reared from the stems of Iceland poppies, while adults of

the other three species were collected from spider webs. The follow-

ing new species is of particular interest because the larvae are

found in galls which are formed by the rust, Puccinia evadens Hark.,

on chaparral broom, Baccharis pilularis DC. Studies on the biol-

ogy of this midge will be presented by Mr. John M. Harvey, of

Stanford University, in a subsequent publication. The writer is

indebted to Mr. J. W. Tilden, also of Stanford University, for the

type material.

Clinodiplosis pucciniae Pritchard, new species

A pale yellowish species with three wide, sharply defined, dark

brown mesonotal vittae. Eyes large, covering head dorsally and

laterally. Palpus four segmented, the proximal segment short, the

second and third segments each twice the length of the first, and

the fourth seganent nearly three times as long as the first. Wings

hyaline, sparsely covered with slender, curved macrochaetae ; C with

long setae proximally; R 4+5 curved, distally, reaching margin be-

hind wing tip; distal portion of M 3+4 as distinct as Cui. Claws

abruptly bent near base, the first pair only with an elongate, strongly

curved proximal tooth; empodium short and broad, extending to

bend of claws. Length, 1.8 mm.

Male. Antenna with 2 + 12 segments and a terminal nipple;

flagellar segments binodose, the second node distinctly longer than

the first and the second stem as long as second node; circumfila all

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIV, NO. 1

subequal in length, with about ten loops in each row, and the loops

of the third row nearly reaching the end of the segment; distal stem

of ultimate segment short, and terminal nipple elongate oval.

Hypopygium with basiclasper slender, narrowly approximate below,

with a broad angulation on inner proximal portion; disticlasper

elongate, slender; ninth tergite membranous, angulately produced;

tenth tergite triangulately divided, each lobe rounded laterally and

with two distal setae; tenth stemite elongate, extending approxi-

mately to tip of ninth tergite, slightly expanded on distal portion

and with distal end rather deeply and broadly emarginate; distal

lobes of tenth sternite each with two setae distally and one seta

medio-ventrally; tegmen elongate and slender, reaching to end of

disticlasper, tapering from near base to a narrow tip and with two

pairs of sensory microsetae on distal portion (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Male terminalia of Clinodiplosis pticciniae Pritchard,

new species, holotype, Palo Alto, California, March 24-31, 1947,

reared from Puccinia evadens by J. W. Tilden.

Female. Antenna with 2 + 12 segments and a terminal nipple;

distal stems about one-half length of enlargements; ultimate seg-

ment with very short stem ; terminal nipple elongate oval. Ovipositor

short, the terminal segment of lamellae twice as long as broad.

Holotype. Male, Palo Alto, California, March 24-31, 1947,

reared from rust on Baccharis pilularis, J. W. Tilden, in the writer’s

collection.

Paratypes. Twenty-one males, twenty-five females, Palo Alto,

California, March 24-31, 1947, reared from rust on Baccharis

pilularis, J. W. Tilden.

JANUARY, 1948]

TILDEN— AESTIVATION IN ARACHNIS

AESTIVATION IN LARVAE OF ARACHNIS PICT A PICT A

PACKARD

(Lepido'ptera: Arctiidae)

BY J. W, TILDEN

Stanford University, California

In the summers of 1940 and 1941, numbers of arctiid larvae

{Arachnis picta picta Packard) were found clinging to the trunks

of Eucalyptus trees in the Alum Rock Park area east of San Jose,

California. Some had taken refuge under bark, while others were

quite exposed. Observations made in September showed that some

of the larvae were pupating, after having rested on the trees for a

long time. Some of these subsequently emerged in October.

In April, 1946, several larvae of this species were taken feeding

on Lupinus at Redwood City, California. Several species of lupines

were being utilized, and no apparent preference was shown for any

particular species. These larvae were placed in jars and fed on

leaves from the plants on which they were found. After feeding

for but a short time, they refused further food and became dormant,

showing a tendency to spin a shelter as near the top of the jar as

possible. Here again is shown the impulse to climb, which was

demonstrated in the first instance, by climbing the Eucalyptus trees.

It was assumed that pupation would follow, but observations in

mid-summer showed the larvae untransformed. All remained in a

condition which may be regarded as aestivation, until late in Au-

gust. During the last week in August and in early September, all

pupated normally, and all save one emerged in October.

During the period of aestivation, no care was taken of the insects,

which were entirely without food and water. The laboratory was

kept at a nearly constant temperature. Thus it appears unlikely

that the stimulus to pupate could have been a reduction in tempera-

ture such as takes place outdoors with the onset of autumn.

The entire process suggests that the fall emergence of Arachnis

picta is derived from larvae that feed in the spring during the grow-

ing season of the food plants, and that the summer is passed as an

aestivating larva rather than as a pupa. This indicates that the life

history of this species differs markedly from those multiple brooded

species in which the larvae feed in the fall and in which pupation

follows the maturity of the larvae without any dormant period.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIV, NO. 1

A NEW LOCALITY RECORD OF XENORHIPIS OSBORNI

KNULL, WITH NOTES ON HOST AND WORK

(Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

BY T. O. THATCHER

University of California

In May, 1947, some branches of dead willow {Salix sp.) from

four miles northwest of Blythe, Riverside County, California, were

brought into the laboratory of the Division of Entomology and

Parasitology at Berkeley. They were placed in a cage to attempt

rearing of beetles, the presence of which was indicated by borings

in the wood.

During August, 1947, two male beetles emerged. These were

brachelytrous, metallic blue-green and had flabellate antennae.

They were referred to Dr. E. C. Van Dyke of the California

Academy of Sciences who identified them as Xenorhipis oshorni

Knull.

This appears to be a new record, the species not having been

recorded previously from California. It also constitutes a new

host record as Knull’s original series was taken on Cat’s Claw

[Acacia constricta Benth.) in the Davis Mountains of Texas, May

24 to 27, 1935.

The general form of the specimens corresponds with that of

the paratype of X. osborni in the collection of the California

Academy of Sciences but the California specimens are smaller,

of a green color rather than blue and the basal dark area of the

elytron is more triangular, giving the white band a more oblique

appearance.

Work of Xenorhipis osborni Knull

The eggs are laid singly, and of the five oviposition points

found in the specimen observed, 2 eggs were 1 mm. apart, 1 was

7 mm. from that point and the other two were 22 mm. and 36 mm.

away. Four of the eggs were laid in the bark of an internode and

one through a crevice at the base of a twig. It could not be de-

termined whether the eggs in the open bark were laid in some

natural opening or whether the opening was made by the female

beetle.

Where the bark was thick, the larval tunnel for a short distance

was entirely in the bark, but where the bark was thin it com-

JANUARY, 1948]

BIXBY— SPHAERIDIUM

menced at the level of the wood, engraving the bark deeply and the

wood very lightly. The frass is loosely packed in the tunnel and

is composed of rather uniform, cylindrical pellets about 1/5 to

1/4 mm. long, half that diameter, with bluntly rounded to square

ends. The frass is red-brown in color like the inner bark, except

in that portion of the tunnel where the excavation for the pupal

chamber is made into the wood. Here it is the pale color of the

wood.

The tunnels are the typical wide, shallow, winding ones of

Buprestidae but there are no striations on the wood surface.

Three tunnels which were completed measured 52 mm., 67 mm.

and 88 mm. in length and a fourth which was not completed

measured 50 mm., all beginning with a width of approximately

1/3 mm. and enlarging gradually to 3 mm. at the point where

the pupal chamber was constructed. The pupal chamber is 2 to

2-1/2 mm. wide and 9 mm. long, slightly curved, and has, in the

one cut open, a maximum depth of 2 mm. under the wood surface.

DISTRIBUTION OF SPHAERIDIUM LUNATUM FAB.

( Coleoptera : Hydrophilidae )

On a recent collecting trip one male and two females of Sphaer-

idium lunatum Fab. (det. H. B. Leech) were taken by the author

at Big Springs in Shasta County, California, on the 26th of June,

1947. This is the first time that this species has been reported from

California.

In 1940 W. J. Brown reported (Canad. Ent. 72:65-78) that

the species occurs in Canada, the earliest record being in 1926. He

gives a key to this and two other introduced species of the genus,

Sphaeridium hipustulatum Fab. and Sphaeridium scarabaeoides. L.

Hatch in 1946 (Pan-Pac. Ent., 22:77-80) reports the species from

New York, 1923; Illinois, 1924; Colorado, 1938; Idaho, 1928;

Washington (several specimens, the earliest record being in 1926) .

In Mr. Leech’s collection at the California Academy of Sciences are

specimens from the following unrecorded localities: Forest Grove,

Ore., 14 May 1938, Gray & Schuh, mechanical trap; Belle Fourche,

S. D., 6 July 1941, N. P. Larson, Trap 2w; Jaenette, Pa., May 1926;

Columbia, Mo., 19 April 1939, W. A. Enns, in dung; Odessa trail,

Rocky Mt. Nat. Park, Col., 11,000 ft. elev., 23 July 1933, A. W.

Andrews. The collection of the California Academy of Sciences

includes two specimens labeled Barnstead, N. H., 11 Sept. 1928,

F. E. Blaisdell. — David H. Bixby, University of California.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 1

THE DISTRIBUTION OF COPWOSOMA KOEHLERI

BLANCHARD

( Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae)

BY RICHARD L. DOUTT^

Division of Biological Control, University of California

Occasionally an entomophagous species becomes widely and

purposely distributed through the activities of institutions engaged

in the biological control of insect pests. While these manipulations

may tend to become routine in biological control projects, the

transferal of such faunal elements is of sufficient importance to

justify a periodic recapitulation above the departmental level and

for the benefit of entomologists at large. This paper is a sum-

mary of the distribution of Copidosoma koehleri, a polyembryonic

parasite of the potato tuber moth, Gnorimoschema operculella

(Zeller) .

Mendes (1938) found a polyembryonic encyrtid parasitizing

23.9 per cent of the potato tuber moth population in Campinas,

Brazil. He encountered it also in the localities of Botucatu, Itaqua-

quecetuba, and in Taipas (State of Sao Paulo). This parasite was

determined by Gahan as Copidosoma sp.

In 1940 Blanchard published a key to some Argentine encyrtids

including one new species of Copidosoma designated as koehleri.

Subsequently De Santis (1940) lists Copidosoma koehleri Blanch-

ard as parasitizing the potato tuber moth in Argentina. Hayward

(1942) records C. koehleri from the same host in Brazil.

On March 24, 1945, a shipment of 8 potato tuber moth larvae

parasitized by C. koehleri was sent from Santiago, Chile, to River-

side, California, by Gregorio Rosenberg, Ministerio de Agricul-

tura, Departomento de Sanidad Vegetal. The shipment was sent

by air express and consigned to Wendell F. Sellers, Imperial Para-

site Service,^ University of California, Citrus Experiment Station,

Riverside. Sellers received the shipment on March 31, 1945, and

found some adults had emerged, 78 of which were living. An ad-

ditional 25 female parasites emerged on April 3, 1945.^

The initial insectary stock rapidly increased, and some material

was transferred to the Division of Biological Control of the Uni-

^ Junior Entomologist in the Experiment Station.

^Now Imperial Bureau of Biological Control.

“The author is grateful to Wendell F. Sellers of the Imperial Bureau of Bio-

logical Control for kindly contributing the data regarding the importation of C.

koehleri from Chile.

JANUARY, 1948]

DOUTT— COPIDOSOMA

versity of California. This Division successfully undertook mass

culture of the parasite for liberation in the potato growing regions

of southern California. Specimens of these parasites were sent to

the U. S. National Museum where Gahan found them to be identical

with the material from Campinas, Brazil, collected by Luiz Mendes.^

During 1945 the Imperial Bureau of Biological Control distrib-

uted C. koehleri from California to Bermuda and Australia. In

December of 1945 the Division of Biological Control supplied para-

sites for a shipment to Hawaii supervised by N. L. H. Krauss of

the Territory of Hawaii, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture

and Forestry. In 1947 this Division made shipments to Italy at the

request of F. Silvestri, Portici. Thus within two years C. koehleri

has been widely distributed from its native South American habi-

tat, and attempts have been made to establish it in Australia,

Bermuda, California, Hawaii, and Italy.

Literature Cited

Blanchard, E. E. 1940. Apuntes sobre Encirtidos Argentinos,

Anal. Soc. Cient. Argentina. E.III.T., 130:106-128.

De Santis, L. 1941. Lista de himenopteros parasites y predatores

de los insectos de la republica Argentina. Bol. Soc. Brazil.

Agron., 4(1) :l-66.

Hayward, K. J. 1942. La polilla de la papa Gnorimo schema oper-

culella [Zeller] y su control. Rev. Ind. Agri. Tucuman., 32:153-

158.

Mendes, L. 0. T. 1938. Segunda contribuigao sobre a occorencia da

“Traca da Batatinha” {Gnorimoschema operculella [Zeller] no

Estado de S. Paulo. Jor. Agron., 1 (5) :415-452.

Synopsis of United States Ants

Smith, M. R. A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the United

States Ants, Based on the workers ( Hymenoptera : Formicidae).

The Amer. Midland Naturalist, Vol. 37 :3, pp. 521-647, May, 1947.

Dr. M. R. Smith is one of the leading ant specialists of this coun-

try. In the above reprint from The American Midland Naturalist,

Dr. Smith has assembled the most comprehensive description of the

ant fauna of the United States to be found in any treatise on the

subject, filling a long need of fonnicologists for this type of work.

It is written primarily for beginners, is up-to-date and the keys

readily workable.

The reprints can be purchased from Dr. John D. Mizelle, Editor

of American Midland Naturalist, University of Notre Dame, Notre

Dame, Indiana. Price $2.00.— J. E. Eckert, Univ. of Calif., Davis.

'Correspondence to the author from C. F. W. Muesebeck. Dated May 17, 1946.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 1

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

A. E. Michelbacher

V ice-President

E. L. Kessel

President

E. S. Ross

Secretary

Proceedings

One Hundred and Ninety-first Meeting

The one hundred and ninety-first meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:30 p.m. on January 4, 1947, in

the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco. President Duncan in the chair. The following mem-

bers were present: W. W. Middlekauff, E. C. Van Dyke, R. L.

Usinger, H. F. Madsen, W. H. Hart, K. E. Frick, D. D. Jensen, E. 0.

Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, R. C. Miller, G. F. Ferris, 0. B. Cope,

H. P. Chandler, J. F. Gustafson, C. W. Grant, B. D. Culver, F. E.

Skinner, E. S. Dethlefsen, W. L. Lee, F. J. Driver, E. A. Smith, J. P.

Harville, R. A. Flock, R. W. L. Potts, G. E. Bohart, E. G. Linsley,

R. F. Smith, J. W, MacSwain, W. W. Sampson, K. S. Hagen, W. F.

Barr, H. T. Reynolds, D. J. Raski, C. D. Duncan, and E. S. Ross.

Visitors were present as follows: W. A. Russell, Mrs. W. Hart,

Mrs. F. M. Frick, R, L. Doutt, L, S. Miller, L. M. Henry, P. H. Ar-

naud, R. W. Coleman, D. Guiliani, A. W. Larson, W. H. Nutting,

R. Van den Bosch, G. Markos, R. F. Portman, J. E. Ryus, D. P. Fur-

man, and A. E, Pritchard.

The minutes of the previous meeting and the treasurer’s finan-

cial statement were read and approved.

The nominating committee proposed, and the Society elected, the

following officers for 1947: E. L. Kessel, President; A. E. Michel-

bacher, Vice-President; E. S. Ross, Secretary; R. C. Miller, Treas-

urer; and G. F. Ferris, Member-at-Large, Executive Committee.

The membership committee proposed the following for member-

ship in the Society: T. 0. Thatcher, R. L. Doutt, A. E. Pritchard,

A. W. Larson, W. H. Nutting, and W. A. Russell. They were un-

animously elected.

As chairman of the nomenclature committee, Prof. Ferris read

a petition signed by members of the Committee on Zoological Nomen-

clature of the Smithsonian Institution which requests that the

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

give favorable consideration to Secretary Hemming’s proposal for

adequate financial support for the International Commission on

Zoological Nomenclature. Prof. Ferris then moved that the Society

endorse this petition. The motion was seconded and unanimously

passed.

President Duncan appointed R. W. L. Pbtts chairman and J. W.

MacSwain and W. F. Barr members of a committee to audit the

financial accounts of the Society.

JANUARY, 1948]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

The frequency of meetings was discussed and Dr. U singer moved

that the number of meetings be increased to four Spring meetings

and two Fall meetings. The motion was carried unanimously.

In response to a call for notes and exhibits, Miss Henry spoke

on her study of the innervation of the heads of Annelida and arthro-

pods and its value in the interpretation of the segmentation of the

insect head. Her remarks were illustrated by a display of her fine

drawings,

Mr. MacSwain reported on his success in collecting Protura in

the Berkeley Hills on rotting twigs deep in the litter under bay trees

{Umbellularia californica ) .

Dr. Ross called attention to his recent discovery bf Dhiapate

wrightii in palms southwest of El Mante, Tamaulipas, Mexico. This

spectacular beetle was at one time believed to be endemic to Cali-

fornia.

Because of Dr. Kessel’s absence, President Duncan turned the

meeting over to the newly elected Vice-President, Dr. Michelbacher,

who introduced the new officers and presided during Dr. Duncan’s

retiring presidential address entitled “Insects and Human Welfare.”

After a brief discussion of the paper, the meeting adjourned. — E. S.

Ross, Secretary.

One Hundred and Ninety-second Meeting

The one hundred and ninety-second meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:30 p.m. on February 8, 1947,

in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of

Sciences, San Francisco. President Kessel in the chair. The follow-

ing members were present: E. C. Van Dyke, R. M Bohart, E. 0.

Essig, R. F. Smith, R. W. L. Potts, M. W. Allen, W. W. Middlekauff,

A. W. Larson, W. H. Lange, A. E. Pritchard, A. E, Michelbacher,

E. A. Steinhaus, R. L. Usinger, W. H. Lee, K. S. Hagen, R. L. Doutt,

B. B. Kessel, C. H. Atkins, J. W. MacSwain, E. G. Linsley, E. A.

Smith, J. R. Walker, F. E. Skinner, W. A. Russell, T. 0. Thatcher,

P. D. Hurd, Jr., A. J. Walz, H. T. Reynolds, Dewey J. Raski, La June

Dunn, W. H. Nutting, E. Cott, J. P. Harville, 0. B. Cope, J. W.

Tilden, H. P. Chandler, and E. S. Ross. Visitors were present as

follows: R. McQueen, J. H. Freitag, Mrs. E. A. Smith, and Mrs. M.

Mauerhan.

The membership committee proposed, and the Society elected

Mr. Manuel Marquis for membership in the Society.

A letter from the Secretary of the Pacific Division, A.A.A.S.,

inviting the Society’s participation in the June meetings of the

A.A.A.S. in San Diego was read by the Secretary. In view of the

fact that the meetings of the Pacific Slope Branch of fhe American

Association of Economic Entomologists are to be held during this

same period it was decided that the Society would not participate

as a group at the San Diego meetings.

the pan-pacific entomologist [voL. XXIV, NO. 1

Dr. Lange called attention to a request he had received from

Poland for duplicates of separata and books to replace a library

lost during the war. Because of the extent of such losses in several

parts of the world, the President appointed Dr. Usinger chairman

and Dr. Lange and Mr. Potts members of a committee to investigate

the ways in which the Society could assist institutions which have

lost their collections and libraries during the war.

In response to a call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Van Dyke ex-

hibited several drawers oi Phaenius (Scarabaeidae) from the Acad-

emy Collection which he had recently reorganized. Dr. Pritchard

was asked to speak on his work on the Itonididae. He stated that

preliminary investigations reveal many new or unrecorded genera

and species from California and that in view of the localized nature

of previous work, California is practically a virgin field for the

study of this family.

Dr. Kessel then called on Dr. Ray F. Smith of the University of

California to present his paper entitled “Natural Factors Influenc-

ing the Populations of C alias eury theme” Dr. Smith introduced

his subject by stating that, “alfalfa is the most important crop

grown in California today and that the original home of alfalfa is

somewhere in southwestern Asia. From this area it has spread

over most of the temperate regions of the world. This same region

is also the center of distribution of the genus Colias. Today, in

each of the areas of major production of alfalfa, there is a different

species of Colias attacking alfalfa. Such pests occur in South Africa,

Russia, France, North Africa, Argentina, Chile, and southwestern

United States.

“The alfalfa butterfly, Colias philodice eurytheme Boisduval,

was present in California prior to the introduction of alfalfa in 1854.

The large usage of alfalfa hay spread eastward from California

and with this spread the alfalfa butterfly has moved, so that, today

it is not uncommon in eastern United States.

“The alfalfa butterfly is usually effectively controlled by natural

factors of which the most significant in our warm interior valleys

appears to be a native hymenopterous parasite, Apanteles sp., and

a virus disease called wilt. It is only when these natural factors

are not effective that chemical or other artificial control measures

are warranted.

“On the basis of an ecological study of the relation of this insect

to alfalfa culture, the action of the various natural factors acting

upon the butterfly and caterpillar populations in the field can be

determined. The relation of the population trends to the cutting

cycles, the individual field, and the growth in the field has been deter-

mined. By carefully following the population trends of the pest

and its enemies as associated with these factors, one can predict

damage from the pest. These methods have been used on a practical

scale in the Dos Palos area of the San Joaquin Valley.”

Following a discussion of this paper, the meeting was adjourned.

— E. S. Ross, Secretary.

JANUARY, 1948]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

One Hundred and Ninety-third Meeting

The one hundred and ninety-third meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on March 15, 1947, in

the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of Sci-

ences, San Francisco. President Kessel in the chair. The following

members were present: E. C. Van Dyke, D. D. Jenson, J. F. Gustaf-

son, R. A. Flock, G. F. Ferris, E. A. Steinhaus, J. W. MacSwain,

R. F. Smith, E. O. Eads, R. L. Doutt, K. S. Hagen, L. R. Gillogly,

W. W. Sampson, F. J. Driver, C. D. Grant, 0. B Cope, H. E. Cott,

J. W. Tilden, W. Lee, W. A. Russell, B. B. Kessel, A. E. Pritchard,

J. P. Harville, E. A. Smith, A. C. Smith, J. R. Walker, J. J. DuBois,

B. E. White, D. J. Raski, H. P. Chandler, T. 0. Thatcher, W. H.

Nutting, R. W. L. Potts, H. H. Keifer, R. C. Miller, M. Marquis,

F. E. Skinner, E. L. Kessel and E. S. Ross. Visitors were present as

follows: J. B. Duncan, A. G. Applegarth, V. P. Rao, A. H. Storm,

F. L. Blanc, P. H. Arnaud, Mrs. J. W. Tilden, D. Giuliani, and U. N.

Lanham.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The membership committee proposed, and the Society elected,

Mr. J. Bruce Duncan and Mr. U. N. Lanham for membership in the

Society.

Dr. Usinger, reporting for the library rehabilitation committee,

reviewed the amount of duplicate literature at present possessed by

the Society and made a plea for the donation of additional material.

The following motion made by him was seconded and passed: “I

move that the duplicate publications possessed by the Society, in-

cluding a set of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, and donated by

individual members, be shipped at Society expense as a gift to the

Entomology Department of the College of Agriculture of the Philip-

pines at Los Banos, P. I.”

Mr. MacSwain reporting for the field trip committee, stated that

Taylor State Park, Marin County, had been selected as the place,

and April 20, the date of the annual field trip.

In repsonse to a call for notes and exhibits, Mr. MacSwain de-

scribed his technique of collecting the difficult-to-obtain male Strep-

siptera by using captive bees parasitized by females as lures.

Prof. G. F. Ferris of Stanford University was next introduced

and presented the main address, entitled: “The Mealybugs of North

America.’^

Prof. Ferris stated that for some time he had been working on

an atlas of the North American mealybugs and that the group is

large, comprising some 250 species in this area. The difficulties

involved in studying mealybugs are largely due to interpreting pre-

vious work based on faulty techniques, not to' things inherent in the

insects themselves. The importance of satisfactory slide prepara-

tions required to really see the insects was stressed. Using the

blackboard and his drawings. Prof. Ferris then reviewed in detail

the characters of the group and those used to separate species.

These characters are exceedingly intricate and involve the structure

and position of pores in the derm.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIV, NO. 1

In delineating these characters, a standardized plate is highly

desirable. Because of the large numbers of pores, and their often

uniform structure, many can be indicated by special rubber stamps

with a great saving of labor.

