Vol. XXXIV JANUARY, 1958 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

MIDDLEKAUFF — Biology and ecology of several species of California

rangeland grasshoppers 1

BECHTEL — Notes on emergence and a parasite of Megachile gentilis

Cresson 12

MEDLER — Four new Scleroracus from the western United States — 13

ALLRED — Mites found on mice of the genus Peromyscus in Utah. IV.

Families Laelaptidae and Phytoseiidae 17

ESSIG — A Formosan aphid, Micromyzus formosanus Takahashi, on

shallots in California — . 33

TIMBERLAKE — Temnosoma, a genus of bees new to the United States.... 34

RYCKMAN & LEE — ^Recent collections of Mallophaga and Anoplura

from southern California 35

MACSWAIN — Longevity of some anthophorid bee larvae... 40

CHEMSAK — Rearing records for some California Cerambycidae 41

CHEMSAK — An attractant for two species of Cerambycidae 42

DUNCAN — A new subspecies of the genus Cicindela 43

NIELSON — An early record of the Khapra beetle in Arizona 44

USINGER — Harzwanzen or “Resin Bugs” in Thailand 52

INSECT PHOTO SALON 16

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE.. 11

PROCEEDINGS, Pacific Coast Entomological Society 45

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1958

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXIV January, 1958 No. 1

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF

CALIFORNIA RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS

(Orthoptera; Acrididae)

Woodrow W, Middlekauff^

University of California, Berkeley

Studies of the biology and ecology of rangeland grasshoppers

have been badly neglected. Much of this neglect can be attributed

to the large areas of grasslands involved and, during the era of

control by scattering poison baits, the expense and difficulty of

control. Westerners have long been aware that grasshoppers on

our rangelands have caused economic loss. Like grasshoppers on

croplands, those on the range do damage that goes beyond the

actual loss of forage. They cut stems and blades, eating only a

part of them; they prevent reseeding; they eat grass closer than

livestock, and when extremely abundant may injure the crown

of the plant so that subsequent growth is retarded; the soil is

exposed to the eroding effects of wind and water and they even

annoy livestock by jumping in their faces when the latter try

to feed.

It was not until the advent of some of the newer insecticides

such as aldrin that we realized just how damaging to the range

the grasshoppers could be. Workers in the U.S.D.A. have estimated

that when grasshopper populations average 6 to 7 per square yard,

which I may say is a light infestation, those on 10 acres can eat

as much grass as one cow. Many of our infestations in California

this past summer were 5 to 10 times this heavy.

As a consequence of the growing awareness of the need for

fundamental studies a cooperative regional project was set up

with workers in Idaho, Montana, Colorado, Wyoming and Cali-

fornia participating. A small sum was allocated to California

last August permitting us to begin active participation.

Our objectives were three fold: (1) to make an intensive

ecological study of a limited rangeland area inhabited by several

of the important rangeland grasshoppers, (2) on the basis of this

ecological study, to analyze and evaluate the roles of the various

^ Presidential address, presented to the Pacific Coast Entomological Society on the occasion

of its annual December meeting.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

ecological factors (natural enemies, weather, microclimates, vege-

tation, soil, etc.) in the population dynamics of rangeland grass-

hoppers in this limited area, (3) to use this information in helping

to better understand population dynamics of range grasshoppers,

to predict grasshopper damage to rangelands,, and to develop

more effective and intelligent control measures.

Study areas were selected at the Hopland Range Experiment

Station; a foothill area north of Oroville; and a foothill area in

the Patterson Pass area of the Livermore hills.

These areas were visited at frequent intervals this past season,

field studies and collections were made and this address today is

based in part upon these studies.

Much information on species, sex, age composition, parasitism,

etc. remain to be secured from the specimens still preserved in

alcohol.

A check list of grasshopper species based on a list made by Dr.

H. F. Strohecker shows that there are some 187 species in 58 genera

occurring in California. At least 50 per cent of these could be

classified as rangeland species, those species which normally feed

on grasslands and seldom, unless in outbreaks, invade cultivated

areas.

In any given area of rangeland it is normal to have a number

of different species in close competition with one another. Crop-

land species, on the other hand, are only infrequently found

competing with several other species.

In all three study areas eight or more species could be found,

but the following four were predominant: Melanoplus devastator,

the devastating grasshopper; Camnulu pellucida, the clearwinged

grasshopper; Oedaleonotus enigma, the valley grasshopper and

Dissosteira spurcata, which has no common name. The following

remarks are based upon these four species.

Melanoplus devctstator is our most widespread rangeland

species and except for localized populations of other species is also

most abundant. It is found on the semiarid rangelands in Cali-

fornia from Siskiyou county in the north to San Diego county

in the south, at elevations from near sea level to over 5,000 feet.

It is especially abundant in the oak-grassland plant associations

of the Upper and Lower Sonoran life zones where clovers, filaree

and annual grasses are dominant.

Outside of California it is recorded from Arizona, Nevada,

Utah, Oregon and Washington.

January, 1957] middlekauff — grasshoppers

In its nymphal stages this species inhabits much of the range

and feeds on the legumes, filaree, bromes and hordeums as long

as they remain succulent. When these plants become mature in

late May and June the grasshoppers leave the higher parts of the

range and congregate in great numbers in swales along road-

sides or areas where drought resistant plants such as tarweed,

Hemizonia virgata; buckthorn weed, Amsinckia douglasiana;

bluecurls, Trichostema lanceolatum ; milkthistle, Silybum mari-

anum; wild buckwheat, Eriogonum spp. and yellow star thistle,

Centaurea solstitialis can be found. Although they may only feed

sparingly upon these latter plants they find them useful as roosting

places on which to escape from the high soil-surface temperatures,

which often reach or exceed 130°F during the summer.

The nymphs of the devastating grasshopper usually migrate

downhill toward more succulent green vegetation, following

ravines and lower land toward cultivated crops, often migrating

five miles or more during this stage. Heavy movements of nymphs

and some adults were taking place this past year by June 13 in

the Oroville and Livermore areas as well as in other areas of the

state. Grass was dry and shedding seed on hillsides at this date

but swales were still green.

The direction of movement is determined by the slope of the

land and not by wind direction. Hoppers move downhill with or

against prevailing winds as shown by numerous observations

made in the study areas. This results in heavy concentrations at

the foot of the hills and canyon bottoms.

By the second week in July the species has largely reached

the adult stage. The adults are strong fliers and may migrate in

thick swarms fifteen or more miles in a single day. Adult move-

ments are less predictable and may be delayed until quite late in

the season. For example between July 25 and August 8 a spec-

tacular movement of adult M. devastator from the Hopland study

area took place. On the latter date it was difficult to collect several

dozen adult specimens in an area where they had been extremely

numerous less than two weeks previously.

This species is reported by Wilson (1947) to fail to reproduce

outside the normal habitat. A residual population, however,

remains in the foothills and constitutes the breeding population.

A survey in late November in the Livermore hills revealed no

M. devastator in low areas. Not until we checked halfway up the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

Patterson Pass road at an elevation of about 800 feet did we start

to encounter devastator. Adults were more common on the warmer

south and east slopes near the ridge tops.

Dissections have shown that, unlike many of our other economic

species that begin to oviposit within ten days after reaching the

adult stage, M. devastator has a preoviposition period ranging

from three to five and a half months, during which no ovarian

development or copulation takes place. The breaking of this

arrested development apparently is dependent upon the onset of

the first fall rains with the concomitant appearance of green

grass.

During a five-year period (1951—1956) weather data from

Hopland has shown that the earliest date for the first fall rain of

0.5 inch was August 25 and the latest was November 13. Thus

oviposition of devastator does not usually begin before September,

and under conditions of prolonged delay of fall rains may not

start until mid-November or even later. Eggs of this species were

found in the Oroville area on October 5, 1956 at which time

new grass was 1^ inches in height following 0.85 inch of rain.

The eggs were on a south facing slope about three inches from the

base of a small rock. Fifteen additional areas were examined but

no more pods could be found at this date. A survey on November

24, 1957 in the Livermore hills failed to reveal egg pods of this

species, however, many were found December 30 in the hills behind

Mission San Jose, California.

The egg pods are not laid at random, but are deposited in

restricted locations on well-drained hillocks, ridges, banks of

ravines and slopes protected from prevailing winds where soil is

gravelly or poor. Within these areas a relatively small area may

contain many egg pods, with only a few in the surrounding soil.

Many pods are deposited in association with the basal growth

of such plants as Russian thistle, milkweed, mustard, tarweeds and

others. Some are laid in the soil at the edge or even under rocks

if a crevice is present. Still others are laid in the matted roots of

filaree or in small, well-drained bare spots.

The eggs begin hatching approximately ten days later in the

spring than do those of most other economic species in the same

area. This is probably due to the lateness in time of oviposition

and in total cumulative heat units following oviposition. The

minimum effective temperature for egg development of related

species is approximately 60 °F.

January, 1957] middlekauff — grasshoppers

The hatching period, lasting from late April to late July, ranges

from 50—103 days, and is thus much longer than that of other

economic species in the same area. In most years it is at least

twice as long as that of Camnula pellucida or Oedaleonotus enigma.

Many nymphs of M. devastator may still be present when associ-

ated species are at their peak of oviposition.

The longevity of adults varies markedly and is dependent on

climatic conditions. Winters having relatively high temperatures,

with sufficient moisture to produce ample food, increase the length

of life. Adults have been reported as late as mid-February. The

late season adults become very dark, almost lead colored.

Camnula pellucida occurs very abundantly in California and

in many localized areas, especially where grasses are more luxuri-

ant, may outnumber M. devastator. This species is found in grass-

lands of mountain meadows, foothills and valleys throughout

cismontane California to elevations exceeding 7,000 feet. Outside

our boundaries it is found in the northern tier of states into

adjacent Canada and in all the states lying west of the 100th

meridian. It is primarily a grass feeder but when in outbreak

numbers is very destructive to other types of vegetation such as

small grains.

Oviposition usually begins the latter part of July and continues

through August. Adults were found copulating July 17 at Oroville

this past season. This species differs from other California grass-

hoppers in that it has definite oviposition areas and according to

Wilson (1936) goes back and forth between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m.

between these areas and the feeding grounds. These oviposition

sites are usually on uncultivated grassy knolls and are small in

area and well defined. Those studied by Wilson at Tulelake varied

from 2 to 20 acres in size. Males attend the ovipositing females

and may greatly outnumber the females.

The eggs hatch from early May to the latter part of June.

C. pellucida is migratory in habit both in the immature as

well as the adult stages. In some areas it is called the warrior

grasshopper because the nymphs march in bands from one field

to another.

Oedaleonotus enigma ranges throughout the Pacific Coast,

having been reported from California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho,

Nevada and Arizona. Its distribution in California is similar to

that of M. devastator though populations have been more localized.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

It reaches its greatest abundance along the eastern foothills of the

Coast Ranges.

0. enigma is typically a grassland-foothill species. Eggs are

laid from July to October. Hatching occurs in early April usually

two to three weeks earlier than devastator. Egg laying habitats

include rolling foothills, valley slopes and uncultivated gravelly

flat land with sparse vegetation. Favored egg-laying spots include

around and under rocks, under cover of turkey mullein or adjacent

to the basal growth of such weeds as thistles, milkweed, poverty

weed and saltbush.

Numerous characteristic egg pods were found in the Oroville

area during a survey in early October. Small hummocks only

several feet above the general ground level were favored and here

between or beside small stones, and especially beneath turkey

mullein, oviposition took place.

Only the brachypterous adults have been encountered in the

Livermore, Oroville and Hopland areas. The long winged form

has been reported from other areas in California.

Dissosteira spurcata occurs in the rangeland areas of California

from Tehama County in the north to San Diego in the south and

was present in fair numbers at all three study areas. It is also

reported from Utah and Nevada. Little is known about its biology

so the following observations will be of interest.

Beginning in early July the males of this species engage in

mating flights. A single male can be seen to jump into the air a

foot or two above a patch of flattened grass or bare spot. The

flight is noiseless for about 5—8 seconds then with a slower wing-

beat and the abdomen pointed almost downward he begins to

make a characteristic buzzing song which lasts about 20 seconds

but may continue for 35. The male then abruptly drops to the

ground and makes three or four raspng noises by sharply raising

the hind legs and rubbing them against the tegmina. A female or

two is usually on the ground beneath the singing male. Males were

readily collected by approaching with 15 to 20 feet while they

were engaged in the nuptial flight and then scooping them up

with an insect net in a quick dash. Mating was not observed.

This past season witnessed one of the heaviest rangeland grass-

hopper outbreaks since the spectacular one in 1949. Grasshoppers

were extremely abundant in the ranges around the Central Valley

and caused considerable damage. Melanoplus devastator was the

January, 1957] middlekauff — grasshoppers

predominant species. It was necessary to treat thousands of acres

of rangeland to prevent serious damage to adjacent croplands.

The severity of the grasshopper outbreak can be explained

to a certain extent by climatological data for 1956—57. At Hopland,

3.03 inches of rain fell in October and permitted females of M.

devastator to oviposit over a long period of warm, relatively dry

weather in November and December with a total precipitation of

less than one inch during the latter two months. Moderate rains

totaling 29.4 inches fell during the rainy season permitting good

grass growth. Maximum daily temperatures remained below 60°F

until the latter part of March. Moderate rains during March, April

and May with relatively cool weather held back the egg hatch.

