ERIC M. FISHER

KOBEHT KNELLING

Route 2, Box 696

TURLOCK, CALiF.

Vol XXVIII January, 1952 No. 1

i i

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in cooperation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

DAVIS — Biological studies on three forms of the two-spotted spider mite.. 1

NYE & BOH ART — A larva of Trichodes ornatus from a pollen trap on

a hive of honey bees. 6

SCHLINGER — The emergence, feeding habits, and host of Opsebius

diligens Osten Sacken 7

VAN DYKE — A third Mexican species of Genuchinus 12

OMAN — Three new Errhomus, with a key to the species 13

PRITCHARD — A new gall midge pest of Toyon berries 16

DAY — New species and notes on California mayflies 17

GILLOGLY — A new species of nitidulid beetle from Chile 40

KALIK — New and interesting species of Dermestidae 43

HALL — A new species of Lordotus from Southern California. 49

BEAMER — The genus Eurysa in America north of Mexico 51

USINGER — A new genus of Chryxinae from Brazil and Argentina 55

KESSEL — Another American fly attracted to smoke 56

RYCKMAN — Triatoma protracta infected with Trypanosoma cruzi at

Riverside, California 58

ARNAUD — Reinhardiana new name for Hypenomyia Townsend 58

Book Notices 42, 59

Proceedings — Pacific Coast Entomological Society 60

San Francisco, California

1952

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol XXVIII January, 1952 No. 1

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE FORMS OF THE

TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE

(Acarina: Tetranychidae)

Donald W. Davis

Sacramento, California

According to McGregor (1942) the appropriate name for the

two-spotted spider mite is Tetranychus bimaculatus Harvey, al-

though names such as T. telarius (Linn.) or T. urticae Koch are

often used by other workers. Actually, however, the two-spotted

spider mite, as it is currently determined is a complex of species or

strains which differ from one another in color, host range, ability

to cross breed, or some small morphological characters. The present

study is concerned with biological studies of three forms of spider

mites, two of which were determined by E. A. McGregor as T .

bimaculatus. The third form, taken on a potted hydrangea plant

from San Francisco, was stated by A. E. Pritchard to be a member

of this complex.

Little morphological evidence was noted to separate the three

forms, aside from very slight differences in the aedeagus. A. E.

Pritchard (personal communication) found that one form could

be distinguished from the other two by the chaetotaxy of the front

legs of the female. A ring of six setae occurs at the base of the front

tarsus (fig. 1) and thirteen setae occur on the front tibia of the

females of this form. In contrast to this, females of the other two

forms each have a ring of four setae at the base of the front tarsus

(fig. 2) and ten setae on the front tibia. The fore legs of the males

of all forms have six proximal setae on the tarsus and thirteen

tibial setae. For convenience in this paper the forms will be referred

to as “six-setae,” 1 “four-setae” and hydrangea mites.

Color, while often of limited use in mite taxonomy, may be

important in the case of spider mites. Ewing (1914) conducted

feeding experiments and reached the conclusion that yellows,

greens and brown of the “common spider mite” are variations due

1 Since this paper was submitted for publication, the name Tetranychus multisetis

McGregor has been given to the mite referred to as the “6-setate” form herein.

See E. A. McGregor. 1950. Mites of the Family Tetranychidae. American Mid-

land Naturalist, 44(2) -.257-420.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

to nutrition, but orange and red shades are constant and will not

change even after death. Ewing as well as Cagle (1949) stated that

the dark areas on the mites vary in size, shape and number due to

nutrients.

Adult females of the three forms of mites discussed in the

present paper were red at all times and under all the experimental

conditions. In no case were females observed to exhibit the pale

yellowish-orange color of overwintering females of certain other

spider mites, nor were shades of brown and green encountered.

In an attempt to see if color could be used for separation of the

individual forms under study, a mixed colony was started. The

extremes in intensity of red were later isolated and mounted, but

no correlation was found between the selections and the number of

setae on the tarsus.

There is a difference in the color of the males, however. The

males of the hydrangea mite are a distinct red which is nearly the

same color as the females. The males of the other two forms are

never a true red, but are more nearly flesh colored.

Extensive measurements of length were made on all life stages

of these three forms of mites, but no significant differences were

found. Life history studies showed no great differences in duration

of the life cycle or the number of offspring.

As far as it could be determined, there is no difference in the

host range of the “four-setae” and “six-setae” forms. The hydran-

gea mite, however, exhibited a distinctly different host range as it

is the only form capable of surviving on hydrangea leaves, and the

only one not capable of feeding on the surface of banana squash

fruit. All three forms could live and reproduce well on bean leaves.

Strawberry and violet could support all three forms, but were

unsatisfactory as experimental hosts.

In order to determine if the setal characters were simply genetic

variations within a single species, a mixed colony of “4-setae” and

“6-setae” mites was established, and 73 adult females were taken

at random from this mixed population. These females were in all

probability fertilized individuals. All 73 females gave rise to

colonies, and 60 of these colonies were successfully carried to F x

adults. Of these 60, twenty-two had “4-setae” female parents, and

38 had “6-setae.” In every case there were female offspring, and all

examined were of the same type as the female parent. Wherever

possible six or more F a females from each colony were mounted

JANUARY, 1952]

DAVIS TWO-SPOTTED MITE

and compared with the female parent. All together some 200 F x

females were studied. In all cases the female parents were removed

and mounted prior to the emergence of the first female F 1 . Some of

the colonies were carried into F 2 and F 3 generations, but the

females always remained of the same type as the original female

parent.

Fig. 1. Dorsal view of the front tarsus of a female spider mite of the

“six-setae” form. X 600.

Fig. 2. Dorsal view of the front tarsus of a female spider mite of the

“four-setae” form. X 600.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

A series of crosses was made to determine whether or not these

three forms of mites would cross or whether they were genetically

isolated. Colonies which had been started from single females, were

maintained as a source of pure stock throughout the series of ex-

periments. The hydrangea mite stock was kept on hydrangea leaves,

and the other two forms were reared on banana squash. Periodically

slide mounts were made and examined to be certain that the stock

remained pure. In addition the female parents of each cross were

mounted and examined for any possibility of contamination.

The technique used involved isolation of female deutonymphs.

This guaranteed adult females to be virgins, as fertilization takes

place only in the adult stage. Most of the crosses were made in

single leaf cages on either bean or hydrangea leaves. The type of

cage employed was developed by the Division of Biological Control,

California Agricultural Experiment Station at Riverside, California,

and has been used extensively both at Riverside and at their station

at Albany, California.

The cage consists of a backing of waterproof ply-wood which is

bordered by a strip of rubber. Inside this rubber barrier is placed

a square piece of blotting paper covered with cheese cloth. A

detached leaf is placed on the cheese cloth, and over this a fairly

thick piece of plexiglass with a IY 2 inch hole is placed to form a

cell in which mites can be reared and studied. The plexiglass is

held down and in place with rubber bands. The cell is covered by a

thin sheet of transparent plastic fused to the plexiglass with acetone.

The leaf used must be large enough to completely cover the base of

the cell. The leaf is kept fresh by adding moisture to the blotter

daily, or at least every second day. Bean leaves survived up to three

weeks in these cages, and hydrangea leaves up to seven weeks.

To make crosses between the “four-” and “six-setae” forms,

mature males and female deutonymphs were taken from the above

colonies which had been established from single females. In inter-

preting the results of the cross-breeding experiments, it must be

recognized that unfertilized females produce males only, while

fertilized females produce both males and females, but with a

preponderance of the latter.

Twenty-eight crosses were made between the “four-setae” and

“six-setae” stocks. Sixteen of these were between “four-setae”

females and “six-setae” males, and 12 were the reciprocal. Twelve

of the crosses failed to produce adult offspring. Of the 16 remain-

JANUARY, 1952]

DAVIS TWO-SPOTTED MITE

ing crosses, 15 contained female and male offspring in a normal

proportion. In every case the female offspring were of the same

type as the female parent. In three of the colonies the Fi individuals

were inbred and carried through several generations. In every case

the females remained the same type as the original female parent.

In one cross of the original 16, there were no female offspring.

Only one male was used in each cross, and it is possible that in this

case the male was injured or killed so that copulation did not take

place.

Further investigations were conducted in which hydrangea

mites were crossed with the other two forms. A total of 18 crosses

was made in which three female deutonymphs and two or three

adult males were used in each cross. Four crosses were made on

bean leaves, and 14 crosses were attempted using hydrangea leaves.

Due to the fact that the “four-” and “six-setae” forms will not

survive and reproduce on hydrangea leaves, the latter crosses all

employed female hydrangea mites and males of the other forms.

Several instances of copulation were observed. Of all the attempted

crosses, only males were obtained, and in some cases more than 50

males were present in the F x population. All of the crosses employ-

ing hydrangea females gave rise to red males of the hydrangea

type. The other crosses gave rise only to flesh colored males.

SUMMARY

The two-spotted spider mite 2 , as currently determined, is a

complex group. Three forms which were determined as belonging to

this complex formed the basis of the present study. The females of

all three forms were red under all experimental conditions.

A form which occurs on hydrangea was shown to be unable to

cross with either of the other two forms, as evidenced by the lack of

females in the F x . The hydrangea form further differs from the

others in host range, as it lives on hydrangea but is unable to sur-

vive and breed on banana squash. The males are red in this mite

but not in the others.

The other two forms studied differed in the chaetotaxy of the

front legs of the female. However, no differences in host range or

habits were observed. On crossing these two forms, offspring of

both sexes were obtained. The inheritance of the setation, however,

is unique in that it was found to pass down from mother to

daughter, regardless of the male used.

2 See footnote 1.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

Literature Cited

Cagle, L. R.

1949. Life history of the two-spotted spider mite. Virginia Agric. Experi-

ment Station Tech. Bull. 113:1-31.

Ewing, H. E.

1914. The common red spider or spider mite. Oregon Agric. Experiment

Station Bull. 121:1-95.

McGregor, E. A.

1942. The taxonomic status of the so-called “common red spider.” Proc.

Ent. Soc. Washington, 44(2) : 26-29.

A LARVA OF TRICHODES ORNATUS FROM A POLLEN

TRAP ON A HIVE OF HONEY BEES

William P. Nye and George E. Bohart 1

An apparently full-grown larva of Trichodes ornatus (Say) was

found in December, 1950, in a tight honey tin containing stored

pollen. In June of the same year this pollen was taken from a pollen

trap on a hive of honey bees at North Logan, Utah. It is reasonably

certain that the clerid larva was subsequently transferred from the

pollen trap into the can of pollen.

Linsley and MacSwain, 2 who studied the life history of this

clerid, found no records of it as an inhabitant of honey bee hives,

although Trichodes apiarius (L.) has been recorded but not veri-

fied as a hive inhabitant in Europe. The known hosts of T . ornatus

include a number of genera of solitary bees and also Odynerus and

Pseudomasaris in the Vespidae. Linsley and MacSwain found that

the larvae were able to complete their growth on Odynerus pre-

pupae in five weeks but required 17 weeks to develop on pollen.

It is known that as an adult this clerid inhabits flowers (espe-

cially composites), where it feeds on pollen and living insects and

oviposits on the undersides of the capitula. The first-instar larvae

presumably attach themselves to visiting Hymenoptera and are

carried back to the nests. The larva found in the can of pollen was

probably carried to the hive in this manner and then scraped off

by the pollen trap screen. It seems surprising that T richodes larvae

do not more frequently become established in honey bee colonies.

1 U.S.D.A„ Agr. Res. Adm., Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in

cooperation with the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.

2 Linsley, E. G., and J. W. MacSwain. Observations on the life history of

Trichodes ornatus (Coleoptera, Cleridae), a larval predator in the nests of

bees and wasps. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 36 (4) :589-601. 1943.

JANUARY, 1952]

SCHLINGER OPSEBIUS

THE EMERGENCE, FEEDING HABITS, AND HOST

OF OPSEBIUS DILIGENS OSTEN SACKEN

(Diptera Acroceridae)

Evert I. Schlinger

University of California, Davis

Except for the report by Melander (1902) that the host of

Opsebius pterodontinus Osten Sacken was Agelenopsis naevia

(Walckenaer) (given as Angelena naevia Bose.), biological infor-

mation on this genus of acrocerids is wanting. Therefore the

following notes may be of interest.

Immature female spiders of Hololena curia (McCook) , were col-

lected near Monrovia, Los Angeles County, California, on February

1, 1950. On March 20th at 10:02 p.m., while feeding this group of

field-collected spiders, I noticed one individual spinning a web

which resembled a protective moulting web, although the spider

did not have the darkened appendages which are characteristic of

the pre-moulting condition. The finished web completely sur-

rounded the spider, which left just enough space on the inside for

it to change its position. The spider then assumed this attitude:

it placed its legs firmly upon the dorsal surface of the moulting web,

with the ventral side of the abdomen facing upwards. It appeared

nervous, making many jerking motions after which a swath of silk

was added to the already heavily coated webbing.

At 10:44 p.m. the spider’s abdomen dropped as if by an un-

controlled movement, and the spider then remained motionless for

three minutes after which the parasitic larva emerged as follows:

a very small hole appeared on the ventral surface of the spider’s

abdomen along the epigastric furrow, slightly to the left of the

longitudinal median line. This hole then enlarged along the furrow,

and the posterior part of the larva was seen to emerge. The larva

remained colorless for a period of thirty seconds, at the end of

which time fat bodies began to appear, and seemed to be pushed

out in rhythmic motions. Large proturberances soon appeared as

pseudopods bearing setae at their apices. Two rather long, dorsal,

caudal spiracles appeared, disappeared and reappeared in an even

respiratory count. These spiracles were visable for about twenty

minutes at which time they seemed to disappear completely. The

emergence of the larva seemed to be aided by the rhythmic con-

tractions of its body, and during this period the visible portion of

the larva protruding from the host noticeably increased in size.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

The larva withdrew just enough to attach the posterior part of its

body to the host’s webbing, and then partially re-entered the host’s

abdomen. Four sets of setae were visible, each set divided into two

rather distinct parts, and the posterior pair held the larva to the

host’s webbing. At 10:52 p.m. the head of the larva was partially

visible through the integument of the spider, and could be seen

feeding on the ventral abdominal surface. The host was apparently

still alive as leg movements persisted.

At 11 :03 p.m. the legs of the spider began to fold in towards its

body, and since the abdomen was greatly shrunken the spider was

assumed to be dead. The mouthparts of the larva were clearly seen

invading the silk glands and other tissues along the ventral surface

of the abdomen. The mouthparts were small (0.5 mm.), black, and

heavily sclerotized. They evidently consisted of two major parts:

a movable plate-like labrum, and a movable “U-shaped” man-

dible. While feeding on the ventral surface, the mouthparts seemed

to move back and forth smoothly in an arc of about 2 mm. At

11 :06 p.m. the external part of the larva measured 6 mm. in length

and 3 mm. in width. The fifth set of setae was visible as the larva

forced part of its body out, leaving the spider attached to the

webbing by its left foreleg only.

At 11:12 p.m. the larval head was seen probing the tissues of

spinnerets and this region was the site of intense feeding ac-

tivity, with the larva entering and re-entering this tissue about eight

times. While feeding, the mouthparts moved up and down at the

rate of 2.5 movements per second. This rate continued, with little

rest, throughout the entire feeding period. By 11:33 p.m., the

normally brownish pigment of the spider’s abdomen seemed to be

almost white, with the exception of the spinnerets and the epigas-

trum. From 11:33 p.m. to 12:25 a.m. the larval head was seen

invading tissues in the cephalothoracic region for the first time.

After fifteen minutes of feeding on the nervous and other related

tissues, it began ingesting the contents of the legs.

The following list of numbers refers to figure 1 and will show

the sequence of feeding while in the cephalothoracic region: (2),

(1), (2), (4), (8), (7), (6), (3). The feeding in the above areas

was confined to coxal regions with only intermittent feeding along

the margins of the sternum. Feeding in the following sequence,

(3), (2), (9), (10), (4), (1), (6), (9), (7), (8), (4), (3), (2),

(5), denotes complete evacuation of nearly all the tissue and total

JANUARY, 1952]

SCHLINGER OPSEB1US

Fig. 1. Ventral sternal view (semi diagrammatic) of Hololena curta

(McCook). Numbers refer to feeding sequence of parasite.

collapse of the trochanters, femora, and most of the tissues of the

tibiae as well as the tissues of the pedipalps and chelicerae. This

nearly complete collapse of the legs agrees with King (1916) who

observed for Pterodontia flavipes Gray that, “the cephalothorax

and legs were also eaten out so that the remains resembled a

cast skin.” This was in contrast to Kaston (1937), who observed

for 0 geodes pallidipennis Loew 1 (given as 0 geodes costatus Loew)

that “the cephalothorax and coxae were eaten out as well as the

abdomen, but only the latter was shriveled.”

The total time involved for cephalothoracic feeding apparently

1 According to Sabrosky (1944) Ogcodes costatus Loew is a synonym of

O. pallidipennis Loew.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

exceeded three hours, as my observations ended at 3:36 a.m. The

total time used for external feeding probably exceeded five hours.

At 8:00 a.m., March 21st, the larva was found separated from

the host and was adjusting itself to the protective webbing. All five

sets of setae were fastened to the protective webbing and many

small droplets, which were apparently exuded from the oral orifice,

were seen on the webbing where the setae were attached, and also

in places not adherent to the larva. During the day, the larva was

observed many times stretching out and reaching a length which

was about two times its original stationary length. The larva be-

came motionless on March 22nd, and measured 6.5 mm. in length.

On March 23rd, a rather long (7 mm., black coiled meconium

appeared adhering to the caudal segment. On March 24th the larva

pupated, the pupa being light brown and growing darker in color,

until March 29th when the adult emerged. The parasite, a male,

measured 4.5 mm. in length. The imago was then placed in a large

cage (15" x 20" x 36") which was placed outside the laboratory-

under natural conditions. The specimen died April 29, 1950, thus

showing an actual adult longevity of 30 days. The temperature and

humidity conditions until the emergence had been fairly constant,

die temperature being near 70° F., and the relative humidity near

60%. The temperatures under natural conditions varied from 45° F

to 65° F with a relative humidity slightly lower than was recorded

in the laboratory.

Another male O. diligens was reared from the same host species

under the same conditions on April 21, 1950. This specimen died

on May 29, 1950 (longevity 38 days) .

Several other rearings of 0. diligens from Hololena curta were

obtained under extremely unfavorable conditions and gave the

following longevity records:

1. ) The host was collected near Davis, Yolo County, California,

February 20, 1949. The larva emerged March 11th. The imago, a

female, emerged March 24th and died April 3, 1949 (longevity

10 days) .

2. ) The host was collected at Davis, Yolo County, California,

March 22, 1949. The larva emerged April 23rd. The imago, a

female, emerged May 5th and died May 9, 1949 (longevity 4 days) .

3. ) The host was collected in the foothills near Monrovia, Los

Angeles County, California, April 26, 1949. The larva emerged

May 9th. The imago, a female, emerged May 20th and died May

SCHLINGER OPSEBIUS

JANUARY, 1952]

29, 1949 (longevity 9 days).

4. ) The host was collected in the foothills near Monrovia, Los

Angeles County, California, April 26, 1949. The larva emerged

May 17th. The imago, a male, emerged May 25th and died June 6,

1949 (longevity 12 days).

5. ) The host was collected at Glendale, Los Angeles County,

California, April 28, 1949. The larva emerged May 18th. The

imago, a male, emerged May 26th and died June 11, 1949 (lon-

gevity 16 days) .

The average longevity for these five specimens was 10 days. This

short span was probably due to unfavorable rearing conditions.

SUMMARY

The emergence and external feeding of Opsebius diligens Osten

Sacken on its host Hololena curia (McCook) is given in detail.

The external feeding exhibited by this parasite is believed to be

unique among parasitic Diptera. The formation of a protective web

by the host spider prior to the emergence of the parasite is thought

to be due to some sort of internal pressure applied by the internal

larva in a specific region of the spider’s body which in turn forces

the production and spinning of the silk. This webbing serves as an

excellent cocoon for the protection of the developing parasite. It

was found that the host remained alive for nearly fifteen minutes

after the emergence of the parasitic larva.

The total length of time observed for the external feeding of

the larva was four hours and forty-nine minutes with five hours

or more of actual feeding probably required.

The longevity of the two specimens reared under favorable

conditions reached 30 and 38 days respectively. The longevity of

the five specimens reared under unfavorable conditions averaged

only 10 days.

The writer wishes to thank Dr. R. L. Doutt and Dr. R. M.

Bohart for their helpful suggestions and criticisms of this paper,

and Dr. W. J. Gertsch for determining the host spider.

References Cited

Kaston, B. J.

1937. Notes on dipterous parasites of spiders. Jour. New York Ent.

Soc., 45(3-4) :415-420, Text figs., 1-5.

King, J. L.

1916. Observations on the life history of Pterodontia flavipes Gray.

Diptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9(3) :309-321, pis. XV, XVI.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

Melander, A. L.

1902. Notes on the Acroceridae. Entomological News, 13(6) :178-182,

1 text fig.

Sabrosicy, C. W.

1944. A revision of the American spider parasites of the genera Ogcodes

and Acrocera. American Midland Naturalist, 31:385-413.

A THIRD MEXICAN SPECIES OF GENUCHINUS

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Edwin C. Van Dyke

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

Genuchinus grandis Van Dyke, new species

Black, subopaque, feebly shining, without maculations and without con-

spicuous punctures above except on basal portion of scutellum. Head with

front very minutely and sparsely, indistinctly punctured, the general surface

alutaceous; clypeal margin broadly, evenly arcuate and reflexed, shining,

feebly asperate laterally, and slightly elevated at middle. Prothorax narrowly

constricted at apex, producing small right-angled front angles, sides diverging

from front to middle, thence almost straight or feebly converging to the

broadly rounded hind angles; base somewhat bilobed, side margin narrow in

front, broader behind and continuing along the base but interrupted at

middle ; disc without impressions except a vague median longitudinal groove

near base, practically impunctate, a few very minute, scattered punctures

only observable. Scutellum large, somewhat depressed at base and coarsely

punctured, acutely prolonged backwards and with a well-marked median

longitudinal carina at apex. Elytra a third broader than prothorax and two

and a fourth times as long; shoulders well rounded; sides feebly sinuate

behind humeri, thence somewhat arcuate and a bit narrowed to well rounded

apices; disc flat, subopaque or slightly shining with a few minute scattered

punctures (only observable under high magnification) and with sides feebly

wrinkled at middle third, pygidium with a few scattered shallow punctures;

pro-pygidium finely and transversely rugose and with a small impression at

middle of its hind margin. Undersurface: submentum large, transverse in

front, rounded at sides, a bit pointed behind and with sides irregularly

elevated; metasternum shallowly, umbilicately and irregularly punctured; all

femora rather coarsely punctured, front tibia with a well defined tooth beyond

middle of outer margin, and apex pointed and the four posterior tibiae each

with a small, sharp spur at middle. Length 23 mm., breadth 9 mm.

Holotype , a unique specimen collected at La Mesa de la Puer-

cos, 8,000 ft. alt., 12 miles west of Yahualica, Jalisco, Mexico,

Aug. 10, 1950, by Andrew Brown, and by him kindly presented to

the California Academy of Sciences. This fine species differs from

the two previously described Mexican species, G. V -notatus West-

wood and G. velutinus Westwood, by being almost twice as large,

of a uniform black color, more or less smooth above, without

maculations and without conspicuous punctures above.

JANUARY, 1952]

OMAN ERRHOMUS

THREE NEW ERRHOMUS, WITH A KEY TO

THE SPECIES

(Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

P. W. Oman

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricultural Research

Administration, United States Department of Agriculture

In connection with the identification of a species of Errhomus

from the State of Washington, I reviewed the material of this little-

collected group which has accumulated since my earlier study of

the genus (Proc. U. S. National Museum, 85 (3036) : 169-173,

1938). This study revealed the existence of three previously un-

recognized species, which are described herein, as well as the mis-

identification of some of the material reported upon in the earlier

paper. Since the number of species has been doubled it also seems

desirable to present a revised key for their differentiation.

Errhomus wolfei Oman, new species

Resembling E. lineatus (Baker) and E. montanus (Baker), but

averaging slightly larger than either and the males usually heavily

marked with fuscous. Dorsal process of aedeagus short and quad-

rate in lateral view and distal aedeagal processes not coarsely

serrate. Length of male 7 mm., of female 7-8 mm.

Male sordid yellowish brown heavily marked with brown and fuscous

on head and thorax, face black excepting irregular lateral areas and small

pale maculae on front; forewing fuscous, veins and narrow bordering areas

pale. Female pale sordid yellow with irregular pale brown to fuscous macu-

lations. Crown of male nearly twice as long medially as next eye, that of

female about two and one-half times as long medially as next eye. Male

macropterous, female hrachypterous. Nymps resembling female in general

form and coloration.

Aedeagus stout, curved in same arc as styles, with short, keel-like,

subquadrate process basally dorsad of shaft; shaft broad, rather flat, with a

short terminal digitate process above gonopore and paired lateral processes

as illustrated in figs. A and B ; gonopore terminal.

Holotype male from Wenatchee, Washington, May 10, 1949.

Numerous paratypes of both sexes and nymphs from Wenatchee

taken on various dates from April 15 to June 15 in 1949 and 1950.

Other material is at hand from Wenatchee Heights, Monitor, Cash-

mere and Dry den, Washington. All specimens excepting a pair from

Dryden collected by Homer R. Wolfe. The specimens from Dry den,

collected by Melander, were previously reported as lineatus. Types

and paratypes in the U. S. National Museum (No. 60897), para-

types in collection of Mr. Wolfe.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

I take pleasure in naming this species for Homer R. Wolfe of

the Washington State College Tree Fruit Experiment Station, who

encountered it during the course of his work and to whom I am

indebted for numerous specimens and interesting observations on

its biology. According to Mr. Wolfe the species lives on Balsamorr-

hiza sagittata Nuttall, the nymphs first being observed during the

first week of April. The first male was observed a short time later,

and many cast skins could be found on both sides of the leaves.

Copulation was noted during the first week of May. Mr. Wolfe

reports that these leafhoppers are alert and can be seen running

to the opposite sides of the leaves while the observer is still ten to

fifteen feet away. When the plant is disturbed the males fly and the

females and nymphs either crawl to the underside of the leaves or

jump to the ground and hide in the grass.

Errhomus similis Oman, new species

Superficially identical with E. lineatus (Baker) but dorsal

aedeagal process much shorter than shaft and distal processes with

secondary spine-like projections. Close to E. wolfei in aedeagal

characters. Length of $ 5.75 mm.

Color and form as in E. lineatus but available specimens slightly smaller

than representatives of that species. Female presumably brachypterous and of

the E. lineatus type.

Aedeagus curved in same arc as styles, with a small keel-like process

basally dorsad of shaft; shaft relatively slender, with a short digitate process

at apex and a pair of lateral processes as illustrated in fig. C; gonopore

subterminal on caudo-ventral aspect of shaft.

Holotype male and one male paratype from Yakima, Washing-

ton, April 18, 1930, S. E. Crumb. One male paratype from Ellen-

burg, Wash., Oct. 17, 1929, S. E. Crumb. One male and one female

specimen from Ritzville, Wash., May 19, 1922, M. C. Lane, pre-

viously identified as E. lineatus, are probably E. similis, as is a

specimen in the University of Kansas collection taken near Dufur,

Oregon, May 5, 1938. These specimens differ slightly from those in

the type series in the number and arrangement of the secondary

spine-like projections on the lateral processes, but the general

structure of the aedeagus is like that of the Yakima material. Type

and paratypes in the U. S. Museum (No. 60898) .

Errhomus filamentus Oman, new species

Less robust than E. wolfei , and the aedeagus with paired basal

ventral accessory processes. Length of male 8 mm.

JANUARY, 1952]

OMAN ERRHOMUS

Color sordid yellowish brown, irregularly mottled with brown and fuscous

marks. Forewing suffused with pale brown, marked with fuscous along veins;

veins pale, occasionally interrupted with fuscous or brown. Crown bluntly

triangular anteriorly, median length about one and one-half times length next

eye. Male macropterous, female presumably brachypterous.

Aedeagal shaft rather flat, broad basally, gradually narrowed to about

half its basal width at apex, slightly recurved, bearing a pair of recurved,

acuminate processes distally (fig. D), gonopore subterminal on dorsal side

of shaft; accessory processes slightly shorter than shaft, subparallel to shaft,

attenuate. Style with short dentate process on ventro-lateral surface at about

middle of distal portion.

Described from a single male from Oregon Caves, Oregon,

July 19, 1923, F. H. Wymore. Type in collection of California

Academy of Sciences.

Key to the Species of Errhomus

A. Eyes somewhat bulbous. Very robust species, males subbrachypterous.

Shaft of aedeagus broad in lateral view oregonensis (Baker)

AA. Eyes not bulbous. Relatively slender species, the males macropterous.

Shaft of aedeagus slender in lateral view.

B. Lateral processes at apex of aedeagus neither serrate nor with secondary

spine-like projections.

C. Aedeagus with paired ventral accessory processes arising from base

filamentus Oman

CC. Aedeagus with a single dorsal accessory process arising from base.

lineatus (Baker)

BB. Lateral processes at apex of aedeagus either serrate or with secondary

spinelike projections.

D. Lateral aedeagal processes with secondary spine-like projections.

E. Males more than 6.5 mm. long. Gonopore terminal

wolfei Oman

EE. Males less than 6 mm. long. Gonopore subterminal on caudo-ventral

aspect of shaft similis Oman

DD. Lateral aedeagal processes irregularly serrate on exterior margins

- obesa Beamer

filamentus

Fig. 1. A, caudo-ventral, and B, lateral view of distal part of aedeagus

of Errhomus wolfei ; C, lateral view of distal part of aedeagus of E. similis;

D, caudo-ventral view of distal part of aedeagus of E. filamentus.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, xVO. 1

A NEW GALL MIDGE PEST OF TOYON BERRIES

(Diptera: Itonididae)

A. Earl Pritchard

University of California, Berkeley

Toyon or Christmas berry, Photinia arbutifolia (Ait.) Lindl., is

a native California shrub that is often planted as an ornamental

because of its large clusters of red berries. Gall midge larvae may

feed in the berries and prevent them from developing. L. W. Swan,

in connection with a study of the insects on toyon, recently reared

adults of this midge. They represent a new species, and it is de-

scribed in order to provide a name for use in connection with the

biological studies.

Asphondylia photmiae Pritchard, new species

Photiniae resembles most other North American species of the

genus Asphondylia by having three palpal segments. No morpho-

logical characters have been used by previous workers to dis-

tinguish these species, and each is regarded as being host specific.

Male — Eye bridge very broad. Palpus three segmented, the first very

short, the second several times as long as broad, the third long, slender, and

narrowing at distal end. Flagellum with 12 segments, the more distal segments

slightly decreasing in size. Mesonotum dark brown with geminate, pale and

setose median vittae and a pale, setose lateral margin; scutellum brown,

densely setose. Wings pale brownish. Claw simple, strongly curved near distal

end; empodium moderately broad, as long as claws. Abdomen moderately

clothed with short curved setae. Hypopygium with tenth tergite very deeply

and triangularly bilobed; tenth sternite widened from base to middle, nar-

rowing beyond middle, and narrowly and deeply emarginate mediodistally ;

tegmen slender, acutely angulate distally and extending well beyond tenth

segment; basiforceps with apodeme slender and parallel sided except for

broad, rounded expansion near origin; distiforceps short and plump, with

two strong teeth distally. Length of body 3 mm. ; length of wing 3.5 mm.

Female — Similar to male, the flagellum, however, with distal segments

strongly shortened, the terminal segment broader than long and with a small

distal nipple. Unextended opipositor about one-half as long as abdomen.

Length of body, excluding extensible portion of ovipositor 3.5 mm. ; length

of wing 4 mm.

Holotype: Male, Palo Alto, California, May 14, 1951 (L. W.

Swan), reared from toyon fruit; in the Pritchard collection.

Paratypes: Eight males, eight females, Palo Alto, California,

April 7 and May 14, 1951 (L. W. Swan), reared from toyon fruit.