The species do not form satisfactory generic patterns. Popula-

tions apparently representing distinct species based on biological

factors occasionally show no morphological differences.

The question of what light a study of the males would throw

on the various problems was raised. Prof. Ferris agreed that a

knowledge of the males would, of course, be of great value, but that

there was as yet insufficient correlated material upon which to base

such studies.

The meeting was adjourned following a lively discussion of Prof.

Ferris’ presentation. — E. S. Ross, Secretary.

One Hundred and Ninety-fourth Meeting

The annual field meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological

Society was held at Taylor State Park, Marin County on April 20,

1947.

The following members were present: G. L. Smith, M. W. Allen,

E. G. Meyers, M. Marquis, R. L. Usinger, E. C. Van Dyke, J. W.

Tilden, H. P. Chandler, La June Dunn, W. L. Lee, E. F. Quinnell,

F. E. Skinner, E. L. Kessel, B. B. Kessel, W. H. Hart, T. 0. Thatcher,

W. A. Russell, A. E. Pritchard, and E. S. Ross. Visitors were pres-

ent as follows : Mrs. W. W. Allen, P. H. Arnaud, J. W. Isaac, Mrs.

M. Marquis, Mr. and Mrs. H. Marquis, Mrs. J. W. Tilden, Mrs. A. E.

Pritchard, Mr. and Mrs. F. Marsh, Mrs. T. 0. Thatcher, D. Giuliani,

W. Schultz, E. Calkins, and Mrs. E. S. Ross.

Although the season was somewhat retarded in the canyon, and

the afternoon became cold and windy, some of the collectors had fair

success. Dr. Van Dyke largely confined himself to beating and,

from oak limbs, secured Xestobium. affine Lee., and Coxelus pacificus

Horn; and from redwood, Tricholema abnormala Cr. Several

Pogonocherus crinitus Lee. were also beaten. Other noteworthy

captures were Lvdius semivittatus (Say) and furtivus (Lec.).

Platycerus oregonensis Westw., was collected with its larvae in rot-

ting oak. This is a new host record for the last species. Dr. Kessel

collected a number of Platypezidae and Therevidae as well as other

Diptera. Dr, Usinger specialized on aquatic insects in Lagunitas

Creek. Dr. Ross’ prize capture was a specimen of the rare lampyrid,

Ginglymacladus discoidea Van Dyke, The oustanding captures of

other collectors were not reported. — E. S. Ross, Secretary.

One Hundred and Ninety-fifth Meeting

The one hundred and ninety-fifth meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on November 1, 1947,

in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of

Sciences, San Francisco. President Kessel in the chair. The fol-

lowing members were present: E. C. Van Dyke, D. D. Jensen, E. 0.

Essig, R. W. L. Potts, A. E. Pritchard, A. J. Walz, L. R. Gillogly,

JANUARY, 1948]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

W. W. Sampson, G. F. Ferris, R. E. Blackwelder, J. W. Tilden, J. R.

Walker, W. L. Lee, J. P, Harville, R. L. Usinger, A. E, Michelbacher,

A. W. Larsen, P, A. Harvey, R. C. Miller, E. G. Meyers, E. A. Smith,

E. L. Kessel, and E. S, Ross. Visitors were present as follows:

D. W. Boddy, L. A. Bascom, L. H. Henry, Mrs. J. W. Tilden, C. A.

Hanson, E. E. Seibert, D. H. Bixby, C. H. Spitzer, P. H. Arnaud, B.

Adelson, W. W. Wirth, W. Thomsen, P. Adams, Mrs. F. Atkins, Mr.

and Mrs. S. Benedict, D. Reddy, R. P. Dow^ Mrs. E. A. Smith, H. B.

Leech, A. G. Applegarth, and H. Blakemore.

The minutes of the 193rd and 194th meetings were read and

approved.

The membership committee proposed, and the Society elected,

the following for membership : P. A. Adams, R. E. Beer, D. H.

Bixby, H. Blakemore, D. W. Boddy, D. E. Bryan, L. A. Estabrook,

T. W. Fisher, C. H. Hanson, M. H. Hatch, H. B. Leech, E. E. Seibert,

C. H. Spitzer, R. Van den Bosch, and W. W. Wirth.

A committee comprising Dr. Pritchard (Chairman), Miss Henry,

and Dr. Harvey was appointed to nominate candidates for society

offices and to report at the next meeting.

Dr. Usinger, speaking for the Committee on Nomenclature, stated

that Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary, International Commission

on Zoological Nomenclature, is planning to visit the United States

during December under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution.

He spoke of the desirability of having Mr. Hemming extend his visit

so as to meet with West Coast workers. Dr. Usinger made the fol-

lowing motion: “I move that $25 of Society funds be allocated as a

contribution toward payment of Mr. Francis Hemming’s travel

expenses should he be able to visit San Francisco.” The motion

was seconded and passed.

In response to a call for notes and exhibits. Dr. E. C. Van Dyke

■ exhibited three drawers of Australian Buprestidae and Scara-

baeidae which he recently purchased from Mr. C. Deuquet of New

South Wales and presented to the California Academy of Sciences.

The collection comprises a nearly complete set of the groups con-

cerned. The beauty and quality of the specimens are especially note-

worthy. Mr. Spitzer added some personal remarks about Mr. Deu-

quet whom he met while stationed in Australia.

Messrs. Leech and Larson announced that they had sets of certain

periodicals available for sale.

The President then introduced Dr. R. E. Blackwelder, a visiting

member, who spoke a few words of praise for the Society and the

nature of its meetings.

Dr. D. D. Jensen of the University of California was next intro^

duced and presented the main address, entitled: “The Principles

of Insect Transmission of Plant Viruses.” His remarks are ab-

stracted as follows:

Some intriguing and as yet only partially solved biological phe-

nomena are to be found in the relationships which exist between the

insect vectors, the viruses they transmit and the host plants of the

viruses.

THE. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 1

Most virus spread in nature is due to insect transmission. The

large majority of virus vectors occur among the aphids and leaf-

hoppers which transmit more diseases than all other groups com-

bined. A few vectors have been reported among the Orthoptera,

Lepidoptera, Coleopteraand Thysanoptera. Recently mealybugs were

also incriminated as virus vectors. Only one arthropod species (an

eriophyid mite) other than insects is reported to transmit a plant virus.

Plant viruses are divisible into two general groups on the basis

of their insect vector relationships. They are: A) Non-persistent

viruses: B) Persistent viruses. Non-persistent viruses are char-

acterized by the following traits: 1) they usually undergo no latent

period in the vector; 2) they are not retained long by their vectors

after the insects leave a diseased plant and feed on a healthy plant;

3) a preliminary fast by the vector before feeding on an infected

plant frequently increases transmitting efficency if the feeding

time on the diseased plant is very short; 4) they are transmissible

from plant to plant by mechanical means; 5) there is usually a low

degree of specificity between the virus and its vectors.

Most of the common “mosaic” diseases, are caused by viruses of the

non-persistent type. Aphids are known vectors ofmost of these viruses.

Persistent viruses usually have the following characteristics:

1) they undergo a latent period in the vector before transmission

to a healthy plant can be accomplished; 2) they are retained by

their vectors for extended periods of time; 3) preliminary fasting

of the vector before feeding on a diseased plant does not increase

vector efficiency; 4) they are usually not transmissible from plant

to plant by mechanical means; 5) there is usually a greater degree

of specificity between virus and vector than occurs among the non-

persistent viruses.

Diseases caused by persistent viruses include curly top of sugar

beets, peach yellows, tomato spotted wilt, cotton leaf curl and many

others. The insect vectors of persistent viruses include Cicadellidae,

Delphacidae, Cercopidae, Aleyrodidae, Piesmidae, Thysanoptera,

and in exceptional cases, aphids and beetles.

Some of the facts and theories advanced to explain the char-

acteristics of persistent and non-persistent viruses were discussed.

Possible reasons were suggested for the inability of some insect

species to transmit certain viruses. The only proven barrier to

virus movement in the insect’s body occurs in the intestinal tract

of. a genetically bred race of Cicadulina mhila (Naude), the vector

of maize streak virus in Africa. If the alimentary tract of these

insects is punctured so that infective plant juice, taken in by feeding,

reaches the blood the insects become active vectors. Similar bar-

riers may explain the failure of certain vector species to acquire

virus during the late instar nymphal stages and as adults. Other

tissues such as the blood and salivary glands may contain virus

inactivators or inhibitors which prevent transmission by the insects

involved.

Following a discussion of the paper, the meeting was adjourned.

— E. S. Ross, Secretary.

JANUARY, 1948]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

One Hundred and Ninety-sixth Meeting

The one hundred and ninety-sixth meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:00 p.m., on December 6, 1947,

in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of

Sciences, San Francisco, Vice-President Michelbacher in the chair.

The following members were present: R. C. Miller, H. B, Leech,

E. C, Van Dyke, T. 0. Thatcher, J. W. MacSwain, R. W. L. Potts,

R. L, Usinger, F. J. Driver, E. G. Meyers, A. G. Applegarth, E. A.

Smith, K. E. Frick, J, P. Harville, J. W, Tilden, F. E, Skinner, R, E.

Blackwelder, G. F. Ferris, P. A. Harvey, P, A. Adams, C. H, Spitzer,

M, A. Stewart, L, R. Gillogly, C. D. Duncan, W. J. Hoyt, L. L,

Lewallen, L, M. Henry, A. E. Pritchard, D. P. Furman, W. W.

Wirth, C. A. Hanson, E. E. Seibert, D. Bixby, R. E. Beer, R. van

dbn Bosch, K, S. Hagen, D. D. Jensen, W. H, Nutting, and E. S.

Ross. Visitors were present as follows: Mrs. Ruth M. Blackwelder,

W. D. Murray, C. G. Hoyt, W. Thomsen, R. A. Corey, N. W. Hazel,

B. E. Rees, and P. H. Arnaud.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved

as corrected.

The membership committee proposed, and the Society elected,

for membership in the Society: V. E. Jones, B. E. Rees, 0. G. Bacon,

P. H. Arnaud, W. D. Murray, and N. W. Hazel.

The nominating committee proposed, and the Society elected the

following officers for 1948: A. E. Michelbacher, President; E. S.

Ross, Vice-President; D. D. Jensen, Secretary; and E. L. Kessel,

Member at Large, Executive Board.

Dr. Miller reported on the financial condition of the Society.

Mr. Potts, reporting for the auditing committee, stated that the

Society’s, financial accounts were found to be in good order.

Dr. Usinger announced that Mr. Francis Hemming would not be

able to visit the West Coast and that Society funds voted for his

travel expenses would, therefore, not be used.

In response to a call for notes and exhibits, Mr. MacSwain called

attention to his exhibit of living and prepared specimens of Protura

and Pauropoda. He stated that he and Mr. Lanham had found two

families with six new species of the latter in the Bay Region. The

habitat of these is on the bark of twigs in rotting litter of Umbel~

lularioi. Collecting is done by searching the twigs with a hand

lens. Drawings of the new species were also exhibited.

Mr. Arnaud passed around boxes containing forty-four species

of Syrphidae collected in one area. Ft. Lewis, Washington.

Dr. Duncan exhibited the scarab, Odontaeus ohesus Lee. collected

at San Jose. Mr. Thatcher exhibited two specimens of Xenorhipis

osbomi Knull, a buprestid new to California, collected on willow

along the Colorado River'.

Dr. Richard E. Blackwelder, Associate Curator of Insects, U. S.

National Museum, was then called upon to present his address en-

titled, “An Analysis of Specific Homonyms in Zoological Nomen-

clature.”

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 1

Three previously proposed methods of dealing with specific

homonyms, that of the International Rules and two which distin-

guish primary and secondary homonyms, were described and their

basic principles outlined and criticized by Dr. Blackwelder. He

stated that the justifiable features of these systems lead to a fourth

procedure. This, he outlined and suggested as a replacement for

the present rule. This new procedure is based on the distinction

between homonymy that actually exists at the present time (two

identical names in concurrent use) and homonymy that is merely

historical. He recommended that only homonyms of the first type

be replaced, pointing out that they would have to be replaced under

any of the other procedures as well. He presented arguments to

show that a new, properly proposed name should be retained in

spite of any later action if stability is to be maintained.

Dr. Blackwelder’s main address was preceded by a series of

cases involving problems in genotype designation among the Sta-

phylinidae. These cases were chosen to illustrate the contention

that the International Rules cannot always be taken at face value.

Extreme cases and exceptions were used to demonstrate certain

common errors in publishing generic names and in fixing their type

species.

Following a lively discussion, the meeting was adjourned at 4:00

p. m. — E. S. Ross, Secretary.

LIST OF MEMBERS*

NAME ADDRESS

’42 Aarons, Theodore, Room 1-A, Alameda County Court House,

Oakland, Calif.

’47 Adams, P. A., 2629 Haste St., Berkeley, Calif.

’37 Aitken, T. H. G., Rockefeller Foundation, c/o ERLAAS, Piazza

Garibaldi Caliari, Sardinia, Italy.

’44 Allen, Merlin W., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif.

’45 Allen, Robert P., 329 W. Colorado Blvd., Monrovia, Calif.

’39 Armitage, H. M., Bur. of Ent. and Plant Quar., State Office

Bldg., Sacramento, Calif.

’47 Arnaud, P. H., 60 Woodrow Ave., Redwood City, Calif.

’47 Bacon, Oscar G., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’35 Bailey, Stanley F., University Farm, Davis, Calif.

’40 Barnes, Martin M., Citrus Exp. Station, Riverside, Calif.

’40 Barr, W. F., Dept, of Ent., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

’39 Bartges, Rex., Rt. 1, Box 1042, Los Gatos, Calif.

’42 Beer, Frank M., 1135 N. 18th, Salem, Oregon.

’47 Beer, Robert E., 1810 Euclid Ave., Berkeley 9, Calif.

’47 Bixby, D. H., 2423 Haste St., Berkeley, Calif.

’29 Blackwelder, R. E., U. S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D. C.

’47 Blakemore, Herbert, 1824 Ward St., Berkeley, Calif.

*Cli — Charter member (1901). LM — ^Life member. HM — ^Honored member.

HonM — ^Honorary member.

JANUARY, 1948]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

’47 Boddy, D. W., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’35 Bohart, George E., USD A, Utah State College, Logan, Utah.

’35 Bohart, Richard M., University Farm, Davis, Calif.

’39 Brockman, Bernard, Hooper Foundation, U. C. Medical Center,

San Francisco, Calif.

’47 Bryan, Douglas E., 1500 Cedar St., Berkeley, Calif.

’23 Cain, Brighton C., P. 0. Box 796, Oakland, Calif.

’20 Chamberlin, J. C., Box 278, Forest Grove, Oregon.

’41 Chandler, Harry P., 1827 Addison St., Berkeley 3, Calif.

’46 Chandler, Mrs. Harry P., 1827 Addison St., Berkeley 3, Calif.

’41 Chong Wing You, Box 212, Rt. 2, Woodland, Calif.

’40 Christenson, L. D., U. S. Bur. of Ent. and Plant Quar., Wash-

ington, D. C.

’44 Cockerell, T. D. A., 908 10th St., Boulder, Colorado.

’23 Comstock, John A., Los Angeles Mus., Expoistion Park, Los

Ang’eles, Calif.

’39 Cope, Oliver B., Nat. Hist. Mus., Stanford Univ., Calif.

’41 Cott, Edwin, Rt. 1, Box 435, Martinez, Calif.

Ch Cottle, James E., 513 B St., Hayward, Calif.

’46 Culver, Dwight B., 2825 Cowper St., Palo Alto, Calif.

’39 Dahl, Richard G., 3133 Arizona St., Oakland, Calif.

’46 Davis, Edgar W., Box 218, Union Gap Rural Station, Yakima,

Wash.

’44 Deaver, A. L., Yakima Valley Spray Co., Box 513, Yakima,

Wash.

’35 De Leon, Donald, Box 156, Bexley Station, Columbus 9, Ohio.

’46 Dethlefsen, Edwin S., 1250 39th Ave., San Francisco, Calif.

’36 Dickson, R. C., Citrus Exp. Station, Riverside, Calif.

’19 Dietrich, Henry, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, New York.

’47 Doutt, R. L., 1050 San Pablo Ave., Albany 6, Calif.

’43 Drake, Carl J., Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.

’41 Driver, Fred J., 2517 Hillegass, Berkeley, Calif.

’37 Du Bois, J. J., 205 Wayside Drive, Turlock, Calif.

’20 Duncan, Carl D., San Jose State College, San Jose, Calif.

’46 Duncan, Douglas K., P. 0. Box 412, Globe, Arizona.

’47 Duncan, G. Bruce, 2762 Rollingwood Drive, Richmond, Calif.

’46 Eads, Clark 0., 765 O’Farrell St., San Francisco, Calif.

’02 EASTWOOD, ALICE, Botany Dept., Calif. Acad. Sci., San

Francisco, Calif. (HonM., ’12).

’14. ESSIG, E. 0., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

(HM, ’48).

’47 Estabrook, Loren A., 145 So. American St., Stockton, Calif.

’46 Ferguson, W. E., 6180 Moraga Ave., Oakland, Calif.

’19 FERRIS, G. F., Nat. Hist. Mus., Stanford Univ., Calif. (HM,

’48).

’47 Fisher, T. W., 2559 Le Conte, Berkeley, Calif.

’41 Fleschner, Charles A., Citrus Exp. Station, Riverside, Calif.

’41 Flock, R. A., Citrus Exp. Station, Riverside, Calif.

’40 Frazier, Norman, Rt. 1, Box 57, Woodlake, Calif.

’25 Freeborn, S. B., 201 Giannini HaU, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif.

the pan-pacific entomologist [voL. XXIV, NO. 1

’41 Frick, Kenneth E., 1012 Coolidge St., Albany, Calif.

’46 Frizzell, Harriet E., 807 45% St., Austin 22, Texas.

’47 Furman, D. P., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’46 Centner, L, G., 22 Groveland Ave., Medford, Oregon.

’46 Gillogly, L. R., 5462 14th Ave., Sacramento, Calif.

’38 Good, N. E., U. S. Public Health Service, 605 Volunteer Bldg.,

Atlanta, Ga.

’46 Grant, C. Donald, 2504 Jackson St., San Francisco, Calif.

’32 Gressitt, J. Linsley, Lingnan Urtiv., Canton, China (LM).

’45 Guedet, Rev. Edward, Holy Cross Church, 1818 Eddy St., San

Francisco, Calif.

’46 Gustafson, Joel F., 865 Moreno St., Palo Alto, Calif.

’24 Hadden, F. C., Santa Barbara, Calif. (LM).

’46 Hagen, Ellsworth, 2647 22nd Ave., Oakland, Calif.

’39 Hagen, Kenneth S., 121 Monte ^resta Ave., Oakland, Calif.

’47 Hanson, C. H., 1631 Walnut Ave., Berkeley, Calif.

’46 Hardman, N. F. Stauffer Chemical Co., Los Altos, Calif.

’46 Hart, Winfield H., 940 Buchanan St., Albany 6, Calif.

’35 Harvey, Paul A., S. F. State Teachers’ College, San Francisco,

Calif.

’46 Harville, Joseph P., Box 708, Los Altos, Calif.

’47 Hatch, M. H., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Washington, Seattle,

Wash.

’47 Hazel, Norman W., 1325 Herman Ave., S-1, Richmond, Calif.

’45 Herman, Carlton M., Calif. Div. of Fish and Game, Univ. of

Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’10 Herms, W. B., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

Ch HOWARD, L. 0., U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar., Washington,

D. C. (HonM., ’12).

’46 Hurd, Paul D., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’47 James, Maurice T., Washington State College, Pullman, Wash.

’36 Jensen, Dilworth, D., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif.

’39 Johnson, John W., Box 964, Balboa Island, Calif.

’44 Jones, Paul R., 237 Bonita Ave., Piedmont, Calif.

’47 Jones, Victor E., Dept, of Zoology, Idaho State College, Poca-

tello, Idaho.

’27 Keen, F. P., Giannini Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’25 Keifer, H. IL, 1112 Swanton Drive, Sacramento, Calif.

’40 Kelly, T. F., 613 Trona Ave., Durham, N. C.

’36 Kessel, Dr. and Mrs. E. L., 35 Elaine Ave., Mill Valley, Calif.

(LM).

’41 Lamiman, J. F., Calif. Polytechnic School, San Dimas, Calif.

’32 Lange, W. Harry, Jr., University Farm, Davis, Calif.

’47 Lanham, U. N., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’46 Larson, A. W., 516 Albemarle Ave., El Cerrito, Calif.

’16 LEACH, E. R., 217 Hillside Ave., Piedmont, Calif. (LM).

(HM, ’48).

’47 Leech, H. B., Ent. Dept., Calif. Acad, of Sci., San Francisco,

Calif.

JANUARY, 1948]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

’46 Lee, Welton L., 1930 22nd Ave., San Francisco, Calif.

’36 Lester, Will, Box 225, Saratoga Ave., Santa Clara, Calif.

’27 Linsley, E. Gorton, 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif.

’29 McClay, A. T., University Farm, Davis, Calif.

’41 McKenzie, H. L., Calif. Dept, of Agric., Sacramento, Calif.

’41 McKinstry, Arthur P., Federal Bldg., Modesto, Calif.

’40 MacLeod, G. F., Sunland Sulphur Co., Fresno, Calif.

’40 MacSwain, J. W., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif.

’43 Madsen, Harold, 970 Gill Court, Albany 6, Calif.

’42 Mansfield, George S., University of Hawaii, Honolulu, T.H.

’47 Marquis, Manuel, 9750 Lawler Ave., Oakland, Calif.

’45 Martin, Charles H., Dept, of Ent., Oregon State College, Cor-

vallis, Ore.

’19 Martin, J. 0., 3101 West Ave., Austin, Texas.

’31 Mead, Albert R., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

’20 Melander, A. L,, Citrus Exp. Station, Riverside, Calif.

’41 Meyers, Ernest G., 267 So. 14th, San Jose, Calif.

’33 Michelbacher, A. E., 112 Agric. Hall,, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif. (LM).

’36 Michener, C. D., Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., New York, N. Y.

’46 Middlekauff, W. W., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif.

’38 Miller, Robert C,, Calif. Acad, of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif.

(LM).

’44 Moorhead, Peter, Rt. 2, Box 246, St. Helena, Calif.

’47 Murray, W. D., 1621 W. Houston Ave., Visalia, Calif.

’23 Nast, Ernest H., 4112 24th St., San Francisco, Calif. (LM).

’20 Newcomer, E. J,, Box 1291, Yakima, Wash.

’47 Nutting, W. H., 335 Magnolia Ave., Piedmont, Calif.

’34 Parker, Frank H., 3603 N. Franklin Ave., Phoenix, Arizona.

’40 Pearce, W. M., 8143 Castro Valley Blvd.,' Hayward, Calif.

’46 Piazza, Salvador R., Rt. 3, Box 344, San Jose, Calif.

’41 Potts, R. W. L., state Agric. Bldg., Embarcadero St., San

Francisco, Calif.

’43 Prince, F. M., 14th and Lake Streets, San Francisco, Calif.

’47 Pritchard, A. E., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’46 Quinnell, Edwin, 15767 Paseo Largavista Ave., San Lorenzo,

Calif.

’41 Raski, Dewey, 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’45 Ray, Eugene, 2623 West Division St., Chicago, 22, Illinois.

’36 Reeves, William, Hooper Foundation, Univ. of Calif. Medical

Center, San Francisco, Calif.

’47 Rees, Bryant E., Fresno State College, Fresno, Calif.

’46 Reynolds, Harold T., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif.

’36 Robinson, W. J., Salinas Junior College, Salinas, Calif.

’35 Ross, Edward S., Ent. Dept., Calif. Acad, of Sci., San Francisco,

Calif. (LM).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yoL. XXIV, NO. 1

’47 Russell, W. A., 3754 Sa,cramento St., San Francisco, Calif.

’33 Salman, Kenneth A., Box 13, Ballico, Merced Co., Calif.

’38 Sampson, W. W., 156 S. 14th St., Richmond, Calif.

'31 Saylor, Lawrence W., 1042 Merced Ave., Berkeley, Calif.

’35 Scott, David B., Jr., 701 Alameda St., Altadena, Calif.

’44 Scullen, H. A., Ent. Dept., Oregon State College, Corvallis, Ore.

’47 Seibert, E. E., 1733 Virginia Ave., Berkeley, Calif.

^38 Simonds, W. E., Gridmoor, Ojai, Calif.