During the late May early June hatching period no rain fell to

harm the nymphs or permit a disease outbreak.

During the heavy movement out of the Livermore hills the

country took on a desolate appearance due to defoliation of many

trees, shrubs and grasses. The following is a list of some of the

plants heavily fed upon; apricot, fig, privet, Genista, Pyracantha,

Cydonia, Cotoneaster, cottonwood, Buddleia, Persian walnut,

Baccharis, elderberry, pepper, poison oak, willow, gum weed,

mullein, grape, juniper and most of the legumes and grasses.

Perhaps the most notable were the few plants not attacked such

as Rohinia, to 3 mn, Acacia, Lombardy poplar and elm. These were

only lightly fed upon.

Temperature plays an important role in regulating many

activities of grasshoppers. A number of observations were made

this past season and more extensive ones with the aid of our new

mobile laboratory are planned for the future.

Hoppers are quite sluggish when the ground temperature is

around 60°F. and can easily be picked up by hand. If they do

jump at this temperature they seem unable to do so a second time

and can then be captured. Above 70°F. they become quite active

and can only be caught then with the aid of a net.

During the heat of the day when ground temperatures in full

sun exceeded 110°F. the grasshoppers concentrate in the more

grassy areas and around clumps of taller vegetation, such as

Harding grass clumps. As temperatures continue to rise the grass-

hoppers discontinue activity and seek shady spots or climb up

grass or weed stems and remain there until late afternoon.

Temperature readings taken at Hopland on 24 July showed the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

ground temperature to be 131°F. at 2:30 p.m. At this time few

hoppers could be found on the ground. Most of them were cling-

ing to grass stems several inches to one foot above ground. Air

temperatures taken at the same time as the ground temperatures,

showed it to he 29 degrees cooler one foot above the ground.

Similar readings beneath the shade of an adjacent oak, where

hoppers were numerous showed a ground temperature of 91 °F.

and only one degree cooler one foot above ground. No hoppers

were clinging to vegetation beneath the oak at these temperatures.

After nightfall the ground temperatures are usually warmer

than air temperatures, for example at 9:30 p.m. on 24th of July

at Hopland the ground temperature was 76 °F. while the air

temperature was four degrees cooler. As the night progressed the

hoppers gradually descended the grass stems and by the following

dawn had burrowed into the grass clumps. The ground temper-

ature at 7:15 a.m. was 57 °F. while the air temperature was 56.

No activity took place at these temperatures.

The commonly accepted technique for determining adult popu-

laitons by estimating the number of individuals on a number of

estimated square foot samples, leaves much to be desired. Adults

tend to fly, in many instances while beyond the range of human

visual acuity. There is a moving wave of adults preceding the

counter. In addition the eye tends to be attracted to a moving

object and thus there is a tendency to pick out those square foot

areas where hoppers are present and moving and avoiding the

areas where none are present. All of these factors tend to give

an incorrect estimate of the population.

Several of these difficulties can be overcome by counting adults

at night. A wire screened wooden frame, one foot square was

constructed. Several nails projecting from the bottom edge pre-

vented it from skidding or rocking. After darkness had fallen and

the hoppers had ceased activity the frame was thrown at random

in an area where hoppers had been most numerous during the

day. Atomized lighter fluid or an aerosol insecticide was then

used to agitate the hoppers enclosed beneath the wire mesh which

were then counted with the aid of a flashlight. In several areas

where these counts were made the cage sample showed far fewer

adults than were estimated during the day.

Grasshoppers have many natural enemies. Without the effects

of parasites, predators, diseases and adverse climatic factors.

January, 1957] MIDDLEKAUFF GRASSHOPPERS

grasshoppers would be much more abundant and outbreaks would

be more frequent and severe. Some affect the eggs while others

affect the immature and adult stages. Among the more effective

enemies in California are Bombyliidae, Meloidae, Sarcophagidae,

spiders, rodents and other mammals, birds and diseases. Parker

and Wakeland (1957) report that rangeland species suffer far

less from egg pod predators than do those species in croplands.

The fact that most species of rangeland grasshoppers scatter their

egg pods more widely than species of crop grasshoppers, makes

it more difficult for predators to find them and may be one reason

for the lower percentage of egg pods destroyed in grasslands. The

above authors also found predatism to be always highest during

those years of greatest egg pod numbers. Another possible ex-

planation of the higher predatism in cropped areas is the fact

that Bombyliidae adults frequently gather in large numbers to

feed on the blooms of annual plants growing on disturbed ground

along fence rows and roadsides and numerous Meloids feed on

legumes such as alfalfa, Melilotus and composits such as

Hemizonia.

Wilson (1936) studying Camnula pellucida in the Tulelake

area of California in 1928 found a Bombyliid, Aphoebantus

hirsutus, to attack up to 62 per cent of the egg pods of this grass-

hopper and in spots to completely eliminate the threat of an

outbreak. I have found, as yet unidentified, Bombyliidae larvae on

the egg pods of 0. enigma at Oroville, but only in very small

numbers.

According to MacSwain (1956) the known life cycles of the

meloid subfamily Lyttinae, which includes Epicauta, indicate that

females lay eggs in excavations in the soil. However, observations

made in the Oroville area would indicate that this habit does not

hold true for all members of the genus. A number of adult meloids

were collected feeding upon the flowers of Hemizonia, a tarweed.

These were identified by Werner as mostly Epicauta puncticollis

with several E. californica also present. These are very common

and widespread species in California. According to MacSwain

nothing is known about the life cycle of puncticollis. Parker and

Wakeland (1957) list it as the only meloid egg pod predator

known in California. The area where these meloids were found

was heavily infested with M. devastator. On October 4, 1956

numerous meloid eggs were found on the under surface of a rock

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

and on the soil beneath. The rock was not resting flat on the ground

but was somewhat concave permitting adult beetles to crawl

beneath and oviposit.

At least 13 distinct egg masses were found with one mass con-

taining 150 eggs. A total of about 1,500 eggs were present in all

stages of development. Some triungulin larvae were hatching at

this date and were running rapidly over the surface of the rock.

They continued to hatch until October 25th when approximately

1,000 larvae had been collected and preserved in alcohol. Dr.

MacSwain identified the larvae as mostly E. puncticollis with

some E. californica present. Dr. Hurd collected eggs of E. cali-

fornica in the Patterson Pass area of Alameda county in November,

1948 and larvae emerged 26 days later. Thus the incubation

period is between 21 and 26 days, with the larvae overwintering.

On July 25, 1957, at Hopland in an area of sparse vegetation

with sandy soil, a female Tachjsphex tarsatus Say (det. R. M.

Bohart) was observed to attack and subdue a second instar nymph

of an oedipodine grasshopper. She pounced upon the nymph which

was nearly her size, clinging tenaciously to it while they both

struggled on the ground. The grasshopper fighting for its life,

the female TcDchysphex for food for her future offspring. The

wasp quickly stung the nymph under the thorax and the hopper

immediately gave up the struggle. She paused briefly, placed

herself astride the victim, grasped its head with her mouthparts

and the abdomen with her hind legs and proceeded to drag the

victim over the ground in short flying hops. She was captured

during her journey.

Williams (1913) made some careful observations on this

species in Kansas and reported that the nest is made in sandy

soil, about one and one-half inches long, terminating not quite

an inch below the surface of the ground. The tunnel, which is

dug before the hunt begins, is left open while the female is

sarching for young grasshoppers. It is of comparatively large

bore, slightly inclined, and not more than two inches long. As a

rule a single nymphal grasshopper suffices for one wasp larva.

Williams reported never having seen a nest with more than two

hoppers per nest. The female lays an egg on the ventral part of

the hopper’s thorax and then closes the burrow with the loose soil

at the entrance. She then leaves, presumably to repeat the process

again and again.

January, 1958] zoological nomenclature

References Cited

MacSwain, J. W.

1956. A classification of the first instar larvae of the Meloidae. Univ.

Calif. Pub. in Ent. vol. 12:1—182, 29 pi.

Parker, J. R. and Claude Wakeland

1957. Grasshopper egg pods destroyed by larvae of bee flies, blister

beetles and ground beetles. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull, 1165.

Williams, F. X.

1913. Monograph of the Larridae of Kansas. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull.

8:119-213.

Wilson, C. C.

1936. Notes on the warrior grasshopper Camnula pellucida and its egg

parasite Aphoehantus hirsutus. Coq. in Northern California,

1928-29. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29(2) : 413-416.

1947. Control of the devastating grasshopper in California. Bull. Calif.

State Dept. Agric. 36(3) : 97— 102.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE; NOTICE OF PROPOSED

USE OF THE PLENARY POWERS IN CERTAIN CASES FOR

THE AVOIDANCE OF CONFUSION AND THE VALIDATION

OF CURRENT NOMEN CLATORIAL PRACTICE. (A(n.s.)40)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the Inter-

national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary

Powers is involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned

names included in Double Part 10/11 of Volume 13 and Part 1

of Volume 16 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature which

will be published on 30th December, 1957.

(a) Application in Part 1 of Volume 16

(1) Calandra (Calendra) Clairville & Schellenberg, 1798, suppression

of, in favor of Sphenophorus and Sitophilus, both Schoenherr, 1838,

respectively, in interests of universality of nomenclature; abhreviatus

Eabricius, 1787 (Curculio) and oryzae, emendation to, of oryza

Linnaeus, 1783 (Curculio) , validation of (Class Insecta, Order

Coleoptera) (Z.N.(S.)255) .

The present Notice is given in pursuance of the decisions

taken on the recommendation of the International Commission

on Zoological Nomenclature, by the Thirteenth International

Congress of Zoology, Paris, July 1948 (see Bull. Zool. Nomencl.

4:51-56, 57-59; ibid. 5:5-13, 131).

Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

foregoing applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secre-

tary to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village

East, Regent’s Park, London N.W. 1, England) as soon as possible.

Every such comment should be clearly marked with the Commis-

sion’s File Number as given in the present Notice, and sent in

duplicate . — Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

NOTES ON EMERGENCE AND A PARASITE OF

MEGACHILE GENTILIS CRESSON

( Hymenoptera : Megachilidae)

Robert C. Bechtel

University of California, Davis

Several nests of Megachile (Litomegachile) gentilis Cresson

were collected from the stems of blue elderberry, Sam bucM-5 coerulea

Rafinesque, at Davis, California, in January of 1954 and 1955,

by the writer. The nests were placed in cages near the collection

site, thus allowing the specimens to emerge under field conditions.

Five male specimens of M. gentilis emerged from five cells of

an eight cell series on May 8 to May 11, 1954. Three male

specimens of Coelioxys novomexicana Cockerell were reared from

three of these cells on May 4 to May 6, 1954.

In 1955, four different cell series were obtained. Seven male

specimens of M. gentilis emerged from two of these series on

May 10 to May 15, while eleven female specimens emerged from

all four series on May 10 to May 16, 1955. Two specimens, one

male and one female, of C. novomexicana were reared from two

of the cell series. The male emerged May 5 and the female May 7,

1955.

Michener’^ listed no host of C. novomexicana. Therefore, this

host-parasite relationship constitutes the first known record of

a host, M. gentilis, of C. novomexicana. I am indebted to T. B.

Mitchell for identification of the bees.

’ Micliener, C. D., 1951. Family Megachilidae. In Muesebeck, C. F. W., et al., Hymenoptera

i)f America north of Mexico, synoptic catalog. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monog. no. 2, pp. 1136-

1186. (p. 1185).

January, 1958]

MEDLER SCLERORACUS

FOUR NEW SCLERORACUS FROM THE WESTERN

UNITED STATES

(Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

J. T. Medler

University of Wisconsin, Madison

The determination of certain species in the genus Scleroracus

Van Duzee (= Ophiola auctt.) is difficult, and particularly

troublesome are forms previously known as striatulus Fallen. A

study of the internal male genitalia has shown that striatulus

Fallen is European, and that several undescribed species are

represented in North America. The complex was previously

restricted by Ball (1928, Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 23:190) who

described osborni, and Oman (1947, Iowa State Jour. Sci., 21:206)

who illustrated the internal male genitalia of vaccinii Van Duzee.

Three of the new species described at this time are in the striatulus

auctt. complex and have distribution in western North America.

Scleroracus balli Medler, new species

Similar to osborni (Ball) in size, shape of the crown, and

broad appearance; but much darker in color, with different leg

markings and distinctive internal male genitalia. Length: male

4.0 mm., female 4.5 mm. Width of head across the eyes: male

1.3 mm., female 1.5 mm. Crown obtusely angular, one and one-third

longer at middle than against the eye, about half as long as the

pronotum.

Color: Dark brown in general appearance. Crown, pronotum and

scutellum with very dark brown markings, somewhat diffused on pronotum

except on anterior margin. Crown with well-defined transverse bands, the

bands between eyes connected at middle. Forewing subhyaline, veins broadly

margined with fuscous, inner apical cells entirely dusky, outer apical cell

not entirely darkened. First cross vein appearing to he broadly white because

of fuscous edging. Legs testaceous, heavily marked with brown-black, the

fore and middle femora with light bands near middle and at apex, tibiae

dark; hind femora dark basally, testaceous apically, except for a narrow

dark band just at apex. Genitalia: Aedeagus as illustrated in figure 1, the

spine on shoulder resembling that of corniculus (Marshall). Female stemite

VII slightly emarginate at middle, lateral margins angled, broadly darkened

with fuscous on the posterior margin.