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY MAYFLIES

NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON CALIFORNIA MAYFLIES

( Ephemeroptera )

W. C. Day

1021 Hubert Road, Oakland, California

During the years 1948, 1949 and 1950, the writer and his wife,

Helen L. Day, made numerous short expeditions, collecting Mayflies

on the streams of northern California. Much of the area worked lies

on the western slope of the Coast Range or above the 5,000 ft.

level of the Sierra Nevada, where low temperatures after sundown

make collecting at light unproductive. By collecting and rearing

nymphs, however, it has been possible to make positive associations

between nymph and adult. In the present paper several new species

are described, and descriptions given for a few unknown nymphs or

adults of known species. Also, drawings are supplied for several

known species where additional detail seems desirable or necessary.

E. C. Van Dyke, E. S. Ross and Hugh B. Leech of the California

Academy of Sciences have been most considerate in offering facili-

ties and counsel based on their extensive experience. Mr. Leech has

joined us on field trips and has been an unfailing source of encour-

agement and guidance.

Several years ago a fortunate acquaintance was made with

George F. Edmunds, Jr., of the University of Utah. Mr. Edmunds

has given most generously of his time and wide knowledge of the

Ephemeroptera; he has supplied many comparison specimens,

checked identifications and descriptions, and made generally avail-

able his understanding of this group.

Through the kindness of Henry Dietrich and W. J. Brown,

numerous loans of specimens from the Cornell University collection

and the Canadian National collection respectively, have been made

available to me for comparison purposes. A suggestion from Robert

L. Usinger of the University of California resulted in securing the

fine illustrations given as part of this paper; they were drawn at the

British Museum (Natural History) by Arthur Smith.

Paraleptophlebia helena Dav, new species

(Plate I)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Head: Piceous with yellow brown stripe on vertex. Clypeus yellow brown.

Compound eyes contiguous, upper portions pale orange and lower portions

black. Ocelli milky white. Basal segments of antennae yellow brown; fila-

ments smoky with white tips. Thorax: Pronotum medium black brown. Me-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

sonotum deep red brown with anterior portion and postero-lateral areas black

brown; wide pale band anterior to scutellum, and bordered laterally with pale

yellow. Metanotum smoky, scutellum yellow. Sternum red brown with wide yel-

low band across prosternum. Legs: Coxae and trochanters of all legs pale brown

with blackish markings. Foreleg uniformly yellow brown with black femoro-

tibial joint. Middle and hind legs somewhat paler. All claws pale. Wings:

Entirely suffused with deep red brown. Subcosta and costal brace of forewing

pale yellow brown ; all other veins of both wings well defined and dark brown.

Abdomen: Tergite 1 opaque medium brown with black posterior margin.

Tergites 2-7 with one-fifth to one-third in anterior portion hyaline; vague wide

median hyaline stripe bordered on each side with submedian black lines;

posterior halves of tergites 2-7 with large, pale, almost hyaline areas, one on

each side, bordered with black brown; postero-lateral areas surfaced with

black. Segments 8-10 opaque orange yellow. All tergites with black posterior

margins. Stemites 2-7 semi-hyaline and pale red brown with anterior margins

hyaline ; a pair of short, oblique hyaline dashes on each sternite. Pleural fold

broadly hyaline with wide, dark geminate line above. Black dot on spiracles

of segments 2-7. Small black U-shaped mark on each tergite just above

geminate line, opening forward. Genitalia: Forceps opaque yellow in basal

third of long segment; remainder smoky. A large lobe at base of first segment

of forceps. Tails: Dark brown, narrowly black at each joining. Size: Body

9 mm. long; forewing 9.5 mm.; tails 13.5 mm.; foreleg 11 mm.

Female imago (in alcohol)

Head: Yellowish-white with extensive black markings; black dashes from

anterior end of median carina to each lateral ocellus; wide black W-shaped

mark based on median ocellus and encompassing lateral ocelli; frontal mar-

gin dark brown. Ocelli white. Compound eyes black and widely separated.

Thorax: Mesonotum yellow brown with pale areas anterior to and laterad of

scutellum ; antero-lateral margins narrowly white. Metanotum yellowish-white

with blackish posterior margins. Legs: As in male imago, slightly paler.

Coxae and trochanters marked with black. Wings: As in male imago. Abdo-

men : All segments opaque; ground color pale yellow, widely marked with

thin black surfacings. Tergites 2-7 with narrow anterior and wide posterior

pale margins except for blackish areas in postero-lateral corners. Also, at

each postero-lateral margin, a strong black line crosses pleural fold, extending

one-third the distance up toward median line of tergite, and one-quarter the

distance down toward median line of sternite ; joined to this line is another,

extending at right angles along the pleural fold about one-third the distance

toward anterior margin. Narrow median pale stripe on tergites bordered on

each side by wider dark line. Tergite 10 largely dark. Sternites somewhat

paler than ground color of tergites, with central portion of posterior margins

pale. Ganglionic areas of sternites pale ; sternites 1-7 each with a pair of short,

pale submedian dashes near anterior margin. Posterior margin of sternite

7 thickened and immediately beyond the opening of the egg valve is a large,

circular brown median spot on sternite 8. Pleural fold as in male. Spiracles

marked with a black L-shaped mark. Emargination of subanal plate shallow.

Tails: Dark brown, narrowly darker at joinings. Size: Body and forewing of

$ imago 0.5 mm. longer than $ imago.

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY MAYFLIES

Nymph (in alcohol)

Head: Vertex whitish from straight posterior margin of head to lateral

ocelli ; a wide black V-shaped mark from the black compound eyes to median

ocellus; in front of median ocellus a wide white quadrangle, bordered on

anterior and lateral edges by a narrow black line. Frontal and lateral margins

of head semi-transparent red brown. Antennae 3 mm, long; the two basal

segments dark brown, with filaments smoky. A pair of smooth, ivory colored,

pointed and incurved mandibular tusks extend forward from head 1.2 mm.

Thorax: Pronotum yellowish-white, broadly marked with red brown in

anterior and lateral portions. In the mature nymph the scutum of the con-

tained subimago is clearly seen as a black bordered dark brown area with

wide white median stripe widened into white circular areas at each end.

Sclerites of sternum red brown, sutures white. Legs: All femora and tibiae

yellow white. Femora with large brown spot on frontal edge one-quarter dis-

tant from apical end. Tibiae with wide dark brown subapical bands; fomoro-

tibial joints dark brown. All tarsi brown, darker in the basal half. Claws of

foreleg with 22 to 26 denticles. Abdomen: Dorsum with pale yellow pattern

showing through thin surfacing of black as shown in Plate I, fig. 4. Sternites

light yellow with narrow black anterior margins. Lateral extensions of all

segments margined with black. Gills: Bifid narrowly lanceolate, largest on

segments 2-6, smaller on 7, and quite small on 1. Gills divided very close to

base; tracheae without branchlets. Tails: Pale, with whorls of minute spines

and longer hairs at each joining. Size: Body 9.5 mm. long; tails 8 mm.

Holotype: Male imago; collected by Helen L. Day on Mill

Creek, Venado Road, Sonoma County, California, in October,

1949; in collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Allo-

type: Female imago; same data; in collection of California Acad-

emy of Sciences. Paratypes : 2 cf imagoes, 2 $ imagoes, 2 nymphs

in collection of California Academy of Sciences; 1 cf imago, 1 $

imago, 1 nymph in collection of G. F. Edmunds, Jr., 21 cf imagoes,

5 $ imagoes, and 35 nymphs in author’s collection.

The male adult of P. helena is distinguished from other Para-

leptophlebia spp. having nymphs with tusked mandibles, by the

deep brown wings. From P. zayante (see below), P. helena can be

separated also by the slimmer abdomen and legs and greater deli-

cacy of the parts of the latter. The nymph of P. helena has longer

and straighter mandibular tusks than those of P. zayante. The

emargination of the subanal plate of the female adult of P. helena

is shallow and semi-circular, while that of P. zayante is more deep

and narrow.

The nymph was found only on well-aged leaves in quiet, shoal

portions of a rapid, small spring-fed stream having a temperature

of 48-50° F. Mating flight of the adults begins about one hour

before sunzet. Association of nymph and adult was established

through rearing.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

Paraleptophlebia zayante Day, new species

(Plate II)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Head: Black brown with frontal shelf hyaline; median carina, basal

sclerite of antennae and dot on vertex, pale yellow. Ocelli white. Compound

eyes contiguous; upper portion pale orange and lower portion black. Thorax:

Pronotum dark red brown with black markings at postero-lateral corners.

Mesonotum medium brown with narrow black lateral margins; median and

submedian sutures and large postero-lateral areas, pale yellow; scutellum

dark brown, anterior to this, a large pale area. Metanotal scutellum pale with

narrow dark brown posterior margin. Sternum pale yellow brown. Legs: Uni-

formly light red brown with tarsi darker. Femoro-tibial joint black. Wings:

Faintly milky white very lightly tinted with palest brown in stigmatic area of

forewing. Long veins of forewing and hindwing pale yellow brown, becoming

lighter toward rear margins. Crossveins of forewing very fine and pale brown,

becoming lighter toward rear margin. Crossveins of hindwing light brown from

costa to Ri, others colorless. Abdomen: Segments 1, 8 and 9, and posterior half

of 7 opaque. Tergites 2-6 hyaline yellow patterned with a thin surfacing of

black; anterior margins are clear hyaline and posterior margins hyaline

yellow; narrow hyaline median stripe bordered by wide submedian black

lines; laterad of these black lines are wide hyaline lines; laterad of these

hyaline lines are large dark areas with a pale area in the center of each.

Pleural fold marked for its entire length by a broad, faint dark line. Each

spiracle marked with a black dot. The postero-lateral corner with a short,

dark line extending upward, and another as short extending forward. Sternites

2-7 hyaline yellow, each with a well-defined central dark brown ganglionic

area; a pair of dark dots on each sternite. Genitalia: Forceps deep golden

brown at base, paling distally; large lobe at base of first segment. Reflex

spurs present on penes. Tails: Bright red brown entire length, narrowly pale

at each joining. Size: Body 10 mm. long; forewing 10 mm; tails 12.5 mm.;

foreleg 10 mm.

Female imago (in alcohol)

Head: As in male except compound eyes are small and widely separated.

A wide chalky white band across the occipital region from eye to eye. Thorax:

Notum and sternum as in male, slightly darker. Legs: As in male, slightly

darker. Wings: Clear hyaline. Stigmatic area of forewing brown tinted. All

veins of both wings as in male, slightly coarser and darker. Abdomen: Seg-

ments 1-7 pale red brown, translucent; 8-10 opaque. Tergites heavily surfaced

with black wash; maculation same as male. Sternites as in male except that

ganglionic areas are outlined only in dark brown. Tails: As in male imago,

darker. Size: Body 10 mm. long; forewing 11.4 mm.; tails 12.5 mm.; foreleg

6 mm.

Nymph (in alcohol)

Head: Heavily washed with blackish-brown, a pale area below median

ocelli; entire vertex pale. The two basal segments of antennae pale smoky;

filaments yellow. A pair of smooth, yellowish, strongly incurved tusks of the

mandible extend forward beyond the head. Thorax: Notum yellowish, mottled

with black. Sternum yellowish, each of the three segments strongly marked

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY MAYFLIES

with large black ganglionic area. Legs: All segments yellowish-white, each

widely banded with brown; femoro-tibial joints dark brown. 18-22 denticles

on fore claw. Abdomen: Tergites show pale yellow pattern through surfacing

of black, as shown in Plate II, fig. 5. Sternites pale, widely washed with black

close to lateral margins, each with black ganglionic area. Gills: Bifid, lanceo-

late and divided to base; tracheae black, short and scattered. Tails: Pale,

joinings narrowly black. Size: Body 10 mm. long; tails 9 mm.

Holotype: Male imago; collected by the author on Zayante

Creek, Santa Cruz County, California during October, 1950; in

the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype:

Female imago; same data; in collection of California Academy of

Sciences. Paratypes : All topotypical: 2 <$ imagoes and 2 $ imagoes

in collection of California Academy of Sciences; 1 <$ imago, 1 $

imago, 1 nymph in collection of G. F. Edmunds, Jr.; 7 c? imagoes,

5 9 imagoes and 15 nymphs in author’s collection; all collected in

October, 1950.

The male adult of this new species is distinguished from the

closely related P. helena by the pale wings, as well as the genitalia;

the prominent dark ganglionic marks of the sternum are completely

lacking in P. helena. The mandibular tusks of the mature nymph of

P. zayante compared to those of P. helena are one-lhird shorter,

and are heavier and more curved. Nymphs were found in quieter

water of running stream, on leaves and branches. Nymphs were

intermingled with those of P. dehilis Walker only, the latter being

much more numerous. Association of nymph and adult was estab-

lished through rearing.

Paraleptophlebia quisquilia Day, new species

(Plate IV, figures 6, 7)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Head: Pitchy dark brown with yellow median carina. Clypeus yellow

hyaline with anterior edge black brown. Vertex with wide full-length median

brown stripe. Thorax: Pronotum smoky marked with brown; anterior margin

black. Mesonotum reddish black brown with black sutures and margins;

somewhat paler before the scutellum. Legs: All coxae dark red brown with

black pencilings. Fore femur and tibia pale red brown. Femora and tibiae

of legs 2 and 3, palest yellow. All tarsi white. W / ings: Vitreous. Long veins

of forewing faintly marked with gray, those toward hind margin becoming

paler. Subcosta of hindwing gray; all other veins of both wings pale. Abdo-

men: Tergites 2-7 hyaline yellow, thinly washed with black; dark, poorly

marked triangles in antero-lateral areas ; posterior margins each with a thin,

sharp black line; from each postero-lateral corner a narrow black line extends

forward above pleural fold a very short distance, then runs obliquely upward

hall way to anterior margin. Segments 8-10 same color as mid-sections, but

opaque. Sternites 1-7 each with a pair of submedian oblique hyaline dashes

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

starting from anterior margins, and each with a pair of submedian hyaline

small spots. Tails: Smoky yellow, narrowly darker at joinings. Size: Body

6.3 mm. long; forewing 7 mm.; tails 12 mm.; foreleg 6 mm.

Female imago (in alcohol)

Body: Color uniformly pale yellow brown, tergites very lightly surfaced

with black. Legs: Foreleg pale yellow, femur faintly smoky and with black

hair-lines extending almost full length of segment; one hair line central on

anterior surface and the other marking the dorsal edge. Legs 2 and 3 white,

tarsi smoky. Fore tarsus black, contrasting strongly with other leg segments.

Size: Body 6.7 mm. long; forewing 7 mm.; tails 12 mm.

Nymph (in alcohol)

Head: Pale yellow with labrum and fronto-clypeal area dark red brown;

area between ocelli and lateral margins widely dark. Thorax: Pale yellow,

lightly washed with black. Legs: Pale, all segments light brown in the middle.

Coxae largely light brown. Claws yellow, fore claw bearing 16 denticles.

Abdomen: Tergites 2-7 with conspicuous small submedian pale areas at

anterior margin ; starting at the edge of these pale spots, a wide, curved

dark stripe joins posterior margin just above postero-lateral corner; posterior

margins of all tergites broadly dark. Tergites 8-10 pale with some dark mark-

ings. Sternites pale yellow with posterior margins faintly dark across the

median section, these becoming strongly dark as they approach the lateral

margins. Segments 8 and 9 bear postero-lateral spines. Gills: Broadly lanceo-

late, divided almost to the base. Tracheae black and without branchlets.

Tails: Yellow, unmarked at joinings. Size: Body 6 mm. long; tails 9 mm.

Holotype: Male imago; collected on Middle Creek, Lake

County, California, May 28, 1949; in collection of California

Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female imago; same data; in col-

lection of California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes : Two cT

imagoes, 3 $ imagoes and 4 nymphs in author’s collection. Same

data as holotype.

The association of nymph and adult was established through

rearing.

This species is the smallest Paraleptophlebia found to date in

California. Adult males cannot go beyond couplet 12 in Traver’s

key to the species of Paraleptophlebia (1935. Biology of Mayflies,

p. 512) , as the tails are not ringed at the base. However, the tails of

P. californica Traver often lack rings at the base, and P. quisquilia

the new species, might be considered closest in relationship to P.

californica; apart from the differences in maculation, the difference

of form of the genitalia of the two species serve to separate them.

The cleft between the penes of P. californica is notably deep and

wide, while that of P. quisquilia is very small by comparison. The

type locality is 4.5 miles upstream, by road, from the town of Upper

Lake.

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY — MAYFLIES

Ameletus imbellis Day, new species

(Plate V, figures 2, 5 and 5a)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Head: Face and clypeus black brown; median carina light brown; vertex

pale. Ocelli milky white ringed with black at base. Compound eyes nearly

contiguous; no oblique band across eyes, but lower portions darker gray and

with smaller facets. Thorax: Pronotum black brown with wide anterior and

fine posterior and lateral pale margins. Mesonotum yellow brown with exten-

sive darker lateral areas ; anterior portion, scutellum and median suture, dark

brown; two pale dots before the scutellum. Metanotum pale brown. Pleural

sutures white; sclerites red brown; a wide black line runs obliquely down-

ward from root of forewing. Sternum darker red brown than sclerites of

pleuron. Legs: All coxae pale brown, with dark brown markings; narrowly

margined with black. Fore trochanter and femur dark brown. Fore tibia and

tarsus pale brown. Middle and hind legs pale yellow; joinings of tarsi nar-

rowly black. Wings: Faintly milky, strongly so in stigmatic area of forewing.

All veins in both wings medium brown, a few crossveins of forewing lightly

clouded with brown; humeral brace dark brown. Abdomen: Segments 1, 8

9 and 10 opaque dark brown. Segments 2 and posterior half of 7, translucent

medium brown. Tergites 3-6 are hyaline white with thin, broad dark brown

surfacing in median and posterior areas; posterior margins widely pale.

Sternites 2-7 hyaline yellow white with faint indications of darkened ganglia ;

on sternite 2, a pair of large dark brown median spots near anterior margin.

Genitalia: Stimuli sharp and fine. Second joint of forceps bent strongly

inward near base. Tails: Light brown, joinings pale. Size: Body 12 mm. long;

forewing 11 mm; tails 15 mm.; foreleg 10.5 mm.

Female imago (in alcohol)

Description: Considerably darker than male imago. Notum concolorous

dark brown. Tergites patterned as in male; dark areas more extensive and

purple in tone. Sternites 2-7 hyaline pale purple-rose. Ovipositor very promi-

nent and black in middle. Wing veins thicker and darker than in male imago;

crossveins more heavily clouded; humeral brace black brown. Size: Body

10 mm. long; forewing 10.5 mm.; tails 14 mm.

Nymph

Features of the nymph that can be determined from the cast skin show

tails widely banded with dark in the middle area. Gills with short chitinous

band about one-quarter distant from the dorsal edge.

Holotype: Male imago; collected on Sage Creek, Napa County,

California, April 4, 1950; in collection of California Academy of

Sciences. Allotype: Female imago; same data; in collection of

California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes: 3 <S imagoes from

Sage Creek April 4, 1950; 10 cf imagoes and 8 $ imagoes from

Sage Creek, March 18, 1951; 5 cf imagoes and 7 $ imagoes from

Little Stoney Creek, Colusa County, California, April 21, 1951;

1 o' imago; 1 9 imago; 1 nymph in collection of G. F. Edmunds,

Jr.; others in author’s collection.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

This species is very close to A. amador Mayo, but can be dis-

tinguished from the latter by the much sharper inward bend of the

second segment of the forceps. The holotype of A. amador and 3

additional paratype <$ imagoes loaned by Dr. Mayo show the

second segment of the forceps to be smoothly and evenly curved

exactly as illustrated in her paper (1939.T51). The appearance of

the sharp inward bend of the second segment of the forceps of

A. imbellis is constant in 20 cf imagoes collected from two different

locations in two separate years.

Ameletus facilis Day, new species

(Plate V, Figures 6 and 6a)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Head: Velvety black brown with small pale spot before lateral ocelli and

fine white circular line around antennal sclerite; narrow pale line on upper-

edge of median carina. Compound eyes dark gray, darker in lower portion and

contiguous above. Thorax: Pronotum velvety black brown with fine white line

on posterior margin and small white areas in postero-lateral corners. Mesono-

tum pale yellow brown with dark shading laterally and in postero-lateral

areas; scutellum yellow brown narrowly margined with black brown; post-

scutellum dark brown. Metanotal scutellum as in mesonotum. Legs: Foreleg

dark brown; tarsus only a shade lighter than other joints. Legs 2 and 3

pale yellow; coxae pale, widely marked with brown and edged with black;

coxal processes mostly dark brown. Wings: Vitreous. Stigmatic area of fore-

wing strongly brown tinted. Brown spot at base of forewing. All veins of both

wings amber; humeral braces amber. Abdomen: Segments 1, 8, 9 and 10

opaque brown. Tergites 2-7 semi-hyaline palest cream with smoky areas on

posterior third, somewhat darker in postero-lateral corners. Tergite 2 almost

entirely pale, with following tergites progressively more broadly darkened,

7 being almost entirely dark brown. Sternites 2-7 semi-hyaline white with

opaque white ganglionic areas. Short, faint central submedian brown dashes

on sternites 1 and 2. Tails: Pale yellow brown, the paler joinings of each

section narrowly margined with dark brown. Size: Body 10.5 mm. long;

forewing 10.5 mm. ; tails 14 mm. ; foreleg 9 mm.

Holotype: Male imago ; collected on Sage Creek, Napa County,

California, April 22, 1950; in collection of California Academy of

Sciences. Allotype: Female imago; collected on Smith Creek, Santa

Clara County, California, April 7, 1951 ; in collection of California

Academy of Sciences. Paratypes : 1 c? imago and 1 $ imago, same

data as holotype, in collection of California Academy of Sciences;

1 c? imago, 1 $ imago, 1 nymph, same data as holotype, in collec-

tion of G. F. Edmunds, Jr.; 10 cT imagoes and 9 $ imagoes from

Smith Creek, April 7, 1951, in author’s collection. Males key to

Ameletus (1935:447), and A. facilis, n. sp. is closely related to

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY MAYFLIES

PLATE I, Paraleptophlebia helena

Fig. 1 genitalia, ventral aspect. Fig. 2 genitalia, lateral aspect. Fig. 3

mandibles of nymph. Fig. 4 tergites of nymph, 6, 7 and 8. Fig. 5 subanal

plate, female imago. Fig. 6 gills of nymph, 1 and 4.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

PLATE II, Paraleptophlebia zayante

Fig. 1 genitalia, ventral aspect. Fig. 2 genitalia, lateral aspect. Fig. 3

mandibles of nymph. Fig. 4 subanal plate, female imago. Fig. 5 tergites of

nymph, 6, 7 and 8. Fig. 6 gills of nymph, 1 and 4.

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY MAYFLIES

Fig. 1 P. packii, forceps, ventral aspect. Fig. la P. packii , terminal joint

of forceps. Fig. 2 P. packii, penes, ventral aspect. Fig. 3 P. packii, geni-

talia, lateral aspect. Fig. 4 P. bicornuta, forceps, ventral aspect. Fig. 5 P.

bicornuta, penes, ventral aspect. Fig. 5a P. bicornuta, reflex spur. Fig. 6 P.

californica, penes, ventral aspect. Fig. 7 P. californica, forceps, ventral aspect.

Fig. 8 P. californica, genitalia, lateral aspect.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

PLATE IV, Genus Paraleptophlebia

Fig. 1 P. associata, forceps, ventral aspect. Fig. 2 P. associata, penes,

ventral aspect. Fig. 2a P. associata, tip of reflex spur. Fig. 3 P. associata,

genitalia, lateral aspect. Fig. 4 P. genitalia, ventral aspect. Fig. 5 P. clara,

genitalia, lateral aspect. Fig. 6 P. quisquilia, genitalia, ventral aspect. Fig. 7

P. quisquilia, genitalia, lateral aspect.

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY MAYFLIES

male imago. Fig. 3 A. dissitus, genitalia, ventral aspect. Fig. 3a A. dissitus,

penes, lateral aspect. Fig. 4 A. dissitus, genitalia, ventral aspect, showing

distorted penes. Fig. 5 A. imbellis, genitalia, ventral aspect. Fig. 5a A.

imbellis, left half of penes, ventral aspect. Fig. 6 A. facilis, genitalia, ventral

aspect. Fig. 6a A. facilis, left half of penes, ventral aspect.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

PLATE VI, Ephemerella glacialis carsona

Fig. 1 nymph, head and thorax, lateral aspect. Fig. 2 forewing, male

imago. Fig. 3 genitalia, ventral aspect. Fig. 4 tergites of male imago, 2 and 3.

Fig. 5 sternites of male imago, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY MAYFLIES

Fig. 1 Ephemerella spinifera, genitalia, ventral aspect. Fig. 2 Ephemer-

ella cognata, genitalia, ventral aspect. Fig. 3 Ironodes lepidus, labrum of

nymph. Fig. 4 Ironodes lepidus, mandibles of nymph. Fig. 5 Ironodes lepidus,

maxilla of nymph. Fig. 6 Ironodes lepidus, hypopharynx of nymph.

32 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

PLATE VIII

Fig. 1 Ironodes lepidus, labium of nymph. Fig. 2 Isonychia velma, fore-

leg of nymph. Fig. 3 Isonychia velma, fore tibia and tarsus of nymph.

A. aequivocus McDunnough. From the latter species, A. facilis may

be distinguished by details of the genitalia. Comparatively, the

penes of A. facilis are widely separated and clubbed at the apices;

the stimuli are bent outward at right angles at the tips.

Ephemerella glacialis carsona Day, new subspecies

(Plate VI)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Head: Dark yellow brown with black spots in front of compound eyes;

a fine pale median line on vertex bordered on each side by narrow black

lines; ridge of median carina black. Clypeus hyaline brown, emarginated

with deep V-shaped notch at center. Light brown antennae set in white

circles at base. Ocelli milky white, black at bases. Eyes nearly contiguous,

upper portion pale yellow and lower portion black. Thorax: Pronotum dark

yellow brown with median raised ridge finely black. A thin black lateral

ridge halfway between margins extends almost entirely across the breadth of

the segment. Mesonotum red brown, paler on sides; scutellum edged with

black, with narrow median double black line extending forward from tip,

and large median pale area anterior to end of this double line. Pleural

sclerites dark brown, unsclerotized portions widely pale yellow. Sternum some-

what darker red brown than mesonotum. Legs: Foreleg red brown, basal third

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY MAYFLIES

of femur and tarsus paler. Middle and hind legs creamy, apical halves of

femora ruddy brown. All coxae creamy with limited brown markings, each

coxa reinforced strongly with a high, chitinous ridge extending its full length.

Fore trochanter brown, others pale. Wings: Hyaline. Stigmatic area of fore-

wing clouded and faintly brown. Wing veins strong red brown except that

the crossveins between Costa and Ri are entirely pale, with those in the

apical quarter of the forewing faintly brown in this narrow strip. The inter-

caleries of the forewing are pale brown and those of the hindwing mostly

colorless. Long veins of the forewing are pale at the base, as is the costal

vein of the hindwing. Crossveins of stigmatic area of forewing irregularly

anastomosed. Abdomen: Deep ruddy widely marked with creamy white,

sternites slightly darker. A wide creamy line extends the full length of the

pleural fold. Wide creamy posterior margins of each segment give the

abdomen a strongly marked annulate appearance. Tergites 1-8 have similar

patterns, and are as shown in Plate VI, fig. 4. Tergite 9 ruddy with pale

lateral and posterior margins. Sternites as shown in Plate VI, fig. 5. Genitalia:

Styliger plate, penes and first two joints of forceps blackish brown with apical

joint paler. Tails: Deep ruddy brown at base, paling to white at tips; joinings

darker in dark portion only. Size: Body 18 mm. long; forewing 18 mm.; tails

21 mm.; foreleg 13 mm. Percentage of parts to total length of foreleg: femur,

29.3; tibia, 33.2; T t 12.2; T, 12.2; T 3 8.8; T 4 4.3.

Nymph (in alcohol)

Head: No frontal shelf. Five low, rounded tubercles on face, two below

and three between the antennae. Wide, raised median carina, crossed in

middle by another ridge. Occipital tubercles prominent, tapering to a blunt

point. Thorax: Prothorax mottled black brown. Submedian tubercles, three

on each side arranged as follows: the anterior tubercle is high and blunt;

the posterior pair are small and unequal, the median being lower and set

somewhat further forward. The submarginal tubercles, one on each side, are

about two- thirds as high as the anterior submedian tubercles, but much finer.

At the antero-lateral corner, a small marginal spine. Mesonotum mottled black

brown. A short distance behind the anterior margin a narrow, low ridge

extends from median line to antero-lateral corner; on this ridge and just

below the median line is a small tubercle; on same ridge, a small tubercle is

halfway distant from median to lateral margin. The principal mesonotal

submedian tubercles arise from long, low, well-formed ridges, one on each

side. The ridge is higher and much better defined than in E. grandis Eaton,

and lower than in E. glacialis glacialis Traver. The tubercle arising from the

ridge varies from one-third to one-half the height of a well developed tubercle

of E. g. glacialis. The median posterior tubercle is larger than in E. g. glacialis.

Legs: Femora dark red brown, unmodified by teeth or spines, and somewhat

flattened. Tibiae red brown with dark band in center. Tarsi black in proximal

portion. Claws black and with 7-8 spines. Abdomen: Lateral spines well

developed on segments 4-9; much smaller on 3 and lacking on 2. Gills on

segments 3-7. Dorsal spines very prominent; smallest and closest together on

2, larger and further apart on 3, higher and in parallel lines on 4-7 ; all

incurved and backward bent at tips. Spines on 8 and 9 are heavier and 40%

longer than those of 4-7 ; those on segment 8 are stouter than 9, and beset

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

with a few long hairs. Sternites blackish brown with vague wide pale median

stripe on 1-8, and short black submedian dashes from anterior margin, and

curved black dashes near lateral margins. Tails: Alternately black brown and

yellow. Size: Body, 18 mm. long; tails, 12 mm.

Holotype: Male imago; reared from nymph collected by Helen

L. Day at Hangmans Bridge, East Fork Carson River, Alpine

County, California, July 3, 1950; in collection of California

Academy of Sciences, together with nymphal shuck. Paratypes:

1 nymph at California Academy of Sciences; 1 cf imago and 1

nymph in collection of George F. Edmunds, Jr.; 12 nymphs in

author’s collection; all topotypical.

The nymph is dull black brown, sometimes with wide pale

median stripe from vextex to tergite 10. While this subspecies may

prove to be only a variation of typical E. glacialis Traver, the adult

of the latter is unknown, and comparisons of the nymphs with all

the specimens of typical E. glacialis in the Cornell University col-

lection show consistent differences in the height of the mesonotal

tubercles. There is some difference in the height of the mesonotal

tubercles in the Cornell specimens, as is true with the Carson River

nymphs, but the range and the average height of the latter is much

lower. Mr. George F. Edmunds, Jr., of the University of Utah has

examined the material and has concurred with my belief that this

should be named as a subspecies of E. glacialis.

The type locality of E. glacialis is given as Glacier National

Park. Montana, and Eaton’s Nymph No. 2, Revis. Monogr., p. 131,

which is probably the same species, was described from Washing-

ton; this species has not been reported elsewhere. It appears that

sufficient physical separation exists between E. glacialis glacialis

and E. glacialis carsona to permit the subspeciation indicated.

Western Paraleptophlebia Having Nymphs With

Tusked Mandibles

For comparison with P . zayante and P. helena, described above,

George F. Edmunds, Jr., of the University of Utah very kindly

presented me with adult and nymphal specimens of P. packii Need-

ham and P. bicornuta McDunnough. Genitalia drawings of these

two longer -known species are given. Plate III, figures 1, la, 2, 3,

4, 5 and 5a.

Paraleptophlebia californica Traver

(Plate III, figures 6, 7 and 8)

Paraleptophlebia californica Traver, 1934. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.

50:195.

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY MAYFLIES

After examining the type material from Cornell University

collection, and with additional material available, new genitalia

drawings are given herewith as an aid to the identification of this

species.

Paraleptophlebia associata McDunnough

(Plate IV, figures 1, 2, 2a and 3)

Leptophlebia associata McDunnough, 1924. Canad. Ent. 56:221.

Paraleptophlebia compar Traver, 1934. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. See. 50:193.

