Vol. XXX JANUARY, 1954 No. 1

THE

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

CONTENTS

USINGER—Howard Madison Parshley.........-.-...----.-..-ceccsscsssencessnenesncenseennaes 1

GRESSITT, FLANDERS, & BARTLETT—Parasites of citricola scale

in Japan, and their introduction into California... wu... .eseeeeeeeeeee- 5

BROWN—tThe synonymy of the ant Aphaenogaster lepida Wheelet........ 10

LINSLEY & MacSWAIN—Observations on the habits and prey of

Bucercerisruticeps “Sculle nes 2 a5 soe asco acs. Secs arl aad tact Ms eB oes ce 11

DAY—New species and notes on California mayflies Wow... eee 15

DAY—New species of California mayflies in the genus Baetis................ 29

MALKIN—A new northwestern melandryid.....2...2...2.---ssece-1eeeeeeeseneeeeeeeeee 35

MICHENER—Descriptions and records of North American Hoplitis

ANG eATUNOCO PA mus eter rs ake ek ee As rs nae Ny ee Met eis, Se 37

ESSIG—Change of the species name of Myzus langei Essig to Myzus

Callaniger TiSsl go O92 ess Sete once ene ee oats etcotene ce Shnika Ua ree TLS Be 52

PHILIP—New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). Part IV. Zophina

new genus for “Apatolestes” eiseni Townsend from Lower California 53

WALL—Mirolepisma deserticola silvestri, a myrmecophile from

California

WIRTH—A new intertidal fly from California, with notes on the genus

Nocticanace “Malloch; .wteset.cncap stars .o eer ces Riek tee

MICHENER—Observations on the pupae of bees. ...u...........ssceceeceeseceeeeseee 63

MADDUX—A new species of Dobsonfly from California... 70

WALL—A re-described species and a new genus and species of the family

Eepismatiade lit) Calitopran ess. the. tac s tats, praeunentetaviere ea neaeaseresons nee

Book nGticessand tevyiew sterner tA... ek ance eee SAN esduneles cae 10, 14, 34

Proceedings—Pacific Coast Entomological Society_... 2.2.2 e-..e.seceeeeneeeeeeeee Te!

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA ¢ 1954

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. LinsLey P. D. Hurp, Jr., Editor R. L. Usincer

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Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

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phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on

insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed

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Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address,

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Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single

copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to ‘“‘Pan-Pacific Entomologist.”

BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

1:1 Middlekauff, W. W. The Horse Flies and Deer Flies of California

Ug cg ere Rego fee hate 1g 025] | ER aca Penns Menon eg Oo oP $0.35

1:2 Freeborn, S. B., and R. M. Bohart. The Mosquitoes of California

jag meee hs eas meso Beal [iv ta cao a Es jl [aa ce a Pe nn ene ae $0.50

1:

w

Linsley, E. G., and J. W. MacSwain. The Rhipiphoridae of Cali-

fornia (Coleoptera). Pp. 79-88, pl. 9. June 29, 1951.............-..---.---- $0.25

1:4 Hurd, P. D. Jr. The California Velvet Ants of the Genus Dasymutilla

Ashmead (Hymenopéera:Mutillidae). Pp. 89-118, pl. 10. August

BRR A. ho lorarte cere Re Ascen SN Ris ht te ORE nee ae a ee oh tha gl pe $0.35

1:5 Hurd, P. D. Jr., and E. G. Linsley. The Melectine Bees of Cali-

fornia (Hymenoptera:Anthophoridae). Pp. 119-140, pl. 11, 5 maps.

TT gist 1S 5 Ween Aa iM Ad che AAT MORE DROS, Ra ee SER PS wot $0.25

1:6 Hurd, P. D. Jr. The Scoliidae of California(Hymenoptera:Aculeaia).

Pp. 141-152, ple: 12 and. 1S. Jume 27, Y95 2. co. ceckatecese cde econ $0.25

2:1 Keifer, H. H. The Eriophyid mites of California (Acarina:Erio-

phyidae). Pp. 1-128, pls. 1-39. December 12, 1952... $2.00

2:2 Pritchard, A. Earl The Gall midges of California (Diptera:

Ttonididae olim Cecidoryiidae). Pp. 125-150, pl. 40. February

MALS RIAs Tee oa eel Wiad: A. Wise) ona. MOO | Want SP - ae Me Rated Rea, BA £0.35

Send orders to: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Press, BenKELEY 4

Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at

San Francisco, under act of August 24, 1912.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXX January, 1954 No. 1

HOWARD MADISON PARSHLEY

1884—1953

Rosert L. UsincER

University of California, Berkeley

The passing of Howard Madison Parshley on May 19, 1953,

brought to a close the earthly career of one of the most versatile

hemipterists of our time. Born in Hallowell, Maine, on August 7,

1884,:Dr. Parshley spent his early teens on a farm in eastern New

York State. “This experience,” to quote from a biographical sketch

by Dr. Alexander Leslie in the Smith College Memorial Service,

“cave him insight into country life, and, with the help of a tattered

Cornell leaflet on insect collecting, probably determined the direc-

tion of his major professional interests.

“Dr. Parshley attended the Boston Latin School from 1901 to

1905. He then went to Harvard University from which he was

graduated in 1909. During the period of 1906 through 1909, he

also attended the New England Conservatory of Music. In 1910,

he took his master’s degree from Harvard. At this time he was

married to Nancy Fredricson. They went to the University of Maine

where for three years he was instructor in biology, the exact posi-

tion which his daughter, Elsa, was to fill some years later. In 1914

he returned to Harvard, where he was awarded his Doctor of

Science degree in 1917. That same year he received an appointment

in the zoology department of Smith College, where he was to

complete his life’s work.”

It would be quite impossible and out-of-place to try to cover

the whole of Dr. Parshley’s varied career in this brief article. His

published articles and reviews alone exceed 400. He was an accom-

plished musician, playing at the first stand in the bass section of

the Springfield Symphony Orchestra for many years. Additional

interests included poetry, radio technology, sports and gardening,

but his music was particularly close to his heart, and provided a

fitting climax to his career only a week before his death. May 13th

was Northampton’s first “Symphony Day” when the Springfield

Symphony came to town to play for 2,000 school children in the

afternoon and for the community as a whole in the evening. He

demonstrated the double bass for the children in a way which

2 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

brought the house down. He was first bass for these concerts and

was especially interested in the event as his daughter was chairman

of the whole affair.

_ At the time of his death, Dr. Parshley had completed arrange-

ments for the disposition of his insect collection and entomological

library. The collection of 23,980 specimens was sold to the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences, to take its place beside that of his

colleague of former years, E. P. VanDuzee. It is interesting to note

that the collection contains specimens taken as recently as 1947,

JANUARY, 1954] USINGER—PARSHLEY OBITUARY 3

long after his last publication on insects. The collection alone would

be an impressive monument to a life’s work, including, as it does,

numerous type specimens, beautifully prepared specimens of .

typical European species and the definitive collection of Geocorinae

of the world which was purchased from A. L. Montandon in 1920.

But Dr. Parshley’s entomological contributions were far greater

than this. In the brief span of years from 1914 to 1925, fifty-three

papers were published, dealing principally with the Aradidae,

Tingidae, Miridae, Gerridae, Veliidae, Nabidae, Lygaeidae and

Anthocoridae. His greatest taxonomic work was the “Essay on the

American Species of Aradus,” published in 1921. This is still the

definitive work on this subject and could well serve as a model in

style and thoroughness of treatment for future students in this

and other groups.

Without doubt, his greatest service to hemipterology was his

“Bibliography of the North American Hemiptera—Heteroptera,”

(1925) a carefully prepared and beautifully printed fiftieth anni-

versary publication of Smith College. His interest in the bibli-

ography of the Hemiptera led to his appointment as managing

editor of the General Catalogue of the Hemiptera. This project was

organized by a group of hemipterists at the Cincinnati (1923)

meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of

Science. The Catalogue was published by Smith College, five fas-

cicles having appeared in 12 parts (2,177 pp.) between 1929 and

1949. It is certainly not accidental that this Catalogue, under Dr.

Parshley’s guidance, stands as the most ‘complete (for the com-

paratively small number of families dealt with) and faultlessly

prepared catalogue of any group of insects to date.

Dr. Parshley’s publications on the Hemiptera were not numer-

ous, and covered only a brief decade ending over a quarter of a

century ago, his travels were not extensive, and his personal con-

tacts with fellow hemipterists were few. How then does it happen

that his influence was so great? The answer lies in his scholarly

approach and his penetrating mind. It is evident from his publica-

tions that Dr. Parshley understood the fundamentals of biology.

Therefore his judgment was good in matters of classification,

nomenclature and distribution. That he also understood human

nature and the basic essentials of human life is evidenced by his

extensive writings, particularly since 1925, in the social sciences.

nS

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST VOL. Xxx, NO. 1

There is no need to repeat the list of enomological publications

given by Dr. Parshley himself in the “Bibliography” (1925), but a

few quotes from his writings on Hemiptera will serve to illustrate

Dr. Parshley’s philosophy and at the same time may provide the

general entomologist, who might otherwise overlook these buried

treasures, with food for thought. Dr. Parshley—“On the Prepara-

tion of Hemiptera for the Cabinet’ (1919) —deplores the “practical

spirit which eliminates the study of the classics, elevates every

trifling trade to the dignity of an academic pursuit, and in general

places the things of the dollar above the things of the spirit. The

science of entomology has reached its present state of advancement

very largely through the unpaid effort, the labor of love, of enthu-

siasts, and we may hardly look for any progress that is worthwhile,

in the technique of mounting specimens or in matters of higher

import, if entomologists, professional or otherwise, come to be

actuated as a class by any spirit other than that of the true

amateur.”

Dr. Parshley’s keen mind saw through the superficialities of

some of the work of his contemporaries and led him into a con-

troversy which, both in correspondence and in spirit, was devas-

tatingly logical, stimulating, and at all times, dignified. His views

on subspecific variation, expressed 30 years ago, were well ahead

of their time and his remarks on “criticism” in a biographical

article on “Ernst Evald Bergroth: Master Hemipterist (1857—

1925)”’ are perhaps more pertinent today than at the time they

were written. “It is... in this... field... of fiery and often

magnificently destructive criticism, that Bergroth did some of his

most important work. The sanative influence he exerted and will

continue to exert upon beginning students—through his attacks on

ignorant and careless workers, and his lively appreciation of

thorough and honest effort—will prove to be not the least valuable

element in his enduring contribution. No student can afford to

neglect the study of Bergroth’s masterpieces in the art of con-

troversy; for when mutual criticism fails, science loses one of its

most essential means of progress.”

In his article “On the Life of William T. Davis,” Dr. Parshley

stated his concept of the problem of living, a problem which, in

retrospect, it would appear that he solved so successfully. “He

(referring to Davis) solved in his fashion the problem all must

face: how at once to follow the inner light, meet the material de-

mands of life, and maintain a genial warmth in human relations.”

JANUARY, 1954] GRESSITT, ET AL—CITRICOLA SCALE 5

PARASITES OF CITRICOLA SCALE IN JAPAN, AND

THEIR INTRODUCTION INTO CALIFORNIA*

J. LinsLey Gressitt,? STANLEY E. FLANDERS,*®

AND Buatr Bartuett* ®

University of California Citrus Experiment Station,

Riverside, California

Citricola scale in California, described by Campbell in 1914 as

Coccus citricola, was subsequently shown to be the same species

as that from Japan, described by Kuwana earlier in the same year

as Lecanium pseudomagnoliarum. Rules of scientific nomenclature

require the use of the species designation first applied; hence, the

adoption of the name Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana), and

the retention of the term citricola for the common name of this

scale.

The citricola scale is a major pest of citrus in central California,

and infestations sporadically become severe in many of the inland

citrus areas, from Butte County in the north to the Imperial Valley

in the south. Because of the general restriction of economic in-

festations of citricola scale to areas of extremely high summer

temperatures and low humidities, and its foreign origin, the oc-

currence of this scale in the climatically dissimilar area of Japan

appears as an anomaly. Accumulative evidence that citricola scale

is not indigenous to Japan has been supported, also, by other

biological evidence relative to its host preferences and parasitic

fauna. Its recently reported occurrence at subeconomic levels on

citrus in Iran (Kaussari, 1946) further supports the belief that

it may be native to the drier areas of Asia, and that it found its

way to California by a circuitous route, through Japan.

1 Paper No. 770, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside,

California.

2 Temporarily employed, 1947-1951, by the University of California for investi-

gation of natural enemies of citrus insects in Asia. Now with the B. P. Bishop

Museum, Honolulu, T.H.

3 Professor of Biological Control and Entomologist in the Experiment Station.

4 Assistant Entomologist in the Experiment Station.

5 The authors acknowledge their indebtedness to their colleague, Harold Compere,

who identified all the parasites mentioned in this paper.

6 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

Records of the Department of Biological Control of the Uni-

versity of California on the occurrence of natural enemies of

citricola scale in Japan begin with the year 1922. At that time,

C. P. Clausen, while exploring the Far East for the Federal Gov-

ernment in connection with another problem, sent to California

shipments of citricola scale which yielded the parasites Coccopha-

gus yoshidae Nakayama, Coccophagus japonicus Compere, Ani-

cetus annulatus Howard, and Metaphycus orientalis Compere

(Compere, 1924.). None of these species was received in condition

for establishment in California at that time. Subsequent records

-(Compere, 1926; Flanders, 1942) indicated that Aneristus cero-

plastae Howard and Microterys okitsuensis Compere were possible

citricola parasites. The attack upon citricola scale in California

by the imported parasite species Coccophagus caridei (Bréthes),

Metaphycus stanleyi Compere, and Metaphycus helvolus (Com-

pere), aiding in the work of the previously established Metaphycus

luteolus (Timberlake) and Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker), has

been reported by Flanders (1942).

In 1951 an opportunity was afforded the senior author to com-

plete the introduction of citricola parasites from Japan, as well

as to survey the area for other possible beneficial insects for use

against pests of California agriculture. After obtaining his release

from internment by Chinese on the Asiatic mainland, where he

had been employed in a search for red scale parasites, he spent

the period from February through June, 1951, in Japan, in a search

for citricola parasites. The area from northernmost Honshu to

southernmost Kyushu was covered in the search.

In this brief exploration, citricola scale was found to be

relatively rare in Japan. It was taken from cultivated citrus in

orly a few isolated plantings, the trifoliate orange, Poncirus tri-

foliata, serving as primary host for the species. On this commonly

used Japanese hedge plant, citricola scale was found to be spo-

radically distributed throughout the warmer half of Japan and

somewhat more generally distributed in the cooler northern and

central mountainous parts of the country.

In Japan, as in California, citricola scale has only one well-

defined generation a year. This even-broodness is of considerable

interest, in view of the fact that on potted citrus in outdoor cloth

cages at Riverside this scale exhibits an uneven double-brooded-

JANUARY, 1954] GRESSITT, ET AL—CITRICOLA SCALE ch

ness. Even-broodedness under natural conditions represents a

distinctly disadvantageous condition for the successful operation

of parasitic species, since it is not conducive to their perpetuation

during periods when host size is unsuitable. Under such conditions,

a complement of alternate hosts is generally required, unless un-

usual modifications in the life history of the host or its parasites

occur. In Japan the possible alternate hosts of the lecaniine group

were varied and abundant, a fact that made ready recognition of

certain parasitized stages of citricola difficult. It was often im-

possible to determine whether parasitized individual scales were

the species sought or a closely related species.

In Japan there is a somewhat greater disparity in the develop-

mental stages of citricola scales of the warmer and colder areas

than commonly occurs in California. There was approximately two

months’ difference between the beginning of spring scale growth

in northern and southern Japan. This inequality of growth served

to extend the range of scale development that could be surveyed

for parasites during the period of explorations. It fortunately per-

mitted the search for parasites to cover a portion of that period

when the scale is in a characteristically colored hibernating or

nongrowth period. Since none of the known parasites of citricola

attack this stage, and since it offers the greatest possibilities for

continued parasite reproduction, emphasis on exploration of this

scale stage was most desirable.

Citricola scale is believed to be under effective biological con-

trol in Japan. The densest populations discovered were observed

as they decreased in abundance and as parasitization approached

100 per cent. It is believed that in isolated localities the scale

population may be nearly exterminated by the action of parasites,

and that two or more years may be required for attainment of

another peak population density. This effectiveness of parasitiza-

tion is probably correlated with the existence of an abundance of

closely related alternate host scales which serve to perpetuate the

parasites over unfavorable citricola stages. Such reasoning is fur-

ther substantiated by laboratory tests on the imported parasites at

Riverside, which indicate wide range in host species.

Sixty-one shipments of parasitized citricola scale were received

at Riverside from Japan. These were processed through quaran-

tine, and secondary parasites of the genera Cerapterocerus, Tetra-

stichus, Cheiloneurus, and Thysanus were eliminated.

8 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

The following five chalcidoid species, all known as citricola

parasites, were obtained: Coccophagus japonicus Compere, Coc-

cophagus yoshidae Nakayama, Coccophagus hawaiiensis Timber-

lake, Microterys okitswensis Compere, and Anicetus annulatus

Howard. In addition, Microterys flavus (Howard), Metaphycus sp.,

Aneristus ceroplastae Howard, Blastothrix ozukiensis Ishii, Coc-

cophagus ishiit Compere, and an unrecognized yellow Coccophagus

were taken from indeterminate host material. Some of the last-

named species are still being tested for possible use against other

lecaniine scale pests in California. No effective predators of citri-

cola scale were found in Japan. Chilocorus tristis Faldermann ap-

peared as an incidental predator, much as do the few ladybird

species sometimes observed in California.

The five primary citricola scale parasites from Japan were

responsive to culture on soft (brown) scale in the insectary. This

greatly simplified production for citricola liberation. All five

species were easily distinguishable by their effects on the appear-

ance of the host. Coccophagus japonicus attacks scales 1.0-2.0 mm.

in length and colors the derm on the dorsum of the scale jet black.

C. hawatiensis attacks scales 1.6—2.5 mm. in length and imparts

only a slight brownish tinge to the scale derm after emergence.

Anicetus annulatus attacks scales 1.3—2.4 mm. in length and par-

tially blackens the derm on the dorsum of the scale. C’. yoshidae

attacks scales 1.7—3.0 mm. in length and turns the scale derm dark

brown. Microterys okitswensis, the only one of the five that is

gregarious, attacks scales 1.5 mm. in length as a solitary parasite,

whereas 3 or 4 parasites may attack and emerge from a larger

single scale, leaving it in a honeycombed-cocoon condition. The

meconia of the five species also present differences which are

useful in distinguishing the work of the various species.

Reproduction and liberation of the five primary parasites of

citricola scale have been completed. Their release against other

lecaniine hosts remains to be tried. Over 25,000 females of Coc-

cophagus japonicus, 2,000 of Microterys okitsuensis, 20,000 of C.

hawaiiensis, 3,000 of Anicetus annulatus, and 3,000 of C. yoshidae

have been liberated, primarily in the central California area. The

first three species have been recovered from places of liberation.

The best prospects for effective control are offered by the species

C. japonicus, providing this species can bridge the stage of scale

unsuitability. Its attack on the smaller scales is advantageous, in

JANUARY, 1954] GRESSITT, ET AL—CITRICOLA SCALE 9

that individuals of a suitable size for attack are available for a

longer period.

Only one female specimen of Metaphycus orientalis was ob-

tained in the Japanese exploration. It could not be propagated in

the insectary. The habits of this parasite, as judged from records

of 1922, indicate that it may be an effective parasite of overwinter-

ing citricola. Possibilities of acquiring this parasite from Japan

are being investigated by the Department of Biological Control.

SUMMARY

During the first half of 1951, a search was made in Japan by

the Department of Biological Control of the University of Cali-

fornia for parasites of the citricola scale, Coccus pseudomagnoll-

arum (Kuwana). The population of this scale is very low through-

out Japan, and on Poncirus trifoliata, its preferred host plant, it

appears to be under effective biological control.

Coccophagus japonicus Compere, Coccophagus yoshidae Na-

kayama, Cocophagus hawaiiensis Timberlake, Microterys okttsu-

ensis Compere, and Anicetus annulatus Howard were reared from

citricola scale collected in Japan and sent to California. (No ef-

fective predators were found.) Parasites were studies with regard

to host stages attacked, and were liberated in central and southern

California. The first three species listed above have been recovered

from places of liberation.

LITERATURE CITED

CAMPBELL, Roy E.

1914. A new coccid infesting citrus trees in California (Hemip.). En-

tomological News, 25:222-224.

ComPERE, HAROLD

1924. A preliminary report on the parasitic enemies of the citricola

scale (Coccus pseudomagnoliarum [Kuwana]) with descriptions

of two new chalcidoid parasites. Southern California Academy of

Sciences Bulletin, 23:113-123.

1926. New coccid-inhabiting parasites (Encyrtidae, Hymenoptera) from

Japan and California. University of California Publications in

Entomology, 4:33-50.

FLANDERS, STANLEY E.

1942. Biological observations on the citricola scale and its parasites.

Journal of Economic Entomology, 35:830-833.

Kaussart, M.

1946. Insects nuisibles aux aurantiacées sur les Cotes de la mer

Caspienne [In Persian]. Ent. and Phytopath. Appl. 1:32-38. (With

summary in French.) Review Applied Entomology, 36:387, 1948.

10 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

THE SYNONYMY OF THE ANT APHAENOGASTER

LEPIDA WHEELER

In 1929, only a few months after Menozzi had applied the name Aphaeno-

gaster silvestrii to ants collected in Florida, Wheeler described in the same

journal a Formosan homonym. In March, 1930, Wheeler corrected his homo-

nym, which then became A. lepida. Unfortunately, both Menozzi and Creigh-

ton subsequently proposed nomina nova for A. silvestrii of Wheeler without

noticing that a prior nomen novum existed. The resulting synonymy is as

follows:

APHAENOGASTER LEPIDA Wheeler

A. silvestrii Wheeler, Oct. 1929, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 24: 37-40, fig. 3,

worker, male; nec Menozzi, Aug. 1929, Ibid., 22: 282.

_ A. (Attomyrma) lepida Wheeler, 1930, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 11: 96,

nom. pro A, silvestrii Wheeler.

A. phillipi Menozzi, 1932, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 26: 311, nota, nom. pro

A. silvestrii Wheeler. New synonymy

A. funkikoensis Creighton, 1950, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 104: 152, nota,

nom. pro A. silvestrii Wheeler. New synonymy

Cases of automatic synonymy in the family Formicidae are probably

rather frequent, and their formal recognition will help to relieve the nom-

enclatorial confusion which exists in the absence of an up-to-date synonymic

catalog—W. L. Brown, Jr., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard

University, Cambridge 38, Mass.

BOOK REVIEW

HOW TO KNOW THE SPIDERS by B. J. and Elizabeth Kaston. Published

by Wm. C. Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 220 pages, 552 figures.

“How to Know the Spiders” is another excellent book of H. E. Jaques

Pictured-Key Nature Series, similar in pattern to those already published on

the insects, immature insects, beetles and others. Dr. Kaston and his artist

wife have combined to present one of the finest books suitable for the

naturalist or beginning students of spiders.

In the introductory pages the author gives an interesting account of the

biology of spiders including notes on their food, courtship, habitats, webs and

cocoons. There is a short section on the collection, preservation and rearing

of spiders, and an excellent account on the structures used in classification.

This last section is very well illustrated and is the most complete and easily

understood account on spider classification seen by the reviewer.

The last part of the book consists of an illustrated key to 40 of the 49

families of spiders known in the United States to 190 of the common genera

and 271 of the common species. Only those families which are quite rare are

omitted in order to simplify the key. Included with each species recorded is

an illustration and notes on its size, habitat, and distribution.

The species considered in the book are essentially Eastern with only a

very few of those listed found in the West.—Vincent D. Rot.

JANUARY, 1954] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN—EUCERCERIS ll

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS AND PREY OF

EUCERCERIS RUFICEPS SCULLEN

(Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)

E. G. LinsLey and J. W. MacSwain?

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Eucerceris is confined to the western hemisphere and

twenty-eight species are now recognized from America north of

Mexico (Scullen, 1939, 1948, 1951). Until 1939, nothing had been

published concerning the nesting habits or prey of any of these

species. In that year Scullen (1939:12) published observations on

the habits of Eucerceris flavocincta Cresson nesting in two sites at

Breitenbush Hot Springs, Oregon, in July, 1934. The females were

provisioning their nests with the weevil, Dyslobus lecontei Casey.

Scullen also reported that Bridwell had observed the same species

two years previously at Detroit, Oregon, preying upon Dyslobus

segnis Le Conte. In the same publication (Scullen, 1939:40) records

the capture in North Dakota of a female of Eucerceris superba

Cresson carrying a specimen of Ophryastes sulcirostris (Say). The

latter is an otiorhynchine weevil related to Dyslobus.

Eucerceris ruficeps Scullen (1948) was described from females

collected at Antioch, California, and the observations reported here

were made at the type locality in the fall of 1952.

The general area in which Eucerceris was encountered is the

sand dune region just east of Antioch, along the south shore of the

San Joaquin River. Although most of the area is covered by loose

and shifting sand, occasional hard-packed areas occur throughout.

in three such areas, the authors discovered six females of FE. ruficeps

which had appropriated abandoned burrows of the Halictine bee,

Lasioglossum (Sphecodogastra) aberrans (Crawford) ?.

This bee nests throughout the area in late spring and early

summer and its burrows are borrowed, later in the summer, by a

number of other bees and wasps. Each burrow of the bee consists

of a single vertical shaft which varies in depth from about thirty to

forty-five centimeters.

The burrows of the Eucerceris exhibited the following features:

About one centimeter within the entrance the female wasp con-

structs a thin plug across the burrow with a small passage through

1 The writers wish to express their appreciation to G. A. Marsh for assistance

in making some of the field observations reported here.

2 Identified by P. D. Hurd, Jr.

12 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

one side of the plug. At this depth the diameter of the burrow is

about six millimeters, the hole in the plug about three millimeters.

The wasp also constructs a loose plug of moist sand at a depth of

twenty to twenty-three centimeters and at the same point constructs

a lateral tunnel away from the original bee burrow. The lateral

unnel continues downward at angles of from thirty to sixty degrees

with the vertical axis. The total length of the lateral tunnel varies

considerably in different burrows but usually terminates at a depth

of from 29 to 42 centimeters. Another plug of moist sand about

four centimeters in length is constructed near the bottom of the

lateral tunnel and the female wasps pack the weevils which they

collect into this plug. Since the weevils in the plugs are always able

io move, those in the cells immobile, it is presumed that the wasps

either do not paralyze them until they are ready to place them in a

cell or that the sting has a delayed effect upon the nervous system.

Females were never seen in the process of capturing weevils but

some data are available on the plant relationships of the two

weevils involved. Adults of the weevils, Dysticheus rotundicollis

Van Dyke and Sitona californicus Fahrens, do not occur on the

same species of plant. Both males and females of Dysticheus oc-

curred near the nesting site on flowers of the composite, Gutierrezia

californica T. & G. In another area they were found both on

Gutierrezia and less commonly on another composite, Senecio

douglasit D.C. Sitona were collected only from Lotus scoparius

(Nutt.) Attley, although they may well occur also on other legumes

growing in the locality. Both species of weevils were active in early

August, when observations were made, but specimens of Sitona

appeared to be less common than Dysticheus. In addition, the three

Eucerceris burrows which were excavated contained a total of 106

Dysticheus and 82 Sitona.

The first burrow excavated contained a female wasp in fresh

condition and four cells at depths of 28 to 31 centimeters. The con-

tents of three of the cells had molded while the fourth cell contained

a cocoon and living larva. One of the moldy cells contained only .

6 Dysticheus, the other two, 15 each. The cell with the cocoon had

fragments of 14 additional Dysticheus. The absence of cells con-

taining freshly captured weevils raises some question as to just

when the provisioning of the cells took place, although their asso-

ciation with the Sphecodogastra burrow establishes them as having

been provisioned in the current year.

JANUARY, 1954] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN—EUCERCERIS 13

The second burrow was located when a female carrying a

Dysticheus alighted about three feet from the first burrow which

was being excavated at the time. This female was later captured,

along with a second female, at a depth of about 20 centimeters in

the lateral tunnel. Two moist sand plugs containing weevils were

also encountered. The first at 29 centimeters contained two living

Sitona, the second at 39 centimeters contained eight living Di-

sticheus. Four cells associated with the burrow were also excavated.

One cell at 30 centimeters had been provisioned with eleven

Dysticheus which had been destroyed by Tachinids. Another at the

same depth contained a living larva in its cocoon surrounded by

the remnants of 15 Dysticheus. The third cell at 36 centimeters also

contained a cocoon and fragments of 2 Dysticheus and 20 Sitona.

At 38 centimeters the fourth cell with 1 Dysticheus and 12 Sitona

had been destroyed by Tachinids. At a depth of 21 centimeters,

where the lateral branch originated, 10 puparia were found in the

earth to one side of the burrow. Since six of these were pale yellow-

brown and four were larger and dark reddish-brown it seems

apparent that more than one species of parasitic fly was attacking

this host. Unfortunately neither of the female wasps could be asso-

ciated individually with the weevils stored in the plugs or in the

cells.

A third burrow was discovered about a foot away from the

second while the second burrow was being excavated. The contents

of four cells and part of the contents of a fifth cell were uncovered

at depths of 36 to 42 centimeters. One cell with a Eucerceris

cocoon had been provisioned with 15 Dysticheus. Adult wasps had

emerged from the other four cells which had been provisioned as

follows: (1) 18 Sitona, (2) 16 Sitona, (3) 3 Dysticheus and 11

Sitona, (4) 1 Dysticheus and 3 Sitona (incomplete cell).

Unfortunately the rarity of this species and the limited time at

our disposal permitted only these few observations. However, the

data suggest that the Ewcerceris wasps search for their prey on a

habitat basis and that variations in provisions are due to partially

exhausting one of the available sources. Furthermore, although

this species is known at Antioch from about a dozen females col-

lected in August and September, the burrow evidence might be

interpreted to indicate that the species is double-brooded.

14 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 1

LITERATURE CITED

Scuten, JJ. A.

1939. A review of the genus Eucerceris (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae).

Oregon State Mon. Studies Ent., 1:7-80, figs.

1948. New species in the genus Eucerceris with notes on recorded species

and a revised key to the genus. Pan-Pacific Ent., 24:155-180, figs.

1951. Tribe Cercerini in: Muesebeck, Krombein and Townes, Hymen-

optera of America north of Mexico. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Mon.,

2:1004-1013.

Book REVIEW

THE ANTS OF CALIFORNIA, by Thomas W. Cook, Pacific Books, Palo

Alto, Calif., XVI—462 pp., 92 figs. 1953. $10.00.

The reader is referred to the review of W. L. Brown and E. O. Wilson* for

their reactions as ant specialists to this book.

In preparing this impressive, well printed book the author had a very

sincere and generous purpose in mind. He wanted to provide something

useful for the amateur who is often discouraged by the scattered and at times

unavailable literature in a field. However, amateurs faced with this problem

in studying the ants of California are at present almost non-existant and this

book will do little to encourage the development of more. Indeed it may do

much to discourage them. For one thing, the novice will be baffled at the

outset by the lack of an adequate means of identifying ant subfamilies and

genera. Cook offers three pages of line drawings of ant profiles to fill this

need. Apparently the beginner is expected to compare the ant specimen in.

hand with the drawings and by trial and error arrive at a higher group

identification. This is a fine idea but the beginner who needs such help is

the one least likely to note the often slight critical differences (if any)

apparent in these drawings.

Dr. Cook obviously has a great reverence for original descriptions and

those he calls “revised descriptions” by subsequent workers. The great bulk

of the book is due to the transcription and republication of these often

useless combinations of words. It is most unfortunate to confront a beginner

with such descriptions for many of them are of little value even to an expert.

Dr. Cook’s “naturalists of California,” to whom he dedicates his book, would

have been much better served by a standardized, modern redescription of

each ant species together with adequate keys. This, however, would have

resulted in a much smaller book.

Cook apparently assumed that the amateur is only interested in iden-

tification for little or no mention is made of such things as the technique

of studying ants, making artificial nests, and conducting much-needed bio-

logical studies.

In short, the needs of California ant students are far from adequately

satisfied by this book. One must commend the author, however, for his well

meant purpose, the effort involved in transcribing the scattered work of

others, and the personal expense in getting it published.—E. S. Ross.

* Ent. News 64 :163-164, 1953.

JANUARY, 1954] _ DAY—MAYFLIES 15

NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON CALIFORNIA

MAYFLIES. II

(Ephemeroptera)

W.C. Day

1021 Hubert Road, Oakland, California

The present paper is given to describe several new species of

mayflies reared from nymphs collected by the author and his wife,

Helen L. Day, on streams of northern California, to record the

collection of species not heretofore taken in California, and to note

new synonyms in the Ephemeroptera.

Ephemerella levis Day, new species

(Figures 1, 2, and 3)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Length: Body 7.5 mm.; forewing 7.5 mm.; foreleg 6.25 mm.; tails 8 mm.

Head: Pale yellow, widely washed with black; nasal carina and frontal mar-

gin white. Antenna pale smoky, basal segment brown and second segment

pale. Ocelli milky white, ringed with black at base. A pair of narrow, black

submedian stripes extend forward from posterior margin of head to median

ocellus. Eyes large, orange, with lower portion black. Thorax: Pronotum pale

yellow, extensively but lightly washed with black; a wide, black U-shaped

mark, opening toward median line, parallels the margins on each side.

Mesonotum pale yellow, median suture dark; a pair of short, dark dashes in

antero-lateral corners; lateral areas of scutellum and entire metanotum, pale

golden brown. A wide, V-shaped brown mark below base of forewing, an-

terior to coxa of middle leg. A prominent dark spot anterior to coxa of hind

leg. Entire sternum golden brown, ganglionic areas marked with black on

each of the thoracic segments. Legs: Yellowish white, foretibiae faintly

smoky. Coxae, trochanters, and tarsal segments of middle and hind legs

finely margined with hair-line of black; tibiae smoky at base. All tarsi with

first segments faintly dark basally. Wings: Hyaline, stigmatic area of fore-

wing milky white. Wingveins clear, colorless; a dark mark on subcosta near

base. A wide, purplish black stripe lies between costa and subcosta, extend-

ing from humeral brace to base of wing. Axial cord of forewing dark purple.

Abdomen: Segments 1-6 hyaline white, 7-10 opaque yellowish white.

Tergites 3-7 with wide, dark bands on median portions of anterior margins;

from terminals of these bands, a pair of short, wide, dark submedian bands

direct themselves toward the median of posterior margin, but do not attain

it. Central portions of tergites lightly surfaced with black. Tergites 1-9

marked with short, dark dashes or a pair of dark spots on each tergite on

lateral margin just above pleural fold. Pleural fold pale. Ganglia darkened

on sternites 1-7; dark stripes on lateral margins of sternites 1-9. Genitalia:

Forceps and penes pale, smoky at tips. Tails: White, strongly banded with

black at each joining.

Nymph (in alcohol)

Length: Body of male 7.5 to 8.0 mm.; female 7.5 to 8.5 mm. Head:

Smooth, pale yellow, irregularly mottled with dark brown. Maxillary palp

16 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST | VOL. xxx, NO. 1

fairly well developed for nymph of serrata group. Thorax: Pale yellow, ir-

regularly mottled with dark brown anterior to wing roots. Sternum variably

pale yellow, pale brown, or mottled brown. Ganglionic areas usually marked

with black. Legs: Pale yellow, strongly marked with brown. Anterior surfaces

of coxae brown. Trochanters pale, with large brown spot on ventral surface

of each. Femora pale, with wide, brown bands near ends, on anterior surfaces

only. Tibiae pale, each with wide, brown band at middle and at basal joining.

Tarsi brown, each with pale band near distal end. Claws brown, 4—7 denticles

on each. Abdomen: Without paired dorsal spines. Posterior margins of

tergites 5—7 slightly sinuate. Tergites gray brown with darkened lateral areas

and dark anterior margins on 1-7. In male nymph, tergite 5 is often pale.

Abdominal segments 3-9 with well developed, flattened lateral extensions,

each of which bears a postero-lateral spine; when viewed from above, the

lateral spines of tergite 8 appear very short; the spines of tergite 3 are

small but well formed. Sternites pale with ganglionic areas darkened; a

single row of curved, brown marks along lateral margins. On well marked

specimens, a row of four dark spots in a line paralleling and close to anterior

margin of each sternite. Gills: Borne on segments 3-7. Tails: Alternately

white and brown, each joining narrowly dark; a whorl of spines at each

joining.

Holotype: Male imago; reared from nymph collected by the

author on CaPELL CrEEK, Napa County, CaLirornia, June 14,

1952; in collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Para-

types (all topotypical) : 1 & in Canadian National Collection; 1 3

in collection of Cornell University; 1 ¢ in collection of G. F.

Edmunds, Jr.; 3 & in author’s collection. Nymphs: 35 nymphs

collected on Capell Creek on June 14, 1952, 40 collected on Capell

Creek on May 20, 1950, and 25 collected on Sulphur Creek, Sonoma

County on July 15, 1950. Nymphs have been sent with the male

imagos listed above.

Ephemerella levis Day belongs to the serrata group of Ephemer-

ella, and the male adult is identical in general appearance, macu-

lation, and structure of the genitalia with E. micheneri Traver;

however, the foretibia of E. levis is 50% longer than the forefemur,

while that of E. micheneri is twice as long, these proportions being

constant in all specimens examined. When describing the adults of

E. micheneri in 1934, Dr. Traver tentatively associated the nymphs

of this species with imagos taken at the same time and place; the

writer has reared adults of E. micheneri from nymphs, and can

confirm Traver’s association of nymph and adult as being correct.

The nymph of E. micheneri has distinct and well formed sub-

median, paired dorsal spines on tergites 2-8, and postero-lateral

spines on segments 4-9. The nymph of E. levis has no dorsal

JANUARY, 1954] DAY—MAYFLIES 17

PLATE I

Fig. 1. Ephemerella levis, genitalia, ventral aspect; Fig. 2. Ephemerella

levis, penes, lateral aspect; Fig. 3. Ephemerella levis, tergites of nymph;

Fig. 4. Ephemerella soquele, abdomen of nymph, lateral aspect; Fig. 5.

Ephemerella soquele, tergites of nymph.

18 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

spines, and bears postero-lateral spines on segments 3—9. In both

species, the postero-lateral spines of segment 8 seem lacking when

viewed from above. The lateral spines of EF. micheneri nymphs are

edged with strong, short spines; those of E. levis are softer, longer,

and hair-like.

E. levis nymph is the exclusive western member of the serrata

group lacking dorsal abdominal spines. On Capell Creek, the

nymphs of both E. micheneri and E. levis are plentiful, and are

found in shallow, slowly running water, resting on sandy bottoms;

in this stream, the nymphs of E. micheneri mature about two

weeks prior to those of E. levis. On Sulphur Creek, nymphs of

E. levis were numerous, but FE. micheneri could not be found.

The association of nymph and adult was established through

rearing.

Ephemerella soquele Day, new species

(Figures 4 and 5)

Nymph (in alcohol)

Length: Body 7.5 to 8 mm.; tails 3.5 mm. Head: Vertex pale with a pair

of wide submedian pale brown stripes from ocelli to posterior margin; fronto-

clypeus dark brown. Lateral margins of labrum black. Antero-lateral portion

deeply cut away, exposing mandibles almost to base. Thorax: Pronotum pale,

with a few brown spots; anterior and lateral margins straight and posterior

margin slightly emarginate; a pair of low, blunt tubercles near median line,

one on each side. Mesonotum pale, the developing scutum of the adult out-

lined in black; a pair of wide, dark submedian curved stripes extend the

full length of the segment. Legs: Trochanters and coxae dark; femora pale,

basally dark-marked and smoky. Tibiae pale, dark banded near apical ends,

and femoro-tibial knees dark. Tarsi dark brown, narrowly pale basally. Claws

pale smoky brown. Abdomen: Prominent lateral extensions on segments 3-9,

each with postero-lateral spine; abdomen widest at segments 5 and 6; the

postero-lateral spines of segment 3 are small, but well formed and distinct.

Fine, sharp-pointed submedian abdominal spines are borne on tergites 2-9,

being longest on tergites 6 and 7; these spines are elevated from the dorsal

plane of tergites 2-4 about 60 degrees, but progressively decrease this angle

to about 10 degrees on tergite 9. Tergites 1-5 pale, with lateral areas widely

dark brown; tergites 1-5 with median brown areas. Tergites 6 and 7 solid

dark brown, with a pair of small pale areas on anterior margins, one on each

side. Tergite 8 with median area pale, dark brown on each side. Tergites

9 and 10 wholly pale. Lateral extensions dark brown, postero-lateral spines

pale. Sternites dark brown, 8 and 9 sometimes pale with a few dark markings.

Sternites with short hyaline-white submedian dashes based on anterior

margins of 2-9; a single row of short dark dashes usually along lateral border

at bases of lateral extensions. Gills: Borne on segments 4-7, those on 4-6

being semi-operculate; rudimentary gill on segment 1. Tails: Fringed with

hairs on each side, hairs longest at middle, nearly bare at tips. Tails pale,

tips dark.

JANUARY, 1954] DAY—MAYFLIES 19

Holotype: Male nymph; collected by Helen L. Day and the

author at Soquel Meadow, Wittow Creek, Maprra County,

CALIFORNIA, on July 14, 1951; in the collection of the California

Academy of Sciences. Paratypes: 4 nymphs in California Academy

of Sciences collection; 4 nymphs in Canadian National collection;

4 nymphs in Cornell University collection; 4 nymphs in G. F.

Edmunds, Jr. collection. 20 nymphs in author’s collection.

Ephemerella soquele Day belongs to the simplex group of this

genus, and is most closely related to E. margarita Needham. In E.

margarita, the paired dorsal abdominal spines are very short and

are borne on segments 3-9; in E. soquele, these paired spines are

borne on tergites 2—9, and are much larger and longer, those on

6 and 7 being more than one-fourth as long as the tergites on which

they are located. The postero-lateral spines on E. margarita are

found on segments 4-9; in FE. soquele these spines are longer, more

acute, and found on segments 3-9. The middle and hind legs of

E. margarita are comparatively shorter than those of E. soquele.

The outer margins of the mandibles of FE. margarita are almost

straight, while those of E. soquele are widely convex.

On Willow Creek, the nymphs of E. soquele were taken on a

shallow, sandy bottom at the quiet, warm edge of a large pool.

Rhithrogena decora Day, new species

(Figures 6, 7 and 8)

-Male imago (in alcohol)

Length: Body 7.0 mm.; forewing 7.84 mm.; foreleg 5.6 mm.; tails 16.8

mm. Head: Pale yellow brown, nasal carina darker; frontal margin widely

hyaline, speckled with fine, black spots, these spots larger and closer together

in median portion. Ocelli black, centers milky. First joint of antenna short,

pale, with white surrounding base; second joint longer, pale with dark tip,

flagellum smoky with dark tip. Eyes contiguous, pale yellow brown, lower

portions black. Thorax: Pronotum pale yellow, a short, wide, purple black

stripe on medial portion of posterior margin. Mesonotum pale yellow, postero-

lateral areas washed with pale brown; inner parapsidal and median furrows

marked finely with black; scutellum and postscutellum dark brown; the

median dorsal surface of scutellum and median area of scutum immediately

anterior, chalky white. Scutellum of metanotum pale with four dark spots;

postscutellum dark brown. Pleura pale yellow and chalky white, prominently

marked with three wide purple black stripes, as follows: from the anterior

point of attachment of wing base, a wide stripe extends forward to pronotum;

from the same point of origin, a second wide stripe extends obliquely down-

ward and across foreleg above forecoxa; posterior to and paralleling this

latter stripe, another stripe extends from wing base down under the foreleg,

terminating on the prosternum. A short, wide purple black stripe above each

coxa. Legs: White, foreleg with femur yellowish, tibia and tarsi faintly

20 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

darker. Coxae each with black spot on apical margin. Femora finely margined

with black at basal joining, and dark banded at distal end; strongly marked

with short, black, longitudinal stripe at middle of anterior surfaces. Tarsal

joinings finely black. Claws somewhat darkened. Wings: Clear and iridescent ;

longitudinal veins light gray, crossveins colorless; humeral brace blackish

brown except for short portion near and at costa. Stigmatic area of the

forewing, milky white. Of the 15-18 crossveins of the stigmatic area, three

or four are usually forked or anastomosed, while numerous specimens have

these crossveins simple and unforked. Abdomen: Tergite 1 purplish brown,

anterior margin white; 9 and 10 chalky white. Tergites 2-8 washed with

purplish brown, posterior margins darker, marked with hyaline white

pattern as follows: large triangles in the four corners; paramedian spots

one-quarter distant from posterior margin; wide, curved stripes based on

anterior margin almost reaching paramedian spots; a narrow median stripe.

Sternites 7-9 largely chalky white; 1-6 hyaline white. Genitalia: Forceps

and penes smoky. Tails: Smoky, lighter at tips; a few sections at base faintly

dark ringed at joinings.

Female imago,. (in alcohol)

Female slightly larger and much paler than male, the abdomen being

a light, rosy purple.

Nymph, (in alcohol)

Length: Body of male 6.0 mm.; female 7.0 mm. Head: Concolorous

blackish brown, posterior margin paler; epicranial sutures hyaline white.

Thorax: Notal surfaces, including wingpads, blackish brown, with a solid

white band across posterior half of mesonotum and bases of wingpads; near

anterior border of this white band, a pair of small, circular dark spots near

lateral margins, one on each side; a narrow white median stripe extends the

full length of both segments. Legs: Femora medium brown, anterior surfaces

with large white area on basal half, and smaller white area at distal end; in

middle of basal white area, a large black spot and 4-5 tiny spots; dorsal

edge with numerous spines. Tibiae smoky. Tarsi pale, distally dark banded.

Claws smoky. Abdomen: Tergites 1-4 medium brown, 6-10 blackish brown.

Tergite 5 white, lateral margins widely dark brown; posterior third of tergite

4 and anterior third of tergite 6 sometimes white. Small paramedian dark

spots usually found on tergites 3 and 4. Spiracles marked with large dark

spots. Posterior margins of tergites 1-10 set with numerous fine denticles.

