Vol. XXVII

January, 1951

No.l

THE

Pan -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in cooperation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

GOLDSCHMIDT — New heteromorphoses in Drosophila

melanogaster Meig. 1

REES and NIELSEN — Four new mosquito records from Utah 11

REDDY — Determination of sex in adult rice and

granary weevils 13

BARBER — Hispella a synonym of Hispa Linnaeus,

and a new Dactylispa from China 17

BAILEY — A homonyn in the genus Thrips Linne 19

TILDEN — Observations on Rhopalomyia californica Felt 20

HURD — Lepidopterists’ Society 22

EDMUNDS — A checklist of the ticks of Utah 23

VAN DYKE — New species of Coleoptera from North America 27

THOMAS — Derobrachus geminatus on grape roots 35

EDWARDS — Official Seal contest 36

EDITORIAL NOTES 36

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY—

Proceedings 37

San Francisco, California

1951

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley

E. S. Ross

P. D. Hurd, Jr., H. B. Leech

Co-Editors

R. L. USINGER

E. C. Van Dyke

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A, E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly In January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological

phases of entomology are favored, Including articles up to ten printed pages on

insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed

to H. B. Leech at the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco 18, Calif., or to P. D. Hurd. Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of

California, Berkeley 4, Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers,

changes of address, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications

should be addressed to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco 18, Calif.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $2.50 per year in advance. Price for single

copies, 76 cents. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist.”

Announcing . .

^'THE SUCKING LICE”

By G. F. Ferris

A 300 page book which summarizes knowledge on the Anoplura

of the world. Chapters cover such subjects as History, Growth and

Development, Morphology, Host Relations, Classification, Biogeog-

raphy. Complete systematic treatment is given including keys, syn-

nonymy and descriptions. The illustrations are in the well-known

style that has earned the author his reputation as “one of the very

foremost of entomological artists.” The 125 full pages of figures

include morphological details, and full illustrations of the type

species of each genus and of all of the species which are associated

with man and domesticated animals.

To be published as the first volume of its new “Memoirs Series”

by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society on the occasion of its

Semicentennial Anniversary, September, 1951.

Prepublication Price ^5.00

Regular Price ^6.00

Send orders to : Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society,

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post

office at San Francisco, under act of August 24, 1912.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXVII January, 1951 No. 1

NEW HETEROMORPHOSES IN DROSOPHILA

MELANOGASTER MEIG.

Richard B. Goldschmidt

University of California, Berkeley

Introduction

The classic example of heteromorphosis is the regeneration of

antennulae after removal of an eyestalk in a number of Crustacea

(Herbst 1895 seq.). Heteromorphosis thus is defined as replace-

ment of an organ by another one of different morphology. In a

general way such structures, whether they are produced by experi-

mentation or occur spontaneously, whether they are hereditary (if

known) or not, may be subdivided into the following major groups:

1. Morphoses which are more or less teratological variants of

the organ in question, the latter still being recognizable in its gen-

eral structure. Many mutants of Drosophila belong to this group

e.g., aristaless (antennae), dachs (legs), and numerous teratologi-

cal cases in many insects. [See for the latter the monograph by

Cappe de Baillon (1927) and Bateson’s classic work (1894) ; for

Drosophila mutants, Bridges and Brehme (1944) ].

2. Morphoses which constitute a complete departure from the

organ they replace although the origin by transformation of this

organ, or parts of it, is still visible. An extreme example of this is

the hereditary replacement of the forelegs of Drosophila by a

labium-like structure as described by Goldschmidt (1949), Gold-

schmidt, Hannah and Piternick (in press).

3. The so-called homoeotic changes in which a serial, seg-

mental organ is replaced by another member of the series. Dorsal

and ventral serial members are interchangeable. Many such forms

are known from teratological literature. In the work on regenera-

tion of a generation ago many cases of homoeotic regeneration

have been described. In addition to the work of Herbst the most

important contributions are those by Cuenot (1921), Przibram

(1910-19), Brecher (1924) on regeneration of legs instead of

antennae in different insects. But the best analyzed cases are the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVII, NO. 1

homoeotic mutants of Drosophila, where the condition is heredi-

tary, sometimes as a simple recessive or a simple dominant or

based upon more than one locus. Because this important group of

facts is not sufficiently known to morphologists, embryologists, and

entomologists, the known cases may be recounted: a. Tetraptera

(Tshetverikov, 1929), transformation of halteres into wings with

a series of all intermediate morphological stages being available,

b. Tetraltera (Goldschmidt, 1940) ; transformation of the wings

into haltere-like structures, again with all intermediate stages exist-

ing. c. Podoptera (Goldschmidt, 1945; Goldschmidt, Hannah and

Piternick, in press; Rapoport, 1942) ; transformation of the wings

into incomplete legs, again with all transitions. A number of geneti-

cally different types are known, d. Aristapedia (Balkaschina,

1929) ; transformation of the arista into a tarsus, with many transi-

tions. Many slightly different alleles known, e. Proboscipedia

(Bridges and Dobzhansky, 1933) ; transformation of part of the

proboscis into tarsi (or arista) with many transitions, f. Hexaptera

(Herskovitz, 1949) ; presence of structures on the pronotum which

may resemble perfect wings, halteres or legs or some transitional

stage between them. g. Transformation of part of the eye into a

palp-like structure (a number of different mutants, e.g.. Glass

(1949) , Goldschmidt (1940) , Valadares (1937) ) . h. The last addi-

tion (Piternick, not yet published), where the entire antenna is

replaced by a complete leg.

Although in the cases just enumerated the heteromorphosis is

hereditary, it is not always so. Some of the types can also be pro-

duced as non-hereditary “phenocopies” by environmental action

(see Goldschmidt, 1938; Rapoport, 1947; Gloor, 1947). We know

now (Goldschmidt, 1929, 1935 a.o.) that the phenotype of practi-

cally every morphological mutant known can also be produced

experimentally as a non-hereditary phenocopy and one may safely

predict that, vice versa, all non-hereditary variations, heteromor-

phoses or otherwise, which appear in experimentation or as freaks,

may also occur as hereditary mutants. Mutant and phenocopy both

indicate the possible range of variation in development still produc-

ing an organized whole, whether caused by environmental action

or by a genetic change. They are identical in regard to morpho-

genesis, and thus both reveal the potentialities of the organism

for morphological change. The primary importance of heteromor-

phoses, homoeotic mutants and phenocopies for an understanding

of the genetic control of morphogenesis, and of variation, as well

JANUARY, 1951] GOLDSCHMIDT HETEROMORPHOSES

as for evolution is obvious. Therefore a presentation of new facts

means much more than an addition to a catalogue of teratological

phenomena. Bateson (1894) had actually realized this in pre-

Mendelian days, long before mutation, homoeotic mutation and

phenocopy were known.

Miniature Leg in Genital Region

The first new example was found in a single male which was

derived from a cross producing male intersexuality, the so-called

Beaded-Minute-Intersexes. In one of these types the external geni-

talia of the male are completely absent (although portions thereof

may be found internally; details in Goldschmidt, 1949) and there-

fore the ventral surface of the abdomen, frequently considerably

enlarged, is very conspicuous. In the male in question a single tiny

leg grew out of the combined 6th and 7th abdominal sternites. The

leg was rather transparent and very small. It extended only over

about half of the right side of the sternite to which it was attached.

It did have a complete femur, tibia and tarsus, but hardly any hairs.

It was oriented in the proper position of a right leg; a trochanter

and coxa could not be seen. A simple sketch was made from the

living specimen and it was demonstrated to my collaborator. Dr.

L. K. Piternick. Then the specimen was preserved for detailed study

after clearing. But in the vial the tiny leg disappeared, probably

pulled off its socket by the motion of the liquid. Thus a more de-

tailed description and drawing cannot be given.

A Combined Wing Heteromorphosis

The second heteromorphosis is rather remarkable and especially

interesting to the morphologist, embryologist and entomologist. It

appeared also in a male from which no offspring was obtained so

that it cannot be stated whether a mutant or a modification was

present, which, as pointed out above, is not an essential point. The

left wing was completely normal, while the right wing showed the

heteromorphosis. It was very different from any of the variants

found in podoptera and it is clear that it must have been developed

in a completely different way. Actually it contained elements of

wing, antenna and leg.

Figure 1 shows the structure from the right side. The dorsal

contour line of the thorax is shown with only one of the bristles

(dorsocentral) included for size reference. The contour of the

scutellum is visible below. The basis of the left wing with that por-

tion of the cubital cell not hidden behind the thorax, is outlined.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

The heteromorphic wing is attached in the correct place but its

attachment is by means of a tiny knob of. dark chitin only. The

entire structure is not more than about twice as long as the normal

cubital cell and about the size of an antenna. Its supporting axial

structure consists of a short attachment, two knobs and a long rod,

not separated by joints, and made of hard dark chitin covered

densely with spines. On the rod these spines are arranged in a row,

similar to the arrangement of the spines at the anterior edge of the

wing. But these spines are many times smaller than those of the

normal wing. Where the second knob connects with the rod a small

Fig. 1. A combined wing heteromorphosis in Drosophila melano-

gaster.

side-branch is visible which ends in a long stiff bristle. It stretches

almost parallel to the rod, extending to one-half of its length. To

the rod and second knob a rhomboid plate is attached covered with

hairs (not all of them drawn) which are arranged like the hairs on

the surface of the wing. The free edge is lined with long slender

hairs, similar to the hairs upon the alula. In the position of the

drawing this blade is pointing toward the body and the axis of the

organ is in a lateral location. I assume that this topography has

been distorted somewhat, inasmuch as the axis should be the ante-

rior edge of the structure, with the blade behind it. At the end of

the rod a part which looks very much like a foxtail is attached at

JANUARY, 1951] GOLDSCHMIDT HETEROMORPHOSES

an angle. I suspect that this actually represents the continuation

and end of the hlade and was torn off partly during the eclosion

from the pupal case. The spine-like process at the basis of the “fox-

tail” fits exactly into the posterior end of the blade and has also the

same structure, when viewed at higher magnification. The original

topography would thus be obtained if the whole “tail” were moved

out of the plane of the drawing, turning it 180° upwards around

the point of attachment.

At the posterio-lateral edge of the thorax behind this wing, a

differentiation is found in form of a hairy double knob, as drawn.

The probable meaning will be discussed below.

Analysis

We ask now whether it is possible to relate the heteromorphic

structure to known elements of the wing or another appendage.

Actually it can be shown that wing, antenna, and leg elements are

all present in the structure. In order to realize this we must re-

member some of the facts found in the podoptera wing (see Gold-

schmidt, 1945).

Here the transformation of the wing into a leg with all transi-

tions between the two shows that the wing consists of four parts

which behave more or less independently: 1. The costal vein and

cell, which transform directly into the leg-like strueture. 2. The

anterior half of the wing blade, and 3. the posterior part of the

blade which are both reduced in different ways down to typical

chitinous knobs. 4. The alula (squama) which undergoes com-

parable changes independently. The heteromorphic wing discussed

here is clearly not a variant of the podoptera wing which is always

characterized by the typical transformation stages of the costal vein

and cell, as illustrated in Goldschmidt, 1945.

In the present case a new type of transformation has taken place

which involves only the two anterior sections of the wing. The costal

vein and cell have been transformed into the two spiny knobs and

their attachment, together representing a variant of the basis of

an antenna with its three segments (see below) . In the normal

costal cell the vein ends with an incision of the wing margin — ^the

point at which in podoptera the leg separates from the wing — and

here two larger spines or spurs are located. This end of the costal

vein is here transformed into the short process, which carries the

long spine. Undoubtedly the long spine corresponds to one branch

of an arista, while the process represents the attachment of the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

arista to the basal segments. Beyond this point in a normal wing

the wing edge is occupied by the marginal vein. It carries spines

which are different in size, shape and arrangement from those of

the costal vein along the costal cell. Actually this marginal vein

is not a continuation of the costal vein but of the first longitudinal

vein. (Details in Goldschmidt, 1945.) In the heteromorphic wing,

part of this marginal vein is clearly represented by what was de-

scribed above as the rod to which the wing blade is attached. The

anterior section of the wing blade is thus represented by this rod-

marginal vein and a rudimentary wing blade which has formed

long hairs at its free margin and the “foxtail” at its tip. We shall

see at once that the foxtail represents a transition from wing to

tarsus, via arista. A completely new and in itself well organized

organ, resembling more an antenna than a wing, has been formed.

Actually this comparison is more than only a formal one, as

indicated above. If we remove the wing blade from this organ, a

structure is obtained which resembles to a certain degree some con-

ditions found in the mutant aristapedia (in which the basis of the

antenna looks like the knobs in the present case, and the arista,

instead of being transformed into a tarsus resembles somewhat our

foxtail) .

Figure 2, kindly contributed by Dr. Aloha Hannah, illustrates

a new type of aristapedia mutant, found by her. In (a) an antenna

is pictured with the three basal segments (scapus, pedicellus and

funiculus) and the arista which is not so different from normal,

(b) and (c) are more abnormal antennae of this mutant, none of

them showing the perfect tarsus which is characteristic of typical

aristapedia. In a general way the type resembles or is comparable

to the heteromorphic wing structure without the blade. I may add

that I have frequently seen abnormal Drosophila legs (in the mutant

podoptera) in which the unsegmented tarsus was represented by a

structure closely resembling the “foxtail.”

There is one more remarkable point. Bridges (Bridges and Mor-

gan, 1923) once found a mutant (since lost) called Pointed wing,

in which the antennae were changed in the direction of a wing.

The description given shows this mutant to be very similar to the

present heteromorphosis. Thus, taking all these facts into consid-

eration, I have no doubt that the heteromorphosis described here

has the combined features of the two anterior sections of a wing,

with simultaneous partial transformation into an antenna, and also

JANUARY, 1951] GOLDSCHMIDT HETEROMORPHOSES

partial transformation into a tarsus. Thus it represents the most

complicated heteromorphosis known in Drosophila, containing

simultaneously elements of the change of a wing into an antenna,

an antenna into a wing, an antenna into a tarsus, a wing into a

tarsus. It illustrates the unbelievably complicated potentialities of

a segmental disc and its ability to form in a single step what is to

all purposes a completely new organ, perfect in itself, and as such

no monstrosity at all.

Fig. 2. A new type of aristapedia mutant in Drosophila melanog aster.

There is one more point which is of special interest to the en-

tomologist. In an earlier paper (1945) I discussed the fact that the

transformations of the podoptera wing show, in partial confirma-

tion of Berlese’s views, that the wing consists of four integrated

parts, which may become separated. I discussed his views, also the

fact that the four sections which are revealed in the podoptera

mutant do not agree completely with Berlese’s definition (see table

6, p. 92 in Goldschmidt, 1945). Berlese assumed the first section

to be precostal and represented by a tegulum, where it exists; his

second section comprised most of the wing blade. My first section

was the costal cell and the second the anterior half of the wing blade.