Holotype male dnd allotype female: Estes Park, Colorado,

July 18, 1935 (Oman) . Paratypes: 6cf cT, 5 $ 9? Estes Park, Colo.,

July 18, 1935 (Oman); IcT, 2 99, Pingree Park, Colo., August

22, 1931 (R. H. Beamer) ; Id", 19, Anaconda, Mont., August

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

12, 1931 (R. H. Reamer); Icf, 2^9? Walden, Colo., August 20,

1931 (R. H. Reamer).

Holotype, allotype, and paratypes in the United States National

Museum, paratypes in the Kansas University Museum.

This species has been described from the dark forms, but the

color is variable. Pale specimens have the lines on the crown

faded, infuscation of the forewing reduced, and markings on the

legs lost. The band posterior to the ocelli usually remains distinct.

The distribution of balli is predominantly at higher elevations

of the Rocky Mountain Region. In addition to the types one

hundred and twenty-five specimens in the Kansas University

collection have been examined from Colorado (Sloss, Walden,

Muddy Pass, Pingree Park), Montana (Anaconda) and Manitoba

(Red Deer River, Maf eking. Swan River, Deepdale). The species

is named in memory of E. D. Rail.

Scleroracus myralis Medler, new species

Resembles oshorni (Rail) in size, and shape of crown, but

without the distinctive leg markings of that species. Length: male

4.0 mm., female 4.6 mm. Width of head across the eyes: male

1.2 mm., female 1.6 mm. Crown obtusely angular, slightly longer

at middle than against the eye, two-thirds as long as the pronotum.

Color: Light tan or ochreous in general appearance. Crown with brown

transverse markings faded, but the typical pattern distinguishable, band

posterior to ocelli distinct. Pronotum and scutellum without distinct brown

markings. Forewing with varnished texture, hyaline, the veins distinct,

narrowly edged with fuscous. Legs light tan, devoid of brown markings.

Genitalia: Aedeagus as illustrated in Figure 2. Female sternite VIII very

slightly produced at middle, sharply angled at sides.

Holotype male and allotype female: Snyderville, Utah, July

16, 1935 (Oman). Paratypes: 2cf'J', 1$?, Colo. 2009, Id'

Colo. 2158, 2(d cf? Colo. 1581; 1 9, Snyderville, Utah; 1 Altus,

Utah, 30 July, 1911; 1 $, IcT, Yellowstone Park, Wyo., July 20—

25, 1920 (AAN).

Holotype, allotype, and paratypes in the United States National

Museum. Paratypes in the Minnesota University Museum.

The type is light in color and had faded markings, but the

species has darker forms with distinct dark-brown markings on

the crown, thorax and scutellum.

In the dark forms the anterior and middle femora are banded

with dark brown at base and before the apex but the posterior

femora remain ochreous. The uniformly narrow fuscous edging

January, 1958]

MEDLER — SCLERORACUS

of the wing veins gives this species a somewhat distinctive appear-

ance in either the pale or dark form.

Scleroracus taramus Medler, new species

Similar to osborni (Ball) in the obtusely angled shape of the

crown, but with different leg markings, a more contrasting pattern

of the forewing, and distinctive internal male genitalia. Length:

male 4.5 mm., female 5.0 mm. Width of head across the eyes:

male 1.3 mm., female 1.5 mm.

Color: Crown, pronotum and scutellum with distinct fuscous spots and

lines, the transverse markings on the crown in characteristic pattern, the

posterior and middle bands connected to each other at center and near eyes.

Forewing whitish subhyaline, cells and veins outlined distincly with fuscous,

inner apical cell smoky. Fore and middle femora twice-banded with fuscous,

hind femora unicolorous tawny. Genitalia: Aedeagus as illustrated in Figure

3, Female sternite VII slightly sinuate on posterior margin, the lateral angles

acute ; the posterior margin marked with brown.

Holotype male and allotype female: Richfield, Utah, July

15, 1930 (light trap). Paratypes: 1$, Richfield, Utah, July 15,

1930 (light trap) ; 1 Ft. Collins, Colo., July 19, 1936 (Oman) ;

IcT, Little Beaver Cr., Colo., July 11, 1937 (R. H. Beamer) ; 1

Dolores, Colo., August 2, 1900; 1 $, Salida, Colo., July 24, 1900;

Icf, 1?, Macedonia, Colo., July 1, 1931 (R. H. Beamer); Icf,

1 $, Jemez Springs, N.M., July 15, 1919.

Explanation of Figures

Caudal and lateral views of aedeagus: Fig. 1, Scleroracus halli; Fig. 2,

S. myralis; Fig. 3, S. taramus; Fig. 4, S. beameri.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

Holotype, allotype, and paratypes in the United States Na-

tional Museum, paratypes in the Kansas University Museum and

DeLong collection.

Scleroracus beameri Medler, new species

Resembling shastus (Ball) in the angled shape of the crown;

hut darker, and with distinctive internal male genitalia. Length:

male 4.2 mm., female 4.8 mm. Width of head across the eyes:

male 1..1 mm., female 1.5 mm.

Color: Species dark brown in general appearance. Crown, prcnotum and

scutellum ochreous. Crown distincdy marked with black or dark-brown

transverse lines in the pattern characteristic of the genus. Ocelli red. Pro-

notum with extensive irregular dark markings, anterior margin not marked

at middle. Scutellum darkly marked at lateral and posterior angles. Forewing

whitish subhyaline, veins distincly whitish, outlined by dark brown, first

cross vein and apices of claval veins at commissure broadly white. Fore and

mid-femora twice-handed with fuscous, hind femora infuscated. Genitalia:

Aedeagus as illustrated in Figure 4. Female sternite VII broadly excavated,

lateral angles acute, middle part of entire segment dark brown, posterior

margin more widely brown.

Holotype male and allotype female: Hecita, Oregon, July

11, 1935 (R. H. Beamer). Paratypes: ITcTcf, ^ ? ?5 Hecita,

Oregon, July 11, 1935 (R. H. Beamer) ; 2 $ $, Florence, Oregon,

July 11, 1935 (R. H. Beamer) ; 1 Rochester, Washington, July

22, 1931 (R. H. Beamer) ; 1 $, Ft. Lewis, Washington, July 5,

1935 (Oman).

Holotype, allotype, and paratypes in the Kansas University

collection, paratypes in the United States National Museum.

I take pleasure in dedicating this species to R. H. Beamer,

who for many years was curator of the Snow Collection at Kansas

University, and was an indefatigable collector of leafhoppers.

INSECT PHOTO SALON

At its annual meeting on June 25—27, 1958, the Pacific Branch

of the Entomological Society of America will hold its third annual

Insect Photo Salon at the El Cortez Hotel in San Diego, Calif. All

persons, professional or amateur, are invited to submit photo-

graphs of insects, spiders, and related arthropods for exhibit at

this Salon. All requests for entry blanks and information as

to entries should be addressed to: Dr. Leland R. Brown, Co-

chairman, Insect Photo Salon Committee, Department of Ento-

mology, University of California, 300 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles

24, Calif.

January, 1958] allred — peromyscus mites

MITES FOUND ON MICE OF THE GENUS PEROMYSCUS IN

UTAH. IV. FAMILIES LAELAPTIDAE AND PHYTOSEHDAE^

( Acarina)

Dorald M. Allred

Brigham Young University

In three previous papers (Allred, 1956a, 1956b, and unpub-

lished manuscript), the author discussed the general mite

infestation of five species of white-footed mice in Utah, Peromyscus

boylii, P. crinitus, P. eremicus, P. maniculatus, and P. truei, and

the species of mites of the families Haemogamasidae and Der-

manyssidae found on these mice over a five-year period. This paper

is a continuation of the results of that study.

LAELAPTIDAE

Eubrachylaelaps circularis (Ewing), 1933

(Plate II, Figs. 36, 40, 41, 45, 47, 49; Plate VI)

Ewing (1933) described E. circularis from two females taken

from two specimens of Peromyscus truei collected at Salina, Sevier

County, Utah, by J. S. Stanford in November and December,

1928. When compared with Ewing’s description of the type and

with notes by Jameson (1950, 1951), mites that were collected

recently in Utah differ very little.

This species occurs frequently on mice of several species of

Peromyscus. Jameson (1950) listed P. truei, P. boylii, and P.

hylocetes as known hosts. In addition to the type locality of this

species in Utah, Keegan (1953) has record of one female taken

from P. truei. These mites probably are state-wide in distri-

bution. They are known to occur in Utah at elevations from about

2250 to 6250 feet in all of the life zones from the Lower Sonoran

to the Canadian. They were collected most frequently in the Upper

Sonoran and Transition life zones.

A total of 392 female mites of this species was taken from 71

mice. The mites were collected every month, although those in

the southern part of Utah were found only during the period from

April to September. The largest numbers were collected in April,

June, and July.

Mites of this species possess an ovoviviparous type of repro-

^ Part IV of an abstract from a thesis for the PhD degree. University of Utah, June, 1954.

This work supported (in part) by a research grant awarded to the Brigham Young University

by the Microbiological Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health

Service.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

duction. There is only one egg produced at a time. The egg is

relatively large and occupies almost one-half the space of the

idiosoma. It develops into a six-legged larva within the body of

the female. Each of 236 gravid females that was collected con-

tained one egg or larva. Gravid mites were found every month

except October and December. Apparently mites of this species

reproduce throughout the year in Utah.

In 22 collections of mice that were infested by E. circularis,

this was the only mite found on its host. In the remaining collec-

tions, this species was associated with the following species

the numbers of times indicated: H aemolaelaps glasgowi, 19; H.

megaventralis, 1; Eubrachylaelaps dehilis, 3; Bryobia praetensis,

1 ; Euschongastia criceticola, 1 ; Ischyropoda armatus, 1 ; Orni-

thoiiyssus bacoti, 3; Dermanyssus becki, 1; Hirstionyssus sp., 5;

Ornithonyssus sp., 1; Listrophorus sp., 1; Hermannia sp., 1;

Euhaemogamasus sp., 1; Trombiculinae sp., 1; Laelaptidae sp.,

1 ; Trombidiidae sp., 1.

Table 1. — Species and percentages of mice infested by mites of the

species Eubrachylaelaps circularis, 1948—1953.

No. Mice

Collected

% Mice

Infested

No. Mites

Collected

Ave. No. Mites Per

Infested Mouse

P. boylii

0.5

145

7.4

/'. crinitus

3.0

17.5

P. eremicus

201

7.0

4.5

P. maniculatus

2907

0.6

4.7

P. truei

50.8

2.3

Eubrachylaelaps debilis Jameson, 1950

(Plate II, Figs. 37, 42, 43, 46, 48; Plate VI)

Jameson (1950) described this species from 21 females taken

from Peromyscus maniculatus from California in February and

July, 1949. Specimens taken in this study in Utah agree with the

description of the type.

This species was reported from California and Oregon by

Jameson {op. cit.) . Keegan (1953) reported records from Pero-

myscus maniculatus and P. crinitus collected in Utah in October

and November, 1951. This species is state-wide in distribution.

It is known to occur at elevations between 2250 and 10,000 feet

in all of the life zones from the Lower Sonoran to the Hudsonian,

although it was collected most frequently in the Upper Sonoran

and Transition life zones.

These mites were collected during the period from February

January, 1958] allred — peromyscus mites

Haemolaelaps glasgowi: fig. 1, sternal plate of female; figs 2-4, 6—8, 26,

arrangement of ventral setae and plates of female; fig. 5, tectum of deuto-

nymph; figs. 9, 10, pilus dentilis of protonymph; figs. 11—16, 18—21, pilus

dentilis of female; fig. 17, pilus dentilis of nymph; fig. 22, pilus dentilis of

deutonymph ; fig. 23, anal plate of deutonymph ; fig. 24, sternal plate of

deutonymph ; fig. 25, sternal plate of protonymph ; fig. 26, ventral view of

female; fig. 27, right peritreme of female; fig. 28, ventral view of right

cornicula of deutonymph; fig. 29, anal plate of female; fig. 30, dorsal plate

of female; fig. 31, tritosternum of female; fig. 32, hypopharynx (labium of

Strandtmann) of deutonymph; fig. 33, hypopharynx of female; fig. 34, lateral

view of chelicera of female.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

to October, the largest numbers being found in May and June.

Those mites that were collected in western Utah south of the 38th

parallel and in eastern Utah in the Colorado River Basin were

found only during the period from April to July. Those north

of the 38th parallel were found only during the - period from

February to October.

Mites of this species have an ovoviviparous type of repro-

duction. One mounted female was observed wherein a six-legged

larva was about half-way out of the genital opening. Each of 499

females collected over a nine-month period contained one egg or

larva; apparently mites of this species also produce one egg at a

time.

Twenty-eight of the 111 times that it was collected, E. dehilis

was the only mite found on its host. At other times, it was associ-

ated with the following species the numbers of times indicated:

Eubrachylaelaps circularis, 3; E. hollisteri, 1; Hirstionyssus spp.,

17; Haemolaelaps glasgowi, 46; H. megaventralis, 3; Euschon-

gastia criceticola, 2 ; Ornithonyssus bacoti, 3 ; Shunsennia ochotona,

1 ; Radfordia lemnina, 1 ; Euhaemogamasus spp., 7 ; Dermanyssus

becki, 1; Hypoaspis gurabensis, 1; Trombicula myotis, 2; Ischyro-

poda armatus, 3; Euldelaps sp., 1; Phytoseiidae sp., 3; Laelaptidae

sp., 3; Parasitidae sp., 3; Gamasolaelaptidae sp., 1; Ascaidae

sp., 1; Eremaeidae sp., 2; Pachylaelaptidae sp., 2.