'46 Skinner, Frank E., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif.

’35 Smith, Arthur, 454 K St., Los Banos, Calif.

■35 Smith, Edgar, 454 K St., Los Banos, Calif.

’42 Smith, Gordon F., Kern Mosquito Abatement District, Bakers-

field, Calif.

’41 Smith, Ray F., 112 Agric. Hall., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’46 Snyder, Karl S., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’47 Spitzer, C. H., 226 Brookside Drive, San Anselmo-, Calif.

’38 Stabler, Nathan, 2412 Lakeview Ave., Baltimore, Md.

’44 Steinhaus, E. A., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif.

’27 Steinweden, John B., Bur. of Nursery Service, State Office Bldg.,

Sacramento, Calif.

’35 Stewart, M. A., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’46 Stojanovich, Chester J., Nat. Hist. Mus., Stanford Univ., Calif.

’46 Stone, M. W., P. 0. Box 1330, Ventura, Calif.'

’47 Thatcher, T. 0., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’39 Tilden, J. W., 10 Eagle Hill Terrace, Redwood City, Calif.

’36 Timberlake, P. H., Citrus Exp. Station, Riverside, Calif.

’33 Ting, Peter C., Bur. of Ent., State Office Bldg., Sacramento,

Calif.

’35 Upholt, W. M., Carter Memorial Lab., P. 0. Box 547, Savannah,

Ga. (LM).

’27 Usinger, Robert L., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif.

’47 Van den Bosch, Robert, 1625 Oxford St., Berkeley, Calif.

Ch VAN DYKE, E. C., Ent. Dept. Calif. Acad, of Sci., San Fran-

cisco, Calif. (HM ’39).

’32 Walker, Bert C., 600 Ocean Ave., San Francisco, Calif.

’42 Walker, John R., 800 Bush St., San Francisco, Calif.

’25 Walther, Eric, Aboretum, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,

Calif.

’41 Walz, A. J., 2713 Ellsworth St., Berkeley, Calif.

’46 Weitz, Loyal A., 1504 South Latawah, Spokane, Wash.

’46 Welsh, Hartwell H., 5444 Sacramento Ave., Richmond, Calif.

’39 White, Burdette E., 703 23rd St., Merced, Calif.

’46 Wind, Robert, Rt. 1, Box 43, Livermore,. Calif.

’47 Wirth, W. W., 112 Agric. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

’44 Zanette, D. A., P. 0. Box 679, Palo Alto, Calif.

’30 Zimmerman, E. C., B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, T. H. (LM).

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PACIFIC DISCOUCRV

An illustrated magazine of natural sciences

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Dr. A. Starker Leopold, Assistant Professor of Zoology at the

University of California, Berkeley; Dr. Robert T. Orr, Curator

of Birds and Mammals at the Academy; Dr. Edward S. Ross,

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Professor of Botany, Stanford University.

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Vol. XXIV

April, 1948

No. 2

THE

PAN -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

ESSIG, BIOGRAPHY OF SOL FELTY LIGHT 49

LIGHT AND WEESNER, BIOLOGY OF ARIZONA TERMITES 54

MacSWAIN and LANHAM, new GENERA AND SPECIES OF

PAUROPODA FROM CALIFORNIA 69

BODDY, CULICIDAE OF WASHINGTON 85

HOBBS. CLASSIFICATION OF TORYMUS 95

ROSS, EMBIOPTERA OF NEW GUINEA 97

San Francisco, California

1948

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. C. Van Dyke E. G. Linsley, R. L. Usingeb E. S. Ross

Associate Editor Editors Assistant Editor

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological

phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on

insect taxonomjf, morphology, dife history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be ad-

dressed to the editors, 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4,

California. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of

address, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be

addressed to the treasurer, R. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco 18, California

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $2.50 per year in advance. Price for single

copies, 75 cents. Make checks payable to ‘‘Pan-Pacific Entomologist.”

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FOURTH SERIES

VOLUME XXIV

Contributions Toward a Knowledge of the Insect Fauna of Lower California

1. Introductory Account, by A. E. Michelbacher and £. S. Ro.ss. Pp. 1-20, pis. 1-3.

Fehruary, 1942 - - - - $0.25

2. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, by E. Gorton Linsley. Pp. 21-96, pis. 4-5. Feb., 1942.... .75

3. Coleoptera: Buprestidae, by Edwin C. Van Dyke. Pp. 97-132, pis. 6-7. Mar., 1942 .35

4. Neuroptera: Myrmeleonidae, by Nathan Banks. Pp. 133-152, pi. 8. March, 1942 20

5. Symphyla, by A. E. Michelbacher. Pp. 153-160, pi. 9. March, 1942_ 15

6. Diptera: Culicidae, by Thomas H. G. Ailken. Pp. 161-170. June, 1942 20

7. Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, by Frank E. Blaisdell, Sr. Pp. 171-288, pis. 10, 11 1.50

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Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the postoffice at San

Francisco, California, under Act of August 24, 1912.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXIV, No. 2

April, 1948

SOL FELTY LIGHT

1886-1947

BY E. O. ESSIG

University of California,, Berkeley

Sol Felty Light was born in Elm Mills, Kansas, May 5, 1886.

His father was a Presbyterian minister, and his maternal grand-

father, J. W. McDill, was United States Senator from Iowa, a

member of the U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission and U. S.

District Judge. Thus his whole life was motivated by great ability,

high ideals, strict honesty and real responsibility that helped to

make him the great teacher and investigator that he was. Little

information is available concerning his boyhood. His career began

at his graduation with an A.B. from Park College, Parkville, Mis-

souri, in 1908. Following graduation he taught English in the

Government Schools in the Philippines from 1908 to 1909; was a

teacher in the Manila High School, 1910-1911; and joined the

staff of the University of the Philippines as an instructor in 1912.

During 1912, also, he made an expedition to Puerto Galero, Island

of Mindoro, to study the fauna there. He obtained his M.S. at

the University of the Philippines in 1913. During the year 1914-

1915 he took a leave of absence to become the Procter Fellow in

Zoology at Princeton University for which he received another

M. S. degree in 1915. Returning to the University of the Philip-

pines he became successively. Assistant Professor (1916-1919),

Associate Professor (1919-1920), Professor and Chairman of the

Department of Zoology (1910-1922). He resigned in 1922 to be*

come Professor and Chairman of the newly founded University of

Amoy, China, where he remained until 1924.

In 1920, he accompanied an expedition into the interior of

Hainan Island and in 1924 he was a delegate to the Pan-Pacific

Food Conservation Conference in Honolulu.

During these years in the Orient he published on zoological sub-

jects including termites. He came to the University of California

in 1924 to do graduate work for a Ph.D. and began, under Dr.

C. A. Kofoid, to explore the flagellates of termites and to study

the termite fauna of western United States. In the spring of 1925

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

he was appointed Associate in Zoology at the University of Cali-

fornia and later in the same year a University Fellow; a Lecturer

in Zoology in the fall of that year; a James M. Goewey Fellow in

the spring of 1926; Asst. Professor of Zoology in 1926-27. He re-

ceived his Ph.D. in 1926. His thesis was on termite flagellates. He

was Associate Professor 1927-1929, and Professor of Zoology from

1929 until his untimely death by accidental drowning while swim-

ming in Clear Lake, near Clear Lake Resort, Calif., June 21, 1947.

On January 1, 1925, he married Mary Nexbitt Holdcroft (A.B.,

Park College) at Redwood City, California. She is at present

residing in Alameda, California.

Dr. Light was a remarkable teacher and leader of students as

well as an unusually conscientious cooperator. He was always

interested in entomology and for many years served as an Ofl&cer

of Instruction and Advisor of the Division of Entomology and

Parasitology. He also served on many of the committees in charge

of the qualifying examinations and theses of graduate students

in this Division. His thorough understanding and keen interest in

research and in teaching problems made him a valuable addition

to the entomological program in the College of Agriculture.

He was also interested in many outside activities and during his

residence in Berkeley he became an important member, officer, and

councillor in the First Congregational Church.

He began publication in 1913 and in all, prepared 70 papers.

In entomology his chief interest was termites, in which group

he made notable contributions in the systematics and biology of

these remarkable social insects. His discoveries on parthenogene-

sis and caste determination are especially important.

He was a member of the American Association for the Advance-

ment of Science ; Entomological Society of America ; American As-

sociation of Economic Entomologists; Cooper Ornithological Club;

Western Society of Naturalists; American Eugenics Society; Amer-

ican Society of Zoologists; American Society of Parasitologists;

Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine; La Societe Lin-

neenne de Lyon ; China Society of Science and Arts ; Royal Asiatic

Society (North China Branch) ; Sigma Xi, Phi Sigma.

Dr. Light’s collection of termites was disposed of as follows: a

large portion was presented to Dr. A. E. Emerson, University of

Chicago, in 1939; and approximately, 1,000 specimens, repre-

senting many species including paratypes, were presented to the

April, 1948]

ESSIG— LIGHT BIOGRAPHY

Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San

F rancisco, during the same year. He also determined and described

species in the collections of the Academy.

The writer is indebted to Dr. Richard M. Eakin, Chairman of

the Department of Zoology, University of California, and to Miss

Frances Weesner, technician in the Department of Zoology for

much of the information contained herein.

A complete bibliography of the published works of Dr. Light

will appear in zoological and other scientific papers. His contri-

butions to entomology are as follows:

Entomological Bibliography

1921. Notes on Philippine termites. I. Philip. J. Sci., 18:243-257.

1921. Notes on Philippine termites. II. Philip. J. Sci., 19:23-33,

pis. 1-6, 3 figs, in text.

1921, 1922. Termites or “Anay” and modem method of combating

them. The Ranger (Manila), Dec. 1921 and Jan. 1922.

1922. The termite problem. Philip. Journ. Educ. Jan. & Feb. 1922.

1924. The termites (white ants) of China with descriptions of six

new species. China J. Sci. Arts, 2:50-60, 140-42, 253-65, 354.

1926. On Heplonympha natator gen. nov., sp. nov. A non-xylo-

phagous hypermastigote, from, the termite, Kalotermes

sim.plicicornis Banks, characterized by biradial ssnnmetry

and a highly developed pellicle. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zook, 29:

123-139, 28 figs, in text.

1926. On Metadevoscovina dehilis gen. nov., sp. nov. A xylopha-

gous polymastigote from the termite, Kalotermes hubbardi

Banks. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zook, 29:141-157, pk 10, 3 figs.

1927. Kofoidia, a new flagellate from a California termite. Univ.

Calif. Publ. Zook, 29:467-492, pis. 23, 24, 8 figs, in text.

1927. Are the protozoan faunas of termites specific? Proc. Soc.

Exp. Biol. Med. 25:95-96. (With M. F. Sanford.)

1927. A new and more exact method of expressing important spe-

cific characters of termites. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 4:75-88,

2 figs, in text.

1927. The spirals within the termite gut for class use. Science, 66 :

656-657. (With T. D. Beckwith.)

1928. Experimental transfaunation of termites. Univ. Calif. Publ.

Zook, 31:269-274, 2 figs, in text. (With M. F. Sanford.)

1929. Natural and artificial production of so-called “mitotic flares’^

in the intestinal flagellates of Termopsis angusticolUs. Univ.

Calif. Publ. Zook, 31:433-440. (With B. J. Andrew.)

1929. Termites and termite damage. Univ. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta.,

Circ. 314:28, 24 figs, in text.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

1929. Present status of our knowledge of the termites of China,

Lingnan Science Jour., 7:581-600,

1929. New termite records for Lower California. Pan-Pacific Ent.,

6:67-72.

1929. Two new species of Coptoiermes Wasmann (Isoptera). Proc.

Roy. Soc. Victoria, 62 (pt. 1, N.S.) : 62-70, 15 figs, in text.

(With A. C. Davis.)

1929. Notes on Philippine termites. III. Philip. Journ. Sci., 40:421-

452, pi. 1-9, 8 figs, in text.

1930. Fossil termite pellets from the Seminole Pleistocene. Univ.

Calif. Publ. Bui. Dept. Geol. Sci. 19:75-80, pis. 8, 9.

1930. Termites collected by T. T. Craig on Socorro Island. Pan-

Pacific Ent., 6:178-180.

1930. Notes on Philippine termites. IV. Philip. Joum. Sci. 42:13-

58, pis. 1-7, 1 fig. in text.

1930. The California species of the genus Amitermes Silvestri

(Isoptera), Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 5:173-214, pis. 10-15,

31 figs, in text.

1930. The Mexican species of Amitermes Silvestri (Isoptera).

Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 5:215-232, pis. 16-18.

1930. A practical key to the species of termites found in California.

Mthly. Bull. Calif. Dept. Agric., 19:454-455.

1930. How to combat the damp-wood termite. The Architect and

Eng. (San Francisco) 102:79-83, 6 figs, in text. (With S. P.

Koch and E. E. Bo we.)

1930. Termites and termite damage with preliminary recommenda-

tions for prevention and control. Calif. Agr. Exp, Sta. Circ,

318:1-62, 49 figs, in text. (With M. Randall and F, G. White.)

1931. The termites of Nevada. Pan-Pacific Ent., 8:5-9.

1932. Contribution toward a revision of the American species of

Amitermes Silvestri. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 5:355-414, pis.

9-10, 19 figs, in text.

1932. Termites of the Marquesas Islands. Bishop Mus., Bui. 98

(Pac. Ent. Survey Publ. 1, art, 6) : 78-86, pis. 1-3, 25 figs.

1932. Kalotermes (Glyptotermes) juddi, a new species of termite

from the Marquesas Islands. Bishop Mus., Bull. 98 (Pac. Ent.

Survey Publ, 1, art. 18) :169, 170.

1932. Key to the Marquesan species of termites with records of host

plants and distribution. Bishop Mus. Bull. 98 (Pac, Ent. Sur-

vey Publ. 1, art. 19) :171-176.

1932. Termites from the Society Islands. Bishop Mus. Bull. 113

(Pac. Ent. Survey Publ. 6, art. 1) :3-5, pi. 1, 1 fig. in text.

1933. Termites of western Mexico. Univ, Calif. Publ. Ent. 6:79-

164, pis. 7-11, 33 figs, in text.

1934. Termites and termite control. Univ, Calif. Press, xxvii +

795 pp., 182 fig. (Kofoid, Light, et al.)

1934. A collection of termites from Arizona. Pan-Pacific Ent. 10:

159, 160.

April, 1948]

ESSIG— LIGHT BIOGRAPHY

1935. The Templeton Crocker expedition of the California Acad-

emy of Sciences, 1932. No. 20. The termites. Proc. Calif.

Acad. Sci. 21 (4th series) :238-258, pis. 9-10, 10 figs, in text.

1936. A tropical termite in California. Pan-Pacific Ent., 12:125-126.

1936. The nasute termites of the Philippines. Phihp. Journ. Sci.,

60:461-520. 26 figs, in text. (With F. J. Wilson.)

1936. Termites of Southeastern Polynesia. Occas. Papers Bishop

Mus., 12:3-12, 1 fig. in text.

1937. A collection of termites from Ceylon and Java. Pan-Pacific

Ent., 13:15-24.

1937. Contributions to the biology and taxonomy of Kalotermes

(Paraneotermes) simpticioornis Banks (Isoptera). Univ.

Calif. Publ. Ent., 6:423-464, pis. 15-17.

1937. The efficacy of extracts from the bodies of functioning sup-

plementary reproductives of termites in inhibiting or retard-

ing neotenic sexual development in isolated nymphs. (With

O. Hartman and 0. H. Emerson.) Abstract of paper. Suppl.

Anat. Record, 1937, p. 122.

1938. Parthenogenesis in termites. Abstract of paper. Suppl. Anat.

Record, 1928, p. 102.

1940. Conditions affecting rate and extent of neoteinic sexual de-

velopment in termites. Abstract of paper. Suppl. Anat. Rec-

ord, 1940: 99, 100.

1940. Parthenogenesis in the primitive termites of the genus Zo-

otermopsis. Abstract of paper. Suppl. Anat. Record, 1940,

p. 100 (With A. A. McAuley.)

1942, 1943. The determination of the castes of social insects. Quart.

Rev. Biol. 17:312-326; and v. 18, no. 1.

1944. Parthenogenesis in termites of the genus Zodtermopsis. Univ.

Calif. Publ. Zool. 43:405-412.

1944. Experimental studies on ectohormonal control of the develop-

ment of supplementary reproductives in the termite genua

Zodtermopsis (formerly Termopsis) . Univ. Calif. Publ. ZooL

43:413-454, 12 figs, in text. 2 editions, 1944, 1947.

1947. Methods of Culturing termites. Science, 106:131 (With F.

W eesner. )

1947. Development of castes in higher termites. Science, 106:244-

245 (With F. Weesner).

1948. Biology of Arizona Termites with emphasis on swarming.

Pan-Pac. Ent., 24:54-68. (With F. Weesner.)

Papers on work not yet published. Organized under publication

headings planned by Dr. Light:

The life cycle of a higher termite, Gnathamitermes perplexus.

The Incipient Colony of Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris.

Culture groups of higher termites.

Further studies on Zodtermopsis, (Supp. reprod. ; soldier prod.)

Further studies on Reticiditermes. (Life cycle; incipient colony;

soldier production.)

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

BIOLOGY OF ARIZONA TERMITES WITH EMPHASIS

ON SWARMING

BY S. F. LIGHT AND FRANCES M. WEESNER

University of California, Berkeley

The biology of most of the species of termites occurring in the

United States is very imperfectly known. Records as to time and

manner of swarming are few and incomplete or of local signifi-

cance. Much of the information available is found in Snyder’s

account (1920 a) of the biology of the Neartic termites. For the

few economically important western species relatively complete

accounts are found in Kofoid, Light, et al (1934) .

The present studies were made during the spring and summer of

1946 while conducting laboratory studies of the higher termites in

Arizona (Light and Weesner, 1947 a, b). Headquarters was near

the upper altitudinal limit of the range of these termites at the 5000

ft. level in Miller Canyon, on the eastern slope of the Huachuca

Mountains, Cochise County. This is in the lowermost oak zone

(encinal) where it meets an extension of the great plains grasslands

in the San Pedro valley.

While at this location and during field trips to other localities

observations were made on the biology of the following species,

with emphasis on the three species of Termitidae :

Family Kalotermitidae

Zootermopsis laticeps (Banks) 1906.

Paraneotermes simplicicornis (Banks) 1920.

Kalotermes huhhardi Banks 1920.

Kalotermes minor Hagen 1858, Banks 1920.

Family Rhinotermitidae

Reticulitermes tibialis Banks 1920.

Heterotermes hoferi (Banks) 1920.

Family Termitidae

Gnathamitermes perplexus (Banks) 1920.

Amitermes wheeleri (Desneux) 1905.

Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris (Desneux) 1904.

April, 1948]

LIGHT AND WEESNER— TERMITES

Unless otherwise stated the records given below are for the zone

from 4500 to 5000 feet near Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mountains,

Cochise County, Arizona, summer of 1946. Reports of present sta-

tus of cultured incipient colonies and groups are for March, 1947.

ZooTERMOPSis LATICEPS (Banks)

Termopsis laticeps Banks 1906, 1920.

Zootermopsis laticeps (Banks), Emerson 1933, Sumner 1933.

Winged adults are reported by Snyder (1920) to have been

taken at Garcie and Palmerlee, Arizona, in June and July, and in

the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, in July. Snyder

says “this termite swarms in June or July.”

No colony of this rare species was encountered by us but alates

were taken by the junior author at the lantern and at lighted win-

dows on two successive nights. They appeared singly and at inter-

vals from 1 A.M. to 4 A.M. on July 4, a warm night but without rain.

Six alates were taken at intervals at the lantern the next night from

11 P.M. to 12:45 A.M., again a warm night with no rain. These

alates are slow, strong fliers.

Attempts to rear incipient colonies of Z. laticeps were unsuccess-

ful although its two coastal congeners lend themselves readily to

culture.

Paraneotermes simplicicornis (Banks), Light 1934

Kalotermes simplicicornis Banks, 1920, p. 32, Snyder 1926, Light

1926 a, 1927.

Cryptotermes infumatus Banks, 1930, p. 38.

Neotermes simplicicornis Banks, Light 1929 a, b,; 1930.

Kalotermes {Neotermes) simplicicornis Banks, Cupp 1930, Light

1931.

Kalotermes (?) simplidcomis Banks, Light 1933.

Paraneotermes simplicicornis Banks, Light 1934 a.

Kalotermes (Paraneotermes) simplicicornis Banks, Light 1937.

There are no published records of natural swarming. Light

(1937) reports finding alates in colonies in the Coachella Valley,

San Bernardino County, California, in October and November and

describes their flight from the opened workings. There had been

no rain in that locality for more than a year which probably ac-

counted for their presence in the colony so late. Both their colora-

tion and behavior indicate that they are day fliers.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIV, NO. 2

A large colony, taken by us at Fairbanks, Cochise County, Ari-

zona, on May 2, contained many brachypterous nymphs but no

alates. An alate appeared early in June in cultures set from this

group. On June 27 alates were found to be numerous in two of the

groups and presumably they were present in field colonies at least

by that time.

A large colony which was opened by the junior author at 9:30

A.M., July 19, at Coldwater near Phoenix, emitted a swarm of alates

which flew off rapidly. There had been a heavy rain the night

before and it seems probable these would have swarmed later that

day.

Primary pairs did not flourish in culture. Several have persisted

for more than eight months, and eggs have been recorded from time

to time. Two of them contain eggs at present and one contains a

medium sized nymph. Young were recorded in three other colonies

about 100 days after setting. No pair developed a normal incipient

colony.

Groups of nymphs of this species did not prove to be good sub-

jects for laboratory culture. Most groups were closed out at the

end of ten weeks at which time the population surviving was low,

ranging from 30% to 55%. One to three supplementaries per

group were recorded five weeks after setting and eggs were seen

in some groups two weeks later. No young were reported in groups

of this series in which the groups consisted of 17 nymphs each.

One larger group of 60 nymphs and 10 soldiers, set May 2, is

flourishing. It was set in a three-ounce j ar with wood blocks cov-

ered with loose moistened soil of origin. Supplementaries were first

seen in this group June 27 and eggs on July 18. At present visibil-

ity is not good but numerous young nymphs of several instars are

to be seen and probably there are eggs.

Kalotermes hubbardi Banks 1920

Snyder (1920) records alates taken flying in Sabino Canyon,

Pima County, Arizona, from June 20 to July 28, 1918, and again

June 30 to August 28, 1919, at lights. He also reports them at

Tucson and Redington, Arizona, in July. Presumably this very

light-colored species is always typically a night flyer.

They emerged in numbers, during the late evening of July 14

from heavily infested dead cottonwood stubs collected at St. David,

April, 1948 ]

LIGHT AND WEESNER— TERMITES

Cochise County, Arizona, on April 30 and kept on the porch of the

laboratory.

The junior author observed alates in colonies in giant cactus

near Phoenix on July 19. There had been a heavy rain the night

before and they were found in flight at 8:30 p.m. that night near

Mesa. The swarming alates were very numerous, collecting about

lights.

Incipient colonies were cultured with indifferent success. Of six

persisting, four contain nymphs but only about two per colony.

Groups of nymphs of this species were cultivated with marked

success and are doing very well both in the original cultures and

after transfer to new culture jars. Our results indicate that it is

much the most favorable species of Kalotermes for laboratory

experiments.

Supplementaries were produced in laboratory groups, the first

after 23 days. However, with one doubtful exception no eggs have

been recorded.

Kalotermes minor Hagen 1858, Banks 1920

Calotermes marginipennis Latreille, Hagen 1858, p. 47, “Variet.

Minor,” (“ Calif ornien” ) .

Calotermes marginipennis Latr. Hagen, 1860 p. 100, “Var. Minor”

in text; (“Aus Calif onien” . . . von San Diego”).

Calotermes marginipennis ! Hagen 1861, p. 2, “Var.” (“San Fran-

cisco and San Diego, California” .

? Calotermes castaneus Bermeister, Hagen 1858, p. 38 (“Kalifor-

nien (San Francisco) ”) .

? Calotermes castaneus !, Hagen 1861, p. (“San Francisco, Cali-

fornia (Chamisso)”).

Kalotermes minor Hagen, Banks 1920, Snyder 1926, Light 1926 b,

1929 a, 1930 a, 1933, 1934 a, Hendee 1933.

