Vol. XXXYI JANUARY. 1960 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

DOUTT — Natural enemies and insect speciation 1

SCHUSTER, MARSH & PARK — Present status of the tribe Mayetini

in the United States — Part II 15

POWELL & BURDICK — Observations on the nesting behavior of

Astata occidentalis Cresson in central California 25

STROHECKER — Several new species of North American Orthoptera...... 31

LINSLEY — A fragmentary observation on the mating behavior of

Timulla 36

ANANTHAKRISHNAN — A remarkable instance of sexual dimorphism

in a new species, Rhopalandrothrips nilgiriensis 37

TILDEN — An additional note on the life history of Mitoura

spinetorum (Hewitson) 40

PROCEEDINGS', Pacific Coast Entomological Society 41

TENTH PACIFIC SCIENCE CONGRESS 14

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 24

NEW ENTOMOLOGICAL JOURNAL 30

ERRATA 35

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1960

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

in with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXVI January, 1960 No. 1

NATURAL ENEMIES AND INSECT SPECIATION^

Richard L. Doutt

University of California, Berkeley

In this last month of 1959, one hundred years after the publi-

cation of The Origin of Species, it is fitting that this Society give

some acknowledgment to the Darwin Centennial. Biologists all

over the world have paused to recognize this important anniver-

sary, to consider the impact of the theory of evolution on the

thinking and culture of mankind, and to pay tribute to the man

whose name has become almost synonymous with the theory which

he proposed. However, it should be mentioned parenthetically that

while we think of Darwin when evolution is mentioned, Darwin

apparently never used the term evolution, which in its modern

sense is due to Herbert Spencer (Eord, 1956).

During the past eleven months of the Darwin Centennial many

scientific groups, far more elegant and famous than ours, have

scheduled commemorative lectures, symposia, and appropriate

exhibits. These have all been properly dignified, impressive, and

praiseworthy. While few of us have been actual participants in

these events, we do, nevertheless, identify ourselves with the spirit

of the occasion and from it tend to derive some vicarious satis-

faction. However, I think there is a much better way to commem-

orate Darwin’s contribution. I think that each biologist, each one

of us who is a student of living organisms, should take time to

view from our own particular vantage point the theory of

evolution and the factors that influence speciation.

It is true that our own vantage point may not offer a very

superior view; there may not be much to be seen from it, or, if it

does command a spectacular view, we may suffer from some

intellectual myopia so that we are unable to take advantage of

it. But, however handicapped we may be, I think the honesty of

the effort makes it worthwhile and that it would please Charles

Darwin. He was not always sure of his own position, but was

frequently puzzled and confused by what he observed. It is this

fact which has given me the courage to speak to you on a subject

^Presidential address before the annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society at

the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, December 12, 1959.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

in which I have few qualifications. It is this fact which makes

me willing to risk the charge of being presumptous in talking to

you about insect speciation when I really am not conversant with

the subject. I merely wish to tell you what I see from my vantage

point as a worker in biological control and accordingly one who

is interested in population dynamics and the role of parasites and

predators.

We must start from firmly established principles, and I do

not intend to depart very far from them. The great truths in

biology are always immediately before us; they are not cryptic

and obscure phenomena that only a few are privileged to see.

For example, Darwin’s Galapagos finches were seen by people

before Darwin went ashore from the Beagle, and the influence of

these birds even on Darwin was apparently delayed and retro-

spective, for it was ten years before he made any significant

comment on them (Lack, 1947). I am certain that Darwin’s

finches have their counterparts in many phenomena that we

entomologists probably see but do not recognize yet as being

significant. Now I am not suggesting that I have found some new

significance in rearranging some frequently observed phenomena

in insect populations. Instead, I am inviting you to join me in

viewing these phenomena from a novel and perhaps slightly

unconventional aspect, and I further ask you to consider them in

the light of the twentieth century notions about insect speciation.

The EQUILIBRIUM POSITION OF A SPECIES AND THE

BALANCE OF NATURE

One good starting point is the basic fact that there is a

balance of nature, which means simply that barring any major

changes in any given environment the resident insect species over

a period of time maintain a fairly constant quantitative relation-

ship to one another. (Smith, 1935). In this situation no single

species continually increases or decreases in relation to the others.

For example, consider for a moment the insect species that exist

outside this hall in Golden Gate Park. If we had taken annual

surveys of these insects for the past 25 years we would have found

that year after year some species were always fairly abundant,

others less so, and finally some species were so rare that we would

have considered them to be collectors’ items. We would have

found this to be true because each of the species has an equilibrium

January, 1960]

DOUTT PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

position which it maintains in relation to the other species in its

environment. Of course at the same time each species fluctuates

both positively and negatively from this equilibrium position

because of the changing seasons, or its reproductive cycle, or to

any one of many other causes, but these are short term departures

only. The species population always tends to return to its normal

level of abundance. This reflects the general truth which was known

to Darwin and his predecessors, that, on the average, only one

progeny per parent can survive, otherwise the species would

increase to infinity or decrease to extinction. This, then, is the

static aspect of populations; it is the seeming paradox of stability

in the midst of constant change. It can be compared to sea level

which furnishes us a zero basis for altitude and one of the standard

conditions in the most precise of physical sciences, and yet the sea

is never level but is always in motion by waves or tides.

There are entomologists who see only the dynamic aspects

of populations and not these static characteristics. They are so

impressed by the fluctuations of insect populations that they are

inclined to deny the existence of any equilibrium position in a

species. To them its existence is contrary to facts and a denial of

organic evolution. My contention, on the contrary, is that this

equilibrium position does indeed exist; that it is just as universal

a phenomenon among insect species as sea level is among the

oceans of the world. Furthermore, I believe that the tendency of

a species to keep this balance is absolutely essential to the main-

tenance of the species because it prevents the disastrous over-

exploitation of the limited requisities in the environment. I endorse

the view of my colleague. Dr. C. B. Huffaker, who believes that

the measure of success of a species is the relative stability of its

ecological position and that any adaptation which gives increased

security of ecological position will tend to be perpetuated. In other

words, natural selection is involved in the maintenance of balance

in populations, and this has survival value. This is, of course,

difficult to prove, for as Dr. Huffaker points out, these balanced

relations, as such, do not fossilize (Huffaker, in press).

By adhering to our biologists’ store of well established and

basic facts perhaps we can find among them persuasive evidence

to support this hypothesis. For one thing, it is evident that the

equilibrium position of each species is determined by the regu-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

latory factors in the environment. What do we mean by regulatory

factors? These are mortality agents, usually biotic, which operate

in a density dependent manner. That is, as the population grows

above its equilibrium position the probability of survival of any

individual member of that population becomes increasingly less.

In our empirical work in biological control we have demonstrated

repeatedly that these regulatory factors acting on insect populations

may commonly be entomophagous organisms such as predators,

parasitoids, and pathogens. These natural enemies frequently

regulate the abundance of the host species in any given habitat,

and their action prevents wildly fluctuating host densities that

could lead to the exhaustion of all the requisites of food and space

in the environment and through this, absolute depletion to the

ultimate extinction of the species. Instead we find that through

their regulatory action the natural enemies maintain the host

populations in a stable sort of existence in the environment. They

are very often responsible for the balance of nature as we see it

among the species of insects.

It might appear at first glance that this tendency to evolve

toward a stable system would cause variability to be at a minimum

and to lead to fewer and fewer species. Actually the reverse is

true. For example, the results achieved over the years in biological

control projects sometimes appear to be a product of latitude, for

the chances of quick and effective control by importing natural

enemies seem to improve the closer we approach the tropics. This

merely reflects the fact that the biotic mortality factors of the

environment are comparatively much more effective in tropical

than in temperate latitudes. At the same time, the numbers of

species are far greater in the tropics. Coupled with this great

complexity in the tropical biota is the fact that the populations

tend to be very stable. It is only as we go toward the higher

latitudes that we find the wildly fluctuating populations. It seems

evident that where there is intense inter-specific competition the

course of evolution is toward greater diversity of species and

greater stability of this increasingly diverse and complex system.

It is my suggestion that natural enemies are very often protagonists

in this evolutionary drama.

What I am suggesting is that in many insect species it is an

advantage to them to have effective natural enemies. By effective

January, 1960]

DOUTT PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

natural enemies I mean those which are quickly responsive to

changes in host density and increase the intensity of their action

as the population increases. Probably most of us are not accus-

tomed to thinking that mortality factors which are increasingly

severe on a growing population can actually be beneficial to the

survival of that species. The notion nevertheless appears to be

true that an efficient entomophagous organism or high degree of

pathogenicity in a parasite or pathogen may indeed work to aid

the survival of the insect host or prey species.

The predators and parasitoids that we use in biological control

are fatal to their hosts, and yet there is a widely published

hypothesis, which indicates an equally wide acceptance, that an

organism which kills its host is, comparatively speaking, a new-

comer to the ranks of parasitism. The hypothesis is that a parasite

which does not tend to kill its host is a more completely adapted

type which reflects a host-parasite relationship of long standing.

I am not competent to judge the validity of this theory when

applied to the conventional types of parasites, but it is com-

pletely erroneous when one applies it to insect parasitoids, the

parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera. With these groups I am

convinced that there is a preponderance of evidence to the contrary.

The morphological and physiological adaptations exhibited by

endo-parasites for their life within the host individual are far from

being primitive. The psychological selection of hosts by female

parasitic wasps and their general searching behavior and ovi-

positional responses do not fit the ordinary criteria that define

primitive characteristics. These facts, I think, give very strong

support to the belief that insect species tend to evolve toward stable

balanced relationships and are aided in this by very effective

natural enemies, which are themselves well adapted species,

although fatal in their action on their respective hosts or prey.

The fragmentation of host populations

BY NATURAL ENEMIES

Although still largely based on theoretical grounds, there is a

belief that a very efficient parasite or predator, particularly one

that tends to be host-specific, tends to break a host population up

into small isolated units. These small and separated colonies are

often exterminated by the natural enemy, but in the meantime

there have been a few escapees or emigrants that have started

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

new colonies of the host. We see evidence of such a colonial distri-

bution in many of the sessile hosts such as diaspine scales. These

small and somewhat isolated populations have been termed

“demes” by some geneticists and it is rather generally agreed that

the division of a species into a number of partly or temporarily

isolated populations of various sizes gives the conditions most

likely to result in rapid evolution (Sheppard, 1956). Of course,

the demes are not completely isolated, but selection, with the

deme as its unit, takes the form of more rapid growth of popula-

tions of the better adapted ones and their more extensive dis-

persion into territories of the less adapted with consequent grading

up, or even replacement of the latter (Wright, 1956).

Quite probably there are a number of factors which lead to

this colonial type of distribution in insects, but I am suggesting

that natural enemies can play a very important role. Whenever

extrinsic factors cause an interruption or retardation in gene flow

between portions of a species, then these subdivisions of the

species tend to drift apart genetically (Mayr, 1948) . If then a very

efficient parasite can fragment the populations of its host, it is

precluding absolute randomness of mating and is creating a

condition in which greater variability of the host species will be

possible.

Natural enemies and the phenotypic expression

OF insect species

While the most important role of natural enemies of insect

species is in maintaining balance by regulating the equilibrium

position of the given species, it has long been evident to biologists

that natural enemies may play a very important part in determin-

ing which phenotypes in a species survive. In other words, without

natural enemies many of our insect species might look very differ-

ent. This view is, of course, based on the phenomenon of mimicry

and protective coloration that we so often observe in insects.

For example let us consider a butterfly which may in the adult

stage mimic a species that is distasteful to birds. We generally

consider the outstanding function of such mimetic resemblance

to be protection, and yet in the population dynamics of Lepidop-

tera we believe that the predation on the adult stage is of minor

importance, whereas by contrast the attack by natural enemies

on the lepidopteran eggs, larvae, and pupae is very intense.

January, 1960] doutt — presidential address

Certainly there are abundant data to show the important part

played by parasites in destroying eggs, larvae, and pupae. Further-

more, general field observations show that caterpillars are heavily

attacked by predators such as birds and wasps. Yet at the same

time, adult butterflies are seldom seen to be attacked by birds. So

it follows that protection from attack in the adult stage can be of

little, if any, importance to a species of butterfly. Therefore, if a

perfect mimetic pattern appeared suddenly in a non-mimetic

species, giving complete immunity from attack, it would not

increase the success of the species, which would be just as success-

ful without the mimetic pattern. At first glance this would appear

to render natural selection of the mimetic pattern impossible, but

actually this is not so (Nicholson, 1927).

Imagine a hypothetical situation where a perfect mimetic

pattern offering complete immunity from attack appears suddenly

in adults of a non-mimetic species which is subject to attack by

birds capable of discriminating between the two color patterns.

All the possessors of the mimetic pattern would survive to lay

eggs, while a proportion of the non-mimetic adults would be

destroyed by birds. Therefore the proportion of the mimetic to

the non-mimetic individuals would be greater when the insects

laid their eggs than it was when the adults emerged. The parasites

of the developmental stages of this generation would operate to

regulate the equilibrium position at the same level it was previ-

ously, but in their attack they would not operate selectively and

would therefore destroy, on the average, an equal proportion of

the mimetic and non-mimetic stocks. Consequently, the proportion

of the mimetic to non-mimetic individuals surviving to the adult

stage would theoretically be the same as that proportion which

existed in the egg stage. Again the birds would act selectively

against the non-mimetic adults, but the parasites would in turn

act without selective action on the succeeding generation of eggs,

larvae and pupae. The selective action on the adults, although

perhaps very slight, would nevertheless be cumulative generation

after generation until finally the mimetic form would completely

replace the non-mimetics. The result would be not an increase in

the numbers of the species but a species composed of phenotypes

of very different appearance from the original stock.

This theory would apply to cryptic coloration equally well,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

and it is in these species which have built up complicated patterns

suitable for concealment on lichened tree trunks, rocks, and posts

that we see the phenomenon of industrial melanism. It has been

reported that of the 780 species of Macrolepidoptera which occur

in the British Isles, about 70 are in the process of replacing their

populations with dark or black individuals in the vicinity of soot-

laden industrial areas (Kettlewell, 1956).

It is of extreme interest that such a change in gene frequency

in one species will alter the amount of predation on other species

in the same habitat. Accordingly industrial melanism is suggested

as being an auto-catalytic process by Sheppard (1956) who also

points out that the evolution of mimicry will lead to mimicry in

other species with the same mode of life and living in the same

area. Thus parallel evolution in mimicry tends to be produced in

insects living in the same area and with similar ecologies. Conse-

quently, it is a noteworthy but not surprising fact that where

mimicry is found usually a large number of species are involved,

Avhile in other places mimicry is rare or absent.

For a long time the idea has been prevalent in biological control

circles that in general vertebrate predators do not regulate the

population density of any given insect species. It has been thought

that birds are not quickly responswe to changes in numbers of

any one insect species and are therefore not density dependent in

their action. However, there are data on a few bird species, at

least, which show that birds can be very important. Brower (1958)

has generalized that the behavior of birds which eat phytophagous

insects is such that the probability of discovery of a food item of

a particular shape, color-pattern, and size is increased if the one

previously found is of similar appearance and is palatable. The

birds thus form a “searching image” or a “visual image” of the

prey. This kind of behavior could easily lead to density-dependent

predation in nature.

Experiments were conducted by de Ruiter (1952) in which

tivig-like geometrid caterpillars and the twigs they specifically

resembled were scattered on the floor of an aviary. Individual

jays were then admitted and characteristically began to hop about

looking for food but in each case ignored both the twigs and the

motionless caterpillars. However, after birds finally found and

ate a larva then both tivigs and larvae were pecked at, which

January, 1960] doutt — presidential address

resulted in nearly all the larvae being eaten. Tinbergen (1957)

discussed these experiments and said that when caterpillars out-

numbered twigs, the birds went on hunting for caterpillars, but

if they picked up more twigs than caterpillars, they gave up

searching. From this it can be seen that the time interval between

successes can not be too long if the bird is to continue searching,

and in nature this interval would bear a direct relationship to how

well the prey was spread out.

Brower (1958) believes that this phenomenon of persistent

and successful searching after the bird has found the first prey

plays a role in the food plant specialization of phytophagous

insects. Brower suggests that in a situation where two closely

related, pro-cryptic species are feeding together on the same plants

slight genetic differences in the two species would result in them

being cryptic to a slightly different extent on any one food plant

species. Therefore the selection pressure by birds concentrating on

the common prey image would favor those individuals of each

species which were on mutually exclusive plants, and in this way

the common food plant diet originally shared by all would come

to be divided among them. Brower suggests that the reason that

food plant specialization is so prevalent is probably because the

selective advantage of being on separate plants is greater than

that conferred by the initial stages of a divergence in appear-

ance which would ultimately be different enough to be overlooked

by the birds.

So far I have stressed the positive role of natural enemies in

being responsible for the phenotypic expression of a species

population, but there are cases where just the opposite is true

and the phenotypic expression is due to the absence of biotic

pressure. In this connection one can consider some of the flight-

less endemic species in Hawaii. As Zimmerman (1948) points out

“The flightless insects of Hawaii are the descendents of cripples

which survived only because in these insular environments biotic

and environmental pressures are reduced to a minimum, and

conditions have been favorable for their survival. They are

‘hopeful monsters’ arisen under circumstances in which there is

hope.”

“Some of these flightless species which were successful under

primitive Hawaiian conditions have recently succumbed to new

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

Diotic pressure brought about by the introduction of predators

which are foreign to the Hawaiian biotal balance. Some of us have

searched intensively under the very trees where Dr. Perkins pro-

cured a series of the flightless fly Emperoptera mirahilis Grimshaw

but have never been able to find a single example of the species.

It appears that this remarkable fly is now extinct — at least in the

type locality — because it was unable to withstand the new pres-

sure created by the invasion of its environment by immigrant

predaceous ants.” (Zimmerman, 1948.) Therefore it appears from

these observations that non-adaptive radiation can take place

relatively easily where there is an absence of predators or where

the predator pressure is low.

Natural enemies and insect behavior

Not only may the phenotypic expression of morphological

characters in a species be influenced by natural enemies, but

certainly the behaviouristic characters of the species may also be

the end result of the pressure of natural enemies. All entomologists

are aware of the behavior of certain insects when startled, such as

beetles immediately dropping from plants, insects taking flight, or

perhaps feigning death.

The power of flight in insects may originally have evolved

because it gave a great advantage to the insects in escaping

predators, and it has been suggested that this in turn led to the

development in other animals of the ability to fly. It is apparently

a system of measures and counter-measures, for, while bats through

echosounding locate flying insects, there are moths which have the

ability to detect the ultrasonic emanations from the bats and

characteristically respond by immediately ceasing flight.

Many insects, particularly in the Orthoptera, locate mates by

the sound made by one of the sexes. It would seem that this might

also notify vertebrates of the insect’s location, but actually the

sound is of such frequency that vertebrates have difficulty in

locating the source. This is due to a basic difference in the manner

of hearing. Each sound wave has two basic properties, one the

displacement of the particles or molecules of the medium and the

other the change of pressure with which this is associated. Verte-

brate ears perceive pressure changes while the hearing organs of

insects register particle displacement. It was pointed out by

Pumphrey (1940) that since any sound involves particle displace-

January, 1960]

DOUTT PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

ment, and particle displacement involves direction, grasshoppers

can locate sounds of all types equally efficiently as long as they

are within the audible range. The situation is quite different in

vertebrates.

Marler (1959) reminds us of the common experience that

many Orthopterans are difficult to track down by their songs.

“As has already been pointed out, the ‘displacement’ hearing

organs of insects locate sound sources in a different way from

vertebrate ears, and the efficiency is unaffected by the frequency

of the sound, as long as it is audible. Insects therefore are freer

than vertebrates in their choice of frequency. It is interesting to

note that most of them, nevertheless, lie between about 6 and 14

kilocycles per second (Busnel, 1953). In the absence of breaks

to serve as time clues, this is probably a quite difficult frequency

range for those birds which prey on grasshoppers to locate. One

may speculate on the possibility that some insect songs are

adapted so that they are both easy for insects to track down, but

difficult for vertebrates. It is noteworthy, too, that crickets, with

songs which are often broken and lower-pitched, around 2 to 4

kilocycles per second and therefore easier to locate, are largely

crepuscular and nocturnal. Because of this, and their cryptic and

often subterranean habits, they may be less exposed to predators

than some other species.”

Insects as plant parasites

Although the title of this address indicates that emphasis is

being placed on the role of natural enemies in insect speciation,

I think it is profitable to digress for a moment and consider the

role of insects as parasites of plants. As natural enemies of plants,

the insects may well have played a very important part in deter-

mining at least the quantitative balance that we find among our

plant species. As you are aware some of the most spectacular

results in biological control have been in the control of weed pests

by imported phytophagous insects. In California, for example,

Klamath weed has been cleared from hundreds of thousands of

acres of range land by the imported chrysoraelid beetles, and the

plant now exists as a roadside inhabitant or a plant that grows on

the marginal areas of clearings. Couple with this demonstration

the result of the destructive scale insects on the junipers in

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

Bermuda, and it is evident that insects can play a very important

role in determining the quantitative composition of the flora.

SpECIATION in ENTOMOPHAGOUS FORMS

The whole subject of speciation in the entomophagous forms

themselves is far too large to take up in detail in an address such

as this. It is, however, one of great interest, and it is possible that

a few isolating mechanisms exist among the parasitic groups that

are not encountered in other insect species. I like to think of an

internal parasite as living in a host that is sort of a physiological

island. Thorpe (1945) reports that there is considerable pre-

sumptive evidence of the isolating effect of host conditioning in

parasitic insects. He believes that the conditioned response will

give momentum to and set the direction for the selective processes

tending to bring about genotypic isolation. Thorpe concludes that

it would seem best to regard geographical and topographical and

ecological isolation as three different scales of spatial isolation.

In fact it has been said by Alice, et al. ( 1949) that living organisms,

as hosts to parasites, form one of the three major habitats on earth,

comparable to the aquatic and terrestrial habitats in which the

hosts themselves dwell. Therefore, with each host as a kind of

physiological island, it is not surprising that speciation has appar-

ently occurred frequently among the parasitoids. It is not difficult

to see how extrinsic factors associated with the host might set up

isolating mechanisms in parasite populations attacking it. If these

were sufficient to interrupt gene flow between portions of the

parasitoid species and lasted for any substantial period of time,

then perhaps a new species would evolve.

There is one contribution which a study of parasitoids can

make to the general subject of insect speciation and that is the

disclosure of races or biological species among host insects through

the differential behavior of the parasite complex. There have been

a number of examples where a single morphological host species

has been proved to consist actually of several distinct forms be-

cause the parasites of one form were unable to develop in the

other. On the other side of the coin one finds cases where a single

host may actually have several morphologically indistinguishable

but biologically very different parasites attacking it. These facts

arise because of the necessity in biological control of studying in

detail the biological and behaviouristic characters of the host and

January, 1960 ] doutt — presidential address

parasite respectively. To me the discovery of these biological

entities within a well established morphological species is no

criticism at all of conventional taxonomic procedures. Instead I

view it as the next logical step, another dimension to insect

taxonomy. This is a refinement that can be accomplished only

after the basic morphological taxonomic foundation has been

laid. This is, then, the expected progress and evolution in insect

taxonomy toward a degree of sophistication in systematics that

we now only dimly see, and it is my suggestion that insect

parasites can assist us in reaching this goal.

Summary

The relative stability of an insect species in its ecological

position is due to regulatory factors which are often predators,

parasites, or pathogens. Through the action of such density

dependent agents, the evolutionary tendency is to develop increas-

ingly complex but stable biota. The phenotypic expression of

morphological characters as well as the development of certain

behavior patterns in insects is often due to the selective pressure

of natural enemies. The speciation of insect parasitoids is discussed

in relation to modern systematics.

Literature Cited

Allee, W. C., et al.

1949. Principles of Animal Ecology. W. B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia

and London, 837 pp.

Brower, L. P.

1958. Bird predation and food plant specificity in closely related

procryptic insects. Amer. Nat. 92(864) : 183— 187.

Busnel, M. C.

1953. Contribution a I’etude des emissions acoustiques des Orthopteres.

Ann. ri.N.R.A. 3:333-421.

DE RuITER, L.

1952. Some experiements on the camouflage of stick caterpillars.

Behaviour 4:222—232.

Ford, E. B.

1956. A discussion on the dynamics of natural populations. Introduction.

Proc. Roy. Soc. London (B) 145: 291—364.

Huffaker, C. B.

In press. Some aspects of evolution and population dynamics.

Kettlewell, H. B. D.

1956. A resume of investigations on the evolution of melanism in the

Lepidoptera. Proc. Roy. Soc. London (B) 145:297—303.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

Lack, D. C.

1947. Darwin’s Finches. Cambridge Univ. Press 208 pp.

Marler, P.

1959. Developments in the study of animal communication. In

Bell, P. R. “Darwin’s biological works: some aspects recon-

sidered.” Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 150—206.

Mayr, E.

1948. The bearing of the new systematics on genetical problems. The

nature of species. Rec. Adv. Genetics 2:205—237.

Nicholson, A. J.

1927. A new theory of mimicry in insects. Australian Zool. 5(1) :

10-104.

PUMPHREY, R. J.

1940. Hearing in insects. Biol. Rev. 15:107—132.

Sheppard, P. M.

1956. Ecology and its bearing on population genetics. Proc. Roy. Soc.

London (B) 145:308-315.

Smith, H. S.

1935. The role of biotic factors in the determination of population

densities. Jour. Econ. Ent. 28(6) :873— 898.

Thorpe, W. H.

1945. Evolutionary significance of habitat selection. Jour. Anim. Ecology

14(2) ; 67-70.

Tinbergen, N.

1957. Defense by color. Sci. Amer. 197:48—54.

Wright, S.

1956. Modes of selection. Amer. Nat. 90(850) :5— 24.

Zimmerman, E. C.

1948. Insects of Hawaii. Vol. 1. Introduction. Univ. Hawaii Press,

Honolulu, 206 pp.

TENTH PACIFIC SCIENCE CONGRESS

The Tenth Pacific Science Congress of the Pacific Science

Association will be held at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu,

from 21 August to 6 September, 1961, sponsored by the National

Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., and Bernice P. Bishop

Museum, with the cooperation of the University of Hawaii. Scien-

tific sessions will be held from 21 August to 2 September, with a

post-sessional field trip through 6 September. — H. J. Coolidge,

Secretary-General, 10th Pacific Science Congress, Bishop Museum,

Honolulu 17, Hawaii.

January, 1960] schuster, et al. — mayetini ii

PRESENT STATUS OF THE TRIBE MAYETINI

IN THE UNITED STATES— PART H

CALIFORNIA

( Coleoptera : Pselaphidae )

Robert 0. Schuster^ Gordon A. Marsh^ and Orlando Park'^

The species of Mayetia occurring in California are distinct

from other species in the United States in that the fourth segment

of the maxillary palpus is devoid of sensory developments with

the exception of the cone and specialized setae (fig. 2).

Seven species are now known to occur in California. Most of

these were collected during 1957 and 1958. Considering the

number of species found in a relatively short period of time

in a small area of California, an estimate of 25 species of Mayetia

inhabiting the State would be conservative.

Mayetia mendocinoensis Schuster, Marsh and Park, new species

(Figs. 1-5, 9, 10)

Male. — Head 0.11 mm. long X 0.12 mm. wide; pronotum 0.13 mm.

X 0.11 mm.; elytra 0.12 mm. X 0.13 mm.; total length 1.11 mm. Elongate

depressed; pale testaceous; impunctate; body pubescence monaxial, pri-

marily straight, suberect. Head lacking eyes; about 54 setae on dorsal

surface ; tempora sharply rounded to neck ; two small vertexal foveae behind

middle, not perforate, being about twice as deep as the depth of the

integument and separated by slightly less than the distance between fovea

and lateral margin ; feeble sulci extend forward from each vertexal fovea ;

two small tubercles near the antennal acetabulae and two near the base

of the head; frontal margin sinuate between moderate antennal acetabulae;

clypeus short, transverse; labrum tridentate on each side of excavate middle

(fig. 3); mandibles arcuate, left crossing dorsal to right; inner ramus of

right mandible with symmetrical “M”-shaped tooth; basal part of “M” of

tooth on left ramus reduced (fig. 5) ; ventral surface of head flat with small

centrally located gular lovea ; tentorial connection to vertexal foveae com-

plete ; two macrosetae occur posterior to gular fovea ; mentum with two large

integumental projections anterior to a pair of setae (fig. 4) ; a circular mark

and two setae occur on head capsule posterior to mentum (fig. 4) ; maxillary

palpus of four segments with one macroseta on segment III; segment I mi-

nute; II pyriform, distal anterior edge flattened; III globose; lY ovoid with a

minute, straight palpal cone and two thin hyaline setae midway on outer

margin (fig. 2) ; antenna of 11 segments, slightly verticillate; segment

I twice as long as II, nari'ower basally ; III and IV half as long and nearly

three-quarters as wide as II ; V noticeably wider than IV ; VI scarcely nar-

rower than V ; VII longer than VI and wide as II ; VIII similar to V ; IX

through XI form strong club with X and XI connate; IX transverse; X

^Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis.

‘Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley.

® Department of Biology, Northwestern University.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

cup-shaped with four macrosetae; XI shorter than X, somewhat spongeous

with seven long, lamellate setae spaced equidistally around base (fig. 1).

Thorax with pronotum subelliptical, longer than wide; about 80 setae

dorsally; definite longitudinal glabrous area weakly reticulate; lacking

foveae or sulci; apterous; elytra lacking basal and subhumeral foveae; disc

simple; definite foveae lacking although faint sulci parallel the suture;

humeral angles rounded; lateral margins weakly expanded posterior to

rounded apical angles; apices truncate; about 60 setae dorsally. Prosternum

rather long, integument smooth before coxae, reticulate laterally; meso-

sternum simple ; metacoxae contiguous, mesocoxae contiguous, the coxal

cavities slightly separated; meso- and metathoracic internal structures as

illustrated (fig. 9) ; pro- and mesotrochanters simple, metatrochanter spined;

each tibia with one macroseta midway on anterior surface; a short comb

of setae dorsally and a long comb ventrally near apex; apex of each tibia

bearing two more or less distinct spines; tarsi of two segments ending in

a single strong claw. Abdomen with six visible tergites, I through V

similar in shape; V and VI not separated by the hexagonally marked mem-

brane occurring between I through IV, reticulations of this membrane

become more rectangular proximal to segments; segments II through V

with foveae at each basolateral angle, foveae transversely connected by

weak, pubescent sulci; sixth rounded distally; six visible sternites; I with

wide coxal lines; II through V similar, each with foveae and sulci as in

the tergites; VI with a large eccentric notch; the apices of a paired segment

are external, sclerotized and terminal; a “doughnut”-shaped spiracle occurs

on the first, fifth and sixth tergites. Sixth sternite is 0.067 mm. from the

front of the segment medially to a line across the distal margins of the

notch ; notch 0.017 mm. deep. Aedeagus with a flattened, arcuate apex,

of 0.135 mm. long X 0.076 mm. wide (fig. 10).

Female.— As described for the male with the following exceptions:

Sixth sternite terminal, symmetrically sinuate apically; a sinuate line due

either to a thickening or an inward development of the exoskeleton of the

sixth sternite is visible within the terminal segment; metatrochanters not

spined.

The holotype male, Mendocino, Mendocino County, Cali-

fornia, April 17, 1954, is deposited in the California Academy

of Sciences, paratypes in the California Academy of Sciences,

California Insect Survey, University of California at Davis, U.S.

National Museum, and in the collections of the authors.

The specimens representing this species have all been collected

in Mendocino County, California, by J. R. Heifer unless otherwise

specified. Caspar, 29 March 7, 1954; Id, 129 July 14, 1957;

6cf, 59 August 4, 1957 (J. R. Heifer, G. A. Marsh). Little River,

29 May 3, 1955. Mendocino, Sc?, 49 April 17, 1954; ScT, 19

March 16, 1955; 5cf, 89 June 18, 1957; 5cf, 109 July 1, 1957;

67 cf, 579 July 6, 1957 (J. R. Heifer, R. 0. Schuster); 2cf, 29

January, 1960] schuster, et al. — mayetini ii

July 16, 1957; 2cr July 21, 1957; 6d', 5? July 24, 1957;

15 cf, 5$ August 4, 1957 (J. R. Heifer, G. A. Marsh); 2(5", 3$

September 9, 1957; 7(5", 13^ December 2, 1957; 19(5', 13$

December 14, 1957.

The males of this species may be recognized by the shape

of the aedeagus which is usually distinct in cleared specimens.

The majority of the females examined showed a definite sinuate

marking within the last abdominal segment. Since the abdomen

is capable of considerable movement and measurement of the

segments is difficult, no emphasis has been placed on their ratios.

The numbers of setae were counted by focusing on the

dorsum at high-dry magnification and counting the setae moder-

ately in focus. The numbers of setae are approximately the

same for the other species examined from California and across

the United States. The thin, hyaline setae of the antennal club

are proportionately wider than those of the next species but

this can be appreciated only by comparison.

The means and standard deviations of the measurements

for 30 males and 30 females are given below. The head length

was measured across the front of the antennal tubercles to a

line across the back of the tempora. The elytral length was

taken from the posterior point of the scutellum to a line across

the apices. Other measurements are the maximum possible in

a longitudinal or transverse direction. Total length was the

distance from the front of the antennal tubercles to the end

of the abdomen without considering expansion or contraction

inherent in the mount. Males. Head 0.119 ±0.004 mm. long X

0.130±0.005 mm. wide; pronotum 0.133±0.003 X 0.123±0.006;

elytra 0.119±0.005 X 0.140±0.009; total length 1.05±0.08,

Females. Head 0.120±0.003 mm. long X 0.129±0.004 mm.

wide; pronotum 0.135±0.004 X 0.122±0.005; elytra 0.120±

0.005 X 0.135±0.008; sixth tergite 0.118±0.005 X 0.113±

0.004; sixth sternite 0.091 ±0.004 X 0.130±0.005; total length

1.12±0.07.

Specimens of M. mendocinoensis have been taken in numbers

from the top few inches of soil of undisturbed podzol profiles,

probably of the Caspar series. They are commonly found in

the first few inches of mineral soil of the A2 horizon and

are infrequently recovered from the overlying mat of organic

debris. Within the distribution of the soil series, there seems

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

to be no correlation between the occurrence of a particular plant

species and the occurrence of Mayetia. Mayetia mendocinoensis

has been taken from soil with pH readings as low at 4.1, but

the largest numbers have been recovered from soils of about

pH 5.5.

Mayetia walkeri Schuster, Marsh and Park, new species

(Figs. 6-8, 11)

Male . — Head 0.16 mm. long X 0.16 mm. wide; pronotum 0.17 mm. X

0.14 mm.; elytra 0.17 mm. X 0.17 mm.; total length 1.21 mm. Substantially

as described for M. mendocinoensis. The vertexal foveae are mutually

closer than the distance from fovea to lateral margin; sixth sternite is

0.079 mm. long, the notch 0.022 mm. ; aedeagus has a sclerotized “median

lobe,” visible even within the abdomen, 0.141 mm. long X 0.077 mm. wide

(fig. 11).

Female . — As described for the male with the following exceptions : Sixth

sternite evenly sinuate apically and much wider than long; a straight,

transverse line visible within the last abdominal segment ; metatrochanter

not spined.

Holotype male collected 6.4 miles south of Klamath, Del

Norte County, California from redwood litter and soil by

N. A. Walker on September 20, 1955, is deposited in the California

Academy of Sciences, a paratype male, same data, in the collection

of Orlando Park, and one female, same data, in the collection

of R. 0. Schuster.

The males are easily separated from those of the preceding

species by the genital structure. This difference is apparent in

cleared specimens and dissection is unnecessary. The transverse

line within the last abdominal segment of the female seems to

divide an internal structure into basal and apical parts and

easily distinguishes this species from any of the others examined.

When more specimens become available for study, ratios of

the length to width of the sixth tergite and sternite may be

found to differ sufficiently to assist in the discrimination of

this species.

Specimens of this species have been recovered from Mendocino,

Mendocino County, California. While considered conspecific they

are not included in the type series. The main departure from

the Del Norte County specimens is size, the specimens from

Mendocino County being approximately the same as M. meiido-

cinoensis. Additional series from intervening localities should

be obtained to substantiate the conspecific relationship of speci-

mens from Mendocino and Del Norte Counties.

January, 1960] schuster, et al. — mayetini ii

8 walkeri 9 mendocinoensis

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1, Antennal club. Fig. 2, Maxillary palpus. Fig. 3, Labrum. Fig. 4,

Mentum and front margin of head capsule. Fig. 5, Mandibles. Fig. 6, Ventral

aspect of male abdomen. Fig. 7, Dorsal aspect of entire male. Fig. 8, Detail

of areolate membrane. Fig. 9, Meso- and metatboracic structures, internal

aspect.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

Mayetia raneyi Schuster, Marsh and Park, new species

(Fig. 12)

Male. — Head 0.12 mm. long X 0.14 mm. wide; pronotum 0.13 mm. X

0.13 mm.; elytra 0.13 mm. long; total length 1.24 mm. As described for M.

mendocinoensis. Sixth sternite is 0.059 mm. long, the notch 0.017 mm.;

aedeagus cuniform, terminated apically by a membrane in which a scler-

otized piece lies at right angles to the basal portion, 0.101 mm. long X 0.042

mm. wide (fig. 12).

Female. — Also very similar to that of M. mendocinoensis . The terminal

abdominal segment is of similar shape but a subrectangular marking is

usually visible in the basal half.

The holotype male, 10 male and 10 female paratypes were

collected nine miles south of Monticello, Napa County,

California on January 22, 1958 from 0 to 20 cm. in sand from

under oak by Frank Raney and R. 0. Schuster. Additional

paratypes were collected as follows: Two males, eight females

from the same locality on December 13, 1957 by Leslie M. Smith

and R. 0. Schuster; one male 10 miles south of Monticello

from soil on a grassy slope on December 13, 1957 by Leslie

M. Smith and R. 0. Schuster; one male and one female taken

from sand beneath Umbellularia calif ornica nine miles south

of Monticello on January 19, 1958 by R. 0. Schuster; 20 males

and 37 females, Napa Valley Ranch, Napa County, California

on April 12, 1958 by Leslie M. Smith from soil under oaks.

The holotype male and paratypes of both sexes are deposited

in the California Academy of Sciences, paratypes in the California

Insect Survey, U.S. National Museum and in the collections of

the authors.

Both sexes of this species can be separated from the others

by the described secondary sexual characters.

Mr. Frank Raney has been of assistance not only in the

collection of this species but also in determining soil types and

plant species for many of the collection sites.

Mayetia scobina Schuster, Marsh and Park, new species

(Fig. 13)

Male. — Head 0.11 mm. long X 0.11 mm. wide; pronotum 0.13 mm. X

0.11 mm.; elytra 0.12 mm. long; total length 1.07 mm. As described for

M. mendocinoensis except for the secondary sexual characters. Sixth sternite

is 0.059 mm. long, the notch 0.014 mm. ; aedeagus with a scaly area at

median one-third, 0.135 mm. long (fig. 13) ; metatrochanteral spine is

relatively broader, being of triangular shape.

Female . — Ultimate segment of abdomen with interior opposed “comma”-

shaped markings.

January, 1960] schuster, ex al. — mayetini ii

The holotype male and four female paratypes were collected

FOUR MILES WEST OF NEWCASTLE, PlACER CoUNTY, CALIFORNIA

on March 12, 1958 from soil under Quercus wislizenii by Leslie

M, Smith and R. 0. Schuster. Additional paratypes include

five males and 14 females taken from the same locality on

March 21, 1958 from soil under Q. wislizenii and soil under

grass by W. H. Lange, Leslie M. Smith and R. 0. Schuster,

and nine males and 18 females also from the same locality

taken on April 15, 1958 by Leslie M. Smith and R. 0. Schuster.

The holotype male is deposited in the California Academy

of Sciences, paratypes in the California Academy of Sciences,

California Insect Survey, U.S. National Museum, and the collec-

tions of the authors.

The males of this species are easily recognized by the peculiar

shape of the aedeagus. The females were associated with the

males by their occurrence in loci quite separate from the micro-

habitats occupied by a second species found in the same general

area. They are distinguished by the two “comma”-shaped markings

in the terminal segment of the abdomen. A series of short,

transverse lines may or may not be evident anterior to these

markings.

Mayetia laiigei Schuster, Marsh and Park, new species

(Fig. 14)

Male . — Head 0.12 mm. long X 0.13 mm. wide; pronotum 0.14 mm. X

0.12 mm.; elytra 0.13 mm. long; total length 1.03 mm. Essentially as de-

scribed for M. inendocinoensis. Sixth tergite is 0.063 mm. long, the notch

0.014 mm.; aedeagus 0.135 mm. long (fig. 14).

Female . — Lacking identifying markings within the distal abdominal

segment.

The holotype male, nine male and eight female paratypes

were collected four miles west of Newcastle, Placer County,

California on March 21, 1958 by W. H. Lange, Leslie M. Smith,

and R. 0. Schuster. Additional paratypes include one male

collected five miles west, and four females four miles west of

Newcastle on March 12, 1958 by Leslie M. Smith and R. 0.

Schuster. Most of these specimens were recovered from Aiken

sandy loam of a pH range from 5.8 to 7.2. All but three of

the specimens were taken under the crowns of Quercus wislizenii.

The holotype male and paratypes are deposited in the California

Academy of Sciences, additional paratypes in the California

Insect Survey, and in the collections of the authors.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

The males of this species are distinctive on the basis of

the genitalia. The females, associated with the males because

of their co-existence in small sized soil samples, seem to be

inseparable from the females of the following species.

Mayetia fistula Schuster, Marsh and Park, new species

(Figs. 15, 16)

Male . — Head 0.11 mm. long X 0.12 mm. wide; pronotum 0.13 mm. X

0.12 mm.; elytra 0.12 mm. long; total length 1.03 mm. Essentially as M.

mendocinoensis. Sixth tergite 0.067 mm. long, the notch 0.010 mm. ; aedeagus

0.142 mm. long (fig. 15).

Female . — Not associated.

This species is represented by the holotype male and two

male paratypes collected near Nashville, El Dorado County,

California on April 25, 1958 by Leslie M. Smith and R. 0.

Schuster. These specimens were recovered from a clay loam,

pH 6.8. The type is deposited in the California Academy of

Sciences, the paratypes in the collection of R. O. Schuster.

What appears to be a single, highly variable species has

been recovered from localities in El Dorado and Amador Counties.

The aedeagi vary from a simple tube-like structure (fig. 16)

to the form selected for the type in which the distal portion

is gradually expanded forming a distinct barb on one side

(fig. 15). Regardless of the degree of development of this barb,

the apex remains comparatively blunt, and the width, on either

side of the basal constriction, is subequal. These two features

have been considered in separating M. fistula from the following

species, the aedeagi of which might otherwise be considered

within the range of variation of M. fistula. The variation observed

in the aedeagi of the series presently considered as M. fistula

occurs in three steps and may eventually be interpreted as

representing closely related species.

Mayetia pravitas Schuster, Marsh and Park, new species

(Fig. 17)

Male . — Head 0.12 mm. long X 0.13 mm. wide; pronotum 0.13 mm. X

0.12 mm.; elytra 0.13 mm. long; total length 1.18 mm. Except for the follow-

ing differences as in M, mendocinoensis: Sixth tergite is 0.063 mm. long, the

notch 0.016 mm.; aedeagus 0.110 mm. long X 0.034 mm. wide (fig. 17).

Female . — Lacking definite marking within the ultimate abdominal seg-

ment.

The holotype male, five male and seven female paratypes

were collected near Nashville, El Dorado County, California

in the Consumnes River drainage on March 5, 1958 by Leslie

January, 1960] schuster, et al. — mayetini ii

M. Smith and R. 0. Schuster. The soil was taken from a slope

on which a mixture of buckeye, bay and oak was growing.

Five additional males and seven females were collected at the

10 mendocinoensis 1 1 walkeri

2 raneyi

13 scobina

16 fistula ?

17 pravitas

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 10-17, Aedeagi, figs. 15, 16, represent suspected range of variation

exhibited in the aedeagi of M. fistula.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

same locality on April 25, 1958 from a clay loam with a pH

of 6.8 by Leslie M. Smith and R. 0. Schuster.

The holotype male and paratypes are deposited in the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences, paratypes in the California Insect

Survey, U.S. National Museum, and in the collections of the

authors.

Although very close of the preceding species, the male

aedeagus differs in being more arcuate, the distal end is acute,

and the structure is considerably expanded after the basal

constriction.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMEN-

CLATURE; NOTICE OE PROPOSED USE OE PLENARY

POWERS IN CERTAIN CASES (A.[n.s.]43)

In accordance with a decision of the 13th International Con-

gress of Zoology, 1948, public notice is hereby given of the possible

use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

of its plenary powers in connection with the following cases, full

details of which will be found in Bulletin of Zoological Nomen-

clature, Vol. 17, parts 3/5, published on 15 December, 1959:

(1) Designation of a type-species for the nominal genus Bolitochara

Mannerheim, 1831 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera). Z.N. (S.)243;

(2) Designation of type-species for the nominal genera Ischnopoda

Stephens, 1835, and Tachyusa Erichson, 1837 (Class Insecta, Order

Coleoptera). Z.N. (S.) 244;

(3) Suppression of the generic name Southernia Filip jev, 1927 (Class

Nematoda). Z.N. (S.) 940.

Any zoologist who wishes to comment on any of the above

cases should do so in writing, and in duplicate, as soon as possible,

and in any case before 15 May, 1960. Each comment should bear

the reference number of the case in question. Comments received

early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological

Nomenclature. Those received too late for publication will, if

received before 15 May, 1960, be brought to the attention of the

Commission at the time of commencement of voting.

All communications on the above subject should be addressed

as follows: The Assistant Secretary, International Commission on

Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History),

Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, England. — ^W. E. China, Assist-

ant Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomen-

clature.

January, 1960] powell & burdick — astata nesting

OBSERVATIONS ON THE NESTING BEHAVIOR OF ASTATA

OCCIDENTALIS CRESSON IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA

(Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

Jerry A. Powell and Donald J. Burdick

University of California, Berkeley

Recently Howard E. Evans (1957) has published biological

observations on several species of the genus Astata together with a

comparison of the behavioral patterns of the group. Subsequently

we have had the opportunity of observing a relatively large colony

of A. occidentalis Cresson in Alameda County, California. Since

Evans’ work included a rather thorough report on a colony of this

same species at Versailles, Indiana, a comparison of the nesting

habits of the populations from the two areas and some remarks

on variation is of value. Evans’ paper gives additional data on the

nesting habits of the genus and a review of the literature.

The active colony of A. occidentalis Cresson was first descov-

ered September 17, 1958, near the southern end of San Francisco

Bay about two miles southwest of Warm Springs, Alameda County.

Observations were made on September 20 and during the after-

noons of September 23 and October 1, 1958. Weather conditions

were generally clear and warm, although September 23 was some-

what windy and cooler. The nesting site was located along the bank

of a slough in the mud-flat region marginal to the bay where the

soil generally is a dense, moist alkaline clay with a high organic

content. Vegetation in the area consists mostly of low-growing

plants, primarily pickleweed [Salicornia ambigua Michx.), and

fat-hen [Atriplex hastata L.). Interspersed throughout the habitat

are areas of bare soil which are utilized extensively for nesting by

other aculeate Hymenoptera [Anoplius, Ageniella, Motes, Sphex,

Chlorion, Nomadopsis, etc.). The Astata burrows were located in

an area about twelve by three meters and contained an estimated

forty active female wasps. However, the twenty-nine burrows under

observation were concentrated in a small portion of the site in a

zone about one by three meters. In this particular area the soil

consists of a 2—3 cm. layer of loose loam at the surface, and a

relatively uniform understory of moist clay and is in part covered

by boards, other debris and sparse growths of Salicornia, Most

of the wasps had selected spots for burrow construction on flat

ground, just above the crest of the slough bank, however, some

burrow entrances were in evidence on higher areas of the south-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

facing slope and entered the ground nearly horizontally. The

burrows were found in the open, near, or under the pickleweed

and seemed to he randomly located with respect to the plant cover

and micro-topography of the site. The Warm Springs population

often had hurrow entrances within a few centimeters of each other.

In contrast, Evans found the Indiana population in the hardpacked

clay of a baseball diamond which was completely devoid of vege-

tation, and, perhaps due to the nature of the site, the burrows

there were located no closer to one another than half a meter.

At Warm Springs, males were observed in numbers in and

around the nesting site. During the warmer part of the day

individuals were commonly perched on terminals of the Salicornia

or on other protruding objects from which they occasionally darted

out in short flights over the nesting area, usually returning to the

same perch in a few seconds. Although Evans did not observe

males of A. occidentalis, possibly due to the late stage of the

nesting season, he reported similar flights by the males of A.

unicolor Say, but in the latter species the perches were located

some distance from the burrows. It is presumed that these flights

are associated with the mating behavior, but copulation has not

been observed in either species. On the basis of his observations

of A. unicoloT, Evans concluded that the females must fly into the

area occupied by the males for mating. However at the A. occiden-

talis site the males were in close proximity to the females engaged

in nesting. As was reported for A. unicolor, these flights occurred

without any apparent stimulus, and active females in the area were

never approached by the males during the course of our observa-

tions. It seems likely that females copulate only once, shortly after

they first emerge.

The only digging activity observed was that being carried out

by females with established burrows, and probably this was associ-

ated with cell construction. The process of removal and dispersal

of soil was similar to that reported by Evans. In the Warm Springs

colony the burrows were in general shorter and had fewer cells

than in the Indiana population. In our excavations we found the

burrows ranging in length from 11.0 cm. to 14.5 cm. and termi-

nating about 9—10 cm. below the surface, whereas Evans reported

that the burrows may be as much as 18 cm. long and 12 cm. deep.

He also stated that a completed burrow may have up to 14 provi-

January, 1960 ] powell & burdick — astata nesting

sioned cells, but our excavations showed only three to six cells

associated with any one burrow, which presumably indicates that

the provisioning was in an early stage.

The prey of A. occidentalis Cress, consists almost entirely of

adult Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) , and they are stored at the bottom

of the tunnel before the preparation of each cell. Cell construction

apparently is not initiated by the female wasp until enough bugs

are accumulated to fully provision it. The elliptical cells are smooth-

walled and vary somewhat in size, averaging about 7 by 16 mm.

(8 by 15 mm. in Evans’ study) . They are constructed singly or

often in linear series up to four cells in length as short side

burrows to the open tunnel. When the cells were in series, we

found them to be separated by filled portions 6—11 mm. thick as

compared to thin portions (1—3 mm. thick) in the Indiana study

on the species. In addition, we found a slightly greater range in

depth of the location of the cells (6—15 cm. as opposed to 6—12

cm. reported by Evans) .

The provisioning behavior of the females in the Alameda

County population was essentially similar to that observed in the

previous study on the species. During the course of our observa-

tions the females did not carry out as pronounced a pattern of

circling around the burrow entrance on leaving as that described

by Evans. This pattern, presumably one of area recognition, was

quite irregular and ranged from direct departure to running up

nearby vegetation or circling a small area once or twice. It seems

possible that the vegetation in the Warm Springs site was of some

significance in reducing the area recognition patterns in that it

supplied nearby landmarks. Provisioning at the Warm Springs site

was carried out slowly. The earliest that females were seen with

prey was about 11:00 a.m. (Pacific Daylight Time). In the three

hour period from 11:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., three bugs was the

maximum number to have been brought in by any one female.

Most of the active females had stored only two stinkbugs during

this time. The stortest interval between two successful provisioning

flights by a female was 13 minutes, but the average time required

for a hunting trip was a little over an hour. Our limited data did

not indicate any correlation between the previous experience in

provisioning and the time length of trips as has been shown for

other Sphecidae (e.g. Cerceris; Linsley & MacSwain, 1956).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

The prey taken from cells and female wasps consisted of 255

adult and two nymphal pentatomids representing six species in the

following numbers :

Adults :

Holcostethus limbolarius (StM) 164

Thyanta brevis Van Duzee 77

Thyanta pallidovirens pallidovirens StM 7

Perillus bioculatus (Fabricius) 4

Thyanta punctiventris Van Duzee 3

Nymphs;

Trichopepla ? aurora Van Duzee 1

Thyanta pallidovirens pallidovirens Stal 1

All the previous prey records for A. occidentaiis have been

adult Pentatomidae, and this use of adults has been employed

as a biological criterion for the species since other species of

Astata prey on immature Hemiptera. The finding of the two

nymphs indicates that this criterion is not an exclusive character-

istic, and possibly it may depend in part upon the availability of

prey. The two nymphs were found in cells of separate burrows

which in each case had many adult bugs stored. The stage of

wasp larvae in other cells indicated that the two cells containing

the nymphs were relatively recently provisioned.

As found in the Indiana population, individual wasps usually

preyed on only one or a very few species of stinkbugs. One female

had collected 24 pentatomids, all individuals of Thyanta brevis,

a second had stored 24 Holcostethus limbolarius and 22 T. brevis.

However, one cell was unearthed which contained four different

prey species (one P. limbolarius, three T. brevis, one T. puncti-

ventris, one T. p. pallidovirens) . The source of the prey is

unknown. It has been assumed in many solitary wasp studies that

the female repeatedly returns to the same habitat where prey is

available, and this might account for the relative uniformity in

bug species selected by A. occidentalis females.

Fully provisioned cells were found to contain from four to

nine bugs, averaging 6.3, a significantly higher number than that

reported for the species in Indiana. It is possible that the average

of 3.8 bugs per cell in the latter population is at least in part due

to a larger average size of the pentatomids since the predominant

species of prey at Warm Springs have smaller individuals than

those recovered by Evans. The prey was usually placed in the cells

January, 1960]

POWELL & BURDICK ASTATA NESTING

in the head-in, venter-down position reported by Evans for both

A. occidentalis and A. unicolor, but a certain amount of variation

was observed. This was especially noted in the final few bugs of a

cell, and possibly it was due to the smaller size of the prey in the

Alameda County colony causing them to not fit uniformly in the

oval cells. The placement of the egg is also identical with that

recorded for A. occidentalis and A. unicolor.

The transport of prey is much the same as observed in the

Indiana population. Some variation was noted in the manner in

which the wasp supported the prey while walking near the burrow.

The smaller bugs were grasped in the wasp’s mandibles by the

base of the beak, while in transport of larger prey she provided

additional support with the fore and mid legs, although these

were used for walking at the same time. On arriving at the site

with prey, the female alighted on the ground or on the Salicornia,

usually about 10—20 cm. from the burrow, and as Evans reported

for the species, the approach to the burrow entrance which fol-

lowed was usually quite circuitous.

None of the bugs in our study recovered from the effects of the

sting. A great deal of variation in these effects was nonetheless

noted. Some in freshly provisioned cells had already died, while

others were kept alive in the laboratory and responded to touch

for many days. One individual showed reaction for 39 days.

In contrast to the colony studied by Evans which was heavily

parasitized by miltogrammine flies, only a small percentage of

the cells exposed by our excavations had been destroyed by natural

enemies. Although adult specimens of three species of milto-

grammine sarcophagids [Senotainia litoralis Allen, Metopia

leucocephala Rossi, Metopia sp. near inermis Allen) were collected

in the nesting site, none were seen to follow prey-laden females,

nor were maggots of these flies encountered in any cells. Of over

50 cells seen, two had been parasitized by a larger fly, one had

been destroyed by ants and onther by mold. Neither of the adult

flies emerged from the puparia. Two hymenopterous parasites

were collected in the nesting area, but no definite association could

be shown for these. Several females of the tiphiid wasp, Myrmosa

hradleyi Roberts were taken crawling about the nesting site, and

one male was netted nearby. One individual was seen to enter an

Astata burrow, and in another instance a female Myrmosa was

recovered during the excavation of a nest tunnel. Three specimens

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO, 1

of a chrysidid wasp, Hedychrum sp. were collected flying about

the burrow sites. In addition, remains of sphecid wasps of several

genera were found in the webs of Black Widow Spiders, Latro-

dectus mactans (Fabr.) amongst the Salicornia in the nesting site,

and this spider is assumed to be an occasional predator of A.

occidentalis in this locality. Finally, remains of excess stored

pentamoids were found in several instances to be utilized by an

undetermined dipterous scavenger.

Acknowledgement for determinations is gratefully made to Dr.

R, M. Bohart, University of California, Davis (the Astata and

Hedychrum), Professor H. J. Reinhard, Texas A & M College

( Sarcophagidae) , Dr. Herbert Ruckes, American Museum of

Natural History, New York (Pentatomidae) , Marius S. Wasbauer,

University of California, Berkeley (the Myrmosa) , and to Dr. J.

W. MacSwain, University of California, Berkeley, for reading the

manuscript and offering helpful suggestions.

Literature Cited

Evans, H. E.

1957. Ethological studies on digger wasps of the genus Astata (Hymen-

optera, Sphecidae). Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 65 (3—4) :159— 185.

Linsley, E. G. and j. W. MacSwain

1956. Some observations on the nesting habits and prey of Cerceris

californica Cresson (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Ann. Ent. Soc.

Amer. 49(1) : 71-84.

