Vol. XXXIII JANUARY, 1957 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

DAY—The California mayflies of the genus Rhithrogena. 1

FREEMAN—Two new species of the genus Reeurvaria Haw. 9

WASBAUER—An improved method for collecting brachycistidine females 13

MICIIELBACHER & HITCHCOCK — Calico scale, Lecanium cera-

sorum Cockerell on walnuts. 15

MITCHELL—New species and records of Xeromegachile and Derotropis 19

JENSEN—The Albizzia Psyllid, Psylla uncatoides (Ferris & Klyver),

in California . 29

LEECH—Harry Phylander Chandler (1917-1955). 31

LINSLEY—A new species of Callidium from juniper. 33

MURAYAMA—Bark-beetles and pine-hole borers recently received

into Japan with timbers from the United States and other foreign

countries...-... 35

POWELL—A note on the nesting habits of Pompilus (Ammosphex)

occidentalis (Dreisbach) . 39

JAMES—A new Stratiomys from California. 43

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC., Proceedings. 45

BOOK NOTICES AND REVIEWS .8, 18, 42

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 38, 40, 41

BUTTERFLIES OF THE AMERICAN TROPICS. 18

SAN FRAN CISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1957

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

r ai ifhrwia ArAncuv r\c cmckicce

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXIII January, 1957 No. 1

THE CALIFORNIA MAYFLIES OF THE GENUS

RHITHROGENA

(Ephemeroptera)

W. C. Day

J021 Hubert Road, Oakland, California

Since its description as Heptagenia brunnea in 1875 by Hagen,

Rhithrogena brunnea has been known by but one adult female

and one adult male specimen, the penes of the latter being figured

in a general way by Eaton in his revisional monograph. The type

locality of the species was given as “Nevada, Truckee, in Sierra

Nevada Range,” which can probably be taken to mean some

location on the Truckee River between its headwaters and Reno,

Nevada.

Collecting in each of four years on the Truckee River and its

tributaries, my wife, Helen L. Day, and I have reared and

taken by aerial net about 150 male adults of R. brunnea, and

have reared 35 additional male adults in Shasta County and

Mono County. We have found both nymphs and adults of this

species to be highly variable in size, color and maculation. In

our earlier collecting we noted that the positioning and the

appearance of the penes of the male adult was also extremely

variable.

Variation of appearance of the penes in this species makes

classification most difficult as at least five Rhithrogena species of

the brunnea group are so closely allied as to be separable only

by the form and details of this feature. The basic separation of

R. doddsi and R. petulans on one hand, and R. brunnea, R.

morrisoni and R. futilis on the other, has traditionally been made

on the erectness or the divergence of the two arms of the penes,

the width and form of the tips of the penes, and the relative size

of the ventral and apical spines of the penes.

For the two species of the above that we have collected in

quantities, namely R. brunnea and R. morrisoni, I have found

that the degree of stability in the form and positioning of the

penes of collected adult specimens depends almost wholly on the

method of killing. When a male adult is taken from the net and

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

dropped directly into 70% alcohol, the specimen ordinarily clamps

the forceps across one another. At the same time, the arms of the

penes may be brought together with ends folded into narrow,

pointed tips; or the arms of the penes may be held straight out

in parallel, with tips narrowly rounded; or the arms of the penes

may be curved outward in wide divergence, with fully rounded

tips in R. brunnea or more narrowly rounded tips in R. morrisoni.

Any combination of these appearances and positions may be

assumed.

Variation in the prominence of ventral, dorsal and distal spines

of the penes depends considerably on the freshness or dryness of

the specimens when placed in alcohol for preservation. After the

male adult is dry-killed, excessive drying of the penes causes the

integument to shrink away from the bases of the spines so that

these spines appear to be larger than normal in size.

After several experiments, I believe that adults of these species

should be placed, immediately after capture, in loose tissue in a

dry killing jar charged with ethyl acetate (ether acetic), and kept

there for about one and one-half hours before immersion in 70%

alcohol. This treatment provides museum specimens of uniform

and life-like appearance and avoids distortion and variation in the

positioning and appearance of the penes.

On each of the four evenings of July 2—5, 1954, we found a

small swarm of R. brunnea at 5:30 p.m., P.S.T., at a point some

50 yards from the Upper Truckee River near Highway 50. Placing

alternate male adults in (1) 70% alcohol and (2) in the dry

killing jar charged with ethyl acetate, we totaled 59 specimens in

alcohol and 60 in the dry jar.

Of the 59 specimens placed directly in alcohol, 55 showed

tightly clamped forceps and great variation in the appearance of

the penes, the accompanying figures 1, 2 and 3 presenting examples

of this variation.

The 60 specimens taken through the ethyl acetate killing jar

before immersion in alcohol produced not a single specimen with

clamped forceps, and provided 60 specimens with penes of life¬

like appearance showing little distortion or variation in divergence.

In figure 4, forceps and penes are shown in the form that I regard

as the true appearance of these parts in R. brunnea.

The centrally placed ventral spines of the penes are usually

quite strong in R. brunnea but, as in R. morrisoni, there is con-

January, 1957]

DAY-RHITHROGENA

siderable variation in both the size of these spines and their

number. Occasionally the ventral spine of R. brunnea is lacking on

one arm of the penes and, in other cases, two ventral spines appear

on one arm.

The apical spines of the penes of R. brunnea belong to the

outer lateral margin but are sometimes also partly dorsal; they

are always short, sometimes heavy and well-formed and again little

more than blunt and shapeless protuberances. They are identical

in form, variation and placement with the similar spines I have

seen in R. doddsi from Utah. Another feature shared alike by R.

brunnea and R. doddsi , and not previously reported for either,

is the existence of from one to four tiny spines on the dorsal

surface of each arm of the penes. These spines are centrally

1—4, genitalia of Rhithrogena brunnea ; 1—3, various distortions of penes;

4, natural appearance of penes.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

located and usually somewhat basad of the position of the

opposite, heavier ventral spines.

The structure of the penes of R. brunnea and R. doddsi is

identical. The ends are smoothly rounded and expanded, the

openings of seminal ducts are large and surrounded by a darkened

area, and the lightly chitinized strip along the basal lateral surfaces

is identical in size, form and placement. Both nymphs and adults

of R. brunnea and R. doddsi seem identical in detail except for

difference of divergence of the arms of the penes of the adult

male after death. Occasional specimens from Utah and New

Mexico show slight distortions of the penes that exactly match the

distorted form of these parts shown for the California specimen

in figure 2. On the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada we find

many Rocky Mountain species from numerous orders of insects

and it seems quite possible that R. brunnea and R. doddsi represent

populations that are simply geographic races of the same poly¬

typic species.

Collecting R. brunnea in Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, Mono

and Shasta Counties, we have noted considerable variation in

coloration of the adults, often among those taken simultaneously.

The body shades from light to very dark brown, wingveins and

mesonotum vary from pale, yellowish brown to fuscous, and the

bodies of numerous adults are bright ruddy in color.

Nymphs of R. brunnea are highly variable in color and fall

into three basic groups, (1) concolorous brown, from pale to

very dark, gills white, (2) brown, with tergites 7 and 8 almost

entirely white, gills white, and (3) body pale pinkish brown, gills

bright red. In this latter phase, both lamellae and fibrillae of the

gills are bright crimson, the legs are often bright red, and the

abdomen has a pinkish cast; these nymphs rear to adults broadly

and sometimes strongly marked with dark red. In four situations

I have attempted to roughly establish the proportions of the three

color phases of these nymphs coexisting in a short stretch of

stream; of 273 nymphs collected, 42 (15%) had at least red gills,

101 (37%) were brown with tergites 7 and 8 white, and 130

(48%) were concolorous brown.

Rhithrogena MORRISONI

Precautions in killing the adults of R. morrisoni apply with

equal force as with R. brunnea, as killing directly in alcohol leads

to variation and distortion of the penes as shown in figures 5 and

January, 1957]

DAY-RHITHROGENA

6. A drawing of the natural position of the genitalia of R. morrisoni

as observed in California is given in figure 7.

Intermixed with brown nymphs, we frequently find nymphs

of R. morrisoni that have bright crimson gills, legs and abdomen,

with touches of red on head and pronotum. When reared, the

red nymphs usually produce adults with bright red legs and

abdomen, the tails and wingveins being a pale yellow brown.

Because the tails and wingveins of the red adults are much lighter

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

5—8, genitalia of Rhithrogena morrisoni; 5—6, distortions of penes; 7, natural

appearance of penes; 8, genitalia of red adult reared from red nymph.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

in color than those of the adults reared from brown nymphs, I

suspect that the redness of the nymph is due to the subtraction of

some color substance from the total color pigment of the brown

nymph. The normal appearance of the genitalia of the red male

adult is identical with that of the brown adult, and is shown in

figure 8.

As a rough guide to the ratio of red to brown nymphs of

R. morrisoni, a count was kept for several collections in Yolo

and Napa County. In these collections 272 nymphs were taken,

of which 49 (18%) were red, and 223 (82%) were brown.

Ventral spines of the penes of the male adult vary in size

from very large, as in the largest similar spines of R. brunnea,

to smallness that makes them difficult to see with the stereoscopic

miscroscope. Variation in number of these ventral spines goes

from no spines on either arm of the penes to three spines on each

arm. In 68 male adults reared from nymphs taken from Cache

Creek, Yolo County, California on April 19, 1952, the following

breakdown was made:

Ventral Spines on Penes

No. specimens

Left arm

Right arm

We have collected specimens of R. morrisoni in the following

California counties: Alpine, Amador, Sonoma, Napa, Yolo and

Marin, and have received male adult specimens from Los Angeles

and San Bernardino Counties. From this distribution it may be

seen that R. morrisoni inhabits five differing life zones in Cali¬

fornia, namely, the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, the western

slope of same, the barren areas of the eastern slope of the Coast

Range, the Redwood Coastal strip, and the San Gabriel mountains.

Rhithrogena petulans was described by Seeman (1927) as

Iron petulans from Cucamonga Canyon, San Bernardino County,

California, and I have examined the four penes on micro slides

and one male adult from Cucamonga Canyon placed in the Cornell

University collection as the type material. Also, through the

kindness of Dr. Henry Dietrich I have examined material from

nearby Icehouse Canyon, San Bernardino County, collected by

January, 1957]

DAY-RHITHROGENA

Michener and identified by Traver as R. petulans. Additional

specimens from the same area have been supplied me by Dr. Fred

S. Truxal, same having been collected in San Gabriel Canyon,

Los Angeles County and Adahi, San Bernardino County.

R. petulans was separated from R. brunnea and R. morrisoni

by the erectness of the penes of the former. Only one specimen

from Cucamonga Canyon shows this erectness, one specimen has

penes slightly divergent, two are widely divergent and the other

is badly mounted. The Michener collections show two specimens

with erect penes and one divergent. If collected in alcohol, the

diversity of appearance of the Seeman and Michener material is

explained but, in any case, the type material does not bear out

the original description.

The four male adults from Truxal taken from San Gabriel

Canyon and Adahi were pinned and I restored and mounted the

genitalia on slides, finding them to be very good normal examples

of R. morrisoni. Thus, in eleven good specimens including the

type material, and all from the same area, seven are quite posi¬

tively normal specimens of R. morrisoni. I therefore conclude

that R. petulans is a synonym of R. morrisoni. There are but four

good species of the genus Rhithrogena that have to date been

reported from California these being as follows: R. brunnea

Hagen, R. decora Day, R. flavianula McDunnough, R. morrisoni

Banks.

References

Eaton, A. E.

1885. A revisional monograph of recent Ephemeridae. Trans. Linn. Soc.

London Sec. Ser. Zool. 3:1—352, pis. 1—65.

Hagen, Hermann

1875. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey of Terr, for 1873:571—606.

McDunnough, J.

1926. Notes on N. A. Ephemeroptera with descriptions of new species.

Canad. Ent. 58:184-196.

Needham, J. G., J. R. Traver and Y. Hsu

1935. The Biology of Mayflies. Comstock Pub. Co., Ithaca, N.Y.

Seeman, T. M.

1927. Dragonflies, Mayflies and Stoneflies of Southern California. Jour.

Ent. and Zool. 19:40—51, 2 text figs., pis. 2-4.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

Book Review

THE WORLD OF BEES by Gilbert Nixon. 214 pp., frontispiece -f- 16 figs,

(by Arthur Smith). Philosophical Library, New York. 1955. Price $4.75.

This is a popularization of bees and their biologies. It is interesting

reading and should provide the layman with considerable accurate informa¬

tion. The illustrations are beautifully drawn but most will serve only as aids

to identification of representative adult bees of the British fauna. Additional

illustrations depicting nest diagrams, pollen storage, egg positions, develop¬

mental stages, etc., would have been desirable to support the main theme of

the book and increase its popular appeal.

* * *

Book Review

BIRD AND BUTTERFLY MYSTERIES by Bernard Acworth. 303 pp, 11

figs, 3 colored plates. Philosophical Library, New York. 1956. Price $7.50.

Entomologists will be concerned primarily with Part III of this book,

“Butterfly Migration and other Phenomena.” The other parts treat bird

migration, the cuckoo mystery, and other subjects. All treatments can be

classed as philosophical essays in which little or no original data or observa¬

tions are put forth. The author casts doubt on the validity of many widely

accepted theories to explain evolution, mimicry, migration, etc. Unfortunately,

the representation of these theories is often highly subjective and even

erroneous. Many of the author’s ideas strike me as naive and based on

misinterpretation or ignorance of published knowledge. An example of the

latter, on page 259, is his bewilderment over the number of butterfly species

referred to as the “painted lady.”

* * *

Book Review

INSECTS AND SPIDERS. A book of keys with biological notes by C. P.

Friedlander and D. A. Priest, vii -(- 124, 21 plates. Philosophical Library,

New York. 1956. Price $2.75

This hook by two biology teachers in English preparatory schools, reduces

to their barest essentials keys and illustrations for identifying the common

groups and species of British insects and spiders. The 21 plates are com¬

posed of simple, often crude, line drawings of key characters of the groups

treated.

Apparently intended to aid beginners, the book is likely to defeat its

purpose by presenting insect study in a most unattractive form at the very

time the student’s interest is usually delicately poised and in need of the

highest type of stimulation.-—E. S. Ross, California Academy of Sciences.

January, 1957]

FREEMAN-RECURVARIA

TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS RECURVARIA HAW.

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) 1

T. N. Freeman 2

Insect System atics and Biological Control Unit

Entomology Division, Ottawa, Canada

Many species of the genus Recurvaria occur in North America.

They may be divided into two main groups. The larvae of one

group are miners in the needles of various conifers, often passing

from one needle to another through a thin, silken tube along the

stem. The larvae of the other group feed on deciduous plants, and

usually live in a silken tube on the surface of the leaf. The genus

contains many closely allied species, and the systematics of the

group is not fully understood.

For several years needle miners have been pests of coniferous

trees, particularly lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dough, in the

mountainous regions of Western Canada and the western United

States. A recent study of these miners showed that several species

are involved, most of them having been recorded as Recurvaria

milleri Bsk., which is a pest of lodgepole pine known only from

the Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks, California. A review

of all the Canadian species of needle miners is in preparation,

and this paper is presented to provide specific names for two new

species that are currently of economic importance. For the most

part, economic references are omitted because of the impossibility

of making correct nomenclatorial association. The terminology

used in the descriptions of the male genitalia was adopted from

Heinrich (1920, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 57:92, PI. 5).

Recurvaria starki Freeman, new species

Recurvaria milleri auct. (in part) nec Bsk.; Hopping, 1945, Proc. Ent.

Soc. British Columbia 42:1—2; McLeod, 1951, Canadian Ent. 83:295—301.

Recurvaria sp., Stark, 1954, Canadian Ent. 86:1—12.

Antenna alternately marked with ocherous-white and black bands. Palpus

rather short, not tufted in the male (Fig. 3). Second joint of palpus whitish

inwardly, ocherous-fuscous outwardly; third joint white with ocherous-

fuscous base. Face and vertex shining white. Thorax and fore wing light

grey, the latter with somewhat obscure blackish patches crossing the wing

at the basal third, at the outer two-thirds, and near the apex; the post¬

median band bordered outwardly with white and appearing to be sharply

angled outwardly at its middle. The patch near the apex extending obliquely

1 Contribution No. 3430, Entomology Division, Science Service, Department of Agriculture,

Ottawa, Canada.

2 Senior Entomologist.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

inward almost to the posterior margin. Apex of wing mostly white, and

with an obscure, blackish, central area (Fig. 6). Hind wing pale smoky.

Fringes of all the wings shiny, light, ocherous-grey. Under surfaces of all the

wings, dull white. Male with a long, ocherous hair-pencil arising from

beneath the anal angle at the base of the hind wing. Fore and mid tibiae

and tarsi alternately banded with black and white scales. Hind tibia whitish,

with long haii's above. Each segment of hind tarsus grey, with a white tip.

Wing expanse: 12—13 mm. Moth in the latter half of July.

Male Genitalia (Fig. 1).—Uncus rooflike. Gnathos with three hooklike

processes, the median one slightly the longest. Caudo-lateral projections of

tegumen asymmetrical, flaplike. Claspers asymmetrical, tubular twisted; the

right clasper much larger than the left. Aedoeagus pistol-shaped. Vinculum

produced apically into two somewhat asymmetrical hooklike sicae.

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1-2. Male genitalia. 1, R. starki; 2, R. canusella.

January, 1957]

FREEMAN-RECURVARIA

Holotype.-— Male, Mt. Eisenhower (near Banff), Banff

National Park, Alberta, July 19, 1954. Reared from Pinus

contorta Dougl. by officers of the Forest Insect Survey, Forest

Biology Division. No. 6298 in the Canadian National Collection,

Ottawa. Paratypes .—Twenty males and 16 females, Mr. Eisen¬

hower, Banff National Park, Alberta, July 17 and 19, 1954. Eleven

males and five females, Cascade Mountain (near Banff), Banff

National Park, Alberta, July 18 and 19, 1954. Two males, Lake

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 3-5. Head and palpi. 3, R. starki; 4, Female of R. canusella;

5, Male of R. Canusella.

Fig. 6. Holotype, male, R. starki. Fig. 7. Holotype, male, R. canusella.

Fig. 8. Paratype, female, R. milleri.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

Louise, Banff National Park, Alberta, July 20, 1954. Two females,

Mt. Edith Cavell (near Jasper), Jasper National Park, Alberta,

July 15, 1954. All paratypes reared from Pinus contorta, and No.

6298 in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

Food Plant.—Pinus contorta Dougl.

This species is closely allied to and has been confused with

R. milleri Bsk. The male genitalia appear to be identical with

those of that species and of R. moreonella Heinr., a species

described from a single male reared from Pinus scopulorum

(Engelm.) Lemmon at Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado. R. milleri

(Fig. 8, paratype) is somewhat larger, mainly white with black

longitudinal streaks or distinct irregular spots. R. moreonella has

a narrow irregular line of white scales extending longitudinally

through the middle of the wing, from the end of a sub-basal black

streak to near the apex. R. starki and R. milleri are needle miners

that require two years to complete their life-histories in the type

localities (see Stark, 1954). This species is named in honour of

Dr. R. W. Stark, who has been working on the biological and

economic aspects of this species.

There is some evidence to suggest that R. milleri, R. moreonella,

and R. starki, as well as some allied species, do not belong to the

genus Recurvaria Haw. The male genitalia of R. nanella Hbn., the

genotype of Recurvaria, are bilaterally symmetrical. The male

genitalia of the group of species under consideration are asym¬

metrical. There is also a difference in the shape of the signum in

the bursa of the female. Further studies are necessary to elucidate

the generic significance of these characters.

Recurvaria canusella Freeman, new species

Antenna alternately marked with ocherous-white and black bands.

Palpus long and upcurved in the female (Fig. 4). Second joint of palpus

whitish basally, blackish-fuscous apically; the male with a strong white

triangular tuft on the inner side (Fig. 5). Face and vertex shiny white, with

a few fuscous scales laterally and dorsally. Thorax and fore wing dark

brown-grey, the latter with an obscure, black, raised spot below the fold at

the basal one-third, the spot marked outwardly with a small white dash; a

similar spot below the fold near the middle; and another above the fold

at the outer two-thirds, bordered by white scales forming a small, distinct,

white X; apical portion of wing speckled with white scales and small black

dots or lunules; a faint white patch on the costa at the middle and one

at the outer two-thirds (Fig. 7). Hind wing shiny grey. Fringes of all wings

shiny light ocherous-grey. Under surface of fore wing shiny ocherous-grey,

of hind wing light shiny grey. Male with a long, ocherous, hair-pencil arising

January, 1957]

WASBAUER-TIPHIIDAE

from beneath the anal angle of the hind wing. Tibiae and tarsi banded with

dark-brown and white scales. Wing expanse: 10—11 mm. Moth in mid or

late June.

Male Genitalia (Fig. 2)—Uncus trifid at apex. Gnathos with a single

long hook. Caudo-lateral projection of tegumen strongly produced on the

left side. Claspers asymmetrical, tubular, twisted; the right one consider¬

ably the larger, and expanded at the base. Aedoeagus arcuate. Vinculum

produced apically into two almost symmetrical, elbowed sicae.

Holotype. —Male, Squilax (near Salmon Arm), British

Columbia, June 19, 1951. Forest Insect Survey No. 50—2085.

Reared from Pinus contorta Dougl. No. 6299 in the Canadian

National Collection, Ottawa. Paratypes .—Three males and nine

females, Squilax, British Columbia, June 19, 1951, Forest Insect

Survey. Reared from Pinus contorta. No. 6299 in the Canadian

National Collection, Ottawa.

Food Plant .—Pinus contorta Dougl.

This species has also been confused with R. miUeri Bak. It is

readily distinguished by the male genitalia and the suffused

maculation. It is a needle miner that apparently requires only one

year to complete its life-cycle.

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Dr. R. W. Stark, Forest Biology Laboratory,

Calgary, Alberta, and Mr. J. H. McLeod, Entomology Laboratory,

Belleville, Ontario, for their assistance in providing considerable

material for study. I am also grateful to Mr. J. F. Gates Clarke,

United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., for informa¬

tion and for the loan of many specimens.

AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR COLLECTING

BRACHYCISTIDINE FEMALES

(Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae)

Marius S. Wasbauer

University of California, Berkeley

During the summer of 1956, the author was engaged in the

collection of females of the subfamily Brachycistidinae in the

Coachella Valley of California. These wingless nocturnal wasps

occur mainly in sandy situations and are rather difficult to collect

since they are quite rare. In the past, the principal method for

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

capturing them was to walk over sandy areas at night and search

the surface of the ground with a gasoline lantern (Rozen, 1952:91).

They have also been taken at stationary lights, however. Rozen

ibid., reports the attraction of females to stationary Coleman

lanterns and Mickel and Krombein (1952:652) cite the capture

of two specimens at Palm Springs in a gallon fruit can buried to

the rim in the sand with a light suspended over it. In a recent

shipment of material from the United States National Museum,

there was a series of four females from Presidio, Texas taken in a

trap similar to the above.

A light trap of this type is rather clumsy, not readily portable

and requires a source of electric power or a stand for supporting

a gasoline lantern. Thus a simple modification of this trap was

devised which overcomes these disadvantages. It is easily carried

and installed and makes the handling of specimens so obtained

an easy matter. The trap consists of a gasoline lantern set on the

ground in a suitable area and surrounded by a ring of cereal bowls

sunk into the soil until their rims are flush with the surface. The

trap functioned most efficiently when a closed ring of about seven

bowls was placed around the base of each lantern.

The bowls used were of the ordinary porcelain type, 4 V 2 inches

in diameter and 2 inches deep (inside dimensions). The smooth

glazed finish and steep sides prevented the escape of almost any

crawling insect despite the shallow depth.

This method was employed from early June to early September

in conjunction with other collecting techniques and was found

to be quite successful in the capture of small brachycistidine

females as well as certain other groups of insects and related

arthropods. A few mutillid females, ants of several genera and

species, and beetles (particularly Scarabaeidae and Tenebrionidae)

were commonly found in the traps. Certain species of lepismids

(Thysanura) were also collected in large numbers. Other arthro¬

pods frequently taken included spiders (mainly lycosids),

solpugids and scorpions.

Literature Cited

Mickel, C. E. and K. V. Krombein

1942. Glyptometopa Ashmead and related genera in the Brachycistidinae

with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera:

Tiphiidae). American Midland Naturalist, 28(3) :648—679.

Rozen, J. G.

1952. Collecting brachycistidine females. Pan Pac. Ent. 23(2) :91—92.

January, 1957] michelbacher, et al—calico scale

CALICO SCALE, LECANIUM CERASORUM COCKERELL

ON WALNUTS

A. E. Michelbacher and Stephen Hitchcock

University of California, Berkeley

With the advent of the newer insecticides the problem of

unarmored scales on walnuts increased. As a result, an investi¬

gation of their habits was undertaken. It has been found that a

complexity of factors is involved, and that the general rise in the

scale population is probably associated with an interference of

the insecticides with natural enemies. This can be demonstrated

easily where DDT has been used to control caterpillars attacking

walnuts or where drifts of this insecticide have passed through

the orchards where adjacent planting of corn or tomatoes have

been dusted with DDT at critical periods.

The increase in the Calico scale population has not been as

marked as that which has been encountered with other scales such

as the frosted scale, Lecanium pruinosum Coquillett. In fact no

orchards have been examined where apparent injury by the Calico

scale was being inflicted.

According to Serr (1933) the calico scale was probably intro¬

duced into the San Francisco Bay area from the Orient. He noted

that in 1930, isolated cases were found where it was killing fruit¬

ing wood in walnut orchards in the San Joaquin Valley, and by

1933 it was generally distributed in the area. He further observed

that the insect exhibited wide fluctuations in the population and

stated that there may be only a few scales one year, and the next

year the infestation would be causing serious damage. Serr

encountered cases where the scales had become so thick that they

were literally piled up, one on top of the other. He reported that

in the Bay region, parasites largely controlled the scale, but that

in the valley districts, parasites were not able to accomplish this

although a number of the scales were killed by these natural

enemies. Serr believed that in time there might be a possibility of

the parasites increasing sufficiently to make artificial control

measures unnecessary.

This has apparently come to pass and Lowe (1935) observed

the scale being brought under control by natural enemies. He

observed that the Audubon warbler was very effective in reducing

the scale population although parasitism also played a small part.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

Despite any action of insecticides, natural agencies still appear

to exert an important suppressing influence upon the calico scale.

In the winter of 1955—1956 there was a large overwintering popu¬

lation of the pest in the experimental orchard at Linden, California.

This seemed more noticeable in the plots that had received a com¬

bination spray of DDT and OMPA (octamethylpyrophosphora-

mide). The DDT had been directed against the codling moth,

Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) and the OMPA to control the walnut

aphid Chromaphis juglandicola (Kltb.). The density of the scale

population apparently increased with an increase in the amount of

OMPA applied per acre.