Sternites brown, very pale on sternite 1, progressively darker to sternite 9

which is very dark; lateral margins blackish brown; a short, black stripe in

median portion, parallel and close to each posterior margin; half-way

between lateral margins and median line, and parallel to latter, a long,

narrow white stripe; oblique white dashes are based on anterior margins

near median line; paramedian white spots usually on stenite 8. Gills:

Lamellae translucent white, tracheae smoky; fibrillae smoky. Lamellate gills

1-6 “eared”, the “ear” of gill 1 being very small, and those of 3-5 propor-

tionately very large. Tails: White.

Holotype: Male imago, collected by author and Helen L. Day

on Hat Creek, Suasta County, Catirornia, July 21, 1953; in

collection of California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female

JANUARY, 1954] DAY—MAYFLIES. 21

PLATE II

Fig. 6. Rhithrogena decora, genitalia, ventral aspect; Fig. 7. Rhithrogena

decora, third nymphal gill; Fig. 8. Rhithrogena decora, fifth nymphal gill;

Fig. 9. Paraleptophlebia cachea, third nymphal gill; Fig. 10. Paraleptophlebia

gregalis, penes, ventral aspect; Fig. 11. Paraleptophlebia cachea, genitalia,

ventral aspect.

ae THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, No. 1

imago, same data. Paratypes (all topotypical): 3 o in Canadian

National Collection; 3 & in Cornell University Collection; 3 3

to G. F. Edmunds, Jr.; 65 S in author’s collection. Nymphs: 50

nymphs collected between Emigrant Crossing and Boundary Camp

on Hat Creek, July 15 to July 30, 1953. Nymphs have been sent

with the male imagos listed above. The association of nymph and

adult was established through rearing.

Diagnosis: Rhjithrogena decora Day is of the brunnae type,

and is much smaller than any Rhithrogena found in California to

date. The nymph is recognized by the wide white banding of the

thorax which contrasts strongly with the small dark body. This

species seems quite tolerant of temperature differences, nymphs

being well developed in various sections of Hat Creek that varied

from 50° to 62° F. measured at 3:00 P. M. Nymphal emergence

occurs from 5:00 to 6:30 P. M., and the adults are attracted to

light.

R. decora occurs in close association with what I now refer to as

Rhithrogena californica, n. sp., a medium brown species very

closely related to R. doddsi. During the last week in July, 1953, the

last of the R. decora were emerging at the same time as the first of

the R. californica were emerging.

Compared to other California Rhithrogena, R. decora seems

most stable in the form and spining of the penes. In all specimens

examined, the arms of the penes are narrowed and rounded at the

tips, and slightly divergent; one strong mid-ventral tooth is found

on each arm, and the apical spines, which can be seen only at high

magnifications, are little more than fine, scattered hairs.

Paraleptophlebia cachea Day, new species

(Figures 9, and 11)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Length: Body 9.0 mm.; forewing 9.0 mm.; foreleg 9.0 mm.; tails 13.0

mm. Head: Fuscous, frontal margin widely translucent pale brown; a wide,

pale brown median stripe on vertex. Eyes almost contiguous, pale with lower

portion black. Ocelli milky white, bases black. First two segments of an-

tenna brown, flagellum dark smoky, tips white. Thorax: Pronotum brown,

median portion of anterior and posterior margins and median line with black

stripes. Mesonotum fuscous, lateral and anterior margins yellow marked with

fuscous; margins and area anterior to scutellum black. Sclerites of pleuron

dark brown, membranous areas yellow. Metanotum dark brown with black

markings. Legs: Femora medium golden brown, forefemur darkened at distal .

end. Tibiae light brown; tarsi pale. Wings: Faintly milky, stigmatic area

light brown tinted and translucent. Wing veins yellow brown, progressively

paler toward posterior margin. Abdomen: Tergite 1 dark brown; 7-10

JANUARY, 1954] DAY—MAYFLIES 23

medium golden brown; 2-6 yellow brown. Anterior margins of tergites and

geminate stripes along pleural fold smoky; a fine black mark from spiracles

to postero-lateral corners. Tergites 2-10 with median dark stripe and short

oblique dark dashes from a point near median of anterior margin. Sternites

1 and 8 medium brown with small, dark paramedian spots. Sternite 9

with dark brown W-shaped mark based on anterior margin, occupying about

one-half the area of this sternite; remainder of sternite 9 white. Sternites

2-7 pale yellow brown, anterior margins usually dark; small paramedian

dark spots present, as well as very short dark oblique dashes based close to

anterior margins. Ganglionic areas of sternites 2-7 usually very faintly brown

tinted. Genitalia: Forceps base, forceps and penes light, bright brown. Tails:

Yellow brown, paling distally; joinings narrowly marked with red brown.

Female imago (in alcohol)

Female imago larger and lacking strong color contrasts of male imago.

Head and mesonotum medium dark brown; abdomen more reddish and con-

colorous than male imago. Abdominal markings as in male; wing veins

heavier and stronger in color than male, being dark red brown.

Nymph (in alcohol)

Length: Body of male 8.0 mm.; female 9.0 mm. Head: Dark red brown,

white areas laterad and cephalad of ocelli. Antenna pale at base, darkening

distally, 5 mm. in length. Thorax: Notum dark red brown, anterior margins

of pronotum and mesonotum black. Developing scutellum of mesothorax

black. Legs: Coxae and tronchanters dark brown. Femora and tibiae pale

brown. Tarsi dark brown. Claws dark at base, white tipped, with 18-21 fine

denticles on inner margin of each. Ventral margins of all segments closely

set with fine spines, those of dorsal margins being coarser and less numerous;

a ring of strong spines near apical margins of tibiae. Abdomen: Dark red

brown, unmarked; overlapping of tergites gives appearance of wide black

posterior margins of these. Sternites pale yellow brown, very widely dark

brown laterally; anterior margins narrowly black; dark spots and oblique

dashes of adult can be faintly seen. Sharp postero-lateral spines borne on

segments 8 and 9; short, blunt spines on segment 7. In the nymphal cast

skin, adult pattern of the tergites can be seen clearly. Gills: Broadly lance-

olate, divided almost to base. Tracheae strongly dark, as are a few tracheoles.

Tails: Light brown, pale lateral hairs stemming from joinings.

Holotype: Male imago, reared from nymph collected by the

author and Helen L. Day on small tributary of CacHE CREEK,

Yoto County, CALiFrorNIA, 6 miles north of Rumsey, April 19,

1953; in collection of California Academy of Sciences. Allotype:

Female imago, same data. Paratypes (all topotypical): 1 & in

Canadian National Collection; 1 ¢& in Cornell University Collec-

tion; 1 ¢ to G. F. Edmunds, Jr.; 8 & of April 19, 1953, 6 ¢ and

3 9 of April 26, 1953, and 4 3 of May 17, 1952 in author’s

collection. Nymphs: Nymphs and cast skins have been sent with

types and paratypes listed above; the author retains 8 nymphs and

24, THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST | VOL. Xxx, NO. 1

12 cast skins. The association of nymph and adult was established

through rearing. .

Diagnosis: The form of the penes of P. cachea Day shows no

least variation among the male adults collected in two different

years, and serves to separate this species from P. californica and

P. quisquilia. From the latter two species, P. cachea may also be

separated by the markings of the abdomen, and by the blackness

of the dorsum of both male adult and nymph of the new. species.

The nymphs of P. cachea are adapted to unusually high water

temperatures as we found them actively moving about in a small,

slow moving creek of 72° to 76° F. at 3:00 P. M. All other nymphs

of Paraleptophilebia observed by the author emerge at water tem-

peratures of 48° to 60° F.

AMELETUS VALIDUS McDunnough

(Figures 12 and 14)

Ameletus validus McDunnough, 1923. Canad. Ent. 55:50

Through the kindness of Mr. W. J. Brown of the Canadian

National Collection, I have examined the paratype of the above

species, and a slide of the genitalia of same, taken at Banff, Alberta,

on September 30, 1922 by C. B. D. Garrett, and can now state that

the same late season species is also found in California. From

September 26 to September 30, 1953, the author and his wife took

nymphs for rearing from the Upper Truckee River, El Dorado|

County, California, which proved to be A. validus.

In this stream, with water at 52° F. at 3:00 P. M., the nymph

emerges for about two hours starting at 10:30 A. M. The nymph is

found only where well protected from the slightest current at the

water’s edge, between and behind small stones. In emerging, the

nymph crawls entirely out of the water, breaks out of the skin,

dries the wings for up to 21 minutes, and flies high into nearby

trees. The only other mature nymph found in association with

A. validus was Paraleptophlebia debilis.

As an aid to identification, a drawing of the genitalia of A.

validus is given as a part of this paper.

RHITHROGENA FLAVIANULA McDunnough

(Figure 13)

Heptagenia flavianula McDunnough, 1924, Canad. Ent. 56:225

By comparison with a paratype and genitalia slide of the above

species, loaned by the Canadian National Collection, verification

has been made of the collection of R. flavianula on the West Fork

JANUARY, 1954] DAY—MAYFLIES 29

of the Carson River, Alpine County, California. The drawing of the

penes given at the time of description of R. flavianula lacks several

details, so a new drawing is presented herewith.

As is true of other species of the genus Rhithrogena, the upright-

ness or divergence of the arms of the penes cannot be depended

upon as a character for the separation of species, as in several

species of Rhithrogena there is great variation shown in this degree

of divergence. In several species of Rhithrogena there is also found

considerable variation in the size and numbers of teeth and/or

spines on the penes of the male adult.

PLATE III

Fig. 12. Ameletus validus, genitalia, ventral aspect; Fig. 13. Rhithrogena

flavianula, penes, dorsal aspect; Fig. 14. Ameletus validus, penes, lateral

aspect.

EPHEMERELLA HYSTRIX Traver

Ephemerella hystrix Traver, 1934. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:212

Ephemerella spinosa Mayo, 1951. Pan-Pac. Ento. 27:122

Examination of the holotypes of E. hystrix and E. spinosa,

together with many specimens of E. hystrix collected by the author

in five counties of California, leads to the conclusion that E.

spinosa is a synonym of E. hystrix. A micro-slide of mouthparts of

E. hystrix from Cornell University Collection bears the same col-

lecting data as the holotype, and shows these mouthparts to be

identical with those of the California species.

26 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

The holotype nymph is faded, but the small denticles on the

abdominal spines are easily seen and precisely like those of the

California specimens in size and placement. Even though faded,

the Cornell holotype shows the distinctive maculation of tergites

and sternites, and the dark pattern of the gills just as they are seen

in all California specimens. The holotype is broader proportion-

ately than some California specimens, and less broad than others.

Like all other species of long-spined Ephemerella collected by

the author, I find considerable variation in the length, curvature

and inclination of the dorsal spines of the California E. hystrix,

and the holotype nymph falls well within the limits of these

variations.

EPHEMERELLA PROSERPINA Traver

Ephemerella proserpina Traver, 1934. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:223

Ephemerella yosemite Traver, 1934. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:225

E. proserpina was described from a single nymph taken in the

San Bernardino Mts. of California, and E. yosemite from ten quite

immature nymphs from Central and Northern California. I have

examined the above specimens and collected many mature and

immature nymphs of this species from seven California Counties;

recently, a mature specimen of the species, collected in the San

Bernardino Mts., was received from John Belkin. I feel certain

that but one species is involved in all the above material, and that

E. yosemite is a synonym of E. proserpina.

The variation in this species is typical of the nymphs of the

long-spined Ephemerella, and can be demonstrated in the following

analysis of a few characters in twenty-four mature nymphs of E.

proserpina taken from one area of about sixty square feet on East

Fork Carson River on July 3, 1949.

AA 19 have posterior pair pronotal tubercles of equal height

of these

13 with low submarginal pronotal tubercles

6 with higher submarginal pronotal tubercles

12 with margin of 9th. segment flared

7 with margin of 9th. segment straight

BB 5 have posterior pair pronotal tubercles unequal in height

of these

2 with low submarginal pronotal tubercles

3 with higher submarginal pronotal tubercles

5 with margin of 9th segment straight

Male and female adults of E. proserpina have been reared and

will be described in another paper.

JANUARY, 1954] DAY—MAYFLIES 27

PARALEPTOPHLEBIA GREGALIS Eaton

(Figure 10)

Leptophlebia gregalis Eaton, 1884. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Sec. Ser. Zool.

2:98

Leptophlebia invalida McDunnough, 1926. Canad. Ent. 58:297

In connection with correspondence concerning P. gregalis, Mr.

D. E. Kimmins of the British Museum (Natural History) has

recently cleared in KOH “the genitalia of a paratype which ap-

peared identical with the type in the dried state,” and has supplied

me with a fine drawing, which is reproduced herewith. Mr.

Kimmins’ drawing gives, for the first time, the true appearance of

this taxonomic feature that is essential to the correct separation of

P. gregalis.

Comparison of a Canadian National Collection micro-slide of

the genitalia of a paratype of P. invalida with the above drawing

from Mr. Kimmins, would seem to establish the fact that P.

invalida is a synonym of P. gregalis; the possibility of this syno-

nymy was first suggested by McDunnough in his original descrip-

tion of P. invalida. 3

P. sculleni may also prove to be a synonym of P. gregalis.

P. scullent was described from a now broken-up single male adult,

this specimen having had forelegs missing when described. The

slide of the genitalia made from the holotype of P. sculleni is in

excellent condition, and shows marked similarities to P. gregalis,

notably in the apical lobes of the penes, opening between same,

and the unique, widely curved lower margins of the reflex spurs

shown in the sketch from Mr. Kimmins. The type locality of P.

gregalis was given as “Mt. Hood” and that of P. sculleni as “Cor-

vallis, Oregon”; these localities are about 100 miles apart.

| SIPHLONURUS SPECTABILIS Traver

Siphlonurus spectabilis Traver, 1934. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:233

Siphlonurus maria Mayo, 1939. Pan-Pac. Ento. 15:145

The author has examined the type material of S. spectabilis

and that of S. maria, has re-collected and reared adults at the type

localities of both species, and collected specimens of this very

common species in 14 California counties. I feel sure that but one

species of the two is valid, and that S. maria is a synonym of

S. spectabilis.

The original description of the male adult of S. spectabilis was

drawn from the single male adult collected, and it seems probable

to me that this was a teneral or improperly preserved specimen;

28 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

the Mayo description of S. maria perfectly describes the specimens

that I collected on Waddell Creek, the type locality of S. spectabilis.

In connection with several points made in the diagnosis of

S. maria accompanying the species description (P.P.E. 15:148),

S. spectabilis from Waddell Creek and elsewhere is usually dark

red brown in life, forewings are speckled as in specimens from

Amador County, and hindwings nearly or wholly dark orange

brown. The Waddell male adult has the oblique band across the

eyes, and I can find no differences in size of spines of the penes

nor length of the forceps except in proportion to the size of the

specimen, which is variable. Both the color of the abdomen and

hind wing of the male adult varies from one location to another,

and in specimens collected at different times from one location;

there is some reason to believe that the later hatch is smaller and

paler, as in several species of the genus Callibaetis.

New Records of Mayflies in California

The author and his wife, Helen L. Day, have collected in

California several known species not previously reported from this

State, as follows:

Species

Area of

Collected in

type locality California

Heptagenia elegantula Eaton Colorado Stanislaus County

Rhithrogena doddsi McDunnough Alberta Montane

Rhithrogena morrisoni Banks Nevada General

Cinygmula uniformis McDunnough B.G. Coast Range

Iron (Epeorus) albertae McDunnough Alberta General

Iron (Epeorus) dulciana McDunnough OB. C. Sierra Nevada

Iron (Epeorus) longimanus Eaton Colorado General

Siphlonurus occidentalis Eaton Colo. - Wash. No. Calif.

Paraleptophlebia debilis Walker NewS: General

Ephemerella heterocaudata McDunnough Wyo.- Mont. Montane

Ephemerella coloradensis Dodds Colorado Montane

Baetis insignificans McDunnough B. C. Siskiyou County

Baetis intermedius Dodds Colorado Sierra Nevada

Baetis tricaudatus Dodds Colorado Sierra Nevada

Centroptilum convexum Ide Ontario No. Calif. Coastal

REFERENCES

Eaton, A. E.

1883-1888. A revisional monograph of the recent Ephemeridae or may-

flies. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Sec. Ser. Zool. 3:1—-352, pls. 1-65.

Mayo, VeLtmMa Knox

1939. New Western Ephemeroptera. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15(4) :145-154,

figs. 1-21.

JANUARY, 1954] DAY—MAYFLIES 29

1951. New Western Ephemeroptera II. Pan-Pacific Ent. 27(3) :121-145,

figs. 1-10.

McDunnoueu, J.

1923. New Canadian Ephemeridae with notes. Canad. Ent. 55(2) :50-51,

figs. 1-3.

1924.. New North American Ephemeridae. Canad. Ent. 56(9) :221—-226,

pl. 5.

1926. New Canadian Ephemeridae with Notes. Canad. Ent. 58(12) :296-

302, pl. 3.

Traver, J. R.

1934. New North American species of mayflies. Jour. of the Elisha

Mitchell Sci. Soc. 50:189-254, pl. 16.

NEW SPECIES OF CALIFORNIA MAYFLIES IN THE

GENUS BAETIS

(Ephemeroptera )

W.C. Day

1021 Hubert Road, Oakland, California

Living under conditions of great variety, representatives of the

genus Baetis are found in many types of moving fresh water in

California. The small nymphs have adapted themselves to a wide

range of temperatures and climates, and are taken at all elevations

and at many seasons.

The adult swarms ordinarily consist of a large number of in-

dividuals, and flights often occur in bright daylight. Heavily preyed

upon by birds and insects, the large populations of Baetis are

probably a most important element in their survival.

In the present paper, four new Baetis are described, these pos-

sibly having speciated in the Coastal Valleys of this State.

Baetis leechi Day, new species

(Figures 1 and 2)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Length: Body 4.0 mm.; forewing 4.0 mm.; foreleg 4.0 mm.; tails 9.0 mm.

Head: Pale yellow brown, posterior margin finely black; a broad median

Y-shaped black stripe running cephalad from posterior margin, forks into a

pair of submedian fine stripes which terminate at lateral ocelli. Basal segment

of antenna brown, second segment and filament yellow. Eyes .6 mm. on

longest diameter; stalks .4 mm. in height, measured up the outer side.

Thorax: Pronotum yellow washed with black. Mesonotum bright red brown,

median suture and margins of scutum finely black. Scutellum pale, a pair

of very small submedian pale spots anterior to this pale area; heavily mar-

gined with black. Sternum with brown sclerites outlined in black. Legs:

Coxae brown; foreleg smoky with femur darker; middle and hindlegs pale.

Wings: Hyaline, stigmatic area strongly milky and with 3-5 crossveins

30 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

strongly slanting; a small dark spot at base of each wing. Wingveins entirely

colorless. Paired marginal intercalaries of forewing longest toward costal

margin but lacking in first interspace. Hindwing with three longitudinal .

veins, the third close to and joining hind margin about half-way to tip; no

crossveins or intercalaries; costal projection prominent and strongly curved

much as in Centroptilum. Abdomen: Tergite 1 red brown, 7-10 opaque yellow

with faint cast of brown; 2-6 hyaline palest yellow brown with wide white

hyaline posterior margins; wide whitish median and paramedian stripes full

length of tergites 2-6. Sternites 1-7 hyaline palest yellow. The wide black

geminate lines along pleural fold enclose a strong black spiracular spot and

another dark spot near anterior margin on each segment 1-7. Genitalia:

Second joint of forceps tapered as in the intercaleris group. All segments of

forceps translucent milky white; a fine black lateral line at base of first

segment of forceps. Tails: Translucent milky white; joinings white.

Holotype: Male imago, collected by Helen L. Day and the

author on CoNN CREEK, near RUTHERFORD, Napa County, CALi-

FORNIA, September 24, 1949, in California Academy of Sciences

collection. Paratypes, all topotypical: 5 of in Canadian National

collection; 5 o' in Cornell University collection; 5 ¢& to G. F.

Edmunds, Jr.; 40 & in author’s collection.

Diagnosis: B. leechi Day is the first Baetis with hindwing of

the quilleri type reported from California. B. leechi is quite close

to B. erebus Traver but, apart from color differences, B. leechi is

smaller and lacks crossveins and intercalaries in the hindwing.

In describing this new species, I take pleasure in naming it in

honor of Hugh B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences.

Baetis diablus Day, new species

(Figures 3 and 4)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Length: Body 9.0 mm.; forewing 8.0 mm.; foreleg 6.5 mm.; tails 17.0 mm.

Head: Dark red brown. Antenna dark red brown, white tipped. Eyes rather

large, moderately elevated; .9 mm. in greatest diameter, stalk .4 mm. in

height, measured up the outer side. Thorax: Pronotum fuscous with a few

pale markings. Mesonotum fuscous; small postero-lateral areas, area anterior

to scutellum and outer parapsidal furrows pale. Scutellum outlined in black.

Sternum fuscous. Legs: Coxae dark brown edged with black. Foreleg yellow

brown. Middle and hindlegs whitish. Wings: Clear hyaline, stigmatic area

of forewing milky. Crossveins of sfigmatic area and longitudinal veins of

forewing pale gray, except those of anal area which are colorless. Crossveins

of stigmatic area irregular, some forking, with short horizontal veins between.

Marginal intercalaries short, a pair of shorter ones in the first interspace.

Hindwing with three long veins, the second vein forking from a point about

three-fifths distant from the base; usually with one intercalary between first

and second vein, and two intercalaries within the fork of the second vein.

Third vein straight, rather long. Costal projection of the hind wing acute.

Abdomen: Segments 1 and 7-10 dark brown; 2-6 hyaline yellow brown,

JANUARY, 1954] DAY—MAYFLIES 31

Fig. 1 Baetis leechi, hindwing; Fig. 2 Baetis leechi, genitalia; Fig. 3

Baetis diablus, genitalia; Fig. 4 Baetis diablus, hindwing; Fig. 5 Baetis alius,

hindwing; Fig. 6 Baetis alius, genitalia; Fig. 7 Baetis sulfurosus, genitalia;

Fig. 8 Baetis sulfurosus, hindwing.

32 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 1

tergites darker. Tergites with wide dark paramedian stripes, one on each

side. Sternites each with a pair of short oblique dark dashes from middle of

anterior margin. Anterior margins of segments finely dark; posterior margins

white. Genitalia: Distinctly of the moffati type, first and second segments

dark brown, third and fourth smoky brown; third and fourth segments almost

completely fused, their joining marked with a short black line on the outer

side. Tails: Yellow brown, a few basal segments very dark and tips white.

All joinings hyaline white edged with smoky.

Holotype: Male imago, collected by E. I. Schlinger on Mr.

DiaBLo, Contra Costa County, CaLirorniA, April 12, 1952, in

California Academy of Sciences collection. Paratypes, all topo-

typical; 1 & in Canadian National collection; 1 ¢ in Cornell

University collection; 1 & to G. F. Edmunds, Jr.; 2 &, slides of

genitalia and wings in author’s collection.

Diagnosis: Baetis diablus Day is, to date, the exclusive species

of the genus having a forked second hindwing vein combined with

genitalia of the moffati type. The fork of the second hindwing vein

is unlike that of B. parvus or B. devinctus, as it branches much

closer to the distal margin of the hindwing. The fork of the vein in

B. diablus is comparatively shallow and obtuse.

Baetis alius Day, new species

(Figures 5 and 6)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Length: Body 6.0 mm.; forewing 5.5 mm.; foreleg 5.0 mm.; tails 12.0 mm.

Head: Dark brown. Antenna brown with white tip, base ringed with white.

Eyes .75 mm. on longest diameter; stalks .5 mm. in height measured up the

outer side. Thorax: Pronotum blackish brown, paler in median area. Mesono-

tum red brown, scutellum paler; median suture, outer parapsidal furrows,

posterior third of inner parapsidal furrows and margins of scutum finely

black. Metanotum margined with black. Legs: Coxae brown. Forefemur and

foretibia yellowish; all other segments white. Tarsal joinings of middle and

hindleg finely black. Wings: Clear hyaline; wingveins colorless. Stigmatic

area of forewing milky, translucent; crossveins simple, strongly slanting, with

a few short horizontal veins between. Paired intercalaries of first interspace

very long, those of second and third interspace longer than those following.

Hindwing with strong costal projection and three longitudinal veins, the third

very short and close to hind margin; first and second veins convergent dis-

tally; intercalaries not present. Abdomen: Segment 1 and 7-10 dark brown.

Segments 2-6 hyaline, thinly washed with dark brown, anterior margins of

tergites edged with black. A dark geminate line along pleural fold. Each

spiracle of middle segments. strongly marked with outline of small circle,

dark tracheal lines extending onto tergites and sternites from these circles.

Genitalia: Genitalia of the intercaleris type; smoky brown with first segment

dark brown at base. Tails: Milky white, first few basal segments light smoky.

Nymph (in alcohol)

The pale nymph has light. brown dorsum with tergites 5 and 9

JANUARY, 1954] DAY—MAYFLIES 33

pale; tergite 5 with a pair of small dark submedian spots. Anterior

margins of tergites narrowly black. Tergites 1-7 with small black

mark at base of each gill. Femoro-tibial knees black. Middle tail

two-thirds as long as outer tails.

Holotype: Male imago, collected by Helen L. Day and the

author on RusstiAN RIvER, near GEYSERVILLE, SONOMA COUNTY,

CaLirorniA, October 15, 1949, in California Academy of Sciences

collection. Paratypes, all topotypical: 5 o in Canadian National

collection; 5 & in Cornell University collection; 5 ¢& to G. F.

Edmunds, Jr.; 35 & in author’s collection; 50 & collected Novem-

ber 12, 1949, in author’s collection.

Diagnosis: Lacking a tubercle on the inner margin of the basal

joint of the forceps, B. aliws Day, with genitalia of the intercaleris

type, has no known close relative,in California. The adults swarm

some six to ten feet above the water from 10:30 A.M. to 3:00 P.M.

Baetis sulfurosus Day, new species

(Figures 7 and 8)

Male imago (in alcohol)

Length: Body 4.0 mm.; forewing 4.0 mm.; foreleg 3.75 mm.; tails 10.0

mm. Head: Clypeus and face brown; vertex pale yellow with narrow black

Y-shaped mark based on posterior margin and opening forward. Antenna

brown, set in wide white circular sclerites. Eyes .6 mm. on longest diameter ;

stalks .25 mm. in height measured up the outer side. Thorax: Notum blackish

brown. Mesonotum with median furrow and outline of scutum black; scutel-

lum pale at base and a pair of small pale spots anterior to pale area. Tergum

brown, median sclerites outlined in black. Legs: Coxae and trochanters

brown, margins finely black; all other segments light smoky brown. Wings:

Forewing hyaline, stigmatic area milky white. Subcosta and Ri brown; other

longitudinal veins usually finely dark and crossveins pale; crossveins of stig-

matic area often dark and sometimes tending to anastomosis. First interspace

with a single marginal intercalary. Hindwing with costa dark before the

projection, and other veins dark in basal one-third; sometimes with an

intercalary between second and third veins. Abdomen: Tergite 1 blackish

brown; 7-9 paler; 2-6 hyaline smoky brown. Sternite 1 and 7-9 yellow

brown; 2-6 hyaline yellow. Genitalia: Genitalia of the intercaleris type; first

and second segments of forceps pale smoky brown, dark brown at base of

first segment; third and fourth segments pale smoky, edged with black when

seen in yentral or dorsal view; fourth segment one-half the length of third

segment. Tails: Milky white, a few basal segments very faintly smoky.

Holotype: Male imago, collected by Helen L. Day and the

author on the P. C. Hale Ranch, SuLpHuR Creek, Sonoma County,

CaLiForNiA, August 25, 1951, in California Academy of Sciences

collection. Paratypes, all topotypical: 5 & in Canadian National

collection; 5 o in Cornell University collection; 5 ¢& to G. F.

34 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

Edmunds, Jr.; 65 & in author’s collection. 25 ¢ from Capell

Creek, Napa County, California, collected on May 20, 1950, in

author’s collection. ;

Diagnosis: B. sulfurosus Day is quite close to B. thermophilos

McDunnough, the latter described from Yellowstone Park, Wyom-

ing. Apart from being smaller and much paler, B. sulfurosus has

the third vein of the hindwing closer to the posterior margin of the

wing, and the fourth segment of the forceps is proportionately only

about one-half as long as that of B. thermophilos.

B. sulfurosus is undoubtedly the “closely allied species . . . from

Cloverdale, California,’ mentioned by Traver in discussing B.

thermophilos, p. 702, Biology of Mayflies. The confluence of Sul-

phur Creek with the Russian River is about two miles north of

Cloverdale.

With shade temperature at 96° F., B. sulfurosus was found

swarming at noon fully one-quarter mile from the stream. Having

plenty of tree-shade available, this species preferred to swarm in

the open, three or four feet above bare rock and gravel.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

NEEDHAM, J. G., J. R. TRaver and Y. Hsu

1935. The Biology of Mayflies. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, New

York. .

A CHECK LIST OF THE GENERA & SPECIES OF MALLOPHAGA.

By G. H. E. Hopkins and Theresa Clay. Pp. [6+] 1-361. Published by

the Trustees of the British Museum, London. Issued April 1, 1952. Price

£2.

This is a model check list; it is a: pleasure to use. The listing of genera,

and of species within the genera, is alphabetical. All specific names which

have been proposed in a given genus are entered under that generic name.

By using different type faces the authors indicate which names they consider

to represent valid generic or specific concepts, which are synonyms, and

which have been removed to other genera. In the last two instances there are

cross-reference entries. Type species are cited. Hosts are given wherever

known, and corrections suggested for records thought to be erroneous...

The list is based on a study of the world fauna, hence many genera

proposed in regional works are synonymized. It is difficult to tell how many

generic synonymies are original in this book; some are based on unpublished

findings (p. 255: “Although separate from Otidoecus if only the described

species are considered, undescribed species completely bridge the gap between

the two groups.”). Pages 1 to 17 are introductory and explain the authors’

nomenclatorial concepts and working procedure.—H. B. LEecu.

JANUARY, 1954] MALKIN—-EMMESA 35

A NEW NORTHWESTERN MELANDRYID

(Coleoptera: Melandryidae)

Borys MALKIN

University of Washington

Emmesa testacea leeperi Malkin, n. subsp.

Elongate, narrow black except for red coloration of sides of thorax.

Head closely and deeply punctured, frons with shallow fovea in center.

Antennae fuscous, slightly longer than prothorax. Second antennal segment

short, first segment 114 times as long as second, third segment subequal to

first, fourth 114 times as long as third and equal to fifth. Last three segments

rugose longitudinally. Prothorax 1.4 as wide as long, shining, deeply punc-

tured, wider at base than at front, anterior margin truncate, sides arcuate,

expanding posteriorly and attaining greatest width one-third from base. Base

of the prothorax bisinuate, with a shallow longitudinal pit and a notch in

the middle, sides widely red, disc with subquadrate dark cloud. Elytra three

times as long as wide, pubescent, coarsely but regularly punctured, punctures

sub-muricate. Ventral surface black to piceous except posterior half of

inflexed margin of thorax, which is red. Abdominal segments sparsely punc-

tured in middle, more closely on the sides, horizontally finely muricate.

Legs piceous to rufous. Anterior and middle tibia with a spur each, posterior

tibia with two spurs. Tarsal segments: in protarsi first only slightly longer

than second, second one-third as long as the third, third longer than fourth.

In metatarsi first segment extremely elongated almost half length of tibia

and twice as long as second segment which in turn is three times as long as

third. In metatarsi, first segment as long as all others together. Tarsal claws

simple. Length: 9.6 mm. Width: 3.2 mm.

Holotype male: Munset Lake, 4 mi. N. of FLorence, LANE

Co., OrEcon, 14.V1.1950 (B. Malkin and R. L. Leeper), found

floating in lake’s drift. In California Academy of Sciences collec-

tion. Paratypes all males: 1, EucENE, OREGON 23-30.V.1946 (B.

Malkin) ; 1, Genoa Bay, Duncan, British CoLumpta, 14.VI.1928

(W. Mathers), from R. Hopping collection; 1, MANCHESTER,

WASHINGTON 27 May, 1934. The paratypes will be distributed as

follows: Eugene paratype in Malkin collection, British Columbia

paratype in the C.A.S. collection, the Manchester paratype in the

Hatch collection.

The paratypes show considerable diversion from the type, par-

ticularly in the emargination of the posterior end of the prothorax.

The median notch is more pronounced in all of them than in the

type and the Washington specimen is actually deeply bilobed at

the base.

This new subspecies is almost indistinguishable from EF. t.

testacea Van Dyke. The genitalia of the both forms are identical.

36 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Emmesa testacea leeperi.

However, FE. ¢. leeperi is black throughout while E. ¢. testacea is

pale yellow. So far as the available material shows there is a sharp

territorial difference, EF. t. testacea being centered around the San

Francisco bay area in California, while E. t. leeperi is found along

the coast north of the California border. The distributional differ-

ence plus the color difference justify setting apart the new sub-

species.

E. testacea leeperi is named after Dr. R. L. Leeper of the Uni-

versity of Oregon who pointed out to me the type specimens floating

in the lake. Mr. Hugh B. Leech of the California Academy of

Sciences has kindly loaned the British Columbia specimen and also

examples of the typical subspecies and several other closely related

species for comparison, while Dr. M. H. Hatch contributed the

Washington specimen.

REFERENCES

Hatcu, M. H.

1927. Concerning Melandryidae (Coleoptera). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.,

20(3) :363-366.

Van Dyke, E. C.

1929. New species of hetermerous Coleoptera. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.,

23(5) :251-262. (December, 1928, issue of the journal, actually

published January 9, 1929.)

JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER—MEGACHILIDAE 37

DESCRIPTIONS AND RECORDS OF NORTH AMERICAN

HOPLITIS AND ANTHOCOPA?

(Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)

CHARLES D. MICHENER

University of Kansas, Lawrence

In the course of preparing a paper on the Californian species of

certain megachilid bees in cooperation with Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr.,

of the University of California, several new forms and new dis-

tributional records came to light. The present paper has been

written in order to bring our knowledge of these recently revised

groups up to date and to make certain records and new names

available for use in the above mentioned work.

The specimens recorded and described below come from several

sources. I am indebted to each of the following for the use of

material under his care: Dr. John N. Belkin, University of Calli-

fornia at Los Angeles [U. C. L. A.]; Dr. J. Bequaert, Museum of

Comparative Zoology [M. C. Z.]; Dr. G. E. Bohart, Bureau of

Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Logan, Utah [G. E. B.]; Dr.

G. E. Butler, Jr., University of Arizona [U. A.]; Dr. P. D. Hurd,

Jr., University of California [U. C., B.]; Dr. L. W. Quate, Univer-

sity of Nebraska [U. N.]; Dr. E. S. Ross, California Academy of

Sciences [C. A. S.] and P. H. Timberlake, University of California,

Riverside [U. C., R.]. The letters in brackets are used to identify

ihese collections in the following pages.

Considerable material in the Snow Entomological Museum of the

University of Kansas [K. U.], mostly collected by Dr. R. H. Beamer

or under his direction, is here recorded for the first time.

Hoptitis BULLIFACIES Michener

Hoplitis (Hoplitina) bullifacies Michener, 1947, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ;

89:274 (female, not male).

This species was described from a few specimens from Inyo

County, California. The holotype is a female. The male available

at the time was only tentatively associated with the females as it

was taken in a different locality. A long series of both sexes now

available from Big Pine Creek, Inyo County, CaLirornia, 7500

feet altitude, June 12 to 20, 1942 (R. M. Bohart) [G. E. B.] shows

that this original association was incorrect. The male originally

placed with bullifacies is another species, named below as H.

1 Contribution number 868 from the Department of Entomology, University of

Kansas.

38 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

(Hoplitina) mazourka. The proper male of bullifacies is described

below:

Male: Length 5.5 to 6.0 mm. Black, metasomal terga one to four red,

sometimes with inconspicuous middorsal black areas; fifth tergum red later-

ally; posterior margins of terga dark testaceous. Clypeus with a strong,

shining, impunctate, median protuberance similar to that of female; clypeal

margin shallowly concave medially, slightly produced and strongly crenulate

sublaterally; inner orbits slightly converging below; antennal scape about

four times as long as broad, pedicel much longer than broad, flagellum reach-

ing middle of scutellum, segments all much longer than broad, first six

subequal in length and slightly more than twice as long as broad, following

segments successively shorter, the last the shortest segment of the flagellum;

mandibular teeth subequal; maxillary palpi as in female. Middle coxae each

with small shining ventral projection or tooth based of trochanter. Sixth

metasomal tergum without lateral teeth; seventh tergum with broad dorsal

concavity, apical margin with small apical notch (fig. 1). First metasomal

sternum with strong protuberance, abruptly declivous posteriorly; second

sternum with posterior margin broadly convex, fringed; third fringed, emar-

ginate medially; fourth and fifth unfringed, slightly emarginate medially;

sixth with deep median pit from which arises a short, blunt process bearing

numerous short hairs; gonoforceps robust, median portions parallel-sided,

apices tapering to blunt points, outer apical margins with long fringes.

Hoplitis mazourka Michener, new species

Hoplitis (Hoplitina) bullifacies Michener, 1947, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ;

89:275 (male, not female).

This form, a member of the subgenus Hoplitina, is adequately

described in the paper cited above. It differs from true male of

bullifacies, described above, in having short antennae and dentate

lateral margins of the sixth metasomal tergum, as well as in many

other characters.

Holotype male: MazourKa Canyon, Inyo Mountains, Inyo

County, CatirorniA, 7500 feet altitude, on Cryptantha, May 21,

1937 (C. D. Michener) [K. U.].

A second specimen of H. mazourka from Kramer Junction, San

Bernardino County, California, April 20, 1953 (R. O. Schuster)

[U. C., B.] has recently been received. It is not designated a para-

type because of the darker margins of the metasomal terga and the

absence of the weak median emargination of the seventh tergum

but it seems certainly conspecific.

HOPplLiTIs TRUNCATA TRUNCATA (Cresson)

Wyominc: Newcastle, June (M. Cary) [U. N.]. SourH Da-

KoTA: Custer [U. N.]. Nepraska: Glen, Sioux County, 4000 feet

altitude, August 20, 1906, on Cleome (H. S. Smith) ; War Bonnet

Canyon, Sioux County, on Pentstemon (J. C. Crawford) [all U.N.].

JANUARY, 1954] = MICHENER—-MEGACHILIDAE 39

HOPLITIS TRUNCATA MESCALERIUM (Cockerell)

CoLoravo: Ute Creek, 9000 feet altitude, July 11 (R. W. Daw-

son) [U. N.]. Arizona: Williams, 7000 feet altitude, June 15, 1925

(A. A. Nichol) [U. A.]; White Mountains, June 19, 1950 (P. P.

Cook) [K. U.]; Oak Creek Canyon, June 26, 1950 (L. D. Beamer)

[K. U.].

This species has not previously been known west of central

Colorado and New Mexico.

All of the specimens of the species truncata recorded above from

Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Nebraska exhibit char-

acters intermediate between the two subspecies. The Colorado

specimen (a single female) is nearer to mescalerium while those

from Wyoming, South Dakota, and Nebraska are nearer to truncata.

HOPLITIS PRODUCTA INTERIOR Michener

Cotorapo: Artesia, Moffat County, on Helianthus petiolaris,

July 23, 1950 (C. D. Michener) [K. U.]. Wyominc: Laramie,

some on Pentstemon angustifolium, June 9, 1952 (R. H. Beamer,

L. D. Beamer, W. E. LeBerge) [K. U.]. Uran: Park City, June 11,

1952 (A. E. Wolf, C. H. Winer) [K. U.].

HOPLITIS GRINNELLI GRINNELLI (Cockerell)

Baga Cauirornia: El Mayor, April, 1939 (C. D. Michener)

fK. U.]. Nevapa: Twenty-two miles south of Las Vegas, on

Sphaeralcea ambigua, April 3, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain) [U. C., B.].

HOPLITIS GRINNELLI SEPTENTRIONALIS Michener

IpaHo: Cub River Canyon, Franklin County, on Pentstemon

cyananthus, June 1, 1948 (G. E. Bohart) [G. E. B.]. Uran: Logan,

on Phacelia linearis, June 4, 1948 (G. E. Bohart) [G. E. B.].

Hopuitis UVULALIS (Cockerell)

IpaHo: Willow Flat, Franklin County, July 27, 1950 (C. D.

Michener) [K. U.]. This is a new state record.

HopLitis HYPOCRITA (Cockerell)

ARIZONA: Santa Catalina Mountains, March 13, 1938 (R. H.

Crandall) ; Sabino Canyon, February 24, 1938 (R. H. Crandall)

[all U. A.].

HOPLITIS ALBIFRONS ARGENTIFRONS (Cresson )

Nesraska: War Bonnet Canyon, Sioux County, July 21, 1901

(M. Cary) ; Badlands north of Monroe Canyon, Sioux County, on

Astragalus, June 24, 1901 (M. Cary) [all U. N.].

This is the first record of this form east of the Rocky Mountain

states.

40 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST | VOL. Xxx, NO. 1

HopLitis LAEVIBULLATA (Michener), new combination

Anthocopa (Eremosmia) laevibullata Michener, 1943, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.,

36:68 (female).

Hoplitis (Acrosmia) perissocera Michener, 1947, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

89:299 (male) (new synonym).

Both sexes of this species were collected in numbers at Pinecrest,

Tuolumne County, Catirornia, July 16, 1952, on a low growing

Nemophila (R. Snelling, J. I. Stage). (An additional specimen

from the same locality was collected on June 29, by J. I. Stage).

The association of sexes indicated by the above synonymy is thus

established.

A female specimen previously recorded from Hanna, Urau,

July 14, 1949 (R. H. Beamer) [K. U.] and another from Logan,

Utah, June 16, 1947 (G. E. Bohart) [G. E. B.] differ from Calli-

fornia material in having the clypeal truncation wider, about equal

in width to the distance from the end of the truncation to the lateral

angle of the clypeus.

The subgenus Acrosmia is more similar to Anthocopa than is

any other American group of Hoplitis. It has the robust body form

typical of Anthocopa, particularly in the female. The first metaso-

mal tergum has the anterior surface flat, not convex as in most

Hoplitis. However, there is a distinct longitudinal sulcus in this

surface, as in Hoplitis. Other features suggesting placement in

Hoplitis are the absence of carinae on the rear coxae and the

presence of a tooth (weak and blunt) on each side of the sixth

metasomal tergum of the male. In addition to H. laevibullata this

subgenus contains H. plagiostoma Michener and the new species,

rufina, described below.

HoP.itis PLAGIOSTOMA Michener

The following record, based on a single male, is the second

known locality for this species. OREGON: Fish Lake, Steens Moun-

tains, 7000 feet altitude, July 11, 1927 (H. A. Scullen) [U.C., R.].

Hoplitis rufina Michener, new species

This is a species of the subgenus Acrosmia which differs from

the other known species by the red abdomen. In the deeply emar-

ginate seventh metasomal tergum of the male this species most

nearly resembles H. laevibullata (Michener) but it differs from that

form morphologically in the rounded median apical projection of

the seventh sternum. The female differs from that of laevibullata

not only in color but in the punctate clypeal swelling, the longer

JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER—MEGACHILIDAE Al

clypeal trunctation demarked by distinct angles, and other char-

acters.

Female: Length 7 mm. (varying to 6 mm. among paratypes). Black with

mandibles apically and under surfaces of flagella slightly brownish, tergulae

brown, metasomal terga red except that sixth is black and extreme sides of

fifth are infuscated (subapical dark band on fifth in specimen from Oregon).

Wings brown, veins and stigma brownish black. Pubescence white, rather

sparse, not forming bands on metasomal terga except laterally on first; sixth

tergum with pale hairs scattered over surface. Head about as long as broad,

inner orbits slightly converging below; clypeal truncation slightly broader

than distance from end of truncation to lateral angle of clypeus, ends of

truncation each demarked by distinct, slightly produced angle and middle

of truncation also slightly produced so that the clypeal margin has three

feeble projections (fig. 3); upper three-fourths of clypeus strongly convex;

clypeus coarsely punctate, the punctures longitudinally elongate, especially

anteriorly, wide smooth interspaces between punctures on median portion

of convexity; remainder of head finely punctured, particularly finely and

closely so on frons; median ocellus twice as far from antennal bases as from

posterior margin of vertex; distance between posterior ocelli equal to dis-

tance from one of them to eye margin and to posterior margin of vertex;

mandibular teeth equidistant; maxillary palpi five segmented, third segment

much longer than the others, which are subequal in length. Mesonotum and

scutellum slightly more coarsely punctate than vertex; mesepisterna more

coarsely so than scutum; enclosure of propodeum granular throughout. Hind

tibial spurs pale brown, curved apically. Abdomen with punctures shallow,

mostly separated by several diameters, but fully as large as those of meso-

scutum; surface between punctures shining but minutely roughened, par-

ticularly on posterior margins of the terga where punctures are weak and

inconspicuous.

Male: Length 6 mm. Coloration similar to female but antennal flagella

paler brown except for dark last segment; tegulae nearly black; fifth and

sixth metasomal terga black except for reddish translucent apices, seventh

black. Pubescence sparse and pale as in female except that face is largely

covered with long white hair (largely worn off in allotype). Head much

broader than long, finely and densely punctate except for hypostomal and

lower genal areas where punctures are widely separated; inner orbits

parallel; clypeus scarcely extending below lower ends of eyes, margin

shining and impunctate, median portion made crenulate by five small con-

vexities of which the median is broadest; median crenulate portion of margin

exceeding lateral portions; antennal scape over four times as long as broad;

last flagellar segment longer and broader than others, produced to one side

to form a pointed process shorter than in laevibullata (process narrowly

rounded in Utah specimen) ; first flagellar segment next in length, longer than

broad; second and following segments about as broad as long; flagellar

segments two to six with some long hairs on lower margin (short, few,

perhaps worn or broken in allotype, long and curved as in other Acrosmia

in specimen from Utah). Thoracic and abdominal sculpturing much as in

female. Sixth metasomal tergum with a tooth at each side, seventh strongly

42 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 1

bilobed, lobes narrower than emargination between them, the latter deeper

than a semicircle; exposed sterna as in laevibullata but sixth metasomal

sternum with median process rounded, apparently not constricted basally.

Of the six known specimens of this species, no two have been

collected at the same place. As indicated below, some of the speci-

mens are not included among the paratypes because they are from

remote localities and exhibit minor differences from the type series

as indicated in parentheses in the description above.

