Vol. XXIX

JANUARY. 1953

No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Published by fbe

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with

THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

CONTENTS

VAN DYKE MEMORIAL ISSUE 59

ESSIG — Aphid miscellany 1

FISHER — New Cerambycid beetles belonging to the tribe Rhinotragini.... 14

ESSIG — The orchard grass aphid, Hyalopteroides humilis (Walker) 17

DAY — A new mayfly genus from California 19

MARTIN — Intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters in Coleomyia

and two new species 25

HELPER — Two new Hippomelas 34

WEHRLE — A host index of some Arizona fleas 37

GILBERT — Sexual dimorphism and synonymy in Anthonomus

(Anthonomorphus) 41

TOHM — Some Siphoiiaptera from Pima County, Arizona 42

HOTTES — Seasonal variations in Myzocallis californicus Baker 43

KHALAF — Culicoides spinosus in Oklahoma 46

SELANDER — A new species of Calospasta from Utah 47

REINHARD — New muscoid diptera from the western United States.... 49

RYCKMAN — Diptera reared from barn owl nests 60

RYCKMAN & AMES — Adoxomyia claripennis collected from wood rat

nests in Arizona 60

Book Notice 18

Proceedings — Pacific Coast Entomological Society 61

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1953

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXIX January, 1953

No. 1

APHID MISCELLANY^

E. 0. Essig

University of California, Berkeley

In the middle of my junior year at Pomona College in 1908,

Professor C. F. Baker suggested, as a special research problem, a

study of the family Aphidae. The reason for this selection was the

need for a better knowledge of these important injurious insects.

The assignment at once aroused my interest because as a boy, raised

on a ranch in Humboldt County, I was familiar with the ravages

of the green and rosy apple aphids and the woolly apple aphid on

our apple trees. I also knew the destructiveness of the cabbage

aphid.

The collecting, mounting, drawing and otherwise studying these

insects under the microscope was a revelation that I have enjoyed

even to the present time. I doubt if one could have selected a prob-

lem more intricate and fascinating. And now after 45 years of

almost continuous collecting and studying, I begin to feel that I

am getting a good start. The rather phenomenal life histories of

many species and the difficulties in the taxonomy of the group have

caused me many an uneasy time.

And yet at the time when I began much had been written about

aphids. Years before, Johann Leonard Frisch had published de-

scriptions of aphids in 1720—1738. A. R. Reaumur had given a

great deal of life history information in his Memoires (1734—1742) .

Carl Linneaus had published his Fauna Svecica in 1746, 1761,

Systema Naturae 1758, 1766—7 ; E. L. Gelfroy his Histoire Abregee

des Insectes 1762; Carl de Geer Memoires and other papers 1773—

1780; Johann C. Fabricius the Systema Entomologica 1774, Genera

Insectorum 1776, Systema Rhyngotorum 1803, Entomologica Sys-

tematica 1792—4, and Species Insectorum, 1701; and works of other

less important earlier pioneers in this field.

A. Leuwenhoek, in 1690,^ proved by dissection, that aphids

contained within their bodies numerous immature young in various

stages of development, some of which were ready for birth. A. R.

Reaumur (1738) described such common species as the rose aphid,

^ Presidential address before the annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomolo-

gical Society at California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, December 6, 1952.

2 The dates following the name refer to years of publication.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

sycamore poplar aphid, the willow aphid and others, and discussed

the pseudogalls formed on the leaves by several species. The dis-

covery of parthenogenesis in aphids by Charles Bonnet in 1745,

added greatly to the interest in these insects and at once raised

them to an important place in entomology and biology.

C. deGeer (1755), discovered the mating of male and female

which proved sexual reproduction. He also noted that: (1) ovi-

parous forms never produced living young; (2) viviparous females

never deposited eggs; (3), viviparous females produced sexual

males and females and the females laid the overwintering eggs

that hatched the following spring — the egg surviving the winter;

(4) if cold weather did not intervene no sexual forms were pro-

duced and he speculated that aphids living in the tropics might be

entirely viviparous.

F. von Paula Schrank (1801) described some 60 species of

aphids using relative lengths of the antennae, color, and compara-

tive lengths of the cauda and cornicles to distinguish them. T.

Hartig (1841, 1856) used also the wing veins in describing 33

species. Charles Morren (1836) described the internal organs of

the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). J. H. Kaltenbach

(1843) also employed wing venation as a basic character in classi-

fication. His was the first great work on these insects. John Curtis

(1828—1860) made many observations on aphids injurious to

crops. C. L. Koch (1857) followed closely in the steps of Kalten-

bach and described 213 species which were depicted in color.

Succeeding these pioneers were a host of entomologists who have

continued to discover new and remarkable characters and habits

and the importance of these most interesting insects.

Aphidologists who made large contributions, especially in the

systematics of aphids, and who followed the above mentioned

founders were: P. F. Gmelin, 1785, C. H. G. von Heyden, 1837, and

G. B. Buckton, 1876—1883, in England; Boyer de Fonscolombe,

1841, V. A. Signoret, 1867—1869, and J. Lichtenstein, 1874^-1886,

in France; G. Passerini, 1851-1865, and P. M. Ferrari, 1872 in

Italy; and C. S. Rafinesque, 1817—1818; T. W. Harris, 1841—1862;

Asa Fitch, 1851—1867, in the United States.

Closely following these pioneers were a host of systematic and

economic entomologists who devoted a large part of their time to

the study of aphids. The more important ones are arranged by

continents as follows :

JANUARY, 1953] ESSIG ^APHID MISCELLANY

AFRICA

F. V. Theobald, 1906-1929; W. J. Hall, 1926-1932; L. B. Soliman, 1927-

1938; J. Mimeur, 1931-1943.

ASIA

China — S. Teng and C. C. Tao, 1947;

India — B. Das, 1918; B. Krishnamurthy, 1928;

Korea — H. Okamoto and R. Takahashi, 1908; R. Takahashi, 1933;

Formosa — R. Takahashi, 1921—1934;

Japan — C. Sasaki, 1890—; G. Okajima; 1908; T. Matsumura, 1917—

1931; G. Shinji, 1917—1952; R. Takahashi, 1918—; K. Monzen, 1923—; T.

Uye, 1923—; M, Hori and K. Oshima, 1924; M. Hori, 1926—; M. Moritsu,

1949-.

AUSTRALIA

E. H. Zeck, 1928—; C. H. Hardy, 1931—.

NEW ZEALAND

W. Cottier, 1935—

EUROPE

Belgium — N. Schouteden, 1900—1912; J. Leclercq, 1945.

Great Britain — J. Davidson, 1913—1929; M. D. Haviland, 1918—1921;

F. Laing, 1919- ; D. J. Jackson, 1918-1922; F. V. Theobald, 1902-1929;

F. H. Jacob, 1940—; 1. Thomas, 1940; J. Davidson, 1914-1945; H. G. L.

Stroyan, 1950—.

France — P. Marchal, 1911—1933; A. Gaumont, 1913—1935.

Germany — H, F. Kessler, 1878—1882; C. Borner, 1904— ; 0. Niisslin,

1909— 1910; F. Schumacher, 1916—; Kurt Heinze, 1939.

Italy — L. Macchiati, 1881—1885; G. del Guercio, 1895—; F. Silvestri,

1911—1940; D. Robert!, 1938—; M. Martelli.

Latvia (Lettlands) — J. Zirnits, 1927—.

Netherlands — P. van der Goot, 1911—1918 W. Roepke, 1927—; D. Hille

Ris Lambers, 1931—; H. J. De Fluiter, 1931—.

Roumania — W. K. Knetchel and C, Manolanche, 1945—.

Russia— N. Cholodkovsky, 1888—1922; A. Mordvilko, 1894—1935.

Sv^eden — ^A. Tullgren, 1909—1925.

Switzerland — 0. Werder, 1929—

The two most outstanding working aphidologists today in Europe are

Carl Borner, Germany, (Russian Zone), and D. Hille Ris Lambers, Nether-

lands.

NORTH AMERICA - UNITED STATES

C. N. Ainsley, 1909-1915; P. N. Annand, 1924-1928; W. H. Ashmead,

1880-1882; A. C. Baker, 1915-1926; F. L. Bissell, 1928- ; W. E. Britton,

1910- 1933; W. T. Clarke, 1903-1907; T. D. A. Cockerell, 1901-1906; W. M.

Davidson, 1909—1920; J. J. Davis, 1908—; T. H. Frison and H. H. Ross,

1933; D. T. Fullaway, 1910-1912; C. P. Gillette, 1907-1934; S. S. Haldemann,

1844-1850; J. L. Horsfall, 1923-1925; F. C. Hottes, 1926- ; S. J. Hunter,

1910; C. F. Jackson, 1908; G. W. Kirkaldy, 1904-1910; G. F. Knowlton,

1925—; M. D. Leonard, 1931—; P. W. Mason, 1923—; A. C. Maxson, 1915—

1934; F. W. Miller, 1932- ; J. T. Monell, 1877-1882; 0. W. Oestlund, 1886-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

1942; H. J. Pack, 1929- ; M. A. Palmer, 1926- ; E. M. Patch, 1907-1938;

Theo. Pergande, 1895-1912; C. S. Rafinesque, 1817-1819; C. V. Riley, 1869-

1888; C. E. Sanborn, 1904-1906; E. D. Sanderson, 1900—1908; H. Shimer,

1867—1869; R. H. Smith, 1918—1923; L. B. Soliman, 1927— L. G. Strom,

1934-; A. F. Swain, 1918-1921; A. N. Tissot, 1927-; B. D. Walsh, 1862-

1869; C. M. Weed, 1888-1893; T. A. Williams, 1891-1910; H. F. Wilson,

1908-1923; G. N. Wolcott, 1921-.

CANADA

R. N. Cyrstal, 1916—1925; A. P. McDougall, 1926; R. Glendenning,

1924-1929; F. W. Miller, 1933; W. A. Ross, 1915-1918.

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil — C. Moreira, 1925—; A. de Costa Lima, 1946—.

Argentina — E. E. Blanchard, 1922— (The most outstanding South

American aphidologist. )

The brief introductory sketch is intended to call attention to the

situation in aphidology, when I first ventured into the field in 1907

to the present time. There has always been competent help available,

but most of the active systematists were in a sense beginners them-

selves and most were burdened with so many other entomological

problems that they could spare but little time to determine species,

provide literature, and otherwise aid the large group that was

entering this field.

After getting a fair start my interest in aphids was distracted

and almost obliviated by the secretarial work with the California

State Horticultural Commission at Sacramento (1911—1914) and

my coming to the University of California in August, 1914. How-

ever, I never completely lost my interest in these insects. All of my

specimens were preserved and additions of new ones were made

from time to time.

Unusual opportunities for collecting aphids were afforded on

the Berkeley Campus and adjacent natural and cultivated areas in

the San Francisco Bay Region, and especially on the University

Summer School field trips to various parts of the State. Throughout

the years I continued to collect and to solicit and trade specimens

with aphidologists throughout the world. A year of sabbatical leave

in Europe was for this purpose and afforded opportunities to col-

lect extensively in England, Scotland and Wales; Belgium and less

effectively in Switzerland, France, Germany, and Holland. Some

six months of this time was spent mounting and studying speci-

mens at the British Museum of Natural History in London and

three months at the Belgian Congo Museum at Tervueren, the

Museum of Natural History and the University of Brussels, at

JANUARY, 1953]

ESSIG APHID MISCELLANY

Brussels, Belgium. This visit also gave me an apportunity to secure

from second-hand book dealers, a large quantity of important liter-

ature on the Aphidae which has been of great value in determining

specimens. Since then many entomologists have sent me quantities

of aphid material in alcohol for determination.

A specialty of this kind grows like a snowball and the numbers

of specimens amassed for determination pyramid until at times it

seems that you cannot possibly continue because you know full

well that the material will continue to increase in a geometrical

ratio and you will spend the rest of your life determining specimens

for other entomologists. Your all compelling urge to keep on in

continually increasing your own collection and the gradual acquisi-

tion of missing links of species and genera, sexual forms and other

missing stages never dreamed of, and in publishing a paper now

and then. Once started on a line like this it is hard to turn to other

matters that may seem to be of greater interest to your entomologi-

cal associates and you gradually become an isolated figure.

To appreciate the difficulties in working out aphid life histories

one need only attempt to follow through a complete season with

any single species. Perhaps the simplest type is that of the cotton

aphid. Aphis gossypii Glover. This aphid is one of the most widely

distributed and cosmopolitan species in the world. It occurs almost

everywhere excepting in the colder temperate and frigid zones, and

in the hotter tropical regions in both the Northern and Southern

hemisphere. It is more abundant in the Northern than in the South-

ern hemisphere because there is more suitable temperate land areas

there. Twenty years ago we would have believed it to be a perfectly

normal species, but now we have an uneasy feeling from the evi-

dence at hand, that it is most unusual, because of the scarcity of

sexuals in its life history. Among the hundreds of specimens in my

collection are representatives of all parts of North America, South

America, Europe, Asia, many of the Pacific Islands, Africa, Mada-

gascar, Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania. I have not yet col-

lected a single male. Patch (1925), has observed wingless males

on Sedum purpureum in Maine.

IMPORTANCE OF APHIDS

Aphids, like most other insects are both destructive and bene-

ficial to mankind. They appear to be destructive only to plant life

upon which they feed. They extract the juices of the plants causing

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

Stunting, deformation, and death. The devastations of the so-called

greenbug, Toxoptera graminum (Rondani), to growing wheat is a

good example. Deformation of young fruit and foliage of apple by

the rosy apple aphid, Sappaphis mali (Ferrari), (Aphis sorhi

Kalt., A. rosea Baker), is well known both in Europe and North

America. The transmission of virus diseases is the most destructive

type of aphid damage to plants. Many kinds of viruses are involved

and the numbers are increasing rapidly as investigators pursue the

meticulous studies necessary in this intricate field of research. Of all

the species of insect vectors known the green peach aphid, Myzus

persicae (Sulzer), is the most important. This may be due in part

to the fact that this aphid is one of the most abundant species and

also has perhaps the greatest host range. In last summer’s trapping

investigations in the Yakima Valley, Washington, E. W. Davis

caught thousands of aphids representing some thirty species and

at least 95% of the individuals taken were of this single species.

At least one species, Melaphis chinensis (Bell) {Schlechten-

dahlia) , produces a gall on Rhus spp. that , is an article of com-

merce. The host plants are carefully raised and pruned so as to

produce a growth that is enticing to the aphids and results in the

greatest possible number of galls. In 1939 I received specimens of

these galls, still containing dried aphids, in a lot of several hundred

pounds imported into San Francisco from China. This species also

occurs in Japan and in Formosa where it may have been introduced.

A related species, Melaphis rhois (Fitch), produces similar galls

on Rhus glabra (Linn.), in the New England States. Although the

American Indians and the emigrant Europeans made a refreshing

drink from the berries, apparently no use was made of the aphid

galls.

Aphids furnish an abundant source of food for many birds and

other small animals. The large quantities of honeydew excreted by

aphids was early collected by most, if not all, aboriginal peoples as

a delicacy. Before cane and beet sugars were available among the

many kinds of sweets that were sought by savage and civilized man,

honeydew was an important one. In the early history of California

this sweet was called “Indian Honey” because the Indians collected

and used it. The honeybee, wild bees, ants, and other insects are

very fond of it and protect aphids in order to insure a supply. The

so-called earthen “cow sheds” surrounding an aphid colony are

evidence of the high regard with which they are held by certain

JANUARY, 1953] ESSIG APHID MISCELLANY

species of ants. One species of aphid, Dysaulacorthum pseudosolani

(Theobald) (Myzus), has a very efficient way of removing drops

of honeydew from the anus by flipping it away with the tarsi of

the hind legs. This is done deliberately and accurately. I have

noticed this feat only in this particular species.

Aphids are also heavily preyed upon by ladybird beetles, family,

Coccinallidae ; the leather-winged beetles of the family Cantharidae

(Podabridae) ; aphid lions of the family Chrysopidae; the dip-

terous fanlilies Cecidomyidae and Syrphidae; by members of the

hymenopterous families Incubidae (Aphidiidae) the Aphelinidae

and many other insects. Fungi and bacteria also destroy many of

them.

DISTRIBUTION

The movements and distribution of aphids is almost cosmopoli-

tan. Except for certain restricted areas in the tropics and the polar

regions, aphids are to be found living on almost the entire surfaces

of the earth where plant life is possible.

However, they are predominantly a temperate group of insects

and apparently reach their highest development and greatest num-

bers in the milder temperate regions. They meet, in a remarkable

manner, all of the varied conditions of climate and host range

throughout their habitat. Areas where aphids have been collected

on their host plants include much of Asia, Europe, Africa, North

and South America, Australia, and most of the islands of the

temperate and tropical world. In fact, they appear to inhabit

practically all regions where plants grow, excepting only the tun-

dras of the polar regions, portions of the deserts, and perhaps

certain of the tropical rain forests. I hesitate to make this last

exception because even there certain aphids most likely occur, but

have been overlooked.

One of the most remarkable phenomena in biology is the adap-

tations of aphids to their environment. Because of their great num-

bers and easy manner in which the untold numbers of alate par-

thenogenetic females are carried long distances by air currents,

aphids are constantly being borne to all the possible favorable

environments on the earth as well as to many where survival is not

at all possible. The numbers of these insects that perish on land and

water during their dispersal and migratory flights must reach

staggering figures.

Living aphids reared in the coniferous forests of northern

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

Europe have been observed alive on the snowfields of Spitzenburg

whence they have been carried some 600 miles by the wind. How-

ver, the constant movements insure the regular and continuous

survival of these most delicate and vulnerable members of the

insect kingdom. The great movements of aphids appear to be more

in the nature of undirected dispersal due to air currents rather than

by purposeful migration. Often these flights may be caused by the

drying up of vegetation by a drought, a temporary or permanent

hot spell or other causes that may destroy the host plants.

The casual movements that occur almost continuously through-

out the spring, summer and fall are as frequent and continuous as

air movements and aphids may be trapped in great numbers daily

— even on quiet days. At times the air seems to be alive with these

insects and their movements may be most indiscriminate. Appar-

ently, there are so many aphids in the air that practically every

host is infested — perhaps many times throughout a day or a season.

Traps very clearly show these continuous movements day after day

when the weather is warm and especially when warm and clear.

On cold days very few aphids are captured. Francis Walker, the

eminent English aphidologist, observed crowds of “aphids heaped

along the seashore” in Southern England. This phenomena has

never been noted elsewhere.

LIFE HISTORIES

An adequate discussion of the life histories of aphids would

require several lectures and still be quite incomplete. As a matter of

fact, I venture to say that the complete seasonal life histories of

but few species are actually known. Thorough as such work may

be and simple as the life cycle may appear the fact is that there are

so many unexpected complications continually arising which seem

to be unnecessary and unexpected that they are easily overlooked

by the most meticulous investigator. In the case where thorough

and, what appear to be wholly complete life histories have been

made over a period of years, the results have been almost unbeliev-

able.

It is not within the scope of this paper to detail any one of

these complex life histories, but some remarks may be desirable,

to indicate the extent of the order of complexity. Aphids reproduce

parthenogenetically and sexually. Most species in the temperate

regions combine both of these methods. A generation may start

with hatching of the overwintering eggs in the spring. Such eggs

JANUARY, 1953]

ESSIG — ^APHID MISCELLANY

are normally laid by the sexual female on the branches of peren-

nial deciduous or evergreen trees, depending upon the species. The

aphids hatching from the eggs are usually wingless and when

mature, or nearly so, they begin, without fertilization because there

are no males at this season, to give birth to young of their own

kind. These young mature rapidly and some remain apterous while

others acquire wings. The exact factors that determine these two

kinds are not fully understood but there has been much speculation

on this phenomenon. However, the acquiring of flight appears to

enable the dissemination of the species and to relieve overcrowd-

ing. The colonies multiply rapidly and vast numbers are produced

— so many that no one has been able to adequately make a census

for any given female that hatched from an overwintering egg and

lived a normal life out-of-doors. Aphids may become so abundant

that the dispersal flights may literally fill the air and many thou-

sands of alates may be captured during a single day. The apterous

forms, however, are very limited in their movements.

In a common type of life history the sexual males and females

appear in late summer or fall, mate and the female lays 1, 2, or

more egsg on the winter and spring host plant. All the living forms

of such species then perish. In the early spring, sometimes even

before the buds of the host trees begin to open, few or many eggs

may hatch and by some means unknown to man these delicate

minute young manage to survive quite cold weather until the

foliage becomes available when the remaining eggs hatch. A single

family may give rise to thousands of progeny during the year.

In climates like the lowlands of California, second instar young

of the black peach aphid, as well as the adults and many stages of

developing young of the cabbage aphid, apple-grain aphid, green

peach aphid, potato aphid, and literally countless other species,

survive our winters and begin reproducing young as soon as the

weather is sufficiently warm to make this possible.

In contrast to these hibernating forms are the aestivating

dimorphs of the maple aphids belonging to the genus Periphyllus.