Table 2. — Species and percentages of mice infested by mites of the

species Eubrachylaelaps debilis, 1948—1953.

No. Mice

Collected

% Mice

Infested

No. Mites

Collected

Ave. No. Mites Per

Infested Mouse

P. crinitus

1.5

2.0

P. eremicus

201

1.0

P. maniculatus

2907

3.7

623

5.8

P. truei

1.7

10.0

Eubrachylaelaps hollisteri (Ewing), 1925

(Plate II, Figs. 35, 38, 39, 44, 50; Plate V)

Ewing’s (1925) description of Eubrachylaelaps hollisteri is

very general and lacks illustrations. This species should be re-

described once sufficient specimens have been collected from a

broader geographic range. Ewing’s type specimens were taken

from caged mice of the species Peromyscus californicus sent to

the National Zoological Park at Washington, D.C., from San

January, 1958] allred — peromyscus mites

Eubrachylaelaps hollisteri: fig. 35, sternal plate of female, showing

overlap of genitoventral plate; fig. 38, genitoventral plate of female; fig. 39,

anal plate of female; fig. 44, arrangement of ventral setae of female; fig. 50,

dorsal plate of female. Eubrachylaelaps circularis: fig. 36, dorsal plate of

female; fig. 40, anal plate of female; fig. 41, sternal plate of female; fig. 45,

genitoventral plate of female; fig. 47, lateral view of chelicera of female;

fig. 49, arrangement of ventral setae of female. Eubrachylaelaps debilis: fig.

37, dorsal plate of female; fig. 42, sternal plate of female; fig. 43, genito-

ventral plate of female; fig. 46, anal plate of female; fig. 48, arrangement

of ventral setae of female.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

Francisco, California. Ewing designated the latter area as the type

locality.

Mites of this species collected in this study conform to the

description of the type. E. hoUisteri probably is state-wide in

distribution in Utah. It has been collected most commonly in the

southern part of the state at elevations between 2250 and 5750

feet, principally in the Lower and Upper Sonoran life zones.

Table 3. — Species and percentages of mice infested by mites of the

species Euhrachylaelaps holUsteri, 1948—1953.

No. Mice

Collected

% Mice

Infested

No. Mites

Collected

Ave. No. Mites Per

Infested Mouse

P. crinitus

12.0

7.1

P. eremicus

201

10.4

3.4

P. maniculatus

2907

0.1

4.2

P. truei

3.4

1.5

A total of 147 female mites of this species was collected from

35 mice during the period from February to September, although

only two mites were collected in February and one mite in Septem-

ber. No mites of this species were collected in March and August.

The largest numbers were collected in April, May, and July.

Mites of this species have an ovoviviparous type of repro-

duction. Each of 115 gravid mites contained one egg or larva.

Every month that this species was collected, gravid mites were

present.

Twenty-five of the 35 times that it was collected, E. holUsteri

was the only mite found on its host. At other times, it was associ-

ated with the following species the numbers of times indicated:

Tromhicula belhini, 1; Ornithonyssus bacoti, 1; Brevisterna utah-

ejisis, 2; Hirstionyssus spp., 3; Eubrachylaelaps debilis, 1;

Haemolaelaps glusgowi, 2 ; Dermanyssus becki, 2 ; Euhaemoga-

masus sp., 1.

Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing), 1925

(Plate I, Figs. 1—34; Plate IV)

Ewing (1925) described H. glasgowi from a single female

specimen collected from a “wild rat” at Urbana, Illinois in 1912.

Strandtmann (1949) discussed the synonymy, morphology and

variations of this and related species of Haemolaelaps. Specimens

Explanation of Plate III

Haemolaelaps megaventralis: fig. 51, sternal plate of female; fig. 52,

January, 1958]

ALLRED PEROMYSCUS MITES

dorsal plate of female; fig. 54, genitoventral plate of female; fig. 59, pilus

dentilis of female; fig. 61, metapodal plate of female; fig. 69, anal plate of

female. Laelaps nuttalli: fig. 53, sternal plate of female; fig. 55, ventral view

of right coxa I of female; fig. 57, anal plate of female; fig. 63, genitoventral

plate of female; fig. 67, ventral view of right coxa II of female. Hypoaspis

leviculus: fig. 56, ventral view of right femur II of female; fig. 58, reticula-

tion of sternal plate of female; fig. 64, gentioventral plate of female, showing

reticulation, metasternal setae and pores. Hypoaspis gurabensis: fig. 60,

sternal plate of female; fig. 62, dorsal seta of female; fig. 65, ventral view

of left half of gnathosoma of female; fig. 66, dorsal plate of female; fig. 68,

anal plate of female; fig. 70, reticulation of genitoventral plate of female.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

of this species from Utah collected in this study show some vari-

ations in the distance between the anal and genitoventral plates,

and the amount of inflation and recurvation of the pilus dentilis.

In Strandtmann’s (op. cit.) key to the species of Haemolaelaps,

he separated H. glasgowi and H. geomys partly on the basis of

the amount of curvature of the slender terminal portion of the

pilus dentilis. Mites collected in this study vary considerably with

reference to the amount of curvature of this structure. Because

of its variability, it appears that the pilus dentilis should be used

primarily to separate the species into major groups rather than to

separate two distinct species. In some specimens from Utah, the

distance betwen the anal and genitoventral plates approaches

that which is distinctive of specimens of H. megaventralis. A

considerable range of variation in the distance between these

ventral plates occurs in H. glasgowi. Strandtmann (op. cit.)

stated that there are certain intraspecific differences which are

apparent when comparing specimens from one host with those of

another. These differences also occur between specimens from the

same animal host, especially where large numbers of mites are

concerned.

Mites of this species apparently have a preference for the

Rodentia, although H. glasgowi has been taken from a variety of

habitats and hosts including birds. It is known to occur principally

in the western hemisphere and has been reported from almost all

of the United States. Keegan (1953) reported that mites of this

species occur on animals of the following species in Utah: Citellus

leucurus, EiUamias minimus, Onychomys leucogaister, Reithro-

dontomys megalotis, Peromyscus crinitus, P. maniculatus, Dipo-

domys ordii, and D. microps. This species of mite is statewide in

distribution in Utah at elevations between 2250 and 10,000 feet

in all of the life zones from the Lower Sonoran to the Hudsonian.

It has been collected most frequently in the Lower Sonoran and

Transition life zones.

Haemolaelaps glasgowi was the species collected most frequent-

ly during this study. A total of 1253 mites representing 1080

females, 79 males and 94 nymphs was collected from 316 mice.

According to Strandtmann {op. cit.), mites of this species may

be recovered during any season that the host can be captured. In

this study, mites were collected every month. There were twice as

many found in June than in any other month. The largest numbers

January, 1958] allred — peromyscus mites

were collected during the period from April to August, and there

was a conspicuous decline in the numbers of mites taken in

September. During the winter, early spring, and autumn months,

the numbers of mites collected were sufficiently low to be indicative

of a seasonal fluctuation.

These mites have an ovoviviparous type of reproduction, and

give birth to the first nymphal form (Strandtmann, op. cit.) . Only

one egg develops and matures at a time, and the larval stage is

passed within the body of the female. Each of 252 gravid females

found in this study contained only one egg, larva or nymph. Each

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

egg was of a large size and occupied almost one-half the idiosoma.

Many females were engorged with blood, and some of these

engorged specimens were gravid. Gravid females were collected

every month except November and December. Mites of this species

probably reproduce throughout the year in Utah.

Male mites were collected every month except May and Sep-

tember; they were most abundant in April. Nymphs were collected

every month except January, August and September; largest

numbers were found in June and July.

Table 4. — Species and percentages of mice infested by mites of the

species Haemolaelaps glasgowi, 1948—1953.

No. Mice

Collected

% Mice

Infested

No. Mites

Collected

Ave. No. Mites Per

Infested Mouse

P. hoy Hi

21.6

6.0

P. crinitus

1.5

1.0

P. eremicus

201

8.4

2.1

P. maniculatus

2907

9.7

1158

4.1

P. truei

13.5

1.3

Mites of this species were associated with other mites belonging

to more than 40 species. There were fluctuations in the numbers

of mites that were associated with H. glasgowi during the five

years that collections were made. There were also variations in the

numbers of kinds of mites associated with this species.

Haemolaelaps megaventralis (Strandtmann), 1947

(Plate III, Figs. 51, 52, 54, 59, 61, 69; Plate V)

Strandtmann (1947) described this species from specimens

collected from a gray squirrel from Georgia. The mites collected

in this study agree in most morphological respects with the descrip-

tion of the type. Strandtmann (1947, 1949) stated that mites of

this species have a slight preference for squirrels and birds,

although they have been taken from a variety of mammals.

Haemolaelaps megaventralis has been reported from several

countries of both the northern and southern hemispheres. In

North America, records are known from eastern and western

United States, Mexico, and Canada. In Utah, this species probably

is state-wide in distribution. It has been collected at elevations

between 4000 and 5750 feet in the Upper Sonoran Life zone.

January, 1958] allred — peromyscus mites

Table 5. — Species and percentages of mice infested by mites of the

species Haemolaelaps megaventralis, 1948—1953.

No. Mice % Mice No. Mites Ave. No. Mites Per

Collected Infested Collected Infested Mouse

P. maniculatus 2907 0.3 11 1.4

P. truei 59 15.0 14 1.5

B H. GU RABE NSIS g . NUTTALL!

■ T. MAR ! POSUS

Explanation of Plate V

Collection localities of Eubrachylaelaps hollisteri, Haemolaelaps mega-

ventralis, Hypoaspis gurabensis, H. leviculus, Laelaps multispinosus, L.

nuttali, and Typhlodromus mariposus in Utah.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

Thirteen nymphs, one male, and 11 females were collected

from 17 mice in April, May, June, and November. Four of the 23

times that it was collected, H. megaventralis was the only mite

found infesting its host. At other times, it was associated with

the following species the numbers of times indicated: Euhra-

chjlaelaps dehilis, 3; Haemolaelaps glasgowi, 4; Ischyropoda

armatus, 1; Euhaemogamasus ambulans, 1; Hirstionyssus sp., 4;

Garmania sp., 2; Hypoaspis sp., 1; Eulaelaps sp., 1; Rhizoglyphus

echinopus, 1; Glycyphagus sp., 1; Neoparasitidae sp., 1; Cuna-

xidae sp., 1.

Hypoaspis gurabensis (Fox), 1946

(Plate III, Figs. 60, 62, 65, 66, 68, 70; Plate V)

Fox (1946) described H. gurabensis from a single female

collected from a “domestic rat or mouse” from Puerto Rico. Tbe

mites collected in this study in Utah conform to the description of

the type. This species probably is statewide in distribution, but

was not commonly found on mice of the genus Peromyscus. Mites

were found at elevations between 5000 and 5500 feet in the Upper

Sonoran life zone.

Fox {op. cit.) suggested that mites of this species probably

are parasites or associates of ants. If this is true, it is probable

that the infestations of mice in this study were accidental and

occurred from the scavenger ants that visited the carcasses of

trapped mice. Four females of this species were collected in May

and June.

Hypoaspis leviculus (Eads), 1951

(Plate III, Figs. 56, 58, 64; Plate V)

Mites of this species collected in this study vary only slightly

from the description of the type. Eads (1951) described the type

specimen as having one large pair and one small pair of metapodal

plates. Mites collected in this study have one large pair and three

or four small pairs. The peritremes of the type specimens extend

beyond coxae I; in the mites from Utah the peritremes end at

the anterior fourth of coxae L

The type specimens were collected in Texas from pocket mice,

Perognathus hispidus, grasshopper mice, Onychomys leucogaster,

and cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus. Eads, et al (1952) reported

additional collections from grasshopper mice from Texas. Keegan

(1953) recorded this species from Perognathus parvi^s, Pero-

myscus maniculatus, P. crinitus, and O. leucogaster from Utah. In

January, 1958] allred — peromyscus mites

this study, two females were collected in October at an elevation

of about 4500 feet in the Upper Sonoran life zone.

Laelaps multispinosus Banks, 1909

(Plate V)

Banks (1909) described this species from specimens taken

from a muskrat from Canada. The single female collected in this

study conforms to the description of the type.

According to Tipton (unpublished manuscript), mites of this

genus parasitize animals that dwell in water or marshy habitats.

Animals of other kinds possibly are accidentally infested by these

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

mites when they wander into marshy habitats. The female mite

in this study was collected from a mouse taken from a marshy

area west of Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, in October.

Laelaps nuttalli Hirst, 1915

(Plate III, Figs. 53, 55, 57, 63, 67 ; Plate V)

One female mite of this species was collected in March from

a mouse from Bluebell, Duchesne County, at an elevation of about

6500 feet in the Upper Sonoran life zone. Other species associ-

ated with L. nuttalli are Hirstionyssus occidenalis and Euschon-

gostia criceticola.

Table 6. — Checklist and host correlation of the numbers and kinds of

mites of the families Laelaptidae and Phytoseiidae taken from each of five

species of Peromyscus.