Snyder reports flights in July in Arizona and that the alates

were taken at lights frequently with K. hubbardi, in Sabino Canyon,

Arizona. Harvey’s extensive records (Kofoid, Light et al, 1934)

show the species to be a day flyer in southern California as its dark

color would indicate it to be normally. Brilliant sunshine and

temperatures from 80° to 100° F. were found by Harvey to be

conditions requisite for flight. Swarms were recorded for southern

California from late September to early November, chiefly in the

middle of the day from 11:30 A.M. to 3 P.M. A careful study might

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

show the night fliers in Arizona to be late stragglers from heavier

daylight swarming.

We found this termite to be common in the walnuts and syca-

mores of the canyons and washes of southeastern Arizona. Alates

were found in colonies in sycamores on July 5 but we observed no

flights.

Primary pairs taken from colonies responded poorly to culture.

No pair developed a normal incipient colony. All but one of the

persisting pairs produced eggs at some time but only a few young

were known to have been produced and only in two groups.

Reticulitermes tibialis Banks, 1920

ReticuMtermes humilis Banks 1920 (ex parte).

R. humilis Banks, Light 1933, 1934 b, Snyder 1926, 1934 (in Kofoid,

Light et al) .

R. humilis Banks, Light 1933.

Nec R. humilis Banks var. Hoferi Banks 1920 (see Heterotermes

hoferi (Banks) ).

Nee R. humilis Banks 1920 from Tucson and fig. 38, (see Hetero-

termes hoferi).

R. tibialis Banks 1920, Snyder 1920 a. Light 1929 a, 1930 a, 1931,

1933, Pickens 1934 (in Kofoid, Light et al), Snyder 1934 (in

Kofoid, Light et al).

Emerson (personal communication) considers R. humilis Banks

to be a synonym of R. tibialis Banks whose very great range, Cali-

fornia to Illinois, makes it seem probable that it will prove to be a

Rassenkreis of which R. humilis may represent one subspecies.

This termite, abundant in fence posts, oak stubs, etc., in south-

eastern Arizona was little studied by us. No flights were observed

by us nor were alates found in the colonies opened. Our attention

was largely directed toward the higher termites and we might well

have missed a flight. The only colony at all fully collected was

taken early in March. It contained many large brachypterous

nymphs at about the stage of those found in colonies of Termitidae

at the same date and which in these colonies developed into alates

in late May. In California alates of R. tibialis emerge with the

rains as do those of R. hesperus. There the rains come in the fall.

Spring, summer and fall flights of R. tibialis have been reported by

Snyder (1920), that for Arizona in July, and Snyder (1920) re-

ports that R. humilis {=R. tibialis of Arizona), “swarms during

the last of June or July,” his reports being from Arizona.

April, 1948]

LIGHT AND WEESNER— TERMITES

A large series of groups from one colony proved this species to

be an even better laboratory animal than its congener R. hesperus.

Of the 56 groups set only two died out after 5 months. From 1 to

3 brachypterous supplementaries were produced after 35 days in

each of 18 groups each of which contained 4 brachypterous

nymphs. A single supplementary was present in one group of

apterous individuals after 63 days. At the end of 5 months they

were present in only half of the apterous groups. The supplemen-

taries which were produced in them were apterous, presumably

from late pre- worker apterous nymphs. The possibility remains

that workers of this species may become supplementaries; workers

and late apterous nymphs are hardly distinguishable. Pickens

(1932) found the same delayed production of apterous supple-

mentaries in groups of apterous individuals.

Eggs and young were produced much earlier and in greater

numbers in the groups containing brachypterous supplementaries

than in those groups composed entirely of apterous individuals.

Heterotermes hoferi (Banks) 1920, Snyder 1926

Reticulitermes humilis Banks var. Hoferi Banks 1920, Snyder 1920.

Reticvlite')'mes hoferi Snyder 1926 p. 392.

R. humilis Banks 1920 (ex parte, Tucson and Lower records; fig.

38,1).

R. aureus Snyder 1920 b.

Leucotermes aureus Snyder 1926, Light 1929 b.

Heterotermes aureus Snyder, Light 1930 a, 1933, 1934, Pickens and

Light 1934 (in Kofoid, Light et al).

There seems no doubt that the soldiers allocated by Banks (1920,

p. 53) to '^‘Reticulitermes humilis Banks var. Hoferi new variety”

are the soldiers of the only species of Heterotermes occurring in the

United States. The specific name hoferi Banks, February 15, 1920,

has precedence over Snyder’s name Reticulitermes aureus Febru-

ary 18, 1920, given to the alates of the same species as Snyder

himself points out (1926, p. 392).

This species, not present near headquarters, was collected by the

junior author at Apache Junction and near Mesa, Maricopa County,

Arizona, on July 19 and 20. No alates were present in the 10

colonies observed at Apache Junction, including a very large colony

collected for use in setting up laboratory groups. This large colony

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

did not include brachypterous nymphs nor were they recorded for

the other colonies. It seems probable, therefore, that the flight had

already oecurred in this loeality. Alates were seen, however, in two

colonies out of 8 south of Mesa on July 20, which was the day after

the first heavy rain of the season.

Light (1932) reported alates of Heterotermes aureus taken with

Amitermes perplexus {“Amitermes magnoculus” Light) at Calex-

ieo, California, between 7 and 8 p.m. September 11, 1930, a very

dry year, following a hard rain from 4:15 to 5 p.m. Again in 1931

the two were taken together at the same place in the evening of

August 4 following a gentle rain.

Numerous eggs were produced in each of three ineipient colonies

set and young developed. The persisting colony was transferred to

a new eulture vial on the 9th of January. It eontains three young

in a late instar and one egg.

The large colony collected in a smokewood tree near Apache

Junction was used to set 100 groups of apterous individuals sup-

posedly largely workers. Various culture methods were used.

Smokewood chips or sawdust was used for food in sixty of the

hundred since it was the wood of origin. This proved unfortunate

since in all of these cultures a scum appeared on the agar surface

aceompanied by a foul odor ; the termites died rapidly and a heavy

fungus growth oeeurred. The forty groups cultured in the stand-

ard sawdust (Light and Weesner, 1947 a) flourished. Of these ten

have been kept, a few in the same eultures, others transferred to

new cultures, and are doing well.

At no time have supplementary reproductives, eggs or brachy-

pterous nymphs been seen in any of these groups although they

were set up eight months ago.

Gnathamitermes perplexus (Banks)

Termes tubiformans Buckley, Desneux 1905; nec Termes tvJbifor-

mans Buckley 1863.

Amitermes p&rplexus Banks 1920.

A. confusus Banks 1920, Light 1934 a.

A. anzonensis Banks, Light 1930 a, 1931.

Amitermes {Gnathamitermes) perplexus Banks, Light 1932, 1834

a, b.

A. (G.) acutus Light 1932, 1934 a.

A, {G.) acrognathus Light 1932, 1934 a.

April, 1948]

LIGHT AND WEESNER — TERMITES

A. {G.) fusciis Light 1932, 1934 a.

A. {G.) infumatus Light 1932, 1933, 1934 a.

A. (G.) confiisus Banks, Light 1932, 1934 a.

A. {G.) magnocvlus Light 1932, 1934 a.

Light (1932) described several of the varieties of this wide

ranging species as separate but closely related species. However,

continued study of growing collections made it increasingly prob-

able that these are varieties rather than species. The senior author

now agrees with Emerson (in litt.) that but two species of Gnathami-

termes are known from the United States, Gnathamitermes tubi-

formans (Buckley) and G. per plexus (Banks).

A. arizonensis Banks 1920 included soldiers of this species but

was based on alates of A. wheeleri (Desneux) as shown by Light

(1932) , leaving A. perplexus Banks 1920 as the name for the com-

mon desert termite of southern California, Arizona, New Mexico,

Texas and northern Mexico (Light 1933) . Two additional species,

G. grandis Light (1930 b) and G. nigriceps (Light 1930 b) occur

in Mexico and have not been reported from the United States.

Large brachypterous nymphs later to molt into the summer’s

alates were present from our arrival in early March. Eggs were

first recorded on April 25, callows (from the apterous nymphs of

the previous year) on April 5, soldier nymphs and callow soldiers

(from the previous year’s brood) on May 15, young on May 1

(first instars only), young brachypterous nymphs on June 20.

Numerous alates were present in at least one colony on June 1

and they were found in colonies until the middle of July. On June

6 they were seen in 8 out of 10 colonies opened and were probably

present in most of the colonies at that date.

Numerous records (Snyder 1920, Light 1932, pp. 397, 407)

show G. perplexus to have been taken in flight in late June or July,

usually in the evening after rain. However, one record had them

flying at 9:15 in the morning, another from 2 to 4 p.m. during a

steady rain.

Five flights were recorded in the vicinity of headquarters and

another at Phoenix as follows:

(1) June 16, a few taken on windshields and others seen in

flight in light of headlights after dark, about 8 p.m. during a light

shower after a fairly heavy short afternoon rain.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

(2) July 2, emerging from crack in concrete bottom of old

swimming pool at 3:30 p.m. during light rain (mostly killed and

carried off by ants) .

(3) One seen in flight somewhat later that afternoon on High-

way 92 during a light rain.

( 4) July 6, seen emerging from two holes in front of laboratory

between 5:15 and 5:40 p.m. Workers and soldiers active at the

emergence holes. Ground wet from shower at 4:45 p.m., probably

very light rain at time of emergence. From numbers seen in flight

there were evidently several other colonies swarming nearby, all

within the live oak zone. Weak-looking, but actually effective fly-

ers. Flying with wind toward the southeast. Some seen to alight

and take off again. No dealation or pairing seen. Numbers small,

emergences at intervals, flight long and desultory. Seems very im-

probable that pairing eventuated.

(5) July 12, heavy flight at 2:30 p.m. during slight showers

following heavy rain at 2 p.m. Many were seen in flight as we

drove down to Highway 92. Some were still flying along highway

but most were already dealated on the ground. Numerous pairs

seen, also singles. Some pairs were taken immediately under rock

surfaces, some in shallow depressions under rocks where they had

started to work in earth, and some in tunnels under rocks where

they had burrowed an inch or more into soil. In numerous in-

stances more than one pair were under the same rock and in several

instances two pairs were burrowing in a common passage. This

was probably the main flight in that area. No other flights were

recorded there.

(6) July 19, Phoenix, about 100 seen in flight when sun broke

through overhanging clouds at 6:30 A.M. Ground soaked and

water standing in pools from an extremely heavy night rain, the

first rain of the season in that vicinity.

The colonies of Gnathamitermes were to be found in earth

under stones as was true of Amitermes and Tenuirostritermes.

They evidently foraged widely through the soil, however, since

they were found in a high percentage of the cowchips as was

Amitermes but not Tenuirostritermes.

Many experiments were set up from Gnathamitermes colonies

with a view to finding a satisfactory method of culturing groups

April, 1948]

LIGHT AND WEESNEEr-TEBMITES

of the workers and apterous nymphs plus, in some instances,

brachypterous nymphs. In general these attempts were not es-

pecially successful although many groups persisted up to more

than two months and in the first such series more than three months.

These experiments will be more fully reported elsewhere.

Brachypterous nymphs became pigmented supplementary re-

productives in a number of laboratory groups. Both supplemen-

taries and brachypterous nymphs were much more hardy than the

workers and apterous nymphs and persisted long after the entire

apterous population was dead.

In only one instance were eggs seen in these groups headed by

experimentally produced supplementaries.

More than 400 incipient primary colonies were set up and some

seemed to proceed normally. No soldiers nor workers developed,

all individuals remaining in the late apterous nymphal stage.

Detailed results will appear elsewhere.

Amitermes wheeleri (Desneux), Light 1932

Termes wheeleri Desneux 1905.

Amitermes arizonensis Banks 1920 (alates ex parte?).

A. calif ornicus Banks 1920 (soldiers), Snyder 1926, Light 1930 a,

b, c, 1931.

?A. pa/rvipanctiLS Light 1932.

?A. spadix Light 1932.

A. (A.) wheeleri (Desneux) Light 1932 a, b.

Nec Amitermes wheeleri Desneux, Banks 1920 “Brownsville and

San Antonio” (=A. minimus Light 1932) .

Nec A. wheeleri Desneux, Snyder 1926, (=A. minimus).

Nec A. wheeleri Desneux, Light 1930 a, b, c, 1931 (=A. minimus).

This widespread and variable species is found living under a

wide range of climatic conditions. Records of its biology are few

and unreliable because of its checkered systematic history. Alates

were taken by us in colonies on several occasions in flights. The

alates taken on all occasions agreed as to color, size and general

appearance. There is no question that these are the alates of A.

wheeleri of this region. They differ in the generally darker color

from the previously described alates of A. wheeleri (Light 1932).

In life they gave the impression of being smoky black with gray-

black wings. Fixed specimens show a brown color not noticeable

in life. These were taken from a colony of June 1 the day when

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

alates were first recorded. It seems probable that they had not

acquired full pigmentation. The head is a dark smoky brown, the

pronotum slightly lighter, legs and outer antennae are smoky,

postclypeus pale smoky, anteclypeus and labium pale yellow.

Most of the alates taken were used to set up incipient colonies.

Only six alates from one colony were saved for study. Measure-

ments of these show them to agree very well with the alates of A.

wheeleri from Texas described by Light in 1932 and with A. parvi-

punctus Light (1932) and A. spadix Light (1932). They show

considerable variation as to size and shape of the fontanel. It seems

probable as indicated in the synonymy that A. parvipunctus and

A. spadix are synonyms of A. wheeleri. The variation in markings

of the head and pronotum and in the size and shape of the fontanel

may not be significant and can only be evaluated by studies of

large series. They may prove to be of subspecific value if, as seems

probable, this wide-ranging species proves to consist of several '

subspecies. It ranges from the California desert eastward to Browns-

ville, Texas, and from Las Vegas, Nevada, southward at least as

far as the city of Colima, Colima, Mexico {A. calif ornicus. Light

1930).

A. pallidas differs in coloration and size from all the alates here

assigned to A. wheeleri and must be considered to represent a

different species.

Since A. wheeleri was smaller and less abundant than G. per-

plexus, the latter was studied more carefully and used more ex-

tensively in culture and experiments hence the records for Ami-

termes wheeleri are casual.. Actually A. wheeleri proved much the

better laboratory animal so far as group cultures were concerned

whereas the incipient colonies of G. perplexus were much more

successful in the laboratory than those of A. wheeleri.

The constitution of the colonies in March was the same as for

G. perplexus. The large brachypterous nymphs which were to molt

into alates in May or early June, were present presumably from the

first but were first recorded on March 15. No supplementaries were

found in colonies but brachypterous nymphs in experimental groups

developed into dark brown supplementaries as they did in the two

other species of Termitidae. The first was recorded 46 days after

segregation of the group. Worker-like apterous nymphs were pres-

ent in considerable numbers from our arrival in March, as in G.

April, 1948]

LIGHT AND WEESNER^TERMITES

perplexus, and could be distinguished from the workers but with

more difficulty than in Gnathamitermes.

On June 1 alates of all three species were brought in from

colonies. This was the first record of alates in a colony of A.

wheeleri. Only a few were present in one colony and brachypterous

nymphs were abundant whereas in G. perplexus at that time there

were few brachypterous nymphs and alates predominated and in

T enuirostritermes there were many alates and no brachypterous

nymphs.

Three flights were observed by the senior author all in mid July

and all under similar conditions. They all occurred in late after-

noon, from 5:30 to 7:15 p.m., when the sun broke through the

clouds on days when earlier rains had wet the ground. The flight

was general over the areas observed but was brief and terminated

sharply when the sun went under a cloud or fell behind the moun-

tains. The alates flew with the wind. They appeared feeble but

were actually strong fliers. It was difficult to keep up with them by

running. Some traveled at least several hundred yards. Several

were seen to light and take off again. No dealated individuals or

pairs were seen and it was difficult to conceive of many pairs to-

gether unless the flights are heavier as they may well have been at

some swarming missed by us.

The first recorded flight was at 7 :07 p.m. on July 12, when there

was a heavy rain storm at 2 : 30 p.m. during which G. perplexus made

its first recorded flight. The flight was general but was seen for only

about 20 minutes, during which alates in flight while scattered were

in sight in every direction. Some issued from holes very near those

from which had issued the alates of the July 6 flight of G. perplexus.

On July 14 alates were first seen at 6 :45 p.m. with a brisk wind

blowing. The maximum flight began when the wind fell about

7 :07. At one spot, supposedly a single colony, 16 holes of issue

were counted and it was estimated that there were about 30 such

holes. Each aperture was minute. As a rule only one alate issued

at a time. The large number of holes may provide some safety

from ants which were attacking them very actively.

The last flight on July 18, was observed to last only about 10

minutes, beginning everywhere within the range of vision a few

minutes after the sun emerged and terminating at once when the

sun fell behind the mountains. It had rained heavily the day before,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

and there had been a slow shower earlier that afternoon. The

temperature was low.

Amitermes wheeleri would seem on the basis of this slight evi-

dence to differ from G. perplexus in swarming habits in that A.

wheeleri is not dependent upon rain at the moment of flight but

1) is a diurnal flyer as its dark color would indicate but flies in

the late afternoon or early evening, 2) is dependent upon moisture

from recent rains, 3) flies during a brief period on any given day

(because near the time of the setting of the sun), 4) is able to fly

on relatively cold days but 5 ) is dependent upon the brief warming

action of the sun.

Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris (Desneux)

Termes tenuirostris Desneux 1904.

Constrictotermes tenuirostris Desneux, Banks 1920.

Nasutitermes {Tenuirostritermes) tenuirostris Desneux, Light 1934

in Kofoid, Light et al.

Nasutitermes {Tenuirostritermes) cinereus (Buckley) Light 1934 b.

Emerson, who will shortly publish a revision of Tenuirostri-

termes, has identified the Arizona species as the type species of

the genus (personal communication) . The biology of this species

will be more fully reported later by the junior author.

Snyder (1920) reports that this species swarms at night. Most

of his records are from the mountains of Arizona and all are for

July except for one on June 25, 1899, in the Huachuca Mountains.

Nothing is said as to temperature or relations to rainfall which ac-

cording to the observations of the junior author are of limiting

importance. Her abservations are summarized below.

Alates were first seen in a colony on May 27. They were present

in small numbers as late as August 7 in 3 out of 7 colonies in the

lower pastures where rainfall was lighter.

Although only two swarmings are known to have taken place

the conditions necessary for flight seem clear from the conditions

known to have occurred during those two flights and those obtain-

ing on the very many occasions when rains furnished the requisite

moisture but no flight occurred. The essential conditions seem to

be 1) maturity of the alates, presumably attained by the latter part

of June, 2) a warm night rain, presumably a long soaking rain or

a lighter rain following a previous wetting.

Observations in the field at all times of the day but especially at

night on occasions from July 3 to August 1, during rains, after

April, 1948]

LIGHT AND WEESNER— TERMITES

rains, and when no rains had occurred, using the gasoline lantern

at nights, were entirely without results except on the nights of July

10 and 21. These were nights of warm rains, 72° F. on July 10,

whereas the other night rains were cold.

On July 10 the flight was heavy and presumably general. Alates

were first seen flying to lighted windows situated 300 yards above

the nearest colonies. They were seen to dealate and pair. Flight

was observed to last from 10 p.m. to 10:45 P.M., during fairly heavy

rain which began at 9:30. No flight was observed at the lantern

during a similar rain the preceding night but this was the first rain

for some time and the ground was dry.

After the rain stopped at 11 p.m. many wings were found on the

ground where the colonies were located but no further flight was

observed. The number of alates in colonies was considerably re-

duced after this date especially in the higher levels where rain fall

was the greatest.

On July 21 it rained from 9 to 10 P.M. but no flight occurred.

It rained again about 2 a.m. and then the flight presumably occur-

red since numerous wings were found in the lower pasture the

next morning.

References

Banks, Nathan. 1906. Two New Termites. Ent. News, 17:336-337.

1920. A revision of the Nearctic Termites. U. S. Nat. Mus.

Bull. 108:1-86.

Buckley, S. B. 1863 (1862). Description of two new species of

termites from Texas. Proc. Entom. Soc. Phila., 1:212-213.

Cupp, Easter F. 1930. Spirotrichonympha polygyra from Neoter-

mes simplicicorns Banks. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 33:351-378.

Desneux, J. C. 1904. A propos de la Phylogenie des Termitides.

Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg., 48:278-289.

1905. Varieties temitologioues, Ann. Soc, Ent. Belg. 49:336*360.

Emerson, A. E. 1933. A revision of fossil and recent Termopsinae

(Isoptera). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entom., 6:165-195.

Hagen, H. 1858. Monographie der Termiten. Linn. Ent. 12:1-342.

1860. Nachtrag zur Monographie der Termiten. Linn. Ent.

14:100-128.

1861. Synopsis of the described Neuroptera of North America.

Smith. Misc. Coll. 4:1-368.

Hendee, Esther C. 1933. The association of the termites Kalo-

termes minor, Reticulitermes hesperus, and Zootermopsis

angusticollis with fungi. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 39:111-134.

Kofoid, C. A. S. F. Light et al. 1934. Termites and Termite Con-

trol. Univ. Calif. Press.

the PAN-PACIFIC entomologist [vOL. XXIV, NO. 2

Light, S, F, 1926 a. On Hoplonympha natator Gen Nov., Sp. Nov.

Univ, Calif. Publ. Zool., 29:123-139.

1926 b. On Metadevescovina debilis Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov. Ibid, 29:

141-157.

1927. Kofoidia, a new flagellate, from a California termite.

Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 29:467-492.

1929 a. New termite records from Lower California. Pan-Pac.

Entom. 6:178-180.

1929 b. Termites and termite damage. Univ. Calif. Agr. Exp.

Stn. Circ. 314.

1930a. A practical key to the species of termites found in Cali-

fornia. Dept. Agr. Calif. Monthly Bull., 19:454, 455.

1930 b. The Mexican species of Am^terw^es Silvestri (Isoptera).

Univ. Calif. Publ. Entom. 5:215-232.

1930 c. The California species of the genus Amitermes Silvestri

(Isoptera). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entom. 5:215-232.

1931. The termites of Nevada. Pan-Pac. Ent. 8:5-9.

1932. Contribution toward a revision of the American species

of Amitermes Silvestri. Univ. Calif. Pub. Entom. 17 :355-417.

1933. Termites of Western Mexico. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entom.

6:70-164.

1934 a. In Kofoid, Light et al. Termites and Termite ControL

Univ. Calif. Press.

1934 b. A collection of termites from Arizona. Pan-Pac. Entom.

10:159.

1937. Contribution to the biology and taxonomy of Kalotermes

(Paraneotermes) simpticicomisl Banks (Isopflera). Univ.

Calif. Publ. Entom. 6:423-464.

Light, S. F., Merle Randall and F. G. White. 1930. Termites and

termite damage. Univ. Calif. Agr. Exp. Stn. Circ. 318:1-64.

Light, S. F. and Frances M. Weesner. 1947 a. Methods for cul-

turing termites. Science, 106:131.

1947 b. The development of castes in higher termites. Ibid., 106 :

244-245.

Pickens, A. L. 1932. Observations on the genus Reticulitermes.

Pan-Pac. Entom. 8:178-180.

Snyder, Thomas E. 1920 a. Notes on biology and geographic dis-

tribution. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180 :87-211.

1920 b. Two new termites from Arizona. Proc. Entom. Soc.,

Wash. 22:38-40.

1926. Notes on termites from Arizona. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.

28:389-397.

Sumner, Ethel Craig. 1933. The species of the termite genus

Zootermopsis Emerson (=Termopsis Hagen). Univ. Calif.

Publ. Entom. 6:197-230.

April, 1948] macswain and lanham— pauropoda

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PAUROPODA FROM

CALIFORNIA

BY J. W. MacSWAIN and U. N. LANHAM

University of California, Berkeley

The six new species of pauropods described herein are placed in

two families, Brachypauropodidae and Eurypauropodidae, which

have not previously been recorded from western North America.

Each family is represented by a single species in the eastern United

States.

On the basis of differences in rate of locomotion, Latzel (1883,

1884) divided the pauropods into “Pauropoda agilia” and “Pauro-

poda tardigrada,” the former including the family Pauropodidae

and the latter the families Brachypauropodidae and Eurypauropo-

didae. This distinction has not been retained as the primary divi-

sion in modern classifications (e. g. Bagnall, 1935), but provides

a convenient field character to distinguish the active, centipede-like

Pauropodidae from the very slow-moving Brachypauropodidae.