In winter when the overwintering scales begin to grow they

take on a characteristic waxy pattern which easily differentiates

them from other soft scales such as the frosted scale, Lecanium

pruinosum Coq. and the European fruit lecanium L. corni Bouche.

Their development is more rapid than that of the latter two. Field

surveys conducted on February 8, and February 16, 1956, showed

that the calico scale population remained about constant. How-

ver, a decline in the population was noted in March. The position

where the scales had been was outlined with a waxy white line.

The scales continued to disappear until only a very few were left.

The period over which this occurred was of relatively short dur¬

ation as indicated by the more or less uniform size of the white

oval impressions left by the scales (fig. 1). The reason for the

disappearance of the scales must be credited to observations

made by Lowe (1935). He conducted his investigations in the

same orchard where the present studies are being undertaken.

His investigations showed that the Audubon warbler fed on the

scales. This he determined after watching the birds through field

glasses. He made a count on a group of branches upon which the

birds had been feeding and found that out of 1,093 scales they

had eaten all but 63, and that most of those remaining were

parasitized. Although the Audubon warbler is present in the

orchards until mid-April, feeding on the calico scale apparently

is confined to that period of growth where the scale produces the

waxy pattern.

Lowe commented that the Audubon warbler has been called

the whirligig of perpetual motion, and that it is this quality that

makes it possible for the bird to be so effective in destroying the

scale population. The effectiveness of the bird is well illustrated

January, 1957]

MTCHELBACHER, ET AL-CALICO SCALE

in Figure 1, where out of the many scales present in the winter

only one survived, and it was parasitized. It is interesting to note

that the impressions left by the scales which were eaten by the

birds remained long after the scales were destroyed. The twig

shown in Figure 1 was collected on May 24, and yet the scales

Fig. 1—Walnut twig showing whitish impressions left by young devel¬

oping calico scales that were eaten by Audubon warblers. But a single scale

escaped, and it was parasitized by Blastothrix longipennis Howard, as is

evident by the emergence holes in the scale body.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

met their doom probably sometime during the first half of March.

In the spring, the degree of parasitism in the remaining scales

in the several OMPA treatments was determined. It was found to

range from 96 to 100 per cent. The parasite was reared out and

submitted to Harold Compere of the University of California

Citrus Experiment Station at Riverside, California, for identifi¬

cation. He determined it as Blastothrix longipejmis Howard, but

stated that systematic entomologists are unable to distinguish this

form from sericea (Palm.).

The above account is an excellent example of an insectivorous

bird and an insect parasite working together to hold a potentially

destructive scale pest under control. This occurs even under condi¬

tions where applications of insecticides probably have the tendency

to induce increases in the scale population.

Literature Cited

Lowe, H. J.

1935. Birds control calico scale. Pacific Rural Press 130 (26) : 663.

Serr, E. F.

1933. Calico scale—A new pest and how to control it. Diamond Walnut

News 15 (4) :9.

BUTTERFLIES OF THE AMERICAN TROPICS

The American Museum of Natural History announces through

a recently received brochure the prepublication sale of “Butter¬

flies of the American Tropics,” the genus Anaea, a study of the

species heretofore included in the genera Anaea, Coenophlebia,

Hypna, Polygropha, Protogonius, Siderone, and Zaretis by William

Phillips Comstock.

This masterfully illustrated and executed work is to be pub¬

lished in only a limited quantity providing that the initial response

is sufficiently great enough to warrant its publication.

Further information may be obtained from: Dr. Mont A.

Cazier, Department of Insects and Spiders, American Museum

of Natural History. —Editor.

January, 1957]

MITCHELL-MEGACHILE

NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF XEROMEGACHILE

AND DEROTROPIS 1

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Theodore B. Mitchell

North. Carolina State College

The subgenus Xeromegachile comprises the largest group of

species of Megachile in the nearctic region, with about 30 origin¬

ally included (Mitchell, 1934:305). As the name suggests, they

are associated with a xerophytic type of vegetation, and conse¬

quently are much more abundantly represented in the western

states than in the eastern United States. The center of origin

evidently is in the western United States, and the known range

of the group extends but little to the north or south into Canada

and Mexico. Only five species occur in the eastern United States,

and none are known from any other part of the world.

Closely related to Xeromegachile are two smaller groups,

Megachiloides and Derotropis. Megachiloides was originally

described as a new genus (Mitchell, 1924:154), with but a single

species, oenotherae Mitchell, included. Its generic distinctiveness

was based in part on the extreme length of the glossa and labial

palpi, which in oenotherae cannot be carried folded beneath the

head as in most leaf-cutters, but instead extend back from the

head between the legs, nearly to the tip of the abdomen. Later

it was found that other species, evidently closely related to oeno¬

therae, did not exhibit this condition to the same degree, and it

seemed best to assign it a subgeneric rather than a generic rank.

Only three species are now included in the group, oenotherae,

the genotype, and eastern in distribution, arnica Cresson, from

Texas, and umatillensis Mitchell, occurring in Washington and

Oregon.

The species of Derotropis were originally included in Mega¬

chiloides, but in this group the glossa and labial palpi are more

nearly of ordinary length, and the males, at least, are very hard

to distinguish from Xeromegachile. Differences in the dentition

of the mandibles make it possible to separate the females of all

three groups easily, but the males do not share this ease of recogni-

1 Contribution from the Entomology Department, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment

Station, Raleigh, North Carolina. Published with the approval of the Director of Research as

Paper No. 648 of the Journal Series.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

tion. Thus the females can be separated by the following charac¬

teristics (for figures, see Mitchell, 1936, PI. VIII) :

Xeromegachile: Three distinct mandibular teeth, and a short bevelled

cutting edge extending from the third tooth to the inner angle; segments 1

and 2 of labial palpi about equal in length.

Megachiloides: Two distinct apical mandibular teeth, the third barely

distinguishable or absent, and with a rather long cutting edge extending from

the position of the third tooth to the inner angle; segment 2 of labial palpi

2-4 times longer than segment 1.

Derotropis: Two distinct apical mandibular teeth, and a very long

bevelled cutting edge extending from the second tooth to the inner angle;

segment 2 of labial palpi usually somewhat longer than segment 1.

With the males we are forced to rely on the relative length of

the first and second segments of the labial palpi, and this is reliable

only in separating Megachiloides from the other two. Also, the

degree of sexual dimorphism is such that no association of the

sexes is possible by morphological or any other visible characters.

Consequently it is necessary to key out the males of Xeromagachile

and Derotropis together, and males assigned to Xeromegachile

sometimes prove to belong to the other group when an association

of the sexes has been achieved.

In this paper a number of apparently new species in these

groups are described, some new state records are given, and a

key to some of the easily confused males of Xeromegachile and

Derotropis is included. The new species were found in collections

received from the University of Arizona, at Tucson, and the Cali¬

fornia Insect Survey, University of California, at Berkeley.

Megachile (Xeromegachile) crandalli Mitchell, new species

Female. —Size: Length 9 mm.; width of abdomen 4 mm.; anterior wing

7 mm.

Structure: Length and breadth of face subequal; eyes subparallel;

clypeal margin finely denticulate; mandibles 4-dentate, with a cutting edge

between the third and inner teeth; basal segment of flagellum slightly longer

than pedicel and second segment, following segments successively very

slightly longer; lateral ocelli subequally distant from eyes and margin of

vertex; cheeks subequal to eyes in width; hind metatarsi nearly as broad

as their tibiae, slightly longer than the following segments combined; apical

margins of abdominal terga rather abruptly depressed; sixth tergurn nearly

straight in profile, with abundant subappressed pubescence. Sculpture:

Punctures rather coarse, deep and closely crowded on clypeus, becoming

somewhat finer but still very close on face and vertex, those on cheeks

becoming somewhat more shallow and obscure, but still very close; fine

and densely crowded on mesonotum except for a small area on each side

where the punctures are somewhat more distinct, those on scutellum slightly

more coarse and not so crowded; fine and densely crowded on pleura above,

January, 1957]

MITCHELL—-MEGACHILE

but becoming more coarse and sparse below; very fine and densely crowded

on abdominal terga 1—3 and on 6, but slightly more distinct and coarse

on 4—5. Color: Black; wings subhyaline, veins and stigma brownish-

ferruginous; tegulae piceous, becoming narrowly testaceous anteriorly;

antennae, mandibles and legs black in general; spurs testaceous. Pubescence:

Whitish over most of head and thorax, quite dense and rather long on face

and clypeus, becoming shorter and more sparse and largely fuscous on

vertex; white and rather long and dense on thorax laterally and beneath,

but very short and largely fuscous on mesonotum and scutellum, with a line

of dense creamy tomentum on mesonotum laterally and posteriorly, and a

pair of similar narrow oblique lines anteriorly; white on legs, the front and

mid tarsi with rather conspicuous posterior white fringes; abdominal terga

2-5 with entire whitish apical fasciae, discs of these segments with very short

and inconspicuous but abundant fuscous hairs, those on the sixth whitish,

becoming brown at tip; scopa entirely white.

Holotype, female, Cornelio, Sonora, Mexico, September 9,

1938 (R. H. Crandell). [University of Arizona.]

This species resembles parksi, Integra and brimleyi in having

the apical margin of the clypeus denticulate. These four can be

separated by the following key:

1. Scopa black on fifth and sixth sterna. parksi Mitchell

Scopa largely or entirely pale on fifth sternum.... 2

2. Punctures of mesonotum very fine and densely crowded, be¬

coming distinct only adjacent to notauli..

... crandalli Mitchell, new species

Punctures of mesonotum more coarse and distinct, with evident

shining interspaces either medially or laterally... 3

3. Punctures fine and close on mesonotum medially, becoming

coarser and more widely separated laterally. Integra Cresson

Punctures of mesonotum well separated medially as well as

laterally. brimleyi Mitchell

Megachile (Xeromegachile) pararubi Mitchell, new species

Female. —Size: Length 11 mm.; breadth of abdomen 4.5 mm.; anterior

wing 7.5 mm.

Structure: Length of face somewhat less than distance between eyes

above; eyes slightly convergent below; clypeal margin straight and entire;

mandibles 4-dentate, a short cutting edge between third and inner teeth;

basal segment of flagellum subequal to pedicel in length, second about equal

to the first, following segments very slightly longer; lateral ocelli subequally

distant from eyes and margin of vertex; cheeks subequal to eyes in

breadth; hind metatarsi somewhat longer than the following segments com¬

bined, shorter but nearly as broad as the tibiae; apical margins of abdominal

terga narrowly depressed, the more posterior segments deeply so; sixth

tergum straight in profile, with no erect hairs visible, the surface on each

side of the mid line somewhat concave, resulting in a condition somewhat

similar to that in Megachile rubi Mitchell. Sculpture: Punctures rather fine

but deep and very close over most of clypeus, apical margin medially shining

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

and impunctate; more distinctly separate but still close on face, fine and

very close on vertex medially, becoming more distinctly separated laterally,

very fine and close on cheeks, becoming slightly more coarse and distinct

below; mesonotum rather dull, punctures deep and distinct but rather fine,

quite close over most of disc, but slightly separated in center, those on

scutellum quite deep and distinct, more close and coarse posteriorly, rather

sparse in center anteriorly; fine and crowded on pleura above, becoming

more coarse deep and distinct, but still close, below; very fine and densely

crowded on the more basal abdominal terga, becoming somewhat more

distinct but still very close on fourth and fifth, those on the sixth largely

obscured by tomentum. Color: Black; wings subhyaline, veins and stigma

fuscous; tegulae brownish, becoming testaceous anteriorly and piceous on

inner margin; antennae, mandibles and legs black; spurs ferruginous.

Pubescence: White over most of head and thorax, quite dense on face and

clypeus and on thorax laterally, posteriorly and beneath, vertex with very

short thin and somewhat darker hairs, and mesonotum very thinly pubescent,

whitish and subappressed over apical half, more fuscous but very short and

inconspicuous over posterior half, the lateral and posterior margins with

dense whitish tomentum; scutellum largely pale pubescent; legs entirely

white pubescent, the front and mid tibiae with rather conspicuous posterior

fringes; abdominal terga 1—5 with entire, quite dense, whitish apical fasciae,

pubescence of the discs very short and inconspicuous, but dark in general;

sixth tergum with quite dense whitish tomentum, becoming brownish at tip;

scope white, black on sixth sternum.

Holotype, female, east end of Roosevelt Lake, Arizona

August 23, 1953 (G. D. Butler). Paratype, 1 female, topotypical.

[University of Arizona.]

The chief differences between pararubi and the eastern species,

rubi, are as follows:

M. rubi: Pubescence of mesonotum more elongate, erect and conspicuous,

black over most of disc; punctures well separated in center of mesonotum;

abdominal terga 2-5 with erect black pubescence, the apical fasciae very

narrow, clear white.

M. pararubi: Pubescence of mesonotum very short, thin and incon¬

spicuous, largely pale; mesonotum finely and very closely punctate through¬

out, punctures only slightly separated in center of disc; pubescence of terga

2-5 very short and inconspicuous, largely pale.

Megachile (Xeromegachile) pseudolegalis Mitchell, new species

Male. —Size: Length 11 mm.; breadth of abdomen 4 mm.; anterior wing

8 mm.

Structure: Face very slightly longer than distance between eyes above;

eyes subparallel; mandibles quite robust, with a subapical tooth approximate

to apical tooth, and a broad straight margin to inner angle, subbasal inferior

projection narrowly rounded at tip; basal segment of flagellum slightly

longer than broad, considerably longer than pedicel, apical segment slightly

dilated and flattened; lateral ocelli considerably nearer eyes than to margin

of vertex; cheeks somewhat broader than eyes; front coxal spines rather

January, 1957]

MITCHELL—MEGACHILE

short, subtriangular, with a patch of short reddish bristles at base; front

femora somewhat dilated, carinate beneath medially; front metatarsi

narrower than their tibiae, scarcely at all dilated or excavated anteriorly,

second and following segments slightly narrower; apical margins of abdo¬

minal terga considerably depressed; carina of sixth tergum subtriangular,

margin irregularly crenulate, median carinate teeth of apical margin of the

tergum rather widely separated, lateral teeth acute but very short and

obscure; seventh tergum with a rather slender and acute median spine;

lateral portions of presternite of retracted fifth sternum subtriangular, apical

rounded sclerites quite small, densely covered with whitish pubescence,

median portion of presternite considerably narrowed, medasternite very

broad and quite short, densely covered with short setae, the poststernal strip

nearly straight medially, but slightly out-curved on each side, with a rather

extensive tuft of short setae medially; lateral portions of presternite of sixth

sternum with an apical tuft of rather long white hairs, medasternal areas

densely covered with elongate recurved bristles, but these becoming much

reduced on inner portions posteriorly, poststernal lobe about twice as broad as

long, lateral angles narrowly produced and elongate; gonostyli of genital

armature compressed apically, but tip somewhat thickened and rounded,

bearing a quite strong tuft of recurved hairs, and with numerous hairs

along inner surface toward base; penis valves very slightly exceeding

gonostyli, somewhat flattened apically, volsellae quite robust, obliquely

truncate apically. Sculpture: Punctures very fine and close on clypeus

beneath beard and on face below ocelli, becoming somewhat more coarse

but still very close on vertex and cheeks above, these becoming finely

rugoso-punctate below; mesonotum and scutellum with densely crowded

punctures laterally, these becoming somewhat more coarse, shallow and

more widely separated in center, pleura with fine crowded punctures

throughout; punctures very fine and close on basal abdominal tergum, close

in general on second, but becoming more distinctly separated on 3—5,

surface of sixth above carina irregularly and rather shallowly rugoso-punctate.

Color: Black; wings subhyaline, veins and stigma piceous; tegulae brownish-

piceous, with anterior margin more or less yellowish-hyaline; outer faces

of front femora and tibiae blackish, upper and lower faces of femora more

ferruginous, and inner surface of tibiae ferruginous, tarsi narrowly yellowish

anteriorly, with hind margin rather broadly blackened and anterior margin

narrowly so; mid and hind legs black; spurs testaceous. Pubescence: White

and quite long and dense over most of head and thorax, but vertex with

considerable fuscuous pubescence, and mesonotum with a median dark

patch; front tarsal fringe with numerous black hairs beneath, hairs com¬

posing the fringe somewhat longer than width of tarsal segments, mid tarsal

fringe entirely white and much longer; abdominal terga 2—5 with dense

entire white apical fasciae, discs with numerous long erect hairs, largely

white but with a few dark hairs interspersed on the fourth and fifth terga.

Holotype, male, four miles East of Nightingale, Riverside

County, California, April 24, 1950 (C. D. MacNeill). [Univer¬

sity of California.]

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

Megachile (Xeromegachile) macneilli Mitchell, new species

Male.— Size: Length 12 mm.; breadth of abdomen 4 mm.; anterior wing

8 mm.

Structure: Length and breadth of face subequal; eyes subparallel;

mandibles rather robust, conspicuously 3-dentate, subbasal inferior projection

acutely pointed; basal segment of flagellum rather slender, longer than

pedicel, apical segment flattened and rather broadly dilated; lateral ocelli

slightly nearer margin of vertex than to eyes; cheeks subequal to eyes in

width; front coxal spines elongate triangular, acute, with a patch of reddish

bristles at base; front femora rather broadly dilated, carinate beneath medi¬

ally; front metatarsi slightly dilated, but somewhat narrower than their

tibiae, anterior margin very slightly excavated, following joints successively

narrower; apical margins of abdominal terga distinctly depressed, more so

laterally; carina of sixth tergum obscurely and obtusely angulate medially,

with a few irregular crenulations on each side, median teeth of apical

margin of the tergum widely separated, carinate, lateral teeth very obscure;

seventh tergum rather broadly triangular, not spined; lateral portions of

presternite of retracted fifth sternum more quadrangular, with the latero-

apical rounded sclerites covered with rather dense elongate pubescence,

median portion of presternite narrow and elongate, medasternite quite exten¬

sive, broad, densely covered with very short setae, poststernal strip nearly

straight, with a very slight median pencil of bristles; medasternal area of

sixth sternum subtriangular, quite densely covered with elongate setae

which are more or less recurved at tips, poststernal lobe broad and short,

lateral angles produced and narrowly acute; gonostyli of genital armature

compressed apically, with tips somewhat recurved, narrowly rounded and

bearing a few elongate hairs, slightly exceeded by the rather robust penis

valves; volsellae short, triangularly acute. Sculpture: Punctures of clypeus

beneath beard very minute and well separated but not sparse, these becoming

more coarse and close on face below ocelli, irregularly scattered and variable

as to size between eyes and ocelli, becoming somewhat more coarse on

margin of vertex, close over most of cheeks; fine and close on mesonotum

laterally and anteriorly, becoming somewhat more coarse and rather widely

separated medially, those on scutellum shallow but rather coarse and well

separated; close and rather fine on pleura; fine and very close on basal

abdominal tergum, but becoming more distinctly separated and slightly

more coarse on the more apical segments, but very minute and irregular

above carina on sixth tergum. Color: Black; wings subhyaline, veins and

stigma piceous to brown-testaceous; tegulae brownish-piceous; outer face of

front femora and tibiae black, but these otherwise reddish-testaceous, front

tarsi more yellowish, with posterior margin slightly darkened; spurs reddish-

testaceous. Pubescence: White and rather long and dense over most of

head and thorax, but vertex and mesonotum medially with considerable

fuscous pubescence, front tarsal fringe with numerous black hairs beneath,

mid tarsal fringe elongate and entirely white; abdominal terga 1-2 entirely

white pubescent, terga 2-5 with dense entire white apical fasciae, discs of

3—5 with numerous erect black hairs in addition to some more or less whitish

pubescence; sixth dorsally largely covered with thin pale tomentum.

January, 1957]

MITCHELL-MEGACHILE

Holotype, male, four miles East of Nightingale, Riverside

County, California, April 24, 1950, (C. D. MacNeill). [Univer¬

sity of California.]

Megachile (Xeromegachile) stoddardensis Mitchell, new species

Male. —Size: Length 6 mm.; breadth of abdomen 2 mm.; anterior wing

5 mm.

Structure: Length and breadth of face subequal; eyes very slightly

convergent below; mandibles 3-dentate apically, basal inferior dilation

triangularly acute; basal segment of flagellum subequal to pedicel, apical

segment somewhat dilated; lateral ocelli subequally distant from eyes and

margin of vertex; cheeks subequal to eyes in width; front coxal spines

rather slender, with a small tuft of yellowish bristles at base; front femora

somewhat dilated, carinate beneath apically; front metatarsus slender,

scarcely dilated, but second segment somewhat flattened and dilated, being

no broader however than metatarsus; apical margins of abdominal terga

considerably depressed toward sides; Carina of sixth tergum broadly tri¬

angular, the margin smooth and straight on each side of the median obtuse

angle; apical margin of sixth tergum with a pair of broadly carinate median

teeth, lateral teeth hardly evident; seventh tergum with a rather short but

distinct and slender median spine; presternite of retracted fifth sternum

broadly triangular on each side, much narrowed medially, with a rounded

short pubescent apical sclerite on each side, metasternal area broadly ovoid,

densely covered with short dilated setae, the poststernal strip nearly straight,

with a very short median pencil of setae; medasternal areas of sixth sternum

densely covered with more elongate setae which are in part slightly reflexed at

tip, the poststernal lobe broad and quite short, somewhat angulate on each

side; gonostyli of genital armature rather slender, somewhat recurved and nar¬

rowly rounded at tip, bearing a few whitish hairs apically, penis valves slender,

slightly exceeding gonostyli, volsellae short, triangularly acute. Sculpture:

Face and clypeus hidden by dense pubescence, punctures of vertex and cheeks

above rather fine but well separated, becoming almost crowded below, punc¬

tures on mesonotum and scutellum distinct, rather deep but fine, close

laterally, becoming rather widely separated medially; pleura closely punc¬

tate; abdominal terga shining, punctures very fine, well separated but hardly

sparse, becoming rather close and somewhat more coarse on sixth tergum

above the carina. Color: Black, wings hyaline, veins and stigma ferruginous

to piceous; tegulae testaceous; front tarsi pale testaceous, metatarsus

slightly blackened on both margins, legs otherwise black but the apical

tarsal segments somewhat reddened on mid and hind legs; spurs yellowish.

Pubescence: Largely white and rather dense on head and thorax, but vertex

with a few dark hairs, and front metatarsi with a few dark hairs beneath the

posterior fringe which is somewhat broader than width of the joint; ab¬

dominal terga 1—5 with entire and rather dense white apical fasciae, discs

with rather abundant erect whitish pubescence.

Holotype, male, Stoddard Mountain, San Bernardino

County, California, April 28, 1949. (Linsley, McSwain, and

Smith.) [University of California.]

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. I

This species resembles superficially Megachile (Derotropis)

astragali Mitchell, but in that species the front tarsi are entirely

black, with the metatarsi much shorter than those in stoddardensis.

In addition to other minor differences, the seventh tergum in

astragali is not so distinctly spinose as in this species.

The following key to males separates the newly described

species from the other species of Xeromegachile and Derotropis

having unmodified anterior tarsi:

1. Distance between lateral ocelli and posterior margin of vertex

much exceeding that between lateral ocelli and inner margin of

eye (ratio about 3:2) ... 2

Distance between lateral ocelli and posterior margin of vertex

only slightly exceeding that between ocelli and eyes, if at all. 3

2. Mandibles 3-dentate; legs more or less ferruginous..

.. deflexa deflexa Cresson

Mandibles 4-dentate; legs dark. deflexa coreopsana Mitchell

3. Front tarsi entirely black or piceous. 4

Front tarsi yellowish, at least in part.... 5

4. Larger (11-12 mm.); mesonotum dull, densely tessellate, punc¬

tures inevident. ..mucorosa Cockerell

Smaller (8 mm.) ; mesonotum shining between the deep and

distinct punctures.. astragali Mitchell

5. Front tarsal fringe composed in part of black hairs____ 6

Front tarsal fringe composed entirely of yellowish or white

hairs ....... 8

6. Smaller (7 mm.) ; pubescence of mesonotum entirely pale...

... stoddardensis Mitchell, new species

Larger (11-12 mm.) ; mesonotum with a patch of fuscous hairs.... 7

7. Median mandibular tooth approximate to the apical tooth, with

a wide space separating it from the inner angle; clypeus finely

and densely punctate beneath the dense white beard..

. pseudolegalis Mitchell, new species

Median mandibular tooth only slightly nearer the apical tooth

than to the inner angle; clypeus smooth and shining, the punc¬

tures minute and obscure, beneath the dense white beard.

... macneilli Mitchell, new species

8. Pubescence of vertex and mesonotum entirely pale; mesonotum

dull, densely tessellate, punctures in center of disc shallow and

obscure . legalis Cresson

Vertex or mesonotum with some darker hairs; punctures of

mesonotum medially deep and distinct, interspaces not so

densely tessellate ........ 9

9. Apical margin of third abdominal tergum, as well as that of the

fourth and fifth, abruptly and deeply depressed; hairs of vertex

largely pale, those of mesonotum somewhat darker in center of

disc... dakotensis Mitchell

January, 1957 ]

MITCHELL-M E G A C HIL E

Apical margin of third abdominal tergum not depressed medially;

vertex with intermixed blackish and yellowish hairs, mesonotum

with a large central blackish patch. ..integrella Mitchell

Megachile (Derotropis) subanograe Mitchell

The possibility has been suggested (Mitchell, 1944:139) that

M. (Xeromegachile) maurata Mitchell is the male of M. (Dero¬

tropis) subanograe. Additional records of these collected at the

same time and place, and on the same host plant, would seem to

make this almost conclusive. It remains to discover the nesting

sites while the males are still in flight to prove this relationship.

The female (subanograe) was described as belonging in the sub¬

genus Megachiloides (Mitchell, 1934:344), but was later trans¬

ferred to Derotropis when that subgenus was described (Mitchell,

1936:156). The male (maurata) was described later (Mitchell,

1937:369), and in the subgenus Xeromegachile.

Following are California records of males and females collected

together: Pinon Flat, San Jacinto Mountains, May 18, 1939 (Ross

& Linsley, on Sphaeralcea ambigua) ; Ribbonwood, San Jacinto

Mountains, May 21, 1940 (Michener). Additional males were

collected at Mohave, Kern County, April 24, 1949 (C. D. MacNeill)

and Westgard Pass, Inyo County, June 19, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain,

on Encelia) . A female was collected at Lee County, Nevada, May

25, 1940 (G. E. Bohart).

Previous state records include Wyoming (type locality), Texas,

California, Utah and Nevada, May—July.

Megachile (Derotropis) astragali Mitchell

The type series of four males and one female was collected in

the Mohave Desert (Mitchell, 1938:177). Following are some

additional California records: 2«T'cT, Yermo, San Bernardino

County, April 28, 1949 (Linsley, MacSwain & Smith); lcf,

Kramer Junction, San Bernardino County, April 30, 1953 (R. 0.