No. Mites Taken From Each Species Of Peromyscus

Species

of Mite

hoylii

crinitus

eremicus

maniculatus

truCi

Euhrachylaelaps

circularis

145

Euhrachylaelaps

debilis

623

Euhrachylaelaps

hollisteri

Haemolaelaps

glasgoivi

1158

Haemolaelaps

megaventralis

Hypoaspi.s

gurahensis

Hypoaspis

leviculus

Laelaps

muUispinosus

Laelaps

nuttalli

Typhlodromus

mariposus

PHYTOSEIIDAE

Typhlodromus mariposus (Fox), 1946

(Plate V)

Fox (1946) described this species from two females collected

from “Rattus species or Mus m. musculus” and from rats, R.

norvegicus, from Puerto Rico. Thurman and Branch (1948) re-

January, 1958] allred — peromyscus mites

ported this species from R. norvegicus from Florida. In this study,

17 female mites were collected in September, October, and

November.

Discussion

In Utah, mites of several species most commonly occur in

certain faunal areas. Eubrachylaelaps hollisteri and Haemolaelaps

megaventralis are generally southern in distribution. Eubrachy-

laelaps hollisteri apparently has extended its range into Utah from

the south by way of the Virgin River and Colorado River drain-

ages, and the valleys of eastern Nevada in the Great Basin area.

Hctemolaelaps megaventralis apparently has extended its range

northward into Utah by way of the Colorado River drainage.

Mites of certain species, although not host specific, are associ-

ated more frequently with one kind of white-footed mouse than

with another. Mites of the species H. megaventralis and E. circu-

laris were found most frequently on Peromyscus truei, and E.

hollisteri on P. crinitus. Such a frequent association allows a mite

species to rapidly extend its range to correspond to the range of

its preferred host, as long as climatic conditions are favorable for

the survival of the mites. Mites of the species H. megaventralis

were found almost exclusively in those areas which correspond

to the known distribution of mice of the species P. truei. Mites

of the species E. hollisteri apparently are also restricted to the

range of their preferred Peromyscus hosts, yet mites referrable to

E. circularis are not restricted to the range of their “preferred”

host, P. truei. Mites of the species E. debilis and H. glasgowi were

not found in a majority on any one kind of mouse, and were widely

distributed over the entire area of the state.

Mites are influenced in their activity and reproductive periods

by climatic conditions. In the Upper Sonoran and Transition life

zones in Utah, H. megaventralis, E. circularis, and E. debilis were

found on mice most frequently during the period from May to

September. In the Lower Sonoran zone and similar areas, E.

hollisteri was most abundant on mice during the period from May

to July.

Haemolaelaps glasgowi occurs on mice of the genus Peromyscus

in Utah more frequently and in larger numbers than mites of any

other species. Next in frequency of occurrence are mites of the

three species of Eubrachylaelaps: E. circularis, E. debilis, and

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

E. hollisteri. Hirstionyssus occidentalis also is commonly found

on Peromyscus (Allred, unpublished manuscript).

References

Allred, D. M.

1956a. Mites found on mice of the genus Peromyscus in Utah. I. General

infestation. The Great Basin Naturalist (In Press).

1956b. Mites found on mice of the genus Peromyscus in Utah. 11. Family

Haemogamasidae. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. (In Press).

Mites found on mice of the genus Peromyscus in Utah. III. Family

Dermanyssidae (Unpublished Manuscript).

Banks, N.

1909. New Canadian mites. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11:133—143.

Eads, R. B.

1951. New mites of the genus Androlaelaps Berlese. J. Parasit., 37(2) :

212-216.

Eads, R. B., G .C. Menzies and V. I. Miles

1952. Acarina taken during west Texas plague studies. Proc. Ent. Soc.

Wash., 54(5) :250-253.

Ewing, H. E.

1925. New parasitic mites of the genus Laelaps. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.,

27(1) :l-7.

1933. New genera and species of parasitic mites of the superfamily

Parasitoidea. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 82(30) :1— 14.

Fox, I.

1946. A new genus, Borinquolaelaps, and new species of mites from

rats in Puerto Rico. J. Parasit., 32(5) ;445— 452.

Jameson, E. W., Jr.

1950. Eubr achy laelaps dehilis, a new Laelaptid mite (Acarina: Laelap-

tidae) parasitic on the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus

(Mammalia: Cricetidae). J. Parasit., 36(1) :62— 64.

1951. Eubrachylaelaps martini, a new mite (Acarina: Uaelaptinae) from

the volcano mouse (Mammalia: Cricetinae). J. Parasit., 37(6):

556-559.

Keegan, H. L.

1953. Collections of parasitic mites from Utah. The Great Basin Nat.,

13(1-2) : 35-42.

Strandtmann, R. W.

1947. Atricholaelaps megaventralis, a new species of parasitic mite

(Acarina: Laelaptidae) . Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 49:112—114.

1949. The blood-sucking mites of the genus Haemolaelaps (Acarina:

Laelaptidae) in the United States. J. Parasit., 35(3) :325— 352.

Thurman, D. C. and N. Branch

1948. United States records of Typhlodromus mariposus (Fox) from

rats in Florida. J. Econ. Ent., 41(1) :102.

January, 1958]

ESSIG SHALLOT APHID

A FORMOSAN APHID, MICROMYZUS FORMOSANUS

TAKAHASHI, ON SHALLOTS IN CALIFORNIA

(Homoptera: Aphididae)

E. 0. Essig

University of California, Berkeley, California

In the fall of 1953, an elderly gentleman brought to our office

in Agriculture Hall, University of California, a few plants of

shallots, or eschallots, Allium ascalonicum, which he thought were

being injured by an insect. However, a rather close examination

did not reveal the nature of the trouble, and 1 took the plants

home and planted them in the garden for further observations.

During the past, the tops of these plants were occasionally used

Fip. 1. Micromyzus formosanus Takahashi (Drawings by Frieda Abernathy)

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

for seasoning certain foods, without noticing any insect infestations

even under close scrutiny.

Fortunately on November 10, 1956, the writer was asked to

gather some shallot tops for culinary purposes. In so doing, he

discovered that one clump, containing many plants, was heavily

infested with a cloudy-winged aphid which was at once recognized

as the shallott aphid, Micromyzus formosanus Takahashi. An

intensive scanning of the literature revealed that this aphid was

first collected on Polygonium chinensis, at Taihoku, on the island

of Formosa, and was described as Myzus formosanus by Ryoichi

Takahashi in March, 1923, in Report No. 4 Aphididae of Formosa,

Part 2, Department of Agriculture, Government of Formosa,

Taihoku, in March, 1923; and also in Report No. 22, Part 5, p.

68, May, 1931.

Dr. Orhez Shinji, in his 1215-page work on the Japanese

Aphididae, lists Myzus formosanus Takahashi on Polygonium

chinensis in Formosa in 1941.

The most complete and important paper devoted to this insect

is that of J. P. Doncaster and B. Kassanis, of the Rothamsted

Experimental Station, Harpenden, England, in the Annals of

Applied Biology, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 65—68, Plate 6, Fig. 1,

August 1945.

As near as I can ascertain at the present time, this aphid has

been reported as occurring in the Japanese districts of Batoran,

Shinton, Tokyo and Toyen; in sixteen localities in Great Britain,

and at Berkeley, California. The recorded host plants are chiefly

members of the Lilaceous family, and more particularly on

Allium spp.

TEMNOSOMA, A GENUS OF BEES NEW TO THE

UNITED STATES

( Hymenoptera : Halictidae)

A female of Temnosoma smaragdinum Smith was collected at

Tucson, Aricona, June 25, 1932 by R. H. Crandall. This specimen

has the transverse striae at apex of the enclosure of propodeum

so faint as to be discernible only in certain lights, but Smith, in

the original description, states these are more or less obsolete in

different examples. The species was described from southern

Mexico, and has been recorded by Cockerell from Cordoba and

San Rafael in Vera Cruz. Our specimen belongs in the collection

of the University of Arizona, at Tucson. — P. H. Timberlake,

University of California, Riverside.

January, 1958] ryckman & lee — louse records

RECENT COLLECTIONS OF MALLOPHAGA AND

ANOPLURA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA^

Raymond E. Ryckman and Robert D. Lee

Department of Entomology, School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine,

College of Medical Evangelists, Loma Linda, California

Lice have not been collected or adequately studied in many

sections of the United States ; Southern California is not an excep-

tion in this regard.

The biting and sucking lice herein reported were collected from

mammals and birds caught during investigations concerned with

insecticide studies for the control of ectoparasites under field

conditions and studies on Neotoma, the host for Triatominae. A

limited number of specimens was contributed by friends who

knew of our interests in Mallophaga and Anoplura. This material

was collected from 1951—1954 in five counties of Southern Cali-

fornia: Orange, San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Inyo

Counties; two collections are included which were made a few

miles outside the state of California: one in Yavapai County,

Arizona, the other in Northern Baja California, Mexico. The

collections listed represent several new county, state, and host

records.

During the time the specimens were accumulated the authors

were assisted by C. T. Ames, K. Y. Arakawa, C. P. Christianson,

B. A. Deem, K, C. Fischer, C. C. Lindt, and D. Spencer, The

authors also acknowledge with appreciation the assistance of Lt.

John 1. Scanlon who identified the lice, and Dr. Henry W. Setzer

who identified a number of the mammals. Mr. W. C. Hanna very

kindly rendered counsel on certain taxonomic problems with the

birds.

The fourth edition (1931) of the American Ornithological

Unions Check List of North American Birds (With Supplements)

was used as the authority for the birds discussed, and the List of

North American Recent Mammals by Miller and Kellogg (1955)

was the taxonomic authority lor the mammals. Supplementary

works on birds and mammals also used were Allen (1951), Harri-

son (1955), Hoffman (1927), Hooper (1938), Ingles (1954),

and Orr (1940). The Sucking Lice by Ferris (1951), and A

Check List of the Genera and Species of Mallophaga by Hopkins

^ Collection of a major portion of the material presented in this paper was made possible

by a contract CDA-49-007-MD-185) from the Research and Development Division, Office of the

Surgeon General, Department of the Army.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

and Clay (1952) were found to be valuable references on the

sucking and biting lice.

ANOPLURA

Hoplopleuridae :

Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burmeister, 1839)

Microtus californicus sanctidiegi Kellogg, 1922 (meadow mouse) — *San

Juan Capistrano, Orange County, California, September 10, 1951; *Camp

Pendleton, Oceanside, San Diego County, California, March 8, 1953; and

*Reche Canyon, Riverside County, California, January 6, 1953. Previously

reported from Microtus constrictus Mendocino City; M. californicus, Covelo;

and Microtus sp.. South Yolla Bolly Mt., California (Ferris, 1921).

Hoplopleura hesperomydis (Osborn, 1891)

Peromyscus maniculatus gamhelii (Baird, 1858) (deer mouse) — * Whit-

ney Portal, 13 miles west Lone Pine, Inyo County, California, September

27—30, 1951. Previously reported from Yosemite National Park on P. mani-

culatus-, on Onychomys torridus pulcher, San Bernardino County; and on

Mus musculus from Stanford University (Ferris, 1916).

Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis (LeConte, 1853) (deer mouse) —

*Reche Canyon, Riverside County, October 11, 1951.

Peromyscus hoylii rowleyi (Allen, 1893) (brush mouse) — *Reche

Canyon, Riverside County, October 12, 1951 ; and seven miles south Congress

Junction, Yavapai County, Arizona, December 17, 1952: Previously reported

from California on Peromyscus hoylii and on Mus musculus at Stanford

University (Ferris, 1921).

Haemodipsus setoni Ewing, 1924

Sylvilagus auduhonii sanctidiegi (Miller, 1899) (Audubon cottontail

rabbit) — *Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, San Diego County, California,

August 13 and November 25, 1952; and *Loma Linda, San Bernardino

County, California, January 19 and 23, 1953. Previously reported from Lepus

californicus in California (Ferris, 1932).

PoLYPLAX ABSCiSA Fahrenholz, 1938

Microtus californicus sanctidiegi Kellogg, 1922 (meadow mouse) —

*San Juan Capistrano, Orange County, California, September 10, 1951;

*Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, San Diego County, California, March 8, 1953;

and *Reche Canyon, Riverside County, California, January 6, 1953. This

louse has previously been reported on Microtus sp. at South Yolla Bolly

Mt., California; M. californicus from Marin County, California; and on M.

intermedins from Nevada (Ferris, 1942).

Neohaematopinus laeviusculus (Grube, 1851)

Citellus beecheyi heecheyi (Richardson, 1829) (Calif, ground squirrel)

- — ^*San Juan Capistrano, Orange County, California, August, 1951— March,

1952; Dana Point, Orange County, California, October, 1951— March,

1952, May— September, 1952, November and December, 1952, and June, 1953;

*Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, San Diego County, California, March and

April, 1952, and June— November, 1952; and ^Corona, Riverside County,

California, August, 1952.

January, 1958] ryckman & lee — louse records

Citellus beecheyi parvulus Howell, 1931 (Calif, ground squirrel) —

*Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, California, November, 1951, February

and March, 1952, July— November, 1952, and February, April, May and July,

1953; and *Mt. San Jacinto, Riverside County, California, June, 1952.