Since then a number of podoptera flies have been found which have

a precostal appendage of the mesothorax. Description and illustra-

tions will be found in a forthcoming paper by Goldschmidt, Hannah

and Piternick. Thus my former evaluation of Berlese’s scheme

should be revised so as to have Berlese’s precostal element as the

first and to add the costal section, which forms the leg in podoptera,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVII, NO. 1

as the second section. Third and fourth would then be the two sec-

tions of the wing blade, as described in the former paper, and the

fifth is the alula or squama.

Returning once more to the heteromorphosis of Figure 1, we

find it to contain only section two and part of section three of the

wing; sections four and five are not represented. In podoptera the

sections which have become rudimentary are frequently represented

by chitinous knobs of varying structure as described in the earlier

paper. This fact now permits an interpretation of the structure

located behind the heteromorphic wing and drawn in Figure 1. It

is clearly the rudiment of the posterior two sections of the wing

(anal part and alula), smaller and more reduced than the knobs

found in podoptera flies.

Discussion

It would be interesting to discuss the morphogenetic and evolu-

tionary significance of all the foregoing facts. Discussions of some

of the problems involved are found in Goldschmidt (1945) and in

Goldschmidt, Hannah and Piternick (in press). An exhaustive dis-

cussion would require presentation and analysis of all the facts of

heteromorphosis and of the experimental work done in the field,

and would also have to include the problem of homology. There-

fore it will be reserved for a future occasion. But it may be of help

to others interested in the subject and not at home in genetical lit-

erature if we recount in a comparative way the heteromorphic

replacements known thus far, and the complete or partial trans-

formations of segmental appendages known in Drosophila.

1. The arista of the antenna may be replaced by a complete

tarsus or by all transitions between arista and tarsus (aristapedia

mutant and alleles ) .

2. The entire antenna may be replaced by a complete leg in

which it seems that the scapus of the antenna forms the trochanter,

the pedicellus the femur, the funiculus the tibia, and the arista the

tarsus. (Details not yet worked out.)

3. The antenna may transform into an anterior wing margin

to which a little wing blade, supposedly the anterior section, is

attached (mutant Pointed wing).

4. The wing may, as a whole, be transformed into a haltere

through all transitional stages (mutant tetraltera) .

5. This haltere may be transformed into a leg without a tarsus

(the same) .

JANUARY, 1951] GOLDSCHMIDT HETEROMORPHOSES

6. The haltere may be transformed through all transitions into

a wing (mutant tetraptera) .

7. Segments normally without appendages may grow legs

(present first case) or legs, wings, halteres and combinations

(mutant hexaptera) .

8. The costal cell of the wing may be transformed into a leg

without tarsus (mutant podoptera) .

9. The precostal wing elements (tegula) may appear, where

not normally present, in the form of palp-like structures (mutant

podoptera) .

10. The three postcostal parts of the wing may be independ-

ently reduced to palpi or knobs (mutant podoptera) .

11. The costa of the wing may be transformed into the basic

antenna segments (present case) .

12. The marginal part of the wing edge may form a structure

corresponding to an arista and also to a tarsus (present case) .

13. Oral lobes of the proboscis may be changed into an arista

or a tarsus (mutant proboscipedia) .

Important experimental-embryological work has been done

with the mutant aristapedia by Braun (1940), Villee (1943-45),

Waddington (1939) , and Vogt (1946). Its bearing on some of the

problems of homoeosis is being discussed in the forthcoming paper

by Goldschmidt, Hannah and Piternick.

Bibliography

Balkaschina, E. I.

1929. Ein Fall der Erbhomoeosis (die Geno-variation arista-

pedia) bei Drosophila melanogaster. Roux Arch. 115:448-463.

Bateson, W.

1894. Materials for the study of variation. London, Macmillan.

XV, 598 pp.

Braun, W.

1940. Experimental evidence on the production of the mutant

aristapedia by a change of developmental velocities. Genetics

24:143-149.

Brecher, L.

1924. Die Bedingungen fiir Fiihlerfusse bei Dixippus. Arch.

Entwcklgmech. 102:549-572.

Bridges, C.F. and K. Brehme

1944. The mutants of Drosophila melanogaster Carnegie Inst.

Publ. 552, 252 pp.

Bridges, C.F. and Th. Dobzhansky

1933. The mutant proboscipedia in Drosophila melanogaster, a

case of hereditary homoosis. Arch. Entwcklgmech. 127:575-590.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVII, NO. 1

Bridges, C. F. and Th. H. Morgan

1923. The third chromosome group of mutant characters of Dro-

sophila melanogaster. Carnegie Inst. Publ. 327 : 1-250.

Cappe de Baillon, P.

1927. Recherches sur la teratologie des insectes. Encycl. ento-

mol. S. a. No. 8, 291 pp.

CUENOT, G.

1921. Regeneration des pattes a la place d’antennes sectionees

chez un Phasme. C. R. Ac. Sc. Paris 172.

Glass, B.

1949. The distribution of erupt + suppressor-erupt in Dro-

sophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Proc. Intern. Congr. Genet.

Hereditas Suppl. 582-583.

Gloor, H.

1947. Phaenokopieversuche mit Aether an Drosophila. Rev.

Suisse Zool. 54:637-712.

Goldschmidt, R. B.

1929. Experimentelle Mutation und das Problem der sogenann-

ten Parallelinduction. Biol. Centralbl. 49:437-448.

1935. Gen und Ausseneigenschaft I. II. Ztschr. ind. Abstl,

69:38-69, 70-131.

1938. Physiological Genetics. McGraw-Hill, 338 pp.

1940. The Material Basis of Evolution. Yale Univ. Press. 436 pp.

1945. The structure of podoptera, a homoeotic mutant of Droso-

phila melanogaster. J. Morph. 77:71-103.

1949. The Beaded Minute-intersexesi in Drosophila melanogas-

ter Meig. J. Exp. Zool. 112:233-302.

Goldschmidt, R. B., A. Hannah and L. K. Piternick.

(In press.) The podoptera effect in Drosophila melanogaster.

Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.

Herbst, C.

1895-1916. Regeneration von antennenahnlichen Organen an

Stelle von Augen. I- VII Arch. Entwcklgmech. 2, 9, 13, 30, 42.

Herskovitz, I.

1949. Hexaptera, a homoeotic mutant in Drosophila melanogas-

ter. Genetics 34:10-25.

Przibram, H.

1910-19. Homoeosis bei Arthropoden I-VIII Arch. Entwcklg-

mech. 29, 43, 45.

Rapoport, T. a.

1942. Genetic analysis of dependent differentiation in the em-

bryogeny of Diptera. Bull. Ac. Sc. U.S.S.R. 4:254-284.

1947. On the synthesis of gene products in equimolecular quan-

tities. Amer. Nat. 81 : 30-37.

Tshetverikov, S. S.

Published in Astauroff, B. L. (1929) : Studien fiber die erbliche

Veranderung der Halteren bei Drosophila melanogaster Meig.

Roux Arch. 115 :424-447.

JANUARY,, 1951 ] REES & NIELSEN — MOSQUITOES

Valadares, M.

1937. Declanchement d’une haute mutabilite dans une lignee

de Drosophila. Revista Agrar. 25:363-383.

ViLLEE, Cl. A.

1943-45. Phenogenetic studies of the homoeotic mutants of

Drosophila melanogaster I. J. exp. Zool. 75-98, II 96:85-102, III.

Am. Natur. 79:246-258.

Vogt, M.

1946. Zur labilen Determination der Imaginalscheiben von

Drosophila. II. Die Umwandlung presumptiven Fiihlergewebes

in Beingewebe, Biol. Zbl. 65:238-254.

Waddington, C. H.

1939. Genes as evocators. Growth Suppl. V. 1:37-44.

FOUR NEW MOSQUITO RECORDS FROM UTAH

(Diptera: Culicidae)

Don M. Rees and Lewis T. Nielsen

University of Utah, Salt Lake City

In October, 1934, April, 1942 and January, 1944, the available

mosquito records for Utah were published by the senior author in

this Journal. The following constitutes four new species records

for Utah which extend to thirty-six the species reported as occurring

in the state.

The writers are indebted to the University of Utah Research

Committee for granting funds to aid in conducting further investi-

gations of the mosquito fauna of the mountains of Utah. The two

new Aedes records reported herein were obtained as a result of

this study.

Unless otherwise indicated the collections were made by the

writers.

Aedes impiger (Walker)

This species is fairly common in northern Utah at elevations

ranging from 6,000 to 9,000 feet. It has been taken only in areas

along mountain streams and chiefly in or near willow growths. It

is a one-brooded species, the larvae appearing in April, May and

early June depending upon the elevation. It is an annoying pest in

some localities, but persists for only a short time. No females have

been collected in Utah after the first of July.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

Salt Lake County: Giles Flats, Big Cottonwood Canyon, May 7,

1949; Brighton, June 13, 1948. Summit County: Lemon's Grove,

Provo River, May 1, 1948; Park City, April 24, 1949; Smith and

Morehouse Reservoir, May 28, 1949; Soapstone Ranger Station,

Provo River, April 23, 1947. Wasatch County: Jordenelle, Provo

River, April 16, 1949; Stewart’s Ranch, Provo River, May 1, 1948.

Aedes nearcticus Dyar

This mosquito has been collected in only one locality in Utah.

Larvae and adults were found in an alpine meadow at an elevation

of 10,100 feet in the Uintah Mountains. This is a true arctic species

and although rare in Utah, is probably found throughout the Uintah

Mountain Range wherever suitable alpine conditions occur. Because

of its restricted distribution it is not of pest importance in Utah.

Summit County: Wall Lake, Uintah Mountains, July 5, 1947

(E. J. Roscoe), July 12, 1947.

CuLEX APiCALis Adams

This species is represented by a single larval specimen taken at

Kamas, Utah, at an elevation of 6,400 feet. It is probably more

widely distributed in Utah than this single record would indicate.

Summit County: Kamas, July 4, 1948 (F. C. Harmston).

CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS Say

Males of this species were found by the writers amongst un-

identified material in the University of Utah collection. Only two

localities are recorded but as they represent both northern and

southern areas of the state it is likely that the species is distributed

throughout Utah in the lower valleys at elevations below 5,000 feet.

Salt Lake County: September 24, 1940, September 10, 1943.

Washington County: St. George, October, 1938.

Literature Cited

Rees, Don M.

1934. Mosquito records from Utah. Pan-Pac. Ent., 10:161-165.

1942. Supplementary list of mosquito records from Utah. Pan-

Pac. Ent., 18:77-82.

1943. The mosquitoes of Utah. Bull. Univ. of Utah. Vol. 33,

No. 7.

1944. A new mosquito record from Utah. Pan-Pac. Ent., 20 : 19.

JANUARY, 1951]

REDDY WEEVILS

DETERMINATION OF SEX IN ADULT RICE AND

GRANARY WEEVILS

( Coleoptera : Curculionidae )

D. Bap Reddy

University of California, Berkeley

The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and the granary weevil,

S. granarius (L.) are the most important destructive members of

the genus Sitophilus. These insects are very small and resemble

each other in general form and biology, but can be easily dis-

tinguished from one another. In contrast to the granary weevil, the

rice weevil is smaller, has four rufous spots on the elytra, possesses

functional wings and the punctuations on the body are circular

instead of oblong.

Although the species can be easily distinguished, the separation

of the sexes based upon external morphological characters offers a

more difficult problem. Therefore, an investigation was conducted

to determine what characters might be useful in separating the

sexes. Male and female weevils of both species, about two months

old, were secured from a mass culture maintained at room condi-

tions. Adults were etherized before they were measured. The body

length (prothorax and abdomen) and the width of the rostrum

(middle part) were measured in dorsal aspect. The length of the

rostrum, including the base of the eyes to the tip of the mandibles,

was measured in lateral aspect. It should be mentioned here that

it is very important to make measurements in the same aspect for

each part in each individual. In making measurements a binocular

microscope equipped with an eye piece micrometer was used. More

than 50 individuals of each sex of each species were measured. The

characters on the rostrum can be easily seen when the weevil is held

dorsally on the forefinger with the thumb covering the abdomen

and thorax and then placing it under a binocular of high magni-

fication in the presence of bright light.

It was found that the body length was of no value in determin-

ing the sexes. It was also observed that the age and size of the

weevils influenced the size of the rostrum, but this influence became

very insignificant as adults reached maturity. The useful characters

in separating the sexes, however, were found to be present in the

rostrum and the tip of the abdomen.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

The male rostrum is comparatively shorter and wider as com-

pared to the narrower, longer and more cylindrical rostrum of the

female. In this regard Birch (1944) observed that the rostrum of

the male rice weevil was shorter and thicker. Also, in the male the

dorsal surface of the rostrum is closely and strongly punctured

whereas in the female the punctures are superficial and sparse and

rarely occur on the distal end. Richards (1947) separated the male

rice weevil from the female on the basis of punctures on the ros-

trum. These distinguishing differences between the sexes are shown

in figure 1. It should be pointed out here that the difference in the

density of punctures on the rostrum of male and female granary

weevils is not so well marked as is in case of rice weevils. With some

practice, however, the female granary weevil can be easily distin-

guished from the male by the presence of a more slender and

cylindrical rostrum.

TABLE 1

Measurements of rostri of male and female rice and granary

weevils.

" I

Sp«ciea : S«x

Langth of tha

roatrura in n.

Width of tha rostrua

in in.

Ratio of width

of tha roatrun

to the length

of the roatrum

Ratio of

lengths of mala

roatrum to

Ratio of aidtha

of male

roatrun to

Ranga

Ayarage

Haoga

Ayarega

: Ualo

0 . 785 - 11.075

0.893

0 . 161 - 0.200

0.179

1.0

! 5.0

Rica necrll

•

1.0 : 1.2

1.2 ; 1.0

: Femalo

O . B 56 i - 1.200

1.036

0 . 133 - 0.163

0 . U 7

1.0

: 6.9

; UAle

0 . 875 - 1.250

1.063

0 . 175 - 0.225

0.207

1.0

t 5.1

Qr&nATT

1.0 : l .^»

1.6 ; 1.0

weeTll

: FaaalQ

0 . 963 - 1.330

1.176

0 . 150 - 0.187

0.169

1.0

: 6.9

A clear picture of the relation between sizes of rostri of male and

female weevils can be obtained from table 1, In both species the

male rostrum is shorter and wider than that of the female. It is also

seen from the table that in the male and the female the ratio between

the width and the length of the rostrum is approximately the same

in each species. The ratio between lengths or widths of male and

female rostri, however, is not equal and varies slightly in each

species. In the female the range of variation in the width of the

rostrum is less than is that in the male although the variation in

the length of the rostri is equally great in both sexes.