Holotype female: MapERA County, CatirorntA, 3000 feet alti-

tude, May 27, 1938 (R. M. Bohart) [C. A. $.]. Allotype male:

Big Pine Creek, Inyo County, California, 7500 feet altitude, June

12, 1942 (R. M. Bohart) [C. A. S.]. One female paratype: Pine

Flat, Tulare County, on Viola purpurea, May 3, 1947 (P. H. Tim-

berlake) [U. C., R.].

Three additional specimens are from the following localities:

CatirorniA: Tetley Park, San Bernardino Mountains, on Nemo-

phila, May 23, 1936 (E. G. Linsley) [U. C., B.]. OrEcon: Camp

Abbot, Deschutes County, June 4, 1944 (P. A. Arnaud). Urau:

Logan Canyon, May 27, 1938 (Bischoff) [G. E. B.].

HoPLITIS BISCUTELLAE (Cockerell)

NeEvapDA: Twenty-two miles south of Las Vegas, on compositae

and Sphaeralcea ambigua, April 3, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain) ; six

miles south of Las Vegas, April 6, 1953 (R. F. Smith, J. Linsley)

[all U. C., B.]. Uran: Zion National Park [G. E. B.]. These are

new state records.

ANTHOCOPA ELONGATA (Michener )

Montana: Lake St. Marys, Glacier National Park, June 1, 1938

(E. C. Van Dyke) [K. U.]. WasHincton: Sunrise, Mount Ranier,

July 11, 1934 (O. Bryant) [C. A. S.]. These are new state records.

Anthocopa anthodyta bequaerti Michener, new subspecies

This form is distinguishable from typical anthodyta from Cali-

fornia by the shape of the seventh metasomal tergum in the male,

which has large lateral lobes, as long as the median spine of this

tergum. The lateral margins of the tergum are slightly more convex

than usual in typical anthodyta. In other respects, including the

medially narrowed mandibles of the female and the long white

apical fringe on the fourth metasomal sternum of the males,

bequaerti resembles anthodyta,

Holotype male, allotype female, and two paratypes of each

sex. Box Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, ARIZONA, on red Pent-

JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER—MEGACHILIDAE 43,

stemon, April 23, 1949 (J. Bequaert) [M. C. Z.]. A pair of para-

types is in the Snow Entomological Museum.

Anthocopa arizonensis Michener, new species

This species of the subgenus Atoposmia is closely related to

A. anthodyta Michener but differs by the largely ferruginous tegu-

lae, the ferruginous tibial spurs, and the more coarsely punctured

posterior part of the abdomen.

Female: Length 7 mm. Agrees with the description of A. anthodyta

(Michener, 1943) and with specimens of that species except in the following

particulars: Clypeus distinctly red along anterior margin, its surface more

convex than in anthodyta, the punctures medially separated by a little

shining ground, a longitudinal median raised line (more noticeable in some

paratypes than in holotype) present; mandibles much narrowed medially but

not quite so much so as in anthodyta, so that length along lower margin is

slightly less than four times shortest breadth; distance from subapical inner

swelling to apex of third tooth much less than shortest width of mandibles.

Tegulae ferruginous, dusky or black anteriorly; tibial spurs ferruginous.

Abdomen with posterior margins of terga broadly transluscent brown;

punctures of abdomen unusually coarse, those of center of second tergum

separated by one to two puncture widths, those of centers of third, fourth and

fifth terga closer, many of them fully as large as largest punctures of

mesoscutum.

Holotype female: GRAND Canyon, Arizona, June 7, 1940

(R. M. Bohart) [C. A. S.]. One female paratype, same data, 7000

feet altitude [U. C. L. A.]; one female paratype, same data, June

5, 1940 [K. U.]. One female paratype: Jacob Lake, Arizona, 8000

feet altitude, June 13, 1940 (R. M. Bohart) [U. C. L. A.].

ANTHOCOPA ABJECTA (Cresson)

Osmia abjecta Cresson, 1878, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 7:103.

Hoplitis mesae Cockerell, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 397:2 (new synonym).

Anthocopa nigrior Michener, 1943, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 36:54 (female,

not male) (new synonym).

Larger series of abjecta than were available in 1943 show that

the female described as nigrior is indistinguishable from individ-

uals in Utah and Colorado populations of abjecta. The male de-

scribed under nigrior is quite different from the male of abjecta

and probably represents a distinct species whose female is un-

known. It was unfortunate that it was associated with nigrior since

it-was not collected with the female specimens assigned to that

species.

A re-study of the type of mesae, kindly lent for examination by

Dr. M. A. Cazier of the American Museum of Natural History,

shows that it is the male of abjecta, as was suggested earlier

MM. THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

(Michener, 1943). The dark pubescence is nearly all worn off of

the legs and abdomen, but is still recognizable.

Male: Agrees with description of male of alta (Michener, 1943) except

that distance between posterior ocelli is often equal to distance to posterior

margin of vertex and to distance from ocelli to eye margin. Pubescence of

head and thorax entirely pale as in alta but legs with pubescence largely

black or fuscous; abdomen with much fuscous hair, the pale bands incon-

spicuous, sometimes visible only on first tergum, in other individuals evident

en first four terga.

Uran: Park City, on Pentstemon moffatti, June 11, 1952 (A. E.

Wolf, W. E. LaBerge, Cheng Liang) [K. U.]: twenty miles east of

Salt Lake City, June 11, 1952 (Cheng Liang) [K. U.]: Allen

Canyon, July 3, 1950 (G. F. Knowlton, S. L. Wood) [G. E. B.].

CoLorapo: Monarch Pass, July 5, 1949 (R. H. Beamer) [K. U.];

Trout Creek Pass, July 5, 1949 (J. R. White) [K. U.]; Science

Lodge, west Boulder County, July 6, 1939 (U. N. Lanham)

LK. U.]; Beaver Reservoir, on Penstemon alpinus, July 1, 1939

(P. H. Timberlake) [U. C., R.].

Anthocopa hebitis Michener, new species

This species, a member of the subgenus Atopsomia, is related

to A. pyenognatha Michener with which it agrees in the short

maxillary palpi and the ferruginous tegulae and tibial spurs. It

differs from pycnognatha and from all other Atoposmia in the

exceedingly fine and close punctuation of the face, vertex and

dorsum of the thorax, there being no interspaces between punctures.

It also differs from all other Atoposmia in the hind basitarsi; in

the female they are finely and closely punctured, dull, and almost

2.3 times as long as broad. In the male they are somewhat less dull,

2.5 times long as broad. In all other species the hind basitarsi are

shining, rather coarsely punctured, and comparable ratios are 2.5

to 3.0 for females, 3.0 to 4.0 for males. In the male of hebitis the

lateral margins of the sixth metasomal tergum are relatively

straight, not convex as in pyenognatha.

Female: Length 7 mm. Pubescence pale brownish, yellow on under

surfaces of tarsi, whitish on sides of head and thorax. Punctation of head and

thorax fine and close, no interspace between punctures in most areas: punc-

tures of clypeus scarcely coarser than those of frons, those of mesoscutum

somewhat coarser than those of vertex; anterior ocellus somewhat behind

midpoint between posterior edge of vertex and antennal bases: distance

between posterior ocelli slightly shorter than distance from one of them

to eye margin, more distinctly shorter than distance to posterior margin of

vertex; pubescence of genal areas abundant, depressed, and directed forward:

punctation of genal areas particularly fine and close; clypeal truncation

JANUARY, 1954] |= MICHENER—MEGACHILIDAE 45

about as long as distance from its rounded end to lateral angle of clypeus;

mandibles slightly less than three times as long as shortest breadth, tridentate,

subapical dorsal swelling rounded, distant from apex of third tooth by about

one-third shortest breadth of mandibles; maxillary palpi little more than

half as long as first segment of labial palpi, five-segmented but last segment

short and exceedingly minute, third segment longer than the others, first,

second and fourth subequal in length. Dorsum of thorax finely and closely

punctured but somewhat more coarsely so than vertex; mesepisterna more

coarsely punctured than mesoscutum, punctures slightly separated by shining

ground; enclosure of propodeum somewhat roughened above; tegulae reddish

brown, infuscated anteriorly; hind tibial spurs reddish brown, somewhat

curved apically; hind basitarsi dull, minutely punctured, parallel-sided basally,

tapering apically, 2.3 times as long as broad. Abdomen strongly punctured,

the coarser punctures of sides of terga coarser than those of any part of

thorax, punctures of middorsal parts of first three metasomal terga separated

by less than a puncture width in most places and extending almost to posterior

margins of terga; punctures of fourth tergum closer than those of preceding

terga; punctures of fifth and sixth terga finer and about as close as possible;

scopa yellowish white, short, hairs of second sternum not much longer than

length of exposed portion of sternum; apical pubescent bands of terga

broken medially on first three terga.

Male: Length 9 mm. Similar to female in appearance and punctation.

Clypeus but little more finely punctured than rest of head; distance between

posterior ocelli equal to distance from one of them to eye margin and to

distance to posterior margin of vertex; clypeal truncation slightly produced,

demarked by distinct angles, much longer than distance from end of trunca-

tion to lateral angle of clypeus; margin of truncation slightly crenulate,

narrowly impunctate. Punctation of mesoscutum scarcely coarser than that of

vertex. Third metasomal sternum with conspicuous, broad, fringed emargi-

nation; sixth tergum with strong tooth at each side, the apex of which is

distinctly acute, laterally this tergum not strongly convex; seventh tergum

with median tooth slightly exceeding the distinct lateral lobes; posterior

margins of terga much more broadly reddish brown than in female.

Holotype female: MINERALKING, TULARE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA,

July 31, 1935 (G. E. Bohart). This specimen is being deposited at

Dr. Bohart’s request in the California Academy of Sciences.

Because it was not collected at the same place, the male speci-

men, from Huntington Lake, Fresno County, California, August,

1917 (I. McCracken) [C. A. S.] has not been designated as an

allotype.

Anthocopa rubrella macswaini Michener, new subspecies

Female: Length 5 mm. (varying to 4 mm. among paratypes). Agrees

with typical rubrella Michener (from Texas) but is smaller (rubrella ranges

from 5.6 to 7 mm. in length), with the median pair of small lobes on the

clypeal margin broader, each consistently half as wide as the lateral apical

lobes formed by the ends of the clypeal truncation.

Male: Length 5 mm. (varying to 4 mm. among paratypes). Agrees with

typical rubrella except for smaller size.

46 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. Xxx, NO. l

Holotype female, allotype male, and two female and eight male

paratypes: TWO MILES SOUTH OF BAKER, SAN BERNARDINO CounrTY,

Catirornia, April 4, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain [U. C., B.]. One male

paratype: seven miles north of Vidal Junction, San Bernardino

County, California, April 3, 1951 (P. D. Hurd) [U. C., B.].

The holotype and allotype are placed in the Snow Entomologi-

cal Museum, University of Kansas.

A single male from twenty-two miles south of Las Vegas,

Nevada, April 3, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain) [U. C., B.] is referred

to this subsepcies.

A single male, large enough to be typical rwbrella, is from San

Carlos Bay, Sonora, Mexico, on Dalea, April 8, 1952 (L. D.

Anderson) [U. C., R.].

Anthocopa rubrella rubrior Michener, new subspecies

Female: Length 5 mm. (varying to 4.5 mm. among paratypes). Agrees

with typical rubrella Michener (from Texas) except for the smaller size, the

broader median lobes of the clypeal margin (each of which is nearly as wide

as the lateral apical lobes formed by the ends of the clypeal truncation),

and the larger amount of red coloration, as follows: mandibles except bases

and apices, apical margin of clypeus, tegulae, posterior lobes of pronotum

(black in some paratypes), posterior femora (largely black in some para-

types), inner surfaces of posterior tibiae (black in some paratypes), and

entire metasoma, infuscated on sixth tergum and sternum. (In some paratypes

middorsal areas on fourth and fifth terga, basal portion of sixth tergum and |

entire fifth and sixth sterna black). The pubescence seems denser and whiter

than that of either rubrella proper or macswaini.

Male: Length 5.5 mm. (varying to 5 mm. among paratypes). Agrees with

typical ruwbrella except in coloration, which is as in the female.

Holotype female, allotype male and one male paratype: Hop-

kins WELL, RiversipE County, Catirorni, April 29, 1952 (J. G.

Rozen) [U. C., B.]. One female paratype: twenty-four miles south

of Indio, California, on Dalea mollis, March 25, 1933 (P. H. Tim-

berlake) [U. C., R.]. One female paratype: eighteen miles west of

Blythe, California, on Dalea mollis, April 30, 1952 (P. H. Timber-

lake) [U. C., R.]. One female paratype: Anza State Park, San

Diego County, California, April 23, 1951 (R. C. Bechtel)

[U. C., D.]. One male paratype: Borego, San Diego County, Calli-

fornia, May 2, 1952 (J. G. Rozen) [U. C., B.].

The holotype and allotype are placed in the Snow Entomological

Museum, University of Kansas.

This subspecies is much more different from the Texan rubrella

than is macswaini from San Bernardino County. The latter is inter-

mediate in certain respects. Nonetheless it is possible that rubrior

JANUARY, 1954] §=MICHENER—-MEGACHILIDAE 47

represents a different species but this probably will not be clear

unless rubrior and macswaini are found to occur in the same area.

Anthocopa hurdiana Michener, new species

This form is similar to A. rubrella macswaini, differing in the

simple truncate clypeal margin of the female, the less convex and

less shining upper part of the clypeus of the female, the slightly

narrower genal areas of the female, the positicn of the ocelli

slightly nearer to the posterior edge of the vertex in the female,

and the slightly narrower head in the male.

Female: Length 5 mm. Agrees with the description of A. rubrella

(Michener, 1949) except as follows: Clypeus truncate, truncation shorter

than distance from its end to lateral angle of clypeus; upper two-thirds of

clypeus less convex, its punctures rather close, much larger than those else-

where on head; median ocellus about twice as far from antennal bases as

from posterior edge of vertex; distance between posterior ocelli equal to

distance from one of them to eye margin, much greater than distance to

posterior edge of vertex; genal areas about half as wide as eye, seen from

side. Tegulae brown, infuscated anteriorly; punctation of mesoscutum like

that of vertex, that of mesepisterna slightly sparser. Second metasomal tergum

with black spot dorsally, third largely black dorsally.

Male: Length 5 mm. Differs from the description of A. rubrella as

follows: Inner margins of eyes distinctly converging below.

Holotype female, allotype male, and one female paratype: SUR-

PRISE Canyon, Inyo County, Catirornta, on Dalea fremontii,

April 28, 1953 (P. D. Hurd) [U. C., B.]. The holotype and allo-

type are in the Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas.

Anthocopa namatophila Michener, new species

This small black species is a member of the subgenus Phaeosmia,

in so far as can be determined from the female alone. In size and in

the presence of an apical flange, not hidden by a subapical fascia,

on the sixth tergum, this species resembles A. rwbrella Michener,

maryae Michener and hurdiana Michener. It differs from the first

two by the unmodified clypeal margin.

Females: Length 5 mm. Pubescence white, brushes of hair under margin

of clypeus short but rather broad and orange, mandibles with some orange

hair on outer surfaces but not forming a definite brush. Inner margins of

eyes slightly converging below; anterior margin of clypeus produced to a

broadly rounded truncation with rounded ends, length of truncation about

equal to distance from end of truncation to lateral angle of clypeus, produced

anterior marginal area of clypeus not directed forward; head rather finely

punctured, punctures not widely separated, those of clypeus coarser than on

rest of head; upper two-thirds of clypeus but little more strongly convex than

lower third of clypeus and slightly more coarsely punctured than lower third;

lower third with punctures exceedingly close except for the narrow impunc-

48 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 1

tate apical margin of truncation: anterior margin of clypeus rather broadly

red; anterior ocellus twice as far from antennal bases as from posterior edge

of vertex; distance between posterior ocelli about equal to distance from

one of them to eye margin, nearly twice distance from one of them to posterior

margin of vertex; mandibles red except basally, subapical inner swelling

rather high and obliquely truncate distally, apex of median mandibular tooth

about equidistant between apices of upper and lower teeth; maxillary palpi

short, five-segmented, second and third segments subequal and longer than

any of the others; first segment of labial palpus about half as long as second.

Thorax about as coarsely punctate as head, disc of mesoscutum with punctures

slightly more widely separated than those of vertex; mesepisternum with

punctures slightly finer than those of mesoscutum, more widely separated

than and slightly coarser than those of genal areas; upper portion of enclosure

of propodeum slightly roughened, lower portion shining; tegulae testaceous,

infuscated anteriorly; hind tibial spurs testaceous, slightly curved at apices;

wings faintly dusky. Abdomen distinctly punctured; punctures of central

portion of second tergum slightly finer than those of mesoscutum, separated

by about a puncture width; posterior margins of terga broadly brownish with

a distinct impunctate zone along the margin proper in front of which is a

region of fine punctation; posterior margins of terga with bands of white

pubescence which are not dense enough to obscure the brownish margins of

the terga; sixth tergum without a subapical band of hairs but with scattered

distinct white hairs over entire surface and with a brownish flange along

posterior margin; scopa white.

Holotype female and three female paratypes: SEVEN AND ONE-

HALF MILES SOUTH OF TWENTY-NINE PaLms, CALIFORNIA, on Nama

demissum, May 7, 1949 (P. H. Timberlake) [U. C., R.].

Anthocopa segregata Michener, new species

Anthocopa robustula, Michener, 1943, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 36:71 (Kearsarge

record only).

Specimens of this species have been confused in collections with

A. robustula (Cockerell). They differ particularly in the coarser

punctation of the upper, convex part of the clypeus of the female,

this region being conspicuously more coarsely punctured than any

other part of the head. Also the subapical swelling of the inner

margin of the mandible is weak and gently rounded, not strong and

truncated apically as in robustula. The species is also close to A.

hypostomalis Michener but differs in having the hypostomal carinae

low with the longitudinal portions longer than the transverse

portions.

Female: Length 8 mm. (paratype 7 mm.) Pubescence white, brushes of

hair under margin of clypeus broad, rather long, orange; mandibles without

brushes of orange hair on other surfaces. Inner margins of eyes very slightly

diverging below; anterior margin of clypeus produced to a broadly rounded

truncation with rounded ends, length of truncation about equal to distance

irom end of truncation to lateral angle of clypeus, produced portion of clypeus

JANUARY, 1954] =MICHENER—MEGACHILIDAE 49

not directed anteriorly; head finely punctate except for clypeus which has

punctures much coarser than those elsewhere; upper two-thirds of clypeus

distinctly convex, its punctures separated by one-third a puncture width;

lower flat portion of clypeus with punctures slightly elongated, similarly

separated; margin of clypeus impunctate, rather irregularly roughened; punc-

tures of rest of head but little separated; anterior ocellus slightly behind

midpoint between antennal bases and posterior edge of vertex; distance from

posterior ocellus to eye margin very slightly greater than distance between

posterior occelli and about equal to distance from one of them to pos-

terior margin of vertex; mandible slightly reddish throughout, subapical inner

swelling low and rounded, apex of median tooth ebout midway between

apices of first and third teeth, narrowest portion of mandible slightly more

than one-fourth as long as mandible measured along lower margin; maxillary

palpi five-segmented, second and third segments subequal and longer than

others. Punctures of thorax coarser than those of top of head, those of

Pe

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

1., Posterior end of abdomen of male of Hoplitis bullifacies. 2, Same,

Hoplitis rufina. 3, Outline of clypeus of female, Hoplitis rufina. 4, Same,

Anthocopa rubrella rubrior. 5, Same, Anthocopa rubrella macswaini. 6, Apex

of mandible, Anthocopa segregata, female. 7, Same, Anthocopa mirabilis, male.

8, Same, Anthocopa namatophila, female. 9, Same, Hopiitis rufina, female.

mesoscutum and mesepisterna separated by about one-fourth a puncture

width or slightly more; enclosure of propodeum roughened and dull laterally

but smooth to upper margin medially; tegulae testaceous; hind tibial spurs

bent apically, testaceous; wings nearly clear. Abdomen distinctly punctured

but punctures much smaller than those of thorax, those of center of second

tergum separated by two to three puncture widths; posterior margins of terga

translucent brownish, very narrowly impunctate, with broad bands of white

pubescence; entire sixth tergum with scattered white hairs; scopa white.

Holotype female: MazourKa Canyon, Inyo Mountains, Inyo

County, CatirorniA, on Parosela fremontii, May 25, 1937 (C. D.

Michener) [K. U.]. Paratype female: near Kearsarge, Inyo County,

May 25, 1937 (E. C. Van Dyke) [C. A. S.].

ANTHOCOPA HYPOSTOMALIS Michener

The male of this species is here described for the first time.

LL

50 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

Male: Length 7 mm. Similar in appearance to female. Pubescence largely

white, that of dorsum of head and thorax yellowish. Inner margins of eyes

distinctly diverging below; clypeus much more finely and closely punctured

than rest of head, densely covered with white pubescence which obscures

surface; anterior margin of truncation shining and crenulate; area behind

ocelli not more coarsely punctate than rest of head; mandibles broader at

level of apex of inner tooth than medially. Tegulae reddish testaceous; upper

part of enclosure of propodeum smooth medially. Abdominal punctation

somewhat coarser than in female but finer than that of a mesoscutum; sixth

metasomal tergum with posterior margin truncated medially, the truncation

continuous with the convex lateral margins, with no emarginations or teeth

or lobes laterally and no projecting flange medially; seventh tergum with

posterior margin slightly and broadly emarginate medially, scarcely exposed

beyond sixth; second and following sterna brown rather than black; second

large, its margin narrowly truncate medially; third with posterior margin

broadly emarginate with a fringe of long yellowish hairs medially; fourth

with posterior margin produced to a small rounded median lobe.

Catirornia: Palm Springs, on Cryptantha barbigera, March

30, 1945 (P. H. Timberlake) [U. C., R.]; Surprise Canyon, Inyo

County, on Dalea fremontii, April 28, 1953 (P. D. Hurd)

PUSG:B:];

ANTHOCOPA HEMIZONIAE (Cockerell)

Mr. P. H. Timberlake has obtained a male of this species,

hitherto known only from the female. It is described as follows:

Male: Length 9 mm. Similar in appearance to female but pubescence

even yellower, particularly that of dorsum of thorax; pubescence of face

dense, largely covering surface, yellowish white in color. Inner orbits slightly

converging below; head very finely and closely punctured, clypeus more finely

so than rest of head; anterior margin of clypeus broadly impunctate with

several irregular strong nodules: area behind ocelli not more closely or

sparsly punctate than rest of head; mandibles not narrowed apically, breadth

at apex of inner tooth equal to breadth near middle. Thorax little if any

more coarsely punctate than head; hind tibial spurs slender and brown.

Punctures of anterior metasomal terga slightly coarser than those of meso-

scutum, separated by about half a puncture width; punctation of posterior

terga progressively finer; sixth metasomal tergum medially truncate, this

region with a projecting dark brownish flange lateral to which are shallow

emarginations separating the truncation from the low, obtuse, rounded, lateral

lobes; seventh tergum obtusely angulate medially, sides straight; second

metasomal sternum large, its margin rounded, neither truncate nor emarginate

but median portion somewhat produced posteriorly, therefore strongly

rounded; third sternum with posterior margin nearly straight except for

large median emargination filled with long yellowish hairs; posterior margin

of fourth sternum broadly rounded.

CALIFORNIA: Gavilan, on Helianthus gracilentus, June 9, 1950

(P. H. Timberlake) [U. C., R.].

JANUARY, 1954] = MICHENER—MEGACHILIDAE Sik

ANTHOCOPA MALLOGNATHA Michener

NeEvapba: Twenty-two miles south of Las Vegas, April 4, 1953,

on composite (J. W. MacSwain, E. G. Linsley) [U. C., B.]; six

miles south of Las Vegas, April 6, 1953 (Ray F. Smith) [U. C., B.].

Anthocopa mirifica Michener, new species

Anthocopa mortua, Michener, 1943, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 36:78 (female,

not male).

The female associated with the male mortua in 1943 proves to

be quite unrelated to moriua, and is here renamed. It is described

in the reference cited above. The most distinctive features of

mirifica are the short clypeal truncation of the female, shorter than

the distance from the end of the truncation to the lateral angle of

the clypeus, and the short, robust, but tridentate mandibles of the

male.

Male: Length 6.6 to 7 mm. Pubescence white, not obscuring surface of

clypeus; inner orbits distinctly converging below; head rather coarsely and

closely punctate, clypeus more finely and more closely so, particularly an-

teriorly; anterior margin of clypeus narrowly impunctuate, truncation rounded

laterally and much longer than distance from end of truncation to lateral

angle of clypeus, medially with broad shallow emargination and median

projecting tooth; mandibles short and robust, not narrowed medially, apices

tridentate, distance from apex of lower tooth to middle tooth greater than

distance from apex of middle tooth to upper tooth. Mesoscutum with punc-

tation little if any coarser than that of vertex; mesepisterna with punctures

similar to those of mesoscutum and genal areas; outer and posterior portions

of tegulae brown; upper portion of enclosure of propodeum roughened.

Metasomal punctation dorsally about as coarse as that of mesoscutum but

punctures more widely separated although in most areas separated by no

more than a puncture width, laterally punctures even coarser than those of

mesoscutum; first five metasomal terga provided with apical bands of white

pubescence; sixth tergum broadly truncate posteriorly with no distinct sub-

lateral angles and without a projecting flange; seventh tergum broadly

rounded posteriorly; second sternum large, posteiror margin distinctly emar-

ginate medially; third sternum broadly emarginate posteriorly, the emargina-

tion completely filled with a very long, yellowish fringe; fourth sternum with

margin slightly produced and rounded medially; genital coxopodite robust

although tapering to slender apex, hairs visible from above short but under

surfaces subapically with rather long hairs.

Since he males associated with mirifica were not collected with

females, they are not designated as types.

Holotype female: MazourKa Canyon, Inyo Mountains, Ivyo

County, Catirornia, May 25, 1937 (N. W. Frazier) [K. U.]. One

female paratype from each of the following localities, all in Catt-

FORNIA: near Darwin Falls, Argus Mountains, Inyo County, May

52 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

30, 1937 (C. D. Michener) [K. U.] ; Westgard Pass, Inyo County,

June 15, 1937, on Encelia farinosa (C. D. Michener) [K. U.]; Box

Canyon, on Chaenactis carphoclinia, April 21, 1952 (P. H. Timber-

lake) [U. C. R.]. Eighteen female paratypes from seven miles west

of Westgard Pass, Inyo County, California, some on Encelia fari-

nosa, June 26, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain, N. Nakakihara, D. D.

Linsdale) [U. C., B.].

Males are from Surprise Canyon, Panamint Mountains, Inyo

County, California, on Chaenactis brachypappa, April 28 and 29,

1953 (P. D. Hurd) [U. C., B.] and (P. H. Timberlake) [U. C., R.].

LITERATURE CITED

MIcHENER, CHARLES D.

1943. The American bees of the genus Anthocopa with notes on Old

World Subgenera (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae), Ann. Ent. Soc.

Amer., 36:49-86.

1939. A revision of the genus Ashmeadiella (Hymen, Megachilidae),

Amer. Midland Nat., 22:1-84.

1949. Records and descriptions of American megachilid bees (Hymen-

optera), Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc., 22:41-59.

CHANGE OF THE SPECIES NAME OF MYZUS LANGEI

ESSIG TO MYZUS CALLANGEI ESSIG

E O. Essic

University of California, Berkeley

The specific name of Myzus langei Essig 1936 is herewith

changed to Myzus callange Essig because it is preoccupied by

Myzus langei Borner 1933. This latter species was first described

in the genus Trilobaphis (Borner 1933). Subsequently in 1952 the

author published the following in nomenclature: “Myzus (Syn.

Trilobaphis and Galobium langet C. B. 1933)” (Borner 1952,

p. 131.)

REFERENCES

Borner, CARL

1933. Kleine Mitteilungen tber Blattlause. Biol. Reichs. Zweigs., Naum-

burg (Saale): p. 4.

1952. Europae centralis Aphides di Blattlause Mitteleuropas Namen,

Synonyme, Wirtspflanzen, Generationszyklen. Weimar Druck-und-

Verlagsanstalt Gebr. Knabe K. G. Weimar. p. 131.

JANUARY, 1954] PHILIP—TABANIDAE Se,

NEW NORTH AMERICAN TABANIDAE (DIPTERA).

PART IV. ZOPHINA NEW GENUS FOR “APATOLESTES”

EISENI TOWNSEND FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA?

CorneEwius B. Puiiip?

Townsend (1895) described “Apatolestes (or nov. gen.) eiseni

n.sp.” from San Jose de Cabo, Lower California, based on a

“wholly blackish’ male specimen with peculiar antennae, and

stated “it is entirely different from ChArysops in its antennal struc-

ture, and can hardly be either a Silvius or an Apatolestes.” He de-

ferred setting up a new genus, however, on the male alone. This

type was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco’, but

J. M. Aldrich had examined it in October 1905, making a rough

drawing of the antennae showing the scape longer than tall, and

noting only in addition in correspondence with J. S. Hine that the

ocelli were large and on a high prominence. Also in correspondence

with Hine on July 6, 1907, Townsend forwarded on unpublished

manuscript he had prepared on “Zophotabanus n. genus” in refer-

ence to this dark fly, based on two additional topotypic males and

a female, the latter, unfortunately, not in good preservation. It

seems doubtful if any of these additional specimens were lost with

the type since Aldrich saw only the type at the California Academy

of Sciences a few months previous to the great fire. None was

indicated as being forwarded with the manuscript to Hine. Among

Townsend material in the British Museum, there remains one

badly pest-damaged male labelled, “San Jose del Cabo, L. Calif.

Sept.” and “Melanophlebys n.gen. eiseni Twns. types” apparently

in Townsend’s own handwriting. This specimen was loaned to the

writer through courtesy of Mr. H. Oldroyd. It seems obvious that

the other pair was destroyed by pests before this was sent to the

British Museum. Heavy reliance must therefore be placed on pub-

lished and unpublished notes to place this species for catalog pur-

poses pending capture of more satisfactory specimens. There is

no greater prospect that additional specimens will turn up in the

near future than have in the previous intervening years, and present

1 From the Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service, National Institutes

of Health, National Microbiological Institute.

2Principal Medical Entomologist, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton,

Montana. :

3 Van Dyke (Entomological News, 17(6) :222. 1906) mentioned the types of

Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera as having been saved. E. S. Ross advises

that the Odonata types. then on loan, have been returned and are extant.

54. THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1]

comments are offered to clarify the status of this long-questioned

name. The Hine correspondence has been furnished through gen-

erosity of Mr. Edward S. Thomas of the Ohio State Museum.

In some respects, Townsend’s notes describe specimens related

to Veprius presbiter Rond. of Chile, but the three species of

Veprius all have Tabanus-like antennal plates with dorsal angles,

and the differentiation of eye facets in the males is not marked as

in “A.” eiseni. Furthermore, there are minute, scattering, ocular

hairs in the former, none in what remains of the “A.” eiseni speci-

men; the face is much more sunken between the swollen cheeks in

the latter, while the palpi are as long as the proboscis. If the female

has a denuded subcallus (described as a “transverse callosity” )

and a probable “longitudinal callosity” on the front, considering

other described characters, this species does appear distinct on a

generic level as discussed below. Since it is a pangoniine, a variant

of Townsend’s original manuscript name is adopted here, namely,

Zophina, n. gen. (it is impossible to find an unawkward patronymic

with five genera already named after Townsend). His additional

unpublished notes follow:

“Head very short conical in profile, inore or less flattened in appearance

across the eyes; 2 front about one-half as wide as either eye, narrowed

toward vertex; 2 eyes contiguous for a long distance, from near base of

antennae to ocellar tubercle. Ocelli present. Proboscis short. Eyes bare.

Difference in size of facets in 6 eyes very marked, abrupt, not gradual, the

small facets being limited to less than lower verticle one-third of eye. Front

of 2 with a transverse callosity next base of antennae, divided longitudinally

by a median furrow and defined above (posteriorly) by a deep transverse

furrow. There is probably also a longitudinal callosity between the trans-

verse one and the ocelli, but it is not distinct in this specimen which is

poorly preserved. Face short, antennae springing from a little below the

anterior angle of eyes, Antennae not stout, rather small, more slender in

the $ than in the 9. First joint not elongate, but little if any longer than

wide; second joint hardly one-half as long as first in 2, in 2 appearing but

little shorter than first; third joint composed of five annuli, the basal one

swollen and bead-like in &, less distinctly bead-like in ?, as thick as first

and second antennal joints; remaining annuli abruptly slender in 2, slightly

stouter in 2 and tapering more gradually from basal annulus. Third antennal

joint in 2 but little longer than first and second taken together, in ¢ con-

siderably longer. Hind tibiae with two spurs. Femora and tibiae not thick-

ened, moderately slender in $, a little heavier in 9, the front tibiae of 9

slightly bowed. Wings normal, with none of the posterior cells narrowed or

closed, longer than abdomen. Type, Apatolestes eiseni Towns.

“[“Zophotabanus”] eiseni Towns. Proc, Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 2, Vol. Ly

p. 596, No. 9 (Apatolestes or nov. gen.).

JANUARY, 1954] PHILIP—TABANIDAE 55

“San Jose del Cabo. One 2, and two @ &, Sept. These three additional

specimens enable me [Townsend] to properly characterize the form as a

new genus. It is very distinct from the previously known genera. The 9

measures full 10 mm. in length; wing 9 mm. The @, 7 to 8 mm. The whole

insect has a blackish appearance, even including the halters and wings,

though the color of the body and head is dark brownish. The front, face,

and antennae are dilute brownish, more dilute in the 3’s; the tip of

anulate portion of antenna is black.”

Townsend’s failure to publish this manuscript is probably ex-

plained by his statement written to Hine that he intended hence-

forth to concentrate on the higher Diptera.

A dermestid larva (molted skin still present) has destroyed the

entire abdomen, one side of the thorax with one wing missing,

parts of one eye and one antenna of the British Museum specimen.

A little damage along the dorsum of the plate and 3 annuli of the

other antenna has occurred but all segments are present. The fol-

lowing additional but limited description can be made. The basal

plate of the third segment, though “bead-like” in profile, is laterally

compressed and not as thick as the pedicel and scape. The last is

a little longer than thick, not produced above, with sparse black

hairs; pedicel as tall but about two-thirds as long; plate subequal

to the scape in length but more compressed laterally, and the four

terminal annuli nearly twice as long as the plate and constricted

abruptly not tapering from their juncture. The frontal triangle is

restricted due to the extensive eye area, and is bare and shining

brownish, not swollen or much raised above the eye level in profile

in contrast to Veprius. The face to and including the oral margins

unusually depressed somewhat as in A patolestes, the cheeks in con-

Sequence appearing much swollen throughout their length. The

palpi are slender, a little longer than the proboscis, very shaggy

brown-haired almost concealing the apparently attenuated apices,

unlike the truncated condition seen in most Apatolestes. The la-

bellae are small and fleshy. Brief relaxing appeared to revive

Silvius-like, irregular maculations on the undamaged part of the

one eye. The subepaulet of the wing is bare and there is a short

spur present at the fork of R,,;. The legs are all intact, with no

pale hairs and no accentuated hind tibial fringe. The outer fore

tarsal claw is a little longer than the inner.

The specimen is too badly damaged to warrant its establish-

ment as a lectotype. Since the original description was based on

56 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST | VOL. Xxx, NO. 1

the male, a future female could not be used for this purpose though

it will undoubtedly be the better for more accurate, ultimate de-

termination of relationships of this species.

In some respects Z. eiseni is intermediate between Apatolestes

and Silvius. The writer was inclined to place the published species

as a sub-genus under Silviws. Study of this specimen even though

damaged enables corroboration of Townsend’s earlier opinion that

it is distinct on a generic level.

SUMMARY

Zophina new genus is proposed for Apatolestes (?) eisent

Townsend, genotype species from Lower California. Comment is

made on Townsend’s published and unpublished notes on this

species. |

REFERENCE

TownsEnp, C. H. T.

1895. On the Diptera of Baja California, including some species from

adjacent regions. Proceedings of the California Academy of

Sciences, Ser. 2, 4:593-620.

MIROLEPISMA DESERTICOLA SILVESTRI,

A MYRMECOPHILE FROM CALIFORNIA

(Thysanura: Lepismatidae)

Wittram J. Watt Jr.

University of California, Davis

Mirolepisma deserticola was described by Silvestri in 1938 from

a single specimen collected in Tucson, Arizona in 1908. Since that

time, no mention has been made of its biology or of its occurrence

in California. Mallis (1941), however, did mention that he had

observed Thysanura running in and out of the nest of the harvester

ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus var. nigrescens, near Riverside, Cali-

fornia. He evidently did not collect or attempt to identify the

species of Thysanura.

In 1950 W. F. Barr, now of the University of Idaho, while col-

lecting beetles in the vicinity of Winnemucca, Nevada, found two

female Mirolepisma in the nest of harvester ants. This discovery

led the writer to search the desert areas of California and Nevada

1 All species of ants were identified by M. R. Smith of the United States

National Museum.

JANUARY, 1954] WALL—MYRMECOPHILE 57

for additional material. The locality records of M. deserticola and

the ants' with which it was found are listed below:

POGONOMYRMEX OCCIDENTALIS OCCIDENTALIS (Cresson)

Nevapa: Winnemucca, 26 April 1950 (W. F. Barr), 2 2 Q.

POGONOMYRMEX CALIFORNICUS ESTEBANIUS (Pergande)

CALIFORNIA: 6 mi. W. of Indio, Riverside County, 5 April 1951 (J. W.

MacSwain), 2 64,5 2 9; Palm Springs Station, Riverside County, 20

April 1951 (W. J. Wall, R. C. Bechtel, E. I. Schlinger and E. J. Taylor),

646, 2 2; Sheep Hole Mts. (summit), San Bernardino County, 30 March

1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.), 64, 22; Bagdad, San Bernardino County,

80: March 1952- CR. GrB rand Hello.) sods ne 5

PocoONOMYRMEX CALIFORNICUS (Buckley), s. lat.

CALIFORNIA: Whitewater, Riverside County, 28 March 1952 (R. C. B. and

1 aA Bei ah) Aero sara

MyYRMECOCYSTUS SEMIRUFA (Emery)

CALIFORNIA: 6 mi. W. of Indio, Riverside County, 5 April 1951 (J. W.

MacSwain),1 @.

VEROMESSOR PERGANDEI (Mayr)

CALIFORNIA: Palm Springs, Riverside County, 21 April 1951 (W. J. W. and

R. C. B.), 1 4,1 2; Whitewater, Riverside County, 28 March 1952 (R. C. B.

and E. I. S.), 24, 2 23; Bagdad, San Bernardino County, 30 March 1952

(R. C. B. and E. I. S.), 6 @, 2 23; 29 Palms, San Bernardino County, 30

March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.), @ 6, 2 9; Sheep Hole Mts. (summit),

San Bernardino County, 30 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.), 2%, 2 2;

Rand, Kern County, 31 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.), @@, 2 2?

SOLENOPSIS sp.

CALIFORNIA: Cabazon, Riverside County, 20 April 1951 (W. J. W. and

kh. C. B.), 1 9°. Magnesia Canyon, Riverside County, 21 April 1951 (W. J. W.

and E. I. S.),1 9.

MIscELLANEOUS RECORDS

CatiForniA: N.W. of Barstow, San Bernardino County, October 1928; Salton

Sea Beach, Imperial County, 22 April 1951 (W. J. W. and R. C. B.), 1 @,-

1 2 (ants not identified) ; 1 mi. S. of Desert Beach, Imperial County, 10

April 1952 (W. H. Lange), 1 Q [with Thermobia domestica (Packard) ].

The species of ants with which Mirolepisma was found are in

general desert forms. According to Creighton (1950) and Mallis

(1941) P. occidentalis, P. californicus, and P. californicus esteban-

ius are found in the desert areas of Arizona and Southern Cali-

fornia. The range of P. occidentalis extends northward into Nevada

and eastward to New Mexico, while P. californicus is also found

in Texas and Mexico.

M. deserticola is well adapted to life in sandy areas. Its legs are

armed with stout spines and when individuals are exposed to the

2 Crickets of the genus Myrmecophila were also found in this nest of ants.

3 Several Reticulitermes hesperus Banks were also present.

58 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

light, they will dig rapidly until completely buried. The exact re-

lationship between the ants and silverfish has not been definitely

established, but it was noted that the Mirolepisma carefully avoided

contact with the ants. This observation led the writer to conclude

that a commesal relationship exists between the two groups.

In order to ascertain the food habits of M. deserticola, a num-

ber of silverfish were taken alive and reared in a controlled

temperature cabinet in the laboratory at Davis. The temperature

employed was 25 degrees C. + 1 and the relative humidity was 75

percent + 3. No water was given directly to the insects; the food

was dry whole wheat flour. Over a period of 14 months, the culture

thrived and hundreds of ova and nymphs were produced from the

original group of some 40 adults.

Since no detrimental results were incurred when the silverfish

were separated from their hosts, it is believed that M. deserticola

ebtains its food from the products stored by the ants rather than

any secretion or regurgitated fluid from the body of the ants.

According to Creighton (1950), Mallis (1941) and Wheeler

(1926), Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, P. californicus, P. californi-

cus estebanius, Veromessor pergandei, and some species of Solen-

opsis are seed collectors. The feeding habits of Myrmecocystus

semirufa appear to be uncertain. Creighton (1950) claims that

repletes are used to store honey, but that the bodies of other insects

are also collected and stored. Mallis (1941) showed that in one

instance in Southern California this species attended aphis, ap-

parently for secretions of honey dew.

REFERENCES

CREIGHTON, W. S.

1950. The ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comparative Zoology,

104:1-585, 57 pls.

Ma tis, A.

1941. A list of the ants of California with notes on their habits and

distribution. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 60(2) :1-44, 3 pls., 25 figs.

SILVESTRI, F.

1938. Due novi Generi Deserticoli di Lepismatidae (Insecta: Thysa-

nura). Boll. Lab. Ent. Agr. Portici, 1:348-353, 3 figs.

WHEELER, W. M.

1926. Ants. Columbia University Press, N. Y., pp. 11, 268, 575.

JANUARY, 1954] WIRTH—INTERTIDAL FLY 29

A NEW INTERTIDAL FLY FROM CALIFORNIA, WITH

NOTES ON THE GENUS NOCTICANACE MALLOCH

(Diptera: Canaceidae)

Witus W. Wirts?

Since the publication of my revision of the family Canaceidae

(Wirth, 1951), I have received some additional material, including

a fine series representing an undescribed species of Nocticanace

Malloch. A description of the new species is presented here, the

status of Nocticanace is clarified, and some new American distribu-

tion records for this genus are added.

Genus Nocticanace Malloch

Nocticanace Malloch, 1933, B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull., 114:4; Wirth, 1951,

Occas. Papers B. P. Bishop Mus., 20:269; Wheeler, 1952, Ent. News,

63:91.

Because Malloch’s paper, as stated in a footnote, was issued

as Pacific Entomological Survey Publication 7 on Febraury 27,

1933, Nocticanace should date from 1933, and not from 1935, the

date when the complete volume of Bulletin 114 was assembled.

Neave’s Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Zoological Record both

erroneously give the date as 1935 and the citation given in my

paper was not clear. Most of this information has been correctly

cited by Wheeler (1952), who is of the opinion that Nocticanace

is very likely the same as Canaceoides Cresson, 1934, in which case

Malloch’s name has priority.

As suggested by Wheeler, the characters separating Canaceoides

and Nocticanace do not seem to be very strong, and the new species

here described brings the two groups closer together. One cannot

very well merge these two genera, however, without considering

also the close ties which I have already pointed out (1951, p. 264)

between Canaceoides and Canace exhibited through Canace mari-

tima Wirth. Until more species are known, I believe it most

practical to retain the narrower generic concepts and in the follow-

ing discussion I will point out a combination of characters suitable

for the differentiation of Canaceoides and Nocticanace. In any

event, the ensuing new combinations will have to be made, in view

of the priority of Nocticanace.

Nocticanace arnaudi Wirth, new species

(Figure 1, a)

Male, female: Body length of male about 3 mm., of female 3.5 mm.;

1 Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricultural Research Adminis-

tration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

60 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 1

wing 3.7 mm. by 1.4 mm. Color opaque black, dorsum black tinged with

brownish; antennae and palpi brownish black: face and cheeks pruinose,

pearly gray when viewed from above, brownish from below; humeri, pleura,

legs and abdomen dark brown, with pruinose gray lights; wings and squamae

opaque brownish with dark veins; haltezes whitish.

Frons broader than long, flat in front over eyes, ocellar prominence

well-developed, brownish in color, with 10-15 fine hairs. Three strong fronto-

orbitals, the intervening hairs long and fine; one pair of strong proclinate

interfrontals; ocellars strong; inner and outer verticals strong; postverticals

absent. Face bare, median carina strong between antennae. Cheeks each with

three strong bristles, the inner one directed mesad, the outer two upcurved,

with a small hair about half as long out of line below the lateral pair by

half the distance between their bases. Third antennal segment slightly

broader than long; arista short pubescent. Palpus with 1-4 apical hairs.

Thorax on each side with four strong dorsocentrals, one strong humeral,

a strong posterior notopleural and an anterior one half as long, one strong

presutural, two strong supra-alars; humeri and anterior margin of mesonotum

except between dorsocentral lines with strong, erect setae, rest of mesonotum

bare. Scutellum with four strong marginals, the disc bare. Mesopleura with

numerous, scattered, long hairs and setae, sternopleura each with a long

fine hair and a few scattered setae. Legs with numerous, stout, curved hairs,

these short except the posteroventral series on fore femora; tarsi with distal

segments markedly flattened.

Abdomen with scattered, long erect hairs. Eighth tergite of female with

two, long, lateral hairs reaching apices of genital lamellae and four or five

fine hairs about half as long between; eighth sternite also with a few long,

fine hairs; dorsal lamellae of opipositor stout, upcurved, each with two stout,

black, apical spines and about three smaller, brownish, preapical ones on

dorsal side. Ninth tergite of male (fig. 1, a) with the ventral processes each

broadly attached at base, ventral margin with numerous fine hairs, apex

prolonged in a slender, straight, fingerlike, external lobe bearing only micro-

scopic setulae; a shorter, broader, inner lobe present on the dorsal margin

of the ventral processes hidden by the subapical, dorsal angle and bearing

humerous, stout, ventromesally projecting spines.