The writer has examined the paratype genitalia slide of Para-

leptophlebia associata McDunnough No. 818 in the Canadian Na-

tional Collection, referred to by Dr. James McDunnough (1924:

221) and has examined the types and paratypes of Paraleptophlebia

compar Traver in the Cornell University collection, and believes

that only one species is involved. Leptophlebia associata was trans-

ferred to Paraleptophlebia by Dr. J. R. Traver in 1934. It is the

writer’s belief that P. compar is a synonym of P. associata. The

species is very widespread in northern California, having been

collected by the author in Plumas, Alpine, Sonoma, Napa, Alameda,

San Mateo, Stanislaus and Contra Costa counties, and on Waddell

Creek, Santa Cruz County, the type locality of P. compar.

The coloration of this species, like others of this genus in Cali-

fornia, varies considerably in fresh specimens taken from different

streams, so the details of coloration are of dubious value in descrip-

tions for species with any considerable distribution.

In the species under discussion, the reflex spurs of the penes are

sometimes bent ventrally very sharply, causing them to appear

quite short when viewed from below ; there is considerable variation

as to degree of lateral bending, the more sharply bent appearing

shorter. The reflex spurs of the penes mounted on Slide 818 of the

Canadian National Collection are bent ventrally and laterally quite

strongly.

The published drawing of Slide 818 above referred to does not

show the true appearance of the penes or spurs mounted on this

slide. One important detail omitted is an easily seen “tuck” that

produces a small protuberance at the end of each reflex spur. This

protuberance is seen on Slide 818, all specimens from Cornell Uni-

versity, and ail specimens collected by the present writer; it is

shown on Plate IV, figs. 2 and 2a of this paper.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

Paraleptophlebia clara McDunnough

(Plate IV, figures 4 and 5)

Leptophlebia clara McDunnough, 1933, Canad. Ent. 65:155.

After examining a paratype of this species from the Canadian

National Collection, and with additional material of the writer’s

collecting available, new genitalia drawings are given herewith as

an aid to identification. When the penes is cleared and mounted,

the large seminal ducts are very prominent and distinctive, and are

seen to be a strong dark purple. The male imago has been found to

be highly variable in color.

Ameletus dissitus Eaton

(Plate V, figures 1, 3, 3a and 4)

Ameletus dissitus Eaton, 1885. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Sec. Ser. Zool. 3:210.

On March 24, 1950, male imagoes of Ameletus dissitus Eaton

were collected on Sage Creek, Napa County, California. The identi-

fication was made positive through the kindness of Mr. D. E. Kim-

mins of the British Museum (Natural History) , who compared two

genitalia slides from the writer’s collection with the mounted geni-

talia of Eaton’s paralectotype of A. dissitus. One important feature

of the genitalia of this species has not been detailed in some prior

drawings, and is shown on Plate V, figs. 3 and 3a; the apical ends

of the stimuli are formed into sharp hooks which are easily seen

and quite distinctive.

On Plate V, fig. 4, there is shown another specimen of A. dis-

situs with the apical ends of the penes fixed in a different position

at the time of death; this example was collected at the same time

and place as those referred to above.

Ephemerella spinifera Needham

(Plate VII, figure 1)

Ephemerella spinifera Needham, 1927. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 20:110.

The undescribed male adult of this species has been reared from

nymphs taken from the East Fork of the Carson River, near Hang-

mans Bridge, Alpine County, California, July 4, 1949. Description

of the male imago (in alcohol) is as follows :

Head: Pale yellow; median portion of face beside the median carina, and

median portion of clypeus darker. Eyes light orange brown in upper portion

with lower portion black. Thorax: Pronotum yellow brown with narrow me-

dian and lateral lines purplish-black. Mesonotum brown yellow, a somewhat

darker and very wide stripe along entire median area ; narrowly purple black

on postero-lateral margins. Wide white bands above base of fore coxae. Basis-

ternum of prothorax light yellow, marked with strong purple brown curved

lines along antero-lateral margin and across posterior margin. Basisternum of

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY MAYFLIES

mesothorax white ; furcisternum dark red brown with white sutures. Legs : All

femora white at base, graduating to deep purple rose apically. Fore tibiae

pink. All other leg segments white. Tarsi faintly marked with smoky. Wings:

Faintly milky, strongly so along the costal strip. All veins dark red brown;

humeral brace milky white. Abdomen: Tergites bright purple rose, anterior

median portions pale. Tergites 4-10 with posterior margins white; marked

with fine median broken black line. A wide white stripe extends full length

of abdomen along pleural fold; postero-lateral corners of all tergites white.

Sternites same shade as tergites; posterior margins widely white. Sternites

2-9 each with a pair of pale curved submedian dashes based on anterior

margin; each sternite with a pair of small pale submedian spots mid-distant

between anterior and posterior margins. Genitalia: Forceps purple rose. Penes

black brown. Tails: Dark purple brown at base, lightening to white apically;

joinings dark red purple. Size: Body 13 mm. long; forewing 15 mm.; tails

16 mm. ; foreleg 12.5 mm.

Ephemerella cognata Traver

(Plate VII, figure 2)

Ephemerella cognata Traver, 1934. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:231.

The undescribed adult male of this species has been reared from

nymphs taken from San Gregorio Creek, San Mateo County, June

17, 1950; from Sage Creek in Napa County; from Sonoma Creek

in Sonoma County and from Waddell Creek in Santa Cruz County,

the latter being the type locality. All counties named are in Cali-

fornia. Description of the male adult (in alcohol) is as follows:

Head: Blackish-brown with pale median line on vertex; clypeus and

nasal carina hyaline yellow. Antennal sclerite white. Thorax: Pronotum,

mesonotum and sternum blackish-brown. Pleural sutures paler. Legs: Fore-

leg medium brown. Middle and hind legs white, the apices of the tibiae some-

times faintly brown. Wings: Faintly milky, strongly so in stigmatic areas;

dark brown areas at bases of wings. A long axial cord is present as in

Ephemerella tibialis McDunnough; this cord extends almost to tip of scu-

tellum and then projects backward .3 mm. beyond the scutellum. All veins

are colorless; so completely vitreous that they are easily seen against the

slight milkiness of the wings. Abdomen: Segments 2-7 semi-hyaline yellow

green. Dorsum and sternum concolorous. Tergites with dark posterior margins,

broadest in median area; fine, broken, double, dark median stripe. Sternites

show ganglionic areas as white opaque and/ or hyaline ; small dark spots near

antero-lateral corners. Genitalia: As shown on Plate VII, fig. 2. Tails: Clear

hyaline white, narrowly marked with brownish red at each joining. Size:

Body 7 mm. long; forewing 8 mm.; tails 9 mm.; foreleg 7.5 mm.

Ironodes lf.pidus Traver

(Plate VII, figures 3, 4, 5 and 6; Plate VIII, figure 1)

Ironodes lepidus Traver, 1935. Canad. Ent. 67 :35.

The undescribed nymph of this species has been associated with

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

the male adult through rearing, and drawings of nymphal mouth-

parts are given that may be helpful in the further study of this

genus. Nymphs were collected on a small tributary of Hamilton

Branch, North Fork of Feather River, Plumas County, California,

on May 29, 1950.

In alcohol, the entire dorsum of this nymph is dark red brown.

Before each ocellus, a pale yellow spot. On the pronotum, a fine,

dark raised ridge extends nearly the full width across ; it is parallel

to and one-third the length of the pronotum behind the anterior

margin. Mesonotum vaguely marbled with lighter brown. Basister-

num of prothorax outlined in dark brown on lateral and posterior

margins; a small yellow brown central area. Median area of

mesosternum and metasternum yellow brown ; all other surfaces of

sternum white. On well marked specimens, a small pale spot at the

base of each submedian abdominal spine. Sternites yellow brown

with dark brown lateral streaks; a pair of pale submedian oblique

dashes arise from anterior margin on each sternite. Lamellate

portions of gills dark red brown with central portion white to base;

fibrilliform portions lavender; trachaea of gills not visible in

reflected light. Legs dark red brown with black brown tarsi nar-

rowly banded with yellow at proximal end. Anterior surfaces of

femora with white area in middle, and white line extending to base;

posterior surfaces with wide white stripe from base almost to apical

end.

The nymphs of I. lepidus were found only in very fast water.

Emerging at 2:00 p.m. on Hamilton Branch tributary, they crawled

almost out of water on rough rock, waited for from 3 to 5 minutes,

broke out of the nymphal skin, crawled to a dry portion of rock

and dried the wings for up to 9 minutes before flying to low

branches at the water’s edge.

Isonychia velma Needham

(Plate VIII, figures 2 and 3)

Isonychia velma Needham, 1932. Canad. Ent. 64:273.

The imdescribed nymph has been associated with the male adult

through rearing. This species is very widespread in northern Cali-

fornia, found to date in large rivers such as the Klamath, Trinity,

Russian, and Putah Creek. It has been found always in shallow, fast

riffles, frequently on wood. The body of the mature nymph is as

long as 20 mm. The description of the nymph follows:

JANUARY, 1952]

DAY MAYFLIES

Entire body an even tone of darkest yellow brown ; head almost

black. Basal segment of antennae very dark, as is pedicel ; flagellum

dark at base, paling apically. Tergites with faint, narrow pale me-

dian stripe in anterior halves; this stripe is paralleled by a sub-

median pale stripe on each side. Tergites and sternites with fine

black lateral margins and finest black posterior margins; latter

beset with fine, short spinules. Sternites with short, pale oblique

streaks based on median point of anterior margin; just beyond the

posterior ends of these, a series of four small pale spots, two on

each side, are in line across the sternite. Gills pale gray brown with

wide chitinous ridge along lower edge; an interior band of chitin

across the gill one-third distant below the dorsal edge. Fore femur

dark brown with wide pale apical band, and pale area in middle.

Fore tibia pale with wide dark band toward proximal end. Fore

tarsus black brown in proximal half and pale apically. Claws pale

with small black tips. Spur at apical end of fore tibia varies from

two-thirds to full length of fore tarsus; 16-20 spines on each fore

tibia; 8-9 teeth on fore claw, irregularly spaced.

References

Eaton, A. E.

1883-1888. A revisional monograph of the recent Ephemeridae or may-

flies. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Sec. Ser. Zool. 3:1-352, pis. 1-65.

Mayo, Y. K.

1939. New Western Ephemeroptera. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15 (4) : 145-154,

figs. 1-21.

McDunnough, J.

1924. New North American Ephemeridae. Canad. Ent. 56 (9) :221-226,

pi. 5.

1933. New species of North American Ephemeroptera III. Canad. Ent.

65 (7) : 155-158, figs. 1-4.

Needham, J. G.

1927. The Rocky Mountain species of the mayfly genus Ephemerella.

Ann. Ent. Soc. Arner. 20 (1) : 107-117, fig. 1.

1932. Three new American mayflies (Ephemerop.). Canad. Ent. 64 (12) :

273-276, figs. A-C.

Needham, J. G., J. R. Traver and Y. Hsu.

1935. The Biology of Mayflies. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, New

York.

Traver, J. R.

1934. New North American species of mayflies. Jour, of the Elisha

Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:189-254, pi. 16.

1935. Two new genera of North American Heptageniidae (Ephemerida).

Canad. Ent. 67 (2) :31-38, 6 figs.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

A NEW SPECIES OF NITIDULID BEETLE FROM CHILE

(Coleoptera)

L. R. Gillogly

State Department of Agriculture, Sacramento, California

Eumystrops chilensis Gillogly, new species

Oval, slightly oblong, convex, shining; clothed with close-lying, silvery-

white, rather long pubescence; individuals vary in color from luteus to

piceus, light colored specimens have metasternum dark and dark markings

on the elytra just behind the middle while the dark specimens have two

light longitudinal marks near the suture anterior to the middle. Head coarsely

punctate. Eyes larger and globular. Antennae, having basal segment little

dilated, second less dilated, third slender equal in length to second, 3 to 8

slender and progressively shorter until 8 which is nearly spherical, club

3-segmented, ovate and compact. Antennal grooves convergent, if extended

they would meet at a point between anterior coxae. Pronotum with width to

length as 1.7 to 1, sides rounded, not narrowing posteriorly, moderately ex-

panded, reflexed, with hind angles bluntly rectangular and projecting back

somewhat, hind edge narrowly margined, feebly bisinuate. Elytra entire,

conjointly rounded, edges reflexed, not serially punctate. Scutellum triangular,

rather small. Pygidium small, completely covered by elytra, closely punctate.

None of the other dorsal segments of the abdomen chitinized. Prosternum

moderately punctate, process slender and somewhat expanded at tip. Meso-

sternum short, carinate in middle beneath prosternal process. Mesocoxae

close together. Metasternum short, equal in length to first two abdominal

segments together, axillary space extending back along episternal suture

about three-fourths of distance to hind coxae, median area somewhat de-

pressed. Hind coxae separated by distance equal to width of second abdominal

segment, abdominal lobe between coxae nearly truncate, on each side a

divergent raised line accentuated by a slight depression along its inner side,

the line extends back across entire width of first abdominal segment diverging

at about 45 degrees from longitudinal axis. Surface of ventral abdominal

segments and metasternum covered with reticulations except for area between

divergent lines on first segment which is completely smooth. Mouthparts:

Labrum bilobed; mandibles, straight and projecting forward, several small

teeth preceding a larger tooth before the tip, grinding surface on inner side

of base; maxillae, lacinia broadly truncate, a definite spur on inner edge,

tip very densely covered with long setae, palpi first segment small, second

short and clavate, third equal to second but more nearly cylindrical, fourth

as long as first three together. Labium: Ligula truncate, armed with long

stout setae; paraglossae large, transparent, closely fringed with fine setae;

palpi with first segment small, second subclavate and swollen, third equal in

length to second, cylindrical. Legs short and stout. Tarsi, first three segments

broadly dilated and densely pubescent beneath. Claws simple. Length 2.8 to

3.3 mm.

The species was collected by Luis E. Pena while beating native

plants in the valley of Las Palmas, Coquimbo, Chile, September

JANUARY, 1952]

GILLOGLY NITIDULIDAE

30, 1947. Holotype and allotype are placed in the California Acad-

emy of Sciences. Paratypes: Sociedad Cientifica Chilena “Claudio

Gay”; U. S. National Museum; American Museum of Natural

History; and in the author’s collection. The new species differs from

the only other member of the genus as shown in the following table :

Comparative Table

Eumystrops chilensis

Eumystrops centralis

Punctation:

rather coarse

minute, not dense

Pubescence:

close-lying, silvery-white,

conspicuous, as in Epuraea

populi Dodge

fine, inconspicuous

Head:

strongly punctate

very feebly punctate

Scutellum :

of moderate size

rather large

Elytra :

entire, conjointly rounded

short and broad,

truncate behind

Pygidium:

small, covered by elytra,

very broad, exposed,

very closely punctate

very obsoletely

punctate, almost smooth

Figs. 1-6. Eumystrops chilensis n. sp. Fig. 1 labrum, 2. mandible, 3. meta-

sternum and first ventral abdominal segment to show “axillary space” and

diverging post coxal lines, 4. maxilla, 5. labium, 6. mentum.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

Sharp erected the genus Eumystrops in 1898 for a species

from Panama and while this species agrees very closely with his

definition, he did not figure the mouthparts, so when an undoubted

Eumystrops sp. becomes available for dissection this new species

may be shown to represent a distinct genus. The pronounced spur

on the inner edge of the lacinia distinguishes E. chilensis from

most other Nitidulidae. It is present, however, in two species of

Cillaeus and the single species Ithyphenes gnatho Murray. In many

respects the mouthparts are similar to those of Cyllodes and

Camptodes. The post coxal line on the first abdominal segment is

a good distinguishing character and is present in varying degrees

in several related genera. In Psilotus and Camptodes it appears as

a continuous line enclosing a narrow transverse space behind the

coxae. In Pallodes the area enclosed reaches nearly half way across

the width of the segment with its outer margin strongly sinuate. In

Stelidota the line encloses a broad triangular space which varies

somewhat from species to species but extends about half way across

the segment. In Prometopia the line extends across about two-thirds

of the width of the segment with the outer portion sinuate and the

inner portion straight. This post coxal line is broken in Eumystrops

with the straight inner piece extended nearly across the segment

while the other portion of the line is short but easily visible (fig. 3) .

Book Notice

American Social Insects. By Charles D. Michener and Mary H. Michener.

D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Toronto, N. Y., London, xiv -\- 267,

109 Plates. 1951. Price $6.00.

This book on the habits and life histories of the bees, wasps, hornets,

ants and termites is a worthy addition to the many books which have been

written on this fascinating subject. Its organization, from the first chapter on

“What are social insects?” to the last on “Societies of insects and man,”

has been carefully considered. In addition the last 24 pages are devoted to a

short appendix on insect structure and classification, a bibliography, a concise

glossary and an index. The text is based on the contributions of both past

and present workers as well as on the personal observations and researches of

the two authors in the United States, Mexico and Central America. However,

the style of writing is largely non-technical and is coupled with a modest use

of anthropomorhisms. The 109 full page plates, 30 in color, are in addition

to the 267 pages of textual material and represent the efforts of some of the

best nature photographers in this country. These illustrations, interleaved with

the text, serve both to inform and delight the reader with their artistry.

The Micheners are to be congratulated for a book that contains such a

wealth of clearly presented subject matter as to make it a source of enjoy-

ment for naturalists for many years to come. — J. W. MacSwain.

JANUARY, 1952]

KALIK DERMESTIDAE

NEW AND INTERESTING SPECIES OF DERMESTIDAE

( Coleoptera)

Vladimir Kalik

Pardubice, Czechoslovakia

Through the kindness of H. B. Leech and E. C. Van Dyke, I

have been able to study some of the Dermestidae from the collection

of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Many inter-

esting species were found, and several of them are treated in the

following article.

Dermestes reductus Kalik, new species

Form and color: Oblong, relatively narrow, moderately convex. Prothorax

lather flat, broadest in the posterior third, narrowing more to the front, slightly

to the base. Elytra as broad as the prothorax, with subparallel sides narrow-

ing gradually in the posterior third. Dorsal surface and under side black.

Antennae of 11 segments, reddish brown, with red club. Tarsi brown.

Pubescence: Upper surface clothed with black and grayish-white hairs.

Grayish-white hairs covering almost the whole head, forming several spots

on the anterior and posterior margins and one spot on either side of the

pronotum; a sparse but long pubescence covers the basal margin and pos-

terior angles of the pronotum ; the grayish-white hairs form a broad transverse

band on the basal two-fifths of the elytra. This band encloses on each elytron

a basal, oval, black spot not reaching either the shoulder or the scutellum;

the black hairs form three distinct spots almost in the middle of the hand,

as in D. lardarius Linnaeus. Scutellum with black pubescence. Undersurface

covered with predominantly grayish-white hairs; on the legs and ventral

segments they are mixed with brown hairs, which predominate especially on

the last two to three segments of the abdomen. Punctation: Surface closely

punctured, those on the pronotum close together, the distance between them

smaller than the diameter of one puncture; elytral punctation slightly sparser;

under side finely and relatively sparsely punctured. Sexual characters: The

male has a small fovea with a brush of yellow hairs on the median line of

each of the 3rd and 4th abdominal sternites. Aedeagus small, curved, widest

at the base, narrower at the middle, broadening again towards the tip ;

parameres approximately as long as the aedeagus, almost of the same width in

their whole length, narrowing only at the tip. Lengths of four S' 6.2, 6.5,

6.5 and 6.5 mm. respectively; of four ^ 6.0, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2 mm. Widths, 2.2,

2.2, 2.5, 2.3 mm. for the S S ; 2.0, 2.2, 2.3, 2.2 for the

Holotype S, and allotype $, from Duparquet, Quebec, Can-

ada, 27. V. 1940 and 26. IX. 1934, G. Stace Smith, collector; in the

California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes: a pair from the type

locality, 11, XI. 1934, under bark Populus, in Kalik collection;

c?\ ? from Canada, in coll. Museum Prague; S', 9, from Canada,

in Kalik collection.

Compartive notes: Lepesme (1950:65) described Dermestes

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

lardarius, ab. reductus as follows: “Je donne le nom de reductus a

des exemplaires de petite taille (moins de 6 mm.) a pubescence

claire des elytres particulierement blanche; je n’ai observe cette

forme que d’Amerique du Nord.” Notwithstanding the brief state-

ments of the description I believe that my specimens are identical

with the type which the author obtained from Mr. J. Mitchel and

returned to him. At present the type is not accessible to me, and

I therefore cannot fully confirm my opinion, but in any case I

consider the specimens described by me as of specific status for

the following reasons:

(a) According to G. Stace Smith and H. B. Leech, who have

both collected living specimens, D. reductus is a species of wooded

areas, away from human habitations. Of the Quebec examples, one

was found on fresh lumber, one under the bark of Abies sp., and

two under the bark of Populus sp. Typical D. reductus has also

been collected in British Columbia at Creston, 18. X. 1931 (G. Stace

Smith), Salmon Arm (under the bark of an old Douglas fir log —

H.B.L.), and Vernon (Ralph Hopping). D. lardarius is a species

predominantly bound to food and material worked by man.

(b) The range in size of the eight type specimens of D. re-

ductus, as mentioned in the description, is 6 to 6.5 mm. In most

examples of D. lardarius the size is 7 to 8.5 mm. The relation of

the numbers of specimens of different sizes among the 89 D. lar-

darius at present at my disposal from different localities, is given in

the graph (fig. 3). It is evident that a size of less than 7 mm. is

quite exceptional and extreme (apparently starvation forms). In

three specimens from North America the length is 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0

respectively.

verse band of gray hairs, whereas in D. lardarius this area is red to

brown. The dark spot at the base of each elytron is not divided into

two smaller spots by gray hairs, as it is in D. lardarius.

(d) The sides of the elytra are relatively more parallel, the

lateral margins of the prothorax less raised, the body flatter, than

in D. lardarius.

(e) The posterior margins of the abdominal segments are

interruptedly gray and brown pubescent; in D. lardarius the whole

segments are unicolored gray, brown or black.

(f) In D. reductus the aedeagus narrows in the middle (fig. 1) ,

whereas in D. lardarius it is of almost equal width for its whole

Robert Snelling

ROUTE 2, BOX 696

TURLOCK, CALIF.

JANUARY, 1952] KALIK DERMESTIDAE 45

length (fig. 2) . I have not yet had a sufficient number of males of

the the new species, and so have only been able to compare the

shape of the aedeagus in two specimens. Thus it will be necessary

to convince ourselves of the constancy of this feature by examining

Fig. 1. Aedeagus of Dermestes reductus Kalik, new species. Fig. 2.

Aedeagus of Dermestes lardarius Linnaeus.

Fig. 3. Graph showing relation between sizes of specimens and number

of specimens of Dermestes lardarius Linnaeus.

Dermestes leechi Kalik, new species

Form and color: Oblong, moderately convex, brownish-black. Eyes fairly

large. Pronotum broadest in posterior third, strongly narrowing towards the

anterior end, of semicircular shape in dorsal view, moderately narrowed

basally, anterior angles invisible from above, posterior angles rounded. Scu-

tellum cordate. Elytra subcylindrical, with sub-parallel sides which narrow

only in the posterior quarter. Antennae of 11 segments, reddish-brown, club

3-segmented, inserted almost in the middle of the funicle; 8th segment short,

transverse.

Punctation : Above rather coarsely punctured, punctures on disk of prono-

tum separated by approximately their own diameters. Abdomen more finely

but fairly closely punctured. Pubescence: Upper surface covered uniformly

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

but not too densely with a short grayish -yellow pubescence, that of under

surface similar but much denser. Sexual characters: Third and 4th abdominal

segments of male each with one circular fovea with a brush of hairs. Aedeagus

very short, slightly curved, of almost the same width throughout. Parameres

about a fourth longer than the aedeagus, of equal width throughout, narrow-

ing only at the apices which are bordered with yellow hairs. Length of

and 7.5 to 8.0 mm.; width 2.2 to 2.5 mm.

Holotype $ , and allotype $>, from Bhadravati, Tan j ore Dis-

trict, southern India, in collection of Museum Prague. Paratypes,

all topotypical; , 2 9 9, in collection of Museum Prague; 1

$ in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; 2 c? cf ,

1 9 in Kalik collection.

Compartive notes: This species resembles by the uniformity of

its pubescence D. peruvianus Castelnau and D. nidum Arrow. It is

distinguished from the former mainly by the fact that it is smaller,

that the male has a fovea on both the 4th and 5th abdominal

sternites, that the pronotum is more convex, its anterior angles not

flat and not visible from above. It is distinguished from nidum by

the elytra being without trace of striae, by its smaller size, and by

its more convex pronotum. I am pleased to name this species in

honor of Mr. Hugh B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences,

San Francisco.

Dermestes unicolor Lepesme

In the material from the California Academy of Sciences I

found six specimens of Dermestes from San Roque, Baja California,

2.8. 1922, which I regarded originally as a variety of D. carnivorus

F. It is, however, possible that these specimens represent Lepesme’s

species D. unicolor, whose type in the Museum in Paris*. I had no

opportunity to examine. Lepesme’s description (1950:57) runs as

follows :

“D. unicolor n. sp. Long.: 7-8 mm. — Tres voisin du precedent [carnivorus

F.], plus convexe. Brun noir, uniformement couvert a la face dorsale d’une

pubescence blonde peu epaisse regulierement couchee en arriere, aussi bien

sur le pronotum que sur les elytres. Face sternale garnie de pubescence

blanche, exception faite seulement d’une tache triangulair a I’angle antero-

lateral des cinq sternites abdominaux apparents. Dispersion geographique. —

Antilles (Museum de Paris).”

The specimens, of which two are now in my collection, very

much resemble D. carnivorus. Some have quite black elytra, others

are slightly brown on the shoulders ; the whole surface is uniformly

grayish yellow pubescent, only the sides of the pronotum having

JANUARY, 1952]

KALIIC DERMESTIDAE

white hairs directed from the side inwards. This white pubescence

of the sides of the pronotum does not, however, stand out strikingly

from the general, light pubescence of the surface. The underside of

the body has the pubescence as in D. carnivorus. The aedeagus of

the male is very similar to that of D. carnivorus, which has per-

haps a slightly narrower tip. According to my examples I believe

that they represented a form of D. carnivorus. Only after a com-

parison with Lepesme’s type I shall be able to confirm my opinion

that the cited examples are actually identical with D. unicolor. To

be sure that this species is only a form of D. carnivorus, I am in

need of more material for comparison. Until that time I shall take

Lepesme’s identification as for that of an independent species.

Dermestes sobrinus Leconte

I have in my collection one female specimen of Dermestes from

Cuba, which I regard as belonging to this species according to

Reitter’s remarks in 1879 (p. 28) “Diese Art ist dem carnivorus

sehr nahe verwandt und ist an den ganz dunklen Seitenstiicken der

Hinterbrust leicht zu erkennen.” This character is not mentioned at

all in the original description by Leconte (1854: 108 ) . Though the

underside of my specimen is in part worn, I ascertained at the pos-

terior margin of the sternites of the abdomen brown spots, which

might correspond to the feature in the original description : “abdo-

mine maculis nigris quadruplici serie ornato.” The femora have

small spots with white hairs. On the whole this species is very simi-

lar to D. carnivorus or unicolor Lepesme, uniformly grayish yellow

pubescent on the upper surface, only the epipleurae and sides of the

prothorax narrowly grayish white, on the shoulder a small spot of

yellow hairs. The whole metasterna densely covered with brown

pubescence.

Thaumaglossa rufomaculata Pic

I found five specimens of this beautiful and characteristically

colored beetle in the material of the California Academy of Sci-

ences: 1 female from Nanking, China, V. 3. 1923, and 4 9 ? from

Alabang, Philippine Islands, Luzon Isl., XI. 9. 30, collection of

E. C. Van Dyke. The British Museum has the type of T . rufoma-

culata Pic (described as an Aethriostoma in 1938: 12 from Kuala

Lumpur) marked as conspecific with T. laeta Arrow, 1915: 435,

whose type is also in the British Museum. I sent one of my speci-

mens for comparison to London. Mrs. H. Cook kindly informed me

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

that all three specimens, both types and the example I had sent,

seem to be completely identical except for the shape of the red spot

on the discus of each elytron. According to Mrs. Cook’s drawings

the spot is round in Thaumaglossa ( Aethriostoma) rufomaculata

Pic, of irregular shape and probably on the anterior side with

worn hairs as shown in the figure in T. laeta Arrow. In one of my

specimens the spot is completely round, in the others partly irregu-

lar. This irregularity is due to the fact that the red pubescence

covering the red spot on each elytron is worn in some specimens,

and thus the light coloring of this spot is not clear at the margin

and partly fuses with the dark neighborhood. Until I am able to re-

examine the conspecifity of the two species with conclusive validity

I retain for my specimens the designation T. rufomaculata, as

according to the shape of the spot they are closer to this type. If the

two species should prove conspecific. Arrow’s name will be valid.

Matsumura & Yokoyama described (1928: 53-4) from Formosa

Orphilus bimaculatus. As in the description they speak distinctly

of the surface as being covered by pubescence, their species cannot

be a representative of the genus Orphilus whose species are bare;

according to the diagnosis: “Elytra with a large reddish circular

spot on its back, closely punctured and furnished with black (in

general part) and reddish hairs (on the spot) it is most probably

again T. rufomaculata (laeta?). If the two suppositions on the

conspecifity of the species mentioned should be confirmed, the

synonymy would be as follows: 1915, Thaumaglossa laeta Arrow.

1928. Orphilus bimaculatus Matsumura & Yokoyama. 1938. Aethri-

ostoma rufomaculata Pic.

Literature Cited

Arrow, G. J.

1915. Notes on the Colepterous Family Dermestidae, and descriptions

of some new forms in the British Museum. Ann. and Mag. Nat.

Hist., (Ser. 8). 15:425-451.

Leconte, J. L.

1854. Synopsis of the Dermestidae of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia, 7:106-113.

Lepesme, P.

1950. Revision des Dermestes. Ann. Soc. ent. de France, 115:37-68.

(1946).

Matsumura, S. and Yokoyama, K.

1928. New and hitherto unrecorded species of Dermestidae from

Japan. Ins. Matsum. 3:51-54.

JANUARY, 1952]

HALL LORDOTUS

Pic, M.

1938. Coleopteres exotiques en partie nouveaux. L’Echange. 54(473) : 12.

Reitter, E.

1880. Die aussereuropaischen Dermestiden meiner Sammlung. Verh. des

naturf. Verein in Briinn. 18:28. (1879).

A NEW SPECIES OF LORDOTUS FROM

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

(Bombyiiidae: Diptera)

J. C. Hall

University of California, Davis

During a five-week period of collecting in the San Gabriel

Mountains of the Angeles National Forest, Los Angeles County,

California, two species of the genus Lordotus Loew were collected.

One of these was identified from the key to Lordotus by Painter 1

(1939) as L. planus O.S. The other appeared to be a new species,

which ran to couplet three in Painter’s key, and this assumption

was verified by R. H. Painter, who kindly examined the specimens

and compared them with the determined species of Lordotus in his

collection.

The species was found in great abundance during the months

of June and July. It frequented open areas, usually fire breaks, on

the brush-covered ridges at elevations of 2,500 to 6,000 feet. The

flies were caught resting on the ground and none were observed

visiting the many species of flowering plants that were in abun-

dance at that time.

Lordotus ermae Hall, new species 2

Female — Integument black; wings hyaline, veins on basal one-fourth pale,

apical three-fourths dark; costal cell and subcostal cell yellowish; first basal

cell infuscated in some lights; haltere stalk yellow, knob white. Antenna with

dark buff pile above, longer, paler below; face densely buff pilose, tomentum

wanting; palpi with long yellow and short black pile intermixed; occiput

pale buff pilose, thick white tomentose; thoracic dorsum with pale buff pile

intermixed with white pile anteriorly, becoming shorter and scattered pos-

teriorly, becoming long and thick towards base of scutellum, thick white

tomentum overall, a patch of white pile above wing bases; dense white

tomentum extends from wing base to humeral cross-vein; thoracic pleural

area buff pilose; tomentum wanting, pteropleuron bare; coxae with long buff

pile; femur dark yellow pilose and tomentose; squama buff pilose; abdominal

1 Painter, R.H., 1939. Notes on type specimens and descriptions of new North

American Bombyiiidae. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 42 :267-301.