A NEW ENTOMOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Volume 1, number 1 of “Pacific Insects,” dated July 15, 1959, has been

distributed. It is a large, excellently printed journal, and should be a

welcome and distinguished addition to the list of entomological periodicals.

Four issues annually, totaling about 400 pages, are planned.

An explanatory paragraph states, “This journal is the organ of the

program ‘Zoogeography and evalution of Pacific insects’ sponsored by the

Entomology Department, Bishop Museum, Honolulu. It is devoted primarily

to monographs or zoogeographical papers on insects and other terrestrial

arthropods from the Pacific area, including eastern Asia, Australia, and

Antarctica.” Dr. J. Linsley Gressitt of the Bishop Museum is editor.

The subscription rate is $5.00 per volume, payable to the business

manager of the Journal, Dr. C. M. Yoshimoto, Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Remittances in Yen or Stirling may be made to the business agent in Japan,

Dr. K. Yasumatsu, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.

January, 1960] strohecker — new orthoptera 31

SEVERAL NEW SPECIES OF

NORTH AMERICAN ORTHOPTERA

H. F. Strohecker

University of Miami

The specimens on which the following descriptions are based

have come to me in the collections of the California Insect

Survey or from Mr. Jacques Heifer of Mendocino, California.

Included is the description of a grasshopper which I collected

many years ago in northwestern Florida.

Mr. J. A. G. Rehn of the Academy of Natural Sciences

in Philadelphia, Dr. W. L. Brown of the Museum of Comparative

Zoology, and Dr. Ashley Gurney of the U.S. National Museum

have lent specimens of several little known species of Acrididae

useful in the study. Dr. Gurney has also supplied drawings of

the aedeagus of the unique type of Melajioplus sonomaensis

Caudell.

Gryllacrididae

Daihiniodes valgum Strohecker, new species

(Fig. 1)

This insect is referred to Daihiniodes largely on the basis

of its tarsomeres, three in the front tarsus, four in the middle

and hind tarsi, but it seems to combine the features of several

rhaphidophorine genera as defined by Hubbell in 1936. The

second and third articles of the hind tarsus are heart-shaped

and carinate beneath as in Rhachocnemis, rather than distinctly

spinose, while the spurs of the hind tibiae are elongate and

crowded distad as in Ammohaenetes. The membranous area

on the lower surface of the last joint of the maxillary palp

extends two-thirds the length of the joint.

Head as in D. hastiferum (Rehn), fastigium flat and perpendicular.

Legs: front tibia with four stout spurs on ventro-caudal margin and four

slender spurs on ventro-cephalic margin (excluding terminal calcars).

Front femur with a slender genicular spur on cephalic face. Middle femur

with genicular spur on both faces. Middle tibia with four spines on

each dorsal edge and two spurs on each ventral edge. Hind femur with

many denticles on dorsal surface, its ventro-cephalic carina with 21 small

spines distributed along its entire length. Hind tibia strongly bowed,

each dorsal edge with eight spurs (including the dorsally directed calcar)

and a number of denticles. The distal six spurs elongate, inner series

longer and crowded distad forming a “sand-basket.” Subgenital plate

membranous, prolonged into two tapering lobes. The color of the insect

is a rather uniform pale brown. Length of body 20 mm.: of pronotum 5.1

mm.; of front femur 6.9 mm.; of hind femur 16 mm.

Holotype male. Palm Springs, Riverside County, California,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

June 1, 1949 (L, M. Smith), deposited at the California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco.

Acrididae

Trimerotropis helferi Strohecker, new species

(Fig. 2)

Male . — Form short and robust for the genus, in general proportions

resembling Microtes. Femora, tibiae, coxae and adjacent areas of sterna

and pleura clothed with long, white hairs, much as in T. (olim Circotettix)

maculata (Scudder) but less dense. Color light gray and tan, thickly

maculate and punctate with black, maculae of tegmina hardly aggregated

into cross-bands. Wing disc hyaline or very feebly tinged with yellow,

the black band narrow and interrupted in axillary region, reaching hind

margin but little extended along it. Costal spur short, reaching less

than halfway to base of wing. Legs: Front and middle femora and tibiae

annulate with black. Hind femur with fuscous mottling in basal half

of external face, and a fairly definite dark band at apical third, upper

and lower edges of the external face and upper and lower flanges minutely,

seriately maculate with black. Lower sulcus pale with a narrow, dark

band before apex. Hind tibiae brownish yellow, darker apically, knees

dusky. Head large, in frontal view wider across cheeks than across eyes

(8:7), frontal costa deeply sulcate, its carinae continued with only a

slight undulation at foveolae as the margins of the fastigium, which

is rather deeply impressed and as wide as dorsal diameter of eye. Median

Carina of pronotum subcristate on prozona, weakly notched by first sulcus,

principal sulcus deep. Lateral carinae feebly indicated on anterior lobe of

prozona, definite but rounded on metazona. Hind margin of pronotum forming

an angle slightly gi-eater than 90°. Lateral lobes with lower hind angle broadly

rounded. Length of body 19 mm. ; of pronotum 3.7 mm. ; of tegmen 18 mm. ;

of hind femur 10.3 mm.

Female . — Larger and stouter than the male. Coloration similar but

tegminal maculae aggregated into a diffuse basal area and a cross-band

at mid-length. P^astigium shallower and broader than in male. Length of

body 28 mm. ; of pronotum 5.3 mm. ; of tegmen 24 mm. ; of hind femur 14 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female, Cleone, Mendocino

County, California, August 6, 1958 (J. R. Heifer), deposited

in the U.S. National Museum (No. 64567). Paratypes: 47

males and 48 females with the same data as the holotype, and

five males and two females collected by Heifer at Cleone on

August 8, 1958.

Additional specimens at hand were taken by Heifer near

Petrolia, Humboldt County on July 17, 1958, at Areata and

Mad R. Mts., July 1919 by E. C. Van Dyke, at Eureka, June

24, 1924 by J. M. Aldrich, June 11, 1935 by E. 0. Essig. All

these localities are in Humboldt County. A series of four males

January, 1960] strohecker — new orthoptera

and one female taken by E. G. Linsley, July 4, 1956, at Grover

City, San Luis Obispo County, are remarkably short and stout

with the tegmina extending only to the tips of the femora.

The body length of these males is 14^14.5 mm. and the tegmina

measure only 12.5—13.5 mm. Corresponding measurements for

the female are 21 and 18 mm.

I have considered the possibility that the name Trimerotropis

pilosa McNeill might be applicable to this species, but that

name was probably based on small specimens of T. pallidipennis

(Burmeister) . In general appearance heifer i resembles a small

specimen of maculata but its closest relationship is probably

with T. arenacea Rehn, from which it differs in stouter form,

broader head, color of hind tibia, and hairiness.

Dr. Gurney, on learning of my study of this species, generously

sent to me the entire series submitted to the National Museum

by Mr. Heifer as well as the biological notes of the collector.

Apparently T. helferi occupies a habitat niche similar to that

of T. maritima (Harris) and T. acta Rehn and Hebard on

the Atlantic coast, i.e., it is an occupant of the first line of

dunes. Plants with which the insect was associated are Convolvulus

soldaneila L., Franseria chamissonis Less., and Artemisia pycno-

cephala DC. Determinations of these were made by Dr. S. F.

Blake of the Plant Industry Station at Beltsville, and communicated

to me by Dr. Gurney.

Melanoplus fricki Strohecker, new species

(Fig. 3)

Resembles M. hesperus Hebard in size and coloration. Tegmina apically

rounded. Cercus similar to that of hesperus but wider at base. Suranale

with a transverse ridge on each side at mid-length. The most distinctive

features are found in the structure of the phallus. Length of body 15.2

mm. ; of pronotum 3.5 mm. ; of hind femur 9 mm.

Holotype male. King’s Mountain, San Mateo County, Cali-

fornia, September 28, 1941 (Kenneth Frick), deposited in the

California Academy of Sciences. Allotype female with data as

for holotype. It is doubtful that features adequate for differenti-

ation can be found in the females of this group of Melanoplus.

Paratypes: two males and two females with the same data as the

holo- and allotype.

Melanoplus muricolor Strohecker, new species

(Fig. 4)

So similar to M. nanus Scudder that a general description

is not necessary.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

Tegmina three-quarters as long as pronotum, narrowly separated, apex

evenly rounded. Arms of furcula attenuate, divergent. Lateral margins

of suranale reflexed, forming a rather deep trough, median ridges laterally

tuberculate at about mid-length of plate. Cercus similar to that of nanws

but slenderer. Length of body 14 mm.; of pronotum 3.2 mm.; of hind femur

8.5 mm.

Holotype male, Santa Clara County, California, September

11, 1941 (Kenneth Frick), deposited in the California Academy

of Sciences. Allotype female with data as for holotype. This

specimen, associated with the male, is designated the allotype,

but I am unable to say in what ways it differs from the female

of some other species of the nanus group .

In the figure of the phallus, the right side is represented

as it appears in the dried state.

Melanoplus gurneyi Strohecker, new species

(Fig. 5)

A small grasshopper of the puer (Scudder) (s.s.) group. In

HubbelFs key (1932, Miscell. Pub. 23, Univ. Mich. Museum

Zoology, p. 17) it runs out to apalachicolae Hubbell, which it

closely resembles, although smaller than the average size of

that species, and with the cerci symmetrically styliform rather

than dorsally excised. The edges of the suranale are not undulate

over the cereal bases and the arms of the furcula are brief, rounded

lobes, shorter than the tenth tergite. The phallic structure is

distinctive. Length of body 12.8 mm.; of pronotum 2.6 mm.;

of hind femur 8 mm.

Holotype male, Beacon Beach (now Tyndall Field), Bay

County, Florida, August 6, 1940 (author’s collection).

Allotype female with same data as the holotype and resembling

the female of apalachicolae to the point of identity. Paratypes:

20 males and 16 females taken with the types. The habitat of

the species is a xeric sand area with Ceratiola the most abundant

plant, this associated with dwarf oak and basil-weed. The clumps

of basil-weed were occupied by Hesperotettix gemmicula Hebard.

Seven males collected at Inlet Beach differ from the topotypes

in the greater development of the aedeagal valves, which are

strongly protuberant when viewed from the side. The cerci are

also proportionately shorter in the Inlet Beach specimens, but

these structures show variation in length in hoth series.

The drawings of the phallic structure were made from potash-

January, 1960] strohecker — new orthoptera

glyceral preparations except the right side of figure 4a, which

is drawn from the dried state.

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1, Daihiniodes valgum. Strohecker, left hind tihia of male. Fig. 2,

Trimerotropis helferi Strohecker, head and pronotum of male. Fig. 3,

Melanoplus fricki Strohecker, male; a. caudal view of phallus; b. left

cercus. Fig. 4, Melanoplus muricolor Strohecker, male; a. caudal view

of phallus; b. left cercus. Fig. 5, Melanoplus gurneyi Strohecker, male;

a caudal view of phallus; b. left cercus; c. lateral view of phallus of Inlet

Reach male.

ERRATA

Abbott, C. H., 1959. Pan-Pac. Ent. 35:84; line 32, read Cali-

patria instead of Carpinteria. The butterflies were moving out

of Sonora in a west-northwest direction in the Imperial Valley.

Schuster, R. 0., G. A. Marsh and 0. Park, 195P Pan-Pac. Ent.

35:117; line 11 read Dr. John R. Bowman instead of Dr. Robert

Bowman.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

A FRAGMENTARY OBSERVATION ON THE MATING

BEHAVIOR OF TIMULLA

(Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Apparently relatively little is known of the mating behavior

of the mutillid wasps of the genus Timulla. The only published

data known to me relate to an observation by Fattig (1936).^

Near Atlanta, Georgia, late in July, 1935, he observed large num-

bers of males of T. briaxus Blake flying under a tree above a

tumbling mass of males about one and one-half inches in diameter,

which surrounded a pair in copulation. Fattig picked up the mass

and when the loose males quickly flew away he preserved the

mating pair and was unable to note further activity.

On July 27, 1959, near an artificial water hole (dirt-banked

tank for the use of livestock) nine miles north of Apache, Cochise

County, Arizona, a wasp was seen in flight carrying an object

and was mistaken for a predator with its prey. When captured,

they proved to be a copulating pair of Timulla (Timulla) oajaca

(Blake) The male, being more than twice the size of the female,

held the latter beneath the body by means of the legs and the

curved abdomen and affixed genitalia. The two remained in copu-

lation when placed in cyanide and the genital clasp was not

released even after death.

The mating pair was flying under a broken sky with scattered

clouds at 12:15 p.m. When first observed they were about 30 inches

above the ground, flying in a straight line toward the southwest.

They were captured when they alighted on a plant of Russian

Thistle about 18 inches above ground level. Mickel (1937)^

records the capture of a mating pair of this species at Cotulla,

Texas, May 11, 1906 (J. C. Crawford) and another at College

Station, Texas, July 10, 1931 (H. J. Reinhard), but no details are

given of the particular circumstances.

A similar observation involving a tiphiid wasp, Myrmosa

hradleji Roberts, at Tracy, San Joaquin County, California, was

made by J. W. MacSwain on June 7, 1949. In this instance the

male was carrying the female in flight, but the two did not remain

in copulation after capture. — ^E. G. Linsley, University of Cali-

fornia, Berkeley.

^Fattig, P. W., 1936. An unusual mating of velvet ants (Hymen.; Mutillidae). Ent. News,

47:51-52.

-Identified by W. E. Ferguson, University of California, Berkeley.

^Mickel, C. H., 1937. The mutillid wasps of the genus Timulla which occur in North America

North of Mexico. Ent. Anier., 17:1-119.

January, 1960 ] ananthakrishnan — odd thrips

A REMARKABLE INSTANCE OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN

A NEW SPECIES, RHOPALANDROTHRIPS NILGIRIENSIS

(Thysanoptera: Terebrantia)

T. N. Ananthakrishnan

Loyola College, Madras-31, S. India

Notable records of sexual dimorphism among terebrantian

Thysanoptera from India are rare, except for such of the more

common characteristics of the male, as their apterous nature, lack

of ocelli, and so forth. In this connection, mention may be made

of Exothrips madrasensis Ananthakrishnan, where joint V of the

male antenna is unique in being small, distinctly concave at inner

margin, convex along the outer and with a tooth-like protuberance

carrying a well developed spine, at the apex of the inner margin.

Further, the fore-tibia in the male is armed with a sharp tooth

at apex within, a character also met with in Perissothrips parvi-

ceps Bagnall and P. aureus Ananthakrishnan. Rhopalandrothrips

Priesner, has elongated, bacilliform antennae in the male, more

especially the VI joint which is so modified, a character much as

in Sorghothrips Priesner. The sixth antennal joint is as long as

joints III and IV in Rhopalandrothrips ricini Shumsher, the only

hitherto known species from India; in Rhopalandrothrips conso-

ciatus (Targioni-Tozzetti) , joint VI is as long as the combined

lengths of all the other joints while in R. ohscurus Uzel, it is

longer. Rhopalandrothrips nilgiriensis new species, is remarkable,

since the VI antennal joint of the male is nearly five times as

long as that of the female and much longer than the combined

lengths of the other joints. It must also be stated in this context,

that in R. nilgiriensis, apart from the differential nature of joint

AT in the male, there is considerable difference in the sizes and

shapes of antennal joints III-V. There is a progressive decrease

in the sizes of joints III-V, the fifth being short, cup-shaped and

broadly united with the sixth.

Rhopalandrothrips nilgiriensis Ananthakrishnan, new species

Macropterous female: Total body length, 1.16 mm. Body colour: Head

and thorax orange yellow; abdominal segments I-VIII pale greyish

yellow; apex of IX and X dark grey brown. Antennal joints uniform

brown. Forewings greyish, setae brown; hindwings pale, with a longi-

tudinal brownish streak; fringes brown. Legs, yellowish grey. Eyes black,

ocelli with dark red pigment. Head 1.2 times broader than long, being

120,^ long and 140/x wide across eyes. Vertex slightly depressed between

eyes, with a distinct notch between antennal bases. Eyes prominently

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

pilose, about as long as cheeks. Postocular setae short, 28/1 long and

interoculars 32/i long. Head at base with clear transverse striae. Mouth

cone \22fi long, reaching near the hind margin of prosternum. Maxillary

palp 51/£ long, individual joints measuring 22, 13 and 16/i long respectively.

Labial palps 16/i long. Antenna nearly 2.5 times as long as head; segments

3 and 4 vase-like with slender, pointed, horseshoe-like sense cones. Antennal

joints, length (width) in /t: — 29(26); 38(26); 51(19); 54(19); 34(16);

45(19); 8 ( 8 ); 16(6). Prothorax, 140/t long at middle, hind margin dis-

tinctly arched, surface densely setose. Anterior angles with a small spine

19/i long; hind angles with a pair of well developed spines, outer 58/U long

and inner 61/i long; hind margin with two pairs of spines, the outer small and

half as long as the inner, which is 35/t long. Pterothorax, 238/t long. Wings

well developed, 910/i long, 98/i wide at base, 56/i at middle and 35/i at tip.

Wing chaetotaxy: costa 26; upper vein 4 + 3 (at base) -)- 2 (at tip) ;

lower vein 16 in a row. Abdomen broad at middle, narrowing towards

apex; VIII abdominal segment with a well developed comb. The outer,

middle and inner bristles of IX abdominal segment, 93, 125 and 166/t

long respectively; tenth segment with outer and inner bristles 109 and

115/i long; ovipositor 238/i long.

Macropterous male: Total body length 1.008 mm. Coloration as in the

female, but darker; head and thorax of a darker hue; abdomen darker

grey brown ; wings grey brown with an orange tinge ; antenna darker

brown. Head 112 /t long, 126/i wide across cheeks; cheeks slightly serrate,

with transverse striae at base. Eyes 70/J long and almost as wide. Antenna

more than three times as long as head. Antennal joints III— VI totally

differing in size and shape from those of the female, especially joint VI

which is nearly five times as long as that in the female, profusely setose,

the setae arising from distinct warts. Antennal joints, length (width) in /i:

— 29(26) ; 38(28) ; 43(21) ; 26(19) ; 16(19) ; 211(29 at base) ; 5(3) ; 10(5).

Prothorax 112/i long, 168/x wide at base; pterothorax 252/i long, 224/i

wide across mesothorax and 196/t wide across metathorax. Wings well

developed, 742/i long, 70/a wide at base, 49/^ at middle and 42/t at tip.

Wing chaetotaxy: costa 26; upper vein, 6 (at base) + 2 (at tip) ; lower

vein, with 15 in a row. The outer, middle and inner bifistles of IX abdominal

segment and the outer and inner bristles of the X abdominal segment,

77, 64 and 102/a and 86 and 77/a long respectively. Genitalia, Length of

hypophallic arms and the median phallus, subequal, 99/t long.

Holotype male and a female on pear leaves, May 3, 1957,

PoMOLOGiCAL STATION, CooNOOR (5500'), India. Types with the

author (T.N.A. 274).

A comparison of R. nilgiriensis with the other species of the

world, namely, R. annulicornis Uzel, obscurus Uzel, consociatus

(Targ. Tozz.), corni Moulton and ricini Shumsher reveals that it

is now possible to classify the existing species into two groups,

namely, the consociatus group, with antennal joint VI of the

January, 1960] ananthakrishnan — odd thrips

male as long as or much longer than joints I-V together, and

the aniiulicornis group with joint VI shorter than joints I-V

respectively. Accordingly, R. nilgiriensis Ananthakrishnan belongs

to the consociatus group while annulicornis, ohscurus, corni and

ricini belong to the annulicornis group.

Key to Species of Rhopalandrothrips (Males)

L Antennal joint VI longer than combined length of joints I-V 2

— Antennal joint VI shorter 4

2. Joint VI as long as or slightly longer than combined length of I-V

consociatus (Targioni-Tozzetti)

— Joint VI very much longer 3

3. Lower vein of forewing with 14 or less setae— obscurus UzeL

— Lower vein with more than 14 setae... nilgiriensis Ananthakrishnan

4. Antenna 6-jointed, apterous annulicornis (Uzel)

— Antenna 8-jointed, macropterous 5

5. Joints III and IV much shorter than VI... corni Moulton

— Joints 111 and IV as long as VI ricini Shumsher

The author is particularly indebted to the Ministry of Educa-

tion, Government of India, for the award of a grant for the survey

of Thysanoptera of Ootacamund and Kodaikanal Hills.

Rhopalandrothrips nilgiriensis Ananthakrishnan; upper, antenna of

female; lower, antenna of male.

References

Ananthakrishnan, T. N.

1954. New and little known Indian Thysanoptera. Jour. Zool. Soc.

India, 6(2): 159.

1956. Studies on some Indian Thysanoptera III. Zool. Anzeiger Bd.

157:130.

lemale of obscurus shows definite differences from nilgiriensis.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

Morison, G. D.

1948. Thysanoptera of the London area. “London Naturalist” reprint

59, pt. 11:58.

Moulton, D.

1927. Four new California Thysanoptera with notes on two other

species. Pan-Pac. Ent. 4(1) :34.

Pkiesner, H.

1922. Beitrage zur Lebensgeschichte der Thysanopteren. Sitz. Akad.

Wiss. Wien 13(4) :68— 73.

1936. On some further new Thysanoptera from the Sudan. Bull.

Soc. Roy. Ent. D’Egypt:88.

1949. Genera Thysanopterorum. Bull. Soc. Foud. ler Entom.

XXXIII (31) :53.

Shumsher, Singh

1947. Studies on the systematics of Indian Thysanoptera — Tere-

brantia. Indian .Tour. Ent. 7:176.

Targioni-Tozzetti

1886. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. :425. (not seen in original).

Uzel, H.

1895. Monographie der Ordnung Thysanoptera.

AN ADDITIONAL NOTE ON THE LIEE HISTORY OF

MITOURA SPINETORUM (HEWITSON)

(Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae)

A lycaenid larva taken on May 16, 1959, at Russelman Park,

Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County, California, by W. S. Ross, was

subsequently turned over to Tilden, who reared from it a normal

male of Mitoura spinetorum (Hew.).

The larva was found on Pine Dwarfmistletoe ( Arceuthobium

campylopodum Engelm.), a previously recorded foodplant. The

larva pupated on May 17, and the imago emerged June 14, 1959,

after the long pupal period of twenty-eight days. The color of the

larva matched the foodplant perfectly. The pupa however was very

dark brown and was hidden in the branches of the foodplant and

held in place by an incomplete silken girdle.

This insect is uncommon in the Mt. Diablo area. This is the first

recorded rearing of the speeies from Contra Costa County or from

the San Franeisco Bay Region of California.

There appear to be but three previous references^ to the life

history habits of Mitoura spinetorum. — J. W. Tilden, San Jose

State College, San Jose, California.

^Comstock, J. A., & C. M. Dammers, 1938. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 37:30-32.

Garth, J. S.,, 1950. Grand Canyon Nat. Hist. Assoc. Bull. 11 :31.

Remington, C. L., 1958. Lep. News 12:14.

January, 1960] pacific coast ent. soc.

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

R. M. Bohart

V ice-President

R. L. Doutt

President

Proceedings

Two Hundred and Sixty-third Meeting

D. P. Furman

Secretary

The two hundred and sixty-third meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held February 28, 1959, in the Morrison Auditorium of

the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. President

R. L. Doutt called the meeting to order at 2.00 p.m.

The following members were present: H. Ruckes Jr., E. S. Ross, D. D.

Jensen, E. 0. Essig, R. M. Bohart, A. E. Michelbacher, W. H. Nutting, L.

Caltagirone, E. L. Kessel, W. W. Middlekauff, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., L. M.

Henry, T. S. Acker, E. P. Catts, J. A. Powell, J. R. Powers. D. Burdick,

J. W. Tilden, R. Langston, D. Giuliani, K. W. Brown, C. J. Rogers, J. E.

Henry, T. Seeno, R. S. Dahl, D. H. Huntzinger, A. Samuelson, C. D. Mac-

Neill, F. J. Santana, J. G. Edwards, H. B. Leech, D. P. Furman, F. E. Skinner,

R. C. Miller. Visitors registering were: Arden E. Palmer, Sheila Palmer,

Aldeau Clemens, John Sanjean, Margaret E. Bohart, P. S. Messenger, Mrs.

P. S. Messenger, Mrs. Richard Doutt, Walter Thomsen, Samad Vojdani,

J. A. Chemsak, Mary Ann McHenry, Mrs. Jerry Powell, Jerry 1. Stage, Byron

N. Chaniotis, Frank Parker, Lionel A. Stange, Jeanette Rogers, William A.

Freeman, Soenoto Atmosoadjono, Mrs. R. Dahl, Lynda Dahl, Mrs. Rita Hunt-

zinger, Mr. and Mrs. S. S. Rivas, Max Barret.

The minutes of the meeting held December 13, 1958 were read and

approved.

The President announced the following appointments to the committee

to judge the entomological exhibits at the forthcoming state science fair:

Kenneth Hagen (Chairman), Laura Henry, H. B. Leech.

Dr. Ruckes proposed the following nominees for full membership in the

Society: Sheila Palmer, Paul Marsh, 0. S. Bindra, K. R. Thakare. He also

nominated E. Paul Catts for student membership. Hugh Leech nominated

Ted Spilman for full membership. J. G. Edwards nominated for full member-

ship: Calvin J. Rogers, John E. Henry, Fred J. Santana, and Kirby W. Brown.

The nominees were elected to membership by unanimous vote.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Ruckes

projected color slides of the sugar pine cone beetle, Conophthorus lamber-

tianae Hopkins. He noted that the beetle spends the winter as an adult in the

mined tip of a sugar pine twig. This winter there appears to be a very large

population of surviving cone beetles as evidenced by the great number of

mined twig tips visible on the sugar pines in the Sierras. This is the first

time in the past four years that such a high population has been recorded.

Dr. J. W. Tilden exhibited a preserved pair of ixodid ticks in mating

posture. The male is much smaller than the female, and is fastened with the

chelicerae apparently attached to the genital opening of the female.

Mr. H. B. Leech projected slide transparencies of an adult female of

Cuterebra latifrons Coquillett which he collected from the basement of his

home.

(

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

Mr. E. P. Catts, to whose attention the living cuterebrid had been

brought, stated that approximately 275 eggs were laid by the fly. In efforts to

rear adults from these eggs, a total of 40 host individuals of six rodent

species were infested with from one to six first instar larvae per host. Infesta-

tion was accomplished by allowing the larvae to penetrate the nares of the

hosts. No apparent annoyance to the host was caused by the initial penetra-

tion. Mature larvae were obtained from the house mouse, laboratory rat and

a wood rat, Neotoma fuscipes. Three larvae from Neotoma and Rattus pup-

ated and emerged after 36-41 days. Two were males and one a female.

Identification of the specimens was made by Dr. Curtis Sabrosky of the

U. S. National Museum.

Miss Alice Gray, of the American Museum of Natural History, gave an

interesting account of the decorative uses of insects. Miss Gray commented

on the varied uses of insects in costume jewelry, in designs for clothing

material, as models for toys and in a variety of other adaptations. Her com-

ments were highlighted by a fascinating collection ol exhibits.

Mr. H. B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences, described his

I'ecent winter collecting trip to the Cape region of Baja California, Mexico.

The following account is given verbatim.

“Mr. Alan Leviton, herpetologist of the California Academy of Sciences,

and I left San Francisco on December 3, 1958, in an almost new %-ton

International ‘TravelalP, equipped with 4-wheel drive, a power winch, and

8-ply tires. Stopping at the San Diego Museum of Natural History we got

advice on road conditions from Dr. George Lindsey and Mr. Huey — and as

a result had overload springs installed the next day. At nearby La Mesa we

enjoyed the hospitality of Dr. and Mrs. F. X. Williams.

“By road from Tijuana, the peninsula of Baja California is almost a

.housand miles long. The first 140 miles or so, to Arroyo Seco, are paved ;

the next 40 have been graded but are now severely washboarded. Beyond

El Rosario one enters the region of interesting endemic plants, and travels

over some of the roughest roads in North America. The country is rugged,

with jagged and barren-appearing mountains in view most of the time as

one travels, till the Magdalena Plains are reached just before the Cape

region. The road is nearly all single track, through sand, gi'avel, rock (where

it is sometimes too narrow to allow dual tires ) , and dirt ; it often follows

arroyos and flood plains, where both the surface and placement change with

every heavy rainstorm. In the Cape region travel is much easier, except after

floods and between Todos Santos and Cabo San Lucas.

“Because of a time schedule, no collecting stops were made between

Tijuana and La Paz, although a few things were taken at night on camp

stops. At Canipole we turned southeast to Loreto, then up a wonderfully

scenic canyon (mostly one-way road, with grades to 23%) where water

beetles could be seen from the car as we forded streams.

“At La Paz we were joined on December 17 by Dr. Ira L. Wiggins of

Stanford, leader of the expedition. Arrangements were made to rent a house

for headquarters and storage of equipment. Much help and advice were

received from residents, especially Mrs. Margaret Waters, Mr. Walter Heyne-

January, 1960 ] pacific coast ent. soc.

man, and Dr. and Mrs. Eduardo Ajuria. Contact was also made with Mr.

and Mrs. K. Bechtel, the expedition’s sponsors, and three one-day collecting

trips made in their plane. On December 21 Mr. Duncan Porter, botany

student of Stanford University, arrived and collected with us until the end

of the year. Mr. Allyn Smith, conchologist of the California Academy of

Sciences, and Dr. Reed Moran, Curator of Botany at the San Diego Natural

History Museum, came by plane on .lanuary third and hnally returned with

us; Dr. Wiggins had to leave on January 10.

“We collected in the Cape region, around La Paz and down to and

around the cape, from December 18 to January 27, when we shipped on the

boat Korrigan IV, Captain Elizondo, for Guaymas, and drove home via

Tucson, Arizona. Entomological collecting was generally poor, though there

were many shrubs in flower. The Gulf side east of the Sierra de la Victoria,

from Cabo San Lucas to east of La Paz, had a terrific rain storm with hurri-

cane winds last September. Though it wrought extensive damage, especially

at San Jose de Cabo, it also resulted in extensive plant growth, and the

cattle were in better condition than for many years. Dr. Wiggins decided

that we should take advantage of the unusually lush winter conditions in the

low country, so we did not go into the mountains at all.

“Despite the many flowers, there were vitrually no Hymenoptera, Diptera

or Heteroptera on them, and only a single beetle, a cerambycid, was taken

on a flower. One common mallow-like shrub, Melochia tomentosa (Stercu-

liaceae), did attract large long-tailed skippers in numbers, and a rarer vine,

Cardiospermum halicacahum, had butterflies, wasps and flies at the flowers;

pretty green hairstreaks were so intent on Cardiospermum nectar that they

could be pieked off with tweezers, one after another. Along the road about

6.5 miles north of Todos Santos many noctuid moths could be seen at night

on the nectar-producing flowers of Agave sp., but most were out of reach;

flowers of other species of Agave seen were not nectiferous.

“With one exception, collecting with a beating sheet was totally unpro-

ductive, because there were virtually no insects on the trees and shrubs

(many of which were too thorny to beat, anyhow). The exception was Yucca

valida: by beating the pads of dead leaves hanging around the trunks of the

living trees, I got many insects sheltering there: carabids, monommids,

bruchids, chrysomelids, in the Coleoptera; silver fish, cockroaches, katydids,

spiders and scorpions tumbled out, and sometimes numbers of ants and

termites. Polistes sp. were an occupational hazard of this type of collecting,

and produced a good deal of activity when their nests were unknowingly

banged.

“Sweeping with a heavy net was impractical because of the rigid and/or

spiny nature of nearly all the shrubbery. Butterfly collecting was good so

far as numbers of species and specimens, especially skippers, was concerned ;

but it was nearly impossible to chase any active butterfly, except along paths

or roads, because if I took my eyes off the ground to watch the insect, I wag

in cactus or sprawled over a rock in no time.

“Some luck was had by turning over the many cardon trunks felled by

the September storm, and rock rolling was fairly good if you liked scorpions.

Large coastal sand dunes at Rodriguez, some 20 miles west of La Paz, and

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

those of San Lucas, gave some intei'esting Tenebrionidae, and at the latter

place cockroaches. Smaller coastal dunes southeast of La Paz promised much,

for they were obviously covered with the tracks of large nocturnal tene-

brionids; upon patrolling them at night with a light, I was terribly disap-

pointed to find that these track-makers were soldier crabs.

“During January, night temperatures in the lowlands of the Cape region

averaged between 50° and 60° F., yet light collecting with a Coleman lantern

was very poor. A few moths usually came in, and sometimes swarms of small

corixids, but often not a single beetle. Much better luck was had during the

colder evenings in the northern half of the peninsula, during our trip down

in early Decembei'.

“In individuals, the most common insect species was Polistes sp, or spp.

These wasps were ubiquitous and a nuisance; they often swarmed around

the car, wherever we happened to stop it, and even forced us to eat our lunch

away from the desirable shade of the vehicle. They were a real hazard to

butterfly collecting, because the swinging net disturbed and annoyed them.

Other than for butterflies, the only really productive collecting was on the

few occasions that we found suitable water.

“Irrigation streams and flood pools gave few species, though often in

large numbers. But natural streams and seepages, not necessarily permanent,

yielded a fine lot of aquatics, including half a dozen new species and a

number of new records for the region. For instance, a good stream in Arroyo

Aqua de los Pasos, about 12.5 miles east of La Paz on the road to Las Cruces,

produced at least 15 species of Dytiscidae and Hydrophilidae on January 4,

but on January 23 it was bone dry. A pool three feet long and a foot deep,

at the end of a drying up trickle at Arroyo Saltito, near Las Cruces, contained

over 30 species of Dytiscidae and Hydrophilidae, including Hydrochus sp.,

a genus not previously reported south of Hamilton Ranch, some 700 miles

north.”

Dr. P. S. Messenger of the University of California Experiment Station

described the large, controlled environmental test chambers currently in use

at the Albany station for research on insect biology. These chambers were

formerly used in Hawaii and in Texas for fruit fly investigations. Their use

enables the investigator to duplicate the seasonal fluctuations of a region in

question at any time of the year*, including diurnal variations. Dr. Messenger

demonstrated use of the chambers with a series of projection slides.

The meeting was adjourned to the “Coffee Social” at 4:00 p.m. — Deane

P. Furman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Sixty-fourth Meeting

The two hundred and sixty-fourth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held April 11, 1959, in the Morrison Auditorium of the

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. President R. L.

Doutt called the meeting to order at 2:05 p.m.

The following members were present: D. P. Furman, T. Palmer, E. S.

Ross, K. S. Hagen, R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg, D. D. Linsdale, J. A. Powell,

W. E. Ferguson, L. E. Caltagirone, F. E. Skinner, J. Milstead, P. D. Hurd, Jr.,

D. G. Denning, D. Burdick, E. P. Catts, K. W. Brown, T. S. Acker, H. B.

Leech, T. C. Lawrence, J. G. Edwards, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., C. D. MacNeill,

January, 1960 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

C. Cushner, R. L, Doutt, R. L. Langston, E. L. Kessel. Visitors registering

were: A. E. Palmer, Clark Ross, W. E. Simonds, P. S. Messenger, Padre

Francisco S. Pereira, A. Earl Pritchard, Ron Stecker, Wm. M. Thwaites,

John P. Herron, Ronald E. Wheeler, Don R. Totten, Catherine Toschi,

Robbie, Rick and Stephanie Ferguson.

The minutes of the meeting held February 28, 1959 were read and

approved.

The President announced that the judging of the exhibits at the state

science fair would be held on the following week-end. He also stated that

the date for the annual field day of the Society had been set for May 16th at

Russelman Park.

In response to the call for nominations for members to the Society,

Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr., nominated Charles W. O’Brien, a graduate student in

systematics at the University of California. Dr. Hurd also proposed that

William E. Simonds of the Bureau of Entomology, California Department of

Agriculture, be reinstated as a regular member. Dr. Ken Hagen nominated

Mr. Jim Milstead, a graduate student in the Department of Entomology at

the University of California, and Dr. Allan D. Telford at the Department of

Biological Control, University of California, Albany. The three candidates

and the one applicant for reinstatement were unanimously elected to full

membership in the Society.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits Don Burdick

noted that at the December meeting of the Society Mr. Wasbauer and he

had stated that adults of Methocha californica Westwood probably would not

emerge until next spring. The prediction was proved erroneous with the

emergence of a male on January 16, 1959. Details of cocoon spinning were

discussed.

Dr. E. S. Ross exhibited a book, “Aphidoidea of the Middle East” by

Bodenheimer and Swirski. The book is particularly noteworthy in view of

the stress placed on the ecology and physiology of aphids.

Jerry A. Powell exhibited examples of a hepialid moth, Hepialus

sequoiolus Behrens. Pupae and larvae were collected from galleries in stems

of Lupinus arboreus at Pt. Reyes, Marin Co., Calif, on February 27, 1959, and

one male was taken at the same time. H. sequoiolus has long been known to

be a borer in the lower stems of this plant, the habits of the species having

been first described by Williams (Ent. News, 16:285. 1905) in San Francisco.

In this connection, a point of interest to note is that there are three addi-

tional species of Micro-lepidoptera which were described from the San

Francisco sand dune area that have been taken from the bush lupine at Pt.

Reyes during the last two years. These are the tortricids, Argyrotaenia

franciscana ( Walsingham) , a leaf feeder, Epinotia infuscana (Walsingham)

which bores in the stem tips, and lastly Grapholitha imitativa Heinrich, a

very common moth flying amongst the lupine in April and May, the larvae

of which have not as yet been discovered.

Ronald Stecker exhibited a cerambycid beetle, Xystrocera globosa

(Olivier) collected at San Jose State College about April 1st. It apparently

emerged from ash or mahogany imported from Japan or the Philippines. The

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

beetle is widely distributed throughout Madagascar, Egypt and the Oriental

region.

Mr. Stecker also descidbed a technique for collecting fleas from rodents

without harm to the host. The animal is paced in a jar which has just been

rinsed with 70 per cent ethyl alcohol. The fleas quickly jump from the host,

sticking to the damp surface of the jar. The rodent is then removed, the jar

rinsed with alcohol again, pouring the rinse into a collecting vial along with

the fleas.

Mr. H. B. Leech showed some color slides illustrative of problems en-

countered in this type of photography. One slide of a living Metriona bicolor

(Fabricius) showed no trace of the beautiful golden color of the insect, the

electronic flash having done away with it, and depicting instead, the ana-

tomical details under the iridescence.

Leopoldo Caltagirone, Entomologist of the National Entomological Sta-

tion, La Cruz, Chile discussed the recent changes in the scope of entomolog-

ical studies in Chile. He cited the earliest publication, to his knowledge, on

the natural history of the country written by a Chilean as the “Saggio sulla

storia naturale del Chili”, by the Jesuit Abbe Juan Ignacio Molina, published

in Italy in 1782. In the 19th century foreigners like Gay, Germain, Philippi

and Reed contributed greatly to knowledge of Chilean insects. Carlos Porter,

in the late 1800’s and first three decades of the 20th century, influenced

studies of Chilean natural history. During the same period, working in pure

and applied entomology, were Manuel Jesus Rivera, Carlos Silva Figueroa,

Carlos Camacho, Claude Joseph, Flaminio Ruiz, Carlos Stuardo, and others.

These men and their works form the Chilean entomological tradition. At

present however, entomology in Chile is not taught as an independent profes-

sional field, but merely a subject in the curricula of agronomy, veterinary

and human medicine, and biology. Entomologists in Chile in the recent past

have specialized either in taxonomy or economic entomology, with little stress

on ecology or distribution of insects. Encouraging support has been given

recently to advancement of tbe ecological and biogeographical aspects of the

field.

Padre F. S. Pereira, C.M.F., Departamento de Zoologica, Secrataria de

Agricultura, Sao Paulo, Brazil, discussed Brazilian entomological collections.

The principal collections are at Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. In Rio de

Janeiro are the Museo Nacional, Escola Nacional de Agronomia and the

Institute Oswaldo Cruz. In Sao Paulo are the Departamento de Zoologica

and the Institute Biologico. Padre Pereira listed a number of active workers

together with their fields of interest.

Mr. Frank Skinner next exhibited a seines of color slides of coccinellids

feeding on aphids. He also placed on demonstration an exhibit of color

slides, so arranged as to be viewed simultaneously by transmitted light.

Mr. R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg, Entomologist, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’

Association (retired) discussed his recent tour of European museums in

connection with his work on elaterid beetles of the Pacific area. He noted

that most of the types are located in European museums. He gave his impre.«-

sions of the major museums of Europe with interesting sidelights on person-

nel and facilities encountered.

January, 1960 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

Following a brief discussion the meeting was adjourned to the “Coffee

Social” at 3:15 p.m. — Deane P. Fijrman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Sixty-fifth Meeting

The two hundred and sixty-fifth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held as a field day, May 16, 1959, at Russelman Park,

Contra Costa County, California.

The following members registered: E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, W.

W. Middlekauff, 0. W. Graf, D. P. Furman, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., H. Ruckes, Jr.,

W. E. Ferguson, Sheila Palmer, E. S. Ross, J. W. Tilden, R. L. Langston, J.

Milstead, D. M. Maddox, F. E. Skinner, J. E. Swift, K. Brown. Visitors regis-

tering were: R. W. Stark, Phyllis Middlekauff, Marguerite E. Arnaud, Mr.

and Mrs. Arden Palmer, Patricia Palmer, J. W. Tilden family, R. L. Langston

family, Samad Vojdani, Ray F. Smith, Stephanie Ferguson, Wilda Ross,

Mustafa Ozer, Jim Milstead family, Frank Skinner family, Deane Furman

family, John Swift family.

An informal field day meeting of the society was held on the slopes of

Mount Diablo. Hiking, collecting, swimming and baseball were among the

more strenuous activities, but the shaded park benches and tables drew their

share of attention, as a place to visit with old friends and new acquaintances.

— Deane P. Furman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Sixty-sixth Meeting

The two hundred and sixty-sixth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held October 17, 1959, in room 113 Agriculture Hall,

University of California, Berkeley, California. President R. L. Doutt called

the meeting to order at 2:10 p.m.

The following members were present: R. L. Doutt, R. C. Miller, R. M.

Bohart, R. L. Usinger, T. S. Acker, R. L. Langston, Y. Tanada, H. B. Leech,

P. H. Arnaud, Jr., F. R. Cole, J. W. Tilden, R. F. Smith, J. R. Powers, E. E.

Lindquist, D. H. Huntzinger, E. G. Linsley, K. S. Hagen, F. E. Skinner,

J. E. Milstead, W. E. Ferguson, R. W. Thorp, E. P. Catts, D. P. Furman,

0. S. Bindra. Visitors registering were: Margaret E. Bohart, Rodger Mitchell,

Herbert C. Brodahl, David C. Brodahl, A. Earl Pritchard, Paul R. Ehrlich,

Libby Smith, Soemarlan, Stamford D. Smith, Fred Watari, Bill Freeman,

Barry E. Pullen, Philip S. Barker, Theodores Buchelos, Panayotis Doxopoulos,

Frank J. Radovsky, H. T. Gordon.

Dr. Ray Smith welcomed the members and guests of the Society to the

meeting at the University of California.

The minutes of the meetings held April 11th and Mr-y 16, 1959 were

read, corrected and approved.

The Pi-esident announced the following awards made by the Society at

the 1959 State Science Fair: Honorable Mention to Art Horning of the

Sunset School, Carmel, California. First Place to David Brodahl of Winton

School, Hayward, California. David was presented with the book. Living

Insects of the World, by A. B. Klots and E. B. Klots.

The President announced that the committee to select a slate of nomi-

nees for Society officers for 1959 is composed of Kenneth Hagen, Hugh B.

Leech, J. G. Edwards, Chairman.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

The Auditing committee selected by the Executive Board consists of

J. W. Tilden, Chairman, C. Don MacNeill, Ray Smith.

In response to the request for nominees for membership the following

candidates were proposed for full membership; K. L. Mahler, John F. Law-

rence, Dan Brinkman, Junji Hamai, Cornelius V. O’Connell, Jr., Michael J.

Cowell and T. R. Haig. Ray F. Smith was nominated for reinstatement as a

f ull member. The candidates were elected to full membership by unanimous

vote.

Dr. Ray Smith discussed the organization of entomology as a discipline

at the University of California, noting that teaching of entomology started

68 years ago on the Berkeley campus. A basic feature of the training at this

campus is the development of a scholarly attitude by the student, who not

only must fulfill requirements in basic courses in entomology but also in a

wide variety of other fields such as botany, genetics, chemistry and zoology.

While both undergraduate and graduate majors in entomology are trained,

the majority of students are graduates. At present there are 77 graduate

students in entomology at Berkeley.

Dr. Smith outlined briefly typical examples of current research projects

under investigation by staff of the Department of Entomology and Parasit-

ology. The California Insect Survey was inaugurated formally in 1947. The

objective is a survey of the insect fauna of the state. The official publication

is the Bulletin of the California Insect Survey, which was started in 1950.

Other projects mentioned were “Insects in amber”. Literally thousands of

specimens are now on hand, many dating back to the Oligocene period. In

forest entomology active research is progressing on determination of factors

involved in tree selection by beetles. Four staff members are working on

insect vectors of plant diseases. Two staff members are investigating the

biology and ecology of wild bees, significant agents in the pollination of wild

and cultivated plants.

Dr. Usinger discussed problems in biosystematics of bedbugs, pointing

out that he is in a unique position, in that he has representatives of all the

50 known species and 20 genera of the world, and has most of them alive in

cultures at present. Much remains to be done, however, before the system-

atics of the Cimicidae is clarified. On his recent collecting trip in Africa he

collected a new species of Leptocimex in which the organ of Ribaga, pre-

viously considered a reliable generic guidepost, is very different from that

of other members of the genus. At the species level in various genera he has

found numerous characters which seemed valid, but upon analysis these have

been found to vary indiscriminately. A detailed study of the Cimicidae of

the world is the continuing object of his attention.

William W. Allen discussed control of the cyclamen mite as a research

project which involved more or less routine screening of insecticides. Even

so, in the final development of an effective control it was shown to be neces-

sary to determine the persistence of residues on the fruit, as well as to

determine the detrimental effects which insecticides might have on natural

enemies of the mite. Hoplia beetles were described as pests which attack

the roots of strawberries. Although strawberries are attacked in the same

areas where Hoplia adults damage grapes, biological studies show that the

January, 1960 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

two are separate species. The Nemocestes weevils wei'e discussed as another

native insect which became a pest when strawberries were planted in close

proximity to their native hosts.

Dr. Harold Gordon presented a talk on current developments in insecti-

cide resistance, which is summarized below.

Since house flies became DDT-resistant about 1947, there has been an

unbroken series of victories by the insects over chemical control by synthetic

organic insecticides, and it now seems likely that any insect species can in

time acquire resistance to any one insecticide. The insecticide industry has

not been seriously worried until recently, because the development of DDT-

resistant strains at first seemed to be a welcome opportunity for the intro-

duction of competitive insecticides. However, the increasing occurrence of

“positive cross-resistance” is now causing universal concern.

With DDT-resistant house flies, lindane or aldrin gave excellent control

for a time, but then strains of flies arose that were resistant to lindane and

aldrin and still resistant to DDT. Later use of organic phosphates gave rise

to strains that were resistant to phosphates and still resistant to chlorinated

insecticides. These strains are in fact “pre-adaptively” resistant to some of

the new carbamate insecticides (such as Sevin or H-57) which have never

been used on flies. Such extreme “posititive cross-resistance” would seem to

spell the death of chemical control. This is especially depressing because

even if the use of all insecticides is discontinued for several years, resistance

declines but does not disappear completely, so that re-use of insecticides

re-selects highly resistant strains in one or two generations.

Since it is hopeless to look for an insecticide which is “resistance-proof”,

toxicologists are studying ways of using two or more insecticides. One

approach being examined by Dr. Hoskins at Berkeley is the detection of

incipient resistance, from small changes in dosage-mortality curves that

occur while effective control is still possible. The hypothesis is that shifting

to another insecticide will reduce or eliminate the “positive cross-resistance”

which occurs when the shift is made too late, i.e., when high resistance to

the first has already appeared.

Another idea is the finding of insecticides which can be used in alterna-

tion. The theory is that resistance to one insecticide will decline as resist-

ance to the other increases, and that the decline will be fast enough to allow

successful continuous alternation of the two.

My own preference has developed in the last year, and favors the simul-

taneous use of two insecticides capable of giving “mutual synergism”. The

possible mechanism of this effect rests on the fact that high resistance to

an insecticide seems to involve the development of a high concentration of a

fairly specific enzyme that can destroy it. “Mutual synergism” can occur be-

tween two insecticides which are dissimilar enough so that two distinct

detoxicating enzymes are required to destroy them, but similar enough so that

each can protect the other from the action of its specific enzyme. Such

synergism will not occur between any two insecticides. However, neither will

it be an extremely rare effect, difficult to find.

Dr. Richard Bohart discussed the entomology summer field course of

the University of California. This is a required course for all undergraduate

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

majors in entomology. It is given over a four to six week period of the

summer at various localities. Most of the sessions have been held in Cali-

fornia, but a very rewarding period was spent recently in the Chiricahua

Mountains of Arizona where the American Museum of Natural History

operates its Southwestern Research Station. The course provides assurance

that entomology students experience a variety of field collecting, observing

the activity of insects in their normal environments.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, J. W. Tilden

exhibited a glow worm, evidently a larviform female of some species of

Lampyridae, which was taken by Bruce Tilden on the evening of August 2,

1959, at the lower end of Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona.

It glowed very brightly but intermittently and would stop glowing if dis-

turbed. It fed on slugs and angleworms, surviving until October 12, 1959.

E. P. Catts displayed an exhibit of two living Cuterebrids collected in

Marin County, California. These were collected as part of a study on these

myiasis producing Diptera of rodents. The specimens are unusual in that

they possess pronounced red eye spots. The species is unknown.

Numerous other exhibits were placed on display by members of the

staff and graduate students of the Depai'tment of Entomology and Parasit-

ology.

The President noted that a “coffee social” and display of exhibits would

follow the formal meeting. The meeting was adjourned at 4:20 p.m. — Deane

P. Furman, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Sixty-seventh Meeting

The two hundred and sixty-seventh meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomo-

logical Society was held December 12, 1959, in the Morrison Auditorium at

the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, President

R. L. Doutt called the meeting to order at 2:10 p.m.

The following members were present: R. L. Doutt, W. A. Doolin, J. W.

Tilden, D. Giuliani, C. J. Rogers, Judy Ross, K. W. Brown, D. H. Huntzinger,

J. G. Edwards, R. L. Usinger, L. A. Stange, B. N. Chaniotis, A. Menke,

P. Marsh, F. E. Skinner, E. P. Catts, Laura M. Henry, J. W. MacSwain,

W. D. Murray, W. A. Russell, D. D. Linsdale, T. Lawrence, P. H. Arnaud, Jr.,

T. Acker, D. Rentz, J. A. Powell, W. E. Ferguson, K. S. Hagen, D. P. Furman.

Visitors registering were: Mrs. R. M. Bohart, Mrs. Blanca Labrador, Mr.

and Mrs. Walter D. Riley, Jose Ramon Labrador, J. T. Doutt, Mrs. Richard

Doutt, Richard J. Doutt, Mrs. Calvin J. Rogers, Ronald E. Wheeler, Stam-

ford D. Smith, Ronald E. Hall, Jalil Abul-Hab, Fred litis, Soemarlan, Fred

Watari, Monroe H. Pastermack, Ji'., Michel M. J. Lavoipierre, Nancy C. Mac-

Swain, John MacSwain, Gerald 1. Stage, Roy R. Snelling, Paul Ehrlich, Mrs.

Jerry Powell, Mrs. William E. Ferguson, P. S. Messenger.

The minutes of the meeting held October 17, 1959 were read and

approved.

The following nominees were proposed for regular membership: David

C. Rentz, Ronald E. Hall, Stamford D. Smith, Miss Judy Ross, Frank Parker.

The candidates were elected to regular membership by unanimous vote.

Dr. R. C. Miller presented the Annual Report of the Treasurer.

January, 1960 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

Dr. J. W. Tilden, reporting for the Auditing Committee, stated that the

Society books had been examined and found to be in order. The above two

reports were accepted by unanimous vote and a copy of the Treasurer’s

Report placed on file.

J. A. Powell, reporting for the Editorial Committee, stated that the Pan-

Pacific Entomologist had printed 220 pages this year in addition to indices,

and some 25 manuscripts have been submitted for future issues.

H. B. Leech, Chairman of the Historical Committee, reported that our

file of letters by the Coalburg, Virginia lepidopterist, W. H. Edwards, all to

W. G. Wright of San Bernardino, California and apparently complete for the

period 1882-1905, have been loaned to Mr. F. Martin Brown for study.

He also noted that Mr. E. R. Leach of Piedmont has presented the first

section of his entomological correspondence and hopes to be able to get

the late F. W. Nunenmacher’s letters for the Society’s historical file. Another

recent acquisition is the Owen Bryant correspondence, much of it relating

to specimens now in the California Academy of Sciences’ collections.

President Doutt announced that Professor E. 0. Essig and Mr. R. H.

Van Zwaluwenburg have been reappointed to three year terms on the Publi-

cation Committee.

Reporting on the state of the Society, President Doutt noted that there

are approximately 350 members, about 150 of whom receive notices of

meetings. During the past year the average attendance of members at meet-

ings has been 47.

In response to the call for notes and exhibits Paul Arnaud noted that

a caterpillar of the monarch butterfly collected in the fall of 1957 at Red-

wood City, San Mateo Co., California produced a tachinid fly maggot which

emerged during the chrysalis stage of the host. However the chrysalis later

produced an apparently normal butterfly^ Only two species of tachinids are

known from the monarch in this area, and although the maggot died in the

process of pupating, it may possibly be identified later from the preserved

larva.

Paul Ehrlich reported briefly on the annual meeting of the Society for

the Study of Evolution and the Darwinian Centennial Celebration held at

Chicago in November. He stated that the entomological contributions were

among the most outstanding presented.

Mr. Leech mentioned having visited one of our members, The Rev.

Edward Guedet, at Notre Dame Hospital, San Francisco, where he has been

for the past year. He is in good spirits and would enjoy visits from entomol-

ogists. His fine collection of Lepidoptera was presented to the Academy

during the period 1944-1950.

In view of the present interest in collecting by means of mercury vapor

lights, Mr. Leech drew attention to a prediction by the late Owen Bryant

that this should be the best attractant light (1908. Science, N.S. 28 (727):

797-798).

Jerry A. Powell read a note concerning a collection of Noctuidae visit-

ing flowers. On the evening of September 23, 1959, a number of moths were

seen hovering about the flowers of glossy abelia, Ahelia gra.ndifl.ora, a com-

mon ornamental bush of the honeysuckle family, on the University of Cali-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 1

fornia, Berkeley campus. Collections were made from a number of bushes

at that time and at dusk the following day (about 7:30-8:00 p.m. P.D.T.)

during typically cool, breezy evenings for the area. Seven species of noctuids

were taken in the following numbers, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (3),

Heliothis zea (Boddie) (2) , H. virescens (Fabricius) (5) , Autographa egena

(Guenee) (1), A. hiloha (Stephens) (2), Trichoplusia ni (Hiibner) (3),

and Mouralia tinctoides Guenee (3). Although most of these are abundant

and widespread species and are commonly encountered in other parts of

California, Powell had encountered only unipuncta and hiloba in Berkeley

in four years’ collecting at lights. In addition, Mouralia tinctoides is a rela-

tively little known species in this area, apparently not having been previously

recorded north of Santa Barbara, California.

William Ferguson, who attended the recent Centennial meeting of the

American Entomological Society at Philadelphia, noted that this was the

first society devoted to Entomology in the United States, In many respects

the Society is not unlike the Pacific Coast Entomological Society today.

J. G. Edwards announced that Dr. Otto Swezey died on December 7, 1959.

Dr. Usinger moved that the Society express its condolences to Mrs.

Swezey over the death of Dr. Swezey. The motion was seconded and passed

by unanimous vote. The Secretary was directed to send the letter.

Dr. Edwards, reporting for the nominating committee, nominated the

following members to serve as Society officers during 1960: President, J. W.

Tilden; Vice President, Paul H. Arnaud, Jr.; Secretary, Frank E. Skinner;

Treasurer, Robert C. Miller.

The nominees were elected to office by unanimous vote.

The Chair was turned over to incoming President J. W. Tilden, who

called upon retiring President R. L. Doutt to deliver the Annual Address,

titled “Natural Enemies and Insect Speciation”.

The address, which will be published separately in the Pan-Pacific

Entomologist, was followed by a spirited discussion, with particular interest

centering around the concept that factors affecting populations are all density

dependent versus the concept that certain factors are independent of density.

As a final item on the agenda J. G. Edwards projected a colorful series

of slides depicting his activities in collecting alpine insects in Montana and

Canada.

The meeting was adjourned to the “Coffee Social”. — Deane P. Furman,

Secretary.