N. laeviusculus is at times very abundant on Citellas beecheyi during

the spring months; however, the above collection records from 446 hosts

indicate that this louse occurs on ground squirrels in Southern California

throughout all of the year including the hot, dry summer months. This

louse has previously been reported from C. beecheyi, C. b. douglasii, and

C. beldingi in California (Ferris, 1923).

Neohaematopinus neotomae Ferris, 1942

Neotoma fuscipes simplex True, 1894 (dusky-footed wood-rat) — *Lake

Mathews Canyon, Riverside County, California, December 13, 1951.

Neotoma fuscipes macrotis Thomas, 1893 (dusky-footed wood-rat) —

*Mill Creek Canyon, San Bernardino County, California, March 17 and

26, 1953.

"fNeotoma lepida intermedia Rhoads, 1894 (desert wood-rat) —

**Reche Canyon, Riverside County, California, January 6, 1953.

N eohaematopinus neotomae has previously been reported from Neotoma

albigula at Tucson, Arizona; Neotoma fuscipes streatori at Monterey, Cali-

fornia; and Hodomys alleni at Manzanillo, Mexico (Ferris, 1942).

MALLOPHAGA

Trichodectidae :

Trichodectes osborni (Keler, 1944)

"fSpilogale gracilis microrhina Hall, 1926 (spotted skunk) — *Reche

Canyon, Riverside County, California, October 3, 1951; and *Dana Point,

Orange County, California, October 22, 1952. New host record for this

subspecies.

Trichodectes mephitidis (Packard, 1873)

Mephitis mephitis holzneri Mearns, 1897 (striped skunk) — *San Juan

Capistrano, Orange County, California, October 4, 1951.

Trichodectes minutus (Paine, 1912)

Mustela frenata latirostra Hall, 1936 (long-tailed weasel)- — *Loma

Linda, San Bernardino County, California, March 25, 1952 and May 17,

1953; and *Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, San Diego County, California,

April 3, 1952.

Geomydoecus californicus (Chapman, 1897)

Thomomys bottae (Eydoux and Gervais, 1836), (botta pocket gopher)

— *Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, California, November 21 and 25,

December 7 and 16, 1951, January 21, March 3, October 14, and December

19, 1952, and January 21—24, 1953; and San Jose, Baja California, Mexico,

November 8, 1953.

Mustela frenata latirostra Hall, 1936 (long-tailed weasel) — *Loma

Linda, San Bernardino County, California, December 6, 1951 and March

24, 1952.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

Menoponidae:

CoLPOCEPHALUM UNCIFERUM Kellogg, 1896

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, 1789 (white pelican) — * Mentone,

San Bernardino County, California, March 17, 1954.

PSEUDOMENOPON PACIFICUM (Kellogg, 1896)

Fulica americana americana Gmelin, 1789 (coot or mud-hen) — * Lake-

view, Riverside County, California, December 24, 1953.

PsEUDOMENOPON sp.

Grebe (this host was not identified to species) — *San Juan Capistrano,

Orange County, California, November 1, 1951.

Dennyus sp.

Aeronautes saxatalis saxatalis (Woodhouse, 1853) (white-throated swift)

— *Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, California, December 31, 1953. The

single specimen collected was a nymph and could not be taken to species.

PlAGETIELLA PERALIS (Leidy, 1878)

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, 1789 (white pelican) — * Mentone,

San Barnardino County, California, March 17, 1954.

Trinoton sp.

Mergus merganser americanus Cassin, 1852 (American merganser duck)

— ^Mentone, San Bernardino County, California, March 17, 1952.

Anas cyanoptera cyanoptera (Vieillot, 1816) (Cinnamon teal duck) —

*Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, California, December 27, 1953.

Hohorstiella lata (Piaget, 1880)

Columha livia livia Gmelin, 1789 (rock dove or domestic pigeon) —

*Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, California, November 29, 1953.

Ricinidae :

Ricinus subhastatus (Durr ant, 1906)

Pipilo fuscus crissalis (Vigors, 1839) (brown towhee) — *San Jose, Baja

California, November 6, 1953.

Laemobothriidae :

Laemobothrion buteonivorum (Packard, 1872)

Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte, 1838 (Swainson’s hawk) — *Loma Linda,

San Bernardino County, California, October 12, 1953.

Philo pteridae:

Anaticola crassicornis (Scopoli, 1763)

Anas cyanoptera cyanoptera (Vieillot, 1816) (cinnamon teal duck) —

*Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, California, December 27, 1953.

Anaticola mergiserrati (DeGeer, 1778)

'\Mergus merganser americanus Cassin, 1852 (American merganser

duck) — *Mentone, San Bernardino County, California, March 17, 1952. The

only North American record of Anaticola from mergansers in Wilson’s

(thesis) record of this species from Mergus serrator, in litt. Scanlon.

CoLUMBicoLA COLUMBAE (Linnaeus, 1758)

Columha livia livia Gmelin, 1789 (rock dove or domestic pigeon) —

*Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, California, September 29, 1953.

January, 1958] ryckman & lee — LOUSE records

Aquanirmus americanus (Kellogg and Chapman, 1899)

Grebe (this host was not identified to species) — *San Juan Capistrano,

Orange County, California, November 1, 1951.

Strigiphilus speotyti (Osborn, 1896)

Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea, Bonaparte, 1825) western burrowing

owl) — *Dana Point, Orange County, California, December 17 and 18, 1951.

Degeeriella giebeli (Hopkins, 1947)

Buteo jamaicensis culurus Cassin, 1855 (red-tailed hawk) — *Loma

Linda, San Bernardino County, California, December 17, 1953.

Summary

The material presented above was collected from 1951—1954

in five counties of Southern California : Orange, San Diego, River-

side, San Bernardino, and Inyo Counties; two collections are

included which were made a few miles outside of California:

one in Yavapai County, Arizona, the other in Northern Baja

California, Mexico. Six species of Anoplura were associated with

twelve hosts which constituted nineteen county records, one state

record, and one host record. Nineteen species of Mallophaga were

associated with twenty-one hosts and comprised twenty-two county

records, one state record, and two host records.

Literature Cited

Allen, A. A.

1951. Stalking birds with color camera. 1st ed., 328 pp. The National

Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.

Committee of The American Ornithological Union

1931. Check List of North American Birds (With Supplements). 4tli

ed.

Ferris, G. F.

1916. Notes on Anoplura and Mallophaga from mammals, with descrip-

tions of four new species and a new variety of Anoplura. Psyche.

23(4) :97-120.

1921. Contributions toward a monograph of the sucking lice. Stanford

University Publications, Biological Sciences. 2(2) :59— 133.

1923. Contributions toward a monograph of the sucking lice. Stanford

University Publications, Biological Sciences. 2(4) : 183— 270.

1932. Contributions toward a monograph of the sucking lice. Stanford

University Publications, Biological Sciences. 2(5) : 271-413.

1942. Some North American, rodent-infesting lice (Insecta: Anoplura)

Microentomology. 7(3):84— 90.

1951. The sucking lice, California Academy of Sciences. Memoirs Pacific

Coast Entomological Society. 1st ed., vol. 1, 320 pp.

Harrison, H. H.

1955. American birds in color. 486 pp. Wm. H. Wise & Co., Inc., New

York.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

Hoffman, R.

1927. Birds of the Pacific states. 353 pp. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.

Hooper, E. T.

1938. Geographical variations in wood rats of the species Neotoma

fuscipes. University of California Press. Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.

42(4) :213-245.

Hopkins, G. H. E. and Clay, T.

1952. A check list of the genera and species of Mallophaga. 1st ed.,

362 pp. British Museum Natural History, London.

Ingles, L. G.

1954. Mammals of California and its coastal waters. Rev. ed., 396 pp.

Stanford University Press, Stanford.

Miller, G. S. and Kellogg, R.

1955. List of North American recent mammals. 1st ed. 954 pp. Smith-

sonian Institution, U.S. National Museum Bulletin 205, Washing-

ton, D.C.

Orr, R. T.

1940. The rabbits of California. California Academy of Sciences. Occa-

sional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences No. XIX.

t New host record.

* New county record.

New State record.

LONGEVITY OF SOME ANTHOPHORID BEE LARVAE

(Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Large collections of anthophorid bee cells containing over-

wintering larvae have been brought into the laboratory and held

for long periods of time. Usually these larvae pupate and emerge

at about the same time as those in the field. A few may fail to

transform and die after a protracted period in the larval stage.

An exception occurred with 10 of 75 larvae of Melissodes rohustior

Cockerell collected near Marsh Creek Canyon, Contra Costa

County, California on November 4, 1954. This bee is a fall emerg-

ing species and its burrows were located in a layer of moist clay

in the bed of an intermittent stream. These cells were kept in pill

boxes and were next examined in February, 1957. All but ten

had transformed to the adult stage and these ten larvae were

removed from their cells and placed in separate pill boxes. All

of them pupated in April or early May, 1957 and developed into

one male and nine females. (However, only three females became

perfect adults with fully expanded wings.) It is apparent that the

ability to prolong the resting stage would be of considerable

adaptive value to desert-dwelling forms but its significance for

this species is not clear. — J. W. MacSwain, University of Cali-

fornia, Berkeley.

January, 1958] chemsak — longhorn bearings

REARING RECORDS FOR SOME CALIFORNIA

CERAMBYCIDAE

John A. Chemsak

University of California, Berkeley

During the early part of 1957, dead tree branches and limbs

were collected in the areas around San Francisco Bay. All of the

wood material was boxed and caged in the laboratory and the

adult cerambycids were collected as they emerged. Five different

species were reared from three different hosts.

Phymatodes nitidus LeConte

A total of nine females and five males of this species were

reared from Sargent cypress, Cupressus goveniana Gord., collected

at Carson Ridge, Marin County, California, on January 9, 1957.

The selected material consisted of small dead branches which

were attached to the trees. Emergence of adults began on March

7 and continued until April 27.

Necydalis cavipennis LeConte

N. cavipennis was reared from a small dead trunk section of

California live oak, Quercus agrifolia Nee., which was in a fairly-

advanced state of decay. The material was collected at Strawberry

Canyon, Berkeley Hills, Alameda County, California, on January

14, 1957. Emergence dates of the adults were from April 19 to

April 26 with a total of five females being taken.

Xylotrechus nauticus Mannerheim

Two specimens were reared from the thick bark of California

live oak collected in the Berkeley Hills on March 10, 1957. A

female emerged on April 13 and a male on May 6.

Xylotrechus insignis LeConte

One specimen, a male, emerged from willow, Salix sp., on

April 4, 1957. The host material was collected two miles west of

Pittsburg, Contra Costa County, California, on March 21, 1957.

Saperda horni Joutel

This species was reared from willow collected two miles west

of Pittsburg, California. Willow limbs were brought in on two

dates, Fehruary 15 and March 21. One male emerged from the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

latter on May 6 and three males and one female from the former

in May.

A few observations were made in the field on the habits of the

larvae of S. horni. These appear to bore in the heartwood of

living branches of willow making their galleries up the center of

limbs. The galleries are about one-half inch in diameter and are

loosely packed with dark-brown, moist frass.

AN ATTRACTANT FOR TWO SPECIES OF CERAMBYCIDAE

(Coleoptera)

A long series of Dendrohias mandibularis mandibularis

Audinet-Serville was taken under somewhat unusual circumstances

on July 18, 1957 by C. W. O’Brien in Arizona. While stopping

at a roadside picnic stand 15 miles north of Rock Springs, Yavapai

County, he observed large numbers of cerambycids in the trash

barrels. These beetles were being attracted by watermelon rinds

in the barrels. A total of 32 males and 34 females were collected.

Mr. O’Brien mentioned, however, that this series was merely a

sample of the total number present.

Also taken with this series of Dendrohias were two females

of Eustromula validum (LeConte) . No other specimens of this

species were observed at the time. Little is known of the food

habits of the adults of these two species. Schwarz^ states that those

of Dendrohias are especially fond of printers ink and sometimes

obliterate the large letters on the posters of theatrical performances,

etc., which are pasted on walls and fences.

D. mandibularis, while not an uncommon species in the south-

western United States, is seldom observed in such profusion, and

long series from any one locality are scarce as a rule. E. validum,

on the other hand, is seldom numerous except at light. Use of

watermelon as bait may offer a fairly good method for collecting

series of this species.

The attractive powers of watermelon have been shown for

other groups of insects. For instance, Bohart^ reporting on mating

habits of halictid bees, reported that several species of bees were

observed on fermenting juice of watermelon. — John A. Chemsak,

University of California, Berkeley.

^ Schwarz, E. A. Food habits of longicorn beetles. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6:21-22. 1904.

Bohart, G. E. Observations on the mating habits of halictid bees. Pan-Pac. Ent., 26,

fl) :34-3. 1950.

January, 1958]

DUNCAN — CICINDELA

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF THE GENUS CICINDELA

(Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)

D. K. Duncan

Globe, Arizona

Cicindela tranquebarica cibecuei Duncan, new subspecies

Uniformly robust form. Elytra brilliant dark navy blue in sunlight,

appearing black under artificial light. Typical but massive white markings,

similar to C. tranquebarica kirbyi LeConte.

Body dark shining blue beneath. Legs dark blue. Femora clothed with

stiff, erect white hairs. Tibiae with stiff white hairs about one third the

length of those on the femora and less dense. Sides of thorax and abdomen

clothed with dense, erect white hairs. Middle of abdominal segments with

scattered inconspicuous, long, fine white hairs. Thorax above, deep navy

blue, with sparse, erect, white hairs, becoming more numerous laterally.