2 A modern patronymic dedicated to my wife.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

dorsum buff pilose; basal one-half of pile yellowish, apical one-half white

giving a buff color to pile, a stripe of white tomentum extends from segment

II to segment IV on a median dorsal line; pygidium with short yellow pile,

scattered white tomentum; abdominal venter darker buff pilose, tomentum

wanting. Length of first antennal segment 0.45 mm. ; second 0.20 mm. ; third

1.0 mm.; face slightly protruding below and above oral opening; proboscis

nearly twice as long as anterior tibia ; middle tibia with a strong apical spur ;

costa not denticulate. Length of body 10-12 mm.

Male — Similar to female but differing in the following: Pleural area

ground color lighter. Antennal pile partly black towards apices of segments I

and II ; femora without dense tomentum ; abdominal pile white, tomentum

wanting; body pile in general lighter. Genitalia apparently identical to those

of congeners; length of body 10-13 mm.

Holotype, female and allotype male (Cal. Acad. Sci.), Tanbaric

Flat, Los Angeles County, California, June 20, 1950 (J. C.

Hall). Para+ypes — (all from Los Angeles County, California), 35

males, 25 females, Tanbark Flat, June 19-July 4, 1950 (J. C. Hall,

R. Schuster, D. C. Blodget, C. J. Weinmann, A. T. McClay, W. 0.

Marshall, H. F. Robinson, W. A. McDonald, P. D. Hurd, J. W.

MacSwain, T. R. Haig, F. X. Williams, individual collectors of

specimens) . 1 male, Camp Baldy, June 26, 1950 (K. G. Whitesell) .

1 female, Johnstone Point, July 14, 1950 (R. Schuster). 1 female,

Crystal Lake, June 29, 1950 (H. F. Robinson). 1 male, Big Dalton

Dam, June, 1950 (F. X. Williams).

Paratypes are in the collections of the following: California

Academy of Sciences, California Insect Survey, University of

California at Berkeley, University of California at Davis, U. S.

National Museum, R. H. Painter (Kansas State College) , F. R. Cole,

and the writer.

V ariations — Male and female — pleural area ground color black to gray.

Antennal pile yellow to black above, yellow to dirty white below; abdominal

pile buff to pale yellow to dirty white to brown depending upon the light

used; stripe of white tomentum sometimes scattered but always present in

the female, wanting in the male.

L. ermae appears to be more closely related to planus Coquillett,

miscellus Coquillett, and junceus Coquillett than to gibbus gibbus

Loew. It differs from planus in the absence of infuscations on the

wings, and the black legs ; from misellus in the absence of denticu-

lations of the wings, and the broad dark pilose dorsal band on the

abdomen; and from junceus in the absence of black or brown pile

on the abdomen, and minute black points on the front. It is also

several times larger than any of the above three. The male genitalia

are similar in all of the above.

JANUARY, 1952]

BEAMER EURYSA

THE GENUS EURYSA IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO

(Homoptera: Fulgoridae, Delphacinae)

R. H. Beamer*

U mversity of Kansas, Lawrence

I am following Muir and Giffard in the placing of these species

in Eurysa. They could possibly belong to the European genus

Eurybregma but at the present time it seems best to consider them

in Eurysa. „ ,

Eurysa I leber

Eurysa Fieber, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XVI (1866), p. 520,

genotype lineata (Perr. ).

This genus is characterized by the wider than long crown almost

devoid of carinae and the front widest at base without carinae on

basal third. T _ „

Key to Species

1. Male styles with finger-like projection on inner apical margin

kormusi ( Crawf . )

Male style without such a projection 2

2. Pygofer in lateral view with angular foot-like process on ventro-caudal

margin magnifrons (Crawf.)

Pygofer without such a process 3

3. Anal segment with processes extending straight out from segment

obesa Beamer

Anal segment with processes curved 1 montana Beamer

Eurysa kormusi (Crawford)

Megamelus kormusi Crawford, C. L., A Contribution Toward

a Monograph of the Homopterous Insects of the Family Del-

phacidae of North and South America, 1914, p. 614.

Brachypterous form: Easily separated from the other species of

this genus by the fingerdike process on the inner margins of the

apices of the styles. Length c? 3.0 mm., $ 3.75 mm.

Structure: Front not quite twice as long as wide, widest on basal third,

very slightly narrowed toward base, more so toward apex, definitely tricarinate

on apical two-thirds ; crown as wide as median length, apex rounded without

carinae, carinae more or less visible on base ; elytra longer than wide, hyaline,

veins raised, apices truncate with rounded corners.

Color: General color stramineous more or less suffused with fuscous;

dorsum of abdomen with darker stripe on lateral margins.

Genitalia: Pygofer in lateral view more or less rectangular with posterior

margin extended posteriorly over about one-third distance in large triangle;

anal segment with a pair of very broad ventrally curving processes; aedeagus

wide at base, narrowed to long parallel-sided shaft, slightly bent dorsally,

apex surrounded by about eight sharp teeth, three additional teeth just

*Contribution from the Department of Entomology, University of Kansas.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

beyond middle of ventral margin; styles not visible in this view. In caudal

view styles widest on basal half, diverging, inner margin narrowing to about

half median width on outer fifth, a finger-like projection on inner margin of

apices.

Described originally from a brachypterous pair from Ormsby

County, Nevada (Baker).

Types deposited by Crawford in the collection of Pomona Col-

lege, Pomona, California.

Redescribed from cf and Sears Point, Marin County,

California, May 18, 1931, E. P. Van Duzee,

Eurysa magnifrons (Crawford)

Megamelus magnifrons Crawford, C. L., A Contribution Toward

a Monograph of the Homopterous Insects of the Family Del-

phacidae of North and South America, 1914, p. 614.

Brachypterous form. Structure: Front not quite twice as long as basal

width, widest just basad of middle, slightly narrowed toward base, more so

toward apex, definitely tricarinate except at base crown distinctly wider than

long, carinae indefinite on apex, more distinct basally; elytra longer than

wide, veins raised, apices rounded.

Color: General color stramineous to almost brown, carinae of pronotum,

scutellum and abdomen and pustules of abdomen light.

Genitalia: In lateral view pygofer of male much wider on ventral margin

with an angular foot-like projection at ventral caudal corner; anal segment

with caudal side extended into a pair of broad, very long curving processes;

aedeagus long, slightly curved ventrally, with apex enlarged to twice diameter

of shaft with one recurved, short hook on dorsal margin and ventral margin

from apex to more than middle of shaft with about 15 retrorse teeth ; styles

not visible in this view. In caudal view, styles widest at base, diverging, outer

margins sinuate and narrowing to avicephaliform apices ; aedeagal brace wide,

very slightly produced.

Redescribed from 3 cf cT and 4 $ 9? Florissant, Colorado, July

6, 1949, R. H. Beamer; S $, Garrison, Montana, July 10, 1933;

cf, Merritt, British Columbia, Canada, August 3, 1931; 3 <$ and

3 9 9? Yellowstone National Park, July 12, 1939, D. J. and J. N.

Knull. Crawford’s male holotype is Cat. No. 15986, U. S. National

Museum.

Macropterous form: Like the brachypterous form except with

long flight wings and generally darker in color. Elytra fumous

throughout and darker still from cross-veins to apices.

Holomorphotype Florissant, Colorado, July 6, 1949, R. H.

Beamer! in Snow Entomological Collections, University of Kansas.

Eurysa obesa Beamer, new species

Brachypterous form: Resembling Eurysa kormusi but elytra

JANUARY, 1952]

BEAMER EURYSA

Figs. 1-4. Genitalia of some species of Eurysa. Figs. 1, 1A, IB, E. kormusi.

Figs. 2, 2A, 2B, E. magnifrons. Figs. 3, 3A, 3B, E. obesa. Figs. 4, 4A, 4B,

E. montana.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

about as wide as long instead of longer than wide, and male styles

in caudal view widest at base and narrowed to apices. Length cf

3.5 mm., $ 4 mm.

Structure: First segment of antennae longer than wide; front slightly

longer than broad, widest at base, definitely tricarinate on apical two-thirds;

head wider than thorax; crown wider than long, apex rounded, carinae

indistinct; elytra about as wide as long, semihyaline, apices almost truncate,

veins raised, abdomen often with raised median longitudinal ridge and rows

of pustules along sides.

Color: General color stramineous, body often more or less mottled with

brown, some specimens with broad fumose line either side of middle of

dorsum.

Genitalia: In lateral view, pygofer almost triangular, narrowest at ventral

corner; anal segment with pair of heavy processes extending away from

segment at caudo-ventral corner; aedeagus heavy, curved ventrally in almost

half circle, widened on outer third, ventral margin more or less serrate in

this region; styles widest at base, gradually narrowed to sharp apices. In

caudal view, aedeagal brace broad and even, not raised or excavated; styles

widest at base, sinuate, gradually narrowed to diverging apices.

Holotype cf , allotype $ and 2 <$ paratypes, Laramie, Wyom-

ing, 40 miles N.E., July 13, 1937, R. H. Beamer; other paratypes:

2 cT cf and $ North Powder, Oregon, July 13, 1931, R. H. Beamer;

11 cf cf and 13 9 9? Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, July

12, 1939, D. J. and J. N. Knull.

Macropterous form: Like the brachvpterous form except slightly

darker and with flight wings extended much beyond the body.

Holomorphotype cf , Barclay, Utah, July 2, 1931, R. H. Beamer;

cf paramorphotype, Deeth, Nevada, July 21, 1945, R. H. Beamer;

allmorphotype 9; 2 cf cf and 6 9? paramorphotypes, Yellow-

stone National Park, Wyoming, July 12, 1939, D. J. and J. N. Knull.

Types in Snow Entomological Collections and collections of Ohio

State University.

Eurysa montand Beamer, new species

Brachypterous form: Resembling Eurysa obesa but sides of

dorsum of abdomen with a more definite black longitudinal vittae,

aedeagus of male not swollen on outer third and anal processes

curved ventrally. Length cf 3 mm., 9 3.5 mm.

Structure: First segment of antennae slightly longer than width; front

widest at base, length to width is as 5 3/4 is to 3 1/2, strongly tricarinate on

apical two-thirds; crown broad, much wider than median length, carinae

absent except basally in some specimens; elytra definitely longer than wide,

veins raised, apices broadly rounded; dorsum of abdomen with segments

keeled on median line and with pustules on lateral margins.

JANUARY, 1952] USINGER WYGODZINSKYELLA

Color: General color stramineous, sometimes fumous; dorsum of abdo-

men usually with a more or less definite fumous longitudinal strip on side

of middle.

Genitalia: In lateral view, py gofer almost triangular with dorsal margin

narrowest; anal segment with a pair of ventrally curved processes arising on

ventro-caudal margin; aedeagus long with sides almost parallel, gently curved

ventrally with apex slightly recurved and with several short sharp teeth on

both margins; styles not visible from this view. In caudal view styles widest

at base, diverging, narrowed evenly from bases to out-curving apices, outer

margin sinuate; aedeagal brace with slight excavation and caudally projecting

trough.

Holotype <$ , allotype 6 c? and 4 9 paratypes, Laramie,

Wyoming, August 5, 1949, R. H. Reamer; other paratypes, 14 <$ <$

and 5 9 9, same place and date, J. R. White.

Macropterous form: Like the brachypterous form except with

flight wings. Holomorphotype <$ , Laramie, Wyo., August 8, 1949,

J. R. White; allomorphotype 9, same place and date, R. H. Beamer.

Types in the Snow Entomological Collections.

A NEW GENUS OF CHRYXINAE FROM BRAZIL

AND ARGENTINA

(Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Robert L. Usinger

University of California, Berkeley

The subfamily Chryxinae was proposed by Champion (1898)

for Chryxus tomentosus, a new genus and species described by him

from two specimens collected in Panama. A third specimen has

since been collected in British Guiana (British Museum).

A second species, Chryxus travassosi Lent and Wygodzinsky

(1944) was described from Brazil. Then, in 1946, a new genus and

species, Lentia corcovadensis Wygodzinsky, was described from

Brazil and the position of the subfamily was reviewed. This com-

pletes the published history of this small but interesting group.

The present note is prompted by the discovery in the Paris

Museum of a second female specimen of Chryxus travassosi Lent

and Wygodzinsky*. This specimen is from Misiones, Argentina,

Env. de San Ignacio, Villa Lutecia, E. R. Wagner, 1910. It agrees

perfectly with the description and figures given by Lent and

Wygodzinsky except that the fourth antennal segment is longer than

*Dr. Wygodzinsky writes (March 26, 1951) that a male specimen was collected

by O. Schubart on May 19, 1950, Estacao Experimental, Pirassununga, Sao

Paulo, Brazil, in house (Wygodzinsky Collection).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

the third, the ratio of the two segments being 25:21. Since all other

characters are identical it is suggested that perhaps the apex of the

fourth antennal segment was broken off in the type.

Although Chryxus tomentosus and travassosi are obviously

related, a comparison of the two (British Museum, 1948) revealed

certain striking differences which would warrant generic separation

elsewhere in the Reduviidae. Accordingly, Chryxus travassosi Lent

and Wygodzinsky (1944) is here designated as the type species of

the new genus Wygodzinskyella. The characters of the type are

given in great detail by Lent and Wygodzinsky (1944). Chryxus

Champion differs in that the scutellar spine is thickened apically

(flattened in Wygodzinskyella) , the corial veins are distinct on the

basal half of the transparent corium (practically indistinguishable

on the opaque corium in Wygodzinskyella) , the connexivum is

alternated and the legs entirely pale (connexium uniformly pale,

femora broadly black at middle, tibiae black except at basal fourth

and tarsi black in Wygodzinskyella) , and the size smaller (about

half as long as Wygodzinskyella ) .

It is a pleasure to dedicate this distinctive genus to Dr. Peter

Wygodzinsky, whose outstanding work has contributed so much to

our knowledge of the Hemiptera of the Neotropical Region.

Champion, G. C. REFERENCES ClTED

1898. Biologia Centrali- Americana, Insecta, Rhyn., Hem-Heter., 2:180.

181, Tab XI, fig. 9.

Lent, H., and P. Wygodzinsky

1944. Sobre uma nova especie do genero “Chryxus” Champion, 1898.

Rev. Brasil. Biol. 4:167-171, 19 figs.

Wygodzinsky, P.

1946. Sobre um novo genero e uma nova especie de Chryxinae e con-

sideragoes sobre a subfamilia. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 6:173-180, 12 figs.

ANOTHER AMERICAN FLY ATTRACTED TO SMOKE

(Diptera: Empididae)

Edward L. Kessel

University of San Francisco

In a paper published a few years ago (Wasmann Collector,

7 :23-30. 1947), the writer reported his observations on the Ameri-

can smoke flies belonging to the genus Microsania of the family

Clythiidae. On August 20, 1946, hundreds of these small dipterans

were attracted to the smoke of an outdoor fireplace at the owner’s

home in Mill Valley, Marin County, California. On that same

JANUARY, 1952]

KESSEL SMOKE FLIES

occasion numerous individuals of a fly species whose members are

about twice the size of the microsanias were seen flitting about on

the leaves of a California laurel bush which was in the direct path

of the smoke. They mingled with the microsanias and were the only

other insects which seemed to be attracted by the smoke. A speci-

men of this second species, which proved to be an empidid, was

sent to A. L. Melander, who kindly identified it as Hormopeza

brevicornis Loew. In his letter Dr. Melander says, “I have taken

specimens of Hormopeza in the house where they gather on the

window panes when they attempt to leave. I have also taken them

on the walls of my tent when camping. Micro sania gathers on the

tent fabric also. Maybe these insects were attracted in the first place

by smoke.”

Inasmuch as empidids are notorious as predators on other in-

sects, particularly flies, it was supposed that the hormopezas were

present to prey on the microsanias. However, none was seen to

attack any member of the smaller species. Because the writer’s

interest on that occasion was concerned primarily with Microsania,

no mention was made of Hormopeza in the report. It was hoped

that subsequent observations would be made with emphasis on

H. brevicornis, but a change of residence on the part of the writer

has interfered with this plan. Therefore these notes are published

without further delay.

This seems to be the first American species of Hormopeza which

has been observed to possess a positive tropism toward smoke.

Nevertheless, Sharp (Ent. Monthly Mag., 54: 244. 1918) has re-

ported a small dipteran sharing the hot and smoke-permeated

atmosphere of a forest-fire area in England with the buprestid

beetle, Melanophila acuminata De G. This fly was identified later

by Mr. J. E. Collin as Hormopeza obliterata Zett. It seems probable,

therefore, that the species of Hormopeza, like those of the genus

Microsania, are irresistably attracted to smoke. What benefit, if

any, they receive from this response remains to be demonstrated.

Likewise the particular attr actant in the smoke remains to be iden-

tified. Several writers, including Champion (Ent. Monthly Mag.,

54: 199-200, 1918), Van Dyke (Pan-Pac. Ent., 3: 41. 1926), and

Linsley (Jour. Econ. Ent., 36; 341. 1943) have added to the

observations on species of Melanophila being attracted to smoke.

Brues (Psyche, 57: 114-115. 1951) has reported that the vespid,

Eumenes curvata Sauss., is also attracted to smoke. It would be

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

interesting to know if the positive fumotropic responses of the

flies, beetles, and wasps mentioned above are initiated by the same

constituent of the smoke.

TRIATOMA PROTRACTA INFECTED WITH

TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI AT RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA

(Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

On November 27, 1950, Triatoma protracta (Uhler) was col-

lected between Arlington and Lake Mathews in a canyon 3 miles

south of Arlington and 5 miles south of Riverside, California.

This is the first record of Triatoma protracta from this locality

and moreover, infected T riatoma have not been reported previously

from the vicinity of Riverside, California. A total of fifteen nymphs

and three adults were taken from three nests of wood rats, Neotoma

juscipes macrotis Thomas. On examination of feces and gut con-

tents two fifth instar and two fourth instar nymphs were found to

be infected with flagellates. Stained slides of this material showed

organisms morphologically identical with Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas.

A survey is being conducted to determine the incidence of in-

fection in the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts of T. cruzi in the

canyon mentioned above. Infected Triatoma have been previously

reported from San Diego Co. by Kofoid and Donat, 1933 1 ; Fall-

brook, San Diego Co. by Wood, 1944 2 ; and Eaton Canyon, Pasa-

dena, Calif., by Wood 1938 3 — Raymond E. Ryckman

REINHARDIANA NEW NAME FOR HYPENOMYIA

TOWNSEND (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE OR

LARVAE V ORI DAE )

A genus Hypenomyia (type petiolata Townsend) was proposed by C. H.T.

Townsend in 1919 in Proceedings of the United States National Museum ,

Volume 56, page 545; it is considered a valid genus. However, P. H. Grimshaw

proposed the same name in 1901 in Fauna Hawaiiensis : Diptera, Volume III,

Part 1, page 53.

The new name Reinhardiana is here proposed for Hypenomyia Townsend,

1919, nec Hypenomyia Grimshaw, 1901, in recognition of Professor H. J.

Reinhard’s many contributions on the American Muscoidea.— Paul H.

Arnaud.

1 Calif. West. Med. 88 :245-249.

2 Jour. Parasitology, 30(3) :199.

Science, 87 (2260) :366-367.

JANUARY, 1952]

Book Notice

The Sucking Lice, by G. F. Ferris, with collaboration of Chester

J. Stojanovich. Volume I of the Memoirs of the Pacific Coast En-

tomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-

cisco, ix -f- 320 pages (Photo offset). 1951. $6.00.

The importance of the sucking lice as ectoparasites of mammals

and as vectors of agents of disease is well recognized but it has

remained for Dr. Ferris to present in a practical, readily usable

form the pertinent information on the systematics of the group.

The 124 excellent figures do much to clarify the text, not only

serving as aids in identification of sucking lice but also in under-

standing the morphology of lice, particularly of the mouthparts.

A short section is devoted to a consideration of the ectoparasites

of birds and mammals, followed by a detailed chapter on the mor-

phology and anatomy of the Anoplura. The structure of the head

and mouthparts is given special attention. There is a short chapter

on growth and development including descriptions with figures of

eggs and other immature stages of Anoplura. A historical review of

the taxonomic status of the sucking lice is given with the character-

istics of the order described. Ordinal separation of sucking lice

from biting lice is argued primarily on the basis of profound dif-

ferences in morphology of the mouthparts, minimizing claims for

relationship made on the basis of similarities in the tracheal system

of the two groups, or on similarities of habit.

The classification within the order is outlined in a short section

giving the author’s reasons for adapting the system employed.

Here again Ferris has emphasized the morphological basis for

establishment of family and subfamily boundaries. He recognizes

that his opinions will find criticism, as for example in alying the

genus Pedicinus with the group established as the family Hoplo-

pleuridae rather than in the family Pediculidae as is the usual

practice. The most extensive chapter of the book is a review of the

families, subfamilies, genera and species of the Anoplura. This is

replete with keys down to the species level. Commonly encountered

or otherwise important species are well illustrated. A mammalian

host list adds to the usefulness of the text. The final chapter deals

with the distribution of the Anoplura, delving into hypotheses and

speculations on the probable phylogeny of various groups of suck-

ing lice in relation to host phylogeny. The book is a “must” to all

who are interested in ectoparasites of mammals— Deane P. Furman.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

E. 0. Essig R. L. Usinger D. D. Jensen

Vice-President President Secretary

Proceedings

Two Hundred and Fifteenth Meeting

The two hundred and fifteenth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomologi-

cal Society was held at 7:30 p.m. on February 16, 1951, in the entomological

laboratories of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President

Usinger conducted the meeting. The following members were present: W. C.

Day, E. 0. Essig, E. C. Van Dyke, R. F. Smith, 0. E. Bryan, Otto W. Graf,

S. G. Watkins, P. H. Arnaud, J. Figg-Hoblyn, Lynne Scott, Laura M. Henry,

G. F. Ferris, J. Gordon Edwards, William Hazeltine, D. P. Furman, W. W.

Middlekauff, R. L. Doutt, J. E. Gillaspy, E. A. Smith, Theodore Aarons,

W. C. Bentinck, C. A. Downing, P. A. Adams, C. Don MacNeill, T. F. Leigh,

F. X. Williams, W. W. Sampson, J. N. Simons, W. H. Wade, E. R. Kessel,

Berta B. Kessel, L. R. Gillogly, H. B. Leech, G. A. Marsh, J. W. Green,

V. M. Stern, K. F. Innes, Jr., R. W. L. Potts, G. F. Carter, J. W, MacSwain,

Norman Lewis, R. L. Usinger and E. G. Linsley. The following visitors at-

tended: Helen L. Day, W. W. Allen, Mrs. W. W. Allen, Mrs. D. E. Bryan,

Anne Minaker, Kenneth Beck, C. E. Bodwell, Mrs. R. L. Doutt, Mrs. J. E.

Gillaspy, Heidi Aarons, Janice Downing, Allan D. Telford, H. R. MacCarty,

Tom Lauret, Elsie Sampson, Barbara Stern, Mrs. Lorin Gillogly, Peter D.

Ashlock, and Robert G. Krueger.

The minutes of the meeting held December 9, 1950, were read and

approved.

The following were elected to membership in the Society: John Figg-

Hoblyn, Benjamin Keh, Thomas H. Lauret, Norman A. Lewis, Edythe B.

Braff, and William E. McMillan.

The proposed amendments to the By-Laws of the Society, which were

mimeographed and circulated at an earlier meeting, were placed into effect

by a unanimous vote of the membership present. The previous wording and

ihe amended wording are given below:

AMENDMENTS TO THE BY-LAWS OF THE

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Previous wording

Article II, Section 3 : The members

of the Executive Board shall consist

of the chairman of standing commit-

tees, the officers of the Society, and

the editor of the Pan-Pacific Ento-

mologist ....

Article III, Section 2: At the regu-

lar fall meeting in the early part of

September, a nominating committee

of three members shall be appointed

Amended wording

The members of the Executive

Board shall consist of the chairmen

of standing committees, the officers of

the Society, and the editor (or one of

the editors) of the Pan-Pacific En-

tomologist ....

At the last regular meeting prior to

the annual meeting, a nominating

committee of three members shall be

appointed ....

JANUARY, 1952] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SFCIETY

Article V, Section 1 : The Publica-

tion Committee, Program Committee,

Historical Committee, and Member-

ship Committee shall be known as

standing committees, members to be

appointed by the president when va-

cancies occur. Chairman shall be

elected by the members of each com-

mittee from its own membership.

Article V, Section 2, paragraph 2:

The Publication Committee shall ap-

point an editorial board for the Pan-

Pacific Entomologist consisting of an

editor, assistant editor, two members

of the Publication Committee to act

in an advisory capacity to the editor,

and such additional members as are

deemed necessary.

Article VI, Section 8 ; All members,

except for student members or as

herein otherwise provided shall re-

ceive the publications of the Society

with no additional charge.

Article VII, Section 1 : At least

four regular meetings shall be held

each year, preferably on the first Sat-

urday of September, December and

March with an annual Field Day

during April or May.

The Publication Committee, Pro-

gram Committee, Historical Commit-

tee, and Membership Committee shall

be known as standing committees.

Unless otherwise specified in the By-

Laws the membership of these com-

mittees shall be reviewed by the presi-

dent every five years, at which time

he is authorized to recommend to the

Executive Board such changes as may

be deemed necessary. Committee va-

cancies occurring in the intervening

period may be filled by presidential

appointment, subject to confirmation

by the Executive Board at its next

regular meeting.

The Publication Committee shall

appoint an editorial board for the

Pan-Pacific Entomologist consisting

of an editor ( or editors) and such-

associate and assistant editors and

advisory members as may be deemed

necessary.

All members, except for student

members or as herein otherwise pro-

vided shall receive the regular pub-

lications of the Society with no addi-

tional charge.

Delete: “on the first Saturday of”

Add: “with two in the fall and two

in the spring.”

Dr. Hurd reported that beginning with the January, 1951, issue, the

Pan-Pacific Entomologist would be printed on super-coated paper which

would permit the reproduction of halftone illustrations. The changed format

of the front cover was also mentioned.

President Usinger appointed a committee composed of Dr. Pritchard,

Di. Laura Henry and Dr. Edwards to arrange for the annual field meeting

of the Society.

The President then called for notes and exhibits. Mr. Adams displayed

specimens of Balmes terissinus Navas, collected in Yunnan Province, China.

This species belongs to the very rare neuropteroid family Psycopsidae which

is known from Australia, Asia and East Africa.

Dr. Doutt discussed an interesting parasite of the citrus mealy bug which

Harold Compere had sent from Kenya Colony in Africa in 1947. This species,

Tropidophryne melvillei, is normally thelyotokous, producing mainly females

generation after generation and only occasionally bearing males. Many of the

males become intersexes, starting genetically as males and gradually changing

toward females. This parasite also exhibits the rare phenomenon of autonar-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

cosis. If a large number of them are placed together in a vial they give off a

volatile substance which anesthetizes them. Later they recover and thereafter

they never again produce the substance.

Mr. Gillaspy reported that positive phototropism is a response of the

immature stages of insects as well as of the adults. Both at Clear Lake, Lake

County, and at ponds in eastern Santa Clara County, immatures, along with

numerous adults, were attracted to Coleman lanterns placed in shallow water

or over the surface of the water. Specimens were collected by means of a

strainer as they swam close to the light. Immature forms of Ephemerida,

Odonata, Chironomidae, Coleoptera, and various Hemiptera were collected

in this manner. This may offer a convenient and previously unexploited

means of obtaining material.

Dr. Ray F. Smith, of the University of California, was introduced as the

main speaker of the meeting. His talk, entitled “Entomological Observations

in Mexico,” was illustrated with many colored pictures. A summary of his

lemarks is given below.

Dr. Smith reviewed his recent trip to Mexico to study the ecology of

Diabrotica and related genera. He travelled over 17,000 miles in Mexico in

the company of his family. Diabrotica are far more abundant and the species

far more widespread in northern Mexico than previous records indicate. The

thousands of beetles collected by this expedition enlarge the range of nearly

every species known north of Mexico City. The Cucurbitaceae have long been

considered as the primary hosts of Diabrotica. It is now apparent that there

are several distinct food preferences in the group. A few are apparently

restricted to cucurbits, but the major portion of the genus is associated with

perennial grasses and a few others are confined to mints.

Following a discussion of Dr. Smith’s talk, the meeting was adjourned. —

D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Sixteenth Meeting

The two hundred and sixteenth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomologi-

cal Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on March 17, 1951, in the entomological

laboratories of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President

Usinger conducted the meeting. The following members were present: Gordon

G. Marsh, F. X. Williams, J. W. Green, S. G .Watkins, P. H. Arnaud, Lynne

Scott, E. O. Essig, W. C. Bentinck, Alexander Hubert, Otto W. Graf, Jr.,

E. G. Linsley, R. F. Smith, C. Don MacNeill, L. R. Gillogly, P. D. Hurd, Jr.,

T. W. Cook, W. C. Day, E. C. Van Dyke, R. L. Usinger, J. W. MacSwain,

H. B. Leech, and J. Gordon Edwards. Visitors were present as follows:

J. Robert McClintic, H. H. Meyer, J. W. Chapman, Marie Essig, Lucy Castro,

Grace MacNeill, and Mary Cook.

The membership committee proposed and the Society elected Elwood S.

McClusky as a new member.

Dr. Edwards reported that Alum Rock Park had been selected as the

site for the annual field meeting of the Society which will be held April

22, 1951.

JANUARY, 1952] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

In response to the President’s request for notes and exhibits, Dr. Van

Dyke displayed a box of Coleoptera from the Michelbacher-Ross expedition

to South America.

Dr. Edwards exhibited a long series of Scolytus multistriatus collected

at San Jose. This species is known to carry the fungus causing the destructive

Dutch Elm disease. Dr. Chapman stated that he had first reported the col-

lection of this species in North America in Psyche in 1910.

The president then introduced as the main speaker of the day Dr. James

W. Chapman, Chairman of Science Faculty, Emeritus, Silliman University,

Duamguete, Oriental Negros, Philippine Islands, who presented three films

dealing with Philippine insects. The films had been taken by Mrs. Bierne

Brues, on Negros Island.

Dr. Chapman stated that he had made a study of the army ants of the

genus Aenichtus which have numerous beetles, flies, cockroaches and Collem-

bola associated with them in nature. However, it had been impossible to

photograph them in their native jungle habitat.

Pictures were shown of several genera of Philippine ants illustrating

Iheir activities and their nesting habits. Nests were shown in twigs, among

leaves, in stumps, etc. Of great interest were the pictures showing the manner

in which adults of the leaf-nesting species use their larvae to tie leaves

together by means of the larval silk.

The second film depicted mound-building termites whose mounds were

built of excreta. These termites prepare a compost from undigested wood

which is worked into a comb-like structure in which the fungus mushroom

gardens are maintained. The termites keep the fungus cut back. When the

same fungus grows outside of the colony it matures into edible mushrooms

about 2 inches in diameter.

A third film presented pictures of a variety of miscellaneous insects such

as bees, wasps, Lepidoptera, and spiders, millipedes, and scorpions.

After some discussion following the films the meeting was adjourned. —

J. W. MacSwain, Secretary pro tern.

Two Hundred and Seventeenth Meeting

Alum Rock Park, April 22, 1951

The two hundred and seventeenth meeting of the Pacific Coast En-

tomological Society was held as the annual field meeting at Alum Rock Park,

Santa Clara County, California, April 22, 1951.

The recorded attendance of 31 persons included 12 members and 19

visitors. Members were present as follows: Otto W. Graf, Jr., J. Gordon

Edwards, J. W. Tilden, A. E. Pritchard, R. L. Usinger, P. H. Arnaud, W. W.

Middlekauff, D. P. Furman, J. W. Green, E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, and

P. D. Hurd, Jr. The following visitors were present: Anne Minaker, Hazel

Tilden, Alice Edwards, Martha Usinger, Juanita Linsley, Jane MacSwain,

Sherill Hurd, Phyllis Middlekauff, Marian Sylvester, E. S. Sylvester, E. C.

Broadwell, Donald Dye, Marquerite E. Arnaud, Kay Furman, Joan Linsley,

Alyce Vilberme, Ruth Green, Mrs. J. W. Green, and Robert Hendrickson.