Holotype 3, allotype, Point Lopos, MonTEREY County, CAtt-

FORNIA, February 4, 1948, W. Wirth (on intertidal rocks) (type

No. 61608, U.S.N.M.). Paratypes: 33 3, 499, same data as types

(in U.S.N.M.); 10, Laguna, Orange County, California, August

1, 1932, J. M. Aldrich (U.S.N.M.); 839°, 8 99, beach south of

Pescadero, San Mateo County, California, December 15, 1951, P.

H. Arnaud, Jr. (5 in U.S.N.M., 3 deposited in California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco, and 8 returned to Mr. Arnaud).

About the only characters by which this species differs from

Canaceoides nudata, the genotype of Canaceoides Cresson, are the

presence of the very fine secondary hair ventrally out of line on the

cheeks rather than a fourth, equally strong and aligned genal

JANUARY, 1954] WIRTH—INTERTIDAL FLY 61

bristle; the dise of the scutellum bare rather than with a pair of

small bristles; the eighth tergite of the female with two long hairs

in the marginal row reaching the apices of the ovipositor lamellae

rather than with a row of small subequal hairs and in the structure

of the male genitalia (compare figure 1, a, with figure 5, c, of

nudata in Wirth, 1951). These are actually the only characters

which can be relied on to separate the genera Nocticanace and

Canaceoides. | believe that for generic separation, emphasis should

be placed on these characters, rather than on the condition of the

anterior notopleural, which is absent in most species of Noctican-

ace, weak in Canaceoides and in N. arnaudi and strong in N.

chilensis (Cresson).

a. arnaudi b. texensis

Figure 1. Male genitalia of Nocticanace, lateral views of ninth tergite.

a, NV. arnaudi, n. sp.; b., N. texensis (Wheeler).

NOcTICANACE CHILENSIS (Cresson), new combination

Canace chilensis Cresson, 1931, Dipt. Patagonia and S. Chile, 6:116.

Canaceoides chilensis, Cresson, 1934, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 60:221; Wirth,

1951, Occas. Papers B. P. Bishop Mus., 20:269.

New record: Panama, Canal Zone, February 10, 1939, C. H.

Richardson, 1¢.

This is the first record of N. chilensis from outside of Chile.

This species belongs in Nocticanace rather than Canaceoides be-

cause of the absence of hairs on the disc of the scutellum, the pre-

sence of two elongate hairs on the eigth tergite of the female

and the presence of small secondary hairs between and below the

long genal bristles. Since there are from three to six strong genals

62 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

in chilensis, I believe that the presence of the smaller, secondary

hairs is a better generic character than the actual number of strong

genals. The presence of two equally strong notopleurals in chilensis

limits the use of this character in generic differentiation.

NocTICANACE TEXENSIS (Wheeler), new combination

(Figure 1, b)

Canaceoides texensis Wheeler, 1952, Ent. News 63:92 (49, Galveston,

Texas. )

New records: Boynton Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida,

August 10, 1951, W. W. Wirth, 8¢' 3’, 8 99; Mona Island, Puerto

Rico, August 6, 1939, L. F. Martorell, 19 (all in U.S.N.M.).

The Florida specimens were collected from a shelf of limestone

rock about a hundred yards long on the Atlantic Ocean beach. This

rock projected from the water only at low tide and was covered

with a scanty growth of filamentous green algae. Through the

kindness of Dr. Wheeler I have compared these specimens with

a female paratype of texensis with which they agree well. The

small, out-of-line, fourth genal, the absence of hairs on the disc

of the scutellum, the absence of the anterior notopleural and the

presence of the pair of long hairs on the eighth tergite of the

female will place this species in Nocticanace rather than Canaceo-

ides. In fact this species is practically indistinguishable from N.

peculiaris Malloch, the genotype of Nocticanace, differing mainly

in that the body is not quite so dark, the palpi are yellowish rather

than brown and the two anterior genal bristles are more closely

approximated and lack the fine seta below and between which is

found in peculiaris. The male genitalia of texensis, which have not

been described, have the ninth tergite (figure 1, b) with the ventral

processes semidetached, each greatly expanded distally into two

setose lobes, the outer or dorsolateral lobe thumblike, bearing

dense, long setae except on the lateral surface; the ventromesal lobe

in the form of a flattened, rounded lamella bearing dense, very

long setae on the inner surface.

LITERATURE CITED

Wuee ter, M. R.

1952. The dipterous family Canaceidae in the United States. Entomo-

logical News, 73:89-94.

Wirtu, W. W.

1951. A revision of the dipterous family Canaceidae. Occasional Papers

B. P. Bishop Museum, 20:245-275.

JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER—BEE PUPAE 63

OBSERVATIONS ON THE PUPAE OF BEES

(Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

CHARLES D. MIcHENER!

In the course of a recent study of bee larvae, pupae of a number

of species have come to hand. The present investigation was under-

taken in order to glean whatever information could be obtained

on the pupal characters and the relationships of groups.

The pupae, as is well known, exhibit essentially the shape and

form of adults, and the general features of pupae have been

described and illustrated by many authors (e.g. Packard, 1897).

From our standpoint the important pupal features are those not

repeated in the adult, since the adult characteristics are well known.

Unfortunately most authors have not systematically recorded these

structures which are peculiar to pupae. As a result, most published

accounts of pupae are of little value from the present standpoint.

Those pupal characters which are peculiar to pupae consist

principally of spines and projections arising from various parts

of the body. Their functions are unknown, although in some cases

it is possible to see hairs of the adult projecting into them in older

pupae. This is by no means always the case, spines being present

(although small) in such relatively hairless bees. as Neopasites.

Nonetheless, the original function of these projections may have

been to provide space for the development of the long hairs char-

acteristic of bees and associated with their pollen collecting habits.

On broad flat areas of the body these hairs can develop in a

recumbent position, but at the ends of segments where the spines

are of most frequent occurence long hairs cannot well develop in

this position. Thus the long spines of the coxae and trochanters

serve to house the long hairs arising on these segments in some

bees (fig. 1). This explanation cannot well account for the scutal

tubercles of Xylocopa or Melecta, for example, but does seem to

be a possible explanation of most of the pupal projections.

It is interesting that certain adult spines and projections which

have arisen repeatedly among the various bee groups correspond

to the pupal projections. For example, anterior coxal spines,

1 Contribution number 807 from the Department of Entomology, University of

Kansas.

Specimens were made available through Dr. J. W. MacSwain of the University

of California and Dr. Bernard Burks of the Division of Insect Identification,

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine.

64, THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

found in adults of at least certain species of such unrelated genera

as Colletes, Nomada, Megachile, and Xylocopa, but generally ab-

sent in adult bees, are formed inside of pupal spines which are

found in virtually all bees but ordinarily contain only hair. Thus

it would seem that the pupal spines provide a potentiality for the

development of adult spines.

Table I summarizes the characteristics peculiar to pupae of

bees. The characters require explanation as follows:

1. “Scape’—When the antennal scape bears a small median tubercle,

it is marked +.

2. “Vertex”—The symbol + indicates that a pair of tubercles are

present on the vertex more or less in the position of the lateral

ocelli.

3. “Frons’—The symbol ++ indicates the presence of a pair of low

tubercles, one in front of the summit of each eye.

4, “Lateral angles of pronotum”—The symbol -+ indicates that these

angles are produced to spines.

5. “Posterior lobes of pronotum”—The symbol + indicates that these

lobes are produced.

6. “Mesoscutum”—The symbol + indicates that paired tubercles are

present.

7. “Scutellum”’—The symbol ++ indicates a pair of large erect pro-

tuberances while + indicates a pair of smaller, anteriorly directed

ones. (See Melecta, excluded from table since specimens are not

available. )

8. “Metanotum”—The symbol + indicates a median protuberance.

9. “Tegulae”’—The symbol + indicates a protuberance, +-+ a spine,

+ a protuberance present or absent.

10. “Wings”—The symbol + indicates a small median tubercle on each

forewing and usually a small basal tubercle as well.

11-13. “Coxae”—The symbol + indicates an inner apical coxal spine;

+ is used if the spine is unusually long.

14-16. ‘“Trochanters’—The symbol -+ indicates a posterior apical spine;

+t is used if the spine is unusually long.

17-18. “Femora’—The symbol -+ indicates a posterior or inferior basal

protuberance on the femur while ++ indicates a spine in this

position.

19. “Hind tibiae (base)”—The symbol + indicates a protuberance near

the base of each hind tibia, at about the position of the apex of the

basitibial plate, while +--+ indicates a spine in this position.

20. “Hind tibiae (apex)”—The symbol + indicates an outer apical

spine at the apex of the hind tibia.

21. “First tergum spiculate’-—The numerals indicate the anteriormost

metasomal tergum to bear a transverse subapical row of spicules.

Commonly spicules are found from the tergum indicated in this

row back to the fifth (females) or sixth (males) tergum, but

this is not universal.

JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER—BEE PUPAE 65

22. “Size of tergal spicules’—The symbol + indicates minute spicules,

giving rise to setae which are more conspicuous than the spicules;

+ -+ indicates larger spicules, while ++ + indicates very large

spicules.

23. “Long setae’—The symbol + indicates long setas on vertex, mesos-

cutum, and metasomal terga.

Nomadopsis

Lasioglossum

Neopasites

Megachile

Diadasia

Anthophora

| Tizone

ieee a

Policana

Halictus

Xylocopa

5. Posterior lobes of pronotum

iw)

Rea

‘6. Mesoscutum

7. Scutellum

Peele ie Oy ie

8. Metanotum

9. Tegulae

=)

0. Wings

_

1. Fore coxae

—

2. Mid coxae

eee ea tale dere ee

bape le aia

es

be

Bats

ee

oe

a

fy)

=)

3. Hind coxae

epepel TT

ae

Pat

eg

a

ed

bee

eS

a

pr

—_

4. Fore trochanters

—

5. Mid trochanters

6. Hind trochanters

—_

17. Fore femora

18. Mid femora

9. Hind tibiae (base)

20. Hind tibiae’ (apex)

21. First tergum spiculate

—_

Blea sede

pee

22. Size of tergal spicules

Is eee ee Re epee

Fa

Pes

Bae

elk

Soe Pas ee cree ee ae

Fe eee a ee ee eae

Po ie aes eae

Si

i

EB

a

Ee

Be

i)

ele

f

Be

e

Shieh eee

+ {+]4+]4+]4]4]4

ae es ee

It is evident from a study of Table I that, so far as the few

23. Long setae

bee pupae available are concerned, considerable support for exist-

ing classifications (see Michener, 1944) is provided. Thus the

66 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

family Colletidae is distinguishable by the absence of tergal

spicules, a character shared only with Apis. The family Halictidae

is recognizable by the numerous and very strong protuberances,

the tubercles on the wings and the spine or tubercle at the base of

the hind tibiae being found only in this family. Nomia falls clearly

with the Halictidae on the basis of pupal characters, although some

authors have put it with the Andrenidae. Megachile differs from

all other known bee pupae in the presence of long setae. It is

interesting that megachilid larvae are the principal bee larvae hav-

ing setose bodies. The larger anthophorine bees (Emphor, Diad-

asia, Anthophora, Melecta) are distinguished from the Apinae by

the presence of mesoscutal tubercles, and in this respect they

resemble Xylocopa.

Fig. 1. Fore leg of Anthophora linsleyi Timberlake, pupa, showing by |

broken lines the developing aduli leg within and by dotted lines some of the

hairs inside the pupal spines.

The following descriptive comments are limited to those fea-

tures of the pupa not shared by adults. For example, inner apical

spines of the tibiae are not mentioned since the tibial spurs of the

adults form inside of them and their position and number is re-

JANUARY, 1954) MICHENER—BEE PUPAE 67

flected by the adult structures. Spines and other projections are

absent unless stated to be present.

COLLETES FULGIDUS Swenk

Lateral angles of pronotum and posterior lobes of pronotum

produced; mesoscutellum with a pair of large protuberances;

metanotum with large median protuberance; coxae, trochanters,

and bases of anterior femora with long spines.

Montara, California, September, 1940 (J. W. MacSwain).

POLICANA HERBSTI Friese

As described for Colletes but vertex with distinct pair of tu-

bercles (in positions of lateral ocelli) ; lateral angles of pronotum

not produced; tegulae produced; posterior margins of metasomal

terga swollen.

Correo Nunoa, Chile (Claude—Joseph).

NOMADOPSIS EUPHORBIAE (Cockerell ) |

Mesoscutum with pair of very small tubercles, one on either

side of midline, in front of middle; coxae and trochanters with

spines; bases of fore femora each with inferior projection; meta-

somal terga, beginning with the second, with subapical rows of

spicules, the rows interrupted medially.

Riverside County, California, August 17, 1946 (J. W. MacSwain).

AUGOCHLORA PURA (Say)

Vertex with pair of protuberances (in positions of lateral

ocelli) and pair of lower ones just in front of upper ends of eyes;

antennal scapes each with small protuberance; scutellum with pair

of high protuberances; metanotum with median broad protuber-

ance; middle of each forewing with protuberance; smaller one at

base of each wing; coxae and trochanters each with small spine;

bases of fore femora each with protuberance; base of hind tibia

with short spine; metasomal terga with large subapical spicules,

only a few on first tergum and these unusually large.

_ Short Mountain, Shenandoah, Virginia, June 6, 1941, in rotten log

(A. B. Gurney).

LasiocLossum (CHLORALICTUS) SPARSUM (Robertson)

As Augochlora pura but pair of protuberances in front of upper

ends of eyes and on antennal scapes absent; tegulae somewhat

protuberant.

Lawrence, Kansas, June 24, 1951 (C. D. Michener).

LasiocLossum (EvyLArus) Kincarpit (Cockerell) '

As Augochlora pura but small protuberances on antennal scapes

absent; spicules of first metasomal tergum like those of second.

Montara, California, June 12, 1940 (J. W. MacSwain).

68 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

HALICTUS TRIPARTITUS Cockerell

As in Augochlora pura but pair of protuberances in front of

upper ends of eyes and on antennal scapes absent; tegulae some-

what protuberant; basal spine of each rear tibia a mere protuber-

ance but apex of rear tibia with long spine on outer side (in ad-

dition to usual tibial spurs on inner side) ; spicules of first tergum

similar to those of second.

Chino, Arizona, July 4, 1950 (J. G. Rozen, R. H. Beamer).

NoMIA MELANDRI Cockerell

Vertex with pair of small tubercles (in positions of lateral

ocelli) ; scutellum with pair of high tubercles; metanotum with

median projection; tegulae each with sharp spine; forewing with

weak median and basal projection; coxae and trochanters with

spines, those of former rather short, especially on rear coxae; fore

and middle femora with protuberances at bases; base of hind tibia

with spine; metasomal tergum three and following with subapical

spicules.

Delta, Utah, June 27, 1950 (G. E. Bohart, C. D. Michener).

MEGACHILE (CHELOSTOMOIDES) sp.?

Coxae and trochanters with spines; metasomal sterna produced

apically (female) ; vertex and median region of mesoscutum with

long setae; metasomal terga two and following with subapical rows

of long setae.

Blythe, California, April 2, 1941, in old Colletes burrow (E. G. Linsley,

J. W. MacSwain).

MecAcHILE (LITOMEGACHILE) BREVIS Say

As in the species of Chelostomoides but vertex with three small

tubercles representing positions of ocelli.

Lawrence, Kansas (C. D. Michener).

XYLOCOPA VIRGINICA (Linnaeus)

Mesoscutum with a pair of tubercles in front of middle, one

on each side of midline; coxae and trochanters with long spines;

metasomal terga two and following with small subapical tubercles;

last tergum produced to a hard spine.

Veitch, Virginia, July 7, 1914 (T. E. Snyder).

NEOPASITES sp. ?

Coxae and trochanters with small spines; metasomal terga two

and following with subapical rows of spicules.

The specimen is in poor condition and there may be more pupal

structures than indicated.

JANUARY, 1954] MICHENER—BEE PUPAE 69

Lawrence, Kansas, April 5, 1951, froin nest of Calliopsis andreniformis

Smith (C. D. Michener).

EMPHOR BOMBIFORMIS (Cresson )

Mesoscutum with two pairs of tubercles, the anterior pair in

front of middle, the posterior pair behind middle, the latter closer

together than the former; scutellum swollen; coxae and trochanters

with spines, anterior femora each with basal projection; metasomal

terga two and following with subapical spicules.

Hattiesburg, Mississippi, August 20, 1944 (C. D. Michener).

DIADASIA ENEVATA (Cresson)

Posterior lobes of pronotum produced; mesoscutum with a pair

of tubercules behind middle; scutellum with two tubercles, large

and directed forward; coxae and trochanters with spines, those of

rear trochanters short; anterior femora each with spine at base;

metasomal terga two and following with subapical rows of spicules.

Delta, Utah, June 27, 1950 (G. E. Bohart, C. D. Michener).

ANTHOPHORA LINSLEYI Timberlake

Posterior lobes of pronotum produced to spines; mesoscutum

with a pair of tubercules behind middle; scutellum with a pair

of anteriorly directed tubercles; coxae and trochanters each with

a spine; bases of fore and middle femora each with a long spine;

metasomal terga two and following with subapical rows of spicules.

Twenty miles east of Bakersfield, California, March 29, 1941 (E. G.

Linsley, J. W. MacSwain).

ANTHOPHORA (CLISODON) FURCATA SYRINGAE (Cockerell)

As above, but no long spine at base of middle femur.

Mineral King, Tulare County, California, August 10, 1939 (G. E. Bohart).

MELECTA spp.

Semichon (1922) has described the pupa of Melecta armata

Panzer. It is said to be similar to that of its host, Anthophora

personata Erickson, except that the pair of mesoscutal tubercles are

erect, each forming a multidentate crest, and the scutellar tubercles

are much larger and directed posteriorly to form spines. The

mesoscutal tubercles are shown to be similarly modified in Melecta

miranda Fox by Porter (1951).

BoMBUS AMERICANORUM (Fabricius)

Coxae and trochanters with apical spines; metasomal terga two

and following each with subapical row of short setae.

Lawrence, Kansas, August, 1950 (C. D. Michener).

BoMBUS VOSNESENSKII Radoszkowski

Agrees with B. americanorum.

fo

ae ba.

we.

70 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

Hat Creek, Lassen County, California, June 4, 1941 (E. G. Linsley,

C. D. Michener).

TRIGONA CUPIRA Smith

Coxae and trochanters with spines, those of fore and hind

coxae very short; fore and middle femora each with projection at

base; metasomal terga two and following with subapical rows of

setae.

Juan Mina, Canal Zone, May 4, 1945 (C. D. Michener).

APIS MELLIFERA Linnaeus

Coxae and trochanters with spines, those of front coxae short,

of front trochanters unusually long; fore femora each with a spine

at base, middle femora with a blunt projection, hind femora with

a broad rounded projection.

Lawrence, Kansas, June 1, 1952 (M. H. Michener).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MICHENER, CHARLES D.

1944. Comparative external morphology, phylogeny, and a classification

of the bees (Hymenoptera). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 82,

pp. 151-326.

Pacxarp, A. S.

1897. Notes on the transformations of higher hymenoptera. II and III,

; Jour. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 5, pp. 77-87, 109-120.

Porter, JOHN C.

1951. Notes on the digger-bee, Anthophora occidentalis, and its in-

quilines. Iowa State College Jour. Sci., vol. 26, pp. 23-30.

SemicHon, Louis

1922. Sur la nymphe de Melecta armata Panzer (Hym. Apidae). Bull.

Soc. Ent. France, p. 192-194.

A NEW SPECIES OF DOBSONFLY FROM CALIFORNIA

(Megaloptera: Corydalidae)

Donatp E. Mappux

Chico State College, Chico, California

During a recent investigation, a number of immature forms of

some dobsonflies of the genus Protochauliodes were reared, and a

new species was noted. It is most closely related to Protochauliodes

minimus (Davis) but differs noticeably in the structure of the

terminalia.

Protochauliodes aridus Maddux, n.sp.

Male: General body color closely resembling that of Protochauliodes

minimus. Head triangular, widest across eyes, tapering ‘caudad to its nar-

JANUARY, 1954] MADDUX—DOBSON FLY 71

rowest width at point of attachment to thorax; tuft of long hairs on lateral

border of head, just posterior to each eye. Antennae dark brown, simple,

filiform, approximately the same length as the body; antennal segments twice

as long as broad and bearing short bristles closely appressed to the margin

of the segments to which they are attached. Mouthparts rufous, apex of

distal point of incisor of mandible usually not extending below proximal end

of mandible. Prothorax longer than wide, the sides nearly parallel, meso-

thorax and metathorax broader than long. Wings hyaline and cinerous, with

a conspicuous, transverse, fuscous blotch surrounding the medio-cubital

cross-vein; other such blotches are scattered over the wing surfaces, especially

in the costal and subcostal cells of the fore wings. Blotches fewer on the

hind wing and confined almost entirely to an area along the costal margin.

Hind wing with a small, round, fuscous mark, just proximad to each of the

two inner radio-medial cross-veins. Fore wing slightly longer than the hind

wing, but both essentially alike in venation, the venation agreeing with that

of other members of the genus and being very much the same as that of

Protochauliodes minimus. Aedeagus wide at base, narrowing to half the

width at the apex; apex notched. Base of gonopod with dorso-medial side

enlarged into a conspicuous tuberosity. Apex of gonopod half the height of

the base. Body length 16 mm.; alar expanse 57 mm.

Female: Much larger than male. Body length 21 mm.; alar expanse

82 mm. Antennae approximately the length of the body; antennal segments

rectangular, lightly pilose.

Holotype, male, reared by the author from a larva taken in a

dry stream bed near the Neal Road, seven miles southeast of Cuico,

Butte County, CatrrorniaA, May 15, 1951. The allotype was

reared from a larva taken at the same locality, May 10, 1951. Two

paratypes were reared from larvae collected at the same locality,

one on May 8, 1951, the other on May 9, 1951; both are males.

Holotype and allotype are in the museum of the California Aca-

demy of Sciences, San Francisco. Paratypes are in the collection

at Chico State College.

The larval and pupal forms from which the above specimens

were reared were taken in streams which have water for only a

few days in the winter. They were found under rocks in cells

fashioned to prevent the drying of the specimen. Eggs were collected

in the field and were also obtained from specimens reared in the

laboratory. The egg masses are rectangular in outline; the eggs

are arranged in a series of parallel rows, about 3,000 in a large

bunch. The micropylar ends all face in the same direction. The eggs

are deposited in June, hatch in about a week, and the very small

larvae burrow into the dry soil near the larger rocks. Pupation

occurs in March, April, and May. The adults hatch in May and

June.

72 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

A REDESCRIBED SPECIES AND A NEW GENUS AND

SPECIES OF THE FAMILY LEPISMATIDAE IN CALIFORNIA

(Thysanura )

WituaMm J. WaLt Jr.

University of California, Davis

Very little information is available on the species of this family

in California. In 1896 a new species (Lepisma rubro-violacea) from

Mexico, Arizona and California, was described by Schott. He failed

to realize the importance of certain structures and did not include

these in his description. However, his figures were excellent and

accurately identified this species. The specimens examined by Schott

were evidently lost in the San Francisco earthquake and fire of

1906, and no mention of this form has appeared in the literature

since 1905. ;

In 1950, W. F. Barr of the University of California, collected

one specimen from the desert near Borego Valley. Since this time,

numerous specimens have been found in the Colorado Desert

beneath stones, boards and cardboard cartons.

CTENOLEPISMA RUBRO-VIOLACEA (Schott)

Lepisma rubro-violacea (Schott, 1896. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2)6:190-192,

pl. 18, figs. 45-51.

Ctenolepisma rubro-violacea Escherich, 1905. Zoologica, orig.-ab. 18 (heft 43)

95-96, fig. 39. |

Redescription. Female. Length: body 10.2.mm.; antenna 10.4 mm.; cercus

10mm.; median caudal filament 11.20 mm.; ovipositor as seen from below,

projecting 2 mm. from segment IX. Width: at eyes 1.6 mm.; mesothorax 2.8

mm.; Xth abdominal segment 1.6 mm.; ovipositor .2 mm. Body elongate,

tapering gradually posteriorly.

Head color reddish particularly the frontal and lateral areas; thorax

white with exception of prothoracic acrotergite which has strong reddish

pigmentation reaching almost to center; abdomen reddish with inverted “v

shaped” white areas; pigmentation becoming darker towards posterior. Scales

of dorsum reddish brown with white scales surrounding each setal tuft on

thorax and abdomen; ventral scales white; setae of entire body golden; legs

white, pigmented with red; setal tufts on head prominent.

Labial palpus four segmented, pigmented with red; distal segment

hatchet shaped with five sensory papillae arranged in a single row along

anterior margin; maxillary palpus five segmented, pigmented with red.

Prothoracic sternite with five pair of setal tufts; mesothoracic sternites

with two pair of setal tufts; metathoracic sternite with one pair of setal tufts.

Tergite X widely triangular and weakly rounded at tip, wider than long.

Outer dorsal setal combs (lateral) on abdominal tergites J-VIII; abdominal

tergites II-VII with 3+-3 setal combs (i.e. one lateral, one subdorsal and one

JANUARY, 1954] WALL—THYSANURA 08

dorsal) ; tergite I with 1++-1 (2 inner pair lacking); tergite VIII with 242

(central pair lacking) ; IX with none; X with 1+1. Only one pair of setal

combs on ventral sternites III through VII. Three pairs of reddish pigmented

styli present on gonocoxites VII, VIII and IX, posterior pair longest. Cerci

and median caudal filament reddish alternating with white, annulated;

antennae same.

Male: similar to female except for differences in genitalia; gonocoxites of

segment IX long and narrow in female, short and stout in male.

Discussion. C. rubro-violacea and C. lineata (Fabricius) are

very similar in appearance when the scales are removed. However,

the clypeus of C. lineata is strongly pigmented on the lateral aspect

where the setal tufts are located and in the center; in C. rubro-

violacea the pigmentation is faint or lacking. Also the lateral aspect

of the area around the setal tufts of the labrum may be faintly pig-

mented in C. lineata and not in C. rubro-violacea. Further, the

prothoracic acrotergite is pigmented only on the lateral aspects

in C. lineata, while on C. rubro-violacea, the pigmentation extends

throughout except for a thin median band.

The number of setal tufts on each side of the prosternal plate

in C. rubro-violacea may vary from 4 to 5. The remaining char-

acteristics appear to be constant.

The description of the neotype female given above was made

from a single specimen now preserved in alcohol. However, the

concept of this species is based on 8 females and 11 males which

were studied alive by the writer and later in alcohol. Some of the

original members of this series were dissected and used for study

of the internal anatomy and in part have been mounted on slides

in the possession of the writer. The remaining complete specimens,

consisting of the neotype 2 and 5 neoparatypes (2¢' ob and 3 99)

have been deposited at the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco, California.

Distribution. Schott gave the following localities: Sierra La-

guna, San Jose del Cabo, Baja California; Guaymas and San

Miguel de Horcasitas, Sonora Mexico; Tucson, Arizona (coll. B.

Eisen). In addition, he stated that this species is “richly represented

in California collections and seems to be very common.”

Neotype locality. CALIFORNIA: CABAZON, RIVERSIDE Co.

Material examined. Borego Junction, San Diego Co., 9 April

1950 (W. F. Barr) ; Cabazon, Riverside Co.; 20 April 1951 (W. J.

Wall, R. C. Bechtel, E. I. Schlinger and E. J. Taylor) ; Salton Sea

Beach, Imperial Co., 21 April 1951 (W. J. W. and R. C. B.) ; 2 mi.

74, THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 1

E. of “The Narrows”, San Diego Co., 23 April 1951 (R. C. B.);

Whitewater, Riverside Co., 28 March 1952 (R. C. B. and E. I. S.).

While collecting in the Colorado Desert near Cathedral City,

the writer and E. I. Schlinger of the University of California dis-

covered a new thysanuran beneath a large stone. Several other

specimens were later taken at other localities and in two instances

with C. rubro-violacea. The favored habitat of this new species

appears to be beneath stones, boards and other places of con-

cealment in desert areas.

Leucolepisma new genus

(Figures 1—9)

Description. Body elongate, slender, thorax wider than abdomen tapering

weakly posteriorly. Head with numerous setal tufts, those arranged postero-

mesad and anterio-mesad to the antennae, are large and very obvious;

thoracic nota broad, each bearing a pair of setal combs on the postero-dorsal

margin; lateral margins with setal tufts and individual setae; legs long,

tarsal claws very long, claws of prothoracic leg at least one and one third

times the second tarsal segment; three pair of dorsal abdominal setal combs

on tergites II-VII; lateral setal combs on several sternites and one pair of

median setal combs on several segments; ovipositor short, stout and tip

armed with short, stout blunt spines.

Type of the genus: Leucolepisma arenaria Wall, new species.

This genus is similar in general to Thermobia but differs in

having three rows of dorsal setal combs on the lateral aspect of

the abdominal tergites, instead of two; by the length of the tarsal

claws, and by the short ovipositor terminating in short blunt spines.

Leucolepisma arenaria new species

(Figures 1-9)

Female. Length: body 8.16 mm.; antenna 11.60 mm.; cercus 8.16 mm.;

median caudal filament 9.60 mm.; ovipositor as seen from below not extend-

ing beyond gonocoxites of segment IX. Width: at eyes 1.44 mm.; mesothorax

2.25 mm.; Xth abdominal segment 1.22 mm. Head and body color white;

dorsal surface with brown and yellowish white scales forming a distinct

pattern; scales of head brown; those of the thorax with alternating irregular

cross bands of brown and yellowish white; those of abdomen with alternating

patches of brown and yellowish white on each segment; when freshly molted,

much darker; ventral surface with white scales; setal tufts of head golden.

Legs white with light reddish setae and faint reddish pigmentation on tibia

and lst tarsal segment; cercus and median caudal filament reddish with

light segments at intervals; antenna same.

Setal tufs of head prominent. Labial palpus four segmented, distal seg-

ment hatchet shaped, shorter than the penultimate one and bearing five large

JANUARY, 1954] WALL—THYSANURA 75

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Leucolepisma arenaria, n.g., n.sp. Fig. 1 Abdominal tergite X. Fig. 2. Pro-

thoracic sternite. Fig. 3. Mesothoracic sternite. Fig. 4. Metathoracic sternite.

Fig. 5. Terminus of outer ovipositor valve showing digging spines. Fig. 6.

Labium. Fig. 7. Left mandible. Fig. 8. Right maxilla. Fig. 9. Right prothoracic

leg (note length of tarsal claws).

76 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

sensory papillae arranged in a single row along anterior margin; number of

setae on inner edge of the lacinia varying from four to six; maxillary palpus

six segmented.

Prothoracic sternal plate with three pair of setal tufts; mesothoracic

sternal plate with one pair setal tufts; metathoracic sternal plate with one

pair of setal tufts.

Tergite X, with tip narrowed, rounded, wider than long. Outer dorsal

setal combs on abdominal tergites J-VIII; abdominal tergites II-VII with 3+-3

setal combs (i.e. three on lateral aspect of each tergite); tergite I with

1-++1 [2 dorsal (inner) pair lacking]; tergite VIII with 242 (subdorsal pair

lacking) ; IX with none; X with 1+-1. One pair of sublateral ventral setal

combs on sternites IV-VIII and a single median row on sternites III-VII.

Styli present on gonocoxites of segments VIII and IX; those on IX longer;

ovipositor short and stout not extending beyond gonocoxites of sternite IX.

Male: like the female, except for differences in genitalia and while the

gonocoxites of female are long and narrow, those of male are short and broad.

Holotype: SALTON SEA Beacu, ImpeEriaL Co., CaLirornia, 22

April, 1951 (W. J. Wall and R. C. Bechtel).

Material examined. California: Magnesia Canyon, Riverside

Co., 21 April 1951 (W. J. Wall and E. I. Schlinger) ; Borego

Junction, San Diego Co., 22 April 1951 (W. J. W.) ; Borego Valley,

San Diego Co., 22 April 1951 (W. J. W. and E. J. Taylor) ; 10 mi.

W. of Truckhaven, San Diego Co., 11 April 1952 (W. H. Lange).

Discussion, The only variations of the characters described

above are as follows: the number of setal tufts on the lateral mar-

gins of the prothoracic sternite may vary from two to four, and

faint pink pigmentation may be present or absent on the thoracic

nota.

The description of the holotype was made from a single speci-

men now preserved in alcohol. However, the writer’s concept of

this genus and species is based on 5 99 and 9 o'o' which were

studied alive and later in alcohol. Some of the original members

of the type series were dissected and used for study of the internal

anatomy and in part are mounted on slides in the possession of the

writer. The remaining complete specimens consisting of the holo-

type 2 and 40’ ob paratypes have been deposited at the California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California.

Escuericu, K. REFERENCES

1905. Das System der Lepismatiden. Zoologica, orig. (Stuttgart), ab.

18 (heft 43) :95-96, fig. 39.

ScHort, H.

1896. North American Apterygogenea. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 6(2):

190-192, pl. 18. figs. 45-51.

JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC. COAST ENT. SOC. it,

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

J. Gorpon Epwarps J. W. MacSwain D. D. JeEnsEN

Vice-President President Secretary

PROCEEDINGS

Two Hundred and Twenty-eighth Meeting

The two hundred and twenty-eighth meeting of the Pacific Coast En-

tomological Society was held at 2:00 p. m. on Saturday, January 31, 1953,

in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco. President MacSwain conducted the meeting. The following mem-

bers were present: G. F. Ferris. R. Matsuda, J. W. Tilden, Laura M. Henry,

Paul Bartholomew, Paul Arnaud, J. P. Harville, Lorin Gillogly, J. G. Edwards,

P. D. Hurd, Jr., J. D. Lattin, C. Don MacNeill, W. C. Bentinck, W. V. Garner,

E. O. Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff, W. D. Murray, E. S.

Ross, K. F. Innes, J. W. Green, R. F. Smith, E. G. Linsley, C. E. Kaufeldt,

J. W. MacSwain, D. G. Denning, H. B. Leech, W. C. Day, R. L. Usinger,

and D. D. Jensen. The following visitors were present: Jacob Bergamin, Mir

Mulla, S. Abul Nasr, Mostafa Hafez, J. W. Chapman, J. Nelson, Mrs. John

Nelson, Mrs. Lorin Gillogly, Alan Gillogly, James Gillogly, Barbara Hovanitz,

Wm. Hovanitz, Joseph E. Ryus, Joan Linsley, and Mrs. Leslie H. Burman.

The minutes of the meeting held December 6, 1952, were read and

approved.

Mr. John O. Stivers was elected to membership in the Society.

In response to President MacSwain’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Ross

exhibited a California tarantula collected by Dr. F. X. Williams near Mt.

Diablo. The spider had been stung by a Pepsis wasp about July, 1952, and

was still alive at the time of the exhibit although paralyzed. When first

received, the spider could scarcely move its appendages. At this date the

paralysis had considerably reduced and the spider could almost walk again.

It is very doubtful that the spider could recover sufficiently to secure food

and survive.

Professor Ferris displayed a pre-publication copy of Dr. Cook’s “Ants

of California.”

Dr. MacSwain reported that the Society’s gavel had been used at a

number of historic meetings of the national entomological societies last

December in Philadelphia. Dr. Linsley had requested the use of the gavel

and reported that it had been used at the last meeting of the Entomological

Society of America, the joint executive committee meeting of the Entomo-

logical Society and the American Association of Economic Entomologists,

and finally it was used at the first meeting of the first governing board of the

new Entomological Society of America, following the amalgamation of the

two societies.

Dr. MacSwain showed photographs of cells of two species of andrenid

bees which had been parasitized by anthophorid bees. These anthophorid

78 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 1

bees, belonging to the genera Nomada and Holonomada, apparently lay two

eggs in each cell they parasitize. Thus when several parasitic bees have

visited the same cell, four or even as many as six eggs are to be found

inserted into the walls of the cell. The first parasitic larva to hatch imme-

diately searches out the other eggs and destroys them with its well developed

mandibles. This larva does not feed on the eggs it destroys but after crushing

them searches out the egg of the host bee and consumes it. Later the pollen

and nectar mass stored by the Andrena is eaten by the parasite. It would

appear that this multiple oviposition by the parasite has two principal

advantages to the species. In the first place, the parasite’s egg must hatch

well ahead of that of the host bee. Thus by placing two eggs in each cell,

the parasitic species insures extreme selection for a minimum incubation

period. The second advantage would be to insure the production of a parasite

in the event of the destruction of one egg by some other agent.

Dr. MacSwain introduced Dr. John Smart, Lecturer in Zoology, Univer-

sity of Cambridge, who spoke on the subject “Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire,

A British Nature Reserv2.” Dr. Smart’s discussion, which was supplemented

by pictures, is summarized below.

One of the oldest nature reserves created by private effort in the United

Kingdom is that at Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire. It is a small reserve when

measured against the national parks and other reserves of the North American

continent, being only a little more than one square mile in area. To some

extent the land has been modified by the operations of man but not nearly

to the extent that has the surrounding countryside which has been drained

and modified by intensive agriculture.

Wicken Fen has been relatively little interfered with and it represents

the condition in which the whole of “Fenland” existed in medieval times

before drainage and other improvements were carried out. “Fenland” is a

large area extending roughly from Lincoln to Suffolk and from Huntingdon

to King’s Lynn. It is a shallow basin with very poor water drainage, and

in olden days was one vast marsh with, here and there, small areas of

raised land called “islands” upon which there were such human settlements

as existed. One of the most typical of these “islands” is the Isle of Ely with

its well-known cathedral.

The whole area is apparently slowly sinking; robably the whole of the

North Sea area was at one time covered with “fen”. On the higher land

there were forests of oaks but as the land sank these trees were killed and

marsh plants multiplied in the fresh water that accumulated and formed the

vast marshes. Gradually the marshes filled up with peat and the oak trees,

now called “bog oak,” were preserved under the peat.

The peat is 16 to 18 feet thick. The greatest draining activity took place

in the 17th century, when great areas were drained and prepared for agricul-

ture which is now intensive over nearly the whole of Fenland. Wicken Fen,

with on or two other even smaller areas, are all that is left of the medieval

“Fenland.” Their importance from the conservancy point of view is that they

are the sole surviving samples of what this medieval fen-flora and fen-fauna

were like and their possible interest when considered as survivors of the

even more extensive fens of the pre-historic period.

JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 79

Wickn Fen requires considerable management. It is in the last stages of

the formation of dry land from peat-bog and is largely covered with sedge

(Cladium). If left completely to itself it would become covered with bushes

and possibly at a later stage with trees. The objective in its management is

the maintenance of the conditions of the wet sedge-fen which is the flora

association that follows that of reeds (Phragmites), which require a certain

depth of water over the peat and that precedes that of the bushes which,

with the moor grass (Molinia), requires the plant’s base, but not the root

system, to be clear of the permanent water table.

Wicken Fen is probably best known as one of the homes of the rare

British Swallow-tail Butterfly (Papilio machaon brittanicus Seitz), and of

the experimental attempts to replace the Large Copper Butterfly (Lyceanea

dispar dispar Haworth), which became extinct, with the Dutch race of this

butterfly (Lyceanea dispar batavus Oberth.). Collecting of the first named is

carefully restricted; unfortunately the colony of the latter died out during

the last war.

Dr. Smart’s address resulted in a discussion which included consideration

of nature reserves in the San Francisco Bay region. Dr. Ross, who raised this

point, suggested that some of the Antioch sand dune area would be desirable

to conserve. Following Dr. Usinger’s proposal that the Society take the

initiative in the matter, President MacSwain appointed Dr. Usinger and

Dr. Hurd as a committee to investigate the feasibility of the idea.

At the close of the discussion the meeting was adjourned.—D. D. JENSEN,

Secretary.

Two Hundred and Twenty-ninth Meeting

The two hundred and twenty-ninth meeting of the Pacific Coast En-

tomological Society was held at 2:00 p. m. on Saturday, March 7, 1953, in

the Morrison Auditorium of the Califurnia Academy of Sciences, San Fran-

cisco. President MacSwain conducted the meeting. The following members

were present: J. W. MacSwain, Owen Bryant, E. S. Ross, L. R. Gillogly,

P. S. Bartholomew, Wm. Hazeltine, Victor Stombler, H. B. Leech, A. E.

Pritchard, R. D. Morgan, D. D. Linsdale, Gordon Marsh, W. V. Garner,

J. D. Lattin, T. F. Leigh, K. S. Hagen, J. J. Drea, W. C. Day, R. L. Usinger,

K. F. Innes, Jr., C. E. Kaufeldt, C. W. Hildebrand, J. R. Helfer, J. G.

Edwards, D. P. Furman, B. F. Augustson, L. A. Wood, Jr., H. H. Keifer,

E. L. Kessel, E. O. Essig, J. W. Tilden, Benjamin Keh, John O. Stivers, and

D. D. Jensen. Visitors were present as follows: Mrs. Lorin R. Gillogly, James

J. Gillogly, Alan R. Gillogly, N. D. Walker, Gerald Kraft, Mir Mulla, Mrs.

Carl Miescke, Carl Miescke, Don Burdick, Albert Alberts, Lois May Bastian,

James W. Chapman, Lloyd A. Andres, Robert L. Langston, Kenneth M.

Fender, Edmond O. Loomis, Albert Rudnick, and S. McAgley.

The minutes of the meeting held January 31, 1953 were read and

approved.

Donald J. Burdick was elected to membership in the Society.

President MacSwain appointed Dr. Middlekauff and Dr. Tilden to fill

the vacancies in the Membership Committee and Mr. Paul Arnaud to the

Program Committee.

80 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

By a unanimous vot2 of the members present, Dr. Usinger was author-

ized to serve as the official representative of the Society at the 14th Inter-

national Congress of Zoology to be held at Copenhagen, Denmark, August

5-12, 1953.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Furman

displayed an adult female of Otobius megnini, the spinose ear tick, as an

example of potential longevity of the species when held under laboratory

conditions. This specimen was taken as a nymph on December 16, 1949, from

a human host. The normal hosts are sheep and other ruminants. After being

held in a pill box for over three years until March 6, 1953, the specimen

was found to have moulted. The resulting adult female is active and only

partially depleted of food reserve.

Dr. Tilden announced that the Lepidoptera Society would hold its

annual meeting in Los Angeles, July 2—5, 1953.

Dr. MacSwain pointed out that the very mild winter, followed by a long

period of no rain, had permitted colonies of the common yellowjacket,

Vespula pennsylvanica (Saussure), to survive the winter. Several strong

colonies have been noted around Berkeley in February although this ground-

nesting species is normally represented by overwintering queens.

Dr. Tilden remarked that Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim

adults had been active «ll winter in the vicinity of San Jose until within

the last two or three weeks when the coldest weather had occurred.

Mr. Hazeltine exhibited one male of Pleocoma lucia Linsley and three

males of P. nitida Linsley. Notes on the flight habits and distribution were

shown with the specimens in the hope of obtaining additional specimens with

exact data.

Mr. H. B. Leech showed part of the comb from a 4-comb nest of yellow-

jacket wasps, Vespula sp. (probably arenaria Fab.), taken from a tree in

Mill Valley, Marin Co., Calif., in early September, 1952. During September

end October 60 Sphecophaga burra Cresson emerged, and pupal cells of

zbout as many more were present; the species is a widely distributed primary

parasite of Vespula. Also obtained during the same period were 5 adults of

a scavengering lepidopteran, the dried fruit moth (Vitula serratilineella

Ragonot, det. E. G. Munroe) and 52 of its primary parasites, a species of

Braconidae. A single tiny anthocorid bug emerged; it appears to differ from

any in the Academy collection.

Dr. Edwards circulated a copy of the new book on Insect Physiology,

edited by Rader of Tufts College.

Dr. Usinger displayed some of the plates, illustrating California water

bugs, which had been drawn by Arthur Smith of the British Museum. The

excellence of his figures indicates that he is one of the finest illustrators

of insects living in the world today.

President MacSwain then introduced the main speakers of the day.

Professor A. E. Pritchard, of the University of California, Berkeley, spoke

first on “A Review of the Biology of Mites.” He was followed by Mr. C.

Donald Grant, San Mateo County Mosquito Abatement District, who dis-

cussed “Some Morphological Differences between Insects and Mites.”

JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 81

An abstract of Mr. Grant’s paper follows:

The divergencies between insects and mites began as far back as the

early Cambrian Period when the Chclicerata arose from the Trilobite-like

ancestors of the Insecta. The subsequent evolution of these lines has per-

mitted only the most rudimentary homologies to persist, while the gross

modifications of form have rendered even these somewhat obscure. Convergent

evolution has yielded many similarities of form between existing representa-

tivs of these groups, but brings their homologous relationships no closer.

The relatively few specialists working with the Acarina and the paucity

of representative material collected, afford only a meager understanding of

the comparative morphology of mites in comparison with the level attained

in the insects. The work with mites is further complicated by their probable

polyphyletic origin, i.e., affinities to the Opilionids and Solpugids.

An initial step in comparing the morphology of mites and insects lies in

determining their corresponding segmental relationships, especially with

regard to head and mouthparts. Snodgrass, in 1948, published a comprehen-

sive paper on arachnid mouthparts, indicating their common relationships

end attempting to overcome the confusion resulting from multiple termin-

ology. If one disregards Snodgrass’ assignments as to segmental constitution,

it is found that the basic constituents of the arachnid mouthparts and legs

conform admirably with the first nine segments of the insect body as recently

brought forth in papers by Ferris and Henry (1948). Substantiating evidence

as to the arrangement of homologous segments in the mites will demand

further studies of the nervous system and musculature therein. Diagrammatic

orientation and terminology of the mouthparts of a typical mesostimgatic

mite were shown in projected illustrations, as were also variations in the

morphology of the body, respiratory orifices, and appendages of certain mites.

Following a discussion, the meeting was adjourned.—D. D. JENSEN,

Secretary.