These almost microscopic first instar young remain appressed so

closely to the leaf that they are scarcely visible to the unaided eye.

They occur on either or both sides of the leaves and apparently

take only enough food to sustain life and in California do not visibly

grow from the middle of March until about the middle of September

when they suddenly develop so that within fifteen days or there-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

abouts, reach maturity and give birth to intermediates which also

mature quickly and produce the sexuals. The latter mate and the

females lay the overwintering eggs on the twigs of the maple trees.

All living forms then perish.

During the almost seven months of summer following the birth

of the dimorphs, the parthenogenetic alate and apterous forms of

these maple aphids bring forth at least four generations of their

own kind that disperse widely, but do not appear to have any part

in the perpetuation of the species.

The alterations of host plants is another remarkable adaptation

of aphids to their environment. There are many examples: the

mealy plum aphid, Hyalopteras puni Geoffroy [_{H. arundinis

(Fab.)] which overwinters on Prunus spp., transfers in summer

also to Arundo, Phalaris, Phragmites, Poa, Scirpus, and Typha

species where the sexual males and the sexuparae are born, which

migrate back to Prunus spp. to give rise to the sexual apterous

females which, after mating, lay the overwintering eggs.

Summer generations after generations of alate and apterous

females may continue to develop on the Prunus. In Berkeley, I had

a prune tree that remained continuously infested with great num-

bers until December frosts and storms removed all of the leaves

and the aphids. Since life histories of only a few species are ac-

curately known, perhaps even greater complications may be re-

vealed in the future.

COLLECTING

In determining aphids most systematists are assured of a fair

start if host plant data is available. Therefore, it is somewhat dis-

appointing to receive specimens without this important starting

point. This means, of course, that aphidologists must be well

trained in botany and especially in floriculture and horticulture,

if they are working in economic entomology. An aphid without the

name of its host plant is something like having a watch without

hands. However, years of experience in systematic aphidology

breaks down these barriers and the host plant nightmare may be

greatly lessened or even obliterated completely.

Nevertheless, host plant data is essential not only to the sys-

tematist but to everyone who is concerned with the actual damage

to crops caused by aphids and the numerous plant virus diseases

carried and transmitted by these small and otherwise harmless

insects. Consequently, any method of collecting that does not in-

JANUARY, 1953] ESSIG APHID MISCELLANY

elude the name of the host is still a barrier to almost all aphidolo-

gists. However, a new day in collecting these particular insects now

makes it necessary to get accurate determinations without host plant

data. Even so this is not different than is the case in determining

species in most other groups of insects. The early coleopterists,

dipterists, lepidopterists, and others apparently made little or no

use of host plant data with the result that hundreds and even

thousands of insects crowd our collections without our knowing

very much about their exact food habits. Therefore, host plant data,

important as it is, should not block the progress of systematic

aphidology.

The recent use of aphid traps necessitates this reform. It has

been known for many years that aphids could be collected on the

surface of water barrels, in pans, and other similar containers.

These specimens, if removed every two or three days could be

mounted perfectly, but the lack of host plant data made this method

of collecting objectionable. In recent years a great deal of progress

has been made in insect trapping to study flight and dispersal,

numbers and variety. Yellow sticky boards were used extensively

in connection with the investigations on the control and eradication

of a related insect, the pear psylla, in the State of Washington a

few years ago. Sticky shields of various kinds have also been

employed in determining the species of aphids that might be

involved in transmitting virus diseases to various crops. During

the last two years I made a great many determinations of them

taken in the lettuce fields of the Salinas Valley. In England, sticky

bands were used by L. Broadbent and T. W. Tinsley (1951), to

prevent apterous aphids from reaching potted plants.

Yellow water pans appear to have been first used as aphid traps

by Von V. Moericke in Germany, in 1951, and his suggestions were

extensively employed by B. J. Landis and E. W. Davis, U. S. Bureau

of Entomology at Yakima, Washington, during 1952 with very

effective results. Experimental trap pans were placed at five differ-

ent levels on a 20-foot tower. Very large numbers, attaining hun-

dreds and even thousands of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

(Sulzer) , were taken in a single pan during a period of two or three

days. These pans were maintained from spring until the rainy sea-

son and this year they were still effective in November, when the

alate males of many species were captured along with the alate

parthenogenetic sexuparae.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

Upon returning to Berkeley from inspecting Davis’ work in

October, I immediately set up nine yellow pans in a vacant lot and

in my garden on Creston Road which is on the crest of the Berkeley

hills, at 1,000 ft. elevation. Two shades of yellow were compared:

Dutch Boy “‘Lemon Yellow,” a true lemon yellow color, and Glid-

den’s “Carnival Yellow” which is more of an orange color. The

catches, of course, depend a great deal upon the condition of the

weather here in this coastal region. On foggy, dull days very few

specimens were taken, but on bright, sunny days as many as 250

were captured. The results were truly interesting. Although I have

been collecting aphids in this region for thirty-five years, I caught

a few species 1 have never seen here before, as well as alate males

of a large number of species captured for the first time.

What appears to be a rather unusual capture was a single alate

female with sexual tibial sensoria. A number of these were also

taken in the water pans at Yakima, Washington.

LITERATURE ON APHIDS

The amount of literature published on aphids is far beyond

and out of the reach of most of us who are delving into the mys-

teries of these insects. No one has as yet attempted to get together

even the references to all the writings that have appeared.

H. A. Hagen (1863) in his Sack Register: “Bibliotheca Ento-

mologica” under the title (13) APHIDAE (p. 449) lists 88 authors

who published papers included in his great work. E. M. Patch

(1938) lists 319 authors. In my own file there are listed approxi-

mately 2,500 separate articles having to do chiefly with the tax-

onomy and biology of aphids. These last mentioned articles have

appeared in innumerable books, journals, separates and other

publications. It has been possible to procure a great many of these

and to have access to many more, but I doubt if any aphidologist

has in his private collection, more than half of them. It is fortunate

that most of these are accessible in University and Museum

libraries. The lack of literature, or the neglect to use it, is respon-

sible for much confusion in the taxonomy of these and all other

insects.

COLLECTIONS

Fortunately, except for the earlier workers, aphids have been

mounted in Canada balsam or some other similar medium, on glass

slides and have been fairly well preserved. I have examined speci-

mens mounted by Francis Walker (1846-1873), some of which

JANUARY, 1953] ESSIG ^APHID MISCELLANY

^vere over one hundred years old and, although the rather crude

balsam used was quite dark, the specimens could be fairly readily

examined under the microscope with proper lighting. Newer syn-

thetic media such as “Euparal,” “Diaphane,” and other equally

good preservatives are now being used. However, in spite of

different types of more or less permanent mounting, there appear

to be few well preserved old aphid collections in the world.

The best institutional ones I have seen are in the British Museum

of Natural History, London, and the United States Bureau of En-

tomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C. In North

America there are now a great many more recent collections

possessed by Museums, Universities, and Agricultural Colleges and

Experiment Stations. There are even more that may be regarded

as private collections. Among the private and institutional collec-

tions that may be mentioned are those of R. Glendenning and Alice

P. Macdougall at the Patterson British Columbia Museum of

Natural History, Agassiz, B.C.; collections of L. C. Bragg, C. P.

Gillette and M, A. Palmer, at Colorado State College, Fort Collins;

collections made by Grace Griswold, C. R. Crosby and M. D.

Leonard at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; A. N. Tissot,

University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; S. A. Forbes, F. C.

Hottes and T. H. Frison, Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana,

Illinois; C. E. Sanborn at the University of Kansas, Lawrence;

E. M. Patch, University of Maine, Orono; 0. W. Oestlund, Uni-

versity of Minnesota, Minneapolis; T. A. Williams, University of

Nebraska, Lincoln; collections of Isabel McCracken, A. F. Swain,

Wm. Davidson from Stanford University; the E. 0. Essig and

S. A. Kuwana collection of Japanese Aphidae, and the A. E. Michel-

bacher and E. S. Rose collection of South American Aphidae at the

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; and others not

definitely located at this time.

THE PAN-PACIFIG ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO- 1

NEW CERAMBYCID BEETLES

BELONGING TO THE TRIBE RHINOTRAGINI

(Coleoptera)

W. S. Fisher

This paper is a result of a study of the cerambycid beetles

belonging to the tribe Rhinotragini received from Dr. E. Gorton

Linsley and the California Academy of Sciences. Three species

are described as new.

Odontocera meridianus Fisher, new species

Male: Elongate, slender, opaque except vitreous area of elytra; head

and pronotum black; antennae brownish yellow (except basal segments

which are hlack) ; elytra pale yellow vitreous, with lateral and sutural mar-

gins and narrow basal vitta on each elytron black; body beneath brownish

black ; anterior and middle legs reddish or brownish black ; posterior femora

brownish black with hasal halves yellow, tihiae and tarsi brownish yellow.

Head prolonged into a very short, hroad rostrum, longitudinally cari-

nate or grooved, glabrous, rather densely, irregularly punctate; eyes large,

deeply emarginate, separated in front hy about the diameter of first antennal

segment. Antennae extending to apex of first abdominal sternite, slender,

cylindrical, slightly expanded and serrate toward apices, sparsely ciliate

beneath on basal segments.

Pronotum subcylindrical, subequal in width and length, slightly wider

at apex than at base, widest in front of middle; sides broadly rounded at

apical thirds, then obliquely narrowed to bases; disk feebly convex, with

two broad, longitudinal depressions, and a narrow, median, longitudinal

Carina ; surface finely, confluently punctate, rather densely clothed with

short, erect and recumbent, inconspicuous hairs. Scutellum densely clothed

with recumbent, black and yellow hairs.

Elytra at base slightly wider than pronotum at apical third, extending

to middle of fourth abdominal sternite, dehiscent along sutural margins; each

elytron narrow and equal in width behind middle, broadly rounded at apex ;

surface indistinctly punctate on vitreous areas, coarsely, densely punctate at

bases and along lateral margins, clothed with a few indistinct hairs.

Abdomen cylindrical, beneath sparsely, finely punctate, and densely,

finely reticulate, densely clothed with short, recumhent black hairs, with a

few long, erect hairs intermixed, the hairs at middle of first sternite whitish ;

last sternite broadly, arcuately depressed, with sides of depression elevated.

Prosternum densely punctate, densely clothed with long, erect black hairs.

Anterior and middle legs rather short; femora strongly, abruptly clavate.

Posterior legs long and slender, femora gradually clavate toward apices,

tibiae . cylindrical, slightly expanded towards apices; all legs densely clothed

with short, recumbent hairs. Length 13.5 mm., width at base of elytra 2.7 mm.

Type Locality: Tablillas, Salta Province, Argentine Republic.

Type: In the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

JANUARY, 1953] FISHER RHINOTRAGINI

Described from a unique male collected at the type locality by

W. C. Harrington.

This species is allied to Odontocera petiolata Bates, but it dif-

fers from that species in having the antenna longer and more

slender, each elytron much narrower and equal in width behind

the middle, with the lateral and sutural margins and a small narrow

vitta at base black, and the legs reddish or brownish black, with the

tibiae, tarsi, and basal halves of femora of the posterior legs

brownish-yellow.

Odontocera planitibialis Fisher, new species

Female: Form similar to that of 0. darlingtoni Fisher. Head yellow,

with elongate spot between eyes and broad transverse fascia on occiput

black; pronotum yellow, with lateral and posterior margins, and a broad,

irregular, median fascia black; antennae reddish brown, with upper surface

of first segments black; scutellum yellow; elytra pale yellow, vitreous, with

the lateral and sutural margins narrowly reddish brown, and each with an

arcuate black fascia extending from humeral region backward to sutural

margin a short distance behind scutellum; body beneath brownish yellow,

with two transverse fasciae on prosternum, sternum in part, and posterior

margins of posterior coxae black; legs brownish or reddish yellow, with

posterior tibiae brownish black.

Head prolonged into a very short, broad rostrum, longitudinally grooved

between eyes, glabrous, nearly impunctate in front, densely punctate on

occiput; eyes large, deeply emarginate, separated in front by about twice

the diameter of first antennal segment. Antennae extending to base of first

abdominal sternite, slender, serrate toward apices, sparsely ciliate beneath.

Pronotum subcylindrical, slightly wider than long, subequal in width

at base and apex, widest at middle; sides broadly rounded at middles; disk

uniformly convex; surface coarsely, confluently occellate-punctate, glabrous.

Scutellum elongate-triangular, nearly glabrous.

Elytra at base slightly wider than pronotum at middle, extending to

middle of fourth abdominal sternite, dehiscent along sutural margins behind

middles; lateral margins gradually narrowed from bases to apices, which are

obliquely truncate; surface impunctate on vitreous areas, densely, coarsely

punctate at bases, with a few erect, inconspicuous hairs.

Abdomen broadly elongate, beneath finely, indistinctly punctate, sparsely

clothed posteriorly with short recumbent hairs; last sternite broadly rounded

at apex. Prosternum nearly glabrous, finely, irregularly punctate. Legs

rather short, sparsely clothed with short hairs; femora strongly, abruptly

clavate; posterior tibiae broadly flattened on apical two-thirds, and densely

clothed with long, semierect reddish hairs. Length 10.5—11.5 mm., width at

base of elytra 2.5--3 mm.

Type Locality: Pumahuasi, Huanuco Dept., Central Peru.

Type and paratypes: In the E. G. Linsley Collection, California

Academy of Sciences.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

Paratype: In the United States National Museum.

Described from 10 females (one type) all collected at the type

locality at an elevation of 4000 feet, May 13—17, 1939, by F. Woyt-

kowski.

This species resembles darlingtoni Fisher but it differs from

that species in having the transverse median black fascia on the

pronotum much broader, and the sternum in part black, and also

from it and all other described species of Odontocera in having the

posterior tibiae very broadly flattened.

Epimelitta (?) aureopilis Fisher, new species

Male: Very elongate and slender, moderately shining; head, pronotum

and sternum black; antennae, elytra (except lateral and sutural margins

which are black), and abdomen brownish yellow; legs brownish yellow, with

upper surface of anterior and middle tibiae, and basal halves of posterior

femora brownish black.

Head prolonged into a rather long, broad, rostrum, densely, finely punc-

tate, with an indistinct longitudinal smooth carina on occiput, densely clothed

in front with short, recumbent yellow hairs; eyes very large, deeply emargi-

nate, separated in front by about one-half the diameter of first antennal

segment. Antennae extending to apex of first abdominal sternite, slender,

cylindrical basally, strongly serrate towards apices, sparsely ciliate beneath.

Pronotum distinctly longer than wide, subequal in width at base and

apex, widest at middle; sides feebly rounded at middles, slightly constricted

at apices and bases; disk strongly convex at middle, broadly, transversely

concave along anterior and posterior margins, with a triangular depression in

front of scutellum ; surface coarsely, confluently punctate, very densely

clothed with short, recumbent yellow hairs in concave depressions along

anterior and posterior margins, along lateral margins, and triangular depres-

sion in front of scutellum, sparsely clothed with long, erect blackish hairs on

convex median area. Scutellum elongate, broadly rounded at apex, densely

clothed with short, recumbent yellow hairs.

Elytra at base as wide as pronotum at middle, short, elongate-triangular,

extending to base of first abdominal sternite, strongly dehiscent along

sutural margins behind middle, narrowly rounded at apices ; surface coarsely,

sparsely punctate on median part, more densely punctate along lateral mar-

gins, sparsely clothed with long, erect hairs.

Abdomen very long, cylindrical, slightly expanded towards apex, beneath

densely, rather coarsely punctate, sparsely clothed along middle with short,

erect yellow hairs; last sternite broadly, longitudinally concave, transversely

truncate at apex. Metasternum very brodd. Anterior and middle legs short;

femora strongly, abruptly clavate. Posterior legs very long; femora very long

and slender, cylindrical, slightly expanded toward apices; tibiae long, slender,

cylindrical, very densely clothed on all sides with long, erect reddish yellow

hairs, forming tufts on apical halves. Length 18.5—21 mm., width 2.5—3 mm.

Type Locality: Tolome, Veracruz Province, Mexico.

JANUARY, 1953] ESSIG ORCHARD GRASS APHID

Type and paratypes: In the E. G. Linsley Collection, California

Academy of Sciences.

Paratype: In the United States National Museum.

Described from 13 males (one type) all collected at the type

locality, July 4, 1941, by C. H. Seevers.

This species differs from the other described species of Epime-

litta in being very long and slender. It seems to be out of place in

the genus Epimelitta, but since the genera are so badly confused,

it does not seem advisable to erect a new genus for these males until

a revisional study can be made of the tribe Rhinotragini.

THE ORCHARD GRASS APHID, HYALOPTEROIDES

HUMILIS (WALKER)

( Hemiptera-Aphidae)

E. 0. Essig

University of California, Berkeley

Since writing an article on this aphid (Pan-Pacific Entomolo-

gist, 21(3) :119-120. 1945), I have obtained additional specimens

which enable me to determine more definitely its true identity.

The recent discovery of a large infestation on the blades of orchard

grass on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, by

Frank Bold, a student in entomology, has furnished an abundance

of apterous and winged specimens. To date the species is repre-

sented in my collection as follows:

(1) . Sweeping grasses at Reigate, Surry, England, May 20, 1937. Col-

lected by the author; 10 slides and many specimens — all apterae.

(2) . On bush muhly or mesquite grass, Muhlenhergia porteri Scribn.,

Seattle, Washington, April 14,' 1944, by M. J. Forsell; 3 slides — 24 apterae.

(3) . On orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata L., in greenhouse, campus,

Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon, Feb. 24 and April 12, 1945. Col-

lected by D. C. Mote and H. E. Morrison; 8 slides — 40 apterae and 1 alate.

( 4 ) . On wild cane ( ? ) , Duchesne, Utah, August 17, 1940. Collected by

R, H. B. ( ? ) ; 2 slides — 9 alatae.

(5) . On grass, Dactylis glomerata L., Spring Mill, Pennsylvania, May 3,

1947. Collected by J. 0. Pepper and G. B. Sleesman — 2 slides, 6 alates and

2 apterae.

Specimens of this species, described by Hayhurst (1909) as

Hyalopterus dactylidis, were collected as follows:

On orchard grass, Ft. Myer, Virginia; Washington, D.C., March

27, 1908; on red-top, Tricuspis seslerioides Torr. by C. N. Ainslie;

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

on orchard grass, Tennallytown, D.C., March 30, 1908; and on

orchard grass. Forest Hills, Massachusetts, September, October to

November 30, 1908, and on same host, April 8, 1909. The speci-

mens which I have examined appear to be identical with those

that I collected by sweeping grasses along the highway at Reigate,

Surry, England, May 20, 1937, and which were determined by

Mr. Frederick Laing, then of the British Museum of Natural His-

tory, as Hyalopteroides pallida Theobald (Entom. 49:51-2, 1916;

Plant Lice or Aphididae of Great Britain, 1:224-5, Fig. 123, 1926) .

This species has recently been defined by Carl Borner (1952, pp.

115-6) as follows:

Gen. Hyalopteroides Theob. 1916. T. a H. pallida Theob r= humilis

Walk. (Syn. Hayhurstia Mordv. 1921 T. a. Hyalopterus dactylidis Hayb.

non d. Gu. 1913.

H. humilis (Walk. 1852). (Syn Aphis humilis Walk. 1852, Hayalop-

ter aides pallida Tbeob. 1916, Hyalopterus dactylidis Hayb. 1909, Hayhurstia

dactylidis Mordv. 1921).

Reference

Borner, Carl

1952. Europae centralis Aphides die Blattlause Mitteleuropas. Namen,

Synonyme, Wirtapflanzen, Generationszyklen. Druck: Wei marer

Druckund Verlagsanstalt Gebr. Knabe K. G. Weimar. Ausgabe:

Tburingiscbe Botan. Gesel. (Jena) und Biol. Zentrl. f Land-u.

Forstw. (Zweigstelle Naumburg/Saale. — Nicbt im Bucbbandl —

259 pp.

Book Notice

The Grasshoppers and Locusts rAcRiooiDEAj of Australia. Volume 1:

Families Tetri gidae and Eumastacidae — by James A. G. Rebn. Com-

monwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia.

Melbourne, October, 1952. 326 pp., 21 plates.

This is the first volume of a series intended to cover the entire Acrido-

idea fauna of Australia. If each volume continues in the style of the present

one, the coverage will be very complete indeed. Mr. Rehn’s descriptions of

species and other categories appear to be very detailed and the line draw-

ings and photographs supplement these. Although the economic importance

of grasshoppers motivates the publishing of this series, the work is strictly

academic and should thus provide a sound basis for applied studies.

It is to be hoped that funds will be forthcoming to enable Mr. Rehn to

do a similar series on the American grasshopper fauna. — E. S. Ross.

JANUARY, 1953]

DAY MAYFLIES

A NEW MAYFLY GENUS FROM CALIFORNIA

( Ephemeroptera )

W. C. Day

1021 Hubert Road, Oakland, California

On July 4, 1945, Harry P. Chandler, on a University of Cali-

fornia field trip, collected a single nymph on Willow Creek, Madera

County, California, that resembled in a general way the large

nymphs of the Siphlonurus of this region, yet showed important

morphological differences from any known species of this genus.