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Yol. XXXVI

APRIL, 1960

No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

BAILEY — A review of two uncommon California genera of

Thysanoptera (Terebrantia) 53

KESSEL — The response of Microsania and Hormopeza to smoke 67

HULL — New species of Syrphidae and Asilidae -...I..:. 69

SCULLEN — Synonymical notes on the genus Cerceris — 11 75

ROSS — Distribution records for Trichobius sphaeronotus Jobling,

with a first report for Arizona ' 81

POWELL — Descriptions of new species of Argyrotaenia in the

southwestern United States 83

LINSLEY — A new species of Diandrena associated with Oenothera in

California ; 97

MOORE — Paracraspedomerus, a new genus of staphylinid beetle from

New Caledonia 99

EDMUNDS — The mayfly genus Baetisca in western North America 102

MENKE — Lectotype designation for Lethoccrus angustipes (Mayr 104

RECENT LITERATURE 68, 74, 98, 104

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1960

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXVI April, 1960 No. 2

A REVIEW OF TWO UNCOMMON CALIFORNIA GENERA

OF THYSANOPTERA (TEREBRANTIA)

Stanley F. Bailey

University of California, Davis

Having previously reviewed the Aeolothripoid genera, as well

as Heterothrips, a summary of the two California genera, Mero-

thrips and Oligothrips, may now be presented. The latter is known

only from this state. A discussion of these two genera follows their

technical descriptions.

Merothrips Hood

Hood, J. D., 1912. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 14:132-134

Head usually elongate, with a long seta on dorsum between base of

antenna and eye. Eyes normal in macropterous forms, reduced in apterous

forms. Ocelli present in macropterous forms. Antennae long, moniliform,

eight-segmented; segments HI and IV with sensory areas at distal end.

Mouthcone bluntly rounded. Maxillary palpi two or three-segmented; labial

palpi two-segmented. Prothorax wider than long, nearly always longer than

head; anterior angles without prominent setae, posterior angles with one or

two long setae at each angle. Legs short and stout, fore and hind femora

swollen, armature present on fore legs; heterogonic forms known. Wings,

when present, without microsetae on surface; forewing with two longitudinal

veins. Abdomen very blunt at posterior; ovipositor very greatly reduced. No

comb on posterior margin of segments. Abdomen of male without ventral

sensory areas and without externally projecting claspers.

Type of the genus : Merothrips morgani Hood, 1912. Apterous

female holotype in Hood collection.

The family Merothripidae is represented presently by this

single, non-fossil genus.

As has been pointed out so sagely by J, D. Hood (1937), the

eminent thysanopterist, “individuals of this aberrant genus are so

extremely rare that a critical study of the taxonomy of the group

cannot be made until various unknown forms, some macropterous

and some apterous, have been discovered.” At present no macrop-

terous males have been collected, and in only two species have

the oedymerous males been seen. As years pass the accumulated

knowledge should be periodically summarized for the record and

to aid future workers in taking the next step forward. No previous

summary of this genus, now with twelve valid species, has been

published. The bits of knowledge of this rare group which were

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

obtained by the now deceased J. R. Watson, Dudley Moulton, and

J. C. Crawford unfortunately were never summarized. I have com-

piled the scattered information on the group and specifically

record as new (1) the male of laevis Hood, (2) the nymphal stage

of morgani Hood only, (3) present new synonymy of morgani,

(4) offer a provisional key to the world species, (5) thanks t©

Priesner, extend the known distribution of the genus to continental

Europe^, and (6) through correspondence with K. Sakimura, make

note that Kurosawa in 1941 observed cocoon-spinning. I have been

pared with many genera, but forming sufficient base upon which

to broaden our concept of the genus.

Ideally a published description should be sufficiently complete

and accurate that a worker familiar with the group could visualize

and reconstruct the species. When unique specimens are unavail-

able for study such a device is most helpful, even though it has

obvious vulnerable aspects. The writer first used this method in

Erythrothrips (Bailey, 1947, Pan-Pac. Ent. 23:105). In Mero-

thrips the more recent descriptions have been so well detailed

and the measurements so inclusive that on graph paper it is

jjossible to reconstruct the salient features of genuinus Hood,

nigricornis Hood, and productus Hood. With the exception of

morgani, I have been able to examine neither the Hood species

nor williamsi of Priesner. In discerning and evaluating small

differences between thrips species it appears to me that physical

measurements should he weighted about 40 per cent and judgment,

acquired over the years, weighted 60 per cent.

From the nature of the micro-habitat in which Merothrips

species live, it has been supposed they are fungus feeders or

scavengers of some sort. To our knowledge none have been reared

through their life cycle. The majority of specimens have been

collected under dead bark, in plant debris and in fungi. H, E.

Cott and the writer have collected a few specimens of morgani

from the frass in beetle burrows in dead willow. Large numbers

of collections of leaf mold, dead bark of various trees, moss, duff

from beaches and pine woods have not yielded Merothrips in

California. Eggs observed in the body cavity of morgani and laevis

indicated that normal reproduction by oviposition occurs. The

^ In correspondence dated September 19, 1957, Priesner stated, “I had a visit this year from

Dr. Bournier (France) who collected a lot of most interesting thrips in Southern Europe,

among them two specimens of a Merothrips of which we only knew some fossil forms from the

Baltic amber.” {M. fritchi Pr., 1924.)

April, 1960]

BAILEY THRIPS REVIEW

greatly reduced ovipositor and the habitat in which the adults are

found lead one to believe the eggs are merely dropped in or on

the substrate as is the case with many Tubulifera. The only nymphs

of Merothrips known to the writer are those of morgani collected

by K. Sakimura in pineapple trash and one by F. Andre from

dead pine bark.

Lastly I might note that the very well-developed fore legs with

spurs are usually indicative of a predaceous habit, or at least

indicative that such a need for these structures once existed.

Key to the Species of Merothrips Hood

1 — Posterior two-thirds of lateral margins of head (cheeks) expanded

to form a narrow shelf (Plate II, fig. 4) genuinus Hood

— Head not so expanded ...2

2 — Head produced anteriorly beyond eyes (Plate H, fig. 5) ..productus Hood

— Head not produced anteriorly 3

3 — Sensory areas on antennal segments HI and IV transverse ....4

- — Sensory areas on antennal segments HI and IV oval (Plate I,

fig. 3), not linear or not as a broad band 5

4 — Maxillary palpi 2-segmented. Sensory areas linear and very narrow

- - - laevis Hood

— Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. (This character is not given in des-

criptions of cognatus, genuinus, nigricornis, productus and williamsi)

Sensory areas in the form of a broad band extending not over

half way around antennal segments III and IV 7

5 — Color dark brown to blackish brown. Head length 99 microns,

width 85 microns nigricornis Hood

— Color yellow to pale yellowish brown or grey brown. Head much

smaller I 6

6 — Very small species; total length of antennal segments HI-V, 81

microns capensis Fame

— Total length of antennal segments IH-V, 99 microns; segments more

slender (see Plate I, fig. 8 ) morgani Hood (apterous male)

7 — Pronotum with two long setae at each posterior outer angle (Plate

II, fig. 3). Antennae very long, segments IH-V, 152 microns (Plate

I, fig. 10 ) mirus J. C. Crawford

— Pronotum with one long seta at each posterior outer angle. Antenna

much shorter H 8

8 — Major setae very short; postoculars, 13 microns; posterior pronotals,

39 microns ..brevisetis Hood (macropterous female)

— Major setae longer 9

9 — Head with two small setae between postocular and smaller posto-

cellar seta tympanis Hood

— Head with only one seta (the occipital) between each postocular

and postocellar seta 10

10— Macropterous female with large tibial tooth. Without postocular

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

setae- - fusciceps Hood and Williams

— Macropterous female (of those described) with small tibial tooth.

Postocular setae present 11

11 — Head very broad (135 microns) ; ratio of length to width 0.94.

Antennal segment IV, 43 microns- — williamsi Priesner

— Head much narrower and antennal segments IV much shorter 12

12 — Eyes “prolonged on ventral surface to a point directly beneath

posterior dorsal margin of head” cognntus Hood

— Eyes not prolonged ventrally to the same length as the posterior

dorsal margin of head morgani Hood

Merothrips brevisetis Hood

Merothrips brevisetis Hood, 1954. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 67:20-21.

The terminally located sensory areas on antennal segments

HI and IV and the short setae separate this species from morgani

Hood and tympanis Hood. Hood specifically noted that the eyes

are “margined posteriorly and medially by one pair of setae (the

occipitals) between postoculars and postocellars.” This species,

like morgani, is known to have oedymerous (or maximum hetero-

gonic) males. Collection data: South America. Brazil: Belem,

Para. Both sexes taken from dead branches of Heavea and Bixa,

July -August.

Merothrips capensis Faure

Merothrips capensis Faure, 1938. Pub. Univ. Pretoria. Ser. H, Nat. Sc. No. 4:

6-7, PI. I, figs. 3^.

Faure informs me that considerable additional material in this

genus has been collected in Cape Province and Zululand. Appar-

ently a complete range of heterogonous forms of capensis is now

known. The small oval sensory areas on the antennae (Plate I,

fig. 9) and small size enables this species to be distinguished from

the gynecoid apterous males of morgani. Collection data (in-

complete) : Africa. Cape Province, Hermanns. Both sexes taken

from fallen leaves and moss, January. Recent correspondence with

R. zur Strassen indicates additional species now are known in

Africa.

Merothrips cognatus Hood

Merothrips cognatus Hood, 1925. Psyche 32(1) :53— 54.

Information on this species is scanty. It was originally com-

pared with fusciceps Hood and Williams, and williamsi Priesner,

both known from unique, macropterous females. The describe!'

separated it from the holotype of his fusciceps by the ventrally

prolonged eyes. Collection data: West Indies. Trinidad. Female

April, 1960]

BAILEY THRIPS REVIEW

“on dead branch of Lagerstroemia infested with bromeliads.”

Other data lacking.

Merothrips fusciceps Hood and Williams

Merothrips fusciceps Hood and Williams, 1915. Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc.

23(2) :123-125, PI. VII, figs. 1-4.

This species appears to be very distinctive in that postocular

setae are absent (see original illustration of Hood) and that the

macropterous female has large tibial spurs typical of the oedymer-

ous male of morgani. The antenna is very similar to that of the

macropterous morgani (Plate I, fig. 6). If a colony of this species

is collected, undoubtedly apterous forms would be among the indi-

viduals. Such a finding should clarify its relationships. Collection

data: North America. Louisiana, New Orleans. One female from

an ornamental clump of bamboo, December.

Merothrips genuinus Hood

Merothrips genuinus Hood, 1938. Rev. de Ent. 8(3—4) :354— 357.

The very distinctive shelf-like expansion of the cheeks and

the very large oval sensoria (Plate H, fig. 4, Plate I, fig. 2) further

exhibit the greater diversity in the genus on the Atlantic coast

than is presently known elsewhere. There is no other known mem-

ber of the genus which has these unique characters. Collection

data: North America. Florida: Homestead. Both sexes collected

from dead branches, December.

Merothrips laevis Hood

Merothrips laevis Hood, 1938. Rev. de Ent. 8(3—4) :350— 352.

What I believe to be the male of this species has been seen from

Jamaica (111. Nat. Hist. Sur, Collection, No. 49642). One specimen

only was examined. It is apterous and of normal form. The pro-

notum (male) and critical antennal segments (female) are illus-

trated in Plate II, fig. I and Plate I, fig. 4. The original description

stated that the pronotum was without sculpture. Apterous females

(det. Watson) from Key West and Stock Is., Florida, which I have

seen, have faint anastomosing lines on the surface. Such variations

throw some doubt on the determination even though the sensory

areas on the antennae definitely place them with laevis, as do the

two-segmented maxillary palpi. These specimens have a minute

tooth on the terminal tarsal segment on all legs (Plate HI, fig. 4).

I have not seen the unique type. Collection data: West Indies.

Jamaica. North America. Florida: Pine Key, Key West, Stock Is.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

Both sexes in shells, debris, moulding leaves, etc., January and

May.

Merothrips mirus Crawford

Merothrips mirus J. C. Crawford, 1942. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 44(7) : 152— 154.

This species is very distinctive and can be readily distinguished

by its large size, the two long setae at each posterior outer angle

of the pronotum, and the large sensory areas on antennal segments

III and IV (Plate II, fig. 3 and Plate I, fig. 10). Collection data:

South America, Brazil: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catharine. Females

taken on dead branches. May— July.

Merothrips morgani Hood

Merothrips morgani Hood, 1912. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 14:132—134, PI. V,

figs. 1—3.

Merothrips fioridensis Watson, 1927. Fla. Ent. 10(4) :60— 61. (New synony-

my.)

Merothrips haivaiiensis Moulton, 1937. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 9(3) :41 1—412.

(New synonymy.)

Merothrips plaumanni J. C. Crawford. 1942. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 44(7):

150—152. (New synonymy.)

The genotype, morgani, was described from apterous forms of

both sexes. Collections recorded up to 1937 apparently included

only apterous forms. Moulton (1937) described hawaiiensis from

winged specimens. I now have available a sufficiently large series

of this species to see the range in forms, although I feel the com-

plete range to maximum heterogonic forms, possibly in both sexes,

has not yet been brought together. A careful study of the macrop-

terous fusciceps Hood & Williams and cognatus Hood should be

made with illustrations of the chaetotaxy of the head to enable

one to more accurately separate them from morgani. To date

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. Antennal segments HI, IV, V of Merothrips productus Hood,

macropterous female (reconstructed from original description) ; 2. Antennal

segments III and IV of Merothrips genuinus Hood, macropterous female

(reconstructed) ; 3. Merothrips nigricornis Hood, apterous female (recon-

structed) ; 4. Antennal segments III, IV, V of Merothrips laevis Hood,

apterous female; 5. Antennal segments III and IV of Oligothrips oreios

Moulton, topotype female; 6. Antennal segments HI, IV, V of Merothrips

morgani Hood, macropterous female; 7. Merothrips morgani, apterous

female; 8. Merothrips morgani, apterous male, maximum form; 9. Merothrips

capensis Faure, apterous female (reconstructed) ; 10. Antennal segments

III and IV of Merothrips mirus J. C. Crawford, macropterous paratype

female. Scale: Figs. 1—4, 6—10, line equals 0.01 mm.; fig. 5, 0.032 mm.

April, 1960]

BAILEY THRIPS REVIEW

I am unaware of a hetergonic form in the female, although some

specimens verge on “monstrous” forms. Some specimens studied

appear to be de-alated. Note also should be made of the record of

morgani (Hood, 1917) from Pine Key, Fla., Jan., 1914. This

specimen apparently was described many years later, in 1938, as

laevis Hood as the collection data are identical.

K. Sakimura has been fortunate in obtaining a series of

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

morgani {= hawaiiensis Moulton) which shows the range in size

of apterous males and both the macropterous and apterous females,

as well as the nymph. This excellent series was collected from

pineapple trash, via a Berlese funnel, at Poamohu, 1600 ft.,

Oahu, T.H. Moulton’s specimens of hawaiiensis (California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, type slide No. 5397) were

compared with this material as well as with Watson’s types of

floridensis ( floridanus Watson, 1927, lap. cal.) and Crawford’s

paratype of plaumanni (Crawford specimen No. 835) from Brazil.

I believe all three to be synonymous with morgani. Variations exist

in the degree of sculpture on the pronotum. The California and

Hawaiian specimens have a much smoother pronotum than speci-

mens collected in Virginia by Andre (USNM collection). No

differences are noted in the antennae, palpi, or chaetotaxy. The

known forms are illustrated in accompanying plates. Collection

data: Brazil. Territory of Hawaii. North America. California,

D.C., Florida (many localities), Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Mary-

land, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Texas, Virginia. Both sexes

collected all year from many “hosts” which are rotting bark of

various trees, Spanish moss, Polyporus, Andropogon, pineapple

trash, date palm, bromeliads, ferns, etc. Some collections have been

made via a Berlese funnel.

Merothrips nigricornis Hood

Merothrips nigricornis Hood, 1937. Rev. de Ent. 7(2— 3) :272— 274, fig. 3c.

This species is known from a unique female. It is separated

by “the unusually dark coloration, strongly protruding eyes, and

the greatly reduced antennal sensoria.” Collection data: South

America. Peru: vie. Celendin, Depart, de Cajamarca. From flowers

of Helianthus Jelskii, June.

Merothrips productus Hood

Merothrips productus Hood, 1938. Rev. de Ent. 8(3—4) : 352— 354.

This North American species, while known from a unique

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. Pronotum of Merothrips laevis Hood, apterous male; 2. Merothrips

morgani Hood, maximum apterous male; 3. Merothrips mirus J. C. Crawford,

macropterous female; 4. Dorsum of head of Merothrips genuinus Hood,

macropterous female (reconstructed) ; 5. Merothrips productus Hood,

macropterous female (reconstructed) ; 6. Fore tarsus of Oligothrips oreios

Moulton; 7. Fore wing of Merothrips morgani Hood, macropterous female.

Scale: Figs. 1-3, line equals 0.01 mm.; figs. 4, 5, 7, 0.02 mm.; fig. 6, 0.016 mm.

April, 1960]

BAILEY THRIPS REVIEW

female is readily separated by its produced head and the form

of the sensor i a (Plate II, fig. 5 and Plate I, fig. 1) . Hood in describ-

ing it raised the question of the possibility of it being a de-alated

specimen. Collection data: North America. North Carolina:

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

Rocky Point, Pender County. One female from a dead branch.

October.

Merothrips tympanis Hood

Merothrips typmanis Hood, 1954. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 67:20.

This South American representative, along with its close rela-

tive, hrevisetis Hood, has not been illustrated. It has relatively

broad sensory bands on the antennae and is separated by its

describer by means of “two pairs of setae between postoculars

and postocellars.” Collection data: South America. Brazil: Nova

Teutonia, S.C., Rondon, Parana. Many females from dead branches,

September and December.

Merothrips williamsi Priesner

Merothrips williamsi Priesner, 1921. Deutsche Ent. Mus. 3:191—192.

To date it has not been possible to locate the unique type and,

with the aid of the always-helpful describer, to redescribe and

illustrate some of the salient characters. At present we separate it

from cogiiatus and morgani by the very broad head and the long

fourth antennal segment. Collection data: South America.

Paraguay. One female under bark, .June.

Oligothrips Moulton

Moulton, D,, 1933. Pan-Pac. Ent. 9(3) : 139— 140.

Head slightly wider than long, widest at posterior margin. Setae on

dorsum of head long; four postocular setae, one pair within ocellar triangle.

Dorsum of head with horizontal striations. Eyes normal, not extended

ventrally. Antennae nine-segmented, terminal joints not fused; segments

HI and IV each with one suh-apical spearhead-shaped sensory cone on

outer margin, about 10 microns long. Mouth cone short, bluntly rounded

maxillary palpi 3-segmented, labial palpi 2-segmented. Prothorax wider

than long. Pronotum with irregular longitudinal thickening in center, with

irregular horizontal striations, heaviest near posterior, setae long with a

pattern similar to Ankothrips and Melanthrips. Fore legs slightly swollen,

fore tarsi with large, curved, simple claw. Fore wings bluntly pointed,

with two longitudinal veins both supporting regularly spaced setae, surface

covered with micro-setae, costal fringe present. Abdomen normal, sharplv

pointed, posterior margins of segments without comb. Ovipositor well-

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. Dorsum of head of Oligothrips oreios Moulton, female; 2.

Pronotum of 0. oreios, female; 3. Femora, tibia and tarsus of Merothrips

morgani Hood, macropterous female; 4. M. laevis Hood, apterous male;

5. Dorsum of head of morgani, maximum apterous male; 6. morgani,

apterous female; 7. morgani, macropterous female; 8. Femora, tibia, and

tarsus of morgani, maximum apterous male. Scale: Figs. 1, 2, line equals

0.016 mm. ; figs. 3—8, 0.01 mm.

April, 1960]

BAILEY THRIPS REVIEW

developed and down-curved. Male smaller than female, winged, with fore

femora strongly swollen, claw on fore tarsus as in female. Abdominal

segments III- VIII with narrow, elongate, clear, sensory areas on venter

occupying central third of segment.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

Type of the genus: Oligothrips oreios Moulton, 1933. Holo-

type female, No. 4753, in California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco.

This genus still remains monotypic. It appears to stand be-

tween the aelothripoid genera and the typical thripoids. The nine-

segmented antennae, the lack of forked sensory trichomes, the

pronotal setal pattern, and the claw on the fore tarsi associate

Oligothrips with the more “primitive” thrips. On the other hand

the down-curved ovipositor, the reduced number of palpal seg-

ments, the pointed wings, and the clear sensory areas on the male

abdominal sternites exhibit an association with the generalized

thripoids. The Moulton collection contains only the holotype and

three paratype females. The various characters referred to are

illustrated in Plate I, fig. 5; Plate II, fig. 6; Plate III, figs. 1, 2.

Presently it is known only in California, from various localities

in mountainous portions of the northern part of the state (Bailey,

1957). The hosts of O. oreios are principally madrone and

manzanita. There is one annual generation only. The abundance

of the species varies greatly from year to year. All stages except

non-feeding nymphs (“pupae”) are found in the bell-shaped

blossoms of these spring-blooming shrubs and trees. The yellowish-

orange nymphs (similar to and found with Orothrips) drop to the

ground beneath the host when mature and form loose cocoons in

the soil at a depth of 3—12 inches depending on the soil structure.

I have learned to associate the claw on the fore tarsi of thrips with

this cocoon-spinning habit and infer this structure is employed

by the adult in emergence. I expect that in the future, on semi-arid

mountain slopes in April and May, this thrips also will be found

in Oregon and Washington. In a similar environment in Chile and

Peru this genus or related forms also could be expected to occur.

For convenience in identifying such possible future collections the

accompanying table of related genera has been prepared.

This summary of a small segment of the Terebrantia has been

made possible by the favors generously granted by the following

persons: J. F. Gates Clarke, H. E. Cott, J. C. Faure, K. O’Neill, H.

Priesner, E. S. Ross, K. Sakimura, L. J. Stannard, and A. N. Tissot.

phological Characters of the Genera of Heterothripidai

April, 1960]

BAILEY THRIPS REVIEW

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

Literature Cited

Bagnall, R. S.

1927. Contributions towards a knowledge of the European Thysanoptera.

III. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9th Ser.) 20(120) :561— 585.

Bailey, S. F.

1940. Cocoon-spinning Thysanoptera. Pan-Pac. Ent. 16(2) ■.11—19.

1957. The thrips of California. Part I: Suborder Terebrantia. Bull.

Calif. Insect Survey 4(5) : 143— 220.

Bailey, S. F. and H. E. Cott

1954. A review of the genus Heterothrips Hood (Thysanoptera:

Heterothripidae) in North America, with descriptions of two

new species. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 47(4) :614— 635. Plates 1-V.

Crawford, J. C.

1942. Two new South American species of Merothrips Hood (Thysan-

optera, Merothripidae) . Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 44(7) : 150— 154.

Faure, J. C.

1938. Descriptions of new Thysanoptera. Pub. Univ. Pretoria, Ser. II,

Nat. Sci. No. 4:1—20, figs. 3, 4.

Hood. J. D.

1912. Descriptions of new North American Thysanoptera. Proc. Ent.

Soc. Wash. 14:129-160, PI. V, figs. 1-3.

1914. Notes on North American Thysanoptera, with descriptions of

a new family and two new species. Insec. Insc. Mens. 2(2) :17— 22.

1917. An annotated list of the Thysanoptera of Plummer’s Island,

Maryland. Insec. Insc. Mens. 5(4—6) :53— 65.

1925. New Neotropical Thysanoptera collected by C. B. Williams.

Psyche 32(l):48-69.

1927. A contribution toward the knowledge of New York Thysanoptera,

with descriptions of new genera and species. Ent. Americana

7(n.s.) (4):209-245.

1937a. New genera and species of Thysanoptera from South Africa.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (ser. 10) :97-113, figs. 1-2.

1937b. Studies in Neotropical Thysanoptera, IV, Rev. de Ent. 7(2—3):

255—296, fig. 3c.

1938. New Thysanoptera from Florida and North Carolina. Rev. de

Ent. 8(3-4): 348-420.

1954. Brasilian Thysanoptera. IV. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 67:17—54.

Hood, J. D. and C. B. Williams

1915. New Thysanoptera from Florida and Louisiana. Jour. N.Y. Ent.

Soc. 23(2) :121-138, PI. VH, figs. 1-4.

Melis, a.

1941. Tisanotteri Italiani. VII. Genus Holarthrothrips. Redia. 27:25-43,

figs. I- VII.

Moulton, D.

1933. Oligothrips oreios a new genus and species of thrips belonging

to the family Opadothripidae Bagnall. Pan-Pac. Ent, 9(3) :

139-140.

April, 1960]

KESSEL — SMOKE FLIES

1937. Further notes on Hawaiian thrips with description of new

species. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 9(3) ; 409— 414.

Priesner, H.

1921, Neue und wenig bekannte Thysanopteren der neotropischen

Fauna aus der Sammlung des Berliner Zoologischen Museums.

Deutsche Ent. Mus. 3:187—223.

1949. Genera Thysanopterorum. Bull. Soc. Eouad 1st. Ent. 33:31—157.

Ramakrishna Ayyar, T. V.

1928. A contribution to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera of India.

Mem. Dept. Agr. India. Calcutta. Ent. Ser. 10(7) :217— 316, fig. 15.

Watson, J. R.

1927. New Thysanoptera from Florida. Fla. Ent. 10(4) :59— 62.

THE RESPONSE OF MICROSANIA AND HORMOPEZA

TO SMOKE

(Diptera: Platypezidae and Empididae)

Edward L. Kessel

University of San Francisco and California Academy of Sciences

For the past several years it has been my privilege to observe

and collect smoke flies in many parts of North America. There

are two genera of these flies, Hormopeza of the family Empididae,

and Microsania of the Platypezidae. It was at Mill Valley, Cali-

fornia, that I first became acquainted with both of these forms

where they were found to occur together in the smoke purposely

produced to attract microsanias (Kessel, 1947, 1952) . Subse-

quently, I collected microsanias in other parts of California and

also in New York, New Mexico, Washington, Montana, British

Columbia, Yukon Territory, and Alaska. Also in Alaska, western

Canada, and Montana I found a second species of Hormopeza

(Kessel, 1958) commonly associated with Microsania.

During my second trip to Alaska in August and September,

1959, going by way of Washington, British Columbia, and the

Yukon, I again found both microsanias and hormopezas prevalent

in the smoke smudges which we made at numerous officially desig-

nated campsites along the way. And this time I was able to make

some observations which may prove to be significant in regard

to our understanding of the response of these insects to smoke.

Is the response a reaction to a visual or an olfactory stimulus?

I had always thought it likely that both the visual and the

olfactory senses play a part in the positive tropism to smoke

which is exhibited by these flies, but I am now convinced that

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

these insects are attracted to the smoke by the sense of smell alone.

At least the visual stimulus need not enter into the matter.

On several occasions, after having saturated my clothes with

smoke by collecting over a dense smudge at one campsite, I found

it unnecessary to build a fire in order to collect a few smoke

flies at subsequent locations. This was particularly true of Micro-

sania. As long as I wore my smoked-up clothes, I found that

again and again smoke flies would be found running about on

my clothes even though no fires were burning in the vicinity. This

effect lasted not just for hours, but for days. And it applied in

the case of our automobile, not just clothing. At one camp the

car was parked so that it was enveloped for some time in the

dense smoke from our fire. The windows were open so that the

smoke passed freely into the interior. Two days later at a location

hundreds of miles beyond where the smudge had been, and again

with no evidence of fire in our camping area, we found dozens of

these little smoke flies running about on the hood of the parked

car. Scores more entered it the following day after we reached

our destination (Spenard, Alaska) and had left the windows open

after completely unpacking. An estimated hundred microsanias

were found running about on the interior of the windshield at

that time. A few hormopezas were present, but they were not

abundant.

Literature Cited

Kessel, E. L.

1947. America’s Smoke Flies (Microsania; Clythiidae). Wasmann Jour.

Biol., 7:23-30.

1952. Another American Smoke Fly (Diptera: Empididae). Pan-Pac.

Ent., 28:56-58.

1958. The Smoke Fly, Hormopeza copulifera Melander. Pan-Pac. Ent.,

34:86.

RECENT LITERATURE

THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS', A HISTORY OF THEIR EXPLORATION,

by Joseph Richard Slevin. Occasional Papers of the California Academy

of Sciences, No. 25, x -(“ 150 pp., 31 text figs. The California Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco: December 22, 1959. Price $3.50.

This study by the late Joseph Slevin contains much background informa-

tion of value to persons interested in the insects of the islands.

April, 1960]

HULL NEW DIPTERA

NEW SPECIES OF SYRPHIDAE AND ASILIDAE

(Diptera)

Frank M. Hull

University of Mississippi

I wish to thank Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr. for the opportunity to

study the interesting species of Meromacrus Rondani here de-

scribed, together with several other new Diptera.

Meromacrus croceatus Hull, new species

A pale, brownish orange species w^ith spots and fascia of deep

yellow tomentum. Related to Meromacrus gloriosus Hull (1942),

in which species the pile above wings, on postalar callosity, scutel-

lum, pteropleuron and antenna is black. In Meromacrus croceatus

it is entirely golden yellow with no black pile present anywhere.

Length 15 mm.

Female. — Head: light brownish red throughout. Occiput golden polli-

nose ; tomentum matted, yellow ; a wide band of similar, bright golden,

somewhat scale-like, or flattened tomentum on sides of front and face, ex-

tending as far as upper angle of cheeks, reaching from eye margin to lateral

border of broad, medial, facial, stripe. Underlying, somewhat paler micro-

pubescence extends downward to lower, anterior angle of face. Middle of

face with a wide, shining, bare stripe. Face gently concave on upper half

with a very low tubercle below middle. Antenna of usual type, third segment

somewhat longer below than above; whole antenna light brownish red in

color, with yellow pile. Arista thick, reddish yellow, with finely tapered apex,

almost thread-like and whole surface microscopically pubescent. Eyes bare.

Thorax: reddish brown, becoming blackish brown on hypopleuron, black on

lower sternopleuron; middle of mesonotum black, dully shining, leaving

entire humerus, notopleuron laterally and narrowly, and a lateral stripe

above wing, which includes postalar callosity, reddish brown in color ; pre-

scutellar area reddish brown, scutellum wholly of same color. Pile sub-

appressed, coarse, golden; conspicuous markings of dense, yellow tomentum

which consist of: (1) a large, posteriorly pointed oval spot medial to hum-

erus: (2) an oblique fascia from lateral margin of notopleuron ending at

middle fourth of mesonotum; (3) the above continuous laterally with a

stripe on posterior margin of mesopleuron; (4) the above is further con-

tinuous with a large, oval spot on upper sternopleuron. Remainder of pleuron

without tomentum. Pteropleuron with numerous, golden hairs. Area just in

front of scutellum and along posterior margin of mesonotum and continuous

over whole lateral border of postalar callosity with a dense border of yellow

tomentum. Halteres small, with reddish knob and stalk. Legs: entirely light

brownish red with yellow pile, except on ventral aspect of hind femur; a

dense patch of appressed, reddish sepia setae confined to distal two-fifths of

hind femur; a few smaller, similar setae on ventral, distal half of

middle femur. Medial surface of extreme base of anterior femur with a

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

dense setae patch, setae black. Claws pale, yellowish on basal two-thirds,

black beyond. JFings: hyaline on posterior two-thirds, yellowish on basal

half of anterior third, reddish sepia brown beyond. Stigmal crossvein well

developed. Loop of third vein broadly rounded and deep. Anterior crossvein

enters discal cell distinctly beyond middle. Abdomen: light brownish red

with basal half of second tergite diffusely yellowish brown; medially the

slightly sunken crease, which basally demarcates second segment, very dark

brown; likewise, a dark brown semicircular area in middle of base of first

segment. Posterolateral third of first segment on each side with a wide, oval,

extensive spot of deep sulphur yellow tomentum ; a similar crescentic,

extensive spot on base of third segment on each side, from anterior corner

nearly to middle of segment, occupying two-fifths the length of segment.

Similar but smaller and more widely separated spots of yellow tomentum at

base of fourth segment. All abdominal pile reddish golden in color, flat

appressed, except tending to be erect on sides of segment. Sternites light

reddish with pale yellow, posterior margins.

Holotype female, Blythe, Riverside County, California,

June 25, 1945. In collections of the California Academy of

Sciences, San Francisco.

Baccha myrtella Hull, new species

Related to Baccha nectarina Hull (1949) . Linear vittate marks

of abdominal segments 3, 4 and 5 very slender and sublateral vittae

quite short and completely separated from submedial ones. Color

of thorax and scutellum mostly extremely dark sepia. Length 14

mm.

Male. — Head: face and cheeks, all front, except black spots, light brown-

ish yellow; sides of face paler, narrowly dusted with white pollen, which

extends forward below tubercle. All pile of head black, except a few hairs

along epistoma. Lower part of front above preantennal callus set off by a

shallow crease. Middle of front with a moderately large, distinct, black

triangle but no distinct lines above or below. Upper portion of callus shining

brown. Middle of callus with a large, shining black, nearly circular, anteriorly

pointed spot. Antenna light brownish orange, third segment smoky to black-

ish on all except base and ventral third. Arista reddish at base, gradually

becoming darker at apex. Occiput greyish yellow pollinose; pile long, reddish

above, except for two or three black hairs immediately behind the vertex;

lower occipital pile more yellowish. One or two black hairs anteriorly at

middle of occiput opposite indentation of eye; occipital pile not scalous or

flattened. Vertex opaque black between ocelli, yellow to golden brown behind;

black pile in a single row. Thorax: mesonotum blackish sepia, except widely

along lateral margins from humerus to postalar callosity. These margins dark,

yellowish brown or clay color, scutellum of same color; disc sepia in oblique

light. Middle of mesonotum with two wide, light golden brown vittae and a

narrower, medial stripe of same; all three of these vittae fuse to make a

slightly expanded, wide, pollinose area reaching base of scutellum. Dark

April, 1960]

HULL NEW DIPTERA

markings of mesonotnm remaining constitute a pair of wide, sublateral,

posteriorly attenuate, dark sepia vittae and a pair of central, submedial

narrower distinctly divergent vittae, which end a short distance beyond

suture; posterior ends rounded. Mesonotal and scutellar pile fine, black,

except for a distinct, anterior, golden collar. Ventral fringe of scutellum of

about twelve pairs of long, fine, black hairs. Pleuron obscurely yellowish

hrown on posterior mesopleuron, upper sternopleuron, pteropleuron and all

of metapleuron, except a black, posterior, diagonal band across lower portion

of metapleuron ; upper part of metapleuron yellow. Squamae and halteres

reddish brown. Legs: anterior and middle pairs of legs light brownish yellow,

middle femur scarcely darker brown, with a still darker obscure, wide, pre-

apical annulus. Middle of hind tibia either darker brown or with more

brownish black pile in middle; base a little paler and apex narrowly brown-

ish orange, with pale pile below and laterally. Hind tarsi yellowish white on

first three segments, last two segments pale orange brown. Wings: uniformly

sepia brown, except in oblique light second basal cell and basal part of

costal cell barely paler. Third vein gently curved, subapical crossvein quite

long and sigmoid, preanal spuria distinct; alulae wide and brown. Abdomen:

petiolate, sepia brown with yellow pattern. First segment brownish yellow,

posterior half sepia, except laterally. Second segment subcylindrical, barely

narrower in middle than posteriorly with basal fourth a little more flared

and widened. This segment five or six times longer than its smallest width,

with a pair of quite obscure, brownish yellow spots behind middle. Third,

fourth and fifth segments with widely separated, parallel, linear, distinct,

yellow vittae. These vittae on third segment end a considerable distance

from posterior margin, but reach margin on other segments. A small, distinct,

yellow, roughly triangular spot on base of each segment sublaterally, dis-

tinctly separated from submedial vittae; these outlying spots on fifth segment

linearly continued to end of segment. Segments 4 and 5 emarginate, middles

of segments and all remainder, except narrowly along the lateral margin,

obscurely opaque. All abdominal pile black.

Holotype male, Chanchamayo, Peru, May 7, 1948, 1200

meters, collected by J. Schunke. Type in the collection of the

author.

Cerotainiops pritchardi Hull, new species

Characterized by black head, thorax and light red abdomen.

Related to Cerotainiops ahdominalis Brown but distinguished by

the long, prominent, yellowish white bristles of scutellum and by

color of hind femur, which is pale red on almost the basal half and

the color rather sharply demarcated. From Cerotainiops wilcoxi

Pritchard (1942) it is distinguished by wholly and uniformly

brownish black tibiae and tarsi and anterior four femora, besides

reduced area of red color on hind femur. Length 11.5 mm.

Male. — Head: black, densely covered with pale pollen, almost whitish,

wdth a slight, brownish yellow tinge. Middle of face below with eight pairs

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

of long, slender, black bristles, upper half of rather narrow, facial gibbosity

with four or five additioiral pairs of nearly white bristles. Copious fringe of

more slender, long, whitish bristles or bristly hairs, laterally, somewhat

more recumbent or more sharply directed downward. Proboscis and palpus

black, basal pile pale and hairs at end of proboscis brownish yellow. Upper

half of face with some long, coarse, appressed pile, except in middle. First

and second segments of antenna almost black; third segment black, except

the greatly narrowed base, which is as dark as first segment, almost black.

First segment with white pile and two or three stout, brownish white,

ventral bristles. Second segment with some long, whitish setae, and above and

below a single, rather long, stout, conspicuous, black bristle. Ocellar tubercle

with one pair of anterior, stout, long, brownish white bristles, behind them

two pairs of shorter similarly colored bristles. Upper part of occiput with a

transverse row of six or seven stout, brownish yellow bristles on each side.

Thorax: black; mesonotum largely covered with pale, brownish yellow pollen,

an anterior pair of submedial vittae, ratber widely separated, ending opposite

posterior end of humerus, bare of pollen and dull black. An expanding

diagonal stripe reaches nearly to transverse suture from posterior margin

of humerus, which is partly included. Transverse suture bordered on each

side by pale pollen of mesonotum, on posterior side with an additional,

oblique, rather large, bare stripe, which is only narrowly separated from a

similar stripe. Whole of scutellum, except margin, which is at most only

faintly creased, pollinose. Margin with two pairs of long, rather stout,

brownish white bristles, one or two weak, shorter bristles and disc with some

scattered, more or less recumbent, coarse, pale hairs. Pile of mesonotum pale

and recumbent, oblique posterior stripe behind suture without pile. Pleuron

wholly pale yellowish white or brownish white pollinose. Halteres pale

brownish yellow, base reddish sepia. Metapleural pile and a stout, meso-

pleural bristle pale, brownish yellow, almost white. Legs: black, feebly

shining. Under surface of middle tibia near base dark reddish brown, basal

two-fifths of hind femur light brownish red. Claws black with extreme base

dark brown. Pulvilli light brown, well developed. Wings: not quite hyaline

with a slight brown tinge, which disappears on posterior margin. Subcostal

vein ends at least midway or beyond that section of third vein which begins

at anterior crossvein and ends at furcation of third vein. Villi restricted to a

border along second vein and along anterior branch of third vein and a nar-

row border along first vein, most of pubescence lying distal to anterior cross-

vein. Abdomen: pale brownish red. A narrow, basal band of blackish linearly

along anterior margin of first segment, restricted to middle half of this seg-

ment. Sternites pale brownish orange with pale pollen and similarly colored

pile. Pile of tergites mostly reddish orange, becoming paler along lateral

margins. First tergite laterally with two stout, yellow bristles, second to

fourth tergites with one or two such bristles. Terminalia brownish orange.

Apices of processes black.

Holotype male, San Fernando, Lower California, Mexico,

July 31, 1938, collected by Michelbacher and Ross, deposited in

the California Academy of Sciences collections.

April, 1960]

HULL NEW DIPTERA

Cophura hurdi Hull, new species

A pale brown, pollinose species, which traces to Cophura dora

Pritchard in Pritchard’s key (1943) ; differing in general colora-

tion. Length 7 mm.

Female. — Head: pale brown, thinly covered with brownish or yellowish

white pollen ; a single oral row of ten slender, distinctly golden red bristles ;

on remainder of face only a few, fine, much shorter, white hairs restricted to

lower two-thirds. Proboscis dark brown, palpus pale brown with similarly

colored hairs. Antenna with first two segments pale brown, slightly reddish;

third segment black, or blackish sepia ; sharply pointed style or microsegment

half as long as third segment. Ocellar tubercle with a pair of moderately stout,

reddish brown bristles. Upper occiput with a transverse row of seven reddish

bristles on either side. Pile on lower half exceptionally fine, whitish and

crinkly. Whole occiput brownish white pollinose over a light, reddish brown

background. Thorax: mesonotum light, reddish sepia brown, rendered paler

by greyish white or in part brownish or yellowish white, rather dense pollen.

A distinct, sharply demarcated, narrow, dark brown, linear, medial stripe,

when viewed from rear, which seems to expand a little posteriorly and which

bears a row of fine, short, pale yellow, sparse, acrostical hairs. Dorsocentral

bristles weak anteriorly, only about four well differentiated in front of

suture, these short; some additional, erect, bristly hairs along anterior mar-

gin. A single, prominent, moderately stout, long, reddish bristle behind

suture not far from scutellum, two others much more slender and shorter.

Lateral bristles moderately prominent, golden reddish or reddish brown; two

notopleural, one postsupraalar, one postalar and one pair on scutellar mar-

gin. Whole scutellar disc and margin with brownish or yellowish white pollen

or micropubescence, a few long, fine, white scattered, siiberect hairs on disc.

Humerus paler in color, rather light brownish yellow, densely pollinose.

Lateral margins to transverse suture also more yellowish. Pleuron of a paler

and somewhat more reddish brown color, everywhere densely, pale pollinose.

Legs: almost entirely light brownish yellow, more or less subtranslucent.

Dorsal half of anterior femur, dorsal apex of hind femur continued as a light,

smoky brown, rather diffuse and not greatly contrasted dorsolateral streak

to base; a similar, narrow streak anteriorly on anterior tibia. Apical half of

each tarsal segment apparently slightly more brownish, basal half slightly

more yellowish. Pile and bristles of legs chiefly pale yellow. Hind femur

slightly and gradually swollen toward apex, apical fourth arched dorsally.

Hind tibia distinctly swollen near apex, outer surface more brownish. Apex

of anterior tibia with a distinct, curved, black, ventrolateral spine. Apex

of middle tibia with a stout, straight, black apical spine, a slightly smaller

reddish brown spine beside it. Posterior coxa with a blunt tubercle, without

anterior spine. Ventral pile of first two segments of anterior tarsus very fine,

dense and erect; similar pile on first two segments of middle tarsus. Wings:

slender, with very limited, hyaline areas. Basal third to end of radial sector

nearly hyaline, a large, irregular, hyaline spot in middle of marginal cell, a

smaller spot just beyond base of second submarginal cell, spot on marginal

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

cell continued narrowly behind in first submarginal cell. Middle of first and

second posterior cells more or less hyaline; pale brown clouded areas which

remain on wing somewhat accentuated at all crossveins and at fork of third

vein. Whole apex of wing moderately brown, with a faintly lighter spot along

30Sta in middle of end of first submarginal cell. First vein parallel with costa

for some distance before ending. Base of second submarginal cell simple and

acute, third vein forking beyond discal crossvein. Abdomen: slender, shining,

light brown, with parallel sides and sparse, minute, flat appressed, short,

golden hairs which appear brown in some lights. A large, subtriangular spot

of pale brownish, almost white pollen on each side of fifth and sixth seg-

ments; widely separated on fifth tergite, these spots more narrowly separated

on sixth ; much smaller, very widely separated, similar spots on seventh

tergite; eighth tergite concealed. On curled edge narrowly of first four

tergites are elongated, pollinose borders of same color (not visible from

above). Sternites similarly colored with numerous, brown flecks where each

minute hair emerges, with indications of three narrow, obscure, pale, longi-

tudinal stripes on the otherwise brownish white, pollinose background. Spines

of terminalia brownish black.

Holotype female, Antioch, Contra Costa County, Cali-

fornia, September, 1939, collected by B. Brookman, deposited in

California Academy of Sciences collections. Named in honor of

Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr.

Literature Cited

Hull, Frank M.

1942. The flies of the genus Meromacrus (Syrphidae). American Mus.

Novitates, 1200:1—10, figs. 1—13.

1949. The genus Baccha from the New World. Entomologica Americana,

27 (3-4) :89-291, figs. 1-393.

Pritchard, A. Earl

1942. A revision of the genus Cerotainiops Curran (Diptera; Asilidae).

Journ. Kansas Ent. Soc., 15:19—24.

1943. Revision of the genus Cophura Osten Sacken (Diptera: Asilidae).

Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 36:281—309.

RECENT LITERATURE

THE SCOLYTOIDEA OF THE NORTHWEST. OREGON, WASHINGTON,

IDAHO AND BRITISH COLUMBIA, by W. J. Chamberlin, Oregon

State Monographs, Studies in Entomology, No. 2 vii -j- 205 pp. [pp.

206—208 list other titles in the general Monographs series and are not

by Chamberlin], 113 text figs., 4 pis. Oregon State College, Corvallis,

1958. Price |2.50.

This treats of the bionomics and taxonomy of the Northwest Platypodi-

dae and Scolytidae. There are keys, descriptions, citations of type localities,

distribution, and host plants. In addition to the cited 113 text figs, there is a

fig. 13a, and 32 un-numbered text figs.

April, 1960] scullen — wasp synonymy 75

SYNONYMICAL NOTES ON THE GENUS CERCERIS— lU

( Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

Herman A. Scullen

Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon

Studies of type material leading to the publication of a review

of the genus Cerceris for North America north of Mexico has

revealed synonymy in several species of the genus. As there will

be some natural delay in the publication of such an extensive

paper, it is considered advisable to place on record the present

known synonymy. A synonymical note is also included on a species

from the Philippine Islands and Formosa.

Cerceris acanthophila Cockerell

Cerceris acanthophila Cockerell, 1897. Entomologist 30:135. Male.

Cerceris minax Mickel, 1917. Univ. Nebr. Studies, 17:339. Female, male.

(New synonymy.)

Cerceris huachuca Banks, 1947. Psyche 54:29. Male. (New synonymy.)

Type No. 10038 at Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences

and Type No. 3409 at the U.S.N.M. are both labeled “Type, Cerceris

acanthophila Cockerell.” The holotype female and the allotype

male of C. minax Mickel are at Nebraska University. The holotype

male of C. huachuca Banks is at the Museum of Comparative

Zoology, (No. 27636).

Cerceris californica Cresson

Cerceris californica Cresson. 1865. Ent. Soc. Phil., Proc., 5:128. Male.

Cerceris ferruginior Viereck and Cockerell, 1904. N.Y. Ent. Soc., Jour.

12:134. Male. (New synonymy.)

Cerceris garciana Viereck and Cockerell, 1904. N.Y. Ent. Soc., Jour. 12:135.

Male. (New synonymy.)

Cerceris populorum Viereck and Cockerell, 1904. N.Y. Ent. Soc., Jour.

12:135. Male. (New synonymy.)

Cerceris argyrotricha Rohwer, 1908. Canad. Ent. 40:324. Female. (New

synonymy. )

Cerceris cognata Mickel, 1916. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 42:408. Female.

(New synonymy.)

Cerceris denticularis Banks, 1917. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zook, Bulk

61:113. Female, male. (New synonymy.)

Cerceris inter jecta Banks, 1919. Canad. Ent. 51:84. Male. (New synonymy.)

Cerceris arno Banks, 1947. Psyche 54:19. Female. (New synonymy.)

^A grant from the National Science Foundation made it possible to spend some time during the

fall of 1958 studying types of Cercerini al several eastern institutions. The present notes being

published are based, in part, on these studies. Grants for General Research administered by

the Graduate School, Oregon State College, have also assisted in these studies. Published with

the approval of the Monographs Publication Committee, Oregon State College. Research paper

No. 370, Department of Entomology.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

Cerceris illota Banks. 1947. Psyche 54:23. Male. (New synonymy.)

Cerceris Isolde Banks, 1947. Psyche 54:24. Male. (New synonymy.)

This extremely variable species was first described by Cresson

from a male of the darker form which is more common in the

northern range of the species. In the lighter forms the black

changes to an amber or light amber. The lighter forms gradually

replace the darker ones in the south so that in the southwestern

desert area only the very light forms are found. The southwestern

forms also show a tendency to have a considerable red on the

proximal segments of the abdomen. A wide variation may be

found in a single colony as was shown in collections made by

Linsley and MacSwain. (Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 49:71—84, 1956.)

As a result of this wide variation numerous species have been

described by different workers where a limited number of speci-

mens was available for study. However, the present writer, after

examining many hundreds of specimens from throughout the

range, must consider them all the same species. Further studies

may show it desirable to recognize two or more subspecies.

The holotype male of C. calif or nica Cresson is at the Phila-

delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, (No. 1953). As indicated,

it is one of the darker forms. The holotype male of C. ferruginior

Viereck and Cockerell is at the Philadelphia Academy, (No.

10378). It is one of the medium forms. The holotype male of C.

garciana Viereck and Cockerell is also at the Philadelphia Acad-

emy, (No. 10380). It is somewhat medium in its coloration. The

holotype male of C. populorum Viereck and Cockerell is at the

Philadelphia Academy, (No. 10385). It, also, is somewhat medium

in its colors. The holotype female of C. argyrotricha Rohwer is at

the U. S. National Museum, (No. 28485) . It is one of the medium

forms. The holotype female of C. cognata Mickel is at the Univer-

sity of Nebraska. It is one of the black and yellow forms and is

from Colorado. Several type females and males of C. denticularis

Banks are at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, (No. 10028)

and are black and yellow forms from the northwest. The holotype

male of C. inter jecta Banks is at the Museum of Comparative

Zoology, (No. 13767). It is a medium dark form with some red

showing on the first tergite. The holotype female of Cerceris

arno Banks is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, (No.

23542). This is an extreme light form. The holotype male of

C. illota Banks is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, (No.

April, 1960]

SCULLEN WASP SYNONYMY

23541). It is medium in its colors. The holotype male of C. Isolde

Banks is at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, (No. 23540) . It

is an example of the extreme light form.

Cerceris clypeata Dahlbom

Cerceris clypeata Dahlbom, 1845. Hym. Europaea, v. 1, pp. 221, 500.

Female, male.

Cerceris imitator Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phil., Proc. 5:125. Male. Preocc.

(New synonymy.)

Cerceris imitatoria Schletterer, 1887. Zool. Jahrb., Ztschr. f. System. 2:494.

New name for C. imitator Cresson.

Cerceris zoheide Brimley, 1929. Ent. News 40:194. Male. (New synonymy.)

Cerceris zosma Brimley, 1929. Ent. News 40:195. Female. (New synonymy.)

The holotype female and allotype male of C. clypeata Dahlhom

are at the Universitetets Zoologiska Institution, Lund, Sweden. A

note relative to these types was published by the writer in 1949

(Pan-Pac. Ent. 25:70). The holotype male of C. imitator Cres-

son is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, (No.

1951) . The holotype male of C. zoheide Brimley and the holotype

female of C. zosma Brimley are both at the North Carolina State

Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, N.C.

Cerceris compacta Cresson

Cerceris compacta Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phil., Proc. 5:127. Female, male.

Cerceris solidaginis Rohwer, 1908. Canad. Ent. 40:323. Male. (New

synonymy.)

Cerceris belfragei Banks, 1917. Harvard University, Mus. Compar. Zool.,

Bull. 61:114. Female, male. (New synonymy.)

The holotype female (No. 1940.1) and the allotype male of

C. compacta Cresson are at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural

Sciences. The holotype male of C. solidaginis Rohwer is at the

U. S. National Museum (No. 28486). The holotype female (No.

10029) and the allotype male of C. belfragei Banks are at the

Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Cerceris compar Cresson

Cerceris compar Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phil., Proc. 5:126. Male.

Cerceris zelica Banks, 1912. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 5:23. Male, female.

(New synonymy.)

Cerceris catawba Banks, 1912. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 5:25. Female, male.

(New synonymy.)

The holotype male of C. compar Cresson is at the Philadelphia

Academy of Natural Sciences, (No. 1949). The holotype female

(No. 13787) and allotype male of C. catawba Banks as well as the

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

holotype female (No. 13773) and allotype male of C. zelica Banks

are at the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Cerceris femurrubrum Viereck and Cockerell

Cerceris femurrubrum Viereck and Cockerell, 1904. N.Y. Ent. Soc., Jour.

12:135. Male.

Cerceris athene Banks, 1947. Psyche 54:20. Female. (New synonymy.)

The holotype male of C. femurrubrum Viereck and Cockerell

is at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, (No. 10040).

The holotype female of C. athene Banks is at the Museum of Com-

parative Zoology, (No. 23537). As indicated in the Synoptic

Catalog, Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico, the writer

considered C. athene Banks the possible female of C. femurrubrum

Viereck and Cockerell. They have often been collected in the same

location. In 1956 M. S. Wasbauer made some biological observa-

tions of C. athene Banks found nesting at Mecca, Riverside County,

California. From his observations and collections it was shown

that C. athene Banks is the female of C. femurrubrum Viereck and

Cockerell. (Wasbauer, Pan-Pacific Ent. 33:131, 1957.)

Cerceris gnara Cresson

Cerceris gnara Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 4:229. Male.

Cerceris firma Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 4:229. Female. (New

synonymy. )

The holotype male of C. gnara Cresson (No. 1938) and the

holotype female of C. firma Cresson (No. 1945.1) are at the

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

Cerceris halone Banks

Cerceris halone Banks, 1912. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 5:24. Female.

Cerceris architis Mickel, 1916. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 42:409. Female.

(New synonymy.)

Cerceris salome Banks, 1923. Canad. Ent. 55:21. Female. (New synonymy.)

Cerceris shermani Brimley, 1928. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Jour. 43:200. Female.

(New synonymy.)

The holotype female of C. halone Banks is at the Museum of

Comparative Zoology, (No. 13777). The holotype female of C.

architis Mickel is at the University of Nebraska. The holotype

female of C. salome Banks is at the Museum of Comparative

Zoology, (No. 14705) . The holotype female of C. shermani Brimley

is at the North Carolina State Department of Agriculture, Raleigh,

N.C.

April, 1960]

SCULLEN WASP SYNONYMY

Cerceris nigrescens F. Smith

Cerceris nigrescens F. Smith, 1856. Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 4:466. Female.

Cerceris munda Mickel, 1917. Nebr. Univ. Studies. 17 :337. Female, male.

(New synonymy.)

The holotype female of C. nigrescens F. Smith is in the British

Museum (Natural History). The holotype female and allotype

male of C. munda Mickel are at the University of Nebraska. C.

nigrescens F. Smith shows a tendency to have the light markings

more yellow as one goes south in the western states. C. munda,

which was taken at Sacramento, Calif., is a yellow form of C.

nigrescens. Mating pairs have been taken in southern Oregon

where one sex is the lighter form and the other the more yellow

form. It is possible a subspecies difference should be recognized.

Cerceris sexta Say

Cerceris sexta Say, 1837. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1:382. Male.

Cerceris biungulata Cresson, 1865. Ent. Soc. Phil., Proc. 5:118. Female.

(New synonymy.)

The type of C. sexta Say has been lost. The writer bases his

recognition of the species on material named by E. T. Cresson, Sr.

The holotype female of C. biungulata Cresson is at the Philadelphia

Academy of Natural Sciences, (No. 1956). Cresson (1865, p. 120)

makes this statement relative to C. sexta Say and C. biungulata

Cresson: “May possibly be the male of the preceding species.”

From a study of material available, the present writer concurs in

this opinion. Banks (Psyche 54:10, 1947) also intimates these are

synonymous.

C. sexta Say is very close to C. sextoides Banks of the Pacific

Coast states and C. stigmosalis Banks of the western plains states.

Cerceris stigmosalis Banks

Cerceris stigmosalis Banks, 1916. Ent. News 27:64. Male.

Cerceris fugatrix Mickel, 1917. Nebr. Univ. Studies 17:335. Male. (New

synonymy. )

Cerceris sayi Banks, 1923. Canad. Ent. 55:21. Female, male. (New synonymy.)

Cerceris stevensi Banks, 1923. Canad. Ent. 55:22. Female. (New synonymy.)

The holotype male (No. 13778) of C. stigmosalis Banks, the

holotype female (No. 14706) and the allotype male of C. sayi

Banks and the holotype female (No. 14707) of C. stevensi Banks

are all at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The holotype male

of C. fugatrix Mickel is at the University of Nebraska. As indicated

above, this species is very close to C. sexta Say. On October 1, 1957,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO, 2

the author collected several specimens of C. stiginosalis Banks at

San Luis Potosi, S.L.P., Mexico, 7300 ft. elevation, on Baccharis

sp. The species is not otherwise recorded south of Mitchell,

Nebraska. It extends north into Alberta, Canada.

Cerceris vanduzeei Banks

Cerceris vanduzeei Banks, 1917. Harvard Univ. Mus., Compar. Zool., Bull.

61:114. Female.

Cerceris complanata Mickel, 1917. Nebr. Univ. Studies 17:340. Female, male.

(New synonymy.)

The holotype female of C. vanduzeei Banks is at the Museum

of Comparative Zoology, (No. 10030). The holotype female and

allotype male of C. complanata Mickel are at the University of

Nebraska.

Cerceris finitima subspecies vierecki Banks (New status)

Cerceris vierecki Banks, 1947. Psyche 54:30. Female.

The holotype female of C. vierecki Banks is at the Museum of

Comparative Zoology, (No. 23544) . The markings on C. /. vierecki

Banks are a creamy white and not yellow as in C. /. finitima Cres-

son. The former takes over as the usual form in the southwest

desert area.