In addition to the above characters the male rostrum is much

less curved than is that of the female. This is most apparent when

individuals are viewed from the side. Also when seen from the

JANUARY, 1951]

REDDY — -WEEVILS

Fig. 1. Rostri of male and female weevils. A, the rice weevil Sito

philVrS oryzae (L.) ; B, the granary weevil, S. grcmarms (L.).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

dorsal aspect the male rostrum is slightly narrower in the center

and wider at the ends than is that of the female. The female rostrum,

particularly the anterior part, when viewed under a strong light

appears brighter. This is especially true in the case of the rice weevil

where the rostrum is lightly punctured, the distal end being almost

devoid of punctures.

Although not as suitable as the characters given for the rostrum,

the shape of the last abdominal sternite can be used to separate the

two sexes. Richards (1947) used this character to distinguish male

and female granary weevils. He found that in the male the sternite

is more ventrally flexed than in the female. While this character is

not so pronounced in the rice weevil it can be used in separating

the sexes.

Hundreds of adults of both species which were sexed on the

basis of characters of the rostrum mentioned above were dissected

to verify the sex and in all cases examined, these characters held

true.

Summary : — In both the rice weevil and the granary weevil the

male rostrum is comparatively shorter and wider and its dorsal

surface is closely and strongly punctured as compared to the female

rostrum which is longer, thinner and more cylindrical in form, the

punctures being superficial and sparse, rarely occurring on the

distal end.

Acknowledgments: — I wish to express my deepest gratitude to

Dr. A. E. Michelbacher for reading the manuscript, making helpful

suggestions and for guiding the work during the investigation.

Acknowledgments are made to professors E. 0. Essig and E. G.

Linsley for help and suggestions, and to the former for providing

the facilities. The valuable help of Miss M. Moeller and the sugges-

tions of Mrs. F. Abernathy in making drawings are sincerely ap-

preciated.

Literature Cited

Birch, L. C.

1944. Two strains of Calandra oryzde L. (Coleoptera) . Aus-

tralian Jour. Expt. Biol, and Med. Sci., 22:271-276.

Richards, 0. W.

1947. Observations on grain weevils, Calandra (Col., Curcu-

lionidae). 1. General biology and oviposition. Proc.

Zool. Soc., 17 (1) :l-43.

JANUARY, 1951] BARBER CHRYSOMELIDAE

HISPELLA A SYNONYM OF HISPA LINNAEUS, AND

A NEW DACTYLISPA FROM CHINA

(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

H. S. Barber^

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricultural Research

Administration, United States Department of Agriculture

This note records comparisons recently made by Dr, Erich

Uhmann (Stollberg, Saxony, Germany) of types of two described

species of spiny Hispinae of the genus Dactylispa, with a new species

from China. This new form, below named Dactylispa luhi, was

reared by C. J. Luh of the National Tsing Hua University, Peiping,

China, from a grass, Arthraxon hispidus (Thbg.), a variety of

which now occurs in 10 or more States in North America. It also

seems proper at this time to object to the misuse of the generic

name Hispa by Chapuis in 1875, whose error has been followed

unquestioned by his successors for three-quarters of a century.

Hispa Linnaeus 1767 (Syst. Nat. vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 603) included

four species, of which the fourth is now catalogued in the Colydii-

dae, the third was placed in Paussus by Schoenherr, 1817 (Syn.

Ins,, vol. 3, p. 19), while the first two remain in the subfamily

Hispinae. Latreille, 1810 (Consid. Gen., p. 432), designated (fide

Opinions 11 & 136) the type of Hispa as Hispa atra Fab., and since

Fabricius cites Linnaeus’ original description the record automati-

cally falls upon Linnaeus’ first species, which was also cited as the

genotype by Kirby, 1837 (in Richardson, Fauna Boreali- Ameri-

cana, p. 227) and by Westwood, 1838 (Introduct. Modern Class.

Insects, vol. 2, Synopsis, p. 42) . The date of the part last cited is

often erroneously given as 1840.

These type designations were ignored by Chapuis, 1875 (in

Lacordaire, Hist. Nat. Ins,, Gen. Coleop., vol. 11, p. 334). He er-

roneously cited Hispa testacea as type of Hispa and proposed a new

generic name, Hispella, citing as its type H. atra L., which is the

previously designated type of Hispa L. Thus Hispella Chap, is an

isogenotypic synonym of Hispa L., and we must find a different

name for the group which has been miscalled Hispa for about 75

years.

*Mr. Barber died on June 1, 1950.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

Although subdivision of old genera now seems prevalent, re-

studies of adequate material often lead to synonymy of names pro-

posed for supposedly distinct groups. If Thoracispa Chapuis, 1875

(l.c. p. 335), type T. dregei Chp., 1875 (validated by his remarks

on p. 336 but dated by Weise, 1911, in Junk Cat., pt. 35, p. 74, as

from its second description in 1877), were to remain in the group

called Hispa by Weise, that name should be adopted. But since Dr.

Uhmann tells me Thoracispa must be regarded as generically dis-

tinct, the choice of a name to supplant Hispa Chapuis, Weise, and

others would fall on Dicladispa Gestro, 1897, with Hispa aenescens

Baly, 1887, as its type (this latter specific name is regarded as a

synonym of Hispa armigera Olivier, 1808) .

Dr. Uhmann’s notes and illustration are adopted in the follow-

ing description.

JANUARY, 1951]

BAILEY THRIPS

Dactylispa luhi Uhmann, new species

Similar to D. assamensis Weise but narrower, with slenderer

antennae when examined from either their broad, or their narrow

sides. In the latter aspect (dorsal) segment 3 is longer than in

assamensis; 4 and 5 are longer than broad; 6 is not broader than

long, 7 is longer than broad. In their broader (lateral) aspect seg-

ments 3, 4, 5 are distinctly longer than broad and without visible

longitudinal channels while in assamensis all segments except 3 and

11 are broader than long and 3 to 6 are distinctly longitudinally

sulcate. Prothoracic spines more slender but placed as in assamensis.

Elytral spines in oblique series (see figure) : interstice II with spines

1-5 ; IV 1 is lacking, IV 2 far forward, only a little posterior to II 1 ;

IV 3 and IV 5 also much forward of II 3 and II 5; IV 4 lacking;

humerus with 5 spines as in assamensis, VI 1, VI 2, behind the three

axillary or prehumeral spines, VI 3 and VI 4, closer to the suture

and VIII 4, VIII 5 close to the margin with an additional spine be-

tween them which is not present on assamensis. Length, 3.1 mm.

This species, luhi, differs greatly from the lectotype of D. pusilla

Weise; the antennae are much more slender, the thoracic and elytral

spines are slenderer and longer.

Holotype, U. S. National Museum, cat. no. 59393.

Reared by C. J. Luh of Peiping, China, from Arthraxon hispidus

(Thbg.) under his experiment number 3561, but the type locality

was not stated by him. He was near Kunming, Yunnan, in South-

western China during the war.

A HOMONYM IN THE GENUS THRIPS LINNE

(Thysanoptera : Thripidae)

About ten years ago a case of homonymy was noted in Thrips

setosus Moulton, 1929. At this time Mr. Moulton’s attention was

called to the condition but it appears not to have been corrected.

Thrips setosus Moulton, 1928 (Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses

11 (4) :304-305. Dec. 20) has priority over Thrips setosus Moulton,

1929 (Records of the Indian Museum 31(2) :97-98. July). Thrips

setosus Moulton, 1928, was described from Osaka, Japan, and the

type is in the Moulton collection (No. 2358) . For the homonym,

Thrips setosus Moulton, 1929, nec setosus Moulton, 1928, 1 propose

herewith the name temporatus. The unique type of temporatus

Bailey, nom. nov. (Moulton No. 2002) is in the Indian Museum,

Calcutta. — Stanley F. Bailey, Davis, California.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

OBSERVATIONS ON RHOPALOMYIA CALIFORNICA FELT

(Diptera: Itonididae)

L W. Tilden

San Jose State College, San Jose, California

Galls: This species forms many-chambered galls on the plant

terminals; a few single-chambered galls on the leaves seem also to

be made by it. The host is chaparral broom [Baccharis pilularis

D. C.) , both the prostrate coastal subspecies typica C. B. Wolf, and

the erect inland subspecies consanguinea D. C.

Sectioned and stained galls show a matrix of parenchyma-type

cells that forms the mass of the gall. The larval chambers are tubu-

lar, closed distally and of mechanical tissue. This tissue is absent

distally and apparently also inwardly, though this is less certain.

Cross sections show numerous small vascular bundles, the ap-

parent medium of food and water exchange for the gall. These

bundles appear to be those of the petioles and veins of the unde-

veloped leaves that are involved in the gall. This conclusion is based

on two considerations : first, that the bundles are concentrically ar-

ranged as in the bud, and second, that the xylem is internal and

the phloem external as in the petioles of normal leaves.

The epidermis of the gall is composed of from one to three,

usually two, layers of cells. The larval chambers are closed distally

by a few layers of cells. No open chambers with developing larvae

were found.

Eggs : Eggs are laid on the terminals, usually on the buds. The

newly hatched larvae enter between the bud scales, by pushing in

between the unopened leaves. No gall is formed until after the larvae

enter, so it is concluded that the stimulus for gall formation is the

entry of the larvae and not oviposition. Oviposition is largely ex-

ternal, and apparently eggs are not inserted into the tissue, although

they may be placed under partly opened leaves.

Larvae: Minute larvae may crawl for some distances, appar-

ently at random. By no means do all of the young larvae gain entry ;

many wander until they die. Oviposition is profuse but galls are

relatively few-chambered. The mortality rate of young larvae is

high ; only a few become established. The communal galls seem to

be a random result, caused by the entry of several larvae into one

bud. The gall that is stimulated by this mass entry eventually en-

JANUARY, 1951] TILDEN RHOPALOMYIA

velopes all the larvae in any given bud. The concentric arrangement

of the chambers of the gall seems to evolve from the concentric

arrangement of the bud leaves.

Since the galls are closed, the suggestion is made that the larvae

obtain oxygen through or from the tissues of the plant. Superficial

tissues of the galls are rich in chloroplasts, and a possible explana-

tion (by no means proven) is that the oxygen that results from

photosynthesis may enter the larval chambers. Further plausibility

is furnished by the fact that the cells closing the galls are photo-

synthetic.

Larvae face the inner end of the chamber. The method of ob-

taining nourishment is not clear. The mechanical structure of the

gall and the structure of the larvae suggests that food is liquid in

nature. Observations begun by another observer to clear up this

point have not to date led to any conclusion.

Prior to pupation, the larva turns in the cell and faces outward.

This was not observed in fact, but since the developing larvae face

inward while the pupae face outward, such a turning must occur.

Because of the opacity of the galls, and their tendency to wither,

no accurate information was obtained as to number of larval instars

and length of pupal period, but indications are that the instars are

few and the pupal period short.

Pupae: The pupa is equipped with a cephalic projection which

serves to push through the cells that close the chamber. The pupa

appears at the outer end of the cell and gradually protrudes. Pro-

trusion continues until but a few abdominal segments remain in

the cell. Then the pupal skin splits irregularly and the adult

emerges. Emergence is at first without evident movement, the adult

slowly squeezing out by translocation of body fluids, by ingestion

of air, or by both. When the adult is far enough out to free any

appendages, these are moved slowly and soon become functional.

Frequently adults crawl onto the gall to sit while their tissues

harden. Emergence takes but a few minutes. The pupal skin remains

hanging to the gall.

Adults : Newly emerged adults mate almost at once. Mating is

brief. Males are short lived. In a typical instance, mating occurred

at 9:00 A. M. and the male died at 12:20 P. M. This male had

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

emerged at 8:00 A. M. and so had an adult life span of four hours

and twenty minutes.

Newly emerged females are distended with eggs. The Vermillion

colored eggs give the abdomen of the female an orange color. After

oviposition, the female is slender in form and dusky in color. Ovi-

position is rapid and begins soon after mating. While eggs are

mostly laid on the tips, some may be laid at some distance down

the stems. In nine instances, the average number of eggs was 146,

but in each case unlaid eggs remained. Dissections of three females

just prior to egg laying showed an average of 279 eggs in the ab-

domens. It would appear that this maximum number is seldom laid.

This tendency not to lay all of the eggs that are developed appears

to be common to many species of insects of diverse orders.

The gut of adults of this fly is greatly reduced and appears to

be non-functional. None was seen to pass any excrement.

The life span of the female exceeds that of the male, the longest

survival time observed being fifty-two hours. The mouthparts seem

to perform no function; none was observed to take either food or

water.

Parasites: This fly is heavily parasitized. The following para-

sites were reared: Torymus haccharidis (Huber) ; Amblymerus n.

sp., Eupelmus inyoensis Girault Eupelmus sp., Tetrastichus sp.,

Platygaster sp. Some of these are undoubtedly secondary, but their

exact status is at present not known.

Acknowledgment: Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck of the United

States National Museum was so kind as to identify the parasites.

LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

It is with great interest that we note the organization of the

Lepidopterists’ Society. Installed as ofllcers were J. H. McDun-

nough as president, A. H. Clark as senior vice-president, J. B.

Ziegler as treasurer, and F. H. Rindge as secretary. The society held

its first annual meeting in New York on December 29th and 30th

and certain aspects of the meeting have been reviewed in the New

Yorker magazine for January 13, 1951. Those interested in mem-

bership or in additional information should address their com-

munications to Dr. F. H. Rindge, Department of Insects & Spiders,

American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th

Street, New York 24. — Paul D. Hurd, Jr.

JANUARY, 1951]

EDMUNDS TICKS

A CHECK LIST OF THE TICKS OF UTAH

Lafe R. Edmunds*

University of Utah, Salt Lake City

This paper provides a distributional list of the ticks of Utah,

with their hosts. Approximately 650 specimens of ticks have been

examined from Utah comprising representatives of 19 of the 21

species listed. Specimens of Ornithodoros eremicus Cooley and

Kohls^t and Ixodes diversifossus Neumann, Stanford^^, previously

reported from Utah, were not available for this study.

The writer is indebted to Glen M. Kohls of the U. S. Public

Health Service, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana,

for verification of identifications; also to F. C. Bishopp of the

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine for his assistance in

obtaining literature and further references, and to Don M. Rees of

the University of Utah for guidance and aid during this study. The

study was made possible by a research grant from the University

of Utah Research Committee.