The weather was very good and the field day was enjoyed by all members

and visitors in attendance. — J. W. MacSwain, Secretary pro tern.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

Two Hundred and Eighteenth Meeting

The two hundred and eighteenth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomologi-

cal Society was held at 7 :30 p.m. on May 18, 1951 in the entomological labora-

tories of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, President Usinger

in the chair. The following members were present: Edgar A. Smith, J. G.

Edwards, E. 0. Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, C. P. Hoyt, J. P. Harville, W. C.

Bentinck, E. L. Kessel, K. F. Innes, Jr., J. H. Freitag, E. C. Van Dyke, W. W.

Middlekauff, H. B. Leech, J. W. Green, L. R. Gillogly, P. A. Harvey, E. G.

Linsley, R. L. Potts, D. D. Jensen, G. A. Marsh, and R. L. Usinger. Visitors

were present as follows: Donald J. Burdick, A. L. Johnston, Alice Edwards,

H. H. Meyer, Mrs. L. R. Gillogly, James M. Linsley, Juanita M. Linsley and

J oan Linsley.

The minutes of the meetings held February 16, March 17 and the field

meeting held April 22 were read and approved.

The following were elected to membership in the Society: Joe Diaz, W.

Lutz, Richard B. Selander, George F. Edmunds, and John Heifer.

Dr. Edwards exhibited the 14 drawings submitted in the contest spon-

sored by the Society for an appropriate seal for the Society. After the entries

had been examined by the members present a vote by secret ballot was taken

and the drawing submitted by Mrs. L. R. Gillogly, of Sacramento, received

the majority of votes and was declared the winner. A complete set of the

Pan-Pacific Entomologist was awarded to Mrs. Gillogly as the prize.

President Usinger reported that the historical account of the Society

during its first fifty years had been completed and was ready for publication.

President Usinger reported that the date for the semi-centennial meeting

of the Society had been tentatively scheduled for Saturday, September 29,

1951 at 2:00 p.m. A formal meeting will be held in the new auditorium of

the Academy. This will be followed by “open house” in the entomological

laboratories where historical material of the Society will be exhibited and

refreshments will be served.

The President appointed the historical committee to arrange for the

exhibits. A special committee was appointed to handle arrangements and

refreshments at the Academy consisting of the following: Dr. and Mrs. E. L.

Kessel, co-chairmen; Mr. Gustafson, Mr. Leech, Dr. Ross, Dr. Harvey and

Mr. Green.

President Usinger reported that a gavel, made out of well-seasoned

California Laurel, Umbellularia calif ornica, had been made by Mr. John

Simons and would be presented at the September meeting.

President Usinger reported that the Society’s first memoire, “The Sucking

luce” has been edited and is being varityped for publication.

The question was raised as to whether the memoires should be pi'ovided

free on the Society’s exchange list and after some discussion it was decided

they should not be free. It was also decided that a booksellers’ discount of

15% would be given to commercial book dealers.

A motion was made by Mr. Potts and passed by the members present that

Dr. Norman Frazier and Mr. Elwood C. Zimmerman be authorized to sei've as

JANUARY, 1952] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

official representatives of the Society at the IXth International Congress of

Entomology to be held at Amsterdam, Holland, August 17-24, 1951.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Edwards

displayed specimens of Priacna serrata, of the family cupesidae which were

attracted in great numbers to soap (“Super Suds”) used in a wash in Glacier

National Park during the summer of 1950. The beetles appeared to be mating,

but all were males. Apparently the soap attracts and stimulates the males in

a manner similar to that caused by females.

Mr. Potts reported that a pest control operator had brought in Melyridae

beetles, Listrus motschulskii (LeConte), which were attacking newly develop-

ing strawberries in the vicinity of Palo Alto. The species is not native to the

United States. Dr. Van Dyke stated that most beetles in this family feed on

pollen.

Dr. Kessel exhibited specimens of balloon flies which represent the third

species of Empis found in Marin County. They were taken at Novata, April

11, 1951, and included several mating pairs.

The president then introduced as the main speaker of the meeting, Mr.

R. W. L. Potts, of the California Department of Agriculture, who presented

an illustrated lecture on “Collecting on Truk and Ponape.” A summary of

Mr. Potts’ remarks is given below.

A general collecting expedition, lasting four months, was made to the

Truk area and Ponape in the Eastern Caroline Islands, under the auspices of

the Insect Control Committee of the Pacific Science Board, National Research

Council, with financial assistance from the Office of Naval Research. The

purpose was to collect as representative a lot of insects as possible in the

Truk area to help further the understanding of insect distribution in the

oceanic islands of the Pacific.

Truk consists of fifteen volcanic islands and over two hundred coral

islets in and around a lagoon some thirty-five miles across. The total land

area is just over thirty-seven square miles. The climate is quite moderate,

tempered by the nearly continuous light trade winds and frequent rains,

which average about five to ten inches precipitation per month, with little 01 -

no seasonal variation. The native population is considerable, with just under

10,000 people, approximately one-fifth the total population of the entire Trust

Territory of all the Carolines, Marshalls, and Marianas Islands. During the

war more than 10,000 Japanese were also stationed on these islands of Truk.

As a result, almost the entire land area is or has been in recent cultivation and

the native flora is restricted to very small mountain cliff areas. Two further

lestrictions upon a native insect fauna are placed by an introduced vine

Ipomoea which has largely taken over the mountain areas, even extending

heavily over cliff faces, and by the extremely abundant ant population of a

number of pest species.

Collections were made on Moen, Tol, Dublon, Param, Falo, Romanum

and Fono Penges among the volcanic islands and at Pis, the largest coral

islet. Short exploratory trips with some collecting were made to Nama, an

isolated coral islet about sixty-five miles from Truk, and to the large volcanic

island of Ponape. About 15,000 insects were collected, but it is expected that

the number of endemic species will be rather small.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

About 100 color slides were shown, illustrating the various islands visited.

Following a discussion of Mr. Potts’ talk the meeting was adjourned. —

D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Nineteenth Meeting

(Semicentennial Program)

The two hundred and nineteenth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomol-

ogical Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on September 29, 1951 at the California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, and commemorated the 50th anniversary

of the organization of the Society. President Usinger presided over the meet-

ing. In attendance were 61 members and 22 visitors. The following members

were present: E. S. Ross, E. C. Zimmerman, E. O. Essig, J. W. Tilden, Edgar

A. Smith, J. P. Harville, A. C. Smith, Alice Eastwood, R. C. Miller, Charles

L. Scott, Victor Stombler, William Hazeltine, R. R. Snelling, J. Stage, E. R.

Leach, N. A. Lewis, Ruth C. Whitney, Frieda Abernathy, C. P. Hoyt, P. H.

Arnaud, N. D. Waters, K. F. Innes, Jr., Paul A. Harvey, T. W. Cook, C. D.

MacNeill, W. H. Lange, J. W. MacSwain, E. C. Van Dyke, L. R. Gillogly,

R. P. Allen, A. E. Pritchard, W. D. Murray, J. F. Gustafson, H. M. Armitage,

J. E. Gillaspy, W. V. Garner, W. C. Bentinck, Harry L. Hansen, Larry W.

Quate, R. F. Smith, R. L. Doutt, E. E. Gilbert, K. S. Hagen, H. B. Leech,

W. C. Day, S. G. Watkins, C. A. Downing, G. A. Marsh, Benjamin Keh, E. G.

Linsley, W. W. Sampson, D. P. Furman, J. H. Freitag, J. R. Heifer, Robert

Potts, W. Lutz, R. L. Usinger, J. D. Lattin, C. D. Duncan, J. G. Edwards, and

D. D. Jensen. The following visitors were present: Mrs. K. Innes, Jr., Mrs.

C. D. MacNeill, R. F. Johnston, Pauline S. Lange, Mrs. L. R. Gillogly, Alan

Gillogly, James Gillogly, Keith H. Kellzom, Walter Thomson, Frances Leech,

Herbert Meyer, E. Bodwell, Janice Downing, W. P. Horen, S. J. Rutherford,

Barbara Prendergast, James Linsley, Joan Linsley, Juanita Linsley, Mrs.

E. C. Zimmerman, Geraldine R. Potts, and Michael Potts.

Before the meeting was called to order in the Morrison Auditorium, a

picture was taken of the attending members and visitors on the front steps of

the Leslie Simson African Hall.

The following were elected to membership in the Society: Harry L.

Hansen, William V. Garner, David Cox, Edward E. Gilbert, John D. Lattin,

Dr. Donald De Leon, Jerome G. Rozen, L. J. Stage, Harold E. Stark, Walter

Thomsen, and William Wall.

President Usinger appointed Mr. Leech, Mr. Green and Dr. Ross to serve

as a committee to audit the Society’s financial records and report at the

annual meeting in December.

Mr. Day, Dr. Furman and Dr. Tilden were appointed as a committee to

nominate a slate of proposed officers for the year 1952 at the December

meeting.

President Usinger reported that the first volume of the Society’s new

‘‘Memoirs Series,” “The Sucking Lice” by Professor Ferris, was off the press

and would be bound and ready for distribution within a short time.

President Usinger reported that Dr. E. C. Van Dyke was the only one

of the charter members of the Society who was present at the semi-centennial

anniversary program. The only other living charter member is James E. Cottle

JANUARY, 1952] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

cf Hayward, California. He also called attention to the presence of Miss Alice

Eastwood who joined the Society in 1902, one year after its founding. Dr.

Francis X. Williams, who joined the Society in 1904, is still an active member

but was not present.

President Usinger then called on Dr. Van Dyke, Honorary President of

the Society, to conduct the meeting.

Dr. Van Dyke expressed his pleasure at being present for the occasion

and called on Mr. Elwood C. Zimmerman, Entomologist of the Hawaiian

Sugar Planters’ Association Experiment Station, who presented an address on

‘The Origin, Development and Decay of Oceanic Islands.” Mr. Zimmerman’s

interesting talk, which was illustrated with an excellent motion picture in

color of the spectacular volcanic eruptions in Hawaii, is summarized below.

The development of any biota is fundamentally linked with the geological

history of the land. The mode of origin, development and decay of oceanic

islands with the accompanying development and decline of their biotas, pre-

sents us with many remarkable histories of ecology and organic evolution

in a condensed and fascinating manner. The Hawaiian archipelago is com-

posed of typical oceanic islands. It consists of a great line of volcanic peaks

extending across the mid-Pacific for a distance as great as that from Canada

:o Cuba. They have risen as masses of boiling rock from the interior of the

earth and have burst sterile through the barren sea. They have never been

connected to any other land. They have grown by volcanic outpourings to

heights of as much as 14,000 feet above sea level and rising from ocean

depths as great as 18,000 feet below sea level. The great processes of erosion

have, and are, degrading the mountain masses at a surprisingly rapid rate

since the volcanic fires have ceased upbuilding, and the islands are in pro-

gressive stages of being worn away and returned to the sea. Some of the old

leeward islands have been completely eroded to below sea level and their tops

are now capped by coralline materials and are called atolls. (This cycle of

birth, development and decay was illustrated with slides and a colored cinema

of recent volcanic activity of Mauna Loa, Hawaii.)

The terrestrial plants and animals of these oceanic islands are the des-

cendants of ancestors which were transported across the open sea. The agen-

cies of transport include the ocean currents, winds, and aid from other

organisms, including man. The overseas barriers have exerted a selective

influence upon the types of plants and animals which have succeeded in

crossing the ocean and becoming established. Thus, in Hawaii there are no

endemic species of land reptiles, amphibians, mammals, cockroaches, mantids,

earwigs, stoneflies, mayflies, caddice flies, scarabs, leafbeetles and many other

groups which are present on all of the continents. There is an unusual evolu-

tionary development of some of the groups of organisms which have succeeded

in becoming established, however. For example, the greatest concentration

of the Nysius bug complex occurs in Hawaii. There are more than 100

species of Odynerus wasps there, and it is possible that there are more than

200 kinds of Drosophila in this area which is less than that of Massachusetts.

At the conclusion of Mr. Zimmerman’s talk the meeting was adjourned

to the Entomological Laboratories of Leslie Simson African Hall where an

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

open house was held and refreshments served. On exhibit were many of the

•Society’s books, records, pictures and other material of historical interest. —

D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Twentieth Meeting

The two hundred and twentieth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held at 7:30 p.m. on November 9, 1951 in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President

Usinger in the chair. The following members were present: E. S. Ross, W.

Plarry Lange, A. E. Michelbacher, W. C. Day, D. D. Jensen, E. 0. Essig,

Theodore Aarons, F„ E. Skinner, J. W. Green, Gordon Marsh, C. A. Downing,

D. P. Linsdale, S. G. Watkins, N. W. Frazier, Herbert H. Meyer, K. F. Innes,

Jr., H. L. Hansen, W. C. Bentinck, W. V. Garner, E. E. Gilbert, E. R. Leach,

J. P. Figg-Hoblyn, P. H. Arnaud, Victor Stombler, Norman Lewis, Wm.

Hazeltine, J. G. Rozen, C. D. MacNeill, M. Marquis, L. R. Gillogly, H. B.

Leech, E. L. Kessel, T. R. Haig, Jr., Lee A. Wood, Jr., J. G. Edwards, K. S.

Hagen, and R. L. Usinger. Visitors were present as follows: A. Johnston,

P. S. Johnston, H. L. Day, Ruth Ogren, James Balch, R. Morgan, C. E.

Bodwell, Peggy Figg-Hoblyn, George Lindsay, Maxine Hagen, Mrs. L. R.

Gillogly, and J. Galen.

The minutes of the semicentennial meeting held September 29, 1951,

were read and approved.

The following were elected to membership in the Society: Thomas R.

Haig, Jr., Charles P. Alexander, Herbert H. Meyer, and Lee A. Wood, Jr.

President Usinger announced that at the Annual Meeting, to be held in

December, reports were to he given by all committees as well as an annual

report of the Treasurer. The auditing committee and the nominating com-

mittee, appointed at the September meeting, were reminded that they were

to report at the December meeting.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Professor Essig

circulated a new book by F. S. Bodenheimer, entitled “Insects as Human

Food.”

Dr. Edwards reported that the drawing selected as the winner in the

contest for an official seal had been recovered after being lost in the mails

for several weeks.

Mr. Leech reported the death, at the age of 80 years, of J. 0. Martin,

Secretary during the years 1928-1935.

The President then called on Dr. A. E. Michelbacher, of the University

of California, and Dr. E. S. Ross, of the California Academy of Sciences,

for reports on their joint collecting expedition in western South America.

Both talks were illustrated with excellent kodachrome pictures. Dr. Michel-

bacher spoke first on “Entomological Impressions of Southwestern South

America.” A summary of his remarks follows:

Many of the entomological problems in southwestern South America are

similar to those in California. In many cases the same species of insects, or

closely related ones, are involved. The insect problems in Chile appeared to

be more like those found in California than those occurring in Peru. The

JANUARY, 1952] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

absence of killing frosts over much of the agricultural area in Peru results

in ecological conditions far different than those encountered in our state. This

climatic difference makes it rather difficult to compare the entomological

problems of the two areas, in spite of the fact that many species occurring

in both regions are the same or closely related.

Chile might well be called the land of the weevils. They were encoun-

tered everywhere and as destructive pests they are only outranked by the

sucking insects. In Chile many ecological zones similar to those found in

California were encountered. The dominant flora in many localities was the

same as introduced into California, and often it was necessary to search for

native plants and insects for proof that we were in a foreign land.

In Argentina we were impressed by the large swarms of grasshoppers.

In one locality the sky as far as the eye could see was full of them flying

westward towards the setting sun. Some of the desert region of western

Argentina was like certain California deserts, and any comparative insect

faunal study between California and South America must include the eastern

as well as the western slopes of the Andes.

Our trip through the Alta Plana of Bolivia and Peru will probably be

best remembered for cold nights and insect collecting pretty well limited to

those that could be found under rocks.

Dr. Ross discussed ‘Impressions on the Biogeography of Western South

America.”

Southward from the Guayaquil gulf of Ecuador the climate and biota of

the Pacific slope of the Andes is strongly influenced by the cold Humboldt

Current and the blocking of the rain-bearing southeasterly trade winds by

the high Andean range. Thus, the entire Pacific Coast of Peru is desert except

for irrigated valleys. The desert conditions continue southward as far as north

central Chile where a gradual increase in winter rain fall is encountered as

one moves southward. This condition increases until many ecological con-

ditions become parallel to those of the Pacific Coast of North America but

prevailing in a reverse direction.

In the California-like zone of Central Chile there is a mixture of xero-

phytic plant life, cacti, Prosopsis, etc., which, as in California is derived from

the Neotropical region, and a southern temperate flora having more affinities

with that of New Zealand and Australia than to that of the remainder of

South America. Southward this temperate flora dominates the scene and,

together with the highly endemic animal life, constitutes, in spite of its small

geographic area, one of the major biotic zones of the world. It is thus a

mistake to classify all of South America as Neotropical for the Patogonian

area is just as distinct from it as the Nearctic is in North America.

Dr. Ross remarked that Argentina should be of greater interest to North

American students because of its ecological conditions paralleling those of

northeastern Mexico and the gulf coast of Texas. The desert in the state of

Mendoza was found io be highly reminiscent of our own Colorado desert.

The large collection of insects now available at the California Academy of

Sciences should, as it is studied by specialists, throw much light on relation-

ships between the faunas of North and South America.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXVIII, NO. 1

At the conclusion of the talks the meeting was adjourned. — D. D. Jensen,

Secretary.

Two Hundred and Twenty-first Meeting

The two hundred and twenty-first meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held at 7:30 p.m. on December 7, 1951, in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President

Usinger conducted the meeting. The following members were present: A. E.

Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff, H. H. Meyer, E. L. Kessel, E. C. Van

Dyke, G. F. Ferris, E. S. Ross, E. E. Skinner, P. H. Arnaud, A. E. Pritchard,

Walter Thomsen, L. A. Wood, M. D. Murray, J. G. Rozen, Jr., H. B. Leech,

W. C. Day, E. 0. Essig, and R. L. Usinger.

Dr. D. G. Denning, Robert Morgan and James Balch were elected to

membership in the Society.

Dr. Ross was appointed secretary pro tern. Dr. Miller read the Treasurer’s

report, which was approved by vote of the members present.

Dr. Ross, chairman of the auditing committee, reported that the Society’s

financial records had been examined and found to be in good order.

Dr. Usinger announced that the Society’s new seal was ready and invited

discussion regarding its use in the Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Dr. Pritchard

moved that the editorial board be empowered to decide on the position of

the seal in the Society’s publication. The motion carried.

Discussion was opened regarding a new contract for printing the Pan-

Pacific Entomologist. Mr. Leech reported that a bid had been received from

a San Francisco firm for $10.00 per page. Dr. Kessel suggested changing

printers but not the typesetter. No formal action was taken.

The President then called for notes and exhibits. Professor Ferris dis-

played some of the plates for volume 6 of his scale atlas.

Mr. Hoyt exhibited his drawing of a Chilean neuropteroid (Neuroptera)

having dipterous head characters.

Mr. Day, chairman of the nominating committee, proposed and the

Society elected the following officers for 1952: E. 0. Essig, President; J. W.

MacSwain, Vice-President; D. D. Jensen, Secretary; R. C. Miller, Ti'easurer.

The chairmanship of the meeting was then turned over to President-elect

Essig, who called on Dr. Usinger to give his retiring presidential address

entitled “The Role of Type Specimens in Taxonomy and Nomenclature.”

The position was taken that type specimens can only be specimens upon

which descriptions or figures are based. With this as a premise it was con-

cluded (1) that it is the specimen upon which the figure is based that is the

type, not just the figure; (2) that a type locality must be the place from

which an actual specimen was collected and cannot be restricted to a place

inconsistent with existing evidence as to the place of collection; and (3) that

neotypes should be recognized officially, but only if designated in connection

with a description in words, thus conforming to the revised version of

Article 25 of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature.

Following a lively discussion of Dr. Usinger’s address the meeting was

adjourned. — E. S. Ross, Secretary pro tem.

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXVIII April, 1952 No. 2

JAMES OTIS MARTIN

James Otis Martin, a member of the Pacific Coast Entomol-

ogical Society since 1919 and its Secretary from 1928-35, passed

away on October 15, 1951 at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Fred-

erick J. Adams, in Austin, Texas. He was 81 years old and had

been a resident of Austin for eight years since the death of his

wife, Emily Ferry Martin, in Berkeley in 1943. Survivors include

his daughter and a grandson, Robert Martin Adams of San An-

tonio, Texas. Funeral services were held in Austin and his ashes

were buried beside those of his wife in Sunset View Cemetery,

Berkeley, California.

J. 0. Martin was born in Chicopee, Massachusetts, May 18,

1870, the son of William Henry and Silence Hoskins Martin. He

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIII, NO. 2

attended Chicopee High School and Mt. Herman School at Gill,

Massachusetts. After spending three years as an apprentice in the

Navy, he enrolled at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn where he studied

mechanical drawing and machine design. He later attended Cornell

University earning the B.S. and the M.S. degrees. At Cornell Mr.

Martin was an assistant to Professor Ralph S. Tarr and made many

of the photographs which were to serve as illustrations in the

famous Tarr and McMurray geographies. His thesis problems in

entomology involved the biologies of Hydrometra martini Kirkaldy

and of Silpha and Necrophorus.

Martin’s interest in insects was first aroused at the age of 12,

when he was walking in a cemetery one Sunday afternoon and saw

a man and boy turning over grave stones. Upon investigation he

found that they were collecting bombardier beetles. The boy was

Frederick Knab and the man, Knab’s father. James Martin and

Frederick Knab subsequently became good friends and made many

collecting trips together. His intense interest in collecting beetles

started at that time and was maintained throughout his life.

In the summer of 1896, Martin went to Greenland on an expe-

dition sponsored by Cornell University and Massachusetts Institute

of Technology. He had the interesting experience of travelling with

Peary who was returning to Greenland for a 40 ton meteorite

which he had been unable to bring out the previous year. The

expedition was headed by Professor Ralph S. Tarr and, although

the principal object was a geological study of Greenland, Martin

had the assignment of collecting natural history materials, especi-

ally plants, insects and anthropological objects. He also acted as

expedition photographer, operating with the greatest difficulty as

he had to use a drygoods box as a dark room.

In 1913, Martin came to Pasadena, California. There he met

H. C. Fall, who interested him in the myrmecophilous histerids of

the genus Hetaerius and told him where to find them in the Arroyo

Seco where the Rose Bowl is now located. Subsequently Martin

published two valuable systematic papers on this genus and never

missed an opportunity to collect additional specimens.

In 1918, he moved to Berkeley and availed himself of the oppor-

tunity of taking additional graduate work at the University of

California. Under the direction of Professor E. C. Van Dyke while

April, 1952]

MARTIN — -OBITUARY

attending the University, he made an important but unpublished

study of the insect inhabitants of wood-rat (Neotoma) nests. Sub

sequently he lived in Berkeley until 1943.

Martin collected extensively in New England, Alabama, and

southwestern United States. He was especially fond of the deserts

of southern California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. He spent

half a dozen summers collecting in these areas, one with E. P. Van

Duzee, two with E. G. Linsley, the remainder alone 1 . The material

collected on these trips was presented to the California Academy of

Sciences and forms an important part of the collections from this

region. He was a good companion in the field, a fine camper, good

hiker, excellent cook and able to “take it” without complaining

under difficult and trying conditions.

Throughout most of his life, entomology was an avocation with

Martin. However, in 1924, he joined the staff of the Department

of Entomology at the California Academy of Sciences as a prepa-

rator. He served in this capacity until 1932, when he retired from

active entomological work. In later years he devoted much of his

time to other hobbies, particularly stamp collecting, fishing, and

the building of out-board motor boats.

Martin once recalled that Professor John Henry Comstock had

a profound influence in shaping his life and interests as did H. C.

Fall. He made a number of camping-collecting trips with Fall, who

helped him with his identifications in the early days of his work

in the West.

Martin’s early collection of 12,000 specimens of meticulously

prepared beetles, mostly from western North America, was pre-

sented to the California Academy of Sciences in 1928. It was espe-

cially rich in the less conspicuous and lesser known groups of

Coleoptera.

Mr. Martin was especially fond of beginners who were in their

first enthusiasm for entomology. He helped many by giving them

equipment, insect boxes, and actually taking them on collecting

trips. This was especially true of the writer who in high school

and early college days made several field trips with him throughout

J For notes concerning field activities of J. O. Martin, see Pan-Pae Ent. 2 ;47 ;

3:46,152; 4:48; 5:48, 192 ; and 18:46.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, much of the time

wholly or partly at Martin’s expense. Later, Martin presented him

with a case of 50 Schmitt boxes, a label printing press, certain

entomological books, a complete set of H. C. Fall’s papers on the

Coleoptera, and many other helpful entomological materials which

he could not then afford to buy. Scattered throughout the country

are biologists who could make similar statements concerning the

generosity and encouragement offered by Mr. Martin.

The list of J. 0. Martin’s entomological writings is not long

but it reflects to some extent the diversity of his taxonomic inter-

ests. However, he will long be remembered for the valuable

collections which he made in the course of a long life and the

encouragement and help which he gave to younger students of

entomology. — E. G. Linsley.

Entomological Writings of J. 0. Martin

1900. A study of Hydrometra lineata. Can. Ent., 32:70-76, pi. 3, figs. 7-8.

1917. In quest of Dinapate wrightii. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 12:107-110,

pi. 1.

1919. Notes on the occurrence of Schizax senex in California (Col., Ceram-

bycidae). Ent. News, 30:231-232.

1920a. Notes on the genus Hetaerius and descriptions of three new species

(Coleop.) Ent. News, 31:222-225, 245-248.

1920b. A new California Methia. Can. Ent., 52:215-216.

1922. Studies in the genus Hetaerius (Col. Histeridae). Ent. News,

33:272-277, 289-293.

1924a. Studies in the genus Mecas (Coleop.). Ent. News, 35:244-245.

1924b. Note on Hydnobius matthewsii Crotch (Col. :Silphidae) . Ent. News,

35:255.

1927. A new Helmis (Coleoptera-Helmidae) from the Northwest. Pan-Pac.

Ent. 4:68.

1928. A new Triarius from Arizona. Pan-Pac. Ent., 5:34.

1929, A new California Malachius (Coleoptera). Pan-Pac. Ent., 5:174.

1930a. Notes on the genus Diodyrhynchus Sch. with a description of a new

species (Coleoptera). Pan-Pac. Ent., 6:129-130.

1930b. Two new coleopterous insects from Arizona. Pan-Pac. Ent., 7:70-72.

1931. A new Telegeusis from Arizona (Coleoptera). Pan-Pac. Ent., 8:91-92.

1932a. Amblycheila in California. Pan-Pac. Ent., 8:111.

1932b. A new California Epicauta (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Pan-Pac. Ent.,

8:169-170.

1932c. Amblycheila schwarzi. Pan-Pac. Ent., 8:190.

1933. Notes on some longicorns from subtropical Texas (Coleop. :Ceram-

bycidae). Ent. News, 44:178-183. (with E. G. Linsley).

April, 1952]

DE LEON SEQUOIA INSECTS

INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SEQUOIA SEMPERYIRENS

AND SEQUOIA GIGANTEA IN CALIFORNIA 1

Donald DeLeon

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine,

Agricultural Research Administration,

U. S. Department of Agriculture

Introduction

Many people believe that the coast redwood Sequoia semper-

virens (Lamb.) Endl. and the giant sequoia Sequoia gigantea

(Lindl.) Decne are either remarkably resistant to insect feeding or

are not fed upon at all. Such, however, does not seem to be the case.

A good many insects breed in or on both species of Sequoia. There

are insects that feed on the foliage, in the thick bark, in the phloem,

and in the solid wood. It is true that, when compared with some of

the other conifers, the number of species of insects attacking the

sequoias is rather small. Just why this is so is not known. It may be

that, since the sequoia is a tree left over from past geological ages,

most of the insects for which it was originally a host have died out.

It is more probable that, like the California nutmeg Taxus brevijolia

Nuttall, the western yew Tumion calif ornicum (Torrey) Green, and

other species of plants, not many insects that feed on sequoias have

developed.

Some people believe that the sequoias’ supposed repellent or

resistant properties are due to chemicals in the wood. Sherrard and

Kurth (1933) have shown that there are extractives in the heart-

wood which prevent growth of certain fungi, but, so far as the

writer is aware, no worker has shown that there is a chemical in

the living portions of the tree — i.e., the sapwood, cambium, or

leaves — which is repellent to insects.

The statement is often made that the sequoias’ thick bark pro-

J The names preceded by an asterisk (*) are new host records. Original notes

for several species, kindly furnished by E. G. Linsley, E C. Van Dyke, and

Emanuel Fritz, of the University of California, and H. L. McKenzie, of the

California State Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, are acknowl-

edged under the insects concerned. The biological notes for the other species

are from the files of the F'orest Insect Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Entomology

and Plant Quarantine, Berkeley, California, and from the writer’s notes, made

when he was earlier employed by the National Park Service. Other assign-

ments have prevented the completion of this paper, which was interrupted by

the writer’s entrance into the Army in 1942. Although the literature has not

been searched since that date and the references consulted before that date have

not been tied into the text, it seems advisable to make this information avail-

able to other workers as it is. F. P. Keen, in charge of the Forest Insect

Laboratory at Berkeley, attended to the final details of this paper.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

tects them from insect attacks, but some insects easily bore through

the bark, and one species apparently is able to develop in the bark

alone. Moreover, the bark on the upper portion of the bole and on

the branches is thin, seldom being over 1/3 inch thick, and the bark

on the lower portions of the bole is so deeply grooved on large

trees that in many places the distance from the surface to living

tissue is less than 1 inch. As soon as a tree is cut or a limb is broken,

it is promptly and heavily attacked through the bark by insects

which earlier made no attempt to attack it. Such evidence seems to

indicate that a living tree is not attractive to these insects.

The supposed resistance of living trees to insect attack is com-

monly given as one of the chief reasons for the great age which

sequoias attain. However, the western yew and the California nut-

meg have fewer insects attacking them, and these two species are

not known to live longer than 400 years. The real reason for the

great age of the sequoias seems to be that the development of senes-

cent cells in an individual tree is a matter of several hundred years,

rather than of decades or shorter periods, as is the case for much

plant life. Trees, like other organisms, have life spans that vary in

different kinds. Some, such as digger pine and dogwood, are short-

lived; others, such as the oaks and sequoias, are long-lived. Some

kinds are more heavily beset by insects than other kinds; but, al-

though insects may kill off more individuals of the former than of

the latter, the life span of the species is not affected.

Except for several species of scales, all the insects discussed

below are native. No other introduced insects are known to attack

either species of sequoia. No attempt has been made to list the in-

sects attacking either coast redwoods or giant sequoias that have

been introduced into other parts of the world.

COAST REDWOOD INSECTS

Bark Beetles

The redwood bark beetle Phloeosinus sequoiae Hopkins is the

most common insect attacking redwood throughout its range. The

adult is about 4 mm. long, barrel-shaped, and very dark brown to

nearly black. The wing covers of some individuals often remain a

reddish brown. The larvae are curved, legless, and whitish, with

light brown heads.

The beetles are attracted to weakened and recently felled trees

and to injured or broken branches. The attacking beetle, which is

April, 1952]

DE LEON — SEQUOIA INSECTS

always the female, bores through the bark to the wood and there

excavates a tunnel up the tree along the grain of the wood. Eggs

are laid on each side of the gallery, and the larvae hatching from

them mine out at right angles to the egg gallery. Pupation occurs

either in the wood or in the bark. There is apparently little prefer-

ence in regard to the size of the tree attacked. Trees 6 feet in diam-

eter are infested as readily as limbs less than Yz inch in diameter.

In the thick-barked portions the egg galleries are entirely in the

bark; in small branches the egg galleries are entirely in the wood.

Winter is passed in the larval, new adult, and parent adult

stages. Attacks are made through the warmer months of the year,

but the main flight period appears to occur in May. There is con-

siderable variation in the number of attacks per square foot. In one

tree 22 inches in diameter the attacks averaged 17 per square foot,

but they are usually fewer than this.