Further collecting on Willow Creek by the writer and his wife dur-

ing July and August of 1951 resulted in the rearing of adults from

nymphs of this new species. In the author’s opinion, this species

cannot be included in any known genus of the Ephemeroptera.

In now erecting a new genus for the Willow Creek specimens

above referred to, I take pleasure in naming it Edmundsius, in

honor of Dr. George F. Edmunds, Jr.

Genus Edmundsius Day, new genus

Adult: Large mayflies, male adult of genotype having body 16.5, forewing

16.0, tails 20.0 and foreleg 11.2 mm. long; female adult of same size, with

foreleg 8.0 mm. in length. Eyes of male contiguous, not divided, with lower

portion darker; eyes of female separated by one and one-half times their

diameter. Nasal Carina very high, thin, and prominent. Posterior margin of

head straight. Lengths of segments of foreleg of male genotype are : coxa plus

trochanter 1.2, femur 2.6, tibia 2.2, and tarsus 5.2 mm., the tarsus being

divided as follows: first tarsus 1.4, second tarsus 1.4, third tarsus 1.2, fourth

tarsus .9, and fifth tarsus .5 mm. Claws similar on all legs, sharply pointed

and hooked at tips. Lengths of segments of hind leg of male genotype are:

femur 2.2, tibia 1.5, and tarsus 2.0 mm. ; first tarsal segments of middle and

hind legs completely fused with tibiae. The genotype has a compact group of

30 to 40 small spines in proximal half of fore femur of male adult, these being

situated on the anterior surface; all tibiae of both sexes bear scattered small

spines on margins, and coarser spines on all tarsi. Venation of wings as in

figures 1 and 2, Plate IX. Styliger plate of male adult with a deep median

V-shaped cleft on posterior margin, fully half as deep as wide. Forceps of

male adult four-segmented; first segment short, ring-like, and partly fused

with second segment which is over one and one-half times as long as third

and fourth segments combined. Penes made up of overlying paired ventral

and dorsal portions much as in numerous species of Siphlonurus. Ovipositor

of female large, with heavy, raised lip. Two tails; vestigial median tail about

.75 mm. in length.

Nymph: The large nymph, from 15 to 17 mm. in length, is perfectly

streamlined. Head hypognathous and frontal margin deeply cut away on each

side so that almost entire mandible is exposed; from the posterior margin to

clypeus, median portion of head is somewhat elevated, presenting the appear-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

ance of a low, longitudinal ridge as wide as the distance between the eyes.

Posterior margin of head straight. Labrum deeply excavated in central por-

tion; one-half as long as wide. Mandibles wide and strong, with heavy

teeth on each. Maxillae somewhat conical at apex, with a few hairs on inner

and upper margins at tip, and with four strong spines in same area on inner

margin; palpi with three segments and one-third longer than the galea-

lacinia; third segment of palpi quite dark. Labium as in figure 6, Plate IX;

the three-segmented palpi with second and third segments completely fused,

third segment being dark, very wide, and semi-truncate. Anterior margin of

prothorax slightly concave and that of posterior margin straight. Pronotum

slightly wider than head, and three times as wide as long. Mesonotum short

and wide. A sharply ridged tubercle on scutelli of both mesonotum and

metanotum. Legs of equal length and approximately three-tenths the length of

the body. Claws long, slender, and without pectinations. In a typical specimen,

the femur of the foreleg is 1,7, tibia 1.2, tarsus 1.4, and claw .65 mm. in length.

On the middle and hind legs, the claw is twice as long as that of the foreleg,

and slightly longer than the tarsus. Length of segments of hind leg are:

femur 2.0, tibia 1.0, tarsus 1.2, and claw 1.3 mm. The thin, flattened lateral

margins of the abdominal segments bear prominent and fine-pointed postero-

lateral spines. Large, regularly oval gills are borne on segments 1—7, and are

double on segments one and two; gills on segments six and seven about 15

per cent smaller than preceding gills; dorsal lamella of each double gill

similar in form to, and about half again as large as ventral lamella; tracheae

abundant, pinnate, dark, and easily seen. Tails, three of equal length, about

two-fifths as long as the body; middle tail heavily fringed with long hairs

on each side, and outer tails heavily fringed in inside.

Type of the genus, Edmundsius agilis Day, n. sp.

Remarks : The new genus Edmundsius can be placed in the sub-

family Siphlonurinae as defined by Traver in “The Biology of

Mayflies,” 1935, page 443, but falls outside the limits of the genus

SiphlonuTUs, to which it seems closest, in a number of important

particulars. In Siphlonurus, the foreleg of male adult is at least as

long as the body; in Edmundsius, it is only two-thirds as long.

Compared to Siphlonurus, the new genus has hindwings relatively

somewhat narrower and of slightly different shape. The long for-

ceps base of the male adult of Siphlonurus is produced, straight,

or very slightly convex in the various species, but in Edmundsius

the apical margin is deeply and sharply cleft. The claws of the

middle and hind legs of the nymph of Edmundsius are twice as long

as those of any species of Siphlonurus. In all known Siphlonurus

nymphs with double gills on the first and second abdominal seg-

gills are smoothly oval in form. Comparisons between the mouth-

ments, the dorsal and ventral lamellae of any pair are of equal size

and have retuse distal margins ; in Edmundsius, the ventral lamella

JANUARY, 1953]

DAY MAYFLIES

Plate IX. Edmundsius agilis

Fig. 1. Forewing, male imago. Fig. 2. Hindwing, male imago. Fig. 3.

Genitalia of male imago, dorsal aspect. Fig. 4. Penes of male imago, dorsal

aspect. Fig. 5. Labrum of nymph. Fig. 6. Labium of nymph.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

is about two-thirds as large as the dorsal lamella of the pair, and the

parts of Siphlonurus and Edmundsius show the following distinctive

features in the latter: the maxillary palp is 50 per cent longer;

instead of being three-segmented and pointed apically, the labial

palp has second and third segments entirely fused, and the third

segment is very wide and semi-truncate; instead of being straight

or slightly emarginate, the frontal margin of the labrum is deeply

and widely excavated. Of particular interest, it is noted that the

maxillary palp of Edmundsius is, in fact, very similar to that of a

Japanese genus, Dipteromimus.

Edmundsius agilis Day, new species

(Plates IX and X, figures 1—13, incl.)

The morphological details of this species, the type of the new genus

Edmundsius, have been given in the description above. Details that might

be expected to be of a specific nature are as follows:

Adult: Vertex of head dark brown; clypeo-frontal area pale with wide,

dark transverse hand across median carina; ocelli milky white ringed with

black at base. Pronotum dark brown with black posterior margin. Mesonotum

medium brown, darker in anterior area; scutellum paler brown with lateral

and posterior margins black; a wide, pale, transverse band anterior to

scutellum. Pleura dark brown, membranous areas milky white ; a black stripe

below forewing and another anterior to forecoxa. Mesosternum dark brown.

Prosternum and metasternum white. Coxae brown with irregular lighter areas.

Trochanters white, each with a single dark brown band on outside. Forelegs

pale brown, proximal halves of femora and all tarsi slightly paler; ventral

margins of femora narrowly edged with dark brown; a narrow, dark brown

band partly around leg at proximal ends of femora and tibiae; claws same

shade as tarsi. Middle and hind legs little paler than forelegs and marked in

a like manner. Longitudinal veins of forewing dark chocolate brown; cross-

veins medium brown in basal portion, paling apically; crossveins of the

costal strip dark only where attached to subcosta. In the hindwings, longi-

tudinal veins dark brown; crossveins lighter in tone and paling apically.

Abdominal tergites 2—9 light brown marked with fuscous as follows: a narrow

band across posterior margins and small postero-lateral triangles; a short,

oblique dash on each side of median line, arising one-third caudad of anterior

margin; laterad of submedian dashes, a wide longitudinal band extending

almost from anterior to posterior margins in basal segments, and becoming

progressively shorter in apical segments. First tergite solid dark brown and

tenth tergite dark brown with pale areas in antero-lateral corners. Sternites

1—8 pale brown with dark brown semicircular area on each; diameter of

semicircle lies on posterior margins, being two-thirds as long as width of

sternite on which situated; each sternite with dark brown oval ganglionic

mark. Sternite nine solid dark brown. Styliger plate, forceps, and penes of

male a concolorous tone of dark brown. Tails dark brown at base, paling

distally.

Holotype: Male imago, reared from nymph; collected by Helen

JANUARY, 1953]

DAY MAYFLIES

Plate X. Edmundsius agilis

Fig. 7. Double gill of nymph, from first segment. Fig. 8. Gill of nymph,

from third segment. Fig. 9. Maxilla of nymph. Fig. 10. Hypopharynx of

nymph. Fig. 11 and 12, Mandibles of nymph. Fig. 13. Hind leg of nymph.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

L. Day and W. C. Day at 7600 ft. elevation on Willow Creek,

Madera County, California, about six miles northeast of the

Alexander McGilvray ranch, July 20, 1951; in collection of Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Reared female imago; same

data; in collection of California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes:

All topotypical; Ic? (imperfect), 1 $, in Canadian National Col-

lection, Ottawa; 1 cT (imperfect), 1 $, in Cornell University col-

lection; 1 cT (imperfect), 1 $, in collection of G. F. Edmunds, Jr.;

1 cT, 1 $, in author’s collection. Forty-eight nymphs, 8 male sub-

imagos, 10 female subimagos, and 27 nymphal cases in author’s

collection; nymphs have been sent with the above paratypes.

Nymph: Medium gray-brown in general tone. Head gray-brown with dark

transverse band across face; occiputal area with darker mottling. Notum

brown with irregular pale areas on mesonotum. Tergites 2—8 gray-brown with

prominent clear white spots, one on each side, halfway between median line

and lateral margin; mesad of white spots, a short, dark submedian dash

arising from point close to anterior margin; laterad of white spots and under

dorsal edge of gill, a wide, dark longitudinal stripe. A wide dark mark on

segments eight and nine along median line, based on posterior margins and

approximating anterior margins. Tenth tergite paler, with a pair of dark

submedian stripes paralleling median line. Sternites 1—9 paler than tergites

and with indications in the fully mature nymph of the dark semicircular

areas seen in the adult. Legs pale brown, proximal halves of femora lighter;

dark bands partly around proximal ends of tibiae; joints of tarsi finely but

strongly marked with dark hrown. Claws pale brown. Tails pale brown,

darker at base and tips.

Biology: The nymph shows strong preference for quiet but well-

aerated water, and rests close to the^hady edges of pools on sand

or fine gravel bottoms; the pools of Willow Creek at the type loca-

tion are quiet portions of a cool, fresh, small stream of high

gradient. In late July the nymphs were found at elevations of 7400-

7900 ft. in water not over 60° F. maximum. In rearing cages the

nymphs emerged between sunset and sunrise, and the subimagos

transformed about two hours before sunset. For three weeks a care-

ful watch was kept during the daylight hours for swarming adults

or for specimens at rest on shrubbery or on trees, but none were

seen. Low temperature after sunset, makes collecting at light un-

productive. In captivity, the nymphs experienced little difficulty

in transforming into the first winged stage, but the subimagos failed

in four out of five instances, to pass into the final adult form.

References

Needham, J. G., J. R. Traver and Y. Hsu.

1935. The Biology of Mayflies. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, N. Y.

JANUARY, 1953]

MARTIN ASILIDAE

INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION OF TAXONOMIC

CHARACTERS IN COLEOMYIA AND TWO NEW SPECIES

(Diptera: Asilidae)

Charles H. Martin^

Oregon State College

The genus Coleomyia Wilcox & Martin (Bull. Brooklyn Ent.

Soc.) was erected in 1935 to receive Metapogon setiger Cole the

genotype, and three other species there described. During the past

five years the writer and his wife have collected nearly 700 speci-

mens of this genus. Also, a smaller collection, which includes para-

types of the species described by Wilcox & Martin, was assembled

a number of years ago. Thanks are due my friend Mr. Joseph

Wilcox for the series of C. crumborum from California. The types

of C. alticola James and C. setiger (Cole) have not been seen, but

there has been no difficulty in identifying the two species. The

holotypes and allotypes of the three species described by Wilcox &

Martin, C. sculleni, hinei, and rainieri, are at hand. Descriptions

of two new species, a revised key, and a discussion of the intra-

specific variation of the taxonomic characters used for the identifi-

cation of the species of Coleomyia are presented. Holotypes and

allotypes mentioned in this paper will be deposited on a permanent

loan basis at the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes, meta-

types, and topotypes are in the writer’s collection.

Coleomyia crumborum Martin, new species

Male: Length 6—7 mm. Head black; face, front, vertex, light yellowish

or brassy, brown pollinose ; occiput gray pollinose ; palpi, proboscis, antennae,

and all bristles, black. Ocellar bristles in 3 rows, arranged 4—2—2, outside

anterior and posterior pairs weaker ; 6 strong bristles on either side of occiput

with other weaker bristles. Pale hair begins among occipital bristles and

extends down and covers the lower occiput; pale hair on proboscis and

palpi. Antennal proportions similar to other species of the genus. Holotype

with pair of strong bristles on both first and second antennal segments, some

paratypes with only a single strong bristle on these segments.

Thorax black, entirely gray pollinose with indistinct overcast pattern

of light brown, median geminate dorsal stripe indistinct. Neck with pale

hair, pronotum with pale hair and 2 weak pale bristles on either side oppo-

site first spiracle. Bristle pattern similar to other species, 7 dorsocentral

bristles. Pleura gray pollinose with slight tinge of yellow in some lights,

mesosternum pollinose below with polished black spot covering about the

anterior third of the sclerite; metasternum gray pollinose, pleura gray polli-

^ Grant-in-aid Funds from Oregon State College contributed to the financing

of these studies.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

nose with 6 white hypopleural bristles. Dorsum of scutellum and margin

gray pollinose with 3 strong marginal bristles and 4 short, weak bristles.

Abdomen black with short, pale appressed hairs and silvery gray polli-

nose markings on segments 1 to 5, segment 5 light brown on some paratypes,

segments 6 and 7 brown pollinose. First segment pollinose on lateral margins,

with 4 pale weak lateral bristles surrounded by pale hair as long as bristles ;

second segment pollinose on lateral margins with broad pollinose dorsal band

as wide as anterior black dorsal area which is triangle-shaped posteriorly

with the point extended as an indistinct, narrow line which almost separates

the pollinose band, this line more distinct on some paratypes and less on

others. Pollinose bands on segments 3 and 4 with anterior and posterior

narrow dark crescents, and small posterior crescent on segment 5; a median

line of thin pollen almost separates each band, more distinct on segment 3

on holotype, not so distinct on segments 3 to 5 on some paratypes and more

distinct on others. Venter segments 1 to 4 gray pollinose, 5 and 6 brown

pollinose, segment 7 polished brownish black; hypopygium brownish dor-

sally and brown and black ventrally, with black hairs.

Legs black; bristles black except posterior row pale bristles on anterior

4 tibiae; coxae gray pollinose with white pile.

Wings fumose; anterior crossvein usually distinctly before middle of

discal cell. Halteres on holotype with brown base and yellow knob, some

paratypes with orange-yellow knobs.

Female: Length 7—8 mm. Similar to male with these exceptions. Face,

front, vertex usually darker than in male; posteriorly ocellar tubercle with

brown pollinose triangle. Thorax, dark central brown stripe bisected by nar-

row, setulose, grayish brown pollinose line and separated from lateral golden

pollinose markings by grayish brown pollinose line, humerus and lateral

margin of meso- and metathorax gray to brown pollinose. Pleura gray polli-

nose, mesosternum gray pollinose below and posterior to anterior polished

black spot, 5 black and 1 white hypopleural bristles on allotype, some para-

types with all white or all black hypopleural bristles, others with mixtures.

Two strong, black median scutellar bristles with 2 weaker bristles. Abdomen

black with short, pale, appressed hair; lateral margin first abdominal Seg-

ment with most of lateral pollinose areas covered with white hair, 1 pale

bristle on one side of allotype and 4 on other; anterior angle of second

segment gray pollinose. Abdominal segments 2 to 5 with narrow posterior

gray pollinose bands broadly interrupted in middle, segments 6 to 8 shining

black; venter polished brown, posterior angles of segments 2 to 4 gray polli-

nose. Leg, bristles, and hairs on legs hlack.

Holotype: Male. San Bernardino Co., Barton Flat, 6300 ft.,

California, July 12, 1947 (J. Wilcox, Coll.)

Allotype: Female, August 9, 1942, same locality and collector.

Paratypes: Same locality and collector as holotype, 21 c? cf?

August 7-12, 1947 ; 1 cf, August 9, 1942; 2 cT cT, San Bernardino,

County, Jenks Lake, Calif., July 18, 1943 (C. H. Martin, Coll.).

Same locality and collector as holotype, 19 $ August 7-12, 1947 ;

JANUARY, 1953]

MARTIN — ASILIDAE

29 $, August 9, 1942; 1 9? San Bernardino County, Jenks Lake,

Calif., July 18, 1943 (C. H. Martin, Coll.) .

Named for my friends Marion Pohlman Crumb, S. E. Crumb,

Sr., and S. E. Crumb, Jr. (deceased) .

Coleomyia rubida Martin, new species

Male: Length 6.5 mm. Face, front, vertex, occiput, grayish brown polli-

nose; proboscis, palpi, antennae, all bristles, black; 5 weak lateral frontal

bristles, 4 strong and 4 weak ocellar bristles, about 16 weak black occipital

bristles on each side of occiput, sparse pale hair on lower occiput, proboscis

and palpi; 1 strong bristle on first antennal segment and 2 short weak ones

on either side, 1 long and 1 somewhat shorter bristle on second antennal

segment. Sparse pale hair on neck, even more spare pale hair on pronotum,

one strong black bristle with 3 very short weak black bristles at base on each

side of pronotum. Thoracic dorsum with dark brown central stripe narrowly

separated by gray pollinose setulose stripe; reddish brown spot around base

of first dorsocentral bristle and extending posteriorly as a line beside the

central stripe and along the line formed by the dorsocentral bristles; a

grayish brown pollinose line originating at the gray humerus and extending

posteriorly around the margin of the reddish-brown spot to the second

dorsocentral bristle where it continues parallel to the reddish brown line;

lateral margins of dorsum same color as central stripe; transverse suture

brownish pollinose. Pleura grayish brown pollinose, mesosternum gray

pollinose above and posterior to the anterior polished black spot; metaster-

num and pleura gray pollinose, 2 black hypopleural bristles; scutellum

dorsum brownish gray pollinose with margin broadly black, two scutellai

bristles.

Abdomen black: lateral margins of first abdominal segment silvery polli

nose with 4 pale bristles on posterior angle and pale hair anteriorly, small

pollinose spot on anterior angle of second abdominal segment, narrow, widely

interrupted silvery pollinose bands on posterior margin of segments 2 to 5,

narrow, interrupted band on posterior margin of segment 6 golden brown

pollinose, seventh segment with small lateral spot of golden brown pollinose

on lateral margins; pygidium mostly dark reddish-brown with black hairs;

venter with short, black appressed hairs, first segment brownish tan, narrow

black line on posterior margin, second segment with narrow anterior and

posterior tan bands, broad middle black band covered with white pruinosity,

third and fourth segments black, narrow anterior and broad posterior bands

joined medianly by transverse pollinose wedge, posterior margin same color

as first segment, fifth and sixth segment polished black with narrow silvery

pollinose band on posterior margin, seventh segment polished black.

Fore coxae black, thin gray pollinose, some sparse short white hair,

posterior four coxae red, thin gray pollinose, middle coxae with fewer hairs

than anterior coxae, posterior coxae without hair, rather short, weak, pale

bristles on apices of all coxae, rest of leg black, femora with basal and apical

red bands approximately the width of the second posterior cell in the wing,

approximately basal third of tibiae red, bristles black. Claws black, pulvilli

dark.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL, XXIX, NO. 1

Halteres at base light brown, stem and knob yellowish brown. Basal

three-eighths of wings thinly white, second basal cell almost totally white,

hyaline band across discal cell, apex of wing lightly infuscated, discal cross

vein at middle of discal cell.

Female: Length 10 mm. Similar to male. Abdominal segment five with

a more broadly interrupted posterior narrow silvery pollinose band than

other bands, sixth and seventh segments black. Black spot on mesosternum.

Legs more reddish than those of male. Wings very lightly fumose, Pulvilli

lighter than in male.

Holotype: Male. Mt. Hood, Still Creek Forest Camp, Ore-

gon, August 10, 1947. Charles H. Martin, Coll.

Allotype: Female, Crater Lake, Oregon, August 8, 1947. Doro-

thy Martin, Coll.