Schuster) ; lcf, Victorville, San Bernardino County, May 2, 1953

(G. A. Marsh) ; and 1 cT, 2 miles north of Kramer Junction, April

30, 1953 (P. H. Timberlake).

The following records appear to be new for each of the

respective states. New locality records within the previously known

range are not included.

Megachile (Xeromegachile) alata Mitchell

Arizona: 1$, Tucson, May 17, 1954 (Butler, on Prosopis).

Also collected in April on California Poppy. Recorded previously

from California.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

Megachile (Xeromegachile) bradleyi Mitchell

California: 5 9? , Antioch, September (G. E. & R. M. Bohart;

1936) (P. D. Hurd: 1947 and 1949). Previously recorded from

Utah and Nevada, September.

Megachile (Xeromegachile) casadae Cockerell

California: 1 cf, Borego, San Diego County, April 5, 1940 (R.

M. Bohart). Arizona: 1$, Oracle, May 6, 1951 (Butler); 1

Oak Creek Canyon, May 28, 1954 (Butler, on Opuntia ). Previ¬

ously recorded from Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Nebraska,

New Mexico, South Dakota and Wyoming.

Megachile (Xeromegachile) instita Mitchell

California: Id, Susan River Camp, Lassen County, July 10,

1949 (Ehrhardt). Arizona: Id, Ray, May 18, 1954 (Werner, on

Acacia). Recorded previously from New Mexico and from Sonora.

Mexico.

Megachile (Xeromegachile) mojavensis Mitchell

Arizona: May, on Aster. Previously recorded only from Cali¬

fornia.

Megachile (Xeromegachile) mucorosa Cockerell

Arizona: lcf', Pearce, July 27, 1954 (Butler & Werner, on

Helianthus). Recorded previously from Colorado, Kansas, Texas

and Nebraska.

Megachile (Xeromegachile) nevadensis Cresson

The collection of a male in Louisiana extends the known range

of this species considerably to the east. Previously, none of this

species has been recorded east of New Mexico. The record is as

follows: Id, Winnfield, Louisiana, May 12, 1918 (H. C. Fall).

Previous State records include California, Oregon, Washington,

Idaho, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and Wyoming.

Megachile (Xeromegachile) palmensis Mitchell

Arizona: 1 9, Oracle, May 6, 1951 (G. D. Butler). Recorded

previously from California.

Megachile (Xeromegachile) subnigra angelica Mitchell

Arizona: Id, B. Thompson Arbor, Superior, May 3, 1953

(G. D. Butler, on Aster). Recorded previously from California,

Oregon and Idaho, April—June.

Megachile (Xeromegachile) subnigra subnigra Cresson

Utah: 1 $, Navajo L., June 17, 1940, 9,000 feet (R. M. Bohart).

Recorded previously from California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho,

Nevada and Wyoming.

January, 1957] jensen—albizzia psyllid

Megachile (Derotropis) anograe Cockerell

Kansas: 1 9, Wallace County, July 11. Recorded from Colorado,

Nebraska, Texas, Montana, Oregon and California, April—July.

Megachile (Derotropis) melanderi Mitchell

California: 19? Westgard Pass, Inyo County, June 18, 1942

(R. Bohart). This is the only specimen, other than the type, so

far found in any of the collections sent in for determination. The

type locality is Marfa, Texas (Mitchell, 1944:140).

Literature Cited

Mitchell, T. B.

1924. New Megachilid bees. Elisha Mitchell Sc. Soc. Journ., 11:154—

165.

1934. A revision of the genus Megachile in the Nearctic region. Part 1.

Am. Ent. Soc. Trans., 59:295-361.

1936. Ibid., Part 4. 62:117-166.

1937. Ibid., Part 5. 62:323-382.

1938. Notes on the Megachilid subgenera Xeromegachile and Dero¬

tropis. Pan-Pacific Ent., 14:168-177.

1944. New species and records in'Megachile. Pan-Pacific Ent., 20:132-

143.

THE ALBIZZIA PSYLLID, PSYLLA UNCATOIDES

(FERRIS & KLYVER), IN CALIFORNIA

(Homoptera: Psyllidae)

D. D. Jensen

University of California, Berkeley

In April, 1955, J. Duncan Graham found a heavy infestation

of psyllids on his ornamental trees, Albizzia julibrissin Durazz.,

at Benicia, California. Specimens were submitted to the writer for

identification. The species proved to be Psylla (Psyllia) unca-

toides, described by Ferris and Klyver (1932) and known pre¬

viously only from New Zealand. The species is being retained in

the genus Psylla despite the proposal by Heslop-Harrison (1949)

that it be included in the genus Acizzia Heslop-Harrison, 1951

(=Neopsylla Heslop-Harrison, nec Wagner, 1903).

Infestations of Psylla uncatoides were found in Berkeley soon

after the discovery at Benicia and suggested that the species was

already well established in the area. The California Department of

Agriculture was informed of the presence of this immigrant psyllid

and a quick survey conducted by State inspectors revealed the

species to occur on Acacia and Albizzia in the coastal region of

California from Sonoma County south to San Diego County (Armi-

tage, 1955). Subsequently, a nymph, collected on Acacia sp. at

30 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

Belmont, San Mateo County, January 22, 1954, by Dave Bingham,

was identified by the writer as Psylla uncatoides. Although this

record establishes the presence of the Albizzia psyllid in California

more than a year before the species was first identified as being

here, its wide distribution in the state indicates that it has been

here for a number of years. During 1956, the California Depart¬

ment of Agriculture survey recorded this psyllid from Riverside,

San Bernardino and Merced Counties in addition to the coastal

counties.

The type specimens were collected on Acacia melanoxylon R.

Br. in New Zealand. Through the courtesy of Professor G. F. Ferris,

the writer was able to examine some of these specimens, mounted

on slides, in the Entomology Collection of Stanford University.

Tuthill (1952) collected the species in New Zealand on Acacia

verniciflua A. Cunn. and Albizzia lophantha Benth.

Acacia and Albizzia are native to Australia but not to New

Zealand, presumably being introduced into the latter islands by

man. It can thus be inferred that the psyllids breeding on these

hosts in New Zealand were also introduced from Australia.

Curiously, however, Psylla uncatoides and several related species

breeding on Acacia and Albizzia in New Zealand are as yet un¬

recorded from Australia.

In California Psylla uncatoides has been found breeding on

Albizzia julibrissin, A. lophantha and Acacia melanoxylon. It

becomes very abundant on its host plants and the nymphs produce

enough honeydew to be objectionable when it drips down on

garden furniture beneath the infested trees. This secretion is also

a medium on which sooty mold will develop. The Albizzia psyllid

nymph does not produce a waxy cell over its body as do some of

the lerp psyllids of Australia.

, „ ,, Literature Cited

Armitage, H. M.

1955. Current insect notes. Calif. Dept. Agr. Monthly Bui. 54:164—166.

Ferris, G. F. and F. D. Klyver

1932. Report upon a collection of Chermidae (Homoptera) from New

Zealand. New Zeal. Inst. Trans. 63:34—61.

Heslop-Harrison, G.

1949. A new Indo-Malayan genus and species of the family Psyllidae

(Hemiptera-Homoptera). Ent. Monthly Mag. 95:161—164.

Tuthill, L. D.

1952. On the Psyllidae of New Zealand. (Homoptera). Pacific Science

6:83-125.

January, 1957]

CHANDLER OBITUARY

HARRY PHYLANDER CHANDLER

(1917-1955)

When a man’s friends have gone before him, and a new

generation shows little interest in his passing, it is said that he

has outlived his time. At the other extreme was Harry Chandler,

who died at 37 with difficult times behind him and his research

work just coming to fruition.

Harry P. Chandler was born on July 10, 1917, at Richland,

Oregon. His parents, Eagle and Marie (Kendall) Chandler had

a farm nearby. When Harry was only four his father died, and

his mother eventually moved to Provo, Utah. There he graduated

from high school and entered Brigham Young University in the

fall of 1935. Taking his major work in the Department of Zoology

and Entomology he received his bachelor of arts degree in 1939,

and a master of arts in 1941. Following that he registered for

graduate studies at the Berkeley campus of the University of

California, and began work for a Ph.D. This was interrupted by

enlistment in the Navy.

During the war he was a gunnery and torpedo officer on a

destroyer, serving part time in the South and part in the North

Pacific. At every opportunity he collected insects, especially aquatic

beetles. Specimens in his collection show that he was in New

Guinea (Oro Bay, May, 1944: Hollandia, November, 1944) ; the

Admiralty Islands (Manus Island, April, 1944) ; the Solomon

Islands (Florida Island, April, 1944) ; Australia (Sydney, March,

1943); and the Aleutian Islands (Adak Island, August, 1943).

He was in the Aleutians again in 1945, when he botanized on

Attu, Adak, and Great Sitkin islands; the plants he later gave to

the herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences “. . . 135

species that are beautifully pressed so that the colors are pre¬

served.” 1

Harry was in the Navy for three years; towards the end of

that time he requested that he be put in a Malarial Control Unit,

and was just being transferred to that branch when the war

ended. He attained the rank of Lieutenant, J.G.

Upon leaving the Navy he continued his graduate studies, and

held a Research Assistantship at Berkeley. Working under Dr.

1 Eastwood, Alice. A collection of plants from the Aleutian Islands. Leaflets of Western

Botany, 5 (1) :9-13. 1947.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

R. L. Usinger, he put his field and laboratory knowledge to use

as an active co-author of a syllabus for a new course in the biology

of aquatic and littoral insects.

In July, 1947, he accepted a position with the California

Department of Fish and Game, being stationed for the first year

in the San Francisco office. On January 1, 1948, Harry married

La June Dunn, a graduate in entomology from the University of

Kansas, whom he had met at the University of California. That

summer he was transferred to Red Bluff, and there made his home

—literally, with his own hands, working long hours in the

evenings, on holidays, and week-ends, ably assisted by his wife.

A hard, steady worker, physically strong, thoroughly reliable,

he found in the Department of Fish and Game a career which he

really enjoyed. With a house built, adequate collections on hand,

and some actual spare time, he could look forward to his hobby,

research on the taxonomy and biologies of aquatic insects. Until

then he had worked chiefly in the Coleoptera, but was becoming

more and more interested in neuropteroid groups, especially the

corydalid Megaloptera. Of these he had what is perhaps the

largest collection in North America, was actively rearing local

species, and envisioned a monographic treatment of the family.

Observant, and a logical thinker, he was remarkably good at

recognizing species from original descriptions. He preferred to

work alone, but was most co-operative in loaning specimens and

answering questions.

At this point came tragedy. Cancer of the tongue was diag¬

nosed in November, 1953, and he immediately underwent major

surgery. For a while he seemed to be doing well, and returned

to his full duties, but later was hospitalized, and died on April

16, 1955. He was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery, San

Bruno, California. Harry is survived by his wife La June, by four

children, Donald Stewart, Carol Ann, Clare David, and Mary

Louise, and by his mother and sister of Richmond, California.

Following his request, his collections of insects and fresh

water and marine shells have been given to the California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco. Of insects there are, in addition to

numbers of larval and adult forms in alcohol, 22,737 well mounted

and fully labeled specimens, 77% of which are beetles. Emphasis

is on aquatics, but there is a well-rounded coverage of families.

—Hugh B. Leech.

January, 1957]

LINSLEY—CALLIDIUM

Entomological Publications of H. P. Chandler

1941. New species of Coleoptera from Utah (Omophroniclae and Dytiscidae).

Breat Basin Nat., 2(2) :99-104, 16 text figs.

1943. A new genus of Haliplidae (Coleoptera) from California. Pan-Pacific

Ent., 19(4) :154-158, 7 text figs.

1948. (With R. L. Usinger, I. La Rivers* and W. W. Wirth) Biology of

aquatic and littoral insects. Entomology 133 in : Univ. Calif. Syllabus

Series, Syllabus SS, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los

Angeles, ii -|—144 pp. (H.P.C. contributed chiefly to the sections on

Coleoptera and Trichoptera. This syllabus was issued on March 8,

1948.)

1949. A new species of Stenelmis from Nevada (Coleoptera, Elmidae).

Pan-Pacific Ent., 25(3) : 133—136, 1 text fig.

1953. A new species of Climacia from California (Sisyridae, Neuroptera).

Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 43:182—184.

1954a. Four new species of dobsonflies from California (Megaloptera: Coryda-

lidae). Pan-Pacific Ent., 30(2) : 105—111, 10 text figs.

1954b. New genera and species of Elmidae (Coleoptera) from California.

Pan-Pacific Ent., 30(2) : 125—131, 3 text figs.

1956. (in: Aquatic insects of California, with keys to North American

genera and California species. Edited by Robert L. Usinger. x + 508

pp., 501 text figs., nearly all compound. University of California Press,

Berkeley and Los Angeles. Published September 10, 1956.) By H.P.C.,

Chapter 8, Megaloptera, pp. 229—233, 7 figs.; Chapter 9, Aquatic

Neuroptera, pp. 234^236, 5 figs.; and, with H. B. Leech, Chapter

13, Aquatic Coleoptera, pp. 293—371, 61 figs.

Some Species of Insects Named for H. P. Chandler

Trichoptera

Rhyacophila chandleri Denning, 1955.

Anagapetus chandleri Ross, 1951.

Plecoptera

Alloperla chandleri Jewett, 1954

Coleoptera

Bagous chandleri Tanner, 1943.

A NEW SPECIES OF CALLIDIUM FROM JUNIPER

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

E. Gorton Linsley

University of California, Berkeley

The following species was recorded by Hopping (1925) as

Callidium californicum Casey (1912). However, comparison with

the type of Casey’s californicum has revealed that it is quite

different from that species.

Callidium hoppingi Linsley, new T species

Male. —Form moderate-sized, broad, elytra broadly explanate from behind

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

humeri, widest a little in front of middle; integument dark brown, upper

surface blue-violet; pubescence coarse, dark. Head coarsely punctate;

antennae dark brown, reaching to about middle of elytra. Pronotum nearly

one and one-half times as wide as long, narrower than elytra at base, sides

broadly rounded to base, widest behind middle, base narrowly constricted,

disk shining, moderately coarsely, irregularly shallowly punctate, sides more

finely densely punctate; prosternum less densely punctate than pronotum at

sides; metasternum finely punctate, finely transversely rugulose, thinly

pubescent. Elytra twice as long as basal width, greatest width about one-

sixth wider than basal width; surface shining, densely, coarsely, rugosely

punctate, the punctures larger posteriorly; apices broadly rounded to suture

which is obtusely angulate. Legs moderate; posterior femora not attaining

elytral apices, shining, sparsely punctate, thinly pubescent. Abdomen finely

not closely punctate, thinly pubescent; fifth sternite shorter than fourth,

broadly shallowly emarginate at apex. Length, 9.5 mm.

Female .—Antennae extending over basal one-third of elytra; prosternum

shining, finely rugulose; abdomen with fifth sternite longer than fourth,

apex narrowly rounded. Length, 10 mm.

Holotype male, allotype female, and sixty paratypes (Calif.

Acad. Sciences, Entom.) from Canyon House, about thirty

MILES WEST OF PRINCETON, BRITISH COLUMBIA (NEAR THE INTER¬

NATIONAL Boundary) reared from Juniperus scopulorum (Experi¬

ment 17102) on various dates from March through June, 1923

(Ralph Hopping). These are part of a series of 373 specimens

reared from three pieces of wood from three to four inches in

diameter and about three feet long (Hopping, 1925). Additional

specimens are at hand from the same locality and host plant from

March to June, 1932 (Ralph Hopping collection, Calif. Acad.

Sciences). Paratypes in the Canadian National Collection and the

California Insect Survey.

This species is closely related to Callidium frigidum Casey

from eastern Canada and the Atlantic states, which has similarly

broadly explanate elytra. However, in C. hoppingi the elytra are

widest at or in front of the middle, the pronotum is less densely

punctate, the elytra are blue-violet or, less commonly, greenish-blue,

and the antennae proportionately shorter.

Literature Cited

Hopping, R.

1925. Juniperus scopulorum as a host. Canadian Ent., 57:105-106.

Casey, T. L.

1912. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 3:289.

January, 1957] murayama—adventive beetles

BARK-BEETLES AND PIN-HOLE BORERS RECENTLY

IMPORTED INTO JAPAN WITH TIMBERS FROM THE

UNITED STATES AND OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES

(Coleoptera)

J. J. Murayama 1

Since the beginning of World War II, the Japanese people

have cut large numbers of trees for war uses, for reconstruction

of bombarded buildings, and to control bark-beetles which dam¬

aged enormously the pine forests of Japan. The veneer and

plywood manufacturing industries have also been rapidly extended.

Because of the naturally insufficient forest resources and the large

volume of wood materials required, timber supplies are supple¬

mented by importation from foreign lands, chiefly from the

United States, Dominion of Canada, the Philippines, Borneo and

Siberia. As would be expected, these timbers transport with

them numerous specimens, living and dead, of many species

of insects of the families Platypodidae, Ipidae, Bostrichidae and

Curculionidae.

Over several years, the writer collected these beetles from tim¬

ber floating on the sea surface of the imported ports and was also

supplied intercepted specimens from the Plant Quarantine Officers

at the cities of Yokohama, Shimidzu, Osaka, Kobe and Nagoya.

With the help of Dr. W. H. Anderson, and Mr. T. Spilman of the

U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Dr. S. L. Wood of Brigham

Young University, this material has been carefully determined

and compared with specimens in the U.S. National Museum,

Washington, D.C. Unfortunately the determination of many speci¬

mens from the Philippines and Borneo, mostly Platypodidae and

Xyleborinae had to be postponed because of insufficient time,

however, all the species from America and Siberia have been

identified and are listed in this paper.

Whether or not these adventives may become established in a

new environment is a problem of future concern. Since cases of

introduction and establishment have already been found in

Europe and America, a knowledge of the species being transported

to Japan over the sea and the continents is at present time con¬

sidered to be of primary importance.

Many tropical species inhabiting the Philippines and

1 Present address: U.S. National Museum, Washington 25, D.C.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

Borneo, and Ceylon and Madagascar are now found in Japan.

These were probably transported to Japan in the past over long

period of time by typhoons, by the Japan Current, and by human

agencies. They should be studied from the standpoint of the

protection of forests of every country in the world. The writer

has published opinions and data on the problem. 2 Such studies

will give light also in the solution of the present problem.

List of Species of Insects and Trees, with the Ports concerned:

Port Species

Subfamily and Species of Insects

Exported

Imported

of Trees

Year

Scolytinae

Scolytus dimidiatus Chapius

By Airplane

Peru

Haneda

Barboso

1952

Hylesininae

Phloeosinus nitidus Swaine

By Steamer

Tacoma

Osaka

root

Yellow

1954

Blastophagus khasianus Beeson

Philipp.

cedar

Lauan

1951

Dendroctonus engelmanni Hopkins

Basilan

Eureka

Douglas fir

1954

ft.

Yokohama

Fir

1952

Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins

Tacoma

Osaka

Douglas fir

1954

•t

1953

1952

Portland

Nagoya

1951

Vancouver

Yokohama

1952

Tacoma

Nagoya

1953

Hylurgops rugipennis (Mannerheim)

Grays Hbr

Kobe

Spruce

1953

Crypturginae

Dolurgus pumilus (Mannerheim)

Yokohama

Hemlock

1951

Polygraphinae

Polygraphus subopacus Thompson

Nazarev

Shimidzu

Spruce

1954

Xyloterinae

Xyloterus retusus LeConte

T acoma

Kobe

Cottonwood

1953

Xyloterus rufitarsis Kirby

Grays Hbr

Spruce

1953

2 On the distribution of Scolytid-beetles by human agency. Kontyu, Vo. X, no. 3(1936),

p. 113-120.

On the Scolytid beetles importing at present with Lauan wood and the controlling

measures against them. Plant Protection, no. 19(1950). p. 13-21.

January, 1957] murayama—adventive beetles

Xylolerus carvifrons Mannerheim

Hemlock

1955

Xyloterus ponderosae Swaine

Portland

Yokohama

Western

cedar

1953

Pitypphthorinae

Gnathotrichus retusus LeConte

Stockton

San Fran.

Frame for

rice trans.

1953

Grays Hbr

Hemlock

1953

Portland

Douglas fir

1951

Gnathotrichus sulcatus LeConte

Eureka

Shimidzu

White fir

1953

Cross Bay

Nagoya

Douglas fir

1943

Eureka

Osaga

1954

Ipinae

Ips interruptus (Mannerheim)

Willock

Astoria

Hakodate

Hemlock

Fir

1954

Long View

Nagoya

Spruce

1944

Ips concinnus (Mannerheim)

1944

Ips typographus (Linnaeus)

Nazarev Shimidzu

Port

Species

1955

Subfamily and Species of Insects

Exported

Imported

of Trees

Year

Xyleborinae

Xyleborus validus Eichhorn

Long View

Yokohama

Pine

1955

Xyleborus fleuteauxi Blandf.

Philipp.

Nagoya

Lauan

1954

Osaka

1954

Platypodidae

Platypus wilsoni Swaine

Eureka

Nagoya

Apiton

1954

Play pus schultzei Strohmein

Philipp.

" Basilan

Osaka

Paulonia

1951

Platypus biuncus Blandf.

" Nsipit

White fir

1951

Play pus solidus Walker

" Camarives

Lauan

1951

Crossotarus simplex Murayama

Formosa

1954

Bostrichidae

Xylothrips flavipes (Illiger)

Philipp.

Lauan

1951

" Isabera

1951

" Gingoog

1951

" St. Musia

1951

" Basilan

1951

" Sta Ana

1951

" Butuan

1951

Heterobostrychus aleajah i

" Appari

1951

(Waterhouse)

" Isabela

1951

Bitom a parallela Sup.

" Basilan

" Butuan

1951

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: NOTICE OF PROPOSED

USE OF THE PLENARY POWERS IN CERTAIN CASES FOR

THE AVOIDANCE OF CONFUSION AND THE VALIDATION

OF CURRENT NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE (A.(n.s)33)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the Inter¬

national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenaiy

Powers is involved in an application relating to the under¬

mentioned name included in Part II of Volume 12 of the Bulletin

of Zoologizal Nomenclature , which will be published on 30th

November, 1956.

Notice is also given that the possible use of those Powers is

involved in applications included in Part 12 (the final Part) of

Volume 11 of the same publication which will be issued on the

same date.

(1) Application in Part 11 of Volume 12

(1) PIERIDAE Duponchel, 1832, validation of family-group name

(Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) (Z.N. (S.) 289).

(2) Applications in Part 12 of Volume 11

(2) Ptychopyge Angelin, 1854, designation of a type species for, in

harmony with accustomed usage (Class Trilobita) (Z.N. (S.) 997) ;

(3) convexa de Haan, [1835] (Ocypode (Chasmagnathus )), validation

of (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (Z.N.(S.)984).

2. The present Notice is given in pursuance of the decisions

taken on the recommendation of the International Commission

on Zoological Nomenclature, by the Thirteenth International Con¬

gress of Zoology, Paris, July 1948 (see Bull. Zool. Nomencl.

4:51-56, 57-59; ibid 5:5-13, 131).

3. Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the

foregoing applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secre¬

tary to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village

East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.l, England) as soon as possible.

Every such comment should be clearly marked with the Com¬

mission’s File Number as given in the present Notice, and sent

in duplicate. —Frances Hemming, Secretary to the International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

January, 1957]

POWELL-POMPILUS

A NOTE ON THE NESTING HABITS OF POMPILUS

(AMMOSPHEX) OCCIDENTALIS (DREISBACH)

(Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Jerry A. Powell

University of California, Berkeley

On August 5, 1956, a single female of Pompilus occidentalis

(Dreisbach) 1 was observed occupied in its nesting activities in

Calaveras County, California. The locality, about two miles south

of Big Meadows, is in the basin of the north fork of the Stanislaus

River at an approximate elevation of 6500 feet. The composition

of the valley floor in this region consists principally of a pine forest

with very little undergrowth.

At approximately 1:55 P.M. Pacific Daylight Saving Time, in

a dry wash sparsely shaded by pines, the wasp was first seen with

its prey. The spider has subsequently been determined as Pardosa

sp. (Lycosidae) by Dr. Willis J. Gertsch of the Department of

Insects and Spiders, American Museum of Natural History. The

wasp was walking backward, dragging the spider by one of its

legs. Shortly thereafter the prey was placed about one centimeter

above the ground, lodged in a small tuft of grass, and abandoned.

The wasp then began to fly quickly about the immediate vicinity,

staying close to the bare, sandy soil, and alighting frequently to

move short distances among the numerous pebbles and small rocks.

This behavior continued for about six minutes, during which the

wasp made several irregular circles around the position of the

immobile spider. At length a spot some 39 cm. from the prey was

selected, and the female wasp quickly cleared the twigs, needles

and pebbles from a small area adjoining a short stick.

At 2:02 P.M. the female began to dig, worked rapidly, and then

did not leave the deepening hole, except to bring up dirt oc¬

casionally. This activity lasted 18 minutes. Periods of digging were

interspersed with those of rapid raking, the wasp backing out of

its burrow and scraping the loose material from the tunnel en¬

trance with its front legs. Finally she came up, went immediately

to the spider and hurriedly dragged it to the excavation site. After

placing it about three centimeters from the hole, the wasp pro¬

ceeded to inspect the entrance before bringing the prey to the

burrow. There, once again the paralyzed Arachnid was abandoned;

1 Determination by Marius S. Wasbauer, Department of Entomology, University of Cali¬

fornia, Berkeley.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

this time while the female disappeared into the tunnel for a few

seconds. At 2:22 the wasp backed down the burrow again, this

time dragging the spider in. Three minutes later the busy Pompilid

reappeared, pulling the loose sand left about the entrance into the

hole. She then continued to replace and pack the soil until the

tunnel was filled completely. Following this, nearby pine needle

fragments and pebbles were kicked over the excavation area until

no trace of the digging activity was in evidence. At 2:28 P.M. as

this process appeared finished, the wasp was captured.

Upon a digging inspection, the tunnel was found to be 20 mm.

in length, slanting into the soil at approximately a 45 degree angle.

At the base of the completely packed entrance was a loose, oval

cell, 8 mm. in length, which contained the spider. The spider was

situated in the cell in a ventral side down, head in first position.

A smooth, white, elongate egg of 2 mm. in length had been placed

diagonally in a lower, lateral position near the middle of the prey’s

abdomen. The spider was kept alive for about eight hours without

showing any signs of reviving, after which it was placed in alcohol.

It is interesting to note that as far as is known there are no

previous reports on the nesting habits of any of the members of

the subgenus Ammosphex in North America. Prey associations,

however, have been listed by Evans 2 for P. Ammosphex solonus

solonus (Banks), collected with a Lycosa sp. and P. Ammosphex

michiganensis dakota (Dreisbach), pinned with a Thanatus form-

icinus (Oliver).