As mentioned above, the female beetle initiates the attack and

only one pair of beetles is found in each gallery. The egg galleries

average about 2% inches in length. The shortest observed was 1

inch, the longest, 6 inches. Counts made in 11 galleries showed an

average of 48 eggs per female. The maximum number observed was

171; the minimum, 36. The incubation period is not definitely

known. The larvae require at least 2 months to complete develop-

ment. There is considerable overlapping of broods, but observations

indicate that there are two generations a year.

Thanasimus repandus Horn is a common predator of this beetle.

A larva collected in October pupated by November 18 and trans-

formed to an adult between December 1 and 17 of the same year.

The adult is about 8 mm. long. The head, legs, and posterior half

of the wing covers are black; the pronotum, base of the wing covers,

and abdomen are red; a narrow band of white hairs separates the

red from the black on the wing covers, and there is a wider band of

white hairs across the wing covers near each tip. The predator

seems to be restricted to this host, where it also feeds on Dicentrus

bluethneri LeConte.

Lasconotus vegrandis Horn is fairly common in the egg galleries

of the redwood bark beetle. The larvae probably prey on the eggs

and young bark-beetle larvae. It is a slightly flattened reddish-brown

beetle about 3 mm. long. Each wing cover bears six distinct ridges

with a double row of coarse punctures between the ridges except

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

the outermost one. All the ridges are crested with silvery recumbent

hairs.

The following parasites have been reared from limbs infested

with the redwood bark beetle:

Heydenia unica Cook and Davis Doryctes sp.

Eurytoma phloeotribi Ashmead Rhopalicus sp.

Spathius sequoiae Ashmead Cecidostiba sp.

Ecphylus calijornicus Rohwer

In the Hopkins (1903) description of Phloesinus cupressi, he

mentioned having taken it from redwood. Blackman (1942) also

reported a single lot taken from redwood in Alameda County. This

beetle normally attacks only Cupressus macrocarpa.

*Cryphalus probably pubescens Hopkins is the smallest beetle

known to attack this tree, being scarcely 1 mm. long. It is very

dark brown. It is found in small injured limbs or ones that have

been recently broken off. The adults make small radiating galleries.

Specimens have been taken in Muir Woods in March and near

Rockport in October. In the literature it is recorded as breeding in

Abies.

Ips latidens (LeConte) is a brownish, cylindrical beetle with

three spines on the declivity. It is about 3 mm. long. The writer has

examined a single specimen in the collection of the State Depart-

ment of Agriculture at Sacramento, taken on May 10, 1934, from

an ornamental redwood growing at Placerville, California. This

species is most commonly found attacking digger and lodgepole

pines.

Ambrosia Beetles

* Platypus i wilsoni Swaine is a dark-brown cylindrical beetle

with a large head and pointed wing covers. It is about 5 mm. long.

Professor Fritz obtained a dead specimen at Samoa* California,

from finished lumber in which it had made extensive galleries.

Whether it had been breeding in the logs in the field or whether

this incidence was merely a case of abnormal attraction to green

logs is not known. Normally this species breeds in Abies, Pseu-

dotsuga, Tsuga, and Picea. In literature it is also recorded from

Libocedrus, Thuja, and Pinus.

Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) is a slender dark brown

cylindrical beetle about 3 mm. long, which commonly breeds in the

sapwood of freshly cut stumps and logs. It excavates extensive gal-

leries, which in cross section appear as pin holes, often with stain-

April, 1952]

DE LEON — SEQUOIA INSECTS

ing around the edges. Adults are found in flight all season long.

Attacks generally occur only when the bark is present; conse-

quently, they may be prevented by barking the tree as soon as it is

felled. This species also attacks the giant sequoia Pseudotsuga,

Abies, Chamaecyparis, Tsuga, Picea, and Pinus.

* Monarthrum scutellare (LeConte) is a shiny dark-brown cylin-

drical beetle with its hind end “cut off” at an angle and with promi-

nent teeth at the sides of the cut. It is about 4 mm. long. This beetle

commonly attacks oak, but there is one record of its boring into a

recently cut log near Garberville. Professor Fritz, who collected the

specimens, states : “Piles of white frass were very numerous on tops

of logs. First observed, April 26, 1934. Adults busy flying in num-

bers above the piles and ever so often one would enter a hole in the

log.” All other records show this species as breeding in hardwoods,

chiefly Quercus.

Trypodendron cavifrons (Mannerheim) is reported by Kleine

(1934) as having been taken from redwood, but this record is not

verifiable. It is known to attack Pinus, Picea, Alnus, and Betula.

Powder-Post Beetles

"Habrobregmus gibbicollis (LeConte) is a grayish-brown beetle

about 4 mm. long, which commonly bores in the damp sapwood of

trees that have been dead several years. The galleries of the grubs

make a network of fine holes and the wood is reduced to a powdery

condition. Larvae have been collected in October. All stages can

probably be found at any time of year. This species is also known

to feed extensively in Pseudotsuga.

* Ptilinus basalis LeConte is a cylindrical brown beetle with a

darker brown head and pronotum. It is about 4 mm. long. E. G.

Linsley has identified adults collected by Professor Fritz near Gar-

berville, California, from redwood siding. This beetle commonly

attacks the wood of California laurel ( Vmbellularia calif ornica

[Hook & Arn.] Nuttall) .

Cerambycid Beetles

*Er gates spiculatus (LeConte) is the largest beetle attacking

redwood and is often nearly 65 mm. long, but some specimens are

only 40 mm. long. It is dark brown. The lateral margins of the

pronotum bear many small spines, although some specimens almost

lack these spines. Linsley collected a larva that was boring in the

sapwood of redwood and also in Abies. Our records show that it

commonly bores in Pinus and Pseudotsuga.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Prionus californicus Motschulsky is often slightly over 60 mm.

long and is next to the largest beetle attacking redwood. It is dark

brown, with three large spines on the lateral margins of the pro-

notum. E. C. Van Dyke told the writer that it breeds in redwood

stumps, and that he obtained adults and larvae from the bases of

redwood telephone poles. Damage, to have been caused by the

larvae of this beetle, has been observed in seasoned burls from Los

Gatos. Linsley also recorded it from redwood, Abies, and Pinus.

Additional hosts given in literature for this species ara Pseudotsuga

and hardwoods, such as Quercus and Alnus.

Semanotus ligneus sequoiae Van Dyke is a beetle about 9 to 12

mm. long, with the base of the wing covers of most specimens red-

dish and the rest of the body nearly black. The tips of the wing

covers of some specimens are blackish with a large black spot at

about the middle of each wing cover. This beetle works between the

wood and the bark of recently felled or fire-scorched trees. It takes

about a year for a complete generation. New adults have been taken

early in the spring from wood cut about a year earlier. Pupation

takes place in the outer sap wood. This subspecies is known only

from redwood.

Callidium sempervirens Linsley is a shiny purplish-green beetle

about 9 to 12 mm. long. It has been reared in the Big Basin area

from limbs cut about a year and a half earlier. Linsley, who de-

scribed this species (1942) also obtained his specimens from the

Big Basin area, where he found them infesting limbs. This beetle is

only known to attack redwood.

Callidium pallidum Van Dyke is similar in shape and somewhat

larger than the above-mentioned species. The males are brown and

the females green. Specimens in the California Academy of Science

have been reared from redwood stumps in San Mateo and Santa

Cruz Counties. They were taken in December, January, and March.

The species is only known to attack redwood.

Anoplodera impura (LeConte) is about 8 mm. long and has

brown wing covers and a darker brown head and thorax. Van Dyke

says he believes he has taken it from redwood stumps. Although it

is called the redwood borer, there seems to be no authenticated rec-

ord of its feeding in this host. In literature it is recorded as feeding

normally in Libocedrus.

Anoplodera mathewsii (LeConte) has a reddish-brown head

and pronotum, and yellowish-brown wing covers, each with a large

April, 1952]

DE LEON — SEQUOIA INSECTS

black spot at the tip. It is about 15 mm. long. Larvae, pupae, and

new adults have been collected in the sapwood in May and June

from fairly well -rotted old stumps. It is also reported in literature

as feeding in Thuja.

Anoplodera crassipes (LeConte) is about 10 mm. long. The

body is blackish, but the pronotum is covered with short golden

hairs and the wing covers are brownish with three (male) or four

(female) black bars extending across them. It is recorded by Doane

et al. (1936) as feeding in redwood, Pinus, Umbellularia, and Euca-

lyptus.

Leptura obliterata Haldeman is a yellowish-brown beetle about

16 mm. long. The typical subspecies has been taken from redwood

stumps and logs. Nothing is known about its life cycle in redwood;

other known hosts for the species are Pseudotsuga and Abies, and

in literature Tsuga, Picea, and Pinus.

Atimia dorsalis LeConte is a yellowish-brown beetle with the

sides of the body lighter in color. It is about 10 mm. long. Van

Dyke reported in conversation having reared it from redwood

limbs. Linsley also has a record of it from this host and from Thuja

and Juniperus. However, according to Linsley, the redwood records

may possibly involve A. maritima Linsley. A. dorsalis likewise

feeds in Cupressus and Libocedrus.

Phymatodes decussatus (LeConte) is recorded by Hopkins

(1903) as having been reared from a small dead tree. Probably

the species was wrongly identified, as it normally feeds in oak. The

record probably refers to the following species which is super-

ficially similar.

Phymatodes nitidus LeConte is a shiny blackish-brown beetle

about 7 mm. long. It has been reared from the limbs of this host

and there is one record, from the California State Department of

Agriculture, of larvae believed to have been this species feeding in

the cones. Our records show that it also feeds in the giant sequoia,

and in Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Libocedrus, Thuja, and possibly

Abies. In the literature it is also recorded from Juniperus.

Dicentrus bluethneri LeConte is the smallest cerambycid attack-

ing the redwood. It is about 6 mm. long and is black with a wide

interrupted reddish-brown band across the wing covers, which are

also tipped with reddish brown. New adults have been taken near

Willits in October in pupal cells in dry broken limbs, which had

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

apparently been broken off the preceding winter. It is also common

in Pseudotsuga, and Linsley has a record of it from Abies.

Other Borers

Anthaxia aeneogaster Castlenau & Gory is a flattened bluish-

black beetle about 6 mm. long. Van Dyke reported it as breeding

in the sapwood of this tree. A larva belonging to this genus was

taken from a limb infested with the cerambycid Dicentrus blueth-

neri. It also attacks the giant sequoia, Cupressus, Libocedrus, Pinus,

Pseudotsuga, and various hardwoods.

*Serropalpus barbatus (Schall) has been collected only in the

larval stage, boring in the sapwood of a recently killed tree at

Navarro. The larva is whitish, cylindrical, and about 20 mm. long.

The adult is entirely brown and about 15 mm. long. Our records

show that it also feeds in Libocedrus and Abies.

*Ctenicera sp. near rotundicollis (Say) occurs commonly in

the larval stage in the bark of trees about 10 inches d.b.h. near

Willits. The larva confines its work to the inner bark, sometimes

almost scoring the phloem. The specimens collected were about 8

mm. long with dark brown bodies and lighter brown heads. The

urogomphi are bidentate with the inner tooth considerably smaller

than the outer. Similar larvae were also collected near Klamath,

California, under the bark of this tree.

Dromaeolus nitens Horn. Adults of this species have not been

reared from this host, but the larval skins of what is believed to be

this species are commonly taken from large galleries in the bark

of living trees. In a green tree near Willits as many as 31 emerg-

ence holes have been observed in an area of about 10 square feet.

Other similar larvae have been taken from cells in the bark. Larvae,

which were apparently the same species, have been taken from the

bark of the giant sequoia and from the sapwood of Libocedrus.

Ceruchus striatus LeConte is slightly flattened jet-black beetle

with large jaws and strongly striate wing covers. The jaws of the

male each bear a large upright tooth at about the middle of the

inner upper margin; those of the female bear two smaller hori-

zontal teeth on the inner upper margin. The beetles are about 13

mm. long. Doane et al. (1936) record it as living in the sapwood

of dead trees. Linsley also has records of it in dead redwood limbs.

In the literature it is recorded from fir, probably Pseudotsuga,

Scale Insects

The following scale insects and mealybugs are known to attack

April, 1952]

DE LEON SEQUOIA INSECTS

redwood, whether growing under natural conditions or as orna-

mentals. As practically nothing is known about their biology or

distribution in redwood, they are merely listed here.

Insect

Authority for Other hosts given

redwood in literature 1

as host

Armored scales definitely from redwood:

Cryptaspidiotus shastae Essig (1926) Cupressus, Juniperus.

(Coleman)

Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot) 2 Coleman Umbellularia, Pinus,

(1903) Taxus, and many more.

Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell) 2 ibid. Araucaria and

many others.

Armored scales possibly from redwood:

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell)

Calif. State

Citrus and many

Dept, of

Agric. 1942

other deciduous hosts.

Hemiberlesia lantanae (Signoret)

ibid.

Abies (Coleman 1903).

Carulaspis visci (Schrank) 2

ibid.

Libocedrus, Pinus,

Juniperus, Viscum

Cupressus, Thuja.

Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch)

ibid.

Pinus, Pseudotsuga,

T umion, Abies, Picea

Dias pis carueli (Targioni) 2

ibid.

Thuja, Libocedrus,

Cupressus, Juniperus.

Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc) 2

ibid.

Pinus.

Saissetia nigra (Nietner) 2

ibid.

Many tropical and

sub-tropical plants,

Pinus.

Mealybugs:

Pseudococcus sequoiae

Coleman

Cupressus.

( Coleman)

(1903)

Pseudococcus ryani (Coquillett)

Essig

Cupressus, Libocedrus,

(1926)

Thuja, Pinus, Araucaria

Puto cupressi (Coleman)

ibid.

Pinus, Cupressus,

T umion.

Pseudococcus citri (Risso)

ibid.

Wide variety of

non-coniferous species.

J Most of the hosts have been obtained from Essig (1926) and Ferris (1937).

2 Probably introduced.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Termites

Zootermopsis angusticollis (Hagan). Linsley has records of

v/hat appeared to be this species attacking redwood in contact with

the ground near Los Gatos and Santa Cruz. Specimens that are

either this species or Z. nevadensis (Hagen) have been taken from

the sapwood of a scorched living tree near Navarro. These two

species are so nearly similar that it is necessary to have soldiers

to make a positive identification.

Reticulitermes hesperus Banks has been observed in the San

Francisco Bay area, attacking redwood boards that have been in

place in the soil less than five months.

Reticulitermes tibialis Banks. Linsley states that he has exam-

ined specimens from the bark of a living ornamental tree to which

its activities were apparently entirely confined.

Kalotermes minor Hagen has been taken by Professor Fritz in

the dead tops of green trees that had just been felled. Adults have

also been taken in October at Navarro, where they had just begun

to bore into the injured sapwood of a green tree. In addition,

Linsley has records of this termite working in redwood rafters in

a house at Santa Cruz, in redwood in a residence at San Simeon,

and in the sapwood of dead branches at Big Sur.

Aphids

Amphorophoro morrisoni (Swain) is a green aphid which E.

0. Essig states, in correspondence, has been taken several times

from redwood. He says it “appears on it late in the fall where the

sexual forms are developed and eggs are laid on the suckers. This

insect also feeds on Monterey cypress and related plants.”

Leaf-Feeding Beetles

Dichelonyx valida (Le Conte) is recorded by Essig (1926) as

feeding on the leaves of this host. It is a greenish-black scarab

about 16 mm. long. The adults are said to appear in April and

May.

Moths

*Laspyresia sp. A heavy infestation of small ivory-colored

caterpillars was observed in July and August in the bark of a large

living ornamental tree in the East Bay area, but no adults have

been obtained. A pupa was observed on August 20. The cater-

pillars force out borings from their galleries in the shape of little

pellets, which are webbed together. They feed both in the dry

April, 1952]

DE LEON — SEQUOIA INSECTS

bark and in the outer phloem, where the injury causes beads of

amber-colored pitch to form.

Horntails

Sirex areolatus (Cresson). The females are metallic blue-black

and about 32 mm. long. The males are smaller with the middle

five segments of the abdomen brownish-red. The larvae are white,

legless, and bear a short, sharp spine at the middle of the last body

segment. The female is occasionally observed laying eggs in freshly

cut and in fire-scorched trees. The work of the larva is confined

to the sapwood, where it makes extensive galleries circular in cross

section. Adults have been collected during August in Mendocino

County. In literature it is listed as feeding also in Cupressus,

Pseudotsuga, Thuja , and Pinus.

Carpenter Bees

Xylocopa orpifex Smith is a metallic black bee about 18 mm.

long. The hairs on the head and thorax of the male are buff; those

of the female, black. The bees bore large holes in sound lumber,

where they store the pollen on which the bee larvae feed. They

are found in flight most commonly in October, November, and

December. The species also breeds in the giant sequoia and in

Juniperus.

GIANT SEQUOIA INSECTS

Bark Beetles

Phloeosinus ruhicundulus Swain, a reddish, barrel - shaped

beetle about 3 mm. long, is the most common insect attacking giant

sequoia. It is known to breed only in this host, very commonly

attacking freshly broken limbs and tops. Attacks occur chiefly in

March, April, and May, with a few throughout the summer. Often

limbs lying on the snow are heavily attacked. Attacks average

about one per 4 square inches. The galleries are constructed

between the wood and the bark along the grain of the wood. They

average about 1% inches in length. Of 20 galleries measured, the

shortest was % inch and the longest 3 3/20 inches. Each female

lays about 35 eggs per gallery. The largest number counted was

75; the smallest number 16. Development is rather rapid. Pupae

and new adults are found as early as July in limbs attacked early

in the spring, and these two stages can still be found as late as

October. It is not known whether the beetles that transform to

new adults in the middle of the summer emerge immediately or

winter over in the limbs and emerge with the main emergence of

86 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

the following spring. The beetles are of no economic importance.

There is no record of their attacking even weakened or injured

standing trees.

Lasconotus vegrandis Horn, also found in the galleries of

Phloeosinus rubicundulus, is discussed more fully under coast red-

wood insects.

Nemozoma fissiceps (Fall) is a common beetle in the galleries

of Phloeosinus rubicundulus, on which it probably preys. It is a

very slender, shiny beetle about 5 mm. long. Two hornlike pro-

cesses are present on the front of the head. The head and posterior

half of the wing covers are nearly black; the pronotum and base

of the wing covers are yellowish brown. It also occurs in the gal-

leries of other species of Phloeosinus in the Sierra region.

Ambrosia Beetles

Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) is a dark brown, cylindrical,

elongated beetle about 3 mm. long, which breeds abundantly in the

sapwood. It attacks the trunk of recently felled and wind-fallen

trees throughout the summer. Beetles have been taken from fresh

attacks as late as October in a tree blown over by a windstorm

early in September in Sequoia National Park. A dead adult has

been taken from a wound it had made in a healthy standing tree,

but there are no records of this species ever becoming established

in a living tree. The adult constructs extensive galleries in the sap-

wood and excavates small “cradles” at the side of its galleries. An

egg is laid in each “cradle” and upon hatching the larvae feed on

the fungus growth that develops along the walls of the cradles.

The fungus is introduced into the tree by the adult beetle. It also

attacks redwood and several other genera of conifers listed under

that tree.

Flatheaded and Other Borers

Trachykele opulenta Fall is a beautiful golden-green beetle

about 12 mm. long, which attacks both young suppressed trees and

the wounds of large fire-scorched trees. In its early stages the

larvae work in the bark, and between the wood and the bark, but

they later mine the sapwood and heartwood. According to one

field record they can develop entirely in the thick bark. When fire-

scorched trees are attacked the mines are chiefly in the dead sap-

wood and in the outer wood along the edges of the “cat-face” where

the bark is healing over. Mines also occur and emergence takes

place in the dead wood of the “cat-face.” Records indicate that it

April, 1952]

DE LEON — SEQUOIA INSECTS

takes at least three years for the beetle to complete its life cycle.

Pupation occurs in August, September, and October, and trans-

formation to the new adult stage takes place within a few weeks.

The new adults overwinter in their pupal cells and emerge the

following spring. Libocedrus is also attacked, and in the literature

Thuja is given as another host.

Anthaxia aeneogaster Castlenau & Gory is a flattened, dark

blue beetle about 6 mm. long which has been reared from small,

recently broken limbs infested with Callidium sequoiarum. Emerg-

ence in the laboratory occurred during the spring, summer, and

late winter from limbs broken the previous winter. The mines are

constructed between the wood and the bark and in the sapwood,

where pupation occurs.

Dromaeolus' sp. Larvae which apparently belong to this genus

have been collected from the thick bark of large standing green

trees in Sequoia National Park. This species is further discussed

under the heading Coast Redwood Insects.

Roundheaded Borers

Callidium sequoiarum Fisher is a blackish-blue beetle about

8 mm. long which bores between the wood and the bark and in

the sapwood of freshly broken limbs. It has been reared during

the spring from branches less than 1 inch in diameter, collected

the previous winter. It probably has a 1-year life cycle. It con-

structs extensive galleries, reducing the sapwood to a powder that

falls out through breaks in the bark, thus leaving a shell of bark

around a core of inner sapwood. Giant sequoia is the only host

known to be attacked by this insect.

Phymatodes nitidus LeConte is discussed under coast redwood

insects. Larvae were taken at Palo Alto from the trunk of a small

tree that had been dead about a year, and a single adult was reared

in June from cones collected the previous November in Sequoia

National Park.

Semanotus ligneus amplus Casey is a black beetle about 8 to

15 mm. in length, with the basal third of the wing covers reddish

and with antennae about half as long as the body. The larvae com-

monly work between the bark and wood of recently felled or fire-

scorched juniper, cedar, and cypress, but specimens taken from

giant sequoia in the Mariposa Grove and now in the U. S. National

Museum have been checked by Linsley.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Leaf Feeders

* Halisidota argentata Packard is a yellowish moth with reddish

forewings marked with silvery spots. It has a wing expanse of

about 2 inches. The caterpillars of this moth have been observed

to attack and develop to maturity on a tree 25 feet tall in Yosemite

National Park. The caterpillars overwintered as small larvae on

the twigs and began to feed early in spring. Considerable damage

was done to the tree by these caterpillars as early as the middle of

March. Pupation occurred in the last three weeks of June. The

first moths emerged July 3 and moths continued to emerge until

July 17. Damage is caused by the caterpillars chewing off the

adnate needles. Many of the twigs were chewed nearly through,

causing them to break and hang down. This infestation was con-

trolled by handpicking the larvae. H. argentata usually feeds on

Pinus, Abies, and Pseudotsuga.

Argyresthia sp. has been identified by H. H. Keifer, of the

California State Department of Agriculture, from foliage of giant

sequoia, on which it was apparently feeding.

Cutworms. Damage to trees in nurseries by caterpillars be-

lieved to belong to this group of insects is mentioned by Fry and

White (1931). The caterpillars are reported to sever the stems

just below ground level.

_ Diaspis carueli Targ. has been identified by Keifer from foliage

of giant sequoia.

Aonidiella aurantii (Ma:kell) has been identified by Keifer

from foliage of this tree.

Cryptaspidiotus shastae (Coleman) . Infestations of this grayish

scale insect have been observed on small trees in Sequoia and

Yosemite National Parks, especially along dusty roads. In none

of the infestations examined was the damage serious enough to

affect the growth of the trees appreciably. Nothing is known about

the biology of this insect on giant sequoia. In literature it is listed

as attacking the coact redwood and Juniperus.

Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) was reported by Coleman

(1903) as breeding abundantly on giant sequoia in the Stanford

Arboretum. It has a wide variety of hosts.

*Carulaspis visci (Schrank) was observed in February on the

leaves of giant sequoia growing as an ornamental at Stanford

University. It had a wide variety of hosts.

April, 1952]

DE LEON SEQUOIA INSECTS

Termites

Zootermopsis nevadensis (Hagen) has been taken from the

sapwood of suppressed sequoia trees infected and apparently re-

cently killed by Trachykele.

Carpenter Bees and Ants

Xylocopa calif ornica Cresson and X. orpifex Smith were found

to have had a large colony in the dead top of a green tree 12 feet

in diameter when it fell in Sequoia National Park several years

ago. X californica resembles X. orpifex, but is larger and its body

has a greenish metallic sheen. The habits of the two species are

similar. They bore holes in sound dead wood, where they store

pollen on which the bee larvae feed.

Camponotus sp. This ant was taken from the heartwood at the

base of the tree mentioned in the preceding paragraph. A fire scar

extended nearly around the base of this tree, and the ants were

working in the fire-scorched wood. Observations indicated that it

was the activity of this insect, coupled with rot, which undermined

the support of the tree, causing it to fall. Members of this genus

are also very common in old giant sequoia stumps.

The specific names of the two insects listed below indicate that

they feed on either of the sequoias, but later records do not bear

this out.

V espamima sequoiae (Hy. Edwards) is listed in the original

description as if it fed in Sequoia sempervirens, but the writer has

been able to find no authenticated later record that it attacks this

host. Records obtained thus far indicate that it breeds only in

Pinus and Pseudotsuga. The late G. P. Engelhardt, who revised

this family, wrote me that he had no record of this moth working

in sequoia.

Sphinx sequoiae Boisduval was described in 1868 from “a

single individual found resting on the trunk of a tree in the forests

where the gigantic conifers called Sequoia grow,” hence its name,

but so far as is known, no one has ever found it attacking or feed-

ing on Sequoia.

SUMMARY

Fifty-two insect species are listed from coast redwood and

twenty species from giant sequoia. Nine of these species are com-

mon to both hosts, but all nine of them have additional hosts. Four

species feed, so far as is known, only on Sequoia, three of them

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

being confined to redwood and the other feeding only on giant

sequoia. No insect has yet been found that feeds only on both

sequoias.

Literature Consulted

Blackman, M. W.

1931. A revisional study of the genus Gnathotrichus Eichh. in North

America. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21:264-276.

1942. Revision of the genus Phloeosinus cliopuis in North America

(Coleoptera, Scolytidae). U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc. 92:397-474.

Brunner, J.

1914. The sequoia pitch moth, a menace to pine in western Montana.

U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 111. 11 pp.

Chamberlin, W. J.

1939. The bark and timber beetles of North America north of Mexico.

513 pp. (Lithoprinted.) Corvallis, Oreg.

Coleman, G. A.

1901. The redwood mealybug. Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc., 3rd ser. Zool.,

v. 2, (11) pp. 409-420, illus.

1903. Coccidae of the coniferae, with descriptions of ten species from

California. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 11:61-85.

Doane, R. W., E. C. Van Dyke, W. J. Chamberlin, and H. E. Burke

1936. Forest insects. 463 pp., illus. McGraw Hill Co., New York.

Edwards, Henry

1881. New genera and species of the family Aegeridae. Papilio 1:179-

208.

Essig, E. O.

1926. Insects of western North America. 1,035 pp. MacMillan Co., New

York.

Ferris, G. F.

1937. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. Stanford Univ.

Press, California.

Fisher, W, S.

192Q. New species of Cerambycidae. Wash. Ent. Soc. Proc. 22:153.

Fry, Walter, and J. R. White

1930. Big trees. 114 pp. Stanford Univ. Press, California.

Garnett, R. T.

1918. An annotated list of the Cerambycidae of California. Canad. Ent.

50:172-177; 205-213; 248-252 281-284.

Hopkins, A. D.

1903. Insect enemies of the redwood. U. S. Dept. Agr. Forestry Bub

38:32-40, figs. 4.

Keen, F. P.

1938. Insect enemies of western forests. U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub.

273, 210 pp., illus.

Kleine, R.

1934-35. Die Borkenkafer (Ipiden) und Standpflanzen. Zeit. Angew.

Ent. 21:125-181; 597-646.

April, 1952]

ROZEN-BRACHYCISTIDINE FEMALES

Linsley, E. G.

1942. A new species of Callidium from the coast redwood, Sequoia sem -

pervirens. Pan-Pacific Ent. 18:192.

Person, H.

1933. Redwood has few insect enemies. Forest Worker 9:15-16.

Sherrard, E. C., and E. F. Kurth

1933. Distribution of extractive in redwood. Indus, and Engin. Chem.

25:300. (Reprinted in Termites and Termite Control. C. A.

Kofoid, ed. pp. 514-518. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, Calif.,, .1934. )

Thompson, C. .

1927. (The sequoia pitch moth.) Oreg. State Bur. Hort. Bien. Rpt.

19: 132-133.

Van Dyke, E. C.

1923. New species of Coleoptera from California. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.

Bui. 18:37-53.

COLLECTING BRACHYCISTIDINE FEMALES

(Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae)

Jerome G. Rozen, Jr.

University of California, Berkeley

This spring (1952) a collecting party of the California Insect

Survey, Division of Entomology & Parasitology, University of

California, composed of P. D. Hurd, Jr., G. A. Marsh, P. H. Tim-

berlake and myself, made a considerable effort to collect nocturnal

mutillids and tiphiids on the California deserts. The results of this

effort were gratifying for six brachycistidine females and numerous

mutillid females were taken, as well as a great many males of these

two groups.

The first female brachycistidine was taken at Hopkins Well,

Riverside County, crawling out of the sand on a sand dune sparsely

covered with vegetation. Two additional females were collected

about one mile north of Plaster City, Imperial County. Both of

these insects were found on fine sand in an area covered with the

typical desert flora. The other three females were collected in a

sand dune region a short distance east of Borego, San Diego

County. Two of them were taken on the leeward side of a road,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIII, NO. 2

possibly blown there by the strong wind, which was prevailing at

the time of our collecting.

The only generalities that can be made are that all the female

brachycistidines were found on fine, unconsolidated sand at night.

Whether or not these insects are partial to sandy country is uncer-

tain, however, for we looked primarily only where there was fine

sand, the small insects being more readily seen there than on

coarser sand and gravel, where they could more easily hide in the

shadows. On the other hand, evidence supporting their preference

for a sandy situation is given by Mickel and Krombein (1942:652) ,

who cite the capture of a female in the sand dune area of San

Francisco, California, and by Hurd and Rozen, who, subsequent

to the spring trip, collected two specimens in the sand dunes of

Antioch, California.

The method of collecting both the tiphiid and mutillid female

was a simple one. Each member of the party, using a Coleman

lantern, walked about the sandy region and picked up the females

by hand. The smaller females, especially those of the genus Chy-

photes, were readily captured by moistening a finger and lightly

applying it to the dorsal surface of the insect. None of the brachy-

cistidine females were taken coming to light, if for no other reason

than because we were continuously moving about. However, it is

certain that at least some of them are attracted to light, for in

addition to the information provided by Mickel and Krombein

(ibid.) H. E. Evans and P. D. Hurd on their Mexican trip of 1951

secured several specimens which came to a stationary Coleman

lantern. Furthermore, one of the Antioch specimens was found at

the base of a Coleman lantern which had been resting on the sand

for a considerable length of time.

Literature Cited

Mickel, Clarence E., and Karl V. Krombein

1942. Glyptometopa Ashmead and related genera in the Brachycisti-

dinae, with description of new genera and species (Hymenoptera,

Tiphiidae). American Midland Naturalist, 28(3) :648-679, 3 pis.

Range extension of Pholisora libya Scudder (Lepid., Hesperiidae) :

On August 13, 1951, a single slightly-worn female was taken about 13 miles

northwest of Coalinga, Calif., on Highway 33, as it flew along a dry wash

by the roadside. This is, as far as I can ascertain, the first record for this

typically mohavian species from the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. —

J. W. Tilden.

April, 1952]

MAYO EPHEMEROPTERA

NEW WESTERN EPHEMEROPTERA, III

VELMA KNOX MAYO

Nickel Plate, British Columbia

(Plate III, figures 9, 11)

Ameletus monta Mayo, new species

Male imago in alcohol. Head brown ; ocelli white, bordered by dark

brown at bases. Pronotum dark brown with fine tracheations laterally. No

creamy areas on postero-lateral edges of pronotum as in A. celeroides

McDunnough. Mesonotum dark brown with creamy white in unsclerotized

area between prescutum, and scutum; also creamy spot on either side of

midline near scutellum. Pleural sclerites dark brown; unsclerotized areas at

bases of wings creamy white. Sternites brown. Forelegs pale yellowish-brown;

middle and hind legs creamy. Wings with a reddish-brown tinge due to promi-

nence of reddish-brown longitudinal veins, cross veins less distinct; stigmatic

area milky. Abdomen semi-hyaline ; first tergite dark brown, tergites 2-7

semi-hyaline, washed with pale tracheations; laterally tergites 2-7 very pale;

8-10 dark brown with pale streak on edges. Sternites paler than tergites; 2-8

with blackish ganglionic markings; anterior border and lateral edges of

sternite 9 brown. Genitalia as in figure 11. Forceps and forceps base very

pale yellowish brown. Penes are narrow, parallel, and slightly incurved at

tips; at the base of each are three prominent spines. Tails white, with minute

brown hairs. Each segment delicately bordered posteriorly with reddish

brown.