Cerceris frontata subspecies raui Rohwer (New status)

Cerceris raui Rohwer, 1920. U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc. 57:230. Female, male.

The holotype female (No. 21610) and allotype male of C. raui

Rohwer are at the U. S. National Museum. C. f. raui Rohwer is

much darker than C. f. frontata Say and so far has been seen only

from the extreme northeastern part of the range from eastern

Texas and Oklahoma to southern Illinois.

Cerceris luzonensis Crawford

Cerceris luzonensis Crawford, 1910. U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc. 38:120. Male.

Philippine Islands.

Cerceris fukaii Rohwer. 1911. U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc. 39:482. Male. (Cat.

No. 13377.) Horisha, Formosa. (New synonymy.)

This synonymy was discovered while working over types at the

Lh S. National Museum. The male types of both species are at that

institution. The type No. of C. luzonensis Crawford is 12887, and

the type No. of C. fukaii Rohwer is 13377.

April, 1960]

ROSS BAT FLIES

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR

TRICHOBIUS SPHAERONOTUS JOBBING, WITH A

FIRST REPORT FOR ARIZONA

(Diptera: Streblidae)

Anthony Ross

University of Arizona, Tucson

Trichobius sphaeronotus Jobling (1939) was described from »

seven specimens taken by Mr. H. Hoogstraal from the long-nosed

bat, Leptonycteris nivalis (Saussure), (Phyllostomidae) , at Cerro

Potosi, 9000 ft. elevation, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

In the late summer of 1940, Kohls and Jellison (1948) obtained

several specimens of T. sphaeronotus collecting in the following

caves in Texas: Ney Cave, Medina County, Sept. 14, 1940, from

the Brazilian free-tailed bat, Tadarida mexicana (Saussure) [now

T. hrasiliensis (St. Hilaire)], (Molossidae) ; Frio Cave, Uvalde

County, Sept. 16, 1940, from T . mexicana. Kohls also collected one

female specimen near Shumba, Texas, in an abandoned railroad

tunnel, 1940, no host noted.

Ryckman (1956) collected specimens of T. sphaeronotus in

the following two locations: Ney Cave, ten miles southwest of

Bandera, Medina County, Texas, July 13, 1954, from the Brazilian

free-tailed bat; Boca del Rio, Veracruz, Mexico, July 22, 1954,

from the long-nosed bat.

Mr. G. Bradshaw (Dept, of Zoology, University of Arizona)

presented me with four males and one female of T. sphaeronotus

from the Brazilian free-tailed bat, collected at Carbo Cave, 14.9

road miles southwest of Carbo, Sonora, Mexico.

On July 28, 1959, along with Mr. William Musgrove (Dept, of

Zoology, University of Arizona), I collected 40 (19 males: 21

females) specimens of T. sphaeronotus from two juvenile long-

nosed bats at Colossal Cave, 20 east, seven south, airline miles of

Tucson, south end of the Rincon Mountains, Pima County, Arizona.

One bat harbored 25 of the ectoparasites, and the other had 16.

I do not believe that this is the normal incident of parasitism of

this host by these dipterous ectoparasites. The mature colony had

left several days before, presumably returning to Mexico, leaving

the juveniles behind, and therefore it seems likely that these bats

were the only available hosts for the newly emerging streblids.

Coquillett (1900) listed Trichobius dugesii Townsend 1891,

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

collected by Mr. H. F. Wickham at Tucson, Arizona (no host or

date). Through the courtesy of Dr. A. Stone of the U.S.N.M. I have

seen this single male specimen and it is a specimen of T,

sphaeronotus.

On August 7, 1959, I accompanied Dr. L. Cockrum and Mr.

G. Bradshaw (Dept, of Zoology, University of Arizona) on a

return trip to Garbo Cave, Mexico. There we encountered a very

large maternal colony of the Brazilian free-tailed bats. Individuals

of T. sphaeronotus, normally a rare bat ectoparasite, were flying

about in tremendous numbers. In a random sample of one tunnel,

ten sweeps were taken with a standard aerial net from a stationary

position, and 261 (112 males: 149 females) specimens were ob-

tained. At another location in the same tunnel, where there was a

cluster of streblids on the cave ceiling measuring three feet long

and four inches wide, one sweep netted 193 (92 males: 101

females) streblids. These counts were obtained by freely pouring

a mixture of K.A.A.D., which killed the flies upon contact, over

the netting immediately upon completion of the sampling. The

bats which I did inspect had a range of zero to four streblids

apiece. In all, I obtained 771 (347 males: 424 females) specimens

in a very short period.

Literature Cited

COQUILLETT, D. W.

1900. Report on a collection of dipterous insects from Puerto Rico.

Proceedings of the United States National Museum, XXII :270.

JOBLING, B.

1939. On some American genera of the Streblidae and their species,

with the description of a new species of Trichobius (Diptera,

Acalypterae) . Parasitology, 31(4) :486— 497.

Kohls, G. M. and W. L. Jellison

1948. Ectoparasites and other arthropods occurring in Texas bat caves.

National Speleological Soc., Bull. 10:116—117.

Ryckman, R. E.

1956. Parasitic and some non-parasitic arthropods from bat caves in

Texas and Mexico. Amer. Midi. Nat. 56(1) : 186— 190.

April, 1960]

POWELL NEW MOTHS

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF ARGYROTAENIA

IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

(Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)

Jerry A. Powell

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Argyrotaenia Stephens as characterized by Freeman

(1958) comprises 20 North American species. During the course

of current studies on the taxonomy and biology of the Tortricinae

in California, a number of apparently undescribed species have

accumulated. The following descriptions are offered at the present

time in order to make the names available for use by Dr. N. S.

Obraztsov in his treatment of the Archipsini, the first section

of the generic revision and catalogue of the North American

Tortricidae.

I wish to acknowledge with sincere thanks the hospitality and

assistance of the following on my recent visit to the eastern insti-

tutions: Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke, U.S. National Museum; Dr. N. S.

Obraztsov and Dr. Fred H. Rindge, American Museum of Natural

History, and Dr. T. N. Freeman, Entomology Research Institute,

Ottawa, Canada. In addition to the above I would like to thank

H. H. Keifer, California State Department of Agriculture, Sacra-

mento; Lloyd M. Martin, Los Angeles County Museum, and

Charles F. Harbison, San Diego Museum of Natural History for

the use of specimens in their care.

Argyrotaenia cupressae Powell, new species

A reddish species having the forewings flushed with rosaceous

and crossed with pale transverse bands and markings.

Female . — Length of forewing 9.4 mm. Head: palp reddish-brown ex-

teriorly at base fading to pale orange apically, paler interiorly; second seg-

ment abruptly expanded in outer half by dorsal rounded scale tuft; head

tufts ochreous-orange, paler on vertex; a small dark reddish-brown tuft below

each antennal scape adjoining eye; scales behind eye ochreous basally, red-

brown apically; antenna reddish-brown, darker dorsally and basally, scape

ochreous with a red-brown blotch anteriorly. Thorax: collar red-brown;

ochreous above with scattered pale red-brown scales tending to form median

and terminal bands on tegula (holotype thorax mostly rubbed above) ;

shining whitish below, broad flat tuft below palpi ochreous; prothoracic leg

red-brown exteriorly, tibia and tarsus mottled with ochreous, whitish inter-

iorly; mesothoracic legs lacking; metathoracic leg shining whitish. Forewing:

broad, less than 2.5 times longer than wide, costa abruptly rounded basally

(giving the wing a broad appearance), slightly flattened beyond middle,

apex rounded, termen only slightly angled back. Ground color light red-brown

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

with scattered ochreous scales and with areas of shining rosaceous over-

scaling; markings pale, whitish with some pale rosaceous scaling as follows,

costa just outside base, basal anal tuft, an indistinct but complete oblique

band from basal one-third of costa to just before middle of anal margin

(more evident on paratypes), a second band from middle of costa to anal

angle which is continued outward at end of cell into a curving bar to costa

just before apex, leaving a distinct, semicircular patch of ground color on

outer third of costa ; area between bands with two broad patches of shining

rosaceous, a similar patch in costal semicircle and in lower area of ground

color in terminal area; a pale rosaceous vertical bar just before apex from

costa to middle of termen; fringe ochreous in upper half, paler in lower half.

Underside pale, brownish in central area, costal area indistinctly mottled

with ochreous-orange. Hindwing: shining whitish with a tinge of brownish

through central area ; fringe white, tinged with ochreous at apex. Underside

white. Abdomen: shining whitish (apparently discolored on holotype). Geni-

talia as in fig. 4 (drawn from paratype, La Mesa, JAP slide No. 583, three

slides examined).

Male . — Length of forewing about 7.3 mm. A single male with abdomen

intact available for study and in very poor condition. Apparently marked

essentially as described for female. Forewing with some dark scales through

outer half of cell and central part of terminal area. Genitalia: nearly identi-

cal to that of A. painteana Powell (fig. 1) ; uncus apparently a little more

slender and aedeagus slightly more curved (fig. 2, drawn from allotype, JAP

slide No. 161).

Range of forewing length in paratypes, 8.3 to 9.0 mm. Fore-

wings of paratypes more distinctly marked although all in worn

condition. Those from San Diego with a little blackish scaling

through the central portion of forewing in outer half, but none

with the dark scaling bordering the ground color areas which

emphasize the spots in A. heyeria Powell.

Holotype female, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, Cali-

fornia, March 22, 1931, reared from Italian cypress {^Cupressus

sempervirens~\ June 9, 1931 (Burke) deposited in the California

Academy of Sciences. Allotype male, “San Diego Co., Calif.”

VI— 27— 32 (no further data) deposited in the San Diego Natural

History Museum. F our female paratypes, all California, as follows :

Los Angeles County, Glendale, III— 31— 31, reared from Cupressus

macrocarpa V— 28— 31 (Burke) ; San Diego County, San Diego,

VI— 3— 33 (no collector given); La Mesa (Collier Park),

light trap VI— 25— 26 (A. A. Lee) ; “Costal Area,” VI—

23—40 (F. T. Thorne) deposited in collections of California

State Department of Agriculture, San Diego Natural History

Museum, LF.S. National Museum, and author. One additional male

apparently referable to this species but not designated as a para-

April, 1960]

POWELL NEW MOTHS

type, San Diego, VI— 27— 24 [E. Piazza], having had a wing and

genitalia slide made by Busck, “AB Mar. 24, 1929” which cannot

be located, in Los Angeles County Museum. The latter specimen

also bears a cotype label with an apparently unpublished Busck

manuscript name.

Argyrotaenia beyeria Powell, new species

A brightly marked species, having the tan forewings banded

and blotched with pink or rose colored markings which are

emphasized by rust and black margins.

Male . — Length of forewing 8.8 mm. Head: palp orange exteriorly,

sprinkled with brownish, paler interiorly; second segment moderately ex-

panded toward apex; third segment brownish, nearly obscured by apical

scales of second. Front margin at eye and antennal scape interiorly rust-red;

remainder of head scaling dark to pale orange; pale yellowish below. Thorax:

apparently uniform orange above (notum rubbed on bolotype), tegula darker

basally; metanotum unsealed with well developed white lateral hair tufts

which are appressed over posterior half; white below except inner eye tuft

and tegula base dark brown. Prothoracic leg dark brown below, femur, tibia

and first tarsal segment tinged linearly with orange, tarsal segments pale

apically; pale interiorly. Mesothoracic leg paler, similarly tinged with orange.

Metathoracic leg whitish. Forewing: about 2.5 times longer than broad;

costa evenly curved, flattened beyond middle, termen straight, not strongly

angled inward. Ground color shining rosaceous tan marked (in general way)

by three broad, variously developed transverse bands. Base dark rose, first

band at basal one-fourth shining rose-pink, bordered narrowly outwardly and

inwardly below cell by deep rust-red scales, those on lower fold nearly black ;

second band from costa before middle, angling outward and expanded out-

ward abruptly in the cell by a black double crescent; above this bordered

with rust-red; below this broadly bordered with dark rust and black, the

latter most conspicuous at lower fold, the shining rosaceous area reduced to

a round spot above and below the crescents; outer band incomplete, consist-

ing of a half circle on costa and a sigmoid blotch tapering to a point at anal

angle, both dark rust colored; the sigmoid spot margined outwardly and in-

wardly at middle with black. A triangular spot in apical area, dark rust

bordered below with black which joins the sigmoid spot. Fringe pale shining

orange. Underside dull brownish, the dark markings of the upper side repro-

duced as grey markings. Apical area yellowish between these. Hindwing:

shining white above, whitish below with three faint grey spots around apex.

Abdomen: whitish, genital tuft moderate. Genitalia essentially as in A.

paiuteana Powell (fig. 1) from which it apparently differs by the apically

tapered uncus and slightly more angulate aedeagus (fig. 3; drawn from para-

type, Napa, JAP slide No. 562, three slides examined).

Female . — Length of forewing 9.0 mm. External features essentially as

described for male. Legs paler, entirely whitish. Forewing marked as male

except having less dark scales in the markings, which, therefore, although

distinct are lighter (this may be due to the older condition of the allotype).

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

Hindwings, abdomen as in male. Genitalia as in ^4. cupressae (fig. 4) differ-

ing only by the more well developed lateral flanges of the signum (fig. 5,

drawn from paratype, Rio Nido, JAP slide No. 604, two slides examined)

and the less distinctly sclerotized neck of the ductus below ostium (as in A.

paiuteana, hg. 6a.) The development and placement of the signum is variable

within species throughout the genus, and it cannot always be used as a

differentiating character within species groups. Apparently the outward pro-

jecting curved lateral flange always arises from the higher side on the bursa,

and mirror image forms occur within a species.

Range of length of forewing in paratypes, males 8.0 to 9.2

mm.; females 9.1 to 9.9 mm. The series is more or less uniform

in wing pattern, but exhibits considerable individual variation in

development of color, especially the rust-red. Most of the para-

types have less dark reddish and black scales than the holotype,

these being replaced by orange or yellow-orange scales. Some

lack the black entirely and show very little rust-red so that the

markings are less contrasting and at times obscure. The specimens

from Petaluma, in particular, tend to have a paler, washed out

appearance. A specimen from “Alameda Co.” has more black

than the holotype so that the rust-red is nearly all replaced by

darker scales. The specimen from Santa Cruz County is the

most distinctly marked, having the bands somewhat reduced

and very well defined by narrow borders of deep rust-red. The

shining rosaceous in the bands fades out, probably with the

age of the individual when it is alive.

Holotype male and allotype female, Berkeley, Alameda

County, California, May 15, 1959 and June 26, 1959, at light

(J. Powell), deposited in the collections of California Academy

of Sciences. Twenty-four paratypes, all California, as follows:

Lake County: Kelsey ville, Icf no date given (Guedet) . Sonoma

County: Guerneyville, Icf not date given (Guedet) ; Rio Nido, IcT,

1$ VII-3-27 (G. D. Hanna) ; Petaluma, 2cr cf VI-16-36, Icf' VIII-

10-36, 1? VI-27-37, 1? VIII-6 to 17-37, 1? VII-28-37,

Icf VI-18-38 (E. C. Johnston). Napa County: Napa, Icf “Jun. 6,”

Icf VIIT4-30, 2cf cf no date given (Guedet). Marin County:

Mill Valley, Icf VI-8-24 (E. P. Van Duzee), Icf VI-15-58, light

trap (H. B. Leech). Alameda County: Icf “Alameda Co. June”

[Koebele] ; U.C. Campus, Berkeley, Icf VI -23-59 (D. D. Lins-

dale). Santa Clara County: Stanford University, 1$ VI-5-30

“resting on Itatian Cypress” [Italian Cypress, Cupressus semper-

virens~\ (collector not given). Santa Cruz County: Big Basin, 1$

April, 1960]

POWELL NEW MOTHS

VII-4-59, at light ( J. Powell) . Deposited in collections of American

Museum of Natural History, California Academy of Sciences,

California Insect Survey, California State Department of Agri-

culture, Canadian National Collection, U.S. National Museum and

author.

One additional male referable to this species but not desig-

nated as a paratype, “Alameda Co. June” having had a genitalia

slide made by Busck “AB Mar. 20, 1929” which cannot be located,

in Los Angeles County Museum. The latter specimen also bears a

Busck Type label with an apparently unpublished manuscript

name.

Argyrotaenia paiuteana Powell, new species

A shining, pale species, the forewings golden, marked with

tan or pale red-brown.

Male . — Length of forewing 7.7 mm. Head: palp small, second segment

shorter than vertical eye diameter, expanded apically above and slightly

below into a somewhat truncate tuft which nearly obscures third segment;

pale yellowish with a few scattered orange scales. Head tufts rather short

and appressed, pale yellowish, whitish medially on vertex, a small bright

orange patch adjoining eye below antennal scape; antennal scape pale except

some orange scales anteriorly. Thorax: pale yellowish above with some scat-

tered orange scales in collar, tegula apex and toward posterior tip ; metano-

tum unsealed with lateral posterior flat tufts of long white hairs; underside

white. Legs whitish, the prothoracic mottled with orange-brown exteriorly

(according to paratype; holotype prothoracic legs broken below femora),

tarsal apices white. Forewing: costa evenly and slightly rounded from base

to apex; apex acute, termen angled rather steeply back; ground color pale

yellowish or whitish with pale red-brown or orange indistinct banding as

follows: basal one-fourth, within this area darker at base, outwardly on costa

and with some dark red-brown scales along fold, especially on outer border

of basal area; a broad oblique transverse band from middle of costa, expand-

ing to meet anal margin from middle to anal angle; a second oblique band

from outer fourth of costa to termen just above anal angle, interrupted by a

line of ground color, forming a rounded costal spot, and including some dark

scales in middle; anal apical area orange. Fringe white. Underside whitish

with a faint brownish tinge over basal two-thirds and on veins in terminal

area. Hindwing: shining white above and below including fringe. Abdomen:

entirely whitish; genital tuft large. Genitalia as in fig. 1 (drawn from para-

type, Clark County, Nevada, JAP slide No. 527, two slides examined), uncus

broadest near apex (evident only when uncus is flattened). The scale-like

cornuti, not shown for preceding two species are dehiscent and are often

seen in the female bursa.

Female . — Length of forewing 9.0 mm. Essentially as described for male.

Head uniform yellow-orange; forewing with some dark red-brown scales

through the central part of all transverse markings, in the outer band, form-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

ing a rounded spot which tapers toward anal angle, suggestive of the pattern

in A. beyeria. Genitalia as in A. cupressae apparently differing only by the

better development of the flanges of the signum and by the less distinctly

sclerotized neck of the ductus below ostium (fig. 6a, b drawn from paratopo-

type, JAP slide No, 601, three slides examined), signum apparently some-

what less well developed than in A. beyeria.

Range of forewing length of paratypes, males 7.6 to 9.1 mm.;

females 7.4 to 9.5 mm. The extent and distinctness of the markings

is variable within the various individual spots, but all the paratypes

have essentially the same pattern. The color of the markings tends

to be paler than the holotype, often being a yellow-orange or deep

tan.

Holotype male and allotype female, Rock Creek, one mile

WEST OF Tom’s Place, Mono County, California, August 13,

1957, at light (J. Powell) deposited in the California Academy

of Sciences. Fifteen paratypes as follows: California: same

data as holotype (the type series was collected VIII-10 to 13, one

each night) ; 1 $ same locality, VIII-7-59 (C. D. MacNeill) ; Ic?

Lone Pine, Inyo County, V-26-37 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; Nevada: 1 $

Mina, Mineral County, VII-20-53 (R. H. Reid) ; 1 $ Wheeler

Springs, Charleston Mts., Clark County, XI- (5-13) -34 (G. H. and

J. L. Sperry); dcTd', 1? “Clark Co., June 24-30” (no further

data); Utah: Icf, 3$$ Eureka, Juab County, VI-28 to VIII-

26-11 (Tom Spalding). Deposited in the collections of American

Museum of Natural History, California Academy of Sciences,

California Insect Survey, Los Angeles County Museum, U.S.

National Museum and author.

Two additional females appear to relate to this species but are

not designated as paratypes, “Pinyon Flats,” Riverside County,

California V-26-52 (R. H. Reid) in the Los Angeles County

Museum collection.

The species forms, together with A. cupressae and A. beyeria,

a closely knit group unlike any other North American Ar gyro-

taenia in external features. The similarity of the genitalia and

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. Argyrotaenia paiuteana Powell, male genitalia, a. aedeagus,

lateral aspect; 2. A. cupressae Powell, a. uncus, inner aspect flattened,

b. aedeagus, lateral; 3. A. beyeria Powell, a. uncus, b. aedeagus; 4. A.

cupressae, female genitalia; 5. A. beyeria, signum; 6. A. paiuteana,

a. ostium and neck of ductus, b. signum; 7. A. burnsorum Powell, male

genitalia, a. aedeagus, lateral.

April, 1960]

POWELL NEW MOTHS

the allopatric distribution suggest the possibility of a single wide-

spread, geographically variable species. As Freeman (1958) has

pointed out, the genitalia characters in many of the North

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

American Argyrotaenia are very similar, and specific differences

are usually very subtle. The likelihood of their being subspecific

relationships in several complexes of presently conceived species

nonetheless exists. However, until a better understanding of the

distribution patterns and biological characteristics is available,

illustration of these is not possible. The lack of knowledge on the

geographic range of the western forms in this group is particularly

emphasized.

It seems probably that the cupressae group is most closely

related to the franciscana (Walsingham) group according to the

characters of the genitalia.

Argyrotaenia lautana Powell, new species

A large species with broad pale tan forewings marked only by

a small outer costal spot of red-brown.

Male .- — Length of forewing 9.4 mm. Head: palp rather compressed, not

expanded greatly by scale tufting; second segment about equal to eye diam-

eter; third segment mostly visible, porrect; tan; second segment basally and

third segment sprinkled with brown exteriorly; pale interiorly. Head tufts

prominent, dense, tan; antennal scape dark brown anteriorly and above, pale

posteriorly and below. Thorax: pale tan above and below except metasternum

white; prothoracic leg brown exteriorly, tarsal segments with white apical

bands; mesothoracic leg paler, tarsal segments marked with pale brown (one

mesothoracic leg lacking from holotype) ; metathoracic leg whitish; all legs

pale interiorly. Forewing: broad, only about 2.4 times longer than wide, costa

evenly rounded in basal half, flattened and slightly convex beyond; termen

straight only slightly angled back. Color a uniform pale tan; costa margined

narrowly and faintly with red-brown; a costal triangle from slightly before

end of cell nearly to apex, extending only about one-fifth the width of wing

towards anal margin, red-brown with some grey scales continued outward

into a narrow costal tuft to apex; a dorsal mark faintly indicated by a few

red-brown scales on margin just before anal angle. Fringe concolorous with

wing. Underside pale tan, greyish centrally, apical costal tuft showing red-

brown. Hindwing: whitish, fringe long, whitish, some yellowish scales at

apex; underside the same. Abdomen: of holotype treated in caustic solution,

of paratype entirely whitish, genital tuft long, conspicuous. Genitalia nearly

identical to those of A. dorsalana (Dyar), (fig. 8, a, c, plesiotype, Modoc

County, California, JAP slide No. 544) apparently differing by the more

elongate, (in relation to size of tegumen) less tapered, parallel sided uncus

(fig. 8b drawn from holotype, JAP slide No. 590, two slides examined) and

by minor differences in greater development of sculpture on the anterior

margin of the sacculus.

Female . — Length of forewing 11.4 mm. External features nearly exactly

as described for male. Wing markings somewhat reduced, so that only ob-

scure indications of the markings are evident. Abdomen whitish, dorsal and

lateral genital tuft straight. Genitalia as in fig. 11 (drawn from allotype,

April, 1960]

POWELL — NEW MOTHS

JAP slide No. 605, one slide examined); similar to A. dorsalana (Dyar),

differing by having less distinctly formed lateral flanges of the signum and

more pronounced scobination above the signum than in dorsalana (based on

only one slide of each).

Length of forewing in paratypes 9.6— 9.7 mm. As described for

holotype except topotypic specimen has a second costal spot, near

middle which forms with the better developed dorsal spot, a faint

suggestion of a transverse band.

Holotype male and allotype female, Camp Baldy, San Bernar-

dino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California ‘‘June

24—30” (no further data) deposited in the U.S. National Museum.

Two male paratypes; one same data as holotype, “AB slide Feb.

10, 1929,” and one, Palomar Mountain, San Diego County, Cali-

fornia VII-3-45 (Comstock and Martin) deposited in the U.S.

National Museum and Los Angeles County Museum collections.

Two additional males, apparently referable to lautana but not

designated as paratypes. Greenhorn Mts., Kern County, California

VII-1-40 (C. Henne) more nearly resemble A. dorsalana in a pale

straw ground color, and the markings suggest a relationship with'

that species. However, the large size (length of forewing 10.8

mm.) and markings are that of lautana. The mid costal spot

extends indistinctly into the cell, forming a definite broken trans-

verse band. The outer costal spot is extended downward by a

subterminal line, outside of which there is some obscure brownish.

In the less distinctly marked forms of A. dorsalana the costal spots

are lacking, and the dorsal spot remains and is heavier in inter-

mediate forms, whereas in the Greenhorn Mts. specimens this

spot is less distinct than the costal spots, as in the other lautana

specimens.

The nearly identical genitalia and similar wing pattern relate

A. lautana most closely to A. dorsalana (Dyar), and lautana may

prove to be a southern Galifornia mountain race when specimens

become available from intervening areas. A. dorsalana is wide-

spread in western North America from southern British Columbia

to Arizona and New Mexico, but I have seen California specimens

only from Modoc and Shasta Counties in the northeast corner of

the state.

Argyrotaenia burnsorum Powell, new species

A large species having the forewings brown, crossed by

indistinct ochreous bands.

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

Male . — Length of forewing 10.5 mm. Head: palp ochreous mottled with

brownish exteriorly, pale yellowish interiorly; tufts mixed with ochreous and

brownish, vertex white; antenna brownish, annulated paler, scape whitish

exteriorly. Thorax: collar ochreous, tegula and notum brown; metanotum

unsealed except for pale flat apical tufts; underside shining whitish; a con-

spicuous flat tuft of broad white scales at base of fore coxae below head;

pro- and mesothoracic legs brownish exteriorly, paler interiorly; metathoracic

leg whitish, spurs darker, small tarsal spines conspicuously dark. Forewing:

broad, costa evenly bowed before middle, straight beyond, apex broadly

rounded, termen only slightly angled back. Brown, crossed by two broaJ

indistinct and incompletely formed pale ochreous bands; base with some

reddish-brown scales: first band at inner one-third, angling outward, appar-

eiitly consisting at times of three parallel narrow bands (holotype somewhat

rubbed) ; central area of wing generally over-scaled reddish-brown, outside

inner band and outward through second band which begins at middle of costa

and curves outward to anal angle, consisting in general of two parallel bands,

especially below cell; apical area with an indistinct costal spot and two nar-

row vertical bands from costa to mid-termen, all pale ochreous; fringe

brownish in upper half, becoming pale ochreous in lower half. Underside

greyish-brown (showing a bluish sheen in certain lights), costa with about

twelve dark spots or vertical dashes about evenly spaced along length; outer

half of costa and apex pale; fringe ochreous tinged with brownish near apex.

Hindwing: grey, paler basally, fringe whitish. Underside whitish with a few

dark vertical strigulae around apex. Abdomen: greyish above, genital tuft,

laterally and below pale ochreous. Genitalia as in fig. 7 (drawn from para-

topotype, JAP slide No. 569, two slides examined).

Female. — Unknown.

Length of forewing range in paratypes 9.8—10.5 mm. The

paratypes are somewhat rubbed specimens but show some vari-

ation in wing markings. The hands can consist, at least in part,

of nearly solid patches of pale ochreous, the narrow bands fusing.

The reddish-brown scales are sometimes replaced by yellow-

orange, and the dark spots on the underside of the costa are not

always evident.

Holotype male, Madera Canyon, 5800', Davis Mountains,

Jeff Davis County, Texas, April 30, 1959 (J. M. and S. N.

Burns) deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Three

paratype males, same data except IV-28 to V-3-59 deposited in

California Insect Survey, U.S. National Museum and author’s

collections.

In size, wing shape and genitalia A. hurnsorum is closely allied

to A. mariana (Fernald), of the east coast, but the two are quite

distinct in wing color and pattern.

I take pleasure in naming the species for Sara and John Burns,

April, 1960]

POWELL NEW MOTHS

who have collected many fine Microlepidoptera for me on their

extensive trips throughout the southwest states in search of

Hesperiidae.

Argyrotaenia graceana Powell, new species

A large, pale species with indistinct brownish or reddish-

brown banding on the forewing.

Male . — Length of forewing 10.0 mm. Head: palp relatively small, second

segment only about 1.5 times greatest eye diameter and third segment; ex-

panded above by scaling on second segment apically into a gradually rounded

shape, third segment thus about half obscured; second segment pale orange

or whitish exteriorly mottled by brown scale tips, white interiorly, third seg-

ment brown. Head tufts dense, long, reaching to apices of scapes at vertex,

white on crown, brownish at vertex, orange-brown below scapes, brown on

front; antenna brownish, scape white below. Thorax: collar and tegula

orange, the latter white apically; dorsum pale orange; metanotum unsealed

with lateral posterior tufts only weakly developed, underside shining white.

Legs whitish, pro- and mesotboracic tibiae and tarsi brownish exteriorly ex-

cept apical bands. Forewing: costa nearly straight, only slightly curved in

basal half, giving the wing a narrow appearance; termen angled back only

slightly but anal angle broadly rounded. Ground color pale grey, blending to

whitish apically, costa whitish; marked with dull orange-brown very indis-

tinctly as follows; a broad basal area except costa, a broad oblique band

from middle of costa to inside anal angle in large part interrupted by ground

color, a very faint second band from outer fourth of costa toward anal angle

consisting of a rather distinct costal spot and indication of a vertical portion

in pale apical area, not reaching anal angle, suggestion of a narrow terminal

band. Fringe grey. Underside pale, central area greyish, margins whitish.

Hindwing: uniform pale grey; fringe long, white with a narrow basal band of

pale brownish scales. Abdomen : whitish above, brownish on apical segments

(discolored on holotype) ; pale below; genital tuft conspicuous, whitish.

Genitalia as in fig. 10 (drawn from paratopotype, JAP slide No. 566, three

slides examined). Uncus and upper part of tegumen very heavily sclerotized

and forming a hood-like structure, which cannot be flattened back apically to

give comparable view to the other Argyrotaenia drawings.

No females available from the type locality, but a single example from

the same mountain range appears, on the basis of size and coloration, to^

represent this species.

Female . — Length of forewing 9.2 mm. In general as described for male

except the brownish coloration replaced by orange-brown or pale rust colored

scales. Forewing: whole basal half, except costa, somewhat covered with

orange scales, pale band outside median band remaining distinct; outer

orange band and terminal band more distinct and broader than in male,

nearly filling the apical area with color. Fringe orange-brown, darker toward

apex. Genitalia as in fig. 9 (drawn from allotype, JAP slide No. 587, one

slide examined), bursa scobinate over entire surface.

Range of forewing length of paratypes, 8.4^10.4 mm. The

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

wing markings are somewhat variable both in distinctness and

color, ranging to a form with rather complete and distinct bands

as described for holotype and to a rust-brown although not so

bright an orange as that of the single female.

Holotype male, Hathaway Creek, San Bernardino Moun-

tains, Riverside County, California, August 2, 1940 (C.

Henne) . Allotype female. Lake Arrowhead, San Bernardino Moun-

tains, San Bernardino County, California, August 29, 1940 (H.

Buckwalter) both deposited in the U.S. National Museum. Six

male paratypes, all California, as follows : four, same data as holo-

type, one, same data except J. A. Comstock, one Upper Santa Ana

River, San Bernardino Mts., Vni-1-46 (Grace H. and John L.

Sperry) deposited in collections of American Museum of Natural

History, California Academy of Sciences, U.S. National Museum

and author.

A. gi'aceana is a manuscript name of Dr. N. S. Obraztsov who

kindly turned over his specimen for use in the present description.

The species is named for Grace H. Sperry who helped to contri-

bute to the knowledge of this and many other species of Tortricidae

through the years of diligent collecting with her husband.

The species is very distinct both in external features and in

genital characters of both sexes from any of the described

Argyrotaenia species.

Besides the above material, I have studied ten additional

females from the White Mountains, Arizona, collected on various

dates in 1925 by 0. C. Poling which appear to represent A.

graceana. However, without having a male available for study from

the area I hesitate to definitely refer these to the southern Cali-

fornia species.

Argyrotaenia martini Powell, new species

A shining golden species having the forewings marked with

broad, ochreous-brown spots and bands.

Male. — Length of forewing 9.8 mm. Head: scaling pale ochreous;

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 8. Argyrotaenia dorsalana (Dyar), male genitalia, a. uncus, inner

aspect flattened, b. A. lautana Powell, uncus, inner aspect flattened,

c. A. dorsalana, aedeagus, lateral aspect; 9. A. graceana Powell, female

genitalia; 10. A. graceana, male genitalia, a. aeadeagus, lateral; 11. A.

lautana, female genitalia; 12. A. martini Powell, male genitalia, a. aedeagus,

lateral.

April, 1960]

POWELL — NEW MOTHS

M ‘to

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

labial palpus second segment broadly expanded above and below to the

truncate appearing apex, with a few orange-brown scales exteriorly;

third segment not obscured by scaling of second, smooth scaled. Antenna

brownish, each segment annulate with pale scales and marked by a brown

spot above; scape brownish above. Thorax: collar pale ochreous; tegula

orange-brown, pale at apex; orange-brown continued as a band across

dorsum of thorax which is otherwise paler (discolored on holotype).

Legs pale ochreous, prothoracic tibia and tarsus marked with hrown

exteriorly. Foreiving: about 2.6 times longer than broad; costa curved

abruptly at base, nearly straight beyond basal one-third, termen only

slightly angled back, the wing thus rather rectangular m appearance.

Ground color very pale ochreous, shining, the markings somewhat diffuse,

not well defined, scattered orange or brownish scales occurring between

the markings in most areas; basal one-third with an orange-brown patch,

indistinct in costal half, outwardly angulate at middle; a broad, transverse,

ochreous-brown band from middle of costa to before anal angle, widened

on margin to angle, broken along upper edge of cell by ground color;

a large, semicircular, brown spot at outer one-fourth of costa; a subsquare,

ochreous-brown spot of about equal size slightly outside and below

costal semicircle, its lower corner nearly reaching termen, the two being

the most distinct markings of the wing; a narrow band of small, joined,

brownish spots along termen and around anal angle to basal patch. Fringe

shining pale ochreous. Underside, greyish in central portion and to costa

at costal markings of upperside, reflecting purplish ; terminal, apical

and outer costal areas pale ochreous. Hindwing: shining whitish, lightly

infuscated in anal half. Underside whitish, apex ochreous. Abdomen: of

holotype treated in caustic solution and placed on slide; paratype whitish

with some brownish scaling at base of genital tuft. Genitalia as in fig. 12

(drawn from holotype, JAP slide No. 514, one slide examined) ; uncus

very broadly expanded, spatulate, socii lacking.

Female. — Unknown.

Length of forewing of paratype, 9.9 mm. Varying from the

holotype only by a greater infusion of orange-brown scales into

the markings, especially along the costa; hindwings with the

anal area more heavily infuscated, the apical area marked with

some faint, ochreous strigulae; uncus with a deeper apical

emargination.

Holotype male, Pine Crest, Mt. Graham, Pinaleno Moun-

tains, Graham County, Arizona, 7300', June 28, 1955 (Lloyd

M. Martin) deposited in the Los Angeles County Museum. One

male paratype. Pinery Canyon, Chiricahua Mts., Cochise County,

Arizona, June 27, 1955 (L. M. Martin) in author’s collection.

Superficially the speeies appears somewhat like A. paiuteana

Powell. However, the two are easily distinguished, and the

April, 1960]

LINSLEY — NEW BEE

extremely aberrant genitalia form places A. martini remote from

any of the known nearctic species. I suspect that its nearest

relatives occur to the south, the types representing a northern

cordilleran extension of a species with tropical affinities.

I take pleasure in naming the species for Lloyd M. Martin,

veteran collector of the Arizona Lepidoptera fauna, who has

been most cooperative in making material available from the

Los Angeles County Museum collections.

Literature Cited

Freeman, T. N.

1958. The Archipinae of North America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) .

Can. Ent. 90, suppl. 7, 89 pp.

A NEW SPECIES OF DIANDRENA ASSOCIATED

WITH OENOTHERA IN CALIFORNIA

(Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

E. Gorton Linsley

Universily of California, Berkeley

The following new species of Andrena (Diandrena) collects

pollen in the morning from Oenothera dentata at various sites

in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. It is named

in honor of my colleague, John W. MacSwain, wdth whom I have

collected it on several occasions.

Andrena (Diandrena) macswaini Linsley, new species

Female. — Intef^ument dull greyish blue, abdomen with slight greenish

reflections, antennae and legs dark brownish-black, clypeus black, the base

and sides of face green with violet reflections; pubescence pale, white

on clypeus, black or dark brown near eyes, antennae, and vertex, anal

fimbria brown, tibial scopa intermixed with brown, abdominal hair bands

pale, distinct, complete. Head tessellate, moderately densely punctate;

frons finely, longitudinally striate; clypeus without a median impunctate

line; labrum with apical process deeply incised and bilobed, the lobes

elevated, polished, separated, and slightly divergent. Mesosoma with

mesoscutum dull, tessellate, the superimposed punctures moderately large,

crater-like, mostly separated by their own diameters, pubescence uneven

in length, moderately dense, pale; propodeum feebly shining, tessellate

and finely rugulose, enclosure finely, irregularly rugulose, the rugulae

only a little less fine than those of adjacent areas; wings very lightly

tinted with brownish; posterior trochanters with a long, curved white

floccus, tibial scopa long, loose, simple beneath, denser dorsally, the

hairs mostly shorter than width of tibia and denser, darker, and somewhat

plumose toward the femur. Metasoma dull, tessellate, first tergite with

numerous, large, irregular punctures with the anterior margin elevated

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

like tilted ci'aters, pubescence long, erect, pale, successively shorter on

sueceeding segments, apical hair bands distinct on tergites two to four,

basal elevation of tergites two to four finely, irregularly, transversely

and somewhat sinuously reticulate, fifth tergite densely, coarsely punctate ;

first sternite greenish, sternites two to four violaceous brown, posterior

margins with a row of long, pale, suberect but posteriorly slightly recurved

hairs. Length, approximately 9 mm., anterior wing 6.3 mm.

Male . — Integumental coloration and sculpturing generally similar to

female, but legs with a distinct greenish reflection and rugulosity of

metasomal tergites slightly more pronounced; facial hairs all white;

metasomal hairs very long, white, many exceeding the length of the

tergites. Length, approximately 7.5 mm., anterior wing, 6 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-

cisco), from EIGHTEEN MILES EAST OF BaKERSFIELD, KeRN

County, California, April 11, 1958, visiting flowers of Oenothera

dentata (but not collecting pollen) between 7:30 and 7:45 a.m.

PST. (E. G. Linsley) ; allotype male (California Academy of

Sciences) from the same locality, February 27, 1959 (E. G.

Linsley) ; and 137 paratypes (California Insect Survey) also

from the same locality: 34$$ taken between March 9 and April

2, 1959 (E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain), 26d' cT and

599 ? collected between March 5 and April 3, 1960 (E. G. Linsley

and J. W. MacSwain), and 1899, April 9, 1960 (E. G. Linsley

and Juanita M. Linsley) . Most of the females were taking pollen

or nectar from Oenothera dentata; a few were captured in their

nesting area.

This species is closely related to A. (D.) cyanosoma Cockerell,

hut may be recognized in both sexes by the slightly less bluish

integument, and the stronger, denser, and less regular sculpturing.

The female also differs from cyanosoma in the distinct, complete

hairbands of the abdomen, the irregular mesonotal pubescence

and the longer erect hairs of the first metasomal tergite, the

male by the all white facial pubescence and the very long hairs

of the abdomen.

RECENT LITERATURE

OBLIGATORY AND FACULTATIVE INSECTS IN ROSE HIPS: THEIR

RECOGNITION AND BIONOMICS, by W. V. Balduf. Illinois Biologi-

cal Monographs, No. 26, vi -j- 194 pp., including 12 pis. The University

of Illinois Press, Urbana: March 16, 1959.

A thorough and carefully documented study, written in a style suitable

for the general reader. A stimulating model for other investigators.

April, 1960]

MOORE EXOTIC STAPHYLINID

PARACRASPEDOMERUS, A NEW GENUS OF STAPHYLINID

BEETLE FROM NEW CALEDONIA

(Coleoptra: Staphylinidae)

Ian Moore

San Diego Museum of Natural History, San Diego, California

In 1911 Bernhauer described the genus Craspedomerus,

basing it on Philonthus glenoides Schubert from India. He placed

it in a new subtribe, Craspedomeri, in the tribe Staphylinini of

the subfamily Staphylininae. Three more species of the genus

have since been described from India by Cameron (1932). In

1927 Bernhauer placed in the subtribe a new genus and species,

Pseudocraspedomerus alutaceus from New Guinea. I have recently

received from Dr. William C. Stehr a series of fifteen specimens

from New Caledonia of a species which obviously belongs in this

subtribe but is sufficiently distinct from the other two genera to

require the proposal of a new genus. It was described in 1877 by

Fauvel as Cafius speculijrons and later in 1889 removed by him

to Hesperus, where it is equally out of place.

Paracraspedomerus Moore, new genus

Type species: Cafius speculifrons Fauvel

Head large, orbicular; disc impunctate; base and sides strongly, coarsely

and closely punctate. Eyes occupying little more than half the side of head,

not interrupting side margin ; a short, infraorbital ridge directly beneath

eye, not extending to base of head. Neck about one-third the width of head.

Labrum transverse, emarginate in middle, with a very wide, arcuate, mem-

branous border which is emarginate centrally. Mandibles long, curved,

sharply pointed, each with a small basal tooth internally, with a deep groove

on outer margin. Maxillary palpi moderately long; first segment short and

curved; second long, narrow at base, strongly curved, thick at apex; third

about as long as second, narrower, widened to apex; fourth a little longer

and narrower than third, a little narrowed at base and at apex, apex trun-

cate. Ligula small, rounded in front, membranous. Gular sutures united at

basal third (very narrowly separated in one specimen), diverging anteriorly.

Mentum transverse, narrowed to the front, side margins slightly curved and

raised in a strong ridged edge, anterior margin gently arcuate. Labial palpi

with first segment twice as long as wide, second a little longer and some-

what thicker apically, third about as long as second, somewhat thicker at

middle and thence narrowed to the truncate apex. Antennal fossae located

near anterior margin of head, inside bases of mandibles. Antennomeres

densely pubescent from fourth segment, outer segments as wide as long.

Pronotum subtrapezoidal, anterior angles prominent, narrowed basally; disc

with a series of three punctures each side of middle and a small group of

large and small punctures laterally; anterior angles and lateral margins with

100

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

a few large and small punctures. Hypomera strongly inflexed, superior and

inferior lateral lines united far forward near neck, with a oblique carina

joining superior lateral line at about basal third, crossing hypomera and

uniting with inferior lateral line near apical third, areas between lines

impunctate. Prosternal epimera absent. Prosternum tumid in middle, divided

by a transverse carina which is posteriorly angulate centrally; posterior

section expanded under coxae. Mesocoxae widely separated. Mesosternal

process extending about one-third the distance between coxae, broadly

rounded; metasternal process extending about one-fourth the distance be-

tween coxae, broadly rounded; region between the two processes depressed.

Elytra wider and a little longer than pronotum, strongly, densely punctured.

Abdomen shining, strongly, sparsely punctured at bases of tergites. First

three tergites deeply impressed at base. First two sternites strongly con-

stricted basally. First five sternites very strongly sculptured basally, the

sculpture consisting of several very closely placed transverse rows of very

large, deep punctures arranged in an imbricate pattern, each puncture shaped

like an elongate horseshoe, with a large seta near its anterior margin. Tibiae

strongly spinose. First four segments of anterior tarsi dilated in both sexes,

more strongly so in male. Middle tarsus with first segment thickest, longer

than next three together; next three short, decreasing very slightly in length;

fifth slender, a little shorter than preceding three. Posterior tarsi very similar

to middle tarsi, but with segments two, three and four slightly longer relative

to their width.

This genus differs from the other two genera of the suhtribe

in many features, several of which are outlined in the key to the

genera below. A very striking feature of the genotype is the

unusual sculpture of the abdominal sternites. The fifteen specimens

studied were identified from Fauvel’s description, and Dr. Charles

Seevers later verified my determination by comparison with a

specimen so identified in the Bernhauer collection. Specimens

' have been sent to the following people or institutions: California

Academy of Sciences, Chicago Natural History Museum, United

States National Museum, Dr. Milton Sanderson and Dr. William

C. Stehr. The remainder are at present in my own collection.

Key to the Genera of the Subtribe Craspedomeri

1 — Middle coxae narrowly separated; mesosternal process acute; meta-

sternal process not produced between the coxae; tergites not im-

pressed at base; prontum moderately densely punctured throughout

Craspedomerus Bernhauer

— Middle coxae widely separated ; mesosternal process broadly rounded ;

metasternal process produced between the coxae; first two tergites

impressed or shallowly concave at base; pronotum with a series of

two or three discal punctures each side 2

2 — Sternites 1 and 2 strongly constricted at base; first five sternites

coarsely, densely sculptured; third tergite impressed at base; prono-

April, 1960]

MOORE EXOTIC STAPHYLINID

101

turn with a series of three (fiscal punctures on each side; third seg-

ment of labial palpi not shorter than second....Paracraspedomerus Moore

— Sternites not constricted at base, not strongly sculptured ; third

tergite not impressed at base ; pronotum with two discal punctures

on each side; third segment of labial palpi shorter than second

- - Pseudocraspedomerus Bernhauer

Dr. William C. Stehr has generously given me the fine series

of specimens which made this study possible. Dr. Charles Seevers

and Mr. Rupert Wenzel arranged for the loan of specimens of two

species of Craspedomerus from the Bernhauer collection. Dr.

Seevers has taken considerable pains to supply me with additional

information concerning the type of Pseudocraspedomerus aluta-

ceus Bernhauer, including several original sketches. Mrs. Mildred

Meeder has kindly negotiated the loan of several publications not

available locally. To the above and to Mrs. Helen Moore, who

has spent many tedious hours typing for me, I wish to express

my gratitude.

Literature Cited

Bernhauer, Max

1911. Zur Staphylinidenfauna Ostindiens und der Sundainseln (3.

Beitrag). Ent. Blatter, 7:55—62, 86—93.

1927. Neue Kurzflixgler aus Neu-Guinea. Nova Guinea, 15, Zool. : 293—

295.

Cameron, Malcolm

1932. The fauna of British India, including Celylon and Burma. Staphy-

linidae, vol. 3, 443 pp. London.

Fauvel, Albert

1874. Les staphylinides de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Ann. Soc. Ent. France,

ser. 5, 4:432-438.

1877. Les staphylinides de I’Australie et de la Polynesie. Ann. Museo

Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 10:168-298.

1878. Les staphylinides de LAustralie et de la Polynesie. (2.e Memoire).

Ann. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 13:465—598.

1889. Les coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et dependances avec

descriptions, notes et synonymies nouvelles (suite). Rev. d’Ent.,

8:242-285.

1903. Faune analytique des coleopteres de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Rev.

d’Ent., 22:203-379.

102

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 2

THE MAYFLY GENUS BAETISCA IN WESTERN

NORTH AMERICA

(Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae)

George F. Edmunds, Jr.^

University of Utah, Salt Lake City

With one possible exception, no records of the mayfly genus

Baetisca are reported from western North America. Eaton (1885,

Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 2nd Ser. Zool., 3:229) reported

Baetisca obesa from California. The record never has been re-

peated nor confirmed, and considering the subsequent distribution

record of species of the genus the record has been largely ignored.

In many years of study of the mayfly fauna of western North

America only two specimens of the genus Baetisca have been sent

to me for identification. The first was a young nymph collected in

1948 by John L. Steele from the Big Laramie River, Albany

County, Wyoming. The specimen represented an apparently un-

described species, probably nearest Baetisca bajkovi Neave. The

nymph was returned to Mr. Steele at the Department of Zoology,

University of Wyoming. I have been unable to locate it for subse-

quent study.

A second specimen of Baetisca was collected in the Columbia

River, Washington, by J. J. Davis in 1948. There is little doubt

but what the species is un described, and that it is distinct from the

Wyoming species. In Traver’s^ keys to the North American species

of nymphs the specimen runs to B. callosa Traver. The new species

differs from B. callosa in the shape of the mesonotum, in having

postero-lateral spines on abdominal segments 6—9, in lacking a

black band at the base of the terminal filaments, and in having a

better developed apical projection on the second segment of the

labial palpi.

I would like to thank Mr. J. J. Davis for making the specimen

available for study, and David 1. Rasmussen and Richard K. Allen

for the figure.

Baetisca Columbiana Edmunds, new species

(Fig. 1)

Length, body 6 mm., terminal filaments 2 mm. Color, body light brown,

with dark brown mottling and spots as in figure 1. Dark spots on venter

larger and more sparse than on dorsum. Eyes black. Antennae pale smoky

^Tlie research on which this paper is based was supported by a grant-in-aid from the University

of Utah Research Fund.

^Traver, J. R., 1935, in: The Riology of Mayflies. Comstock Pub. Co., Ithaca, N.Y., 759 pp.

April, 1960]

EDMUNDS MAYFLY NYMPH

103

brown. Tails smoky brown. Genal and frontal projections pale, margined

with smoky brown. A distinct larger dark spot at the base of the coxal

insertion of each meso- and metathoracic leg. The tibiae and tarsi without

Explanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Dorsal view of holotype nymph of Baetisca Columbiana Edmunds.

104

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL, XXXVI, NO. 2

dark spots. Claws smoky brown, becoming darker apically. Head, with

genal projections extending only to front, rounded; frontal projections

small, rounded; apex of second segment of maxillary palpi produced into

a finger-like projection. Thorax, mesonotum moderately wide and only

moderately humped; without lateral mesonotal spines, only a gently rounded

protuberance: no dorsal mesonotal spines. Claws moderately long and

tapered. Abdomen, tergites 7 and 8 without a median spine, a poorly

developed one on 9. Entire body covered with fine tubercles, giving a

granular texture; these tubercles are much fainter on the tibiae and tarsi.

Holotype nymph, Columbia River, Pasco, Franklin County,

Washington, November 4, 1948 (J. J. Davis), deposited in collec-

tion of California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION FOR LETHOCERUS

ANGUSTIPES (MAYR)

(Hemiptera: Belostomatidae)

In 1871 Mayr described Belostoma angustipes from an

unknown number of syntypes. Some of the material is located

in the Vienna Museum of Natural History, and the remainder

supposedly is deposited in the Stockholm Natural History Museum.

Dr. Max Beier of the Vienna Museum has been kind enough to

loan me the two angustipes syntypes under his care. One specimen

is a female and the other, which I am designating as lectotype, is

a male. The lectotype bears the following data on labels: #517;

angustipes, det. Mayr; Bilimek, Mexico, 1871; and Typus

(machine printed on red paper). The specimen is 58 mm. long

and 22 mm. wide and agrees with all the essential details of Mayr’s

description. — A. S. Menke, Department of Entomology, Uni-

versity of California, Davis.

RECENT LITERATURE

CYNIPID GALLS OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea),

AN AID TO THEIR IDENTIFICATION, by Lewis H. Weld. Ann Arbor,

Michigan, offset. Privately printed; published October, 1957. For sale

by: Robert J. Lyon, Los Angeles City College, 855 North Vermont Ave.,

Los Angeles 29, Calif.; or by the author, 6613 North Washington Blvd.,

Arlington 13, Virginia. Price $1.00, postpaid.

This booklet contains [ii +] 64 pp., 30 text figs, to illustrate the identi-

fication keys, and 205 figs., all but one of galls, on 16 un-numbered plates.

There is an annotated synoptic list of the species described or recorded from

the Pacific Slope of California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia,

a host index, including one arranged by the part of the plant affected, and

notes on collecting. A challenge to students are the many galls illustrated

whose makers are unknown.

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Vol. XXXVI JULY, 1 960 No. 3

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

FENDER — The Ichthyurini of North America 105

BOHART & MARSH — Observations on the habits of Oxybelus

sericeum Robertson 115

COLE — New names in Therevidae and Bombyliidae 118

THEW — Taxonomic studies on some Neotropical leptophlebiid

mayflies 119

EHRLICH — A note on the systematic position of the giant

lycaenid butterfly Liphyra brassolis Westwood 133

CHANT — Two new species of Typhlodromus from California. — 135

McKENZIE — A new subterranean Rhizoecus mealybug from

Arizona 139

QUATE — New species and records of Nearctic Psychodidae 143

CHEMSAK — A new species of Aneflomorpha Casey associated with

citrus in Arizona 149

USINGER & ZIMMERMAN — Otto Herman Swezey. 151

MARSH — A new species of Crassomicrodus Ashmead 153

POWELL — Symmoca signatella H.-S. in California.. 155

WILKEY — A correction in the eye number of the genotype

Tomolonus reductus Mills 155

QUATE — Note on synonymy of an American and Japanese species

of Psychodidae 156

BOOK REVIEW 141

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 114

ERRATA 150

SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA • 1960

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

h cooperation yrith THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXVI July, 1960 No. 3

THE ICHTHYURINI OF NORTH AMERICA

(Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Kenneth M. Fender ^

Linfield Research Institute, McMinnville, Oregon

The tribe Ichthyurini may be recognized by the small size

of the beetles, 2.5—9 mm., abbreviated elytra, which are narrowed

and dehiscent for the apical half or more of their length, leaving

the secondary or flying wings largely exposed, the securiform

or cultellate apical palpal segments, the small and quadrate

mentum, and the male aedeagi which are asymmetrical and

strikingly similar to those of Chauliognathus .

On the basis of the similar male genitalia and the fact that

some species of Chauliognathus have somewhat apically narrowed

and dehiscent elytra, this tribe should be placed between the

Chauliognathini and the Cantharini.

In the new world, the Ichthyurini attain their greatest diversity

in the tropics. They are represented in North America by only

six species in three genera.

Key to the Genera of Ichthyurini

1 Antenna bases approximate, terminal abdominal segments

forcipiform Ichthyurus Westwood

V Antennal bases separated, terminal abdominal segments not forcipiform

2 Tarsal claws appendiculate Trypherus LeConte

2' Tarsal claws simple Belotus Gorham

Ichthyurus Westwood

This genus is readily distinguished by its short, dehiscent

elytra; antennae approximate; the eyes very large, extending

nearly to the base of the mandibles, inwardly emarginate, giving

a hymenopteroid appearance when viewed frontally, separated

by the combined widths of the antennal sockets; the seventh

visible abdominal segment bilobate or forcipiform (Fig. 4) ;

the claws slender and acute, armed with a large acute tooth,

the teeth of each pair of claws closely overlapping to form

a large platelike process between the claws (Fig. 2).

Ichthyurus arizonensis Fender

Ichthyurus arizonensis Fender, 1948, Wasmann Coll. 7:121—122

Nigro-piceus; mandibles fuscous, pronotum piceous with the margins

narrowly paler, these pale areas more extensive near the angles; scutellum

^ This study was supported by National Science Foundation Grant G-7112.

106

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

piceous, elytra flavous with the suture rather widely infuscate from base to

a little beyond the point of dehiscence; abdomen brunneus to the apical

segment which is nigro-piceous in the female. Length 6 mm.

Male. — Unknown.

Female. — Head longitudinally concave behind antennae, surface finely

microreticulate, apical segment of maxillary palpi cultellate, not as long

as preceding two segments combined; pronotum transverse, microreticulate

and finely sparsely punctate, pubescence evident, the anterior margin and

sides more or less evenly rounded to the obtuse hind angles, strongly

dehiscent apically, ultimate tergite produced on each side into subconical

processes (Fig. 4).

This species is known only from the type series, a pair of

dilapidated females from the Leng collection. They were collected

in the Huachuca Mts., Arizona, July 1905. The types are in the

collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

Trypherus LeConte

Trypherus LeConte, 1851, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. (2)5, p. 346.

Lygerus Kiesenwetter, 1852, Linn. Ent. 6, p. 246.

Eyes moderately large and prominent, the inner margins

convex, separated one and a half times the width of the combined

antennal sockets ; antennae separated ; apical maxillary palpal

segment elongate securiform; claws similar to Ichthyurus, the

claw proper somewhat stouter (Fig. 1).