2 Evans, Howard E., 1951. A Taxonomic study of the nearctic spider wasps belonging to

the tribe Pompilini (Hymenoptera tPomoilidae) Part III. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 77:203-304.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: NOTICE OF PROPOSED

USE OF THE PLENARY POWERS IN CERTAIN CASES FOR

THE AVOIDANCE OF CONFUSION AND THE VALIDATION

OF CURRENT NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE (A.(n.s.)34)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers is

involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned names

included in Part 1 of Volume 13 of the Bulletin of Zoological

Nomenclature, which will be published on 25th January, 1957:

(1) Bithys and Chrysophanus Hiibner, 1818 (generic names of neo¬

tropical Theclids), suppression of (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera)

(Z.N.[S.]802) ;

January, 1957] zoological nomenclature

(2) Cephalomutilla Andre, (1908), designation of a type species for, in

harmony with accustomed usage (Class Insecta,Order Hymenoptera)

(Z.N.[S.]902;

The present Notice is given in pursuance of the decisions

taken on the recommendation of the International Commission

on Zoological Nomenclature, by the Thirteenth International Con¬

gress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 4:51—56,

57-59; ibid 5:5-13, 131).

Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the fore¬

going applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secretary

to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village East,

Regent’s Park, London, N.W.I.) as soon as possible. Every such

comment should be clearly marked with the Commission’s File

Number as given in the present Notice, and sent in duplicate.

—Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission

on Zoological Nomenclature.

- 3 £

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: NOTICE OF PROPOSED

USE OF THE PLENARY POWERS IN CERTAIN CASES FOR

THE AVOIDANCE OF CONFUSION AND THE VALIDATION

OF CURRENT NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE (A(n.s.)32)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers is

involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned names

included in Part 10 of Volume 12 of the Bulletin of Zoological

Nomenclature, which will be published on 31st October, 1956:

1. Cupido Schrank, 1801, designation of a type species for, in harmony

with accustomed usage (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) (Z.N.(S.)

1138) ;

2. jurtina Linnaeus, 1758 (Papilio), grant of precedence to, over janira

Linnaeus, 1758 (Papilio)', EPINEPHELDI Tutt, 1896, suppression

of (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) (Z.N. (S.) 1142).

Attention is also drawn to the proposed adoption of a Declar¬

ation regarding the method to be followed in determining the

relative precedence to be accorded to two or more names for

family-group taxa published in the same book and on the same

date (Z.N. (S.) 1141).

Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the

foregoing applications is invited to do so in writing to the

Secretary to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park

Village East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.I, England) as soon

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

as possible. Every such comment should be clearly marked with

the Commission’s File Number as given in the present Notice,

and sent in duplicate .— -Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter¬

national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

BOOK REVIEW

Aquatic Insects of California: With Keys to North American

Genera and California Species. Edited by Robert L. Usinger.

University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1956.

ix -}- 508 pp., ill. $10.00.

This fine large book should be invaluable, not only to all entomologists,

regardless of region, but also to any biologist concerned with aquatic environ¬

ments. Its use as a means of identifying the aquatic insects of California

is obvious. Of more far-reaching importance is its contribution to the

advancement of basic knowledge of each of the insect groups concerned.

Certain chapters represent the first compilations of information on these

groups, many of which are comprehensively treated because of their confine¬

ment to aquatic habitats.

Dr. Usinger introduces aquatic entomology with general background on

the ecology and applied aspects of water environments. This is followed by

John D. Lattin’s treatment of collecting and sampling techniques. The third

section by W. C. Bentinck, on the structure of insects and the classification

of aquatic groups, completes the introductory background chapter for the

non-specialist. This information can be used in any region of the world.

The succeeding thirteen chapters treat each of the aquatic groups of

insects. These were prepared by well-qualified specialists, as follows: Collern-

bola—D. B. Scott; Ephemeroptera—W. C. Day; Odonata—A. E. Pritchard

and R. F. Smith; Orthoptera—I. LaRivers; Plecoptera—S'. G. Jewett, Jr.;

Hemiptera—R. L. Usinger; Megaloptera, Neuroptera—H. P. Chandler; Tri-

choptera—D. G. Denning; Lepidoptera—W. H. Lange, Jr.; Hymenoptera—

K. S. Hagen; Coleoptera—H. B. Leech and H. P. Chandler; Diptera—W.

W. Wirth and A. Stone. A useful glossary compiled by W. C. Bentinck, and

an extensive index, complete the book.

An important value of the taxonomic chapters is the complete treatment

of all American aquatic genera, north of Mexico, and the citation of the

latest monographic works.

An especially attractive feature of the volume is the profusion of well-

placed text figures. Many of these have been selected from technical publi¬

cations rarely accessible to the general worker. A good percentage of the

illustrations, however, are original. Those by the British artist, Arthur Smith,

in the Hemiptera chapter, represent entomological illustration at its best and

set a high standard for others to attain.

This fine encyclopedic volume, published at the modest price of $10.00,

is highly recommended to all entomologists and aquatic biologists, regardless

of their location.—E. S. Ross, California Academy of Sciences , San Francisco.

January, 1957]

JAMES-STRATIOMYS

A NEW STRATIOMYS FROM CALIFORNIA

(Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Maurice T. James

State College of Washington, Pullman

The following new species is being described at this time in

order to permit its inclusion in a forthcoming contribution to

the California Insect Survey series.

Stratiomys tularensis James, new species

Female .—Head black and yellow. Vertex and upper half of front, area

around bases of antennae, and middle of face predominantly black; lower

half of front and broad sides of face yellow; a yellow spot on the vertex

on each side of the ocellar triangle and extending onto the occiput (cere-

brale) almost half way to the neck; the yellow of the anterior part of the

front, in its median third, strongly bowing, like the profile of a dome, toward

the vertex and almost reaching the anterior ocellus; a narrow black streak

running from the circumantennal spot to each eye margin and another

unpaired streak running upward along the midfrontal suture a short

distance, then branching to form a Y; presumably, in some specimens the

front may be predominantly black with a circular pre-ocellar spot and a

large oval spot on each side above the antennae and broadly bordering the

eye. Occipital orbits broad, yellow, with only the suggestion of a blackish

spot above. Antennae and proboscis black. Pile of bead rather dense, whitish,

that of the vertex and upper frons brownish, that of the second antennal

segment and of the apex of the first black. Thorax black; postalar callus

reddish brown anteriorly; scutellum reddish brown on apical two-fifths,

becoming yellow apically, the spines darker-tipped. Femora black; their

extreme apices, the tibiae, and the tarsi yellow to golden; the tibiae more

or less blackened medially, particularly anteriorly; the tarsi somewhat

blackened toward their tips. Pile of thorax rather dense, white, that of the

mesonotum largely appressed and without evidence of black areas, that of the

pleura tending in places to yellowish, especially on the metapleura, that of

the tarsi and the apices of the tibiae, especially ventrally, yellow to golden.

Wings hyaline, veins yellow. Abdomen black with lateral yellow markings

on the posterior angles of terga 2, 3, and 4, all confined to the outer fourth

of the terga; the marking on 2 about three-fifths the length of the segment

except laterally, where the black almost separates it from the margin; that

on 3 club-shaped, the club head directed medially; that on 4 similar but

smaller; tergum 5 with a median apical truncated triangle, the apex of

which, if produced, would reach the base of the segment. Venter yellow,

marked with black; sterna 1 and 2 predominantly yellow, 1 only darkened

laterally, 2 with an elongated triangular marking at each basal corner.

Sterna 3 to 5 each about equally black and yellow; they might be

described as black with an indefinitely defined trapezoidal yellow area medially

at the apex of each sternum. Abdominal pile appressed, whitish to pale

yellow. Length, 14 mm.

Male .—Head black except occipital orbits and narrow sides of face.

Yellow markings of first abdominal tergum confined to apical half of seg-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

ment; those of venter more extensive than in the female as the result of a

lateral yellow area developing on each side in the hlack background of sterna

3 and 4 (these are suggested in the female) ; the first sternum, however, is

more extensively darkened than in the female. Otherwise, except sexually,

as in the female.

Holotype female No. 6242, allotype male, 2 miles south of

Forester Pass, elevation 12,000 ft., Tulare County, Cali¬

fornia, August 11, 1953 (W. M. McDonald) ; in the collection

of the California Academy of Sciences.

This species traces in Steyskal’s key (James and Steyskal,

1952) to barbata, couplet 7, except that the venter is more

extensively yellow and the facial pile of the male is wholly

whitish. The more abundant, wholly pale pile of the thorax will

also separate this species from barbata, which has the metapleural

and usually (always, in the male) extensive areas of mesopleural

pile black. The yellow areas of the scutellum and of the abdominal

terga are more restricted than in barbata, whereas those of the

sterna are more extensive. The head is broader than in barbata ;

in the female, it is almost as broad as in badia , and on the basis

of this character one may hesitate about carrying this species

beyond couplet 6 of Steyskal’s key.

Reference Cited

James, Maurice T., and George C. Steyskal

1952. A review of the nearctic Stratiomyini (Diptera, Stratiomyidae).

Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 45(3) :385-412.

January, 1957]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

W. W. Middlekauff H. B. Leech D. P. Furman

Vice-President President Secretary

Proceedings

Two Hundred and Forty-sixth Meeting

The two hundred and forty-sixth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo¬

logical Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, February 18, 1956, in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

President Hugh B. Leech conducted the meeting. The following members

were present: Laura Henry, G. F. Ferris, V. Stombler, H. M. Armitage, Paul

Arnaud, W. C. Day, John L. Herring, Donald Linsdale, J. W. Tilden, Don

Burdick, Anthony Ross, G. A. Samuelson, G. M. Cagley, Walter Thomsen,

L. W. Swan, E. S. Ross, W. W. Middlekauff, P. D. Hurd, Jr., D. G. Denning,

J. W. MacSwain, W. A. Doalin, M. S. Wasbauer, J. A. Powell, D. M. Maddox,

H. B. Leech, D. P. Furman, and D. D. Jensen. Visitors present as follows:

Mrs. Jon Herring, Philip Torchio, Dave Ribber, Paul Opler, R. E. Olson,

G. Hage, Frances Crisp.

The minutes of the meeting held December 3, 1955, were read and

approved.

Robert F. Schoeppner, Philip Torchio, David Ribble and Dr. Herbert

Ruckes, Jr., were elected to full membership in the Society.

Treasurer R. C. Miller gave an informal report of the financial status

of the Society.

President Leech announced the resignation of W. W. Middlekauff from

the Program Committee. He appointed J. E. Swift to fill the vacancy on

this committee. W. C. Day was appointed chairman of a special committee

to select the site for the annual Field Trip Meeting, with J. W. Tilden and

D. D. Jensen as committee members.

An announcement was made by Dr. Middlekauff drawing attention to

the meetings of the Pacific Slope Branch of the Entomological Society of

America to be held at the Hotel Claremont, Berkeley, on June 25, 26, 27,

and 28, 1956.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Donald

Linsdale exhibited a phengodid beetle and the hollowed out remains of a

milliped upon which the beetle was feeding when it was found under a rock

in the hills back of Berkeley on February 13, 1956. Female and larval

phengodids are found in the soil and under rocks, logs, and boards. The

males are usually collected at night around lights to which they are

attracted. Donald Linsdale would appreciate receiving information about

any other phengodids that have been collected by the members of the

society. He would like to obtain as many live specimens as possible. Dead

material is probably best preserved by pinning the males and putting the

females and larvae in alcohol.

Dr. MacSwain commented that F. X. Williams in 1914 published on

Phengodidae, noting their habit of feeding on millipeds; his report is about

the only one noting their food habits.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

Dr. Ross stated that glow worm spectacles are considered rare on the

Pacific Coast, but this concept may be due to the fact that entomologists

are not out at the right time to observe them. During a recent cloudburst

in Marin County, California, shortly after midnight he observed numerous

specimens that were probably larvae and neotenic females of Lampyridae

glowing on rocks and logs.

Paul Opler stated he has collected a sphinx moth, Arconotus lucidus

Boisduval, recently and expressed interest in any other collections from this

area. In response Hugh Leech stated a number of males were attracted to

light on a rainy evening, June 15, at “The Indians” in the Santa Lucia

Mountains, Monterey County. Dr. Tilden agreed males are attracted to lights,

but females are harder to collect. He added that the food plant of the larvae

is not definitely known.

The President introduced Dr. Lawrence W. Swan of San Francisco State

College, who gave a color slide illustrated talk on the 1954 expedition to

Makalu Mountain in the Himalayas, with particular reference to his

entomological activities. He noted the versatility of the insect collecting

net, including twenty-five uses ranging from paddling life rafts to collecting

insects. In spite of the barren appearance of the terrain at 20,000 feet

elevation he found a variety of life. Where snow was absent collections of

debris at bases of rocks supported flattened vegetation including fungi

which in turn attracted insects. One small simplified cycle of interlocking

forms was represented by Collembola, probably feeding on organic debris

or bacteria, anthomyid flies breeding around vegetation at the bases of

rocks, and attid spiders preying on both the Collembola and flies. It appears

that parasites have followed the flies also since a pupal case was found

showing an emergence hole presumed to be that of a parasite. At high

altitudes of 18,000 feet occur larger animals such as the pika, a species

of partridge and mice.

Following a short discussion, the meeting was adjourned.— Deane P.

Furman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Forty-seventh Meeting

The two hundred and forty-seventh meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo¬

logical Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, March 17, 1956, in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

President Hugh B. Leech, presided at the meeting. The following members

were present: G. F. Ferris, Laura M. Henry, J. W. Tilden, W. C. Day, W. W.

Jensen, E. S. Ross, P. S. Bartholomew, G. M. Cagley, E. L. Kessel, F. E.

Skinner, K. S. Hagen, J. W. Green, D. D. Linsdale, S'. W. Hitchcock, W. A.

Daolin, H. B. Leech, D. P. Furman, P. H. Arnaud. Visitors present as

follows: Mrs. W. C. Day, T. J. Spilman, W. Russell, D. Giuliani, N. A. Walker,

Donna Jeran, B. McDaniel, R. E. Olson, G. Pronin.

The minutes of the meeting held February 18, 1956 were read and

approved.

G. H. Nelson was elected to full membership in the Society.

E. L. Kessel reported that Saturday, April 21, was the tentative date

for the next meeting, with Kenneth Hagen as the speaker, to discuss common

lady beetles and their habits.

January, 1957]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

W. C. Day reported for the Field Trip Committee, setting Russelman

Park as the site and suggested a Sunday date in May, preferably May 13.

If this should be “Mother’s Day” it may be best to hold the trip on

Saturday, May 17.

Ted Spilman was introduced as a visitor from the U.S.D.A., Washington,

D.C. He is currently working on the Khapra beetle problem in California.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, E. S. Ross

exhibited a two-tailed scorpion of such symmetrical development that it was

assumed to be of original development and not a regenerative response

following injury. Ross also exhibited Baltic amber containing a fossil

embiopteran of a new genus from the museum at Hamburg, Germany. It is

unusual in that it is the most perfect fossil embiid to become available for

taxonomic purposes.

The President introduced Professor G. F. Ferris as the speaker of the

meeting. Professor Ferris spoke on the scale insect family Margarodidae.

This is perhaps the most peculiar family of the scale insects. It contains

the largest members of the superfamily and displays the most peculiar

biological phenomena. It includes many forms which begin life as a larva

with legs and antennae, then lose these and then gain them back as adult

insects. Among such forms are the species of the genus Margarodes which

live in the soil and surround themselves by a shell of waxy secretion, some

of them in this condition being known as “ground pearls.” Among these

ground pearls is one which has been kept in its immature condition for

sixteen years and was found still to be alive. Another peculiar and important

genus is Mat.sucoccu.s, the species of which infest pine trees and cause a

certain amount of damage to their hosts. Other peculiar characteristics of

members of the family were mentioned.

Following a short discussion, the meeting was adjourned.— Deane P.

Furman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Forty-eighth Meeting

The two hundred and forty-eighth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo¬

logical Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, April 21, 1956, in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

President Hugh B. Leech presided at the meeting. The following members

were present: H. B. Leech, E. S. Ross, M. B. Gershenson, J. G. Edwards,

G. F. Ferris, P. A. Arnaud, R. F. Smith, W. A. Daolin, P. D. Hurd, Jr.,

K. S. Hagen, W. C. Day, W. Russell, J. L. Herring, D. D. Linsdale, J. J.

Drea, F. E. Skinner, R C. Miller. Visitors present as follows: P. Westegard,

L. Smith, D. Smith, T. Smith, K. Smith, Mrs. W. C. Day, K. Herring, B. J.

Adelsen.

The minutes of the meeting held March 17, 1956, were read and

approved.

Mr. Robert Shuster and Mr. Wm. Russell were elected to full member¬

ship in the Society.

Mr. Day reported for the field trip committee, stating the probable locale

was Russelman Park and the probable date was May 20.

President Leech called attention to the coming International Congress

of Entomology to be held in Montreal. He suggested that an official delegate

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

of the Society be named. Mr. Day proposed that Professor Ferris be so

designated. It was suggested that the Secretary provide Professor Ferris

with a credential letter.

President Leech initiated the notes and exhibits by passing around a

can of grasshoppers from Japan, donated by W. C. Day. These were canned

for human consumption. The product was labelled in English and distri¬

buted by a U.S. dealer in novelty foods, rattlesnake meat, etc.

E. S. Ross exhibited a photograph he had taken of a phengodid larvaform

female (or nearly mature larval female) in the act of feeding on a large

milliped. The feeding was concentrated in the sternal region just behind

the head. The milliped was quite immobile, perhaps as a result of a

severance of the ventral nerve cord.

Dr. Gordon Edwards projected two kodachromes of Dr. H. E. Burke,

retired U.S. Forest Entomologist, and two kodachromes depicting an antho-

phorid bee pupa in its cell and a cell occupied by a meloid beetle of the

genus Hornia.

President Leech then called on Dr. Kenneth Hagen to speak on

“Common Lady Beetles and Their Habits.”

Biological control of some scale insects and mealybugs has been

obtained by introducing into this country various coccinellids of foreign

origin. However, none of the aphid-feeding lady beetles that have been

imported has become established. Likewise some of our endemic species

which have been sent abroad have also failed to become established in the

new environments. It is not clear why the aphid-feeding coccinellid intro¬

ductions have failed. Perhaps part of the difficulty may be linked to a

diapause-like condition in the adult stage which many of the temperate

coccinellid species exhibit. This condition interrupts reproduction and can

last for many months.

Twenty species of common California coccinellids were covered with

a brief comment as to their distribution and habits. Kodachromes of these

species taken by F. E. Skinner were shown, and obvious characters were

pointed out to aid in identifying the species in the field.

A migration of Hippodamia convergens from the Sierra Nevada into

the Central Valley occurs every spring. This dispersal is apparently largely

governed by the speed of easterly winds which carry the beetles over the

valley. Remigrations back to the Sierra appear to occur as early as May

and involve the progeny of the overwintering beetles. From May to February

the beetles are found in the Sierra aggregations, but the aggregational sites

change locally with the approach of fall. In these latter sites H. convergens

overwinters until the dispersal flight the following spring.

Following a lively discussion, the meeting was adjourned.—E. S. Ross,

Secretary pro-tem.

Two Hundred and Forty-ninth Meeting

The annual field meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society

was held at Russelman Park, Contra Costa County, May 20, 1956. The

following members were present: E. G. Linsley, D. P. Furman, W. C. Day,

W. A. Russell, R. F. Smith, J. W. MacSwain, Jane MacSwain, H. B. Leech,

W. W. Middlekauff, G. M. Cagley, Ed Swift, J. H. Freitag, E. 0. Essig,

January, 1957 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

W. S. Ross, A. E. Michelbacher, P. D. Hurd, P. F. Bonhag, D. G. Denning,

E. S. Ross, R. Ryckman. Visitors were present as follows: J. A. Linsley,

Jim Linsley, Katherine Furman, Phil Furman, Helen Day, E. P. Russell, D.

Giuliani, L. Pinzon, Lynne Furman, Libby Smith, Phyllis Middlekauff,

Marjorie Swift, K. Sakimoura, Marie Essig, Martha Michelbacher, Grace

Hurd, Rose Bonhag, Keizo Yasumatsu, James Denning, Loretta Denning,

Mrs. E. S. Ross, Martha Ross, Clark Ross.

A memorable day of pleasure on the sunny slopes of Mount Diablo

was the experience of those attending. Collecting nets and baseball bats

were used to good advantage, although as the day progressed the swimming

pool and shaded picnic tables were increasingly popular. The congenial,

informal atmosphere of the gathering was typical of the annual field meetings

of the Society.— Deane P. Furman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Fiftieth Meeting

The two hundred and fiftieth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological

Society was held at 2:15 p.m. on Saturday, October 13, 1956, in the Morrison

Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President

Hugh B. Leech presided at the meeting. The following members were

present: D. P. Furman, E. 0. Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, E. G. Linsley,

W. A. Russell, D. J. Burdick, M. Gershenson, D. M. Maddox, G. F. Ferris,

W. Thomsen, D. D. Jensen, E. S. Ross, P. D. Hurd, A. E. Pritchard, D. G.

Denning, W. C. Day, R. L. Usinger, P. D. Ashlock, M. S. Wasbauer, D. D.

Linsdale, J. A. Powell, H. B. Leech. Visitors present were: J. A. Chemsak,

Mrs. E. G. Linsley, D. Giuliani, K. Sakimura, Helen L. Day, Virginia

Ashlock, W. C. Ferguson, T. S. Acker.

The minutes of the meeting held April 21, 1956, and the field trip of

May 20, 1956, were read and approved.

Mr. J. A. Chemsak, and Dr. Y. Tanada of the University of California

and Ralph C. Ballard of Pacific Union College, were elected to full member¬

ship in the Society.

President Leech appointed Gordon Edwards, E. G. Linsley and W. C.

Day to serve as a Nominating Committee in proposing a slate of officer

candidates for the society. The Committee is to report at the Annual

meeting.

The President called on Professor G. F. Ferris to comment on the

10th International Congress of Entomology held at Montreal in August,

1956. Professor Ferris noted that the meetings were very well attended. He

commented on the favorable reception given to a recording of the voice

of Dr. Karl Jordan, who was one of the original founders of the Congress.

Dr. Ross declared similar recordings of voices of various members of the

Society would be most desirable.

Dr. E. G. Linsley exhibited several Melanophila beetles. These bupre-

stids are wood borers and there is evidence that they fly a long distance to

areas of burning; the beetles are known by fire-fighters. They also occur

around certain types of factories such as cement plants where they are

known as “stack bugs.” Melanophila were found at cement plants at

Riverside and at Oro Gi*ande on the Mojave desert. They were noted flying

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

near clinker carts, and at Oro Grande many were collected from the clothing

of workers at temperatures of 124 to 135 °F.

Dr. R. L. Usinger reported on his summer field trip to Hawaii collecting

marine water striders of the family Gerridae. Details of the collections are

to be reported elsewhere.

E. S. Ross mentioned his concerted efforts to clear the way for a 1957

field trip to Africa by catching up with his research in the laboratory.

However, he made a short trip to Utah and Wyoming where, with the

cooperation of Dr. G. E. Bohart and Mr. E. A. Cross, he made a motion

picture film of the biology of Nomia melanderi and its parasites. This film

will be shown at a future meeting of the Society. Still photographs were

also made and a selection of these were shown to depict nesting habits of

the bee, its bombyliid parasite, and farmer effort to encourage the nesting

of the bee in the vicinity of alfalfa fields.

Dr. Ross also showed a miscellaneous selection of insect kodachromes,

noteworthy of which were close-ups of a fine fossil apterous male embiid in

Baltic amber for which a new generic name will be proposed.

President H. B. Leech commented on his trip to Junipero Serra Peak

in the Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, California, August 8—16.

His account is summarized below.

The mountain range is 25 to 30 miles wide and extends about 100 miles

south from Monterey. About five peaks extend above 5000 feet elevation

with at least a dozen over 4000 feet high. Mount Junipero Serra (formerly

known as Santa Lucia Peak) is the highest at 5844 feet. The mountains

are steep and densely covered with chaparral of various compositions.

Junipero Serra Peak can be reached by a four-hour 4000 foot climb

starting at the south slope from “The Indians.” The Forest Service main¬

tains a controlled “Jeepway” to service the fire lookout tower on the peak.

The east, south, and west slopes are covered with chaparral, chiefly manza-

nitas ( Arctostaphylos spp.), with scattered patches of maul oak (Quercus

chrysolepis Liebm.), deerbrush ( Ceanothus integerrimus H. and A.), and

occasional yuccas. At the summit this cover is being encroached on by young

coulter and sugar pines from the mature stand on the north slope. Indicators

of the nearest water are big incense cedars ( Libocedrus decurrens Torr.),

large oaks, alders and maples, in canyons on the north and east slopes.

The annual precipitation comes as winter rain and snow. The best time

to collect on Junipero Serra is late June through mid-July, when flowers

are in bloom. In mid-August everything was exceedingly dry; fewer than

two dozen moths came to light in a week! Following are a few of the more

interesting records of insects taken.

Paregle cinerella (Fallen)—An anthomyiine fly, det. M. T. James. Present

in buzzing swarms in the pine woods at the peak; attracted to any moisture,

but remarkably so to dishwater containing a liquid detergent cleaner; into

this they dived by hundreds. This species breeds in dung, and may have

come from the heavily fertilized fields of the Salinas Valley.

Trioza bakeri Crawford—A psyllid, det. D. D. Jensen. Large numbers

beaten from the foliage of young sugar pines ( Pinus lambertiana Dough),

January, 1957 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

very few from the intermixed Coulter pines. Normal host is cascara,

Rhamnus crocea Nutt., growing nearby.

Altica torquata LeConte—A metallic flea beetle, det. L. G. Gentner.

Unlike the psyllid, this species was beaten in numbers from the foliage of

young Coulter pines (P. coulteri Don.), but was virtually absent from the

sugar pines. It is a pest of grapes and other plants; Mr. Gentner suggests

the beetles were merely seeking shelter on the pines, and chose the Coulter

because of their much denser foliage.

Philonthus varians auctt., nec. Gyll., and Aleochara bipustulata Linn.—

Staphylinid beetles, det. I. Moore. Members of the party occasionally com¬

plained of being bitten by black flies. I, too, was bitten, but in each case

the culprit proved to be one or the other of the above beetles, which flew in

numbers during the heat of the day and lit readily on camp effects and on

people.

Nyctoporus vandykei Blaisdell—A zopherid beetle, formerly placed in

the Tenebrionidae; det. H. B. Leech. Previously known only from the Sierra.

This species, with various tenebrionids, was taken only in molasses bait

traps in the forest floor.

Tragosoma pilosicorne Casey—A prionine cerambycid beetle, det. E. G.

Linsley. Taken at light. A rare species, not previously reported from

Monterey County.

Following a brief discussion the meeting was adjourned.— Deane P.