Male, pinned. Thorax dark brown. Forelegs dark brown; middle and hind

legs yellowish. Wings brown tinged; longitudinal veins prominent; cross veins

less so, but not indistinct. Abdomen much as in alcoholic specimen, but the

posterior borders show as darker bands of brown; segments 8-10 dark brown;

tergites with dark tracheations; sternites paler than tergites with ganglionic

areas blackish. Genitalia and tails brown. Length body, 10 mm ; wing 10 mm.

Female in alcohol. More uniformly colored than male. Thorax light

reddish-brown with same creamy areas at wing bases. Forelegs yellowish-

brown, middle and hind legs pale yellow tinged with red on tarsi. Wings

tinged with brown. Abdomen not semi-hyaline as in male. Tergites about

same shade as thoracic notum, posterior borders darker, all tergites with fine

tracheations. Sternites paler than tergites but not hyaline as in male.

Ganglionic areas blackish. Subanal plate very small, covering less than half

the eighth segment. Tails white, speckled with short brown hairs as in male.

Nymph. Head and thorax brown; median line of thoracic notum pale.

Legs yellowish-brown with last tarsal segment dark reddish-brown. Abdominal

tergites brown with dark submedian streaks from anterior margins; area

between these streaks pale on segments 3 and 4; laterally dark streak extend-

ing from posterior margin near medial side of gill attachment nearly to

antero-lateral corner of tergite. Tracheae of gills are numerous and readily

seen under microscope, but cannot be seen with naked eye. Sclerotized band

present on gills as far from margin as width of band (fig. 9). Ventrally,

ganglionic markings distinct on sternites 2-8; sternite 1 pale; 2-4 and 8

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

uniformly brown; 5-7 pale except around ganglionic markings; 9 pale; each

sternite with brown patches on either side of midline; small distinct white

patches in antero-lateral corners. Tails fringed; pale basally, banded with

dark brown medially and pale distally.

Holotype, male imago (in alcohol) McGuigan Creek, Paine

Mountain near New Denver, British Columbia, altitude 6,500

ft., August 29, 1940. Allotype, female imago same data. Paratypes,

one vial, same data. One male imago, paratype, and one nymph in

collection of California Academy of Sciences. Rest of material in

collection of writer.

.' 1 : • •

Ameletus monta new species is related to A. celer aides McDun-

nough. The distinguishing character is mainly in the genitalia.

A. monta has three large spines on each penis whereas in A.

celeroides there are but two small spines on each penis. A. monta

is larger in body form.

Ephemerella flavilinea McDunnough

Dr. McDunnough loaned me specimens of Ephemerella flavi-

linea McDunnough and I was thereby able to determine that the

species occured very commonly in the Jackson, California region

in May, 1938. The nymphs were reared and both male and female

imagos obtained. The imagos varied in color, some darker, others

paler. It was found that the specimens taken from Jackson Creek

were slightly smaller than those from Dry Creek in the same region.

Ephemerella delantala Mayo, new species

(Plate I, figure 2)

Nymph, (fig. 2). A member of the E. simplex group. Yellowish species

with brown markings. Head yellowish on vertex ; mouthparts brown. Maxillary

palp present. Pronotum yellow, with faint traces of adult pattern showing

through, more distinctly in male. Mesonotum yellow, with dark brown pattern

as in fig. 2, giving a banded appearance across anterior third of mesonotum.

Pleural and sternal sclerites brown. Forelegs yellowish; middle and hind

coxae dark brown; trochanter and basal half of femora brown; tibiae and

tarsi yellowish, amber colored near claws. Six or seven minute denticles on

claws. Abdominal tergites 1-3 dark brown in both sexes; in the male the 4th

tergite is brown laterally and yellow medially; in female, 4th tergite is more

uniformly brown ( fig. 2 ) . In both sexes tergites 5-7 are wholly yellow, tergite

8 dark brown along posterior border and lateral angles, yellow anteriorly,

tergite 9 wholly brown, tergite 10 yellow. The dorsal abdominal spines give

the appearance of folds on either side of midline forming a pleat on tergites

4-8. The spines on tergites 4-8 are conspicuous and increase in size to rear-

ward; they bear fine spicules. On tergites 2, 3, and 9 projections relative to

spines on posterior margins are scarcely visible. Prominent postero-lateral

spines present on segments 5-8 (fig. 2) ; these are curved up dorsally forming

a trough between the lateral and dorsal spines in which lie the gills. Gills

April, 1952]

MAYO EPHEMEROPTERA

present on segments 4-7 only; those on 4 semi-operculate. Ventrally, abdomi-

nal sternites 1-4 brown; 5-7 and anterior part of 8, yellow tinged with brown

on either side of midline ; lateral angles and posterior portion of 8 and anterior

half of 9 dark brown. Tails yellowish with light fringe of hairs on distal half.

Length: body of male nymph 5 mm; female nymph 6 mm.

Holotype, nymph (in alcohol) Martis Creek near Trucicee,

Placer County, California, altitude 6,000 ft., June 23, 1933.

Collected by Dr. P. R. Needham and party. Paratype, one nymph,

same data. Holotype in collection of the California Academy of

Sciences. Paratype in collection of writer.

Ephemerella delantala new species is related to E. margarita

Needham. It is a member of the E. simplex group and readily dis-

tinguishable from E. attenuata McDunnough and E. simplex Mc-

Dunnough. The former has tubercles present on the head and

thorax; in delantala there are no tubercles on head and thorax.

E. simplex has no dorsal abdominal spines and no denticles on

claws, both of which are present on delantala. E. margarita, to

which E. delantala is most closely related, is larger; the legs are

pale, tibiae and tarsi banded; in E. delantala the trochanter and

basal half of the femora are dark brown; tibiae and tarsi not

banded. Lateral extensions of abdominal segments 5-8 are well

developed on E. delantala, present on segments 4 to 9 in E. mar-

garita. “Rather short dorsal spines present on tergites 3-9” in E.

margarita, prominent dorsal spines present on segments 4-8 of

E. delantala. Abdomen broadest at segment 7 in E. margarita;

broadest at segment 5 in E. delantala. Tails not banded in E. delan-

tala as in E. margarita.

Baetis palisadi Mayo, new species

(Plate II, figures 3, 5. Plate III, figure 6)

Male imago (fig. 5). Head brown. Turbinate eyes fairly large; orange.

Pronotum with dark brown lateral triangles; median area smoky; posterior

margin widely banded with creamy. Mesonotum rich dark brown with creamy

areas on either side of parapsidal grooves extending to tip of scutellum ;

laterally, brown. Metanotum and first abdominal tergite dark brown.

Pleural sclerites deep brown, unsclerotized areas creamy. Wings hyaline;

venation colorless, stigmatic area milky; cross veins in stigmatic area very

indistinct, some appear to be anastomosed. Hind wing with well developed

costal projection, three veins and no intercaleries ; the third vein is well

developed, extending to beyond the middle of hind margin (fig. 3). Legs pale,

colorless; coxae pale with brown sutures; femora pale with faint tinge of

brown near tibial joining, likewise tibia with pale brown tinge at tarsal

joining; claws dissimilar, brown. Abdominal tergites 2-6 hyaline, tergite 2

with two pale smoky spots on anterior margin, but these are lacking on

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

remainder of tergites; tergites 7-10 yellowish-brown. Tails colorless. Laterally

the tergites are faintly tinged with smoky around stigmatic area. Sternites 2-6

hyaline, sternite 1 yellowish, sternites 7-9 deeper yellow. Forceps pale yel-

lowish; genitalia as in fig. 6. Length of body 8 mm; wing, 8 mm.

Female imago. In the female the coloring is more uniformly light brown.

The brown thorax is much lighter than that of male. Wings hyaline, venation

distinct, light brown. Legs yellowish with sutures outlined in brown; all

femora with brown streak the entire length of anterior and posterior surfaces ;

tarsal joinings brown, claws brown. Abdomen not hyaline, but a yellowish

brown; each tergite is marked near the anterior margin with two pair of

small dark patches, one above the other on either side of midline; laterally

near pleural fold each tergite has two brown markings. Sternites are pale

yellow, marked as tergites with two brown streaks on either side of mid-

ventral line near the anterior margin; sternite 9 shaded with brown. Tails

pale. Length: body 8 mm; wing 8 mm.

Holotype, male imago (in alcohol), Big Pine Creek, Sierra

Nevada Mountains, Inyo County, California, altitude 8,100 ft.,

July 5, 1939. Collected by the writer. Allotype, female imago, same

data as male. Paratypes, three male imagos; one female imago,

same data. Holotype in the collection of the California Academy of

Sciences. Paratype, one female in same collection. Others in col-

lection of the writer.

In type of genitalia Baetis palisadi new species is allied to

B. piscatoris Traver and B. adonis Traver, from California, and

B. lasallei Banks of Wisconsin. B. palisadi is considerably larger

than any of these. It can readily be distinguished from B. piscatoris

by the abdominal tergites which are not banded; from B. lasallei

it can be separated by the absence of intercalaries in the hind wing ;

also by the absence of black dots on each tergite, in the male. The

maculation of the entire body differs from that of B. adonis. In the

hind wing the third vein is well developed in B. palisadi, in adonis

it is short, ending in the basal third of hind margin.

Ephemerella sierra Mayo, new species

(Plate I, figure 1, and Plate III, figures 7, 8)

Nymph (Plate I, fig. 1). Color of mature nymph dark brown with a

distinct reddish tinge on abdomen and ventral surface. Immature nymphs

light brown. Head with a pair of prominent, erect occipital tubercles; vertex

light brown between tubercles. On the pronotum is a twin pair of long,

pointed tubercles which are subequal, the posterior in some cases being

slightly shorter; medially, next to posterior tubercles is a pair of shorter

tubercles, plainly visible; on same level as anterior twin tubercle is a smaller

sharp, lateral tubercle; between the twin tubercles the pronotum is light

brown; laterally, dark brown. The tubercles are covered with small, heavy

spines. There are three pairs of tubercles on the mesonotum ; the first is near

April, 1952 ]

MAYO EPIIEMEROPTERA

Plate I: Fig. 1 Ephemerella sierra, n. sp., nymph. Fig. 2. Ephemerella delan-

tala, n. sp., nymph.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIIIj NO. 2

the anterior margin, one tubercle on either side of midline; a ridge extends

from each short, blunt tubercle to the antero-lateral angle of mesonotum.

Laterally and slightly posterior to the anterior tubercles is the second pair

of longer ones in the middle portion of segment is a third pair, very much

larger, wide basally and directed backwards. The area between the large

tubercles and the scutellum is light brown ; the rest of scutum is dark reddish

brown; all tubercles and the area between them along midline are covered

with short, heavy, black spines. On the posterior portion of mesonotum are

numerous long hairs. There is a slight hump between wing pads which cor-

responds to the scutellum of the adult. Legs light, washed with darker brown;

traces of a dark streak on each femur, fore femur with no teeth on anterior

margin. Tibial thumb fairly sharp. Hind tibia as long as trochanter and femur

combined. Prosternum with a long, blunt tubercle directed towards head.

Mesosternum light reddish brown except for two distinct lunate, dark mark-

ings, one on either side of midline behind leg bases. Pleural sclerites dark

brown; unsclerotized areas light. Abdominal tergites 2-9 each bears a pair

of sharp tubercles on posterior margin ; those on tergites 2-7 are approximately

the same size and directed backwards, those on segments 5-6 are wider apart

than the others. The tubercles on tergites 8-9 are very much longer, at

least four times the length of those on segments 2-7 and bear numerous long,

heavy bristles; the tubercles on tergite 8 are more erect than those on 9,

which are directed backwards. Tergites 3-7 and 10 are deep reddish brown,

very dark laterally, tergites 2 and 8-9 are light brown between tubercles and

darker laterally. Gills on segments 3-7. Abdominal sternites reddish brown;

laterally on each segment are two dark red markings on either side of

midline ; the medial of these is an oblique streak from anterior margin. There

is a trace of a dark mid-ventral line on sternites 5-9 ; sternites 1-5 are lighter

along midline. Lateral prolongations of abdominal segments as in fig. 8,

pi. III. Tails dark brown in basal third, the outer two-thirds alternately light

.and dark, each segment ringed posteriorly with spines. Length : body 11-12 mm.

Holotype nymph, South Fork Bishop Creek, Inyo County,

California, altitude 9,500 ft., August 28, 1938. Paratype: eight

mature nymphs, same data. Two immature nymphs. American

River, California, altitude 4,200 ft., July 24, 1938. Collected by the

writer. Twenty immature nymphs collected by Dr. P. R. Needham

and party as follows: Independence Creek, one mile above Inde-

pendence, California, June 13, 1934. South Fork Bishop Creek,

June 20, 1934, June 25, 1934. Megee Creek, Mono County, July 6,

1934. One paratype in collection of California Academy of Sciences.

One nymph collected July 4, 1938 South Fork Bishop Creek,

Inyo County, California, altitude 9,500 ft., was removed to Mam-

moth Lakes, Mono County, California, altitude 8,000 ft., and reared

to the subimago stage. The subimago emerged on August 28, 1938.

Following is a description of the specimen: Bright red species. Head

reddish brown, yellow around bases of antennae. Ocelli white. Pronotum deep

April, 1952]

MAYO EPHEMEROPTERA

Plate II: Fig. 3. Hind wing Baetis palisadi, n. sp. Fig. 4. Ephemerella wilsoni,

n. sp., nymph. Fig. 5. Baetis polisadi, n. sp., adult.

100

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIII, NO. 2

reddish brown laterally with a light red area in the medial portion. Meso-

scutum lighter brown surrounded by bright red. Light area on either side of

midline near scutellum. Pleural sclerites bright red tinged with rose;

unsclerotized areas light and powdery white in part. Wing venation dark

brown; adult subcostal vein shows through as bright red. Fore legs deep

reddish brown, femora of middle and hind legs light yellow in basal half

and bright red distally; tibiae yellowish and tarsi tinged with dark brown.

All abdominal segments bright red; each tergite bordered posteriorly by

yellowish white, the latero-posterior angles and pleural fold whitish. Ventrally

all segments but the ninth are bordered posteriorly with yellowish white;

each sternite with a dark lunate streak from anterior margin on either side

of mid ventral line. Forceps base light reddish brown; forceps and penes

dark reddish brown (see genitalia, fig. 7, pi. III). Tails blackish in basal

half; brown apically. Length: body 11 mm; wing 14 mm; tails 10 mm.

Ephemerella sierra new species is a member of the E. fuscata

group and allied to E. autumnalis McDunnough of British Colum-

bia. Dr. McDunnough kindly loaned me specimens of E. autumnalis

and I was able to determine that the nymphs which I reared from

Wilson Creek near New Denver, British Columbia on August 10,

11, 12, 1940 at an altitude of 1,700 ft., were undoubtedly E. autum-

nalis. On the nymphs of E. sierra and E. autumnalis the tubercles

are similar; the twin tubercles on the pronotum are subequal; this

is the main difference between these species and E. spinifera Need-

ham. The tubercles on abdominal segment 8 in E. sierra are erect

and those on segment 8 of E. autumnalis are “bent backward and

downward.” The body of E. sierra is stouter than that of E.

autumnalis.

I also reared an Ephemerella species closely related to E. sierra,

from Shephard Creek, Brexton, British Columbia, altitude 3,500 ft.,

on July 1, 1940. I failed to rear the male imago, but obtained two

female imagos. Judging from the marked difference in general

appearance of the nymphs and also from the variation in dates of

emergence, this Brexton species is certainly not E. autumnalis and

further study on more material will be necessary to determine its

relationship to E. sierra.

Ephemerella wilsoni Mayo, new species

(Plate II, figure 4 and Plate III, figure 10)

Male imago, pinned specimen (fig. 10). Blackish-brown. Head black,

Thoracic notum blackish; unsclerotized areas on pleuron pale reddish-brown.

Fore legs dark brown; middle and hind legs paler, with tibiae and tarsi

yellowish. Wings hyaline; longitudinal veins dark brown; cross veins indis-

tinct; finger-like prolongations of wing membrane extending well beyond tip

of scutellum. Abdomen reddish-brown, pleural fold and posterior borders of

April, 1952]

MAYO EPHEMEROPTERA

101

segments pale. Forceps light brown, penes blackish. Tails black basally, pale

brown distally.

Female imago unknown.

Plate III: Fig. 6. Male genitalia Baetis palisadi, n. sp. Fig 7. Male geni-

talia subimago, Ephemerella sierra, n. sp. Fig. 8. Lateral prolongations

of abdominal segments of nymph, Ephemerella sierra, n. sp. Fig. 9. Gill

of nymph of Ameletus monta, n. sp. Fig. 10. Male genitalia of Ephe-

merella wilsoni, n. sp. Fig. 11. Male genitalia of Ameletus monta, n. sp.

102

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Male imago in alcohol. Thorax blackish-brown; abdomen a light reddish-

brown. Pronotum smoky with black tracheations ; blackish on either side of

midline; postero-lateral corners white. Mesonotum blackish-brown; distinct

white strip between prescutum and scutum; prescutum black; white patch

near prescutum on either side of scutum proper. Medially the entire scutum

darker than the sides which have a reddish tinge; yellow patch laterally on

postscutum light red patches medially and laterally on scutellum. That part

of wing membrane attached to the scutellum is developed into a finger-like

process extending well beyond the tip of scutellum. Pleuron of prothorax is

white with delicate tracheations. On mesopleuron the sclerites are blackish-

brown, and unsclerotized areas white with faint tracheations. The entire

prosternum is white, unsclerotized with the exception of the basisternal

sclerite, a small blackish brown area between fore coxae. Mesosternum

blackish with white along midline. Fore legs dark brown; coxae and trochan-

ters brown with black tracheations ; femora, tibiae and tarsi blackish. Middle

and hind legs pale yellowish with delicate black tracheations on coxae and

trochanters; femora with margins pale yellow, centers smoky with dark

tracheations, brownish tinge in outer third; tibiae pale with very delicate

tracheations in basal portion, tarsi and claws tinged with brown on dorsal

surface. Wings hyaline; longitudinal veins blackish; cross veins pale, in-

distinct; stigmatic area milky. Abdomen much lighter than thorax. Tergites

with reddish brown markings on a yellow background, and dense network of

tracheations; along the mid-dorsal line is a hyaline streak bordered on either

side by reddish streaks which attain the anterior margins ; these are prominent

on segments 2-4. Tergites 1-2 smoky with dense tracheations; at anterior bor-

der on tergite 2 are wide, narrow hyaline patches on either side of mid-dorsal

streak; on tergite 3 they are larger and on 4-7 they extend from the mid

dorsal line to the lateral edge of tergite so that the reddish markings on these

segments do not attain the anterior border, except at midline. The posterior

borders of tergites 1-2 are dark smoky with dense tracheations; those of

tergite 3 less so with irregular blackish spots; 4-8 yellowish and 9 reddish

brown. Laterally each tergite is yellow; the stigmatic areas are marked with

light patches surrounded by deep reddish-brown; these dark brown lateral

patches are prominent on all tergites. Reddish brown coloring of segments

8-10 darker than that of other segments. The posterior borders of sternites 1-8

are distinctly yellow as is also the midline. Laterally each sternite with a

prominent dark reddish brown area; these are marked with two oblique pale

streaks extending from the anterior margin of each sternite and also in the

central portion of each segment (except 9) near midline, are two small pale

dots outlined with reddish brown. The antero-lateral angles of each sternite

pale brown; ganglionic patches dark smoky on sternites 1 and 2, 4 and 5.

Sternites with fewer tracheations than tergites. Tails black basally, reddish

medially with distal half white. Genitalia (see fig. 10) reddish-brown. Forceps

not swollen apically. Last segments of forceps white; first and second seg-

ments reddish brown. Length body 14 mm; wing 15 mm.

Nymph, male (fig. 4.) Alcoholic specimen dark brown with white prono-

tum. Living specimen black distinguished by prominent white pronotum.

Head black, mottled with brown. Roughened area on vertex indicating very

April, 1952]

TILDEN PHOLISORA

103

slight occipital tubercles. No frontal horns or frontal shelf. Pronotum entirely

white with faint tracheations. Mesonotum blackish with creamy patches on

either side of midline near scutellum. Anterior border of scutum also creamy ;

heavy tracheations on scutum. Thoracic sternites pale with prominent dark

ganglionic areas. Legs pale, banded with black. Coxae with well developed

spinous ridge along anterior suture. Fore femora with heavy spines along

anterior margin. Tibial thumb long, sharp. Abdominal tergites 1-9 with paired

short spines. Tergites 3-6 white except under gills; spines on these segments

also white; other tergites blackish with pale lateral margins; tergites 9 and

10 wholly dark, tergite 10 with long hairs from medial part anterior margin.

Gills present on segments 3-7. Abdominal sternites light brown except 8 and

9 which are black; ganglionic markings on 1-7. Tails white except close to

base where each is ringed with black, and beyond middle where a fifth of

length is black. Length body 9 mm; tails 7 mm.

Holotype, male imago, pinned; Wilson Creek, near New

Denver, British Columbia, September 3, 1940, altitude 1,700 ft.

Paratypes, two male imagos pinned, September 4 and 7, 1940, same

locality. One male imago in alcohol, August 28, 1940, same data.

One paratype, male imago pinned, and one nymph and cast skin in

collection of California Academy of Sciences.

Ephemerella wilsoni new species is similar to E. coloradensis

Dodds. Dr. McDunnough loaned specimens of E. coloradensis , both

nymphs and adults, and the two species are readily distinguishable.

The adults of E. wilsoni are much blacker than those of E. colora-

densis. There is no distinct color contrast in nymph of E. colora-

densis as in E. wilsoni. Occipital tubercles more prominent in E.

coloradensis, and the tibial thumb is blunter than in E. wilsoni

( see fig. 4) . Also the abdominal spines are smaller than those of

E. wilsoni and covered with spicules which are not present on the

spines of E. wilsoni.

References

McDunnough, J.

1934. New species of North American Ephemeroptera IV. Canadian

Entomologist 66(7) : 154-164, 14 text figs.

Needham, J. G., J. R. Traver, and Yin-Chi Hsu.

1935. The biology of mayfles with a systematic account of North Ameri-

can species. Comstock Publishing Co., Inc., Ithaca, New York.

104 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIII, NO. 2

NOTES ON THE ECOLOGY OF CULISETA MACCRACKENAE

IN SAN BERNARDINO AND RIVERSIDE COUNTIES,

CALIFORNIA

(Diptera: Culicidae)

Raymond E. Ryckman and Ken Y. Arakawa

Depart nent of Entomology

School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda, California

For the past year, data have been obtained on the breeding

habits of Culiseta maccrackenae Dyar and Knab. There is some

question as to previous collections having been made from San

Bernardino County. Several specimens collected by the authors

have been deposited with the Bureau of Vector Control, Berkeley.

Collection records from Urbita Springs, near San Bernardino,

California :

Fourth instars, pupae and adults, March 8, 1951.

Four instars, March 15, 1951.

Adults (numerous), May 13, 1951. Collected in clumps of tall dead

grass in willow brush.

Habitat : Culiseta maccrackenae were quite abundant at Urbita

Springs during March, 1951. After careful inspection of breeding

conditions, the area was dusted by mosquito control personnel.

Larvae and pupae on March 8, 1951 were numerous in a borrow

pit 10 ft. in diameter and located in a grove of deciduous trees not

in leaf. The water was 11-44 cm. deep, partially shaded, and con-

tained considerable decaying debris in the form of tree leaves,

twigs, and grass. Most of the surface was covered by Lemna, duck-

weed. The pH was 7.2 and the temperature ranged from 12° C.

at 9:00 a.m. to 15° C. at 2:20 p.m. on February 22, 1951.

Adult mosquitoes were resting on the 2 - 3 ft. high moss-covered

banks of this pool and under overhanging grass. Many were also

collected in tall dead grass, weeds and brush in the immediate vicin-

ity of the breeding area. Culiseta maccrackenae females were also

taken from inside the lodges of Neotoma fuscipes on February 22,

and November 29, 1951 in San Timoteo Canyon, Riverside County.

At Urbita Springs, several females attempted to bite at which

time they were collected alive in shell vials and returned to the

laboratory. In the laboratory at 3:45 p.m. on March 8 one female

completely engorged with blood on the author’s arm. On March

April, 1952]

RYCICMAN & ARAICAWA MOSQUITOES

105

21, seven adult females from the March 8 collection were given the

opportunity to feed on a human subject, one fed to complete en-

gorgement and two took partial blood meals. The latter two had

consumed considerable sugar water before the opportunity to feed

on blood was presented to them. April 1, at midnight, one female

fed readily on a human host and obtained almost a complete blood

meal. Bites of this species were painful for one-half hour following

the bite and large welts appeared at each feeding point. Welts were

visible as long as two days following the initial feedings. The above

data indicate that this species will feed on a human host, but cer-

tainly man is not one of its preferred hosts.

Culiseta maccrackenae were observed copulating readily in the

daytime under laboratory conditions. A male 12 hours of age copu-

lated with a female 2 1 /4 days old, in a plastic cylinder 20" x 6.5".

No blood meal had been obtained by the female. This pair re-

mained in copulation from 9:45 a.m. until 2:45 p.m. Other pairs

remained in copulation for at lea:t two hours.

Males and females approach face to face prior to copulation.

After copula is effected, they face in opposite direction. The male

has frequently been seen in a vertical position suspended head

down, supported only by the genitalia in copula.

In San Bernardino and Riverside counties, Culiseta maccracke-

nae breeds in very limited numbers, except for certain isolated

pools which may in the winter and spring seasons contain moder-

ate numbers of larvae and pupae. This is in agreement with reports

on their breeding in central and northern California.

ADDITIONAL COLLECTIONS OF MOSQUITOES FROM

WOOD RATS’ NESTS

(Diptera: Culicidae)

Raymond E. Ryckman and Ken Y. Araicawa

Department of Entomology

School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda, California

Anopheles freeborni Aitken has been reported from the nests of

Neotoma fuscipes Baird (Ryckman and Arakawa 1951).

106

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Four ; additional species of mosquitoes have been collected from

wood rats’ nests in California and Mexico. The authors have found

mosquitoes in the nests of Neotoma from Mt. Diablo, April 2, 1949

to Baja California, Mexico, August 7, 1951.

Species collected from nests of Neotoma fuscipes Baird:

Anopheles freehorni Aitken, San Timoteo Canyon, Riverside Co.,

Calif. Nov. 29, 1951, 4 $ . Dec. 12, 1951, 1 $ .

Culiseta inornata (Williston) San Timoteo Canyon, Riverside Co.,

Dec. 12, 1951, 4 $.

Culiseta maccrackenae Dyar and Knab, San Timoteo Canyon, River-

side Co., Calif. Feb. 22 and Nov. 29, 1951, one $ each collection.

Culex stigmatosoma Dyar, five miles south Tijuana, Baja California,

Mexico. August 7, 1951, 1 $ .

Culex tarsalis Coquillett San Timoteo Canyon, Riverside, Co., Calif.,

Nov. 29, 1951, 4 $ . Dec. 12, 1951, 11 2 .

The above data are concerned only with the actual specimens

returned to the laboratory and do not take into consideration those

which frequently escaped.

In the San Timoteo Canyon a careful search has been conducted

to find other resting places, but wood rats’ nests were the only

habitat in which the mosquitoes were found. Those taken during

the winter on cold days were apparently taking refuge from the

cold inclement weather; however, the collection in Mexico was on

a very hot day during the dry season. In the latter situation, Culex

stigmatosoma was apparently seeking shelter from a dry, hot

environment.

The food and dung chamber in which most of the mosquitoes

are found affords protection from adverse climatic conditions. It

is the opinion of the authors that this recently investigated mos-

quito habitat is a preferred ecological niche for mosquitoes in cer-

tain environmental situations as the San Timoteo Canyon studies

have indicated. When surveys of overwintering adult mosquitoes

are conducted, the nests of Neotoma should be inspected.

Literature Cited

Ryckman, R. E. and K. Y. Arakawa

1951. Anopheles freeborni hibernating in wood rat’s nest.

Pan-Pacific Ent. 27:172.

April, 1952]

MALKIN & HATCH— AGONUM

107

A NEW AGONUM FROM OREGON

(Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Borys Malkin and Melville H. Hatch

University of Washington, Seattle

Agonum ( Anchomenus) sargentorumMalkin & Hatch, new species

Rufous impunctuate the elytra except at the extreme margins

bright shining viridescent and finely transversely microstrigose;

Head: rufous, moderately elongate, eyes very strongly projecting at

sides. Antennae: rufous, about half as long as body, second segment barely

twice as long as wide, third segment the longest slightly longer than fourth

which is longer than fifth (the proportions of segments 3, 4, 5, being re-

spectively 11 :10:9) ; apical segment conical. Thorax: dark rufous, clouded

on disc, diaphanously paler at sides, slightly wider than long (proportions

of length to width 4.3:5.2), apex about seven-eighths as wide at base, sides

broadly reflexed, arcuate in front, feebly sinuate before the obtuse hind

angles, basal fovae deep, impunctate. Elytra: metallic, viridescent except

for yellow side margins; sides parallel, gradually narrowing in posterior

third, at extreme apex truncate and produced into a spine at the sutural

angles. Elytral intervals smooth, impunctate, flat, striae finely incised, third

interval with three punctures; elytral length is to the width in proportion of

15.2:8.5. Ventral surface: yellow-rufous, smooth, and imunctate. Legs dark

yellow with apices of tibiae and femora darker. Male with a single seta on

each side of last abdominal sternite. Length 11.9 mm.

Fig. 1. Elytron of A) Agonum sargentorum, and B) A. ovipenrve.

103

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Holotype: unique male, Eugene, Oregon. 23.VI.1941 B.

Malkin collector under pile of dried cow manure, in Hatch’s col-

lection at the University of Washington.

This species runs to Anchomenus in Casey’s 1 key in which

group it traces to ovipenne Mannerheim. From this species as

well as from the other species of the group it may be readily dis-

tinguished by the metallic, viridescent coloration of the elytra and

rufous coloration of the body. The elytra are likewise narrower

than in ovipenne and parallel at the sides; the intervals are more

flat instead of being convex as in the Mannerheim species ; and the

tip of the elytra is produced, a character absent in ovipenne. It is

possible that the rufous coloration is due to immaturity.

We have named this striking species after Mr. and Mrs. Samuel

Sargent of Portland, Oregon, whose enthusiasm for beetle collect-

ing has contributed numerous specimens to our respective collec-

tions. The drawings of the elytra (fig. 1) were executed by Helen

Gellermann Houk.

1 Casey, T.L., “A Revisional Study of the American Platyninae” Memoirs. IX.

1920.

NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OF CALIFORNIA

STEM BORERS

(Hymenoptera, Cephidae)

Woodrow W. Middlekauff

University of California, Berkeley

In his monograph on the Cephidae Ries (1937) 1 was able to

examine only five specimens of Caenocephns aldrichi Bradley. Re-

cently two additional specimens have come to the author’s atten-

tion. One specimen extends the range into California and the other

verifies its occurrence in Washington. The only previous Washing-

ton record (holotype) is based on a poorly labeled specimen pre-

sumably from Washington Territory deduced from the abbrevia-

tion “W. T.” The collecting data from the new specimens are as

follows: California, Contra Costa County: Orinda, $, V-24-51 (G.

Loshbaugh, Middlekauff collection, on Conium maculatum Lin-

naeus. Inasmuch as the host is unknown the notation that this

April, 1952]

MICHELBACHER BOOK NOTICE

109

specimen was taken on poison hemlock may be significant. Wash-

ington, King County: Seattle, 9, V-22-45 (H. J. Jensen, C. I. S. 2 ).