Key to the Species of Trypherus

1 Mesofemora not dilated in the male (female unknown)

2 Apical flavous area of elytra short, transverse; right ventral process

of apical abdominal armature of male triangularly foliate

- - - pauperculus Fender

2' Apical flavous area of elytra as long as wide; right ventral process

of apical abdominal armature of male large, ova.\.e.....hlaisdelli Fender

V Mesofemora dilated in the male, twice as wide as others; meso-

femora normal in the female

3 Pronotum evidently transverse; right ventral process of apical

abdominal armature of male transverse digitate.-Zatipermi.s (Germar)

3'' Pronotum subquadrate, nearly as long as wide; right ventral

process of apical abdominal armature of male transverse,

longate securiform; pale margins of pronotum usually very

narrow in the female frisoni Fender

Trypherus pauperculus Fender, new species

(Figs. 5, 9)

Head black, front and bases of mandibles eburneous, palpi piceous,

antennae piceous with basal two or three segments pale beneath and

basally; prothorax testaceous, pronotum with a large, transverse, irregular

piceous spot, margins of which are indented near the anterior angles and

medially at the base; elytra piceous, becoming darker beyond the middle,

July, 1960]

FENDER — CANTHARIDAE

107

testaceous below the humeri; apices narrowly transversely flavous; meso-

thorax testaceous with the sides somewhat infuscate; metathorax piceotes-

taceous medially and anteriorly, becoming piceous posteriorly and towards

the sides, sutures somewhat paler; abdominal sternites piceous, sides and

apices rather widely flavous; all coxae and trochanters testaceous, front

legs testaceous with dusky tarsi, middle legs testaceous with femora and

tibiae fuscous above, hind legs piceous with tarsi somewhat paler; pubescence

cinereous, sparse, subdecumbent to suberect. Length 3.5 to 4 mm.

Male . — Head wider than pronotum, eyes large and prominent, separated

by one and one-third times width of an eye, membranous clypeus biarcuate,

protuberant, front smooth, shining, apically bisinuate, apical segment of

maxillary palpi shorter than second and third combined, head behind

antennae and between eyes strongly transversely concave, microreticulate,

becoming finely sparsely punctured on sides of neck ; pronotum transverse,

anterior margin evenly arcuate, anterior angles feebly prominent, feebly

depressed and explanate, sides short, nearly straight, converging slightly

to rounded hind angles, basal margin sinuate each side of middle, base

strongly margined, apex margined with a row of hyphenated punctures,

disc medially flattened, feebly shining, very finely microreticulate; elytra

a little over twice as long as pronotum, apices separately rounded, dehiscent

beyond apical fourth, alutaceous, sparsely, coarsely, confusely punctured;

body beneath feebly shining, pubescence fine, sparse and decumbent;

penultimate tergite widely shallowly emarginate at the apex, hind angles

not obliquely produced as tubuliform processes, ultimate tergite narrower,

short, with a narrow, deep median incision extending nearly to base of

segment, sixth sternite widely shallowly emarginate apically, seventh sternite

widely deeply emarginate apically, apex of emargination arcuate, sides

sinuate, apical angles acute; right ventral process large, subfoliate, caudally

produced, left ventral process podiform, smaller than the right, median

spiniform process feebly sinuate (Plate 1, Fig. 4).

Female. — Unknown.

Holotype male: Elizabethtown, Hardin County, Illinois,

June 25, 1932, collected by Ross, Dozier and Park, in the collection

of the Illinois Natural History Survey. Paratype (1), Greene

Co., Ohio, Vl-2, collected by D. J. and J. N. Knull, in the

Knull collection.

Trypherus blaisdelli Fender, new species

(Figs. 6, 10)

Head testaceous to flavotestaceous in front, piceous to black behind

middle of eyes, with a narrow median prolongation extending to and

between antennae, antennae piceous, basal segment flavous, second and third

segments flavous beneath; pronotum testaceous with a wide trifoliate,

brunneous discal spot extending to lateral margins, basal margin narrowly

and apical margin widely pale, anterior angles with large subquadrate

pale areas, posterior angles widely pale; scutellum testaceous; elytra

brunneous, humeri obscurely paler, the apical fourth flavous, these pale

108

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

areas extending narrowly down lateral margins to basal third; body beneath

flavous, trochanters, coxae and bases of femora flavous, legs piceous apically,

fifth and sixth sternites infuscate, seventh fuscous, seventh tergite castaneous ;

pubescence aureous, fine, sparse, and suberect. Length 4 to 5.5 mm.

Male. — Head shining, slightly wider than pronotum, concave between

large, prominent eyes, impunctate in front, finely microreticulate and with

fine, sparse punctures behind, more coarsely punctured on sides of neck,

antennae slender, intermediate segments about three times as long as wide;

pronotum shining, transverse, anterior margin evenly arcuate to more sharply

rounded anterior angles, sides nearly straight, converging slightly to obtusely

rounded hind angles, posterior margin arcuate medially, becoming sinuate

towards sides, apex and sides not margined, base deeply margined, disc

very finely microreticulate and finely sparsely punctulate, punctures con-

fusedly and unevenly distributed; scutellum alutaceous, subquadrate, apex

feebly incised; elytra dehiscent from a little beyond middle, alutaceous,

finely sparsely punctured basally, more coarsely so and feebly rugulose

apically; body beneath weakly shining, finely punctulate, legs normal,

mesofemora not dilated; sixth sternite broadly shallowly emarginate apically,

seventh sternite broadly deeply emarginate, apex of emargination shallowly

arcuate, a wide impression extending nearly to base, a large ovate ventral

process extending posteriorly from right half of emargination, a smaller

digitate ventral process extending obliquely from left half of emargination,

internal to these a short ovate median process, seventh tergite elongate,

sides enveloping the sides of the seventh sternite, hind angles produced into

conical tubuliform processes each with an apical cusp, apical margin

widely shallowly emarginate; eighth tergite short, transverse, apex arcuately

produced at the middle, a pair of terete ovate lobes descending from apex.

Female. — Unknown.

Holotype male: Bolivar, Polk County, Missouri (no date),

collected by Blaisdell, in the collection of the California Academy

of Sciences. Paratypes: “111.”; Homer, Illinois.

This species can be readily separated from T. latipennis and

T . frisoni by its normal mesofemora and from T . pauperculus by

its large apical elytral marks.

Trypherus latipennis (Germar)

(Figs. 1, 7, 11)

Malthinus latipennis Germar, 1824, Insectorum species novae, Halae, p. 72.

Molorchus marginalis Sap, 1824, Long’s Expedition 2, p. 192.

Trypherus latipennis LeConte, 1851, Proe. Acad, Nat, Sc. Phila., p. 346.

Lygerus latipennis Kiesenwetter, 1852, Linn. Ent. 6, p. 246.

Trypherus latipennis LeConte, 1881, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 9, p. 58.

Testaceous to flavotestaceous, eyes black, head behind basal half to

third of eyes castaneous; pronotal disc with a large castaneous spot of

irregular outline, pale margins usually widest at angles and medially on

basal margin, all margins wider in female; elytra castaneous to flavo-

testaceous, usually with outer margins, humeri and bases more or less pale,

July, 1960]

FENDER — CANTHARIDAE

109

Explanation of Plate

Figs. 1—3, tarsal claws; 1. Trypherus latipennis (Germar) ; 2. Ichthyurus

arizonensis Fender; 3. Belotus ahdominalis (LeConte) ; fig. 4. terminal

abdominal segments of Ichthyurus sp., female, dorsal aspect;

Figs. 5—8, terminal abdominal segments of male, ventral aspect;

5. Trypherus pauperculus Fender; 6. Trypherus hlaisclelli Fender; 7. Try-

pherus latipennis (Germar); 8. Trypherus frisoni Fender;

Figs. 9—12, male genital armature, lateral aspect; 9. Trypherus

pauperculus Fender; 10. Trypherus blaisdelli Fender; 11. Trypherus lati-

pennis (Germar) ; 12. Trypherus frisoni Fender; fig. 13. male genital

armature of Belotus ahdominalis (LeConte), dorsal aspect.

110

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

apices flavous, this flavous area nearly as long as wide with basal margin

oblique, often produced down lateral elytral margins; metasternal epimeron

castaneous, thorax beneath usually testaceous, sclerites sometimes castaneous

with pale sutures; abdomen testaceous to flavocastaneous, margins widely

pale, seventh sternite usually darker; last two tergites castaneous to

flavocastaneous; legs flavous, metafemora more or less widely piceous,

annulate beyond middle, metatibiae piceous with bases pale; pubescence

aureous, fine sparse and suberect. Length 6.5 to 9 mm.

Male . — Head shining, impunctate in front, very finely microreticulate

and finely punctured behind eyes, more coarsely so on sides of neck, head

shallowly transversely concave between eyes, eyes large and prominent,

separated by about one and a half times width of an eye, apical palpal

segment longer than second and third segments combined, membraneous

clypeus protruding, biarcuate; pronotum transverse, sides straight and

parallel, anterior margin arcuate and more or less widely margined, anterior

angles obliquely rounded, hind angles arcuate, basal margin rather widely

deeply margined, sinuate each side of middle, disc finely microreticulate,

unevenly and confusedly punctured; scutellum rounded with a small apical

notch; elytra more coarsely microstrigulose, confusedly punctured with

interspersed fine and coarse punctures, dehiscent at about the middle ;

body beneath finely microreticulate, seventh sternite with sides somewhat

enfolded by sides of seventh tergite, apically subtriangular emarginate,

the emargination wide and deep, sides sinuate, apex rounded ; left ventral

process digitate, directed transversely in, inside these a median spiniform

process directed caudally; posterior angles of seventh tergite subangulately

produced as short stout tubuliform processes, apex shallowly emarginate ;

eighth tergite transverse, bisinuate, a short cordiform process with a

median tubercle descending from the apex, mesofemora dilated, twice as

wide at middle as the others.

Female . — Similar to male, eyes a little smaller and less prominent,

mesofemora not more dilated than others, sides of seventh tergite recurved

but not enveloping sides of semicircular seventh sternite, the tergite trans-

versely cordiform, hind angles more strongly produced inwardly and tubulate,

apical margin narrowly deeply triangularly emarginate.

LeConte recorded this species from Pennsylvania, Georgia

and Virginia. I have studied specimens from the following

localities: Georgia: Stone Mt., Rabun Co.; Illinois: Oakwood;

Kentucky: “Ky.”; Maryland: Beltsville, “Md.”; Missouri:

Branson; New Jersey: S. Orange; New York: Nyack, “N.Y.,”

“S.I.” (Staten Island?); Ohio: Delaware Co., Franklin Co.,

Hocking Co., Scioto Co., Shawnee Forest; Pennsylvania: Lingles-

ton; South Carolina: Clemson College; Virginia: Fairfax Co.,

“Va.”

Trypherus frisoni Fender, new species

(Figs. 8, 12)

Head brunneous to castaneous, testaceous to flavotestaceous in front

July, 1960]

FENDER CANTHARIDAE

111

of eyes, tips of mandibles darker, palpi flavotestaceous with apical segment

flavocastaneous, pronotum testaceous to flavotestaceous, median discal spot

large, trifoliate, brunneous to castaneous, not or seldom attaining lateral

margin in male, usually larger in female, pronotum castaneous, margins

very narrowly pale, more widely so at anterior angles; scutellum testaceous

to flavotestaceous; elytra piceobrunneous, tips widely obliquely flavous to

flavotestaceous and humeri narrowly flavotestaceous, markings discontinuous

along lateral margins, epipleurate pale, usually darker medially; body

beneath testaceous, metathorax often darker medially, lateral margin of

metasternal epimeron darker, coxae, tronchanters and bases of femora

testaceous; tibia, tarsi and apices of femora darker, becoming castaneous

on hind legs; abdomen flavotestaceous apical segment darker, at times

becoming castaneous; pubescence aureous, short, sparse and suberect.

Length 6 to 9 mm.

Male . — Head shining, transversely concave between eyes and in back

of head, impunctate in front of antennae, finely, moderately closely punctate

behind, more coarsely so on sides of neck, antennae long and slender,

extending to apical fourth of elytra, intermediate segments about three

times as long as wide; pronotum transversely subquadrate, nearly as long

as wide, anterior margin evenly arcuate and widely, shallowly margined

to the rounded anterior angles, sides straight, not margined, nearly parallel

to the rounded hind angles, posterior margin sinuate each side of middle

which is narrowly shallowly indented, base more narrowly deeply margined,

disc shining, finely sparsely unevenly punctulate, a broad shallow horseshoe

shaped depression medially near base, extending anteriorly to middle;

scutellum quadrate, very finely punctulate; elytra short, extending to middle

of first sternite, dehiscent beyond middle, more coarsely microreticulate,

finely confusedly punctate; body beneath very finely punctured, mesofemora

dilated, medially about twice as wide as the others ; seventh sternite widely

deeply emarginate, apex of the emargination rounded, an elongate securiform

ventral process arising from right side of the emargination and directed

transversely inward, a podiform ventral process arising near middle of the

emargination and directly outward towards left side, internal to these an

elongate spiniform process, apically ascending; seventh tergite half again

as long as sixth, sides strongly descending and recurved to envelope sides

of seventh sternite, hind angles triangularly produced and with a small

apical cusp, apical margin widely shallowly emarginate; eighth tergite

short, transverse, apically arcuate, with an apical sharply descending

bilobate saucer shaped process.

Female . — Similar to male, dark markings broader, mesofemora not

dilated, seventh tergite broadly semicircular in general outline, apically

produced each side of the middle into large tubulate processes, narrowly

deeply emarginate between the processes, apex of the emargination rounded,

eighth tergite short, narrow, apically arcuate; seventh sternite transverse,

the apex arcuate to the triangularly produced middle.

Holotype male: Strang, Mayes County, Oklahoma, June 18,

1939, collected by Kaiser and Nailon, in the collection of the

112

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

Illinois Natural History Survey. Allotype female, Prophetstown,

Whiteside County, Illinois, July 7, 1925, T. H. Prison, collector,

in the collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey. Paratypes:

Illinois: De Kalb, Evanston, Homer Park, Moline, Prophetstown,

Rock Island, Urbana, Vermillion Co.; Iowa: Sioux City; Kansas:

Lawrence; Minnesota: Hennepin Co., Olmstead Co., river near

Shakopee, Shakopee; Ohio: Hocking Co., Pickaway Co.; Okla-

homa: Elco Springs, El Reno, Flint, Grove, Taloga.

Belotus Gorbam

Belotus Gorham, 1881, Biol. Centr. Am., Coleop. Ill, 2, pp. 99, 308. (1885)

(Sine descr. ) .

Lobetus LeConte, 1881, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 9, pp. 58—59 (nec. Keisen-

wetter ) .

Head moderately developed, mandibles toothed, antennae

simple, apical palpal segments stout and subsecuriform, pronotum

subquadrate, elytra abbreviated and apically dehiscent, claws

simple (Fig. 3), penultimate abdominal tergite emarginate, ul-

timate sternite elongate oval, capping the asymmetrical genital

armature.

Belotus abdominalis (LeConte)

(Fig. 3, 13)

Malthinus abdominalis LeConte, 1851, Proc. Acad. Phil. 5, p. 347.

Lobetus abdominalis LeConte, 1881, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 9, p. 59.

Belotus abdominalis Gorham, 1881, Biol. Cent. Am., 3 (2), pp. 99, 308,

pi. 6, fig. 8.

Dark reddish brown, basal three segments of antennae and bases of

palpi somewhat paler, head in front of middle of eyes, pronotum, scutellum

and elytral apices flavous to flavotestaceous, apical and lateral margins of

abdominal sternites more or less widely testaceous, legs pale brunneous,

pubescence cinerous, fine, sparse and suberect, short on head, pronotum

and body beneath, longer on the elytra. Length : male, 2.5 to 4 mm. ;

female, 3 to 5 mm.

Male. — Head shining, moderately large, slightly wider than pronotum,

concave between eyes; labium finely alutaceous, narrow, apically notched,

sinuate towards sides ; clypeus apically arcuate, sides oblique, coarsely

closely punctured; front finely sparsely punctured; back of head and neck

more coarsely closely punctured; eyes moderately large and prominent;

antennae remote at bases, closer to eyes than each other, second segment

subquadrate, third slightly longer, intermediate segments two and a half

times as long as wide; maxillary palpi stout, apical segment terete, sub-

securiform, penultimate short and transverse; pronotum subquadrate,

longitudinallj" concave, anterior edge arcuate, not margined, anterior angles

sharply rounded, depressed, sides straight, parallel, feebly convergent or

July, 1960]

FENDER — CANTHARIDAE

113

feebly divergent to rounded hind angles, posterior edge margined nearly

to angles, median third straight, oblique each side to the hind angles,

disc shining, finely sparsely punctured, scutellum apically rounded, finely

punctured; elytra dehiscent beyond middle, lateral margins converging

to acutely rounded apices, alutaceous, coarsely rather closely punctured,

somewhat rugose medially; body beneath alutaceous, finely closely punctured,

last sternite elongate oval, cupped to enclose genital armature, claws simple,

feebly dilated towards base.

Female . — Similar to male, larger average size, eyes smaller and less

prominent, third antennal segment half again as long as second, scutellum

apically rounded to apically truncate, last sternite apically narrowed, hind

angles rounded, apex widely shallowly arcuately emarginate medially, the

surface finely postulate.

LeConte recorded this species from Georgia, Florida and

Texas; Champion cited it from Southern United States, Mexico,

Guatemala, Honduras and Panama as did Blackwelder who may

have used Champion’s records. Specimens have been studied

from: Florida: Baldwin, Jacksonville, LaGrange in Brevard Co.;

Georgia: Billy’s Island in Okefenoke Swamp; Kansas: “Kans.”;

Oklahoma: Henryetta, Pawnee Co., Stillwater; Texas: Browns-

ville, Cypress Mills, Dallas, Davis Mts., Gillespie Co., Seabok,

Uvalde Co., Val Verde Co.

I am indebted to the following persons and institutions for

the loan or gift of specimens for this study; to: J. N. Knull of

Ohio State University, Milton W. Sanderson and H. H. Ross

of the Illinois Natural History Survey, J. W. Green and E. S.

Ross of the California Academy of Sciences, C. P. Alexander

of the University of Massachusetts, John H. Robinson. To these

and to any I may have omitted, I am most grateful.

Literature Cited

Blackwelder, R. E.

1945. Checklist of the Coleopterous Insects of Mexico, Central America,

the West Indies and South America 3. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

185:342-350.

Champion, G. C.

1915. Revision of the Mexican and Central American Telephorinae.

Trans. Ent. Soc. London: 16-146.

LeConte, J. L.

1851. Synopsis of the Lampyrides of Temperate North America, Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) 5:331—347.

1881. Synopsis of the Lampyridae of the United States, Trans. Am.

Ent. Soc. 9:15—72.

114

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL

NOMENCLATURE: NOTICE OF PROPOSED USE OF

PLENARY POWERS IN CERTAIN CASES (A.[n.s.]44)

In accordance with a decision of the 13th International

Congress of Zoology, 1948, public notice is hereby given of the

possible use by the International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature of its plenary powers in connection with the

following cases, full details of which will be found in Bulletin

of Zoological Nomenclature, Vol. 17, Parts 6/8, published on

8 April, 1960:

(1) Validation of the generic name Delphax Fabricius, 1798 (Class

Insecta, Order Hemiptera). Z.N. (S)47;

(2) Designation of a type-species for the nominal genus Macropsis

Lewis, 1834 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera). Z.N. (S)456;

(3) Suppression of the generic name Promecopsis Dumeril, 1806 (Class

Insecta, Order Hemiptera). Z.N. (S)483;

(4) Suppression of the specific name longicorne Latreille, 1804

{Acrydium) (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera). Z.N. (S)675;

(5) Stabilization of the names of the North European species of the

Tipula oleracea group (Class Insecta, Order Diptera). Z.N. (S)896;

(6) Validation of the familiar usage of the generic name T any tarsus

van der Wulp, 1874 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera). Z.N. (S)1245:

(7) Designation of a neotype for the nominal species Dytiscus cinereus

Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera). Z.N. (S)1389;

(8) Validation of the generic name Acilius Leach, 1817 (Class Insecta,

Order Coleoptera). Z.N. (S)1391;

(9) Validation of the specific name dardanus Brown, 1776 (Papilio)

(Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) . Z.N. (S)1403.

Any zoologist who wishes to comment on any of the above

cases should do so in writing, and in duplicate, as soon as

possible, and in any case before 8 October 1960. Each comment

should bear the reference number of the case in question. Com-

ments received early enough will be published in the Bulletin

of Zoological Nomenclature. Those received too late for publication

will, if received before 8 October 1960, be brought to the

attention of the Commission at the time of commencement of

voting.

All communications on the above subject should be addressed

as follows : The Secretary, International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell

Road, London, S.W. 7, England. — ^W. E. China, Assistant Secre-

tary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

July, 1960] BOHART & MARSH WASP BIOLOGY

115

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS OF

OXYBELUS SERICEUM ROBERTSON

( Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

R. M. Bohart AND P. M. Marsh

University of California, Davis

The discovery of a large nesting site of Oxybelus sericeum

Robertson two miles northwest of Goleta, Santa Barbara County,

California, made possible a number of interesting observations

on the behavior of this wasp. The nest area extended along a

strip of sand bordering a lagoon back of the ocean. This area

was approximately 150 feet long by two feet in width and

contained many hundreds of nests. The primary study extended

over a 23 day period from June 23 to July 15, 1959, and

additional observations were made more than a month later.

Wasp activity began at about 8:00 a.m. Pacific Standard Time

on a clear day and at about 9:00 a.m. on a day with low

overcast of fog. Activity tapered off about 4:00 p.m. and ceased

at 5:00 p.m. High daily temperature during this time ranged

between 75°F. and 83°F.

Nest-building.— A typical burrow is constructed in moist,

solid sand, free of vegetation. It is about 90 mm. deep, 3 mm.

in diameter, straight down and terminating in 1-4 cells in a

cluster. The female burrows into the sand head first, pushing

the sand out of the hole with her hind legs as she proceeds.

The cells are unlined oval chambers about 9 mm. long. The

female takes about two hours to complete a burrow and one

cell, after which she smooths the sand pushed out of the nest

entrance and flies off for provisions.

After the first cell is provisioned the female goes head first

into the burrow, closing the entrance behind her with sand which

is apparently excavated from a second cell. Occasionally, over

a two hour period sand is forced from the entrance. Then the

female emerges head first, smooths the area around the entrance

and flies away for more provisions. Ordinarily a nest will be

completed over a period of two days, and a female will build

several nests in her lifetime.

Provisioning . — The observed prey in 16 cells involving five

separate nests and more than 200 flies were exclusively ephydrids,

Ephydra riparia Fallen (identified by W. W. Wirth). These flies

were abundant on the surface of the brackish lagoon adjacent to

116

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

the nesting site. However, a variety of other flies of similar size

were numerous in the area. Female Oxyhelus were observed

many times lighting on the sand near the nest, the paralyzed fly

held by the hind legs of the wasp. The female straddled the

fly which was ventral side up, facing forward, and extending

well behind the body of the wasp. Portal to portal provisioning

time averaged about two minutes, and 15-25 seconds were con-

sumed in placing the fly in a nest. The cells examined had 10

to 20 paralyzed flies with an egg laid on the prosternum of

the first prey member placed in the cell. Including mating activities

described below, a single cell was provisioned in about 45 minutes.

Mating . — ^Many males were seen in the area about flowers

and lighting on the sand of the nesting site. At all times there

appeared to be an excess of males over females. Before starting

a burrow a female mates, copulation taking place on the sand with

the male in the superimposed position for 15 to 30 seconds.

During this period the male uses his antennae to tap his mate

on her face, rapidly but intermittently. If disturbed the pair

may separate or will fly a few inches away. After completion

of the burrow and one cell, a female again pairs off with a male,

who takes a position on the sand near the nest entrance and

strikes at any insects approaching it, including dipterous parasites,

pompilids, bembicids, and rival male Oxybelus. Each time the

female arrives at the nest with prey the male jumps on her

and copulation takes place. Exceptions to this routine occur

when the male is defending the nest and the female may proceed

directly into the burrow. Occasionally, a female hesitates upon

leaving the nest and mating takes place under these circumstances,

also.

Marking experiments indicated that females are monogamous

while provisioning a particular cell, but the male disappears

while she is constructing a new cell. She then pairs off with

a new mate. In one case a female completed a nest with four

separate males and the following day started a new nest with

the help of the original male. It was estimated that normal nest-

building activity for a female might involve 50 or more periods

of copulation in a day.

Larvae . — Length of larval life was not observed, but several

cocoons were found. These were fashioned of agglutinized sand

grains.

July, 1960] BOHART & MARSH WASP BIOLOGY

117

Parasites. — Small miltogrammine sarcophagids were always

in association with the wasps. They continually buzzed around

the females and occasionally struck them in what appeared to

be larviposition. Several cells were found with parasitic maggots

or puparia which were reared to adults identified by H. J.

Reinhard as Senotaiiiia litoralis Allen.

Seasonal History. — At the time of the first observations, June

23, all stages of 0. sericeum from egg to adult were found at

the breeding site. Activity continued at a high rate through

July 15. The site was revisited August 20 and the colony appeared

to be even more vigorous. This leads to the supposition that

there are a series of overlapping broods during the warmer

months. Previous California records taken from Bohart and

Schlinger (1957) give a collecting span from June 19 to September

1 .

Discussion. — A brief summary of Oxybelus biology was given

by Bohart and Schlinger (1957). Krombein (1955) described

the subspecies crocatum of sericeum and gave the following

biological note based on observations of H. E. Evans, the collector.

“Dr. Evans writes that these specimens were taken on a small

beach of white sand along the Gulf (Pascagoula, Mississippi),

with adjacent salt marsh and mud banks. Numerous individuals

were flying around close to the sand and landing on it, and

several pairs were flying in copula. One female was taken with

prey, an otitid fly, Chaetopsis fulvifrons (Macq.). The fly is

carried beneath the wasp during flight.” This reference to pairs

in copula may be significant in the light of the rather extraordinary

mating behavior outlined above.

Previously published notes on nesting behavior in American

species were based on 0. uniglumis quadrinotatum Say, a relatively

common form. Peckham and Peckham (1898), Parker (1915),

and Williams (1936) have given similar accounts. The habits of

quadrinotatum appear to differ from those of sericeum in several

important details. First, the nest entrance is closed each time

the female leaves in search of prey. Secondly, the prey is carried

impaled on the sting. Thirdly, a variety of flies are utilized,

including therevids, anthomyiids, calliphorids, sarcophagids, and

muscids. Fourthly, no mention was made of mating habits,

which were presumably unobtrusive. Ferton (1902), referring

to European species, postulated that Oxybelus which carry the

118

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

prey impaled on the sting cover the nest entrance on going

out, whereas those which clasp the prey hy means of their hind

legs leave the entrance open. 0. sericeum obviously belongs in

the latter category. More noteworthy are the unusual mating

habits with frequent copulation and defense of the nest by the male.

Literature Cited

Bohart, R. M. and E. I. Schlinger

1957. California wasps of the genus Oxybelus. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey

4:103-134.

Ferton, C.

1902. Notes detachees sur Finstinct des Hymenopteres melliferes et

ravisseurs. Ann. Ent. Soc. France 71 :499— 530.

Krombein, K. V.

1955. Synonymical notes on North American sphecoid wasps. IV. Some

synonymy in Oxybelus and descriptions of a new subspecies. Bull.

Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 50:70—74.

Parker, J. B.

1915. Notes on the nesting habits of some solitary wasps. Proc. Ent.

Soc. Wash. 17:70-77.

Peckham, G. W. and E. G. Peckham

1898. On the instincts and habits of the solitary wasps. Wise. Geol.

Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 2, Sci. Series 1, 245 pp.

Williams, F. X.

1936. Notes on two Oxybelid wasps in San Francisco. Pan-Pac. Ent.

12 : 1 - 6 .

NEW NAMES IN THEREVIDAE AND BOMBYLIIDAE

(Diptera)

In the July 1959, number of Pan-Pacific Entomologist 1

proposed the name nana for the preoccupied Thereva pjgmaea

Cole ( 1923 ) . I succeeded in setting up another homonym — this

time a name preoccupied by Thereva nana Eallen (1820, Dipt.

Suec. Rhizom., 4.4), now in the genus Catharosia of the Tachi-

nidae. I propose the name nanella, with a hope for final stability.

I am informed by Dr. R. H. Painter that Villa arenicola

Cole (1923, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.) is preoccupied by Villa lateralis

arenicola Johnson (1908, Psyche, XV, p. 14), described as an

Anthrax. I propose the name psamminus, from the Greek, “of

the sand.” — Frank R. Cole, University of California, Berkeley.

July, 1960]

THEW NEOTROPICAL MAYFLIES

119

TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON SOME NEOTROPICAL

LEPTOPHLEBIID MAYFLIES

( Ephemeroptera : Leptophlebiidae)

Thomas B. Thew

451 16th Ave., East Moline, Illinois

The family Leptophlebiidae is found throughout the world

and is frequently encountered in collections from Central and

South America, where it forms a large and interesting part

of the mayfly fauna. This paper consists of the descriptions of

seven new species and notes on several others, all of which belong

to this group. For the most part, the specimens considered here

are from a large collection made for me by Fritz Plaumann in

Nova Teutonia, province of Santa Catarina, Brazil (lat, 27° -11',

long. 52°-23'; elevation 300-500 m.), and they are in my personal

collection unless stated otherwise. Also, I have taken this oppor-

tunity to report upon a new species from Chile in the collections

of the Illinois Natural History Survey.

Genus Thraulodes Ulmer

At present, this genus consists of 21 described and named

species. Two new species are described below.

Thraulodes daidaleus Thew, new species

Male Imago. — Lengths: body 7.2 mm.; forewing 6.6 mm.; caudal

filaments 15.0 mm. Head: white, shaded with grey-black about ocelli; vertex

white; frontal shell white with median anterior margin lightly suffused with

red-brown ; face and vestigial mouthparts white, marked with greyish black.

Antennal scape yellow-white; pedicel white, shaded with yellow-brown dis-

tally; flagellum very light yellow-brown. Turbinate portion of compound eyes

light brownish orange, contiguous on meson; lower portion black. Thorax:

pronotum yellow-white with median and lateral portions of posterior margin

black; pleura yellow-white with short oblique black stripe; sternum yellow-

white, shaded with red-brown medially. Mesonotum light yellow-brown;

antero-lateral margins and posterior median area (not including tip of scutel-

lum) broadly white; sutures finely margined with dark brown; pleura yellow-

white with broad brown oblique stripe running from wing base past anterior

margin of coxal cavities; areas about coxal cavities and wing base broadly

marked with blackish brown ; extreme anterior margin of sternum with broad

medium brown band; remainder white anteriorly, medium brown posteriorly.

Metanotum light brown with lateral margins broadly white and with posterior

edge finely margined with black; pleura yellow-white, broadly marked

with blackish brown about coxal cavities; sternum light brown. Wings:

hyaline; longitudinal veins of forewing yellow-hyaline; crossveins hyaline;

stigmatic area milk-white. All veins of hindwing hyaline. In both wings,

area about humeral brace suffused with dark brown. Legs: all legs

similar; coxae and trochanters yellowish white, marked with black-

120

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

brown; femora yellowish white for basal two-thirds with faint brown band

on the outer surface and black dot on inner surface, one-third of distance

from base; distal one-third medium brown, proximal edge of which shade

into a narrow dark brown band; edges of brown area finely black; tibiae

yellowish white with pre-apical brown band and with apex white; tarsi very

light brown with joints white. Abdomen: tergites of segment 1 white with

light brown anterior margin and median and lateral black spots; segments

2—6 transparent white with large postero-median black spot, large lateral

black spots with a small black spot lateral to these and another faint black

blotch on each antero-lateral margin; median area very lightly suffused with

red-brown; median portion of posterior margin of segment 6 light red-brown;

segments 7—10 reddish brown with black median streak and lateral black

spot. All segments with black stigmatic dots. Sternites of segments 2-7 white

with two small black dots on each side of median line and a larger black dot

in each postero-lateral corner; sternites 8—10 yellowish white, 8 with postero-

lateral dots. Genitalia: yellow- white, as in fig. 1. Caudal filaments: white

with every fourth segment dark brown.

Female Imago . — As in the male, with the following exceptions. Lengths:

body 6.3 mm. ; forewing 7.5 mm. ; caudal filaments 7.5 mm. ; abdominal seg-

ments 1-6 and proximal half of 7 medium brown; distal half of 7 and all of

8 white; 9—10 light pinkish brown. This pinkish coloration is undoubtedly

due to the presence of eggs within the abdomen.

Holotype male: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil,

January 1956 (Fritz Plaumann, collector) ; preserved in alcohol.

Allotype, female: same data, except collected in November 1956;

preserved in alcohol. Both types are in the collections of the

Illinois Natural History Survey. Paratypes: 2(fd, same data

as for holotype and preserved in alcohol, in my personal collection ;

8cf cf , all pinned, from Nova Teutonia, Brazil, January 3-5,

1956, with 1 cT in the collection of the Illinois Natural History

Survey and the remainder in my personal collection. Also, there

are 3 cf cf and 3$$ subimagoes from the same locality collected

in September 1956.

Etymology: from Gr., daidaleos-dappled, spotted.

Thraulodes daidaleus belongs to the trijunctus group. The

male genitalia will separate it from all other species for which

figures of this structure have been published. For the remaining

species, the coloration is considerably different.

Thraulodes traverae Thew, new species

Male Imago. — Lengths: body 6.3— 7.0 mm.; forewing 7.0— 8.0 mm.; caudal

filaments 10.0 mm. Head: dark brown; face and vestigial mouthparts marked

with white. Antennal scape and pedicel dark brown, flagellum missing. Tur-

binate portion of compound eyes pink, lower portion black. Thorax: pronotum

yellowish white with median area suffused with medium brown; pleura

yellowish white with broad, dark brown oblique stripe running from posterior

July, 1960]

THEW — NEOTROPICAL MAYFLIES

121

corner of pronotum to forecoxal cavities; sternum yellowish white. Mesono-

tum deep brownish yellow with sutures finely margined in dark brown;

pleura deep brownish yellow, except around coxal cavities, where it is white

and is marked broadly with black; anterior half of sternum yellowish-white

and with broad transverse brown band; posterior half light brown laterally

and medium brown medially. Metanotum light yellow-brown with several

faint transverse black-brown lines; pleura same as mesopleura; anterior half

of sternum light transluscent brown, posterior half medium brown. Wings:

hyaline; longitudinal veins of forewing light yellow; crossveins hyaline; area

about humeral brace suffused with dark brown; stigmatic area milky. Hind-

wing completely hyaline, except for area around humeral brace, which is

suffused with dark brown. Legs: all coxae and trochanters yellowish white,

marked with black-brown. Fore femur white for basal one-fourth, then next

fourth dark brown, followed by a narrow band of white and then a narrow

band of dark brown, and apical fourth medium brown; tibia yellowish white

with apex dark brown; tarsi yellowish white. Mid and hind femora with

basal broad band of white, followed by a narrow band of dark brown and

then a narrow band of light brown, next another broad white band, followed

by a narrow band of dark brown and a narrow band of medium brown, and

with apex white ; tibiae and tarsi yellowish white with bases of tibiae suffused

with light brown. Abdomen: segments 2—6 transparent white, 7—10 light

brownish orange; segment 1 light brown. Tergites 1—7 with the following

maculation of dark brown : 1 ) submedian spot on each side of middorsal line,

narrowly joined to each other on posterior margin; 2) a large spot lateral

and contiguous to these; 3) a large spot in postero-lateral corner; 4) small

dark median and faint, small, posterior stigmatic dots. Sternites with

median area lightly suffused with very light red-brown and with small

dark brown dot in extreme postero-lateral corners. Genitalia: as in fig. 2.

Caudal filaments: white, with every fourth segment black, the following seg-

ment black proximally, and with distal joint of this segment narrowly black.

Female Imago . — As in the male, with the following exceptions: lengths,

body 6.3 mm.; forewing 6.3 mm.; caudal filaments 9.0 mm.; head suffused

with grey dorsally with two submedian black dots between the eyes. Legs

similar but fore tibia lacking distal brown band. All veins and crossveins in

forewing yellowish hyaline. Abdominal segments 1-6, proximal half of 7, and

all of 9-10 light brownish-orange, but with the maculation as in the male.

Holotype male, and allotype female: Nova Teutonia, Santa

Catarina, Brazil, January 1956 (Fritz Plaumann, collector) ;

preserved in alcohol. Both types are in the collections of the

Illinois Natural History Survey. Paratypes: all with the same

data, except for the dates; Ic?, November 1956 preserved in

alcohol and in my personal collection; TcT cf, January 1956 and

19 November 1956 preserved in alcohol, two males each in the

collections of Dr. Jay R. Traver and Institut Royal des Sciences

naturelles de Belgique; 5099? January 1-7, 1956, all pinned,

two females each in the collections of Dr. Lewis Berner, Dr.

122

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

G. F. Edmunds, Jr., the California Academy of Sciences, and

the Illinois Natural History Survey, with the remainder in my

personal collection. In addition, there are QcT cJ and suh-

imagoes with the same data, hut collected in September 1956

and 2(S d suhimagoes collected in November 1956 which also

appear to be of this species, in my personal collection

Etymology: I am pleased to name this species in honor of

Dr. Jay R. Traver in recognition of her outstanding work on

the Neotropical mayflies and, also, of the constant aid which

she has given me in the study of the group.

The markings of the abdomen would place this species close

to T. furficulus Traver, but T. traverae is much smaller and

has greatly differing male genitalia and a different maculation

pattern on the legs.

Genus Traverella Edmunds

This genus was proposed in 1948 by Edmunds for the two

North American species then placed in the genus Thraulus,

albertana (McDunnough) and presidiana (Traver), with the

former as the type of genus. It was characterized in the adults

from the type of Thraulus, T. bellus Eaton, by the assymetrical

forking of vein R 4+5 in the forewing and by the presence of basal

spines on the male forceps plate. Later (1950) Edmunds placed

two Neotropical species in the genus — T. erhardti (Ulmer) and

T. maculipermis (Ulmer). Thus the matter rested until Demoulin

(1955c) noted that all of the remaining American species placed

in Thraulus also had an assymetrical forking of vein R 4 + 5 , but

did not possess the basal spines characteristic of Traverella.

For these species he proposed another genus, Homothraulus,

with H. mission, ensis (Esben-Peterson) as the type.

In at least two cases, however, it appears that the species

assigned to Homothraulus should have been placed in Traverella.

The first is that of the species roundsi Traver. The figure of the

male genitalia given by Traver (1947) in the original description

definitely shows basal spines present on the forceps plate; they

are similar in form to those of T. presidiana (Traver). Secondly,

in the same paper (1947) Traver states that there appeared to

be such basal spines in the species bradleyi Needham and Murphy,

although they were difficult to determine for certain. As the shape

of the penis lobes is very much like that of T. erhardti (Ulmer)

a form not found in Homothraulus, it appears likely that bradleyi

July, 1960]

THEW — NEOTROPICAL MAYFLIES

123

should also be included in Traverella. As a result, I hereby place

these two species as Traverella roundsi (Traver), (new combina-

tion), and Traverella bradleyi (Needham and Murphy), (new

combination) .

In addition, the figure presented by Ulmer (1943) of the

male genitalia for H. montium (Ulmer) seems to show basal

spines. The genitalia are so unusual, however, that I think it is

best to leave it in Homothraulus until more is known about it.

Traverella erhardti (Ulmer)

This species hae been known previously only from Hansa,

province of Santa Catarina, Brazil. One male and one female,

collected from Nova Teutonia, Brazil, January 3 and January

1, 1956, respectively, are present in my collection and appear

to be of this species.

Genus Ulmeritus Traver

The genus Ulmeritus was first described by Traver in 1956

for the unusual new species, U. carhonelli, from Uruguay. At

the same time, she described a variant of this form as Ulmeritus

sp. and transferred sao-paulense Traver from Atalophlebiodes

to the new group. This action left only two neotropical species

in Atalophlebiodes. Somewhat earlier, Harker (1954) had shown

that the type of Atalophlebiodes and the other Australian and

New Zealand species were not congeneric with those placed

therein from South America. This was noted by Traver (1959),

whereupon she transferred Atalophlebiodes flaveopodes (Spieth)

and Atalophlebiodes haarupi (Esben-Peterson) to Ulmeritus. At

the same time, Traver also described two new species in this

genus, U. uruguayensis and U. luteotinctus, and then separated

the known species into three subgenera — Ulmeritus, Pseudul-

meritus, and Ulmeritoides.

In my material from Brazil there are specimens of the

Ulmeritus sp. of Traver, which I am considering to be a distinct

and new species, as well as specimen representing two other

new species. Ulmeritus sp. definitely belongs to the subgenus

Ulmeritus ; the new species U. adustus can be placed in Ulmeri-

toides as described by Traver. The other species described below,

U. patagiatus, is known only in the subimagal form and does not

conform well to any of the subgenera as now delimited. The

hind wing is similar to those of both Ulmeritoides and Pseudul-

meritus, the male genitalia is of an intermediate type, and the

124

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

ratios of the leg segments are not known, of course, for the

imagal state. Therefore, I am not placing the species in any

subgenus at the present time.

Ulmeritus balteatus Thew, new species

Ulmeritus sp. Traver, 1956. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 58:11.

Male Imago. — Lengths: body 10.0 mm.; forewing 10.5 mm.; caudal fila-

ments missing. Head: white; frontal shelf, vertex between compound eyes,

and lateral margins black. Face white, marked with black; venter white, with

vestigial mouthparts black. Antennal scape and pedicel light yellow-brown;

flagellum light brown. Turbinate portion of compound eyes peach colored;

lower portion blackish grey. Thorax: pronotum yellow-white; median area

with a narrow black longitudinal line, which forks like a “Y” a short distance

before reaching the posterior margin; the “arms” — narrow black lines — join

a broad black line which margins the lateral edges; a narrow black longi-

tudinal line in each lateral area ; pleura yellow-white, heavily infuscated with

black ; sternum deep yellow with a transverse black band between fore coxae

and with blackish infuscation posteriorly. Mesonotum very deep yellow with

median line and other sutures very narrowly black; extreme antero-lateral

areas lightly infuscated with grey; pleura light yellow, heavily marked with

black; sternum deep yellow with median line broadly black and with basi-

sternum and lateral edges brownish. Metanotum deep yellow with a few nar-

row transverse streaks ; pleura as for mesothorax ; sternum yellow-brown.

Wings: forewing hyaline, except for costal and subcostal interspaces and

basal three-quarters of membrane posterior of Cm, which are brown; cross-

veins dark brown with membrane surrounding each stained with dark brown ;

longitudinal veins yellow-brown. Hindwing light brown, fading to almost

hyaline posteriorly; longitudinal veins brownish-hyaline; crossveins dark

brown, each surrounded by a dark brown spot as in the forewing. Legs: fore

coxae and trouchanters deep yellow, marked with dark brown; fore femur

deep yellow, with apex shaded with dark brown; tibia medium brown, some-

what lighter proximally, and with apex yellow; tarsi medium brown, with

joints narrowly ringed with yellow. Mid and hind legs similar, except tibiae

and tarsi light yellow and tarsal joints narrowly ringed with brown. Abdo-

men: medium brown; tergites with pale median stripe, bordered on each side

by a very narrow dark brown stripe; large pale spot antero-laterally and the

lateral ganglionic area suffused with dark brown; each segment with narrow

dark brown transverse band on posterior margin. Sternites light yellow-brown,

with dark brown median spot on the anterior margin, which has a very

narrow dark brown stripe running to middle of segment from each side;

posterior margins shaded with medium brown. Genitalia: forceps light

yellow-brown, becoming darker distally; penis lobes yellow-white, as in fig. 3.

Caudal filaments missing.

Female Imago. — There seem to be no major differences between the fe-

males of this species in my collection and the description of this sex as pre-

sented by Traver (1956).

Holotype male: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil,

July, 1960] THEW — NEOTROPICAL MAYFLIES

125

February 1957 (Fritz Plaumann, collector) ; preserved in alcohol.

Allotype, female: same data as for holotype, except collected on

January 6, 1956; pinned. Both types are in collections of the

Illinois Natural History Survey. Paratypes: all with the same

data as for holotype, except for dates; Icf, February 1957, and

1 cT , September 1956, both in alcohol and in my personal

collection; 1$, January 4, 1956, pinned, and in my personal

collection. In addition, there are many subimagoes of both sexes

collected at the same locality in January, September, and November

of 1956 and in February of 1957 in the collections of Dr. Lewis

Berner, the California Academy of Sciences, Dr. G. F. Edmunds,^

Jr., Institut Royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Dr. Jay

R. Traver, and the author.

Etymology: from L., balteus-belt or band.

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1—4, male genitalia. 1. Thraulodes daidaleus Thew; 2. Thraulodes

traverae Thew; 3. Ulmeritus halteatus Thew; 4. Ulmeritus adustus Thew.

126

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

Variation in the male paratypes: there seem to be no striking

differences between the male paratype collected at the same time

as the holotype. For the other one, the following differences were

noted : fore femora shaded with dark brown on the inner surface ;

infuscation of the basal region of the forewing and also that

of the hindwing somewhat lighter in color and less extensive.

In the genus Ulmeritus as here considered, U. balteatus is

closely related to U. carbonelli Traver, the type of the genus.

Traver (1956) had specimens of this species which she referred

to as Ulmeritus sp.; she placed no name on them, for she had

no imaginal males in her collection and so could not determine

if there were genitalic differences; she also questioned whether

the coloration differences were taxonomic or ecological. The

specimens described here not only show small, yet definite dif-

ferences in the male genitalia in comparison with U. carbonelli,

but also possess the same color characters, i.e. the heavy bands

of dark spots across the middle and base of the forewing as

did Traver’s specimens. As Nova Teutonia is about 450 miles

from the Santa Lucia River, Arequita, Lavealleja Province,

Uruguay, the locality from which her specimens came, I conclude

that these differences are taxonomic and not ecological and that

both series represent the same new species.

Ulmeritus adustus Thew, new species

Male Imago. — Lengths; body 5.4 mm.; forewing 5.9 mm.; caudal fila-

ments broken. Head: yellow- white ; vertex between compound eyes with two

dark brown spots and with posterior margin dark brown; median area around

ocelli shaded with dark brown; face and vestigial mouthparts yellow-white,

marked with brown. Antennal scape and pedicel yellow, flagellum white.

Ocelli normal. Turbinate portion of compound eyes light orange in preserved

speeimens, lower portion black. Thorax: pronotum light yellow-brown;

lateral margins shaded with black; median line with narrow black longi-

tudinal line, which is intersected near the posterior margin by a similar short

transverse stripe, with a lateral black longitudinal stripe on each side;

anterior margin black-brown; pleura yellowish white, marked with blackish

brown, which blends into medium brown basisternum. Mesonotum deep

medium brown, with sutures finely marked with blaek ; antero-lateral margins

and tip of scutellum broadly margined with brown; pleura similar, but with

yellow-white areas about wing base and coxae; sternum deep medium red-

brown, except around coxae, where it is light brown. Metanotum medium

brown, with posterior finely margined in black; pleura deep medium brown,

with sutures marked with black; sternum light brown. Wings: hyaline; longi-

tudinal veins of forewing light yellow-brown anteriorly, whitish hyaline pos-

teriorly ; crossveins hyaline ; extreme wing bases lightly suffused with brown ;

July, 1960]

THEW — NEOTROPICAL MAYFLIES

127

stigmatic area milky. Hindwing with extreme basal subcostal space suffused

with brown; veins hyaline, as in fig. 4. Legs: all coxae and trochanters

yellowish white, marked with brown. Fore femora light yellow-brown, with

preapical and apical dark brown bands ; tibiae dark brown, with broad median

and narrow apical bands of pure white ; tarsi yellowish white, with joints pure

white. Mid-femora yellowish white with faint basal and median and dark

apical bands of brown; tibiae white with brown apical band; tarsi white,

except for distal segment, which is light brown. Hind femur yellow-white

with basal, median and apical bands of dark brown ; tibiae pure yellowish

white; tarsi as in midleg. Abdomen: tergites dark brown; posterior margins

of segments 1—9 yellow-white, all segments with anterior margin yellow-white

in median area; segments 1-2 with two submedian light brown dots, these

fusing on segments 3-10 to form mesal, yellowish white triangles, which are

gradually larger posteriorly; all segments with large lateral light spot on each

side and possessing black stigmatic dots; segments 1—8 with yellow spot in

antero-lateral area, which is attached by a narrow yellow oblique stripe to the

lateral spot. Sternites light yellow, with segments 1-4 shaded with very light

brown, except for median light spot; segments 9—10 shaded with light brown

medially; segments 7-8 with lateral brown dot on each postero-lateral corner;

all segments with posterior margins shaded with light brown and with dark

brown lateral ganglionic marks. Genitalia: forceps yellowish white penis lobes

yellow-brown, as in fig. 5. Caudal filaments: white, with joints very finely

marked with brown.

Female Imago . — As in the male, with the following exceptions: lengths,

body 6.0 mm.; forewing 6.8 mm.; caudal filaments 6.3 mm. Head yellow,

with anterior and posterior margins broadly black and with black median

spot, which has narrow oblique black lines proceeding anteriorly. Mesonotum

yellow. Abdominal color lighter; second lateral spots not so distinct. Wing

membrane without brown suffusions.

Holotype male, and allotype, female: Nova Teutonia, Santa

Catarina, Brazil, February 1957 (Fritz Plaumann, collector) ;

preserved in alcohol. Both in the collections of the Illinois Natural

History Survey. Paratypes: same data as for holotype; 44^" cf

and 61$$; preserved in alcohol; two of each sex in the collections

of Dr. Lewis Berner, the California Academy of Sciences, Dr.

G. F. Edmunds, Jr., Institut Royal des Sciences naturelles de

Belgique, and Dr. Jay R. Traver; the remainder are in my personal

collection ; 6 (S d and 1$, same data as for holotype, but collected

in January 1956, and 5c$ cf and 2$$, same as for holotype,

except collected in September 1956; all in alcohol and in my

personal collection. Also, there are many male and female sub-

imagoes, which have the wing membrane and the veins black,

collected in February 1957 and in my personal collection.

Etymolo^: from L., adustus-tanned, brown, swarthy.

This species is very closely allied to U. uruguayensis Traver.

128

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

The male genitalia of the two are very similar, except that the

penis lobes of adustus bear two small spines which are lacking

in Uruguay ensis. In addition, the coloration, especially of the

legs and abdomen, but also in many lesser details, is definitive

for each of the species. Thus, I feel that they are distinct, but

closely related species.

Ulmeritus patagiatus Thew, new species

Male Subimago. — Lengths: body 10.7 mm.; forewing 10.9 mm.; caudal

filaments 7.0 mm. Head: yellow-white; black-brown spot on vertex between

the compound eyes ; face and vestigial mouthparts white, marked with black-

brown. Antennal scape yellow-brown ; pedicel white for proximal one-fourth,

remainder yellow-brown; flagellum yellow-brown. Turbinate portion of com-

pound eyes light tanish pink, lower portion black. Thorax: pronotum

yellowish white, with oblique black-brown stripe on each side of median line,

leading from postero-lateral corners to median line; lateral margins broadly

brown-black; pleura and venter light brown, with sutures broadly marked

with yellowish white. Mesonotum light yellow-brown, except for anterior

region, which is light yellow; median line and oblique antero-lateral sutures

white; pleura brown, marked with yellow- white ; sternum medium brown.

Metanotum light yellow; pleura and sternum as for mesothorax. Wings: trans-

lucent (would be hyaline in imago) ; forewings with veins C, Sc, and R

yellow; all remaining longitudinal veins and crossveins whitish hyaline; all

veins narrowly margined on all sides with brown. Hindwing with all veins

whitish hyaline, except in basal radial area, which is brown. Legs: all coxae

and trochanters yellow, heavily marked with brown; fore femora yellow with

dark brown band one-third distance from apex and with apex brown; edges

distally shaded with brown; heavy brown longitudinal stripe on outer margin

for basal two-thirds; tibia dark brown with extreme base and median area

light and with apex white ; first tarsal segment white ; remainder grey proxim-

ally, white distally. Mid femur yellow with apex brown and with median

brown spot on outer margin; tibia and tarsi yellow-white, faintly shaded with

light brown. Hind femur yellow, with median and apical brown bands and

with proximal half heavily shaded with dark brown on both sides; tibia and

tarsi as for midlegs. Abdomen: tergites light brown, with following yellow

markings: 1) a median stripe, gradually increasing in width posteriorly; 2)

immediately lateral to this, a large spot on the anterior margin on each side

(distinction between stripe and spots obliterated on segment 1) ; 3) a lateral

spot; 4) a spot in the antero-lateral corner; 5) a median spot in the stigmatic

area. Sternites light brown with median line and extreme lateral areas yellow.

All segments narrowly margined with black posteriorly. Genitalia: yellow-

white, as in fig. 6. Caudal filaments: white, with joints ringed with dark

brown, which is darker on every other segment.

Female Subimago. — -As in the male, with the following exceptions: length

of body 11.0 mm.; forewing 11.4 mm.; caudal filaments missing. Coloration in

general lighter than in male; maculation of abdominal tergites somewhat

diffuse; sternites with posterior margin yellow, extending foreward about

July, 1960]

THEW NEOTROPICAL MAYFLIES

129

half the length of the segment medially and with antero-lateral yellow spots.

Holotype subimagal male, and allotype, subimagal female :

Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil, September 1956 (Fritz

Plaumann, collector) ; preserved in alcohol. Both types are in

the collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey. Paratypes:

same data, except for dates ; 2<S (^ , September 1956, and 1$,

February 1957; all are subimagoes, preserved in alcohol, and in

my personal collection.

Etymology: from L., patagiatus-bordered.

JJlmeritus patagiatus is closely related to U. adustus Thew,

U. flaveopodes (Spieth), and U. uruguayensis Traver. The brown

bordering of the veins of the wings, the maculation of the legs

and abdomen, and the forms of the penis lobes make it easily

separable from them, however.

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 5. JJlmeritus adustus Thew, hind wing; fig. 6. JJlmeritus patagiatus

Thew, male genitalia of subimago; fig. 7. Atalophlehia sepia Thew, penis

lobe.s.

130

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

Genus Deleatidium Eaton

Deleatidium vittatum Thew, new species

Female Imago. — Lengths: body 8.1 mm.; forewing 10.3 mm.; caudal

filaments 11.0 mm. Head: yellow- white ; vertex between compound eyes with

broad transverse black-brown band; black stripes between lateral and median

ocelli and beneath antennae ; vestigial mouthparts broadly marked with black-

brown. Antennal scape yellow-white, pedicel yellow-brown, flagellum missing.

Compound eyes black. Thorax: pronotum yellow-white, with fine median

longitudinal black line and two broad black oblique stripes; lateral margins

and extreme median posterior margin broadly black; pleura yellow-white,

shading into deep brown ventrally; sternum brown, except for extreme

median area, which is yellow. Mesonotum light yellow with sutures faintly

black; tip of scutellum white; pleura yellow- white, broadly marked with

medium brown; sternum light yellow-brown laterally, darker medially. Meta-

notum yellow with broad dusky transverse bands in lateral areas and with

lateral margins finely black; sternum and pleura same as for mesothorax.

Wings: forewing hyaline, with costal and subcostal spaces infuscated with

light red-brown. Veins C, Sc, and R light brown, other yellowish hyaline.

Crossveins brown in the anterior region, fading to yellowish hyaline poste-

riorly. Hindwings hyaline, with veins slightly yellowish and with basal one-

third of radius brown. Legs: all legs similar; femora light yellow, with faint

brownish shading, which is concentrated into median and apical bands ; tibiae

and tarsi yellowish white, the latter lightly shaded with brown distally.

Abdomen: yellow-white; tergites with posterior edges and lateral areas

broadly infuscated with light brown; segments 1-4 with this shading con-

tinued medially on the anterior margin. All segments with black stigmatic

dots. Sternites light yellow, with posterior margins broadly brown and an-

terior margins lightly infuscated with light brown. Caudal filaments: yellow-

white, with joints brown.

Holotype female: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, Brazil,

November 1956 (Fritz Plaumann, collector) ; preserved in alcohol;

in the collections of the Illinois Natural History Survey. Paratype:

1$, same data as for holotype; preserved in alcohol and in my

personal collection.

Etymology: from L., vittatus-decorated or bound with a ribbon.

The genus Deleatidium Eaton is known from Australia, New

Zealand, and South America; from this latter region seven species

have been described, all of which are from the Andean mountain

country. None possess the exact abdominal color pattern nor

the thin brown ribbon on the anterior edges of the forewing,

which are characteristic of D. vittatum Thew.