Furman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Fifty-first Meeting

The two hundred and fifty-first meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo¬

logical Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, December 15, 1956, in

the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco. President Hugh B. Leech conducted the meeting. The following

members were present: R. C. Miller, G. F. Ferns, Laura M. Henry, L. R.

Gillogly, R. L. Doutt, F. E. Skinner, E. 0. Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, E. S.

Ross, E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, W. W. Middlekauff, D. D. Jensen, R.

P. Allen, K. F. Innes, S. W. Hitchcock, D. D. Linsdale, J. A. Chemsak, W. C.

Day, 0. W. Graf, Jr., H. B. Leech, D. P. Furman, J. G. Edwards, Visitors

present were: Alan Gillogly, Mrs. L. R. Gillogly, James Gillogly, L. A.

Stange, A. Menke, T. S. Acker.

The minutes of the meeting held October 13, 1956 were read and

approved.

D. L. Dahlsten, H. R. Moffitt, R. W. Bushing and Mary Kimball were

elected to membership in the Society.

President Leech noted that Professor E. 0. Essig had resigned the

chairmanship of the Publication Committee. A new chairman is to be selected

by the Committee.

Dr. Miller reported on the financial standing of the Society as of

September 30, 1956. The report was accepted and placed on file.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits E. S. Ross

exhibited a collection of katydids from Tingo Maria, Peru. The species, in

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 1

their diverse color and form, demonstrated all the principles of animal

concealment and mimicry. A large percentage of the specimens represented

new species and genera. A phasmid and a katydid demonstrated convergence

in camouflage, the hind wing of each showing similar maculation despite

the fact these surfaces are normally concealed.

F. E. Skinner demonstrated living ichneumonid parasites from pupae

of Fannia canicularis (Linnaeus), the lesser house fly, collected from poultry

farms near Hayward, California.

J. Gordon Edwards exhibited a male Graphisurus obliquus LeConte and

a female G. spectabilis (LeConte) which were reared from bark of a digger

pine log collected last spring. The pine was killed last winter near San

Antonio Valley east of Mt. Hamilton. This represents the first record of

Graphisurus from digger pine.

L. R. Gillogly exhibited “Colored illustrations of the insects of Japan—

Coleoptera” a revised edition by T. Nakane published in 1955, edited by the

Kinki Coleopterological Society, Osaka, Haikusha, Japan.

H. B. Leech exhibited a book titled “Taxonomists’ glossary of genitalia

of insects” edited by S. L. Tuxen and published in 1956 by E. Munksgaard,

Copenhagen at the list price of $12.80. It represents contributions from

several authors.

Mr. J. G. Edwards reported that the nominating committee proposed

the following as officers of the Society during 1957: W. W. Middlekauff,

president; D. D. Jensen, vice-president; D. P. Furman, secretary; R. C.

Miller, treasurer. They were unanimously elected.

The chairmanship of the meeting was then turned over to Dr. Middle-

kauff who called on Mr. Leech to give his retiring presidential address

entitled, “Notes on the Life History and Future Habits of The Pacific Coast

Entomological Society.”

Mr. Leech’s address was followed by a lively discussion centering around

the subjects of aims of the Society and its future growth.

Following the discussion the meeting was adjourned. —Deane P. Furman,

Secretary.

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Vol. XXXIII APRIL. 1957 No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

GILBERT—Notes on the breeding seasons of some Illinois carabid

beetles. 53

FRICK—Nearctic species in the Liriomyza pusilla complex, No. 2,

L. munda and two other species attacking crops in California. 59

MacSWAIN—The flight periods of Martinapis luteicornis (Cockerell).... 70

LA RIVERS—A Limnocoris for the United States. 71

COOK—Arrenuri from the Island of Yap. 75

STONE—Notes on the biology of three elaterids injurious to vegetable

crops . 79

BARR—Notes on the occurrence of Sinodendron rugosum Mannerheim

in Idaho. 86

BEER & LANG—A new genus and species of Tetranychidae. 87

PENCE—Fluorescent differentiation of the internal organs and tissues

of insects. 91

BARR—On the distribution of Bostrichoclerus bicornis Van Dyke. 95

VAN NIDEK—Remarks about Cicindelids, with descriptions of two

new subspecies. 99

LINSLEY—Distributional records for some species of Pleocoma.102

BOOK NOTICES AND REVIEWS. 96

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 85, 90

ERRATA. 58

SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA • 1957

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usincer

E. S. Ross J. A. Powell, Asst. Editor H. B. Leech

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April,; July, and October with Society Proceed¬

ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological

phases of entotnology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on

insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed

to Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4,

Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address,

requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed

to the treasurer, Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco 18, California.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single

copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist.”

MEMOIRS SERIES

of the

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

)

THE SUCKING LICE by G. F. Ferris.$6.00

A 320-page book which summarizes the knowledge on

the Anoplura of the world. Published by the Society,

October, 1951.

THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAE by A. Earl

Pritchard and Edward W. Baker.$10.00

This world-wide treatment deals with the systematics

identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders” and

includes descriptions of thirty-three new species. Pub¬

lished by the Society, July, 1955.

Send orders to: Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society,

California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park 18, San

Francisco.

Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at

San Francisco, under act of August 24, 1912.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXIII April, 1957 No. 2

NOTES ON THE BREEDING SEASONS OF SOME ILLINOIS

CARABID BEETLES

(Coleoptera)

Owen Gilbert

Department of Biological Sciences, Northwestern University 1

The investigations of Larsson (1939) and Lindroth (1949)

have emphasized that in western Europe the Carabidae can be

divided broadly into two groups according to their reproductive

season: the “spring breeders” (Friihlingstiere) of Larsson or

the “imaginal overwinterers” of Lindroth, and secondly, the “fall

breeders” (Herbsttiere) or “larval overwinterers” of the two

authors respectively. Further, it has been shown that the fall

breeders tend to make up a higher proportion of the Carabid

species occurring on the North Atlantic seaboard than those

recurring in less oceanic regions of Europe. However, studies

have not been made on mid-continental faunas. Studies on the

breeding seasons of the carabid fauna of temperate North America,

for which a trans-continental transect could be made, would be

most informative.

The material used was collected on April 25 and May 16, 1953,

during field excursions to Carle Woods, Cook County, Illinois by

the C2 Biology Class of Northwestern University under the direc¬

tion of Professor Orlando Park.

Carle Woods is an Oak-Sugar Maple Community which is the

climatic climax in this region. My tentative identifications were

carefully checked by Professor Park against material in his own

reference collection; I am very grateful to him for this service.

The names given are those of Leng (1920).

The beetles were brought back to the laboratory alive and

dissected as soon as possible in a balanced saline solution of the

following constitution:

Sodium chloride 9.0 gs. Potassium Chloride 0.2 gs.

Calcium chloride 0.2 gs. Distilled water to 1,000 ml.

which is a modification of Pringle’s formula given in Roeder

(1953). In females the states of the ovaries were noted, the eggs

in the oviducts counted and the spermathecae removed to a slide

for microscopic examination. In the males the states of the ac-

1 Present address: The Nature Conservancy, Grange-over-Sands, England.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

cessory glands were noted and the testes and vasa deferentia

removed to a slide for microscopic examination.

Carabid females possess a pair of polytrophic ovaries each

discharging into a lateral oviduct which joins its fellow to form

a medial vagina. In the polytrophic ovary the developing eggs

are each surmounted by a ring of nurse cells which accompany

the egg as it progresses along its ovariole. When the mature egg

is discharged into a lateral oviduct the remnants of the nurse cell

are left at the base of the ovariole and are visible as brown

granules, the corpora lutea; they have no known endocrine activity.

The intensity of the corpora lutea provides a rough guide to the

number of eggs discharged from the ovariole. The spermatheca

is an elongated sac lying, with its gland, mid-way along the dorsum

of the vagina; its dissection is often difficult.

The males have typically a pair of testes each with a coiled

vas deferens, although in some species the testis and its vas may

be absent on one side. Each vas runs into the neck of an accessory

gland, a sac which is filled with opaque white material when

functional. Below these glands the lateral ducts join to form a

medial ejaculatory duct. The sperm is discharged from the testis

in packets, each packet consisting of a hyaline core to which the

spermatozoa are attached by their heads. In many species this

core elongates in the vas to form a ribbon, a twisted rope of these

ribbons with sperm attached being transferred to the female at

copulation.

Carabus limbatus Say

Females: 4/25/53. One specimen dissected. Ovaries contained

developing eggs. Mature eggs present in the oviducts. Corpora

lutea invisible. Spermatheca not examined. 5/16/53. One specimen

dissected. Ovaries containing developing eggs. Mature eggs present

in the oviducts. Corpora lutea faint. Spermatheca not examined.

Males: 4/25/53. One specimen dissected. Testes full of mature

sperm packets. The vasa, which were divided into three regions,

contained active spermatophores throughout their lengths.

This species is obviously a spring breeder and presumably a

larval overwinterer. No information relevant to its life-history is

given by Blatchley (1910).

Euferonia stygica (Say)

Females: 4/25/53. Three specimens dissected. In each the

ovaries were small without developing eggs, and the corpora lutea

April, 1957]

GILBERT-ILLINOIS CARABIDS

were intense. No satisfactory spermathecal preparations made.

5/16/53. Four specimens dissected. Each showed the same

state as those dissected earlier. Two satisfactory spermathecal

preparations were made; sperm ribbons were present but no sperm

was seen attached to them.

Males: 5/16/53. One specimen dissected. The testes were full

of spherical morulae; the vasa were empty and the accessory glands

contained no opaque material.

This species presents a problem—have the females laid their

eggs earlier in the current spring, or did they do so in the previous

year and then over-winter although they had already reached

sexual maturity? Blatchley gives no relevant information. In the

first case the species will be a normal spring-breeder. In the second,

it is probably an autumn-breeder overwintering mainly in the

larval state but with a proportion of the mature adults over¬

wintering after reproduction. This would parallel what occurs in

Calathus erratus Sahlberg in Britain (Gilbert, 1954).

POECILUS LUCUBLANDUS Say

Females: 4/25/53. Two specimens dissected. Ovaries small

without developing eggs and without corpora lutea. Presum¬

ably neither specimen had reached maturity. Spermathecae not

examined.

Males: 4/25/53. Three specimens dissected. In all three the

testes contained mature sperm packets basally and immature

morulae apically. A few ribbons were present in the vasa. Accessory

glands contained a little opaque material.

It is probable that this is a late spring breeder. Blatchley states

that the species overwinters in the imaginal state which supports

this contention.

Dysidius mutus (Say)

Females: 4/25/53. Three specimens dissected. Each contained

mature eggs in the oviduct. Corpora lutea faint or invisible. The

spermatheca of one specimen was examined and found to contain

sperm ribbons. 5/16/53. Three specimens dissected. Oviducts

contained mature eggs. Copora lutea faint. All three specimens had

sperm ribbons in the spermatheca.

Males: 4/24/53. Nine specimens dissected. In each the vasa

contained ribbons bearing active sperm and the accessory glands

were full of opaque material. The testes of seven were examined;

they were full of mature sperm packets except in one specimen

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

in which there was, in addition, a small number of immature

sperm packets. 5/16/53. Six specimens dissected. In each the

vasa contained sperm bearing ribbons and the accessory glands

were full of opaque material. The testes were examined in five

specimens; a great reduction in the number of mature sperm

packets was noted, the upper part of the testis tubes being empty

in all cases (cf. 4/24/53).

It is impossible to delimit the egg-laying period on the present

data. As mature eggs were found in the oviducts of both samples

it is reasonable to assume that egg laying was in progress on both

dates. The faintness of the corpora lutea shows that the bulk of

the eggs had not then been discharged, and also that this was the

first egg-laying season of these animals. Blatchley states that this

species hibernates as an adult; this agrees with the evidence derived

from dissection which is of spring-breeders overwintering as

imagines prior to reproduction. Blatchley also states that the adults

are found from April until December; it is very probable that

those found at the end of summer and in the fall are newly

emerged and derived from eggs layed in the previous spring.

(Carabids typically have one generation per year, usually dying

soon after reproduction.) Not all imaginal overwinterers have this

fall emergence; some overwinter as adults in the pupal cell.

Examination of the testes showed that during the three week

period, April 25—May 16, there was a marked reduction in the

amount of sperm present. As there was no compensating increase

in the sperm content of the vasa it is to be assumed that during

this period there was a considerable amount of copulation. The

date of onset of copulation cannot be given but obviously lies

before April 25.

Dicaelus politus Dejean

One specimen dissected, a female, collected on May 16. Both

ovaries contained developing eggs and mature eggs were present

in the oviducts. The corpora lutea were well marked. Spermatozoa

attached to sperm ribbons were found in the spermatheca.

This species obviously breeds in the spring and therefore

probably overwinters as an adult. Blatchley gives no information

on this point.

Platynus sinuatus (Dejean)

Females: 5/16/53. Two specimens dissected. In both, the

ovaries, were functional and mature eggs were present in the ovi-

April, 1957]

GILBERT-ILLINOIS CARABIDS

ducts. The corpora lutea of one were faint but in the other were well

marked. Both contained sperm ribbons in the spermatheca.

Males: 4/25/53. One specimen dissected. Testes full of mature

packets. Many sperm ribbons in the vasa. Accessory glands full of

opaque material.

This species is obviously a spring-breeder and therefore, prob¬

ably an imaginal overwinterer.

Blatchley’s dates, April 10-August 13, support this.

Xestonotus lugubris (Dejean)

One specimen dissected: this was a male collected on May 16.

Only one testis was found. The testis contained only immature

spherical sperm morulae. The vas was empty. No data recorded for

the accessory glands.

From this specimen it is not possible to conjecture as to the

breeding type of this species. Blatchley’s dates for imagines, April

19—December 19, are not helpful.

Amphasia interstitialis (Say)

One specimen dissected, a male collected on May 16. Only

one testis and vas were present. Testis full of mature sperm packets.

Vas contained sperm ribbons. Accessory glands full of opaque

material.

This species is probably a spring-breeder and imaginal over¬

winterer. This contention is supported by Blatchley’s datum

that “A half dozen just emerged as imagoes were noted on

November 28.”

Spongopus verticalis LeConte

Females: 5/16/53. One specimen dissected. This had mature

ovaries with developing eggs and well marked corpora lutea. No

eggs present in the oviducts.

Males: 5/16/53. Three specimens dissected. One testis present

in each. Testes full of mature sperm packets. Vasa full of sperm

ribbons. Accessory glands full of opaque material.

This species is a spring breeder and probably an imaginal

overwinterer. Blatchley’s dates for adults (April 19—August 20),

support this, and suggest that the new imagine spend the winter

in or near their pupal cells.

Discussion

Most of the carabid beetles examined from Carle Woods were

spring breeders. This was to be expected as the collections were

made in the spring. In a few instances, notably in Enferonia

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

stygica, judgment has had to be suspended. As the samples which

were examined were small the conclusions reached can only be

tentative. Further investigation may show that the broad division

of breeding types noted in the Carbidae of western Europe does

not apply similarly to the carabid fauna of mid-western U.S.A.

In addition the proximity of Lake Michigan to Carle Woods (ca.

12 miles) may be a complicating factor owing to the Lake’s

ameliorating effect on climate. There is evidence (Lindroth, 1949)

that carabid species distributed over a wide climatic range can

be larval overwinterers in the more temperate regions and imaginal

overwinterers in the more severe.

My sincerest thanks are due to Professor Orlando Park for

his interest and ready assistance in this work.

Literature Cited

Blatchley, W. S.

1910. Coleoptera or beetles known to occur in Indiana. Indianapolis.

Gilbert, 0.

1954. The ecological life-histories of four species of Calathus (Coleop¬

tera, Carabidae). Nature, London. 173:731.

Larsson, S. G.

1939. Entwicklungstypen und Entwicklungszeiten der danischen Cara-

biden. Ent. Medd. 20: 277—560.

Leng, C. W.

1929. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. Mount

Vernon, N.Y.

Lindroth, C. H.

1949. Die fennoskandischen Carabidae. III. K. Vet. Vitt. Samh. Hand!

(BL 4(3) : 1—911. Goteborg.

Roeder, K. D.

1953. Insect Physiology. New York.

ERRATA

In Vol. 33, No. 1, page 46, line 7 Arconotus should read

Arctonotus. In line 10, June 15 should be January 15; A. lucidus

is a winter species.

April, 1957]

FRICK-NEARCTIC LIRIOMYZA

NEARCTIC SPECIES IN THE LIRIOMYZA PUSILLA

COMPLEX, No. 2, L. MUNDA AND TWO OTHER SPECIES

ATTACKING CROPS IN CALIFORNIA

(Diptera: Agromyzidae) x > 2

Kenneth E. Frick 3

Irrigation Experiment Station, Prosser, Washington

In California the larvae of two Liriomyza species, pictella

(Thomson) and munda Frick, new species, have caused damage

to several agricultural crops, primarily tomatoes and melons. This

damage has attracted the attention of entomologists concerned

with control measures (Lange, 1949; Michelbacher, et al, 1949,

1951, 1952, 1953, 1955). These species have been determined as

Liriomyza subpusilla Frost (now propepusilla Frost) and to further

complicate matters, propepusilla has been confused with L.

brassicae (Riley) a miner of crucifers and nasturtium ( Tropae-

olum sp.).

It is my purpose in this paper to describe these three species

and to provide comparisons with propepusilla so that entomo¬

logists who are concerned can make reasonably accurate deter¬

minations of their specimens. Descriptions of useful characters

and methods of making their measurements have been given in

an earlier paper (Frick, 1956).

Three of the species, propepusilla, brassicae, and pictella,

belong to the segregate having the genovertical plates (orbits)

infuscated at least to the upper frontoorital seta. L. munda has

these plates yellow. However, with teneral specimens of brassicae

and pictella, the infuscation is frequently very faint and is some¬

times absent. Therefore, a direct comparison of several characters

of the three species is given (Table 1).

There is an overlapping of most characters between the species.

The data have not been analyzed because there are several closely

1 Scientific Paper No. 1331, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Pullman.

2 This investigation was supported in part by a grant-in-aid from the National Science

Foundation.

3 I am indebted to Rene Malaise for the opportunity to study the holotype of pictella

(Thomson) ; C. W. Sabrosky and R. H. Foote for lending specimens in the U. S. National

Museum; P. D. Hurd for those in the University of California Insect Survey Collection; to all

those listed in Tables 2 and 3 for collecting and rearing specimens; and to M. T. James for

reviewing the manuscript.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO, 2

related species still to be described. Since it is my plan to prepare

a revision of the species related to L. pusilla, a thorough analysis

of characters will be undertaken at that time.

In view of the great similarity between the species of this

complex, it is deemed necessary to restrict the type series to a

single host plant. In the realization that future study may well

reveal differences, at present not recognized, to split the species

further, type host plants have been chosen from agricultural crops.

A locality where the type host plant is now extensively grown, and

Table 1.—Comparison of frequency of occurrence of the vari-

ations found in five major characters of three Liriomyza

SPECIES

munda 1 brassicae 2

species

pictella

CHARACTER

Head—genovertical plates: not black .

... 100

—

black from vertex to: dorsal sfo 4 .

—

ventral sfo .

... —

dorsal ifo .

... —

ventral ifo .

—

Mesonotum—length of inner to outer postalar:

1/4 to 1/3 .-...-.

... 6

—

1/3 .

... 3

—

1/3 to 1/2 .

... 44

1/2 .

... 24

—

more than 1/2.

... 23

—

Anepisternum—pattern of black area:

about 3/4 (Fig. 1, A).

... —

—

about 2/3 (Fig. 1, B).

... —

—

about 1/2 (Fig. 1, C).

... 18

—

triangular, attached (Fig. 1, D).__.

... 26

—

triangular, not attached (Fig. 1, E).

... 56

—

Katepisternum—black posterior marking:

broad .

... —

narrow ...

... 12

none .-......

... 88

—

Scutellum—lateral black triangles:

small, basal setae at edge of black.

... 88

large, basal setae deep into black.

... 12

1 Type series, 34 specimens.

2 Laurel, Santa Cruz County, California, ex Brassica nigra, 20 specimens; Berkeley, Ala¬

meda County, California, ex Tropaeolum sp., 15 specimens.

3 Homotype series, 38 specimens.

■* sfo — upper frontoorbital setae; ifo —lower frontoorbitals.

April, 1957]

FRICK—NEARCTIC LIRIOMYZA

from which a series of specimens in good condition was available,

was chosen as the type locality. This has been done in the interests

of stability of names for economic species and to provide an

adequate future source of specimens.

Liriomyza munda Frick, new species

Agromyza (Liriomyza) pusilla (Meigen), Lange, 1949, Pan-Pac. Ent., 25:91.

Agromyza (Liriomyza) subpusilla Frost p. p., Lange, 1949, Pan-Pac. Ent.,

25:91.

Liriomyza subpusilla (Frost) : Michelbacher, et al., 1953, Jour. Econ. Ent.,

46:73; Michelbacher, et al., 1953, Calif. Agric., 7(7): 15 (fig. of mined

tomato leaf).

Male: —Shining yellow and black. Head yellow, oceller triangle and back

of head black, black reaching eye margin immediately dorsad of the median

posterior curve of the eye and extending to vertex; both vertical setae arising

from the black, inner at edge; genovertical plates yellow; antenna with

arista black. Thorax with mesonotum black, black extending laterally to

humeri and bases of presutural, supraalar, and outer postalar setae and

posteriorly to one-half way between inner postalar and scutellum, meeting

scutellum broadly centrally, leaving lateroposterior angles of mesonotum

yellow; scutellum with moderately small black lateral triangles, basal

scutellar setae on black, at edge; humeri with black spot small, humeral seta

arising from yellow; anepisternum as in Fig. 1, E; katepisternum with black

triangle, no darkened posterior marking; meropleurite (hypopleura) about

two-thirds black; pteropleura with relatively narrow black stripe below

wing base. Legs with coxae each with small basal black spot; femora

yellow, each with a small dark spot distally; tibiae and tarsi dark brown,

wings hyaline; calypter with margin and fringe black. Abdomen with

tergites black dorsally except for narrow yellow posterior margins, all but

first broadly yellow laterally (nearly all of abdomen visible from lateral

view is yellow) ; terminalia black, cerci yellow.

Head: —In profile, eye three-fourths as wide as high, oval. Gena, mid¬

way between vibrissal angle and posterior margin, about one-fourth eye

height; vibrissa strong, three relatively long setae on subcranial margin.

Geno-vertical plates not raised above eye margins, each with two upper

frontoorbital setae and two lower, about five orbital setulae. Antenna with

third segment rounded, broader than long; setulae shorter than basal aristal

thickness; arista about as long as eye width, tapering uniformly from base

to tip, setulae minute. Thorax —Four dorsocentral setae; fourth longest, twice

the second; third twice the first, only one-sixth shorter than fourth; fourth

only half again as far from third as third from second, first as far from

second as second is from third; intraalar present on both sides, equal in

length to an acrostichal; about seven to nine setulae in the intraalar row,

posterior to transverse suture; inner postalar about one-half the length of the

outer; acrostichals sparse, in four irregular rows extending posteriorly to

one-half the distance between third and fourth dorsocentrals; humerus with

two or three setulae plus the humeral. Wing —About twice as long as wide.

Costa terminating at wing tip, second segment nearly three times as long

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

as third; fourth and third about equal in length; m-m crossvein about

three-fourths its length from r-m, angle of m-m moderate to penultimate

section of Mi + 2 ; ultimate section of Mi + 2 about 16 times the penultimate;

ultimate section of M 3 + 4 about three times the penultimate. Size —Wing

length, 1.3 mm.

Female: —Larger, wing length 1.5 mm.; head with three orbital setulae

on each side; thorax with fourth dorsocentral nearly twice as far from third

as third; fourth and third about equal in length; m-m crossvein about

from first; two and four humeral setulae; wing with m-m perpendicular

to the penultimate section of Mi + 2 , ultimate section of M 3 + 4 about 3.5

times the penultimate section in length; seventh abdominal segment conical,

basally shining black, distally dull black, tomentose.

Holotype <$: Tracy, San Joaquin County, California,

IX-22-1949 (L. L. Lewallen), ex leaf of tomato (Lycopersicon

esculentum), deposited in the California Academy of Science

collection. Allotype ? and 13 c? c? and 19 $ ? paratypes: same

data as the holotype. Paratypes have been deposited in the

collections of the California Insect Survey, California Academy of

Sciences, U.S. National Museum, State College of Washington,

the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, and the author.

L. munda may be distinguished from the three other species

discussed in this paper by the yellow genovertical plates. A com¬

parison with the other species of five important characters is

presented in Table 1. The table also gives an indication of the

individual variation to be expected.

Other specimens that have been examined and assigned to

munda are listed in Table 2. It is probable that Datura, a common

weed of waste places, serves as a host reservoir for munda, how¬

ever, pictella is also found on Datura (Table 3). Potato does not

appear to be a preferred host while the specimen from tobacco was

taken by sweeping. Whether munda is restricted to plants of the

family Solanaceae can only be determined by future collecting.

Liriomyza propepusilla Frost

Agromyza (Liriomyza) subpusilla Frost, 1943 ( nec Malloch, 1914), Jour.

N.Y. Ent. Soc., 51:255; Lange, 1949, Pan-Pac. Ent., 25:91.

Liriomyza propepusilla Frost, 1954 (n. n. for subpusilla Frost, 1943, nec

Malloch, 1914, and Phytomyza subpusilla Frost, 1954), Ent. News,

65:73.

Holotype <$ - Manhattan, Kansas, X-14-1933 (C. W. Sabro-

sky), deposited in the U.S. National Museum, without museum

number. It is indeed unfortunate that Frost chose as the holotype

a specimen taken by sweeping when specimens reared from

known host plants were available. Considering the amount of

Table 2.—California records of Liriomyza munda Frick by host, locality, and collector

LOCALITY

DATE

TOTAL

HOST

COUNTY

CITY

COLLECTED

COLLECTOR

EXAMINED

Solanaceae —Tomato

Lake

Kelseyville

X-4-53

W. H. Lange, Jr.

Sierra

Downieville

IX-23-53

W. H. Lange, Jr.

Sutter

Yuba City

VIII-5-51

W. H. Lange, Jr.

Sacramento

Davis

X-22-48

W. W. Middlekauff

San Joaquin

Tracy

IX-22-48

L. L. Lewallen

34 1

Stockton

IX-15-50

F. Hutchings

IX-18-50

A. E. Michelbacher

Linden

VIII-28-53

W. H. Lange, Jr.

Thornton

VIII-20-51

W. H. Lange, Jr.

Alameda

Oakland

IX-9-48

W. H. Lange, Jr.

Berkeley

XI-5-48

K. E. Frick

Contra Costa

Byron

X-8-53

E, R. Oatman

Stanislaus

Patterson

X-14-48

C. A. Hanson

Los Angeles

Chatsworth

VII-7-51

J. Wilcox

San Diego

Encanto

VII-16-48

R. N. Jefferson

Potato

Fresno

Fresno (?)