Two Hundred and Thirtieth Meeting

The two hundred and thirtieth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomologi-

cal Society was held at 7:30 p. m. on April 11, 1953, in the Morrison Audi-

torium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President

MacSwain conducted the meeting. The following members were present:

J. G. Edwards, Alice Gray, E. G. Linsley, P. A. Adams, G. F. Ferris, J. W.

Tilden, Victor Stombler, Laura M. Henry, A. E. Pritchard, P. H. Arnaud,

G. F. Augustson, E. L. Kessel, W. C. Day, Harry Chandler, L. R. Gillogly,

W. W. Sampson, H. B. Leech, J. D. Lattin, E. E. Gilbert, Wm. V. Garner,

Owen Bryant, Thomas Lauret, W. B. Murray, D. G. Denning. R. F. Smith,

P. D. Hurd, Jr., Roy Snelling, K. F. Innes, Jr., E. S. Ross, J. W. Green,

Benjamin Keh, R. C. Miller, J. W. MacSwain, and D. D. Jensen. Visitors

were present as follows: Mary H. Swezey, Otto H. Swezey, Mrs. G. F. August-

son, Alan R. Gillogly, Mrs. L. R. Gillogly, Jim Gillogly, Mrs. O. Bryant,

Robert Langston, Dwight W. Pierce, and James W. Chapman.

The minutes of the meeting held March 7, 1953, were read and approved.

Dr. R. F. Smith, chairman of the program committee, announced that

the annual field meeting would be held May 3, 1953, at Russelman Park,

Contra Costa County.

82 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST | VOL. xxx, NO. 1

In response to the president’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Hurd

reported on the collecting results of the Hurd-Smith study of the genera

Diabrotica and Pepsis in Mexico, sponsored by the Associates in Tropical

Biogeography, University of California. He stated that the collecting expedi-

tion of the 1953 dry season in Mexico centered its field activities largely

in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca. He exhibited material of these genera

which helps to demonstrate that a number of species formerly known to

occur in northern South America range northward well into southern Mexico.

In addition, he displayed the cells of the Anthophorid bee, Melitoma, and

the results of preliminary rearing which included a number of parasites and

inquilines and an apparently new species of Mantispid. This bee was found

nesting in the state of Chiapas, Mexico.

Dr. Pritchard reported that a new family of prostigmatic mites had been

discovered on cockroaches in the eastern United States. This is a remarkable

finding in that, in many respects, the new family is a connecting link between

several families of predacious mites and several families of plant feeding

mites.

Dr. R. F. Smith called attention to the fact that the summer meetings

of the Pacific Slope Branch of the Entomological Society of America would

be held at Lake Tahoe in June.

Dr. Linsley displayed specimens of Glaresis ecostata Fall (Scarabaeidae)

which has been a very rare species. The present collection is of unsual interest

because the beetles wer taken in large numbers coming to light many of

them covered with mud. They were collected at a camp on the Mojave River

at Cronese, San Bernardino County, California, April 3, 1953, by Dr. Linsley,

Dr. MacSwain and Dr. R. F. Smith.

Dr. MacSwain extended a special welcome to Dr. and Mrs. Otto H.

Swezey who, since 1904, have been engaged in enomological work in the

Pacific Ocean area and in particular in the Hawaiian Islands where Dr.

Swezey was entomologist for the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association

Experiment Station.

Dr. MacSwain then introduced Dr. W. Dwight Pierce, Curator of En-

tomology (Retired), Los Angeles County Museum, who spoke on the subject

“How Insects Become Fossils.” Dr. Pierce’s address, which was illustrated

with colored slides, is summarized below.

The palaeoentomologist must think ecologically to properly understand

the insect deposits he studies. The forces which have contributed most to

our records are: the waves, winds, and sands of the sea shore; the sands and

dusts of arid countries; Jand slides; glaciers and river floods, swamps, and

marshes; volcanic lava and dust, and hot mineral waters; asphalt seeps

and bogs; and the resins dripping from trees.

On the seashore many insect fragments are washed in and may find

lodgement in piles of kelp and later be buried in the sands. Most shales are

laid down by sedimentation in water, and many of the fine insect fossils are

in shales. Mud deposits often contain insects, and soft muds and silts often

take the imprints of arthropods. Sometimes these prints are permanently

set and become fossil records.

While volcanic lava is too hot to preserve insects, it may conserve those

JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 83

underlying it. Volcanic ash deposits preserve the species they bury. Much of

the fossil wood of America was the result of volcanic explosions, and dust

covering. The workings of insects in wood are presrved in the fossils, although

crystallization may change the appearance.

Volcanic hot waters in mineral wells kill many insects, and if highly

mineralized will crystallize upon the insects. At Hot Mineral Spring, north

of the Salton Sea, many insects are being preserved. This is the first step

toward formation of onyx marble.

At Bonner Quarry, Kaibab National Forest, Arizona, onyx marble formed

in the crevices in faulted Permian rock has been found to contain very

primitive earth dwelling insects.

Petroleum deposits at Carpinteria, Sulphur Mountain, McKittrick, and

Ios Angeles are preserving multitudes of insects. Those at McKittrick are

stratified at the rate of 25 years to the inch, and the deposits go back to

Middle Pleistocene. Many water insects are found in all of these petroleum

deposits because, from above, the tar probably looks like water.

The glaciers of the Pleistocene period laid down layers of peat and

lignite in which many fine insects have been preserved, especially at North

Vancouver, British Columbia, and in Pennsylvania. The coal deposits of the

world are millions of years older and contain many fine specimens of ancient

insects.

The resins of trees of long ago and the resins of today are responsible

for the preservation in perfect shape cf many insects.

Following a discussion of Dr. Pierce’s paper, the meeting was adjourned.

—D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Thirty-first Meeting

The annual field meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was

held at Russelman Park, Contra Costa County, May 3, 1953.

The recorded attendance of 66 persons included 21 members and 45

visitors. Members were present as follows: D. D. Jensen, J. W. MacSwain,

P. S. Bartholomew, L. R. Gillogly, P. H. Arnaud. R. Matsuda, Roy Snelling,

W. W. Middlekauff, E. O. Essig, J. G. Edwards, J. W. Tilden, H. F. Madsen,

R F. Smith, E. S. Ross, E. G. Linsley, Owen Bryant, H. B. Leech, W. C. Day,

A. E. Michelbacher, W. H. Lange, and Don Burdick. The following visitors

were present: G. W. Bane, Doris F. Jensen, Diana, Anita, Patricia and Carol

Jensen, Mrs. Lorin R. Gillogly, Allan and James Gillogly, Mrs. John Mac-

Swain,Tinker and Nancy MacSwain, Mrs. Marguerite Arnaud, Mrs. Charlotte

Snelling, Marie Essig, Martha Michelbacher, Phyllis Middlekauff, Jeffrey and

David Middlekauff, Alice Edwards, Jane Ann Edwards, Hazel Tilden, Jimmy

and Bruce Tilden, Catherine Madsen, Carol, Bobby and Kenny Madsen, Libby

Smith, Kathy, Tommy and Donald Smith, Mrs. E. S. Ross, Martha and Clark

Ross, Jim Linsley, Juanita Linsley, Joan Linsley, Lucy Bryant, Thomas Leech,

Mary Leech, Helen L. Day, Pauline S. Lange, Marilyn, Diana and Becky

Lange, and Harry S. Creegor.

Since the park was not open to the public in 1953 the Society had ex-

clusive use of the facilities. The weather was ideal for outdoor activities

which included a spirited game of softball, volleyball, and collecting, both

84 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

aquatic and terrestrial. The group included 25 children who thoroughly

enjoyed the sports and exploring the area around the pond and stream.—

D. D. JENSEN, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Thirty-second Meeting

The two hundred and thirty-second meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento-

mological Society was held at 7:30 p. m. on Friday, October 30, 1953, in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

President MacSwain in the chair. The following members were present:

A. E. Michelbacher, E. O. Essig, W. W. Middlekauff, E. S. Ross, P. A. Adams,

G. A. Marsh, W. C. Day, P. H. Arnaud. G. F. Ferris, R. L. Usinger, W. Harry

Lange, K. F. Innes, J. W. Tilden, L. M. Henry, Victor Stombler, J. G. Edwards,

Thomas Lauret, H. B. Leech, J. D. Lattin, W. V. Garner, H. L. Hansen, Don

Burdick, J. O. Stivers, P. A. Harvey, R. F. Smith, E. G. Linsley, D. D. Jensen,

Glen M. Cagley, Jane MacSwain, J. W. MacSwain, Gerald Kraft, Joseph

Kamp, George Reichart. The following visitors were present: Dr. and Mrs.

Otto H. Swezey, Mrs. W. C. Day, Carlc Gemignoni, March Pitman, Leta Rae

Lauret, Vincent D. Roth, Joseph E. Ryus, Stephen W. Hitchcock, Libby Smith,

Juanita Linsley and Mrs. George Reichart.

The minutes of the meetings held April 11 and May 3, 1953, were read

and approved.

The following were elected to membership in the Society: Joseph W.

Kamp, Gerald F. Kraft, George B. Reichart, Glen M. Cagley, Mrs. J. W

MacSwain, Professor W. J. Chamberlin, and Hirohiko Nagase, Kanagawa

Pref., Japan.

President MacSwain appointed Dr. Usinger, Dr. Tilden and Dr. Ross

to serve as a nominating committee to propose a slate of officers, at the next

meeting, to serve during 1954.

President MacSwain discussed amendments to the By-Laws of the

Society which have been approved by the Executive Board and stated that

the proposed changes in wording would be mimeographed for distribution

at the next meeting.

Before calling for notes and exhibits, President MacSwain announced

that the speaker for the evening, Dr. P. D. Hurd, who was to have spoken

about the insect fauna of Point Barrow, Alaska, was ill and unable to attend

the meeting.

Dr. Tilden reported the collection of six species of Lepidoptera, two

Diptera and a beetle which were of special interest. Philotes rita B. McD.,

cnce thought to be very rare, is now known to be common in association

with Eriogonum wrightii and related plants. The insects seldom go more

than a few feet from the plants. The larvae feed on the flower heads, and the

adults visit the flowers.

Hesperia uncas lasus Edw. Described from southern Arizona. Known

collections are few. In the grasslands between Prescott and Mingus Mt., about

75 adults were collected in about two hours between thunder-showers in

August, 1953. Most of them were females.

Three species of butterflies have been added to the well-collected Santa

Clara County area in the last two years. Philotes enoptes was found on flowers

JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 85

of Eriogonum wrightii in September, 1953. Two males of Erynnis lacustra

Wright were found near the summit of Mt. Hamilton. A few individuals of

Strymon auretorum Bdy. were found in Arroyo Bayo. The larva feeds on

Blue Oak, Quercus douglasii.

Mitoura nelsoni muiri Hy. Edw. has been shown to be the Coast Range

subspecies of this species. The food plant seems to be Libocedrus decurrens,

incense cedar.

Cuterebra sp., a rodent bot, has been taken several times in Arizona.

The adults are attracted to water which is strange, since the adults have

atrophied mouthparts. Larvaevorid or tachinid flies, of several species and in

considerable numbers, were found attracted to the flowers of Cliff Rose,

Cowania sp., in Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona.

Moneilema gigas Lec. (Coleoptera). A single specimen was taken in

Wickenburg, Arizona.

Mr. Lattin reported that on a trip last summer with Dr. Usinger and

Mrs. Lattin an interesting collection had been made at Hot Creek, Mono

County, California. At the edge of the hot pools, under rocks and other

debris, nymphs and adults were collected of a new species of Cryptostemma,

of the hemipterous family Cryptostemmatidae. These small (1-2 mm. in

length), active bugs should be looked for in similar habitats throughout

California and other western states. Specimens of the closely allied genus

Ceratocombus, have turned up in Berlese samples of leaf litter from southern

California to the north coastal area. As in Cryptostemma the adults are small,

brown and very active. While these bugs are known to be predacious, their

distribution is poorly known due to their small size and their specialized

habitat. Further collecting will greatly clarify the systematics of this group.

Gordon Marsh presented notes on soil inhabiting organisms which he

and R. O. Schuster have collected from soil and litter in Berlese funnels. The

first samples were taken during January, 1953. Considerable stress was placed

on the accumulation of pselaphids, and in particular the genus Pselaptrichus.

Thus far seven new species have been found in this genus. Samples have been

taken from Santa Cruz, Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino,

Humboldt and Del Norte Counties and from portions of the Sierra Nevada

and Panamint Mountains.

It is of interest that Protura have been found throughout the year rather

than only during the moist fall and winter months. A large number of Protura,

identified by Dr. MacSwain as Eosentomon pallidum, were taken at Fresh-

water, Humboldt County, California. The only previous record from the state

was from a peach orchard at Yuba City. This species represents one of the

most archaic groups because it has spiracles.

An interesting sidelight of this study is the discovery of a number of

species of Coleoptera in which there has been a total loss of functional eyes.

These occur in the families Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Scydamaenidae, Sil-

phidae, Lathridiidae and Curculionidae.

Mr. Leech reported a gift to the Society of $15.00 from F. C. Hottes. He

also reported the collection of Stator limbatus (Horn) (Bruchidae) at Clear

Lake, California. This species was described from Lower California and

86 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 1

Sonora, Mexico. It is recorded from Texas, Arizona and southern California.

There are no specimens in the California Academy of Sciences Collection from

farther north than Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, California.

Adults were taken in numbers at Lucerne, on the east side of Clear Lake,

Lake County, on August 29, 1953 by Mr. and Mrs. Leech. They were on the

flower heads of coxcomb (Celosia argentea var. cristata), but were presum-

ably coming from leguminous trees nearby, since our Santa Monica specimens

were reared from the seeds of Acacia cultriformis. The beetles were identified

by L. J. Bottimer.

Dr. Lange reviewed the 1953 outbreak of the rice leaf miner, Hydrellia

griseola var. scapularis Loew in California. From 10 to 20 per cent of the

rice crops was destroyed. by this insect, resulting in a loss of approximately

$16,000,000. In addition $1,200,000 were spent for insecticide control of the

pest. He discussed its life history, and suggested that future outbreaks might

be prevented by proper crop management, particularly that of water level

in the rice fields.

Dr. Edwards exhibited adults, larvae and eggs of Amphizoa (Amphi-

zoidae). The eggs are extremely large and the ocelli of the larvae are visible

through the egg-coat. The larvae are doubled up but when they emerge from

the eggs are about 3144 mm. long as the first instar of beetles which are only

about 12 mm. long as adults. It was most interesting that the young larva

looks just like the later instars, because the only closely related genus known

is Pelobius (Pelobiidae), whose first instar larva is said to be “nauplius”—

like larva similar to those of Crustacea.

Dr. Otto H. Swezey reported a remarkable instance of polyembryony

which he had recorded this season. His observations follow: “From February

to May of this year an occasional cutworm caterpillar of the species Lycan-

dades purpurea crispa Harv. was found in garden work and weed pulling

at my new home on Fleming Avenue, at the base of the foothills east of San

Jose, California. A few moths were reared, but one full-grown caterpillar

which was found under a board on March 28 failed to pupate, apparently

remaining dormant through the summer months, in the soil of the small jar

in which it was held for observation. Finally, on September 15, this jar was

found to be swarming with chalcid parasites. Being a rather strange situation,

these parasites were killed and carefully counted, with a total of 1051, and

probably a few were missed. .

“The empty dry skin of the caterpillar was examined and found to be

perforated with numerous tiny holes where the adult parasites had issued.

This furnishes a remarkable record of polyembryony.

“The moth which is host in this case was kindly determined by Dr. J. W.

Tilden of San Jose State College. The species of the parasite yet remains

undetermined.”

Dr. Jensen reported three recent developments of interest in the field

of plant virus transmission by insects and mites. Roger M. Drake, Deputy

Agricultural Commissioner of San Luis Obispo County, recently reported that

ithe aster yellows virus had caused a loss of from 10 to 50 per cent (average

30%) of the two and one-half million dollar celery crop in the Arroyo

Grande Valley in 1953. In 1952 the loss also ranged from 10 to 50 per cent

JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 87

and in 1951 from 2 to 30 per cent.

Black (Phytopathology 43:466) maintained two strains of potato yellow

dwarf virus in plants without insect transmission for 12 and 16 years. When

iested with 454 leafhoppers, the virus had lost its transmissibility by these

insects, whereas 433 control insects produced 102 infections with fresh isolates

of the virus from the field. Dr. Black believes the property of transmissibility

by specific vectors was lost through mutation during the years the virus strains

were kept in plants without insect transmission.

Dr. Slykhuis (Phytopath. 43:484) announces that the eriophyid. mite

Aceria tulipae Keifer, is the vector of wheat streak mosaic virus in South

Dakota. This is only the second plant virus shown to be transmitted by mites.

Dr. Usinger displayed Dr. Ross’ new book “Insects Close Up” and

commented on the wide publicity and favorable reception being accorded

the work.

Dr. Ross reported the recent purchase, by the California Academy of

Sciences, of the Howard M. Parshley collection of Heteroptera, consisting of

26,000 mounted specimens most of which are named. Dr. Ross brought the

collection from Northampton, Mass., to California by car and en route

continued his project of color photography of living insects. Some of his

recent pictures were projected on the screen.

Paul H. Arnaud also showed slides of a collecting trip taken into the

Sierra San Pedro Martir Mountains of Baja California.

During the last portion of the meeting Dr. Usinger commented briefly

cn his recent trip to Europe and on the Fourteenth International Congress

cf Zoology held at Copenhagen. He showed a series of his pictures which

had been selected primarily to show a number of the scientific museums of

Europe and some of the people who were at the Congress or at the museums.

The meeting was adjourned at 9:30 p. m.—D. D. JENSEN, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Thirty-third Meeting

The two hundred and thirty-third meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento-

mological Society was held at 2:00 p. m. on Saturday, November 28, 1953,

in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco. President MacSwain conducted the meeting. The following mem-

bers were present: W. C. Day, H. B. Leech, W. R. Kellen, E. O. Essig,

A. E. Michelbacher, L. R. Gillogly, W. V. Garner, K. S. Hagen, J. J. Drea,

E. E. Gilbert, P. H. Timberlake, H. P. Chandler, W. H. Lange, E. G. Linsley,

V. Stombler, P. H. Arnaud, E. S. Ross, J. W. Tilden, J. G. Edwards, G. Kraft,

B. Keh, E. L. Kessel, G. M. Cagley, G. F. Ferris, R L. Usinger, C. E. Kaufeldt,

P. S. Bartholomew, J. W. Green, B. Brookman, R. F. Smith, D. D. Jensen,

J W. MacSwain, J. E. Swift, and E. C. Loomis. Visitors were present as

follows: Jim Gillogly, Mrs. L. R. Gillogly, Allan Gillogly, Lloyd H. Shinners,

Joan Linsley, James W. Chapman, Hazel Tilden, John C. Downey, William

Hovanitz, Bruce Eldridge, B. F. Sargent, Vince Roth, and Pauline S. Lange.

The minutes of the meeting held October 30, 1953, were read and

approved,

The following were elected to full membership in the Society: Miss

Hilary Hacker, Tom S. Briggs, William Anthony Doalin, John Charles Dow-

88 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

ney, John E. Swift and Edmond C. Loomis. William R. Kellen was elected

to student membership.

President MacSwain called for the reports ordinarily given at the annual

meeting of the Society. In the absence of Dr. Miller, the treasurer’s report

was not available.

Mr. Leech announced that, because of the pressure of other work, it was

necessary for him to resign as co-editor of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist.

A motion, made by Dr. Usinger, was passed expressing the appreciation of

the Society for the excellent service Mr. Leech rendered during his tenure

as editor.

President MacSwain briefly explained the proposed amendments to the

By-Laws of the Society which had been mimeographed and were distributed

to the members at the beginning of the meeting. A motion was made, seconded

and passed that the By-Laws of the Society be amended as follows:

AMENDMENTS TO THE BY-LAWS OF THE PACIFIC

COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

November 28, 1953

PRESENT WORDING

Article IV, Section 4: . . . The treasurer

who is hereby granted authority to ex-

pend the money necessary to send out

notices of meetings and to defray ex-

penses, send out bills, etc., in conjunc-

tion with publication of the Pan-Pacific

Entomologist.

Article V, Section 2, paragraph 2: The

Publication Committee shall appoint an

editorial board for the Pan-Pacific Ento-

mologist consisting of an editor (or edi-

tors) and such associate and assistant

editors and advisory members as may be

deemed necessary.

Article V, Section 4, last sentence: It

shall further be the duty of the commit-

tee to consider members’ applications for

associate and student status and to re-

view the membership from time to time

for persons to be nominated as Honored

members.

Article VI, Section 3: The annual dues

shall be $3.00 for regular members, $2.00

for associate and subscribing members.

PROPOSED WORDING

.... Lhe treasurer who is hereby granted

authority to expend the money necessary

to send out notices of meetings and to

defray expenses, send out bills, etc., in

connection with publications of the So-

ciety and such other necessary expenses

of the Society as are approved by the

Executive Board.

The Publication Committee shall appoint

editorial boards for the Pan-Pacific En-

tomological and other Society publica-

tions, consisting of an editor (or editors)

and such associate and assistant editors

and advisory members as may be deemed

necessary.

Delete: “‘associate and”

The annual dues shall be $5.00 for regu-

lar members, $4.00 for subscribing mem-

JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 89

Article VI, Section 4: Any member may

become a life member by the payment of

$50 in one sum and shall thenceforth be

freed from payment of annual dues.

Article VI, Section 5: Any regular mem-

ber who lives at such a distance from the

place of meeting that attendance is not

practicable may, upon request, be made

an associate member. The dues for asso-

ciate members shall be $2 per year.

Associate members may resume regular

status by payment of the regular $3 dues.

Article VI, Section 8: All members ex-

cept for student members or as herein

otherwise provided shall receive the pub-

lications of the Society with no addi-

tional charge.

Any member may become a life member

by the payment of $75 in one sum and

shall thenceforth be freed from payment

of annual dues

Delete entire section

Replace with: Members who are in good

standing, and who have retired from ac-

live service may, on request, be con-

tinued as active members without pay-

ment of dues. Moreover, such members,

if they desire, may receive the Pan-Pa-

cific Entomologist upon payment of $1

per year.

All members, except for student mem-

bers, retired members or as herein other-

wise provided shall receive the Pan-

Pacific Entomologist with no additional

charge.

Upon a motion made by Dr. Usinger, Dr. Otto H. Swezey was made a

Retired Member of the Society. Dr. Swezey thus becomes the first to receive

this special type of membership for retired entomologists just created by the

above amendments to the By-Laws.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Professor Essig

reported that in August, 1953, he had attended the Rocky Mountain Ento-

mological Conference held at Pingree Park, Colorado. This three-day con-

ference, held annually in recent years, was attended by approximately 150

people. Many of the entomologists in attendance brought their families with

them because the program provides for hiking and social activities as well

es for relatively informal entomological meetings.

Mr. Paul Allen reported that Trogoderma granarium Everts, a dermestid

of oriental origin, was found recently in wheat and barley stored at Angiola

and Alpaugh in Tulare County. The infestation at Alpaugh was very heavy.

The larvae tend to congregate on top of the grain and at the sides of the bins.

It is probable that other grains are also good food for this beetle. A

survey of other warehouses has disclosed an infestation of several years’

standing in Fresno. This had been quite thoroughly cleaned up, but probably

was the source of the other two known infestations in California. Under

favorable conditions there may be several generations a year, but under

unfavorable conditions the larvae may survive two years. The survey is

continuing.

Dr. Linsley was asked by Mr. Allen to comment on the discovery of this

pest in California because the original collection and determination of the

beetles had been handled by the University of California. Dr. Linsley reported

that the insects were first sent in by the Tulare County Farm Advisor’s

Office in October, 1953, to J. E. Swift, Extension Entomologist. They were

examined by Dr. Linsley who recognized the beetles as belonging to the

genus Trogoderma and vepresenting 4 species not common to this area and

90 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. xxx, NO. 1

possibly an important pest. Dr. Linsley suggested the beetles be immediately

sent to Dr. Beal of Denver, Coloradc, who has recently re-worked all the

speeies of this genus. Dr. Beal determined the beetles as Trogoderma

granarium Everts. He notified Mr. Swift, who in turn immediately informed

Mr. Armitage, Chief of the State Bureau of Entomology.

Dr. Usinger exhibited specimens of Aradus evermanni Van Duzee

(Aradidae) and reported that during the summer field course, Entomology

49, entomology students of the University of California collected specimens

found resting on tent canvas at their camp on White Mountain. This species

is rare in collections and scattered in its recorded distribution. Described

from San Francisco, it has since been found elsewhere in California and in

Arizona and Texas. It was not recorded by Linsley and Usinger in dispersal

flights at Mt. Lassen (Pan-Pacific Ent. 18:84, 1942) or Yosemite (Pan-Pacific

Ent. 20:111, 1944). |

Aradus evermanni belongs to the Lugubris Group (Parshley, 1921), all

members of which are usually found in flight or resting on walls, tents,

screens, etc. The precise habitat is not known for any of these species

including the common Holarctic Aradus lugubris Fallen. The occurrence of

A. evermanni at 10,000 feet on White Mountain in July is interesting because

the only coniferous trees in the vicinity were Pinus flexilis James and Pinus

aristata Engelm.

Dr. Linsley exhibited a series of bees and their parasites that had been

collected in Southern Mexico. The principal bee species was an anthophorid

of the genus Melitoma which digs its burrows in cliffs; while the other bee

species borrow the old burrows of Melitoma. The most unusual of the parasites

in this collection was a series of an apparently undescribed species of

Mantispid reared from the cells of the Melitoma sp.

Mr. Leech passed around the June, 1953, copy of a Japanese entomologi-

cal journal, Shin Konshu. in which there is an obituary, with portrait by

Y. Nishio, of the late Dr. E. C. Van Dyke (vol. 6, No. 6, p. 8).

Mr. Leech exhibited a piece of balsa wood which had formed the pinning

bottom of a cigar box, in constant usc at the Academy for at least the past

two years. On November 21, dust seeping out of it was investigated, and a

series of dead adults and one live larva of a cassenine weevil were found.

The beetles are unlike any from North America, and are presumably of

notropical origin.

Mr. Leech also exhibited a box of beetles, showing the remarkable

resemblances of various Tenebrionidac to species of ten other families.

Dr. Ross projected a number of color slides showing alkali bees of the

genus Nomia in Utah, where they are important in the pollination of alfalfa,

end their bombiliid parasites.

President MacSwain called on Dr. Usinger, chairman of the nominating

committee, to present the slate of officers proposed by the committee for 1954.

There were no nominations from the floor, and the following were elected:

5. Gordon Edwards, President; W. C. Day, Vice-President; D. D. Jensen,

Secretary; R. C. Miller, Treasurer; and W. H. Lange, Member at Large.

Dr. MacSwain then requested President-elect Edwards to assume the

JANUARY, 1954] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC. 91

chairmanship of the meeting. Dr. Edwards then called on Dr. MacSwain to

give his retiring presidential address cntitled “Some problems in larval and

adult classifications of the Meloidae.”

Dr. MacSwain pointed out that students of larvae and adults commonly

disagree on the levels of classification to be applied to various groups within

any one family and not infrequently tend to ignore the results presented

from the other viewpoint. The Meloidue are no exception in this regard, and

at the present time, two very different classifications are being used. The

adult classification admits two subfamilies and nine tribes, while most larval

classifications would separate the Meloidae first into two families, and sec-

ondly would divide the major family into four subfamilies and ten tribes.

He then discussed the habits of the adults and larvae which correlate

with these two classifications and showed how, partially on the basis of new

evidence, a single usable classification could be derived. Following the ad-

dress, the meeting was adjourned.—D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

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Vol. XXX APRIL, 1954 No. 2

THE

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

CONTENTS

CHAPMAN—Swarming of ants on western United States mountain

SUITING Sas Chau Sa accinhe seve Seamer ten eT ae ee ge eee see pero! 5)

EVANS—tThe male of Tastiotenia festiva._........-------------c---ceeececeneeccnenneneneeeees 103

CHANDLER—Four new species of dobsonflies from California............-....... 105

HOREN—Modified flag for tick collectin g.._.-..-.-..-...se-cecececseeeceeerneeeeeeeneereees 2

MALKIN—Range extension of Notonecta shootei..........--....-.-eceeseceeseeeerenees 112

TODD—New species of Nerthra from California... eceescecteeeseseonoreeneotees 113

HELFER—A new Hippomelas from Califormia i... eeee-seeeceeeeeeoeeeenens 117

FURMAN—A new species of Androlaelaps from Perognathus in southern

(Wali Ronee S cctke et RES «oe ies on, Mere A oe tn Aen ES ee a 119

SNELLING—tThe host of Myrmosula rutilans (Blake) 020... ow.eeeseeseneneee- 124

CHANDLER—New genera and species of Elmidae (Coleoptera) from

GEN DE Eck 1 geen oe So eV ee med Cee RL eed eb Sg EE 125

FENDER—On’ some: Malthodesy.s.,.2 eco ccscscecsepeme pans sos cee Varsha ent eles eee ro teevemnese 131

TIMBERLAKE—Two new species of Nomada, subgenus Gnathias, from

COND (0) 9 ot FAW enim hen ot take Nac MMe ee ble. Egil eA AEM Ne LotR 133

WIRTH—A new species of Glutops and other new records of Se

MEA DATIOLOGA: 0 Meek teh cel hi Ne, Fite Me kc parte A C8) fod 4 ee Se RT

SLATER & KNIGHT The taxonomic status of Oligotylus Van Duzee eal

Leptotylus Van Duzee, with the description of a new species of

Pesan ys set hey ce aa, Nn a hee a ad Foe tae aidan pea eS

SNELLING—Records of Exomalopsis sidae in California and Baja

Galifornta s2.4.c50e ls P eek betas Se MLS are ieee eee ets 145

MICHELBACHER & HURD—Monodontomerus montivagus Ashmead, a

parasite of Megachile centuncularis (Linnaeus)... 22.------eoeee--

LINQUIST—Flies attracted to decomposing liver in Lake County,

Ga E Oran Os he St Ed hk oe cee eee NS nl Te eg ge nee 147

GARNER—A case of reverse predation in the Carabidae.......-----------ee-ecen-ee- 152

HUSSEY—Two new species of Pselliopus and some distribution notes....153

LEECH—Leptidiella brevipennis (Mulsant) reared from toyon.............--

LEE—tThe absence of negative phototropism in the Mexican chicken bug,

Haematosiphon indorus (Duges).

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA « 1954

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. LINsLEY P. D. Hurp, Jr., Editor R. L. Usincer

E. S. Ross H. B. Leecu

R. C. MI.ier, Treasurer A. E. MIcHELBACHER, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-

ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological

phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on

insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed

to P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4,

Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address,

requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed

to the treasurer, Dr. R. C. mae at the lg iat Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco 18, Calif.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single

copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist.”

Announcing...

REVISION OF THE SPIDER MITE oe

TETRANYCHIDAE

by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker

This world-wide treatment (300 pp., 330 figures) of the “Red

Spiders” is the second volume in the Memoirs Series of the Pacific

Coast Entomological Society. Each species is beautifully illustrated

in the inimitable style of E. W. Baker. The work deals with the

systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders”.

Synoptic keys have been prepared, descriptions are presented for

all species including the major agricultural pests, and some twen-

ty species are described as new.

Publication date—December, 1954.

Special Prepublication Price: $9.00.

Send orders to: Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society,

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park 18, San Fran-

cisco. For your convenience, an order sheet is found in this issue,

facing page 160.

Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at

San Francisco, under act of August 24, 1912.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXX April, 1954 No. 2

SWARMING OF ANTS ON WESTERN UNITED STATES

MOUNTAIN SUMMITS

Joun A. CHAPMAN

Forest Biology, Science Service, Dept. of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C.*

In July, 1951, surprising numbers of insects were noted at the

top of an 8,000 foot mountain near Missoula, Montana. During

the following year, many personal conversations about summit

insects were held with men who had manned U.S. Forest Service fire

lookout stations at various times in the past. These conversations

revealed that gatherings of large numbers of winged ants on moun-

tain and ridge tops were of fairly common occurrence in western

Montana and northern Idaho and actually constituted a regular

and considerable nuisance at some lookout points.

A search through the literature on ants for information on

mountain top swarming yielded only a few observations from North

America, of unusually high altitude distribution of winged individ-

uals belonging to certain species, although some European records

of ant swarming and mating activity on hill and mountain tops

were found. It was felt that such an apparently widespread

phenomenon should be further investigated. A program was in-

itiated to try and secure additional information and observations

on summit swarming of flying ants from Forest Service personnel

located on the network of mountain top lookout stations through-

out the western United States, and also to study the phenomenon

locally, in conjunction with a general investigation of insect activity

on one nearby mountain summit.

A single data sheet which could be readily filled out was

prepared and the request made, through Forest Supervisors of the

various National Forests in the western United States, that copies

be placed with as many fire lookout observers as possible. This

form was accompanied by an explanatory note describing some

aspects of swarming behavior in ants and explaining the study

program. The information supplied through these forms for the

summer of 1952 as well as some data from previous years, based

upon the memory or records of various individuals, was sum-

* This study was accomplished while the writer was on the staff of Montana

State University.

94, THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

marized and analyzed. About 30 persons who had observed summit

ant swarms themselves were personally interviewed.

Summit swarming of ants was studied locally on Squaw Peak,

altitude 7,996 feet, about 25 miles northwest of Missoula, Montana.

This peak is rather isolated and has a fairly well defined summit

below which there are extensive slide rock areas with patches of

soil here and there supporting trees and alpine vegetation char-

acteristic of the region. Nine visits were made to this peak during

the period from late June to early September, 1952. Winged ants

were directly taken and observed on July 28, 29, August 3, 8, 9 and

September 2 and were collected at various times from pans of oil-

covered water which were set out on and near the summit on June

28 and left until August 26 or September 2. These pans were of

two sizes, 12x19x2 inches and 16x25x314 inches and one of each

size was placed at each of three stations whose relationship to each

other is as follows: station A, summit, altitude 7,996 feet; station

B, 163 feet from A, altitude 7,972 feet; station C, 173 feet from

B, altitude 7,921 feet. The two lower stations were located at 290°

with respect to the highest station. Small patches of soil and vegeta-

tion occurred at station A, but substrate at stations B and C con-

sisted entirely of large lichen-covered rocks. Insects from the two

pans at station C were kept together as were those from station B

pans. The small pan (station A,) at the summit was located on a

four and one half foot cairn while the large pan (station A.) rested

on the adjacent summit surface. After these two pans were found

to differ greatly in the number of ants trapped all insects from

them were kept separately. On days when direct observations were

made the estimated abundance, distribution on and around the

summit, mating activity, and general behavior of winged ants were

frequently noted. Altogether about 39 hours were spent in actual

study and observation of general insect activity on and near the

summit at times when winged ants were present.

Condensed and sumarized data from summit lookout stations

are presented in Figure 1* and in Table 1’.

It should be recorded that many of the lookout station observers

supplemented the information on their data sheets with more or

1 Base map supplied through courtesy of McKnight and McKnight Publishing

Co., Bloomington, Illinois.

2Tt is regretted that the help of the large number of fire lookout observers and

District Rangers of the U. S. Forest Service who supplied information used in this

study cannot be individually acknowledged here. .

APRIL, 1954] CHAPMAN—ANTS 95

less detailed accounts of the ant swarming seen. These accounts

agree with the descriptions of most persons who were personally

interviewed and with the observations of the writer on Squaw Peak

in consistently indicating 1) the location of swarms to be tops of

mountains or ridges and 2) a definite restriction of the swarms to

a rather small area at the actual summits, usually the highest

object or objects there such as roof, windows and external stove

pipe of the cabin, and in a few cases the tops of trees immediately

NONE

100S

1000S_ -

10,000S e

Fig. 1 Map showing distribution of reports of summit ant swarming.

96 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

adjacent to the summit as well. Frequently, when cabins were

elevated on towers (which ranged up to 90 feet in height) swarms

would be present by or on the cabins but not on the surface of

the ground below.

TABLE I. CONDENSED AND SUMMARIZED INFORMATION

FROM LOOKOUT STATION OBSERVERS

Number of Number of

Reports Reports

Total ....... . . 256 Altitude—all swarms of ants

Size swarms (maximum num- ON 2:000sftiy e's ee eA HO

bers reported from any area) 2000-4000) 83. a ae a

TQS ION, Segin <e ieee ie te wie 4:000.= 6,000 ft 5 2 Fee aS

NGOs.) ao ree ee 6,000- 8,000ft. . . . . . 89

AOOOOS: 46 ee s Jt Maye. Oo 35000 10/000 Tt. >. 2s ~ nv 48

Mating of ants absoreeak. eee GS over 10,000 ft. ass,

Shedding of wings observed. . 36 Altitude—swarms af tens oA

Maximum numbers ants on thousands of ants

relatively warm calm days 2O00> “AL000 TES oy BO 6

(wind less than 3 m.p.h.) . 118 4.000:- -6:000utt Stee, 4 = 28

Location of swarms at actual 6:000% 8.000 ST he ae ers

summit or top of ridges and 3,000 LOO00ttS se AS

mountains . . . dias 240 over 10,000 ft. Pate gor i At eae

Time of day at which swarms Time of year at ick

were reported to occur swarming was noted

e- sbOeARVIEN ED 9 2. Oe ts en 1382 Mary? als a ee Mal 2

LOR AAs rs Sees Ae ene 64 une say ae ee ee OK

Le em | edt eh oe be LOD uly ees Be! Asie tute ea Oh, © LOG

2 abe tae ase RS Ae USES wah Sie Bae Dy bale Oetes

4- 6P.M. 4] September... . 40

Some does “a lous ‘lsent ation is necessary in pide to stot

serve mating activity in swarms, and it was consistently noted on

Squaw Peak at times of even light swarming. It is therefore felt

that this activity is probably quite a consistent feature of summit

swarming.

Shedding of wings was reported relatively few times, This might

be due to the inconspicuous nature of the process or to the tendency

of dealate females to seek shelter and thus be overlooked. However,

no wing shedding was noted on Squaw Peak. Also, many observers

described such large invasions of lookout cabins by the winged ants

that they died in great numbers there, while at the same time

stating that no shedding of wings was seen. Seevral persons inter-

viewed stated that they had not noticed loss of wings and felt

fairly certain that, because of the large numbers of winged ants

present, they would have observed this had it been widespread.

ApRIL, 1954] CHAPMAN—ANTS 97

Several collections of winged ants which occurred in summit

swarms were sent in with the data forms. The ants represented and

the number of samples in which each was found are as follows:*

Formica sanguinea subnuda Em... . . . . . . 24

Formica sp. (microgyna group)

Formica sp.( fusca group) .

Formica sp. (sanguinea group) .

Formica sp. ; re Aa

Leptothorax eae ae

Leptothorax sp. .

Myrmica aldrichi (Whir.)

Myrmica lobicornis fracticornis Em. .

Myrmica (Myrmica) sp.

ho) SOO e ee

—

om)

On the days when the writer scp he flying ant activity

on Squaw Peak there was no doubt about the preference of the ants

for the actual summit and, in the case of Formica sanguinea sub-

nuda, for the two cairns on the summit (one eight feet and the

other four and a half feet high). These ants were observed on July

29, August 3 and 9 to congregate in numbers (up to several hun-

dred) on the upper rocks of the cairns, where they would crawl

about actively and where mating took place. There always appeared

to be many more males than females, a difference which showed

up in most samples of this species which were set in by lookout

observers. Counts made of samples of pan collected specimens

gave the following ratios of males to females: 377 to 33, August

3; 377 to 16, August 9; 377 to 15, August 26.

Leptothorax canadensis, noted in hundreds on July 29, ap-

peared to form loose flying groups to the leeward of the smaller

cairn and only scattered individuals were seen elsewhere at that

time. Data from the oil-water pans, given in Table II, show

clearly that for both of these ants preference for the summit itself,

and in the case of F. sanguinea subnuba the cairns specifically,

exists. Differences in relative numbers of L. canadensis taken by

large and small summit pans suggest some shifting of specific

swarming site of this species about the summit. No aggregations

of either species were seen away from the actual top of the peak

although surrounding lower areas were frequently visited in order

to determine swarm distribution.

Maximum numbers of ants were noted on relatively warm

calm days. At these times the ants could be seen flying about at

3 All specimens were identified by M. R. Smith, U S Nationa) Museum.

98 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VoL. XXX, NO. 2

the summit without being apparently influenced by air currents. At

other times the ants seemed to have difficulty reaching and main-

taining themselves on the cairns against the force of the wind.

There is no doubt about the presence of eddies of air currents

around the summit. At times, for example, southwesterly winds of

eight to eleven miles per hour were measured there, while 20 to 50

feet down on the east side (10 to 50 feet in vertical elevation)

velocities were close to zero. However, ants were never seen to

swarm at such points.

TABLE II. ANTS COLLECTED BY OIL-WATER PANS ON AND

NEAR SUMMIT SQUAW PEAK

Date of Station A; Station A: Station B Station C

Collection* Cairn Summit

Surface

July 3 larges 109 (ants from 0 0

small, 5 Station 0 0

A; andA,

combined )

July 15, large 522 not noted of 0°

small not noted _not noted not noted not noted

July 29 large 1418 400 5 5

small 2285 3477 34 3

August 3 large 7922 265 26 8

small 10244 3468 963 211

August 9 large 2701 238 9 6

small 2511 3340 342 125

August 26; large 2090 268 14 4

small 695 5310 552 187

September 2 large 8 not used not used not used

small 13

There are limitations to the use and intepretation of the in-

formation secured from fire lookout observers. Much of it was

furnished by persons lacking technical training in biology and may

be incomplete and even incorrect. Frequently only part of the

information requested was given. Many of the lookout stations

from which reports were received were manned only during certain

periods of the summer, depending on area fire danger ratings, and

* Pans set out June 28.

5 Mostly Formica sanguinea subnuda Em.

5° Mostly Leptothorax canadensis Prov.

7 Pans all dry on these dates.

8 Small pans only were checked.

APRIL, 1954] CHAPMAN—ANTS 99

thus do not include all instances of swarming which might have

occurred. However, many observations had undoubtedly been

carefully made and the data as a whole probably provide a reason-

ably good picture of many aspects of mountain summit ant swarm-

ing in the areas represented.

In trying to determine the causes of summit abundance of

winged ants it is necessary to carefully consider the possible effects

of wind on these ants. Complex air currents are a characteristic

feature of mountainous regions. The topography influences and

modifies large air mass movements in one direction and heating

and cooling of the varied land surfaces, due to gain and loss by

radiation during the day and night, respectively, produce varied

local air movements. Fire control studies in the northern Rocky

Mountain region by the U. S. Forest Service (Barrows, 1951) have

shown that, as a general rule, upslope winds commence around

9:00 A.M. and continue until late afternoon when, after a short

transition period, downslope winds occur. It is logical to assume

that updraft air currents play a role in mountain top ant swarming.

It is known that air currents can transport ants as well as other

insects to considerable distances above the surface of the earth

even under relatively mild weather conditions (Glick, 1939). In

many ant species the reproductive forms leave different nests within

an area at much the same time so that some temporary abundance

of winged ants may be noted in almost any locality. (Forel, 1875,

1930; Emery, 1891; Wheeler, 1910). If ants emerge at lower

elevations during the day any updraft currents would tend to carry

them upwards. Winged ants are not considered to be strong fliers

and almost any air movement in a particular direction might be

expected to affect their distribution. Once ant reproductives were

present in numbers on a summit, one would expect their mating

activity to proceed as it would below.

It is interesting to note that in 118 of the reports from lookout

stations and also at Squaw Peak, maximum numbers of ants were

observed on warm calm days, if winds of three miles per hour and

less are included in the calm category. Many ant species tend to

swarm on such days at lower elevations. It is recognized that

thermal updrafts are probably more clearly defined and therefore

relatively more important as transporting agents on these warm

calm days than at other times where more general air movements

may play the dominant role.

100 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 2

Continuous measurements of air currents around a peak coinci-

dent with summit abundance of winged ants have not been made.

The actual extent to which updrafts of various velocities might

tend to carry ants of different sizes and flight powers likewise is

not known although there is evidence, in abnormally high distibu-

tion of scattered ant reproductives, that air currents can transport

ants upwards for considerable distances. Wheeler (1917a, 1917b)

suggested that in mountainous regions winged ants were frequently

carried above the normal species range by air currents and that

annual loss of such individuals in terms of potential colony estab-

lishment might cause a considerable drain on certain species.

It is not yet possible to completely evaluate the role of updraft

air currents as they may relate to summit ant swarming. However,

there are several indications, based both on the writer’s study on

Squaw Peak, and on the data secured by others, that the ant swarms

observed cannot be accounted for by air currents alone.

Probably the main difficulty in explaining summit swarming

entirely on the basis of air currents is the apparent localization of

ant swarms, of all sizes, at the actual tops of mountains and ridges

and frequently within small areas on the summits. The Squaw

Peak pan collection data show a very clear preference for the actual

summit. Moreover, concentrations within a small area were repeat-

edly described by the lookout observers. There were far more op-

portunities for these observers to notice the ant swarms at summits

that at lower elevations due to the fact that almost all lookout

stations are located on the highest points of mountains or ridges.

However, it was specifically reported by several persons that

areas below the summits were visited during periods of swarming,

and it can be assumed that there were many more observations

made away from the highest points during such times in view of

the following points: 1) swarming was frequently reported to be

of several days duration, 2) leave and activities such as trail main-

tenance and transportation of water, for example, require that

observers be away from the summit at times. Actually not a single

person reported simultaneous swarming of ants at lower elevations

and at summits.

Lookout stations from which “tens of thousands” of ants were

reported ranged from 2,600 feet to 11,030 feet in altitude and in-

cluded bare rocky peaks, where thermal air currents might be

expected to be fairly strong, and grassy or brush and forest covered

APRIL, 1954] CHAPMAN—ANTS 101

ridges and hills, where thermals are certainly not as well developed.

It might be noted that in all but a few cases reported by fire lookout

observers only one or two kinds of ants were seen to swarm at any

one summit.

Forel (1875, 1930) reported that swarms of Myrmica rubra,

and of other species presumably, at times would form over standing

men, roofs of houses, tall trees, church steeples, hill summits and

even mountain tops and he recorded some summit mating activity

for several species of ants.

It is hard to believe that air currents alone would produce such

large localized concentrations of ants and at sites such as some of

the points mentioned by Forel, or reported by lookout observers,

or the cairns on Squaw Peak. One would expect wind or updraft

carried insects to be scattered along the approaches to distinct

peaks and throughout the length of ridges, since there is certainly

some eddying of air currents below or near the highest point in

either case. As a matter of fact one could also expect that updraft

currents strong enough to be a major factor in carrying insects

would tend to transport them on up above and away from the

ridgetops or peaks. It is interesting to note in this respect that

several other types of insects tend to be more abundant on mountain

peaks and summits than below such areas (Chapman, 1954).