In this report the collection records are arranged alphabetically

by county. Unless otherwise indicated, all records listed as new are

of specimens now in the collection of the University of Utah. In the

lists of specimens examined, abbreviations are employed as follows :

(U.S.A.C.) Utah State Agricultural College; (R.M.L.) Rocky

Mountain Laboratory; (U.S.P.H.S.P.L.) United States Public

Health Service Plague Laboratory.

1. Argos refiexus (Fabricius). — NEW RECORDS: Uintah County,

3 mi. S. Vernal, July 27, 1948, cliff swallows (C. Greenhall) . These

specimens were immature forms, and were labeled “probably re-

fiexus*’ at the R.M.L.

2. Argo^ persicus (Oken). — ^records from literature: Tooele

County, Tooele, Apr. 18, 1934, chickens (G. F. Knowlton), Bishopp

and Trembley2; Washington County, “near” St. George, 1936,

chickens (E. W. Davis), Cooley and Kohls^. — new records: Kane

County, 5 mi. NW. Kanab, May 18, 1947, long tailed chat (J. C.

Downey) ; Salt Lake County, 3 mi. E. Salt Lake City, 1948, fox spar-

row (R. Selander).

3. Otobius megnini (Duges). — RECORDS FROM LITERATURE: The

following authors list this tick as occurring in Utah without giving

specific collection data: Hunter and Bishoppi®, Bishopp and Trem-

bley2, Cooley and Kohls."^ new records: Emery County, San Rafael

♦Contribution from the Division of Biolo^, Department of Invertebrate Zoology

and Entomology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.

fThe collection records from the literature are followed by the author’s name

and a number, referring to the number of the reference in the bibliography. The

names placed in parentheses are those of the collectors of the specimens.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVII, NO. 1

Desert, Aug. 16, 1947, calf (B. Moore) ; San Juan County, Dry Mesa,

Oct. 27, 1946, deer (J. Berryman) ; Sanpete County, Wales, Oct. 19,

1946, deer (D. M. Rees) ; Washington County, Beaver Dam Wash,

May 6, 1941, host unknown (J. Berryman).

4. Ornithodoros eremicus Cooley and Kohls. — records from

literature: San Juan County, “near” Bluff, Aug. 24, 1939, Peromys-

cus maniculatus, Cooley and Kohls.^

5. Ornithodoros turicata (Duges). — ^RECORDS from literature:

San Juan County, “near” Monticello, Aug. 31, 1940, burrow of

Citellus sp. (R.M.L.), Cooley and Kohls'^; Washington County,

Beaver Dam Slope, 1939, Gopherus agassizi, Woodbury and Hardy.^^

6. Ornithodoros parkeri (Cooley). — records from literature:

Collections from Carbon, Emery, Grand, Iron, Uintah, and San Juan

Counties reported by Davis.^ new records: Washington County,

Beaver Dam Slope, Sept., 1939, tortoises (A. M. Woodbury).

7. Ornithodoros kelleyi Cooley and Kohls. — ^RECORDS from

literature: Grand County, 4 mi. N Thompsons [sic], July 31, 1940,

Pipestrellus bats (J. Frenkle), Cooley and Kohls.®

8. Ornithodoros talaje (Guerin-Meneville). — new records:

Kane County, “near” Echo Cliffs, Navajo Indian Reservation, Sept.,

1939. Found unattached under a rock (S. and D. Mulaik).

9. Ixodes sculptus Neumann. — records from literature:

Rich County, May 20, 1938, Citellus armatus (Eskey) ; Summit

County, June 15, 1938, Citellus armatus (Eskey) ; June 13, 1938,

Citellus armatus (Eskey), Cooley and Kohls.® NEW records: Cache

County, Logan Canyon Forestry Camp, Mar. 23, 1942, Citellus arma-

tus (J. S. Stanford), U.S.A.C. ; San Juan County, Abajo Mts., 5 mi.

W. Monticello, July 5, 1947, pocket gopher (L. R. Edmunds) ; Dalton

Spring, Abajo Mts., 5 mi. W. MonticeFo, July 5, 1947, pocket gopher

(L. R. Edmunds) ; Gooseberry Ranger Station Elk Ridge, July 14,

1947, pocket gopher (L. R. Edmunds).

10. Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls. — records from lit-

erature: Beaver County, Bush Creek, Oct. 20, 1938, human

(Thorne) ; Washington County, “near” Pinto, Oct. 20, 1938, human

(D. M. Rees); Bishopp and Tremble.^ new records: Millard

County, Holden, Oct. 25, 1945, human (D. M. Rees).

11. Ixodes marmotae Cooley and Kohls. — RECORDS FROM lit-

erature: Cache County, May 24, 1938, Citellus armatus (U.S.P.H.

S.P.L.) ; Rich County, June 3, 1938, Marmota sp. (U.S.P.H.S.P.L.),

Cooley and Kohls.® new records : Box Elder County, “near” Lampo,

July 9, 1942, Marmota sp. (J. S. Stanford), U.S.A.C.; Salt Lake

County, Prairie Hollow, May 18, 1939, Marmota sp. (L. R. Ed-

munds) .

12. Ixodes kingi Bishopp. — records from literature: Grand

County, Sept. 1, 1940, prairie dog (R.M.L.) ; Sept. 2, 1940, prairie

dog (R.M.L.) ; Millard County, Aug. 9, 1940, prairie dog (R.M.L.) ;

Q, 1940, nrairie dog (R.M.L.) ; San Juan County, May 1, 1937,

prairie dog (Haas) : Anr. 22, 1937, Mustela sp. (Haas) ; Apr. 21,

JANUARY, 1951]

EDMUNDS TICKS

1937, Mustela sp. (Haas), Cooley and Kohls.^ new records: San

Juan County, July 4, 1947, prairie dog (L. R. Edmunds).

13. Ixodes angustus Neumann. — NEW records: Cache County,

Sardine Canyon, Dec. 28, 1937, weasel (Denning), U.S.A.C. ; Camp

Hunt, Aug. 14, 1942, shrew (J. S. Stanford), U.S.A.C.; Uintah

County, Paradise Park, Aug. 7, 1947, pika (K. R. Kelson).

14. Ixodes ochotonae Gregson. — new records: Uintah County,

Paradise Park, July 31, 1947, pika (G. F, Edmunds, Jr.) ; July 22,

1947, pika (K. R. Kelson) ; July 30, 1948, pika (D. M. Rees).

15. Ixodes spinipalpis Hadwen and Nuttall. — NEW records:

Uintah County, 1 mi. SE. Ouray, 1946 (J. Berryman), host un-

known. These specimens were labeled “probably spinipalpis” at the

R.M.L.

16. Ixodes diversifossus Neumann. — records from litera-

ture: Cache County, “near” Logan, July 28, 1931, cottontail rabbit

(J. S. Stanford).

17. Dermacentor albipictus Packard. — RECORDS FROM LITERA-

TURE: Bishopp and Trembley^, Cooley^, report this tick as occurring

in Utah, without giving specific collection data, new records: Cache

County, Logan, Feb. 5, 1942, deer (Clamaine) ; Logan, Oct. 27, 1947,

deer (Hobbs), U.S.A.C.; Daggett County, 18 mi. E. Linwood, Mar.

12, 1947, antelope (K. R. Kelson) ; Garfield County, Panguitch,

March, 1948, horse (L. R. Edmunds).

18. Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann. — records from

literature: Bishopp and Trembley^, Cooley^, show this species on

their distribution maps; Juab County, Trout Creek, May 6-8, 1934,

jack rabbit (J. S. Stanford), Stanford.12 new records: Kane

County, 2 mi. SW. Kanab, May 20, 1947, jack rabbit (J. C. Downey) ;

3 mi. S. Kanab, May 23, 1947, jack rabbit (G. K. Todd) ; Kanab, May

24, 1947, jack rabbit (J. C. Downey) ; 2 mi. S. Kanab, May 24, 1947,

jack rabbit (J. C. Downey) ; Hamblin Ranch, Cave Lakes Canyon,

5 mi. NE. Kanab, May 18, 1947, cottontail rabbit (G. K. Todd) ;

House Rock, Arizona-Utah border. May 5, 1947, jack rabbit (L. R.

Edmunds) ; San Juan County, 11 mi. N. Bluff, June 28, 1947, jack

rabbit (L. R. Edmunds) ; Tooele County, Rush Valley, Dec. 30, 1947,

jack rabbit (I. Bell).

19. Dermacentor andersoni Stiles. — records from litera-

ture: Many authors record this species in Utah. NEW record: The

most abundant tick in Utah, records are from the following counties:

Cache, Davis, Duchesne, Emery, Garfield, Iron, Kane, Millard, Salt

Lake, San Juan, Sanpete, Tooele, Utah, Wasatch. Numerous host

species were recorded.

20. Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Packard). — records FROM

literature: Box Elder County, July 22, 1931, pigmy rabbit (J. S.

Stanford), Stanford.12 Other authors show distribution on maps,

Bishopp and Trembley,^ and Hunter and Bishopp.^® new records:

Emery County, 4 mi. N. Green River, June 22, 1947, cottontail rabbit

(L. R. Edmunds) ; 4 mi. N. Green River, June 22, 1947, cottontail

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

rabbit (L. R, Edmunds) ; Grand County, Valley City, June 23, 1947,

cottontail rabbit (L. R. Edmunds) ; Salt Lake County, Mill Creek

Canyon, July 21, 1946, jack rabbit (H. Stark) ; San Juan County,

18 mi. E. Monticello, July 1, 1947, cottontail rabbit (L. R. Edmunds).

21. Rkipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille). — RECOEIDS FROM LIT-

ERATURE: Salt Lake County, Salt Lake City, May 15, 1943, dog

(R.M.L.). Kohls and Parker. new records: Salt Lake County, Salt

Lake City, Oct., 1947, Mexican dog, [s^c] (collector unknown).

References Cited

1 — Banks, Nathan, 1908. A revision of the Ixodoidea, or ticks, of

the United States. Tech. ser. no. 15, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr.,

pp. 1-60.

2 — Bishopp, F. C., and Trembley, H. L., 1945. Distribution and

hosts of certain North American ticks. J. Parasitol. 31 :l-54.

3 — Cooley, R. A., 1946. The genera Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, and

Haemaphysalis of the New World. Bull. (187) Nat. Inst. Hlth.,

pp. 1-51, 13 figs.

4 — 1938. The genera Dermacentor and Otocenter (Ixodidae) in

the United States with studies in variation. Bull. (171) Nat.

Inst. Hlth., pp. 1-89.

5 — Cooley, R. A., and Kohls, G. M., 1941. Three new species of

Ornithodoros. Pub. Hlth. Rept. 56:587-594.

6 — 1941. Further new species of Ornithodoros from bats. Pub.

Hlth. Rept. 56:910-914.

7 — 1944. The Argasidae of North America, Central America and

Cuba. Amer. Md. Nat., Monograph No. 1, p. 52.

8 — 1945. The genus Ixodes in North America. Bull. (184) Nat.

Inst. Hlth., pp. 3-244, 87 figs.

9 — Davis, Gordon E., 1941. Ornithodoros parkeri and relapsing

fever spirochets in Utah. Pub. Hlth. Rept. 56:2464-2468.

10 — Hunter, W. D., and Bishopp, F. C., 1911. Some of the more

important ticks of the United States. Yearbook, Bur. Ent. U. S.

Dept. Agric., pp. 220-230.

11 — Kohls, Glen M., and Parker, R. R., 1948. Occurrence of

the brown dog tick in the Western States. Jour. Econ. Ent.

41(1) :102.

12 — Stanford, J. S., 1934. Some ectoparasites of Utah birds and

mammals. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 11 :247.

13 — ^Woodbury, Angus M., and Hardy, Ross, 1948. Studies of

the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii. Ecol. Monog. 18:145-

200 .

JANUARY, 1951] VANDYKE COLEOPTERA

NEW SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA

FROM NORTH AMERICA

Edwin C. Van Dyke

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

Carabidae

Feronia (Cryobius) bryanti Van Dyke, new species

Small, narrow and elongate, moderately flattened, black and shin-

ing, legs rufous. Head somewhat longer than broad, as wide as apex

of prothorax, front smooth, frontal grooves straight and well im-

pressed; mandibles prominent, porrect; eyes moderately prominent;

antennae long and delicate, extending backwards beyond base of

elytra. Prothorax as broad as long, apex feebly emarginate, sides

broadly arcuate in front, obliquely narrowed behind or sometimes

feebly sinuate to obtuse hind angles ; disc with median longitudinal

line flnely impressed, anterior transverse impression well defined,

posterior transverse impression less evident, basal impressions linear

and lunate in front, broad and deep behind, faintly double, basal area

quite smooth, hind angles obtuse, base feebly emarginate and with-

out margin. Elytra elongate, slightly cordate,, broad at base with

humeral angles prominent and well rounded, the sides almost paral-

lel, broadly rounded posteriorly and feebly sinuate towards apex;

disc feebly convex, more or less flattened, striae well impressed

throughout and practically impunctate, the intervals convex, the

third with three foveae. Legs long and delicate. Prosternum not

margined apically. Male front tarsi well developed. Length 8.0 mm.,

breadth 2.75 mm.

Holotype male, allotype female (Nos. 6197 and 6198, California

Academy Sciences, Ent.) and one male paratype, all collected by

Owen Bryant, at Aklavik, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Ter-

ritory, Canada, June 16, 1931 (Bryant Lot 233).

This small PlatidiusAiike beetle is closely related to Feronia

hlaisdelli Van Dyke (Pan-Pacific Ent., 19(1) :24-25. Jan. 1943)

but differs principally by having the sides of the prothorax oblique

posteriorly and with obtuse hind angles, whereas hlaisdelli has the

sides of prothorax strongly sinuate posteriorly and the hind angles

right-angled; the elytra rather cordate in shape with prominent

humeri as against an elliptical afterbody with narrowed and oblique

humeri ; and well-impressed striae and convex intervals in contrast

to the more feebly impressed striae and somewhat flattened inter-

vals. The two species stand well apart from all other American

species of the subgenus Cryobius.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVII, NO. 1

Elateridae

Athous farallonicus Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subparallel, moderately convex, upper surface brown,

the elytral suture and lateral margin, the underside, legs and anten-

nae somewhat rufous. Head rather coarsely closely punctured, the

front deeply triangulately impressed anteriorly, clypeal margin

prominent, transverse, eyes large; antennae filiform, reaching in

males two segments beyond hind angles of prothorax, in females

barely to hind angles, the second segment small, but little longer

than broad, the third almost twice as long as second and triangular,

the fourth and fifth somewhat more robust, about one-and-a-half

times as long as broad and feebly serrate, the sixth to tenth a bit

longer, more parallel and gradually narrower and the eleventh

elongate fusiform. Prothorax about a sixth longer than broad, apex

feebly arcuate, base emarginate, sides sinuate behind, feebly arcuate

in front and slightly narrowed at apex, apical angles blunt, not

projecting, hind angles acute, without carinae, with sides elevated

and extending somewhat backwards, the lateral margins narrow;

the disc rather coarsely, not closely punctured except at sides, feebly

depressed near front angles, with a median smooth longitudinal line

more or less evidently especially posteriorly, without canaliculation,

and sparsely clothed with rather coarse, forwardly inclined fulvous

pile. Scutellum elongate, rounded at apex, coarsely punctured and

setose. Elytra as broad as broadest part of prothorax, two and two-

thirds as long, with sides quite parallel, the striae well impressed

and coarsely punctured, the intervals convex, rugose and with

coarse, sparse and inclined pubescence irregularly distributed along

them. Beneath rather finely somewhat densely punctured. Legs long

and delicate, the second and third tarsal segments of all legs some-

what prolonged beneath and feebly lobed. Length male, 11.0 mm.,

breadth 3.0 mm.