Paratypes: One cf, Deschutes Co., Paulina Lake, Oregon, Au-

gust 9, 1946; one cT, Mt. Hood, Parkdale, Oregon, July 19, 1947;

two cf cT 5 Crater Lake, Oregon, August 8, 1947, August 30, 1949,

The Martins, Coll. Four $ Crater Lake, Oregon, August 8, 1930;

three ? Mt. Hood, Parkdale, Oregon, July 19, 1947 ; one $, Des-

chutes Co., Paulina Lake, Oregon, August 9, 1946, The Martins,

Key to the Species of Coleomyia

Males

1. Basal portion of wing distinctly white, infuscated apically 2

_ Basal portion of wing base not white, partially hyaline or totally in-

fuscated 6

2. Dorsocentral bristles absent; pollinose wedge on hind angle of abdomi-

_ nal segment 2 barely perceptible or lacking, increasing in extent on 3

and 4, about equal in extent on segments 4 to 6. Length 6.5—9 mm.

(Oregon; Idaho) hinei W. & M.

_ Strong dorsocentral bristles 3

3. Small pollinose wedges on posterior angle of abdominal segments in-

creasing in extent from 2 to 6, frequently lacking on segment 2. Length

5.5—7 mm. (Colorado; New Mexico) alticola James

_ Either white, or brownish pollinose bands, or both, on posterior margins

of abdominal segments, bands either interrupted, or complete, or both.... 4

4. Basal one-fifth of wing white, tip lightly infuscated; white pollinose

bands on posterior margins of abdominal segments; knobs of halteres

yellow. Length 7.5 mm. (Washington) j-ainieri W. & M.

_ Basal two-fifths of wing white, tip infuscated- — 5

5. Posterior abdominal fasciae widely interrupted; 4 posterior coxae red,

white pollinose; femora black with prominent red band basally and

apically, base of tibiae reddish, black apically. Length 5.5-6 mm.

(Oregon) rubida n. sp.

_ Abdominal fasciae on posterior margin of abdominal segments entire;

all coxae black, white pollinose; legs black except very narrow red in-

conspicuous bands on femora and tibiae. Length 6—8.5 mm. (Oregon;

Washington) setiger (Cole)

JANUARY, 1953]

MARTIN ^ASILIDAE

6. Knobs of halteres claret red ; 3 to 6 dorsocentral bristles ; anterior lateral

margin of at least abdominal segments 2 to 4 black, segments 5 to 8 may

be totally white pollinose or with lateral anterior black areas. Length

6.5-8 mm. (Oregon) sculleni W. & M.

Knobs of halteres vary orange, yellow, light brown; 7 to 9 dorsocentral

bristles; laterial margins of abdominal segments 1 to 5 entirely white

pollinose, 6 to 8 brownish pollinose. Length 6—7 mm. (California).

- crumborum n. sp.

Females

1. Dorsocentral bristles absent; abdominal segments 1 to 5 with small,

silver pollinose wedges on posterior angles. Length 7—9 mm. (Oregon;

Idaho) — - - hinei W. & M.

Dorsocentral bristles present 2

2. Abdomen black ; abdominal segments 2 to 5 with small wedges of silver

pollen on posterior angles, 6 and 7 without pollen. Length 7—8.5 mm.

(Colorado; New Mexico) alticola James

Pollinose fasciae on posterior margin of abdominal segments entire or

interrupted, or both — 3

3. Wings hyaline; face, front, vertex, gray silver pollinose. Length 7 — 8

mm. (Washington) rainieri W. & M.

Wings fumose; face, front, vertex, golden silvery or brownish polli-

nose 4

4. Posterior 4 coxae red, white pollinose; hind femora black with basal

and apical red band; basal half or more of hind tibiae red, less red on

anterior tibiae, apical portion black. Length 7—9.5 mm. (Oregon)

- — - rubida n, sp.

All coxae black; legs black except very narrow red band basally and

apically on femora 5

5. Narrow silvery pollinose band on posterior margins of abdominal seg-

ments broader in middle than on sides of abdomen; knobs of halteres

claret red; usually one strong white bristle on pronotum. Length 7—9.5

mm. (Oregon) sculleni W. & M.

Narrow posterior silvery pollinose bands on abdominal segments uniform

in width; halteres not claret red 6

6. Usually one strong, black bristle on pronotum; bristles on lateral mar-

gins of first abdominal segment usually tan or dirty white; polished area

on lower portion of mesosternum extends from anterior to posterior

margins. Length 6.5-10 mm. (Oregon; Washington) setiger (Cole)

Usually two or more weak, pale bristles on pronotum; bristles on lateral

margins of first abdominal segment pale white; mesosternum gray polli-

nose below and posterior to anterior polished black spot. Length 7—8

mm. (California) crumborum n. sp.

Intraspecific Variation

The shape of the antennae, the extent of the pollinosity or prui-

nosity, and the color and number of hairs or bristles present on

the various parts of the body of Asilidae are commonly used as

characters to separate species. The writer has often wondered how

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

stable these and other characters would prove to be when a fairly

long series was studied. This study of Coleomyia shows that such

characters in this genus do have a rather wide range within the

species.

Antennae — The shape of the antennae of all species of Coho-

myia is not quite as dependable as implied by Wilcox & Martin,

(1. c. p. 212). James (Kansas Ent. Soc. 1941) indirectly calls

attention to this when he states that the figure of the antennae pub-

lished for C. sculleni would serve for C. alticola James. A series of

alticola collected by the writer confirms this observation. The

variation found in the seven species at hand indicates that this

character is not always dependable.

Pronotal Bristles — The bristles on the pronotum which are

opposite the mesothoracic spiracle have been used in the key to

separate the females of setiger from crumborum. Sometimes a

strong pale bristle rather than the usual black one is found on

setiger; on some specimens the bristle is found on only one side.

There are usually several pale, weak bristles on crumhorum but

one specimen bears only a single weak bristle. In both species the

bristles are associated with long, white pile.

Genitalia — No differences were found in the male genitalia of

Coleomyia which would readily separate one species from another.

In all other genera of Asilidae studied by the writer, there are some

structures of the genitalia which are of specific value.

VARIATIONS OF COLEOMYIA SETIGER

The writer has studied 335 specimens of Coleomyia setiger

(Cole) from Mt. Hood, Santiam Pass, Corvallis, Washington

County, and Mary’s Peak, Oregon, and from Olympia, Puyallup,

and Tacoma, Washington. The great variability in this species

seems to be of no specific or subspecific value.

Color — The coloration of the pollinosity on the dorsum of

both thorax and abdomen consists of two basic colors in setiger.

Bluish-gray predominates on the thorax of the male, and brown

on the female. In some specimens the brown markings are almost

obscured by the bluish-gray pollinosity, while this color is ob-

scured by the brown in other specimens. The males always have

some brown present, but on some of the females the blue gray

is completely replaced by brown shades.

The same variation in color is true for the pollinose stripes on

the posterior margin of the abdominal segments. On some males

JANUARY, 1953]

MARTIN ^ASIIJDAE

the brown overcast almost obscures the gray beneath, while in

others the gray obliterates the brown on most of the segments.

ScUTELLUM — Both sexes of setiger could be divided into two

distinct groups by the color of the margin of the scutellum. Sixty-

five per cent of 320 specimens had the margin black, while the rest

had pollinose margins. In a few specimens there was a graduation

from pollinosity to black, but usually the character was sharp.

The number of bristles on the margin of the scutellum varied

from two to six. When more than two bristles were present, the

additional ones were sometimes short and sometimes as long as

the median two. The female specimens from Mary’s Peak, Oregon,

shows a sharp tendency to have three or more bristles; 36 speci-

mens had two bristles, while 41 had three to six bristles. In con-

trast, 45 specimens from Corvallis, Oregon, had two bristles, while

only seven had three to six bristles.

Abdomen — The most surprising variability in Coleomyia is

that the dorsum of the mid-segments of the abdomen is totally

pollinose in some specimens of setiger and sculleni, while in other

specimens of the same species the pollinosity is restricted to the

posterior margin. With this character the 135 males of setiger at

hand can be divided into these three distinct groups:

Group I — Pollinosity on posterior margin of fourth abdominal segment may

extend as a distinct or indistinct median wedge toward or to the anterior

margin; fifth abdominal segment totally pollinose.

Group II — Pollinosity on posterior margin of the fifth abdominal segment

may extend as a distinct or indistinct median wedge toward or to the

anterior margin. The anterior lateral angles may be either black or

gray pollinose. Cole’s type specimen with the anterior lateral angle

black traces to this group.

Group III — The pollinosity on the fifth abdominal segment sharply confined

to the posterior half of the segment; anterior half black.

Groups II and III share the common character of having the

pollinosity of the fourth abdominal segment confined to the poste-

rior half. Group II could be subdivided because the anterior lat-

eral angle of the fifth segment is either lack or pollinose; the

segment is never totally pollinose as in Group I.

A taxonomist with only a few specimens of the three distinct

patterns would feel tempted to describe either species or sub-

species. However, the series at hand leads the writer to consider

these patterns in setiger as only variations within the species. Also

other characters break the three groups into other major groups

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

v/hich in turn are only variations within the species. The two

groups based on the margin of the scutellum being either black or

pollinose has been discussed.

The degree of pollinosity on the first abdominal segment breaks

the males of setiger into two groups and the females into three.

According to Cole’s description of Metapogon setigerum (noW C.

setiger) (Proc. Calif. Acad. 4th ser. 9(7) :235-236. 1919) the pru-

inosity of the first abdominal segment is confined to the lateral mar-

gins. There are many male specimens at hand which agree, but

many others have the first segment entirely pollinose except for a

posterior black, median crescent of variable widths. This posterior

crescent is occasionally found on other segments of the abdomen.

The pollinosity of the first abdominal segment of 89 per cent

of 198 females was generally confined to the lateral margins; 10

per cent had the pollinosity narrowly interrupted; 1 per cent were

with the first abdominal segment totally pollinose.

The bristles on the lateral margin of the first abdominal segment

were variable in color on 198 specimens. Five per cent of the

female specimens of setiger had only black bristles; 80 per cent

had light tan or sordid white bristles; 15 per cent had both black

and pale bristles. The number of bristles ranged from two to six,

and the number varied from one side to the other of the same

specimen. There was a similar variability of number and color in

the hypopleural bristles.

Venter — The venter of the males of some specimens of setiger

was totally pollinose, on other specimens there were posterior and

anterior pollinose bands on each segment, while in a third group

these bands were connected by a median cross mark of pollen.

Halteres — ^The color of the knobs of the halteres of setiger

IS highly variable. On many specimens they are some shade of

yellow, but on others the knobs are light brown, or some shade of

pink. Most of the latter were collected at higher elevations in com-

pany with sculleni.

VARIATIONS OF COLEOMYIA SCULLENI

Two hundred forty specimens of Coleomyia sculleni W. & M.

have been collected by the writer and his wife from Cloud Cap

Road and Still Creek Forest Camp, Mt. Hood, Santiam Pass, Pau-

lina Lake, and Crater Lake, Oregon, during July and August. The

variability in this species is similar to that in setiger.

Scutellum — Both sexes of sculleni could be divided into two

jANUAifY, 1953]

MARTIN ^ASILIDAE

distinct groups by the color of the margin of the scutellum. Seven-

ty-eight per cent of 85 specimens from Crater Lake, 34 per cent of

70 specimens from Santiam Pass, and 96 per cent of 85 specimens

from Mt. Hood had the margin pollinose. The margin was black

io the rest.

The number of bristles on the margin of the scutellum varied

from two to five. Forty per cent of the 85 specimens from Mt.

Hood had three or more bristles, while 25 per cent of the 155

specimens from other localities had more than two bristles. The

length of the bristles varied as in setiger.

Abdomen — Coleomyia sculleni shows a variability in the polli-

nose pattern on the abdominal segments which is similar to that in

the three groups of setiger. In sculleni the males can be divided

into two distinct groups :

Group I — The posterior, uninterrupted, silvery pollinose band of adominal

segments three to six wider' on the dorsum than on the lateral margin,

leaving a black, anterior angle. The holotype specimen falls in this group.

Group II — The posterior, silvery pollinose bands of segments three to five

similar to Group I except segment five has a smaller black, anterior

angle. Segment six is completely pollinose.

There are other male specimens whose pollinose pattern rep-

resents a transition between Groups I and H. No other characters

were found which would separate the specimens into the above

two groups. Group II is represented by 50 males collected in an

hour in an area of 100 square feet on Mt. Hood at Timberline

Lodge. The abdominal pollinose pattern of two male specimens

ill the Timberline series resembled the typical sculleni of Group 1.

The holotype male of sculleni bears posterior abdominal polli-

nose bands with a black triangular area on the posterior margin

of the segments so that pollinose chevrons are formed. On most

males of sculleni the bands are only slightly denuded posteriorly

so as to form a very thin crescent. Of all the males collected, only

two closely resembled the type specimen in possessing chevron-

shaped pollinose bands. These specimens, which were collected

at Crater Lake, August 30, 1948 by Dorothy Martin and by Chas.

H. Martin, are designated metatypes. Also two females. Crater

Lake, August 30, 1949, by the same collectors, are designated

metatypes. Eighty-five other specimens with the same data as the

metatypes are designated as topotypes. The number of lateral

bristles on the first abdominal segment of sculleni varied from two

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

to six. The color ranged from black to pale brown to white. Fre-

quently both black and pale bristles were on the same specimen.

Stable characters — Two characters of sculleni were more

stable than others. All specimens had the knob of the halteres

claret red. Usually there was a white, stout bristle on the pronotum

opposite the first spiracle on the mesonotum. This bristle was black

on a few specimens including the allotype.

ScuTELLAR BRISTLES IN OTHER SPECIES — The number of bristles

on the margin of the scutellum has been discussed for setiger and

sculleni. A series of 42 Coleomyia alticola James from Taos-Col-

fax County Line, Highway 64, New Mexico, July 30, 1948, Mar-

tins, Coll., had only two bristles on the scutellum of all specimens.

In C. rainieri W. & M. the number varied from two to six. The

maximum number of scutellar bristles on C. hinei W. & M. was

two, while 14 per cent of 62 specimens had only one bristle. Ap-

parently there is a tendency toward reduction of scutellar bristles

in hinei. C. crumborum Martin shows the opposite tendency; all

of the 48 specimens had three to six bristles; none had two.

TWO NEW HIPPOMELAS

( Coleoptera— Buprestidae )

Jarques R. Helper

Mendocino, California

In the California Academy of Sciences collection there are two

Hippomelas from islands in the Gulf of California, currently con-

sidered as “varieties” of H. planicosta (LeConte), which appear to

require separation. The two new forms are apparently elosely re-

lated to each other, but they differ appreciably from H. planicosta.

Hippomelas insularis Heifer, new species

Male: elongate oval, shining black with some punctures bluish or brassy,

and with a yellowish efflorescence over the surface, more brassy beneath.

Head brassy, becoming blue at occiput. Front broad, coarsely, closely seto-

punctate and with small irregular impunctate areas, the setae silvery and

moderately long; antennae 11 segmented, reaching to hind angles of pro-

notum, inserted in rather small round cavities under sharp, prominent supra-

antennal ridges which are set at about 20° angles and which are almost

connected across the front by a transverse carina which is separated from

JANUARY, 1953]

HELFER HIPPOMELAS

the clypeal margin by coarse punctures; scape of antenna long, second seg-

ment less than half as long as third, segments four through eleven expanded,

outer eight segments each with a little transverse subterminal pit in which

are some antennal pores, and with pores disseminated thickly over the outer

portions of both faces, terminal segment with a small quadrate appendix;

eyes a little more broadly rounded beneath than above; clypeus shallowly

emarginate medially, then broadly rounded at each side, becoming distinctly

sinuate laterally; mentum testaceous; mandibles black, coarsely setopunc-

tate basally; submentum black, coarsely setopunctate. Pronotum somewhat

transverse, shining black with greenish brassy punctures; with a fringe of

faintly yellowish hairs along the anterior margin which is feebly bisinuate;

side margins sharp and clearly defined near base, fading out at middle and

obsolete anteriorly. Viewed from above the pronotum is broadly rounded

from the anterior angles to middle, then sinuate to posterior angles which

are acutely rounded ; disc sparsely coarsply irregularly punctate, more

densely near front and at sides, with irregular smooth areas which form no

distinct median line; basal margin smooth, entire, raised, distinctly trisin-

uate; pubescence inconspicuous. Scutellum transverse, rounded behind. Elytra

broadest at base, narrowing evenly to posterior third, then more rapidly to

apices which are emarginate and bidentate; feebly longitudinally costate,

punctures weak, irregular, tending to form lines in feeble but definite striae;

side margins feebly serrate near apices. Viewed from the side each elytron

exhibits a distinct sublateral costa which persists nearly to the apex; efflor-

escence conspicuous, especially basally; pubescence inconspicuous. Pros-

ternum sparsely setopunctate medially, more densely anteriorly and laterally;

prosternal process not impressed medially, trilobate apically, the lateral

lobes more narrowly rounded, with a deep submarginal stria which is

strongest between the coxae and which fades out before the tip, with a row

of long setae arising from the strial punctures; tip of process not touching

metasternum. Mesoternum divided into halves; meso-metasternal suture dis-

tinct. Metasternum distinctly medially longitudinally grooved; metacoxal

plates distinctly broader internally, cut off externally by a projection of the

abdomen; posterior margin not straight. Legs coarsely moderately seto-

punctate and with whitish efflorescence; anterior tibiae distinctly internally

subapically multidenticulate ; tarsi slender, not as long as tibiae; claws

simple; coxae small, subglobular. Abdominal sternites rather sparsely only

moderately coarsely setopunctate, with efflorescence at the sides; first and

second sternites with their dividing suture distinct for its entire length, the

first not impressed medially, the second, third, and fourth with their posterior

margins' modified laterally into irregular teeth ; tip broadly emarginate, with

a little rough-margined subapical plate.

Female similar to male excepting the tip of the last sternite broadly

rounded, and the anterior tibiae simple.

The holotype male, allotype female, and 39 paratypes all bear

the same data: Marcus Island, Gulf of California, VI-19-21,

E. P. Van Duzee collector (California Academy of Sciences).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

Very little variation was noted in the series. The largest female

is 22.5'mm. long, 8.5 mm. wide, and the smallest male is 14.5 mm.

long, 4.5 mm. wide.

To judge from general appearance this species is closely re-

lated to H. planicosta but differs from that species in having much

less slender and elongate male genitalia, no smooth median line on

the pronotum, (common on H. planicosta) and the surface of the

elytra feebly costate, with more distinct albeit incomplete striae.

H. planicosta has the elytra more strongly costate and the striae

still less developed than H. insularis.

Hippomelas insularis castanea Heifer, new species

This form is very similar to the preceding structurally. It dif-

fers from typical H. insularis in the following respects :

H. INSULARIS

Ground color of elytra black

Transverse Carina connecting supra-

antennal. ridges separated from

clypeal margin by a punctate area

Anterior trochanter with tooth less

developed, inconspicuous

Scutellum a little larger, more trans-

verse, depressed anteriorly to ac-

commodate pronotum in both sexes

Male genitalia a little broader at

middle, side pieces a little blunter

at tips ai^d with no dark' pigment

at tips

The male holotype, labeled Angel de la Guardia Isd., Pond

Island Bay, Gulf of Calif., VI-30-21, E. P. Van Duzee (Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences), measures 16.5 mm. long by 6 mm.

wide. The female allotype, a little deeper brown in color, same data

but collected July 1, measures 17.5 mm. long by 6.75 mm. wide.

The male paratype, same data as holotype measures 15.5 mm. long

by 5.75 mm. wide. All three specimens were taken on Larrea

mexicana. This subspecies is very distinctive in appearance but

seems very closely allied to H. insularis.

Types, allotypes, and paratypes in collection of California

Academy of Sciences.

H. INSULARIS CASTANEA

Ground color of elytra chestnut

brown

Transverse carina connecting supra-

antennal ridges connected to cly-

peal margin by a broad impunctate

area

Anterior trochanter with tooth more

strongly developed, conspicuous

Scutellum smaller, male with scutel-

lum transversely depressed anteri-

orly, female with surface subequal

Male genitalia a little narrower at

middle, side pieces more acute at

tips and with tips distinctly darker

JANUARY, 1953]

WEHRLE ARIZONA FLEAS

A HOST INDEX OF SOME ARIZONA FLEAS"

(Siphonaptera)

Lawrence Paul Wehrle^

University of Arizona, Tucson

In Dr. C. A. Hubbard’s “Fleas of Western North America,”

published in 1947, are listed 42 species of fleas recorded from

Arizona. These records are augmented by the following host index

of 23 species and subspecies of fleas included in a collection assem-

bled by the author at the University of Arizona. Most specimens

are from Tucson and from nearby mountains in Pima County,

although some fleas were collected in other parts of Arizona. One

Mexican record is included. The first four species listed are com-

mon pests not native to the state ; the last 19 are native to Arizona.

The scientific names of the fleas in the following list are pre-

ceded by the corresponding reference numbers used by Hubbard

in his “Fleas of Western North America,” except for one i^ub-

species described since the appearance of that work in 1947.

1. Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood), 1875, commonly

called the tropical hen flea. This introduced fowl flea is now

at home on many wild birds and animals. It is here reported

off:

Bubo V. pallescens (horned owl). Tucson, Dec. 30, 1933: Tortillita

Mts., Nov. 25, 1938.

Cryptoglaux acadica (saw-whet owl), Tucson, Jan. 27, 1940.

Sitta c. nelsoni (Rocky Mt. nuthatch). Ft. Lowell, Dec. 17, 1939.

Cassidix mexicanus ( great- tailed grackle), Chihuahua, Mexico, April

26, 1940.

Geococcyx californianus (road runner), Tucson, Jan. 25, 1939.

Colapter c. collaris (red-shafted flicker), Tucson, Jan. 28, 1939.

Neotoma albigula (pack rat), Tucson, April 1930, Dec. 29, 1930,

Jan. 1, 1931, May 23, 1933, Sept. 28, 1939.

Citellus harrisi (Harris ground squirrel), Tucson, March 28, 1927,

March 13, 1938.

' «

Citellus g. grammuTus (Colorado rock squirrel), Tucson, March 25,

1938.

Citellus tereticaudus (round-tailed ground squirrel), Tucson, March

28, 1929.

1 The author wishes to thank Dr. C. A. Hubbard of Vanport College, Portland,

Oregon, internationally known student of western fleas, who determined the fleas

listed herewith and aided in the preparation of the manuscript.

* Died October 23, 1950.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

Dipodomys sp. (kangaroo rat), Tucson, 1932.

Sylvilagus a. arizonae (Arizona cottontail), Pinal Mts., Gila, Co.,

1932; Tucson, April 8, 1938.

Taxidea t. berlandieri (badger), Rincon Mts., March 30, 1933.

Bassariscus a. flavus (ring-tailed cat), Tucson, Aug. 23, 1933. This

flea was taken in and under a house at Tucson, June 4, 1932.

4. Pulex irritans Linnaeus, 1758, the human flea, is a barnyard

and city pest widely spread in North America. It is reported

off:

Urocyon c. scotti (gray fox), Santa Rita Mts., Feb. 12, 1932, Feb.

21, 1933; Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Jan. 11, 1935.

Canis mearnsi (Mearns’ coyote), Tucson, April 2, 1938.

Cards familiaris (dog), Tucson, March 31, 1930, June 4, 1932, March

26, 1940.

Lynx baileyi (bobcat), Sierrita Mts., Dec. 13, 1942.

Taxidea t. berlandieri (badger), Rincon Mts., March 30, 1933.

Bassariscus a. flavus (ring-tailed cat), Tucson, Aug. 23, 1933.

Mephites estor (skunk), Tucson, Jan. 12, 1931; Pinal Mts., Gila Co.,

Oct. 12, 1931.

Lepus c. eremicus ( jackrabbit) , Santa Rita Mts., April 19, 1932.

Citellus g. grammurus (Colorado rock squirrel), Tucson, March 25,

1938.

Dipodomys sp. (kangaroo rat), Tucson, 1932.

Vulpes m. neomexicana (New Mexico desert fox), Tucson, Dec. 27,

1937. This flea was taken at Tucson in and under a house June

3, 4, 1932; in a greenhouse June 11, 1940; in an auditorium

May 13, 22, 1940.

6. Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) 1835, the common cat flea,

becomes a house and yard pest during the summer months.

It is reported off:

Bubo V. pallescens (horned owl), Tucson, Dec. 30, 1933.

Felis domesticus (house cat), Tucson, Oct. 17, 1931, June 14 and

Aug. 29, 1932, May 16, 1934, April 18, 1937, April 13, 1940.

Canis familiaris (dog), Tucson, Feb. 3, 1940. This flea was taken

at Tucson in a house basement Aug. 31, 1942, and in a house yard

April 13, 1940 and Sept. 20, 1941.

7. Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis) 1826, the common dog flea,

seems less common than the cat flea. It is reported off:

Canis familiaris (dog) Tucson, March 1934, Sept. 10, 1938, March

1940. This flea was taken in a house at Wickenburg, Maricopa

Co., May 16, 1946.

13. Hoplopsyllus affinis (Baker) 1904, is the small common

rabbit flea of Arizona which does not bear genal teeth. It

is reported off:

Lepus c. eremicus (Jack rabbit), Santa Rita Mts., Tucson, April

21, 1931.

JANUARY, 1953] WEHRLE ARIZONA FLEAS

Sylvilagus nuttalli (cotton-tail), Pinal Mts., Gila Co., 1932; Alpine,

Apache Co., March 7, 1935; White Mts., Apache Co., Oct. 26,

1934; Santa Rita Mts., March 31, 1943.

14. Hoplopsyllus anomalus (Baker) 1904, is a widely-spread

southwest ground squirrel flea. It is here reported off:

Citellus g. grammurus (Colorado rock squirrel), Tucson, March 25,

1938 ; Rincon Mts., April 3, 1938.

15. Cediopsylla inaequalis inaequalis (Baker) 1895, is the small

wild rabbit flea of the southwest which has black genal teeth.

It is reported off:

Sylvilagus nuttalli (cotton-tail), Pinal Mts., Gila Co., 1932; White

Mts., Apache Co., Oct. 26, 1934.

17. Anomiopsyllus nudatus (Baker) 1898, one of the more com-

mon of the southwest wood rat fleas. It is reported off:

Neotoma albigula (pack rat), Santa Rita Mts., April and May 1930,

March 6, 1933, June 27, 1936.

Neotoma m. bullata (wood rat), Santa Catalina Mts., June 5, 1934.

Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat), Santa Rita Mts., March 22, 1932.

29. Orchopeas sexdentatus schisintus (Jordan) 1929, a com-

mon wood rat flea of Arizona south of the Grand Canyon,

is reported off:

Neotoma albigula (pack rat), Tucson, May 23, 1933, Jan. 15, 1935,

Feb. 4, 18, April 1, 1938, March 6, April 10, 1940.

Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat), Tucson, April 10, 1940.

30. Orchopeas sexdentatus neotomae (Auguston) 1943 is -also a

flea of common occurrence in Arizona south of the Grand

Canyon. It is reported off:

Neotoma m. bullata (wood rat), Santa Catalina Mts., June 5, 9,

July 13, 1934.

Neotoma albigula (pack rat), Santa Catalina Mts., Jan. 15, 1935.

38. Orchopeas howardi (Baker) 1895, is an eastern tree squirrel

flea reported off:

Sciurus a. huachuca (tree squirrel), Santa Rita Mts., Feb. 22, 1932.

46. Opisodasys rohustus (Jordan) 1925, is a southwestern flea

found on true tree squirrels. It is reported off:

Sciurus a. catalina (Catalina gray squirrel), Santa Catalina Mts.,

Oct. 22, 1938.

60. Thrassis a. arizonensis (Baker) 1898, is a common ground

squirrel flea of the southwest. It is reported off:

Citellus harrisi (Harris ground squirrel), Tucson, March 28, 1927,

Feb. 20, 1934, Feb. 11, 1937, Feb. 4, March 13, 1938, March 13,

1940; Santa Rita Mts., May 10, 1932.

Citellus tereticaudus (round-tailed ground squirrel), Tucson, March

28, 1929, Feb. 4, March 15, 1938, March 13, April 13, 1940, March

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

14, 21, April 27, 1942; Santa Rita Mts., April 7, 1930, Feb. 29,

March 14, 1932.

Sylvilagus a. arizonae (Arizona cotton-tail), Tucson, April 8, 1938,

March 6, 1939.

Sigmodon hispidis (cotton rat), Tucson, March 6, 1940.

63. Thrassis pansus (Jordan) 1925 is reported off:

Citellus g. grammurus (Colorado rock squirrel), Rincon Mts., April

3, 1938.

Citellus harrisi (Harris ground squirrel), Tucson, Feb. 4, 25, 1938.

64. Thrassis setosis {Prince) 1944 has been taken off :

Citellus harrisi (Harris ground squirrel), Tucson, March 28, 1927,

Feb. 11, 1937.

Citellus tereticaudus (round-tailed ground squirrel), Tucson, March

14, 1942.

Citellus leucurus (antelope ground squirrel), Navajo Mts., June 13,

1933.

69. Diamanus montanus (Baker) 1895, a very common western

ground squirrel flea is reported off:

Citellus g. grammurus (Colorado rock squirrel), Tucson, March 25,

1938; Rincon Mts., April 3, 1938.

Citellus (round-tailed ground squirrel), Tucson, April

22, 1938.

76. Opisocrostis hirsutiis (Baker) 1895, the southwest prairie

dog flea, is reported off:

Cynomys gunnisoni (Prairie dog), Red Lake, Coconino Co., June

13, 1933.

89a. Foxella ignota omissa (Prince) 1945 has been taken off:

Thomomys sp. (pocket gopher), no locality mentioned, May 1913.

( — ) . Monopsyllus wagneri hylei (Hubbard) 1949 is reported by

the describer as being the southern variation of this north-

ern species. It has been taken off:

Peromyscus m. sonoriensis (deer mouse), Santa Catalina Mts., June

28, 1934.

133. Ceratophyllus celsus (Jordan) 1926 is reported off:

Sitta p. metanotis (black-eared nuthatch). Flagstaff, Sept. 1, 1934.

150. Odontopsyllus dentatus (Baker) 1904 is a common large

rabbit flea found everywhere through the Rocky Mountains

and west to the Pacific Ocean. It is a true rabbit flea but can

also be found on the carnivores which feed on rabbits. It is

here reported off:

Lynx rufus (bobcat), Tucson, Feb. 18, 1939.

I8l. Stenistomera alpina (Baker) 1895 is another of the Rocky

Mountain and southwestern wood rat fleas. It is here re-

ported off:

JANUARY, 1953]

GILBERT ^ANTHONOMUS

Neotoma m. pinetorum (wood rat), White Mts., Apache Co., Oct.

26, 1934.

232. MyodopsyUa collinsi (Kohls) 1937 was described from the

Santa Rita Mountains, south of Tucson, off cave bat. It is

here reported off:

Myotis V. velifer (cave bat), Tucson Mts., April 2, 20, 1938.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND SYNONYMY IN

ANTHONOMUS (ANTHONOMORPHUS)

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Edward E. Gilbert

University of California, Berkeley

The subgenus ArUhonomorphus was proposed by Dietz^ and

Anthonomus fidvus LeConte was designated as the type. Two addi-

tional species were described in this same work, A. peninsularis,

from a male specimen, and A. pervilis, from a female specimen,

both from Lower California (Ulke Collection) . A distinguishing

feature of these two “species” was said to be the “strikingly dif-

ferent coloration,” A. peninsularis being pitch black, A. pervilis

ferruginous. In addition, the head in the latter “species” was de-

scribed as not constricted behind the eyes and a transverse inden-

tation was stated to be present above the eyes. These distinctions

are misleading, and the use of these characters has led to a con-

fusion in identification. The males of this group are black, and

the eyes are large and bulbous with their posterior margin meeting

the head at a slight constriction. These features give the eyes a

more prominent appearance and accentuate the constriction of the

head. The females are ferruginous and the eyes are smaller and

only slightly convex, not attaining the constriction of the head.

This character provides the impression that there is no constriction

immediately behind the eyes, but merely a transverse indentation

some distance above the eyes. However, an occasional male inter-

grade is found. Since these characters represent sexual dimorphism

and since A. peninsularis has line precedence, it is proposed that

A. pervilis be regarded as a synonym of A. peninsularis.

In California, A . peninsularis has been found east of the Sierra

Nevada Mountains in Inyo County, and at Pinon Flat, in the Santa

Rosa Mountains, Riverside County. The only host recorded has

been furnished by Dr. E. C. Linsley, who found this species on

Sphaeralcea ambigua at Pinon Flat.

1 Dietz, W. G. 1891. Revision of the genera and species of Anthonomini in-

habiting North America. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 18, pp. 177-276.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

SOME SIPHONAPTERA FROM PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA

Gordon LaVerne Tohm

Walla Walla College, College Place, W ashington

While on a collecting trip through Arizona and into Mexico,

several days in February 1951 were spent in Pima County, Ari-

zona.

Many mammals were collected from this county. Most of them

were taken from the area of the Lower Sabino Canyon Park, east

of Tucson. Some, however, were collected just off Highway 86,

twenty miles west of Tucson.

The mammals were caught in number four rat traps, in number

two steel jaw traps, and several were shot with a .410 gauge shot-

gun. Each mammal collected was carefully placed in a paper bag

containing cyanogas and the bag was tightly closed. Twenty min-

utes later the animal was removed and examined for ectoparasites.

The Siphonaptera that were found were preserved in vials contain-

ing a 70 per cent alcohol solution. Study skins were made of the

mammal hides. These were positively identified by Dr. E. S. Booth,

Professor of Biological Science of Walla Walla College, College

Place, Washington, and were placed in the Museum of Natural

History of the biology department of Walla Walla College.

A sampling of the mammals that were caught and the fleas

found on them are as follows:

Host No. Hosts Fleas No. Fleas

Citellus harrisii 1

Citellus variegatus 1

Citellus tereticaudus* 1

Citellus tereticaudus 1

Neotoma alhigula 1

Urocyon cineroargenteus* 1

Conepatus mesoleucus 1

Thrassis arizonensis 7

T hrassis setosis 3

Hoplopsyllus anomalus 7

Thrassis arizonensis 13

Echidnophaga gallinacea 3

T hrassis arizonensis 3

Orchopeas sexdentata 11

Thrassis arizonensis 7

Echidnophaga gallinacea 4

Pulex irritans 6

Pulex irritans 24

Echidnophaga gallinacea 4

* Collected 20 miles west of Tucson.

I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. C. Andersen

Hubbard for his identification of the above mentioned fleas.

Reference

Hubbard, C. A.

1947. Fleas of Western North America

Ames, Iowa.

The Iowa State College Press,

JANUARY, 1953] HOTTES MYZOCALLIS

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN MYZOCALLIS

CALIFORNICUS BAKER

( Aphididae)

F. C. Hottes

Grand Junction, Colorado

In a previous paper I gave as my opinion that Myzocallis

maureri Swain was probably not a synonym of Myzocallis califor-

nicus Baker. Since that time, through the kindness of Professor

E. 0. Essig I have had the opportunity to study the type and

several cotypes of M. maureri now in his collection, and a long

series of slides also from his collection, determined either as cali-

fornicus or maureri. I have also seen the type slide of M. cali-

fornicus Baker which is now in the U. S. National Museum.

Aphid workers may find of interest the data which leads me to

believe that we are dealing with a single species which produces

seasonal variations.

What the factors are that produce these seasonal changes and

their manner of action must await experimentation. One quite

naturally suspects temperature and moisture as being primary, but

whether they act alone, or associated, direct or indirectly through

the host, will have to be determined.

M. californicus was described from material collected by

Davidson at Walnut Creek, California, April 6, 1916, The type and

cotype material of M. maureri was coUected by Swain at Berkeley,

California, during June and July, 1915. If one were to base an

opinion on a study of the type material alone, he would have to

conclude that the two forms are distinct. One would reach a simi-

lar conclusion from a study of material collected in the vicinity of

Berkeley before the middle of April or after the middle of June.

The form from which californicus' was described is characteristic

of specimens taken in early spring. It differs from the form

maureri which is characteristic of specimens taken in summer.

In the vicinity of Berkeley specimens characteristic of the

species described as californicus by Baker may be taken up to the

latter part of April in most years. Such specimens differ from the

summer form maureri in having a larger number of secondary

sensoria on the third antennal segment, a longer anal vein, in the

shape of the radial sector, the length of the radial sector, and in

the angle by which the radial sector meets the margin of the wing.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

The transition from the forms characteristic of spring to the

forms characteristic of summer is not abrupt, but is marked by the

advent of intermediate forms. Taken alone these intermediate

forms are difficult to place specifically, and it is not surprising

that in the past some of these have been determined as californicus

while others have been determined as maureri. The intermediate

forms as a rule have fewer secondary sensoria than the spring

forms but more than the summer forms, their anal veins are inter-

mediate and the shape and length of the radial sector and the angle

by which it meets the margin of the wing is also intermediate.

There is a surprising correlation between the number of secondary

sensoria and the length of the radial sector, the shorter the radial

sector the fewer the secondary sensoria.

In the vicinity of Berkeley intermediate forms appear the latter

part of April and continue present until the fore part of June. It

is interesting to note the influence of altitude, which most likely

plays a part because it influences other factors, which in turn

bring about the seasonal variations. By chance the specimens on

three slides were collected in Yosemite National Park, California.

In Yosemite the type characteristic of spring was taken on May

15th, the intermediate form on July 6th, and the summer form on

Figures I - X. Variations in wing veins of Myzocallis calif ornica Baker.

In each case the line under the radial sector represents the relative length

of the anal vein. All drawings were projected, hence are to the same scale.

It should be noted that while all specimens fit the ^general scheme that not

all were taken in the same locality or year, hence are strictly speaking not

as desirable from the standpoint of comparison as they might be.

Fig. I. Specimen taken at Berkeley April 6, 1916, six to eight sensoria.

Typical of early spring form. Fig. II. Specimen taken at Berkeley May 3,

1916. Six sensoria. An intermediate form. Fig. III. Specimen taken at

San Francisco, May 4, 1930. Six to seven sensoria. A spring form. Fig. IV.

Specimen taken at Berkeley April 14, 1916. Seven sensoria. An intermedi-

ate form. Fig. V. Cotype of maureri Berkeley, June 8, 1915. Five sensoria.

A summer form. Fig. VI. Specimen taken at Berkeley June 21, 1916. Three

sensoria. An extreme form. Fig. VII. Specimen taken from type slide of

maureri, Berkeley, July 24, 1915. A summer form. Four sensoria. Fig. VIII.

Specimen taken at Yosemite National Park June 9, 1928. A spring form.

Six to eight sensoria. Fig. IX. Specimen taken at Yosemite National Park

July 6, 1939. (Reasearch Reserve). Seven to nine sensoria. An intermedi-

ate form. Fig. X. Specimen taken at- Yosemite National Park July 15, 1939.

(Miguel Meadow). A summer form. Head absent.

JANUARY, 1953]

HOTTES— MYZOCALLIS

July 15 th, roughly a month later in each case than corresponding

forms were taken in Berkeley.

It would appear that the name maureri should be retained for

a seasonal form of Myzocallis calif ornicus Baker.

Myzocallis tonkawa Hottes is a related species.. It is known

only from Colorado. It does not produce seasonal variations. If

its sexual forms did not differ from those of californicus it might

be considered a variety of that species, and come into the seasonal

variations ahead of the spring forms of californicus, for it has a

longer anal vein, a longer radial sector, and more secondary sen-

soria than does that species.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

Bibliography

Baker, A. C.

1917. Eastern aphids, new or little known, Part II.

Journal of Economic Entomology, 10 (4) : 420—433.

Hottes, F. C.

1949. A new species belonging to the Genus Myzocallis (Aphididae).

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 62:105-106.

Swain, A. F.

1918. New Aphididae from California. Transactions of the American

Entomological Society, (1) : 1—23.

CULICOIDES SPINOSUS IN OKLAHOMA

(Dipl era: Heleidae)

Kamel T. Khalaf

University of Oklahoma, Norman

Culicoides spinosus was originally described by Root and Hoff-

man^ from males taken at lights at Baltimore, Maryland. In that

locality it was taken with C. piliferus Root and Hoffman, a species

which was said to be closely similar to C. spinosus and, therefore,

prevented the differentiation of females of the two species.

C. spinosus was isolated by the present writer at Shattuck, Okla-

homa, from light trap collections (1948) . The male genitalia differs

from the diagram presented by Root and Hoffman in that the tip

of the aedeagus is shorter and more truncate ; the stem of harpes is

almost the same width throughout; the bulb, at the base, is usually

not distinct; and, usually, the inner processes of the side piece do

not look that approximate in the whole view of the genitalia.

The accompanying female is superficially similar to C. simu-

lans Root and Hoffman. Both are of about the same size and gen-

eral appearance. The mesonotum of C. spinosus is brownish, with

a grayish pubescence present in the form of two submedian stripes

and two areas on each side, one in front and one behind. However,

the mesonotum in general falls definitely among those without a

distinct mesonotal pattern. The scutellum is brownish-gray; the

halteres are whitish. The eyes are separate; the frons is brown;

the antennae are lighter ; the proboscis is well developed. The legs

are brownish, and the knees are dark with light bands above and

below.

iRoot, F. M., and W. A. Hoffman. The North American species of culicoides.

American Journal of Hygiene, 25 (1) :150-176, 1937.

JANUARY, 1953]

SELANDER CALOSPASTA

In the wing, the second radial cell is included in a dark spot,

the light spots not being very distinct. There is a light spot beyond

the second radial cell, and another large one on the cross vein, the

spot being continuous with a narrow streak in front of vein Cu.

A large light spot is present in cell Cui. The base of this cell is

gray. A large spot is present at the tip of the anal cell, another

one at the base, while the middle of this cell is gray. There is a

small, faint light spot at the tip of cell Mg, and vein Mi, with faint

light borders. There is no light spot at the tip of cell R 5 or the

tip of cell Ml.