In summing up the consideration of air currents as the cause

of summit abundance of winged ants it would seem that although

such currents may play a role, a definite preference for the summits

of ridges and mountains as swarming sites is shown by some ant

species.

It is hoped that future work may provide more specific informa-

tion on distribution of various summit swarming species, on the

fate of winged ants after swarming, including the extent of wing

shedding by females, on the duration of swarming for various

species, distances through which summit ants may travel and on

a number of other phases of this phenomenon which are not well

known at present.

SUMMARY

Information and observations on the swarming of winged ants

on mountain summits were secured from persons stationed at

summit fire lookout stations throughout mountainous regions of

the western United States during the 1952 summer season. Some

records from years prior to 1952 were also obtained. This data was

102 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

recorded for the most part on a form which proided for systematic

recording of desired information, and is summarized, analyzed

and discussed in this report. Studies of mountain top ant swarming

were also made by the writer on an 8,000 foot mountain near

Missoula, Montana. Insects were collected and observations made

at intervals during the summer of 1952 and the resulting data

presented and discussed. It is felt that the following conclusions

are justified:

1. Swarming of winged ants of certain species at the very

summits of peaks and ridges is a definite and fairly widespread

phonomenon in many of the mountainous regions of the western

United States.

2. Although it is not possible at present to accurately determine

the role of updraft air currents in producing such swarms it is

unlikely that updrafts are the only casual factor.

3. An instinctive tendency to seek such points as swarming

sites is probably present in some ant species.

LITERATURE CITED

Barrows, J. S.

1951. Fire behavior in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Northern

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Missoula,

Montana. Station Paper No. 29.

CHAPMAN, JOHN A.

1954. Studies on summit-frequenting insects in western Montana. Ecol-

ogy, 35 (1): 41-49.

Emery, CarLo

1891. Zur Biologie der Ameisen. Biol. Centralblatt 11:165-180.

Foret, A.

1875. Les fourmis de la Suisse. Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat.

Vol. 26.

Fore, A.

1930. The social world of the ants compared with that of man. 2 Vol.

Trans. C. K. Ogden A. and C. Boni New York.

Guick, P. A.

1939. The distribution of insects, spiders, and mites in the air. U. S.

D. A. Tech. Bull. No. 673.

Wuee er, W. M.

1910. Ants, their structure development and behavior. Columbia Uni-

versity Press, New York.

Wuee ter, W. M.

1917a. Notes on the marriage flights of some Sonoran ants. Phyche

24:177-180.

Wuee er, W. M.

1917b. The mountain ants of western North America. Proc. Amer.

Acad. Arts Sci. 52(8) :457-569.

APRIL, 1954] EVANS—TASTIOTENIA 103

THE MALE OF TASTIOTENIA FESTIVA

(Hymenoptera, Pompilidae)

Howarp E. Evans

Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

A few years ago I described an unusual new genus of pompilid

wasps, Tastiotenia, based on two females, one from Needles, Calli-

fornia, and one from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico (1950, Trans.

Amer. Ent. Soc., 75:150). In the description a number of curious

morphological features were pointed out, and the unique wing

venation was described and figured. It was concluded that the

genus apparently belonged to the tribe Pompilini, but that it must

represent a relict of a very early type. I have awaited the discovery

of the male of this genus with considerable anticipation. Fortu-

nately I have not had to wait long, for an intrepid wasp-hunter,

Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr., has recently collected a male Tastiotenia at

Borego, San Diego County, Calif., May 2, 1952. Although differing

in color from the female T. festiva, the difference is no greater

than often occurs between the sexes in Pompilidae, and I feel cer-

tain that it represents the male of this species. The male keys readily

to Tastiotenia in my key to the Nearctic genera of Pompilini, and

the wings are virtually identical with those figured.

The male possesses all the unusual features of the female plus a

tew of its own, notably the flattened and somewhat expanded hind

basitarsus and tibial spurs, and the oddly shaped last antennal

segment. The terminalia, however, are remarkably conventional,

and on the basis of these alone one might easily place festiva in

the genus Pompilus, in fact close to phoenix. It is difficult to believe

that these resemblances are more than coincidental. However, the

placing of Tastiotenia in the Pompilini seems thoroughly justified

on the basis of the genitalic structures.

Description of male——Length 4.5 mm.; fore wing 3.8 mm. Posterior mar-

gin of pronotum with a prominent ivory-white stripe, including the posterior

lobes, and the apical abdominal tergite with a large white spot; posterior

femora bright rufo-ferruginous, dusky at base and apex; apical half of man-

dibles rufous; color otherwise black. Wings hyaline, the apical fourth of the

fore wings lightly banded with brownish. Body clothed with a somewhat

coarse silvery pubescence, more dense and suberect on the propodeum;

pubescence grading into brownish on the extremities of the legs. Mandibles

with a single strong tooth on the inner margin. Clypeus 3.5 times as broad

as high, the apical margin broadly, weakly concave. Malar space extremely

short. Front very broad, the middle interocular distance .66 times the trans-

facial distance: inner orbits approximately parallel, the upper and lower

104, THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

interocular distances about equal. Ocelli rather widely separated on the ~

broad vertex, forming a right angle in front; postocellar and ocello-ocular

distances about equal. Vertex elevated in a low, even arc above the eye-tops.

Antennae short; first four segments in a ratio of about 17:9:8:10, the third

segment thus actually shorter than the pedicel, and only very slightly longer

than thick; outer flagellar segments (7-12) approximately as long as their

greatest thickness; apical segment about 1.5 times as long as thick, its apex

abruptly, obliquely flattened. Pronotum short, its posterior margin feebly

angulate. Scutellum very prominent; postnotum approximately as wide as

the metanotum, distinctly impressed medially. Propodeum without a well-

defined posterior rim. Legs feebly spinose; femora with one or two minute

spines near the apex; middle and hind tibiae and tarsi with scattered very

small spines. Hind coxae large, about 1.5 times as long as the middle coxae.

Hind tarsus compressed, the basal segments somewhat expanded; basitarsus

considerably broader than the tibia at its base; longer spur of hind tibia

broadened and flattened, narrowly fusiform (shorter spur of hind tibia want-

ing in this specimen). Tarsal claws feebly dentate. Wings as described and

figured for the female in the original description. Abdomen short and rela-

tively stout, the dorsum somewhat flattened, the sides rather flat and con-

verging below, the abdomen in cross-section therefore somewhat trigonal.

Sixth sternite deeply emarginate apically, without special modifications.

Subgenital plate (fig. 2) with the median line roundly elevated, the apex

narrowly rounded and the margin beset with stout spines, except the extreme

apex with only weak setae. Genitalia (fig. 1) with the parameres very slender,

clothed with short setae on the apical two-thirds; volsellae with the digiti

broadly expanded apically and clothed with short setae; basal hooklets

double; aedoeagus with a broad fan-shaped apical expansion.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figure 1—Male genitalia of Tastiotenia festiva Evans, ventral aspect on

left side, dorsal on right. Figure 2—Subgenital plate, ventral aspect.

APRIL, 1954] CHANDLER—DOBSONFLIES 105

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF DOBSONFLIES FROM CALIFORNIA

(Megaloptera: Corydalidae)

Harry P. CHANDLER

California Department of Fish and Game, Red Bluff, California

Two of the species were suspected of being new when they were

first collected in 1946 along with another new species which is

being described elsewhere by a student who has worked out its

life history. The other two species described here were discovered

while working over the California Insect Survey and California

Academy of Sciences collections during the preparation of the

section on California Megaloptera for a book on the aquatic insects

of California to be published by the University of California.

There are still several undescribed species or subspecies in the

west, but the author prefers not to describe them at this time be-

cause the picture of their speciation and distribution is not clear

at present. Since the Nearctic species of this group were last

keyed by Davis in 1903, the number of described species has

doubled; and from the species included in Chauliodes have been

separated four other genera. Van der Weele’s world revision in

1910 threw considerable light on the generic picture but com-

pletely confused the species by placing in synonymy about half

of the valid Nearctic species. In view of this, the author plans

to revise the Nearctic Corydalidae in the near future.

Dysmicohermes ingens Chandler, new species

Holotype male: Alar expanse 122 mm.; body predominantly testaceous

brown, sparsely covered with conspicuous long, silky hair. Head rufous,

coarsely and closely punciate, except for smooth raised area on vertex:

labrum transverse elyptical; clypeus smooth but otherwise poorly differen-

tiated from front, apex straight, angled at sides and nearly straight to margin

of eye. Antennae with 52 segments, filiform, relatively short, length about

three times width of head, each segment a little longer than wide, covered

with short microscopic pile, and sprinkled with short, depressed spines about

Y4 as long as segment. Ocelli parallel with outer margin of antennae, middle

ocellus less convex, 4/5 as wide as lateral ocelli, ocelli separated from an-

tennae by about own width, middle ocellus separated from lateral ocelli by

width of latter, lateral ocelli more widely separated from each other; cheeks

of head parallel a little distance behind prominent eyes; mandibles mostly

concealed when closed. Pronotum with sides nearly parallel, slightly con-

vergent anteriorly, faintly alutaceous with fine punctures, covered with a

short sparse pubescence. Wings (fig. 5), slightly translucent, stimga more so;

veins brownish, not conspicuously variegated; fore wing with translucent

brown spots, with slight tendency to be arranged along the veins, spots quite

small except near the basal 1/5 and 2/5 of the wing where they form two

106 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

indistinct transverse bands. Hind wings more faintly spotted basally and

posteriorly, none behind the cubitus. Radial sector with seven branches

reaching margin, media two-branched in fore wing and four-branched in hind

wing; cubitus three-branched. Fore wing with base of Ist anal conspicuously

raised and covered by most pronounced black spot on wing; anterior branch

of 2nd anal vein connected to the first anal by a cross vein which forms end

of Ist anal cell, posterior branch of 2nd anal vein forming end of 2nd anal

cell. Genitalia (figs. 3, 4), cerci with a deep cleft between the upper and

lower lobes, reaching more than half way to base or nearly to convex pitted

area on the lateral dorsal side near the base, anterior margin on ventral

lateral side with deep emargination partially filled by base of an elongate

osmeterium-like eversible membranous iube which may be withdrawn into

the body, length of tube is about 2.5 times the width of the genital capsule,

tube tapering to a point.

Allotype female: Alar expanse 160 mm.; very similar to male but larger.

Genitalia; valves of ovipositor with convex pitted area near base, upper lobe

short, lower lobe 214 times as long, narrowed to middle.

Holotype, Miamt Rancer Station, Mariposa County, CALt-

FORNIA, 27 July 1946, elev. 5,000 feet (H. P. Chandler). Allotype,

same data as holotype. Six paratypes are from the same locality

and collected by H. P. Chandler in 1946 except as noted; 6’, 29

June, &, 6 July; 20 3, 21 July; &, 23 July; 2, 29 July 1946 (T.

O. Thatcher). One 2 paratype from Sequoia Nat. Park, California

and one 9 from San Bernardino County, 1916, “Viggo Tarp.”

Holotype and allotype in the California Academy of Sciences col-

lection. Paratypes in the California Insect Survey collection, Los

Angeles County Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology and

the author’s collection.

This species is closely related to D. disjuncius (Walker). The

shape and venation of the wings are almost identical, but the

coloration is different. In D. disjuncius the spots are larger, more

intense and the membrane more hyaline, the head is less strongly

punctured and more rugose, the ocelli a little smaller and the

' tranverse depression behind the eyes less pronounced, the four,

medial, basal, raised areas on the vertex are separated by a

medial and transverse groove of even width so as to form a nearly

perfect cross. The genitalia as figured by Munroe (1953), while

very similar in type is different in almost every detail.

With the possible exception of Acanthacorydalis which is

found in the Orient, D. ingens has a larger wing spread than any

other species in the order Megaloptera.

All except two specimens of D. ingens listed above were taken

Aprit, 1954] CHANDLER—DOBSONFLIES 107

in the summer of 194.6 when the University of California entomol-

ogy field class used the U. S. Forest Service insect laboratory at

Miami Ranger Station just five miles south of Yosemite National

Park. Most of the specimens were taken around a light trap that

was operated part of the time. They were rarely taken in the trap

or seen fluttering about it but were found at rest on some object

near by. Apparently they came from a small stream that passed the

camp on its way down the side of the canyon. Dr. Struble, one

of the laboratory staff, on his way to work one morning, found a

cast pupal skin about 20 feet from the stream. Knowing my interest

in the adults, he located, about 6 inches away in the bank, the

hole from which it had emerged. No larvae were ever taken.

Dysmicohermes crepusculus Chandler, new species

Holotype male; alar expanse 84 mm.; body color dark brown to pale,

long hair very sparse and inconspicuous. Head dark brown to rufous with

mouthparts and adjacent areas pale, except for black tip of mandibles;

dorsal surface of head from clypeus to behind ocelli wrinkled and with

microsculpture of short parallel ridges, from the eyes posteriorly micro-

sculpture is more rugose with close set short, depressed hairs; smooth areas

of vertex faintly alutaceous, scarsely raised or even slightly depressed. Lab-

rum narrowly transverse, anterior margin straight with small emargination

at middle, front marginated anteriorly with pale color, clypeus very narrow,

depressed and smooth. Antennae about 3 times as long as width of head,

fuscous brown, 35 segments, filiform tapering to end except basal segment

which is nearly twice as wide as next few segments, segments about 3 times

as long as wide, spinkled with short distally inclined spines 1/3 width of

segment, micropile scarsely detectable on the basal segments. Outer margin

of ocelli parallel with inner margin of antennae, ocelli separated from each

other by width of lateral ocelli which are a little smaller, separated from

antennae by 1.3 times width of median ocellus, diagonal ridge separating

depressed area around ocelli from eyes. Mandibles mostly concealed when

closed. Pronotum with sides slightly concave, a little wider anteriorly, color

brown with anterior pale collar tapering to point at each side, microsculpture

alutaceous, tending to short parallel ridges posteriorly and laterally; devoid

of long pubescence, only a few short hairs near anterior and posterior mar-

gin. Wings (fig. 6), translucent; veins pale, not conspicuously variegated,

both wings except anal area of hind wing spotted with moderate to small

fuscous spots with slight tendency to form one or two transverse bands.

Base of first anal of anterior wing moderately raised without entire raised

area black. Costal area of fore wing widest at basal 14 where it is wider than

other cells of wing. Radial sector with seven branches reaching margin, Rs

forked beyond its middle; media two-branched in fore wing and _three-

branched in hind wing, cubitus with three branches reaching margin. An-

terior branch of second anal vein connected to first anal vein by cross vein

108 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

only, which forms end of first anal cell, posterior branch of second anal vein

forming end of second anal cell. Genitalia (figs. 1, 2) : cerci very short, upper

and lower lobes represented by slight protuberances separated by a horizontal

groove around end of cerci, ending near base of convex punctate area,

eversible parallel-sided membranous tube three times as long as width of

genital capsule, located on each side anterior to and below cerci.

Allotype female: alar expanse 106 mm.; generally similar to male except

that sculpture and proportions of head are slightly different; white collar

of pronotum less distinct; genital valves with upper and lower lobes barely

projecting beyond convex pitted area which occupies most of side.

Holotype, PyRAMiIp RANGER STATION, ELpDoRADO County,

Catirornia, 20 Aug. 1952 (J. W. MacSwain); allotype, 2 mi.

S.W. Miami Ranger Station (Girl Scout Camp, N. Fk. Fresno

River), Mariposa County, California, 25 July 1946, elev. 5,000

feet (H. P. Chandler). Twenty-seven paratypes from California

and one from Oregon as follows: Mono Co.: 9, Convict Cr. Ex-

perimental Sta., 12 Aug. 1953, elev. 7,200 (I. La Rivers); Mari-

posa Co.: 9, 2 mi. SW. Miami R. S., July 1946 & & 2, Girl Scout

Camp, N. Fk. Fresno River, July 1953, elev. 5,000 (Girl Scouts) ;

©, Nevada Falls, 29 July 1946, elev. 5,950 feet (H. P. Chandler) ;

2, Yosemite, Aug. 1935 (E. S. Ross) ; Nevada Co.: 3, Grass Valley,

July 1942 (L. Bwd.); Sierra Co.: &, Goodyear Creek, 10 July

192] (E. H. Nast); Plumas Co.: 3, 4 mi. W. Quincy, 26 June

1949 (J. W. MacSwain) ; Butte Co.:¢, Chico, 23 July 1951 (Ber-

riman); Shasta Co.: &, Burney Creek Hatchery, 15 July 1947

(D. W. Adams) ; Siskiyou Co.:¢', Dunsmuir, 30 June 1934 (G. H.

& J. L. Sperry); 3 é co S. Fk. Sacramento River, 6 Aug. 1953

(H. P. Chandler) ; Colusa Co.: 11 ob ob, 3 99, Paradise Creek, 23

July 1953, elev. 2,400 (H. P. Chandler) ; Lake Co.: &, Anderson

Springs, 12 July 1953 (W. R. Bauer); and one ¢ collected by

Behrens, who died in 1898, labeled “Francisco.” Oregon, Marion

Co.: &, Breitenbush Hot Springs, 5 July 1934, elev. 2,222 feet

(H. A. Scullen). The holotype and allotype will be placed in the

California Academy of Science collection; paratypes in the Cali-

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Dysmicohermes crepusculus, lateral view of male genitalia. Fig.

2. Ventral view of the same. Fig. 3. D. ingens, lateral view of male genitalia. .

Fig. 4. Ventral view of the same. Fig. 5. Wings of D. ingens. Fig. 6. Wings

of D. crepusculus. Fig. 7. Protochauliodes simplus, ventral view of tip of

aedeagus. Fig. 8. P. simplus, lateral view of cerci. Fig. 9. P. montivagus,

lateral view of cerci. Fig. 10. P. montivagus, ventral view of tip of aedeagus.

Apri, 1954] CHANDLER—DOBSONFLIES 109

SSSA YT

SSS SST

LES OPE EEE aw,

Wp

110 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2

fornia Insect Survey collection, Illinois Natural History Survey

collection, Chico State Teachers College collection, Museum of

Comparative Zoology and the author’s collection.

This species is provisionally placed in Dysmichohermes but is

not closely related to either D. disjunctus or D. ingens. From these

two species it is most easily separated by its smaller size, the wide

costal area of the fore wing, the hind wing with three branches

of the media reaching the margin, and the genitalia. There is

some variation in the specimens studied but it is difficult to de-

scribe. The number of segments in the antennae range from 35 to

47, seeming to be a little more numerous but shorter in the female.

The antennae of the males were usually about 2.9 times as long

as the width of the head, while those of the female were only about

2.2 times. The alar expanse in the males ranged from 67 mm. to

98 mm. while that of the females ranged from 100 to 108 mm.

Other variations were noted, especially in the proportions and

sculpturing of the head. The latter seemed a little more pronounced

in the female.

Protochauliodes simplus Chandler, new species

Holotype male: Alar expanse 78 mm.; general body color fuscous with

lighter markings, body with little hair except ventrally. Head fuscous brown,

pale in front of antennae. Labrum with sides rounded, slightly emarginate

medially. Antennae brown, 414 times longer than width of basal segments.

Ocelli large, median slightly smaller but as wide as front between antennae,

only about 1/3 its width from antennae, lateral ocelli separated from eyes

and median ocelli by own width, vertex behind ocelli not depressed but

evenly rounded from side to side, smooth areas alutaceous, not conspicuously

raised or darker, rest of vertex very finely rugose. Wings slightly translucent

with many small, smoky spots with a tendency to be arranged along sides

of veins and a few larger opaque spots along the anterior margin; fore wing

with a larger spot covering the first medio cubital cross vein; hind wings with

spots restricted to apical portion. Ras; unbranched, R. and R; forked at

apical third, Rs without cross vein between its two branches; anterior branch

of second anal vein stalking with first anal for a short distance, so that

latter appears three branched. Genitalia: cerci (fig. 8), somewhat dorso-

ventrally flattened basally; aedeagus (fig. 7), nearly flat.

Holotype, TANBARK Fiat, San Dimas ExpeRIMENTAL Forest,

Los AncELEs County, Catrrornia, 13 July 1950 (J. D. Paschke).

Ten paratypes, all males, were collected from the same locality by

A. T. MaClay (6), S. Miyagawa (2), E. G. Linsley (1) and D. E.

Barcus (1) on July 7 (1), 12 (1), 17 (1), 18 (1), 22 (2), 23

(4), 1952. The holotypes will be placed in the California Academy

APRIL, 1954] CHANDLER—DOBSONFLIES 11]

of Sciences collection with paratypes in the California Insect Sur-

vey collection, University of California collection at Davis, Los

Angeles County Museum and the author’s collection.

This species is related to P. infuscatus and P. minimus. The

wing veination and body form of the species in this group are re-

markably constant and sometimes the difference between species

is less than individual variation within the species. Except that

infuscatus is black and minimus is usually smaller, the only sure

way of separating the species is by examining the genitalia.

Protochauliodes montivagus Chandler, new species

Holotype male: alar expanse 72 mm.; description similar to that of

P. simplus except as noted. Lateral ocelli more than own width from eyes;

smooth areas raised a little, rest of vertex with microsculpture of short

parallel ridges. Wings with opaque spots more restricted, outer half of hind

wing faintly potted. Genitalia: cerci (fig. 8), short and stubby, as wide at

apex as at base as viewed from side; aedeagus (fig. 10), flat, only the tip

chitinized ventrally. ;

Holotype from St. CHARLES HILL, SIERRA CouNTY, CALIFORNIA,

7 July 1921 (E. H. Nast collector). Three paratypes, all males,

from Sierra City, Sierra Co., Calif., 25 July 1952 (Don Richtor) ;

Quincy, 4 mi. W., Plumas Co., Calif., 2 July 1949 (R. L. Lang-

ston); and Lake Vernon, Yosemite, Calif., 25 July 1937 (E.

Herald). The holotype will be placed in the California Academy

of Sciences collection. Paratypes will be placed in the University

of California collection at Davis, Los Angeles County Museum and

the author’s collection.

LITERATURE CITED

Davis, K. C.

1903. Sialidae of North and South America. New York State Museum

Bull. 68: 442-486, pls. 51, 52.

Munrog, E. G.

1951. The identity and generic position of Chauliodes disjunctus Walker

(Megaloptera: Corydalidae), Canadian Ent., 83(2): 33-35, 3

text figs.

Munrog, E. G.

1953. Chauliodes disjunctus Walker: a correction, with the description

of a new species and a new genus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae).

Canadian Ent., 85(5): 190-192, 4 text figs.

Wee.e, H. W. van DER

1910. Megaloptera, Catalogue systématique et descriptif. Coll. Zool.

Selys Longchamps, Brussels. Fasc. 5: 1-93, 70 text figs., 4 pls.

112 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 2

MODIFIED FLAG FOR TICK COLLECTING

During two seasons of tick collecting the author noted three

small cumulative disadvantages in the standard flagging method,

when collecting ticks among low grasses and weeds, with few trees

and bushes present. These were: (1) difficulty in obtaining maxi-

mum coverage of the flora because the flag was usually at an angle

to the ground; (2) difficulty in prevention of flapping by moderate

winds, and (3) inconvenience to the collector who was required

to bend sharply in order to hold the flags close to the low

vegetation.

To overcome these drawbacks, a flag was attached to a 3-ft.

equilateral triangle with the 6-in. handle at the apex, and the muslin

flag at the base. Each side was made of 3/16 in. steel wire, with

half of a threaded bolt tip welded to each of the two ends which

come together to form a handle attachment. To make the instrument

more compact, the handle was made removable and the sides con-

sequently folding, permitting one to wrap the handle and sides,

together with the base, in the muslin.

In use, the flag can be (1) held in front, which permits tick

collecting before the operator can jar or otherwise dislodge the

arthropods, (2) pulled behind as a drag cloth, and (3) pulled

beside the collector, on either side. Also, the flag is easily held

parallel to the surface to be collected, assuring thorough coverage;

kecause the instrument is easily controlled, slight movements by

the collector can prevent undue flapping, even in moderately high

winds, and there is a minimum of inconvenience to the collector.

Though adapted for low vegetation, this instrument will work

equally well on bushes and trees—W. PETER Horen, San Anselmo,

California.

RANGE EXTENSION OF NOTONECTA SHOOTERI

(Hemiptera: Notonectidae)

I collected two specimens of Notonecta shooteri Uhler at Port

Orford, Curry County, in a stream on July 7, 1951, and an ad-

ditional three specimens three days later at Charleston, Coos County,

in a pond. Both localities are located on Oregon coast. Marin County

in California represented former northernmost records of this

species. — Borys MALkin, University of Washington, Seattle.

APRIL, 1954] TODD—NERTHRA 113

NEW SPECIES OF NERTHRA FROM CALIFORNIA

(Hempitera: Gelastocoridae )

E. L. Topp

Entomology Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

During the course of a taxonomic revision of the family Gelasto-

coridae (Hemiptera), it was discovered that the genera Nerthra

Say and Mononyx Laporte are congeneric. As Nerthra was de-

scribed early in 1832 and Mononyx not until 1833,, the former has

priority and should be used as the generic name for those species

formerly placed in the genus Mononyx.

For many years Nerthra fuscipes (Guérin-Méneville) has been

reported from California, but these reports were misidentifications

of a new species that occurs in the southern part of this state. A

second new species has recently been collected in the vicinity of

Parker Dam, San Bernardino County, California, by Doctor R. L.

Usinger and Mr. Jack Lattin. The descriptions of these two species

are presented at this time so that the names will be available for

use in a faunal work.

Nerthra martini Todd, new species

Referring to this species:

1876. Mononyx badius Herrich-Schaffer; Uhler, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., pp.

336-337.

1894. Mononyx stygicus (Say); Uhler, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 2,

Vol. IV, pp. 290-291.

1917. Mononyx fuscipes Guerin-Meneville; Van Duzee, Catalogue of Hemip-

tera, Univ. of California Publ., p. 474.

Size. Male: Length, 7.0 to 7.6 mm.; width of pronotum, 4.5 to 4.8 mm.;

width of abdomen, 4.5 to 5.0 mm. Female: Length, 7.8 to 8.8 mm.; width of

pronotum, 4.8 to 5.3 mm.; width of abdomen, 5.0 to 5.8 mm. Color varying

from a yellowish-brown to black, generally a brown or reddish-brown. A

whitish spot on each hemelytron mesad of the junction of the embolial and

nodal sutures. In the black specimens the posterior third of the pronotum is

generally spotted with pale yellow or white. Ventrally slightly lighter than

dorsally; front femur uniform brown, intermediate legs light brown ringed

with dark brown areas which may be faint in some specimens; last three

abdominal segments lighter than rest of abdomen; connexivum with pos-

terior third of each segment yellowish, anterior two-thirds dark. A few

specimens examined were uniformly reddish-brown above and with a lighter

marginal band ventrally which extended the entire length of the abdomen.

Structural Characteristics. Apex of the head pointedly projecting with a

pair of rather sharp-pointed tubercles at the tip, sometimes these tubercles

1 Harris, H. M., Pan-Pacific Entomologist, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 161-162, 1942;

shows that Laporte’s paper did not appear in 1832 as s usually given.

114, THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

are rather rudimentary; superapical tubercles present. Pronotum not very

dilated laterally; lateral edge nearly straight, occasionally weakly sinuous

at middle; lateral edge conspicuously converging anteriorly; posterior mar-

gin sinuated before scutellum. Pronotum at greatest width not as wide as

abdomen in either sex. Scutellum broad, rather large, with slight tumescence

on either side, mesad of which of are faint rounded depressions. Body

sparsely covered with very small bristles, those on the scutellum being

slightly clavate. Hemelytra well-developed extending beyond the apex of the

abdomen. Lateral margin of the embolium nearly straight, not dilated. Con-

nexivum barely visible from a dorsal view in the male, quite prominent in

the female because the posterior abdominal segments are greatly dilated

laterally. Last abdominal segment of the male rather large, over half as wide

as the eighth abdominal segment, slightly longer than seventh or eighth

abdominal segments, asymmetrical. Ventral abdominal segments of female

asymmetrical; posterior margin of last abdominal segment more or less

pointedly notched; a moderate tumescence on the left side, a faint tumes-

cence on the right side of the last abdominal segment; a deep, elongate,

transverse depression extending along the anterior margin of the last abdom-

inal segment from the median line of the abdomen to the tumescence on the

left side. Clasper of male (fig. 1) swollen apically; a weak process on the

lateral surface and another on the dorsal surface: aedeagal furrow visible

- on the apical half of the ventral surface.

Holotype male, allotype female, 24 male and two female para-

types. Los Pensacuiros CREEK, SAN DiEco County, CALiFrornia,

April 8, 1930, C. H. Martin, in the Francis Huntington Snow

Entomological Collection at the University of Kansas. One male

and one female paratypes, San Felipe Creek, California, April 14,

1935, C. E. Norland, (Usinger Collection). One male and one

female paratypes, Los Angeles County, California, no date, Coquil-

lett, (U. S. Nat. Museum). One male and one female paratypes,

Riverside, California, March 2, 1927, T. Craig, (California Acad-

emy of Sciences).

In addition to the type series, the writer has seen specimens

from the following localities:

California. Afton Canyon, San Bernardino County, July 17, 1931, R. E.

Blackwelder, 1 male, (California Acad. Sci.) ; Ardeou, Dec. 25, 1915, J. C.

Martin, 1 female, (California Acad. Sci.); Frenchman Flats, Tehachapi,

April 8, 1951, R. L. Usinger, 1 female, (Usinger Collection) ; Los Angeles,

no date, P. R. Uhler, 1 male, (U. S. Nat. Museum); Palm Canyon, April

15, 1916, J. O. Martin, 1 male, (California Acad. Sci.) ; Palm Springs, Riv- -

erside County, April 3, 1925, E. C. Van Dyke, 1 male, (California Acad.

Sci.); same place, Jan. 3, 1929, Van Dyke, 1 female, (Univ. of Kansas

Coll.) ; same place, Aug. 2, Hubbard, 1 female, (U. S. Nat. Museum) ;

Panamint Valley, April 1891, C. V. Riley, 2 females, (U. S. Nat. Museum) ;

Pico, March 7, 1916, J. O. Martin, 1 male and 1 female, (California Acad.

ApRIL, 1954] TODD—-NERTHRA 115

Sci.) ; Pine Valley, July 27, 1938, R. I. Sailer, 1 female, (Univ. of Kansas

Coll.) ; Santa Ana Canyon, July 12, 1931, C. H. Martin, 7 males and 3

females, (Univ. of Kansas Coll) ; Sierra Madre, June 7, 1930, C. H. Hicks,

2 males, (Phila. Actd. Sci.) ; Sierra Nevada Mountains, no date, P. R.

Uhler, 1 male, (U. S. Nat. Museum).

Nevada. Warm Springs, Clark County, April 7, 1950, L. A. Rivers and

V. K. Johnson, 2 males (California Acad. Sci. and Usinger Coll.).

Arizona. “Ariz.”, no date, P. R. Uhler, 1 male, (U. S. Nat. Museum) ;

“Ariz.”’, no date, C. F. Baker, 1 male and 1 female, (U. S. Nat. Museum).

Baja California. Big Cyn., Sierra Laguna, Oct. 13, 1941, Ross and

Bohart, 2 males and 2 females, (California Acad. Sci.) ; Catavin, June 19,

1938, Michelbacher and Ross, 1 male, (California Acad. Sci.) ; Las Animas,

Sierra Laguna, Oct. 12, 1941, Ross and Bohart, 1 male and 2 females, (Cali-

fornia Acad. Sci.); Las Parras, Oct. 1925, W. M. Mann, 1 male, (U. S.

Nat. Museum); Loreto, Feb., 1923, W. M. Mann, 2 males and 3 females,

(U. S. Nat. Museum); 19 mi. E. Rosario, June 17, 1938, Michelbacher and

Ross, 3 males, (California Acad. Sci.) ; “L. Cal.”, no date, P. R. Uhler, 1

male, (U. S. Nat. Museum). Georgia. (?) Daytono, July 9, 1926, J. R.

Delano, 2 females, (Phila. Acad. Sci.). (labeled Dayton, Ga.).

\

‘

'

1

\

\

\

\

1

FIG.2 N. USINGERI N. SP.

FIG.) N. MARTINI N. SP. . FIG.3 N. MEXICANA (MELIN)

FIG.5 N. MARTINI N. SP. FIG.6 N. MEXICANA (MELIN)

FIG.4 N. STYGICA SAY

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figs. 1-4, males, claspers. Figs. 5-6, females, apical abdominal sternites.

2T have not been able to locate a Dayton, Georgia, a Dayton, California, or a

Dayton, Guatemala.

116 ' THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

This species is very closely related to Nerthra mexicana (Melin)

and to N. stygica Say. It is separated from the former species by

the narow pronotum, slightly larger size, the notch of the posterior

margin of the last abdominal segment of the female being rather

pointed at the anterior end (figs. 5 and 6) and by the shape of the

clasper of the male (figs. 1 and 3). It differs from NV. stygica Say

in that it has separate hemelytra with well-developed membranes,

the emargination of the last abdominal segment of the female

slightly more pointed anteriorly, and in the shape of the male

genitalia (figs. 1 and 4).

- This species is named after Doctor C. H. Martin, who studied

the genus Gelastocoris and who collected the types located in the

Francis Huntington Snow Entomological Collection.

Nerthra usingeri Todd, new species

Size. Male: Length, 6.4 to 6.8 mm.; width of pronotum, 4.5 mm.; width

of abdomen, 4.4 to 4.5 mm. Female: Length, 7.1 to 7.7 mm.; width of pro-

notum, 4.8 to 5.0 mm.; width of abdomen, 4.7 to 5.0 mm. Color. General over-

all color yellowish-brown to dark brown nearly black. Some specimens have

the dorsal surface mottled with black and yellowish-brown. Ventrally slightly

lighter in color than on the dorsal surface; front femora are brown, darkest

basad, intermediate and hind legs yellowish-brown with dark brown rings.

Abdominal segments, both above and below have light yellowish spots at the

latero-caudal angles of each segment. Structural characteristics. Apex of

head pointedly projecting, usually with a pair of sharp-pointed tubercles,

all are variable in size. Pronotum with the lateral margins more or less

rounded, converging anteriorly and posteriroly; widest level with the trans-

verse furrow; posterior margin deeply sinuated at the middle before the

scutellum. Scutellum large, not strongly elevated. Hemelytra with well-

developed membranes, extending to or beyond the end of the abdomen;

lateral margins of the embolia nearly straight for the basal half then gently

curving medially. Connexivum visible to the width of pronotum. Bristles

very small, short, peg-like, sparsely distributed over the body. Abdominal

segments of the male asymmetrical; ninth abdominal segment small, oval,

wider than long, slightly longer than eighth segment; seventh abdominal

segment spatulate on right side, posterior margin of spatula flat. Ventral

abdominal segments of female asymmetrical; posterior margin of last

abdominal segment roundly emarginated (like N. mexicana [Melin], see

fig. 6), a moderate tumescence on the left side, a faint tumescence on the

right side of the last abdominal segment; a deep, elongate, transverse depres-

sion extending along the anterior margin of the last abdominal segment from

the median line of the abdomen to the tumescence on the left side. Clasper

of male (fig. 2), very distinctive, broad and flattened apically, widest near

apex; aedeagal furrow visible on apical half of ventral surface, terminating

before reaching apex; clasper flattened in an oblique dorso-ventral plane.

APRIL, 1954] HELFER—HIPPOMELAS 117

Holotype male, near PARKER Dam, Catirornia, April 12, 1952,

R. L. Usinger, and allotype female, wash 3.5 mi. N. Cross Roads,

California, April 12, 1952, J. D. Lattin, in the collection of the

California Academy of Sciences at San Francisco. One male and

five female paratypes, wash 3.5 mi. N. Cross Roads, California,

April 12, 1952, J. D. Lattin, in the R. L. Usinger Collection at the

University of California. One male and one female paratypes, same

data, in the personal collection of Mr. Lattin.

The difference in the locality of the holotype and the remainder

of the specimens examined is merely a difference on the part of

the two collectors in labelling the specimens. These data represent

the same locality.

Closely related to Nerthra stygica Say, N. mexicana (Melin)

and NV. martint Todd. This species may be separated from JN. stygica

by the fact that the hemelytra are normal with well-developed mem-

branes. The distinctive clasper of the male (fig 2) will separate this

species from the males of N. mexicana (Melin (fig. 3) and N.

martini Todd (fig. 1). The females of this species differ from the

females of N. martini Todd in that the emargination of the last

ventral abdominal segment is broadly rounded. To the knowledge

of the writer it may only be separated from females of N. mexicana

(Melin) by distribution.

A NEW HIPPOMELAS FROM CALIFORNIA

(Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Jacques R. HELFER

Mendocino, California

Hippomelas dianae Helfer, new species

Holotype male elongate, subcuneate; aeneoviridis above and beneath;

pubescence short, white, moderately dense; intervals of elytra sparsely efflo-

rescent. Head moderately, coarsely, irregularly setopunctuate; eyes rather

prominent; antennae inserted under conspicuous oblique ridges, eleven seg-

mented, scape long, second segment slightly longer than broad, third segment

much longer than second, serrate from fourth segment, segments four through

eleven each with an area of sensory pores along outer edge, and with an

intero-terminal sensory fossa, terminal segment with a distinct appendix;

clypeous angularly,, not deeply emarginate; labrum bilobate, testaceous, pale.

Pronotum broadest at base with front margin broadly arcuate, sides broadly

118 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

rounded past middle becoming sinuate to basal angles which are prominent,

base narrowly sinuate at middle and more broadly sinuate at either side,

coarsely, irregularly setopunctate with a few irregular levigated spaces.

Scutellum small, rounded, depressed anteriorly. Elytra broadest at base, nar-

rowing gradually to apical third, then more strongly and becoming serrate to

apices which are bidentate, each elytron with five feeble costae; rather

densely, finely, shallowly setopunctate. Prosternal spine punctate at middle

between coxae but impunctate toward sides and tip, with a strong juxtacoxal

submarginal setopunctate stria. Mesosternum divided for reception of tip of

prosternal spine, meso-metasternal suture scarcely evident. Metacoxal plates

cut off externally by a lateral lobe of the abdomen. Abdomen with suture

between first and second segments distinct, posterior margin of third segment

strongly angulate toward sides; entire surface rather densely, shallowly,

irregularly setopunctate; last segment truncate at tip, incised at each side,

with a feeble transverse subapical plate. Forelegs with tibiae curved, strongly

margined below ,and denticulate internally, tarsi of all legs long and slender.

Genitalia dark in color, rather short, with adeagus evenly narrowed and

acute, parameres broadest at about two-thirds from their base, with margins

rather gradually curving, not lyrate. Length 13 mm., width 4 mm.

Allotype female similar in all respects except larger, length 16.5 mm.,

width 6 mm., protibiae not denticulate internally, and posterior margins of

abdominal segments two, three, and four irregularly dentate laterally. Apical

segment of abdomen largely obscured by dense efflorescence.

Holotype, allotype, and some hundreds of additional specimens,

many of them designated as paratypes, collected at Patm SprINcs

AND WHITEWATER, RIVERSIDE County, CaLirorNia, mostly in

July, by J. O. Martin, E. C. Van Dyke, P. D. Hurd, J. W. MacSwain,

and others. They were consistently taken from Ephedra. Also

several specimens from other desert localities which are doubtless

the same species but which I have not designated as paratypes.

Additional large series exist, in the collection of the University of

California at Davis, etc. Type material deposited in California

Academy of Science, principal series in California Academy of

Sciences and the California Insect Survey, University of California.

The male genitalia easily distinguish this species from Hippo-

melas planicosta and H. obliterata with which it has been confused

in collections.

Some specimens are considerably darker in color than the

types, some (fresh specimens) densely efflorescent above, some

with a faint cupreous shine. The smallest male is 11.25 mm. long,

the largest female 17.5 mm. long.

I take pleasure in dedicating this interesting species to my

wife Diane.

APRIL, 1954] FURMAN—ANDROLAELAPS 119

A NEW SPECIES OF ANDROLAELAPS FROM

PEROGNATHUS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

(Acarina: Laelaptidae)

DEANE P. FURMAN

University of California, Berkeley

The new species of mite described in this paper represents the

seventeenth species recognized in the genus Androlaelaps Berlese

1903. Of these, eight are known only from Africa (Zumpt and

Patterson 1950, Zumpt 1950), where they are found principally on

rodents of the families Muridae and Cricetidae. Two species, A.

hermaphrodita (Berl.) and A. karawaieni (Berl.), were described

from ant nests in Italy and Russia respectively, although the for-

mer species has been recorded recently by Turk (1946) from the

nest of Apodemus in Ireland. A. sardous is also known from

Apodemus in Sardinia.

A. impensus Eads 1952 is known only from a collection of bulbs

of Lilium shipped from Japan. The remaining five species of

Androlaelaps have been taken in the nearctic and neotropical

realms on rodents of the families Muridae, Cricetidae and Hetero-

myidae. The new species described here is the third one known

from hosts of the genus Perognathus.

Androlaelaps is closely related to the genus Hypoaspis Cane-

strini 1885, from which it is separable by the enlarged second pair

of legs with calcarate femora in both sexes. The chelicerae of the

female are shear-like, provided with a few teeth and a seta on the

fixed digit. The coxae are unarmed, bearing neither ventral spurs

nor stout spines. The genito-ventral plate of the female bears a

single pair of setae. In the male the holoventral plate may be fused

with or free from the anal plate. The dorsal plate is undivided.

Key TO FEMALES OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF ANDROLAELAPS

1. Femoral spur of leg IT with pronounced teeth. Expanded portion

of genito-ventral plate not wider than space between coxae IV Z

— Femoral spur of leg II smooth. Expanded portion of genito-

ventral plate much wider than space between coxae IV. . . a

2. Second pair of sternal plate setae overlapping bases of meta-

sternal setae. Many ventral and dorsal setae long and sinuous.

, sinuosa, Furman, new species

a Second: pair of nomial alate setae barely overlapping bases of

third sternal plate setae Body setae not long and sinuous . F

eo vet aay cy iN gpa ica gt aR as ee ET Oa eae grandiculatus Eads, 1951

3. Tarsus II with stout apical spines . . . . . Jleviculus Eads 1951

— Tarsus II without stout apical spines . . . ...... 4

120 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

4. Genito-ventral plate almost reaching anal plate. Sternal plate

with slightly concave posterior margin. ... . . setosus Fox 1946

-— Genito-ventral plate separated from anal plate by distance of

over one-half the anal plate length. Sternal plate with truncate

caudal margin . . . . . . johnstoni Eads and Hightower 1951

Androlaelaps sinuosa Furman, new species

Female.—A large mite, measuring 1.179 mm. long, exclusive of gnatho-

soma, by 0.823 mm. wide. Shape broadly oval, with slight shoulders.

Dorsal plate covering most of width of dorsum but leaving unarmed the

posterior tip of the opisthosoma; cephalic end of plate heavily solerotized

and deflexed. Thirty-five pairs of setae on dorsal plate, characteristically long

(up to 230 microns) -and sinuous.

Venter—Presternal area indistinctly reticulate. Sternal plate widened

posteriorly with concave margins measuring at narrowest points 114 microns

long by 205 microns wide, lightly reticulate; sternal setae long and sinuate,

anterior pair approximately 160 microns long arising from anterior margin of

plate, second and third pairs 230 microns in length. Metasternal and genital

setae sinuous, subequal to posterior sternal plate setae. Genito-ventral plate

gently flask shaped, small, widely separated from anal plate. Flanking the

genito-ventral plate two pairs of small narrow plates; two pairs of small

metapodal plates more laterally situated as illustrated. Anal plate with

broadly rounded anterior margin, posterior end terminating in a blunt

tip; its usual terminal position necessitates dissection in order to observe

the entire plate; adanal setae sinuous, 100 microns long; post-anal seta less

than one-half as long. Uncovered area of venter bearing approximately 10

pairs of somewhat sinuous setae. Peritremal tube with supporting sclerotized

plate extending from anterior border of coxae I almost to level of posterior

border of coxae IV with stigma located at level midway between coxae [JT

and IV; alary anterior extension of peritremal plate extends forward fusing

with anterior tip of dorsal plate. Second pair of legs greatly enlarged, cal-

carate, armed with a massive femoral spur bearing strong teeth on the inner

lateral margins; a small, blunt, striated spine located immediately distal to

large femoral spur; patella and tibia each with a striated, sharp, stout spine

bent at right angle to its axis (=lancet-shaped hair of Zumpt 1950) ; tarsus

with two prominent, stout, terminal spines and a basal spine similar to, but

smaller than, tibial spine. No other unusual features visible on legs.

Gnathosoma—typical for genus as illustrated. Capitular groove with six

transverse rows, each containing seven to ten teeth. Fixed digit of chelicera

with a short sharp seta and three teeth, movable digit bearing two teeth.

Male.—Idiosoma—1.065 mm. long by 0.823 mm. wide. Dorsum essentially

as in female.

Venter with narrow, elongate holoventral plate, which has a truncate

caudal border just posterior to hind margin of coxae IV, widely separated

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Androlaelaps sinuosa, female. Fig. 1. Venter; Fig. 2. Dorsal plate; Fig. 3.

Peritreme; Fig. 4. Anal plate. ‘

APRIL, 1954] FURMAN—ANDROLAELAPS 121

122 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2

from anal plate. Genital orifice on anterior margin of holoventral plate; all

but the first of the five pairs of holoventral seate long and sinuous. Two pairs

of metapodal plates visible. Anal plate and peritreme as in female. Approxi-

mately 12 pairs of setae on unarmed portion of opisthosoma. Legs as described

for female.

Gnathosoma—Fixed digit of chelicera with subapical tooth; a short

sharp seta located at proximal level of apical four-fifths of the fixed digit.

Movable digit divided into two branches as illustrated, one opposing the fixed

digit and supplied with one tooth, the other articulated at mid-length and

produced as a long, sickle-shaped process. The usual basal brush of setae

around the movable digit present.

Holotype female and allotype male, collected 18 October, 1953;

from Perognathus sp. probably fallax fallax at Pickon Pass, Riv-

ERSIDE County, CatirorniA (Deposited in U. S. Nat. Museum).

Paratypes. Twelve females and three males with same data as type.