The female more robust, the antennae shorter and more delicate,

the prothorax somewhat broader than long, with disc more convex

and the sides more arcurate, and the elytra much more convex and

expanded especially behind, giving the afterbody a spatulate ap-

pearance.

Holotype male, allotype female (Nos. 6199 and 6200, Calif.

Acad. Sci., Ent.) and three paratypes, two males and one female, all

collected by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, during June, 1949, from the

Farallone Islands, 25 miles west of the Golden Gate, San Fran-

cisco, California. The five specimens were found on the ground

and under cover.

This species is related to Athous excavatus (Motschulsky) and

because of its brown color, looks more like the subspecies carmeli

Van Dyke (see table, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 20(9) :363, and dis-

cussion, pp. 373-374, March 3, 1932). In excavatus, the pronotal

JANUARY, 1951] VANDYKE COLEOPTERA

punctation is somewhat denser, the pubescence finer, longer and

gray, the antennae more robust and longer, at least four antennal

segments in the males extending beyond the hind prothoracic angles

and the tarsal lobes a bit more pronounced. In most of the typical

excavatus and many of the subspecies carmeli the sides of the pro-

thorax are rufous, which is not the case with farallonicus.

Buprestidae

Acmaeodera boharti Van Dyke, new species

Rather small, moderately short and compact, the head and pro-

notum black or feebly aeneous and finely pilose, the head with white

pile, the pronotum with erect black pile, the elytra a deep bluish-

black, the under surfaces aeneous, and the insect as a whole some-

what shining and without maculations of any kind. Head coarsely,

densely punctured, the front longitudinally impressed, transversely

impressed at base of clypeus and the latter semicircularly emar-

ginate in front; antennae short, reaching just beyond middle of

prothorax, segments 5 to 10 serrate, the eleventh elliptical. Prothorax

about twice as wide as long, apex feebly biemarginate, base trans-

verse, sides unevenly arcuate and gradually narrowed from base to

apex, the disc convex, coarsely, cribrately punctured laterally and

rather finely, less densely punctured centrally, with a small feeble

impression near center of front margin and a deeper one in front of

scutellum, the lateral margin narrow but distinct though concealed

when viewed dorsally. Elytra at base barely wider than base of pro-

thorax, twice as long as broad, sides feebly sinuate in front of middle

but in general gradually narrowed and convergent posteriorly to the

rounded apex, the side margin serrate from middle to apex, the disc

convex, somewhat flattened medially, the humeral umbone distinct,

the striae finely, sharply impressed and finely closely punctured

towards the suture, but outwardly very coarsely punctured except

for the ninth and tenth striae which are very deeply impressed but

less coarsely punctured, the inner intervals flattened and about

twice as wide as the striae, becoming narrower and more irregular

outwardly as the punctures increase in size, and with the last three

more regular, very convex and rugose, each interval in addition

with a single row of fine punctures from which arise a row of in-

clined white setae. Ventral surface shining, coarsely punctured in

front and gradually more finely and sparsely punctured posteriorly

and sparsely clothed with short, white pile. Prosternum with the

front margin sinuate. The last ventral segment without a transverse

lobe-like plate before apex. Length 8.0 mm., breadth 3.0 mm.

Holotype (No. 6201, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.), a unique collected

at Ensenada Honda, Puerto Rico, West Indies, Aug. 20, 1942, by

George E. Bohart.

This very distinct species is like no other described species from

the West Indies, nor in fact like any from North America.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVII, NO. 1

Chrysobothris sinaloae Van Dyke, new species

Of moderate size, chocolate brown in color and bronzed, somewhat

narrow and elongate, and simulating C. distincta Laporte and Gk)ry

in general appearance. The clypeus broadly shallowly and feebly

angulately emarginate with the outer angles of the emargination

rounded, the antennae short, with the- outer eight segments serrate

and gradually narrowed towards the apex. Prothorax two-fifths

broader than long, apex very feebly bisinuate, the base strongly so

with the median lobe prominent, the disc somewhat convex, densely

punctured, the punctures well separated centrally but approximate

at sides and more or less arranged into transverse rugae, a slight

median longitudinal impression generally reaching the apex but

well separated from base, and the' sides quite parallel in basal two-

thirds, rounded in front and obliquely convergent to apex. Elytra

three times length of prothorax, slightly broader at base than pro-

thorax, humeri prominent, sides quite parallel or feebly sinuate for

basal two-thirds, thence gradually narrowed towards apex and

rounded to a blunt apex, the lateral margin serrate posteriorly and

the disc feebly convex with three well-developed carinae, the sutural

one straight and extending forwards two-thirds of the way towards

the base, the second sinuate and extending forward from apex to

beyond the middle and more or less paralleling the sutural, and the

third or outermost, short, feebly arcuate and running from the

posterior fovea toward the humeral umbone but generally not reach-

ing it but turning outwardly, the general surface densely punctured

especially toward the sides, with a deep fovea to the outer side of

the scutellum, a feebly impression between that and the umbone

and three well-defined, very densely punctured and somewhat

cupreous foveae, the inner one about one-third the distance from

the apex and to the outer side of the sutural carina, the second

slightly forward of this, to the outer side of the second carina and

at the apex of the short third carina, and the third fovea, about a

third the distance from the base and straddling the apex of the

second carina. The ventral surface bronzed and shining, the tarsi

generally greenish, the ventral sclerites rather deeply sulcate medi-

ally, somewhat coarsely punctured, the abdomen strigate and clothed

with a fine, white pile. In addition each sclerite has an elongate

callosity at the side and the margin of the last ventral is finely ser-

rate. The anterior femora have a well-marked tooth, serrate along

the outer margin. Length 13 to 16 mm., breadth 5 to 6 mm.

Males with front flattened, densely, finely punctured, bright

green, with a dense fine white pile; the antennae green, the front

tibiae gradually dilated beneath at the apex, the last ventral seg-

ment broadly emarginate, the base of the emargination transverse

or feebly sinuous, and the undersurface clothed with white pile,

especially evident on the prostemum.

Females with front feebly convex, more coarsely punctured than

in the male and rugose, with the pile sparser, both front and an-

JANUARY, 1951]

VAN DYKE COLEOPTERA

tennae bronzed, the front tibiae feebly arcuate and enlarged out-

wardly but without apical dilation and the last ventral segments

with a small notch at the apex.

Holotype male, allotype female (Nos. 6202 and 6203 Calif.

Acad. Sci., Ent.) and 12 paratypes, collected at Morcorito, Sin-

aloa, Mexico, Sept. 18, 1947, by Joseph Marquis. Three other

specimens collected at Los Mochis, Sinaloa, on Nov. 15, 1947,

were also taken by Mr. Marquis.

This species from the west coast of Mexico superficially looks

like the larger and more distinctly sculptured distincta Laporte and

Gory from the interior of Mexico and the smaller and shorter

schaefferi Obenberger from Lower California, but both these in

the male have a very distinct tooth near the apex of the front tibiae

whereas in sinaloae the front tibiae in the males has only a sudden

enlargement near the apex. According to Fisher’s table (1942, U. S.

Dept. Agric., Misc. Publ. No. 470) , it would run close to peninsul-

aris Schaeffer from Lower California but it differs from this by

being larger, with a much broader prothorax, the males with a

green forehead and the front tibiae with the apical enlargement a

simple dilatation with at most a small tooth inwards whereas in

peninsularis the forehead is bronzed and the front tibiae with a

prominent tooth at the base of the enlargement.

Curculionidae

Eupagoderes bryanti Van Dyke, new species

Rather small, short and compact ; clothed above with light brown

and white scales irregularly distributed and closely applied in a

tesselated manner; the head, a broad hand at sides of prothorax

and the underside with white scales, in close contact on the head

and feebly imbricated at sides of prothorax and beneath; a band of

brown scales on either side of the middle of pronotum and the hind

femora barred. Head convex, a well-marked transverse impression

separating it from the rostrum, the latter distinctly trisulcate, the

median sulcus ending at the transverse impression and the lateral

short but linear. Prothorax one-sixth broader than long, the sides

arcuate, narrowing in front, almost parallel in posterior two-thirds,

the disc with a few coarse punctures and numerous small ones but

these latter are in most cases concealed by the dense scaly vestiture.

Elytra cordiform, but little broader at base than base of prothorax,

and almost a third longer than broad ; disc evenly convex, the striae

finely impressed and finely regularly punctured, the intervals feebly

elevated centrally and with a row of minute punctures down their

center from which arise very short curved setae. Legs robust, apices

of hind tibiae obliquely truncate, the third tarsal segment enlarged

and lobed. Length 8.5 mm., breadth 4.0 mm.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVII, NO. 1

Holotype (No. 6204, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) and 16 paratypes,

collected in the Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona, Sept. 23, 1933,

by Owen Bryant.

This species along with halli Van Dyke and huachucae Van

Dyke forms a small group of related species characterized by being

of medium size, compact, with the rostrum trisulcate, the median

sulcus not extending above the transverse impression, a maculate

design, and the upper surface densely clothed with scales arranged

in a definite tesselated or pavement manner. In halli the anterior

tibiae are not serrate beneath, the head is flattened or but feebly

convex with the result that the rostrum is not distinctly limited

above by a transverse impression, the elytral striae sharply defined

and the scales either black or white giving the beetle a gray appear-

ance. Since the original description of halli based on five specimens

was published, we have received 23 additional specimens all more

or less uniform as to color and general appearance. In bryanti,

a species of the same size and shape as the above, the anterior

tibiae are serrate beneath, the scales are brown and white, the head

feebly convex thus definitely limiting the rostrum above, and the

elytral striae vaguely indicated, defined more by the row of strial

punctures than the impressed striae. The pronotum is also so dense-

ly clothed with scales, more or less imbricated, that the coarse

punctures are concealed which is not the case in either halli or

huachucae where the scales are tesselated and numerous large punc-

tures are exposed. Placed side by side the black and white scales of

halli strongly contrast with the brown and white scales of bryanti.

Tosastes columbianus Van Dyke, new species

Black, densely clothed with imbricated scales, gray beneath, and

gray above maculated with dark brown as follows; a broad band,

narrowed on occiput, extending down the middle of the head and

rostrum, another down the middle of pronotum, sometimes expanded

so as to cover the entire disc, and irregular patches, often ocellate

scattered over the elytra. Head slightly convex, separated from the

rostrum by a feeble transverse impression, the rostrum broad, a bit

longer than wide, somewhat flattened above in basal area and with

the apex well arched; eyes of moderate size and quite flattened.

Prothorax about one-third broader than long, sides feebly arcuate

at middle, obliquely narrowed in front and quite straight and paral-

lel behind, the disc coarsely, densely punctured and generally with

a faint median longitudinal groove. Elytra oval, a bit broader at

base than base of prothorax, broadest at middle, the disc convex, the

striae well impressed and quite coarsely, regularly punctured, the

JANUARY, 1951]

VAN DYKE COLEOPTERA

intervals convex and ornamented with an irregular double row of

short, hooked setae. Legs stout, the hind tibiae subtruncate and with

a double row of spines. Length 4.5 mm., breadth 3 mm.

Holotype (No. 6205, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) and four paratypes

collected at Kamloops, British Columbia, May 1, 1932, by Owen

Bryant.

This small species structurally belongs near T osastes cinarescens

Pierce and superficially resembles some of the smaller, more irregu-

larly maculate specimens. It differs, however, by having a narrower

prothorax which is also more deeply and closely punctured, a head

which is definitely convex, not flattened, a rostrum which is quite

convex and depressed apically and with eyes which are more

flattened.

Crocidema arizonica Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, dark brown, densely clothed with brownish or opal-

escent scales and with rather stiff hairs varying in degree from

sparse to rather dense. Head as long as prothorax, the front mod-

erately convex, with a well marked transverse impression between it

and the arcuate beak, sparsely punctured, the punctures mostly con-

cealed by the scales, and with semierect stiff pile, the rostrum nar-

rower than interocular area in male, about as broad in female,

quadrate; eyes large but quite flattened, projecting but little beyond

side of head, the scrobes deep, not reaching eyes but curved beneath

in front of eyes. Prothorax slightly broader than long in the male

and considerably broader in the female, front margin feebly arcuate,

transverse base, the sides arcuate, the disc rather densely punctured

though the punctures are concealed by the scales and the post-ocular

lobes are evident but not prominent. Elytra two and two-thirds times

length of prothorax, elongate elliptical in the male, broader and

slightly cordate in female, disc somewhat flattened, declivity round-

ed, the striae well impressed especially at sides and rather deeply

punctured with rounded closely placed punctures, the intervals flat,

very finely punctured and with the stiff pile irregularly distributed.

The underside finely punctured and sparsely pubescent. Length male

holotype 10.0 mm., breadth 3.5 mm., female allotype, length 11.0

mm., breadth 4.0 mm.

Holotype male, allotype female (Nos. 6206 and 6207, Calif.

Acad. Sci., Ent) and six designated paratypes collected by Owen

Bryant in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, the first July

15, 1938 (Lot 21), the second June 20, 1933, the others on July

15, 1938. I have associated with these various specimens from the

Chiricahua Mountains and Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona, also

one specimen from the Chisos Mountains of West Texas.

This species is rather closely related to attenuata Van Dyke (Pan-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

Pacific Ent., 10(4) :186-187, 1934) but differs by being generally

larger and more robust, the scales more opalescent, the eyes less

prominent, flatter, the funicular segments of antennae very similar

in breadth whereas gradually wider apically in attenuata and the

elytral striae generally deeper and the punctures coarser.