The pillbug-like Eurypauropodidae are moderately slow-moving

forms. The Pauropodidae is the dominant family of the class from

the standpoint of number of species, since it contains 90 percent

(115 species and subspecies) of the described species. Of the 28

species of pauropods previously known from North America, 26

belonged to this family. The Brachypauropodidae contains five

species, the Eurypauropodidae 12 species in the world fauna. The

three remaining families, none of which has been recorded from

North America, contain a total of nine species.

The definition of the class Pauropoda must be extended to in-

clude forms with only eight pairs of legs in the adult stage, since

the three new genera described here are all believed to possess this

characteristic. Pauropods have previously been characterized as

possessing nine, or rarely ten pairs of legs.

Specimens were collected in the field by searching twigs or

fallen logs, especially where leaf mold had accumulated, with the

aid of a hand lens. It was found that Berlese-funnel extraction of

litter gathered indiscriminately did not give good results in col-

lecting the “Pauropoda tardigrada.” Exceptionally favorable bits

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. XXIV, NO. 2

of wood, which often harbored colonies of scores of individuals,

were brought into the laboratory for further examination under a

binocular microscope, since adults of some species are quite small,

not exceeding 0.6 mm. in length. A thousand or more individuals

of the families Brachypauropodidae and Eurypauropodidae were

collected in four days of field work by these methods. Three locali-

ties in the San Francisco Bay area furnished most of the speci-

mens: a small canyon in the Black Hills (about 1000 feet eleva-

tion), on the south slopes of Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County,

about two miles above the south entrance checking station of the

Mt. Diablo State Park; Woolsey Canyon, a short distance north of

the campus of the University of California, Berkeley; and numer-

ous small canyons between Fairfax and Alpine Lake (three miles

west of Fairfax) in Marin County. A single specimen of Gravieri-

pus was collected from under redwoods in the Redwood Regional

Park, near Oakland.

A good introduction to the literature may be found in the work

of Starling (1943), in which is presented a bibliographic list of

the species of Pauropoda of the world. More recent publications

of general interest are furnished by Starling (1944) and by Tiegs

(1947).

All material studied was cleared in KOH, stained lightly with

acid fuchsin in acetic acid, washed in absolute alcohol, then trans-

ferred to clove oil and mounted on microscope slides in balsam.

The following descriptions are based mainly on the holotypes,

but the nature of the material has made it necessary to describe

certain details from other male specimens in the type series. All

measurements are made from specimens mounted on slides, which

are somewhat expanded.

Paratypes of all the species have been deposited in the collec-

tions of the United States National Museum and the British Mu-

seum (Natural History).

Plate I : Fig. 1, Zygopauropus hesperius, dorsal view, holotype

male x 140; la, ventral view, anal plate x 620; Fig. 2, Aletopamropus

lentus, dorsal view, holotype male x 140; 2a, ventral view, anal

plate x 620; Fig. 3, Deltopauropus luteus, dorsal view, holot 3 q)e

male x 140; 3a, ventral view, anal plate x 620; 36, lateral view,

male organ x 550; Fig. 4, Deltopauropus magnus, dorsal view, holo-

type malex 105; 4a, ventral view, anal plate x 620; 4 6, lateral view,

male organ x 550 ; 4c, dorsal head seta x 620.

April, 1948] Macs wain and lanham— pauropoda

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

Family Brachypauropodidae Kenyon

As originally defined, this family was characterized by having

the head, legs, and pygidium free, and the tergal plates of all seg-

ments subdivided. The family was assumed to have the usual 9

pairs of legs. The definition is extended here to include forms

which have the tergal plates of segment 5 entire, and forms with

only 8 pairs of legs in the adult stage.

Zygopauropus MacSwain and Lanham, new genus

Body form narrowly ovate; fresh specimens with loose, mealy,

white substance on setae of dorsum and on trichobothria ; slow-

moving forms.

Head. Ocular areas appearing as lateral lobes; a single seta

present between antennal insertions; anterior two-thirds of head

covered with sclerotized plate bearing anterior group of 6 and poste-

rior group of 10 setae; 3 slender lateral bristles behind each ocular

area ; row of 8 slender hairs on anterior margin of ventral surface

of head.

Antennae. Scape with segment 2 conspicuously shorter than rest

of segments; stylus latior slightly shorter than stylus angustior,

both subequal in width.

Trunk. Five segments present; terga with entire or subdivided

sclerotized plates. Segment 1 with a single tergal plate bearing 4

pairs of setae; segments 2, 3 and 4 each with tergal plates divided

longitudinally and transversely into 4 parts, each part bearing

a pair of setae; segment 5 with tergal plate divided longitu-

dinally into two parts, each part bearing 5 setae. Segments 2, 3

and 4 with a pair of lateral setae on each side, corresponding setae

on segment 5 represented by a single seta inserted on lateral margin

of tergal plates. Setae bristle-llke or slightly hastiform, strongly

bent posteriorly near base. Four pairs of trichobothria present;

those of segment 4 (third pair) strongly clavate, with club bearing

apically a loosely plumose filament which is subequal to stalk of

trichobothrium in length; those of segments 2, 3 and 5 filamentous,

loosely plumose apically.

Legs. Eight pairs of legs present, all 5-segmented; coxa and

trochanter each with a single annulated seta, tarsus with 3 setae;

claw slender, pulvillus with a single bristle.

Type: Zygopauropus hesperius MacSwain and Lanham.

Zygopauropus hesperius MacSwain and Lanham, new species

Male. Color white; length 0.54 mm., width 0.17 mm.

Antennae. Stalk of globulus approximately one-third length of

stylus latior, widened apically, posterior flagellum, about two-thirds

April, 1948]

MacSWAIN and lanham— pauropoda

length of anterior flagellum; stylus angustior widest near middle,

its flagellum about one-fourth longer than anterior flagellum of

stylus latior.

Trunk. Tergal plate of segment 1 with 2 longitudinal rows of

irregular tuberosities, the last of each row appearing as large scales

pro jecting beyond posterior margin of plate, tips of scales more or

less jagged; tergal plates of segments 2-4 each with a similar row

of tuberosities and posteriorly projecting scales; plates of segment

5 with tuberosities not so well developed and not extending beyond

posterior margin. Tergal plates with ground sculpture of small,

closely spaced, rounded tubercules. Lateral platelets usually sub-

divided into small sclerotized areas surrounding insertions of lateral

setae, but occasionally platelets are entire. Trichobothrium of seg-

ment 2 inserted slightly before anterior lateral seta, trichobothria

of segments 2 and 3 inserted lateral to and somewhat posterior to

anterior lateral setae, trichobothrium of segment 5 inserted a con-

siderable distance behind lateral seta. Penes constricted near mid-

dle, base broadened, apical portion subovoid, with subapical bristle.

Pygidium. Anal plate with basal portion expanded, stoutly cla-

vate in outline, distal portions consisting of short, very strongly

capitate hairs; sternum with posterior setae (b^) moderately taper-

ing, about 4 times as long as styli, anterior setae (6^) slender, ap-

proximately equal in length to styli; styli rod-shaped, subequal to

anal plate in length, tips rounded; tergum with row of 4 anterior,

moderately strong setae {d, d^ of Remy, 1936), lateral setae (a^)

half again as long as the thick, slightly sinuous intermediate setae

(a^) , submedian setae (a^) very slender, slightly longer than styli.

Female: Similar to male. Length 0.56 mm., width 0.20 mm.

Holotype, adult male (No. 5897, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : South

slopes of Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County, California, 12 No-

vember 1947, under fallen oak branches (MacSwain and Lanham) .

Allotype, adult female (No. 5898, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : same

data as holotype. Paratypes: 1 adult male, 3 adult females, same

data as holotype; 2 adult males, Fairfax, Marin County, California,

24 November 1947 (MacSwain and Lanham) . Additional material

includes 4 immature specimens with same data as holotype; one

has 6 pairs of legs, two have 5, one has 3 pairs of legs.

Aletopauropus MacSwain and Lanham, new genus

Body form narrowly ovate; fresh specimens with loose, mealy,

white substance on setae of dorsum and on trichobothria; slow-

moving forms.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

Head. Ocular areas appearing as distinct lateral lobes; single

seta present between antennal insertions; anterior two'- thirds of

head covered with sclerotized plate bearing anterior group of 6 and

posterior group of 10 setae; 1 pair of slender lateral bristles behind

each ocular area; row of 8 slender hairs on anterior margin of

ventral surface of head.

Antennae. Scape with segment 2 conspicuously shorter than rest;

stylus latior subequal in length and width to stylus angustior.

Trunk. Five segments present; terga with entire or subdivided

sclerotized plates. Segment 1 with tergal plate entire, with 4 pairs

of setae; segments 2 and 3 with tergal plates divided into 4 parts,

each part with 1 pair of setae; segment 4 with tergal plate divided

longitudinally into two parts, each part with two pairs of setae;

segment 5 with tergal plate entire, with 4 pairs of setae, the pos-

terior row of setae inserted on posterior margin of plate. Segments

2-4 with 1 pair of lateral setae on each side; segment 5 with 1 lateral

seta, which is distant from tergal plate. Setae bristle-shaped or

slightly hastiform, abruptly bent posteriorly near base. Four pairs

of trichobothria present; those of segment 4 (third pair) strongly

clavate, with club bearing apically a plumose filament which is sub-

equal to stalk of trichobothrium in length; those of segments 2, 3,

and 5 filamentous, loosely plumose apically, subequal in length.

Legs. Eight pairs of legs present, all 5-segmented; coxa and tro-

chanter each with a single annulated seta, tarsus with 3 setae ; claw

slender, pulvillus with a single bristle.

Type: Aletopauropus lentus MacSwain and Lanham.

Aletopauropus lentus MacSwain and Lanham, new species

Male: Color white; length 0.56 mm., width 0.18 mm.

Antennae. Stylus latior approximately half again as wide at tip

as at base, tip asymmetrically rounded, posterior flagellum some-

what more than half as long as anterior flagellum, stalk of globulus

approximately one-half length of stylus, widened apically; stylus

angustior widest at distal one-third, its flagellum one-third again

as long as anterior flagellum of stylus latior.

Trunk. Segment 1 with tergal plate sub-oval in outline, produced

laterally into a small lobe. Tergal plates of segments 2 and 3 each

with a median row of tuberosities, the last of each row forming a

conspicuous, usually entire tooth on the posterior margin of each

plate; tergal plate of segment 1 with 2 such rows and 2 teeth on

posterior margin; plate of segment 5 with tuberosities very weakly

developed, no teeth on posterior margin. Ground sculpture of tergal

plates consisting of small, closely spaced, rounded tubercles. Tricho-

bothrium of segment 2 arising alongside anterior lateral seta, of

segment 3 between lateral setae, of segment 4 alongside posterior

lateral seta. Penes constricted near middle, base broadened, apical

portion subovoid in outline, with subapical bristle.

April, 1948]

MacSWAIN and lanham— pauropoda

Pygidium. Anal plate with basal portion expanded, ovate in out-

line, distal portions consisting- of short, very strongly capitate hairs ;

sternum with posterior setae (b^) slender, approximately 4 times

as long- as styli, anterior setae (6^) very slender, short, and incon-

spicuous; styli rod-shaped, subequal to anal plate in length, tips

rounded; tergum with row of 4 slender anterior bristles {d, d^ of

Remy, 1936), lateral setae (a^) slender, half again as long as the

stout, slightly hastiform intermediate setae (a^), submedian setae

(a^) slender.

Female: Similar to male; length 0.60 mm., width 0.20 mm.

Holotype, adult male (No. 5899, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : Wool-

SEY Canyon, Berkeley, Alameda County, California, 21 No-

vember 1947 (MacSwain) . Allotype, adult female (No. 5900,

Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : same data as holotype. Paratypes: 3 adult

females, same locality as holotype, 26 November 1947 (Mac-

Swain) ; 1 adult male, 3 adult females, same data as holotype.

Other material includes 3 immature specimens; two have 6 pairs

of legs, one has 5 pairs ; all with same data as holotype.

Deltopauropus MacSwain and Lanham, new genus

Body form oblong-ovate; fresh specimens without white, mealy,

substance on dorsum of trunk, but adult females with a conspicu-

ous transverse white band of compact mealy substance on poste-

rior margin of head; slow-moving species.

Head. Ocular, areas appearing as distinct lateral lobes; a single

seta present between antennal insertions; anterior two-thirds of

head covered with sclerotized plate bearing anterior group of 6 and

posterior group of 10 setae, anterior setae mounted on large tuber-

cles; 2 slender lateral bristles behind each ocular area; row of 8

slender hairs on lower anterior margin of head.

Antennae. Scape with segment 2 conspicuously shorter than

rest; stylus latior distinctly shorter than stylus angustior.

Trunk. Five segments; terga with entire or subdivided sclero-

tized plates. Segment 1 with tergal plate entire, bearing 4 pairs of

setae ; segments 2-4 with plates narrowly divided longitudinally and

transversely into 4 parts, each part bearing one pair of setae; seg-

ment 5 with plate entire, bearing 4 pairs of setae. Setae highly

modified, consisting of flattened triangular, subtriangular, or almost

circular scales having surface ornamented with conspicuous net-

work of raised lines; anterior row of setae of dorsal plate of seg-

ment 1, and all lateral trunk setae inverted, with bases of triangles

anterior; setae attached at their anterior ends, except for anterior

row of plate on segment 1. Segment 1 without lateral setae; seg-

the PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

ment 2 with 1 lateral seta of modified type, and 1 biramous bristle;

segments 3 and 4 with a pair of lateral setae on each side; segment

5 with a single lateral seta. Four pairs of trichrobothria present;

those of segment 4 (third pair) strongly clavate, with club bear-

ing apically a plumose filament about equal to stalk of trichoboth-

rium in length, total length somewhat less than that of other tricho-

bothria; those of segments 2, 3, and 5 filamentous, loosely plumose

apically, all subequal in length.

Legs. Eight pairs of legs present, all 5-segmented; coxa and tro-

chanter each with an annulated seta, tarsus with 3 setae; claw

slender, pulvilli apparently each with a single bristle.

Type: Deltopauropus luteus MacSwain and Lanham.

Deltopauropus luteus MacSwain and Lanham, new species

Male: Color yellowish-white; length 0.56 mm., width 0.24 mm.

Antennae. Stylus latior slightly wider than stylus angustior at

tip, tip obtusely conical, approximately one-third again as wide as

base; stalk of globulus approximately as long as diameter of globu-

lus; stylus angustior widest near tip, its fiagellum approximately

one-fourth longer than anterior fiagellum of stylus latior.

Trunk. Tergal plate of segment 1 suboval in outline. Tergal

plates without ground sculpture, except for indistinct median row

of translucent platelets. Lateral platelets (those which bear lateral

setae) of segments 2-5 entire. Modified setae of tergal plates trian-

gular to subtriangular. First pair of trichobothria inserted along-

side anterior lateral setae of segment 2, second pair between lateral

setae of segment 3, third pair alongside posterior lateral setae of

segment 4, fourth pair a considerable distance behind lateral setae

of segment 5. Penes slightly constricted near middle, base not much

widened, apical portion subconical, bristle slightly subapical.

Pygidium. Anal plate with basal portion expanded, trilobed,

distal portions consisting of short, very strongly capitate hairs;

sternum with posterior setae (b^) slender, about half again as long

as process of anal plate; styli short, appearing as tubercles bearing

short apical bristles; tergum with anterior pair of slender setae

(d^) and with 1 anterior lateral seta (d) of modified scale-type, on

each side, lateral seta (a^) slender, slightly longer than the modi-

fied, scale-type intermediate setae (a®).

Female : Similar to male; length 0.50 mm., width 0.26 mm.

Holotype, adult male (No. 5893, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : south

slopes of Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County, California, 12

November 1947, under fallen oak branches (MacSwain and Lan-

ham) . Allotype, adult female (No. 5894, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) :

same data as holotype. Paratypes: 19 adult males, 64 adult

females, same data as holotype; 3 adult females, Fairfax, Marin

April, 1948] macswain and lanham— pauropoda

County, California, 24 November 1947 (MacSwain and Lanham) .

Additional material includes immature stages, with same data as

holotype, classified as follows: 11 with 6 pairs of legs, 10 with 5

pairs, 3 with 3 pairs of legs. Also, there are many individuals, both

adult and immature, preserved in alcohol, from the Mt. Diablo and

Fairfax localities.

Deltopauropus magnus MacSwain and Lanham, new species

Male: Color yello wish- white ; length 0.75 mm., width 0.34 mm.

Very similar to D. lutetis, diifering as follows: size larger, about

one- third longer, and relatively wider, more robust; modified setkae

of dorsum relatively larger, most setae departing more from tri-

angular shape, being more rounded, or even subquadrate; anterior

margin of tergal plate of segment 1 and of segment 5 more convex ;

penes constricted near base, apical portion twice as long as wide,

distal half conical.

Female: Similar to male; length 0.76 mm., width 0.32 mm.

Holotype, adult male (No. 5895, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : WooL-

SEY Canyon, Berkeley, Alameda County, California, 21 No-

vember 1947 (MacSwain). Allotype, adult female (No. 5896,

Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : same data as holotype. Paratypes: 4 adult

males, 3 adult females, same data as holotype; 11 adult males, 8

adult females, same locality as holotype, 26 November 1947 (Mac-

Swain) . Additional material includes 22 immature specimens, all

from Woolsey Canyon, 26 November 1947 (MacSwain) ; these are

classified as follows: 9 specimens with 6 pairs of legs, 12 with 5

pairs, 1 with 3 pairs.

The three genera just described are compared with each other

and with Brachypauropus Latzel in the following key.

Key to the genera of the Brachypauropodidae

OF THE WORLD.

1. Segment 5 (which bears third pair of trichobothria) with 4

tergal plates. Apparently always with 9 pairs of legs and 5 pairs

of trichobothria in adult stage Brachypauropus

-. Segment 5 with 1 or 2 tergal plates. Eight pairs of legs and 4

pairs of trichobothria in adult stage 2

2. Segment 5 with 2 tergal plates; lateral setae of segment 5 incor-

porated into lateral margins of tergal plates Zyffopauropus

-. Segment 5 with 1 tergal plate; lateral setae of segment 5 not

incorporated into lateral margin of tergal plate, but lying some

distance from it 3

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

3. Setae of dorsum highly modified to form, triangular or subtri-

angular scales with sculptured surface; tergum of segment 4

(which bears third, or modified, pair of trichoibothria) with 4

plates Deltopauropus

Setae of dorsum bristle-shaped, or at most slightly hastiform^

tergum of segment 4 with 2 plates Aletopauropus

The genera Zygopauropus, Aletopauropus, and Deltopauropus

possess characters in common which sharply separate them from

Br achy paur opus, the only genus previously known in the family.

These differences may be summarized as follows : only 5 trunk seg-

ments, 8 pairs of legs, 4 pairs of trichobothria; segment 5 with a

single lateral seta; pygidium with an additional row of 4 anterior

setae. However, this entire set of characters has been found in the

last larval (16-legged) instar of Br achy paur opus tuherosus Remy

(1936:319). The possibility that all the specimens of the family

Brachypauropodidae obtained for this study were immature must

be considered. However, this possibility seems very remote in view

of such considerations as the relatively large numbers of individ-

uals obtained, the fact that all earlier instars were represented, that

the male genitalia were well developed, and that normal 18-legged

adult individuals of another family, the Eurypauropodidae, were

collected at the same times and places. Unfortunately, the possession

of male genitalia is no certain indication of maturity, since Hansen

(1902:336) has stated that “In immature males with eight pairs

of legs I have found the organs smaller and less developed than in

the adults; in one species, Paur. spinifer, of which I only possess

an immature male, the organs are as large as in adult males of

several other species, nevertheless they are scarcely arrived to full

development.” In Deltopauropus the case for regarding the fourth

stage (16-legged forms) as adults seems to be established with a

high degree of certainty. First, several hundred individuals were

examined without finding one with nine pairs of legs. Secondly,

each large colony was divisible into smaller groups composed of

two or more fully pigmented 16-legged individuals and several 6,

10, and 12-legged unpigmented individuals, suggesting family

groups. Finally, the 16-legged individuals differed from all pre-

ceding stages in that they possessed either well developed male

genitalia or a band of white powdery substance on the posterior

border of the head ; these two categories are assumed to be adult

males and females, respectively.

April, 1948] macswain and lanham— pauropoda

The number of legs present in the adult stage of some Old World

species may be open to question. The specimens upon which the

description of the type species of the genus Brachypauropus was

based, B. hamiger Latzel (1884), had only eight pairs of legs,

which together with the fact that no male genitalia were observed

on any specimens, led Latzel to believe that his specimens were

immature. However, B. tuber osus Remy (1936) was described as

having nine pairs of legs.

The last larval instar of B. tuberosus differs from the supposed

adult stage of the three New World genera in the fact that the

tergal plate of segment 5 is subdivided longitudinally and trans-

versely into four parts, whereas it is entire or is divided longitu-

dinally into two parts in the New World genera. Therefore, even

if the genera described here are based on immature specimens, they

are adequately distinct from Brachypauropus.

On the basis of the foregoing observations and the present in-

complete knowledge of the family Brachypauropodidae the authors

prefer to include the genera Deltopauropus, Zygopauropus, and

Aletopauropus in this family rather than to consider them a sep-

arate group. It would appear that these three genera have evolved

their common characters through the development of precocious

sexual maturity in the fourth instar and consequent loss of the

fifth. Variability in number of instars is not unknown in the class,

since certain species of Pauropodidae which have ten pairs of legs

also have one more than the normal number of instars.

Family Eurypauropodidae Ryder

This family is characterized by having the tergal plates broadly

expanded, concealing the head, legs, and pygidium.

Eurypauropus caUfomicus MacSwain and Lanham, new species

Male: Color dark chestnut brown. Length 1.20 mm., width 0.65

mm.

Head. Four setae present between antennal insertions.

Antennae. Scape 4-segmented, segment 2 shortest, segment 4

longest. Stylus latior slightly longer than last two segments of

scape taken together, only slightly widened apically, anterior mar-

gin longer than posterior margin; stalk of globulus approximately

one-half length of stylus, longer than unsegmented portion of either

flagellum.; stylus angustior conspicuously shorter than stylus latior,

unsegmented portion of its flagellum approximately one-third length

of stylus; stalk of secondary gobulus, on segment 3 of scape, ap-

proximately one-fourth length of nearest seta, inserted adjacent to

seta.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ vOL. XXIV, NO. 2

Trunk. Terga with large, setose, evenly spaced tubercles on back-

ground of more numerous, much smaller, non-setose tubercles, con-

nected by indistinct lines; large tubercles forming serrate margins

of terga, those of dorsum oval in outline, and with seta short, hardly

twice length of longest diameter of tubercles ; all setae bristle-shaped;

large tubercles lacking on anterior one-third of terga 2-5, each

tergum with 4 small clusters of non-setose tubercles of intermediate

size. Tergum 1 distinctly narrower than 2, biconvex in outline, an-

terior margin more strongly curved, so that line joining ends of

posterior margin lies two-thirds to three-fourths distance from an-

terior to posterior margin; tergum 2 with anteriorly projecting

tooth just mesad of each anterior corner, near insertion of tricho'-

bothrium; lateral margin with approximately 20 setose tubercles;

terga 3-5 with U-shaped lateral notches near insertions of tricho-

bothria, which are slightly deeper than wide, those of tergum 6

shallower and wider; tergum. 6 with posterior margin slightly con-

cave, concave portion with 8 weakly setose tubercles. Trichoboth-

rium of segment 4 distinctly but not strongly clavate, apparently

glabrous, somewhat shorter than others ; trichobothria of segments

2 and 3 filamentous, apical portions very fine and plumose, those of

segments 5 and 6 filamentous, glabrous, all except those of fourth

segment subequal in length.

Leffs. First and ninth pairs of legs 5-segmented, all others 6-

segmented, the metatarsal suture being quite distinct; claw with

two auxiliary bristles ; trochanter with a single biramous hair, tibia

and tarsus each with a short, simple seta on distal margin, meta-

tarsus with two simple setae near apex, 5-segmented legs having

tarsus with 3 setae.

Pygidium. Anal plate with basal portions separate, expanded,

distal portions cuneate, tips widest, broadly rounded, lateral corners

with a small process; sternum with posterior setae (6^) slender,

half again as long as anal plate, lateral setae ( 6® ) subequal toi pos-

terior setae, anterior setae (6®) slender, short, inconspicuous; styli

cylindrical, approxirnktely one-half as long as u®, clavate; tergum

with submedian setae (a^) spirally crooked, slender, longer than a®,

intermediate setae (a®) moderately stout, approximately one-half

length of lateral setae (a^).