Several specimens of the very rare Janus rufiventris (Cresson)

have also been collected in Berkeley. Data are as follows : Califor-

nia, Alameda County: Berkeley, 9, IV-23-48 (R. E. Beer, Middle-

kauff collection); 9? HI-27-51 (W. Middlekauff, C. I. S.). The

latter specimen was collected on the foliage of coast live oak,

Quercus agrifolia Nee, but considering that all of our other species

of Janus bore in the pith of woody plants, this record is probably

not significant.

’Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1937, 63 :259-324. October.

^Collection of the California Insect Survey, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley.

Book Notice

The Aphid Genus Periphyllus. By E. 0. Essig and Frieda Abernathy.

166 pp., 43 figures. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles,

California. Price $3.00. 1952.

This book represents a comprehensive study of the aphid genus Peri-

phyllus. It consists of eleven chapters. The first is devoted to a discussion

of the genus and considers its origin, history and the many forms of individ-

uals that are encountered. A system of symbols is given to designate the

various distinct forms that are recognizable, which in the species P. califor-

niensis (Shinji), totals 17. A number of the species have extremely compli-

cated life histories and seasonal cycles. Of great interest are the peculiar

dimorphic stages which are characteristic of several of the species. These

young dimorphs of the fundatrigeniae appear in April and May. They are

tiny, nearly microscopic, disc-like individuals which remain in the first instar

without any appreciable growth throughout the long hot summer. In the fall

they suddenly begin to grow, complete their development in a very short time,

and give rise to parthenogenetic and apterous or alate sexual individuals. The

complicated developement indicates a very long association with their host.

The remaining ten chapters are devoted to a discussion of each of the

known species. For each species an account is given of the published records,

description, historical review, known life history, and seasonal trend, host

range and other information such as that which pretains to distribution, and

collection records.

Detailed life history and seasonal studies were conducted with the Cali-

fornia maple aphid, Periphyllus calif or niensis (Shinji) and the European

maple aphid, P. testudinacea (Fernie). It was these investigations that re-

vealed the complexity of development and they well illustrate the need for a

careful and thorough approach to similar biological problems.

The book is excellently illustrated and should be in the library of every

aphidologist as well as ecologists and other entomologists who are interested

in insect life histories and biology. — A. E. Michelbacher.

110

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE; PRO-

POSED AMPLIFICATION, CLARIFICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS

TO BE CONSIDERED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF

ZOOLOGY, COPENHAGEN, 1953.

Zoologists and palaeontologists are reminded that at its meeting held in

Paris in 1948 the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology decided that

a number of general problems of great importance involving the text of the

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature should be brought forward

for decision at the next (Fourteenth) International Congress of Zoology at

its meeting to be held in Copenhagen in 1953. The Paris Congress further

decided that, as a preliminary to the submission of these problems to the

Copenhagen Congress, the Secretary to the International Commission on

Zoological Nomenclature should confer with interested specialists and, hav-

ing done so, should submit comprehensive Reports, with recommendations.

In pursuance of the duties so entrusted to me, I have prepared papers on

each of the problems remitted to me for Report, in each of which I have set

out the issues on which, as it appears to me, the Copenhagen Congress will

need to take decisions. In these papers also I have submitted for considera-

tion a number of suggestions based upon such preliminary consultations as it

has already been possible to hold. The object of these papers is to elicit

expressions of opinion on the issues involved from as wide a circle as possible

of interested specialists.

The subjects dealt with in the papers referred to above are the following:

(1) Emendation of zoological names: proposed substitution for Article 19

of simple clear-cut rules capable of being easily applied (Commission’s

reference Z.N. ( S. ) 356 ) ;

(2) Clarification and amplification of the rules relating to the naming of

families and lower categories of suprageneric rank (Commission’s ref-

erence Z.N. (S.) 357) ;

(3) Proposed introduction of rules for regulating the . naming of Orders

and higher taxonomic categories (Commission’s reference Z.N. (S.)

360) ;

(4) Species to be accepted as the type species of a nominal genus, the

name of which was published in a generic synonymy, if names so

published are to be treated as possessing nomenclatorial availability

(Z.N.(S.)387) ;

(5) Application to be given to a trivial name which, when first published,

was applied to a particular species or specimen but which is stated

also to be a substitute name for some previously published name

(Commission’s reference Z.N. (S) 361) ;

(6) Neotypes: question whether this class of type specimen should be

officially recognized and, if so, under what conditions (Commission’s

reference Z.N. (S.) 358) ;

April, 1952]

NOMENCLATURE

111

(7) The means to be devised for securing stability in zoological nomen-

clature (Commission’s reference Z.N. ( S. ) 359 ) .

A special volume (vol. 7) of the Bulletin of Zoological N omenclature has

been allotted for the publication of the foregoing papers, which it must be

understood constitute an important instalment of the Agenda on nomenclature

questions of the Copenhagen Congress next year. Parts 1/2 containing the

first instalment of the above papers will be published on 25th February 1952;

the whole of the remainder of the volume will be published within the next

six weeks.

The object of the present NOTICE is to draw the attention of zoologists

and palaeontologists to the arrangements being made for the consideration of

the foregoing problems by the Copenhagen Congress next year, and to express

the hope that Nomenclature Committees of museums and other scientific in-

stitutions and also as many individual specialists as possible will furnish as

soon as possible answers to the questions specifically asked in the concluding

paragraph in each of the seven papers enumerated above regarding the action

which, in their opinion or, in the case of Committees, in the opinion of their

members, it is desirable that the Copenhagen Congress should take on each

of the important problems involved. It is particularly hoped that there will

be a wide and representative response to the present appeal, so that the pro-

posals to be submitted to the Copenhagen Congress may be such as will com-

mand the widest possible measure of support among the general body of

zoologists and palaeontologists, both those engaged on taxonomic work and

also those engaged in the teaching of zoology and geology and those working

in the various fields of applied biology.

Nomenclature Committees and individual specialists who respond to the

present appeal for assistance and advice will render a double service if they

will be so good as to assist the International Commission by observing the

following procedure when furnishing statements of their views: (1) Where

comments are furnished on two or more of the general problems enumerated

above, the comments furnished on each of those problems should be on sep-

arate sheets of paper. (2) Every comment furnished should be clearly marked

with the Commission’s Reference Number as indicated in the list given above.

(3) Comments should be typewritten, on one side of the paper only, with

wide margins and should be furnished in duplicate.

In order that there may be sufficient time to prepare the Reports called

for by the Paris Congress — and thus to make those Reports available well

ahead of the Copenhagen Congress — it is particularly hoped that Nomencla-

ture Committees and individual specialists responding to the present appeal

be so good as to despatch their comments as promptly as possible. They

should in any case reach me not later than 31st July 1952.

All communications relating to the foregoing matters should be ad-

dressed to myself, as Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature (28 Park Village East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.L., Eng-

land). — Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on

Zoological Nomenclature.

112

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

THE FALSE SPIDER MITE

GENUS PSEUDOLEPTUS BRUYANT

(Acarina: Phytoptipalpidae 1 )

Edward W. Baker 2 and A. Earl Pritchard^

The genus Pseudoleptus Bruyant (1911) was proposed for a

grass-feeding mite in Uruguay. The original description was in-

accurate, and certain other mites that feed on monocotyledonous

plants have been erroneously assigned to the genus.

Through the kindness of Mr. C. S. Carbonell of Montevideo,

Uruguay, topotypes of Pseudoleptus arechavaletae, the type of the

genus, have been obtained. It is the purpose of this paper to re-

describe this species and to recharacterize the genus.

Genus Pseudoleptus Bruyant

Pseudoleptus Bruyant, 1911, Zool. Anz., 38: 340; Oudemans, 1928. Ent. Ber.,

7: 287; Vitzthum, 1942, Klass. Ordn. Tierr. 5(Abt. 4, Buch 5): 812;

Sayed 1942, Bull. Soc. Fouad ler Ent., 26: 81; McGregor, 1949, Mem.

S. Califor. Acad. Sci., 3(2): 1; Baker, 1949, Amer. Midi. Nat., 42: 353;

Radford, 1950, Union Internatl. Sci. Biol. (Ser. C), 1: 80. Type —

Pseudoleptus arechavaletae Bruyant; monotypic.

Trichadenus, Oudemans, 1938 (not Rondani, 1870), Tijd. Ent., 81: LXXV.,

Misidentification.

Oudemans (1928) included in Pseudoleptus certain species that

properly belong to the genus Dolichotetranychus Sayed, and Vitz-

thum (1942) and Radford (1950) considered Dolichotetranychus

to be a synonym of Pseudoleptus. Sayed (1942) showed that the

two genera are distinct; however, the palpal and tarsal characters

given for Pseudoleptus were inaccurate.

Oudemans (1938) considered Pseudoleptus to be a synonym

of Trichadenus Rondani. The writers concur with Sayed (1942),

however, that Trichadenus cannot be recognized with certainty on

the basis of the original description alone. Moreover, the type of

Trichadenus was found on mulberry, and Pseudoleptus is known

only from salt grass.

Pseudoleptus resembles Pentamerismus McGregor, Aegyptobia

Sayed, and Phytoptipalpus Tragardh in that the palpus is five seg-

mented, a condition that is not found in other phytoptipalpid

Considered by various authors as the Pseudoleptidae, Trichadenidae, or Tenui-

palpidae. The genus Phytoptipalpus, however, was first used as the basis for

a suprageneric name.

-U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine,

Washington, D. C.

3 University of California, Berkeley.

April, 1952]

BAKER & PRITCHARD MITES

113

Fig. 1. Pseudoleptus arechavaletae, female, dorsal aspect.

114

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

genera. Pseudoleptus differs from Pentamerismus and Aegyptobia

in that the female has the hysterosoma subdivided by transverse

striae and lacks a ventral plate (a plate hearing the pair of setae

located just anterior to the genital plate). It differs from Phytop-

tipalpus principally in that the adult possesses four pairs of legs.

Palpus 5 segmented. Adult with 4 pairs of legs. Rostral shield present,

narrow and bifurcate. Body of female elongate-elliptical, the metapodosoma

and opisthosoma separated by transverse striae. Integument with fine striae.

Propodosoma with 3 pairs of dorsal setae; metapodosoma with 2 transverse

rows of 6 dorsal setae each; opisthosoma with a pair of mid-dorsal setae

anteriorly and with 5 dorsolateral setae on either side. Female with genital

plate present; ventral and anal plates absent; with 3 pairs of anal setae.

Male with 4 pairs of genito-anal setae.

The genus Pseudoleptus contains a single species.

Pseudoleptus arechavaletae Bruyant

(Figs. 1-3)

Pseudoleptus arechavaletae Bruyant, 1911, Zool. Anz., 38: 340. Cotypes:

larvae, nymphs, males, and females, Uruguay, on Distichlis scoparia ; pos-

sibly at the University of Lille, France.

Tenuipalpus haumani Lahille, , 1927, Rev. Univ. Buenos Aires (ser. 2), 24:

1295. Cotypes: females, Argentina, on Distichlis spicata; possibly at the

University of Buenos Aires. New synonymy.

Female — Rostrum reaching to end of femur I. Palpus with two setae

and a sensory peg on distal segment. Legs I and II with the femora, genua,

and tibiae each with the dorsal seta slender and somewhat longer than width

of segment; tarsi I and II each with a sensory peg, posterodistally ; tarsi III

and IV without sensory pegs ; claw with hook absent. Rostral shield strongly

bifurcate, the lobes narrow and divergent and reaching the distal end of

trochanter I. Propodosoma dorsally with longitudinal, solid striations; dorsal

propodosomals setiform and minutely serrate, the anterior pair about one-

half as long as distance between them. Metapodosoma dorsally nearly smooth

except for transverse striae of strictures anteriorly and posteriorly; dorsal

metapodosomals similar to dorsal propodosomals but smaller. Opisthosoma

dorsally with caudolaterally diverging, solid striae; dorsolateral opisthosom-

als five in number, the third and fourth considerably longer than the first,

second, and fifth. Podosoma ventrally with solid, longitudinal striae in inter-

coxal areas, with transverse, dotted striae in wide median area ; anterior and

posterior pairs of medioventral metapodosomals very short. Opisthosoma

ventrally with transverse, dotted striae anteriorly and with semilongitudinal,

solid striae laterally and posteriorly; genital plate smooth,.: with 2 pairs of

setae. Length of body 290 u, including rostrum 343 u; greatest width of

body 166 u.

Male. — Tarsi I and II each with a single sensory peg as in female.

Rostral shield reaching to middle of trochanter I. Propodosoma dorsally

similar to female. Metapodosoma dorsally with semilongitudinal, solid striae;

opisthosoma dorsally with transverse striae anteriorly and semi-longitudinal,

solid striae behind dorsocentrals. Podosoma ventrally similar to female.

April, 1952]

BAKER & PRITCHARD — MITES

115

Fig. 2. Pseudoleptus arechavaletae, female, ventral aspect

116

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Fig. 3. Pseudoleptus arechavaletae, male, dorsal aspect.

Opisthosoma ventrally with transverse, dotted striae; medioventrals located

near middle. Length of body 223 u, including rostrum 266 a, greatest width

of body 133 u.

Specimens examined are from Canelon Chico, Canelones, Uru-

guay, April 4, 1910 (from C. S. Carbonell), on Distichlis scoparia.

The figures of Tenuipalpus haumani that were presented with

the original description clearly indicate that this species belongs

to the genus Pseudoleptus. Haumani was described without ref-

erence to arechavaletae, and no characters were given to separate

the two species. The similarity of the geographic location and hosts

indicates that they are synonymous.

April, 1952]

ESSIG — ALOEPHAGUS

117

Literature Cited

Baker Edward W.

1949. The genus Brevipalpus (Acarina: Pseudoleptidae) . The Ameri-

can Midland Naturalist, 42(2) : 350-402. (September.)

Bruyant, L.

1911. Pseudoleptus arechavaletae n. gen., n. sp., nouvel acarien chele-

tine de PUrguay. Zoologische Anzeiger, 38: 340-345.

Lahille, F.

1927. Nota sobre algunos acaros del pais. Revista de la Universidad

de Buenos Aires (ser. 2), 24: 1286-1304.

McGregor, E. A.

1949. Nearctic mites of the family Pseudoleptidae. Memoirs of the

Southern California Academy of Sciences, 3(2) : 1-45. (March.)

OllDEMANS, A. C.

1928. Acarologische Aateekeningen LXXXIX. Entomologische Berich-

ten, 7: 285-293.

1938. Nieuwe vondsten op het gebied der Systematick en der Nomencla-

tuur der Acari II. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 81: LXX-LXXX.

Radford, Charles D.

1950. Systematic check list of mite genera and type species. Union

International des Sciences Biologiques (Serie C), 1: 1 — 232.

Sayed, M. Taher

1942. Contribution to the knowledge of the Acarina of Egypt: I. The

genus Roaiella Hirst [Pseudotetranychinae - Tetranychidae] . Bul-

letin de la Societe Fouad ler d’Entomologie, 26: 81-91.

Vitzthum, Hermann Graf

1942. Acarina. In Bronns, Klassen and Ordnugen des Tierreichs, 5

(Abteilung 4, Buch 5) : 301-912.

THE ALOE APHID, ALOEPHAGUS MYERSI ESSIG

(Homoptera)

E. O. Essig

University of California , Berkeley

The apterous form of this very interesting introduced aphid was

described in the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, Vol. XXVI, No. 1, pp.

22—24, Figs. 1—2, 1950. At the time the original specimens were

collected no alate individuals were available. Fortunately, Mr. L. E.

Myers, for whom the species was named, recently sent me a con-

siderable number of both alate and winged forms collected on Aloe

at La Canada, Los Angeles County, California on February 8, 1951

by W. D. Dyer. A description of the alate forms and an illustration

of the same follow.

Alate viviparous par theno genetic female (fig. 1). Color mostly black

excepting the abdomen which is dull greenish with black markings as shown

118

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIII, NO. 2

in the drawing. Short rounded tubercles occur on the head, prothorax and

abdomen. A series of wax glands are arranged in transverse groups on the

dorsum of the metathorax and the three basal abdominal segments. Small

hairs and setae are also present. Antenna 5-segmented with large irregular

secondary dorsal sensoria on segments III and IV. These sensoria may be

separated or fused. A single large sensorium on IV, as shown, is the rule

but it may be divided (in one case) or there may be a large one and a very

small one basad (one example). Lengths of segments: III, 0.11 mm.; IV,

0.70 mm.; V, 0.15 mm. The unguis about one-third the length of the base (this

also holds for the apterous form in the original description which was erro-

neously indicated as being twice as long as the base.) Compound eyes and

ocelli well developed. The rostrum long and slender and extending beyond

the middle of the abdomen, the apical segments only slightly wider than the

stem. Prothorax with 4 basal tubercles. Wings with veins and stigma black ;

venation as illustrated. Abdomen with many lateral and dorsal tubercles and

with transverse glandular and pigmented bands. Cauda triangular with many

short, curved spine-like hairs. Cornicles absent. Length of body 2.30 mm. ;

length of forewing 2.97 mm. (Length of apterae 2.20 mm.)

The collection consists of 16 alate and 18 immature and mature

apterous forms. The alates are designated as plesiotypes (specimens

figured or described as examples of an already named species) .

Fig. 1. Aloephagus myersi, Essig. Alate form (plesiotype) with greatly

enlarged antenna, showing dorsal and ventral surfaces; abdominal pig-

mented, tubercular and glandular areas; anal plate and cauda (ventral as-

pect) ; and apical portion of rostrum. (Drawing by Frieda Abernathy).

April, 1952]

KORMILEV ARADIDAE

119

NOTES ON NEOTROPICAL ARADIDAE,

WITH DESCRIPTION OF ONE NEW SPECIES

(Hemiptera)

Nicolas A. Kormilev

Instituto National de Investigation de las Ciencias Naturales

y Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina

I recently had the opportunity to examine the following rare

and curious Aradidae from the Neotropical Region which seem

worthy of note.

1. Calisiopsis 1 ampliceps Champion, 1898, 9, Porto Alegre,

Brazil, R. P. Buck collector, July 11, 1949. This genus with a

single species was described by Champion based on three speci-

mens, two 99 from Bugaba and one from Tole was somewhat

aberrant. The specimen from Brazil agrees with the original de-

scription. The genus is new for Brazil, and it is most interesting

to note this extension in range from Panama to southeastern Brazil.

2. Miorrhynchus longipes Champion, 1898, cT, Buena Vista,

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, A. Martinez collector, February, 1950. This

monotypic genus was described by Champion from a single 9

specimen from Vulcan de Chiriqui, Panama. The genus is new for

Bolivia. The specimen from Bolivia differs somewhat from the

original description and drawings of Champion, the size being

slightly smaller, 7.3 mm. (Champion gives the size of his type as

7.0 mm. but Dr. R. L. Usinger, who has recently studied the type,

informs me that the size is 7.5 mm.) ; the fourth antennal segment

is slightly longer than in the type of longipes, the proportion of

antennal segments one to four being: 1:0.46:1.07:0.43 (1:0.47:

1.06:0.32 in longipes according to the original description and to

the measurements which were taken from the detailed drawing of

Champion) ; the third and the fourth antennal segments are in-

fuscate but not black at the apex and middle respectively; the

genital capsule is as wide as long in the specimen from Bolivia,

but Dr. R. L. Usinger informs me that it is slightly longer than

wide in Champion’s type. Since these differences fall within the

limits of possible individual variation, I consider the Bolivian

specimen as Miorrhynchus longipes Champion (Fig. 1.).

In connection with my study of the genus Miorrhynchus , Dr.

R. L. Usinger kindly suggested that I might describe a new species

120 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

which he had from Panama. It is a pleasure to dedicate this new

species to him.

3. Miorrhynchus usingeri Kormilev, new species

(Figure 2)

Very similar to longipes Champion, but smaller with the gen-

eral colour more reddish; prOnotum somewhat shorter and wider,

abdomen shorter and narrower, lateral sutures of the sixth abdom-

inal segment less, and of the seventh more pronounced than in

longipes from Bolivia ( according to Dr. Usinger, Champion’s type

has the sixth and seventh abdominal segments more strongly pro-

duced laterally than in the new species) ; the third antennal joint

shorter, the fourth intermediate between that of Champion’s type

and the specimen from Bolivia.

Reddish brown; basal half of fourth antennal segment and

first tarsal segment lighter, the apex of third antennal segment in-

fuscate, tibia with a yellow ring on basal half. Surface partially

covered with yellow, truncate, curly hairs. Upper surface mostly

and ventral surface almost entirely covered with a yellowish wax-

like secretion which is soluble in benzene.

Head, subquadrate, longer than wide across eyes (27:21) ; clypeus stout,

conical, anteriorly slightly declivous; antenniferous tubercles directed for-

wards and slightly inwards, exteriorly almost parallel; eyes not very promi-

nent. Yellow curly hairs absent only on antenniferous tubercles, antennae

and two longitudinal, callous, infraocular spots on vertex. Antennae long

and slender, their length slightly exceeding that of head, pronotum and scu-

tellum together; first segment large, stout, slightly inflated at middle, as long

as head ; second segment more slender and shorter, both with stout, truncate,

bristly hairs on upper surface, more slender on the second segment; third

segment most slender, cylindrical, slightly dilated apically, as long as the

first segment; fourth segment short, pyriform, with fine long bristles on the

apical half. Proportions of antennal segments one to four: 1:0.48:1:0.37.

Rostrum short, yellowish and lying in channel formed by bucculae. Pronotum

wider than long (53:30), divided into two lobes; anteriorly with a distinct

collar. Anterior lobe lower and narrower, with longitudinal elevations later-

ally and arcuate lateral margin; collar completely and anterior lobe mostly

covered with yellow, curly hairs, arranged in longitudinal rows or bordering

anterior and lateral margins of lobe. Curly hairs absent only on four (or

six?) longitudinal callous spots. Posterior lobe plane, with slightly raised

lateral angles and covered with scattered granulation and yellow curly hairs.

Scutellum triangular, wider than long (28:18), flat, basally inflated and with

broad longitudinal ridge; the latter entirely and lateral margins of scutellum

basally covered with curly hairs. Hemelytra reaching hind margin of tergum,

leaving the connexivum exposed. Corium exceeding front margin of second

segment of connexivum ; membrane white, hyaline. Lateral margin of corium

April, 1952]

K0RM1LEV — ARADIDAE

121

Neotropical Aradidae — Fig. 1. Miorrhynchus longipes Champion, $ ;

Fig. 2. M. usinger Kormilev, $ .

and broad triangle on disc bordered with curly hairs. Abdomen regularly

dilated to fifth segment : the sixth segment only slightly and the seventh more

strongly sinuate laterally. First segment of connexivum with one and the

others with two round yellow spots on each segment. Lateral border of ter-

gum, segments of connexivum partially and especially genital capsul ( $ )

covered with yellow curly hairs. Genital capsule large, conical, a little wider

than long (19:17). Ventral surface of abdomen densely covered with a

wax like secretion; secretion absent only on callous spots arranged in longi-

tudinal rows, the median row with spots bigger and oval, the three lateral

rows (on each side) with spots smaller and round. Prosternum with curly

hairs located laterad of a very fine and inconspicuous median sulcus; meso-

and metasterna plane, somewhat depressed in the middle. Propleura densely

and mesopleura scarcely covered with similar hairs. Femora regularly dilated

towards apex and covered with numerous rows of setigerous tubercles; setae

stout, truncate, yellowish and semi-erect. Tibiae with finer and smaller

bristles. Total length, 6.8 mm., pronotal width, 2.1 mm. and width of abdo-

men, 2.5 mm.

Holotype: <S , Panama Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island,

N. Banks collector, July 23, 1924, deposited in the collection of the

122

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.

4. Aphleboderrhis pilosa Stal, 1860, 11 c? c? , 14 $9 and 1

nymph, Siambon, Tucuman, Argentina, J. M. Bosq, collector, July,

1933; 4 cf cf and 5 $$, Tucuman, Argentina, Dr. P. Wygodzinsky

collector, Sept. 24, 1949.

Resumen

El autor menciona neuvas procedencias de varios generos de

Aradidae neotropicales y describe una especie nueva del genero

Miorrhynclius Champion de Panama, dedicandola al Dr. Robert

L. Usinger, Professor Asociado de la Universidad de California,

Berkeley, USA.

Bibliography

Champion, G. C.

1898. Hemiptera Heteroptera, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Ins. Rhyn.

Yol. II, pp. 67, 75, tab. V, figs. 4, 17.

Stal, C.

1860. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-Traktens Hemipter-Fauna ; 1:67.

NEOTROPICAL SCOLYTOIDEA V.-119. CONTRIBUTION TO

THE MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF

THE SCOLYTOIDEA

Karl E. Schedl

Lienz, Austria

Mr. Hugh B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences has

sent to me two larger lots of bark and ambrosia beetles collected

in various parts of the world. Going over the results of the deter-

minations made it seems worth while to provide a list of the species

originating from Lower California, Mexico and other parts of

America including the description of one new species. Records of

species found outside from the America continent will be published

elsewhere.

New Records

Renocis parkinsoniae Blackman — Lower California: 25 miles S. Santa Rosa-

lia, VII-25-1938, Michelbacher & Ross collectors.

Coccotrypes dactyliperda Fabricius — Lower California: Comondu, VII-22.

1939, Michelbacher & Ross collectors.

Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopkins — Mexico: 15 miles S. El Guardia Distrito

Federal. Xl-14-1946, E. S. Ross collector.

April, 1952]

SCHEDL SCOLYTOIDEA

123

PlesiophthoTus luteolus Schedl— Lower California: Triunfo, VII-13-1938; 15

miles W. La Paz, VII-5-1938, both Michelbacher & Ross collectors; Gulf

of California: Angeles Bay, June 27, 1921, J. C. Chamberlin collector.

Plesiophthorus calif ornicus Schedl — Gulf of California: Angeles Bay, June

27, 1921, J. C. Chamberlin collector.

Xyleborus badius Eichh. Mexico: Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi, XI-23-1946,

E. S. Ross collector.

Xyleborus torquatus Eichh. — Mexico: Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi, XI-

1946, E. S. Ross collector.

Xyleborus vagabundus Schedl — Lower California: 15 miles W. La Paz, VII-

5-1938; 20 miles N.W. La Paz, VII-16-1938; Todos Santos, VII-15-1938;

8 miles N.E. Cape San Lucas, VII-10-1938, all Michelbacher & Ross col-

lectors.

Xyleborus scopulorum Hopkins — Mexico: 15 miles S. El Guarda Distrito

Federal, XI-14-1946, E. S. Ross collector. Lower California: Todos San-

tos, VII-15-1938; 5 miles S. Miraflores, VII-10-1938; 20 miles N.W. La

Paz, VII-16-1938, all Michelbacher & Ross collectors.

Xyleborus volvulus Fabricius — Lower California: 15 miles W. La Paz, VII-

5-1938; 20 miles N.W. La Paz, VII-16-1938; 5 miles S. Miraflores, VII-

10- 1938; Todos Santos, VII-15-1938, all Michelbacher & Ross collectors.

Platypus sulcatus Chapin — Argentina: Prov. Salta, Tablillas, IX-1933 to

11- 1934; Prov. Salta, Macueta, X-XI-1933, both W. C. Harrington col-

lector.

Platypus inacessus Schedl — Mexico : 15 miles N. Tamazunchale, San Luis

Potosi, XI-24-1946, E. S. Ross collector.

Platypus ustulatus Chapin — Mexico: Veracruz, Dr. A. Fenyes.

Platypus ratzeburgi Chapin — Puerto Rico, Consumo Mayayuez, ex Inga vera

killed by mal de goma, George N. Wolcott collector

Platypus pulicarius Chapin — Argentina: Tartagal, Prov. Salta, W. C. Har-

rington collector.

Platypus rugulosus Chapin — Mexico : Cordoba, Veracruz, Dr. A. Fenyes;

Oaxaca, Zaachila, 4500 ft., VII-21-1937, M. A. Embury collector; 15

miles S. Iguala, Guerrero, XI-15-1946, E. C. Van Dyke; 15 miles N.

Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi, XI-24-1946, E. S. Ross collector.

Bolivia: Rurrenebaque, VIII-1925, G. L. Harrington. Argentina: Prov.

Salta, Tablillas, XII-1932 to IX-1933, W. C. Harrington.

Platypus punctulatus Chapin — Panama: ex-bananas, IX-8-1932. Canal Zone:

Ft. Clayton, VII-10-1945, K. E. Frick; Barro Colorado I., VII-21-1944,

K. E. Frick; Argentina: Prov. Salta, Gen. Ballivian, III-IV-1927, G. L.

Harrington.

Tesserocerus dewalkei Chapin — Argentina: Prov. Salta, Tablillas, IX-1933 to

11-1934, W. C. Harrington collector.

Tesserocerus dejeani Chapin — Mexico: Veracruz, Dr. A. Fenyes.

Plesiophthorus californicus Schedl, new species

Dark reddish brown when fully mature, 1.9 to 2.1 mm long,

2.6 times as long as wide. More closely allied to Plesiophthorus

perspectus Schedl and of similar size but the pronotum and elytra

124

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXIII, NO. 2

more coarsely sculptured, the elytral striae more strongly im-

pressed, the elytral declivity with the lateral convexities somewhat

more pronounced and the space between more distinctly aplanate.

Front broad, coarsely sculptured, densely punctured to granulate-punc-

tate, with an irregular shallow median impression and a slight indication of

a short transverse carina above ; pubescence inconspicuous and short. An-

tennae and front leg with all typical characters of the genus. Pronotum

somewhat longer than wide (27.0 : 24.4 ) , posterolateral angles rectangular

and distinctly rounded, sides parallel to somewhat beyond the middle, thence

obliquely incurved to the rather narrowly rounded apex, the anterior con-

struction merely indicated, anterior margin with several low asperities, sum-

mit somewhat in front of the middle, a transverse despression behind;

anterior area very densely but rather finely asperate, basal area very densely

granulate-punctate ; pubescence short. Scutellum moderate in size, some-

what longer than wide. Elytra as wide and 1.4 times as long as the pro-

notum, sides parallel to far beyond the middle, apex very broadly rounded,

the postero-lateral angles well developed (much better than in its next rela-

tive Plesiophthorus perspectus Schedl), cylindrical, declivity short, steeply

oblique, with the suture but feebly raised below ; disc with regular rows of

coarse, very densely placed punctures in somewhat impressed lines, the inter-

stices narrow, more narrow than the striae, each with a row of much smaller

punctures ; declivity with the strial punctures smaller, the striae themselves

much deeper, the interstices comparatively wider and the interstitial punc-

tures more distinct and much more closely placed; the pubescence dense

and short originating from both series of punctures, those of the striae and

that of the interstices.

Holotype and paratypes from Angeles Bay, Gulf of Califor-

nia, June 27, 1921, J. C. Chamberlin collector; holotype and some

paratypes deposited in the collections of the California Academy

of Sciences. Additional paratypes are in the collection of the writer.

The size and even the proportion do vary to some extent in the

seven specimens before me but I can not find any distinct sexual

differences. Perhaps the more slender specimens are females, the

stouter ones males.

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Vol. XXVIII July, 1952

No. 3

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in cooperation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

USINGER Brighton Clark Cain 125

COLE — New bombyliid flies reared from anthophorid bees 126

LINSLEY & MacSWAIN — N otes on some effects of parasitism upon

a small population of Diadasia bituberculata Cresson 131

ROSS — The habitat of two rare Californian Histeridae 135

BENESH— Description of a new species of Aegus from the Soloman

Islands, with remarks on other stagbeetles 136

STROHECKER Two palaearctic Orthoptera established in the

United States 138

ROCKWOOD — Notes on coccinellids in the Pacific Northwest 139

WOOD — Trypanosoma cruzi revealed in California mice

by xenodiagnosis 147

BAILEY — A review of the genus Stomatothrips Hood 154

MALKIN — Record of Stenomorpha consobrina from Washington

and Oregon 162

BARBER — Notes on Telegeusis and some relatives 163

BEAL — Description of a new Arizona Thaumaglossa 171

BOOK NOTICE 130

San Francisco, California

1952

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., H. B. Leech R. L. Usinger

E. S. Ross Co-Editors E. C. Van Dyke

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological

phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on

insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed

to H. B. Leech at the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco 18. Calif., or to P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of

California, Berkeley 4, Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers,

changes of address, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications

should be addressed to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco 18, Calif.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $3.00 per year in advance. Price for single

copies, 75 cents. Make checks payable to "Pan-Pacific Entomologist.”