IX-?-47

G. F. MacCleod

Datura meteloides

Stanislaus

Crows Landing

VIII-14-48

K. E. Frick

Frequenting tobacco

Sacramento

Davis

X-28-48

W. H. Lange, Jr.

1 Type series.

pril, 1957] frick—nearctic liriomyza

Table 3.—California records of Liriomyza pictella (Thomson), by host, locality, and collector

LOCALITY

DATE

TOTAL

HOST

COUNTY

CITY

COLLECTED

COLLECTOR

EXAMINED

Leguminosae —Alfalfa

San Joaquin

Wesley

VIII-21-48

R. F. Smith

Stanislaus

Patterson

IX-3-48

K. E. Frick

Sannta Clara

Meridian

VIII- 4-48

and

IX- 18-46

W. H. Lange, Jr.

Monterey

Salinas

XI-1-43

W. H. Lange, Jr.

Orange

Santa Ana

VII-13-49

W. H. Lange, Jr.

Medicago lupulina

Santa Cruz

Laurel

VIII-22-48

K. E. Frick

Vida gigantea

Santa Cruz

Laurel

VIII-22-48

K. E. Frick

Lima bean

Stanislaus

Patterson

IX-3-48

K. E. Frick

Santa Clara

Sunnyvale

IX-9-48

K. E. Frick

Pole bean

Santa Clara

Mountain View

IX-9-48

K. E. Frick

Pink bean

Sutter

Yuba City

VIII- ?-45

W. H. Lange, Jr.

and

Robbins

IX-?-45

Yuba

Marysville

VIII-IX-45

W. H. Lange, Jr.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO.

Bean

Riverside

Indio

X-26-51

H. T. Reynolds

Malvaceae—Malva

borealis

Santa Clara

Sunnyvale

IX-9-48

K. E. Frick

Cotton

Fresno

Oro Loma

VIII-31-48

K. E. Frick

Cucurbitaceae— Cantaloupe

Fresno

Oro Loma

VIII-31-48

K. E. Frick

38 1

Cranshaw melon

San Joaquin

Vernalis

IX-9-50

A. E. Michelbacher

Stanislaus

Patterson

IX-24-53

E. R. Oatman

Labiatae—Stachys

californica

Santa Cruz

Aptos

VIII-24-48

K. E. Frick

Solanaceae—Datura

Stanislaus

Crows Landing

VIII-14-48

K. E. Frick

meteloides

Patterson

IX-22-48

K. E. Frick

Compositae—Helianthus

annuus

Merced

Dos Palos

VIII-31-48

K. E. Frick

Aster, cultivated

Santa Cruz

X-3-48

K. E. Frick

Dahlia, cultivated

Santa Clara

Mountain View

X-3-48

K. E. Frick

Zinnia, cultivated

Merced

Dos Palos

VIII-31-48

K. E. Frick

Alameda

Berkeley

X-25-48

R. E. Beer

Santa Clara

Mountain View

X-3-48

K. E. Frick

1 Homotype series.

pril, 1957] FRICK-NEARCTIC L1RIOMYZA

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

individual variation among specimens of Liriomyza species, it is

necessary to restrict the name propepusilla to the holotype.

Neither of the two California species whose larvae mine alfalfa,

beans, melons, and tomatoes (Lange, 1949) is propepusilla. The

type of propepusilla differs from the California species in having

larger black areas, the anepisternum three-fourths black, the first

dorsocentral seta no longer than an acrostichal seta, and the second

dorsocentral less than one-half the length of the third.

Liriomyza pictella (Thomson), new combination

Agromyza pictella Thomson, 1868, Dipt. Freg. Eugen. Resa, (2)6(12) :609.

Agromyza (Liriomyza) subpusilla Frost p. p., Lange, 1949, Pan-Pac. Ent.,

25:91.

Liriomyza sp.: Michelbacher, et al, 1949, Jour. Econ. Ent., 42:666; Michel-

bacher, et al, 1955, Univ. Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 749:28 (figs, of

mined leaves).

Liriomyza subpusilla (Frost p. p.) : Michelbacher, et al, 1951, Jour. Econ.

Ent., 44:390 (fig. of mined melon leaf); Michelbacher, et al, 1952,

ibid, 45:470.

Male: —Shining black and yellow. Head yellow, ocellar triangle and

back of head black, black of back reaching eye margin immediately dorsad

of median posterior curve of eye, extending to vertex; both vertical setae

arising from black, inner at edge; genovertical plates darkened to ventral

lower frontoorbital, in width from eye margins to setal bases; antenna with

arista black. Thorax with black of mesonotum extending laterally to humeri

and bases of presutural, supraalar, and outer postalar setae, and posteriorly

to scutellum, lateroposterior angles very narrowly yellow; scutellum with

black triangles relatively large, basal scutellar setae on back, several setal-

base widths from yellow; humerus with small black area, humeral seta

arising from yellow; anepisternum as in Fig. 1, B; katepisternum with

black triangle large, posterior black marking broad; meropleurite (hypo-

pleura) about three-fourths black; pteropleurite broadly black. Legs with

mid- and hind-coxae black, fore-coxa two-thirds black, femora yellow but

broadly streaked with black, appearing dusky, hind pair darkest, tibiae and

tarsi black. Wings, hyaline, calypter with black margin and fringe. Abdomen

black with faint yellowish laterally on second to fifth tergites; tergites with

very narrow yellow posterior margins; terminalia dark brown, cerci yellowish-

brown.

Head —In profile, eye about three-fourths as long as high. Gena, mid¬

way between vibrissal angle and posterior margin, about one-fourth eye

height; vibrissa strong, three and four relatively strong setae on subcranial

margin. Genovertical plates not raised above eye margins, each with two

upper fronto-orbitals and two lower, about five orbital setulae on a side.

Antenna with third segment rounded, broader than long; setulae shorter

than basal aristal thickness; arista about as long as eye width, tapering

4 All mesonotal setae are mssing in the holotype, and the measurements are from a homo¬

type male.

April, 1957]

FRICK-NEARCTIC LIRIOMYZA

uniformly from base to tip, setulae minute. Thorax 4 —Fourth dorsocentral

twice as long as second, first two-fifths as long as third and one-third the

fourth; fourth is half again as far from the third as the third is from

second, first and second and second and third about equidistant; intraalar

present, equal to an acrostichal in length, about six setulae in the intraalar

row posterior to transverse suture; inner postalar about one-third as long as

outer; acrostichals in about four rows reaching posteriorly to half the

distance between third and fourth dorsocentrals; humerus with two to four

setulae plus the humeral. Wing— Twice as long as wide. Costa ending at

wing tip, second costal segment about 3.5 times the length of the third, third

and fourth subequal in length; crossvein m-m slightly more than its own

length from r-m, perpendicular to penultimate of Mi + 2 ; ultimate section

of Mi + 2 about 11 times as long as penultimate; ultimate section of

M 3 + 4 nearly three times the penultimate. Size —Wing length, 1.5 mm.

Holotype d '■ California (Kinb.), Museum No. 123, deposited

in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden. Homo¬

types: 22<dd, 16 $ ?, Oro Loma, Fresno County, California,

VIII-31-1948 (K. E. Frick), ex leaf of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo).

Homotypes have been deposited in the collections of the California

Insect Survey, California Academy of Sciences, U.S. National

Museum, State College of Washington, Zoologisches Museum,

Berlin, and the author.

The identity of pictella has long remained in doubt and the

name has been put into synonymy under several species. It was

through the kindness of Dr. Rene Malaise that I was able to study

the holotype of pictella. As this species is probably the most

common and destructive leaf miner in California, I have designated

a series of specimens, reared from a single host plant, as homo¬

types so that authentic material may be available in the United

States.

ABC D E

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. Anepisterna of four species of Liriomyza: (a) propepusilla,

holotype $, about 3/4 black; (b) pictella, homotype $, about 2/3 black;

angle attached to vertical posterior dark strip; (e) munda, holotype $,

triangular, triangle free from posterior strip.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

L. pictella has a number of good characters that separate it

from munda and brassicae (Table 1). Of major importance are

the anepisternal markings and the size of the lateral black triangles

of the scutellum. Although pictella has been frequently confused

with propepusilla, pictella may be easily separated from prope-

pusilla by the anepisternum being not more than two-thirds black,

the first dorsocentral at least twice the length of an acrostichal,

and the second dorsocentral being about two-thirds as long as the

third.

The host plants of specimens at present considered to be pictella

are listed in Table 3. This species is apparently native to Cali¬

fornia and has spread, at times in sufficient numbers to be

destructive, to several crop plants. In agricultural districts several

plants, but primarily volunteer alfalfa and sunflower, serve as

source plants for the species to spread to suitable crop plants.

Liriomyza brassicae (Riley)

Oscinis brassicae Riley, 1884, Ann. Rpt. U.S. Dept. Agric., 1884:322.

Liriomyza brassicae (Riley), Frick, 1952, Univ Calif. Pub. Ent., 8:402.

Agromyza diminuta (Walker), Coquillett p. p., 1898, Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric.,

Ent., 10:78.

Liriomyza crucifer arum Hering, 1927, Zool. Jahrb., Abt. S'yst., 53:461.

Phytomyza mitis Curran, 1931, Canad. Ent., 63:97. New synonymy,

Agromyza propepusilla Frost p. p., 1954, Ent. News, 65:73.

Holotype $ : Saint Louis, Missouri, VI-30-1876, Museum

No. 783, deposited in the U.S. National Museum. Holotype c? of

mitis: Aweme, Manitoba, Canada, VII-20-1929 (R. H. Hand-

ford), Museum No. 3407, deposited in the Canadian National

Collection. Paratypes: 4 c? dL same data as type, reared from

Erysimum parviflorum, deposited in the American Museum of

Natural History and the Canadian National Collection. Curran

designated as paratypes specimens reared from cabbage, Brassica

campestris, and Radicula palustris. These I have not seen.

Probably all of the records of propepusilla reared from cruci¬

fers and nasturtium (Frost, 1943) refer to brassicae, as two of the

propepusilla paratypes in the S. W. Frost collection belong to

brassicae. These are: 1 9 » Leisure, Allegan County, Michigan,

VI-24-1938 (C. W. Sabrosky) on flowers of wild mustard, and

1 $ , Ithaca, New York, VII-7-1916 (S. W. Frost), ex nasturtium.

Many of the specimens of brassicae in the U.S. National Museum

were labelled diminuta of Coquillett. Coquillett listed only one

crucifer—cabbage, but specimens from turnip and nasturtium had

been placed under diminuta since his time.

April, 1957]

FRICK—NEARCTIC L1RI0MYZA

L. brassicae may be separated from the other species described

in this paper by referring to Table 1. It differs from propepusilla

in having the anepisternum with a subtriangular black spot (figs.

1, D and E), while the anepisternum of propepusilla is about

three-fourths black (fig. 1, A).

In North America, brassicae is the only known miner of

nasturtium and various species in the family Cruciferae. I have

reared it from several species of mustard, including tumbling

mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum L.), wild radish, Chinese winter

radish, cauliflower, and turnip in California and Washington, and

have determined it from specimens collected in California, Texas,

Iowa, Indiana, Washington, D.C., Virginia, and Florida that had

been reared from nasturtium, mustard, cauliflower, cabbage,

turnip, and rape. L. brassicae has been reported from Hawaii on

white and common mustard cabbage (Frick, 1953).

Literature Cited

Frick, K. E.

1952. A generic revision of the family Agromyzidae with a catalogue

of New World species. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent., 8:339—452.

1953. Further studies on Hawaiian Agromyzidae with descriptions of

four new species. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc., 15:207—215.

1956. Nearctic species in the Liriomyza pusilla complex. No. 1. Intro¬

duction. Pan-Pac. Ent., 32:11-18, 4 figs.

Frost, S. W.

1943. Three new species of Diptera related to Agromyza pusilla Meig.

Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., 51:253—262.

1954. A new name for Phytomyza subpusilla Frost. Ent. News, 65:73.

Lange, W. H., Jr.

1949. Notes on the occurrence of agromyzid flies during 1948, and a

record of two unreported species in Calif. Pan-Pac. Ent., 25:91—

92.

Michelbacher, A. E., W. W. Middlekauff, F. C. Lamb, and N. B. Akesson

1949. Further investigation of control of tomato insects in northern

California. Jour. Econ. Ent., 42:666—674.

Michelbacher, A. E., W. W. Middlekauff, and L. C. Glover

1951. Studies with aldrin and dieldrin against melon insects. Ibid.,

44:390-393.

Michelbacher, A. E., W. W. Middlekauff, 0. G. Bacon, and I,. C. Glover

1952. Aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor to control California melon insects.

Ibid., 45:470-475.

Michelbacher, A. E., 0 .G. Bacon, W. W. Middlekauff, and W. Erwin

1953. Tomato insect investigations in northern California in 1951. Ibid..,

46:73-76.

Michelbacher, A. E., O. C. Bacon and J. Underhill

1953. Leafminer on tomato. Calif. Agric., 7(7) :15.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

Michelbacher, A. E., 0. G. Bacon and J. E. Swift

1955. Controlling melon insects and spider mites. Univ. Calif. Agric.

Exp. Sta. Bull., 749:28-33.

Thomson, C. G.

1868. Diptera, Agromyzidae. Freg. Eugen. Resa, (2)6(12): 608-610.

THE FLIGHT PERIODS OF MARTINAPIS LUTEICORNIS

(COCKERELL)

(Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

The anthophorid bee, Martinapis luteicornis (Cockerell), is a

widely distributed species having been recorded from southern

California, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas and the desert

areas of northern Mexico. Yet, prior to 1950, it was considered a

rare species throughout its distribution and there was only a

single pair in the collection of the California Insect Survey of

the University of California. For this reason two collections of

more than two hundred specimens each are worthy of note. On

April 22, 1950, at the outskirts of Indio, Riverside County,

California, large numbers of M. luteicornis were collected on the

blossoms of Palo Verde trees, Cercidium torreyanum (Wats.),

between 6 and 8 a.m. by E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain.

Females were carrying pollen and numerous males were flying

rapidly around the trees or occasionally visiting the flowers or

attempting copulation with the females. By 8 a.m. females were

uncommon on the flowers and male flight was too rapid to allow

many additional captures. On October 24, 1951, the species was

discovered at Hopkins Well, Riverside County, by P. D. Hurd,

Jr. and P. H. Timberlake. A few specimens were collected be¬

tween 4 and 6 p.m. at the flowers of White Dalea, Dalea Emoryi

Gray. The following morning large numbers of males and females

were collected on the Dalea flowers and a few additional males

at the flowers of a composite, Palafoxia linearis Lag. Although

most of the females carried pollen loads, it was not certain that

these came from the Dalea. As the specimens from both collections

are in fresh condition, the major difference in seasonal occurrence

is of particular interest. This, in addition to the diurnal activity

pattern, probably account for the “rarity” of this species in

collections.—J. W. MacSwain, University of California, Berkeley.

April, 1957]

LA RIVERS-LIMNOCORIS

A LIMNOCORIS FOR THE UNITED STATES

(Hemiptera: Naucoridae)

Ira La Rivers

University of Nevada, Reno

Family NAUCORIDAE

Subfamily Limnocorinae Stal 1876

Division Limnocoraria Stal 1876:142.

Subfamily Limnocorinae Montandon 1897:1; 1898:414.

Subfamily Limnocorinae , Usinger, 1941:8.

Subfamily Limnocorinae , La Rivers, 1950:368.

Genus LIMNOCORIS Stal 1860

Limnocoris Stal 1860:83.

Limnocoris, Montandon 1897:1—8; 1898:414—425; 1909:49—51; 1910:440-442;

1911:1268-1270.

Limnocoris, Champion, 1900:358—360.

Limnocoris, De Carlo, 1941:37-40; 1951:41—51.

Limnocoris, La Rivers, 1950:373.

Limnocoris lutzi La Rivers, new species

General appearance: a small species, measuring 7 mm. in

length and 5 mm. in width across the embolia. In color, lighter

yellowish anteriorly, light brown posteriorly with lightening on

embolia and inner hemelytral borders. Venter slightly lighter

posteriorly. Opaque, dull overall.

Head: Weakly, sparsely punctate, opaque; typically much wider than

long, vertex protuberant before eyes to form a conspicuous but broad angle

between eyes. Eyes convergent postei'iorly, only very slightly elevated above

the general head surface when viewed obliquely from behind; viewed from

above, the outer and posterior eye-edges forming a blunt angle at their

juncture. Posterior head margin weakly concave toward the caudal end.

Labrum as long as wide, more-or-less parallel-sided for half its length, then

coming to a point at the tip; ratio of length-to-width 30:30, uniformly

light yellowish. Mouthparts darkening toward tip. Head ratios are: (1) total

length to width (including eyes) 100:: 160 (63%); (2) anterior distance

between eyes to posterior distance 108: :80 (74%); (3) anterior distance

between eyes to inner eye length 108::65 (60%); (4) posterior distance

between eyes to greatest length of head posterior to this line 80:: 12 (15%).

Pronotum: Opaque, moderately, coarsely punctate, background color

yellowisl around edges, more reddish in center, the whole pervaded with

conspicuous brownish dots, these more concentrated posteriorly; slight

incipient rugosity behind head. Lateral pronotal edges smooth, curved, hind

“angle” a pronounced, rather sharp curve (postero-lateral angle) ; percent

of curvature (viewed perpendicularly to the frontal plane of section) about

21% (av. 120:25). Venter yellowish around edges, whitish toward center;

keel prominent, double-tipped anteriorly—anterior tip lowest, blunt and

rounded, posterior tip higher, sharp—then sloping rapidly along a sharp

edge caudally and terminating in an inverted “Y” fork. The keel of

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

L. signoreti is grossly similar, but the terminal forks of the “Y” are shorter

and narrower in the latter species. Percentagewise, the “Y” begins to fork

about the midpoint of the distance from the highest, sharpest point of

keel to where the keel ends posteriorly in L. lutzi, while in L. signoreti this

abbreviated fork begins well caudad of the midpoint. Prosternum fused with

propleura, and propleura not touching across the median line but gaping

widely. Interno-posterior angles of propleura weakly but definitely pointed

and protuberant in L. lutzi, very much elongated in L. signoreti into short,

stubby processes. Pronotal ratios are: (1) width between anterior angles

to width between posterior angles 50::93 (54%); (2) median length to

greatest width 30::93 (32%); (3) distance between anterior and posterior

angles on same side to perpendicular distance between anterior angle and

baseline of pronotum 40:: 42 (95%).

Scutellum: Yellowish, darkening at tips; ratio of three sides, anterior

and two laterals, 165:130:130. Hemelytra: Brownish in color over most of

its area, with yellow prominently marking the embolia and the internal

edges. Embolium long and narrow, inflated externally, the sweeping curve

returning to the dominant curve of the remainder of the embolium and

hemelytron at about the two-thirds point in the emboliar length; length-

to-width (latter measured over greatest inflation), 56:16 (29%). Emboliar

crease prominent, close to internal emboliar margin, evident only in

anterior two-thirds of embolium (embolium a bit more inflated and the

crease a bit more prominent in depth in L. signoreti). Hemelytra just about

attaining abdominal tip, as in L. signoreti, moderately exposing connexival

non-spinose edges posterior to the embolia. Species (L. lutzi) flightless,

the non-functional hind wings greatly reduced in size, extending caudally

when at rest just beyond the midpoint of abdominal segment II, in

contrast to L. signoreti, whose hindwings reach nearly to the tip of the

abdomen and have two prominent cells which latter are lacking in

L. lutzi. Venter: The prothoracic venter has been discussed above. Meso- and

meta-thoracic venter slightly darker in color than the pile-bearing abdomen.

Connexival segments non-spinose (postero-lateral angles), although the

angles are slightly more developed than in L. signoreti, noticeably breaking

the continuity of the general connexival outline, the angles II, III and IV

being the strongest, with I typically (in the sense of most naucorids)

obsolescent. However, the angles are quite blunt. Connexival margins striate-

impresed, the impressions lying perpendicular to the long axis of the margin,

and strengthening posteriorly, becoming serrate or tooth-like along the

margins in the caudal abdominal segments (the same applies to L.

signoreti ). Female subgenital plate not instructive in either L. lutzi or

L. signoreti, being undistinctively rounded with a suggestion of pointing

at the tip in both cases. The thoracic foveae, which give some promise

of being worthwwhile taxonomic structures at least in certain species, are

not significantly different between these two to be important. L. lutzi shows

the common condition of well developed, functional meso- and meta-

thoracic foveae, the former being preceded by a prominent, rather sharp

tubercle much lower in elevation than the foveal suction disc. Metathoracic

plate is slightly different in outline in the two species, particularly at the

April, 1957]

LA RIVERS-LIMNOCORIS

outer, caudal margin where L. lutzi shows more curvature. Mid-ventral keel

on abdominal segments I-II prominent in both species, with the thin,

knife-like portion on segment I being more pronounced in L. signoreti, and

also somewhat more reddish-translucent. Male genital process on the

caudal margin of the fifth tergite, on the right of the median line, is a

poorly developed but unmistakable projection occupying about the same

position as in the genus Ambrysus. In L. lutzi it is short, blunt, somewhat

thickened dorso-ventrally but not distinctly keeled, as in L. signoreti —in

the latter it is also distinctly sharper at the tip. Legs: Forelegs with coxae

yellowish, elongate, femora typically incrassate, flattened, ratio of length-

to-greatest median width 46: :20 (43%) ; in L. signoreti — 47::23 (49%);

tibia long, slim, curved to fit against the inner edge of the femora when

closed; tarsus fused nearly imperceptibly into tibia as its terminal point,

and one-segmented. Midlegs with coxae trochanters prominent, undisdnctive;

femora long, yellow, flattened dorso-ventrally, ratio of length-to-greatest

median width is 40: :8 (20%), length 1.75 mm.; tibia long, narrow, more

square in cross section, with prominent yellow spines along each edge, and

tipped at outer end with a complete terminal spine row and a medially

incomplete secondary row, as in many Ambrysi. Ratio of length-to-median

ventral width is 35: :5 (14%), length 1.5 mm.; tarsi long, narrow, yellow,

equipped with spines below and terminating in two weakly curved, promi¬

nent claws—three-segmented, the first segment, as in Ambrysi, reduced and

easily overlooked. Hindlegs are larger copies of the above described mid¬

legs. Femoral ratio of length-to-median width 50: :9 (18%), length 2.1 mm.;

A B

Explanation of Figures

Dorsal view of right-hand lobe of the fifth tergite bearing the male

genital process. A. Limnocoris lutzi, male allotype; B. Limnocoris signoreti;

d. Genital process. Both drawn to the same scale.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

tibial ratio of length-to-median ventral width 50: :5 (10%), length 2.2 mm.;

tarsus same as in midlegs but larger.

Holotype female, Sequin, Guadalupe River, Texas, 8 Sept. 50,

Thos. Dolan, in the collection of Mr. John C. Lutz of Philadelphia;

allotypic male in the writer’s collection, Reno, Nevada.

The genus Limnocoris is poorly known in the northern hemi¬

sphere, and so no attempt was made in the present paper to

compare the new L. lutzi with anything other than what appears

to be the commonest, most widely distributed and hence, adjacent,

species, L. signoreti; 1 from this latter, L. lutzi differs on many

prominent points, and the L. signor eti population seemingly

isolates L. lutzi effectively, as far as present collected material

allows us to determine, from the several other species of the genus

known to occupy southern Mexico and Central America. There

is little need for a formalized couplet distinction between L. lutzi

and L. signoreti because of the striking wing differences, among

other things. The latter is also considerably larger.

Limnocoris lutzi provides the United States with two known

members of the subfamily Limnocorinae—the first being the

unique thermal isolate Usingerina moapensis La Rivers, 1950,

described from southern Nevada. There is every likelihood that

future collecting will add more.

Bibliography

Champion, G. C.

1900. Family Naucoridae, Rhynchota, Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Biol.

Centr-Amer. Insecta 2:xvi—416.

De Carlo, Jose A.

1941. (I) Descripcion de dos Especies Nuevas del Genero Limnocoris

Stal. Revista Soc. Ent. Argentina 11(1) :37—41.

1951. Genero Limnocoris Stal (Hem. Naucor.). Mision Estudios Pata-

logia Regional Argentina 22:41—51.

La Rivers, Ira

1950a. The meeting point of Ambrysus and Pelocoris in Nevada. Pan-

Pac. Ent. 26(1) : 19-21.

1950b. A new naucorid genus and species from Nevada (Hemiptera).

Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 43(3) :368—373.

Montandon, A. L.

1897. Hemiptera cryptocerata. Revision de le-S. Fam. “Limnocorinae.”

Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Univ. Torino 12(297) :1—8.

1898. Hemiptera cryptocerata. Fam. Naucoridae, Sous-fam. Limno¬

corinae. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 48:413-426.

1 Dr. Robert L. Usinger kindly loaned material of L. signoreti which he had compared

with a cotype in the Paris Museum.

April, 1957]

COOK—YAP MITES

1909. Naucoridae. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles. Bull. Soc. Sci. Buc.-

Roum. 18(1) :43—61.

1910. Trois especes nouvelles de la Famille Naucoridae. Bull. Soc. Sci.

Buc.-Roum. 19(3) :438—444.

1911. Deux especes nouvelles de la Fam. Naucoridae (Hem.). Bull.

Soc. Sci. Buc.-Roum. 19(6) : 1268—1271-

Stal, Carolus

1860. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-Trakens Hemipter-Fauna. Konigliga Sven-

ska Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar 2(7): 1—84.

1876. Enumeratio Naucoridarum, pp. 141-147 / N Part 5, pp. 1—162

0 F Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag, till en foretechningofver

alia hittils kanda Heiniptera, jemte systematiska medelanden.

Usinger, Robert L.

1941. Key to the subfamilies of Naucoridae with a generic synopsis of

the new subfamily Ambrysinae (Hemiptera). Ann. Ent. Soc.

Amer. 34(1) :5—16.

ARRENURI FROM THE ISLAND OF YAP

(Acarina: Arrenuridae)

David R. Cook 1

Wayne University, Detroit , Michigan

Among the Acarina collections in the United States National

Museum are specimens of water mites taken on the Island of

Yap. These mites, collected by D. G. Frey in February 1946, are

interesting in that they represent the most eastward record of

Hydracarina in the Caroline Island chain. The two following

species of water mites, Neumania nodosa (Daday) and Arrenurus

toxopeusi Viets, have been recorded by Uchida (1935, 1939)

from the Palau Islands which lie approximately 300 miles to

the west.

The Yap collections contain two species of Arrenurus. One

of these, A. laticodulus Piersig, is a relatively widespread species

which has been found as far away as Madagascar. The other, A.

multicornutus Walter, was formerly known only from New

Caledonia. The male of multicornutus and the female of laticodulus

are here described for the first time. However, it is felt that

1 Contribution from the Dept, of Biology, Wayne University.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

allotypes have little value unless they are from the type locality

and for this reason none are designated. The author wishes to

thank Dr. Edward W. Baker for the opportunity to examine

these mites.

Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) laticodulus Piersig

(Figs. 1, 2, 7)

A. laticodulus Piersig, 1898. Zool. Anz. 21:571.

Male :—Length 1.39—1.48 mm.; greatest width 1.03—1.15 mm.; greatest

height 1.16—1.40 mm.; width of cauda 0.79-0.92 mm. Body proper bulging

anterior to eyes; with two small projections on either side of the midline,

these with small round clear areas; small projections present over the eyes;

with two very large, bluntly-pointed humps immediately back of eyes; sides

of body proper nearly parallel, abruptly tapering in region of acetabular

plates; cauda short, with pointed posterio-lateral projections; cauda without

a median indentation; acetabular plates covered with numerous, short setae.

Female :—Length 1.72—2.24 mm.; greatest width 1.44—1.85 mm.; greatest

height 1.53-1.75 mm. Anterior end of female similar to that of male; with

two large humps back of eyes, these very steep angled in front; a pair of

moderately developed, bluntly pointed humps placed posterio-laterally and a

pair of similar humps at the posterior end; dorsal shield somewhat rounded,

with two humps near posterior end; height of body in region of dorsal shield

humps almost as high as in region of humps back of eyes; genital opening

small; acetabular plates narrow, directed posterio-laterally to region of

Gland E-2, and then passing laterally.

On the Island of Yap this species has been taken in two

distinct habitat types. One of these was a stream near Okau, the

other a water-filled shell crater (artificial pond conditions). It

would seem probable that the reservoir populations are to be

found in streams. As mentioned earlier, this species is widely

distributed. A. laticodulus was originally described from the

Bismarck-Archipelego, but has since been taken in Sumatra, Java,

Yap and Madagascar. For a complete list of citations on this

species, see Lundblad (1946).

Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) multicornutus Walter

(Figs. 3-6)

A. multicornutus Walter, 1915. Nova Caledonia 2:118.

Male: —Length, based on a single specimen, 1.26 mm.; greatest width

0.99 mm.; width of cauda 0.79 mm.; greatest height 1.24 mm. Body proper

bulging anterior to eyes; two sharp-pointed projections on lateral part of

this bulge and a pair of small rounded humps located medially; anterior

portion of body proper with three large, pointed humps of approximately

the same height; the median hump between the eyes, the lateral humps back

of eyes; dorsal furrow complete, passing onto ventral side just posterior to

acetabular plates; cauda wide, narrowest at base; posterio-lateral corners

of cauda sharp-pointed; median indentation present at posterior end, with a

April, 1957]

COOK-YAP MITES

Fig. 1, A. laticodulus Piersig, dorsal view, female. Fig. 2, A. laticodulus

Piersig, lateral view, male. Fig. 3, A. multicornutus Walter, lateral view,

male. Fig. 4, A. multicornutus Walter, dorsal view, female. Fig. 5, A multi¬

cornutus Walter, dorsal view, male. Fig. 6, A. multicornutus Walter, palp,

female. Fig. 7, A. laticodulus Piersig, dorsal view, male.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

small rounded projection in the middle of this indentation; a pair of small,

bluntly-pointed projections between the median indentation and the posterio-

lateral edge of the cauda; dorsal shield without humps; body highest near

anterior end and tapering rapidly towards posterior end; a pair of small,

rounded humps located on ventral side slightly posterior to acetabular plates,

these best seen in lateral view.

Female :—Length 1.39—1.77 mm.; greatest width 1.04—1.37 mm.; greatest

height 1.17—1.57 mm. Anterior portion of female as in male; a pair of well

developed, sharp-pointed humps on the posterio-lateral portion of the body;

two closely set projections at posterior end, these with a narrow notch

between them; dorsal shield much narrower in front than behind; dorsal

shield with two large humps near posterior end; body highest at anterior

end; acetabular plates extending posterio-laterally to region of Gland E-2

and then directed laterally; distal end of second palpal segment with two to

four moderately long, ventro-medially located setae.

The habitat of the present species is similar to that of A.

laticodulus, with specimens having been taken in both the stream

and shell crater. Walter (1915) described A. multicornutus from

a single female collected at New Caledonia. While the New

Caledonia specimen is much larger (length 2.1 mm.) than the

individuals from Yap, it is felt that in view of the great variation

(length 1.39—1.77 mm.) found in females from the present

collection, we are probably dealing with extremes of variation

within a single species. Walter stated that four setae were present

on the inner side of the second palpal segment in the New Cale¬

donia female. There was a variation of two to four of these setae

on the second palpal segment in the individuals from Yap.

The deep median cleft in the cauda of the male gives this

species a superficial resemblance to certain members of the

subgenus Micruracarus. Since, however, the dorsal furrow in males

of multicornutus is complete and passes onto the ventral surface

posterior to the acetabular plates, the author feels that this species

belongs in the subgenus Megaluracarus.

References

Lundblad, 0.

1946. Madagassische Siisswawssermilben. Arkiv Zool. 38A (14) : 1—40.

UCHIDA, T.

1935. Zwei Wassermilbenarten aus Formosa und den Palau Inseln.

Annot. Zool. Japon. 15:120—121.

1939. Arrenurus toxopeusi Viets from the Palau Islands. Annot. Zool.

Japon. 18:213.

Walter, C.

1915. Les Hydracariens de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. In: Sarasin, F. & J.

Roux. Nova Caledonia 2:97—122.

April, 1957]

STONE-ELATERID BIOLOGIES

NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THREE ELATERIDS

INJURIOUS TO VEGETABLE CROPS

(Coleoptera)

M. W. Stone

Entomology Research Branch,

Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture

In southern California the wireworms Drasterius livens

(LeConte), Cardiophorus tenebrosus (LeConte), and Anchastus

cinereipennis (Eschscholtz) are frequently found in lima bean

fields associated with the wireworms Limonius californicus

(Mannerheim) and Melanotus longulus (LeConte). All these wire-

worms are serious pests of vegetable and field crops. They destroy

seed, cut off or tunnel the stems of growing plants, and burrow

into potatoes and other root crops, rendering them unmarketable.

While working out the life history of the last two species between

1930 and 1937 in southern California (Stone 1941 and 1944), the

writer also studied the biology of these three lesser known species,

and these data, together with notes on their activity in the field,

are presented in this paper. Publication of these notes was delayed

in the hope that in time more information could be obtained on

the biology of these species.

Drasterius livens LeConte

(Figure 1)

Mixed populations of this species and of Limonius californicus

are frequently encountered in fields planted to row crops. Data on

their abundance and depth distribution in the soil were obtained

by digging twenty %-square-foot so q samples, 15 inches deep, at

monthly intervals in a corn field near El Monte, California. In

100 samples sifted during the period October 31, 1932, to February

25, 1933, a total of 470 larvae of both species were recovered, 7.6

per cent of which were Drasterius livens. The moisture content of

the soil was similar at each sifting, averaging 18, 20, 22, and 22

per cent (dry weight) at the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-inch depths,

respectively. In the summary of these data for all months (table 1)

it is noted that larvae of livens prefer the upper stratum of the

soil, even though soil temperatures remained low, averaging

53.8° F. at the 4-inch depth during the period of this survey.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

Table 1.—Relative abundance and distribution of Drasterius

livens and Limonius californicus larvae at different soil depths in

El Monte, California, 1932—33.

Depth of soil sample

(inches)

Number of larvae recovered

californicus livens

66 18

180 15

131 2

46 1

The procedure followed in conducting the life history studies

and in handling the various stages has been described (Stone 1935).

Incubation period —The duration of the incubation period for

115 eggs deposited between March 27 and April 28, 1932, ranged

from 25 to 34 days, and averaged 28.4 days. Temperatures in the

basement of the laboratory during this period averaged 67.9° F.

Larvae —The larvae used in the rearing studies begun in 1932

were from eggs deposited by field-collected adults from April 4

to 28. These eggs hatched between May 1 and 27. Of the 42 larvae

being reared, 14 per cent pupated between August 16 and Septem-

A B C

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1.—The wireworms Drasterius livens. A, larva, X5 ; B, pupa, X5;

C, adult, X 7.5.

April, 1957]

STONE-ELATERID BIOLOGIES

ber 9, and 12 per cent died. The first adults emerged on September

4 and the last on September 29. Of the 31 specimens remaining,

67 per cent pupated the following year, between June 7 and July

28, and 7 per cent succumbed. Adult transformation in this group

occurred between June 29 and August 13.

Some individuals have a short larval period and mature in

one season, while others have a much longer larval period and

do not mature until the second year (table 2).

Table 2.—Length of developmental stages of the 1932 brood of

Drasterius livens when reared in salve cans. Alhambra, California.

Stage

Completed development

1932

1933

Mean

temper¬

Length of stage

temper¬

Length of stage

ature

(days)

ature

(days)

(°F.)

Range Average

(°F.)

Range Av

erage

Egg

68.2

29- 34

68.3

25- 30

Larval

72.2

85-109

100

67.7

379-438

410

Prepupal

—

2- 4

—

2- 12

Pupal

Egg, larval,

73.9

17- 20

73.0

16- 23

and pupal

72.6

136-158

148

68.1

429-485

459

Prepupal and pupal periods .—Larvae preparing to pupate

construct an earthen cell about % inch long and remain in this

cell until they emerge as adults. In the group completing develop¬

ment in one year, the first prepupa was obtained on August 16

and the last on September 9, 1932. Larvae completing development

in two years entered the prepupal stage earlier, on June 1 and

the last on July 29, 1933. The duration of the prepupal period

varied with the temperature, averaging 3 days in 1932 and 6 days

in 1933.

The duration of the pupal period was about the same when

development was completed the first or the second season. The

first group pupated between August 16 and September 9, and the

second group between June 7 and July 28. The length of the

developmental periods when reared in salve cans is shown in

table 2.

Adults .—Adults of this species fly readily, being especially

active on warm days. Overwintering adults were collected on alfalfa

at El Monte, California, on February 21, 1934, and under malva

traps (Campbell and Stone 1939) at Huntington Beach from

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

March 3 to April 25, 1932. A single specimen was collected at

Ventura on March 1, 1934. A group of adults collected under

malva traps on April 3, 1932, remained alive until May 27. Adults

of the summer brood were numerous on squash at Chatsworth on

August 26, 1932.

Oviposition. —In the absence of laboratory-reared or newly

emerged adults, data on oviposition were obtainable from 10

females collected under malva traps near Smeltzer, California,

from April 3 to 25, 1932. These adults deposited from 15 to 51

eggs, or an average of 32 eggs, each from April 7 to May 2. How¬

ever, some egg deposition may have occurred prior to the capture

of these adults.

Cardiophorus tenebrosus (LeConte)

(Figure 2)

The larvae are whitish and may be distinguished from other

elaterid larvae in that every other segment is enlarged. They are

limber, and when picked up at the middle both ends hang down,

stringlike. Newly hatched larvae average 2.5 to 3 mm. in length,

and mature larvae reach a length of 25 mm. Owing to their

fragile condition at the time of hatching, none were ever reared

to maturity in the laboratory.

C. tenebrosus larvae may be found associated with californicus

in sandy soils as well as in the soils of heavier texture found in

lima bean fields. They rank next to Drdsterius livens in abundance

and in the damage inflicted on the bean crop. In studies to

determine the effect of winter cover crops on wireworm popula¬

tions in Ventura County, 2.4, 2.8, and 8.4 per cent of the 535

larvae recovered in soil samples taken in three bean fields in 1940

were tenebrosus and the remainder calif ornicus.

The adult females are slightly larger than the males, averaging

2 mm. in width and 8 mm. in length. They are shining black and

capable of flying considerable distances. In 1931 they were col¬

lected on alfalfa at El Monte on February 17 and at weekly intervals

thereafter until April 16. The earliest collection at El Monte in

1934 was on February 9, and they were most numerous from

March 1 to 7. They were taken on alfalfa at Smeltzer on February

1, 1935, and at Cypress on January 26, 1936. Adults were collected

at Arcadia on February 10, 1937, and at Alhambra on February

13, 1938. A few specimens were collected at Ventura on February

5, 1941.

April, 1957]

STONE-ELATERID BIOLOGIES

When confined in salve cans in moist soil from the time of

mating, adult males remained alive for about 22 days, and

females for 30 days. Death of the last male and female under

observation occurred on April 7 and 17, 1932.

The numbers of eggs deposited by a group of 9 females taken

in copulation between March 8 and 24, 1932, ranged from 82

to 198 and averaged 134. The length of the pre-oviposition period

for this group averaged 10 days. Oviposition began on March 17,

reached a peak during the week ending April 2, and terminated

on April 17. The length of the oviposition period averaged 15 days.

The duration of the incubation period for 590 eggs laid from

March 14 to April 17, 1932, which hatched over a period of 37

days between April 16 and May 22, ranged from 30 to 39 days,

and averaged 33. Temperatures in the laboratory basement during

their period of incubation average 67.8° F.

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 2.—The wireworm Carliophorus lenebrosus. A, egg, XlO; B, larva,

X4.6: C, pupa, X4.5; D, adult, X5.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

The eggs are pearl white, becoming darker as the embryo

develops. Measurements of 10 eggs showed an average width of

0.4 mm. and length of 0.64 mm.

Anchastus cinereipennis (Eschscholtz)

(Figure 3)

This is the least common of the elaterids found in southern

California lima bean fields. The larvae are small, being only 9 mm.

long when mature. Adults are light to dark brown, and average

1 mm. wide by 4 mm. long. They were collected under malva

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 3.—The wireworm Anchastus cinereipennis. A, egg X It; B, larva,

X5; C, pupa, X6; D, adult, X7.5.

April, 1957]

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

traps near Huntington Beach, California, in early March of 1932,

1935, 1936, and in 1937.

In the absence of reared adults, data on egg deposition were

obtained from females collected in malva traps on April 4, 1934.

The number of eggs deposited by four individuals ranged from

45 to 123 and averaged 76 eggs. All females were dead by May 4.

The eggs are pearly white and translucent when first laid. They

are ovate, and many have one end flattened. Ten eggs averaged

0.44 mm. in length and 0.31 mm. in diameter.

The newly hatched larvae are very delicate and difficult to rear.

Of 38 larvae that hatched between April 20 and May 3, 1934, 37

died in 1934, and the remaining specimen pupated on September

25, 1935. The egg stage in this group averaged 27 days and the

larval period 516 days. In another group of 19 larvae, which

hatched in May 1936, nine pupated between September 4 and 17,

1937, and transformed to adults in October 1937. These studies

indicate that this species requires two years to complete develop¬

ment when reared under laboratory conditions.

References

Campbell, Roy E., and M. W. Stone

1939. Trapping elaterid beetles as a control measure against wireworms.

Jour. Econ. Ent. 32(1) :47—53.

Stone, M. W.

1935. Technique for life-history studies of wireworms. Jour. Econ. Ent.

28:817-824.

1941. Life history of the sugar beet wireworm in southern California.

U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 744, 87 pp.

Stone, M. W. and A. F. Howland

1944. Life history of the wireworm Melanotus longulus (Lee.) in south¬

ern California. U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 858, 30 pp.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: NOTICE OF PROPOSED

USE OF THE PLENARY POWERS IN CERTAIN CASES FOR

THE AVOIDANCE OF CONFUSION AND THE VALIDATION

OF CURRENT N OMEN CL ATORIAL PRACTICE (A. (n.s.) 35)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers is

involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned names

included in Double-Part 2/3 and Part 4 of Volume 13 of the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature which will be published on

29th March, 1957.

(a) Applications in Double-Part 2/3 of Volume 13

(4) Dictyoploca Jordan, 1911, validation of (Class Insecta, Order Lepi-

doptera) (Z.N.(S) 1072) ;

(5) Staphylinus Linnaeus, 1758, designation of Staphylinus erythropterus

(emend, of erytropterus ) Linnaeus, 1758, as type species of (Class

Insecta, Order Coleoptera) (Z.N.(S.) 242) ;

(6) Anopheles Meigen, 1818, designation of a type species for, in

harmony with accustomed usage (Class Insecta, Order Diptera)

(Z.N.(S.) 1165) ;

(9) Toxorhynchites Theobald, July 1901, validation of (Class Insecta,

Order Diptera) (Z.N.(S.) 1166) ;

2. The present Notice is given in pursuance of the decisions

taken on the recommendation of the International Commission on

Zoological Nomenclature, by the Thirteenth International Congress

of Zoology, Paris, July 1948 (see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 4:51—56,

ibid. 5:5-13, 131).

3. Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the fore¬

going applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secretary

to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village East,

Regent’s Park, London, N.W.I., England) as soon as possible.

Every such comment should be clearly marked with the Com¬

missioner’s File Number as given in the present Notice, and sent

in duplicate. — Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SINODENDRON

RUGOSUM MANNERHEIM IN IDAHO

Sinondendron rugosum Mannerheim is a well-known stag

beetle, commonly occurring in California and the western parts

of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia where it is found

in the dead wood of willow, alder and poplar. During the past

several years this species has been taken in moderate numbers

at two widely separated localities in Idaho. In the northern part

of the state, at Spalding, Nez Perce County, it occurs most abun¬

dantly, having been collected from rotting and solid wood of

cottonwood (Populus hastata) logs in contact with the ground.

In southern Idaho, in Rock Creek Canyon, approximately 13

miles south of Rock Creek, Twin Falls County, specimens have

been taken from rotting logs of water birch (Betula occidentalis).

So far as is known this is the first recorded occurrence of this

lucanid in Idaho.—W. F. Barr, University of Idaho, Moscow.

April, 1957 BEER & LANG-NEW TETRANYCHIDAE

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF TETRANYCHIDAE 1

(Acarina)

Robert E. Beer and D. S. Lang

University of Kansas, Lawrence

Schizonobiella Beer and Lang, new genus

True claws reduced to short slender pads bearing one pair of tenent

hairs. Empodium short, stout and strongly uncinate, bearing on each side a

single row of hairs anastomosing near their apices to form a terminal tenent.

Female tarsus I and II each with a single pair of duplex setae. Male tarsus I

with three or four pairs of duplex setae; tibia I with six to eight pairs of

duplex setae; tarsus II with a single pair of duplex setae.

Type of genus: Schizonobiella aeola , Beer and Lang, new

species.

This genus is proposed to accommodate a species that shows

considerable affinity with Schizonobia Womersley and Petrobia

Murray, but significant differences are apparent. Like Schizonobia

the empodial tenent hairs have united but the degree of unity

is less pronounced in Schizonobiella. In Petrobia the empodial

tenent hairs are free. Unlike any known genus in the family

Tetranychidae, the female of Schizonobiella has a single pair of

duplex setae on tarsus I and the male has three pairs of duplex

setae on this segment. The male is also unique in having duplex

setae on tibia I. The peritremes of Schizonobiella apparently are

more similar to those of Schizonobia and Hystrichonychus than

to Petrobia , although the exact nature of these structures in

Schizonobia is rather vague in Womersley’s (1940) description

of the genus.

Schizonobiella aeola Beer and Lang, new species

Female :—Terminal sensillum of palpus long, slender, peglike, rounded

on distal end. Stylophore one and one-half times as long as broad, emarginate

on posterior margin, broadly rounded on anterior margin, striations longi¬

tudinal, irregularly so; peritreme elbowed, terminating in complex, anasto¬

mosing enlargement. Tarsus I with one pair of duplex setae, proximal

member minute; ten tactile and one sensory setae proximal to duplex setae.

Tibia I with thirteen tactile and one sensory setae. Tarsus II with one pair

of duplex setae, proximal member minute; seven tactile and one sensory

setae proximal to duplex setae. Tibia II with nine tactile setae. Striations

of all legs transverse. Dorsal setae longer than longitudinal interval separ¬

ating adjacent setae, plumose, tapering to a point; three pairs of dorsal

propodosomal setae; one pair of humeral setae; three pairs of dorsocentral

and three pairs of dorsolateral setae; two pairs of sacral setae; one pair of

clunal setae; all dorsal setae set on tubercles. Three pairs of genital setae

1 Contribution number 955 of the Department of Entomology, University of Kansas.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

Schizonobiella aeola Beer and Lang, new species. Fig. 1, Aedeagus of

male. Fig. 2, Pretarsus of female leg II (lateral aspect). Fig. 3, Pretarsus of

female leg II (dorsal aspect). Fig. 4, Peritreme of female. Fig. 5, Tibia and

tarsus I of male. Fig. 6, Tibia and tarsus II of female. Fig 7, Tibia and

tarsus I of female. All figures drawn from holotype and allotype specimens.

April, 1957 BEER & LANG-NEW TETRANYCHIDAE

present. Dorsal striations irregular, mostly transverse. Length of body

630 fi, including rostrum 700/ti; greatest width 680/x.

Male :—Similar to female. Tarsus I with three pairs of duplex setae,

the first pair with proximal member minute, second and third pairs with

promixmal member about one-third as long as distal member; five tactile

setae proximal to last pair of duplex setae. Tibia I with six to eight pairs of

duplex setae, ten to thirteen tactile and two sensory setae. Tarsus II with

one pair of duplex setae, proximal member minute; nine tactile setae proxi¬

mal to duplex setae. Tibia II with nine tactile setae. Aedeagus long, linear,

gradually tapering to an acuminate tip, bending slightly dorsad. Length of

body 500/ti, including rostrum 560/t.

Holotype female, six miles south of Alice, Texas, July 18,

1954, W. T. Atyeo, sweeping grass. Allotype: Male, same data as

holotype. Paratypes: Two males and thirteen females, same data

as holotype.

Holotype, allotype, one male and eleven females (paratypes)

in the Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas. One

male and two females (paratypes) deposited in the United States

National Museum.

Considerable variation in size, number and distribution of

setae on the male tibia and tarsus I is apparent in this species.

One of the three male specimens in the type series has four rather

than three pairs of duplex setae on tarsus I. The length of the

proximal members of duplex setae on tarsus I, except for the

seta of the first pair which is always minute, may be very short or

one-third as long as the distal member. Because of this variability

in male leg chaetotaxy, a female specimen has been selected as

holotype for this species.

Due to the rather loose association of empodial tenent hairs,

these sometimes become separated into groups which present the

appearance of an abnormal condition that is due entirely to the

mounting technique used. The most frequent abnormality of this

type would appear as two groups of hairs, each with a terminal

tenent, on each side of the empodial claw. Such anomalous con¬

figurations of the pretarsi, however, are easily interpreted by

studying the pretarsi of all eight legs on the specimen, since mites

mounted with reasonable care rarely appear with this deformity

on more than one or two appendages.

Literature Cited

WOMERSLEY, H.

1940. Studies in Australian Acarina Tetranychidae and Trichadenidae.

Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia 64(2) :233-265.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: NOTICE OF PROPOSED

USE OF THE PLENARY POWERS IN CERTAIN CASES FOR

THE AVOIDANCE OF CONFUSION AND THE VALIDATION

OF CURRENT NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE (A. (n.s.) 35)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers is

involved in an application relating to the under-mentioned names

included in Part 5 of Volume 13 of the Bulletin of Zoological

Nomenclature which will be published on 6th May, 1957.

(1) squilla Linnaeus, 1758 (Cancer), suppression of; adspersus Rathke,

1837 (Palaemon), designation of; as type species of Palaemon

Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (Z.N.(S.)446) ;

(2) Dracunculus Reichard, 1759, validation of, with Gordius medinensis

Linnaeus, 1758, as type species (Class Nematoda) (Z.N.(S.)553) ;

(3) Mansonia Blanchard, 1901, validation of (Class Insecta, Order

Diptera) (Z.N.(S'.) 1193);

2. The present Notice is given in pursuance of the decisions

taken on the recommendation of the International Commission on

Zoological Nomenclature, by the Thirteenth International Congress

of Zoology, Paris, July 1948 (see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 4:51—56,

57-59; ibid. 5:5-13, 131).

3. Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the fore¬

going applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secretary

of the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village East,

Regent’s Park, London, N.W.I., England) as soon as possible.

Every such comment should be clearly marked with the Com¬

missioner’s File Number as given in the present Notice, and sent

in duplicate.

4. If received in sufficient time before the commencement by the

International Commission of voting on the application in question,

comments received in response to the present Notice will be

published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature: comments

received too late to be so published will be brought to the attention

of the International Commission at the time of the commencement

of voting on the application in question.

Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on

Zoological Nomenclature.

April, 1957]

PENCE-FLUORESCENCE

FLUORESCENT DIFFERENTIATION OF THE INTERNAL

ORGANS AND TISSUES OF INSECTS 1

Roy J. Pence

Department of Entomology, University of California .

Los Angeles

While studying the effects of shortwave ultraviolet radiation

on living termites, it was learned that a strong fluorescence of

these insects became apparent whenever they were exposed to

certain wave-lengths in the near-ultraviolet portion of the spectrum.

In an effort to better observe this interesting phenomenon, three

species of termites, along with various other insects and other

arthropods, were included.

The source of ultraviolet light found best suited for this study

was a commercial mercury vapor lamp of high intensity and

pressure emitting most of its light energy in the region of 3650

Angstrom units. This lamp concentrated its illumination into a

parabolic beam and was well-suited for low-power microscopy

as well as for examination with unaided eye. The shorter wave¬

lengths in the region of 2537A were also tried but fluorescence

in this range was slight.

Of the three species of termites used for experimentation, the

subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus, responded with the

highest degree of fluorescence. Excitation to a slightly lesser degree

was found in the drywood termite, Kalotermes minor, while the

dampwood termite, Zootermopsis angusticollis, fluoresced the least

of the three. All, however, fluoresced brightly whenever they were

placed under the lamp.

Microscopic examination of the termites clearly indicated that

only the soft portions of the body fluoresced. The heavier chitin

of the head, particularly the head and mandibles of soldiers, was

negative. Also the heavier and darker armor of the alates and

reproductives gave negative response, with the exception of the

connective membranes. Here a strong fluorescence was noticed

and became more apparent when the conjunctiva were stretched

to expose more of the soft, transparent, chitinous area of these

membranes. The dark brown alates of the subterranean termites,

with wings attached, reacted negatively when a beam of ultra¬

violet light was directed down upon them. Those, however, that

had broken off their wings showed narrow lines of fluorescence

1 Submitted for publication on December 11, 1955.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

in the areas of connective membranes and, when turned over,

emitted a slight fluorescence in the areas where the softer ventral

chitin was exposed. It was here that the conjunctiva became

strongly excited with a bright blue-white glow and indicated that

fluorescence came from beneath the chitin.

In order to determine if the internal content of termites

fluoresced, a series of dissections was made. A small embroylogical

dish was converted into a dissecting tray. The bottom was filled

with melted beeswax to form a soft floor; beeswax was used

because of its non-fluorescence factor. A termite was selected,

anesthetized, and placed ventral side up. By melting the wax

beneath the specimen with a hot point, the body became firmly

embedded and ready for dissection. An incision was made just

through the chitin wall starting at the vent and progressing

anteriorly to the head. The flaps were carefully opened and

melted into place in the wax to either side, leaving the body

content completely exposed. At the first incision, the adipose

tissue emitted a strong bluish-white color, which became notice¬

able as more of it was laid open. Small bits of chitin were cut

away and examined for fluorescence and in all cases found to be

negative. It was the adipose tissue, not the chitin, that fluoresced.