Female: Similar to male; length 1.44 mm., width 0.62 mm.

Holotype, adult male (No. 5891, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : WooL-

SEY Canyon, Berkeley, Alameda County, California; 21 No-

vember 1947 (MacSwain). Allotype, adult female (No. 5892,

Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : same data as holotype. Paratypes: 2 adult

Plate II: Fig. 1, Eurypauropus calif ornicus, dorsal view, para-

type male x 50; la, antenna x 350; 16, ventral view, pygidium x 350;

Fig. 2. Gravieripus armatus, dorsal view, holotype male x 50; 2a.,

antenna x 350; 26, ventral view, pygidium x 350.

April, 1948]

macswain and lanham— pauropoda

I 2

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

males, 4 adult females, same data as holotype; 3 adult males, 7

adult females, same locality as holotype, 26 November 1947 (Mac-

Swain) ; 8 adult males, 9 adult females, Fairfax, Marin County,

California, 24 November 1947 (MacSwain and Lanham) . Addi-

tional material includes 4 immature specimens with same data as

allotype (with 5 terga and 6 or 8 pairs of legs) , and many individ-

uals, both adult and immature, preserved in alcohol, from Fairfax

and Berkeley.

Individuals of this species were never observed to roll up tightly

into a ball when disturbed.

Following the classification of Remy (1937), this species is to

be assigned to the genus Eurypauropus, since the pulvillus bears

two bristles. The three European species, E. consohrinus Remy, E.

hastatus Attens, and E. ornatus Latzel, differ by having leaf-shaped

or flattened setae on the tergum, especially at the lateral margins;

all tergal setae in E. californicus are bristle-shaped. E. spinosus

Ryder, recorded from several localities in the eastern United States,

lacks the strong tooth near the insertion of the trichobothrium on

the second segment. E. okinoshimensis Esaki, of doubtful position,

also lacks this tooth, and differs further in the outline of the sixth

tergum, and in the fact that all legs are 5-segmented.

Gravieripus armatus MacSwain and Lanham, new species

Male: Color pinkish brown. Length 1.46 mm,., width 0.66 mm.

Head. Four setae present between antennal insertions.

Antennae. Scape 4-segmented, segment 2 shortest. Stylus latior

about as long as last 2 segments of scape taken together, slightly

widened apically, anterior margin distinctly longer than posterior,

stalk of globulus approximately one-half length of stylus; stylus

angustior subequal to latoir, unsegmented portion of its flagellum

about one- third length of stylus; stalk of secondary globulus, on

segment 3 of scape, approximately one-half length of nearest seta,

inserted some distance from seta.

Trunk. Terga ornamented with larger, setose tubercles on back-

ground of much smaller, more numerous non-setose tubercles ; terga

1 and 5 with median areas clear of large setose tubercles, tergum 2

with 2 small lateral circular areas and terga 3 and 4 each with 4

lateral circular areas also free of large tubercles; tubercles and

setae giving lateral margins of terga serrate outline; setae long,

slender, bristle-shaped. Tergum 1 biconvex in outline, so that a

transverse line joining widest points would lie three-fifths to two-

thirds of distance from anterior to posterior margin; tergum 2 with

strong, anteriorly projecting tooth just mesad of anterior comers,

April, 1948]

Macswain and lanham— pauropoda

near insertion of trichobothrium; terg’a 3-6 each with a U-shaped

lateral notch at insertions of trichobothria, which in terga 3-5 is

usually slightly deeper than wide ; tergum 5 with median hump ap-

proximately three-fourths distance towards posterior margin; ter-

gum 6 less than half width of 5, projecting only slightly beyond 5,

posterior margin strongly concave anteriorly, strong lateral notches

lying close to concavity, two long setae just outside notches. Tricho-

bothrium of segment 4 shorter and thicker than others, apparently

glabrous throughout, apical third darkened by reason of inclusions,

perhaps very slightly swollen; remaining trichobothria filamentous,

those of segments 2 and 3 with apical third distinctly plumose;

tricho bo thria of segments 2, 3 and 6 sub equal, of segment 5 slightly

longer than others.

Legs. All legs 5- segmented, (although tarsus occasionally has

faint external creasing at the same point where metatarsal division

occurs in those genera having 6-join ted letgs) : claw single, with two

auxilliary bristles; trochanter with a single, two-branched hair,

tibia with one and tarsus with three simple setae. Penes asymmet-

rical, conical, longer than wide, tips rounded, each with slender

subapical seta. '

Pygidiuw.. Anal plate with basal portions distally separate,

united near base, expanded, distal portions oblong-elliptical, widest

near apices; sternum with posterior setae (6^) slender, approxi-

m-ately twice as long as median process of anal plate, lateral setae

(6^) slightly longer than anterior setae (6^). Styli cylindrical,

about two- thirds length of tergum with submedian (a') spirally

crooked, intermediate (a^) and lateral (a^) setae all slender, bristle-

shaped, longer than a® shorter than a^.

Female: Similar to male; length 1.4 mm., width 0.64 mm.

Holotype, adult male (No. 5889, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : can-

yon on south slope of Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County, Cali-

fornia, 12 November 1947, under fallen oak branches (MacSwain

and Lanham). Allotype, adult female (No. 5890, Calif. Acad. Sci.,

Ent.) : same data as holotype. Paratypes: 4 adult males, 1 adult

female, same data as holotype; 2 adult males, same locality, from

litter under Toyon bush {Photinia arhuti folia Lindl.) , 4 November

1947 (MacSwain) . Additional material includes 13 immature spe-

cimens, with same data as holotype, and 1 immature specimen from

litter under redwood trees. Redwood Regional Park, near Oakland,

Alameda County, California, 2 November 1947 (Lanham). The

immature specimens may be classified in respect to number of

terga and pairs of legs as follows: 7 specimens with 5 terga, 8 pairs

of legs; 3 specimens with 5 terga, 6 pairs; 2 specimens with 4 terga,

5 pairs; 3 specimens with 3 terga, 3 pairs of legs.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

When disturbed, individuals of this species moved away, and

were never observed to roll up tightly into a ball.

Following the classification of Remy (1937), this species falls

in the genus Gravieripus, by reason of the 5-segmented legs and

the antennal characters. Gravieripus previously contained only the

single species, G. latzeli (Cook), of Europe, which is the Eury-

pauropus spinosus Ryder of Latzel (1884:34). G. armatus differs

from latzeli, as figured by Remy (1937), in lacking leaf -shaped

setae on the margin of tergum 4, in the non-clavate trichobothrium

of segment 4, and in the expanded basal portion of the processes

of the anal plate (linear in latzeli) . Remy mentions no teeth near

the anterior corners of tergum 2, a conspicuous feature of armatus.

The Japanese Eurypauropus okinoshimensis Esaki (1934), of un-

certain position in Remy’s classification, but having all legs 5-seg-

mented, also lacks the teeth of tergum 2, and has tergum 6 much

larger than in armatus, and of different outline. The combination

of characters such as teeth of tergum 2, the bristle-like setae on the

terga (none strongly hastate or leaf -like) also separates armatus

from the previously described species of Eurypauropus, as defined

by Remy.

Literature cited

Bagnall, R. S. 1935. An extended classification of the Pauropoda

to include two new families. Ann. Mag*. Nat. Hist., (10)16:619-

629.

Esaki, T. 1934. Two new forms of the Pauropoda from Japan.

Annot. Zool. Japonenses, 14:339-345.

Latzel, R. 1883. Die Pauropoden Oesterreichs : Ordnung Pauro-

poda Lubbock. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 3:123-128.

1884. Die Myriopoden der osterreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie.

2te Halfte. Die Symphylen, Pauropoden und Diplopoden. Vi-

enna. 1-414.

Remy, P;. 1936. Beitrag zur Fauna der Myriapoden Deutschlands,

mit Beschreibung neuer Arten. Zool. Anz., 116:310-320.

1937. Les Eurypauropodinae du Museum National d’Histoire

Naturelle. BuU. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur. Paris, 9:252-257.

Starling, J. H. 1943. Pauropoda from the Duke Forest. Proc. Ent.

Soc. Washington, 45:183-200.

1944. Ecological studies of the Pauropoda of the Duke Forest.

Ecol. Monographs, 14:291-310.

Tiegs, 0. W. 1947. The development and affinities of the Pauro-

poda, based on a study of Pauropus silvaticus. Part 1. Quart.

Jour. Micros. Sci., 88:165-267.

April, 1948] boddy— culicidae of Washington

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE CULICIDAE OF

WASHINGTON

BY DENNIS W. BODDY

University of Washington

Seattle, Washington

The present paper is an annotated list of 31 species of Culicidae

known from Washington. Of these, 24 species have been collected

by the author mostly during the past two years and mostly within

a 50-mile radius of Seattle. Localities and dates are given and

generalizations on the biology of the different species are made

from field notes taken by the author. Localities and dates of other

authors are given, but their remarks on habits have been omitted

except in a few indicated cases.

The mosquitoes in Washington are not of great importance

as vectors of disease. However, encephalitis is endemic in the

Yakima Valley and Culex tarsalis Coq. has been demonstrated as

the chief vector of this disease. C. pipiens L. and Culiseta inorata

(Will.) are considered vectors of possible importance when found

in sufficient numbers (11). Anopheles freeborni Ait. is the only

vector of malaria in the state, but this disease has been infrequent

during recent years (10). Mosquitoes also present a serious pest

problem in many areas. Aedes lateralis Meig. and A. vexans

(Meig.) are extremely bothersome near rivers following flooded

conditions. Culex pipiens L. is a serious pest in residential areas

of Seattle and Tacoma where control measures are found neces-

sary. The mosquitoes of mountainous areas cause great annoy-

ance to vacationists. Such mosquitoes as Aedes nearcticus Dyar

attack viciously during the day along the higher mountain trails.

Other recreational areas are spoiled by the number of mosquitoes

present. Stage (18) reports A. ahoriginis Dyar and A. fitchii (F.

and Y.) as being troublesome around summer homes on Bain-

bridge Island. A. cinereus (Meig.) and A. varipalpus (Coq.) are

also important in this respect in restricted areas. The author

found A. dorsalis (Meig.) extremely annoying at Soap Lake and

Dry Falls, and they are probably as bad in other areas where they

occur. Most of the mosquitoes found in the state are probably

occasionally annoying, but are usually limited in their range and

numbers.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

In identification of material, keys by Matheson (13) and Gjullin

(9) were found helpful. However, in a few cases certain character-

istics, not included in these keys, were found useful. In the larvae

of Culiseta inornata (Will.) the tuft on the posterior margin of

the plate was found to be double and quite heavy while in the

larvae of C. incidens (Thom.), which is very similar, this hair

is occasionally triple, shorter, and noticeably less robust. In the

adults the white tarsal bands of C. incidens (Thom.) are frequently

indistinct, but the adults of this species are easily distinguished

from C. impatiens (Walk.), which it closely resembles, by the

much heavier wing spots.

Matheson (13) considers Aedes aloponotum Dyar as being in-

distinct from A. excrucians (Walk.). However, certain character-

istics present on larvae and adults collected during this period

seem to warrant leaving this mosquito as a valid species. The

larvae closely follow the descriptions of A. flavescens (Miill.),

differing from excrucians in having double lateral hairs on the

first to sixth segments, the lower head hairs usually double, but

occasionally triple, and the upper head hairs triple and occa-

sionally in fours. One to two terminal pecten teeth are more

widely separated than the others and are nearly thornlike in

appearance. The body is densely covered with small spicules.

The adults closely resemble Dyar’s (1) type description. The

male genitalia differ from the description of excrucians in having

a small bifurcation at the tip of the claw of the clasper and having

what appears to be a sub-basal lobe. The apical lobe is longer than

it is in excrucians.

Aedes aboriginis Dyar has been omitted from the key to larvae

by Matheson (13) . The larvae of aboriginis key out to the couplet

containing pullatus, pionips, and canadensis in this key. Pullatus

has long, pointed anal gills and occurs in the high mountains;

aboriginis has shorter gills, little longer than the anal segment, and

is found in the low coastal regions. Pionips and canadensis have

not been recorded from the state, but aboriginis differs from these

in not having slipper shaped comb scales and with more or less

equal spines on these scales.

Aedes lateralis Meig. has been omitted from the key to adult

Aedes by Gjullin (9) , but can be found in Matheson’s key.

Localities are listed by counties with dates for each collection

following the specific locality. Larval collections are noted by (L)

April, 1948] boddy— culicidae of Washington

and adult collections by (A) after the date of collection. Numbers

following some of the localities correspond to references in the

bibliography. Records from mosquitoes in the possession of M. K.

Mondala are indicated by his name.

The preparation of this paper has been carried out under the

general supervision of Dr. M. H. Hatch of the University of Wash-

ington, whose guidance and help in preparation of the manuscript

is greatly appreciated. The author also wishes to acknowledge

the help of Dr. F. F. Fergusen, and Mr. J. J. Davis, of the Uni-

versity of Washington, and Mr. M. K. Mondala of the Washington

State Department of Health for the use of material.

Annotated List of Species

1. Eucorethra underwoodi Underwood. Probably breeds

throughout the year, frequently in deep, cold pools. GRAYS HARBOR

CO.: Hoquiam 5-27-17 (6) ; king co.: Paradise Lake 3-31-46 (L).

Seattle 2-8-47 (L) ; mason co.: Lake Cushman 6-21-17 (6) ; Sno-

homish CO.: Chase Lake 5-8-46 (L) ; thurston co.: Olympia

3-31-94 (6). LARVAL ASSOCIATIONS: CuUseta uiorsitans (Theo.).

2. Mochlonyx cinctipes (Coquillett) . Fairly common, at least in

western Washington. Larvae found in situations similar to Chao-

hoTus nyblaei Zett. king CO.: Echo Lake 3-19-47 (L), 4-8-46 (L),

Seattle, 2-1-47 (L), 2-8-47 (L), 2-16-47 (L) , 3-1-47 (L), 3-19-47

(L), 4-18-46 (L), Tukwila 5-5-46 (L) ; snohomish co.: Alder-

wood Manor 3-1-47 (L). larval associations: Chaoborus ny-

blaei Zett., Aedes aloponotum Dyar., A. aboriginis Dyar., A.

cinereus (Meig.).

3. Chaoborus nyblaei Zetterstedt. Very common, breeding chiefly

in deep pools, marshes, and lake edges. Probably breeds through-

out the year. Larvae feed extensively on Copepods. king CO.:

Echo Lake 3-19-47 (L), 4-8-46 (L), Seattle 1-11-47 (L), 2-16-47

(L), 3-19-47 (L), 4-18-46 (L), Tukwila 5-5-46 (L) ; kitsap co.:

Bremerton (6); mason co.: Hoodsport 5-6-24 (6); snohomish

CO.: Edmonds 3-22-47 (L). larval associations: Mochlonyx

cinctipes (Coq.), Aedes aloponotum Dyar, A. aboriginis Dyar,

A. cinereus (Meig.).

4. Anopheles punctipennis Say. Found to be fairly common in

the southwestern area. Larvae collected generally in open, perma-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

nent, grassy-edged ponds. GRAYS HARBOR CO. : Malonne 7-5-47 (L) ,

Oakville 7-5-47 (L) ; king go.: Carnation 6-12-47 (A), Kenny-

dale 6-15-46 (L) ; pierce go.: Ashford 8-5-06 (4), Tacoma 6-22-

47 (L) ; THURSTON CO.: McKenna 7-5-47 (L), Rochester 7-5-47

(L) ; WHATCOM CO.: Custer 3-29-47 (A). Gjullin and Yates (10)

give the following additional counties : CHELAN, CLALLAM, CLARKE,

COLUMBIA, COWLITZ, GARFIELD, KITITAS, LEWIS, MASON, OKAN-

OGAN, SPOKANE, WALLA WALLA, WHITMAN, YAKIMA. LARVAL AS-

SOCIATIONS: Culex apicalis Say, C. tar satis Coq., C. pipiens L.

5. Anopheles freeborni Aitken. One collection taken from a

permanent, open, grassy pond, kititas co.: Ellensburg 8-11-46

(L) . Gjullin and Yates (10) give the following additional

counties: ASOTIN, BENTON, CLALLAM, CLARKE, COLUMBIA, COWLITZ,

OKANOGAN, SKAMANIA, SPOKANE, STEVENS, WALLA WALLA, WHAT-

COM, WHITMAN, YAKIMA. LARVAL ASSOCIATIONS: Culex tarsalis

Coq.

6. Anopheles occidentalis Dyar and Knab. Rare, stevens

CO.: Valley (10); whatcom co. : Lake Whatcom 5-31-17 (L)

(1)^

7. Aedes nigromaculis (Ludlow), yakima co.: Yakima Val-

ley (A) (14).

8. Aedes FiTCHii (Felt and Young) . Larvae generally collected

from grassy, open habitats. CLALLAM co.: Port Angeles 4-20-46

(L) ; grant CO.: Dry Falls 5-11-4*6 (L) ; island co.: Deer Lagoon,

Whidbey Is. 3-28-47; king co.: Bothel 4-22-46 (L), Seattle 4-15-

46 (L), 4-19-46 (L), 4-27-46 (L) ; kititas co.: Cle Elum 3-25-47

(L) ; KITSAP CO.: Bainbridge Is. Late May to June 22, 1932 (15) ;

mason co. : Hoodsport (L) (5) , Lake Cushman 6-7-17 (4) . LARVAL

ASSOCIATIONS: Aedes aloponotum Dyar, A. increpitus Dyar, A.

aboriginis Dyar, A. cinereus (Meig.) .

9. Aedes aloponotum Dyar. Larvae found in a flooded, semi-

open pond and nearby marshy areas. Adults captured while at-

tacking in early evening, king CO.: Seattle 3-19-47 (L), 4-15-46

(L), 4-19-47 (L), 4-27-46 (L), 5-4-46 (L), 6-12-46 (A), 7-31-47

(A) ; mason co.: Hoodsport 7-6-20, 7-7-20 (A) (2), Lake Cush-

man 6-28-17 (A) (1), 7-3-20, 7-4-20, 7-5-20 (A) (2); pierce

co.: Ashford 8-1-06 (A) (2); skagit co.: Mt. Vernon 3-28-47

^This should be considered a doubtful record because Dyar lost the larvae before

confirmation of his field identification.

April, 1948]

RODDY— CULIGIDAE OF WASHINGTON

(L) ; WHATCOM CO.: Custer 4-20-47 (L). larval associations:

Aedes fichii (F & Y), A. aboriginis Dyar, A. cinereus (Meig.),

Mochlonyx cinctipes (Coq.), Chaohorus nyblaei Zett.

10. Aedes increpitus Dyar. Larvae collected from flooded

meadows and grassy marshes. Quite common. Larvae appear very

early in spring. Adults caught while biting in wooded areas during

the day. grant co. : Park Lake 5-11-46 (A); island co.: Deer

Lagoon, Whidbey Is., 3-28-47 (L) ; Lincoln co. : Creston 6-1-44

(Mondala) ; mason co.: Lake Cushman 6-27-17 (A) (1); Sno-

homish CO.: Edmonds 2-16-47 (L), 3-1-47 (L), 3-8-47 (L),

3-16-47 (L), 3-22-47 (L) ; spokane co.: Spokane 7-12-17 (4);

STEVENS CO.: Chewalah 6-10-44 (Mondala), Kettle Falls 6-10-44

(Mondala); yakima co.: Yakima Valley (A) (14). larval as-

sociations: Aedes fitchii (F&Y), A. aboriginis Dyar.

11. Aedes campestris Dyar & Knab. One collection of larvae

taken in the grassy edges of a semi-permanent lake. Adults cap-

tured while biting in bright sunlight. GRANT CO.: Lower Coulee

5-3-47 (L), Dry Falls 5-4-47 (A).

12. Aedes dorsalis Meigen. Larvae found in grassy, tempo-

rary pools. One collection taken from slightly alkaline water.

Adults caught while biting in the evening. GRANT CO.: Soap Lake

5-3-47 (L), 5-11-46 (A, L) ; king co.: West Seattle 8-11-06 (4),

Seattle 6-30-17 (A) (1); okanogan co.: Oroville 6-6-19 (4);

PIERCE CO.: Tacoma 6-30-46 (L) ; whatcom co.: Bellingham

5- 31-17 (A) (1) ; YAKIMA CO.: Morse Creek 7-19-47 (A), Moxee

8-14-44 (Mondala), Naches 8-14-41 (Mondala). larval associa-

tions: Culex tarsalis Coq., C. pipiens L., Culiseta inornata (Will.) .

13. Aedes aboriginis Dyar. Common, but apparently restric-

ted to western Washington. Larvae usually found in edges of

open marshes and deep-sided, grassy-edged, temporary pools.

Probably the earliest appearing larvae in the spring. Adults found

attacking in wooded areas during the day and early evening.

GRAYS harbor CO.: Hoquiam 5-27-04 (A) (1) ; island co.: Deer

Lagoon, Whidbey Is. 3-28-47 (L) ; king co.: Bothel 3-1-47 (L),

Newcastle 3-24-47 (L), Seattle 2-15-47 (L), 2-16-47 (L), 3-1-47

(L), 3-19-47 (L), 5-5-46 (A); KITSAP co.: Bainbridge Is. April,

1932 (16), Bremerton, last of April, 1924 (L) (5), Kingston

6- 2-46 (A); mason co.: Lake Cushman 6-26-17, 6-27-17 6-28-17

(5) ; PIERCE CO.: Ashford 8-1-06 (A) (5), Longmire 5-10-47 (L),

6-17-17 (L) (5), Yelm 6-1-46 (A); skagit co.: Conner 3-28-47

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

(L), Mt. Vernon 3-28-47 (L) ; snohomish co.: Alderwood Manor

3-1-47 (L), Chase Lake 3-1-47 (L), Edmonds 2-16-47 (L), 3-1-47

(L), 3-8-47 (L), 3-16-47 (L), 3-22-47 (L), 4-19-47 (L), 6-9-46

(L) ; WHATCOM CO.: Glacier 6-3-17 (A), Mt. Baker (foot) (5).

LARVAL ASSOCIATIONS: Mochloiiyx cinctipes (Coq.), Chaohorus

nyblaei Zett., Aedes fitchii (F&Y), A. aloponotum Dyar, A. in-

crepitus Dyar, Culiseta impatiens Dyar.

14. Aedes communis (De Geer), pierce co. : Mt. Rainier, In-

dian Henry’s 6-13-17 (L) (1) , Mt. Rainier 8-3-06 (A) (1).

15. Aedes hexodontus Dyar. Apparently restricted to high

mountainous regions. Larvae collected from a grassy pool at the

foot of a snow bank, pierce CO.: Chinook Pass 8-10-46 (L). lar-

val ASSOCIATIONS: Aedes nearcticus Dyar, A. pullatus (Coq.).

16. Aedes idahoensis (Theobald), okanogan co.: Okanogan

(4).

17. Aedes lateralis Meigen. Very common breeder in the

flood- waters of the larger rivers (3). This mosquito has been

studied extensively and reported in several papers (20) . COWLITZ

CO.: 6-13-33 (A) (17), Longview 7-20-44 (Mondala) ; king co.:

Lake Tapps 7-14-34 (Mondala); pacific co.: Oysterville 6-21-18

(4); SKAMANIA CO.: 6-16-33 (A) (17); whatcom co.: Sumas

7-15-20 (1); YAKIMA CO.: Yakima Valley (A) (14).

18. Aedes nearcticus Dyar. Larvae collected from a grassy

pool at the foot of a snow bank. Adults fierce biters, found attack-

ing in the open and at late afternoon. Apparently restricted to high

mountainous regions, pierce CO.: Chinook Pass 8-10-46 (A, L),

Mt. Rainier (13). larval associations: Aedes hexodontus Dyar,

A. pullatus (Coq.).

19. Aedes pullatus (Coquillett) . Larvae collected from a

grassy pool at the foot of a snow bank and in a deep, sunken valve-

box filled with snow-water. Apparently restricted to high altitudes.

PIERCE CO.: Chinook Pass 7-20-47 (L), 8-10-46 (L) ; Olympic

National Forest (no county given), 4-19-43 (L) (16). LARVAL

associations: Aedes hexodontus Dyar, A. nearcticus Dyar.

20. Aedes ventrovittis Dyar. “Occurs locally at high altitudes

north into Washington” (7) .