The following are all from Perognathus fallax fallax:

Twenty-six females, 7 males, Reche Canyon, San Bernardino County,

Calif., October 1, 1951; 16 females, 5 males, Reche Canyon, San Bernardino

County, Calif., October 4, 1951; 9 females, 6 males, Reche Canyon, San Ber-

nardino County, Calif., Oct. 5, 1951; 12 females, 2 males, Reche Canyon,

San Bernardino County, Calif., Oct. 11, 1951; 17 females, 4 males, Reche

Canyon, San Bernardino County, Calif., Oct. 12, 1951; 8 females, 4 males,

Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, Calif., July 24, 1951; 6 females, 1 male,

Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, Calif., July 27, 1951; 3 females, 2

males, Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, Calif., Aug. 2, 1951; 8 females,

8 males, Lucerne Valley, San Bernardino County, Calif., Nov. 7, 1953; 4

females, 1 male, Plunge Creek Canyon, San Bernardino County, Calif., Nov.

19, 1951.

Androlaelaps sinwosa is easily distinguished from all other

species of the genus by the presence of very long sinuous setae on

dorsal and ventral sides of both sexes. However, the most basic

morphological difference displayed by this species is the widely

divided holoventral plate of the male; all other members of the

genus have the anal plate incorporated in the holoventral plate.

Some authorities might establish a new genus for the reception

of this species. To this the author cannot subscribe, since the host

affinities and combination of morphological features definitely

align it with Androlaelaps.

Grateful appreciation is expressed to Mr. Raymond E. Ryck-

man of the Loma Linda School of Tropical and Preventive Medi-

cine, who made available the specimens described in this paper.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Androlaelaps sinuosa. Fig. 5. Venter of male; Fig. 6. Male chelicera;

Fig. 7. Female chelicera.

Aprit, 1954]

FURMAN—ANDROLAELAPS

5

124. THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 2

REFERENCES

Eaps, R. B.

1951. New mites of the genus Androlaelaps Berlese. Journal of Para-

sitology, 37(2): 212-216.

Eaps, R. B. anp B. G. Hightower

1951. A new mite from nests of the wood rat, Neotoma micropus.

Entomological News, LXII(8) :249-252.

Fox, I.

1946. Three new mites from rats in Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the

Biological Society of Washington, 59:173-176.

Turk, F. A.

1946. Studies of Acari V, Notes on and description of new and little

known acari. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 11,

vol. XII: 785-820.

Zumpt, F., anp P. M. Parrerson

1950. The Ethiopian species of Hypoaspis subgen. Androlaelaps Berlese

(1903), with description of a new species. South African Journal

of Medical Science, 15: 67-74.

Zumpt, F.

1950. Some remarks on the family Laelptidae (sensu Vitzthum 1943)

with descriptions of three new species from African rodents.

Parasitology, 40(3 and 4): 298-303.

THE HOST OF MYRMOSULA RUTILANS (BLAKE)

j (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae)

During the spring of 1953, females of Myrmosula rutilans

(Blake)* were taken running about the nest sites of the andrenid

bee Nomadopsis scutellaris (Fowler)*. The association of the wasp

with the bee was so consistent that the writer suspected the wasps

of being parasitic on the bees. Females of the wasp were often

observed to enter the burrows of the bee. Final confirmation did

not come until June 15, when two females of the Myrmosula ma-

tured from cells which were taken from a Nomadopsis nest of the

previous summer. This is apparently the first host record for a

species of Myrmosula and so is of considerable interest. In fact,

it is one of the few records that we have for any wasps of the sub-

family Myrmosinae, the only other records being for Myrmosa

unicolor Say, a parasite of Tiphia sp., Halictus (Chloralictus)

pruinosm Robertson, H. (C.) stultum Cresson, and possibly Linde-

nius (Trachelosimus) columbianus errans (Fox).—Roy A. SNELL-

ING, Turlock, California.

1 Tdentification verified by P. D. Hurd, Jr.

2 Identification verified by J. G. Rozen, Jr.

AprIL, 1954] CHANDLER—ELMIDAE 125

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ELMIDAE (COLEOPTERA)

FROM CALIFORNIA

Harry P. CHANDLER

California Department of Fish and Game, Red Bluff, California

The following new genera and species are described at this

time, so that they may be included in the section on the Elmidae in

a book on the aquatic insects of California soon to be published

by the University of California.

Atractelmis Chandler, new genus*

Form somewhat fusiform, length slightly more than twice width, nearly

glabrous. Head: clypeus distinct, slightly depressed; antennae moderately

long, 144 times width of head, 1l-segmented with last three segments per-

ceptably larger but not sharply differentiated; maxillary palpi (fig. 3) three-

segmented. Pronotum with sides nearly straight, converging anteriorly,

slightly convex at middle and flared basally; posterior margin not emarginate

in front of scutellum; sublateral carinae slightly divergent anteriorly, with

inner side deeply depressed ‘basally, becoming gradually less distinct to

anterior third where it disappears, connected at posterior fifth by a broad

depression paralleling the posterior margin; discal area anterior to this

depression evenly convex to anterior margin, with fine punctures; sides of

pronotum lateral to carinae very deeply punctured or rugose. Elytra widest at

anterior third; sides evenly elliptical to the rounded apices, except for slight

angulation at posterior third; humeral angles prominent, concealing margin

from above, area between them only slightly convex and continuous with

depressed base of pronotum; elytra along medial line evenly curved about 90°

from scutellum to apex, a little more strongly curved near scutellum; epi-

pleura strongly narrowed from base, narrowly tapered to fine point near base

of 5th abdominal sternite. Ventral surface with hydrofuge pile on underside

of head, hypomera, epipleura, sides of thorax, abdomen, coxae and femur.

Prosternum without short, broad anterior process under head.

Genotype: Atractelmis wawona Chandler, n. sp.

Atractelmis wawona Chandler, new species

Adult: In addition to the characters mentioned above this species may

be characterized as follows: Length 2 mm., width .9 mm.; shining black

above with four red spots on elytra. Antennae testacious to rufous at apex.

Elytra with humeral red spot nearly reaching first stria; sutural black area

widened near scutellum; subapical red spot 3 to 4 times as long as wide.

parallel to side of elytron, beginning on 5th stria and ending on 2nd; elytral

striae narrowly impressed medially, more broadly so laterally; punctures

small medially, separated by more than their own width, to coarse laterally,

1 Generic name derived from atraktos meaning spindle, referring to its fusiform

shape; and Elmis which indicated its relationships to the other genera having

-elongate sublateral-carinae and three segmented maxillary palpi.

126 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 2 ©

separated by less than own width. Wings: See fig. 1. Venter piceous, medial

portion between coxae from anterior margin of prosternum to apex of 5th

abdominal segment, without tomentum, finely punctate with short, depressed

hairs from each puncture. Prosternum with posterior process margined nearly

to anterior margin, sides convergent posteriorly at about a 60° angle, roundly

truncate at apex, depressed medially behind coxae, middle coxae nearly twice

(11:6) as widely separated as hind coxae. Metasternum and first abdominal

sternite marginate laterally at beginning of hydrofuge pile. Last abdominal

segment with apex broadly rounded. Legs piceous to rufous, anterior side of

pro- and mesotibia and posterior side of meso- and metatibia with patches of

tomentum, tibia and tarsus with numerous additional long hairs; tarsi with

apex of last segment nearly as thick as tibia, claws very large and stout,

thick at base, curved 90° from base to apex. Genitalia: See fig. 2.

Holotype, male, SoutH Fork Mercep River near Wawona,

Yosemite NATIonaL Park, Catirorni, elev. 4,000 feet, 17 July

1946 (H. P. Chandler) ; paratype, male, Middle Fork, Cottonwood

Creek, Shasta County, California, 24 June 1952. The holotype will

be placed in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

The single paratype, which was dissected to study some of the

structures, will be retained in the author’s collection.

This species is amply distinct to be separated generically from

any other species known to the author. As a genus, it is related to

Cleptelmis ornata (Schaf.) and C. addenda (Fall) and Ampumixis

dispar (Fall) which have the maxillary palpi three segmented,

the epipleura tapering to a fine point posteriorly, and many other

characters of shape and sculpture. From them it can be separated

in the field by its spindle shape and the elongate posterior red

spot. Under magnification it may be separated by the shape of

the pronotum, especially the carinae not reaching the anterior

margin, and the transverse basal depression between the carinae;

and the epipleura strongly narrowed from base.

These two specimens were taken in riffle areas of a small and

a medium sized clear mountain stream. The two localities are over

two hundred miles apart, one in the Sierra Nevada mountains and

the other in the Coast Range of Northern California. This would

indicate that the species is widely distributed but quite rare, or

that little collecting has been done in the exact niche it prefers.

Rhizelmis? Chandler, new genus

Form robust, about twice as long as wide, somewhat obovate, widest near

posterior third, narrowed anteriorly to base of head, without conspicuous

convexities, strongly narrowed posteriorly to blunt apices of the elytra with

‘sides at about 70° angle, sparsely clothed with fine depressed hair above.

Head as long as wide; clypeus distinct, slightly depressed; epicranial sutures

2 Generic name derived from rhiza for root, referring to the roots and mosses

which were processed in a Berlese funnel to obtain these specimens, and Elmis.

APRIL, 1954] CHANDLER—ELMIDAE 127

depressed; antennae moderately long, 1.3 times width of head, a little longer

in male, eleven-segmented, with last three segments perceptibly larger but

not sharply differentiated: maxillary palpi three-segmented. Pronotum with

sides sinuate, converging anteriorly, slightly convex behind middle, slightly

concave anteriorly, more strongly so posteriorly; hind angles flared; posterior

margin not emerginate in front of scutellum; discal area evenly convex and

finely punctured from anterior margin to posterior fifth, broken only by fine

medial carina, bounded laterally by sublateral carinae; deep depression

extending from anterior margin posteriorly along the lateral margin to

posterior 2/5 with smaller depressions near the margin at posterior 1/5 and

at posterior 1/5 of sublateral carinae; lateral fourth coarsely and densely

punctured, with slightly depressed area along posterior margin also densely

punctured except for two small tuberosities located medially to base of

sublateral carinae; sublateral carinae nearly obscured by dense puncturing,

carinae extending from posterior margin to base of domed discal area, then

convexly around discal area nearly to anterior margin. Elytra widest near

middle; sides more strongly rounded just behind middle, then somewhat

flattened to the rounded apices; humeral angles only slightly prominent, area

between them only slightly convex and continuous with depressed base of

pronotum; elytra along medial line evenly curved about 90° from scutellum

to apex, a little less strongly curved near apex; epipleura most strongly

narrowed near the base of the metacoxa, narrowly tapered to a fine point

just beyond base of 5th abdominal segment. Venter with hydrofuge pile on

underside of head, hypomera, epipleura, sides of thorax, coxae and femora.

Prosternum with a short, broad, anterior process under head.

Figs. 1-3. Atractelmis wawona Chandler, n.g., n.sp. 1. Wing. 2. Ventral

view of male genitalia. 3. Maxillary palp.

128 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 2

Genotype: Rhizelmis nigra Chandler.

Rhizelmis nigra Chandler, new species

In addition to the characters mentioned above this species may

be characterized as follows:

Holotype male: length 2.6 mm., width 1.3 mm.; shining black above.

Head about as long as wide, densely covered with micropunctures and short,

depressed hairs; antennae testaceous to brown at apex. Elytra, striae nar-

rowly impressed, punctures small, separated by twice their own width, lateral

striae and punctures a little stronger, punctures separated by more than

their own width; strial intervals rugulose with scattered micropunctures.

Venter piceous, medial portion between coxae from anterior margin of thorax

to fifth abdominal segment without tomentum, but coarsely punctate and

with short, depressed hairs, except metasternum which is finely punctate and

nearly glabrous; prosternal process roughly triangular with bluntly rounded

apex, about 1.2 times as long as wide, margins raised; mesocoxae 1.4 times as

widely separated as hind coxae; metasternum with only short carinae behind

mesocoxae at the edge of the tomentous area; fifth abdominal segment emar-

ginate at apex. Legs rufotestaceous with thicker portions of femur piceous,

all tibia have at least some tomentum on both the anterior and posterior

sides. Tarsi and claws moderately enlarged. Genitalia, aedeagus evenly nar-

rowed to dorso-ventrally keeled apex; parameres narrowed from basal to

apical third then curved out and flared to obliquely truncate apex.

Allotype female: length 2.9 mm.; width 1.45 mm.; similar to type except

antennae slightly shorter, and apex of fifth abdominal segment not emar-

ginate. Genitalia, apical segment of the paired appendages three times as long

as wide and about 1/3 as long as basal segment.

Holotype, male, PARADISE CREEK, CoLusa County, CALIFORNIA,

24 July 1953, elev. 2,400 feet (H. P. Chandler). Allotype, same

data as holotype. Five paratypes same data as holotype. Holotype

and allotype will be placed in the California Academy of Science

collection, paratypes in Milton W. Sanderson’s and my own col-

lection.

The discovery of this species resulted from my attempts to

collect and associate larvae with the adults of all the genera of

Elmidae occurring in California. In the course of this work the

larvae now associated with this species were collected from two

widely separated localities. Atractelmis was the only known adult

with which no larvae had been associated. With some misgiving

the larvae were associated with Aitractelmis since they were col-

lected from similar habitats, and each had characters showing it

to belong to the Elmis section of the family. The third attempt to

‘collect adults at Paradise Creek was successful, and the correction

was made.

AprIL, 1954] CHANDLER—ELMIDAE 129

In relation to the other genera with three-segmented maxillary

palpi it is intermediate in size between Narpus which is larger, and

Cleptelmis, Ampumixis and Atractelmis which are smaller. The

sculpturing of the pronotum most closely approaches that of

Atractelmis, but the general body shape is quite different. Also

it may be separated from the latter by the projection of the pro-

sternum under the head, the shape of the epipleura and the male

genitalia with the flared tips of the parameres. The masking of the

sublateral carinae of the pronotum by the lateral punctures will

make this genus difficult to key out in a natural key unless the 3

segmented maxillary palpi, which are often difficult to count, are

used near the beginning of the key.

Larva: Length 6.2 mm.; width, prothorax .75 mm., lst abdominal seg-

ment .75 mm., 7th abdominal segment .65 mm.; long and slender with nearly

parallel sides; hemicylindrical in cross section. Eighth and ninth segments

narrowed to bluntly rounded, emarginate apex. Integument rufotestaceous

with a fuscous tinge dorsally, especially on the tubercles; tubercles small,

slightly raised, separated from each other by less than their own width except

for several glabrous patches on thorax and apical half of ninth abdominal

segment, each tubercle with a short, depressed posterior spine; hind margin

of each segment fringed with an even row of closely spaced, elongate

tubercles which appear to be bidentate posteriorly but have a short, semi-

transparent spine in socket between teeth. Head: Antennae biramous; ocelli

five, three closely placed anterior ocelli and two more widely separated

posteriorly. Prothorax with lateral, longitudinal depression connected with

transverse depression reaching nearly to medial line. Venter: Pleurae of

promeso- and metathorax divided into anterior and posterior sclerites;

anterior pleurae of prothorax separated medially by suture, sternum reduced

to a small triangular sclerite between and anterior to coxae. Procoxal cavities

open behind. Abdomen with pleurae on first to eight segments. Ninth abdomi-

nal segment twice as long as wide, emargination at apex obtuse V-shaped,

with a short projection at lateral angles; operculum 4/9 as long as segment.

Records: Paradise Creek, Colusa County, California, 21 Sept.

1952, 12 May and 24 July 1953, elev. 2,400 feet (H. P. Chandler) ;

Deep Creek, Shasta County, 12 Oct. 1952, elev. 2,200 feet (H. P.

Chandler). M. W. Sanderson noted in a letter that he had a larva

similar to one of the above sent him, from Tagoose Creek, Inyo

County, California, probably collected by Tarzwell.

This larva can be separated from those of other genera by its

general shape and the presence of pleurae on the eighth abdominal

segment. From Narpus which also has 8 abdominal pleurae, it can

be separated by its less cylindrical shape and the absence of short,

erect spines on the vertex.

130 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

The last collection from Paradise Creek consisted of 69 speci-

mens ranging from small to mature larvae. These were sorted into

4 size groups as follows: (16) 2.7 to 3 by .35 mm.; (13) 3.3 to

3.9 by .45mm.; (13) 4.5 to 5 by .6 mm.; (27) 5.5 to 6.3 by .8 mm.

This may indicate that the life cycle extends over 4 or more years.

There was also a pronounced color change between each group

from light testaceous to the black tinged mature larvae.

Optioservus canus Chandler, new species

Holotype male: Length 2.1 mm.; width .9 mm.; head, thorax and scu-

tellum black, elytra fuscous brown with testaceous humeral spots, venter

fuscous brown; entire body more or less covered with conspicuous white,

depressed hairs up to .1 mm. in length, giving grizzled appearance above and

even apparent ventrally where body is covered with hydrofuge pubescence.

Head black, alutaceous above; exposed mouthparts black, maxillary palpi

four-segmented. Antennae testaceous, 11-segmented, length equal to width of

head, basal two segments equal, distal segments 9-11 slightly flattened,

greatest width equal to that of basal segments, intermediate segments 3—8 only

2/3 as wide. Pronotum: Length .8 mm.; width 1 mm.; sides parallel basally,

arcuately convergent anteriorly, disk finely punctured, evenly convex, basal

sublateral carinae slightly divergent anteriorly, extending 1/3 of distance to

anterior margin; sides of pronotum lateral to carinae rugose, lateral margin

caniculate above and strongly arcuately depressed anteriorly. Elytra slightly

wider than prothorax, widest near middle, sides subparallel to apical third,

intrastrial and interstrial intervals micropunctate, slightly rugose and convex

except near middle of medial suture; strial punctures deep, separated by

own width or less; humeral spot reaching third striae, not sharply defined,

medial portion of elytron with poorly defined lighter brown area extending

posteriorly nearly to apex. Venter: Thorax and abdomen including hypomera,

epipleura and femur covered with hydrofuge pubescence, except medially

between coxae from head to second abdominal segment. Hypomera broad,

sides strongly convergent anteriorly; posterior prosternal process with sides

converging posteriorly, narrowly rounded apically; last abdominal segment

rounded from side to side. Legs fuscous brown with tarsi rufotestaceous,

patch of tomentum on anterior side of pro- and posterior side of meso- and

metatibia; tibia not constricted or bent near apex; last segment of tarsi not

as thick as tibia, claws moderate, curved about 90° from base to apex.

Allotype female: Length 2.5 mm.; width 1.4 mm. Similar to male except

antennae shorter, only 4/5 width of head. Elytra with humeral spot less

distinct, interstrial intervals more uniformly convex.

Holotype, CHALONE CREEK, PiInNACLES NaTIonAL MONUMENT,

San Benito County, Carirornta, elev. 1,000 feet, 3 May 1946

(H. P. Chandler). Allotype same data. Paratypes; 1¢ and 1 9

same data as type; 19°? Santa Barbara and vicinity, California,

(F. E. Winters) ; 1 9 Riverside, California (F. E. Winters). Holo-

type and allotype will be placed in California Academy of Sci-

APRIL, 1954] FENDER—MALTHODES 131

ences; one paratype in the collection of M. W. Sanderson and the

rest in the author’s collection.

This species is probably most closely related to O. divergens

(LeConte) from which it can be separated by having the hairs of

the body half again as long and more conspicuous, giving a

grizzled appearance; the elytra brown with a humeral spot, in-

stead of solid black, and strial intervals more convex. In addition

to some of the above characters, it may be distinguished from O.

quadrimaculatus (Horn) by having smaller poorly defined humeral

and (if present as in the paratype from Santa Barbara) subapical

pale areas which are more yellow than red.

ON SOME MALTHODES

(Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

KENNETH M. FENDER

McMinnville, Oregon

MALTHODES COLUMBIENSIS Fender

Due to a typographical lapsus, ten paratypes were omitted from

the original description of this species. These have been distributed

as paratypes and as such should be considered. They were all col-

lected by G. Stace Smith at Creston, B. C. on the following dates:

May 5, 1947 (2), May 7, 1947 (1), May 14, 1948 (3), May 15,

1948 (1), May 21, 1948 (1) and May 25, 1948 (2).

Malthodes stacesmithi Fender, new species

Black, mandibles and posterior margin of the pronotum nar-

rowly obscurely paler, elytra beyond the basal fifth, tarsi and the

apices of the tibiae piceous, male last dorsals, seventh ventral and

median portion of the sixth ventral flavous, pubescence cinereous,

inconspicuous, fine and sparse. Length 4 mm.

Male. Head wider than the pronotum, finely sparsely punctured behind

the eyes which are large and prominent, antennae broken off beyond the ©

eighth segment in the type, second and third segments equal, the fourth

slightly longer, the intermediate segments about three times as long as wide;

pronotum shining, transverse, the anterior angles obliquely rounded, the

sides nearly straight and parellel to the hind angles which are rounded, disc

very finely sparsely punctured, a small triangular impression medially at

the base; elytra extending to the apex of the fifth ventral segment, sparsely

punctured basally, becoming rugose apically, the apices not appreciably

tumid.

132 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

y

——_

EXLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. male terminalia of Malthodes stacesmithi, ventral view. Fig .2.

Same, lateral view.

Female. Similar to the male, head narrower than the pronotum, the eyes

small, antennae missing beyond the second segment in the allotype; sides of

the pronotum straight, converging slightly to the rounded hind angles;

elytra extending to the apex of the fourth ventral segment; seventh ventral

acutely triangularly notched.

Male terminalia: Ventral view (Fig. 1); sixth ventral deeply emar-

ginate, the base of the emargination truncate, seventh ventral elongate,

extending beyond the sixth by about one and a third times the length of the

sixth, forked at the apical third, the forks strongly divergent, becoming

parallel apically, the tips rounded, apices of the side pieces of the penul-

timate dorsal subtriangular. Lateral view (Fig. 2); sixth ventral obovate,

seventh ventral slender, evenly sinuately ascending, the tip rounded; last

dorsals somewhat arched; sides of penultimate dorsal descending, obliquely

doubly folded, the folded section slightly projected at the posterior angles

into podiform processes; the last dorsal concealed.

Holotype, male, BARKERVILLE, British CoLumBia, August 12,

1950, collected by G. Stace Smith; allotype, female, same data as

‘male type but collected August 14, 1950. Types in the Stace Smith

collection.

This species falls in my group X and in the key to that group

would run to Malthodes furcifer LeConte. The penultimate dorsal

is more rudimentary than in M. furcifer as indicated by the sides

being merely folded rather than partially abbreviated basally as in

M. furcifer. The basal pronotal margin is narrowly pale in M.

stacesmithi whereas the pronotal disc of M. furcifer has a small

pale spot medially on each side.

Aprit, 1954] TIMBERLAKE—NOMADA 133

TWO NEW SPECIES OF NOMADA, SUBGENUS GNATHIAS,

FROM CALIFORNIA’

(Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

P. H. TimBerLake

University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside

Up to the present time no species of Gnathias has been described

or recorded from California, except that Fowler, in 1899, recorded

what is apparently a single species of the group as lepida (¢) and

bisignata (2), both names having been incorrectly applied. There

are, however, several species of Gnathias resident in California,

and by request I am now describing two new species to eve

names for the recording of biological data.

Nomada (Gnathias) opacella Timberlake, new species

N. lepida Fowler, 1899, Ent. News, 10, pp. 159, 161, @ (not Cresson).

N. bisignata Fowler, 1899, Ibid., pp. 159, 162, 2 (not Say).

This is a small Gnathias, which differs from similar eastern

species in having the abdomen comparatively dullish, with a fine

obscure puncturation, and from several other western species of

similar dullish aspect in having the apical depression of the tergites

comparatively broad, wude, and punctureless, and in having dis-

tinct yellow maculae on the second tergite. The male differs from

N. lepida Cresson in the entirely black scape, in the more infus-

cated legs and abdomen, and in having antennal joint 4 much

longer than 3.

Female—Dark-reddish ferruginous, with black markings on head and

thorax. Basal and lateral margins of labrum more or less yellow. Entire pos-

terior surface of head black, except rather narrow orbital stripes that unite

with a transverse band across the vertex; a large quadrate black area on face,

extending from antennae to ocellar region, enclosed by red orbital stripes

which have an inward-directed spur before the summit of the eyes by which

the black is notched on each side, the black area usually enclosing a small red

patch in front of anterior ocellus. Sutures from antennal sockets to clypeus |

more or less black. Mesoscutum with four red and three black stripes that are

nearly equal; the lateral margins in front of tegulae also narrowly black.

Sternum and sides of prothorax, area of mesopleura just beneath wings and

behind tubercles, metapleura and contiguous margin of propodeum, and

median stripe on propodeum, black. Red mark on pleura generally large and

extending across the posterior part of mesosternum. Abdomen dark red, more

or less coppery on apical depression of tergites; the base of tergite 1 broadly

black, as is the concealed base of following tergites, which thus imparts a

duskiness to the coloration. On each side of tergite 2 a rather small, pale-

yellow spot; sometimes a pair of smaller spots on tergite 3. Antennae dark

, Paper No. 799, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside,

California,

134 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

ferruginous, with the scape black above except toward base, and the flagellum

infuscated above. Legs dark red; the coxae, except more or less at apex or

on anterior side, mark at base of front and middle femora beneath, hind

femora more or less on anterior and posterior sides, and hind tarsi except

toward apex, black. Tegulae ferruginous. Wings smoky except for the usual

clear spot beyond the submarginal and discal cells. Nervures fuscous, the

stigma dull ferruginous.

Head and thorax with the usual dense, coarse puncturation; abdomen

dullish; the base of tergites 2 and 3 very minutely and densely punctate,

the apical depression of tergites broad, nude, and impunctate. Apex of

pygidial plate rounded, sometimes slightly truncate. Scutellum weakly bi-

lobate. Antennae moderately elongate, the middle joints of flagellum about

one and one-half times longer than thick; joint 3 on short side a little more

than half as long as joint 4. Apex of hind tibiae opposite spurs armed with one

long, slender bristle and three progressively shorter, coarse, curved black

bristles. Second and third submarginal cells broad below, the third about

half as wide as the second above. Pubescence white, becoming more or less

yellowish above, with long, coarse, dusky bristles intermixed on face and

scape of antennae. Apical felt band of tergite 5 narrow and white. Length,

6.5-7 mm.; anterior wing, 5.5—6.1 mm.

Male—Head and thorax black. Mandibles except tips, labrum, clypeus

except upper margin of disc, lateral marks slender above and reaching level

of antennae, and sometimes a short postorbital line (generally restricted to

small spot next to base of mandibles), lemon yellow. Thorax entirely black,

or tubercles more or less reddish, and more rarely a small yellow spot on

anterior part of pleura. Abdomen dull ferruginous, black and yellow; basal

half of tergite 1 black, and a broad black band at the base of tergites 2 to

6 often appearing like an apical or preapical band on the preceding segment;

a yellow band on tergites 1 to 6 usually narrowly interrupted on 1, broadly

interrupted on 2 and 3, and sometimes more or less interrupted on 4; the

yellow on tergites 2 to 6 with a more or less distinct posterior emargination

on each side by intrusion of the darker ground color, these intrusions

represented on tergite 1 generally by a small black, oval or roundish spot on

each side; apical depression of tergites and area between the interrupted

parts of bands, ferruginous. Venter with broad yellow bands. Scape of

antennae entirely black; flagellum black above, more narowly toward apex,

and dull ferruginous beneath. Legs black behind, rather narrowly so on front

trochanters, femora, and tibiae, the hind femora dark except on upper an-

terior side, and the hind tibae dark except on inner side; legs otherwise

ferruginous, more or less washed with yellow, especially on anterior side of

front femora and tibiae, anterior side of middle femora, and at apex of the

light part of hind femora and of the middle and hind tibiae; hind tarsi dark,

the front pair ferruginous tinged with brown on outer side, and the middle

intermediate in color. Tegulae dark ferruginous. Wings nearly as in female.

Inner orbits of eyes distinctly converging below. Antennae moderately

elongate, the scape moderately swollen; joint 4 a little longer than 13 and

somewhat less than twice as long as 3; joints 5 to 12 rather strongly sinuate

and denticulate on outer margin beneath. Tergite 7 distinctly notched at apex.

Length, 5.5-9 mm.; anterior wing, 4.5-6.5 mm.

APRIL, 1954] TIMBERLAKE—-NOMADA 135

Variation: Rarely, the yellow marks on tergite 1 reduced to small spots or

the marks on tergites 1 to 4 all reduced to small lateral spots; conversely and

more rarely, the yellow markings may form wide bands, very narrowly in-

terrupted on tergite 1, incompletely interrupted on tergite 2, and entire on

following segments.

Holotype female and allotype, male, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA,

on Ranunculus californicus, March 17, 1941 (E. G. Linsley).

The types and following paratypes in collection of Citrus Expe-

riment Station, Riverside: 2 females, 27 males taken with the

types; 1 male, Berkeley hills, March 4, 1932 (Margaret L. Cook) ;

1 male, 1 female, Visalia, March 29 and April 21, 1939 (F. T.

Scott) ; 2 females, Pine Flat, near California Hot Springs, flying

over ground, May 3, 1947 (Timberlake) ; and 1 female, Laguna

Mountains, San Diego County, May 17, 1948 (Crickmer). Para-

types in University of California collection, Berkeley, as follows:

1 female, Orinda, Contra Costa County, on Ranunculus, March 21,

1946 (R. Smith and MacSwain); 1 male, Berkeley, March 16,

1939; and 5 females, 42 males, Berkeley (J. W. MacSwain), col-

lected April 15 and 19, 1946; March 11, 13, 16, 1947, and March

21, 25, 26 and April 3, 1952.

Nomada (Gnathias) debilis Timberlake, new species

Allied to opacella, with which it agrees closely in sculpture, but

smaller and having antennae of both sexes considerably shorter.

Female—Clear dark ferruginous ,with the following black markings:

a dot in suture on each side of clypeus; mark between and extending a little

above antennal sockets; transverse mark covering ocelli; large area on

occiput (leaving genae broadly red); prosternum and mark on sides of

pronotum; median stripe on mesoscutum (and sometimes a short stripe on

each side) ; small spot on middle of propodeum; depressed areas below and

behind wings; metapleura more or less and contiguous anterior margin of

sides of propodeum, with an extension to area between middle and hind coxae

on each side; base of front coxae, middle coxae except apex, and posterior

side of hind coxae except apex. Hind femora slightly infuscated beneath, and

hind basitarsi more or less fuscous on outer side. Antennae uniformly light

ferruginous. Mandibles rufous at apex. Abdomen clear ferruginous, with

extreme base of tergite 1 slightly blackened. A small yellow spot on each

side of tergite 2, and sometimes traces of lateral spots on tergite 3. Tegulae

end wings as in opacella, except that the stigma is more infuscated.

Structure, sculpture, and pubescence about as in opacella, but head more

transverse and antennae considerably shorter, with joint 3 three-fourths to

four-fifths as long as 4, and the middle joints of flagellum not more than

one and one-third times longer than thick. Length, 5-6.5 mm.; anterior

wing, 4.5-5 m..

Male—Head and thorax black. Genae at anterior end of eyes, mandibles

except reddish tips, labrum, and broad band across anterior border of face,

136 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 2

extending very narowly upward on orbits to level of antennae, pale yellow

(the black of face more or less evenly truncate anteriorly and covering base

of clypeus). Two red spots on scutellum, sometimes enlarged and confluent,

and sometimes a small red spot on each side of hind margin of pronotum.

Tubercles ferruginous or yellow or tipped with yellow, and a small yellowish

mark on anterior border of the sternopleural region of mesothorax on each

side. Abdomen clear ferruginous, except that the base of tergites 2 to 7 is

black, imparting a duskiness to the overlying portion of preceding segment,

and nearly the basal half of tergite 1 is black. A moderately large, nearly

circular yellow mark on each side of tergite 2, smaller marks on tergite 3, and

usually a small yellow spot on each side of tergite 4. Legs ferruginous, but

the coxae almost entirely, posterior side of trochanters and of hind femora,

under margin of front and middle femora and outer side of hind basitarsi,

black; front and middle tibiae a little infuscated behind. Antennae fer-

ruginous, but scape black, either entirely or often with a yellow or reddish

stripe beneath; first four joints of flagellum broadly, and the following joint

to apex narrowly, black above. Tegulae and wings as in female.

Other characters about as in male of opacella, except that the antennae

are considerable shorter; antennal joint 4 equal to 13, and joint 3 on its

short side about two-thirds as long as 4; middle joints of flagellum about

one and one-third times longer than thick. Length, 5-6.5 mm.; anterior

wing, 4.5-5 mm.

Holotype female and allotype, TeETLEY Park, SEELEY FLAT, SAN

BERNARDINNO Mrts., CaLirornia, about 4,500 feet, at flowers of ap-

ple, May 15, 1937 (Timberlake). Paratypes as follows: 12 fe-

males, on Potentilla glandulosa, May 13, 1934; 3 females on same

flowers, May 23, 1936; 2 females on Ceanothus integerrimus, May

16, 1936; 1 female, 13 males at flowers of apple, 1 male on Salix

laevigata, 2 males on Montia perfoliata, and 8 males on Nemophila

integrifolia, May 15, 1937; 2 males flying over ground and 3 males

on Nemophila integrifolia, May 8, 1940 (Timberlake) ; and 1 fe-

male, May 8, 1940 (C. M. Dammers), all at type locality; 1 male,

Mill Creek, San Bernardino Mountains, 6,000 feet, on Ceanothus

cordulatus, May 20, 1946; and 1 male same locality, on Arctosta-

phylos patula, May 16, 1948 (Timberlake). Types in collection of

Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside.

Var. a. — Female with black markings nearly extensive as in opacella,

with the red forming a band across upper part of frons; the legs and abdomen

clear red, but the black forming three stripes on mesoscutum; a median stripe

or propodeum, and a broad oblique band from hind wings to middle and hind

coxael (Sierra Nevadas). 1 female, Miami Ranger Station, Mariposa County,

June 4 and 7, 1942 (E. G. Linsley) ; and 1 female, Oakhurst, Madera County,

on Ceanothus, June 5, 1942 (Arthur J. Walz).

APRIL, 1954] WIRTH—TABANOIDEA Atow?e

A NEW SPECIES OF GLUTOPS AND OTHER NEW RECORDS

OF CALIFORNIA TABANOIDEA

(Diptera)

Wits W. WirTH

Entomology Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service

U. S. Department of Agriculture

Through the courtesy of Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr., I have had the

pleasure of examining a collection of Rhagionidae and the related

families Erinnidae and Coenomyiidae from the California Insect

Survey at Berkeley. In all 30 species and 540 specimens were rep-

resented. The most important records are presented here, together

with a few distributional and descriptive notes. I am also greatly

indebted to Dr. Frank R. Cole of Redlands, California, for the

opportunity to study some specimens from his collection of the

very rare genus Glutops, including a new species here described.

Mr. Alexander A. Hubert of Hamilton, Montana, gave me the

benefits of his intensive study of Symphoromyia on points of

synonymy just as this paper was going to press. I also wish to

thank Dr. L. L. Pechuman of Lockport, New York for his critical

comparisons, loans of specimens, and other valuable assistance.

FAMILY COENOMYIIDAE

Genus GLuTops BurGEss

Glutops Burgess, 1878, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.. Hist., 19: 321 (Genotype:

Glutops singularis Burgess, monobasic).

The genus Glutops has interested dipterists generally because

specimens are rare in collections, and because the face has on each

side a peculiar bulbous prominence which is especially swollen and

covered with long hairs in the males. Only two species have pre-

viously been known, each from only a few specimens. One of these

species was represented in the California material examined, as

well as a third undescribed species.

GLuTops Rossi Pechuman

Glutops rossi Pechuman, 1945, Canad. Ent., 77: 134.

This species has previously been known only from British

Columbia (type locality: Port Haney) and Montana: I have ex-

amined the following specimens from California:

1 2 Pine Creek, Modoc County, July 18, 1948, W. W. Wirth (el. 7000

ft.) (in U. S. National Museum); 1 ¢, Point Reyes, Marin County, June 5,

1949, R. E. Ryckman (U.S. N. M.); 1 2, Lone Pine, Inyo County, July 28,

1940, L. J. Lipovsky (Kansas Univ. collection); 1 @, Mt. Home Canyon,

June 8, F. R. Cole (Cole collection).

138 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 2

Glutops punctata Wirth, new species

Female. Length 10 mm., wing 10.4 mm. by 2.6 mm.

Head pearly gray pollinose; frons 0.43 times as broad as greatest width

of head across eyes in dorsal view; ocellar triangle about equilateral, on a

very prominent tubercle, the distance from the anterior ocellus to bases of

antennae about 0.4 of width of frons. Facial prominences not quite as strong

as in G. singularis Burgess, with much denser, coarser, black hair. Palpi

orange yellow, nearly as long as antennae, apices abruptly bent downwards,

each with a flattened, bare dorsal area, and not broader than basal portions.

Labium brownish and expanded in a distally flattened, ovoid disc apparently

suitable for use as a suction cup in feeding. Antennae with first and second

segments pruinose buff-colored, with numerous long, stout, black hairs;

combined lengths of first two segments 0.7 of length of third segment. Third

segment with nine indistinct annuli, basal annulus concolorus with preced-

ing segments, second to fifth bright orange, very little broader than basal

segments, sixth and succeeding annuli jet black and slender. Thorax pruinose

gray, appearing mottled due to minute black punctations at bases of the

numerous, strong, black hairs over all surfaces. Three very narrow, indis-

tinct, black, longitudinal vittae on dorsum. Legs reddish brown, coxae with

dense, dark gray pollen. Legs with very short black hairs except those on

coxae, those in a ventral tuft at apex of each fore trochanter, and those on

posteroventral surface of all femora, which are long. Wings with membrane

reddish hrown infumated, the veins very little darker. Halteres with yellowish

stems, grayish brown knobs. Abdomen pearly gray pollinose, with vestiture

of coarse black hairs, each hair with a strong, rounded, black spot at base,

these spots usually broader than the distances across the intervening gray

ground color between them. Base of third tergite with a mesal row of about

fifteen small, oval, polished black sensory pits in a transverse depression,

posterior tergites and sternites each with a few scattered pairs of similar

sensoria as in the genotype. Sixth and succeeding segments greatly com-

pressed and telescoped and yellowish brown in color.

Male. Specimen badly damaged, third antennal segments and abdomen

missing. As in the female with the usual sexual differences, the most striking

consisting of the enormously swollen facial prominences and the greater

length of the body hairs, the facial prominences and scutellum appearing

especially hirsute, but not nearly so much as in G. singularis. Eyes broadly

contiguous above. Mesonotum darker slate-colored gray, the vittae very faint.

Wing 10.0 mm. by 2.3 mm.

Wirth, new species

Holotype 9, FALLEN Lear Lake, Lake TaHOE, CALIFORNIA,

July 2, 1915, E. C. Van Dyke (deposited in the California Academy

of Sciences). Allotype, Agassiz, British Columbia, June, 1915,

R. C. Treherne (F. R. Cole collection). Paratypess 1 9, Homestead

Inn, Mt. Hood, Oregon, June 30, 1927, E. C. Van Dyke (deposited

in U. S. National Museum) ; 1 9, Trinity County, California, May

27, 1934, T. G. H. Aitken (California Insect Survey collection) ;

APRIL, 1954] WIRTH—TABANOIDEA 139

1 §, Yeomatt, Washington, June 3, 1929, V. Tartar (C. E. Philip

collection).

The Agassiz, British Columbia, specimen was originally re-

ported by Gibson (1916, 47th Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario, p. 154)

as G. singularis: Burgess, but Pechuman (l.c.) not being able to

locate the specimen, was naturally inclined to believe that it

probably referred to his western species G. rosst. GC. singularis has

been recorded only from the northeastern states of New Hampshire,

Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania. | am

indebted greatly to Dr. Pechuman, to Dr. Marion E. Smith of the

University of Massachusetts, and to Dr. C. H. Curran of the Ameri-

can Museum of Natural History for the loan of five female speci-

mens of G. singularis for comparison with my western species,

thus enabling me to study both sexes of each of the three species

together. I am therefore able to present the following key for their

separation:

Key TO THE SPECIES OF GLUTOPS

1. Antennae and legs black, halter knobs whitish, mesonotum with broad,

dark gray vittae; wings with veins dark colored; length about 6 mm.

eas NIA, Beha dedket Crate entre a meter SAL EY Pinel A seni eee rosst Pechuman

— Antennae yellowish to orange at bases, only extreme apices black; legs

reddish brown; halter knobs infuscated; mesonotum with narrow dark

brown or black vittae; length 8-10 mom...wn.n... eon eee eeeeececeeeeeeceeceeees 2

2. Body hairs coarse, each arising from a round black dot; wing membrane

dark brown, concolorous with borders of veins; mesonotal vittae black;

antennae with first two segments combined half as long as third segment,

the latter not swollen in middle; ocellar triangle equilateral; length

EQ venir’ 88s Sire zeae te CEN MN ea tern ee Naa DI Bans | punctata Wirth

— Body hairs fine, not arising from black dots, the body rather uniformly

pollinose gray; wing membrane pale, contrasting strongly with dark

brown-bordered veins; mesotonal vittae brown; antennae with first two

segments combined over two-thirds as long as third segment, the latter

considerably swollen in middle; ocellar triangle longer than broad;

VEN etH yO ales ts cnr ee oe Pek cee eee ie a ea ae singularis Burgess

FAMILY RHAGIONIDAE

GENUS VERMILEO MAcQuaRT

VERMILEO OPACcusS (Coquillett)

Vermileo opacus (Coquillett), 1904. Inv. Pac. 1:21 (Pheneus); Swezy, 1929,

Proc. Hawn. Ent. Soc. 7:231; Leonard, 1930, Amer. Ent. Soc. Mem.

7:32; Pechuman, 1938, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 33:84.

Coquillett described V. opacus from a male from Ormsby

County, Nevada; Leonard added a record from Alamogordo, New

Mexico; and Pechuman described the female from Pasadena, Cali-

ov" THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

fornia and added a record from Zion Canyon, Utah. In the U. S.

National Museum there is a female of V. opacus collected at

Yosemite, California, at 3000 feet altitude by W. M. Wheeler which

had been determined by him as V. comstocki. I have also seen a

male and female from the Calfornia Insect Survey, taken at Snow-

line Camp, Eldorado County, California, July 22, 1948, by J. W.

MacSwain. —

VERMILEO COMSTOCKI Wheeler

Vermileo comstocki Wheeler, 1918, Proc. N. England Zool. Club 6:83;

Greene, 1926, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 70:12; Leonard, 1930, Amer. Ent.

Soc. Mem. 7:71; Leonard, 1931, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 57:323; Pechu-

man, 1938, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 33:87.

Wheeler collected his type series of V. comstocki at Alta

Meadow, near Sequoia National Forest, California, elevation 9000

feet. Pechuman gives the location of the holotype as the Museum

of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts; there are

five specimens labelled as cotypes in the U. S. National Museum.

I have also examined 1 male, Sentinel Dome, California, June 19,

1938, E. O. Essig, elevation 8117 feet (California Insect Survey),

1 female, same data (U.S.N.M.), and 1 female, Strawberry, Tuol-

umne County, California, July 15, 1951, J. W. MacSwain (C.1.S.).

All the known localities for V. opacus are at an elevation indicating

an Upper Sonoran distribution, while the V. comstocki localities

are Transition or above.

GENUS SYMPHOROMYIA FRAUENFELD

This genus is especially important as it contains the only blood-

sucking members of the family Rhagionidae in North America. In

the mountains of the northern and western parts of the country

these biting snipe flies are as annoying and painful biters as mem-

bers of the Tabanidae. Aldrich’s (1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

49:113-142) revision of the North American species still stands

as the authoritative work and although excellent, badly needs to be

brought up to date with a study of the male genialia. Species re-

ported by Aldrich to take blood include atripes Bigot, flavipalpis

Adams, hirta Johnson, inquisitor Aldrich, pachyceras Williston

and possibly kincaidi Aldrich. I captured a female of sackeni

Aldrich (near Saratoga, Santa Clara County, California, July 8,

1948) in the act of biting painfully.

I have identified the following California species of Sympho-

romyta in the California Insect Survey collection.

1. atripes Bigot. 78 99, Echo Lake, Eldorado County; Delany Creek,

APRIL, 1954] WIRTH—TABANOIDEA 7 141

10.

Th

Yosemite; White Mountain, Inyo County: Gaylor Lakes, Yosemite:

Hope Valley, Alpine County; Young Lakes, Yosemite.

. fulvipes Bigot. 34 9 9, Hat Lake, Lassen County; Donner Pass, Nevada

County; North Park, Mirror Lake, Young Lakes, Yosemite; Echo Lake,

Eldorado County; Hope Valley, Alpine County; Buck’s Lake, Plumas

County; Mt. Raymond, Madera County; Tuolumne Meadows, Tuol-

umne County; Dark Creek, Tahquitz Valley, Idyllwild, San Jacinto

Mountains. [I believe that flavipalpis Adams from Utah, which appar-

ently differs mostly in its darker femora, will eventually prove to be a

synonym of fulvipes, while hirta Johnson, with a much narrower frons

and broad mesotonal bands should be restricted to the eastern form.

All of Aldrich’s Rocky Mountain records of hirta should be transferred

to flavipalpis].

. johnsoni Coquillet. 2 ¢ 8, 25 2 2, Keen Camp and Pine Grove, San

Jacinto Mountains; Echo Lake, G. Alpine Creek, Lake Forest, Tahoe;

Spaulding’s, Lassen County; Buck’s Lake, Plumas County; Miami

Ranger Station, Mariposa County.

kincaidi Aldrich. 1 9, Mirror Lake, Yosemite, July 20, 1936, W. G.

Herms.

. limata Coquillet. 108 2 2, Idyllwild, Ribbonwood, Keen Camp, Pine

- Grove, Santa Rosa Mountain, Herkey Creek, San Jacinto River, San

Jacinto Mountains; Tanbark Flat, Camp Baldy, Van Nuys, Pasadena,

Los Angeles County; Poppet Flat, Riverside County; Hastings Refuge,

Monterey County; Portola State Park, San Mateo County.

. montana Aldrich. 22 64,3 2 9, Hope Valley, Alpine County; Bridge

Creek Camp, Lassen County; Triple Peak Fork, Yosemite; Sardine

Creek, Mono County.

. pachyceras Williston. 4 ¢ 6, 23 992, Mt. Hamilton and San Antonio

Valley, Santa Clara County; Cypress Ridge, Lagunitas Creek, Marin

County; Sunol, Alameda County; Ryan Creek, Mendocino County; Hat

Creek, Shasta County; Echo Lake, Eldorado County; Young Lakes,

Yosemite.