Genus Atalophlebia Eaton

Atalophlebia sepia Thew, new species

Male Imago. — Lengths: body 10.0 mm.; forewing 12.0 mm.; caudal fila-

July, 1960]

THEW — NEOTROPICAL MAYFLIES

131

merits 19.0 mm. Head: blackish bi'own; face and vestigial mouthparts deep

yellow, sparsely marked with black-brown. Antennal scape and pedicel deep

brown, marked with black; flagellum yellow-brown. Compound eyes dark

red-brown dorsally, changing to blackish ventrally. Ocelli deep yellow, ringed

with black at base. Thorax: pronotum yellow-white, mottled with brown;

median line very finely black; median posterior margin black; mid-way

between median line and lateral edge there is a thick longitudinal black

stripe ; at the base of this commences a thick oblique black stripe ; lateral

margins bordered with black; dorsal half of pleura black, ventral half

yellowish white; sternum yellow-brown. Mesonotum medium yellow-brown,

with sutures finely black and with tip of scutellum black; pleura yellow,

marked with hrown, and with longitudinal stripe of white next to the antero-

lateral margin of the notum ; sternum yellow-brown. Anterior half of meta-

notum yellow-brown, posterior half yellow-white; median area suffused with

black and posterior edge finely margined with black; pleura and sternum as

for mesothorax. Wings: hyaline; veins yellow-hyaline; extreme basal areas of

C, Sc, and R interspaces of forewing infuscated with yellow-brown. Hindwing

hyaline, except for extreme base anteriorly, which is shaded with brown;

veins yellowish hyaline. Legs: all legs similar; coxae yellow, marked with

blackish brown ; trochanters yellow- white ; femora yellow-brown, with median

black-brown band and with apex dark brown; tibiae yellow-brown with apex

dark brown; tarsi light yellow. Abdomen: tergites translucent white with the

following black-brown markings on segments 1-7: 1) a median light stripe,

finely bordered on each side with black (weak on segments 4—5) ; 2) imme-

diately lateral to this, a thick longitudinal stripe, which angles away from the

median line slightly at the anterior edge of the segment; 3) a wide hand on

posterior margin; 4) a large lateral spot, connected to the oblique stripe and

the posterior band by thin dark suffused areas; 5) stigmatic dots. These

markings reduced on segments 4—5, heavy on segments 6—7. Segment 8

yellow with thick black longitudinal stripes anteriorly on each side of median

line, with a black oblique stripe on the lateral margin, and with a hlack

stigmatic dot. Segment 9 similar but with stripes running the entire length

of the segment and with the markings heavier. Segment 10 yellow, with

median line and lateral edges black. Sternites yellow-brown with anterior

margin hyaline and with anterior median area dark hrown; segment 8 with

pair of dark brown dots. Genitalia: yellow-brown, as in fig. 7. Caudal

filaments: white, with every other joint widely banded with brown and

the remainder only finely margined with hrown.

Holotype male: Frutillar, Chile (province not known),

February 15, 1950 (J. Herreci, collector) ; pinned in the collections

of the Illinois Natural History Survey. Parataypes: TcTcT, same

data as for holotype; all pinned; six in the collections of the

Illinois Natural History Survey, one in my personal collection.

Etymology: from L. sepia-cuttlefish, squid; ink; perverted to

mean the rich brown color of such ink.

Outside of the seven unrecognizable species described by L.

132

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

Navas, there are four others from the neotropical region placed

in this genus; they have been thoroughly reviewed by Demoulin

(1955a and 19556). The abdominal markings of Atalophlebia

sepia Thew are very similar to those of A. chilensis Eaton, only

the sternites presenting basic differences. Other specific charac-

teristics are as follows : the penis lobes of each species are

distinctive; in sepia the crossveins of the C and Sc interspaces

are thickened as in chilensis, but, unlike this species, the remaining

crossveins show no thickening or infuscation into the wing

membrane; the crossveins of the C interspace in sepia number 18,

with a space immediately distal to the triad R 2+3 completely devoid

of such veins, while chilensis has 22 crossveins in this space,

evenly placed along the entire length; and last, the second joint

of the fore tarsi of sepia is two-thirds of the third joint, while

that of chilensis is six-sevenths of the third.

Literature Cited

Demoulin, Georges

1955a. Ephemeropteres nouveaux ou rares du Chili. I. Bull. Inst. roy.

Sci. nat. Belg. 31: no.22:l-15. figs. 1—5.

19556. Ephemeropteres nouveaux ou rares du Chili. III. Bull. Inst. roy.

Sci. nat. Belg. 31: no. 73: 1-30, figs. 1—14.

1955c. Une mission biologique Beige au Bresil. Ephemeropteres. Bull.

Inst. roy. Sci. nat. Belg. 31: no. 20:1-32, figs. 1—20.

Edmunds, George F., Jr.

1948. A new genus of mayflies from western North America (Lepto-

phlehiinae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 61:141-148, pis. V— VI.

1950. Notes on Neotropical Ephemeroptera. I. New and little known

Leptophlebiidae. Rev. de Entom. 21:551—554, figs. 1—4.

Harker, Janet E.

1954. The Ephemeroptera of eastern Australia. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond.

105:241-268, figs. 1-90.

Traver, Jay R.

1947. Notes on Neotropical mayflies. Part II. Family Baetidae, Sub-

family Leptophlebiinae. Rev. de Entom. 18:149-160, figs. 1—22.

1956. A new genus of Neotropical mayflies. (Ephemeroptera, Lepto-

phlebiidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 58:1-13, figs. 1—18.

1959. Uruguayan mayflies. Family Leptophlebiidae: Part I. Rev. Soc.

Uruguay Ent. 3:1—19, pis. I-III.

Ulmer, Georg

1943. Alte und neue Eintagsfliegen (Ephemeropteren) aus Siid- und

Mittelamerika. 11. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 104:15-46, figs. 33-65,

July, 1960]

EHRLICH GIANT BUTTERFLY

133

A NOTE ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE GIANT

LYCAENID BUTTERFLY LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS WESTWOOD

(Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)

Paul R. Ehrlich

Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University

The Indo- Australian butterfly Liphyra brassolis Westwood

is one of the most unusual members of the family Lycaenidae.

It is the largest member of the family (the length of the forewing

in the male specimen examined was 36.9 mm.) and it has rather

unusual habits. The larva lives in the nest of the green tree ant

Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) and preys upon the brood.

It is protected from the ants by a smooth, very heavily sclerotized

cuticle. The pupa is formed within the last larval skin, which

continues to serve as a protective shield. The newly emerged

adult is covered with loose scales which are torn off by attacking

ants, diverting them long enough to permit the butterfly to escape.

At the time of his study of the higher classification of the

butterflies, the author was unable to obtain a specimen of this

unusual species for study. Since then a number of people have

expressed the opinion that such a large and unusual lycaenid

might not show the skeletal structure typical of the other members

of the family. Recently, through the courtesy of Mr. J. Sedlacek

of the California Academy of Sciences, a single damaged male

specimen of this species has been obtained for dissection. It

was found to possess the following characters (numbers refer

to the characters enumerated in the diagnosis of the family

Lycaenidae in Ehrlich, 1958, pp. 356-357 ; “Clench” indicates

characters missing on the specimen studied, but described in

Clench, 1955.) : 1) eyes emarginate; 2) eyes bare; 3) face flat;

4) laterofacial sutures nearly contiguous with eye margins; 5)

paraocular areas extremely narrow; 6) antennae close together;

7) anterior tentorial pits very low on face; 8) proboscidial

fossa deep; 9) labial palps shorter than thorax; 10) labial sclerite

well sclerotized around the palpal sockets; 11) anterior tentorial

arms slightly crested; 12) antennae not carinate; 13) cervical

sclerites not united beneath neck; 14) dorsal plate of pronotum

broad; 15) ? (spinasternum destroyed) ; 16) profurcal arms

simple; 17) intercoxal lamella prominent; 18) lateral plates

of pronotum fused dorsally to form a V-shaped structure; 19)

patagia membranous (apparently — area partially destroyed);

134

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

20) ? (area of parapatagia destroyed) ; 21) presternum present;

22) adnotale not sagittate; 23) lamella of mesodiscrimen curves

down to base of furca; 24) processes of second phragma fairly

prominent; 25) precoxal suture present, nearly complete; 26)

pre-episternum of same magnitude as katepisternum; 27) meso-

thoracic anepisternum not present as a sparate sclerite; 28)

prescutum vertical; 29) meral suture and lamella absent; 30)

third phragma consisting of simple stalks; 31) metatergum not

completely overhung by mesotergum; 32) caudal part of meta-

thoracic epimeron thin; 33) prespiracular bar fully developed;

34) postspiracular bar reduced; 35) cubitus of forewing appar-

ently trifid; 36) 3V present, weak, fusing with 2V ; 37) hind wing

with two vannal veins; 38) prothoracic legs bearing claws

(Clench) ; 39) protibial epiphyses absent (Clench) ; 40) tarsal

claws simple; 41) aroliar pad well-developed; 42) pupa in

skin of last larval instar; 43) larva without osmateria.

As can be seen from the foregoing, Liphyra conforms well

to the diagnosis given for the family Lycaenidae. The only notable

difference is in character no. 11; the tentorial arms are enlarged

to approximately the degree seen in the papilionid genus Cressida

(Ehrlich, 1958, fig. 21) . Although it was not possible to determine

the condition of the spinasternum (character no. 15), it seems

sale to assume that it is not laterally produced since this structure

is simple in all of the butterflies except the Papilionidae and

the Pieridae. Similarly the parapatagia (character no. 20) are

membranous in all of the butterflies except for a small group of

the Nymphalidae. It therefore seems unlikely that they would be

sclerotized in Liphyra.

Within the family Lycaenidae Liphyra appears to fit into

the typical subfamily, Lycaeninae. It shows none of the characters

(e.g. spinelike projection of the male prothoracic coxae below

the articulation of the trochanter, distinct mesothoracic anepis-

ternum, development of humeral and/or marginal veins in hind

wing) usually associated with the other major subfamily, the

Riodininae. It would seem, therefore, that at least on the basis

of the adult morphology there is no reason to place Liphyra

in a distinct family or subfamily, as has been done by various

authors.

July, 1960] CHANT NEW MITES 135

Literature Cited

Clench, H. K.

1955. Revised classification of the butterfly family Lycaenidae and its

allies. Ann. Carnegie Museum, 33:261—274.

Ehrlich, Paul R.

1958. The comparative morphology, phylogeny and higher classification

of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) . Univ. Kansas

Sci. Bull., 39:305-370.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TYPHLODROMUS

FROM CALIFORNIA

(Acarina: Phytoseiidae)^

D. A. Chant^

Entomology Research Institute, Belleville, Ontario

While on a recent visit to California I collected Phytoseiidae

in the area around Riverside and San Bernardino and also

examined several excellent collections of these predacious, plant-

inhahiting mites. Two hitherto unknown species were recognized,

and descriptions and figures of these are given herein with

specific diagnoses and an indication of their places in the keys

to the family recently prepared by Chant (1960). Both species

are of the subgenus Amblyseius as recently defined (Chant, 1957).

Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) newelli Chant, new species

(Figs. 1-3)

Female. — Length 420 g', width 290 g. Dorsal shield smooth, with 17 pairs

of setae, of which nine are in the lateral row, two in the median, and six in

the dorsal (Fig. 1). All dorsal (D) setae minute except Di. Seta Mi minute;

Ml longer, equal to Le. Seta Li longer than Di, Li, or La. Setae Li and La

equal. Seta Lb minute, much shorter than Lg. Seta Lg the longest on the

shield. Setae Si and Si on interscutal membrane. Sternal shield with only two

pairs of setae. Two pairs of small metasternal plates, each with a seta.

Genital shield normal, with a pair of setae. Peritremal plates broad, extending

posteriorly around bases of coxae IV and anteriorly to the level of setae Di.

Metapodal plates, two pairs, one minute. V entrianal shield (Fig. 2; 140 g

long, 115 /t wide) approximately rectangular with posterior margin rounded

and lateral margins concave, and three pairs of preanal setae, a pair of pores,

and a crease around anal opening. Four pairs of setae surrounding ventrianal

shield; one (VLi) long, curved. Gnathosoma and maxillary palps normal for

the genus. Fixed digit of chelicera multidentate. Coxae all slightly reticulated.

Leg IV with three macrosetae (Fig. 3), genu, tarsus, and basitarsus.

Male. — Unknown.

Diagnosis. — The relative lengths of setae L 2 and Lg and of L 5

^Contribution No. ,S918, Entomology Division, Science Service. Department of Agriculture,

Ottawa, Canada.

* Entomologist.

136

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

and Le make this species distinct. Differences from similar species

are: from T. (A.) neomexicanus Chant (1960) by L 2 being equal

to L 3 ; from T. (A.) lichenis Chant (1960) by Li, Lg, and M 2

being longer and by having Dg; from T. (A.) graminis (Chant)

by many setae being longer, by having only two pairs of setae

on the sternal shield, and by the shape of the ventrianal shield;

from T. (A.) septa (Carman) by Lg being much shorter and

by having Dg; and from T. (A.) exopodalis Kennett by having

only two pairs of setae on the sternal shield, by having Dg,

and by Le being longer. In my keys this species comes to T.

(A.) graminis.

Holotype female (Canadian National Collection No. 6802)

and nine other females were collected from litter “below edge

of cliff” at Palos Verdes Estates, Los Angeles County, Cali-

fornia, in June, 1956, by Dr. I. M. Newell, in whose honor

the species is named. Two additional females were collected by

Dr. Newell from the type locality in December, 1955, and

March, 1956. One specimen was collected from magnolia 10

miles south of Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, California, in April,

1957, by Mr. R. 0. Schuster, and a further specimen from

buckeye on the University of California campus, Berkeley, in

March, 1953, by Mr. N. Walker.

Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) palustris Chant, new species

(Figs. 4—7)

Female. — Length 400 /i; width 285 /x. Body globular. Dorsal shield

smooth, with 18 pairs of setae, of which nine are in the lateral row. two in

the median, and seven in the dorsal (Fig. 4). All setae short; dorsal (D)

ones minute. Setae Lo and La equal, longer than Li. Seta Ls shorter than Lo.

Setae Ls and M 2 approximately equal. A distinct pore mesad of M 2 . Four

heavily sclerotized spots: near setae Li, L3, Lb, and L7. Setae Si and S2 on

interscutal membrane. Sternal shield reticulated and with three pairs of

setae. Metasternal plates, one pair, each with a seta. Genital shield slightly

reticulated, very broad, with a pair of setae. Peritremal plates very broad, with

posterior end truncate and lying close to coxa IV and anterior end extending

to level of seta Di (Fig. 4). Metapodal plates, four pairs, three minute.

Coxal gland (Fig. 6) unique with unusually long duct leading from coxa IV to

trumpet-shaped distal portion. Ventrianal shield (Fig. 5; 140 p. long, 180 p

wide) reticulated, triangular, with lateral margins convex and posterior

margin rounded, three pairs of preanal setae, and a pair of pores.

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1—3, Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) newelli Chant. 1, Dorsal shield;

2, ventral surface; 3, leg IV. Figs. 4—7. T. (A.) palustris Chant. 4, Dorsal

shield; 5, ventral surface; 6, coxal gland; 7, leg IV.

July, 1960]

CHANT NEW MITES

137

138

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

A small plate lying just behind ventrianal shield. Four pairs of setae sur-

rounding ventrianal shield, one (VLi) moderately long. Gnathosoma and

maxillary palps normal for the genus. Fixed digit of chelicera multidentate.

Coxae all heavily reticulated. Leg IV (Fig. 7) with macroseta on basitarsus.

Male. — Unknown.

Diagnosis. — The presence of seta D 7 makes this species unique

among the Phytoseiidae. In some specimens a small seta occurs

between the two Dj’s but this is probably an aberration. T.

(A.) palustris keys to T. (A.) novaescotiae Chant (1960) and

it can be separated from this species as follows: in T. (A.)

palustris seta Le is longer than L 5 , D 7 is present, D setae are

minute, and the anterior edge of the ventrianal shield is straight

and meets the lateral margins acutely; in T. (A.) novaescotiae,

setae Lg and Lg are approximately equal, D 7 is absent, D setae

are short but not minute, and the anterior margin of the ventrianal

shield is rounded.

Holotype female (C.N.C. No. 6803) and another female were

collected at Batch Camp, Fresno County, California, in August,

1956, by Mr. R. 0. Schuster. Other records are: one female

collected from Microtus montanus. Cottonwood Basin, White

Mountains, Mono County, California, June, 1954, by Dr. D.

Furman; two females collected on marshy ground. Garner Valley.

San Jacinto Mountains, California, June, 1956, by Dr. I. M.

Newell; one female collected on ladino clover at Ferris Ranch,

two miles east of Orland, Glenn County, California, August,

1953, by Dr. A. E. Pritchard.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to the following for permission to examine

and describe material from their collections: Dr. I. M. Newell,

University of California, Riverside; Mr. E. A. McGregor, Whittier,

California; Dr. A. E. Pritchard and Dr. D. P. Furman, University

of California, Berkeley; and Mr. R. 0. Schuster, University

of California, Davis. I am also grateful to the Pinellas Biological

Laboratory Inc. for the travel grant that was provided.

Literature Cited

Chant, D. A.

1957. Notes on the status of some genera in the family Phytoseiidae

(Acarina). Canadian Ent., 89:528—532.

1960. Phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Part I. Bionomics of

seven species in southeastern England. Part II. A taxonomic review

of the family Phytoseiidae, with descriptions of 37 new species.

Canadian Ent., 89, 166 pp.

July, 1960] MCKENZIE — NEW SOIL MEALYBUG

139

A NEW SUBTERRANEAN RHIZOECUS MEALYBUG

EROM ARIZONA

(Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

Howard L. McKenzie

University of California, Davis

Each summer the University of California conducts a required

undergraduate course in Entomology (Entomology 49), which

deals primarily with the collection, identification and preservation

of miscellaneous insects. During the summer of 1958 this course

was held at the Southwestern Research Station of the American

Museum of Natural History, which is approximately six miles

northwest of Portal in southern Arizona. At that time Dr. Richard

M. Bohart, Vice-Chairman of the Department of Entomology

and Parasitology of the University of California, was in charge

of the course. Among insect collections made by Dr. Bohart

was a soil sample collected five miles southeast of Apache, in

Cochise County, Arizona. The collected soil was processed in

a Berlese insect trap and, among other arthropods, a single

adult female hypogeic mealybug was recovered.

Due to the effort made by Dr. Bohart in procuring the mealy-

bug, the author takes great pleasure in dedicating the species in

his honor.

Rhizoecus boharti VIcKenzie, new species

(fig. 1)

Recognition characters — Adult female. — elliptical, broadened across the

middle. Length approximately 1.20 mm. Cerarii entirely lacking on dorsum;

anal lobes with several slender setae set in a quite distinct, but small, area

of sclerotization. Bitubular pores rather small and inconspicuous, little

larger than a trilocular pore, seemingly formed of a sclerotized cone from

the apex of which arise two sclerotized tubes; these pores totalling as many

as 54 for the entire dorsum. Dorsum moderately beset with trilocular pores

and small body setae. Oral collar ducts Lacking. Dorsal multilocular disk

pores present in few numbers along posterior border of eighth abdominal

segment. Anal ring borne at apex of abdomen, its six setae slightly longer

than greatest diameter of ring, its pores large, oval and irregularly shaped,

some appearing clear and open, others with varying amounts of pigmenta-

tion. Dorsal ostioles well-developed.

Ventrally, multilocular disk pores present from tip end of abdomen to

posterior margin of seventh segment. Bitubular pores few, apparently con-

fined to a series along body margin, extending from posterior abdomen to

head region, apparently the same size as those of dorsum. Trilocular pores

generally distributed on venter, but showing rather marked “clear areas”

submarginally on abdomen and in thoracic region. Ventral oral collar ducts

lacking. Setae on venter short and slender.

140

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

Circulus lacking. Eyes present. Antennae six-segmented, quite short

and stout, apical segment bearing four sensory setae; placed close together

near apex of head, interantennal space equal to slightly less than width of

first antennal segment at its base. Legs comparatively stout, tibia and tarsi

armed with stout spines. Tarsal claws with digitules exceeding apex of claw

and very slightly knobbed.

Expanation of Figure

Fig. 1. Rhizoecus hoharti McKenzie, new species, collected in soil, 5

miles southeast of Apache, Cochise County, Arizona.

July, 1960]

LEECH BOOK REVIEW

141

Holotype adult female, collected in soil, five miles southeast

OF Apache, Cochise County, Arizona, August 11, 1958, by

R. M. Bohart, deposited in the University of California, Depart-

ment of Entomology and Parasitology Museum Collection at

Davis, California. Unfortunately, this lot represents the only

known collection of the mealybug.

Using Ferris’ key to North American species of Rhizoecus

as presented in his 1953 Atlas of the Scale Insects of North

America, Volume VI, page 427, this species runs to couplet 12

(11) including Rhizoecus associatus (Hambleton) and R. dis-

tinctus (Hambleton). However, it is quite different from these

two species in possessing bitubular instead of tritubular pores,

and lacking dorsal and ventral multilocular disk pores in the

thoracic region.

It is related to Rhizoecus kondonis Kuwana, in the possession

of bitubular pores, but differs from that species in lacking a

circulus, possessing digitules which extend beyond apex of claw,

and by the presence of a fev/ multilocular disk pores along

posterior margin of eighth abdominal segment.

Habits. — No information other than that the mealybug occurs

in the ground where it presumably feeds on plant roots.

Suggested common name. — Bohart Rhizoecus mealybug.

The accompanying illustration was made, under the author’s

supervision, by Mrs. Julia Z. litis.

BOOK REVIEW

THE BEETLES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. PART II: STAPHY-

LINIFORMIA, by Melville H. Hatch, with the collaboration of Milton

W. Sanderson and Gordon Marsh. University of Washington Publications

in Biology, Vol. 16, pp. xii -j- 384, bound, offset. Published December 27,

1957. Price $7.00, from the University of Washington Press, Seattle 5.

Volume I of this important series was reviewed in this journal in 1956.

Volume H covers the families Silphidae, Leptinidae, Leiodidae, Staphylinidae,

Scydmaenidae, Scaphidiidae, Clambidae, Corylophidae and Ptiliidae, in that

sequence. The subfamily Steninae of the Staphylinidae, with three new spe-

cies, is treated by Dr. Sanderson, the family Scydmaenidae, with eight new

species, by Mr. Marsh. The genus Brathinus is included in the tribe Anthero-

phagini of the staphylinid subfamily Omaliinae. Pages 302-375 comprise 37

plates with their explanations; page ii is a frontispiece, figuring NicropJiorus

investigator (Zetterstedt) by Daniel Bonnell.

This hook is exceedingly helpful for anyone working over material from

]42

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

the region covered, and its environs. Indeed it is essential, as the following

data show. In the small silphoids (Leiodidae) Dr. Hatch has described 33

new species and renamed one; in the Staphylinidae he has proposed seven

generic names and has described the following as new: two subgenera, 159

species, two subspecies, three aberrations ; in the Ptiliidae, two new species.

There are many new synonymies throughout the text.

A majority of the new Staphylinidae are small forms, and the total is

hardly surprising, for they have been virtually untouched since Casey’s day

and never before worked by anyone having adequate series. Dr. Hatch is to

be commended for his treatment of the species of Philonthus and Quedius,

based on the male genitalia, and illustrated by sketches. The drawings of the

secondary sexual characters of Tachinus spp. are also very helpful, as are

those of the male genitalia of Dianous and Stenus by Dr. Sanderson.

The figures of species, nearly all by Mrs. Helen Houk, are a major part

of the book and are invaluable to a person trying to key out some unknown

entity. They are clear and well reproduced, yet in some cases they fail to

suggest the habitus of the species, and even of the genus. For instance the

reviewer has been familiar with Staphylinus maxillosus villosus Gravenhorst

(pi. XXVH, fig. 8), Eumalus nigrellus LeConte (pi. XXXI, fig. 3) and Dian-

ous nitidus LeConte (pi. XXXI, fig. 11) for yeqrs, yet the illustrations did

not suggest these species to him at first glance. Many are shown with the

front legs trailing backward like the middle pair (so as not to interfere with

the drawing of the antennae), instead of held forward as in life.

Mention of the generic name Staphylinus draws attention to the one

feature which is likely to draw criticism, especially in Europe where there

is much interest in the proposal of nomina conservanda. It is the use of

generic names sensu Blackwelder (1952. The generic names of the beetle

family Staphylinidae with an essay on genotypy. Smithsonian Institution,

U. S. National Museum, Bulletin 200; iv d- 483 pp.). This results in trans-

fers of well-known names and the use of others virtually unknown since their

proposal. But for collectors on the Pacific Coast this possible annoyance is

far outweighed by the blessing of having workable keys to genera and species

in a most difficult group.

The subfamily Aleocharinae is given short treatment; in part it is simply

a listing of species, with references. This is surely not to be criticized, for on

the basis of Seever’s preliminary studies it is clear that Fenyes’ groupings,

based largely on tarsal formulae, were polyphyletic. There is still a tremen-

dous amount of work to be done in the subfamily before we are ready for a

stable text-book coverage.

As in Volume I, the keys to species are long, containing as they do the

descriptions of new species. With judicious underlining one can turn them

into synoptic keys, much quicker to use.

Drs. Hatch and Sanderson and Mr. Marsh are to be congratulated for

having brought out an indispensable and stimulating work. It has no prede-

cessor in an area extending from Alaska to Mexico and from the shores of

the Pacific to the Rockies. We look forward to Volume III, confident of its

adequacy. — Hugh B. Leech. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

July, 1960] QUATE NEARCTIC PSYCHODIDAE

143

NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF NEARCTIC

PSYCHODIDAE

(Diptera)

Laurence W. Quate

Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii

Since the publication of a revision of North American Psy-

chodidae (Quate, 1955), additional information on Nearctic

psychodids has acumulated. To be able to incorporate this into

the forthcoming catalogue of Nearctic Diptera, the unpublished

data are presented at this time. Included are descriptions of three

new species of Telmatoscopus and one of Threticus and new distri-

butional records, for other Nearctic psychodids.

This paper is in effect a supplement to my 1955 revision, and

to understand the relationships of the new species to previously

described ones, the reader is referred to that earlier study. New

distributional data for known species are given where the range

has been extended to U.S. states not listed in that revision.

Abbreviated biblographic citation only is given to the complete

references given in 1955. In the case of generic reassignments, the

reader is referred to Quate (1959) for details on the classification

of the Psychodini.

Mr. W. E. Snow and Dr. R. H. Jones have provided interesting

material, and their efforts and interest in collecting psychodids are

appreciated. I also thank other collectors, listed with the collection

data, for loans or gifts of specimens.

Trichomyia NUDA (Dyar). Quate, 1955:119.

Tennessee: Morgan Creek, Kentucky Reserve, Decatur County,

VII-7-54 (W. E. Snow) ; Sugar Tree, Decatur County, V-26-55,

tree hole (Snow) .

Trichomyia wirthi Quate. Quate, 1955:119.

Tennessee: Edgemoor, Anderson County, VII-28-55 (Snow).

Pericoma scotiae (Curran). Quate, 1955:127.

Colorado: Grand Lake, Grand County, VI-2-32 (H. G. Dyar) ;

Steamboat Springs, 12 mi. S., Routt County, VII-24-55 (Quate).

Pericoma lassenica lassenica Quate. Quate, 1955:130.

Colorado: Steamboat Springs, 12 mi. S., Routt County, VII-

23- 55 (Quate).

Pericoma kincaidi Quate. Quate, 1955:141.

Colorado: Steamboat Springs, 12 mi. S., Routt County, VII-

24- 55 (Quate) . Idaho: Bear Lake, Bear Lake County, VI-25-48 (D.

144

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

G. Denning). Ontario: Black Ash Creek, Collingwood Township,

V-23-55 (F. P. Ide) .

Pericoma sicula Quate. Quate, 1955:145.

California: Mt. Lassen, 3 mi. E., Lassen County, VII-8-52

(J. W. MacSwain) .

Telmatoscopus varitarsis (Curran). Quate, 1955:161.

Massachusetts: Holliston, Middlesex County, VI -21 (N.

Banks) .

Telmatoscopus latipenis Quate, new species

(Figs. 1 a-i)

Male .- — Species similar to quadripunctatus ; antenna with long scape,

first flagellar segments with enlarged node; head and prothorax without

sensory organs; wing with dark spots at apices of veins, other markings not

discernible (pinned specimens unavailable) ; base of aedeagus very broad.

Head: eyes separated by distance equal to nearly four facets, interocular

suture convex with posterior spur at midline; frons with hairs arranged in

rectangular patch on anterior part and band extending posteriorly nearly to

suture; palpus about one-quarter as long as antenna, ratio of segments

5:6:6:10. Antenna with 16 segments, as figured. Wing narrow, three times as

long as wide; membrane without infuscations ; venation as figured. Sternite

two of abdomen a narrow, strap-like sclerite. Genitalia as figured.

Measurements: antenna 1.4 mm.; wing length 1.9 mm.; wing width

0.6 mm.

Female. — Unknown.

Pupa. — Respiratory horn rather short, dark brown, surface reticulate,

inner chamber expanded distally; double row of pits interrupted near center.

Details of ornamentation on abdomen as figured.

Holotype male, Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin, May 22,

1954, adult reared from pupa (R. H. Jones), deposited in the

U.S. National Museum. Male paratype, same data.

T. latipenis would key out to varitarsis in my key (Quate,

1955:158) but can be distinguished from that species by the

unusually broad aedeagus, the enlarged first flagellar node of the

antenna and the medial fork being well basad of the level of

the radial rather than near the same level as in varitarsis.

Telmatoscopus subtilis Quate, new species

(Figs. 1 k-o)

Male . — Species similar to nebraskensis ; antenna with long scape, basal

flagellar segments with short internodes; head and prothorax without sensory

organs; wings apparently unmarked (pinned specimens not available). Head:

eyes separated by distance equal to two and one-half facets, interocular

suture convex; frons with spatulate hairs arranged in rectangular patch on

anterior part and band extending posteriorly nearly to suture; palpus about

one-third as long as antenna, ratio of segments 7:10:10:17. Antenna with

July, 1960] QUATE NEARCTIC PSYCHODIDAE

1/15

16 segments, as figured. Wing narrow, three times as long as wide; mem-

brane lightly infuscated ixi costal and anal cells; venation as figured. Sternite

two of abdomen a narrow, strap-like sclerite. Genitalia as figured, aedeagus

Y-shaped.

Measurements: antenna 1.4 mm.; wing length 2.4 mm.; wing width

0.8 mm.

Female.- — Unknown.

Holotype male, Tajique, Torrance County, New Mexico,

June 28, 1947 (R. H, Reamer), deposited in the University of

Kansas collection.

This species would key out to T. quadripunctatus in my key

(Quate, 1955:158) but can be separated by the quadrate appear-

ance of the basal flagellar segments, different shape of the male

aedeagus and longer, more slender dististyle. It is most closely

related to nebraskensis Quate (1955:163) but is separable from

that species in that R 5 ends beyond the wing apex and the male

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1, a - j, Telmatoscopus latipenis Quate, a, male genitalia, dorsal;

b, male surstyle; c, base of male antenna; d, tip of male antenna; e, pupa,

sternite four;/, pupa, sternite five; g, pupa, tergite four; h, pupa, tergite five;

i, pupa, respiratory horn; /, wing, k - o, Telmatoscopus subtills Quate. k, male

genitalia, dorsal; /, male surstyle; m, base of male antenna; n, tip of male

antenna; o, wing.

146

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

aedeagus has a longer basal stem and hence shorter arms than

in nehraskensis.

Telmatoscopus nebraskensis Quate. Quate, 1955:163.

Wisconsin: Madison, Dane County, V-22-54 (R. H. Jones).

Telmatoscopus patibulus Quate. Quate, 1955:167.

Mississippi: Tishomingo, Tishomingo County, VI-2-56 (Snow) .

Telmatoscopus furcatus (Kincaid). Quate, 155:169.

Wisconsin: Dane County, VI-11-53 (L. Limpel) ; Washburn

County, VIII-8-50, light trap (R. H. Jones). Kansas: Manhattan,

Riley County, VI-8-32 (C. W. Sabrosky). Colorado: Estes Park,

Larimer County, VIII-11-52 (R. R. Dreisbach). Oregon: Hood

River, Hood River County, VI-19-17 (F. R. Cole).

Telmatoscopus superbus (Banks). Quate, 1955:183.

Tennessee: Tusculum College, Greene County, V-2-46, light

trap. Nebraska: Lincoln, Lancaster County, VI-30-54, larva ex

maple tree hole (Quate and E. W. Hamilton). Kansas: Lawrence,

Douglas County, light trap (A. R. Barr) .

Telmatoscopus macdonaldi Quate, new species

(Figs. 2 a-i )

Male . — Species similar to superbus; head and prothorax without sensory

organs; apparently vestiture light in color, wings with dark spots at apices

of veins (pinned specimens unavailable) ; dististyle of male genitalia

sigmoid-shaped. Head: eyes separated by distance equal to about two facets;

interocular suture nearly straight; frons with hairs arranged as triangular

patch on anterior part and narrow band extending posteriorly to suture;

palpus about three-fifths as long as antenna, ratio of segments 6:12:11:15.

Antenna with 16 segments, as figured.

Measurements: antenna 1.3 mm.; wing length 2.2 mm.; wing width

0.8 mm.

Female . — Similar to male. Eyes separated by four facets ; wing mem-

brane lightly infuscated. Genitalia as figured.

Measurements: antenna 1.3 mm.; wing length 2.5 mm.; wing width

1.0 mm.

Pupa. — Respiratory horn light brown, i.e., of body color, inner chamber

of uniform width ; row of pits interrupted near center. Details of ornamenta-

tion on abdomen as figured.

Holotype male; Santa Monica Canyon, Los Angeles County,

California, October 30, 1954, adult reared from pupa ex maple

tree hole (W. A. McDonald), deposited in the California Academy

of Sciences. Allotype female (CAS) and paratype female, same

data as holotype.

T. macdonaldi would key out to superhus in my key (Quate,

July, 1960] QUATE NEARCTIC PSYCHODIDAE

147

1955:158) but may be recognized by the male and female geni-

talia; the sigmoid dististyle of the male and the lack of tennis

racquet-shaped structure on the face of the female subgenital

plate (as in super bus) being the most obvious recognition

characters. Otherwise, the two species are similar and hard to

separate.

This species is named in honor of Dr. W. A. McDonald, who

collected the types and has made other interesting psychodid

collections in California.

PsYCHODA SETiGERA Tonnoir. Quate, 1955:202.

Tennessee: Decatur, Meigs County, V-16-56, oak tree hole

(Snow) .

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 2, a - i, Telmatoscopus nmcdonaldi Quate. a, male genitalia, dorsal;

b, male surstyle; c, female genitalia; d, base and tip of male antenna; e, base

of female antenna; f, pupa, sternite four; g, pupa, sternite five; h, pupa,

respiratory horn; i, wing, j - 1, Threticus bicolor (Banks). /, wing; k, male

genitalia, dorsal; I, female genitalia.

148

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

PsYCHODA MINUTA Banks. Quate, 1955:203.

Texas: Kerrville, Kerr County, XI-53 (L. J. Bottimer).

PsYCHODA PUSiLLA Tonnoir. Quate, 1955:206.

Oregon: Hood River, Hood River County, VH-9-17 (F. R.

Cole). Washington: Endicott, Whitman County, VH-12-56;

Oaksdale, Whitman County, VI-13-56; Pullman, Whitman County,

VH-18-56; Anatone, Asotin County, VI-30-56. All specimens reared

from cow dung, except one from pig dung.

PsYCHODA RAROTONGENSis Satchell. Quate, 1955:208.

Georgia: Savannah, XI-3-55, “privy trap” (H. R. Dodge).

PsYCHODA TRINODULOSA Tonnoir. Quate, 1955:208

Wisconsin: Madison, Dane County, IV-29-54, light trap (R.

J. Dicke).

Philosepedon interdicta (Dyar). Quate, 1955:227, 1959:449.

Wisconsin: Madison, Dane County, XI-29-53, ex slime on

dead oak tree.

Threticus jonesi (Quate). Quate, 1955:231; 1959:450.

Mississippi: Tishomingo, Tishomingo County, VI -2-56 (Snow) .

Tennessee: Sugar Tree, Decatur County, VH-7-54, tree hole

(Snow) .

Threticus bicolor (Banks). Quate, 1955:233; 1959:450.

Nebraska: Morse Bluff, Saunders County, VI-(5, 10, 11) -57

(Quate) ; same, VI-14-55 (W. F. Rapp, Jr.).

The illustration of the male genitalia by Quate (1955, fig.

82a) is incomplete, and a more accurate illustration is given here

(fig. 2k). In the male specimen drawn previously a sclerotized

rod adjacent to the main shaft of the aedeagus apparently was

lost in the dissection, and the new figure shows the complex

aedeagus with the full complement of parts.

The females of the Nebraska specimens differ from those

in the eastern U.S. by the absence of a pair of horn -like structures

distad of the spermatheca. A new figure (fig. 21) of the female

genitalia is given here based on the specimens from Nebraska.

The above specimens were collected in sedges growing in

a moist, shady area at the base of a bluff where clear water

seepage kept the ground wet and muddy. Telmatoscopus furcatus

(Kincaid) was collected at the same place in association with

bicolor. Immature stages of furcatus were strained from the

July, 1960] CHEMSAK NEW CITRUS CERAMBYCID

149

mud, but none definitely associable with adults of bicolor were

found.

Maruina lanceolata (Kincaid). Quate, 1955:239.

Colorado: Steamboat Springs, 12 miles S., Routt County,

VII-24-55 (Quate).

Literature Cited

Quate, L. W.

1955. A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera) in America north of

Mexico. Univ. of California Publ. Ent. 10:102—273.

1959. Classification of the Psychodini (Psychodidae: Diptera). Ent. Soc.

Amer., Ann. 52:444—451.

A NEW SPECIES OF ANEFLOMORPHA CASEY

ASSOCIATED WITH CITRUS IN ARIZONA

(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

John A. Chemsak

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Arieflomorpha Casey, as currently defined, com-

prises nineteen described species, sixteen from the United States

and three from northern Mexico. The larvae are twig borers

and girdlers in broad-leaved trees. Those of A. subpuhescens

(LeConte) attack and destroy young oak and chestnut seedlings

and sprouts, and A. linear e (LeConte) girdles twigs of oak (Craig-

head, 1923 ) . The adults are nocturnally active and are frequently

attracted to light.

The following species, because of its occurrence on citrus in

Arizona, may have some economic significance. The author is

indebted to Dr. P. D. Gerhardt, University of Arizona, and Dr.

E. G. Linsley, University of California, Berkeley, for the oppor-

tunity of describing this species, and to the latter also for the

use of his manuscript key to the species of Anejlomorpha.

Aneflomorpha citrana Chemsak, new species

Male . — Form elongate, slender; integument uniformly dark brownish

testaceous; pubescence moderately dense, fairly short, subrecumbent and sub-

erect. Head: coarsely, densely, subconfluently punctate on vertex and between

eyes, densely pubescent; antennae exceeding elytral apices by more than one

segment, segments three to six spinose at apices, ciliate internally, spine of

third segment longer than second segment, spines on segments four to six

rapidly decreasing in length, sixth very short, segments three to nine carinate

above, eleventh segment appendiculate, scape coarsely confluently punctate.

Pronotum: longer than broad, sides broadly rounded, surface coarsely con-

fluently punctate, faint traces of an irregular dorsal callus evident, moder-

150

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

ately densely clothed with rather long white subdepressed pubescence, sides

with few longer erect hairs ; prosternum slightly concave, coarsely, confluently

punctate at about basal half, punctures subequal to pronotal ones, apical

half with a distinct elevated transverse ridge, entire apical half transversely

rugulose, pubescence moderate, short, subdepressed and suberect; prosternal

process narrow, expanded at apex, front coxal cavities open behind

by less than width of prosternal process; metasternum densely pubescent.

Elytra: slightly less than three and one-half times longer than broad, sides

subparallel, surface coarsely, irregularly subconfluently punctate at base,

punctures subequal in size to those of pronotum, becoming finer apically;

pubescence moderately dense, subdepressed, not obscuring the shining integu-

ment; apices emarginate, bidentate. Legs: slender, sparsely clothed with short

subdepressed and longer suberect pubescence; femora coarsely, densely,

shallowly punctate; tibiae carinate. Abdomen: sparsely, finely, shallowly

punctate, moderately densely pubescent; fifth sternite broadly subtruncate

at apex. Length, 11—14 mm.

Female . — Antennae extending over first three abdominal segments; abdo-

men with fifth sternite truncate at apex. Length, 12-15 mm.

Holotype male, allotype female and seven paratypes (five

males, two females) Tempe, Maricopa County, Arizona, August

3—5, 1956 and August 18, 1959 “on citrus” (P. D. Gerhardt).

Holotype and allotype deposited at the California Academy of

Sciences, paratypes in collections of the University of Arizona

and California Insect Survey.

This species is evidently related to A. duncani Linsley but

differs by its smaller size and paler color. The elytra are shorter,

antennal segments three to six spinose, and three to nine carinate.

The color of A. citrana is somewhat variable in the type series,

ranging from a brownish testaceous to dark brown. The other

morphological characteristics are fairly constant, both quanti-

tatively and qualitatively.

Literature Cited

Craighead, F. C.

1923. North American Ceramycid Larvae. Canada Dept. Agr. Bull. 27

(n.s.), 151 pp., 45pls.

ERRATA

Powell, Jerry A. 1960. Pan-Pac. Ent. 36(2) :84; line 40, read

VI-25-56 (A. A. Lee) ; “Coastal Area” instead of VI-25-26 (A. A.

Lee) ; “Costal Area.”

July, 1960] USTNGER & ZIMMERMAN SWEZEY OBITUARY

151

OTTO HERMAN SWEZEY

Entomologists the world over were saddened by news of the

death of Dr. 0. H. Swezey on November 3, 1959 at the age

of 90. Dr. Swezey was born June 7, 1869 at Rockford, Illinois.

He attended Lake Forest College, Illinois (B.A., 1896), North-

western University (M.A., 1897) and Ohio State University

(1902-1904), where he was a student of leafhoppers under Herbert

Osborn. The greater part of his professional life (1904-1952)

152

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

was spent in the Hawaiian Islands as entomologist in the Experi-

ment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters. In 1944 he was

granted an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science by the

University of Hawaii. From 1952 to the time of his death he

lived in retirement in San Jose, California.

0, H. Swezey was a completely unique personality — modest

to a fault and of unusually calm disposition. He was much

interested in the teachings of the Baha'i faith. He was a vegetarian

and abstained from the use of tobacco and alcoholic beverages.

A patron of the arts, he rarely missed attending symphony

concerts and other musical events.

Dr. Swezey ’s greatest interest in entomology was the insect

fauna of the Hawaiian forests. His special talents were the close

observation, patient rearing, and faithful reporting of the biology

of insects. No fact was too small to attract his attention and

every fact was instantly available thanks to a prodigious memory.

He was an expert botanist and hence was able to contribute

many hundreds of host plant records, most of which were brought

together in his definitive work “Forest Entomology in Hawaii.”

Fortunately, this summary and approximately 230 other titles carry

the bulk of Dr. Swezey ’s contributions over to posterity. The

section, “Notes and Exhibitions” in each issue of the Proceedings

of the Hawaiian Entomological Society provided an important

outlet for the hundreds of detailed observations reported by

Dr. Swezey at the monthly meetings from 1904 to 1952.

Although more of a biologist than taxonomist, Dr. Swezey’s

record of field collecting of native insects is most impressive.

Only R. C. L. Perkins, who did the basic field work for the

Fauna Hawaiiensis, and F. X. Williams approached Swezey’s

record in the Hawaiian Islands. Elsewhere, Dr. Swezey made

extensive collections in Guam (1935-36) with R. L. Usinger,

and Samoa (1940) with E. C. Zimmerman. His material is

preserved in the collections of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’

Experiment Station and the B. P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu.

Dr. Swezey went to Hawaii in 1904 as an economic ento-

mologist. His achievements, both as an individual and as head

of the distinguished team of entomologists at the HSPA during

the 1920’s and ’30’s, are now legend. The sugar cane leafhopper

was brought under control by the introduction of natural enemies,

thus saving the sugar industry that appeared to be doomed.

July, 1960]

MARSH NEW BRACONID

153

Dr. Swezey played an important part in introducing other

beneficial insects and summarized the case for the biological

control of Lantana, a pioneer work on control of noxious weeds

by insects.

Dr. Swezey continued on at the HSPA long after his official

retirement, giving generously of his time and knowledge. In

later years, although handicapped by partial blindness and

deafness, he continued to rear insects and study their biology.

After his arrival in California Dr. Swezey lost no time in

affiliating with the Pacific Coast Entomological Society. He and

Mrs. Swezey attended three meetings in 1953 and, at the age

of 83, he was elected to “Retired” membership in the Society

on November 28, 1953. Typically, at the meeting of October 30,

1953 he reported on the rearing of a cutworm at his home in

San Jose. From a single larva he reared 1051 parasites, an

instance of polyembryony. Dr. Swezey was the principal speaker

at the 235th meeting of the Society on March 6, 1954. His

topic was “Some Aspects of the Endemic Insect Fauna of Hawaii.”

The last meeting he attended was the Field trip to Mt. Diablo,

May 22, 1954.

Dr. Swezey is survived by Mrs. Swezey of San Jose, California

and his son, Joseph, and two grandchildren in Hawaii.

R. L. UsiNGER AND E. C. ZiMMERMAN

A NEW SPECIES OF CRASSOMICRODUS ASHMEAD

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Paul M. Marsh

University of California, Davis

Crassomicrodus muesebecki Marsh, new species

Female. — Length, 7 mm.; black except mandibles, all femora, anterior

tibia, and basal two-thirds of middle and hind tibiae, which are ferruginous;

body covered by long silvery hair. Head entirely black, transverse; clypeus

prominent, more than twice as broad at apex as long; anterior tentorial pits

deeply impressed ; malar space equal to or slightly less than one-half the eye

height ; cheek and temple smooth, polished, frontal impressions immargined ;

ocellocular line nearly four times the diameter of an ocellus; antenna 30-

segmented, nearly as long as body, scape large; mandibles bidentate. Thorax

entirely black ; notaulices very weakly defined ; scutum and scutellum smooth

and polished; prescutellar furrow bisected by one prominent median longi-

tudinal Carina and two lateral carinae; pronotum finely punctate; mesopleura

smooth and polished, mesopleural furrow distinctly foveolate, long, curving

upwards; propodeum sloping from base to apex, not rounded, rugulose.

154

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

Wings dark, veins dark bro>vn; hind wing with five frenular hooks. Legs, all

coxae and trochanters black, upper portion of trochanter lighter basally; all

femora ferruginous; tibiae ferruginous, middle and posterior tibiae blackish

basally (in some paratypes ferruginous area of posterior tibia replaced by

white coloration) ; inner spur of posterior tibia equal to one-half basitarsal

length; tarsus dark. Abdomen black; entirely smooth and polished; ovi-

positor 2 mm. long, strongly exserted, curved downward, sheaths black.

Male . — Essentially as in female.

Holotype female. — California: Fresno County, 7 miles

SOUTHWEST OF TRIMMER, June 2, 1951 (C. D. MacNeill). Cat.

No. 64,876 U.S. National Museum.

Paratypes . — 6 males, 7 females, all from California as follows.

Madera County: Bass Lake, 1 male, VI-6-38 (R. M. Bohart) ;

Nevada County: Rucker Lake, 1 female, VII-5-49 (E. 1. Schling-

er) ; Plumas County: Bucks Lake, 1 male, VI-23-49 (D. Cox) ;

Riverside County: Idyllwild, 1 male, VI-19-51 (R. C. Bechtel) ;

Keen Camp, 1 male, 3 females, VI-31-39 (B. Brookman, W. C.

Bush, R. F. Smith), VI-9-39 (E. S. Ross); Ribbonwood,

2 females, V-21-40 (C. D. Michener) ; Tuolumne County: 1 male,

1 female, III-9-38 (N. W. Hardman); Yolo County: Rumsey,

1 male, V-30-56 (R. M. Bohart).

Type and four paratypes deposited in the U.S. National

Museum, four paratypes in the California Insect Survey collection,

three paratypes at the University of California at Davis, one

paratype in the California Academy of Sciences, and one paratype

in the author’s collection.

This species differs from other Crassomicrodus by its strongly,

rather than barely, exserted ovipositor. There is some variation

in the color of the wings and posterior tibia in the specimens I

have examined. In all the specimens from southern California

the wings are hyaline, while those from central and northern

California have the wings dark. Those specimens with hyaline

wings apparently all have four frenular hooks and those with

dark wings have five hooks. Also the color of the hind tibia is

white (except at apex) in those specimens from southern Cali-

fornia, rather than ferruginous as in the central and northern

California specimens.

Dr. C. F. W. Muesebeck has kindly reviewed the manuscript

and has aided my studies in many other ways. The species is

named for him in recognition of his pioneer work on American

Braconidae.

July, 1960]

POWELL — INTRODUCED MOTH

155

SYMMOCA SIGNATELLA H.-S. IN CALIFORNIA

(Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea)

Symmoca signatella Herrich-Schaeffer is a widespread species

in Europe which has apparently recently been introduced into

California. Meyrick (1895)^ reported that the moth was intro-

duced into the London and Paris areas during the late nineteenth

century and that the larvae had been stated to feed on lichens.

Recent collections I have examined indicate that it is now wide-

spread in agricultural and urban areas of California. Dr. J. F.

Gates Clarke of the U.S. National Museum, who kindly identified

the species, states (in lift.) that the U.S.N.M. has specimens from

Los Angeles, Riverside, and Yorba Linda (Orange County), the

latter reared from lemon mummies. Ebeling (1959)^ lists S.

signatella as a minor pests of citrus, but it seems likely that it is

a general scavenger as a larva and will be found in decaying

vegetable matter associated with various plantings.

Data from material examined: Anaheim, Orange Co., III-29-43, r. f. arbor

vitae trash ( H. H. Keifer) ; Fresno, Fresno Co., V-30 to VI-3-56 (R. 0.

Schuster) ; La Mesa, San Diego Co., VI-3, 10-59, light trap (R. A. Mackie) ;

Redwood City, San Mateo Co., IX-24, 30-59 (P. H. Arnaud, Jr.).

— Jerry A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley.

A CORRECTION IN THE EYE NUMBER OF THE GENOTYPE

TOMOLONUS REDUCTUS MILLS

(Collembola: Entomobryidae)

While examining samples of berlesed material for Collembola,

specimens of a tomocerine were found which appeared to be

Tomolonus reductus Mills. These specimens agreed with the

original description of this species in every respect except for

the number of eyes. It was stated that there were two eyes on

each side, located at the anterior edge of an irregular black

eyespot (Mills 1948)^.

The specimens observed by the author possessed three eyes

on each side, two on the anterior edge, the posterior one completely

within the eyespot. It is sometimes very difficult to locate this

third eye because of the pigmentation.

Recently an opportunity arose whereupon the cotypes were

examined and it was found that these also possessed three eyes

^Meyrick, E. 1895. Handbook of British Lepidoptera. MacMillan Co., London, 843 pp.

-Ebeling, W. 1959. Subtropical Fruit Pests. Univ. Calif. Div. Agr. Sci., 436 pp.

■‘'Mills, Harlow B. — New North American Tomocerinae. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 41 (3) :353-359.

156

THE PAN-PACtFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 3

on each side instead of two. Dr. Mills is in agreement with this.

The type locality of T. reductus is Hastings Natural History

Reservation, Monterey County, California. To this date it is

known in California from the following additional locations:

Oakland, Alameda Co., 1953., lone, Amador Co., 1956. — Richard

F. WiLKEY, California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento .

NOTE ON SYNONYMY OF AN AMERICAN AND JAPANESE

SPECIES OF PSYCHODIDAE

(Diptera)

Laurence W. Quate

Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii

At the suggestion of Prof. M. Tokunaga, Saikyo University,

Kyoto, Japan, a comparison was made of the American species,

T elmatoscopus niger (Banks), and the Japanese T elmatoscopus

spinitihialis Tokunaga and Komyo. Prof. Tokunaga generously

sent me a male and female paratopotype of spinitihialis, and the

following conclusions are based on those specimens as well as

the original description of that species.

A number of striking characters readily identify T. niger.

The eye bridge is curved down medially above the antenna instead

of being straight as is the usual case; the nodes of the first

two flagellar segments of the antennae are fused, and the first

flagellar segment is reduced and lacks an internode; the wing

is rather narrow; the radial sector is pectinate; and the male

and female genitalia are distinctive. In addition, the male has

a large spine from the apex of the mid tibia, and the mid

basitarsus is larger than the following tarsal segments. [Dr.

Tokunaga and Miss Komyo had based the name of their species

on the tarsal spine; but I had overlooked it in the redescription

of niger (Quate, 1955:165).] Insofar as I can ascertain, there

are no differences between T. niger and spinitihialis.

The synonymy of T. niger is as follows:

Telmatoscopus NIGER (Banks)

Psychoda nigra Banks, 1894, Canad. Ent. 26:331 (type locality. New York).

Maruina nigra, Kertesz, 1902, Catalogus Dipt. 1:302.

T elmatoscopus niger, Quate, 1955, Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 10:165 (descr.,

illus. ) .

Psychoda snoivhilli del Rosario, 1936, Philip. Jour. Sci. 59:140 (type locality,

Maryland) .

Telmatoscopus spinitihialis Tokunaga and Komyo, 1955, Philip. Jour. Sci.

84:217 (type locality, Honshu, Japan). (New Synonymy.)

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Vol. XXXVI

OCTOBER, 1 960

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

KRANTZ — The Acaridae: A recapitulation 157

DOUTT — Heterogony in Andriscus crystallinus Bassett 167

ROSENSTIEL — A gooseberry cambium miner 170

WASBAUER — Taxonomic and distributional notes on some western

spider wasps 171

NELSON & BARR — New synonymy in the Buprestidae 178

BUCHELOS & PRITCHARD — Amblyseius similoides, a new preda-

cious mite 179

JERATH — Distribution of Aphodiinae in Oregon 183

USINGER — Observations on the biology of Chiloxanthus stellatus

(Curtis) and C. arcticus ((Sahlberg) 189

'STAGE — First North American host record of the adventive wasp,

Chrysis fuscipennis Brulle 191

PRITCHARD — Two new spices of catochine gall midges, with a new

key to genera of the Catochini 195

RYCKMAN & OLSEN — Paratriatoma from the mainland of Mexico 197

HOTTES — Rhizomaria piceae Hartig new to America 199

NUTTINf^ — Notes on the occurrence of four adventive earwigs in

Arizona 202

^p^PARKER — A systematic study of North American Priononyx 205

BOOK REVIEW 182

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 188

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1960

Published by fhe PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

•fi cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usincer

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Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed

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Berkeley 4, Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXVI October, 1960 No. 4

THE ACARIDAE: A RECAPITULATION

(Acarina: Sarcoptiformes)^

G. W, Krantz

Oregon State College, Corvallis

Although the mite family Acaridae is a comparatively small

one as regards numbers of species, it is nevertheless one of the

most successful groups of animals on earth. Through their unique

methods of dispersal, omnivorous food habits and phenomenal

reproductive rate, acarids have become well established throughout

most of the world. Several species are found commonly in stored

grain and grain products where they cause injury by their feeding

and by creating, in many instances, difficult contamination prob-

lems. Preserved meats, cheeses, bulbs and dried fruits also are

liable to infestation by acarids. The majority of species, however,

are found living as saprophytes or fungivores in soil, litter, or

in the nests of mammals or birds.

The Acaridae may be described as opaque, weakly sclerotized

mites ranging in size from 400 to 2000 microns, and completely

lacking in respiratory and complex sensory structures. The gnatho-

soma (fig. 1) is small and compact, with a pair of maxillary

palpi closely appressed to the hypostome. The chelicerae are

the most prominent gnathosomal feature, being heavy and coarsely

chelate distally. The idiosoma is divided by a transverse apodemal

suture into a propodosomal and hysterosomal area, each of

which bears two pairs of legs in the nymphal and adult stages.

The propodosoma has a weak anterior dorsal plate which is

all but lost in many species and a more or less constant series

of dorsal setae and sensory organs. The rostral setae (fig. 1, r.)

are inserted at the anterior edge of the dorsal plate. They usually

are quite strong and may or may not be weakly pectinate. The

cervical setae (fig. 1, c.) may be found either at the anterior

lateral corners of the dorsal plate or on the mediolateral borders

of the plate. They generally are small and may be pectinate.

The inner and outer propodosomal setae (fig. 1, i.p., o.p.)

are inserted transversely across the posterior portion of the

^ Invitational paper presented at the annual meetings of the Pacific Branch of the Entomological

Society of America, June 24, 1959, at Sacramento, California. Technical paper No. 1281 of

the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.

158 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

propodosoma. These setae are highly variable and, in some species,

the inner pair may be reduced or absent. Grand] can’s organ

(fig. 1, x) is a tiny propodosomal structure that is thought to

be sensory in function. The organ assumes a tree-like form in

some acarids and lies in a body depression just anterior to

coxae I, where it often is difficult to detect. In other species it

is a seta-like projection which is easily seen. Posterior to Grand-

jean’s organ is a pseudostigmatic spine (fig. 1, p.o.) which may

be pectinate or smooth. The dorsum of the hysterosoma commonly

bears ten pairs of setae, with reduction occurring in certain

genera. Three pairs of humeral setae are found on the anterolateral

portion of the hysterosoma (fig. 1, o.h., i.h., m.h.). The inner

humeral setae always are the shortest of the three when all

are present. Both the middle and inner pairs are completely

lost in some species. The lumbar setae (fig. 1, li, I2, I3) occupy

the middle area of the hysterosoma. Only the third lumbars

are found in virtually all acarids. As many as seven pairs of

setae may be inserted at the posterior margin of the hysterosoma.

These are the marginal and all but one of the sub-marginal

setae (fig. 1, mg., smg.). Although inserted ventrally, the post-

anal setae (fig. 1, p/a) are considered by many authors to be

a part of the marginal-submarginal setal complex.