The last five segments of the antennal flagellum are more than

one-third longer than the first eight. Of the palpi, the third seg-

ment is longer than the second and well swollen with moderate

pit; the last two segments are subequal.

There are two large oval spermatbecae, each about 60 micra

long. The base of the duct is sclerotized only for a short distance.

A rudimentary spermatheca is present, but no distinct ring.

Allotype: female, Shattuck, Oklahoma, May 26, 1948; with 5

paraneoallotypes, Shattuck, Oklahoma, 1948. All are desposited in

the University of Oklahoma Museum, except one paraneoallotype

which is in the U. S. National Museum.

Two examples of C. spinosus, a male and a female, were col-

lected in Norman, Oklahoma, in 1948. Superficially these speci-

mens more closely resemble C. piliferus than those collected in

Shattuck, in that light spots are present at the tip of cell R 5 and

at the tip and base of cell Mi.

A NEW SPECIES OF CALOSPASTA FROM UTAH

(Coleoptera: Meloidae)

Richard B. Selander

University of Utah, Salt Lake City

The following new species, which represents the first record of

the genus Calospasta for the state, was discovered during the

course of a study of the Meloidae of Utah. I am indebted to Dr.

George F. Knowlton, of the Utah State Agricultural College, for

making the specimen available to me, and to Dr. Edwin C. Van

Dyke, of the California Academy of Sciences, for comparing the

specimen with described species and concurring in the opinion that

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

it represents a hitherto undescribed form. I take pleasure in naming

the species for Dr. George F. Edmunds, Jr., of the University of

Utah.

Calospasta edmundsi Selander, new species

Female: Moderately shining. Color of head and pronotum aeneous blue-

green; antennae and eyes dark brown; mouthparts in greater part piceous;

elytra pale fulvous ; rest of thorax, abdomen, and femora metallic blue-black ;

apices of femora; entire tibiae and tarsi tan to rufous, the tarsi darker.

Pubescence pale yellow, more or less erect and rather dense on head and

pronotum, partially obscuring surface; equally dense, but recumbent on

elytra, sparse and subrecumbent on rest of tborax and abdomen.

Head one and one-tenth times as broad as pronotum, subquadrate; dis-

tance from vertex to apex of clypeus slightly less than distance across

tempora; occiput truncate; frons flat, feebly and irregularly impressed

medianly; surface coarsely and rather densely punctate; antennae short,

filiform, moderately compressed, closely articulated, surpassing occiput by

one segment, first segment robust, clavate, second half as long as first, third

one and one-third times as long as second, fourth to tenth broader than long,

fourth to seventh subequal in length, about three-fifths as long as third,

eighth to tenth slightly longer than seventh, eleventh one and three-fifths

times as long as tenth; eyes large, scarcely emarginate. Thorax, except pro-

notum, finely and sparsely punctate; pronotum broader than long, sides well

rounded at humeral angles, scarcely divergent to a point almost even with

apex, then abruptly and strongly convergent, surface evenly, coarsely, and

rather densely punctate, disk with basal two-thirds moderately bulged, shal-

lowly impressed before middle and basally on midline, with a large, deep,

obliquely oval fovea on each side just behind middle; elytra rugulose, finely

and densely punctate. Legs with posterior tibial spurs subequally slender,

spiniform ; tooth of tarsal claws long, slender, parallel to upper blade. Abdo-

men finely and sparsely punctate; sixth sternite truncate. Length 9 mm.

Holotype female: Johnson, Kane Co., Utah, on Helianthus

sp., June 22, 1950 (G. F. Knowlton and G. E. Bohart) ; deposited

in California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

This species belongs near C. viridis Horn. Both species have

the body robust, antennae short and compact, and the tooth of the

tarsal claws nearly attaining the apex of the upper blade. In addi-

tion to differences of color, edmundsi is distinguished from viridis

in having the antennae slightly shorter, pronotum smaller and less

transverse, with the disk moderately bulged basally and less dis-

tinctly impressed on the midline, and with distinct lateral foveae,

sixth abdominal sternite truncate, and the head, pronotum, and

elytra more densely punctate and pubescent. The pubescence is

also coarser in edmundsi, and because of this and its greater den-

sity, as mentioned, it affects the general color to a greater degree

than in viridis.

JANUARY, 1953] REINHARD MUSCOID DIPTERA

NEW MUSCOID DIPTERA FROM THE WESTERN

UNITED STATES^

H. J. Reinhard

College Station, Texas

The current activities of the California Insect Survey have

brought to light a goodly number of interesting muscoid flies,

hitherto unknown from the state or new to science. The new species

described below are based in part upon this material; the remain-

der constitute related forms, all western in distribution, received

from several different sources as indicated under the descriptions.

Euphyto ruficeps Reinhard, new species

Female — Head subquadrate in profile, silvery pollinose on pale or reddish

background; front at vertex 0.48 and at antennal base 0.42 of head width;

parafrontals beset with a few small scattered hairs outside of frontal rows;

latter converging downward and stopping at antennal base; outer vertical

vestigial; one proclinate and one reclinate orbital, both small and set far

back near upper edge of eye; ocellars well developed, proclinate; frontal

vitta widening toward vertex, overlaid with dense pollen except along median

line which is reddish-yellow from antennal base almost to triangle, clypeus

moderately sunk on upper half, sloping forward from middle to the moder-

ately prominent epistoma; latter short and slightly narrowed from clypeus;

vibrissa hardly differentiated, on oral margin; facial ridge bare; parafacial

bare, wider than clypeus; antenna short, barely reaching below mid face,

second segment reddish with inner apical margin overlapping base of black

third segment which appears unusually short in a direct frontal view; arista

very short, bare, thickened basal two-thirds blackish, tip pale or whitish,

proximal segments small ; haustellum moderately slender, about one-half head

height; palpus blackish; cheek very sparsely setose, one-fourth eye height;

eye bare, reaching almost to vibrissal level; back of head with a sparse

vestiture of black hairs.

Thorax and scutellum black with dense pale gray pollen, notum not

vittate and weakly bristled; acrostichals not differentiated; dorsocentral 1, 3;

notopleural 2; presutural 1 (opter) ; postalar 2; sternopleural 2 (with one or

two intermediate hairs) ; scutellum with 1 lateral near base and 1 decussate

subapical pair; post scutellum not developed; postnotal slope and pro-

pleuron bare. Legs moderately long and slender, black with tarsi more or

less reddish in ground color, weakly bristled; fore tarsal segments ordinary;

claws and pulvilli shorter than apical tarsal segment. Wing hyaline, veins

pale yellow; costal spine not developed; first vein bare, third with three or

four hairs extending from base nearly halfway to small cross vein; first

posterior cell closed at costa far before wing tip ; cubitulus obtusely angulate,

usually without stump or fold; last section of fifth vein fully three-fourths

length of preceding section; epaulet red; calypter opaque white. Abdomen

1 Contribution No. 1515, from Department of Entomology, Texas Argicultural

Experiment Station,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

black, largely gray pollinose above with hind margins of last three segments

shining and a narrow medium dark vitta visible in most views, weakly

bristled; basal segments without median marginals; third and fourth seg-

ments each with a marginal row of small depressed bristles; sternites ex-

posed; genitalia blackish, retracted within tip of abdomen. Length, 5 mm.

Male unknown.

Holotype (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : 6 miles west of Indio,

Riverside County, California, on flowers of Melilotus, April 30,

1949 (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, R. F. Smith) . Paratype: 1 $,

same data as type.

The species is distinguished by the color of the head, shorter

antennae and aristae, nearly bare parafrontals, etc. It differs from

E. subopaca Coquillett (genotype), in having the second antennal

segment reddish, and the first posterior wing cell closed at the

costa or nqn-petiolate. The only other known allied species is

E. pollinaris Reinhard, which is readily distinguished by its larger

build and wholly gray non-fasciate abdomen.

Eumacronychia scitula Reinhard, new species

Male — Front at vertex 0.38 and at antennal base 0.32 of head width;

parafrontal, parafacial, cheek and posterior orbit silvery white pollinose;

frontal vitta pale yellow, widening gradually from anterior extremity to ver-

tex and much wider than parafrontal on upper half ; frontal bristles extend-

ing to base of antenna; two proclinate and one reclinate fronto orbitals;

ocellars moderately large, proclinate; outer vertical bristle well developed

but shorter than inner one; clypeus deeply sunk and about equal parafacial

width ; facial ridge bare except two or- three bristly hairs next to vibrissa ;

latter near oral margin ; parafacial moderately broad, clothed with short pale

inconspicuous hairs on upper half and intermixed with coarser black ones

below; antenna wholly reddish-yellow, third segment rather slender and

about three times length of second ; arista blackish, bare, thickened to slightly

beyond middle; palpus reddish-yellow, slender with tip slightly thickened;

proboscis short; cheek one-fifth eye height, beset with black hairs on lower

half; eye bare.

Thorax gray pollinose with three to five black dorsal vittae which extend

to scutellum in most views; acrostichals absent except hindmost pair; three

post dorsocentrals and two sternopleurals ; scutellum black with two stout

lateral, one small decussate apical and two pairs of discals behind middle;

infrascutellum recessive; prosternum, propleuron and postnotal slope bare.

Legs black; mid tibia with one anterodorsal bristle; claws and pulvilli

exceeding length of apical tarsal segment. Wing hyaline with a slight gray-

ish tinge; first posterior cell open far^ before wing tip; hind cross vein

strongly oblique to fourth which it joins over two-thirds distance from small

cross vein to cubitulus ; latter angular and usually bearing a short fold ;

third vein setulose almost halfway to small cross vein; costal spine vestigial;

calypter opaque white. Abdomen elongate conical extending well beyond

wing tip, black with fourth segment including genitalia wholly reddish

JANUARY, 1953] REINHARD MUSCOID DIPTERA

yellow; last three segments with sharply defined silvery pollen bands on

broad basal margin terminating abruptly at the side of each ; second segment

with one pair of median marginals; third and fourth each with a complete

marginal row; genital segments prominent in repose, devoid of any bristles

but the second segment bearing a vestiture of short black hairs above; for-

ceps in profile rather slender, tapering to acute tips and in rear view sep-

arated and slightly bowed inward at tips; accessory process as long as

forceps, moderately wide at base, tapering distally and curved rearward

beyond middle, tip subacute; lobes of fifth sternite not prominent, reddish-

yellow, clothed with black hairs on inner margin.

Female — Front at vertex 0.42 and at antennal base 0.42 of head width;

third antennal segment often slightly infuscated on outer side; abdomen

wider and more extensively pollinose than in male; median marginals on

second segment weak and sometimes absent; first genital segment pruinose,

bearing a marginal row of about ten good-sized bristles, the second segment

retracted within first, anal orifice slitlike; claws and pulvilli shorter than

apical tarsal segment. Length, 7—9.5 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) :

Tanbark Flat, Los Angeles Co., California, July 8, 1950 (A. T.

McClay). Paratypes: 4 c? cT and 12 $ $, same locality as type,

June 21 to July 28, 1950 (A. T, McClay, P. D. Hurd, J. W. Mac-

Swain, M. J. Stebbins, K. G. Whitesell and J. C. Hall); 1 cf.

Crystal Lake, Los Angeles Co., Calif., June 29, 1950 (P. D. Hurd) ;

1 cT, Big Dalton Dam, Los Angeles Co., Calif., June 25, 1950

(J. W. MacSwain) and 1 cT, Pinon Flat, Calif., San Jacinto Mts.,

May 24, 1939 (B. Brookman).

The species is allied to E. montana Allen, which differs in hav-

ing practically bare parafacials, a narrower front, and the male

genital forceps divergent not bowed inward at the tips as in scitula.

Fabriciella invelata Reinhard, new species

Male — Front at vertex 0.22 of head width (four measured: 0.22; 0.22;

0.23; 0.21); parafrontal with pale yellowish- gray pollen becoming thinner

and darker or blackish near vertex; frontal vitta deep red, wider than para-

frontal on entire length; vertical bristles two pairs, fronto orbitals absent;

ocellars proclinate; frontal rows widely divergent anteriorly, usually three

bristles beneath antennal base ; parafacial with dense satiny yellowish pollen,

sparsely clothed with black hairs and distinctly parrower than length of

second antennal segment; clypeus nearly flush, facial ridges flattened,

strongly divergent downward, with three smallish bristles on lower extrem-

ity; epistoma broad, strongly bowed forward from clypeal plane; vibrissae

stout, decussate, well above front edge of oral margin; antenna reddish-

yellow, third segment blackish, broadly ovate and a trifle shorter than second;

arista black, micropubescent, thickened on basal three-fifths thence evenly

tapered to a fine tip, proximal segment barely longer than wide, second elon-

gated, about one-fourth length of third; cheek slightly over one-third eye

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

height, with yellowish- gray pollen and a sparse vestiture of black hairs

intermixed with finer pale ones on lower edge; eye bare; palpus reddish-

yellow, moderately slender to tip and nearly as long as the rather short shin-

ing brown haustellum ; back of head with a dense ruff of pale yellowish-

white pilose hairs.

Thorax black, humerus reddish-yellow, this color extending posteriorly

oii side of notum to include callus and scutellum, thinly gray pollinose.

Chaetotaxy: acrostichal 3, 3 or 4 (often irregularly spaced) ; dorsocentral

4, 4; intraalar 3; supraalar 3; humeral 6-8; posthumeral 2; presutural 2;

sternopleural 3; pteropleural 2 (about as strong as sternopleural) ; intra-

postalar weak; scutellum with 3 lateral, 1 strong decussate apical and 2

discal pairs, latter in a transverse row slightly behind middle of disc; pro-

pleuron black setose; prosternum and postnotal slope bare. Wing grayish

hyaline, tinged with yellow basally; first posterior cell open far before wing

tip; fourth vein strongly bowed inward beyond bend, latter with a distinct

fold; third vein setulose one-third way to small cross vein; last Section of

fifth vein fully one-third length of preceding section; costal spine vestigial;

epaulet infuscated; calypter white with a distinct yellow tinge. Legs shining

black basally, tibiae and tarsi reddish-yellow; fore claws unusually elon-

gated and but slightly shorter than combined length of last three tarsal seg-

ments; middle tibia with a row of five stout unequal bristles on outer front

side; pulvilli long, pale tawny. Abdomen reddish-yellow with a moderately

broad black median vitta extending from base to apex of third segment;

latter and preceding segment whitish pollinose on narrow basal margin;

pollen on anal segment tinged with yellow extending to middle or beyond

on sides; second segment with one pair of median marginals, third with a

marginal row and fourth with a marginal and two irregular discal rows be-

hind middle ; sternites exposed, beset with long slender bristly hairs ; genital

segments reddish-yellow, second with fine black hairs over entire surface and

a transverse median row of about ten moderately strong bristles; forceps

blackish, prominent and strongly arched in profile, united apex broadly

rounded as viewed from the rear, hind surface except the slightly concave

beak-like part clothed with fine black hairs which are longest and directed

laterally on the sides; accessory process terminating in a slender inwardly

bowed acute-tipped process ; fifth sternite reddish-yellow, deflexed and promi-

nent, median apical excision not extending ot middle; lobes broadly emar-

ginate on hind edge, beset with black hairs and bristles. Length, 10.5—13 mm.

Female unknown.

Holotype (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : Tanbark Flat, Los An-

geles Co., California, July 8, 1950 (A. T. McClay). Paratypes:

48 cf cT, same locality as type, June 19 to July 20, 1950 (A. T.

McClay, W. 0. Marshall, K. G. Whitesell, J. C. Hall, M. J. Stebbins,

T. R. Haig, J. W. MacSwain, P. D. Hurd and J, D. Paschke).

In a restricted sense the species is congeneric with Larvae-

voropsis (type, Echinomyia dakotensis Townsend), and appears

closely related to Fabriciella longiunguis Tothill. However, a speci-

JANUARY, 1953] REINHARD MUSCOID DIPTERA

men compared with the type of the latter by Dr. G. E. Shewell,

showed a distinctly greater frontal head width ratio and wider

paraf acials in the present form ; also, the fore claws are perceptibly

shorter than the three apical tarsal segments and the male genital

forceps are more tapering apically and lack the dense vestiture of

heavy lateral spines present in F. longiunguis,

Fabriciella plumasana Reinhard, new species

Male — Similar to the preceding species except as follows: Front wider,

at vertex 0.30 of head width; parafrontal with pale yellow to golden pollen

which extends to vertex; sternopleuraEbristles variable ranging from three

to five in number; median abdominal vitta extending from base to apex;

sternites two and three each with a dense cluster of longish moderately strong

bristles ; fifth sternite black apically with a moderately broad U-shaped apical

excision, lobes prominent, sparsely black-haired; genitalia blackish, lower

lateral margin of second segment thickly beset with short spinose hairs;

forceps moderately compressed, strongly arched and prominent in profile,

median hind surface or beak very narrow, parallel-sided and concave to near

apex thence carinate to a slightly produced acute tip. Length, 12 mm.

Female unknown.

Holotype (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : Quincy, 4 mi. W., Plumas

Co., California, June 30, 1949 (Evert I. Schlinger). Paratype:

1 (S , Canby, 6 mi. N., Modoc Co., Calif., July 19, 1950 (R. M.

Bohart) .

The species is closely allied to F. spinosa Tothill, from which

it differs in the items listed and in the structure of the male geni-

talia, In F. spinosa the forceps are not at all compressed and

obviously less prominent in profile, the concave beak-like portion

is distinctly wider and tapers more abruptly before the apex ; also,

the lateral margin of the second genital segment bears fewer

spinose hairs which are largely restricted to the lower anterior

margin.

Fabriciella evanida Reinhard, new species

Male — ^Vertex 0.28 of head width; parafrontal gray to almost golden

pollinose on blackish background, parafacial and cheek with paler yellowish-

gray to white pollen on yellow ground color; median vitta red, much wider

than parafrontal on entire length; verticals two pairs; ocellars long, procli-

nate; fronto orbitals absent; frontal bristles about 10 in a roA\r, lowermost

three or four beneath antennal base; antenna red, third segment largely

blackish, about two-thirds length of second; arista shorter than antenna,

thickened beyond middle and evenly tapered to tip, basal segment short,

second one- fifth length of third ; parafacial well over one-half clypeal width,

sparsely clothed with black hairs ; clypeus flush, with lateral ridges flattened

and bare except on lower extremity; epistoma strongly protruding between

vibrissae; latter well above oral margin; cheek slightly over one-third eye

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

height, sparsely black-haired; palpus reddish-yellow, slender to tip and about

equal to length of haustellum; occipitial hairs pale yellowish- white.

Thorax black, lateral margin of notum, posterior callus, scutellum and

sometimes humerus reddish in ground color, lightly dusted with white pollen

but the entire surface moderately shiny in most views; chaetotaxy as in

F. invelata; n. sp. (vide supra) propleuron setose. Wing as in F. invelata.

Legs black, tibiae reddish-yellow, tarsi less distinctly so ; fore claws and

pulvilli obviously shorter than combined length of last three tarsal segments.

Abdomen shining translucent yellow with a black median vitta which usually

widens distally to include a large part of upper surface of last two segments;

narrow basal margin of intermediate segments and basal third of last pale

pollinose; bristling as in F. invelata except discal row on anal segment is

near middle of latter; sternites exposed, beset mostly with long fine, black

hairs; genital segments largely blackish, second clothed with long black

bristly hairs above ; forceps arched but not very prominent in profile, viewed

from behind the flattened slightly concave beak-like portion is unusually

narrow and tapers rather sharply before apex thence gradually narrowing to

an acute delicate tip ; accessory process slender and bowed inward apically.

Female — Front at vertex 0.32 of head width; abdomen considerably

darker, often black on apical half or more of last three segments above;

otherwise similar to male except for sexual differences. Length, 9—13 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female, Lake City, Colorado,

8700 ft., August 8-15, 1936 (Chas. L. Fluke). Paratypes: 3 cf cT

and 1 9? same data as type; 1 Pingree Park, Colo., August 17,

1932; 1 9? Cameron Pass, Colo., 9500 ft., August 21, 1940 (R. K.

Fletcher) ; 1 cf? Maniton Park, Colo., August (F. H. Snow) ; 1 cf ,

Pleasant Grove, Utah, July 29, 1933 (G. F. Knowlton and L. L.

Hanson) ; 1 9? Allen Canyon, Utah, August 21, 1942 (G. F. Knowl-

ton and S. L. Wood) ; 1 cf, Logan, Utah, August 2, 1950 (Ken E.

Wolf) ; and 1 cT? S. Grand Canyon, Ariz., August 17, 1949 (P. R.

Fitzgerald) .

In build and general aspect, the present species is quite similar

to F. brevirostris Tothill, and like the latter has an uncommonly

short haustellum. However, the genitalic differences, as noted

above, appear distinctive.

Mericia hamilla Reinhard, new species

Similar to M. ampela Walker in general aspect but readily

distinguished by differences in structure of the male genitalia as

mentioned below.