The following is a brief description of the fluorescence of the body

contents of the three species of termites dissected under ultra¬

violet light using a power of nine diameters of the wide-field

miscroscope.

Internal Anatomy

Zootermopsis angusticollis , large worker. The surrounding

adipose bodies fluoresced a bright blue-white. In sharp contrast

the content of the Malpighian tubules fluoresced a strong yellow;

and the tubules could be traced to their origin within the haemo-

lymph and back to their entry into the postventricular region and

point of attachment at the pyloric valve. The “ring” of the pyloric

valve emitted a fluorenscence of bright blue which became invisible

under white light at the same magnification.

Z. angusticollis, reproductive female. Similar to worker with

exception of the reproductive system. Here the mature eggs

fluoresced a pale yellow and could be followed down to an early

developmental stage, when fluorescence became progressively less

apparent.

April, 1957]

PENCE-FLUORESCENCE

Reticulitermes hesperus, reproductive male. Surrounding adi¬

pose tissue fluoresced a brilliant shade of light blue-white, while

the thoracic muscles gave off a pale yellow. The gonadal glands

stood out above the surrounding adipose tissue and adjacent

organs and fluoresced a striking shade of intense blue.

Kalotermes minor, pre-alate. The adipose tissue fluoresced a

bright blue-white. Here the digestive tract became evident and

clearly established its position and structure by fluorescing a dull

orange. The digestive system of the other species examined did

not offer the degree of fluorescence as noted in K. minor. In an

attempt to observe the internal organs located close to the

exoskelton of a living, ambulant drywood termite, a group of

workers were compelled to ingest nothing but black photographic

paper. Others fed upon white paper only. When the termites

became engorged with black paper, their digestive systems became

black and this was clearly detected by the unaided eye. This

enabled the organs such as the Malpighian tubules and portions

of the tracheal system to stand out in sharp contrast against the

blackened background of the digestive system. In the case of the

workers that had eaten white paper, only the adipose tissues

fluoresced and they provided no background contrasts.

Although experiments were made with chromatograms in an

effort to learn something of the fluorescent content of the body,

this approach was set aside due to the complexity of attempting

to analyze the Rf of the unknowns when making smears of an

entire animal. It can be stated, however, that interesting differ¬

ences in chromatographical separation and content were noted

when smears of the three species of termites were subjected to

chromatographic analysis.

In order to learn something about the fluorescence of the

internal organs of other insects when dissected, a few were selected

for trial. The larval form of a dermestid, Anthrenus verbasci,

showed a strong fluorescence of bluish-white throughout the

adipose tissues. Only a slight trace of contrasting colors could be

detected from the exposed internal organs.

An American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, created a

beautiful display of contrasting colors from the various internal

organs. The tracheal system showed up a darker blue than the

surrounding adipose tissues. The content of the Malpighian tubules

gave forth a strong yellow color that enabled one to trace each

tubule to its origin. Again the “ring” of the pyloric valve identified

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

itself by a bright blue. The gastric caeca gave off a greenish-yellow

hue.

In order to include an aquatic insect in the investigation of

internal fluorescence, the naiad of a dragonfly, Progomphus

borealis, was selected. Here but little adipose tissue could be

detected, which emitted the characteristic blue-white color. Por¬

tions of the intestinal tract also gave off a pale shade of blue.

Very little could be seen of the remaining organs.

In examining the difference in fluorescence between the

alcoholic specimens of scorpions and whip scorpions (order

Pedipalpida) it was found that considerable differences in over-all

excitation of the two was apparent. In the scorpion, Hadrurus

hirsutus, the entire external body fluoresced a brilliant bluish-

yellow. In an effort to determine if it was the chitin that fluoresced,

one of the heavy scutes was dissected and examined under white

light. It was found that the chitin was coated with a thin pigment

which may be scraped off with the edge of a blade. Once this

pigment is removed, the underlying chitin is negative. On opening

the body in order to examine the internal organs, it was found

that all body content was negative. However, much of this might

be accounted for by the fixative used in the preserving media

from which it was taken. By contrast the internal organs of the

whip scorpion emitted a strong fluorescence while the external

chitinous wall was negative. Here again, as found in the insects

examined, the thin connecting chitinous membranes over the joints

showed a characteristic degree of fluorescence resulting from the

tissues within. From the amount of fluorescing pigment found

over the entire body of the scorpion, one is led to speculate on the

possible significance of this phenomenon. Could it be that the

eyes of scorpions are sensitive to a narrow spectral band in the

ultraviolet, as reflected from the moon, and are able to locate

their kind by the strong fluorescence that is emitted?

It is felt that more is to be learned in the study of internal

anatomy of insects and arthropods through fresh dissections made

under the influence of ultraviolet illumination. As it is often the

content of an organ rather than the organ itself that fluoresces,

and as much of this content is lost through chemical changes

when specimens are fixed in some solution, the opportunities for

anatomical separation become greater when specimens are ob¬

served fresh under this type of illumination It is here that the

April, 1957]

BARR-BOSTRICHOCLERUS

identity of small organs, fluorescing differently than their sur¬

rounding tissues, and the study of minute differences between any

two or more substances, are to be observed that would be other¬

wise difficult to determine under conventional white light.

References

Ellinger, P.

1940. Fluorescence microscopy in biology. Biological Review 15(3) :

323-350.

De Ment, J.

1944. Fluorochemistry. Bull. No. 1. Ultra-Violet Prod. Inc., Los Angeles.

1945. Flurobiology. Bull. No. 6. Ultra-Violet Prod. Inc., Los Angeles.

Lawrence, R. F.

1954. Fluorescence in Arthropoda. Jour. Ent. Soc. So. Africa 17(2):

167-170.

Metcalf, R. L.

1943. A study of riboflavin metabolism in the American roach by

fluorescence microscopy. Arch. Biochem. 2:55-62.

1943. The isolation of a red fluorescent pigment from the lampyridol.

Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 36:37—40.

Metcalf, R. L. and R. L. Patton

1942. A study of riboflavin metabolism in the American roach by fluo¬

rescence microscopy. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 19:373—6.

1944. Fluorescence microscopy applied to entomology and allied tissues.

Stain Technology 19:11—27.

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF BOSTRICHOCLERUS BICORNIS

VAN DYKE

The clerid beetle, Bostrichoclerus bicornis Van Dyke has been

known only from the type specimen collected at Palm Canyon,

Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California on May 3, 1921, by

J. C. Chamberlin. Therefore it is of interest to report that the

second known specimen of the species, constituting the first record

of its occurrence in the United States, was found in an unidentified

lot of clerid material received from Dr. J. N. Belkin of the Univer¬

sity of California at Los Angeles. This specimen, a male, was

collected in the Iron Mountains, San Bernardino County, Cali¬

fornia, by R. Zweifel on April 24, 1950.

This significant collection extends the range of B. bicornis

approximately 365 miles north of the type locality. It now can

be assumed that this insect is distributed over an area much more

extensive than formerly believed. Most likely it occurs discon-

tinuously in several of the desert mountain ranges in southeastern

California, southwestern Arizona, northwestern Sonora and north¬

ern Lower California.—W. F. Barr, University of Idaho, Moscow.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

Book Review

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE MALAY PENINSULA by A. Steven Corbet

and H. M. Pendlebury, second edition revised by A. Steven Corbet and

edited by N. D. Riley, pp. v—xi, 1—537, pis. 1—55, map. 8 vo. £5.5/.7,

March 1956. Publ. Oliver and Boyd Ltd., Edinburgh: Tweeddale Court.

London: 39A Wellbeck Street, W. 1.

The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula first appeared in 1934. It was

published in Kuala Lumpur by Kyle, Palmer and Co. Ltd. This book was

evidently directed primarily to an audience of beginning hobbyists, with

very little offered for the attention of advanced students of Lepidoptera or

the professional entomologist, and the book has not been particularly well

known or widely used. It treated only the commoner representatives of the

801 species of butterflies known from the region at that time. Since then

nearly 100 additional species have been found to occur in the area concerned.

The revised edition of the original work finally appeared on March 7,

1956, due largely to the efforts of Irene Corbet, and to N. D. Riley, who

edited the new edition after the death of the last surviving author (Corbet)

in 1948 as the work was going to press. This new edition is fashioned from

the same pattern that served for the first work, but there the resemblance

ends. The new edition is virtually an entirely new work, rather than a simple

correction and improvement, or revision, of the earlier one. The original

252 pages (plus preface and indices) have been expanded to 496 text pages,

with 40 index and 11 preface pages. None of the 16 plates used in the first

edition have been retained.

The book is made up of three parts, only the first of which is divided

into distinct chapters. Part I consists of ten introductory chapters treating

general topics relating to the butterflies of Malaya. Chapter One deals with

the adult butterfly where classification to the ordinal level, and external

anatomy, are discussed. In the discussion of external anatomy it is refreshing

to find a portion devoted to both male and female genitalia. The second

chapter considers natural controls and the early stages where larval chaeto-

taxy is stressed. It is important for beginners to be introduced to the

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and this is considered

in Chapter Three, “Nomenclature and Classification.” The following chapter

is devoted to geographical distribution and is an excellent and important

section of the book. It has been greatly expanded and revised compared to

the presentation in the first edition and provides the reader with an

intriguing ecological picture of the Malay Peninsula. The Malay Peninsula

Map used in the earlier edition provided a rather more effective idea of

relief features within the region, but the new map provides a far superior

record of stream drainages. It indicates mountainous features with a 2500-

foot interval, but this does not seem to be a serious shortcoming since “the

butterfly fauna is more or less homogeneous from the lowlands up to about

2500 feet in primary forest,” (p. 34). One of the useful additions to this

section is a rainfall chart for eight widely separated Malay localities with

the presumably average rainfall presented for each month. The range in

annual rainfall for these eight stations runs from 90 inches to 244 inches.

Chapter Five, “Wing Patterns,” is introduced with a brief discussion of

wing pigments. A rather cumbersome and detailed section on variation and

April, 1957]

MAC NEILL—BOOK REVIEW

heredity, which appeared in the old edition, has been completely redone and

is presented in a much shorter and simpler manner under “Mendelism.”

This is followed by an interesting discussion of mimicry, in which the

authors properly caution that, “in a subject such as this, there is a

temptation to see mimicry where it does not exist” (p. 48). A list of “some

of the more noteworthy mimetic associations found in the Malay Peninsula”

(p. 49) is given, followed by special statements regarding certain of the

cases listed. One of these comments, presumably cautionary, calls attention

to the fact that the involved species seldom fly at the same altitudes. If the

authors were doubtful about the association, one wonders why it was included

in the list. If they entertained no doubts about the association of the species,

as might be indicated in a preceding statement (p. 49), “rarely in Malaya

do mimetic species fly in precisely the same localities as their models,”

then one is entitled to ask if the authors applied all of the caution they

might have in their discussion of mimicry.

“Duplex Species and Origin of Species” is the subject of Chapter Six.

The authors consider that species arise through reproductive isolation between

subspecies. The term “duplex species” is not clearly defined, but it seems

to represent the “expeces jumelles” of Cuenot or the “sibling species” of

Mayer, usually coupled with a superspecies or artenkreis concept. This

section dealing with duplex species is extensive and contains many inter¬

esting examples.

The next chapter deals with qualitative analysis. It is quite short and is

concerned primarily with problems of estimating population size. The

discussion might have been more profitably devoted to problems encountered

in obtaining random samples, virtues and liabilities of the use of statistical

methods, analysis of population differences, means of presenting quantitative

data visually, etc.

The last three chapters of Part I deal with the history of Malay butter¬

fly collecting, techniques of collecting butterflies in tropical regions, and

the preparation and preservation of material. The latter chapter is the only

one in the book which remains virtually as it was in the first work. The

chapter preceding this, however, is also scarcely altered, except for consider¬

able expansion of the very informative section on fruit baiting.

Part II, the main body of the text, treats systematically all the known

species of the butterflies of the Malay peninsula. While a few keys were

offered in the first edition of this work, the present volume makes it possible

to identify all of the species recorded for Malaya, by use of the very

numerous keys. There are many line drawings, mostly of venation, but also

of other important structures such as palpi, legs, antennae, and androconal

scales and other secondary sex characteristics. Distribution maps and

generalized drawings of early stages are occasionally presented. The discus¬

sion at the family level is usually long, involving interesting remarks about

general behavior, distribution and early stages, in addition to a structural

diagnosis which, although usually presented in a mixture of telephonic and

telegraphic styles, is not at all disturbing to read.

Keys to generic groups or to genera are then given. The discussion at

the group or generic level is usually very brief and involves only diagnosis

and distribution. If necessary, a key to species (or genera, as the case may

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

be) follows. The specific discussion, generally very brief, concerns only the

better-known or otherwise remarkable representatives.

The keys are perhaps the main feature of this part of the book. The

couplets are, as a rule, clearly stated without ambiguities; however, a reader

will occasionally be obliged to decide whether a segment of an appendage

is “long and thin,” or “comparatively short” (p. 398). A choice between

“slender” and “stout” is frequently required. These choices could be better

facilitated, perhaps, if the attributes were described in terms of a length-

to-width ratio, as is usually done elsewhere in the keys throughout the

book. In certain couplets a number of exceptions are noted by name, but

no provision is made to allow these exceptions to be keyed, either by giving

“or if” alternative characters in the same part of the couplet, or by permitting

these exception to be sorted out elsewhere in the key. An example of this

is illustrated by the following dichotomy on p. 88: “2(17) Hindwing pre-

costal vein present (but absent in the Pierid subfamily Coliadenae).

Forewing with all veins present (except in genera of Pieridae other than

Valeira and in the Amathusiid genus Enispe ).” “17 Hindwing precostal vein

absent. Forewing vein 8 absent (except in Deramas and Liphyra, and in

$ Iraota, Amblypodia, Pratapa vidura, sometimes in $ also, and Jacoona

(3 species) (fig. 103). Foretarsi abbreviated in $ and usually with one or

both claws absent; perfect and with both claws present in $ (fig. 122).”

Of the 55 plates, 20 are devoted to saale and female genitalia. All the

genitalic figures are camera lucida tracings. The figures of these seem to

be quite adequate, with the possible exception of those of the few female

structures. There is some doubt that these latter figures will be of much

value, even at the generic level, since the diagnostic characters are not

known for many groups; and it is, therefore, unlikely that these have been

effectively illustrated. The 342 genitalic figures have been selected to show

diversity in form, and to illustrate all species only in certain genera where

identification depends solely upon these organs. The remaining plates are

photographic reproductions of adult butterflies, eight of which are in

color. Of these latter, plate 27 is out of register and hence blurred. This

condition is also evident in plates 23, 24, and 28, but the result is not so

serious. The lack of uniformity of print size and style for the photographic

plate legends is also disturbing. Plates 22—30 have a facing legend on the

blank back of the preceding plate. Plates 31—55 occupy both sides of the

pages, so the legend is placed at the bottom of the page. In these cases the

legend is, variously, single column with large print, double column with

small print, or running lines with small print. This is evidently the result

of a compromise for space, but it seems that the problem might have been

more pleasingly resolved. Only one error of plate reference in the text was

encountered: Halpe zema ormenes (Plotz) is figured on plate 46, not 47

as stated on p. 387.

Part III contains material supplementary to the main body of the text.

The first section of this part is an extensive synonymic list of the Malayan

butterflies, each entry accompanied by data on geographical and ecological

distribution. Also included, for many of the species, are references to

individual illustrations in Distant’s Rhopalocera Malayana, and for some,

references to unusual records or other explanatory notes which appear at

April, 1957]

VAN NIDEK-CICINDELIDS

the the end of the formal list. Another section of this portion of the book

provides a generic list of larval food plants known for Malayan species of

butterflies.

The bibliography could have been entitled “Literature Cited,” since it

is not intended to represent a full treatment of the literature. It includes

only those works of which specific mention is made in the parenthetical

references to “Basic Literature” at the end of many text treatments. It is,

nonetheless, somewhat surprising to find no reference to the first edition of

this work in the new volume, except for inferences derived from several

indications that the present work is a revised edition of an earlier work

of some sort. While perhaps the authors did not consider their first effort

basic to the present edition, it might at least have been given complete

recognition in a footnote somewhere.

The appendix following the Bibliography consists of the expected addi¬

tions to portions of the text, as well as two revised keys prepared by J. N.

Eliot, and a list of the Malayan butterfly names which have been placed

on the Official Lists of Names in Zoology together with the relevant opinion.

Three indices—a general index, an index of scientific names (of the

butterflies only), and an index of vernacular names—constitute the final

portion of the book.

The primary function of the book is to provide means for identification

of any butterfly from Malaya. A supplementary and perhaps no less

important function is to help provide an understanding of the composition

of the Malayan fauna as a segment of the Indo-Australian biotic region in

terms of its x'elationship to the geology and ecology of the area. The work

is directed to a very wide audience. It is at once both popular and specialized

in scope. Specialists in Lepidoptera and workers in other groups of insects

will find the section on geographical distribution and the keys and genitalia

drawings very useful. The two half-tone plates of certain Linnean and

Fabrician Oriental butterfly types might be of some limited use to this

audience. The beginner will find a number of subjects treated in a concise

manner which are not found in other butterfly books, and his interest will

be guided along constructive lines of endeavor. The book is modern in its

approach and its nomenclature, and the organization of the subjects is

excellent. In the above respects, it will be found to be one of the finest

butterfly books currently available. It should receive wide use and prove

to be a real contribution to the vast accumulation of literature on Lepidop¬

tera.—C. Don MacNeill, University of California, Berkeley.

REMARKS ABOUT CICINDELIDS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS

OF TWO NEW SUBSPECIES

(Coleoptera)

C. M. C. Brouerius van Nidek

Leuvense straat 94, Den Haag, Netherlands

The following remarks are based on a study of cicindelids

sent by the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

100

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

Prothyma triumphalis W. Horn

This Therates-\i\te species, known from Tonkin and Macao,

was represented by one example from Yim Na San, East Kwantung,

South China.

ClCINDELA TRIGUTTATA Herbst

Three examples of this common species, from Hainan Island.

Cicindela psilica luchuensis van Nidek, new subspecies

In C. psilica psilica Bates the median white spot is separated

from the margin by a bright blue colored mariginal side line. In

the new subspecies this blue side line is missing and the median

spot reaches the epipleurae; the median white spot is longer and

narrower than in the typical form. The two apical spots are con¬

nected, forming a lunule. The color of the elytra is darker, with

a coppery shine.

Holotype and allotype from Ishigaki, yaeyama jima, Luchu

Islands Japan, May, 1910 collected by V. Kuhner; types deposited

in the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes: 6 (C.A.S.)

topotypical; 6 (Wiener Naturhist. Museum) with locality Yaeyama

Loochoo, v-1909, leg. Sauter. Both Jaerama and Vaeyama are

variant spellings of Yaeyama, in the Ryukyu Islands. Paratypes

in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, Wiener

Naturhist. Museum, Prof. Dr. Karl Mandl, and van Nidek.

Cicindela elisae reducte-lineata W. Horn

Two specimens from Formosa. One, from Rokki, corresponds

fully with W. Horn’s description. The other, from Heito, has the

signature not at all reduced and is much greener.

Cicindela sumatrensis Herbst

Two specimens from Japan. It is remarkable that the examples

from Japan and China I have seen, are much larger than those

from Java and Sumatra. The average length of these two Japanese

specimens is 8.5 mm., of three China specimens 8 mm., and of

the specimens I collected on Java, 6 mm.

Cicindela brevipilosa klapperichi Mandl

This subspecies was described as from Fukien. Prof. Mandl

already mentioned in his description (Mitteilungen der Miinchner

Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 32(1) :87—89. 1952) that specimens

fiom Che-Chiang would also probably belong to his new subspecies.

April, 1957]

VAN NIDEK-CICINDELIDS

101

Among the determinanda were six specimens from Che-Chiang;

Prof. Mandl was so kind as to confirm my identification.

Cicindela discreta celebiana van Nidek, new subspecies

Differs from the nominate form by the signature of the elytra.

This new subspecies has two humeral spots instead of a humeral

lunule, and lacks the apical marginal line.

Holotype from the Island of Celebes, Indonesia ; in my collec¬

tion. Paratypes in the collections of the California Academy of

Sciences, Zool. Museum Hamburg, and in mine.

This subspecies inhabits Celebes and the small islands around

its coasts. According to information from London and Paris, these

markings are quite constant in Celebes specimens, and very rare

in examples from other localities. As I have not seen the latter

specimens myself, it is quite possible that these exceptions refer

to beetles from the small islands near Celebes.

Cicindela icaleea angtjlimaculata Mandl

C. kaleea kaleea Bates is a common Chinese species. The ship¬

ment contained a lot of them, including the subspecies cathaica

Bates and the nice humerula W. Horn from Okinawa. Moreover,

there were four specimens from Formosa which I believed to be

a new subspecies. In correspondence with Prof. Mandl about the

species kaleea and its subspecies, he wrote me that he had just

finished his description of a new subspecies named anguli-maculata,

from Formosa. After having sent him the specimens, he confirmed

them to be identical with his new subpecies and labelled them as

paratypes. These are in the collection of the California Academy

of Sciences and in mine.

Cicindela minuta Olivier

Six specimens from Nan-ning, Kowang-Si, China. This is a

new locality for this species. In contradistinction to C. sumatrensis

Herbst, these examples are not larger than the more southward

specimens. Differences in this species are rare.

Cincidela mastersi Castelnau

Two specimens labelled Fiji. This species inhabits Australia

and New Zealand. In Walther Horn’s “check list” it is not

mentioned for Oceania. I am inclined to doubt the accuracy of

the locality labels on these specimens.

102

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS FOR SOME SPECIES

OF PLEOCOMA

(Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)

E. Gorton Linsley

University of California, Berkeley

The distributional data reported below represent presumably

significant extensions of the known ranges of several species of

Pleocoma. Most of the records are from specimens represented in

the collection of the California Insect Survey, University of Cali¬

fornia, Berkeley.

Pleocoma australis Fall

This species has been reported previously from the San Gabriel

Mountains in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties, Calif.

(Fall, 1911; Davis, 1935; Linsley, 1941), the San Jacinto Moun¬

tains, Riverside County (Linsley, 1941, 1945), and from Hot

Springs Mountain, in northern San Diego County (Moore, 1937;

Linsley, 1941). New records from the Laguna Mountains now

extend the known range to southern San Diego County. These are

as follows: Laguna Mountains, elevation 5400 ft., August 28,

1945, one male excavated from the ground at a depth of one ft.

(W. H. Doetschman) ; and Laguna Mountains, 6.5 mi. N.E. of

Laguna Junction, October 12, 1945, two males, one female, un¬

covered by road construction (W. H. Doetschman).

Pleocoma edwardsi Le Conte

This species has been recorded previously from Yuba and

Nevada Counties. The following are new county records and

northern extensions of the known range: De Sabla, Butte Co.,

Calif., November 9—11, 1954, 11 females and 67 males (D. Black

and F. R. Platt) ; and 2 mi. W. of Forbestown, Butte County,

November 11, 1954, 1 male (F. R. Platt). Mr. Platt is of the

opinion that the larvae of this species normally feed on the roots

of Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga taxi folia and that at the De Sabla

locality they were also attacking the roots of apple trees in an

abandoned orchard.

Pleocoma fimbriata Le Conte

This species has been recorded previously from Nevada, Placer,

and El Dorado Counties (Linsley, 1945). Northern extensions of

the known range are: Kelley Ridge, 6 mi. E. of Oroville, Butte

County, October 23—28, 1951, numerous males taken from an

irrigation flume (F. R. Platt) ; foothills N.E. of Oroville, Butte

April, 1957

LINSLEY-PLEOCOMA

103

County, November 16, 1955, 7 males. (R. 0. Schuster) ; and 1

mi. S. of Lake Wyandotte, Butte County, November 15, 1955, two

males, one female (R. O. Schuster). Southern extensions: Sonora,

Tuolumne County, elev. 1850 ft., October 10, 1945, one male, at

light (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, and Ray F. Smith) ; and

Phoenix Lake, near Sonora, Tuolumne County, October 11, 1945,

one male, trapped in ditch water (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain

and Ray F. Smith).

Mr. Platt states that in Butte County this species occurs in the

foothills at low elevations, P. edwardsi in forested areas at higher

elevations.

Pleocoma htrticollis vandykei Linsley

A specimen submitted for study by A. T. McClay, provides

£ significant extension of the range of this subspecies. The example,

a male, was captured along Cache Creek, near Rumsey, in northern

Yolo County, California, on November 27, 1955, by E. A. Kurtz.

This form has been recorded previously from Sonoma County

(without definite locality) and the Oakland Hills, Alameda County

(Linsley, 1938) ; Eldridge, Sonoma County (Linsley, 1941) ;

Patterson Pass, in eastern Alameda County (Linsley, 1945; Smith

and Potts, 1945; Ritcher, 1947) ; and Lafayette, Contra Costa

County (Linsley, 1945).

P. hirticollis vandykei appears to be limited to the central

Coast Ranges, the nominate subspecies to the Sierra Nevada foot¬

hills (Yuba and Nevada Counties). Smith and Potts (1945) have

recorded the association of vandykei with open, hilly grassland.

Pleocoma hoppingi Fall

Through the kindness of W. W. Middlekauff I have examined

fragments of males of this species taken from three coyote stomachs

collected March 10, 1955, at Dry Meadow, Kern County, California

(NE 14 corner, Sec. 22, T 22S, R 32 E), by Howard R. Leach,

Assistant Game Biologist, Food Habits Laboratory, California

Department of Fish and Game. When the stomach contents were

measured by water displacement, one animal (coll. No. 10,561)

contained 22.8 cc of Pleocoma fragments, another (No. 10,564),

25.0 cc., and the third (No. 10,565) a trace. P. hoppingi has

been recorded previously from feces, presumed to be those of

coyotes, found in the vicinity of Miami Ranger Station, Mariposa

County, California (Linsley, 1942:165, plate 30).

104

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXIII, NO. 2

Literature Cited

Davis, A. C.

1935. A revision of the genus Pleocoma. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sciences,

33(3): 123-130, 34 (1) :4-6, illus.

Fall, H. C.

1911. The tenth Pleocoma. Entomological News, 22:64—66.

Linsley, E. G.

1938. Notes on the habits, distribution, and status of some species of

Pleocoma. Pan-Pacific Ent., 14:49—58, 97—104.

1941. Additional observations and descriptions of some species of

Pleocoma. Pan-Pacific Ent., 17:145—152.

1942. Notes on the habits of some beetles from the vicinity of Yosemite

National Park. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sciences, 41 (3) : 164—166.

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The white grub, magnified 16 times

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Today’s agricultural crops have a

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