Ventrally, epimera I are fused at the midline, while epimera

II-IV are free medially (fig. 2a, op). The genital opening of

the female lies between coxae III and IV while that of the

male (fig. 2b) usually is found between coxae IV. Two pairs

of genital discs flank the genital area in both sexes, and a

copulatory sucker is located on either side of the male anal

slit. The ventral setae are fairly constant and are considered to

be of little importance taxonomically.

While most mites have six-segmented legs, acarids have only

nve. It is generally assumed that the trochanter has been lost

and that the coxa is joined directly to the femur. Possibly,

however, the true coxal segments have become fused with the

venter, with only the epimera to mark their former positions.

Thus the so-called coxa of acarids may, in reality, be the

trochanter. Tarsus I (fig. 4) bears several setae, some of which

are sensory in function. Nesbitt (1945) has emphasized the

importance of these setae in determining phylogenetic development

of acarid genera. Tarsus IV of the male bears two (occasionally

October, 1960]

KRANTZ ACARIDAE

159

one) raised suckers (fig. 2c) on its dorsal surface, which serve

to hold the female during copulation. All tarsi terminate in a

sessile empodial claw which may be seated in a membranous

caruncle. In the genus Lardoglyphus, true claws persist in the

females, while the male of only one species, L. zacheri Oudemans,

retains true claws on tarsi I and II.

Taxonomically the Acaridae has proven a confusing problem

to the several acarologists who have studied them. Despite

the efforts of such well-qualified persons as Berlese, Canestrini,

Banks and Oudemans, the systematics of the Acaridae remained

enigmatic until relatively recently. It is not surprising that

errors occurred in the early works on this group. Lack of

clear-cut taxonomic characters coupled with inadequate optical

equipment resulted in a number of artificial and highly unstable

systems of acarid classification. Rather than treating the Acaridae

as a natural, integrated group, many early workers expressed

relationships on a suprafamilial basis, creating families on the

strength of what we now consider to be tribal or generic characters.

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of the dorsum of an acarid mite,

showing extremes in body setation. Fig. 4. Variations in tarsi I of acarid

mites, showing developmental trends in setation and segmental length. Vm-

ventral median seta; sb — sub-basal seta; ma — macrosense seta; mi — micro-

sense seta; pdm — postdorsal median seta; dm — dorsal median seta; dt 2 —

second dorsal terminal seta (Adapted from Nesbitt 1945).

160

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

The ensuing confusion in species separation led to numerous

synonymies, many of which are yet to be resolved.

Realizing the inherent artificiality in the existing systematic

concepts, Zakhvatkin (1937, 1940) presented a scheme of acarid

classification in which the family Acaridae (then Tyroglyphidae)

was extended so as to include several families of earlier authors.

Zakhvatkin divided the acarids into two sub-families, both of

which were further divided into tribes and genera. He separated

his subfamilies through the relative positions of the cervical

setae, size and condition of body and tarsal setae, size of the

empodial claw, and the presence or absence of a caruncle.

Tribal and generic characters were similar to those used later

by Nesbitt (1945), with the position and modification of setae

on tarsus I being of major importance in the separation of both

tribes and genera. The resulting classification was, to quote

Nesbitt, “the most satisfactory yet devised for demonstrating

relationships in the family.” The almost universal acceptance

of Zakhvatkin’s work by subsequent authors on the Acaridae

tends to support Nesbitt’s statement.

In 1955, Yunker proposed a classificaton of the supercohort

Acaridiae, the group in which the Acaridae occurs. He observed

that a natural separation of parasitic and non-parasitic forms

could be justified on morphological grounds. Yunker divided

the Acaridiae into the cohorts Acaridia (free-living forms),

Psoroptidia (parasitic forms), and Ewingidia, a monogeneric

intermediate form possessing morphological attributes of both

the Acaridia and Psoroptidia. The presence of genital suckers

in the Acaridia served to separate it from the remaining cohorts.

The Acaridia comprises four superfamilies (fig. 3), of which

only the Acaroidea and the Anoetoidea possess the well-developed

empodial claw so typical of members of the family Acaridae.

The Anoetoidea differs from the Acaroidea, however, in usually

having a transverse rather than a longitudinal genital slit, and

in having highly modified palpi (Hughes 1958; Scheucher 1957).

While some authors prefer to think of the Saproglyphidae and

Glycyphagidae as subfamilies in the family Acaridae (Tiirk and

Tiirk 1957), these groups ordinarily are considered to have

individual familial status. Unlike typical acarids which possess

sessile claws, both saproglyphids and glycyphagids have distinct

October, 1960]

KRANTZ — ACARIDAE

161

pretarsi. In neither group do the males have anal or tarsal

suckers as found on male acarids.

As presently conceived, the Acaridae consists of two sub-

families — the Acarinae Nesbitt and the Rhizoglyphinae Zakhvat-

kin. Structurally the Acarinae are of small size (400-700 microns)

and are secondarily homeomorphic. The propodosomal setae

(fig. 1) are well-developed and the legs are slender. The cervical

setae are inserted on the anterolateral angles of the dorsal plate.

Tarsus I is equal to or longer than the combined genu and

tibia, and the tarsal setae are simple. The claws are quite weak

but the caruncles are strong and distinct. The Rhizoglyphinae,

on the other hand, are large mites (700-2000 microns) and

are secondarily dimorphic, in that many of the body setae of

the male are longer than those of the female. Some of the

propodosomal setae may be reduced or absent (fig. 1). The

cervical setae are inserted on the mediolateral borders of the

dorsal plate. The legs are short and stout, with tarsus I rarely

as long as the combined genu and tibia. Some of the tarsal

setae are absent in rbizoglyphines, while others are modified

into stout spines. The claws are robust, and the caruncles are

poorly developed or absent.

As mentioned earlier, because of tbe absence of other major

morphological features in the family, a great deal of emphasis

has been placed on the setation and shape of tarsi I in the tribal

and generic classification of acarids (fig. 4). It is impossible

5 a pro ^/yphii^a e

Acaridae.

Arioetoidea

Acaroidea

pha^/dat.

Fig. 3. Derivation of the Acaridae and related gi(ni[).s.

162

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

to say what the primitive condition of the tarsus is, but if

we can assume the correctness of Oudemans’ application of the

theory of recapitulation to the Acaridae (1924), the genus

Tyrophagus, subfamily Acarinae, appears to be the most primitive

acarid group. Thus the condition of tarsus I of this genus might

be considered primary for the family. Typically, then, tarsus I

is equipped with 12 setae, five terminal spines, and an empodial

claw and caruncle. In many species, various setae migrate to

new positions on the tarsus and often change in shape or size.

As these changes become more complex, the tarsal segment

itself is seen to become shorter and stouter than in the original

primitive condition. Correlated with these progressive alterations

is a loss of some of the tarsal setae and an increase in the

size of the empodial claw. By using this progression in conjunction

with a correlated reduction or loss of body setae (fig. 1), Nesbitt

(1945) has traced the relationships and phylogeny of acarid

genera. He concludes, among other things, that the Rhizoglyphinae

have evolved from the more primitive Acarinae.

Separation of the Acarinae and Rhizoglyphinae is possible

on ecological as well as on morphological grounds. Acarids

collected from low moisture substrates such as dried fruit or

stored grain will almost invariably prove to be members of

the subfamily Acarinae, while those acarids found in rotting

bulbs, mold or any other high moisture habitat usually will

be rhizoglyphines.

While acarids lack apparent defensive structures or the

speed necessary to elude the many predators associated with

them, still they persist in what oftentimes amounts to astronomical

numbers, primarily by out-producing their enemies. Developmem

from egg to adult in some Acaridae may take as little as eight

days under conditions of optimum temperature and moisture,

and females have been observed to lay over 100 eggs during

their lifetimes (Carman 1937).

The acarid life cycle consists of the egg, larval, nymphal and

adult stages ordinarily found in other mite groups. The eggs

are large and heavily yolked, and are extruded by the female in

a haphazard fashion as she crawls over the substrate on which

she is feeding. The hatching larva is hexapod rather than octopod

as in the succeeding stages. The larva soon becomes quiescent

and molts to the first nymphal, or protonymphal, stage. The

October, 1960]

KRANTZ ACARIDAE

163

protonymph feeds actively for a short time and, after a period

of quiescence, transforms to the second nymph. The second

nymph may be distinguished from the protonymph by a distinct

size differential, as well as by differences in setal patterns. The

second nymph resembles the adult in certain respects but sexual

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 2 a. Diagrammatic representation of the venter of female acarid

mite. b. Diagrammatic representation of the venter of a male acarid mite,

c. Leg IV of a male acarid mite, showing dorsal tarsal suckers. Fig. 5 a.

Dorsum of a typical acarid hypopus. b. Venter of a typical acarid hypopus.

164 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

characters usually are not clearly defined until the adult molt

is attained.

Quite often an extra nymphal stage occurs between the first

and second nymphal instars. This form is referred to as the

hypopus, or hypopal stage (fig. 5). Because of its time of

occurrence in the nymphal sequence, the hypopus is commonly

thought of as the second nymphal stage, or deutonymph. When

the hypopal stage occurs, the typical second nymphal instar

appears at the hypopal molt and is called the third nymph, or

tritonymph. Morphologically, there is no observable difference

between the typical second instar and the post-hypopal third instar.

The acarid hypopus is peculiar in that it differs so radically

from the other acarid instars. It is round or oval in shape, usually

darker in color than the preceding or succeeding stages, and

is distinctly flattened dorsoventrally. As with the other nymphal

forms, eight legs are present but they may be very short. The

tarsi often are decorated at their distal ends with a number of

elaborate setae. Mouthparts are absent, and the gnathosoma

is represented by a tiny anteroventral body projection which

may be the developing palpi. A plate of disc-like suckers is

located on the ventral side of the hypopus, between or behind

the fourth pair of legs. It is by means of these suckers that

the hypopus adheres to passing insects, birds or rodents and

is carried from one area to another.

Although the hypopal stage has been studied by scores of

investigators, the reason or reasons for its sudden and erratic

appearance has yet to be defined or proven. According to Michael

(1901), eight different theories had been advanced as of the

year 1884 concerning the origin of the hypopus. Various workers

thought of the hypopus as an itch mite, a separate family of

adult Acarina, an immature stage of the predatory genus Gamasus,

an external parasite, or the male, or male and female, mites

of the genus Tyroglyphus. In his presidential address before

the British Microscopical Society in 1894, Michael described

the observations of one worker, who decided that the hypopus

was “‘a ferocious creature which attacked other mites from below,

ate its way in, and then devoured its host, leaving only the skin.”

As pointed out by Michael, the absence of mouthparts in hypopi

did not seem to trouble the investigator. Haller (1880) suggested

that the hypopus is a protective covering which is produced

October, 1960]

KRANTZ — ACARIDAE

165

when the immediate food supply is exhausted and travel to a

new location is necessary. Megnin (1873, 1874) believed the

hypopus to be a heteromorphous adventitious nymph which de-

velops only when adverse environmental conditions forces its

dissemination. Michael confirmed Megnin’s observations on the

origin of the hypopus but found that formation of the hypopal

stage is not necessarily dependent on environmental conditions.

Other experimenters have attributed hypopus formation to moldy

or dirty food media (Sokolov 1935; Scheucher 1957), to some

unknown “innere Faktoren” (Tiirk and Tiirk 1957), or to the

presence of two distinct types of nymphs in an average population,

one of which will transform to hypopi regardless of environmental

conditions, and one which passes into the hypopal stage only

when deprived of suitable food (Schulze 1924) . Tiirk and Tiirk

(1957) and Scheucher (1957) feel that lack of moisture in

the habitat is a factor which is of primary importance only

in that the lack of moisture in the food medium prevents feeding,

which in turn leads to hypopal formation.

It can be seen, therefore, that the hypopus question is still

open to debate. Until an explanation can be found for this

phenomenon, it may be assumed that the hypopus is a form

primarily adapted for dissemination and for resistance to en-

vironmental inconstancies.

The hypopal stage is by no means limited to the Acaridae.

The Saproglyphidae and Glycyphagidae in the Acaroidea, and

the Anoetidae in the Anoetoidea have hypopal forms, as do certain

of the feather mites in the superfamily Analgesoidea. Further

biological studies probably will reveal that hypopi occur also in

other Acaridae.

The purpose of this paper has been to summarize some of

the more important taxonomic and biological aspects of tbe

Acaridae. It should be realized that, because of the introductory

nature of this discussion, many of the incidental phenomena

relating to the family have not been included. Much has already

been learned, but the Acaridae still offer a major challenge

in the field of acarological research.

Literature Cited

Carman, Philip

1937. A study of the bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi Banks).

Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 402:889—904.

166

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

Haller, G.

1880. Zur Kenntnis der Tyroglyphen und Verwandten. Zeit. wiss. Zool.

34:255-295.

Hughes, R. D.

1958. A review of the family Anoetidae (Acari). Va. Jour. Sci 9 (N. S.)

(1):5-217.

Megnin, P.

1873. Sur la position zoologique et la role des Acariens parasites connus

sous les noms d’Hypopus, Homopus, et Trichodactylus. C. R.

Acad. Sci. Paris 77:125-132.

1874. Memoire sur les Hypopus (Duges). Jour. Anat. Physiol. 10:225—

254.

Michael, A. D.

1901. British Tyroglyphidae I.: 143-173. Ray Society, London.

Nesbitt, H. H. J.

1945. A revision of the family Acaridae (Tyroglyphidae), Order Acari,

based on comparative morphological studies. I. Historical, mor-

phological, and general taxonomic studies. Canad. Jour. Res. 23

(D) : 139-188.

Oudemans, a. C.

1924. Nieuwste oonderzoekingen in de groep der Tyroglyphidae.

Tijdschr. Entomol. 67:xxii-xxvii.

Scheucher, R.

1957. Systematik und Okologie der Deutschen Anoetinen. Zool. Inst,

der Friedrich Alexander Univ. Erlangen, Leipzig 1 (I), Abschnitt

11:233-384.

Schulze, H.

1924. Sur Kenntnis der Dauerformen (Hypopi) der Mehlmilbe Tyro-

glyphus farinae L. Zentralbl. Bakt. Parasit. und Infekt. Abt. 1160

(22/24) : 536-549.

Sokolov, A.

1935, (Russian title.) Report on the work on grain mites conducted

by the Ivanovsk station of plant protection in 1934. Abstract in

plant Prot. fasc. 6:146—147. (In Russian. English abstract in Rev.

Appl. Ent. 24 A:590).

Turk, E. and F. Turk

1957. Systematik und Okologie der Tyroglyphiden Mitteleuropas. Zool.

Inst, der Friedrich Alexander Univ. Erlangen Leipzig I (I),

Abschnitt 1:1—231.

Yunker, C. E.

1955. A proposed classification of the Acaridiae (Acarina: Sarcopti-

formes). Helminth. Soc. Wash. 22 (2) :98— 105.

Zakhvatkin, a. a.

1937. Etudes sur les tyroglyphides. 1. Le groupe Caloglyphini (In

Russian ) .

1940. Key to mites injuring stores of agricultural products in U.S.S.R.

(In Russian). Uchenye Zapiski Mosk. Godudarst Univ. No. 42

Zool.: 7-68.

October, 1960] doutt — andricus heterogony

167

HETEROGONY IN ANDRICUS CRYSTALLINUS BASSETT

( Hymenoptera : Cynipidae )

Richard L. Doutt

University of California, Albany

Heterogony is suspected to exist in certain California species

in the genera Loxaulus and Antron (Weld, 1957), and was proved

to occur in Dryocosmus (Doutt, 1959), and Callirhytis (Lyon,

1959). Recent studies now include the genus Andricus among

those exhibiting an alternation of generations.

Fallen leaves of the deciduous blue oak, Quercus Douglasii

H. & A., bearing galls of Andricus crystallinus Bassett were

collected on Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa Co., California on February

4, 1959. The fact that many of the galls showed emergence holes

indicated a strong possibility that an alternating generation must

exist for no leaves are on the trees in February and it seemed

logical that the emerging females would not hibernate but instead

would oviposit in some part of the dormant tree. Adult female

Andricus crystallinus began emerging in the laboratory on Feb-

ruary 5 and were caged on small dormant seedlings of Q. Douglasii

on February 6. Oviposition occurred immediately in the tight

leaf buds. The seedlings were then kept under daylight fluorescent

lamps at a constant temperature of 78° F. and a relative humidity

of 65%. Within five days the buds had opened and the leaves

were rapidly expanding. On February 16 (ten days after ovi-

position) small, green, conical, monothalamous galls with laterally

projecting cottony fibers (Figure 1) were evident on the leaves.

On February 23 (17 days after oviposition) emergence of both

male and female Andricus occurred. These adults of the bisexual

generation, morphologically distinct from the unisexual or agamic

generation of A. crystallinus, oviposited in the fully expanded

leaves of the blue oak. It is from these eggs that the unisexual

generation is formed in the pinkish, crystalline galls (Figure 2)

which are so characteristic of this species in the summer months.

In this experimental study the unisexual galls required 130 days

to reach their full development on the leaves.

Since the bisexual generation has not been previously recog-

nized, a brief description of the morphological and biological

characteristics of these insects is appropriate.

Andricus crystallinus Bassett, bisexual generation.

Female . — Body entirely black, legs except coxae golden brown, coxae

168

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

black. Antennae dark brown except basal four segments which are golden.

Maxillary and labial palpi pallid. Wings hyaline with slight infuscation near

break in median vein, areolet small, veins smoky brown. Head viewed dor-

sally nearly as wide as thorax, but frons very short. Surface minutely punc-

tate with scattered short hairs. Eyes and ocelli jet black. Antennae with 14

segments. Mesoscutum smooth, shining, parapsidal sutures well developed,

no median suture. Scutellum dull, rugose, clothed with scattered hairs.

Mesopleura smooth, shiny. Abdomen polished, few scattered hairs near

petiole, larger than head and thorax combined, segments all visible dorsally,

segment II forming less than one half of the abdomen, ventral spine slender,

ovipositor brown. Tarsal claws toothed.

Male . — Color as in female except all antennal segments dark brown,

andomen near apex tends to be more brown than black as in female. Com-

pound eyes large, reaching three-fourths way down head. Frons wider than

female. Third antennal segments distinctly longer than fourth; (this is not

so apparent in the female). Antennae with 15 segments. Abdomen smaller

than thorax. Areolet present but small. Legs more slender in male than

female.

The female of the bisexual generation is readil}^ distinguished

by color and size from the unisexual or agamic female which

is basically reddish amber with black areas on portions of thorax,

head, and abdomen, and of larger size. The mesoscutum of the

agamic female is minutely punctate, dull, clothed with numerous

white hairs. Segment II of abdomen is quite large, forming

nearly 2/3 of the abdomen. Wings tend to be slightly infuscated

near base.

Gall . — The galls in which the bisexual generation of Andricus

crystallinus develops are found mostly on the upper surface of

leaves, singly or in small groups. The color is green with straw

colored apex. The gall has many long cottony, white hairs which

project laterally and are longer than the greatest dimension of

the gall. The gall is conical in shape, and distinctly canted to

one side rather than being erect (Figure 1). The length is ap-

proximately 2.5 mm. with the base 1.0 mm. tapering to the tip.

The position of the gall is indicated on the opposite (usually

lower) side of the leaf by a pale colored elliptical swelling.

Emergence takes place from uppermost side of the slanted, conical

gall. The gall has a single chamber.

Host. — The insects described herein were reared on Quercus

Douglasii, but since the unisexual generation has been taken on

other white oaks including Q. dumosa, and Q. garryana it is

likely that the bisexual form may be found on them also.

Plesiotypes. — The specimens used in the above description

October, 1960]

DOUTT ANDRICUS HETEROGONY

169

Explanation of Figures

Figure 1. Typical gall produced by the bisexual generation of Andricus

crystallinus Bassett. Gall measures 2.5 mm. in length and 1.0 mm. at base.

Figure 2. Cluster of galls produced by the unisexual generation of A.

crystallinus. Dimension of this gall cluster approximately 15 mm. wide by

12 mm. high. Photographs by F. E. Skinner.

170

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

were reared in the laboratory at Albany, Cabfornia, from agamic

females obtained in galls collected at Mt. Diablo State Park,

February 4, 1959. The series consisted of females and males.

These specimens are housed in the collection of the Department

of Biological Control, University of California, Albany.

Literature Cited

Doutt, R. L.

1959. Heterogony in Dryocosmus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Ann. Ent.

Soc. Amer. 52(1) ;69-74.

Lyon, R. J.

1959. An alternating, sexual generation in the gall wasp Callirhytis

pomiformis (Ashm. ) (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Bull. So. Calif.

Acad. Sci. 58(1) :33-37.

Weld, L. H.

1957. Cynipid galls of the Pacific slope. Privately published. Arlington,

Va. 64 p.

A GOOSEBERRY CAMBIUM MINER

(Lepidoptera : Opostegidae)

In May 1956, a pest new to western North America was found

doing serious injury in a commercial gooseberry patch near

Forest Grove, Oregon. The larvae were identified by the U. S.

National Museum as Opostega sp. near nonstrigella Chamb.

The larvae of the moth were making linear feeding mines in the

cambium of the gooseberry shoots. One or both ends of the mines

recurved in a half circle so that each mine made a pattern of two

parallel lines from four to ten inches long. Injured gooseberry

plantings infested by the miner have been found generally in the

Willamette Valley of Oregon.

The original description of O. nonstrigella by Chambers^ gave

gave no host or type locality. Grossenbacher^ described the injury

and gave life history notes from the Hudson Valley of New York.

He thought a fungus was involved in the injurious effects but

could not confirm the relation. In 1919, Caesar^ reported it as

injuring gooseberries from Burlington, Ontario. — R. G. Rosen-

STIEL, Department of Entomology, Oregon State College, Corvallis.

^Chambers, V. T. 1881. New species of Tineina. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 3(4) :289-296.

^Grossenbacher, J. G. 1910. Medullary spots: a contribution to the life history of some

cambium miners. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bui. 15. Geneva.

^ Caesar, Lawson. 1919. Insects as agents in the dissemination of plant diseases. 49 Ann.

Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont. 1918:60-66.

October, 1960]

WASBAUER SPIDER WASPS

171

TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES ON

SOME WESTERN SPIDER WASPS

(Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

Marius S. Wasbauer

California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento.

The following study is based on material which I was allowed

to examine through the kindness of the following individuals and

the institutions which they represent: Mr. Jerry A. Powell,

California Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley

(C.I.S.) ; Dr. E. S. Ross, California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco (C.A.S.) ; Mr. H. H. Keifer, Bureau of Entomology,

California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento (C.D.A.).

Material from my own collection (M.W.) was also employed.

Dipogon (Dipogon) leechi Wasbauer, new species

Female. — Length 5.6 mm. Forewing 4.5 mm. Head and body entirely

dull, clothed with a rather long, dense, appressed pubescence, silvery with

vague golden reflections on head, golden on pronotum, mesonotum and

scutellum, elsewhere silver-gray, particularly long on abdomen. Appressed

hairs of pronotum separated by an average of .3 their length. Integumental

color black, antennae testaceous, first three segments infumated dorsally;

mandibles distad of middle, front tibiae below and all tarsi testaceous;

trochanters each with a narrow, apical ivory band on inner side. Integument

minutely granulose, nearly impunctate. Head: slightly broader than long,

facial distance .92 the transfacial distance; compound eyes somewhat con-

vergent above, upper interocular distance .85 the lower interocular distance;

ocelli in a compact, nearly right triangle, posterior ocelli nearer to each

other than to compound eyes, postocellar distance .84 the ocello-ocular dis-

tance. Clypeus slightly convex, apical half with a number of irregularly

spaced punctures, each giving rise to a long, apically directed, amber colored

hair, apex trunctate. Thorax: posterior margin of pronotum broadly angu-

late; propodeum with a small depressed area on either side of the weakly

impressed median longitudinal sulcus; wings nearly hyaline, forewing

faintly infuscate through marginal and third submarginal cells, not

infuscate at apex or over basal vein, microtrichiae not longer or more dense

in infuscate areas than elsewhere, nervulus beyond basal vein by .15 its

length, first recurrent vein meeting second cubital cell at its basal third,

cubital vein meeting wing margin, second cubital cell nearly 1.4 the length

of the third. Abdomen: first tergite with a few slender, erect hairs anteriorly.

Male. Unknown.

Holotype female. Mill Valley, Marin County, California,

August 9, 1948 (Hugh B. Leech). The type is in the collection

of the California Academy of Sciences.

A single specimen from Amortejada Bay, Isla San Jose,

Gulf of California, Mexico, collected March 23, 1953 by P. H.

172

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

Arnaud (Sefton Orca Expedition) may be referable to leechi.

It closely resembles the type but differs in the following details:

appressed pubescence of face longer, more dense, forewings

somewhat more strongly infuscate, posterior margin of pronotum

more nearly arcuate, ivory bands on apices of trochanters lacking.

Dipogon leechi is probably most closely related to D. brevis

brevis (Cresson) but differs primarily in the dull, strongly

reticulate integument, long, rather sparse appressed hairs on the

frons and vertex, by long, closely set, appressed hairs on the

propodeum and first metasomal tergum and the scarcely infuscate

forewing.

Dipogon (Dipogon) diablo Wasbauer, new species

Female . — Length 3.9 mm. Forewing 3.6 mm. Head, thoracic dorsum and

abdomen dull, minutely granulo-reticulate, sides of thorax sub-shining;

pubescence sparse over most of body, silvery with faint golden reflections

on head, pronotum, and mesonotum, elsewhere silvery; appressed pubescence

of head and pronotum no more dense than on remainder of body. Integu-

mental color brown, the following areas suffused with blackish: head above

antennae, fronto-clypeal line, first three and ultimate antennal segments,

humeri, posterolateral margins of mesonotum, scutellum, postscutellum,

metanotum, mesepisternum ventrally, coxae, femora and tibiae dorsally, and

abdomen. Head: somewhat broader than long, facial distance .92 the trans-

facial; compound eyes noticeably convergent above, upper interocular dis-

tance .83 the lower interocular distance ; ocellar triangle with the front

angle slightly greater than a right angle; posterior ocelli nearer the com-

pound eyes than to each other, postocellar distance 1.3 the ocello-oeular

distance. Clypeus slightly convex, with a preapical row of larger punctures

and a number of long, slender, apically directed hairs, apex subtruncate.

Thorax: posterior margin of pronotum arcuate, but with a slight median

notch; propodeum evenly convex posteriorly, without a median longitudinal

sulcus; wings slightly infuscate over basal vein, a large diffuse, infuscate

area apically, including marginal cell except apical third, apical half of

first submarginal cell, first and second submarginal cells and third discoidal

cell anteriorly; microtrichiae somewhat stronger in infuscate areas than

between and basad of them; nervulus beyond basal vein by .6 its length;

first recurrent vein meeting second cubital cell somewhat beyond its basal

third, cubital vein reaching the wing margin, second cubital cell about 1.6

the length of the third. Abdomen: first tergite without erect hairs anteriorly.

Male . — Length 3.6 mm. Forewing 3.9 mm. Head and thoracic dorsum

dull, minutely punctulate, the punctures contiguous, remainder of body

subshining. Integumental color black, clypeus, antennae basally, mandibles

apically, palpi, pronotum, forelegs and middle femora orange-colored, middle

tibiae and tarsi and hind legs piceous. Head: lower face and clypeus with

numerous long, decumbent, whitish hairs, vertex and occiput laterally and

ventrally with a number of shorter, erect, proclinate hairs; ocellar triangle

broad, the front angle greater than a right angle; lateral ocelli nearer to

October, 1960]

WASBAUER SPIDER WASPS

173

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1-3. Dipogon (Dipogon) diablo Wasbauer, allotype male. Fig. 1.

Male genitalia, dorsal view. Fig. 2. Right paramere, exterior view. Fig. 3.

Subgenital plate, ventral view (sternite VIII removed). Figs. 4-6. Dipogon

(Deuteragenia) calipterus nubifer (Cresson), neallotype male. Fig. 4. Male

genitalia, dorsal view. Fig. 5. Right paramere, exterior view. Fig. 6. Sub-

genital plate, ventral view.

174

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

compound eyes than to each other, postocellar distance 1.6 the ocello-ocular

distance; front rather broad, middle interocular distance .63 transfacial

distance; disc of clypeus evenly, not strongly convex, apex simple, sub-

truncate. Thorax: posterior margin of pronotum arcuate; scutellum convex,

strongly raised above level of mesonotum; propodeum in profile with the

slope nearly even from front to rear; forewing with a barely discernable

infuscate spot over basal vein, a larger faint infuscation including proximal

third of first submarginal cell, posterior half of marginal cell, second and

third cubital cells, apical half of second discoidal cell, and a faint infusca-

tion at apex of wing; nervulus beyond basal vein by .43 its length; hind-

wing with mediella between submediella and cubitella .93 the length of

intercubitella. Abdomen: genitalia and subgenital plate as in figs. 1, 2, and 3.

Holotype female and allotype male, Danville, Contra Costa

County, California (F. X. Williams). Holotype August 12,

1949, allotype August 9, 1950. The types are in the collection

of the California Academy of Sciences.

Dipogon diahlo' is the second known North American species

belonging to the graenicheri group of Townes (U.S. Nat. Mus.

Bull. 209, 1957, p. 138) and the female differs from graenicheri

as follows: integumental color of abdomen entirely black, thorax

variously suffused with blackish, thoracic dorsum and abdomen

entirely dull, microtrichiae of forewing scarcely larger and denser

in infuscate areas than elsewhere, infuscation diffuse, not well

marked.

Dipogon (Deuteragenia) calipterus nubifer (Cresson)

Male . — Integumental color black, antennae ventrally, mandibles except

at extreme base, palpi, posterolateral borders of pronotum, forelegs except

coxa and trochanter, orange. Fore coxa suffused with orange posteriorly.

Wings marked as in female. Genitalia and subgenital plate as in figs. 4, -5

and 6.

Neallotype male, El Toro, Orange County, California, Sep-

tember 1, 1959, ex. McPhail trap (C. Johnson) deposited at the

California Academy of Sciences.

The male differs from calipterus calipterus (Say) in having

orange markings on the pronotum. A male from El Cajon, San

Diego County, California, August 10, 1959, collected by Klopfer

(C.D.A.), differs from the neallotype only in having the orange

pronotal markings more extensive.

Both males and females of this subspecies are attracted to

baits and probably also to honeydew secretions. The majority

of specimens before me have come from McPhail traps used

in fruit fly detection.

Distribution — Mexico. Vera Cruz: Orizaba, $, (Townes, 1957, U. S.

October, 1960]

WASBAUER — SPIDER WASPS

175

Nat. Mus. Bui. 209:125). California. Orange County: Garden Grove, $,

(Townes, ibid.). El Toro, $, (Neallotype) ; same locality, $, X-13-1959,

McPhail trap on orange tree (C. Johnson, C.D.A.). Atwood, $, X-1959,

McPhail trap on orange tree (C. Johnson, C.D.A.). Modjeska, $, X-6-1959,

McPhail trap on peach tree (C. Johnson, C.D.A.). Trabuco Canyon, $, X-

27-1959, McPhail trap on orange tree (C. Johnson, C.D.A.). Yorba Linda,

S , IX-18-1959, McPhail trap (C. Johnson, C.D.A.) ; same data, $, X-5-1959:

same data, $ , X-26-1959, McPhail trap on grapefruit tree. San Diego County:

El Cajon, $, VII-10-1959, walnut twig (Klopfer, C.D.A.). Pala, $, X-1-1959,

McPhail trap on sycamore (C. Johnson, C.D.A. ). Rainbow Valley, $, X-

16-1959, McPhail trap on orange tree (C. Johnson, C.D.A.) ; same data,

X-23-1959. Sacramento County: Sacramento, $, IV-10-1959, on willow (G.

Buxton, C.D.A.).

Aporus (Aporus) luxus (Banks)

In Bradley’s excellent treatment of the subfamily Pompilinae

(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 70:23-157, 1944), Aporus assimilis

(Banks) is considered a subspecies of Aporus luxus (Banks).

The key provided for the separation of these subspecies involves

the presence or absence of erect hairs on the front femora of

the females. I have recently examined large series of Aporus

in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences and

the California Insect Survey and all females of luxus (sensu lot.)

examined have a varying amount of erect hair on the femur.

However, Bradley’s subspecies concept appears to be valid and

the material before me is about 75% separable on the basis of

the following criteria :

Erect hair on front femur of female fine and very sparse, longer hairs

on the outer side less than .25 the thickness of the femur in dorsal

view; pubescence of antennal fossa silvery in certain lights

luxus luxus (Banks)

Erect hair on front femur of female stouter and more dense, longer

hairs on outer side .25 to .40 the thickness of the femur in dorsal

view; pubescence of antennal fossa not silvery, at most brownish

to aurescent luxus assimilis (Banks)

I am unable to find constant differences in the males of

the two subspecies and these must therefore be allocated by

association.

Aporus luxus luxus (Banks)

This subspecies is characteristic of the Transition and Upper

Sonoran life zones of southern California north to Marin County.

The distribution is as follows:

California. Alameda County; Hills back of Oakland, $ , X-3-1929

(E. C. Zimmerman, C.A.S.). Tesla, $, X-15-1948 (J. E. Gillaspy, C.I.S.).

Contra Costa County; Mount Diablo, $, V-7-1939 (J. W. MacS'wain,

176

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

C.I.S.). Orinda Cross Roads, 2, IX-14-1953, flowers Sambucus sp. (M. Was-

bauer, M.W.). Los Angeles County: Crystal Lake, 2 $9, VI-29-1950

(P. D. Hurd, Jr., P. H. Timberlake, C.I.S.). Tanbark Flat, 9. VII-13-1952

(J. W. MacSwain, C.I.S.). Marin County: Mill Valley, 9, IX-1947 (E. S.

Ross, C.A.S.). Monterey County: Carmel, 9, X-5-1930 (L. S. Slevin,

C.A.S.) ; same locality, 9, VIII-25-1922, L. S. Slevin, C.A.S.) ; same locality,

2 9 9, X-2-1941 (L. S. Slevin, C.A.S.). Monterey, 9, 1-26-1930 (L. S.

Slevin, C.A.S.); Pacific Grove, 2 9 9, X-29-1954 (M. Wasbauer, M.W.) ;

same locality, 9, X-13-1924, (L. S. Slevin, C.A.S.); same locality, 9, IX-

(14-16)-1920 (F. E. Blaisdell, C.A.S'.). Paraiso Springs, 9, XI-1-1930 (L. S.

Slevin, C.A.S.). Plumas County: Meadow Valley, 4,000-7,000 ft., 9, VI-

8-1924 (E. C. Van Dyke, C.A.S.). Riverside County: Riverside, 9, VI-10-

1934 (A. J. Basinger, C.A.S.). Vandevanter Flat, San Jacinto Mts., 9,

VI-16-1940 (H. T. Reynolds, C.I.S.). Temecula, 9, IV-11-1950 (P. D. Hurd,

C.I.S.). Banning, 9, VH-16-1950 (J. W. MacSwain, C.I.S.). San Bernardino

County: Mill Creek Canyon, 9, IX-24-1923 (E. P. Van Duzee, C.A.S.).

San Diego County: Coronado Beach, 9, 1890 (F. E. Blaisdell, C.A.S.).

San Diego, 9, X-24-1946 (W. W. Jones, C.A.S.). San Francisco County:

San Francisco, 2 9 9, VH-( 11-12) -1922 (F. X. Williams, C.A.S.); same

locality, 9, VI-28-1920 (F. X. Williams, C.A.S.) ; same locality, 9, IX-1935

(E. S. Ross, C.A.S.); same locality, 9, XI-12-1922 (C. L. Fox, C.A.S.);

same locality, 9, VI-1920, (F. X. Williams, C.A.S.). San Mateo County:

Rockaway Beach, 9, XI-12-1946 (W. E. Ferguson, C.I.S.). Nine mi. S. San

Gregorio, 9, XI-12-1946 (W. E. Ferguson, C.I.S.). Santa Clara County:

Alum Rock Park, 9, X-29-1951 (R. Williams, M.W.). San Antonio Vallejo

9, IX-14-1948 (P. D. Hurd, C.I.S.). Stevens Creek, 9, V-28-1952 (D. Bur-

dick, M.W. ). Tuolumne County: Near Mather, 9, VHI-13-1930 (E. C.

Zimmerman, C.A.S.). Oakland Camp, 9, X-2-1954 (M. Wasbauer, M.W.).

Lower California: 10 mi. N. San Ignacio IX-30-1941 (C.A.S.).

Aporus luxus assimilis (Banks)

This subspecies is found in the Upper Sonoran to Canadian

life zones and is widespread in the Western States. The distribution

is as follows:

British Columbia: Vernon, 2 9 9, VH- (4-7) -1947 (H. B. Leech, C.A.S.) ;

same locality, 9, VH-16-1947 (H. B. Leech, C.A.S.).

California. Alameda County: Berkeley, 9, IV-21-1920 (E. C. Van

Dyke, C.A.S.). El Dorado County: Pyramid Ranger Station, 9, VHI-1-

1949 (J. W. MacSwain, C.I.S.). Fresno County; Huntington Lake, 7,000 ft.,

9, VII-1927 (E. P. Van Duzee, C.A.S.). Mt. Kaiser, 9,000 ft., 9, (F. C.

Clark, C.A.S.). Humboldt County; Big Lagoon, 2 9 9, VH-11-1937 (E. P.

Van Duzee, C.A.S.). Trinidad, 2 9 9, VI-6-1925 (J. 0. Martin, C.A.S.).

Inyo County: Antelope Springs, 9, VH-11-1953, on Chrysothamnus sp.

(J. W. MacSwain, C.I.S.). Big Pine Creek, 8,000-11,000 ft., 9, VII-1-1929

(I. McCracken, C.A.S.). Lake County: Warner Lake, 9, (C.A.S.). Lassen

County: Hallelujah Jet., 9, VH-12-54 (J. A. Powell, C.A.S.); same local-

ity, 9, VH-4-1949 (P. D. Hurd, C.I.S.). Near Butte Lake, Lassen Nat. Park,

9, IX-13-1948 (C. D. MacNeill, C.I.S.). Marin County: Tomales Bay, 9,

VHI-14-1938 (E. C. Van Dyke, C.A.S.). Monterey County: Pacific (Jrove,

October, 1960]

WASBAUER SPIDER WASPS

177

$, X-29-1954 (M. Wasbauer, M.W.). Paraiso Springs, $, VII-15-1954 (0.

and L. Bryant, C.A.S.). Nevada County: 7 miles E. Hobart Mills, $,

VIII-26-1948 on Chrysothamnus sp. (J. W. MacSwain, C.I.S.). Placer

County: Lake Forest, $, VII-14-1949 (E. G. Linsley, C.I.S.). Plumas

County: 4 miles W. Quincy, $, VII-15-1949 (P. D. Hurd, C.I.S.). Meadow

Valley, 4,000-5,000 ft., $, VH-2-1924 (E. C. Van Dyke, C.A.S.). San

Bernardino County: Lake Arrowhead, 9 , VH-25-1932 (R. P. Allen, C.A.S.).

San Francisco County: San Francisco, 9, IV-28-1923 (F. X. Williams,

C.A.S.) ; same locality, 9, V-1925 (F. X. Williams, C.A.S.) ; same locality,

9, VI-1920 (F. X. Williams, C.A.S.); same locality, 9, VII-4-1922 (F. X.

Williams, C.A.S.). Sierra County: Gold Lake, 2 9 9, VII-27-1921 and

VHI-2-1921 (C. L. Fox, C.A.S.).

Idaho. Latah County: Moscow, 9, VH-24-1925 (C. L. Fox, C.A.S.).

Oregon. Klamath County: Klamath Falls, 9, VII-20-1922 (E. C. Van

Dyke, C.A.S.). Clackamas County: Mt. Hood, near Gov’t Camp, 9, VHI-

16-1939 (E. S. Ross, C.A.S.).

Utah. Cache County: Logan, 9, VHI-12-1953 (E. S. Ross, C.A.S'.).

Washington. Mt. Rainier National Park: Sunrise, 9, VII-11-1934 ( 0.

Bryant, C.A.S.). Pierce County: Ft. Lewis, 2 9 9, IX-14-1951 (R. 0.

Schuster, C.I.S.). Walla Walla County: Walla Walla, 2 9 9, VI-1936

(G. E. Bohart, C.I.S.). Whitman County: Pullman, 9, VII-13-1925 (C. L.

Fox, C.A.S.).

Localities where specimens intermediate between luxus and

assimilis have been found are as follows: San Francisco, Cali-

fornia, VII-11-1922 (F. X. Williams, C.A.S.) ; same data, VI-1920.

Santa Cruz, California, VI-3-1919 (E. P. Van Duzee, C.A.S.).

Near Gov’t Camp, Mt. Hood, Oregon, VII-20-1937 (E. C. Van

Dyke, C.A.S.). San Quintin, Lower California, V-9-1938 (W. E.

Simonds, C.A.S.). Cabo San Lucas, Lower Califronia, III-16-1953

(P. H. Arnaud, C.A.S.).

Tastiotenia festiva Evans

Female, Rodeo, Hidalgo County, New Mexico, VHI-19-1958

(F. X. Williams, C.A.S.), on Euphorbia. This specimen differs

from material collected at Borrego, San Diego County, California,

the type locality, in the more deeply infuscated wingtips and

the mesepisterna entirely black and the extensive black on the

dorsal surface of the propodeum, extending to the hasal portion

of the mesocoxa. In addition, the middle and hind tibial spurs

and all the tarsi are dark brown, nearly black.

PoMPiLUS (Perissopompilus) phoenix Evans

Male, Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County, California, VI-30-1952

(F. X. Williams, C.A.S.). This record is of interest since it

represents the most northerly locality for Pompilus phoenix. The

region is principally upper Sonoran in its faunal affinities, and

may represent the northern periphery of the range of this species.

178

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

NEW SYNONYMY IN THE BUPRESTIDAE

(Coleoptera)

G. H. Nelson^ and W. F. Barr^

Hippomelas, subgenus Nanularia

Hippomelas Laporte and Gory, 1837, Hist. Nat. Icon. Ins. Coleop. Monog.

Buprestidae, 1:92.

Nanularia Casey, 1909, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 11(2) :172.

Ampheremus Fall, 1917, Ent. News, 28:68. New synonymy

A comparative study of the structure of a long series of the

diminutive species cylindricollis, upon which the genus Amphere-

mus was based, has been made with examples of Hippomelas

(Nanularia) californica (Horn), H.(N.) brunneata Knull and

H.(N.) cupreofusca (Casey). This study has shown that the

characters originally utilized by Fall in separating Ampheremus

from Nanularia, i.e. cleft between the meso- and metasterna,

structure of the maxillary palpi and the nature of the lateral

margins of the pronotum are not of generic significance. Further-

more, no other structural features could be found that would

justify the retention of Ampheremus as a distinct genus. Conse-

quently, Ampheremus is here placed in synonymy with Hippomelas

subgenus Nanularia.

Hippomelas (Nanularia) cylindricollis (Fall)

Ampheremus cylindricollis Fall, 1917, Ent. News, 28:69.

Hippomelas (Nanularia) inyoensis Van Dyke, 1942, Proc. California Acad.

Sci., (4)24(3) :112. New synonymy

The types of Fall’s cylindricollis and Van Dyke’s inyoensis

have been studied by both writers. In spite of the fact that the

former was collected at Palm Springs, California, and the latter

approximately 200 miles north in an ecologically different area

in the Owen’s Valley, Inyo County, California, the two individuals

are almost identical in structure, form and color. On the basis of

this study H. inyoensis Van Dyke must be regarded as a synonym

of H. cylindricollis (Fall).

^Department of Anatomy, College of Medical Evangelists, Loma Linda, California.

^University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

October, 1960] buchelos & Pritchard — mites 179

AMBLYSEIUS SIMILOIDES, A NEW PREDACIOUS MITE

FROM CALIFORNIA

(Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

T. C. Buchelos and A. Earl Pritchard

University of California, Berkeley

Amhlyseius similis (Koch) is a name currently applied to a

phytoseiid mite that is common in Europe. This name also has

been applied to a similar mite that is common in California (Chant,

1960), hut this species is certainly distinct from the description

of A. similis given by Dosse (1958) from Germany. A name is

needed in connection with the publication of biological studies

of the California species, and it is here described.

Amblyseius similoides Buchelos and Pritchard, new species

Amhlyseius similoides resembles A. similis in that the first and

fourth lateral setae are long, with the second lateral seta shorter

than the third; the fifth lateral seta is shorter than the sixth; and

there are four pairs of dorsocentral setae in addition to the vertical

setae. However, in A. similoides the spermatheca bears a very

slender cervix in contrast to the broadly cup-shaped cervix of

A. similis.

Female (Fig. 1). — Chelicera with chelae moderately developed, the

movable digit with several fine teeth and the fixed digit multidentate. Dorsal

shield smooth, with five pairs of pores; vertical setae moderately developed

and second lateral similar in length, the third lateral longer, and the first

and fourth laterals still longer: fifth, seventh, and eighth laterals very small,

the sixth lateral definitely longer; ninth lateral very long, smooth; four

pairs of dorsocentrals and anterior mediolaterals all very small; posterior

mediolaterals long. Peritremes reaching vertical setae. Ventri-anal plate

slender, the pre-anal portion longer than broad and similar in width to

epigynial plate; three pairs of widely separated pre-anal setae and a pair

of transverse pores between caudal pair; three pairs of para-anal setae; two

pairs of slender metapodal platelets, the anterior pair much smaller. Sternal

plate broader than long, the metasternal platelets separate. Spermatheca (Fig.

2) with cervix longer than broad at base, narrowing to the sharply bent

atrium. Genu IV with a stout, pointed macroseta and six short setae; tibia

IV with a stout, pointed macroseta and five short setae; basitarsus IV with

a stout, pointed macroseta and three short setae. Lenth of idiosoma 432/i;

greatest width of body 270j«.

Male (Fig. 3) — Spermatodactyl with shaft slender, the distal portion

abruptly bent, bearing a slight protuberance at the bend, and tapering some-

what to a slightly widened apex. Dorsal shield with chaetotaxy similar to

female. Ventri-anal plate with three pairs of widely separated setae and a

180

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1, dorsal and ventral aspects of female of Amblyseius similoides,

with enlargement of chelae.

October, 1960] buchelos & Pritchard — mites

181

Fig. 2, left: spermatheca of Amhlyseius similoides; right: spermatheca

of A. similis (after Dosse).

Fig. 3, dorsal and ventral aspects of male of Amhlyseius similoides, with

enlargement of spermatodactyl.

182

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

pair of pores between and just posterior to caudomedian pair of setae.

Length of idiosoma 302/i; greatest width of body 194/t.

Holotype female, Redwood City, San Mateo County, Cali-

fornia, September 2, 1957 (R. 0. Schuster), on walnut; type

No. 2728 in the U.S. National Museum.

Paratypes. — Forty- five females, 27 males. Redwood City, Cali-

fornia, September 2 , 1957 (R. 0. Schuster), on walnut.

Literature Cited

Chant, D. A.

1960. Phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) . Canadian Entomologist,

89 (supp. 12) ; 1—166.

Dosse, Gudo

1958. Die Spermathecae, ein zusatzliches Bestimmungsmerkmal bei

Raubmilben (Acar., Phytoseiidae). Pflanzenschutz-Berichte, 20

(Heft 1/2) : 1-11.

BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH DAKOTA, by D. Lovell Puckering and

Richard L. Post. North Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo, North

Dakota. 56 pages (not numbered consecutively), text figs. Paper, $1.50.

Published May 23, 1960.

This booklet treats the 91 species of Papilionoidea known for the area

with a key and gives a short diagnosis, foodplant information, and distribu-

tional data for each. The work is primarily that of Mr. Puckering, a graduate

student at North Dakota Agricultural College, and is based on activities

of the North Dakota Insect Survey, supplemented by local private collections.

Although they include an annoying number of misspellings, the keys

appear to be very useful, since they include black and white photographs

of both upper and lower wing surfaces of each species figured on the

same page with the couplet concerned. The authors were fortunate in

securing the cooperation of a number of specialists, and they have used

the numerical and nomenclatorial systems of the perennially delayed dos

Passes Checklist. Therefore, the most recent name combinations are used,

but evidently several new combinations are thus proposed in a taxonomic

publication of limited distribution.

In general very little data are available about the distribution of insects

in North Dakota, and this publication offers detailed information on the

butterflies of the area, together with a short essay on the major physiographic

elements affecting distributional patterns. Some interesting aspects of the

transition or overlap zone between eastern and western entities in several

species groups {e.g., the Papilio glaucus-rutulus complex) are brought out.

In addition, range extensions for a number of species are given.

The book will be of value to collectors in the northern midwest area,

to students of butterfly systematics, and to persons interested in insect

distribution in North Dakota and the relationship of the fauna of that

area to other parts of North America. — Jerry A. Powell, University of

California, Berkeley.

October, 1960] jerath — Oregon aphodiinae

183

DISTRIBUTION OF APHODIINAE IN OREGON

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Manohar Lal Jerath

Oregon State College, Corvallis

The present report gives distribution records for the species of

the subfamily Aphodiinae which have been found to occur in

Oregon. Five species of Aegialiini, twenty-nine species of Aphodiini

and three species of Psammodiini are included in this study. The

species in each tribe are listed alphabetically and Leng catalog

numbers, where available, are given after the author’s name, in

parentheses. Four species of Aegialia and twelve species of

Aphodius are recorded from Oregon for the first time.

This work is based on a study of adults collected in Oregon

and now in the collections of M. H. Hatch, University of Washing-

ton, Seattle, Washington; Joe Schuh, Klamath Falls, Oregon; L. G.

Gentner, Medford, Oregon; Department of Entomology, Oregon

State College, Corvallis, Oregon. Specimens which had not been

determined by authorities in the group or which could not be

determined with certainty by the writer were submitted to 0. L.

Cartwright of the U. S. National Museum for identification. Local-

ities are listed alphabetically with the present location of specimens

in various collections indicated by symbols as follows; H (M. H.

Hatch), S (Joe Schuh) and G (L. G. Gentner). Unless designated,

localities given in the following list refer to specimens in the

Oregon State College collection.

tribe aegialiini

Five species of the genus Aegialia have been found in Oregon.

Four species, Aegialia lacustris LeConte, A. latispina LeConte, A.

conferta Horn, A. punctata Brown and one subspecies, A. crassa

insularis Brown are here reported for the first time. All the species

of this tribe occurring in Oregon are represented in the Oregon

State College collection.

Aegialia blanchardi Horn (13100)

Common species in the Oregon coastal sand dune area through-

out the year, Bandon, Cannon Beach, Ft. Clatsop, Dayton (also H),

Kiger Island near Corvallis, Florence (also H), Gearhart, Sunset

Beach, 6 m. N. of Gearhart, Hauser, Heceta Beach, Newport,

Pacific City (also H), Oceanlake, Waldport (also S).

Aegialia conferta Horn (13102 a)

184 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

Rare species. Kiger Island near Corvallis, Dayton, Forest

Grove.

Aegialia crassa crassa LeConte (13105)

Rare species. Cannon Beach, Hauser (also H), Newport.

Aegialia crassa insularis Brown (13105 a)

Rare species. Collected only at Neskowin.

Aegialia lacustris LeConte (13099)

This species, which is not very common, has only been collected

in the sandy areas under the willows at Kiger Island near Corvallis

and along a creek, 12 miles west of Adel.

Aegialia LATispiNA LeConte (13103)

Rare species. Kiger Island near Corvallis.

Aegialia punctata Brown (13102 b)

This species was collected in the sand dunes bordering Fossil

Lake, during May 1957, where it was fairly abundant.

TRIBE APHODIINI

Twenty-nine species of the genus Aphodius have been taken in

Oregon. The following 12 species are here recorded for the first

time: Aphodius alternatus Horn, A. consociatus Horn, A. denti-

culatus Haldeman, A. luxatus Horn, A. neotomae Fall, A. neva-

densis Horn, A. phaeopterus LeConte, A. rectus biformis Mot-

schulsky, A. sparsus LeConte, A. subaeneus LeConte, Aphodius

sp. 1 and Aphodius sp. 2.

Aphodius aleutus Eschscholtz (13122)

A very abundant species in deer droppings at high altitudes

during summer. Crater Lake (H), Dayton (H), Hubbard (H),

Mary’s Peak near Corvallis (also H), Pamelia Lake, about 3,000

ft., Wallowa Lake (H) .

Aphodius alternatus Horn (13140)

Rare species. Cornelius, Corvallis, Forest Grove, Seaside, Steen

Mts. above Fish Lake (H) .

Aphodius caseyi Saylor

Listed from Oregon in the fifth supplement of Leng’s catalog

(Blackwelder and Blackwelder, 1948). The writer has never found

this species in any of the material examined.

Aphodius coloradensis Horn (13179)

Occurs at high altitudes. Specimens in Hatch collection from

Bone Springs and Tollgate Road (Blue Mts.).

Aphodius congregatus Mannerheim (13121)

October, 1960] jerath — Oregon aphodiinae

185

Leng (1920) lists the distribution from California to Alaska.

The writer has not seen any specimens from Oregon.

Aphodius consociatus Horn (13138)

Bear Springs, Wasco Co. (H), Cornelius, Corvallis, Cabbage

Hill east of Pendleton, Dreu Reservoir, Lake Co. (H), Forest

Grove (H), Monzoita (H), Mottet Ranger Station (H), Seaside.

Aphodius cribratulus Schmidt (13144)

Rare species, Corvallis, McMinnville (H), Peavine Ridge near

McMinnville (H).

Aphodius sp. near decipiens Horn (13150)

Rare species. Meacham (H) .

Aphodius denticulatus Haldeman (13112)

Fairly common species at high altitudes. Durkee (H), Forest

Grove (H), Gold Center Camp, Blue Mts. (H), Medicine Hat (S),

McMinnville (H), Suckers Creek Canyon (H), 30 m. south of

Vale.

Aphodius dilaticollis Saylor

Rare species only known from Eugene and McMinnville. In

Hatch collection.

Aphodius distinctus (Mueller) (13184)

Common species in cow droppings. Ashland (also G), Baker

(H), Cascadia, Cayuse, Corvallis (also H, S), Durkee, Freewater,

Hood River, Klamath Falls (S), Kiger Island near Corvallis (S),

McMinnville (also H) , North Howell Prarier (S) , Scappose, Talent

(also G), Weston, Woodburn.

Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus) (13119)

A very abundant species in cow dung throughout Oregon. In

a few localities specimens were collected from horse manure.

Aphodius granarius (Linnaeus) (13131)

Adults of this species are fairly abundant in cow dung in

Uregon. Larvae usually found in soil and may be feeding on

roots of vegetation. Arlington (H), Blitzen Valley, Harney Co.,

Blooming, Bone Springs, Blue Mts. (H), Brogan, Cornelius, Cor-

vallis, Dairy (H), Durkee (H), Eugene (also H), Forest Grove,

Golden (H), Klamath Falls (G), McMinnville (H), Ochoco Na-

tional Forest (H), Owyhee Canyon, Pendleton, Portland (S),

Redmond, Salem, Talent (also G), Weston.

Aphodius hamatus Say (13109)

Adults occur commonly at high altitudes in dung. Larvae

186

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

known to injure turf in pastures in Ruby Valley, Nevada. Oregon

localities: Clackamas Lake (H), Devils Garden, Modoc National

Forest, Gold Center Camp, Blue Mts. (H), 15 miles west of

Klamath Falls, Lake Creek (H), LakevicM^ (H)? Steen Mts., Swin

(also S), Tollgate (H).

Aphodius inutilis Horn (13187)

Leng (1920) lists this species from Oregon, but the writer has

not seen any specimens.

Aphodius luxatus Horn (13181)

Rare species. Forest Grove (H), McMinnville (H), Scio.

Aphodius sp. near militaris LeConte

Rare species, only known from McMinnville (H) .

Aphodius neotomae Fall (13125)

Rare species, occurring in wood rat nests. Three specimens

collected at Corvallis.

Aphodius nevadensis Horn (13142)

Rare species, one specimen from Tumalo. From Hatch collec-

tion, now in U. S. National Museum.

Aphodius opacus LeConte (13146)

Not very abundant, found usually in deer droppings at high

altitudes. Bone Springs, Blue Mts. (H), Bald Mts. (H), Cornu-

copio (H), Gold Center Camp, Blue Mts. (H), Mary’s Peak near

Corvallis, McDonald Forest near Corvallis, Medford, Summit

Prairie, Wallowa Lake (H), Yamhill Co. (H).

Aphodius pardalis LeConte (13185)

Larvae of this species are injurious to golf turf (Ritcher &

Morrison, 1955), fairly abundant when found. Albany, Corvallis

(also S), Eugene, McMinnville (H), Scio (S).

Aphodius pectoralis LeConte (13126)

Common species in deer droppings in wooded areas. Cannon

Beach (H), Corvallis (H), Dayton (H), Gronite (H), eight miles

north of Gold Beach on Rogue River, Mary’s Peak near Corvallis,

McDonald Forest near Corvallis, Peavine Ridge near McMinn-

ville (H).

Aphodius phaeopterus LeConte (13154)

Occurs at high altitudes. From Lewis Peak and Tollgate (Blue

Mts.) . In Hatch collection.

Aphodius rectus biformis Reitter

Found in cow droppings. Willamette Valley localities Port-

October, 1960] jerath — Oregon aphodiinae

187

land, McMinnville (H), Corvallis. Recently introduced, according

to Hatch.