Male — Vertex 0.21 of head width, front slightly narrower before ocelli;

frontal rows strongly divergent anteriorly, three bristles beneath antennal

base; no orbitals; inner verticals moderately long; ocellars long and slender;

parafrontal pale yellowish-gray pollinose becoming blackish near vertex ;

parafacial equibroad and well over one-half clypeal width, with satiny yellow-

JANUARY, 1953] REINHARD MUSCOID DIPTERA

ish-gray pollen; cheek black, lightly dusted with gray pollen, nearly two-

fifths eye height; eye thickly pilose; antenna black, first segment erect and

somewhat elongated, third segment moderately wide and but slightly longer

than second; Jfista bare, thickened on basal half tapering to a slender tip,

middle segment barely longer than wide; facial ridge bare except a few

bristles next to vibrissa; latter well above the lower front edge of the promi-

nent epistoma; proboscis shorter than head height, labella large and fleshy;

palpus yellow, beset with black hairs, back of head subshiny black, rather

thickly clothed with pale hairs.

Thorax black, thinly gray pollinose, mesonotum subshiny, but with four

broad dark vittae visible in a flat rear view; scutellum black, more or less

reddish apically; acrostichal 2, 3; dorsocentral 3, 4; sternopleural 3; scutel-

lum with 3 lateral, 1 decussate apical and 1 discal pair; postnotal slope

setose; propleuron bare. Wing gray hyaline, with a light brownish tinge on

costal margin near base ; third vein with 3 to 6 small hairs near base ; cubit-

ulus rectangular, without stump or fold; first posterior cell open far before

wing tip; calypter white. Legs black, tibiae obscurely reddish, moderately

long and slender; claws and pulvilli elongate or about equal to combined

length of last two tarsal segments. Abdomen black, genital segments red,

with gray pollen which extends thinly to the broadly arcuate hind margin

of last three segments above ; one pair of discals on each of latter, first with^

out median marginals; intermediate segments greatly narrowed on venter;

keel of forceps triangular, deeply divided and nearly twice as large as in

M. ampela; accessory process unusually wide at base, tapered gradually to-

wards tip, subequal to length of second genital segment; fifth sternite sub-

shiny black, with an apical U-shaped excision extending about to middle,

lobes beset with long black hairs.

Female — ^Vertex 0.28 of head width; parafrontal quite blackish in most

views, with two stout proclinate orbitals; outer verticals well developed;

antennal segments one and two wholly reddish; mesonotum blackish and

subshining as in male; fourth abdominal segment red; anal orifice large,

ovate; first genital segment retracted, hind margin bearing a fringe ol

closely set black bristly hairs on distal half or more ; apical sternites with a

broad shallow groove at middle. Length, 11-12 mm.

Holotype male, Mt. Rainier, Washington, Sunrise, 6380 ft.,

July 31, 1932 (J. Wilcox) . Allotype female, Puyallup, Washington,

June 1, 1933 (J. Wilcox). Paratype: 1 cf, Mt. Rainier, Washing-

ton, Shallow Lake, 6500 ft., August 15, 1932 (Chas. H. Martin).

Mericia cobala Reinhard, new species

Differs from the preceding species mainly as follows:

Male — ^Vertex 0.19 of head width; first and second antennal segments

with a reddish tinge on apex, third segment larger, and broadly bulged on

front edge; arista thickened well beyond middle; thorax moderately gray

pollinose, mesonotal vittae rather well defined, four before suture and five

behind; scutellum black with a barely perceptible reddish tinge at extreme

apex; abdomen including genital segments, fifth sternite, forceps and acces-

sory process black; carina of forceps moderately large, triangular, apex

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

slightly grooved behind; accessory process long, broad to middle thence

gradually narrowed to tip; fifth sternite prominent, with a deep median

V-shaped incision.

Female — Vertex 0.32 of head width; two pairs of strong proclinate orbi-

tals; outer verticals developed; ocellars stout, proclinate; first and second

antennal segments wholly reddish-yellow; fore tarsus distinctly flattened,

claws and pulvilli shorter than apical segment; abdomen wholly black;

fused sixth and seventh sternites with a wide deep groove which bears a

narrow slightly elevated median carina; eighth sternite broadly impressed

at middle, subtruncate on apex. Length, 12 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female (on same pin), Otero

County, New Mexico, 8000 ft., June 20 (E. M. and R. H. Painter).

Zenillia scolex Reinhard, new species

Female — Front at vertex 0.36 and at antennal base 0.52 of head width;

parafrontal pale grayish to brownish-yellow pollinose, distinctly wider than

the deep red median vitta; ocellars strong, proclinate; verticals two pairs;

frontals in two rows on lower half of front, the main row moderately diverg-

ent below and extending to level with base of third antennal segment; two

stout reclinate prevertical bristles and two proclinate orbitals; antenna red,

third segment slightly over twice length of second; arista brownish on thick-

ened basal two-fifths, micro pubescent, proximal segments short; parafacial

gray pollinose on reddish ground color, bare beneath lowermost frontals and

but slightly narrowed below; facial ridge reddish, beset with small hairs

and bristles on lower fifth or less; vibrissae descussate, bn oral margin; eye

hairy, reaching nearly to vibrissal level; cheek red in ground color, overlaid

with thin gray pollen and sparsely black-haired, one-fourth eye height ; pro-

boscis short; palpus reddish-yellow; back of head gray pollinose, clothed

with pale hairs. Thorax black, with o^jaque yellowish- gray pollen showing

a brownish tinge on notum, latter marked with four very narrow black vittae ;

scutellum and posterior callus reddish. Chaetotaxy: acrostichal 3, 3; dorso-

central 3, 4 ; intraalar 3 ; supraalar 3 ; presutural 2 ; postalar 3 ; intrapostalar

well developed sternopleural 3; scutellum with 3 strong lateral, 1 decussate

apical and 2 discal pairs behind middle of disc; prosternum setose; pro-

pleuron^ and postnotal slope bare. Legs wholly red ; mid tibia with three

anterodorsal bristles and one inner ventral; hind tibia subciliate; yellow

black-tipped claws nearly equal length of last tarsal segment, pulvilli slightly

shorter. Wing subhyaline with a distinct luteous tinge on basal half of

costal margin ; third vein with two bristly hairs near base ; first, posterior cell

open well before extreme wing tip ; costal spine not developed ; epaulet deep

red; calypter opaque white. Abdomen short and thick in profile, with dense

opaque ' yellowish-brown pollen on entire surface above becoming somewhat

grayer on venter; intermediate segments with discals (sometimes doubled on

one or both) ; first and second segments each with one pair of median mar-

ginals, third bearing a complete marginal row and fourth with a discal row

and numerous irregularly spaced bristles between the latter and apex of

segment; anal orifice slitlike, genitalia retracted. Length, 10-11 mm.

Male unknown.

JANUARY, 1953] REINHARD MUSCOID DIPTERA

Holotype (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) : Tanbark Flat, Los An-

geles Co., California, June 30, 1950 (K. G. Whitesell). Para-

types: 1 $, same locality as type, June 22, 1950 (P. D. Hurd) ;

1 $, Crystal Lake, Los Angeles Co., Calif., June 29, 1950 (W. 0.

Marshall) ; 1 $, West Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles Co., Calif.,

April 24, 1950 (R. G. Howell) ; and 1 Forest Home, Calif.,

June 17, 1950 (G. P. Taylor) .

The species apparently belongs to the chrysomasicera-^voup

of Zenillia, but differs from all forms assigned here in the wholly

red legs and antennae, bristling of mid tibiae and the non-golden,

patternless pollen on the abdomen.

Meledonus lindensis Reinhard, new species

Male — Head ancommonly long and subquadrate in profile, cinereous

pollinose; front at narrowest 0.37 and at vertex 0.42 of head width; frontal

vitta brownish, gradually widened upwards, at middle subequal parafrontal

width; inner vertical large, the outer vestigial, prevertical curved laterally;

orbitals absent; ocellars long, proclinate; frontal rows not strongly divergent

anteriorly and barely extending beneath antennal base; parafacial broad,

sparsely beset with fine black hairs; clypeus rather deeply impressed; epis-

toma noticeably swollen or inflated and moderately produced downward

beneath vibrissal level; facial ridge bare except a few bristles at lower

extremity; antenna black, third segment twice as long as second; arista

bare, short, thickened and tapering to distal third, basal segments small;

haustellum slender, about two-thirds head height; palpus reddish-yellow,

shorter than usual but well over one-half length of third antennal segment;

eye bare, rather small ; cheek one-third eye height ; back of head moderately

bulged on lower part, clothed with black hairs above and pale ones about the

neck and below.

Thorax and scutellum black, gray pollinose, not distinctly vittate above.

Chaetotaxy: acrostichal 1, 1; dorsocentral 3, 3; intraalar 2; supraalar 3;

notopleural 2; presutural 1 (outer) ; humeral 2; postalar 2; intrapostalar

differentiated ; sternopleural 3 ; pteropleural hairlike ; scutellum with 2 lateral

and 1 smaller decussate apipal pair; propleuron and postnotal slope bare.

Legs rather long, wholly black; mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles;

claws and pulvilli distinctly elongated. Wing hyaline with yellow tinge at

base and along costal margin; first vein bare, third with about three small

hairs near base; cubitulus broadly rounded, without stump or fold; first

posterior cell open well before wing tip ; last section of fifth vein about one-

fifth preceding section; epaulet black; calypter pale yellowish-white. Abdo-

men rather narrow and elongate, last three segments gray pollinose on basal

three-fifths, remainder of each subshiny black; segments one and two each

with one pair of median marginals and a complete marginal row on segments

three and four, besides a discal row on last situated well behind the middle;

hypopygium moderately large and prominent, shining black; sternites nar-

rowly exposed at least apically.

Female — Front at vertex 0.43 of head width; parafrontal pale yellowish-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

gray; ocellars and uppermost orbital divaricate, lower two orbitals procli-

nate; outer vertical diflEerentiated ; third antennal segment less than twice

as long as second which is tinged with red on extreme apex; last three

abdominal segments with heavier gray pollen extending to the apical third

or fourth on each; genitalia black, retracted within tip of abdomen; claws

and pulvilli shorter than last tarsal segment. Length, 7.5 mm,

Holotype male and allotype female, Lind, Washington, June 1

and 12, 1919 (R. W. Carlson).

The species is distinctly grayer and less shining in general

aspect than the genotype, M. latipennis Aldrich. The latter differs

further in having smaller, wholly black palpi, third antennal seg-

ment but little longer than second, back of head more distinctly

bulged or swollen, wings broader apically and no differentiated

preacrostichal bristles.

Erycia picata Reinhard, new species

Male — Front rather narrow, at vertex 0.20 of head width ; parafrontal

blackish above with tawny to spbgolden pollen before middle, extending

downward over parafacial; frontal vitta deep velvety red, narrower than

parafrontal on upper half; outer verticals and orbitals absent; ocellars long,

proclinate; frontal rows moderately divergent anteriorly, four or five bristles

beneath antennal base, two stoutish reclinate preverticals; antenna about

three-fourths length of face, basal segments more or less reddish, third black,

twice as long as second; arista micro pubescent, moderately thickened on

basal third, proximal segments small ; parafacial narrow, bare on lower half ;

clypeus gray pollinose, moderately impressed, facial ridge bristled on lowest

fourth; vibrissae stout, decussate, on oral margin; cheek gray pollinose,

beset with black hairs, one-sixth eye height; eye bare, reaching about to

vibrissal level; palpus reddish-yellow becoming darker basally; haustellum

very short; labella large and fleshy; back of head gray pollinose, moderately

clothed with pale or whitish hairs.

Thorax subshining black, lightly dusted with bluish white pollen, dorsal

vittae scarcely visible ; scutellum concolorous with thorax but with a reddish

tinge in ground color near apex. Chaetotaxy: acrostichal 3, 3; dorsocentral

3, 4; intraalar 3; supraalar 3; presutural 2; notopleural 2; humeral 4;

sternopleural 3; pteropleural 1 (smaller than sternopleural) ; postalar 3;

intrapostalar well diflEerentiated ; scutellum with 3 lateral, 1 decussate apical

and 1 discal pair; postnotal slope and propleuron bare. Legs black; claws

and pulvilli strongly elongated, latter almost equal combined length of last

two tarsal segments; mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles. Wing subhya-

line with a brownish tinge costobasally ; first vein bare, third with two to four

hairs near base; cubitulus broadly rounded, without stump or fold; first

posterior cell narrowly open well before wing tip; last section of fifth vein

slightly over one-fourth length of preceding; costal spine vestigial; calypter

uniformly light brown; epaulet and subepaulet black. Abdomen black,

moderately shining, entire surface above thinly dusted with bluish white

pollen; hairs coarse and erect becoming bristly along niedian line of inter-

JANUARY, 1953] REINHARD MUSCOID DIPTERA

mediate segments, which hear usually two pairs of differentiated discals

often irregularly spaced ; basal segments each with one pair of median

marginals and a marginal row on segments three and four besides numerous

scattered discals on the latter above; hypopygium blackish, moderate promi-

nent; forceps unusually broad in profile, rounded on apex; accessory pro-

cess slightly exceeding length of forceps but much narrower and gently

bowed from base to bluntly rounded tip; fifth sternite black, with a deep

median excision, lobes beset with black hairs and bristles.

Female — Front at vertex 0.26 of head width; outer verticals differen-

tiated ; two pairs of proclinate orbitals present ; tibiae more or less reddish ;

claws and pulvilli shorter than apical tarsal segment ; calypter not so strongly

infuscated; hairs on abdomen above subappressed ; anal cerci reddish, short

and bluntly rounded apically, beset with fine brown hairs. Length, 9-10 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female, on same pin (Calif. Acad.

Sci., Ent.) : Berkeley, California, April 23, 1949 (P. D. Hurd).

Paratypes: 4 c? c?, same locality as type, March 29 to June 15,

1948-49 (P. D. Hurd and U. N. Lanham) ; and 4 c? c?, Monrovia

Canyon, Calif., May 31, 1931 (Dorothy Martin).

The species is readily distinguished from allied forms by the

narrower front, shorter antennae, infuscated calypters and the

thinner patternless pollen on the abdomen.

Erycia sectilis Reinhard, new species

Differs from the preceding species chiefly as follows:

Male — Front wider, at vertex 0.32 of head width; paraf rental grayish

pollinose to vertex, with a secondary row of frontals outside the main row

before middle; outer verticals differentiated; antenna reaching nearly to

oral margin, third segment three times longer than second; parafacial gray

pollinose; cheek one-fifth eye height; thorax more densely pollinose above

and marked with four distinct dark vittae; pulvilli hardly exceeding length

of apical tarsal segment; wing gray hyaline, at most with a slight yellowish

tinge near base and on costal margin; calypter opaque white; last three

abdominal segments with rather dense gray pollen on basal edge which ex-

tends thinly to about the middle of each, the broad hind margins shiny black

in direct view; forceps considerably narrower than in E. picata n. sp. (vide

supra) ; accessory process nearly as wide as forceps in profile. Length,

8—9 mm.

Female unknown.

Holotype male, Teton Pass, Wyoming, August 2, 1947 (F. A.

Cowan and M. R. Wheeler). Paratype: 1 c?, same data as type.

The Publications Committee regrets having to postpone the E. C. Van

Dyke Memorial number until the April issue of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

It proved impossible to have Dr. Van . Dyke’s posthumous papers and an

adequate obituary and bibliography ready in time for the present issue.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

DIPTERA REARED FROM BARN OWL NESTS

Raymond E. Ryckman

Two nests of the barn owl (Tyto alba pratincola (Bonaparte),

located seven miles west of Riverside, California, were examined

and debris from the nests taken to the laboratory on April 18, 1952.

Nine young owls were capable of limited flight at this time. Para-

sites and those forms breeding in organic material of the nests

were most prevalent. The owls nested in abandoned rodent burrows

approximately seven feet from the top of a 35-foot precipitous

clay cliff.

The following Diptera were reared from nest material which

was placed in gallon jars and covered with bleached muslin to

exclude other flies or their larvae.

MUSCIDAE: Muscina stabulans (Fallen), 3 adults; MILICHIIDAE:

Leptometopa latipes (Meigen), 10 adults; HELEOMYZIDAE ; Neossos mary

landica (Malloch), 32 adults.

The author is indebted to Curtis W. Sabrosky for identification

of the above Diptera. Concerning N. marylandica, he states the

following, “So far as I know, it has not been recorded since it was

described from Maryland.” Specimens of each species has been

retained by the U. S. National Museum.

ADOXOMYIA CLARIPENNIS COLLECTED FROM WOOD

RAT NESTS IN ARIZONA

(Diptera: Stratiomyidae )

Raymond E. Ryckman^ and Charles T. Ames^

On December 27, 1952, wood rat nests were examined near

Mission Tucson, west of Tucson, Arizona. Two typical Stratiomyi-

dae larvae were collected from one rat nest which was built under

overhanging ledges of an embankment. The larvae were reared to

adults and pinned with the pupal cases: they were a male and fe-

male of Adoxomyia claripennis James. This material was identi-

fied by W. W. Wirth and retained by the U. S. National Museum.

The female of this species has not previously been collected.

1 Department of Entomology, School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Loma

Linda, California.

JANUARY, 1953] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

J. W. MacSwain

Vice-President

E. 0. Essie

President

D. D. Jensen

Secretary

Proceedings

Two Hundred and Twenty-second Meeting

The two hundred and twenty-second meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento-

mological Society was held at 7:30 p. m. on Friday, January 25, 1952, in

the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-

cisco, President Essig conducted the meeting. The following members were

present: D. D. Jensen, W. W. Middlekauff, A. E. Michelbacher, E. G. Lins-

ley, K. F. Innes, C. W. Hildebrand, H. H. Meyer, E. L. Kessel, Richard M.

Bohart, George E. Bohart, J. W. MacSwain, E. C. Van Dyke, G. F. Ferris,

E. S, Ross, J. W. Green, C. Don MacNeill, W. C. Bentinck, W. C. Day, R. F.

Smith, Benjamin Keh, F. E. Skinner, P. H. Arnaud, D. G. Denning, A. E.

Pritchard, Laura M. Henry, Walter Thomsen, Lee A. Wood, Jr., W. D.

Murray, J. G. Rozen, Jr., R. L. Doutt, H. B. Leech, P. D. Hurd, Jr., and

E. 0. Essig. The following visitors attended: Margaret Bohart, Helen L.

Day, Ruth Ogren, Frances Murray, Madeline Jacobi, and Barbara L. Rozen.

The minutes of the meeting held December 7, 1951, were read and

approved.

Professor Essig called for notes, remarks and exhibits and circulated

the Bulletin of the Oregon Entomological Society and a new book by Dr.

Curran entitled “Insects in Your Life.”

Dr. Michelbacher called attention to the publication of the latest issue

of Entoma.

Dr. Doutt displayed what he considered to be the best photographic

illustrations of the aeroscopic plate of parasitic hymenoptera. This plate,

which is peculiar to certain genera in the Encyrtidae, is an unusual section

of sculptoring on the chorion of the egg. After the larva hatches from the

egg it continues to utilize the aeroscopic plate as an air passage to the out-

side of the host. The photographs were made by Maurio Martignoni, a

visiting student at the University of California, from Switzerland.

Mr. Leech displayed a British book by G. J. Arrow entitled, “Horned

Beetles, A Study of the Fantastic in Nature.”

The President then introduced Dr. Paul D. Hurd, of the University of

California, who spoke on “Species formation in the spider-wasp genus

Pepsis.”

The genus Pepsis is an exclusively New World group of spider-wasps.

At present, the genus contains some 428 recognized species; however, the

actual number in nature probably approximates 150 since many of the de-

scribed species are represented by the unassociated sexes and a high per-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

centage of the names are applied to non-population phenomena. Additional

reduction of names is anticipated following the further application of the

principles of polytypy.

Species formation in the genus appears to be the result of geographic

segregation occasioned largely through isolating mechanisms developed and

accentuated in areas of ecological distinctiveness. Examples to substantiate

this view were givbn and may be found in “Revision of the Nearctic species

of the Pompilid genus Pepsis,” Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 98; 257—334.

After a discussion of Dr. Hurd’s well-illustrated talk, the meeting was

adjourned. — D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Twenty-third Meeting

The two hundred and twenty-third meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento-

mological Society was held at 2:00 p. m. on Saturday, February 23, 1952,

in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco. President Essig conducted the meeting. The following members

were present: E. 0. Essig, P. H. Arnaud, J. P. Harville, W. L. Hoyt, V.

Stombler, E. C. Van Dyke, F. X. Williams, J. W. MacSwain, A. E. Michel-

bacher, E. G. Linsley, R. L. Usinger, A. E. Pritchard, W. D. Murray, W. C.