. plagens Williston. 4 6,6 2 9, Trinity County; Donner Pass, Nevada

County; Green Valley Park, Solano County; China Flat, Echo Lake,

Eldorado County; Strawberry, Tuolumne County; Mt. Raymond, Madera

County; Frazier Mt., Kern County.

. sackeni Aldrich. 5 6 6, 92 9 2, Pine Grove, San Jacinto River, Idyll-

wild, Dark Creek, San Jacinto Mountains; Tanbark Flat, Big Dalton

Dam, Pasadena, Los Angeles County; Loma Prieta, Santa Clara County;

Frazier Mountain, Kern County; Davis, Yolo County; Pepperwood,

Scotia, Yosemite.

securifera Coquillett. (see below 13 @ @ ).

varicornis (Loew). 4 92, Phoenix Lake, Taylor State Park, Marin

County; Oak Grove, San Diego County.

Of the above listed species, Aldrich did not include California

records of fulvipes and montana, and the present records are thus

apparently new for the state. However, Aldrich listed the following

142 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTUMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

species from California, cinerea Johnson, cruenta Coquillett, pilosa

Aldrich and trucis Coquillett, which I did not find in the Survey

collection. 2

SYMPHOROMYIA SECURIFERA coquillett

Symphoromyia securifera Coquillett, 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 6:171;

Aldrich, 1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 49:140.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 12 99, Tanbark Flat, Los Angeles Coun-

ty, California, June 20, 1950, J. W. MacSwain; 2 99, same locality,

June 20 and 25, 1950, P. D. Hurd (in collections of U.S.N.M.

and California Insect Survey).

Aldrich’s description of securifera from a female collected by

Osten Sacken in Sonoma County, California, differs so much from

the type female described by Coquillett from Santa Clara County,

that I believe it advisable to redescribe the species again based

on fresh material. The type agrees with these Tanbark Flat speci-

mens except that the legs are, as described by Aldrich, mostly

yellow. Aldrich’s figure 11?, allegedly of the mid coxa of securifera,

is referred by him in his later notes to johnsoni. This clump of

modified black spines on the outer side of the mid coxa is found,

as stated earlier in Aldrich’s paper (p. 114) in males of several

species in the group with a concave third antennal segment.

Female. Length 5.7 mm. Front half as wide as one eye, densely gray

pollinose, with rather long, coarse, black pile; slightly bulging on each side

below ocellar triangle, the latter on prominent elevation. First antennal seg-

ment pollinose gray, short and slightly swollen, with coarse black pile;

second segment less than a fourth as long as first; third segment pubescent

black, concave below the black arista, much elongated below, its length

equal to length of entire antenna to base of arista. Face bare, grayish-white

pollinose; palpi orange-yellow, broad beyond middle, with whitish pile;

labellae fleshy, blackish; beard white.

Mesonotum densely gray pollinose, with coarse black pile rather short

except long in front of scutellum; with three very marked brownish-black

longitudinal vittae, the median vitta very narrow, the gray areas between this

and lateral vittae subequal in breadth to that of the latter. Scutellum gray,

with long black pile; pleura finely gray pollinose, with very fine whitish

pile, propleura and metapleura with dense long white pile. Legs black;

coxae gray pollinose, with dense white pile, mid coxae without spine-like

clump of bristles; femora with very fine, short, white pile mixed with black

pile on fore legs; fore and mid knees yellowish; fore and mid tibiae brown-

ish; tarsi black. Wings grayish hylaine, veins dark brown, becoming yellow-

ish at base of wing. Haltereas entirely yellow. Abdomen densely gray polli-

nose, tergites each with a rather elongated, median, brownish spot, those on

posterior segments usually somewhat broader and less distinct; pile on first

tergite and on venter white, on distal tergites black and coarse.

2 Likewise Aldrich’s figures 4 and 5, p. 130, should refer to sackeni Aldrich, and

not, as labeled, to kincaidi Aldrich.

APRIL, 1954] SLATER & KNIGHT—HEMIPTERA 143

THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF OLIGOTYLUS VAN DUZEE

AND LEPTOTYLUS VAN DUZEE, WITH THE DESCRIPTION

OF A NEW SPECIES OF PSALLUS

James A. SLATER! AND Harry H. Knicur?

E. P. Van Duzee (1916) in his synoptic keys to the genera of

North American Miridae described three new genera of the sub-

family Phylinae for which no species were included. These genera

were Strophopoda, Oligotylus and Leptotylus. Van Duzee assumed

that these generic names were invalid in the above mentioned paper

and noted that he intended to validate them later by the publica-

tion of included species. He did this, however, only in the case of

Strophopoda® by the description in 1921 of Strophopoda aprica.

This species becomes the type species of Strophopoda by subse-

quent designation. In the cases of Leptotylus and Oligotylus, no

species have been included in these genera. Opinion 46 of the

International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature establishes the

principal that genera described without the inclusion of any species

are valid. Leptotylus and Oligotylus therefore must be considered

validly establish genera. It seems essential that type species be

assigned to these generic names so that a type species inadver-

tently or accidentally assigned may not cause the synonymy of well

known generic names proposed subsequent to 1916.

Dr. E. S. Ross of the California Academy of Sciences has kindly

checked the Van Duzee collection of Miridae in an attempt to

locate specimens bearing labels of either of these genera. Five

specimens under the name Oligotylus have been located and prove

to pertain to a new species of Psallus described below. We hereby

designate as type species of Oligotylus Van Duzee, Psallus brevi-

tylus new species. Oligotylus Van Duzee 1916 is therefore a junior

synonym of Psallus Fieber 1858.

In the case of Leptotylus, no specimens under this name appear

to be present in the Van Duzee collections. The type species of

Lepitotylus Van Duzee is here designated as Microphylellus longi-

rostris Knight. This is a species that agrees in all essentials with

the generic description of Leptotylus. Leptotylus Van Duzee 1916

is therefore a junior synonym of Microphylellus Reuter 1909.

1 Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Connecticut, Storrs.

2 Department of Zoology and Entomolegy, Iowa State College, Ames.

3 Carvalho (1952) dates Strophopoda from 1921, but as noted above the genus ~

should actually date from 1916.

144 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 2

Psallus brevitylus Slater and Knight, new species

General coloration black, second antennal segment and extreme

apex of first segment light tan, second segment becoming darker

brown on apical one-third, segments three and four dark brown;

thoracic pleura narrowly margined with testaceous to dull white;

femora dull testaceous marked with a series of large prominent,

black spots and armed with conspicuous black spines; thickly

clothed with decumbent, sericeous, flattened hairs, these inter-

spersed with semierect blackened hairs, the latter abundant and

conspicuous on upper surface of head.

Head strongly declivent, much more abruptly so than in nigerrimus.

Width across eyes .81 mm. (.78-.85), interocular space .43 mm.; rostrum

short, length .85 mm., attaining posterior margin of mesosternum, basal seg-

ment subequal to length of first antennal segment, length of this basal seg-

ment .21 mm.; length antennal segments, I .21 mm., II .92 mm., III .58 mm.

(.50-66), IV .31 mm. (28-.33). Length pronotum .71 mm., width pronotum

1.25 mm. (1.14-1.28)), length scutellum .61 mm. (57-.64). Lateral margins

of corium moderately and evenly rounded, membrane exceeding apex of

abdomen by distance caudad of apex of cuneus. Total length 3.51 mm.

(3.27-3.69) ; maximum width across hemelytra 1.50 mm. (1.35-1.56).

Holotype: Male, San Dizco County, Ca.irornia, 5-20-13 (E. P. Van

Duzee). In California Academy of Sciences collection. Allotype: San Dirco

County, Cairorntia, 6-8-13 (E. P. Van Duzee). Same deposition as holotype.

Paratypes: 3 males, same date as holotype and allotype. Deposited in the

California Academy of Sciences and private collections of the authors.

This new species is most closely related to nigerrimus (Van

Duzee) with which species it agrees in coloration and particularly

by the possession of the large black tibial spots and spines. It may

readily be separated from nigerrimus by the much shorter rostrum

that reaches only to the posterior margin of the mesosternum,

whereas in nigerrimus the rostrum reaches or slightly exceeds the

posterior coxae. In nigerrimus the basal segment of the rostrum

is considerably longer than the first antennal segment (.36 to .21)

whereas in brevitylus the two are subequal. In brevitylus the second

antennal segment is light brown rather than black, the interocular

space somewhat broader (brevitylus .43 mm., nigerrimus .306-.39

mm.), the black semierect hairs on the head more numerous and

extending further anteriorly on the frons. The shape of the anterior

portion of the head shows considerable difference in the two species

being more strongly declivent in brevitylus and as a consequence

less strongly produced forward.

AprIL, 1954] SNELLING—EXOMALOPIS 145

The authors wish to thank Dr. E. S. Ross of the California

Academy of Sciences for his kindness in locating hte specimens of

Psallus brevitylus in the Van Duzee collection.

REFERENCES

CarvaLyo, J. C. M.

1952. On the major classification of the Miridae (Hemiptera). (With

keys to subfamilies and tribes and a catalogue of the world

genera.) Anais. Da Academia Brasil. Cien. 24: 31-111.

Van Duzer, E. P.

1916. Synoptical keys to the genera of the North American Miridae.

U. California Pubs. Ent., 1: 199-216.

RECORDS OF EXOMALOPSIS SIDAE IN CALIFORNIA

AND BAJA CALIFORNIA

(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)

Roy R. SNELLING

Turlock, California

During the summer of 1953, the author had the opportunity

of collecting bees in Imperial County, California and the adjacent

Mexicali Valley, Baja California, Mexico. During the six weeks

of collecting spent in that area, the author collected quite a number

of a small species of Exomalopsis which was presumed to be E.

rifiventris Timberlake. However, when the author examined his

collection and papers it was found to be Exomalopsis sidae Cocke-

rell. In his recent revision of Exomalopsis,’ Timberlake states that

E. sidae is known only from the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. How-

ever, there seems to be little doubt that this is the same species, as

the specimens collected by the author agree perfectly with New

Mexico specimens.

The revised distribution of Exomalopsis sidae Cockerell should

now include Arizona, California, and Baja California, Mexico.

New distributional data are as follows:

Arizona: 1 @, Tucson, June 16, 1951 (E. O. Johnson), on Sphaeralcea.

California: 1 ¢, 2 22, 1 mi. E. Calexico, Imperial Co., June 28, 1953

(R. R. Snelling), on Sida hederacea. Baja California, Mexico: a total of 13

females, 5 males from the following areas, from June 29 to July 17; 36k. S.

Mexicali, 7 k. NE. La Puerta, 12 k. SW. Mexicali, and Ejido Campeche,

females on Sida hederacea, two males on Gossypium, all collected by the

‘author.

1 Timberlake, P. H. 1947. Jour. New York Ent. Soc., 55: 85-106.

146 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

MONODONTOMERUS MONTIVAGUS ASHMEAD, A

PARASITE OF MEGACHILE CENTUNCULARIS (LINNAEUS)

(Hymenoptera )

A. E. MIcHELBACHER AND P. D. Hurp, Jr.

University of California, Berkeley

For many years the leaf cutting bee, Megachile centuncularis,

has used the guide mechanism of a casement window in the home of

the senior author in Berkeley, California, as a nesting site. Although

there six similar windows, only the one has been consistently

used. The groove of the metal guide is about 8 inches in length and

has a diameter just sufficient to accommodate the cells. Then entire

length of the groove is utilized in much the same manner as the

insect makes use of a hollow stem. Of course, if the window is

opened, the cells are crushed by the runner. However, if the window

is only partly opened, a good portion of the cells can be removed

without injury.

During the 1953 nesting season, the bees were especially am-

kitious, and after filling the groove with cells, the female in one

manner or another constructed another series of cells along side

of the metal groove. About March 15, 1954, the cells outside of the

groove were examined. An end cell was broken open and it was

found to be parasitized. The rest of the cells were held, and para-

sites emerged from five out of nine in the series.

The parasite was Monodontomerus montivagus Ashmead. This

is the first record of this parasite being reared from the genus

Megachile. Muesebeck, et al, (1951)+ listed the known hosts of this

parasite as follows: Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) ; Anthidium

emarginatum (Say); Dianthidium pudicum (Cress.); D. pudi-

cum consimile (Ashm.); Osmia cordata Robertson; Anthophora

abrupta Say; Anthophora linsleyi Timb.; A. occidentalis Cress.;

Melissodes sp.; and Xylocopa orpifex Smith.

As a matter of speculation, it is possible that cells constructed

in the metal groove are protected from the parasite, while those

which were built outside the groove were freely exposed to

parasitism.

1 Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico—Synoptic Catalog. United States

Department of Agriculture. Monograph No. 2:1-1420. 1951.

APRIL, 1954] LINDQUIST—-BLOWFLIES 147

FLIES ATTRACTED TO DECOMPOSING LIVER

IN LAKE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

ArtTHuR W. LINDQUIST

U.S.D.A., Agr. Res. Adm., Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine

Various species of flies visiting decomposing organic materials

are considered to be of economic importance. Phormia ragina

(Meig.), Phaenicia spp., and Callitroga macellaria (F.), which

breed in carrion, causes myiasis in soiled and moist wool of sheep.

In addition, P. regina is an invader of wounds in warm-blooded

animals and can be described as an obligatory necrobiot. These

flies, as well as other species, cause damage by ovipositing on meat

in abbatoirs, markets, and homes. Mechanical contamination of

foods and the distribution of noxious bacteria and viruses to

human food by these insects have long been considered to be of

public-health importance.

It is not generally recognized that, even though blow flies are

enemies of man and animals, they are also of great benefit to

mankind because they destroy dead animals and thus prevent

unsanitary conditions. Without blow fly larvae to reduce and

destroy the vast number of carcasses of wild and domestic animals

an unsightly and odoriferous condition would prevail. Blow fly

larvae can be prevented from developing in an animal carcass by

spraying it with DDT, lindane, or other insecticides, but the stench

from the carcasses is noxious and long-lasting.

From 1938 through 1941 a study was made of the seasonal and

relative abundance of the insects caught in a liver-baited trap in

Lake County, California. The trap was a cone-type, screen-wire

device (17 by 24 inches), almost identical with traps used by Par-

rish and Cushing (1938). It was set 4 feet above the ground in

partial shade about 30 feet from the shore of Clear Lake, near the

town of Nice. This locality has an elevation of 1300 feet and is

surrounded by mountains of the intercoastal range, some of which

rise to an altitude of 4100 feet. The Sacramento Valley, with an

elevation of 100 feet, lies approximately 50 air-line miles toward

the east.

On approximately the first and fifteenth day of each month

the flies were removed from the trap and weighed, the volume

determined, and the number of each species or genus ascertained

in a random 10-gram sample. A total of 78 collections containing

148 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL, XxX, NO. 2

844 quarts of flies was made. The data obtained have been sum-

marized by months in Figure 1. Weather records from the official

Weather Bureau station at Upper Lake, located 5 miles from Nice,

were studied in relation to fly abundance.

Phormia regina. This was the most abundant species through-

out the spring, summer, and fall months. It accounted for about

40 to 88 per cent of the total flies taken during any month except _

in the winter. The greatest number caught during one month was

429,000 in May 1940. The total volume of all flies caught during

this month was 76 quarts. Breeding conditions were ideal during

the spring, with above-normal temperatures during most of May.

This species was caught every month except December 1939 and

December and February 1941, when cold, wet weather prevented

fly activity.

In Figure 1 it will be noted that the three most abundant species

—Phormia, Phaenicia spp., and Callitroga macellaria—are pro-

jected on a scale that is only one-fifteenth that of the other species.

This was necessary in order to accommodate the data on one figure.

Phaenicia spp.—These species were taken in most of the trap-

ping periods except during the winter. They accounted for approxi-

mately 3 to 18 per cent of the flies caught during the warmer

portion of the year.

Callitroga macellaria (the secondary screw-worm fly) and C.

hominivorax (Coq.) (the screw-worm fly). These were the most

interesting flies encountered in this study. C. hominivorax is the

primary species causing myiasis in warm-blooded animals. Neither

of these species is indigenous to the area, but C. macellaria was

caught every summer, whereas C. hominivorax was taken in only

one season during the four years. The latter is a comparatively

rare fly even in areas of high screw-worm incidence; the propor-

tion of this species to C. macellaria in trap catches may be one to

several hundred or thousand.

Neither species has a true hibernating stage. Declining tem-

peratures in the fall and winter either destroy all stages or lengthen

the developmental period so that mortalities are high (Parrish

1945, Lindquist 1945). As the weather becomes warmer in ‘the

spring, the species migrate from areas in which they survived the

winter. Mean temperatures of 49° to 54° F. for about three months

have been found to destroy these species (Parman 1945, Lindquist

1945, Parrish 1945).

#939

Jan Fe bMar AprMay JunJuly AugSept OctNov Dec

Ophyra. |

\ Seale:

10,000 Specimens

Sareo-

age

used

Ms ~~ iessostaelll —

Me aan

Syrthes-

1omy!e

Para-

luci lta sar ad soe

Seale:

77" 150,000 specimens

Fhormia

Pi hacnic a

Gillitr Taga if

Macellara

1940

Jan febMar Apr May Jun July Ayg Sep

lov Dec

194!

Jan FebMarAprMay Jun Jilly Ayg Sept Oct Nov Dee

Fig. 1—Seasonal abundance of flies caught in a liver-baited trap at Nice, California.

[PS6L “ludy

-LSINOGNIT

SHTTAMOTE

é6rl

150 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

It appears likely that the winter of 1939-1940 was sufficiently

mild so that C. macellaria at least survived as far north as Visalia,

California. The mean temperatures for December, January, and

February at this location were 5.7°, 4.8°, and 3.1°, respectively,

above normal. The average mean was 52.3°, which may have per-

mitted both species to survive. It appears likely that the early

(June) appearance of C. macellaria in the trap at Nice is accounted

for by the overwintering of the species farther north than is usual

in California. The species was first observed in the trap collections

of July 17-30, 1939, June 14-30, 1940, and August 1-15, 1941. No

specimens were ever found after December 15. During August,

September, and October 1940 an enormous population had built

up. In september 46 per cent of the entire catch was of this species.

Stewart and Roessler (1942), reporting on work at Davis,

California, found that this species appeared in liver-baited traps

in late July 1936. It was the predominating fly during August,

September, and October. Bruce and Knipling (1936) at Ames,

Iowa, caught C. macellaria in liver-baited traps in June 1933 and

1934. The species had apparently migrated from overwintering

areas in Texas.

C. hominivorax was observed in the catch of flies taken during

September 17-27, 1940. It is possible that the species was present

in earlier trap collections, but because it is a relatively scarce

insect and bears a close resemblance to C. macellaria it may have

been overlooked. In the October 1-15 catch four specimens of

C. macellaria were found in 31% quarts of the 32-quart catch, and

one fly was found in the 10-gram sample examined from the

October 15-30 catch of flies. No flies were found during November.

A number of screw-worm cases were reported in the county during

September and October. Larvae collected from the wounds of

these domestic animals were identified as C. hominivorax.

Ophyra spp. These flies were captured every trapping period

over 7 to 8 months of each year. They constituted approximately

2 to 5 per cent of the total flies caught each month. As shown in

Vigure 1, this species was fourth in abundance. It is the last in a

succession of flies to oviposit in carrion. The larvae perform the

final clean-up of a carcass and appear to thrive on fat, ligamentous

tissue, and slime that remain after other fly larvae have left.

Sarcophaga spp. These flies were present in the trap catches

APRIL, 1954] LINDQUIST—-BLOWFLIES 151

during the greater part of the year. The number taken in a month

ranged from less than 1000 up to 8000.

Musca domestica L. This species was captured each month

from April through November. The number caught ranged up to

11,000 in a month and constituted up to 8.7 per cent of the total

flies taken. Because this fly walks over foods in homes and res-

taurants after visiting all sorts of decomposing matter, including

carrion, it is one of the most dangerous enemies of man.

Calliphora spp. These species are important because they fre-

quently visit homes and contaminate meat by laying eggs on it.

These flies predominated during the winter and accounted for 11

to 74 per cent of all flies taken during this period. Figure 1 shows

that they are prevalent during the spring and fall but disappear

almost entirely in the summer.

Synthesiomyia nudiseta. Late summer and fall was the opti-

mum period of activity of this insect. It occasionally visits houses

but is of little economic importance. :

Paralucilia wheeleri (Hough). This fly closely resembles C.

macellaria and C. hominivorax. It appears to vary in numbers

from year to year more than do some of the other species. Speci-

mens were frequently observed in the catch but not in the 10-gram

sample, which was too small to quantitatively measure low num-

bers. For some unknown reason the incidence of the species was

low during 1939 and higher during 1941. Deonier and Knipling

(1940) reported on the distribution and life history of this species

in Arizona.

Miscellaneous flies—A considerable number of small Diptera

were taken in nearly every trap. They accounted for 2 to 15 per

cent of the various catches of flies. No attempt was made to segre-

gate the different species.

LITERATURE CITED

Bruce, W. G. ano E. F. Knretine

1936. Seasonal appearance and relative abundance of flies attracted

to baited traps. Iowa State Coll. Jour. Sci. 1(4): 361-366.

Deonter, C. C., ann E. F. Knrpiine

1940. The biology of Compsomyiops wheeleri (Hough) and description

of the larva. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 33(3) : 578-582.

Linpouist, ArtHUR W., anp W. L. Barrett

1945. Overwintering of Cochliomyia americana at Uvalde, Texas. Jour.

Econ. Ent. 38(1): 77-83.

152 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

Parman, D. C.

1945. Effect of weather on Cochliomyia americana and a review of

methods of economic applications of the study. Jour. Econ. Ent.

38(1): 66-76.

ParrisH, H. E.

1945. Overwintering of Cochliomyia americana and C. macellaria at

Menard, Texas. Jour. Econ. Ent. 38(1) : 83-84.

ParrisH, H. E., anp Emory C. CusHine

1938. Locations for blowfly traps: abundance and activity of blowflies

and other flies in Menard County. Texas. Jour. Econ. Ent. 31(6):

750-763.

Stewart, M. A., anp E. B. RoressLer

1942. The seasonal distribution of myiasis-producing Diptera. Jour.

Econ. Ent.. 35(3) : 408-411.

A CASE OF REVERSE PREDATION IN THE CARABIDAE

Wiiiiam V, GARNER

University of California, Berkeley

On July 31, 1952 Dr. J. W. MacSwain collected three living

larvae of Calosoma semilaeve LeConte for the author in a Ladino

clover field at Artois, Glenn County, California. Each of the speci-

mens was placed in a small pill-box with a living prepupal noctuid

larva as food, until arrival in Berkeley the following day.

Upon examination in the laboratory it was found that two of

the three carabids had been entirely consumed by their supposed

prey. Immediate dissection of the cutworms showed their intestinal

tract to be clean, indicating a very rapid digestion. Examination

of fecal pellets from the pill-boxes, however, revealed many small

pieces of chitin and identifiable portions, such as legs, head capsule,

tergites and urogomphi.

Whether the Calosoma larvae were attacked and killed, or

whether they first died and were then consumed can only be con-

jectured. It is well known, however, that cutworms are often highly

cannibalistic, as are most Carabid larvae, particularly when con-

fined to a limited amount of space.

The literature is replete with examples of certain of the

Carabidae feeding on cutworms and other lepidopterous larvae,

but this is the first case to the author’s knowledge where the reverse

is apparently true.

APRIL, 1954] HUSSEY—PSELLIOPUS . 153

TWO NEW SPECIES OF PSELLIOPUS AND SOME

DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES

(Hemiptera, Reduviidae )

Ro anp F. Hussey

Biology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville

This paper is one of several now in preparation that are based

upon material in the Museum of Zoology of the University of

Michigan, where the types of the new species are deposited. I wish

here to express my deep appreciation to Dr. J. Speed Rogers,

Director, and to Dr. T. H. Hubbell, Curator of Insects, for the

privilege of working over the extensive collections of Hemiptera

under their care. Among the thirteen species of Pselliopus in the col-

lection, four appear to be undescribed. Two of these, from Arizona

and from New Mexico, are represented by females only; the other

two are described herewith. As in other recent papers, I have

expressed all comparative measurements here in hundredths of a

millimeter.

Pselliopus karlenae Hussey, new species

Length: 12.2-13.1 mm., width of pronotum 2.9-3.2 mm.

Head black above, with a yellow mark above and in front of each eye

and another at the side behind the eye, also a small yellow spot between the

ocelli and a triangular one between the bases of the antennae; genae and

gula yellow. First two antennal segments black, the others testaceous, first

segment with three pale annuli of which the third is at the apex, second

segment with a single pale ring at the middle; third segment with an obso-

lete sub-basal fuscous ring. Rostrum yellow, the first segment with a large

piceous spot on each side at the middle, the second with a piceous annulus

at the base, the third with a narrow piceous line on the lower side. Anterior

lobe of the pronotum black, the collar (including the anterior angles), an

irregular vitta on each side of the middle line, and a rather large spot on

each side yellow; posterior lobe yellow, finely and closely concolorously

punctate, the lateral angles with a triangular black spot enclosing the black

spines, this spot narrowed behind and sometimes joining the blackish spot at

the middle of the explanate postero-lateral margins. Scutellum black on the

basal half, with a tomentose white dot each side near the base, the broadly

foliaceous apex yellow. Body above with fine, fairly thick, erect golden

pubescence. Hemelytra translucent or transparent, brown, the cubital veins

prominent, fuscous; corium and veins of the clavus rather thickly provided

with short, curved golden hairs. Dorsum of the abdomen black; connexival

segments above and below sanguineous, broadly banded with black on the

anterior portion, the extreme anterior margin sometimes narrowly yellow.

Under side yellow, the pleura largely black, each ventral segment with a

narrow black band on the posterior margin and also on the front margin

toward the sides. Pleura, coxae, and basal segments of the venter at the

154 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXX, NO. 2

sides with spots of white tomentum, the mesosternum densely white tomen-

tose, the metasternum less so except at the sides. Femora and tibiae yellow,

the femora with five black annuli (some of them more or less interrupted),

the tibiae with three black annuli on the basal half and with an abbreviated

brownish stripe on the apical half of the dorsal face. Male genital segment

with two black stripes below on the posterior half, these uniting at the base

of the median spine; parameres and median spine of hypopygium black.

Head shorter than the pronotum (218:272), four-fifths longer than its

own width across the eyes (218:120), gradually narrowed behind the eyes.

Ratios of lengths of antennal segments I-IV, 441:185:277:155. Pronotum

smooth or nearly so, the punctures of the posterior lobe extremely shallow;

median impression of the anterior lobe fairly deep, continued as a broad

shallow depression onto the posterior lobe but not attaining the base of the

latter. Humeral spines short, conical, directed outward, equalling or slightly

surpassing the lateral angles. Postero-lateral margins rather narrowly expla-

nate, strongly reflexed behind and lightly sinuate, produced as very short

and rather wide lobular processes at the posterior angles. Hind margin of

the pronotum most lightly convex before the scutellum. Disk of the scutellum

with a Y-shaped ridge whose median (apical) arm is abbreviated behind,

evanescent at about the middle of the scutellum; apical portion moderately

broad, horizontal, its postero-lateral margins narrowly reflexed, vertical;

apical portion less pilose than the basal part; total length of the scutellum

one-third greater than that of the anterior lobe of the pronotum (147:110).

Margin of the male hypopygium with a long, rather robust median

spine which is bifurcate for only a short distance at the tip, the apices dis-

tinctly divergent (Fig. 1). Parameres as seen from behind fusiform, rather

strongly curved on the inner side, setulose near the pointed tips and scantily

so on the inner side; when seen from the side the tips of the parameres are

rather abruptly curved upward. Last tergite of the male abdomen strongly

arched transversely to accommodate the hypopygial spine.

Holotype male and allotype female: Honpuras, Dept. Mor-

AZAN, Mt. CACULATEPE, ELEVATION 3700—4200 FEET, Aug. 6, 1948

(T. H. Hubbell). Paratypes (all collected by Dr. Hubbell): 1 ¢,

3 9, same data as the preceding; 1 9, Cerro Uyucaguatal, 4500-—

5000 ft., July 12, 1948; 1 9, five kilometers southwest of Suyapa,

5300 ft., Aug. 5, 1948; also two paratypes, ¢' and 9, from Mt.

Caculatepe in my collection. These localities are all in the vicinity

of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana at Zamorano, about 35 kilo-

meters southeast of Tegucigalpa. The specimens from Mt. Cacula-

tepe were taken by sweeping and by beating shrubbery, and numer-

ous examples of P. zebra (Stal) were collected with them.

This species is closely allied to P. zebra but is readily separable

by the first antennal segment which bears three pale annuli instead

of four, by the sanguineous areas on the connexival segments, by

the male genitalia, and by the strongly arched last tergite of the

AprIL, 1954] HUSSEY—PSELLIOPUS 155

male abdomen. The specimens of zebra before me agree with Stal’s

description in having the first antennal segment quadriannulate,

and Champion, in the Biologia (Vol. 2, p. 247) implied that this

is the usual condition, yet all three of his figures of zebra and

Se)

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1 Pselliopus karlenae Hussey, Fig. 2 Pselliopus zebra (Stal),

Fig. 3 Pselliopus latispina Hussey. At left, apex of male hypopygium, with

median spine and parameres, and outline of last tergite of male abdomen,

as seen from behind. At right, left paramere as seen from the side.

156 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. Xxx, NO. 2

varieties (op. cit., Pl. 15) show this segment as triannulate? In P.

zebra (Fig. 2) the median spine of the hypogydial margin is cleft

or sulcate on the apical third and the tips lie parallel and con-

tiguous; the parameres are lightly clavate, blunt at the tips, and

thickly pilose on all sides for some distance before the apex.

P. karlenae may well have been confused with P. zebra in the

past, particularly if only females were at hand, but I cannot

identify it with any of the “varieties” described by Champion. The

coloration of the anterior pronotal lobe (but not the posterior one)

is quite similar to that shown by Champion in Fig. 5 of Plate 15,

but in the present species the black color extends onto the sides

to enclose a large yellow lateral spot.

Pselliopus latispina Hussey, new species

Length, ¢ 10.9 mm., 2 12.8-13.1 mm.; width of pronotum, % 3.1 mm.,

Q 3.7-3.9 mm.

Yellowish ochraceous (as in P. barberi Davis), the legs more yellowish,

marked above with black as follows: the tylus entirely, two lines forming a

V leading from the middle line between the eyes straight to the antennae, the

dorsal portion of the head from the base of the swollen part to the middle

of the eyes (except a round yellow spot between the ocelli), joined behind

the ocelli with a broad vertical band on the side of the head, where a narrow

black line extends forward from the lower edge of this band to the postero-

ventral angle of the eye, an anterolateral spot on each side of the anterior

pronotal lobe, a narrow transverse uneven line (sometimes obsolete) in the

interlobular sulcus, the blunt humeral spines and a very narrow area around

their bases, an oblique elongated marginal spot at the middle of the strongly

reflexed postero-lateral margins of the pronotum, the basal part of the scutel-

lum (which bears a subbasal spot of white tomentum at each side), and a

black band (both above and below) at the basal third of each connexival

segment, these bands abbreviated inwardly and widened outwardly to reach

the anterior angles of their respective segments. Antennae colored as in

P. karlenae; first two rostral segments marked as in that species, the third

almost wholly black. Legs yellow, the femora with five narrow black bands

of which the apical one is somewhat the widest; front and middle tibiae

with four black bands; hind tibiae with three such bands on the basal half

and with a blackish stripe on the anterior and the posterior faces of the

apical half; tarsi dark brown. Ochraceous color of the abdominal tergites

plainly visible through the translucent hemelytra, the clavus somewhat more

embrowned than the corium or the membrane. Dorsum with rather short

and sparse erect pilosity, the curved hairs on the hemelytra more sparse

than in P. karlenae. Venter ochraceous, each segment narrowly banded with

black on the anterior margin, and with a second, abbreviated, black band

on about the outer fourth of its width, none of these bands reaching the

inner margin of the connexivum; the abbreviated markings on the con-

nexivum below dislocated with respect to the fasciae of the ventral segments.

AprIL, 1954] HUSSEY—PSELLIOPUS 157

Male genital segment with a pair of blackish spots on the ventral side before

the apex.

Head one-fourth shorter than the median length of the pronotum

(é 188:250), three-fifths longer than its own width across the eyes (188:

117), the interocular width more than twice the width of an eye (61:28).

First antennal segment two and one-third times as long as the second, more

than one-half longer than the third (350:150:220), and nearly twice as long

as the head (350:188). First rostral segment attaining the middle of the

eyes, slightly shorter than the second (93:100) when both are measured on

the upper edge.

Pronotum smooth or nearly so, the posterior lobe flattened_but not or

hardly depressed along the middle line, very finely but not thickly punctate,

the punctures scarcely impressed, less thickly pilose than the anterior lobe.

Anterior angles nodose-tuberculate; humeral spines blunt, directed slightly

backward, not or scarcely surpassing the lateral angles; postero-lateral

margins rather widely explanate, strongly reflexed and lightly sinuate, pro-

duced at the posterior angles into finely punctulate lobules as long as the

transverse width of an eye, inner margin of the lobules forming a right angle

with the transverse posterior margin of the pronotum.

Scutellum with a Y-shaped ridge on the basal part, the median (apical)

arm of this Y evanescent at the middle of the scutellum but forming a con-

spicuous pale calloused spot; produced apical portion rather broad, finely

punctate, obliquely reflexed as seen from the side, with a deep cup-like

impression before the apex, the postero-lateral margins moderately reflexed.

Margin of the male hypopygium with a long, broadly triangular median

spine which appears not to be sulcate or furcate; parameres very slender

(Fig. 3). In the only male before me the spine is directed obliquely forward

and upward under the last tergite of the abdomen.

Holotype male, Mexico, STATE oF HIDALGO, 6.5. KM. NORTH OF

DurANco on Camino NACIONAL NO. 1, ELEVATION 6500 FEET, Aug-

ust 29, 1948 (T. H. Hubbell). Allotype, 2 and one paratype 9:

MEXICO, State of Nuevo Leon, 15 miles north of Linares, Dec. 16,

1941 (1. J. Cantrall and J. J. Friauf), the paratype in my collection.

Easily distinguished from the other species of Pselliopus before

me by the much larger and more strongly produced posterior lobe-

like processes of the postero-lateral margins of the pronotum. Other

distinguishing characters are the almost complete absence of a

median impression on the posterior lobe of the pronotum, and the

interrupted and dislocated transverse black fasciae of the venter and

connexivum below. In size and color, and also in the male genital

characters, it is perhaps nearest to P. barberi Davis, but apart from

the differences already indicated, this latter species has the para-

meres somewhat longer and more strongly twice-curved, the scutel-

lum is not obliquely reflexed on the apical part and lacks the cup-

158 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

like pre-apical impression, the transverse base of the pronotum is

relatively wider, and the venter is without black bands.

PSELLIOPUS LATIFASCIATUS Barber

Three specimens in the Michigan collection from Alachua

County, Florida, constitute the first records of the species from that

state. PSELLIOPUS CINCTUS (Fabricius)

In his “Heteroptera of Eastern North America” Blatchley

(1926, p. 574) referred to this species as more southerly in its

distribution than P. barberi, and stated that it had been taken only

in the southern third of Indiana. The Museum of the University of

Michigan has specimens from Lake County, Indiana, and from

Cook County, Ilinois, both of which border on Lake Michigan and

lie in the northernmost part of their respective states. There is also

one individual from southwestern Michigan, collected by G. Orton

Sept. 7, 1949, in Allegan County (which also borders on Lake

Michigan), approximately seven miles east of Saugatuck. This

species has not been known before from Michigan.

ATRACHELUS CINEREUS (Fabricius)

In 1921 (Psyche, 28: 10) I reported the capture of two ex-

amples of this species by the late A. W. Andrews in Wayne County,

Michigan, during the summer of 1918. These still are the only

specimens I have seen from Michigan or from adjacent areas.

RHINIGIA CINCTIVENTRIS (Stal)

The Michigan collection has one example from Clarke County,

Alabama, taken by A. F. Archer in May, 1935, at Salt Mountain,

six miles south of Jackson and approximately 50 miles north of

Mobile. I believe this is the first record for this species east of the

Mississippi River.

LEPTIDIELLA BREVIPENNIS (MULSANT)

REARED FROM TOYON

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

The minute introduced longhorn Leptidiella brevipennis (Mul-

sant) has been recorded from California by Linhley (1934, Pan-

Pacific Ent., 9 (4):170), and Middlekauff and Underhill (1949.

Pan-Pacific Ent., 25(3) :128). Mr. L. W. Swan obtained a new

host and distributional record by rearing in 1950 a specimen (det.

E. G. Linsley) from a native shrub, toyon or Christmas berry,

Photinia arbutifolia, at Stanford University, Santa Clara Co., Cali-

fornia——Hucu Bb. Leecu, California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco.

APRIL, 1954] LEE—PHOTOTROPISM 159

THE ABSENCE OF NEGATIVE PHOTOTROPISM IN THE

MEXICAN CHICKEN BUG, HAEMATOSIPHON INODORUS

(DUGES)

(Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Ropert D. Lee

Department of Entomology, School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine,

Loma Linda, California

The nocturnal feeding habits of the common bedbug, Cimex

lectularius Linn., and other species of the family Cimicidae are

well known. In experiments with this species, the bugs were gen-

erally fed in darkness (Johnson, 1942) or in partial darkness. C.

lectularius will move toward the dark when subjected to a bright

light (Kassianoff, 1937). In contrast to this R. E. Ryckman (per-

sonal communication) has observed the feeding of Haematosiphon

inodorus (Duges) on nestling barn owls in the presence of abun-

dant light under field conditions. The owl nests were in cave-like

holes ten to twelve feet down from the top of a 35 foot bank on

the south side of the Santa Ana River near Norco, California. H.

inodorus will feed on chickens in the laboratory in bright light.

Because of these and other observations of the actions of this bug,

it was decided to attempt to determine whether it does or does not

exhibit a photonegative tropism.

One hundred H. inodorus adults were taken at random from the

main colony and placed in a jar with a screw-type lid; the jar ‘was

7 inches long and 184 inches in diameter. One half of the length

of the jar was painted black on the outside; the other end

of the jar was left unpainted. The jar was placed on a light back-

ground under an inverted aquarium. Two 200-watt lights were

placed approximately 12 inches from the middle of the jar just

outside the aquarium. The aquarium served to reduce the radiation

of heat between the light source and the jar containing the bugs,

thereby tending to decrease any tropism to heat which the insects

might show. A nearly light-proof room was used in which to

conduct the experiment.

The bugs were concentrated in the painted area by tapping

that end of the jar while it was held lower than the unpainted

area. The jar was then quickly placed under the aquarium. For

five minutes the lights were switched on simultaneously. Twelve

bugs had moved into the unpainted area during the dark period.

After five minutes of light, another dozen bugs joined this group.

Occasionally one or two bugs would run into the darkened portion

of the jar but would either run out again or be replaced by one or

160 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. xxx, NO. 2

two other bugs. After the lights had been on for ten minutes, the

. number in the unpainted area was approximately the same. No

fear of the light seemed to be indicated. Copulation by several pairs

took place. There was an unsuccessful attempt by some to climb

the walls of the jar.

The experiment was repeated with the procedure reversed; the

bugs were concentrated in the light end of the jar before the five

minute period of darkness. When the lights went on, apparently

only a very few had shifted to the painted end of the jar during

the dark period. After five minutes of light, the bugs seemed to be

grouped toward the end of the unpainted area away from the

dark. A number again were seen copulating in the light. At the

end of ten minutes of light, only a very few had moved into the

painted, dark portion of the jar.

A similar experiment was set up canine one hundred Cimex

lectularius adults. The bugs were concentrated in the dark end of

the jar, and the experiment was conducted as before. At the end

of the five minute dark period, five insects were seen in the clear

area. At the end of the first five minute light period, there were

still only five Cimex in the unpainted end of the jar. After ten

minutes of light, this number had dropped to two. During the

time the light was on, a few individuals were seen to come from

the dark zone, go into the unpainted area, and then go back to the

dark zone.

The Cimex were then concentrated in the unpainted area and

quickly put under the aquarium. The lights were turned off for five

minutes as before. When the lights were turned on after five min-

utes of darkness, the large majority of Cimex were still in the clear

area. After five minutes of light, only nine bugs were still in the

unpainted zone.

From these experiments, from the observations of Ryckman

in the field, and from observations of the general lack of negative

reaction of the insect to the light in the laboratory, H. inodorus

appears to exhibit an absence of the negative phototropism seen in

Cimex lectularius. In fact, H. inodorus may be said to show a

slight positive phototropism.

Jounson, C. G. LITERATURE CITED

1942. The ecology of the bed-bug, Cimex lectularius L., in Britain.

Jour. Hyg. 41(4): 345-461.

Kasst1AnorF, L.

1937. Etude morphologique et biologique de la famille des Cimicidés.

Ann. Parasit. hum. comp. 15(5) : 385-408.

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2598 TAYLOR STREET : SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

Manufacturers of Spreaders - Deposit Builders for Agricultural Sprays

THERE’S AN

Eston Insecticide

for every farm need...

eee ronal a

ALKRON® ESTONMITE® MALAPHOS+ ALDRIN & DIELDRIN

parathion formulations miticide-ovicide malathon formulations liquid and dry formulations

ARATRONt{ ESTONATE® METHYL BROMIDE TUMBLE-WEED{

new miticide containing 50% DDT liquids and space fumigant non-selective herbicides

aramite powders TETRON®

BROMOFUME® ESTONOX+ TEPP formulations +Trade Mark A.P.&C.C.

EDB soil fumigants toxophene formulations

SALES REPRESENTATIVES IN ALL MAJOR AGRICULTURAL AREAS

American Potash & Chemical Corporation PATRON - >,

ESTON CHEMICALS DIVISION

AND AGRICULTURAL “SJ?

3100 EAST 26TH STREET, LOS ANGELES 23, CALIFORNIA SHELA

‘autter

FOR YEAR-ROUND

FRUIT and VEGETABLE

PROTECTION

a

Insecticides

Sulphurs

Fungicides

Parasiticides

Stauffer Knapsack Duster

@

A TIME-HONORED NAME IN

CHEMICALS

TlA

Vill

BLACK LEAF PRODUCTS DIVISION

of the

VIRGINIA-CAROLINA CHEMICAL CORP.

formerly

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORP.

(The World’s Largest Manufacturers of

Nicotine Products)

BLACK LEAF 40

The Standard for Generations

tor

Control of Many Insects

It IsEasy on Friendly and

Beneficial Insects

Other BLACK LEAF Products Include

A Full Line of Agricultural Chemicals

and Concentrates

*

SAN JOSE OFFICE: 1214 Bayshore Highway (California)

1¥

dieldrin

Tops in Versatile Insect Control!

Yes, versatility is one of the chief assets of dieldrin. The

use range of this insecticide grows more and more im-

pressive each month. Acceptances have been obtained

for control of insects in the following orders:

Coleoptera

Boll weevil

White grubs

Tuber flea beetle larvae

Japanese beetle grubs

European chafer grubs

Green June beetle larvae

Alfalfa weevil—adult

Plum Curculio

Lepidoptera

Fall armyworm

Cutworm—certain species

Pale western cutworm

Homoptera

Cotton fleahopper

Hemiptera

Tarnished plant bug

Southern green stink bug

Rapid plant bug

Lawn chinch bugs

Say’s plant bug

Brown cotton bug:

Lygus bugs

Stink bugs

SHELL GHEMIGAL CORPORATION

AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS DIVISION

P. O. Box 1617, Denver 1, Colorado

Atlanta e Houston °

St. Louis

Jackson, Miss.

Orthoptera

Grasshoppers

Thysanoptera

Thrips on cotton

Gladiolus thrips

Onion thrips

Diptera

Onion maggot

Housefly adults

Mosquito adults and larvae

Salt-marsh sandfly larvae

Hymenoptera

Imported fire ant

Red harvester ant

Siphonaptera

Fleas

Isoptera

Termites (Experimental Use Only)

Dermaptera

Earwigs

e San Francisco

PACIFIC

DISCOVERY

An illustrated magazine

of natural sciences

published by the

CALIFORNIA

ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES

San Francisco 18,

California

INSECTS CLOSE UP

By

EDWARD S. ROSS

This 81-page book with 125

figures, many of which are in

color, is a must for anyone in-

interested in insects or photogra-

phy. The book is, without a

doubt, the most excellent of its

kind.

SEND ORDERS TO

UNIVERSITY OF

CALIFORNIA PRESS

BERKELEY 4, CALIF.

Price $1.50 Cloth $2.25

Gn Jost Work Whore Ordinary Parathion

May Be Prosenting Problems, Dont Overlook

contains

Parathion

SAFER . . » Continuing laboratory and field tests prove

ORTHOPHOS 4 Spray has reduced toxocity in respect to skin

penetration of Parathion.

MORE CONCENTRATED . « « Although this is a safer

Parathion, it has twice the concentration of most formulations—

contains 4 lbs. of Parathion per gallon.

MORE EFFECTIVE . . - Improved wetting qualities give

better coverage of plants and insects. This is important cost-wise,

since less material may be required to get results.

VAPOTONE-XX Spray and VAPOTONE Dusts

.-- ORTHO's special TEPP formulations. Leave no poisonous resi-

dues, so are accepted as the ideal pre-harvest control for fruit

and field crops.

CALIFORNIA

SPRAY-CHEMICAL Corp.

RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA

Medina, New York @ Linden, New Jersey

Goldsboro, North Carolina e@ Fennville,

Michigan @ Orlando, Florida © Shreveport,

Louisiana © Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,

Maryland Heights, Missouri ¢@ Caldwell,

Idaho © Portland, Oregon @ Sacramento,

California @ San Jose, California © Fresno,

© Whittier, California © Phoenix,

TM's Ortho, Orthophos, Vapotone, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off, — aunfornia eet eae OTe em

Niagara’s planned protection pro-

gram assures Western growers of

top profits from every crop for

two reasons. First is the skill and

experience of research chemists,

entomologists and trained labora-

tory workers, expressed in the su-

perior control powers of Niagara

materials. Second is the expert

knowledge of local growing con-

ditions and infestations, supplied

by Niagara Field Representatives.

This combination, checked and

proven by years of actual use,

gives doubled-barreled results in

reduced damage from insects and

disease, plus higher profits from

more top quality fruit, produce,

and livestock.