21. Aedes varipalpus (Coquillett). Stage (18) reports find-

ing larvae in an oak stump filled with rain water and Dyar (1)

April, 1948]

RODDY— CULICIDAE OF WASHINGTON

found them in a similar situation. Females were collected while

biting in the evening. Males were caught while swarming around

humans along a heavily wooded road during mid-afternoon, king

CO.: Kent 6-20-07 (4), Seattle 5-30-46 (A), 7-31-06 (4); KITSAP

CO.: Kingston 6-2-46 (A) ; lewis co.: Randall 4-12-38 (L) (18) ;

MASON CO.: Lake Cushman 7-4-20 (4); pierce co. : Longmire

Springs 6-11-17 (L) (1), Yelm 6-1-46 (A) ; yakima co.: Ameri-

can River 8-1-46 (A) .

22. Aedes vexans (Meigen) . Very common breeder in the

flood- waters of the larger rivers (3). This mosquito has been

studied extensively and reported in several papers (20) . YAKIMA

CO.: Moxee 8-9-41 (Mondala), Naches 4-14-44 (Mondala) , Sunny-

side 9-10-41 (Mondala), Yakima 5-24-41 (Mondala); whatcom

CO.: Sumas 7-15-20 (A) (3). Common along the lower Columbia

River (18) .

23. Aedes cinereus (Meigen). Larvae common in spring and

early summer, found generally in shaded, deep-sided ponds with

either grassy or naked edges. Adults captured while biting during

the day, but in shaded areas, king co.: Camp Mason 5-30-46 (A),

Echo Lake 3-19-47 (L) , Newport 6-15-46 (L) , North Bend 5-30-46

(A), Seattle 4-19-47 (L), 4-27-46 (L), 5-4-46 (L), 5-20-46 (L),

Tukwila 5-5-46 (L) ; mason co.: Hoodsport (L) (5), Lake Cush-

man 6-26-17 (1) ; PIERCE co. : Mt. Rainier 8-3-06 (4) ; whatcom

CO.: Glacier 6-13-17 (L) (1); yakima co. : Yakima Valley (A)

(14). LARVAL ASSOCIATIONS: Mochlonyx cinctipes (Coq.), Chao-

horus nyblaei Zett., Aedes fitchii (F&Y), A. aloponotum Dyar,

Culex apicalis Adams, C. tarsalis Coq., C. pipiens L.

24. Culex apicalis Adams. Never abundant. Larvae found gen-

erally in the grassy, deeper edges of permanent ponds, marshes,

and lakes. One collection of larvae taken from a Sphagnum bog.

GRAYS HARBOR CO.: Malonne 7-5-47 (L) ; king co.: Newport 6-15-

46 (L), Snoqualmie Pass 8-11-46 (L) ; snohomish co. : Chase

Lake 6-9-46 (L), Silver Lake 6-5-46 (L) ; whatcom co.: Glacier

6-2-17 (L) (1), Sumas 6-2-17 (A) (1) ; yakima co.: Naches River

8-11-46 (L). LARVAL ASSOCIATIONS: Anopheles punctipennis Say,

Aedes cinereus (Meig.), Culex tarsalis Coq., Culiseta incidens

(Thom.) .

25. Culex tarsalis Coquillett. Larvae collected from areas

similar to Culex pipiens L. Collections also made from alkaline

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

water. Very common throughout the state. GRANT CO. : Alkali Lake

5- 11-46 (L), Coulee City 5-11-46 (L), Soap Lake 5-11-46 (L) ;

GRAYS HARBOR CO.: Hoquiam 5-27-17 (A) (1), Malonne 7-5-47

(L), Oakville 7-5-47 (L) ; king co.: Bothel 4-26-47 (L), 4-27-46

(L), 5-5-46 (L), Kennydale 6-15-46 (L), Renton 5-5-46 (L),

Seattle 1-5-47 (A), 5-20-46 (L), 5-30-46 (L), 6-22-17 (A) (1) ;

KiTiTAS CO.: Ellensburg 8-11-46 (L) ; lewis co. : Centralia 5-28-17

(A) (1); OKANOGAN CO.: Okanogan 6-13-44 (Mondala) ; pierce

CO.: Ashford 6-10-17 (A) (1), Tacoma 6-22-47 (L), Sunrise, Mt.

Rainier 8-10-46 (L) ; walla walla co. : Touchet 5-2-42 (Mon-

dala) ; WHATCOM CO.: Bellingham 5-31-17 (A) (1) ; yakima co.:

Yakima 8-12-41 (Mondala). larval associations: Anopheles

punctipennis Say, A. freehorni Ait., Aedes dorsalis (Meig.), A.

cinereus (Meig.), Culex pipiens L., Culiseta inornata (Will.),

C. incidens (Thom.).

26. Culex pipiens Linnaeus. Larvae collected from permanent

ponds, marshes, and lake edges, frequently being in areas that dry

up later in the summer. Present both in foul and fresh water.

Very common pest in western Washington. CLALLAM CO.: Sequim

8-10-44 (Mondala); grays harbor co.: Aberdeen (12); KING

CO.: Redmond 4-26-47 (L), Seattle 1-5-47 (A), 1-22-47 (A),

4-7-46 (A), 5-20-47 (L), 6-4-47 (L), 6-23-47 (L) ; pierce co.:

Tacoma 6-22-47 (L), 6-30-46 (L) ; snohomish co.: Edmonds

6- 9-46 (L), 7-14-46 (L) ; yakima co.: Yakima 8-11-41 and 8-18-

41 (Mondala). LARVAL ASSOCIATIONS: Anopheles punctipennis

Say, Aedes dorsalis (Meig.), A. cinereus (Meig.), Culex tarsalis

Coq., Culiseta inornata (Will.), C. incidens (Thom.).

27. Culiseta morsitans (Theobald). One collection made

from a Sphagnum bog. SNOHOMISH CO.: Chase Lake 5-8-46 (L) ;

yakima co.: Yakima Valley (A) (1). larval associations:

Eucorethra underwoodi LFnd.

28. Culiseta inornata ( Williston) . Common species. Larvae

found in a variety of habitats including alkaline, foul, and fresh

water, but usually in open areas. CLALLAM CO.: Sequim 6-27-44

(A) (Mondala) ; grant co.: Soap Lake 5-11-46 (L) ; okanogan

CO.: Okanogan 6-27-44 (Mondala); pierce co.: Tacoma 6-30-46

(L) ; SNOHOMISH CO.: Edmonds 6-9-46 (L), 6-15-46 (L), 7-14-46

(L) ; yakima CO.: Yakima Valley (A) (14). larval associa-

tions: Aedes dorsalis (Meig.), Culex tarsalis Coq., C. pipiens L.,

Culiseta incidens (Thom.).

April, 1948]

RODDY— CULICIDAE OF WASHINGTON

29. CuLiSETA IMPATIENS (Walker) . Larvae taken from deep-

sided marsh pools, and a woodland pool in a dry creek bed.

Adults collected off clothing during the day; none biting. KING

CO.: Camp Mason 6-1-46 (A) ; mason co.: Lake Cushman 6-26-17

(L) (1); PIERCE CO.: Longmire Springs 6-11-17 (A) (1); SKA-

GIT CO.: north of Darington 6-29-47 (L) ; snohomish co.: Ed-

monds 6-9-46 (L) ; whatcom co.: Glacier 6-3-17 (A).

30. CuLiSETA INCIDENS (Thomson). Larvae collected from a

variety of habitats; Sphagnum bog, meadow, pond, and foul

water. Adults were collected while biting. GRANT CO.: Dry Falls

Lake 5-4-47 (L) ; grays harbor co.: Hoquiam 5-27-15 (A) (1) ;

KING CO.: Enumclaw 6-27-44 (Mondala), Greenwater 6-17-44

(Mondala), Paradise Lake 3-31-46 (A), Redmond 4-26-47 (L),

Seattle 6-22-17 (A) (1); lewis co.: Centralia 5-28-17 (A) (1);

PIERCE CO.: Ashford 6-10-17 (A) (1), Tacoma 6-30-46 (L) ; sno-

homish CO.: Chase Lake 6-9-46 (L), Edmonds 7-14-46 (L) ;

YAKIMA CO.: Yakima Valley (A) (14). larval associations:

Culex apicalis Adams, C. tarsalis Coq., C. pipiens L., Culiseta inor-

nata (Will.).

31. Mansonia perturbans (Walker), king co.: Seattle 7-8-

37 (A) (M. H. Hatch collection) ; yakima co.: Yakima Valley

7-31-41 (L) (8).

References

1. Dyar, H. G. 1917. The mosquitoes of the Pacific Northwest

(Diptera, Culicidae). Ins. Ins. Men. 5(7-9) :97-102.

2. Dyar, H. G. 1920. The American Aedes of the Stimulans

group (Diptera, Culicidae). Ins. Ins. Men. 8(7-9) :106-120.

3. Dyar, H. G. 1920. Note on the distribution of the flood-

water mosquitoes of the West (Diptera, Culicidae). Ins. Ins.

Men. 8(10-12) :198-199.

4. Dyar, H. G. 1922. The mosquitoes of the United States.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 62(1) : 1-119.

5. Dyar, H. G. 1924. Note on Aedes aloponotum and other

species of its region (Diptera, Culicidae). Ins. Ins. Men.

12(10-12) :176-179.

6. Dyar, H. G. and R. C. Shannon. 1924. American Chaobo-

rinae (Diptera, Culicidae). Ins. Ins. Men. 12(10-12) :201-

216.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

7. Freeborn, S. B. and B. Brookman. 1943. Identification

guide to the mosquitoes of the Pacific Coast states. Fed. Sec.

Agen. U.S.P.H.S., Mai. Cont. in War Areas. Pp. 23; illus.

8. Gjullin, C. M. 1941. [Mosquitoes of Washington.] Ins.

Pest Sur. Bull. 21(7) :555.

9. Gjullin, C. M. 1946. A key to the Aedes females of America

north of Mexico (Diptera, Culicidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.

48(9) :215-236. Illus.

10. Gjullin, C. M. and W. W. Yates. 1945. Anopheles and

malaria in the northwestern states. Mosq. News. 5(4) :97-

^ 102. Illus.

11. Hammon, W. McD., W. C. Reeves, S. R. Benner, and B.

Brookman. 1945. Human Encephalitis in the Yakima Val-

ley, Washington, 1942. Jour. Am. Med. Ass. 128:1133-1139.

12. Hatch, M. H. 1938. A bibliographical catalogue of the in-

jurious arachnids and insects of Washington. Univ of Wash.

Pub. in Biol. 1(4) :163-224.

13. Matheson, R. 1944. Handbook of the mosquitoes of North

America. 2nd ed. Ithaca, N. Y. : Comstock. Pp. viii+314.

14. Reeves, W. C. and W. McD. Hammon. 1943. Feeding habits

of the proven and possible mosquito vectors of Western

Equine and St. Louis Encephalitis in the Yakima Valley,

Washington. Am. Jour. Trop. Med. 24(2) :131-134.

15. Stage, H. H. 1932. [Mosquitoes of Washington.] Ins. Pest

Sur. Bull. 12(6) :291.

16. Stage, H. H. 1933. [Mosquitoes of Oregon and Washing-

ton.] Ins. Pest. Sur. Bull 13(3) :93.

17. Stage, H. H. 1933. [Mosquitoes of Oregon and Washing-

ton.] Ins. Pest. Sur. Bull 13(5) :183.

18. Stage, H. H. 1935. Mosquito control provides work relief

projects near recreation centers. Jour. Econ. Ent. 28(6) :

842-846.

19. Stage, H. H. 1938. [Mosquitoes of Washington.] Ins. Pest

Sur. Bull 18(3) :134.

20. Stage, H. H. 1943. Relation of the Bonneville Dam to mos-

quito control along the Columbia River. Proc. 13th Ann.

Meet. N. J. Mos. Ext. Ass., March 10, 1943:197-202.

April, 1948]

HOBBS— TORYMUS

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF TORYMUS

( Torymidae : Chalcidoidea)

BY KENNETH R. HOBBS*

Oregon State College, Corvallis

A search has been made for some diagnostic character by which

the species of Torymus could be separated with greater certainty.

In the past, such characters as the shape and size of the stigmal

knob, the length of the stigmal vein, presence or absence of the

crossfurrow on the scutellum, or the differential length of the seg-

ments of the antennae, have been used in separating species of the

genus Torymus. Although these are valuable characters, they are

sufficiently variable to make determinations difficult. When these

taxonomic characters are used in combination with the male and

female genitalia, determinations are simpler.

The shape of the ovipositor saw is sufficiently stable in Torymus

and varies greatly enough between species that it can be used as a

dependable character. This structure has been used before by

Phillips and Emery** in the determination of members of the

genus Harmolita (Chalcidoidea). These authors illustrated the

dorsal view of the ovipositor to show different teeth arrangements.

They found that in Harmolita there is little difference in the ovi-

positors of the different species as seen in profile; the main dif-

ference is in the dorsal view and consists in size, shape, and

arrangement of denticles.

Both the dorsal' and lateral views of the ovipositor can be used

for determination in the genus Torymus. Since the saws vary in

size, shape, and number of teeth, the lateral view is preferable.

The lateral view can be seen in silhouette cleaHy, whereas in the

dorsal view, it is difficult to bring the entire tooth structure into

focus. Inasmuch as the ovipositor is higher than wide, the prepa-

ration of a dorsal mount is laborious without first removing the

two ventral valvulae.

The ovipositor saws of thirty specimens of the same species

were stable in the number, arrangement, and size of teeth. Several

saws each of ten different species were compared and the charac-

ters were found stable for each species. Drawings of the ovipositors

of six species are shown in the figures.

* Publication costs paid by the author.

♦♦Phillips, W. J., and W. T. Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 55:433-471, pis.

39-48, 1919.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIV, NO. 2

Fig. 1. Ovipositor tip of Torymus giganticum, lateral view; Fig.

2. T. perplexum, lateral view; Fig. 3. T. bedegnaris, lateral view;

Fig. 4. T. chrysochlora, lateral view; Fig. 5. T. tubicola, lateral view;

Fig. 6. T. calif ornicum, lateral view; Fig. 7. dorso-lateral view;

Fig. 8. dorsal view. All x 125.

These drawings were made by projecting the image of the ovi-

positors with the use of an ordinary microscope tilted horizontally

with the eye-piece placed 28 inches from the drawing paper for all

illustrations except the three views of Torymus calif ornicum. For

these drawings the eye-piece was placed at 26 inches.

April, 1948]

ROSS— EMBIOPTERA OF NEW GUINEA

THE EMBIOPTERA OF NEW GUINEA

BY EDWARD S. ROSS^

California Academy of Sciences

San Francisco, California

Aside from a few records of immature specimens, the only

previously known embiopteron from New Guinea was Oligotoma

albertisi Navas, described in 1930. Recently, the writer had an

opportunity to collect specimens of this order in three widely sepa-

rated areas along the northeast coast of this island. The fact that

seven new species were obtained in limited coastal environments,

and that four of these were found in one region, indicates that New

Guinea must be rich in species awaiting discovery.

Specimens were obtained by first locating their silken tunnels

spun on the bark of coconut palms and forest trees. The usual

location of these tunnels is along the contact point of arboreal vines,

in bark crevices, under bark flakes or lichens, among roots of epi-

phytic plants, and on the under surfaces of branches and logs.

Habitats along the sea shore seem to be preferred by certain species

to those a few yards or more inland. Some species may produce a

conspicuous matting of tunnels occupied by a large number of in-

dividuals, others only inconspicuous, individual colonies. Tunnels

produced by spiders or moths may closely resemble, and be con-

fused with Embioptera activity. Because of the great amount of

cover and the profusion of potential habitats in tropical forests, a

search in the expected places for colonies may not yield results

except after prolonged patience.

Mature males, obtained by carefully dissecting the tunnels, may

be killed and preserved in 70% alcohol in the field. However, all

immature specimens obtained and females should be transferred

alive to large, cotton-plugged test tubes partially filled with crum-

bled bark or other habitat material. The Embioptera will quickly

spin new tunnels in captivity and the tubes can serve as cultures

from which an indefinite number of mature males, indispensable

for systematic study, may be obtained. The cultures need only be

kept moderately moist and enlarged as the populations increase.

The bark, lichens, and moss serve as food.

^Publication costs paid by the California Academy of Sciences.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

The nine known New Guinea species are members of the genus

Oligotoma wherein they are a part of the large group of species

related to borne'ensis Hagen ( = vosseleri Krauss) . The male

genitalic characters in this group are relatively uniform but valu-

able supporting specific distinctions may be found in mandibular

and head structure, size, and in coloration. Color characters of

post-teneral individuals, underestimated by Davis (1940), deserve

fuller consideration. They are very useful in at least the prelimi-

nary separation of species, but should not become the sole charac-

terization of new species.

General Explanation of Figures

The drawings are based on camera lucida outlines of specimens

treated in KOH and mounted in balsam. Most setae, indications of

pattern, and relative degree of sclerotization have been omitted.

Membranous areas are represented by stippling. In the figures of

the head the mandibles are often shown spread apart; the palpi,

flagellar antennal segments and facets of the eyes have been omitted.

No attempt has been made to adopt a uniform scale. Explanation

of symbols : 9 = ninth abdominal tergite, 10 L = left hemitergite

and 10 R = right hemitergite of tenth abdominal segment. 10 LP

= process of 10 L; 10 RPi and 10 RP 2 = processes of 10 R.

HP = process of hypandrium, LPPT = left paraproct, LCi ==

basal segment of left cercus, LCB = left cercus-basipodite.

Key to Species of New Guinea Embioptera

Mature Males

1. Mandibles without inner-basal excisions; eyes very large, sep-

arated by interspace less than one-half an eye-width wide; left

paraproct (LPPT) not sclerotized; basal segment of left cercus

nearly cylindrical, not thickened distad; size small (body length

6.5 mm.) (fig. 8) oculata

-. Mandibles with distinct inner-basal excision; eyes moderate to

small sized, interspace at least three-fourths an eye- width wide ;

left paraproct sclerotized; basal segment of left cercus notice-

ably to strongly swollen distad; size small to large (body length

8 to 12 mm.) 2

2. Left mandible with the two distal teeth fused; process of left

hemitergite of tenth abdominal tergite (10 LP) with a minute

but distinct spine on outer margin near apex. (fig. 7)

nnandibulata

-. Left mandible with three distinct, separate, acutely pointed dis-

tal teeth; left tergal process (10 LP) without subapical spine....3

April, 1948]

ROSS— EMBIOPTERA OF NEW GUINEA

3. Mandibles with bases very broad, inner basal margins sharply,

obtusely angulate, outer dorsal margins strongly, acutely ele-

vated (fig. 1) bomeensis

Mandibles not exceptionally broad basally, inner basal margins

broadly rounded, outer dorsal margins not strongly elevated... .4

4. Head color contrastingly darker than remainder of body, or at

least the pro thorax , 5

Head and body nearly unicolorous, pro thorax not lighter than

pterothorax : 7

5. Body and legs pale yellowish orange in color throughout in strik-

ing contrast to dark brown wings and blackish brown head.. a wren

Body and legs mostly light to dark brown, wings not darker than

body 6

6. Prothorax pale yellow in strong contrast to^ the dark brown legs,

pterothorax, and abdomen; wings as dark as pterothorax, hya-

line stripes very narrow and sharply defined; eyes relatively

small, separated by an interspace more than two eye-widths

wide; size large (length 11.0 mm.) maritiina^

Prothorax light brown, not noticeably lighter in color than that

of legs, pterothorax, and abdomen; wings and pterothorax nearly

unicolorous, hyaline stripes broad and poorly defined; eyes larga.,

interspace one eye- width wide; size small (8 mm.) hollandia-

7. Eyes large, inflated, interspace less than one eye-width wide;

head narrow (fig. 2) davisi

Eyes rather small; interspace nearly two eye- widths wide; head

broad (fig. 3) brunnea

Mature Females^

1. Coxae and trochanters of middle and hind legs whitish, strongly

contrasted by the dark femora and thorax ..2

Legs unicolorous 3

2. Tibiae and tarsi of middle and hind legs whitish; strongly con-

trasted by the dark brown femora oculata

Tibiae, except for short basal whitish area, as darkly colored as

femora; tarsi golden brown mandibulata

3. Head distinctly darker than prothorax 4

-. Head and prothorax unicolorous 5

4. Size larger, 9 to 11 mm. Liki and Wakde Islands aurea

-. Size smaller, 7 to 9 mm. Humboldt Bay hollandia

5. Head, prothorax, and legs, medium to golden-brown; thorax and

abdomen dark brown. maritima

-. Unicolorous dark brown throughout^ davisi

^Albertisi Navas would apparently key out to maritima but at least differs in the

nature of the apex of the left paraproct which is sharply hooked in the latter and

obtusely tapered and scarcely curved outward in albertisi.

®The females of albertisi Navas and bomeensis Hagen are unknown.

■•Females of brunnea will probably key out here but available specimens are

teneral and therefore not included.

100

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

PROCESSES

OF TERMINALIA

MANDIBLES

Figure 1. Oliffotoma bomeensis Hagen. Salient characters of ma-

ture male based on specimen from Ta Han, Hainan. Explanation

of symbols on page 98.

(1) Oligotoma borneensis Hagen

A bibliography, redescription, and figures of this common spe-

cies have been published recently by the writer (1943) and these

need not be repeated here. The species is known from South China,

the Philippines, through Indonesia, and the Malay Peninsula where

April, 1948]

ROSS— EMBIOPTERA OF NEW GUINEA

101

males are frequently collected at light, often together with those of

Oligotoma humbertiana (Saussure) . Because its range is appar-

ently confined to populated coastal areas, it seems evident that the

species has been spread by man in the course of ancient and mod-

ern commerce. It may be separated from all other known New

Guinea species by its peculiar mandibular characters as figured.

New Guinea record: Six males from Sekroe, N. W. New Guinea,

acq. 1898 (N. Schadler) (Leiden Museum Collection).

I wish to thank Dr. H. C. Blbte of the Rijksmuseum van Natu-

urlijke Historie for the privilege of studying these specimens.

Pi^re 2. Oligotoma davisi, new species. Salient characters of holo-

type male. Explanation of symbols on page 98.

(2) Oligotoma davisi Ross, new species

Male. General Color: body, legs, and wings uniform medium

brown throughout; head slightly darker. Dimensions: relatively

large, body length 8.5 mm.; forewing length 6.3 mm., breadth 1.75

ram.

Head with form as illustrated. Cranium, narrow; area behind

eyes dark brown, becoming yellowish brown between eyes, thence

dark brown in clypeal region^; ventrally dark brown except for

•This bicolorous condition only visible in KOH-cleared specimens.

102

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV. NO. 2

lig'hter ring' around margins of occipital foramen; occipital fora-

men rounded anteriorly; width of gular bridge equal to submentum

length. Eyes very large, inflated, facets very large. Antennae with

basal segment dark chocolate- brown, other segments tan, number

incomplete. Labrum light brown; miandibles golden yellow except

for reddish amber inner-apical margins; palpi dark brown; sub-

mentum light golden brown, much lighter than posterior cranial

color, outline as flgured.

Thorax without specific structural features, medium brown

throughout, pleurites darker. Legs with all segments unicolorous

medium brown, the forelegs somewhat darker. Wings without spe-

cific venational features, medium brown throughout but appearing

relatively light because of broad unpigmented intervenal stripes

which are wider than one- third the distance between veins and have

very weak, suffused margins.

Abdomen paler than thorax; terminalia with structure and color

almost identical to that of hrunnea more fully described below.

Female (in alcohol) rather unicolorous blackish brown through-

out. Length 11.0 mm.

Head with cranium, blackish, chocolate-brown dorsally with two

faint suffused pale brown areas between eyes, no evidence of basal

pattern; ventrally paler around occipital foramen and gular' bridge.

Antennae with basal segment as dark as cranium, second segment

light brown, remaining segments pale straw-yellow; becoming paler

distad; number incomplete (16 present). Labrum colored as cra-

nium; other mouthparts, except mandibles and submentum, dark

brown; submentum blackish brown.

Thorax blackish brown dorsally, somewhat lighter ventrally;

membranous areas between pronotum. and mesonotal acrotergite

and between mesonotum, and metanotal acrotergite white. Legs

with all segments dark brown, tarsi paler; membranous area be-

tween femur and tibia of all legs whitish.

Abdomen with tergites blackish brown, pleurites and sternites

(except terminal) medium brown, membranous areas and posterior

margins of tergites rufous light brown; terminal tergites darker,

paragenital sternites dark brown without characteristic pattern.

Cerci blackish brown.