Peritaxia longipennis Van Dyke, new species

Rather large for the genus, narrow, elongate, black, antennae

and tarsi rufopiceous, densely clothed with very closely applied

scales which appear of the general body color though they are some-

what opalescent under good light and high magnification, and are

arranged in a tesselated manner, and sparsely pilose, the pile semi-

erect and denser on head and elytral declivity. Head one-third

longer than prothorax, convex above, feebly flattened in front, finely

punctured behind, coarsely punctured in front, distinctly separated

from rostrum by a rather deep transverse impression; the rostrum

broad, feebly arcuate, coarsely, densely punctured, wider in front

and triangulately emarginate apically; the antennae with scape

long and clavate, the funicle with the first and second segments

twice as long as broad, segments 3 to 7 slightly longer than broad,

the terminal segment long and fusiform, almost equal in length to

the three preceding segments; the eyes feebly convex and moder-

ately prominent. Prothorax two and one-half times as broad as long,

base and apex transverse, sides evenly and moderately arcuate, disc

feebly convex, finely granular in appearance as a result of the scales,

with a well-impressed narrow line medially, and a moderate number

of coarse, well-spaced punctures but coarsely punctured and rugose

laterally. Elytra two and a half times as long as prothorax and about

one-fifth longer than broad; base feebly emarginate, basal angles

right angled though feeble, disc convex, the declivity abrupt, almost

perpendicular, the striae well defined by the coarse, closely placed

punctures, the intervals almost twice as wide as striae and feebly

convex. Ventral surface rather finely, densely punctured and sparse-

ly pubescent. Length 9.0 mm., width 4.0 mm.

Holotype (No. 6208, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) and one paratype

collected in Oak Creek Canyon (south of Flagstaff), Arizona,

July 25, 1936, by Owen Bryant.

This species when compared with larger specimens of rugicollis

Horn appears generally narrower and more elongate, the pronotum

less markedly rugose, the elytra much longer and elliptical with

humeri angles small, not somewhat cordate and pronounced, and

the strial punctures more numerous and rounded. Other described

species are generally smaller, proportionally shorter, with the pro-

notum more rugose, the elytra more cordate in shape and with

prominent humeral angles.

JANUARY, 1951]

VAN DYKE COLEOPTERA

Onychobaris langei Van Dyke, new species

Elongate oval, convex, subopaque, the general surface alutaceous,

black, the legs piceous or sometimes feebly rufous, setae very minute

and inconspicuous. Head sparsely, finely punctured, sometimes with

a snjall fovea at base of rostrum, the rostrum about 1.5 mm. long,

evenly arcuate, of moderate robustness, rather coarsely punctured

towards base and finely towards apex. Prothorax robust, slightly

broader than long, with sides evenly arcuate, the apex constricted,

the base broadly bisinuate, the median lobe wide and prominent, the

disc rather coarsely, densely punctured, the punctures contiguous

laterally, and with a well marked median smooth line. Scutellum

transverse and feebly impressed at center. Elytra almost a third

longer than broad with rather prominent humeri which make the

elytra wider there than the base of the prothorax, with sides

feebly convergent posteriorly, well-rounded at apex, the disc with

coarse, deep and abrupt striae, the intervals flat, equal, distinctly

wider than striae, each with a single series of well-impressed

rounded, contiguous punctures. Beneath coarsely, closely punctured

laterally, more finely and sparsely at center of abdomen. Length

5.0 mm. excluding beak, breadth 2.5 mm.

Holotype (No. 6209, Calif. Acad Sci., Ent.) and seven paratypes

collected by Dr. W. H. Lange at El Segundo, Los Angeles Co.,

California, September 28, 1938. They were found on Oenothera

spiralis, close to the roots. Four specimens were returned to Dr.

Lange.

The species, according to Colonel Casey’s key (Col. Notices IV,

1892, pp. 522-524) , runs close to molesta Casey from Arizona, but

aside from locality, differs by having dense approximate pronotal

punctures, confluent at sides, a very much more distinct median

smooth line on disc, a less robust rostrum, a subopaque or duller

appearance, and piceous instead of red legs.

DEROBRACHUS GEMINATES ON GRAPE ROOTS

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Larvae of Derohrachus geminatus Leconte were found feeding

on grape root stock near Indio, California, August 30, 1950, by

Mr. B. Laflin. The land had been cleared lor about one year. For-

merly it had been covered by mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Ckll.) ,

a natural host of the beetle. Mr. Laflin tells me he has found four

other such cases. I am indebted to Dr. E. C. Van Dyke for identify-

ing the specimens. — Sherman L. Thomas, Indio, California.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

OFFICIAL SEAL CONTEST

It has long been felt that the Pacific Coast Entomological Society

should have some significant identifying seal which could be affixed

to official Society documents, stationery and publications. To stimu-

late interest in the choice of this official seal, it has been decided to

conduct a contest for the purpose of selecting the best and most

appropriate design to be submitted by a reader of the Pan-Pacific

Entomologist. The person who creates the chosen seal will receive a

complete up-to-date set of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

Contest entries should be drawn in large size on heavy white

^aper (8% x 11). All drawings must be carefully inked. It is

considered advisable to include the title “Pacific Coast Entomological

Society” as an integral part of the official seal, so be sure to include

this printing on the submitted design. The name and address of the

contestant must appear on the reverse side of each contest entry.

Mail the completed drawings to Dr. J. Gordon Edwards, Department

of Natural Sciences, San Jose State College, California, postmarked

on or before April 1, 1951.

After a preliminary screening, the surviving entries will be

examined by a board of entomologists who will choose a number of

the most appealing entries for further consideration. The remaining

drawings will then be photographed and a lantern slide of each will

be projected for viewing by the members present at the May meeting

of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. The final winning seal

will be chosen by popular vote at that time — J. Gori>on Edwards.

— EDITORIAL NOTES —

The editors wish to draw to the attention of contributors to the

Pan-Pacific Entomologist an article “Notes on writing sentences,”

by J. Ansel Anderson, which appeared in the 80th Annual Report of

the Entomological Society of Ontario, pages 7 - 10. 1949 [1950].

E. C. VAN DYKE HONORED

Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke has been notified of his election by popu-

lar ballot to the presidency of the Coleopterists’ Society. Dr. Van

Dyke, who will be 82 on April 7, is Emeritus Curator of Entomology

at the California Academy of Sciences, where he donates his time

six days a week. He is currently finishing a monograph on the Coleop-

tera of the Galapagos Islands.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

At the eighty-seventh annual meeting of the Entomological

Society of Ontario, held at Guelph on November 1-3, 1950, it was

decided to form a national society, to be called the Entomological

Society of Canada. The new society will serve as a link between the

various regional societies, namely, the Acadian Entomological So-

ciety, the Entomological Society of Ontario, the Entomological So-

ciety of Manitoba, the Entomological Society of British Columbia,

the proposed entomological society of Quebec, and others that may

be established. The Canadian Entomologist will be published jointly

by the Ontario and the national societies, Dr. W. R. Thompson con-

tinuing as Editor, with Dr. G. C. Ullyett as Associate Editor.

January, 1951] pacific coast ent. society

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

E. 0. Essie

R. L. USINGER

President

D. D. Jensen

Secretary

Vice-President

Proceedings

Two Hundred and Ninth Meeting

The two hundred and ninth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on January 28, 1950, in the

entomological laboratories of the California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco. President Ferris conducted the meeting. The follow-

ing members were present: R. F. Fritz, E. G. Meyers, J. P. Harville,

J. W. Tilden, E. O. Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, E. G. Wegenek, E. C.

Van Dyke, H. B. Leech, S. L. Thomas, V. Stombler, A. Retan, P. H.

Amaud, Jr.,, C. P. Hoyt, F. X. Williams, J. W. Green, B. Brookman,

B. D. Culver, D. C. Thurman, Jr., E. B. Thurman, J. E. Gillaspy,

D. P. Furman, W. W. Middlekauff, L. W. Quate, D. Gould, R. L,

Usinger, P. D. Hurd, Jr., W. Barr, E. G. Linsley, W. D. Murray,

T. Aarons, L. P. Coy, 0. W. Graf, Jr., W. Hoyt, E. L. Kessel, C. W.

Hildebrand, R. C. Miller, R. M. Bohart, R. Potts, D. D. Jensen, and

W. H. Lange. The following visitors were present: Doris R. Thomas,

Harold W. Brydon, Howard H. Abram, J. M. Savage, R. R. Harry,

J. N. Simons, Harry Freeman, Heidi Aarons, J. E. Ryus, Mrs. R. M.

Bohart, J. Bohlke, G. S. Myers, P. S. Lange, and J. W. Skousen.

The minutes of the meeting held December 3, 1949, were read and

approved.

The membership committee proposed and the Society elected

C. A. Downing and Harold A. Brydon as members.

The President then called for notes, exhibits and remarks. Dr.

Ross reported that the Academy is considering a Hall of Insects for

public display, and discussed briefly the type of exhibits being pro-

posed.

Dr. Ross exhibited specimens of a rare arthropod class, the Penta-

stomida. These had been taken from the liver of an African rock

python, collected by Borys Malkin in the British Cameroons, May

28, 1949. The cork-screw form of the body shows no obvious relation-

ship to the other arthropods even though it is considered to be re-

lated to the mites. Dr. Ross also exhibited a box of 108 microscope

slides each bearing the male and female of a separate species of flea.

This is one of 20 such exhibit sets of fleas prepared by C. A. Hubbard

to be used with his book on fleas.The first set was deposited in the

U. S. National Museum and the second is in the California Academy

of Sciences.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

Mr. H. B. Leech circulated a publication on the Siphonaptera of

Canada by George P. Holland.

Dr. Richard Bohart exhibited two species of Strepsiptera, one of

which is parasitic on the Thysanura and the other on the Pentato-

midae. The latter has been used in biological control efforts against

a bug which is a pest of coffee in Africa.

Mr. Aarons reported that preliminary plans are being drawn up

for a study of the flight range of the mosquito Aedes squamiger

(Coq.) in the San Francisco Bay area. The mosquitoes, emerging

from 20 acres of the Petaluma Creek basin area, will be marked and

attempts will be made to recover them at various locations in the

bay region. The details of the experiment have not been decided upon

but marking will probably be accomplished by using a fluorescent

dye.

President Ferris introduced as the main speaker of the meeting.

Dr. Robert L. Usinger, Associate Professor of Entomology, Uni-

versity of California, Berkeley, who spoke on the subject: “The

Paris Meetings of the International Commission on Zoological No-

menclature.”

The situation as regards international nomenclature before the

Paris Meetings was briefly outlined and was followed by an account

of the actual meetings held in Paris.

Important decisions such as liberalizing the procedure of the

Commission, defining the term “binary,” providing for infra-sub-

specific categories and clarifying the subject of homonyms were dis-

cussed in some detail.

Finally, the events subsequent to the Paris meetings were out-

lined, including publication of the proceedings.

Dr. Usinger ’s report stimulated considerable discussion and ques-

tions among the members present before the meeting was adjourned

at 4:30 p.m. — D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Tenth Meeting

The two hundred and tenth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on February 25, 1950, in the

entomological laboratories of the California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco. President Ferris in the chair. The following members

were present : G. F. Ferris, D. D. Jensen, W. W. Middlekauff, A. E.

Pritchard, H. H. Abram, R. Usinger, B. Brookman, C. D. Grant,

0. W. Graf, Jr., J. W. Tilden, W. C. Day, J. N. Simons, W. H. Nut-

ting, T. W. Cook, V. Stombler, C. H. Spitzer,Jr., K. Innes, B. B.

JANUARY, 1951] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

Kessel, E, L. Kessel, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., C. A. Downing, E. S. Ross,

J. W. Green, W. Barr, C. Don MacNeill, H. A. Scullen, M. Marquis,

S. L. Thomas, E. C. Van Dyke, E. G* Wegenek, A. E. Michelbacher,

E. O. Essig, J. W. MacSwain, H. B. Leech, H. H. Blakemore, F. X.

Williams. Visitors were present as follows: Rex Bartges, L. P. Coy,

Marian Kendall, Sylvia Spitzer, Don Kelley, W. C. Bentinck, F. L.

Rogers, Joy Hogan, Lucy Jones, Allen Bartel, Enid Moor, Doris R.

Thomas, Gretchen Baumgartner, Lois MacDonal, Metta Weddleton,

Linda Sorensen, Franklin Devore, John Schmiedel, Sally Barrett,

Christine Owens and Borys Malkin.

The minutes of the meeting held January 28, 1950, were read and

approved.

The membership committee proposed and the Society elected the

following as members: J. H. Freitag, F. C. Hottes, B. J. Spencer,

Ernest R. Tinkham, and Howard Abram.

The President appointed a committee, composed of Dr. Tilden

and Dr. Ross, to determine the location for the annual field meeting

and report at the next meeting.

The President called for notes, observations and exhibits. Dr.

Ross called attention to a display of some of the 250,000 insects

collected by Mr. Malkin in Africa.

Dr. Usinger displayed the superb illustrations made by Arthur

Smith of the British Museum of 50 new genera of Aradidae. In the

past only 50 genera were known in this family. The large number of

new genera were found by Dr. Usinger because it was previously not

recognized that adult aradids could be wingless. Heretofore such

specimens were considered to be nymphs.

The President then introduced as the main speaker of the meet-

ing, Mr. Borys Malkin, Research Associate of the California Acad-

emy of Sciences, who spoke on "Entomological Observations in

Africa.” A summary of Mr. Malkin’s discussion is given below.

Mr. Malkin spoke of his experiences during a 16 month trip in

Africa, from August, 1948, until December, 1949. The first three

months were devoted to collecting in North Africa starting off from

Tripoli through Tunisia and into Algeria. Desert conditions pre-

vailed throughout most of this territory except for a relatively nar-

row strip around Algiers. A bus trip southward through the Sahara

desert, French Sudan and Dahomey into Nigeria marked the second

stage of the journey. Mr. Malkin remained in Nigeria and the British

Cameroons nearly 7 months and covered a considerable portion of the

colonies. Here the work extended from the peak of the dry season

to the peak of the rainy season during which time considerable

change occurred in the composition of the insect fauna. Collecting

on the whole was strenuous and not too rich except for aquatic

Coleoptera and Hemiptera of which nearly 15,000 specimens were

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

taken. Concentration of species even in a small body of water was

enormous and a count, from a tiny pond in Ogbomosho, Southern

Nigeria, showed over 100 species of aquatic Coleoptera. The rain

forest was limited to the southernmost part of the colony and even

here it had been practically eliminated by intense cultivation. How-

ever, great stretches of such forests still survive in the Benin prov-

ince in the Niger Delta and are practically untouched in the Southern

Cameroons.

Over a month was devoted to working up the various vegetation

zones of Mt. Cameroon which practically rises from the sea, with

mangrove swamps at the bottom and the rain forest belt at about

2,500 feet. Next comes mid-mountain forest up to 4,500 feet. It is

this zone which he found richest in insect life. One of the character-

istic forms was a staphylinid Osorins later also found on Sao Tome

Island in the Guinee Gulf and in the Knysna Forest in South Africa.