Aphodius sparsus LeConte (13205)

A common species in wood rat nests, Corvallis, McMinnville

(H).

Aphodius subaeneus LeConte (13139)

This species occurs at high altitudes. Known from Steen Mts.

above Fish Lake (H).

Aphodius vittatus Say (13132)

A very abundant species in cow dung all over the state.

Aphodius species 1.

One specimen collected on snow at Mary’s Peak near Corvallis

by Frank Hasbrouck during June, 1955. Specimen now in U. S.

N. M. (According to Cartwright, in a personal communication, it

is a new species.)

Aphodius species 2.

One specimen collected in deer droppings at Mary’s Peak near

Corvallis by Ritcher and Jerath on August 9, 1955, and now at

U. S. N. M. (According to Cartwright, in a personal communica-

tion, it is a new species.)

Tribe psammodiini

Two species of the genus Psammodius and one species of

Pleurophorus are recorded in the literature as occurring in Oregon.

Psammodius oregonensis Cartwright

A very common species in the Oregon coastal sand dunes,

found in large numbers.

Psammodius caelatus (LeConte) (13245)

Not a very common species. Bandon (also U. S. N. M., p. 447),

Hauser, Newport, Taft (U. S. N. M.) and Woods (S).

Pleurophorus caesus (Creutzer) (13255)

Not usually common but Hinman and Larson (1935: p. 149)

collected 131 specimens in flight traps during 1931 and 1932 in

the Willamette Valley: Bakers Creeks (H), Forest Grove (H, S),

Grants Pass (H), McMinnville (H), Portland (S), St. Helens ( S).

Literature Cited

Blackwelder, R. E. and R. M. Blackwelder

1948. Fifth supplement to the Leng Catalogue of Coleoptera of America,

north of Mexico. 1939—1947 (inclusive). John D. Sherman, Jr.,

Mt. Vernon, N.Y.:l-87.

188

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

Hinman, F. G. and a. 0. Larson

1935. Insects collected in flight traps in the Willamette Valley, Oregon,

in 1931 and 1932. Ent. News 46(6) : 147-153.

Leng, C. W.

1920. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. John

D. Sherman, Jr., Mt. Vernon, N.Y.; 1—470.

Ritcher, P. 0. AND H. E. Morrison

1955. Aphodius pardalis LeC. a new turf pest. Jour. Econ. Ent. 48(4) :

476.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of

Plenary Powers in certain cases (A. [n.s.]45)

In accordance with a decision of the 13th International Con-

gress of Zoology, 1948, public notice is hereby given of the

possible use by the International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature of its plenary powers in connection with the follow-

ing cases, full details of which will be found in Bulletin of

Zoological Nomenclature, Vol. 17, Parts 9/11 to be published on

16 September 1960.

(3) Validation of the generic name of Macronema Pictet, 1836 (Insecta,

Trichoptera) Z.N. (S. )706

(7) Suppression of the family name NIRMIDES [Leach, 1815]

(Insecta, Mallophaga) Z.N.(S.)1400

(8) Designation of a neotype for the nominal species Pediculus

dentatus Scopoli, 1763 (Insecta, Mallophaga) Z.N. (S'.) 1394

(10) Suppression of the generic name Liotheum Nitzsch, 1818 (Insecta,

Mallophaga) Z.N. (S.) 1399

(11) Suppression of the specific name pellarini (Aedipoda) Le Guillou,

1841 (Insecta, Orthoptera) Z.N. (S.) 1436

Any zoologist who wishes to comment on any of the above

cases should do so in writing, and in duplicate, as soon as

possible, and in any case before 16 December 1960. Each com-

ment should bear the reference number of the case in question.

Comment received early enough will be published in the Bulletin

of Zoological Nomenclature. Those received too late for publica-

tion will, if received before 16 December 1960, be brought to the

attention of the Commission at the time of commencement of

voting.

All communications should be addressed to: Secretary, Inter-

national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British

Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7,

England. — W. E. China, Assistant Secretary, International Com-

mission on Zoological Nomenclature.

October, 1960]

USINGER— CHILOXANTHUS

189

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF CHILOXANTHUS

STELLATUS (CURTIS) AND C. ARCTICUS (SAHLBERG)

(Hemiptera: Saldidae)

Robert L. Usinger

University of California, Berkeley

The genus Chiloxanthus is Holarctic in distribution. C. stel-

latus is recorded in the Drake and Hoberlandt catalogue (1950)

from Northern Europe, Siberia, Alaska, and Canada. C. arcticus

is listed in the catalogue as a synonym of pilosus (Fallen) from

Europe, Siberia, and North Africa. According to Linnavuori

(1953), “Ch. arcticus is, however, a good species . . . Ch. arcticus

is best distinguished from Ch. pilosus by the light, short, smooth

hair-covering of the upper surface, while Ch. pilosus always has

a long, dense, black and upstanding hair-covering . . . Also the

living habits and the distribution are dissimilar. Ch. pilosus is

halobiontic, being common on salty seashores of North and Central

Europe, and known also from the salty hiotopes near Halle in

Germany . . . Ch. arcticus, being a high boreal insect, occurs only

on the shores of the Arctic Sea both in Europe and Siberia. It is

not confined to salty water, but may extend far into the tundra,

too.”

In the summer of 1955 an opportunity was presented to study

Saldidae at various places along the Arctic Coastal Plain while

primarily engaged in other studies with headquarters at the Arctic

Research Laboratory at Point Barrow, Alaska. Thanks are due to

the authorities of the Arctic Institute of North America and the

Office of Naval Research for support of this work.

Chiloxanthus stellatus (Curtis)

This species was found only in the vicinity of Point Barrow

but must be widespread in the tundra at high altitudes, (Weber,

1950). It occurs only on the well drained parts of high polygons

and was never found, with diligent searching, in such saldid

habitats as mud flats, low areas in the sphagnum, or along the

ocean beaches or lake shores. On July 18 and 26 nymphs and

adults were common; nymphs were in the first and second instars.

At the same locality P. D. Hurd collected adults from June 30 to

August 7 in 1952 and 1953 and last instar nymphs from June 17

to July 21, 1953.

Britton (1958) describes the tundra landscape including

“high” and “low” polygons and “ditch-like troughs” between as

190

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

follows: “All substrate materials, with the possible exception of

those underlying the deeper lakes, are perennially frozen to depths

of several hundred feet below a surface zone that thaws each

warm season. This zone, called the active layer, develops most

rapidly, extending to depths of several feet, in well-drained sands

and gravels. The poorly drained ditchlike troughs which conspicu-

ously pattern the ground thaw very slowly, to depths of only a

few inches each season.”

It is evident that Chiloxanthus stellatus occupies the “active

layer” described above and that it thus avoids the chilling effects

of the permafrost for perhaps eight weeks each year. The length

of nymphal instars is not known but the species is large and the

season is short. With nymphs of all stages occurring during the

summer and adults and last instar nymphs found “early” in the

summer, it seems certain that adults and nymphs overwinter in a

semi-frozen state, protected only by the thin layer of a few inches

of tundra vegetation.

Chiloxanthus arcticus (Sahlberg)

I am indebted to Linnavuori for comparing my Alaskan ma-

terial with specimens from Finland and Siberia. C. arcticus was

collected only on mud flats along the shores of the Kuk River

inland from Wainwright. The distance from Pt. Barrow is about

100 miles in a southwest direction. The saldids were found July

30, 1955 on the hard packed open mud flats where the fresh water

of the Omalik River empties into the broad Kuk Inlet. Collecting

was difficult because there was a strong wind and the bugs found

shelter in mud cracks. There were many more nymphs than adults,

and the nymphs were in stages two to five. C. arcticus was never

found on salt water beaches or inland on the tundra.

Literature Cited

Britton, Max E.

1958. A Tundra Landscape. Research Reviews, Office of Naval Research.

Washington, Dec. January, :4— 13. 10 figs.

Drake, C. J. and Ludvik Hoberlandt

1950. Catalogue of Genera and Species of Saldidae (Hemiptera) . Acta

Ent. Mus. Nat. Pragae, 26(376) :1— 12.

Linnavuori, R.

1953. Hemipterological Studies. 1. Chiloxanthus arcticus J. Sahib.

(Het., Saldidae) a valid species. Ann. Ent. Fennici, 19(3) : 107.

Weber, Neal A.

1950. A survey of the insects and related Arthropods of Arctic Alaska.

Part 1, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 76:148—206, 7 pis.

October, 1960] stage — chrysis fuscipennis

191

FIRST NORTH AMERICAN HOST RECORD OE THE

ADVENTIVE WASP, CHRYSIS EUSCIPENNIS BRULLE

(Hymenoptera : Chrysididae)

Gerald I. Stage

University of California, Berkeley

While making investigations on the parasites and associates

of Osmia clarescens Cockerell (Megachilidae: Apoidea) utilizing

empty mud nests of Sceliphron caementarium (Drury), a number

of cells containing larvae of a chrysidid wasp were discovered.

The adults which emerged in the laboratory were subsequently

identified with the kind assistance of Karl V. Krombein as Chrysis

( Chrysis ) fuscipennis Brulle. This adventive wasp was first

recorded in North America by Krombein (1956) when three

females and one male were collected in Washington, D.C. Its Old

World distribution encompasses the regions of Indo-Malaya,

Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Asia Minor, China and Australia

(Bingham, 1903, p, 468). The only other record from this conti-

nent concerns a single female taken in a house at Galt, Sacramento

County, California (Harper, 1959).

The Sceliphron nests which contained the chrysidids were

collected January 31, 1959, from under the roof, eaves, and along

the upper walls in several old buildings at a ranch two miles

northwest of Turlock, Stanislaus County, California. It was then

noted that perhaps a dozen of the closed mud cells had a single

conical puncture (about 1.5—2 mm. in diameter at the surface,

narrowing to about .5 mm. internally) near the middle of the

exposed side. Internal examination of the cells in the laboratory

showed a one hundred per cent correlation between the presence

of the chrysidid parasitoid and the punctures on the outside of

the cells. A brown plug could be seen sealing the constricted inner

third of the puncture and extending internally over the cell wall

to form a thin circular convex flange about two millimeters in

diameter. It appears to be formed from a dried liquid (probably

of secretory origin) placed there upon withdrawal of the

chrysidid’s long ovipositor.

The relationship between Sceliphron and Chalybion cali-

fornicum (Saussure) has long been known, and the cells taken

over by Chalybion can in all cases be recognized on close exami-

nation (Rau, 1928, pp. 443—444) . In the parasitized cells the

original mud cap was apparently undisturbed, which would not

192

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

be the case if the cells had been previously appropriated by

Chalyhion. In a high percentage of cases, however, the unpara-

sitized cells from the same locality yielded Chalybion, but this

does not necessarily indicate that this wasp is not parasitized by

the chrysidid.

In the parasitized cells the only host remains were the

specialized meconial portion [i.e., the chuck and chuck chamber

of Shafer, 1949, pp. 30—31), and the anterior portion of the

cocoon. Using the criteria set forth by Rau (1915), it was deter-

mined that all the identifiable cocoons were those of Sceliphron,

thereby confirming the conclusion formed on the basis of the

condition of the cell caps.

When first examined, the chrysidid larvae were mature and

had already constructed cocoons. These pale yellow, parchment-

like, semi-transparent cocoons were constructed of fine silk, and

conformed closely to the lower third or fourth of the mud cells.

In two instances the sphecid chuck chambers were in their normal

position in the lower end of the cell with the chrysidid cocoon

formed closely in contact above. In the remaining examples, the

chuck chamber had been moved from its normal position and was

variously placed near the center of the cell with the chrysidid

cocoon then constructed below it. The creamy white meconium of

the chrysidid was placed on the exposed top of the cocoon. It was

extremely variable in shape, ranging from botuliform to globular.

The nearly intact top half of the sphecid cocoon filled the top of

the cell.

The cocoons were kept in the laboratory at room temperature,

and the chrysidids (nine males and one female) emerged between

April 6 and May 5, 1959. The sphecids, kept under the same

conditions, all emerged between April 5 and April 23, 1959. All

but two of the cells containing chrysidids were opened for observa-

tion in January. The parasitoids from these remaining two emerged

through holes chewed through the mud caps at the top of the

cells. All the chrysidid larvae, except those removed for preserva-

tion, successfully completed their development.

It seems apparent from these observations that Chrysis fusci-

pennis Brulle is a parasitoid on Sceliphron caementarium (Drury) ,

attacking the mature larvae overwintering within their cocoons.

Oviposition is accomplished by making punctures in the mud

walls of the sphecid cells, which are then sealed upon withdrawal

October, 1960]

STAGE CHRYSIS FUSCIPENNIS

193

Explanation of Figure

Nests of Sceliphron caementarium. (Drury) parasitized by Chrysis

fuscipennis Brulle. A. Chrysis cocoon. B. Chrysis meconium. C. Sceliphron

chuck chamber. D. Remains of Sceliphron cocoon. E. Oviposition punctures

of chrysidid (x-section). F. Oviposition punctures of chrysidid (external

view). G. Chrysis emergence holes.

194

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

of the ovipositor. The chrysidid overwinters as a larva and emerges

in the spring by chewing through the mud cap on the cell.

One of the previous Old World host records for Chrysis fusci-

pennis concerns a vespid, Eumenes conica (Fabricius), in India

(Bingham, 1899). In this case the chrysidid gained access to the

cell through the unsealed entrance in a brief absence of the

provisioning vespid. Bingham’s later examination of the nest

showed two different semi-transparent eggs, the larger stuck on

the cell wall while the other was on the single provisioned cater-

pillar. Bingham (1903, p. 468) also cites Eumenes petiolata

Fabricius and E. flavopicta Blanch as hosts of this parasitoid in

India.

It may be of interest to note that at this same Turlock ranch

a determined effort was made to collect every Sceliphron nest that

could be located in September of 1956. No evidence of C. fusci-

pennis was apparent at that time upon careful examination of all

the approximately one hundred and fifty cells obtained. Also the

author and Roy R. Snelling had collected Aculeate Hymenoptera

intensively in the general Turlock area during the proceeding five

years (occasionally examining Sceliphron nests) without ever

turning up this species of parasitoid. This may indicate that the

advent of the chrysidid into the Turlock area occurred after 1956.

The author wishes to express his appreciation for the helpful

criticism and generous assistance of C. Don MacNeill, California

Academy of Sciences, and Jerry A. Powell, University of Cali-

fornia, Berkeley, in the preparation of this article.

Literature Cited

Bingham, C. T.

1899. No. XIX. — Note on Eumenes conica, Fabr., and Megachile

disjuncta, Fabr., and their parasites Chrysis fuscipennis, Brulle,

and Parevaspis abdominalis, Smith. Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,

12:585-587.

1903. The fauna of British India. Hymenoptera, — Vol. II. Taylor and

Francis, London, pp. 1—506, pi.

Harper, R. W.

1959. 39th Annual Report of the Bureau of Entomology — 1958. Calif.

Dept. Agri. Mo. Bull., 48(2) :126.

Krombein, K. V.

1956. Chrysis fuscipennis Br., a recent adventive wasp in Washington,

D. C. from the Old World. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 58(5) :75.

October, 1960] Pritchard — catochine midges

195

Rau, P.

1915. The differentiation of cocoons of Pelopoeus caementarium and

Chalybion caeruleum (Hymen.). Psyche, 22:62—63.

1928. Field studies in the behavior of the non-social wasps. Trans.

Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 25(9) :325— 489.

Shafer, G. D.

1949. The ways of a mud dauber, Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Cali-

fornia. pp. 1—78, pis. 1—10.

TWO NEW SPECIES OE CATOCHINE GALL MIDGES, WITH

A NEW KEY TO GENERA OF THE CATOCHINI

(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

A. Earl Pritchard

University of California, Berkeley

Gall midges belonging to the tribe Catochini are considered

rare. Many of the known adults have been taken only in cold

weather off snow. It is of considerable interest to learn that

two species occur in the western United States, and both of

these are described as new.

A female of Anocha spinosa (Felt), collected at Itasca Park,

Minnesota, January 7, 1954, flying at -20° F. over snow, was

forwarded to me by Dr. C. E. Mickel. A study of this and two

other specimens recorded from Minnesota showed that the wing

membrane possesses macrotrichia. Therefore, my key to genera

of the tribe Catochini (1947) was erroneous, and a new key

is presented. The genus Catarete Edwards is not included in

this key because the antennal sensoria have not been described.

The wing of Catarete is distinctive in that vein R 5 is very close

to the costa and terminates before the apex of the wing.

Key to the Genera of Catochini

1. Ri reaching costa before end of wing; flagellum without

forked sensoria 2

— Ri reaching costa at apex of wing; flagellum with forked sensoria 4

2. Flagellar segments each with a pair of budlike sensoria 3

— Flagellar segments with only sensory setae and rods Anocha Pritchard

3. Medial fork with branches even ; costa extending nearly to Mi

Neocatocha Edwards

— Medial fork with branches very uneven, the upper branch sigmoid;

costa ending just beyond Rs Tritozyga Loew

4. Wing membrane without macrotrichia or nearly so Eucatocha Edwards

— Wing membrane with fairly dense macrotrichia... Catocha Haliday

Eucatocha betsyae Pritchard, new species

(Figure 1)

Eucatocha betsyae differs from E. barberi (Felt), the only

196

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

other species in the genus, in that the cubitus is sharply bent

and sigmoid. The female of Eucatocha is here described for

the first time.

Female . — Eyes with dorsolateral bridge about four facets wide. Antenna

with 2-|-9 segments; first flagellar segment very long, the ninth very small,

the other flagellar segments each with a distal neck, about three-fourths

as long as the enlargement and the enlargement beyond the whorl of

tactile setae set with long sensory setae and four sensoria each bearing

4 to 7 long, tapering branches. Palpus with four segments, the first with

blunt sensory setae on inside. Wing (fig. 1) membrane with only a few

macrotrichia at tip ; Rs strongly curved distally and reaching tip of wing ;

medial fork plain, moderately long; Cu sharply bent and sigmoid. Claw

with 4 or 5 short medio-lateral teeth ; empodium short, with three pairs

of hairs. Ovipositor with lamellae articulated to tenth tergite; spermathecae

two, rather large, rounded. Length of wing, 5.3 mm.

Holotype female. Strawberry, Tuolumne County, Cali-

fornia, December 27-31, 1958 (Betsy Schneider and Earl Prit-

chard) ; in the Pritchard collection at the University of California.

Berkeley. Paratypes: Four females, same data as holotype; one

female, Sagehen Creek (11 miles north of Truckee), Nevada Co.,

California, December 4, 1954 (E. M. Brock).

Fig. 1. Wing of Eucatocha betsyae.

Fig. 2. Wing of Anocha celesteana.

October, 1960] ryckman et al — paratriatoma

197

This species is named in honor of Mrs. Betsy Schneider. The

specimens were found flying in the afternoon, over snow, at

temperatures around freezing.

Anocha celesteana Pritchard, new species

(Figure 2)

Anocha celesteana differs from A. spinosa (Felt), the only

other species in the genus, in that the eye bridge is devoid of

facets laterally and the cubitus is simply and evenly curved.

Female . — Eye with lateral bridge widely devoid of facets. Antenna

with 2-1-8 segments; flagellar segments elliptical with very short distal

necks, each with the distal sensory setae blunt. Palpus with four segments.

Wing (fig. 2) with C extending to break just before Mi; Ri not reaching

middle of wing; Rs slightly sigmoid, widely separated from costal margin

and reaching it well before end of wing; Mi 4-2 weak and its branches

short and weak; Ma-pi strong but free; Cu evenly rounded. Claws slightly

curved, with very small mediolateral teeth; empodium rudimentary. Sperma-

thecae deeply pigmented. Length of wing, 2 mm.

Holotype female, Cheyenne, Wyoming, September 24, 1947

(D. G. Denning) ; in the Pritchard collection at the University

of California, Berkeley.

This species is named in honor of Mrs. Celeste Green.

Literature Cited

Pritchard, A. Earl

1947. The North American gall midges of the tribes Catotrichini and

Catochini (Diptera: Itonididae [Cecidomyiidae] ) . Ann. Ent. Soc.

Amer., 40(4) :662— 671.

PARATRIATOMA FROM THE MAINLAND OF MEXICO

(Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Raymond E. Ryckman and Lee E. Olsen ^

College of Medical Evangelists, Loma Linda, California

The monotypic genus Paratriatoma consists of the nominate

species, hirsuta Barber (1938). This species was described from

the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. Subsequent to 1938

this kissing-bug has been reported in the Colorado and Mojave

Deserts of California, southern Nevada and central Arizona by

Wood (1941), Usinger (1944) and Ryckman (1953). On ecologi-

cal grounds this species should be expected to occur in the desert

regions of northern Sonora.

^ This investigation was supported in part by a grant (E-173) from the National Institutes of

Health, U.S. Public Health Service.

198

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

On April 11, 1960, the authors, assisted by A. E. Ryckman

and J. V. Ryckman, examined several Neotoma lodges on Highway

No. 2, 81 miles west of Sonoyta, Sonora, Mexico. Two of the

lodges studied contained Paratriatoma hirsuta. Nest No. 1 con-

tained five, fifth instar nymphs; and from nest No. 2 the following

were collected: nine, fifth instar nymphs and twenty-one adults.

The two nests combined contained seventeen adult males; four

adult females; ten male and four female fifth instar nymphs. In

addition to the above bugs, four adult males and one fifth instar

female nymph of Triatoma rubida (Uhler) were collected from

nest No. 2. It would appear that the spring emergence from fifth

instars to adults was well underway on April 11 when these

collections were made.

The nests of Neotoma in this area were usually found to be

associated with mesquite and ironwood trees. These wood-rats

inhabited relatively extensive underground burrows beneath their

stick lodges. The Paratriatoma hirsuta nymphs collected from

nest No. 1 were one and one-half feet below the surface of the

ground and approximately three feet from the entrance to the

underground burrow. The nymphs were in a mass of cactus spines

in the burrow.

This is a southern extension of the known range of Para-

triatoma hirsuta by approximately 150 miles and the first report

of this genus on the mainland of Mexico.

Literature Cited

Barber, H. G.

1938. A new genus and species of the subfamily Triatominae. Proc.

Ent. Soc. Wash., 40(4) : 104— 105.

Ryckman, Raymond E.

1953. First report of Paratriatoma hirsuta Barber from Nevada and

additional collections from Arizona and California. Pan-Pac. Ent.,

29(4) ; 199-200.

USINGER, R. L.

1944. The Triatominae of North America and Central America and

the West Indies and their public health significance. U. S. Public

Health Bull. No. 288.

Wood, S. F.

1941. Notes on the distribution and habits of reduviid vectors of

Chagas’ Disease in the southwest United States. Pan-Pac. Ent.,

17(3) ;115-118.

October, 1960]

HOTTES ADVENTIVE APHID

199

RHIZOMARIA PICEAE HARTIG NEW TO AMERICA

(Homoptera: Aphidae)

F. C. Hottes

Grand Junction, Colorado

Because the species discussed herewith has been placed in

almost as many genera as times it has been mentioned in aphid

literature the generic name first used with it is retained in this

brief note.

In 1953 while weeding under a blue spruce tree, my hoe

brought up a small rootlet surrounded by a mass of flocculent

matter. I could not associate this material with aphids although I

suspected them, nor could I identify the root, or locate more

flocculent matter. In June of 1959 I bought several small trees of

Picea pungens from a local nursery, they in turn having purchased

them from a nursery in Delta, Colorado where the plants had bee?i

grown from seed. The trees were in gallon cans. Upon removing

the trees from the cans I at once noted the same flocculent matter

I had seen in 1953 and was able to associate it with aphids. From

this material I have been able to rear many apterous viviparous

females and two alate specimens. The two alate specimens differ

from each other and may not belong to the same species.

I could not associate the specimens with species known to

me, or identify them from descriptions in the literature. Material

was sent D. Hille Ris Lumbers who determined it as the species

described by Hartig in 1857 as Rhizomaria piceae. A search of

the literature was then made. Baker (1920) placed Rhizomaria

as a synonym of Pemphigus Hartig. Only one reference to piceae

under this genus was found, and this species does not appear to

belong to this genus because of the rather large wax glands on

the thorax of the alata and the apparent absence of cornicles in

this form. Use of Baker’s keys fails to place this species in

Pemphigus but more nearly in the genus Prociphilus Koch.

I strongly suspect that we need further information concerning

this species before we can correctly place it generically and for

this reason treat it in the genus proposed for it by Hartig.

The genus Rhizomaria was proposed by Hartig in 1857, not

1856 as reported by Borner (1952), for the species piceae

described at the same time. Hartig’s description of the genus is

very brief, and is based upon the structure of the sensoria. His

description of piceae is not good, and is in error in his reference

200

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

to “two staff-shaped honey tubes” on the males which he did not

have. Tullgren (1909) placed piceae in the genus Pemphigus and

cited a paper I have not seen by Jacobi (1905) who placed it in

Rhizomaria. Theobald (1929) provisionally placed piceae in the

genus Pachypappella Baker. Borner (1932) placed piceae in the

genus Pachypappa Koch and looked upon it as a synonym of

Pachypappa vesicallis Koch. Borner (1952) and Borner and

Heinze (1957) did likewise. Baker (1920) placed Pachypappa as

a synonym of Pemphigus.

Explanation of Figures

Rhizomaria piceae Hartig: apterous viviparous female, antenna and

rostrum; viviparous female, antenna forms, wings.

The apterous forms of this species are extremely small and

pale in color except for two dusky areas on the head separated

by a clear median line. Cornicles have not been noted. Apterous

specimens produce an abundance of flocculent material far in

excess of that which would be expected from their numbers. This

material arises from the posterior region of the dorsum of the

abdomen and takes the form of flat ribbon-like material which

extends some distance beyond the abdomen. It is white and at

times bluish. Specimens taken in December had a distinctly

October, 1960]

HOTTES ADVENTIVE APHID

201

different secretion from those taken in the summer. The secretion

was not at all flocculent, nor ribbon-like but rather thread-like and

surrounded the specimens much like a cocoon.

It was decided not to plant the trees but rather to use them for

rearing additional specimens. Several methods were tried for

rearing, which permitted frequent observation with a minimum

amount of disturbance to the roots. It was found that the aphids

Explanation of Figure

Rhizomaria piceae Hartig: flocculent material on roots of Picea pungens.

did not tolerate a soil which retained water. Therefore adequate

drainage had to be provided and care used in the application of

water. The method of rearing which gave best results was as

follows. The trees were removed from the cans and the sides of

the root mass covered with a band of aluminum foil. The bottom

of the soil mass was left uncovered. The tree was then planted in

peat moss in a large clay pot. To observe the aphids one had only

to remove the tree from the pot and unwind the aluminum band.

202

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

Aphids on trees planted directly in peat moss did not follow the

roots into the moss, the moss first having to be removed, a process

which took time, when the aphids were observed.

The paper in which Hartig published his descriptions appears

to be extremely difficult to locate. It is interesting to note that this

paper is not listed in Index Litteraturae Entomologicae by Horn

and Schenkling. Perhaps this is due to the fact that Hartig’s paper

is without a title and in the form of a letter which begins “My

esteemed Friend,” and ends “Your devoted friend, Theodor

Hartig.”

Literature Cited

Baker, T. C.

1920. Generic Classification of the Hemipterous Family Aphididae. U. S.

Dept. Agric., Bull. 826:71, 76—77.

Borner, Carl

1932. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten Vol. 1:647—648.

1952. Europae centralis Aphides. Kurt Branco Weimar. : 190— 191.

Borner, Carl and Curt Heinze

1957. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten Vol. V :297.

Hartig, Theodor

1857. Without title (in the form of a letter). Transactions of the Hils-

Solling Forestry Association, Published by the Association Vol.

1856 Commissioned to C. C. Mullers Book Firm 1857:52—57.

Jacobi, A.

1905. Die Fichtenwurzellaus (Rhizomaria piceae) Tharander Forstliches

Jarbuch. 55 H. 3, :177— 197 (Not seen).

Theobald, Fred V.

1929. The Plant Lice or Aphididae of Great Britain Vol. HI Headley

Brothers, London :241— 243.

Tullgren, a.

1909. Aphidologische Studien I Arkiv fiir Zoologi, 5 (14) ; 138— 142.

NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF FOUR ADVENTIVE

EARWIGS IN ARIZONA

(Dermaptera)^

W. L. Nutting

University of Arizona, Tucson

Schlinger et al. (1959) have recently reported on the firm

establishment of the predaceous earwig, Labidura riparia (Pallas),

in agricultural desert valleys of southern California. Since this

insect had previously been known from Florida irregularly west-

ward only into Texas, it seems pertinent to document its occur-

^ Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 539.

October, 1960] nutting — Arizona earwigs

203

rence in Arizona, The records are taken from 26 specimens which

have been routinely deposited in the collection of this department

by several different entomologists. No attempt has been made to

work out details of the biology or distribution of this earwig in

Arizona.

The distribution is, as might be expected, near the centers of

major irrigated farming areas in the south: Yuma, April to

November, 1952, 1954 to 1957 ; Phoenix, March 1958 ; Chandler,

September 1959; Casa Grande, April 1958; Tucson, April 1955,

1958, September 1959. The first Arizona specimen was taken at

Yuma on July 24, 1952, by D. M, Tuttle, Entomologist at the

University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Yuma.

It is interesting to note, and perhaps not merely coincidental,

that this record is but 55 miles farther east and four months

earlier than the first published Californian collection. As in Cali-

fornia also, no further records are available until 1954. In spite

of the rather intensive and continuing survey which is carried on

in the agricultural areas of southern Arizona, it is surprising that

almost no specimens of this conspicuous insect were taken to the

eastward until 1958. Although the evidence is purely circum-

stantial, it does point to Calexieo and Yuma as possible foci of

introduction with subsequent spread through commerce northward

and eastward. Isolated collections from Puerto Pehasco and

Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, in 1959 may be worth noting, but will

probably generate little more than speculation concerning their

relation to the California and Arizona populations of this insect.

Gurney (1950) and Schlinger et al. (op. cit.) have mentioned

the African earwig Euhorellia cincticollis (Gerst.) as another

relatively recent (1946) adventive in California along the lower

Colorado River. From the Arizona records in our collection, a

rather similar case might be made for this insect as well. It was

first taken at Yuma, on September 24, 1949, and again in 1950

and 1955. Subsequent collections are as follows: Florence, 1951,

1955; Mesa, 1952, 1955, 1956; Hassayampa and Arlington, 1955;

Tucson, 1958; and Chandler, 1959. Hubbell and Wallace (1955)

have also reported on collections of E. cincticollis from Tempe in

1951 and 1952. Although no detailed observations have been

made on this earwig, some of the specimens were swept from

alfalfa by G. D. Butler of the Department of Entomology, and

others were taken in houses, motels and at lights.

204

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

Hubbell and Wallace ( op. cit.) further mentioned collections

of the closely related, but apterous, Euborellia annulipes (Lucas)

from Tempe and Scottsdale in 1951. The following records of this

Tropicopolitan earwig from our collection show that it had become

rather widely established here much earlier: Tucson, 1922;

Buckeye, 1932; Yuma and Mesa, 1939; Nogales, 1947; and Sells,

1954. It is now extremely common in residential and irrigated

areas in the warmer parts of the state. Indeed, Hebard cited

records from Texas as early as 1904 (1917); Sinaloa, 1916

(1922) ; and Baja California, Mexico, 1921 (1923) ; California,

1885 (1917) and from Phoenix, Arizona, during or before 1917

— no date given (1917).

The European earwig, Forficula auricularia (Linnaeus), has

long been known from many cities on both the Atlantic and Pacific

coasts, but has apparently not hitherto been recorded from

Arizona. Although it may have reached Arizona much earlier, our

collection contains only three adult specimens taken at Phoenix

in March, 1958. The seeming lack of records and the very recent

notice of this conspicuous and troublesome earwig certainly do

not attest to a firm establishment here as yet. However, these speci-

mens perhaps presage the spread of yet another adventive earwig,

at least in the irrigated areas of the state.

Literature Cited

Gurney, A. B.

1950. An African earwig new to the United States, and a corrected

list of the nearctic Dermaptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 52:200—203.

Hebard, M.

1917. Notes on the earwigs (Dermaptera) of North America, north of

the Mexican boundary. Ent. News, 28:312—313.

1922. Dermaptera and Orthoptera from the state of Sinaloa, Mexico.

Part. I. Dermaptera and non-saltatorial Orthoptera. Trans. Amer.

Ent. Soc., 48:159.

1923. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf

of California in 1921. The Dermaptera and Orthoptera. Proc.

Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, 12(15) :320.

Hubbell, T. H. and H. S. Wallace

1955. The earwigs Euborellia cincticollis and E. annulipes in Arizona.

Ent. News, 66:42.

ScHLINGER, E. L, R, VAN DEN BoSCH AND E. J. DiETRICK

1959. Biological notes on the predaceous earwing Labidura riparia

(Pallas), a recent immigrant to California (Dermaptera: Labi-

duridae). Jour. Econ. Ent., 52(2) :247-249.

October, 1960] Parker — priononyx synopsis

205

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF NORTH AMERICAN PRIONONYX

( Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

F. D. Parker

University of California, Davis

Since the general work of Fernald (1907) on Sphecini, the

only systematic paper dealing with North American Priononyx

was that of R. M. Bohart (1958). The latter described one new

species and presented a key to the genus in which the females

of P. thomae (Fabricius) and pubidorsum (Costa) were separated

for the first time. A further study under Bohart’s direction has

revealed additional characters of value and has made it necessary

to remove one species from synonymy.

The conformation of the clypeus was used by Bohart to

separate the females of thomae and pubidorsum. Although this

is a valid method, it was found that the palpi offered much better

characters. In thomae the maxillary palpus is more than twice as

long as the labial palpus, whereas in pubidorsum the two palpi are

about equal in length (figs. 7, 8).

Closer examination of pubidorsum specimens from many parts

of North America revealed the presence of two specific entities.

One of these, canadensis Provancher (1889), was placed in

synonymy by Fernald (1907) . P. canadensis differs in the male by

having narrow fossulae on antennal segments V-VII instead of

on segments V-VII I as shown in figs. 1 and 2. The females can

be distinguished by the silvery pubescence of the prothoracic

lobes, which is marginal in canadensis and covers more than one-

half of the lobe in pubidorsum. The known range of canadensis is

northern California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washing-

ton. P. pubidorsum is a more southern species, occuring in

Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and south

through Mexico into South America. There is some overlapping

of the two species in California and Nevada.

Antennae of male Priononyx have good taxonomic charecters,

which are illustrated in figs. 1—6, The shallow depressions or

fossulae occur on segments V-VIII except in canadensis which

has none on VIII, and in ferruginea (Fox) which has none. They

are narrow in canadensis, pubidorsum, and subatrata Bohart, but

broad in atrata (Lepeletier) , thomae and fervens (Linnaeus). In

subatrata the fossula on segment VIII is abbreviated.

206

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

In the male genitalia the aedeagus provides the best diagnostic

characters, particularly in the size and shape of the subapical

lobe. The aedeagi of the seven species of our area are illustrated

in figs. 9—15.

Key to the Species of North American Priononyx

1. Antennae 13-segmented, some flagellar segments with conspicuous flat-

tened areas (fossulae) except in ferruginea: abdomen without sting

(males) 2

— Antennae 12-segmented, flagellar segments without fossulae; abdomen

with a sting ordinarily visible (females) 8

2. Abdomen black or brownish black 3

— Abdomen variously marked with red 4

3. Antennal segment VI with a broad fossula extending entire length of

segment; scutum dull, individual punctures obscured by shagreening;

scutellum dull atrata (Lepeletier)

— Antennal segment VI with a narrow fossula not reaching distal end of

segment; scutum partly polished, many individual punctures distinct;

summit of scutellum shiny. suhatrata Bohart

4. Antennal segment I much longer than third; scutum shiny in part and

with numerous distinct punctures; free clypeal edge convex medially

- - - ferruginea (Fox)

— Antennal segment I shorter than third; scutum completely shagreened

or striate; free clypeal edge concave medially... 5

5. Sternite VI with a broadly U-shaped median emargination 6

— Sternite VI entire medially 7

6. Antennal segments V— VIII with fossulae puhidorsum (Costa)

— Antennal segments V— VII with fossulae canndensis Provancher

7. Wings lightly brown-stained; scutellum low thomae (Fabricius)

— Wings dark brown violaceous; scutellum gibbous..../eri;en5 (Linnaeus)

8. Wings lightly brown-stained at most; abdomen usually bright red 9

— Wings dark brown violaceous; abdomen black or dark red 12

9. Clypeal free edge entire medially; leg bristles pale; wings clear

ferruginea (Fox)

— Clypeal free edge notched medially; leg bristles black; wings some-

what stained 10

10. Maxillary palpus more than twice as long as labial palpus

thomae (Fabricius)

— Maxillary palpus about equal in length to labial palpus. 11

Explanation of Figures

Figs. 1—6, antennae of male Priononyx: 1, canadensis; 2, puhidorsum;

3, fervens; 4, atrata; 5, suhatrata; 6, thomae. Figs. 7—8, maxillary and

labial palpi of female Priononyx: 7, puhidorsum; 8, thomae. Figs. 9—15,

distal part of Priononyx male aedeagus, lateral view: 9, ferruginea; 10,

thomae; 11, puhidorsum; 12, canadensis; 13, suhatrata; 14, atrata; 15,

fervens.

October, 1960] Parker — priononyx synopsis

207

208

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

Prothoracic lobe with posterior marginal pubescence only; never more

than one-half covered canadensis Provancher

Prothoracic lobe with pubescence more than one-half covered

pubidorsum (Costa)

Clypeal bristles partly pale; scutum covered with strong longitudinal

striae fervens (Linnaeus)

Clypeal bristles black; scutum not strongly striate.. 13

Clypeus with silvery to golden appressed pubescence ; scutum com-

pletely shagreened dull; scutellum not especially raised or shiny

atrata (Lepeletier)

Clypeus with black, appressed pubescence ; scutum somewhat smooth

and distinctly punctured toward middle; scutellum gibbous, shiny

suhatrata Bohart

References Cited

Bohart, R. M.

1958. A new Priononyx and a key to the North American species.

Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 53:90—93.

Fernald, H. T.

1907. The digger wasps of North America and the West Indies belong-

ing to the subfamily of Chlorioninae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

31:291-423.

Provancher, A.

1889. Additions et Corrections a la Faune Hymenopterologique de la

Province de Quebec, p. 258.

11 .

12 .

13.

October, 1960]

209

INDEX TO VOLUME XXXVl*

Acarina, 135, 157, 179

Acilius, ll4

Acrididae, 32

Acrydium longicorne, 114

Aedipoda pellarini, 188

Aegialia blanchardi, 183

conferta, 184

crassa crassa, 183

crassa insularis, 184

lacustris, 184

latispina, 184

punctata, 184

Adiheterothrips, 65

Aeolothripidae, 53

Ageniella, 25

Amblyseius similoides, 179

Am.pheremus, 178

Ananthakrishnan, new thrips, 37

Andrena (Diandrena) macswaini,

Andrenidae, 97

Andricus crystallinus, 167

Aneflomorpha citrana, 149

Anocha, 195, celesteana, 197

Anoplius, 25

Apbidae, 199

Aphodius aleutus, 184

alternatus, 184

caseyi, 184

coloradensis, 184

congregatus, 184

consociatus, 185

cribratulus, 185

decipiens, 185

denticulatus, 185

distinctus, 185

hamatus, 185

inutilis, 186

luxatus, 186

neotomae, 186

nevadensis, 186

opacus, 186

pai'dalis, 186

pectoralis, 186

pbaeopterus, 186

rectus biformis, 186

sparsus, 187

subaeneus, 187

vittatus, 187

Apoidea, 97

Aporus luxus assimilis, 175, 176

luxus luxus, 175

Argyrotaenia beyeria, 85

burnsorum, 91

cupressae, 83

franciscana, 45

graceana, 93

lautana, 90

martini, 94

paiuteana, 87

Asilidae, 69

Astata occidentals, 25

Atalophlebia sepia, 131

Attractants, light, 51

Autographa biloba, 52

egena, 52

Baccha myrtella, 70

Baetisca, 102, columbiana, 102

Baetiscidae, 102

Bailey, thrips, 53

Belostoma angustipes, 104

Belostomatidae, 104

Belotus, 105, 112, abdominalis,

112

Bohart & Marsh, Oxybelus

biology, 115

Bolitochara, 24

Bombyliidae, 118

Book notices & reviews, 30, 68,

74,98, 104, 141, 182

Braconidae, 153

Buchelos & Pritchard, new mite,

179

Buprestidae, 178

Cantharidae, 105

Catharosia nanella, 118

Catocha, 195

Cecidomyiidae, 195

Cerambycidae, 149

Cerceris, 75

acanthophila, 75, 78

architis, 78

argyrotricha, 75

arno, 75

athene, 78

belfragei, 77, 79

biungulata, 79

californica, 75

Catawba, 77

clypeata, 77

cognata, 75

compacta, 77

compar, 77

complanata, 81

denticularis, 75

femurrubrum, 78

ferruginior, 75

finitima vierecki, 80

firma, 78

frontata raui, 80

fugatrix, 79

fukaii, 80

garciana, 75

gnara, 78

halone, 78

huachuca, 75

* New names in bold face, synonyms and homonyms in italics.

210

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

imitator, 77

imitatoria, 77

interjecta, 75

luzonensis, 80

minax, 75

munda, 79

nigrescens, 79

populorum, 75

Salome, 78

sayi, 79

sexta, 79

shermani, 78

solidaginis, 77

stevensi, 79

stigmosalis, 79

vanduzeei, 80

zelica, 77

zobeide, 77

zosma, 77

Cerotainiops pritchardi, 71

Chaetopsis fulvifrons, 117

Chant, new mites, 135

Chauliognathus, 105

Chemsak, new citrus cerambycid,

149

Chiloxanthus arcticus, 189, 190

stellatus, 189

China, Zoological nomenclature,

24, 114, 188

Chlorion, 25

Chrysididae, 191

Chrysis fuscipennis, 191

Cimicidae, 48

Cole, Diptera nomenclature, 118

Coleoptera, 15, 99, 105, 149, 178,

183

Collecting in Lower California,

Collections, Brazilian insect, 46

Collembola, 155

Conophthorus lambertianae, 41

Coolidge, Pacific Science

congress, 14

Cophura hurdi, 73

Craspedomerus, 100

Crassomicrodus muesebecki, 153

Cuterebra latifrons, 41

Cuterebridae, 50

Cynipidae, 167

Daihiniodes valgum, 31

Deleatidium vittatum, 130

Delphax, 114

Dermaptera, 202

Dipogon calipterus nubifer, 174

diablo, 172

leechi, 171

Diptera, 67, 69, 81, 118, 143,

156, 195

Doutt, Presidential address:

natural enemies & speciation, 1

Andricus heterogony, 167

Dytiscus cinereus, 114

Edmunds, mayflies, 103

Ehrlich, Liphyra brassolis, 133

Empididae, 67

Entomobryidae, 155

Entomology, Chile, 46

University of California, 48

Ephemeroptera, 102, 119

Ephydra riparia, 115

Epinotia infuscana, 45

Errata, 35, 150

Euborellia annulipes, 203

cincticollis, 203

Eucatocha, 195, betsyae, 195

Fauriella, 65

Fender, Cantharidae, 105

Forficula auricularia, 204

Gelechioidea, 155

Grapholitha imitativa, 45

Gryllacrididae, 31

Hedychrum, 30

Heliothis virescens, 52

zea, 52

Hemiptera, 104, 189, 197 (see

also Homoptera)

Hepialus sequoiolus, 45

Herothrips, 65

Heterogony, 167

Heterothripidae, 65

Heterothrips, 65

Hippomelas, 178, brunneata, 178

californica, 178

cupreofusca, 178

cylindricollis, 178

inyoensis, 178

Holarthrothrips, 65

Holcostethus limbolarius, 28

Homoptera, 191, 199

Homothraulus missionensis, 122

montium, 123

Hoplia, 48

Hormopeza, 67

Hottes, adventive aphid, 199

Hull, new Diptera, 69

Hymenoptera, 25, 36, 75, 97, 115,

153, 167, 171, 191, 205

Ichthyurus, 105, arizonensis, 105

Ischnopoda, 24

Ixodidae, 41

Jerath, Oregon Aphodiinae, 183

Jeweley, insect, 42

Kessel, smoke flies, 67

Krantz, Acaridae, 157

Labidura riparia, 202

Lampyridae, 50

Latrodectus mactans, 30

Leech, Book notices & reviews,

30, 68, 74, 98, 104, 141

Lepidoptera, 40, 83, 133, 155, 170

October, 1960]

INDEX TO VOLUME XXXVI

211

Leptocimex, 48

Leptophlebiidae, 119

Linsley, Timulla mating, 36

New Diandrena, 97

Liotheum, 188

Liphyra brassolis, 133

Lycaenidae, 40, 133

Ly gents, 106

Macronema, 188

Macropsis, 114

McKenzie, new mealybug, 139

Marsb, new braconid, 153

Maruina laneeolata, 149

Mayetia, 15, fistula, 22

langei, 21

mendocinoensis, 15

pavitas, 22

raneyi, 20

scobina, 20

walkeri, 18

Mayetini, 15

Melanoplus fricki, 33

gurneyi, 34

muricolor, 33

sonomaensis, 31

Menke, Letbocerus lectotype, 104

Meromacrus croceatus, 69

Merotbrips, 53, brevisetis, 55, 56

capensis, 55, 56

cognatus, 56

fuscipennis, 56, 57

genuinus, 55, 57

laevis, 55, 57

mirus, 55, 58

morgani, 54, 55, 56, 58

nigricornis, 55, 60

productus, 55, 60

tympanis, 55, 62

williamsi, 56, 62

Metopia leucocepbala, 29

sp. near inermis, 29

Metriona bicolor, 46

Microsania, 67

Mitoura spinetorum, 40

Moore, exotic stapbylinid, 99

Motes, 25

Mouralia tinctoides, 52

Museum, European, 47

Myrmosa bradleyi, 29

Nanularia, 178

Nelson & Barr, buprestid

synonymy, 178

Nematoda, 24

Neocatocba, 195

Nirmides, 188

Noctuidae, 51

flower visiting babits, 51

Nomadopsis, 25

Nutting, adventive Arizona

earwigs, 202

Obituary notice, 151

Oligotbrips, 62, 65, oreios, 64

Opistbothrips, 65

Opostega sp. near nonstrigella,

170

Opostegidae, 170

Ortboptera, 31

Oxybelus sericeum, 115

Pacific Coast Ent. Soc.,

Field trip, 47

Proceedings, 41

Pacific Insects, a new

entomological journal, 30

Papilio dardanus, 114

Papilionoidea, 133

Paracraspedomerus, 99

Paratriatoma birsuta, 197

Parker, Priononyx synopsis, 205

Pediculus dentatus, 188

Pericoma lassenica lassenica,

143

kincaidi, 143

scotiae, 143

sicula, 144

Perillus bioculatus, 28

Perissotbrips parviceps, 37

Pbilosepedon interdicta, 148

Pbytoseiidae, 135, 179

Platypezidae, 67

Pleuropborus caesus, 187

Pompilidae, 171

Pompilus pboenix, 177

Powell, new motbs, 83

introduced motbs, 155

book review, 182

Powell & Burdick, Astata

nesting behavior, 25

Priononyx atrata, 206

canadensis, 206

ferruginea, 206

fervens, 206

pubidorsum, 206

subatrata, 206

tbomae, 206

Pritchard, catochine gall midges.

195

Promecopsis, 114

Protemnothrips, 65

Psammodius caelatus, 187

oregonensis, 187

Pselaphidae, 15

Pseudaletia unipuncta, 52

Pseudococcidae, 139

Pseudocraspedomerus, 101

Psychoda minuta, 148

pusilla, 148

rarotongensis, 148

setigera, 147

trinodulosa, 148

212

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXVI, NO. 4

Psychodidae, 143, 156

Quate, Nearctic Psychodidae,

143

psychodid synonymy, 156

Reduviidae, 197

Resistance, insect, 49

Rhizoecus boharti, 139

Rhizomaria piceae, 199

Rhopalandrothrips, 37, key 39

annulicornis, 39

consociatus, 39

corni, 39

nilgiriensis, 37, 39

ricini, 39

Rosenstiel, gooseberry miner,

170

Ross, bat flies, 81

Ryckman & Olsen, Mexican

Paratriatoma record, 197

Saldidae, 189

Sarcoptiformes, 157

Scarabaeidae, 183

Schuster, Marsh, and Park,

Mayetini, 15

Scullen, Cerceris synonymy, 75

Senotainia litoralis, 29, 117

Smokeflies, 67

Southernia, 24

Speciation, 1

Sphecidae, 25, 75, 205

Sphex, 25

Stage, chrysidid host record, 191

Staphylinidae, 99

Streblidae, 81

Strohecker, New Orthoptera, 31

Swezey, Otto Herman, 151

Symmoca signatella, 155

Syrphidae, 69

Tachinidae, 51

Tachyusa, 24

Tanytarsus, 114

Tastiotenia festiva, 177

Telmatoscopus furcatus, 146

latipennis, 144

macdonaldi, 146

nebraskensis, 146

niger, 156

patibulus, 146

snowhilli, 156

spinitibialis, 156

subtilis, 144

superbus, 146

varitarsis, 144

Thereva nana, 118

Therevidae, 118

Thew, Neotropical mayflies, 119

Thraulodes daidaleus, 119

traverae, 120

Threticus bicolor, 148

jonesi, 148

Thyanta brevis, 28

pallidovirens pallidovirens, 28

punctiventris, 28

Thysanoptera, 37, 54

Tilden, Mitoura spinetorum, 40

Tipula oleracea group, 114

Tomolonus reductus, 155

Tortricidae, 45, 83

Traverella, 122

albertana, 122

bellus, 122

bradleyi, 122, 123

erhardti, 122, 123

maculipennis, 122

roundsi, 122, 123

Trichobius sphaeronotus, 81

Trichomyia nuda, 143

wirthi, 143

Trichopepla ? aurora, 28

Trichoplusia ni, 52

Trimerotropis helferi, 32

Tritozyga, 195

Trypherus, 105, 106

blaisdelli, 106, 107

frisoni, 106, 110

latipennis, 106, 108

pauperculus, 106

Typhlodromus (Amblyseius)

newelli, 135

palustris, 136

Ulmeritus, 123, adustus, 126

balteatus, 124

patagiatus, 128

Usinger, Arctic saldid biology,

189

Usinger & Zimmerman, Swezey

obituary, 151

Villa arenicola, 118

lateralis arenicola, 118

psamminus, 118

Wasbauer, spider wasp

taxonomy, 171

Wilkey, Collembola eye number,

155

Xystrocera globosa, 45

Zoological nomenclature, 24,

114, 188

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in cooperation with

The California Academy of Sciences

VOLUME THIRTY-SIX

19 6 0

EDITORIAL BOARD

P. D. HURD, JR., Editor

JERRY A. POWELL, Acting Editor

D. D. LINSDALE, Assistant Editor

E. G. LINSLEY

HUGH B. LEECH

E. S. ROSS

R. L. USINGER

R. C. MILLER, Treasurer

J. E. SWIFT, Advertising

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

1960 1961 1962

E. L. Kessel E. R. Leach E. O. Essig

H. B. Leech E. G. Linsleyy Chairman R. H. Von Zwaluwenberg

San Francisco, California

19 6 0

CONTENTS FOR VOLUME XXXVI

Ananthakrishnan, T. N.

A remarkable instance of sexual dimorphism in a new

species, Rhopalandrothrips nilgiriensis 37

Bailey, Stanley F.

A review of two uncommon California genera of Thysan-

optera (Terebrantia) 54

Bohart, R. M. and P. M. Marsh

Observations on the habits of Oxybelus sericeum Robert-

son — - — 115

Buchelos, T. D. and A. Earl Pritchard

Amblyseius similoides, a new predacious mite 179

Chant, D. A.

Two new species of Typhlodromus from California ..135

Chemsak, John A.

A new species of Aneflomorpha Casey associated with

citrus in Arizona 149

China, W. E.

Zoological nomenclature 24, 114, 188

Cole, F. R.

New names in Therevidae and Bomhyliidae. 118

Coolidge, H. J.

Tenth Pacific Science Congress... 14

Doutt, Richard L.

Natural enemies and insect speciation 1

Heterogony in Andricus crystallinus Bassett 167

Edmunds, George F., Jr.

The mayfly genus Baetisca in western North America 102

Ehrlich, Paul R.

A note on the systematic position of the giant lycaenid

butterfly Liphyra brassolis Westwood 133

Fender, Kenneth M.

The Ichthyurini of North America ...105

Hottes, F. C.

Rhizomaria piceae Hartig new to America 199

Hull, Frank M.

New species of Syrphidae and Asilidae 69

Jerath, Manohar Lai

Distribution of Ahpodiinae in Oregon 183

Ill

Kessel, Edward L.

The response of Microsania and Hormopeza to smoke 67

Krantz, G. W.

The Acaridae: A recapitulation 157

Leech, Hugh B.

Journal notice: A new entomological journal 30

Recent literature: The Galapagos Islands, a history of

their exploration — 68

Recent literature: The Scolytoidea of the Northwest,

Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia 74

Recent literature : Obligatory and facultative insects in rose

hips: their recognition and bionomics 98

Recent literature: Cynipid galls of the Pacific Slope (Hy-

menoptera, Cynipoidea), an aid to their identification 104

Book review: The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part

II: Staphyliniformia 141

Linsley, E. Gorton

A fragmentary observation on the mating behavior of

Timulla 36

A new species of Diandrena associated with Oenothera in

California 97

McKenzie, Howard L.

A new subterranean Rhizoecus mealybug from Arizona 139

Marsh, Paul M.

A new species of Crassomicrodus Ashmead 153

Menke, A. S.

Lectotype designation for Lethocerus angustipes (Mayr) ....104

Moore, Ian

Paracraspedomerus, a new genus of staphylinid beetle

from New Caledonia 99

Nelson, G. H. and W. F. Barr

New synonymy in the Buprestidae 178

Nutting, W. L.

Notes on the occurrence of four adventive earwigs in

Arizona 202

Parker, F. D.

A systematic study of North American Priononyx 205

Powell, Jerry A. and Donald J. Burdick

Observations on the nesting behavior of Astata occidentalis

Cresson in central California 25

Powell, Jerry A.

Descriptions of new species of Argyrotaenia in the south-

western United States.... 83

Symmoca signatella H.-S. in California .155

Book review: Butterflies of North Dakota 182

Pritchard, A. Earl

Two new species of catochine gall midges, with a new key

to genera of the Catochini 195

Quate, Laurence W.

New species and records of nearctic Psychodidae 143

Note on synonymy of an American and Japanese species

of Psychodidae 156

Rosenstiel, R. G.

A gooseberry cambium miner 170

Ross, Anthony

Distribution records for Trichobius sphaeronotus Jobling,

with a first report for Arizona 81

Ryckman, Raymond E. and Lee E. Olsen

Paratriatoma from the mainland of Mexico 197

Schuster, Robert 0., Gordon A. Marsh, and Orlando Park

Present status of the tribe Mayetini in the United States

— Part II California : 15

Scullen, Herman A.

Synonymical notes on the genus Cerceris — II 75

Stage, Gerald 1.

First North American host record of the adventive wasp,

Chrysis fuscipennis Brulle .191

Strohecker, H. F.

Several new species of North American Orthoptera 31

Thew, Thomas B.

Taxonomic studies on some neotropical leptophlebiid

mayflies 119

Tilden, J. W.

An additional note on the life history of Mitoura spine-

torum (Hewitson) 40

Usinger, Robert L.

Observations on the biology of Chiloxanthus stellatus

(Curtis) and C. arcticus (Sahlberg) 189

Usinger, R. L. and E. C. Zimmerman

Otto Herman Swezey, obituary 151

Wasbauer, Marius S.

Taxonomic and distributional notes on some western

spider wasps 171

Wilkey, Richard F.

A correction in the eye number of the genotype Tomolonus

reductus Mills 155

MAILING DATES FOR VOLUME XXXVI

No. 1. March 18, 1960

No. 2. June 15, 1960

No. 3. August 9, 1960

No. 4. November 29, 1960

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Ammate* X weed and brush killer

Dybar"'"' fenuron weed and brush killer

WEED AND

BRUSH KILLERS

SEED

DISINFECTANTS

OTHER

CHEMICALS

Ceresan* 100 liquid mercurial seed disinfectant

Ceresan* 200 liquid mercurial seed disinfectant

Ceresan* M seed disinfectant

Ceresan* M-2X seed disinfectant

Arasan* 75 seed protectant

Arasan* SF-M thiram seed disinfectant

Arasan* SF-X thiram seed disinfectant

Delsan* A-D seed disinfectant and protectant

Semesan* seed disinfectant

Semesan Bel* seed disinfectant (for potatoes)

Semesan* turf fungicide (organic mercurial)

Tersan* thiram turf fungicide

VPM soil fumigant

Spreader-Sticker

On all chemicals, follow label instructions and warnings

carefully

*Reg. trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.)

Technical representatives located throughout the West

REG. u.S. PAT. OFF.

E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.)

Industrial and Biochemicals Department

701 Welch Rood Palo Alto, California