Head deep navy blue, vertex and cheeks naked, front and palpi with long

erect white hairs. Labrum and base of mandibles ivory white. Length :

12—14 mm. Width: 5-6 mm.

The deep blue color with no cupreous or brassy reflections,

and the broad, often connected elytral markings readily distinguish

this subspecies.

The type series of 119 specimens vary by having the markings

connected laterally on 21; the humeral and median lunules only

connected laterally on 14; the median and apical lunules only

connected on 10; the remaining 74 having these markings very

narrowly separated.

The markings are extremely uniform through a large series

taken from several localities on Cibecue Creek, Arizona, in 1953,

1954 and 1956.

Holotype male, Cibecue Creek, near Cibecue, Gila County,

Arizona, April 22, 1956, D. K. Duncan. Allotype female, same

data as holotype, April 8, 1953, D. K. Duncan. Paratypes, same

data, seven specimens, D. K. Duncan, R. A. Tunis and Ralph

Premeau, April 8, 1953; 50 specimens, D. K. Duncan, April 15,

1954; 60 specimens, D. K. Duncan and F. H. Parker, April 22,

1956.

The holotype and allotype together with 18 paratypes have

been deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New

York City. Twenty paratypes have been deposited in the Univer-

sity of Arizona collection, Tucson, Arizona.

I am indebted to Dr. Mont A. Cazier, Curator, American

Museum of Natural History, for examination of this insect and

comments, and to Mr. Frank H. Parker of Globe, Arizona, for

helpful comments.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

AN EARLY RECORD OF THE KHAPRA BEETLE

IN ARIZONA^

M. W. Nielson

University of Arizona, Tucson

Armitage (1935) reported the first record of occurrence of the

khapra beetle, T rogoderma granarium Everts, in the United States.

According to Allen and Linsley (1954), specimens were identified

from infested grain in two warehouses in Tulare County, Calif.,

in October, 1953. Armitage (1954) stated that the khapra beetle

was soon found also in other California counties, and that a

study of these infestations showed this insect to have been present

in the State as early as 1946, although it was not recognized

until seven years later. Padget (1954) reported that the khapra

beetle was first recognized in Arizona in December, 1953. The

following record is believed to be the earliest yet reported of the

occurrence of the khapra beetle in Arizona.

On April 15, 1956, a sealed pint jar containing insect-infested

barley was discovered in a storeroom at the Tempe, Ariz.,

U.S.D.A. Laboratory. The data on the label showed that the

material was collected March 16, 1953, from an infested grain bin

in Phoenix, Ariz, A commercial pest control operator had brought

the jar of infested grain to the laboratory where specimens from

it were tentatively identified as belonging to a dermestid species.

The day following its discovery, this jar was taken to the

Khapra Beetle Laboratory of Agricultural Marketing Service at

Mesa, Arizona, where it was opened. An examination revealed

living adults and larvae of the khapra beetle. The insects had

apparently lived and multiplied in the sealed jar for three years

and one month. Specimens were identified as Trogoderma gran-

arium Everts by W. H. Anderson of Entomology Research Branch,

Literature Cited

Allen, Paul, and E. G. Linsley

1954. Proceedings Pacific Coast Entomological Society. Pan-Pacific Ent.

30(1) : 89-90.

Armitage, H. M.

1953. 34th Annual Report. California Dept. Agr. Bull. 42 (4) ;202— 203.

1954. Current insect notes. California Dept. Agr. Bull. 43(1) :41— 42.

Padget, L. J.

1954. Status of the khapra beetle in the western states. Cooperative

Economic In.sect Report. 4(25) :557— 562.

^ Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 399.

January, 1958]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

D. D. Jensen W. W. Middlekauff D. P. Furman

Vice-President President Secretary

Proceedings

Two Hundred and Fifty-second Meeting

The two hundred and fifty-second meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held at 2:10 p.m. on Saturday, March 2, 1957, in the

Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

President W. W. Middlekauff presided at the meeting. The following

members were present: D. D. Jensen, D. D. Linsdale, J. A. Powell, L. R.

Gillogly, J. H. Freitag, R. L. Doutt, J. W. Tilden, W. D. Murray, A. Ross,

P. F. Torchio, K. S. Hagen, M. B. Gershenson, 0. W. Graf, Jr., D. MacNeill,

H. B. Leech, W. C. Day, R. L. Usinger, P. D. Ashlock, J. L. Herring, A. E.

Michelbacher, E. G. Linsley, E. 0. Essig, S. W. Hitchcock, P. D. Hurd, Jr.,

J. A. Chemsak, W. A. Russell, F. E. Skinner, L. M. Henry, E. S. Ross, K. F.

Innes, W. H. Lange, D. P. Furman, J. W. Green, W. W. Middlekauff and

R. C. Miller. Visitors were Mrs. J. A. Powell, D. W. Tuff, R. Schonert, Mrs.

W. C. Day, Virginia Ashlock, Kate Herring, Mrs. Lorin R. Gillogly, J. G.

Gillogly, A. Gillogly, J. W. Chapman, W. E. Ferguson, D. Giuliani, F. R.

Brace, T. H. Lauret, Kay Furman, Grace MacNeill, B. J. Adelson.

The minutes of the meeting held December 15, 1956 were read and

approved.

The President selected the Committee to decide on the date and

arrange for the meeting place for the annual field trip : J. W. MacSwain,

chairman, E. S. Ross and R. M. Bohart.

The President read the following report of the Book Review Policy

Committee :

“Report of a Committee to Establish a Book Review Policy for the

Pan-Pacific Entomologist”

The committee, named below, met on November 1, 1956 and drew up

the following recommendations:

1. The Editor will be directly responsible in all matters pertaining to

the review or notice of new books and other important works. Such

authority may be delegated by him to a person serving as book

review editor.

2. Books will not be reviewed or noticed simply because they have been

received for such purpose from a publisher. Prime consideration

will be given to the appropriateness of such reviews or notices

appearing in the journal. Thus, most works treating the applied

phases of entomology, and certain types of popularizations, will not

ordinarily receive attention. Neither will titles appearing in entomo-

logical periodicals unless they were published as separate works.

3. Books suitable for review or notice will be placed in two categories:

(a) Books or works of special significance worthy of critical review

by a qualified reviewer.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

(b) Works of lesser importance, or routine in character, which

merely warrant a notice or short descriptive comment.

Works in the first category will be reviewed by a person designated

by the Editor or Book Review Editor.

Ownership of such books may be assumed by the reviewer upon sub-

mission of a review acceptable to the Editor.

In the absence of a specially qualified outside reviewer, it is recom-

mended that books be reviewed by persons willing to donate the

books to the Society’s library which is incorporated in that of the

California Academy of Sciences.

Works in the second category, above, will be reported upon by a

staff member of the Academy and thus automatically become avail-

able to the Society as a whole in the above library.

Reviews and notices will not be confined merely to books received

for review. As a means of increasing the usefulness of the journal,

every effort should be made to provide a comprehensive coverage,

at least in list form, of new works significant to the various basic

fields of entomology. If desired, review copies may be solicited for

this purpose from publishers.

E. G. Linsley

R. L. Usinger

E. S. Ross

The following named individuals were nominated and unanimously

elected to full membership in the Society: Ibrahim K. Kaddou, T. S. Acker,

William E. Ferguson, Donald W. Tuff, Richard K. Eppley, Carole J. Worth-

ington, Robert L. Langston, Dr. Gordon L. Bender.

In response to the call for Notes and Exhibits, Dr. J. W. Tilden displayed

a box of empidid flies, or balloon flies, which he had collected in Mitchell

Canyon, Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County, California. The balloons pro-

duced by these flies were more fragile and contained a larger insect than

those made by flies of the genus Empimorpha which Dr. Kessel had collected

in Marin County. The flies from Mitchell Canyon seemed closer to the

genus Empis.

Dr. E. S. Ross presented a color motion picture on the alkali bee Nomia

melanderi. He prefaced the showing with remarks on techniques involved in

taking the pictures.

Dr. R. L. Usinger described the activities of the Royal Entomological

Society and the South London Entomological and Natural History Society

as illustrative of a wholly professional group and of a mixed professional

and amateur group respectively in England. The former is comprised of a

relatively small group of professionals meeting under formal circumstances.

They have an excellent, large library as a major asset. The mixed profes-

sional and amateur group has numerous, well attended meetings, numerous

exhibits, a large membership and numerous field trips. They also have a

library, of more modest proportions. The interests of the group are largely

in non-professional aspects.

Frank Skinner led the discussion which followed in formulating future

6 .

January, 1958]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

policies with respect to activities of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society.

The discussion developed the following ideas;

1. The notes and exhibits section of the meetings should be maintained

and even expanded.

2. Meetings could well include:

(a) a 5-minute report on technique

(b) a 5- to 10- minute travel report with slides

(d) a major speaker to take 20 to 30 minutes

(e) occasional outstanding addresses to supplant all of above.

3. One meeting a year may be scheduled at one of the following insti-

tions: University of California, Davis; Stanford University; San

Jose State College; University of California, Berkeley.

4. Society to develop a sustaining interest in a field project such as

the insect fauna of the salt marshes of the bay area. Reports to be

made at regular Society meetings.

5. Newspaper announcements of Society meetings.

Frank Skinner stated that he plans to poll the opinion of the member-

ship on the above items and also to include the question of Friday night vs.

Saturday afternoon meetings.

Kenneth Hagen presented a motion that the individual showing the

greatest entomological interest as exhibited at the Annual Science Fair be

given a one year membership in the Society with a free subscription to the

Pan-Pacific Entomologist for one year. The move was seconded.

E. S. Ross proposed the wording be amended to replace the subscription

with the gift of a book of entomological interest.

The motion in amended form was carried unanimously.

A motion was introduced by R. C. Miller that the President appoint a

committee with authority to act on the above award motion since the next

Annual Science Fair is scheduled for the near future. The motion was

seconded and carried unanimously.

The President adjourned the meeting after reminding the membership

of the “coffee social” to follow immediately in the Entomology Museum.

— Deane P. Furman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Fifty-third Meeting

The two hundred and fifty-third meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held at 7 :45 p.m. on Friday, April 12, 1957, in the

Student Room of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Presi-

dent W. W. Middlekauff presided at the meeting. The following members

were present: W. W. Middlekauff, E. L. Kessel, D. D. Jensen, D. P. Furman,

D. D. Linsdale, V. Stombler, J. G. Edwards, D. J. Burdick, C. J. Worthington,

R. K. Eppley, R. L. Doutt, T. S. Acker, E. S. Ross, J. A. Powell, L. R.

Gillogly, W. A. Doolin, A. E. Michelbacher, E. O. Essig, T. A. Briggs, S. W.

Hitchcock, J. A. Chemsak, 0. W. Graf Jr., Brad Perry, H. B. Leech, F. E.

Skinner. Visitors were C. J. De Mars, Katherine Furman, D. W. Price,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

Lucinda Doutt, Mrs. L. R. Gillogly, Marie Essig, Martha Michelbacher, R.

Schonert, D. H. Groves, S. Murray Sager, Minos E. Tzanakakis, J. 0. Romke,

Fred D. Bennett, Alden D. Hiaddey, J. J. Gillogly, A. R. Gillogly, Wm. J.

Arnold, Phyllis Middlekauff, Mrs. D. W. Tuff, Susan Tuttle.

The minutes of the meeting held March 2, 1957, were read and approved.

President Middlekauff introduced Brad Perry, a ninth grade student

from Hogan Junior High School, Vallejo, as the recipient of a year’s

honorary membership in the Society and an entomological book of his choice,

as the award for the best entomological exhibit at the Fourth Annual Bay

Area Science Fair. Richard M. Brown, a ninth grade student at Mount

Diablo High School, Concord, and Fulton L. Saier, an eighth grade student

at Jordan Junior High School, Palo Alto, received honorable mention for

their fine collections.

The President stated that the response to the questionnaire polling the

Society membership opinions on future policies and activities has been good,

but that the data have not yet been compiled.

Dr. Jensen nominated for membership in the Society Mr. C. J. De Mars

and Mr. D. H. Groves currently at the University of California. They were

unanimously elected.

Dr. E. S. Ross stated that the annual field trip of the Society would

probably be held on May 12 at Russelman Park.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits. Dr. R. L.

Doutt exhibited two species of parasitic wasps attacking the Mediterranean

flour moth: Idechthis canescius (Grav.) and Habrobracon juglandis

( — Bracon hebetor).

Jerry A. Powell exhibited a series of tachinid flies of the genus

Achaetoneura, of interest because there were 32 specimens reared from a

single cocoon of Antheracea (Telea) polyphemus Cramer. The moth cocoon

was collected in February near Pittsburg, Contra Costa County, California,

on willow. In addition, a second series of ten specimens of the fly were

shown from another cocoon, in which the size of the individuals was markedly

larger, presumably a function of the numbers of larvae parasitizing one

moth pupa.

Mr. H. B. Leech exhibited a book entiled “Coleopteros do Brasil” by

Jacintho Guerin in 1953; 356 pages plus 41 plates.

Mr. Lorin Gillogly exhibited the aphid, Kakimia muesebecki Knowlton

and Allen, taken on flowering currants in a Watsonville nursery. According

to L. Blanc, who identified the aphid, it is rather rare. It was described

from Ribes at Redwood Canyon, California in 1939.