Above 4,500 feet, ringed by tree ferns, occurs the mist forest which

extends to 7,500 feet in places. In this zone the fauna is distinctly

impoverished. Above the forest are grasslands to 10,000 feet where

the last trees disappear with mosses and lichens taking over to the

peak. At 10,000 feet very few insects occur, the most characteristic

form being sawflies.

In June, 1949, Mr. Malkin moved into the French Cameroons,

working over into the grassy highlands, and in July to the Portu-

guese Island of Sao Tome where an endemic and presumably new

species of Licinius was collected in the mountains. During August

and September Angola was explored. The Northern Highlands of

this colony show close relationship to the Cameroons and Nigeria

whereas the arid coastal strip and the sandy eastern part of the

colony resemble the Kalahari sands. Hardly any duplication occurred

in species and such groups as the chrysomelids, buprestids, meloids

and cincindelids occurred in particular abundance.

The last six weeks of the expedition were devoted to the explora-

tion of the Eastern Cape province and parts of Namaqualand, the

latter trip undertaken jointly with Dr. Karl Koch, an entomologist

of the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria. Work in the mountains back

of Capetown revealed an entirely different fauna, such groups as

melyrids, malachiids and clerids being especially numerous. The

virgin forest of Knysna, a coastal strip along the southern shores,

reminded Mr. Malkin very much of the western Oregon forests. Trips

up Table Mountain,, especially to Blinkwater Falls, yielded several

new genera and species of hydrophilids, some of which show affini-

ties to the Chilean fauna.

In addition to his comments on entomological exploration Mr.

Malkin discussed particularly the local mode of travel and living

conditions in the various areas visited.

After a discussion of Mr. Malkin’s talk, the meeting was ad-

journed. — D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

JANUARY, 1951] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

Two Hundred and Eleventh Meeting

The two hundred and eleventh meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on April 1, 1950, in

the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of Sci-

ences, San Francisco. President Ferris conducted the meeting. The

following members were present: G. F. Ferris, D. D. Jensen, R. L.

Usinger, J. W. MacSwain, E. R. Leach, E. O. Essig, F, X. Wiliams,

B. D. Culver, D. P. Furman, B. Brookman, W. W. Sampson, H. B.

Leech, E. C. Van Dyke, H. W. Brydon, C. A. Downing, C. W. Hilde-

brand,, K. F. Innes, Jr., J. W. Tilden, J. R. Walker, G. F. Augustson,

R. C. Miller, E. S. Ross, P. A. Adams, A. E. Pritchard, E. G. Wege-

nek, W. C. Bentinck, A. E. Michelbacher, T. W. Cook, and E. L.

Kessel. The following visitors attended : Mrs. G. F. Augustson, Ruth

Vickery, H. E. Stark, W. H, Renner, L. P. Coy and F. M. Prince.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The membership committee proposed and the Society elected

William C. Bentinck as a member.

Dr. Ross, Chairman of the field meeting committee, reported that

Portola State Park in San Mateo County had been selected as the

site for the annual field meeting which will be held May 7, 1950.

In response to the President’s call for notes, exhibits and re-

marks, Mr. H. Leech reported that Mrs. Fred Winters of Santa

Barbara had made a gift to the Academy of the collection of water

beetles, particularly Hydrophilidae, made by her late husband.

Dr. Ross reported that Dr. L. Hewes, an amateur lepidopterist,

of San Francisco,, died recently and had willed his collection of but-

terflies to the Academy.

Professor Ferris called attention to the recent death of Dr. P. N.

Annand, Chief of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar-

antine and former member of the Society.

Dr. MacSwain reported that the University of California field

course in entomology will be held this summer in the San Gabriel

Mountains and invited members of the Society to visit the camp.

Dr. Kessel raised the question of having some meetings of the

Society in the evening instead of Saturday afternoon. After some

discussion a motion was made and carried that the Program Com-

mittee schedule at least one evening meeting during the fall season.

President Ferris then introduced F. M. Prince, Medical Ento-

mologist of the Western Communicable Disease Center Laboratory,

San Francisco, who addressed the Society on the subject: “Objec-

tives and Methods in Studies of Plague Transmission.” Mr. Prince’s

remarks are summarized below.

Plague first appeared among humans and rats in San Francisco

in 1900 and was discovered among California ground squirrels in

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

1908. Since 1934, the Public Health Service has extended the search

for plague in wild and domestic rodents and their ectoparasites to

17 Western States. Plague has been found in 137 counties in 15

States. The infection was demonstrated most frequently in ground

squirrels, marmots, prairie dogs, and wood rats.

Transmission studies were conducted with different species of

wild and domestic rodent fleas using white mice as the test animal

for the studies. A series of slides in color demonstrating techniques

in conducting the studies were shown. Color microphotographs illus-

trating the evolution of plague masses in a wild rodent flea (Mono-

psyllus wagneri), and a domestic rat flea {Xenopsylla cheopis) were

also presented. The development of mass formations in wild rodent

fleas is usually quite different from that of X. cheopis’, Masses usual-

ly originate in the stomach of wild rodent fleas and take several

weeks or months to produce complete blockage of the stomach,

whereas, the masses originate in the proventriculus of X. cheopis

and produce complete blockage in a much shorter period. Under

laboratory conditions X. cheopis proved to be the most efficient vector

of plague tested.

Following a discussion of Mr. Prince’s talk, the meeting was

adjourned. — D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Twelfth Meeting

Portola State Park, May 7, 1950

The two hundred and twelfth meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento-

mological Society was held as the annual field meeting at Portola

State Park, San Mateo County, May 7, 1950.

The recorded attendance was 59 persons, including 14 members,

20 adult visitors and 25 children. The following members were pres-

ent: Howard Abram, P. H. Arnaud, E. S. Ross, E. C. Van Dyke,

F. X. Williams, W. H. Lange, H. B. Leech, J. W. Tilden, 0. W.

Graf, M. Marquis, J. H. Freitag, D. D. Jensen, A. E. Pritchard, and

A. E. Michelbacher. Visitors were present as follows: Mrs. Howard

Abram, Marguerite Arnaud, K. G. Swenson, Vaudis Swenson,

Winona C. Farr, Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Schneider and family, Pauline

Lange and family. Dr. and Mrs. Steve Dorman and family. Hazel

Tilden and son, Anne Minaker, Mrs. M. Marquis, Steven D. Mar-

quis, Elinor B. Freitag, Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Brady, Dr. and Mrs.

E. S. Sylvester and family. Dr. and Mrs. Eugene Stafford and

family, Mrs. A. E. Michelbacher.

Tha weather was good and although some collecting was done

most of the time was spent in visiting. — D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

JANUARY, 1951] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

Two Hundred and Thirteenth Meeting

The two hundred and thirteenth meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 8:00 p.m. on October 13, 1950,

in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of

Sciences, San Francisco. President Ferris conducted the meeting.

The following members were present: Berta B. Kessel, E. L. Kessel,

A. E. Michelbacher, E. O. Essig, M. Marquis, W. C. Day, G. F.

Ferris, B. L. Usinger, E. C. Van Dyke, S. B. Freeborn, W. W. Middle-

kauff, J. W. Tilden, P. A. Harvey, W. Hazeltine, P. D. Hurd, Jr.,

F. X. Williams, J. E. Gillaspy, J. G. Edwards, P. H. Amaud, L. M.

Henry, C. D. Duncan, H. B. Leech, L. W. Quate, J. W. MacSwain,

L. P. Coy, W. C. Bentinck, S. G. Watkins, C. A. Downing, E. S.

Ross, D. D. Jensen, and G. A. Marsh. Visitors were present as fol-

lows : Bernard Adelson, Robert Schuster, Harold Stark, Harry L.

Hansen, S. C. Daniels, Lynne Scott, Neva Duncan, W. F. Ehrhardt,

Mrs. J. W. MacSwain, Norman Lewis, and G. F. Edmunds.

The minutes of the meeting held April 1 and of the field meeting

held May 7, 1950, were read and approved.

The membership committee proposed and the Society elected

the following as members : Mrs. Ruth C. Whitney, Robert Snelling,

and Gordon Marsh.

President Ferris appointed H. B. Leech, Paul Arnaud and J. W.

MacSwain as a committee to propose a slate of officers at the annual

meeting in December.

Dr. Hurd, chairman of the committee appointed to review the

constitution, distributed mimeographed sheets carrying proposed

modifications in the by-laws of the Society which will be acted upon

at a later meeting.

President Ferris asked for an expression of opinion from the

members present regarding the time of day meetings should be held.

After some discussion a motion was made and carried that the

meeting time alternate between afternoon and evening.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits Dr,

Duncan displayed a species of syrphid fiy which has been very

abundant at San Jose for the past six weeks. The species, Tubifera

aenea (Scopoli), was found clustered in large numbers in paper

bundles, wrappings and other secluded places. Dr. MacSwain re-

ported that this species commonly infests solitary wasp cells, and

cracks, and suggested that the flies might be getting ready for

hibernation.

Dr. Duncan also reported that the owner of a new home in San

Jose had become alarmed because a bostrychid, Stephanopachys

padficus Casey, infested the lumber of the house. Both larvae and

adults were found. Although mainly in the sapwood under the bark,

specimens were also found deep in the wood. Dr. Van Dyke expressed

the opinion that the species would not breed very long in finished

lumber.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

Dr. Duncan reported an infestation of dry wood termites in a

piece of solid wood. The reproductive alates were found.

Dr. Edwards reported finding a female of Poreospasta polita

Horn mating with a male of Lytta aurictdata Horn, and commented

that this observation is additional evidence that the two species are

closely related, as indicated by Dr. MacSwain’s larval studies.

Professor Ferris called attention to a fine collection of bedbugs

which he had brought with him and which were available for

examination.

President Ferris introduced as the main speaker of the meeting,

Mr. George F. Edmunds, Jr., of the University of Utah, who spoke

on the subject: “Notes on the mechanics of flight and wing venation

of the Ephemeroptera and their ancestors, with remarks on the

archetype wing venation of the insects.” The talk was based on

studies conducted jointly by Mr. Edmunds and Jay E. Traver of

the University of Massachusetts. A summary of the talk, which was

illustrated by lantern slides and a cardboard model of an insect

wing, is summarized below.

The typical forewing of a mayfly is triangular in shape, and fan-

like in appearance due to corrugations, or fluting, resulting from a

complete alternation of concave and convex veins near the margin

of the wing. The corrugations strengthen the wing and make it more

rigid. The convex veins brace the wing on the downstroke and the

concave veins brace it on the upstroke. The wing is further strength-

ened by the close grouping of the costa, subcosta and radius 1 which

are held firmly together by a costal brace.

Although the mayfly wing appears to be wholly rigid, some of

the main longitudinal veins have obvious weakened spots or bullae

midway of their length. These bullae allow the concave veins to bend

sharply and consequently fail to support the distal half of the wing

on the upstroke. From these facts it can be seen that the corruga-

tions or fluting of the wing, and the bullae serve important flight

functions. On the downstroke, the wing remains rigid and the insect

gets a maximum amount of lift and propulsion. The failure of the

bullae equipped veins to support the wing tip, however, allows the

distal half of the wing to bend downward on the upstroke as a result

of the pressure of the opposing air. Thus the air slips away in such

a manner as to offer lessened resistance to the wing.

When examined in cross section it is seen that in general the

convex veins belong to the upper wing surface and the concave veins

to the lower wing surface. All veins and cross veins appear to be

arranged in such a way as to brace the wing.

The mayfly wing is apparently an excellent lift type wing but it

is not adapted for speed. In those insects that fly rapidly the anterior

margin of the wing is rigid, and the remainder of the wing mem-

brane is flexible. These insects fly by means of a sculling action in

which the rigid anterior margin leads the membrane in the direc-

tion of the wing stroke. Experiments and observations on the

Ephemeroptera indicate that the fluted wing seriously interferes

JANUARY, 1951] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

with sculling action. But in some Ephemeroptera such as Lachlania

the fluting of the wing has been interrupted hy the loss of many

intercalary veins and these mayflies appear to be the strongest

fliers in the order. They clearly demonstrate the superiority of the

sculling type over the fluted wing.

At the present time there seems to be no adequate explanation

of the origin of fluting in insect wings, but the speaker’s study of

the mechanics of mayfly flight have led him to believe that fluting

of the wing was an adaptation, which added rigidity to the wing

as it thinned out into an effective flight surface. The most ancient

winged insects are found in the Upper Carboniferous, but it is

evident from the great variety of wing types in these fossils that

the first winged insects are of greater antiquity. Entomologists have

thus had to hypothesize as to the ^nature of the wings of the first

pterygote insects. The present concept of this archetype venation

is illustrated by Snodgrass (Fig. 121 A) in his Principles of Insect

Morphology. The veins in this archetype are considered to be either

concave or convex in position but there is no complete or functional

fluting.

We, therefore, offer the hypothesis that the archetype wing was

a completely fluted wing with intercalary veins, not too unlike that

of Lithoneura mirifica Carpenter, an Upper Carboniferous paleo-

dictyopteran believed to be very close to, if not on, the ancestral line

of the mayflies. The fossil record clearly shows that the so-called

intercalary veins are true veins and that their free basal ends are

a secondary condition.

Several facts seem to support the idea that the wings of the first

pterygote insects were completely fluted. In all the winged orders

the veins show evidence of being concave or convex and the veins

often appear to belong to one surface or the other in cas^s where the

concave or convex positions are obscure. As this seems to be of no

functional value in most orders, we would consider these to be vestig-

es of once functional structures. The fact that fluting is more common

in Upper Carboniferous forms than in recent forms would seem to

be an additional evidence. The concept of an archetype wing with

complete fluting also indicates an .adaptational significance to the

evolutionary trends of fluting in insect venation.

Even though fluting appears to have been necessary for the thin-

ning out of the wings into effective flight surfaces, it would be a

detriment to the development of the rapid sculling type of flight.

The trend in the evolution of insect wings seems to be from the

fluted type toward the speed type wing with a rigid anterior margin

and a comparatively flexible membrane.

In light of the hypothesis that the completely fluted wing is more

primitive than that generally conceded to be the archetype venation,

the origin and major phylogenetic lines of ephemerid evolution were

discussed in some detail.

After considerable discussion the meeting was adjourned. — D. D.

Jensen, Secretary.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVII, NO. 1

Two Hundred and Fourteenth Meeting

The two hundred and fourteenth meeting of the Pacific Coast

Entomological Society was held at 2 :00 p.m. on December 9, 1950,

in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of

Sciences, San Francisco. President Ferris conducted the meeting.