Day, P. D. Ashlock, W. C. Bentinck, J. G. Rozen, R. F. Smith, R. L. Doutt,

L. M. Henry, J. W. Tilden, C. W. Hildebrand, R. Morgan, D. D. Linsdale,

C. Downing, K. S. Hagen, M. Marquis, F. E. Skinner, J. I. Stage, R. R.

Snelling, Wm. Hazeltine, J. Raich, J. R. Walker, G. A. Marsh, D. P. Furman,

H. B. Leech, J. W. Green, H. H. Blakemore, B. Keh, J. F. Gustafson, K. F.

Innes, Jr., J. D. Lattin, D. D. Jensen, G. F. Ferris, E. S. Ross, J. A. Wood,

and C. P. Hoyt. Visitors were present as follows: C. E. Kaufeldt, J. J.

Marquis, Mr. and Mrs. Ned 0. Thompson, lola W. Barber, C. D. Gray, S. M.

Gon, Bert E. Traud, Jr., B. E. Traud, Barbara Prendergast, Helen Faulkner,

E. E. Gilbert, W. R. Kellen, and Ruth Ogren.

The minutes of the meeting held January 25, 1952 were read and

approved.

Peter Ashlock and Joseph Schuh were elected to membership in the

Society.

In response to a request for notes and exhibits, Dr. MacSwain reported

that during the 1951 University of California summer course in entomology,

held in the vicinity of Sonora Pass, he had caught several male and female

grylloblattids of a new species. Most of the specimens were sent to Dr.

Gurney but three were kept alive in a refrigerator at Berkeley for several

months. The single survivor was exhibited at the meeting. According to Dr.

Gurney, the life cycle of this insect extends over six or seven years.

Dr. Doutt displayed a recently-introduced coccinellid beetle which was

imported into California from Israel for olive scale control. The species,

Chilocorus bipustulatus (Linn.), was collected and shipped by Dr. Boyce

during his recent visit to that country.

Dr. Jensen suggested that each year a list could be published in the

JANUARY, 1953] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

Pan-Pacific Entomologist of insect species which had been recorded in Cali-

fornia for the first time during the previous year. This would include species

introduced for biological control as well as those which are not purposely

brought into the state,

Mr. Leech called attention to a carefully mounted and labeled collec-

tion of Mexican insects taken by Manuel and Joseph Marquis during 1951.

Professor Essig displayed the recently published book, “An Introduction

to Acarology” by Baker and Wharton and called on Dr. Pritchard who stated

that it was the only comprehensive work done on the group in our generation.

Dr. Don Murray displayed color maps he prepares to record the abund-

ance of mosquitoes and made the following comments regarding their

problem :

“In mosquito control work there have been several cases in the world

where complete eradication of a species was obtained, but our mosquito

districts in the San Joaquin Valley do not dare talk in such terms because

of public misunderstanding. However, we have sometimes obtained reduc-

tions in numbers to the extent that the pest problem has been reduced to a

minimum.

“Aedes nigromaculis, the field mosquito, is potentially the worst pest

mosquito in the San Joaquin Valley. Eggs are laid in moist soil, with per-

manent pastures as the preferred egg-laying fields. The eggs hatch on flood-

ing. However, only a certain percentage hatches at one time, the remainder

lying dormant until one or more successive floodings provide the hatching

stimulus. The larvae are readily visible in the water and can be recorded

as a given number per dip. Untreated, suitable areas usually have from 50

to several hundred larvae per dip.

“With repeated treatment of insecticide on each flooding, thus prevent-

ing any emergence of adults over a sufficient area, and with no significant

number of adults migrating in to reinfest the area, larval counts have been

gradually reduced to a very low point. We have adapted a method for pre-

senting our data which was developed by Robert Shotwell in grasshopper

control work. Using colors, specifically red, purple, yellow and green, to show

difllerent levels of population, we can picture the infestation at any given

time, we can interpret increases and decreases, and we can better plan our

control program.”

Mr. E, E. Gilbert reported that during a recent collecting trip to Im-

perial County, California, a female tiphiid, Brachycistis sp. near furtivus

(Mickel and Krombein), was dug from below a small shrub and represents

the twenty-sixth known female specimen of its subfamily. Adults of Ligyrus

gihbosus (De Geer) taken in the same ecological niche might suggest a pos-

sible host relationship. In addition, two species of mutillids were collected:

Dasymutilla phoenix (Fox), a new record for California, and Dasymutilla

paranocturna Barr and Hurd, the sixth known specimen of this species. The

• Hymenoptera were identified by Dr. P. D. Hurd.

Professor Essig introduced Professor G. F. Ferris and Mr. Charles Hoyt

of Stanford University for their discussion of “The Evolution of the Diptera.”

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

Introductory remarks on the principles of comparative morphology of

arthropods were given by Professor G. F. Ferris. Professor Ferris empha-

sized the necessity for the development of a set of definite principles as a

foundation for comparative morphological studies. These principles should

be congruent with the results and doctrines of modern biological investiga-

tions and thoughts.

Also included in these introductory remarks was the fact that suitably

preserved material of the less well-known groups of insects was extremely

difficult to obtain. This lack is keenly felt by students of comparative mor-

phology of insects.

Dr. Charles P. Hoyt followed Professor Ferris with an illustrated talk

on the evolution of the Diptera from the viewpoint of comparative mor-

phology. The following is an abstract of bis presentation:

Preparatory to an understanding of the changes which resulted in the

development of the structures of the Diptera, it is necessary to understand

the components of the generalized insect which presumably preceded these

changes. An example of such a generalized arrangement is found in the

mouthparts of the cockroach, Blatella germanica (Linnaeus). By compar-

ing the morphological features of the cockroach with those of certain of the

Neuroptera such as Chrysopa californica Coquillett and Stenorrhachus wal-

keri MacLachlan as well as the Mecopteran, Nannochorista dipteroides Till-

yard, the structural components of the Nematocerous mouthparts may be

understood and an idea of the extent and pathway of their evolution can be

gained.

In addition to a comparative morphological consideration of the mouth-

part structures, a study of the morphology of the thorax lends support to

the conclusions reached from mouthpart studies. It is not necessary, however,

to return to the cockroach for an example of a generalized thorax, as the

Mecopteran Nannochorista dipteroides has retained fairly well the general-

ized thoracic pattern. By comparing this arrangement with that of the

Nemopterid and the latter in turn with the generalized Dipterous thorax,

such as that of a Tipulid, the stages of evolutionary modification can be

clearly demonstrated.

It is concluded from these considerations that the Nemopterid Stenor-

rhdchus walkeri is, morphologically, the best living example of what the

ancestral stock of the Diptera must have resembled.

Following a discussion of the paper, the meeting was adjourned. —

D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Twenty-fourth Meeting

The two hundred and twenty-fourth meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento-

mological Society was held at 2:00 p. m. on Saturday, March 22, 1952, in

the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-

cisco. President E. 0. Essig conducted the meeting. The following members

were present: J. W. MacSwain, C. D. Grant, Thomas Lauret, E. C. Van

JANUARY, 1953 ] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

Dyke, A. E. Michelbacher, J. W. Green, H. B. Leech, E. G. Linsley, W. C.

Day, E. S. Ross, J. L. Gressitt, R. M. Bohart, K. F. Innes, Jr., E. E. Gilbert,

W. C. Bentinck, W. V. Garner, G. A. Marsh, C., A. Downing, P. D. Ashlock,

W, W. Middlekapff, T. Aarons, D. P. Furman, W. H. Lange, L. R. Gillogly,

P. H. Arnaud, J. R. Walker, E. O. Essig, and D. D. Jensen. The following

visitors were also present: E. I. Schlinger, G. Pronin, R. C. Bechtel, A. D.

Telford, Mary Telford, Margaret Bohart, Grace Bechtel, Mrs. L. R. Gillogly,

Alan Gillogly, James Gillogly, and Mr. and Mrs. S. Winnan.

The minutes of the meeting held February 23, 1952, were read and

approved.

Raymond E. Ryckman, Mrs. Velma Knox Mayo, R. C. Bechtel, and

Dr. Edwin P. Meiners were elected to membership in the Society.

President Essig appointed the following members to serve as a commit-

tee to make arrangements for the field meeting to be held May 25; Dr. Jen-

sen, Dr. Ross and Mr. Leech.

Dr. Gressitt reported briefly on the project with which he is associated

and which is sponsored by the National Research Council and the Pacific

Science Board. It involves a study of the insects of Micronesia and is financed

at present by the Office of Naval Research. Dr. Gressitt is arranging for

identification of the various insect groups by specialists.

President Essig introduced Dr. Richard M. Bohart, of the University of

California at Davis, who spoke on “Problems of Mosquito Speciation in the

Pacific Area.” A summary of Dr. Bohart’s address follows:

The Pacific mosquito fauna was very imperfectly known prior to World

War II, but the state of knowledge was .greatly improved by the many fine

collectors who went out as entomologists for the Army and Navy. In 1944

the U. S. National Museum, which boasts the finest collection in the world

of Philippine mosquitoes, had representatives of 128 of the 150 known

species. Today we know of at least 300 species from that area. This com-

pares with 41 species in California which covers an area of similar size. The

production of species through island isolation is found throughout the Pa-

cific area. Many endemic species occur on the larger island groups such as

New Guinea, the Dutch East Indies, and the Philippines, but only a few such

species occur in the more isolated mid-Pacific islands of Polynesia and

Micronesia. On the other hand, the percentage of endemic species is much

higher in the more remote areas.

The Ryukyus represent an intermediate “semi-remote” situation. On

this island chain 49 species are at present known, of which 16 appear to

be endemic. The non-endemic forms are mostly found also in China, some

400 miles to the west. This can be compared with the many mid-Pacific

islands of the Marianas, Carolines, and Marshalls, collectively known as

Micronesia, where out of 28 subspecies and species 20 are endemic. An-

other comparison can be made with the land area of China with 118 species

and only 7 apparently endemic. Two groups of mosquitoes which are found

only on Pacific islands and which illustrate the extent of island speciation

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

are the Aedes pandani group and the Aedes scutellaris group. The five

species of the former stretch over the Marianas and the 11 species of the

latter are scattered from Guam and Tahiti to New Guinea and Okinawa.

Although the differences between species from adjacent islands often appear

to be slight, there is no evidence of inter-breeding in nature when they are

brought together through the agency of man.

Colored slides were shown illustrating the types of habitats found in

the Marianas and the Ryukyus.

Dr. Bohart’s paper was followed by a discussion before the meeting

was adjourned. — D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Twenty-fifth Meeting

The annual field meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society

was held at Mt. Tamalpais, Marin County, California, May 25, 1952. Al-

though the weather was very pleasant, the attendance was smaller than at

other recent field meetings. Eight members and 19 friends attended. Some

collecting was done, but most of the time was spent in visiting.

— D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Twenty-sixth Meeting

The two hundred and twenty-sixth meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento-

mological Society was held at 2:00 p. m. on November 8, 1952, in the Morri-

son Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

President Essig conducted the meeting. The following members were pres-

ent: J. W. MacSwain, D. D. Jensen, E. G, Linsley, E. O. Essig, R. F. Smith,

R. L. Usinger, E. E. Gilbert, C. D. MacNeil, J. R. Heifer, L. R. Gillogly,

W. C.’ Day, J. G. Edwards, P. H. Arnaud, J. P. Harville, Laura Henry, G. F.

Ferris, K. S. Hagen, T. F. Leigh, A. E. Michelbacher, R. L. Doutt, E. S.

Ross, E, L. Kessel, J. W. Green, Paul Cook, H. B. Leech, Clarence Downing,

G. A. Marsh, John J. Drea, Robert Morgan, and Donald Linsdale. The

following visitors attended: John Smart, Alice Gray, James W. Chapman,

Mrs. Lorin Gillogly, Alan Gillogly, Jim Gillogly, S. E. Abul Nasr, Helen L.

Day, C. E. Kaufeldt, Herbert A. Dean, William Hovanitz, Robert Langston,

Robert Schuster, Dewey L. Shepherd, and Neil A. Walker.

The minutes of the field meeting held May 25, 1952, were read and

approved.

The following were elected to membership in the Society: Alice E. Gray,

John J, Drea, Paul P. Cook, and Carlos E. Kaufeldt.

President Essig appointed the following two committees to prepare re-

ports for presentation at the annual meeting in December. Nominating com-

mittee: A. E. Michelbacher, H. B. Leech, and J. G. Edwards. Auditing

committee: E. L. Kessel, D. D. Jensen, and E. S. Ross,

President Essig called attention to the recent death of Dr. Edwin C.

Van Dyke, charter member of the Society. He indicated that at a later date

JANUARY, 1953] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

Dr. Van Dyke’s life and the many valuable contributions he made to the

Society and its publications would be discussed more fully. Dr. Ross stated

that a full issue of- the Pan-Pacific Entomologist would be devoted to Dr.

Van Dyke and his work. He mentioned also that within the past year a

sound tape recording had been made of a two-hour conversation with Dr.

Van Dyke regarding his entomological career.

In response to President Essig’s call for notes and exhibits, Mr. Mac-

Neill displayed pieces of amber from Simojovel (Chiapas), Mexico. The

amber is found most commonly along streams in the vicinity of the town

and appears to be of Oligocene origin. In two instances insects have been

found in amber from this area.

Mr. Gillogly exhibited specimens of Nitidulidae which strongly re-

sembled the Lucanidae. They were collected on Guam and the Palau Islands

and appear to represent a new genus.

Dr. Usinger circulated a vial containing specimens of the family Crypto-

stomatidae (Hemiptera;Heteroptera) which Dr. MacSwain had collected

in Woolsey Canyon, Berkeley, California. The nearest known relative of

this species occurs in Guatemala.

Dr. MacSwain exhibited a drawer of cercerid wasps and their prey

which he and Dr. Linsley had collected this past summer in Southern Cali-

fornia. From the burrows of twenty-eight wasps, over 1500 specimens rep-

resenting twenty-one species of buprestids of four genera were taken. It was

pointed out that the provisions of each wasp were not a random sample of

buprestids but appeared to be correlated, at least in part, with the size of

the individual wasps. However, other explanations will be necessary to ex-

plain why certain wasps had provisioned with only one or two species of

buprestids to the exclusion of other species of comparable size.

Professor Essig commented that in England entomologists have found

that aphids were stored in straws by wasps, and always only a single species

of aphid was stored in a given straw. In California aphids have been found

stored in hardwood trees where the pith had been hollowed out. All of

them were apterae of an undescribed species.

Dr. Edwards reported that a student, collecting at Tucson, Arizona, had

found mosquitoes of the genus Megahrinus which was previously not known

west of Texas. The larvae are predaceous on larvae of other mosquitoes.

President Essig introduced Professor William Hovanitz, of the Univer-

sity of San Francisco, who presented an illustrated discussion on the subject

“Hybridization between different Colias species.” A summary of his remarks

follows :

Hybridization between species and subspecies of Colias has been found

to be very common, not only in North America but in Eurasia as well. Work

on natural hybridization between Colias eurytheme and Colias philodice in

North America has been followed by work on various species of the arctic,

especially Colias nastes and Colias hecla. Evidence of hybridization has

come from various sources: intermediates in wild populations, breeding from

wild intermediates, crossing of two species in the laboratory, analysis of

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXIX, NO. 1

mating pairs in the wild. Hybridization has been shown to occur between

forms geographically separated but contiguously located as well as those

which overlap widely. In some cases, hybridization of the subspecies sort

has been shown to be accompanied by a change in dominance of a “domi-

nant” gene in populations. Natural “hybrids” are probably very rare but

the products of such intercrossing are not. These latter are called “inter-

mediates.”

Eurasiatic species of Colias have also been shown to hybridize. For

example, Colias hyale and Colias croceus of western Europe blend in central

and southern Russia but re-emerge eastward as quite different appearing

species — Colias crate and Colias fieldi.

Colias hecla and Colias nastes, which hybridize in North America, also

do so in Scandinavia. Here, however, the habits of the two have become

different. In consequence of this fact the introgression in America is from

C. nastes into C. hecla but in Europe is from C. hecla into C. nastes.

For a thorough understanding of the interrelationships of insects and for

a more certain taxonomic system, work on the physiological, ecological, and

genetical traits must be blended into the differences detected by morphology

alone.

After some discussion of the paper, the meeting was adjourned. — D. D.

Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Twenty- seventh Meeting

The two hundred and twenty-seventh meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento-

mological Society was held at 2:00 p. m. on Saturday, December 6, 1952,

in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco. President Essig conducted the meeting. The following members

were present: Alice Gray, W. W. Middlekauff, E. G. Linsley, E. S. Ross,

P. D. Hurd, J. W. MacSwain, E. L. Kessel, A. E. Michelbacher, John Drea,

W. C. Bentinck, W. C. Day, J. D. Lattin, Wm. Hazeltine, H. B. Leech, G. F.

Ferris, C. D. MacNeill, W. V. Garner, R. C. Miller, F. L. Blanc, G. A. Marsh,

P. H. Arnaud, J. W. Tilden, J. G. Edwards, Victor Stombler, Ryuichi Mat-

suda, Lee A. Wood, A. E. Pritchard, Laura M. Henry, L, R. Gillogly, Ben-

jamin Keh, C. E. Kaufeldt, J. W. Green, K. F. Innes, E. 0. Essig, D. D.

Jensen, Paul Bartholomew, and Lawrence Swan. Visitors attended as fol-

lows: J. Bergamin, N. A. Walker, S. E. Abul Nasr, Mostafa Hafez, Mrs.

W. C. Day, H. R. MacCarthy, E. S. Sylvester, John Smart, R. Duncan Carter,

W. Anthony Doalin, A. R. Gillogly, James Gillogly, Mrs. L. R. Gillogly,

Glen M. Cagley, John C. Downey, and John 0. Slivers.

The minutes of the meeting held November 8, 1952, were read and

approved.

The following were elected to membership in the Society: Paul S. Bar-

tholomew, Avelino Bigornia, F. Louis Blanc, Dewey L. Shepherd, Ian Moore,

Ryuichi Matsuda, and Lawrence W. Swan.

JANUARY, 1953] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

Dr. Miller reported to the Society on the financial status of the organi-

zation.

Dr. Ross, representing the auditing committee, reported that the finan-

cial books of the Society had been audited and were found in good condition.

President Essig then called for notes and exhibits of entomological

interest.

The secretary requested that members presenting notes and exhibits

write out the information given and transmit the accounts to the secretary

so that the reports may be as accurate as possible when they are published.

Mr. Arnaud displayed two specimens of a colorful fly, Tachinisca cyan-

eiventris Kertesa, of the family Tachiniscidae, which were collected at

Chanchamayo, Dp. Junin, Peru. He pointed out that this small and rare

family has been reported only from South America and Africa.

Dr. Pritchard reported that although the Odonata have been popular

with collectors for many years and a large number of scientists have been

devoted to their taxonomic study, occasionally a new species is found in

the United States. Recently while working over the California Academy

collection, Dr. Pritchard found three new species: a new Tanypteryx, a genus

of primitive and rare dragonflies, a new Ophiogomphus and a new Ischnura.

Dr. Tilden reported that Philotes rita B. & McD., a butterfly whose type

locality is listed as “Mts. of southern Arizona” was collected August 31 and

September 2, 1952, in Ramsey Canyon, Arizona, by J. W. Tilden, Lloyd M.

Martin and Mr. Ford. This species is one of the rarest of the genus.

Mr. Leech displayed Dr. Van Dyke’s field note books starting in 1892.

He pointed out that reference to these records had been of value in check-

ing the accuracy of data not completely given on some of the specimens

collected.

President Essig called on Dr. Michelbacher, chairman of the nominating

committee, who proposed the following as officers of the Society for 1953:

J. W. MacSwain, President; J. Gordon Edwards, Vice-president; D. D. Jen-

sen, Secretary; R. C. Miller, Treasurer; E. L. Kessel and G. F. Ferris,

Members at Large. They were unanimously elected.

The chairmanship of the meeting was then turned over to President-

elect MacSwain who called on Professor Essig to give his retiring presiden-

tial address entitled “Aphid Miscellany.” Professor Essig’s interesting paper

is published in full in this issue of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

Following a discussion of Professor Essig’s paper the meeting was ad-

journed. — D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

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ERIC M. FISHER

Vol. XXIX

No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Published by fbe

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with

THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

CONTENTS

i?/L 7I2mio%Lam.

EDWIN COOPER VAN DYKE

1869-1952

r — * ESSIG — Edwin Cooper Van Dyke 73

LEECH — Entomological bibliography of Edwin C. Van Dyke 89

VAN DYKE — New Coleoptera from western North America 98

VAN DYKE — New Coleoptera from western North America 102

VAN DYKE — A new cossonid from California, probably introduced 107

1 CHANGE OF RULING on permits to collect insects and arachnids in

areas administered by the National Parks Service 109

Book Notice 109

SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA • 1953

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., H. B. Leech R. L. Lsinceh

E. S. Ross Co-Editors

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and Oi tober wich Society Proceed-

ipgs appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological

phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on

insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed

to H. B. Leech at the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco 18, Calif., or to P. D. Hurd, Jr., at’ 112 Agricultural Hall, University of

California, Berkeley 4, Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers,

changes of address, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications

should be addressed to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco IS, Calif.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single

copies. $1.00. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist.’’

Memairs Series ...