Mr. Gillogly also exhibited a pair of adult nitidulid beetles with larvae

identified as Epuraea monogama Crotch. These were collected April 7, 1957

in a Polyporus volvatus fungus near Felton in Santa Cruz County. The

fungi occur on dead coniferous logs or standing trunks.

In a notation on phengodid larvae and their food habits, Mr. Gillogly

stated that in 1942 in Elysian Park, Los Angeles, California, he found several

large larviform phengodids and phengodid larvae feeding upon snails which

January, 1958]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

they had killed. They were found in the Roman white snail Otala lactea,

but not in Helia asparta.

Dr. Furman exhibited a small clubionid spider, Cheiracanthium inclusum

Hentz, similar to one identified by Dr. W. J. Gertsch of the American

Museum of Natural History. The particular interest of the exhibit was that

this species has now been incriminated as responsible for painful bite effects

in man in California. Details are to be published elsewhere.

Mrs. L. R. Gillogly exhibited a common California weed, Epilohium

paniculatum Nutt., which has been found to be a food plant of the larvae

of the emerald sphinx moth, Arctonotiis lucidus Boisduval. Although the

moth appears to be limited to California, it is statewide in distribution. It

is not often seen in collections.

Dr. J. Gordon Edwards showed two excellent color slides of Gryllob-

latta barberi Caudell.

Dr. E. S. Ross showed several interesting color slides, including close-ups

of an albino frog found locally by Mr. Bander. A new genus and species of

Enicocephalidae was pictured. Numerous slides of insects and a large jungle

toad from South America were shown.

Dr. Ross described his plans for an African insect collecting and photo-

graphy trip. The party will consist of Dr. and Mrs. Ross and Robert E.

Leech. At present he is equipping a iy 2 -ton truck for the trip. He plans

to leave on May 20th for New Orleans, thence to depart by freighter for

Africa. The party will debark at Metadi, the port for Leopoldville and thence

travel around the southern end of the continent and up the east coast.

Professor E. 0. Essig commented on the very interesting fauna character-

istic of Madagascar. It is not like that of adjacent Africa. He stated that

he has two new genera and species of aphids from Madagascar which differ

from any other aphids seen in possessing very long spines extending from

the sides and back.

Dr. R. L. Doutt narrated a color motion picture showing the feeding,

oviposition and other habits of parasitic and predaceous insects and mites.

The outstanding close-up photography was by Ken Middleham of Riverside,

California. The film was edited by Dr. Charles A. Fleschner.

The meeting was adjourned at 8:35 p.m. — Deane P. Eurman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Fifty-fourth Meeting

The annual field meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society

was held at Russelman Park, Contra Costa County, May 5, 1957. The follow-

ing members were present: E. 0. Essig, E. S. Ross, H. Ruckes, H. B. Leech,

John MacSwain, Jane MacSwain, D. P. Fuiman, E. G. Linsley, W. H.

Nutting, W. Russell, J. A. Powell, F. E. Skinner, J. E. Swift, 0. W. Graf Jr.,

P. D. Hurd, Brad Perry, A. E. Michelbacher, J. A. Chemsak, J. L. Herring,

P. D. Ashlock, Paul Opler, W. Ferguson. Vistiors present were as follows:

Mrs. E. 0. Essig, Mrs. E. S. Ross and family, Mrs. H. Ruckes and family,

Mrs. W. H. Nutting and family, Elsa Russell, Fran Powell, Marge Swift,

Mrs. 0. W. Graf and family, Grace and Kathy Hurd, Sue Tuttle, Bert and

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

Libby Adelson, Tom Leech, Frances Leech, Juanita Linsley, Kay Furman

and family, Dr. and Mrs. R. W. Furman, Derham Giuliani, John and Lois

Bogonono, Mary and Billy Leech, Jean, Roger, David and Susan Skinner,

Stephanie, Robin and Rickie Ferguson, R. F. Smith and family, F. Bruce,

Mr. and Mrs. H. Vannoy Davis, Celeste Green, Phil Bonhag and family,

Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Perry, R. Howsmon, Kate Herring, Martha Michelbacher,

R. E. Leech.

Once again the Society enjoyed a perfect day for the field meeting.

Swishing collecting nets and clicking cameras were evident in almost equal

numbers, reflecting an increasing interest in the pictorial, as well as actual,

collection of insects in their natural habitats. Swimming, baseball and

visiting rounded out a festive day. — Deane P. Furman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Fifty-fifth Meeting

The two hundred and fifty-fifth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held at 7:45 p.m. on Friday, October 11, 1957, in the

Morrison Auditorium, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Vice-

President D. D. Jensen presided at the meeting. The following members were

present: H. B. Leech, J. E. Swift, G. F. Ferris, L. M. Henry, P. H. Arnaud

Jr., F. E. Skinner, E. 0. Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, E. L. Kessel, J. A.

Powell, T. S. Acker, E. G. Linsley, P. D. Hurd Jr., D. D. Linsdale, J. A.

Chemsak, W. A. Doolin, D. MacNeill, R. L. Langston, D. Burdick, A. Ross,

P. F. Torchio, C. J. Worthington, A. E. Pritchard, D. M. Maddox, D. D.

Jensen, D. P. Furman. Visitors were Mike Kenny, G. J. Crowley, D.

Breedlove, B. Barichievich, Mrs. J. A. Powell, Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Lindquist,

Mrs. D. P. Furman, Mrs. E. G. Linsley, Mrs. Grace Hurd, Mrs. B. J. Adelson,

Nancy Rutledge, Mrs. J. M. Burns, Dolores Damissio, Marie Moor, Patricia

Heaton, Stennett Heaton, B. J. Adelson, S. G. Smith.

The minutes of the meetings held April 12 and May 5, 1957 were read

and approved.

The following nominees for membership in the Society were unanimously

elected: Dr. Frank A. Cole, Paul A. Opler, Thompson C. Lawrence, Evert

E. Lindquist, Dr. Ernest S. Booth, Jack Hall, Clarence S. Davis, Mrs. Ruth

Whitney, Michael Kenny, Gerald Crowley, Dennis Breedlove, Bruce Barichie-

vich.

Dr. Jensen appointed the following committee to select nominees for

officers of the Society for 1958: A. E. Michelbacher, Chairman; H. B. Leech,

Laura Henry.

Dr. Jensen introduced as the speaker of the evening. Dr. S. G. Smith,

Head, Section of Cytology and Genetics, Forest Insect Laboratory, Sault

Sainte Marie, Canada. The title of the address was “Cyto-taxonomy of

Insects.”

Following a short discussion of Dr. Smith’s address, notes and exhibits

were presented.

Don MacNeill introduced Mr. Stennet Heaton who exhibited some

interesting color slides demonstrating the versatility of the Leitz Ultra Pac

January, 1958]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

compared with other means of taking photomicrographs at medium to high

magnifications.

John Chemsak showed a few slides representing areas visited in Chiapas,

Mexico, where he collected insects and amber last summer.

Dr. Kessel played part of a tape recording made in 1952 of a conversation

with our former colleague Dr. E. C. Van Dyke.

Don Burdick exhibited a living mantispid and also color slides of the

insects in characteristic postures.

H. B. Leech discussed briefly the current collecting trips of Gene

Monroe and of Ed Ross in New Guinea and Africa respectively.

Dr. E. L. Kessel exhibited several hundred unmounted smoke flies

(Micromania) which he had strained out of the smoke of a backyard smudge

at Spenard, Alaska, during his recent trip. Although unreported from

Alaska and Yukon territory, he captured microsanias also at Girdwood and

at Gardiner Creek in Alaska and at several of the official camp grounds

along the Alaska Highway in the Yukon— in fact wherever he built a fire,

these tiny dipterans congregated in the smoke. The trip produced some 200

other flies of the family Platypezidae none of which were previously reported

from the Yukon and very few of which had been taken before in Alaska,

British Columbia, and Alberta.

The meeting was adjourned to the “Coffee Social” at 9:20 p.m. — Deane

P. Furman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Fifty-sixth Meeting

The two hundred and fifty-sixth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, December 7, 1957, in the

Morrison Auditorium, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

President W. W. Middlekauff conducted the meeting. The following members

were present: E. 0. Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, D. Breedlove, T. Lawrence,

S. W. Hitchcock, D. D. Jensen, M. Kenny, P. D. Hurd, W. E. Ferguson,

K. S. Hagen, A. E. Pritchard, F. E. Skinner, H. E. Stark, D. G. Denning,

E. Cott. W. A. Doolin, O. W. Graf Jr., C. J. Worthington, A. Ross, W. A.

Russell, D. D. Linsdale, H. B. Leech, W. W. Middlekauff, D. P. Furman.

Visitors were David Peterson, John Nickel, Michael Tomei, Marie Moor,

Dennis Hyms, Nancy Rutledge, Dolores Damiano, Loretta Denning, James

Denning.

The minutes of the meeting held October 11, 1957, were read and

approved.

Lionel A. Stange, Louis A. Ruud, Kevin P. Shea and R. G. Dahl were

elected to membership in the Society.

Mr. Frank Skinner, Chairman of the Program Committee, announced

that 77 of the questionnaires sent to members had been returned. The

majority favored the changed format of meetings now in operation. Other

suggestions approved included newspaper announcements of meetings and

the principle of holding one meeting a year at some outside institution.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXIV, NO. 1

Mr. H. B. Leech, Chairman of the Auditing Committee, stated that the

books of the Society are in order and are accepted as they stand.

Dr. Middlekauff exhibited a sample of privet hedge defoliated and

debarked by grasshoppers.

Dr. Furman exhibited living larvae and an adult of Hermetia illucens

(Linnaeus) which have been found breeding quite commonly in poultry

manure of the San Joaquin Valley. Under favorable conditions larval popu-

lations form an almost solid mat of one to two inches in depth. Such

populations work over added manure very rapidly. Laboratory experiments

indicate that housefly larval development is inhibited or stopped short of

the pupal stage in competition for food with the stratiomyids.

Dr. Michelbacher reported that the nominating committee proposed the

following as officers of the Society for 1958: Dilworth D. Jensen, President;

Richard L. Doutt, Vice-President; Deane P. Furman, Secretary; R. C. Miller,

Treasurer. They were unanimously elected.

The chairmanship of the meeting was then turned over to President-

elect Jensen who called on Dr. Middlekauff to give his presidential address

entitled “Biology and Ecology of Several Species of California Rangeland

Grasshoppers” which is published in this issue.

Following a discussion of the presidential address the meeting was

adjourned. — Deane P. Furman, Secretary.

HARZWANZEN OR “RESIN BUGS” IN THAILAND

Two species of Reduviid bugs, Ectinoderus longimanus Westwood and

Amulius malayus Stal, were observed while on an excursion with the

Entomology Section at the Ninth Pacific Science Congress in Bangkok. On

November 23, 1957, the group stopped south of Bangkok at Bang Lamung

and observed holes one foot or so in diameter cut in the trunks of large

Dipterocarpus alatus trees. Pools of resin accumulate in these holes and the

material is collected for use as a varnish and to caulk boats. Burning, which

is illegal in Thailand, stimulates flow of resin and chars the wood around

the hole.

This microhabitat attracts stingless bees, Trigona (Tetragona) iridi-

pennis E. Smith (det. H. F. Schwarz), which were seen swarming in front

of the holes and which collect the resin for their nests. Lying in wait for

the bees at the edges of the pools of resin were the large (15—30 mm.) resin

bugs mentioned above. Bugs of these genera have been reported previously

by Roepke, W. (Miscellanea Zoologica Sumatrana, LXVIII, pp. 1—5, 1932)

and Miller, N.C.E. (Proc. Royal Ent. Soc. London, A, 17:54—55, 1942) as

living in cracks in the bark of Agathi.s alba, Altingia excelsa, and Pinus

merkusii, and catching Trigona bees in Sumatra and Malaya. They reported

that the bugs dip the front legs in sticky exudations to cover the tibiae and

one segmented clawless tarsi. Long erect hairs on the tibiae serve to hold

the fluid. The legs are held forward like those of a pseudoscorpion and are

used to trap the bees. — R. L. Usinger, University of California, Berkeley.

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Yol. XXXIY

APRIL, 1958

No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

POWELL — Biological notes on the burrow and prey of Anoplius

ventralis tarsatus (Banks) 53

MILLER — A new species of Copidosoma closely related to C. nanellae

Silvestri - 57

ARNAUD — A note on Salmacia frontosa variety atra (Cockerell) 61

PHILIP — Descriptions of new neotropical Tabanidae mostly in the

California Academy of Sciences - 63

HITCHCOCK — New California Plecoptera 77

KRANTZ — Cryptognathus sternalis, a new species of prostigmatid

mite from Oregon 81

KESSEL — The smoke fly, Hormopeza copulifera Melander 86

NEWCOMER — Some parasites and predators of fruit pests in the

Pacific Northwest 87

DENNING — New Western Trichoptera 93

HALL & FLESCHNER — A new species of Stethorus Weise from

Guatemala now being released in California 98

BRADLEY — Synonymy in the Oriental species of the subgenus Micro-

scolia Betrem 101

MACSWAIN — The occurrence of Anoplodera crassipes (LeConte) in

old lumber 104

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 92

BOOK REVIEWS 56, 100

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1958

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usingeb

E. S. Ross J. A. Powell, Asst. Editor H. B. Leech