The following members were present-: J. H. Freitag, C. D. MacNeill,

P. A. Adams, Gene Morris, E. C. Van Dyke, R. L. Usinger, E. 0.

Essig, W. C. Day, J. W. MacSwain, F. X. Williams, Wm. Hazeltine,

R. L. Doutt, E. G. Linsley, H. W. Brydon, C. P. Hoyt, C. L. Scott,

P. H. Arnaud, K. F. Innes, E. L. Kessel, W. D. Murray, R. C. Miller,

H. B. Leech, S. G. Watkins, J. G. Edwards, L. M. Henry, J. W. Tilden,

G. A. Marsh, J. P. Harville, E. A. Smith, W. C. Bentinck, R. Snelling,

J. J. De Bois, G. F. Ferris, B. E.' White, A. E. Pritchard, L. R. Gil-

logly, D. J. Gould, P. D. Hurd, Jr., L. W. Quate, J. W. Green, O. W.

Graf, Jr., and D. D. Jensen. The following visitors were present:

E. S. Sylvester, Phyllis Morris, Allan D. Telford, J. F. Reinhardt,

F. H. Lauret, Y. Tanada, H. R. MacCarty, Mrs. Burdette White,

T. F. Stubbs, Norman Lewis, A. A. Hubert, Barbara Prendergast,

and Benjamin Keh.

The minutes of the meeting held October 13, 1950, were read and

approved. The membership committee proposed and the Society

elected the following new members : W. H. Wade, Elbert B. Dixon, P.

D. Gerhardt, Alexander A. Hubert, and Charles L. Scott. Professor

Essig read a report of the historical committee outlining recommen-

dations for the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the

Society in 1951. Dr. Miller presented a financial report of the Society

up to November 30, 1950. Mr. Day reported that the auditing com-

mittee had examined the financial records of the Society" and found

them in good order.

The President then called for notes, exhibits and remarks. Mr.

Arnaud exhibited a collection of males of an undescribed species of

braconid in the genus Blacus which he had observed swarming on a

number of occasions, usually in the early evening, both in the spring

of 1948 and 1949 at Redwood City.

Mr. Leech, representing the nominating committee, proposed

and the Society elected the following officers for 1951 : R. L. Usinger,

President; E. 0. Essig, Vice-President; D. D. Jensen, Secretary;

R. C. Miller, Treasurer; and E. L. Kessel and G. F. Ferris, Executive

Board Members at Large.

Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, only living charter member, was elected

Honorary President of the Society for the semicentennial year 1951.

The chairmanship of the meeting was then turned over to the

president-elect. Dr. Usinger, who called on Professor Ferris to give

his retiring presidential address entitled “Entomology, Aesthetics

and Science.” Professor Ferris’ address created considerable inter-

esting discussion before the meeting was adjourned. — D. D. Jensen,

Secretary.

For your ayriculturul needs

PENNSALT

ngrieulturai chemicals

PENNSALT DDT TECHNIC AL— Fine

to medium granulated powder of

uniform high quality. Setting point

89° C. minimum.

PENTECH®— Technical DDT made

especially for manufacturers of dust

concentrates, dusts and emulsion

concentrates. A granular, dry,

Jriable powder.

PENNSALT DB-50® — Fine, dry pow-

dered dust base containing 50%

DDT, for use by dust manufacturers

in formulating finished insecticides.

PENNSALT WB-50® — Micron-sized

powder containing 50% DDT and

superior wetting agents for use as

water suspension spray. Mixes easily,

adheres to foliage.

H H H

PENNSALT BHC TECHNICAL 36

(Benzene Hexachloride) — A superior,

partially refined technical BHC con-

taining approximately 36% of the

active gamma isomer. Readily lends

itself to production of impregnated

dusts.

PENNSALT BHC DUST BASE D-12

— 1 2% gamma isomer for use by dust

manufacturers in the formulation of

finished insecticides.

PENNSALT HI-GAM® 99— This is

technical lindane, the essentially

pure gamma isomer of benzene

hexachloride.

Other Pennsalt Insecticides

KRYOCIDE® — Time-tested natural

cryolite insecticide for control of

many chewing insects which attack

orchard and garden.

PENPHOS® W-1 5 — A wettable pow-

der containing 15% parathion. De-

signed for use as a water spray and

as a dust base concentrate. Effective

for the control of a wide variety of

economic insect pests.

SODIUM CHLORATE— High quality

weed-killer for long-range, non-

selective weed control.

For information on any or all of these

products write: rennsylmnia Salt

Manufacturing Company of

Washington^ Agricultural

Chemicals Oivision^ Tacoma,

Wash., Portland, Ore., Los Angeles,

Calif., Wenatchee, Wash., Takima,

Wash., Berkeley, Calif.

Chemicals

THERE’S A

SPRAY OR DUST

Send today for

• • • • for every infestation

Every Niagara product offers proved con-

trol to provide the most effective insecti-

cide or fungicide available to growers today,

The secret of Niagara’s superiority lies in

perfectly balanced formulation which has

been skillfully developed and fuUy tested by

Niagara’s technical staff. Successful growers

know from experience that Niagara sprays

and dusts used in a planned, year ’round

protection program, play a major part in

producing the highest quality pest-free crops.

Your local Niagara fieldman will be glad to

help you plan your crop protection program.

Call him today.

FREE field service

bulletin

Whatever your

crop or infestation.

Niagara field serv-

ice bulletins give

complete and accu-

rate information on

the best treatment

Send for your free

copy today. Write

Department 121

f >7

^ COHSUIT A <

t mAGARA ^

^ FtHB £XP£Rr i

4 ” ^1

Niagara

W CHEA

SPRAYS & DUSTS

CHEMICAL DIVISION

FOOD MACHINERY AND CHEMICAL CORPORATION

RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA

Home Office: Middlepert, New York

Ill

OUTDOOR LABORATORY

Ro/im & Haas Experimental Farm at Bristol, Pa.

Long-time testing on our 300-acre Experimental Farm proves the

formulations developed by Rohm & Haas Research Laboratories

— under actual farming conditions. Result: maximum effectiveness

in commercial use of such chemicals for agriculture as Dithane

and Rhothane.

Because it controls many diseases of many crops without retarding

plant growth, Dithane helps thousands of farmers to increase

yields of potatoes and other crops. And because of its unique

insecticidal qualities, Rhothane gives orchardists effective control

of the red-banded leaf roller on apples, and the orange tortrix

on pears, apples, grapes and other fruit.

Scientific development and exhaustive testing-in-use will continue

to assure the effectiveness oiall Rohm & Haas agricultural chemicals.

CHEMICALS Hi FOR INDUSTRY

Dithane and Rhothane are trade-

marks, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. and in

principal foreign countries.

ROHM e HAAS

COM PANV

WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA 5, PA.

^teatet%Mct HilL

2 MAJOR ADVANCES IN

INSECT CONTROL DEVELOPED

IN THE LABORATORIES OF

Julius HYMAN & Company —

ALDRIN

(Compound 118)

ALDRIN has been approved for

control of Bo Weevil, certain other

insects, and grasshoppers

DIELDRIN _

(Compound 497)

DIELDRIN — Tests indicate

Dieldrin to be the most

effective killer of HOUSEFLIES, MOSQUITOES

and their larvae.

Samples for Experimental Use Available on Request

WRITE FOR INFORMATION

HYMAN

~ DENVER, COLORADO

URfommlated Aldrin and Dieldrin are distribnted in the U S. by Shell Chemical Coip.

from research to field —

DuPont Agricultural Chemicals

Measure Up to the Respdnsieility

For Effective Control of

Insects, Diseases, and Weeds

Today a necessary part of almost

every agricultural operation — farm,

ranch, orchard and garden — is the

efficient use of quality agricultural

chemicals.

Nearly every commercial crop is

affected by insects, diseases or weeds.

All types of livestock are attacked by

insects or subject to weed poisoning.

Controlling these pests directly re-

sults in greater yields of better quality

farm products and livestock.

Du Pont agricultural chemicals are

backed by a complete laboratory re-

search and farm testing program to

assure top quality safety and effec-

tiveness.

“EG.U. S.PAT.OFf.

BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING — THROUGH CHEMISTRY

E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, (INC.)

GRASSELLI CHEMICALS DEPARTMENT

WILMINGTON 98, DELAWARE

MULTI-FILM "L"

“L” STANDS FOR LIQUID

A SPREADER and DEPOSIT BUILDER

that really WETS and still DEPOSITS

MULTI-FILM ADDS A PLUS VALUE

TO NEW ORGANIC PESTICIDES

Colloidal Products Corporation

ESTABLISHED 1920

2598 TAYLOR STREET • SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

Manufacturers of Spreaders - Deposit Builders for Agricultural Sprays

BULLETIN OF

ZOOLOGICAL

NOMENCLATURE

Arrangements have been made

for completing vol. 1, and for the

publication of volumes 2 (applica-

tions in regard to nomenclatural

problems), 3 (documents considered

by the International Commission on

Zoological Nomenclature at Paris,

1948), 4 (Official Record of the In-

ternational Commission at Paris),

and 5 (Official Record of the section

on Nomenclature of the thirteenth

International Congress of Zoology

at Paris, 1948).

All inquiries regarding publica-

tions should be addressed to : Inter-

national Trust for Zoological No-

menclature, 41 Queen’s Gate, Lon-

don, S, W. 7, England.

PACIFIC

DISCOUCRV

An illustrated magazine

of natural sciences

published by the

CALIFORNIA

ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES

San Francisco 18 ,

California

MwUllw

CHEMICALS

1885

SINCE

FOR YEAR-ROUND

FRUIT and VEGETABLE

PROTECTION

Insecticides

Sulphurs

Fungicides

Parasiticides

Stauffer Knapsack Duster

A TIME-HONORED NAME IN CHEMICALS

Vlll

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND

CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Incorporated

LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA

(The World's Largest Manufacturers of

Nicotine Products)

BLACK LEAF 40

BLACK LEAF 155

BLACK LEAF DRY CONCENTRATE

and

For Greenhouse Fumigation and Spraying

NICO FUME PRODUCTS

BENZO FUME PRESSURE FUMIGATORS

AND ABOVE ALL REMEMBER BLACK LEAF PRODUCTS

ARE "KIND" TO BENEHCIAL INSECTS.

PACinC COAST OFFICE

NO. 1 SOUTH PARK

SAN FRANCISCO 7, CALIFORNIA

FRIANITE is a processed anhydrous alkali alumi-

num silicate, definitely on the acid side (pH range

5.4 to 6.5). Designed distribution of particles makes

Frianite easy and effective to use.

FRIANITE is as close to neutral as practical for

general agricultural application. Superior adhesive

qualities. Moisture is less than 1%. Bulk density is

about 47 lbs. per square foot.

FRIANITE improves insecticides... makes them

flow freely and work easier. Because Frianite is a

superior diluent, it is effective and economical to

use anywhere in the United States.

Send for

Free Booklet

ora "FRIANITE”

FRIANITE is shipped direct from our plant at Friant,

California, in 100 lb. kraft bags. Superior qualities of

FRIANITE make it economical to use all over the U.S.

CALIFORNIA INDUSTRIAL MINERALS CO.

"Producers at FRMANITE" * FRIANT* CALIFORNIA

YOU GET THE BEST

Scientific Pest Contrei Products!

When you use ORTHO products, you’re getting the benefits of this matchless

combination of values: nearly half a century of research knowledge and field

experience, progressive product development, quality manufacturing, techni-

cal field service . . . and result's against pests!

These ORTHO Products are leading the field

Modern Organic Pesticides

ISOTOX — Gamma Isomer of BHC from

lindane. Dusts, Sprays, Wettable

Powder. Concentrate

VAPOTONE - TEPP, Dusts, Spray

Concentrate

VAPOPHOS — Parathion. Dusts, Wett-

able Powders

PERSISTO — DDT. Dusts, Wettable

Powder

PEST-B-GON— DDT. Spray

ORTHO-KLOR— Chlordane. Dusts,

Spray, Wettable Powder

ALLTOX — ^Toxaphene, Dusts, Wettable

Powder, Spray

GAMTOX — BHC. Dusts, Wettable

Powder

ESTERCIDE 330— Ester 2, 4-D Weed

Killer Spray

ESTERCIDE-T 245 and

ESTERCIDE-T 2— Ester 2, 4, 5-T

Weed and Brush Killer Sprays

WEED-B-GON 64— Amine 2, 4-D

Weed Killer Spray

Local ORTHO dust mills throughout the country supply freshly-mixed,

custom-mixed dusts for more timely, more effective control of pests.

For further information on ORTHO products, call your local ORTHO Dealer

or contact the nearest ORTHO office:

CALIFORNIA SPRAY- CHEMICAL CORP.

RICHMOND, SACRAMENTO, FRESNO, SAN JOSE, AND WHITTIER, CALIF.

PORTLAND, ORE. CALDWELL, IDAHO KANSAS CITY, MO. OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLA.

SOUTH HAVEN, MICH. ORLANDO, FLA. LYNDONVILLE, N. Y. ELIZABETH, N. J.

SINCE 1906

Trademarks: ORTHO. ISOTOX. VAPOTONE. VAPOPHOS, PERSISTO, B-GON, GAMTOX

REG. U. S. PAT. OFF.

Vol. XXVII

April, 1951

No. 2

THE

Pan -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in cooperation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

WIRTH — A new mountain midge from California 49

BEAL — Habitats of species of Novelsis 57

MacSWAIN — ^A new genus of Meloidae from North America 58

BREAKEY & PROPP — The spinose ear tick in Washington 59

MICHENER — Records and descriptions of

Megachilid bees from Texas 61

ADAMS & MacNEILL— G elastocoris rotundatus

Champion in California 71

MacSWAIN — N ew North American species of

Nemognatha and Zonitis 72

PRICK — Liriomyza langei, a new species of leaf miner

of economic importance in California 81

BOOK NOTICE 89

STARK — A specimen of Hoplopsyllus anomalus (Baker)

lacking a pronotal ctenidium (Siphonaptera) 91

WHEELER — Dettopsomyia and Ptilomyia: two genera new

to the United States 92

HELPER — A new subspecies of Metataenia 94

ROTH — New Records for Streblidae and Nycteribiidae 96

San Francisco, California

1951

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E» G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., H. B. Leech R. L. Usinger

E. S. Ross Co-Editors E- C. Van Dyke

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly In January, ' April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ines appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological

phases of entomology are favored. Including articles up to ten printed pages on

insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed

to H. B. Leech at the CaJifomia Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco 18, Calif;, or to P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of

California, Berkeley 4, Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers,

changes of address, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications

should be addressed to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco 18, Calif.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $2.50 per year in advance. Price for single

copies, 70 cents. Make checks payable to "Pan-Paclflc Entomologist."

Announcing . . .

"THE SUCKING LICE”