Holotype male, (No. 5850, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) , on slide, and

allotype female, (No. 5851, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.), in alcohol,

collected by the writer at Toem, Maffin Bay, Dutch New Guinea

July 20, 1944.

Paralypes: fifteen males (14 on slides, one in alcohol) and eight

females on slides and in alcohol from the type locality but collected,

or matured in cultures, on various dates from June 20 to September

20, 1944. Deposited in the U. S. National Museum, Museum of

April, 1948] Ross— embioptera of new guinea

103

Comparative Zoology, Harvard, British Museum (Natural His-

tory) , and in the writer’s collection.

Biology: Silken colonies were found on the trunks of shaded

forest trees. A favored situation is along the contact point of large

vines growing on the tree. This is the most abundant of the forest

species at Maffin Bay.

Relationships: Males of davisi, and its close relative, brunnea,

described below, may be superficially distinguished from the other

known New Guinea Embioptera by their rather uniform color in

both sexes, the other species having a paler prothorax, darker

wings or bicolorous legs. The male of davisi may be separated

from that of brunnea by its smaller, narrower cranium with very

large eyes and its darker color. This species is named in honor of

the late Australian embiopterist, Consett Davis, who lost his life in

a wartime plane crash in New Guinea.

(3) Oligotoma brunnea Ross, new species

Mole. General color: body, legs and wings rather uniform medium

brown throughout; head somewhat yeUowish-brown. Dimensions:

relatively large; body length 10.7 mm.; forewing length 7.0 mm.,

breadth 1.8 mm.

Head with form as illustrated. Cranium yellowish-brown becom-

ing darker at sides; width of gular bridge equal to length of sub-

mentum. Eyes relatively small and widely spaced, facets prominent.

Antennae with basal segment dark chocolate-brown in strong con-

trast to lighter cranial color; other segments at first medium brown

but gradually becoming pale tan distad; only fourteen segments

present, remainder broken off. Labrum medium brown; mandibles

golden yellow, inner margins reddish amber; palpi dark brown;

submentum dark golden brown, much darker than cranium, outline

as figured.

Thorax without specific structural features, medium brown

throughout, pleurites somewhat darker. Legs with all segments

medium brown. Wings without specific venational features, medium

brown throughout; unpigmented intervenal stripes rather broad,

width averaging one-fourth the distance between veins, margins

rather suffused.

Abdomen similar in color to thorax, terminalia with structure as

figured. Left hemitergite (10 L) of tenth segment medium brown

with dark brown inner and outer margins, process (10 LP) golden

brown; right hemitergite (10 R) pale brown, processes dark choco-

late-brown basally becoming lighter distad, extreme apex of 10 RPi

golden-yellow. Ninth sternite pale brown; base of process (HP)

104

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

Figure 3. Oligotoma brunnea, new species. Salient characters of

holotype miala Explanation of symbols on page 98.

transversely rugulose, darker, apex of pr ocess with prominent setae ;

left par aproct (LPPT) light brown, setose, sclerotized apex formed

as an obtuse hook with an irregular base, color golden brown; left

cercus-basipodite (LCB) very dark chocolate-brown, fused to base

of left cercus ; basal segment of left cercus medium brown with dark

inner margin, terminal segment and segments of right cercus light

brown.

Female : The only associated female is teneral and therefore un-

fit for description. Its characters should be very similar to those of

davisi but its color may pro ve to be lighter.

Holotype: male, (No. 5854, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.), on slide,

collected by the writer at Gusika, 15 miles north of Finschhafen,

N. E. New Guinea, April, 1944.

April, 1948]

ROSS— EMBIOPTERA OF NEW GUINEA

105

Paratypes: three topotypic males deposited in the U. S. National

Museum and in the writer’s collection.

Biology: Collected in silken tunnels spun on the exposed under

surface of a large fallen tree near a forest creek. Embioptera were

rarely found in the forest area at Gusika but were abundant ( mari-

tima) on the bark of trees growing on the coral cliffs along the

ocean shore.

Relationships : Discussed under davisi. Further collecting may

reveal that the two species, brunnea and davisi, belong to a race

complex. F or the present they are regarded as species because of

the marked, consistent differences in head form and color.

(4) Oligotoma albertisi Navas

Oligotoma albertisi Navas, 1930, Broteria, Serie Zoologica, 26;

20, fig. 2; Davis, 1940, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 65; 375, figs.

38-42.

Holotype: Male, deposited in Genoa Museum, Italy.

Type data: Katau, New Guinea, 1875 (L. M. Albertis) .

Davis’ recent redescription and illustrations of the type of this

species are insufficient in the light of present knowledge to place

this species with certainty. It is probably distinct from those de-

scribed at this time but appears to be most similar to maritima by

virtue of its head and eye form, and the pale prothorax. It differs,

however, in having the left paraproct (LPPT) blunt and unhooked

and in the longer left tergal process (10 LP) .

It i-s unfortunate that the nature of the mandibles and details of

color were not made known by Davis. His suggestion that albertisi

might prove to be a subspecies of borne'ensis does not seem to be

well founded.

(5) Oligotoma maritima Ross, new species

Male. General color: Head dark chocolate-brown, much darker

than remainder of body; pterothorax, legs, and abdomen medium

brown; wings dark brown; prothorax yellowish, contrastingly

lighter than any other portion of specimen. Dimensions : large; body

length 10.4 mm.; forewing length 7.0 mm., breadth 1.9 mm.

Head with form, as illustrated. Cranium, dark chocolate-brown,

somewhat lighter between eyes dorsally and ventrally around inner

margins of eyes, dark around margins of occipital foramen; gular

bridge width a little more than half of submentum-length. Eyes

rather small, widely spaced, with small facets. Antennae with basal

three segments as dark as cranium, remaining segments becoming

106

the PAN-PACIFIC entomologist [vOL. XXIV, NO. 2

increasingly lighter brown distad, finally straw-yellow; twenty-two

segments present in both antennae (probably complete). Labrum

dark brown; mandibles with structure as figured, golden-brown with

apical teeth and inner margins reddish-brown; palpi dark brown;

submentum with outline as figured, largely dark, chocolate-brown

with lateral margins blending to golden-brown.

Thorax without specific structural features; pro thorax with

dorsum and sides pale straw-yellow, prostemum light brown ; ptero-

thorax with scutae medium brown anteriorly and posteriorly, pale

medially, pleural sclerites dark brown, stemites medium brown.

Legs with all segments medium brown, prothoracic legs somewhat

darker. Wings without specific venational features ; uniformly dark

brown with very narrow unpigmented intervenal stripes, these aver-

aging only one-sixth the distance between veins in width, margins

regular and sharply defined.

Abdomen medium brown throughout. Terminalia with structure

as figured; tenth tergite dark brown, right hemitergite (10 R) pale;

left process (10 LP) dark brown medially, tan along margins and

at apex; processes of right hemitergite dark brown, 10 RPi somewhat

golden-brown at extreme apex; ninth sternite medium brown, proc-

ess (HP) tan; left paraproct (LPPT) medium brown, sclerotic

hook golden-brown; left cercus-basipodite (LCB) dark brown, ap-

parently fused to base of left cercus; cerci medium brown, basal

segment of left cercus slightly darker with dark brown inner margin.

Female (in alcohol) rather unicolorous medium brown through-

out; thorax and head lighter, the abdomen darker. Length 14.0 mm.

Head with cranium amber-brown with lighter, characteristic em-

biopteroid basal pattern visible ; ventrally paler amber-brown. An-

tennae with basal segment dark brown, second and third segments

light brown, remainder light yellowish brown ; 22 segments present.

Labrum pale amber-brown; other mouthparts amber brown, stipes

of maxilla and membranes light yellowish brown ; submentum dark

brown. ,

Thorax with pronotum dark amber-brown, other segments dark,

mottled chocolate-brown; ventrally pale. Legs with femora and

tibiae dark brown, other segments pale brown mottled with dark

brown; membrane between femur and tibia pale.

Abdomen with tergites dark brown; becoming darker caudad;

pleurites and stemites mottled yellowish brown; eighth sternite pale

medially, dark brown at sides ; ninth sternite with a pale basal and

terminal triangular area, sides dark brown. Cerci dark brown

mottled with small pale areas.

Holotype male (No. 5852, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) and female

(No. 5853, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) on slides collected by the writer

at Gusika, 15 miles north of Finschhafen, N. E. New Guinea,

April 16, 1944.

April, 1948] Ross — embioptera of new guinea

107

Figure 4. Oligotoma maritima, new species. Salient characters of

holotype miale. Explanation of symbols on page 98.

Paratypes: Twelve males (eleven on slides, one in alcohol) and

a series of females on slides and in alcohol, all collected at the type

locality during April and early May, 1944. Deposited in the U. S.

National Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard,

British Museum (Natural History), and in the writer’s collection.

Biology: This species was found exclusively on the bark of dense

low scrubby trees growing on coral sea cliffs. A few yards inland

populations of the species disappeared. The colonies were found

in the heavy shade on the outside smooth surface of the bark as well

as in bark crevices. Often the colonies were very extensive and

formed dense mats of silk that could be peeled off of the bark.

Relationships : Discussed under aurea.

108

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

(6) OHgotoma hollandia Ross, new species

Male. General color: head blackish-brown contrastingly darker

than remainder of body, body, legs, and wings rather uniformly light

brown, abdominal terminalia dark brown. Dimensions : small, body

length 6.6 mm., forewing length 4.7 man,., breadth 1.3 mm.

Head with form as illustrated. Cranium blackish-brown through-

out except along margins of occipital foramen where it is pale

brown; foramen acutely triangulate in outline; gular bridge width

one-third shorter than submentum length. Eyes large with promi-

nent facets. Antennae with basal segment dark brown, second seg-

ment medium brown, remainder pale brown becoming somewhat

darker distad, seventeen segments present in both antennae (prob-

ably incomplete) . Labrum medium brown; mandibles with structure

as figured, distal half golden-brown, basal half dark brown; palpi

medium brown; submentum blackish-brown, outline as figured.

Thorax without specific structural features, light brown with

pleurites and anterior promontory of scutae of pterothorax darker

brown. Legs with all segments rather uniform light brown. Wings

without specific venational features; light brown; unpigmented in-

tervenal stripes averaging in width one-third the distance between

veins, margins irregular.

Abdomen light brown with unpigmented medial area on tergites.

Terminalia with structure as figured; tenth tergite dark brown;

left process golden-yellow, right processes dark brown except ex-

treme apex of 10 RPi which is golden yellow; ninth sternite (H)

medium brown; left paraproct (LiPPT) sclerotic, dark brown; left

cercus-basipodite (LCB) dark brown, apparently fused to left

cercus; cerci uniformly pigmented medium brown.

Female (in alcohol) : body sclerites light brown with pale tan

membranes, head dark brown, legs unicolorous. Length 8.0 man.

Head with cranium dark chocolate-brown with two lighter suf-

fused areas extending from eyes to middle third ; ventrally medium

brown, gula and margins of occiptal foramen tan. Antenna with

basal segment medium brown, others becoming lighter and tan dis-

tad. Mouthparts except mandibles hght brown; submentum con-

colorous with venter of cranium.

Thoracic tergites light brown, pleura, sternum and legs pale tan.

Abdomen with tergites light brown at base but becoming medium

brown caudad; sternites except parajgenitals practically unpig-

mented pale tan; eighth sternite uniformly medium brown, ninth

sternite slightly darker, cerci medium brown.

Holotype male (No. 5855, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) and allotype

female (No. 5856, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) on slides collected by

the writer at PiE Beach, Humboldt Bay (near Hollandia),

Dutch New Guinea, May 23, 1944.

Paratypes: Eight males (seven on slides, one in alcohol) and a

series of females on slides and in alcohol, all collected with the

April, 1948]

ROSS— EMBIOPTERA OF NEW GUINEA

109

holotype and allotype. Deposited in the U. S, National Museum,

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, the British Museum

(Natural History), and in the writer’s collection.

Figure 5. Oligotoma hollandia, new species. Salient characters of

holotype male. Explanation of symbols on page 98.

Biology: The above specimens were collected during a brief stop

on a very small rocky island connected with the mainland at low

tide. The vegetation was native garden and secondary j ungle scrub

and the specimens were collected in the numerous colonies spun in

bark crevices of coconut palms and breadfruit tree trunks. Females

of a second and larger species were collected on the same island but

no associated males were obtained. Its color indicates that it is

mandihulata.

Relationships: Discussed under aurea.

110

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

( 7 ) Oligotoma aurea Ross, new species

Male. General color: strikingly bicolorous. Head and wings

blackish-brown and brown respectively in strong contrast to the

body and legs whicJi are pale golden-yellow. Dimensions: body

length 8.6 mm., forewing length 5.7 mm., breadth 1.6 mm.

Head with form as illustrated. Cranium blackish-brown through-

out except for a pale border around occipital foramen; foramen

acutely triangulate in outline; width of gular bridge ono-third

shorter than submentum length. Eyes relatively small with small

facets. Antennae with basal segment dark brown, second medium

brown, segments III to X golden-yellow; remainder medium brown,

becoming darker distally; number incomplete. Lab rum dark brown;

mandibles dark yellowish-amber with inner margins of apical half

reddish-amber, basal margins dark brown; palpi medium brown;

submentum same color as cranium but with lateral margins becom-

ing pale brown, outline as figured.

Thorax without specific structural features; pale golden-yellow

throughout, pleurites and anterior promitory of scutae of ptero-

thorax slightly darker. Lqgs with all segments pale golden-yellow;

terminal tarsal segments becoming tan. Wings without specific

venational features; dark brown; unpigmented intervenal stripes

very narrow, about one-tenth the distance between veins in width.

Abdomen pale golden-yellow except at apex. Terminalia with

structure as figured; tenth tergite pale brown with posterior mar-

gins of hemitergites dark brown, left process dark brown at base

becoming amber- yellow distad, right process (10 RPi) dark brown

except at extreme apex where it is amber-yellow, secondary proc-

ess (10 RPa) medium brown basally, pale yellowish-brown distally;

ninth sternite medium, brown, process (HP) yellowish; left para-

proct (LPPT) medium brown, terminal sclerotic portion dark

brown; left cercus-basipodite (LCB) very dark brown, apparently

fused to base of left cercus; basal segment of left cercus medium

brown with inner and basal margins dark brown, terminal segment

light brown; right cercus light brown.

Female (in alcohol) with structure and coloring of hollandia

but with pigmentation a degree darker. Suffused pale areas of cra-

nium more extensive and nearly merging at middle and with a third

inconspicuous small pale area within fork of postfrontal suture.

Prothorax yellowish, paler than remainder of body. Length 10.0 mm.

Holotype male (No. 5857, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) and allotype

female (No. 5858, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) in alcohol collected hy

the writer on LiKi Island, Dutch New Guinea, August 18, 1944.

Paratypes five males and numerous females from Liki Island,

August 18-20, 1944; fifteen males and twenty females, on slides and

in alcohol from Wakde Island, May and June, 1944; and one male

from Toem, Maffin Bay, September, 1944. Deposited in the U. S.

April, 1948]

ROSS — EMBIOPTERA OF NEW GUINEA

111

National Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, the

British Museum (Natural History), and in the writer’s collection.

Figure 6. Oligotoma aurea, new species. Salient characters of holo-

type male. Explanation of symbols on page 98.

Biology: In spite of a careful search, only one specimen of this

species was collected on the mainland. All other specimens were

collected on Wakde Island (2]^ miles off the coast from Toem)

and Liki Island (about 20 miles north of Maffin Bay), where they

were very abundant on the bark and in bark crevices of coconut

palms. On Wakde Island the specimens were apparently unharmed

by several days of intensive bombing and artillery lire which had

leveled most of the cocoanut palms of the island about forty-eight

hours before they were collected. The specimen from Toem was

collected in an individual colony on the bark of a forest tree.

112

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

Relationships: Aurea, hollandia, and maritima form a very

natural species group with almost identical terminalia structure,

similar color tendencies, and similar biology. Sharp distinctions

are found however in size, eye and cranial form and in color. These

differences are constant in the series of each species.

(8) Oligotoma mandibulata Ross, new species

Male. General color: head dark brown, body and wings medium

brown, legs medium brown except coxae and trochanters of mid

and hind legs which are whitish. Dimensions: medium sized; body

length 8.p mm.; forewing length 5.2 mm,, width 1.4 mm.

Head with form as figured. Cranium, dark reddish-brown except

for whitish area bordering occipital foramen and posterior margins

of eyes ventrally; foramen obtusely angulate anteriorly; gular

bridge as wide as submentum length. Eyes very large, inflated;

facets prominent. Antennae with basal segment concolorous with

cranium,, second segment medium brown, remiaining sejgments light

tan. Labrum medium brown; mandibles with characteristic struc-

ture as figured, color golden-yellow with inner margins reddish-

amber, outer angles pronounced, rugose, and brownish; palpi light

brown; submentum uniformly dark brown.

Thorax structure as throughout the genus; light brown with pale,

transverse area, between meso- and metathorax and m eta thorax and

abdomen. Prothoracic legs unicolorous light brown. Meso- and

metathoracic legs light brown but with coxae and trochanters whit-

ish. Wings with, oligotomoid venation; color uniform, medium brown;

intervenal unpigmented stripes narrow, their width one-fifth the

distance between veins, margins regular but not sharply defined:.

Abdominal terminalia with structure as figured; tenth tergite

and processes medium brown, left process (10 LP) somewhat yel-

lowish with a characteristic subterminal, minute outer spine ; ninth

sternite light brown, process (HP) nearly colorless; left paraproct

(LPPT) medium brown, sclerotic terminal portion amber-brown;

left cercus-basipodite (LCB) dark brown; cerci light brown.

Female (in alcohol) blackish brown except for whitish areas

between thoracic segments and on leg segments. Length 8.5 mm.

Head with cranium, blackish chocolate-brown with suffused paler

area at each anterior tentorial pit and closely encircling eyes; ven-

trally with margins of occipital foramen, gula, and crassae pale

brown. Antennae with all segments dark brown, intersegmental

membranes whitish; 20 segments present (incomplete). Labrum

dark brown; other mouthparts (except mandibles and submentum)

dark to medium brown, submentum dark chocolate-brown.

Thorax blackish brown; with membranous areas and acrotergites

between thoracic segments creamy white, pale condition continuing

ventrally between nleso- and metasternum only; pleurae blackish-

brown; venter dark reddish-brown. Prothoracic legs with all seg-

ments as dark as thorax except tarsi which are medium brown, joint

April, 1948]

ROSS — EMBIOPTERA OF NEW GUINEA

113

Figure 7. Oligotoma mandibulata, new species. Salient characters

of holotype male. Explanation of sjnnbols on page 98.

between femur and tibia white; other legs with femora as dark as

thorax, tibiae somewhat lighter with basal fourth white, tarsi with

basal segment brown and terminal segments tan, coxae and tro-

chanters creamy white.

Abdomen with all tergites blackish-brown with posterior margins

reddish-brown, membranes tan. Pleurites and sternites medium

brown, membranes tan; eighth sternite with dark lateral areas;

ninth sternite except for quadrate basal excision, dark chocolate-

brown; cerci and paraprocts dark chocolate-brown.

114

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

Holotype male (No. 5859, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) and allotype

female (No. 5860), Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) on slides, collected at

Toem, Maffin Bay, Dutch New Guinea, July 20, 1944.

Figure 8. Oligotoma oculata, new species. Salient characters of

holotype male. Explanation of symbols on page 98.

Paratypes six males on slides and one in alcohol, five females on

slides and eight in alcohol, all collected at Toem, June to Septem-

ber, 1944. Deposited in the U. S. National Museum, Museum of

Comparative Zoology, Harvard, the British Museum (Natural His-

tory), and in the writer’s collection.

Biology: Usually found in individual nests spun in the bark

crevices of coconut palms planted in groves but also collected on

breadfruit tree bark and that of trees in virgin forest. Females

apparently of this species were also collected at Humboldt Bay and

near Finschhafen.

April, 1948]

ROSS— EMBIOPTERA OF NEW GUINEA

115

Relationships: Mandihulata stands apart from the other known

New Guinea species by virtue of the following distinctive charac-

ters of the male : the deeply and acutely excised mandibles, the two

apical teeth of the left mandible fused, the minute but distinct sub-

terminal tooth of the left hemitergal process (10 LP) , and the bi-

colorous mid and hind legs. The female may be recognized by its

uniform blackish-brown color with the contrasting whitish coxae,

trochanters, and tibial bases of the mid and hind legs.

(9) Oligotoma oculata Ross, new species

Male. General color: head dark brown, wings medium brown,

body and legs various shades of medium brown. Dimensions : very

small, body length 6.0 mm.; forewing length 4.5 mm., width 1.4 mm.

Head with form as illustrated. Cranium dark brown with setae

relatively large; occipital foramen obtusely angulate; gular bridge

slightly wider than submentum length. Eyes exceptionally large,

separated by only a narrow cranial area, inflated with prominent

facets. Antennae with basal segment as dark brown as cranium,

second segment medium brown, remaining segments light brown;

number incomplete. Labrum dark brown; mandibles with charac-

teristic structure as figured; golden-yellow except along inner and

apical margins which are reddish-amber; palpi medium brown;

submentum and cranium concolorous.

Thorax with prothorax relatively small, otherwise formed as

throughout the genus ; color medium brown, prothorax somewhat

darker. Prothoracic legs with all segments concolorous with pro-

thorax; pterothoracic legs with coxae and trochanters whitish,

other segments medium brown. Wings without specific venational

features; color uniform medium brown, intervenal unpigmented

stripes narrow, about one-seventh the distance between veins in

width, margins regular and sharply defined.

Abdomen, except terminalia, light brown; terminalia with tenth

tergite broadly produced beneath ninth tergite as an apodeme; left

hemitergite (10 L) medium brown with dark brown inner and

outer margins, process (10 LP) golden-yellow; right hemitergite

(10 R) light brown, major process (10 RPi) dark brown with apical

third golden, secondary process (10 RPi) very dark brown — especi-

ally at base ; ninth sternite and process light brown ; left paraproct

(LPPT) unpigmented at base and only slightly so at apex — prac-

tically obsolete; left cercus-basipodite (LCB) and basal ring of left

cercus very dark reddish-brown; except for dark inner margin of

basal segment of left cercus, all segments of cerci are light-brown.

Female (in alcohol) blackish-brown except for contrasting whit-

ish band between meso- and metathorax and certain whitish leg

segments. Length 6.5 mm.

116

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXIV, NO. 2

Head with cranium rather quadrate, blackish chocolate-brown

with two large suffused pale areas between eyes and limited anteri-

orly by postfrontal suture; ventrally somewhat lighter chocolate-

brown. Antennae with basal segment medium brown, other seg-

ments pale tan; 17 segments present (incomplete). Mouthparts,

except mandibles and submentum, medium brown; submentum as

diark as venter of cranium.

Thorax blackish chocolate-brown except for conspicuous creamy

white band encircling area between meso- and metathorax. Pro-

thoracic legs more or less unicolorous dark brown ; other legs with

only femora dark brown, all other segments creamy white.

Abdomen blackish chocolate-brown throughout, ninth sternite

nearly black, cerci reddish-brown.

Holotype: male (No. 5861, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) and allotype

female (No. 5862, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) on slides taken by the

writer at Arara, Maffin Bay, Dutch New Guinea, June 27, 1944.

Paratypes five males and seven females on slides from the type

locality but matured in June. Deposited in the U. S. National

Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, the British

Museum (Natural History), and in the writer’s collection.

Biology: This minute species was collected in individual colo-

nies spun inconspicuously among lichens and moss on the trunks

of large trees or under exfoliating bark flakes of basally-buttressed,

large trees. Both situations were in a dark, heavily shaded coastal

rain forest about 300 yards inland from a sandy ocean beach.

Taxonomic remarks: Oculata is one of the most distinctive of

the New Guinea species collected. Its minute size, massive eyes,

mandibles without inner-basal excisions and with fused apical

teeth (left mandible only), unsclerotized left paraproct, unclavate

left cercus, and the distinctive processes of the tenth abdominal

tergite all serve to distinguish the male. The female is readily rec-

ognized by the unique coloration of the mid and hind legs, i.e., the

unpigmented coxae, trochanters, tibiae, and tarsi which are strongly

contrasted by the dark brown femora.

References

Davis, C. 1940. Taxonomic notes on the Order Embioptera. XVIII.

The Genus Oligotoma Westwood. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 65:

362-387, 83 figs.

Ross, E. S. 1943. Two new Indian Embioptera and the Lectotype

of Oligotoma bomeensis Hagen. Psyche, 50:100-108, 13 figs.

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